Wikiphidiya nrwiki https://nr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.45.0-wmf.23 first-letter Iinrhatjhi Khethekileko Asiqongelane Umsebenzisi Umsebenzisi asiqongelane Wikiphidiya Wikiphidiya asiqongelane Isimumathi Isimumathi asiqongelane MediaWiki MediaWiki asiqongelane Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo asiqongelane Lisizo Lisizo asiqongelane Mkhakha Mkhakha asiqongelane TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 1 3403 3277 2025-07-11T11:50:20Z Thuvack 106 Changed protection settings for "[[Main Page]]": This page has been vandalised before ([Edit=Allow only administrators] (indefinite) [Move=Allow only administrators] (indefinite)) [cascading] 3277 wikitext text/x-wiki <!------------------------------Banner across top of page------------------------------> {| style="width:100%; background:#fcfcfc; margin-top:1.2em; border:1px solid #ccc;" |style="width:56%; color:#000"|<!-- -----------"Welcome to Wikipedia" and article count----------> {| style="width:400px; border:solid 0px; background:none;" | | |- | | style="width:400px; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;" |<div style="font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;">Siyakwamukela ku[[Wikipedia|Wikiphidiya]] yelimi lesiNdebele</div> <div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;">Iwikiphidiya yi-[[Encyclopedia|encyclopediya]] yasimahla [[Wikipedia:Introduction|etlolwa&nbsp;ngiwo woke&nbsp;umuntu]].</div> <div id="articlecount" style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-size:85%;">Njenganje kunemitlolo ema-'''[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]]''' y[[Isindebele|esiNdebele]]. Asithome! </div> |} <inputbox> type=create width=40 break=no bgcolor=#f0f0f0 buttonlabel=Tlola ikhasi elitjha searchbuttonlabel=Search </inputbox><!-- ------------Portal list on righthand side----------> | | | style="width:14%; font-size:95%;" | * [[Portal:Iinaga|Iinarha Zephasi]] * [[Portal:Amalimi|Amalimi]] * [[Portal:Ubukgoni|Ubukghoni]] |style="width:14%; font-size:95%;"| * [[Portal:Amaholideyi|Amalanga Wokuphumula]] * [[Portal:Imidlalo|Imidlalo]] * [[Portal:Imvelo|Imvelo]] |style="width:20%; font-size:95%;"| * [[Portal:Ezigumiwako|Ezigonyiwako]] * [[Portal:Amasonto|Amasonto]] * [[Portal:Ubuvumi|Ubavumi]] |}<!-- ----------Strapline immediately below banner----------> {| width=100% cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" valign="top" style="background:#F1FAFF;" |- ! ! style="background:#E3E4FA; border:1px solid #eeeeee; text-align:center;" | <div style="font-size:120%">[[Isimumathi:Flag of South Africa.svg|25px|:Isewula Afrika]] [[Isimumathi:Flag of Eswatini.svg|25px]] [[Isimumathi:Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg|25px]] <br><small>''Siragela phambili ngesikhethu''</small></div> |} <!-- TODAY'S FEATURED CONTENT --> {| id="mp-upper" style="width: 100%; margin:4px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;" <!-- TODAY'S FEATURED ARTICLE; DID YOU KNOW --> | class="MainPageBG" style="width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f5fffa; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" | {| id="mp-left" style="vertical-align:top; background:#f5fffa;" ! style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cef2e0; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Imitlolo edzubhulwe..</h2> |- | style="color:#000; padding:2px 5px 5px;" | <div id="mp-dyk">{{:Main Page/Featured Article}}</div> |- ! style="padding:2px;" | <h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" style="margin:3px; background:#cef2e0; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;">UBewazi 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e8jzid7lifqmll2w4smwk2o1w6tneih 10 58 236 235 2024-10-14T13:46:14Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 235 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#if:{{{df|}}}|[[{{#expr:{{{3}}}}} {{MONTHNAME|{{{2}}}}}]]|[[{{MONTHNAME|{{{2}}}}} {{#expr:{{{3}}}}}]]}} [[{{{1}}}|{{{1}}}]]<span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">{{{1}}}-{{padleft:{{MONTHNUMBER|{{{2}}}}}|2|0}}-{{padleft:{{{3}}}|2|0}}</span>)</span></includeonly><noinclude> {{pp-template|small=yes}} {{Documentation|Template:Birth date and age/doc}} </noinclude> klj342t3duxbd2r4jnzex171ooukdvs 10 59 239 238 2024-10-14T13:46:15Z Jon Harald Søby 12 2 revisions imported 237 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#if:{{{df|}}}|{{#expr:{{{3|{{{day}}}}}}}} {{MONTHNAME|{{{2|{{{month}}}}}}}}|{{MONTHNAME|{{{2|{{{month}}}}}}}} {{#expr:{{{3|{{{day}}}}}}}},}} {{{1|{{{year}}}}}}<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">{{{1|{{{year}}}}}}-{{padleft:{{{2|{{{month}}}}}}|2|0}}-{{padleft:{{{3|{{{day}}}}}}|2|0}}</span>)</span><span class="noprint"> (age&nbsp;{{age | {{{1|{{{year}}}}}} | {{{2|{{{month}}}}}} | {{{3|{{{day}}}}}} }})</span></includeonly><noinclude> </noinclude> ex6dfvbt0dgs17odpjrtencllo8h93a 10 60 368 242 2024-10-14T13:46:24Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 241 wikitext text/x-wiki {{{1|}}}{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{#if:{{{2|}}}{{{3|}}}|<br />}}}}{{{2|}}}{{#if:{{{2|}}}|{{#if:{{{3|}}}|<br />}}}}{{{3|}}}<noinclude> </noinclude> ef7c84fxdsg9hcc5gh5zn6cdamkxz4g 10 64 5043 370 2025-08-07T07:43:12Z Martin Urbanec 803 actually use the Citation module 5043 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=book }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> hq4yscm08hccl43rjw83qi7egacgxec 10 65 374 266 2024-10-14T13:46:25Z Jon Harald Søby 12 3 revisions imported 265 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=news }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> pbjnspfej5gxihr9izxrzkow3f1uf3i 10 66 5042 376 2025-08-07T07:40:26Z Martin Urbanec 803 actually use the citation module 5042 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> rcgmbcxu7hvs583g1f3rzz4c4dkizda 10 67 378 277 2024-10-14T13:46:25Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 275 wikitext text/x-wiki {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="{{{class|}}} multicol" style="background:{{{bgColor|transparent}}}; width:{{{width|100%}}};" 45u6tgubp740avopi6j07ksc5hdns6b 10 68 380 280 2024-10-14T13:46:25Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 278 wikitext text/x-wiki <p></p> | width="{{{width|}}}" align="{{{align|left}}}" valign="{{{valign|top}}}" {{#if: {{{gap|}}} | style="padding-left:{{{gap}}};" }}| ifjgi1kkpoayt9mz4eut6myjeqtypuu 10 69 382 283 2024-10-14T13:46:25Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 281 wikitext text/x-wiki <p></p> |} ap29tgbr3h2pbiiab9hb7ep9w1arcqa 10 70 286 285 2024-10-14T13:46:18Z Jon Harald Søby 12 2 revisions imported 284 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>-moz-column-width: {{{1|30em}}}; -webkit-column-width: {{{1|30em}}}; column-width: {{{1|30em}}};</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> sum88q311kc02222mb4cgzbikcx7fqy 10 71 288 287 2024-10-14T13:46:18Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 287 wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="noprint" style="clear: right; border: solid #aaa 1px; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 90%; background: #f9f9f9; width: 250px; padding: 4px; spacing: 0px; text-align: left; float:right;"> <div style="float: left;">[[Isimumathi:Commons-logo.svg|46px|none|Commons]]</div> <div style="margin-left: 60px;">Wikimedia Commons has media related to:<div style="margin-left: 10px;"><span class="plainlinks">'''''[{{localurl:Commons:{{{1|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}?uselang=ts {{{2| {{PAGENAME}} }}}]'''''</span></div> </div> </div><!-- --><noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude> 2j1i85gin3hwudk2zwghl0ww1u7vj5a 10 72 385 291 2024-10-14T13:46:25Z Jon Harald Søby 12 2 revisions imported 290 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:Documentation|main|_content={{ {{#invoke:Documentation|contentTitle}}}}}}<noinclude> <!-- Categories go on the /doc subpage, and interwikis go on Wikidata. --> </noinclude> 2xhh66tsv150gi3f97xaydn2109p9s5 10 73 296 295 2024-10-14T13:46:19Z Jon Harald Søby 12 4 revisions imported 295 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="toccolours" style="float:right; width:280px; margin-left: 1em; font-size: 85%;" | align="center" colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey;" | <big>'''{{{Ubutjhaba}}}'''</big> |- | align="center" colspan="2" | {| | align="center" width="120" | [[Isimumathi:{{{isithombe}}}|220px]] |} |- | align="center" colspan="2" | ''{{{umtlolo}}}'' |- | align="center" colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey;" | '''Ubuningi be sitjhaba''' |- | align="center" colspan="2" | {{{Ubuningi}}} |- | align="center" colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey;" | '''Lapho batholakala ngobuningi''' |- | align="center" colspan="2" | {{{Amaphrovinci}}} |- | align="center" colspan="2" 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}}{{#switch:{{ucfirst:{{{image|}}}}} |Replace this image male.svg |Replace_this_image_male.svg |Replace this image female.svg |Replace_this_image_female.svg=[[Mkhakha:Infoboxes without image]] }} </noinclude> hp87m0b9o5la13q4uzro9jiyah5nscq 10 83 326 325 2024-10-14T13:46:22Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 325 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{#switch:{{MONTHNUMBER|{{{1}}}}}|1=January|2=February|3=March|4=April|5=May|6=June|7=July|8=August|9=September|10=October|11=November|12=December|Incorrect required parameter 1=''month''!}}|Missing required parameter 1=''month''!}}</includeonly><noinclude> <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> pyb2vz745mhk9h37yekxaz9s4t8lmqg 10 84 328 327 2024-10-14T13:46:22Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 327 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Khethekileko:Prefixindex/Wp/nr|{{PAGESINCATEGORY:Wp/nr}}]]<noinclude></noinclude> ku87v5bdqhfv36aulmindw7c0ko819x 10 85 331 330 2024-10-14T13:46:22Z Jon Harald Søby 12 2 revisions imported 330 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="toccolours" style="float:right; width:250px; margin-left: 1em; font-size: 85%;" | align="center" colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey;" | <big>'''{{{ibizo}}}'''</big> |- | align="center" colspan="2" | {| | align="center" width="120" | [[Isimumathi:{{{isithombe}}}|150px]] |} |- | style="padding-left: 0.5em;" | '''Unyaka wokutlola:''' || {{{unyaka wokutlola}}} |- | style="padding-left: 0.5em;" | '''Indawo yo kutlolwa:''' || {{{indawo yo kutlolwa}}} |- | style="padding-left: 0.5em;" | '''Inarha yomtlolo:''' || {{{inarha yomtlolo}}} |} <noinclude> <pre> {{Official Document| | ibizo = | isithombe = | Unyaka wokutlola = | Indawo yo kutlolwa = | Inarha yomtlolo = }} </pre> [[Mkhakha:Amatlolo]] </noinclude> atrw1aa0i0yjs2axvwc5umnhugoqo2g 10 86 395 336 2024-10-14T13:46:26Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 333 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#if:{{hide in print|1}}||{{{1|}}}}}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> rm8emca34tsah296fr9jh9dzgyhnfxo 10 87 347 346 2024-10-14T13:46:23Z Jon Harald Søby 12 10 revisions imported 346 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="toccolours" style="float:right; width:250px; margin-left: 1em; font-size: 85%;" | align="center" colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey;" | <big>'''{{{ibizo}}}'''</big> |- | align="center" colspan="2" | {| | align="center" width="120" | [[Isimumathi:{{{isithombe}}}|150px]] |} |- | style="padding-left: 0.5em;" | '''Umsebenzi:''' || {{{umsebenzi}}} |- | style="padding-left: 0.5em;" | '''Ubelethwe ngo:''' || {{{ubelethwe ngo}}} |- | style="padding-left: 0.5em;" | '''Indawo yo kubelethwa:''' || {{{indawo yo kubelethwa}}} |} <noinclude> <pre> {{Person| | ibizo = | isithombe = | umsebenzi = | ubelethwe ngo = | indawo yo kubelethwa = }} </pre> [[Mkhakha:Abantu]] </noinclude> lcr516a5z20w8eoij7ygnaqgaboipy0 10 88 397 351 2024-10-14T13:46:26Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 350 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{small|}}}}}|yes| <div 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If you would like to create a page at this title, you must first [[Wikipedia:Requests for page protection|request]] for it to be unprotected, or for the deleted material to be restored via [[Wikipedia:Deletion review|deletion review]]. }}}}} {{!}}} }}<!--End if small--><includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{categories|no}}}}}|no||{{{categories|}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> 0n6gak318gueb9jr0novqnc0w6dn0zg 10 89 399 355 2024-10-14T13:46:26Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 352 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{pp-template|small=yes}} </noinclude><includeonly>{{pp-meta |type=indef |small={{{small|}}} |demospace={{{demospace|}}} |expiry=<!--not applicable--> |dispute=no |icon-text=This {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:6}}|image, included in a high-risk template or message,|high-risk template}} is indefinitely protected from editing to prevent vandalism. |reason-text=This {{#switch:{{NAMESPACE}} |{{ns:image}}=image, used in one or more [[Wikipedia:High-risk templates|high-risk templates]] and/or [[Khethekileko:Allmessages|system messages]], |#default=[[Wikipedia:High-risk templates|high-risk template]] }} has been [[Wikipedia:This page is protected|protected]] from editing to prevent [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]]. {{#switch:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:image}}=<br /><small>'''Do not move this image''' to [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]].</small>}} |categories={{{categories|[[Mkhakha:Protected templates]]}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{pp-template|categories=no}} </noinclude> jt5doxh60qo6rqc9u7fvmm3j8rub2u8 10 90 358 357 2024-10-14T13:46:24Z Jon Harald Søby 12 2 revisions imported 357 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly><div class="refbegin <!-- -->{{#if: {{{normalfont|}}} | refbegin-100 }} <!-- -->{{#if: {{{1|}}} | columns {{#iferror: {{#ifexpr: {{{1|1}}} > 1 }} | references-column-width | references-column-count references-column-count-{{#if:1|{{{1}}}}} }} | {{#if: {{{colwidth|}}} | references-column-width }} }}" style="<!-- -->{{#if: {{{1|}}} | {{#iferror: {{#ifexpr: {{{1|1}}} > 1 }} | {{Column-width|{{#if:1|{{{1}}}}}}} | {{Column-count|{{#if:1|{{{1}}}}}}} }} | {{#if: {{{colwidth|}}} | {{Column-width|{{{colwidth}}}}} }} }}"><!-- -->{{#if: {{{indent|}}} | <dl style="text-indent: -{{{indentsize|3.2}}}em;">}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} {{/TemplateData}} </noinclude> 4ipebpx1uiz8tfnqxpm8qn8tl3s2b90 10 91 360 359 2024-10-14T13:46:24Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 359 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly></dl></div></includeonly><noinclude> {{template doc|Template:refbegin/doc}} {{TemplateDataHeader}} <templatedata> { "description": "Ends a reference lists started by {{refbegin}}.", "params": { } } </templatedata> </noinclude> ge8cznfxl0zil9rreahsolaz4ivrvek 10 92 1772 364 2024-10-30T18:57:34Z Pppery 47 Move to Wikidata 1772 wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="references-small" {{#if: {{{colwidth|}}}| style="-moz-column-width:{{{colwidth}}}; -webkit-column-width:{{{colwidth}}}; column-width:{{{colwidth}}};" | {{#if: {{{1|}}}| style="-moz-column-count:{{{1}}}; -webkit-column-count:{{{1}}}; column-count:{{{1}}};" }} }}> {{#tag:references||group={{{group|}}}}}</div><noinclude>{{pp-template|small=yes}} </noinclude> birqo0hptm2rfa59ssbmdnqb9nhv3t6 10 93 1863 366 2024-11-03T12:02:32Z Minorax 38 1863 wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="center">'''Izigaba zemitlolo eqakathekileko'''</div> {| border="5" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="0" height="50" border=0 style="background: transparent; color:inherit; margin:auto;" | style="background-color:lightblue; border: solid 1px #000; padding:0px 20px;" | [[Wikipedia:Imitlolo aqakathekileyo/esigaba 1|Isigaba 1]] | &nbsp; &nbsp; | style="background-color:lightblue; border: solid 1px #000; padding:0px 20px;" | [[Wikipedia:Imitlolo aqakathekileyo/esigaba 2|Isigaba 2]] | &nbsp; &nbsp; | style="background-color:lightblue; border: solid 1px #000; padding:0px 20px;" | [[Wikipedia:Imitlolo aqakathekileyo/esigaba 3|Isigaba 3]] |} jf3qyroskyn2nncwtmpb2o9rbih4pu4 14 94 402 401 2024-10-14T13:46:26Z Jon Harald Søby 12 2 revisions imported 401 wikitext text/x-wiki . i1o78dibucis7drc8kun4rynldcc8uq 14 95 405 404 2024-10-14T13:46:26Z Jon Harald Søby 12 2 revisions imported 404 wikitext text/x-wiki . i1o78dibucis7drc8kun4rynldcc8uq 14 96 408 407 2024-10-14T13:46:26Z Jon Harald Søby 12 2 revisions imported 407 wikitext text/x-wiki . i1o78dibucis7drc8kun4rynldcc8uq 14 97 411 410 2024-10-14T13:46:27Z Jon Harald Søby 12 2 revisions imported 410 wikitext text/x-wiki . i1o78dibucis7drc8kun4rynldcc8uq 828 100 427 426 2024-10-14T13:46:27Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 426 Scribunto text/plain -- This module provides easy processing of arguments passed to Scribunto from -- #invoke. It is intended for use by other Lua modules, and should not be -- called from #invoke directly. local libraryUtil = require('libraryUtil') local checkType = libraryUtil.checkType local arguments = {} -- Generate four different tidyVal functions, so that we don't have to check the -- options every time we call it. local function tidyValDefault(key, val) if type(val) == 'string' then val = val:match('^%s*(.-)%s*$') if val == '' then return nil else return val end else return val end end local function tidyValTrimOnly(key, val) if type(val) == 'string' then return val:match('^%s*(.-)%s*$') else return val end end local function tidyValRemoveBlanksOnly(key, val) if type(val) == 'string' then if val:find('%S') then return val else return nil end else return val end end local function tidyValNoChange(key, val) return val end local function matchesTitle(given, title) local tp = type( given ) return (tp == 'string' or tp == 'number') and mw.title.new( given ).prefixedText == title end local translate_mt = { __index = function(t, k) return k end } function arguments.getArgs(frame, options) checkType('getArgs', 1, frame, 'table', true) checkType('getArgs', 2, options, 'table', true) frame = frame or {} options = options or {} --[[ -- Set up argument translation. --]] options.translate = options.translate or {} if getmetatable(options.translate) == nil then setmetatable(options.translate, translate_mt) end if options.backtranslate == nil then options.backtranslate = {} for k,v in pairs(options.translate) do options.backtranslate[v] = k end end if options.backtranslate and getmetatable(options.backtranslate) == nil then setmetatable(options.backtranslate, { __index = function(t, k) if options.translate[k] ~= k then return nil else return k end end }) end --[[ -- Get the argument tables. If we were passed a valid frame object, get the -- frame arguments (fargs) and the parent frame arguments (pargs), depending -- on the options set and on the parent frame's availability. If we weren't -- passed a valid frame object, we are being called from another Lua module -- or from the debug console, so assume that we were passed a table of args -- directly, and assign it to a new variable (luaArgs). --]] local fargs, pargs, luaArgs if type(frame.args) == 'table' and type(frame.getParent) == 'function' then if options.wrappers then --[[ -- The wrappers option makes Module:Arguments look up arguments in -- either the frame argument table or the parent argument table, but -- not both. This means that users can use either the #invoke syntax -- or a wrapper template without the loss of performance associated -- with looking arguments up in both the frame and the parent frame. -- Module:Arguments will look up arguments in the parent frame -- if it finds the parent frame's title in options.wrapper; -- otherwise it will look up arguments in the frame object passed -- to getArgs. --]] local parent = frame:getParent() if not parent then fargs = frame.args else local title = parent:getTitle():gsub('/sandbox$', '') local found = false if matchesTitle(options.wrappers, title) then found = true elseif type(options.wrappers) == 'table' then for _,v in pairs(options.wrappers) do if matchesTitle(v, title) then found = true break end end end -- We test for false specifically here so that nil (the default) acts like true. if found or options.frameOnly == false then pargs = parent.args end if not found or options.parentOnly == false then fargs = frame.args end end else -- options.wrapper isn't set, so check the other options. if not options.parentOnly then fargs = frame.args end if not options.frameOnly then local parent = frame:getParent() pargs = parent and parent.args or nil end end if options.parentFirst then fargs, pargs = pargs, fargs end else luaArgs = frame end -- Set the order of precedence of the argument tables. If the variables are -- nil, nothing will be added to the table, which is how we avoid clashes -- between the frame/parent args and the Lua args. local argTables = {fargs} argTables[#argTables + 1] = pargs argTables[#argTables + 1] = luaArgs --[[ -- Generate the tidyVal function. If it has been specified by the user, we -- use that; if not, we choose one of four functions depending on the -- options chosen. This is so that we don't have to call the options table -- every time the function is called. --]] local tidyVal = options.valueFunc if tidyVal then if type(tidyVal) ~= 'function' then error( "bad value assigned to option 'valueFunc'" .. '(function expected, got ' .. type(tidyVal) .. ')', 2 ) end elseif options.trim ~= false then if options.removeBlanks ~= false then tidyVal = tidyValDefault else tidyVal = tidyValTrimOnly end else if options.removeBlanks ~= false then tidyVal = tidyValRemoveBlanksOnly else tidyVal = tidyValNoChange end end --[[ -- Set up the args, metaArgs and nilArgs tables. args will be the one -- accessed from functions, and metaArgs will hold the actual arguments. Nil -- arguments are memoized in nilArgs, and the metatable connects all of them -- together. --]] local args, metaArgs, nilArgs, metatable = {}, {}, {}, {} setmetatable(args, metatable) local function mergeArgs(tables) --[[ -- Accepts multiple tables as input and merges their keys and values -- into one table. If a value is already present it is not overwritten; -- tables listed earlier have precedence. We are also memoizing nil -- values, which can be overwritten if they are 's' (soft). --]] for _, t in ipairs(tables) do for key, val in pairs(t) do if metaArgs[key] == nil and nilArgs[key] ~= 'h' then local tidiedVal = tidyVal(key, val) if tidiedVal == nil then nilArgs[key] = 's' else metaArgs[key] = tidiedVal end end end end end --[[ -- Define metatable behaviour. Arguments are memoized in the metaArgs table, -- and are only fetched from the argument tables once. Fetching arguments -- from the argument tables is the most resource-intensive step in this -- module, so we try and avoid it where possible. For this reason, nil -- arguments are also memoized, in the nilArgs table. Also, we keep a record -- in the metatable of when pairs and ipairs have been called, so we do not -- run pairs and ipairs on the argument tables more than once. We also do -- not run ipairs on fargs and pargs if pairs has already been run, as all -- the arguments will already have been copied over. --]] metatable.__index = function (t, key) --[[ -- Fetches an argument when the args table is indexed. First we check -- to see if the value is memoized, and if not we try and fetch it from -- the argument tables. When we check memoization, we need to check -- metaArgs before nilArgs, as both can be non-nil at the same time. -- If the argument is not present in metaArgs, we also check whether -- pairs has been run yet. If pairs has already been run, we return nil. -- This is because all the arguments will have already been copied into -- metaArgs by the mergeArgs function, meaning that any other arguments -- must be nil. --]] if type(key) == 'string' then key = options.translate[key] end local val = metaArgs[key] if val ~= nil then return val elseif metatable.donePairs or nilArgs[key] then return nil end for _, argTable in ipairs(argTables) do local argTableVal = tidyVal(key, argTable[key]) if argTableVal ~= nil then metaArgs[key] = argTableVal return argTableVal end end nilArgs[key] = 'h' return nil end metatable.__newindex = function (t, key, val) -- This function is called when a module tries to add a new value to the -- args table, or tries to change an existing value. if type(key) == 'string' then key = options.translate[key] end if options.readOnly then error( 'could not write to argument table key "' .. tostring(key) .. '"; the table is read-only', 2 ) elseif options.noOverwrite and args[key] ~= nil then error( 'could not write to argument table key "' .. tostring(key) .. '"; overwriting existing arguments is not permitted', 2 ) elseif val == nil then --[[ -- If the argument is to be overwritten with nil, we need to erase -- the value in metaArgs, so that __index, __pairs and __ipairs do -- not use a previous existing value, if present; and we also need -- to memoize the nil in nilArgs, so that the value isn't looked -- up in the argument tables if it is accessed again. --]] metaArgs[key] = nil nilArgs[key] = 'h' else metaArgs[key] = val end end local function translatenext(invariant) local k, v = next(invariant.t, invariant.k) invariant.k = k if k == nil then return nil elseif type(k) ~= 'string' or not options.backtranslate then return k, v else local backtranslate = options.backtranslate[k] if backtranslate == nil then -- Skip this one. This is a tail call, so this won't cause stack overflow return translatenext(invariant) else return backtranslate, v end end end metatable.__pairs = function () -- Called when pairs is run on the args table. if not metatable.donePairs then mergeArgs(argTables) metatable.donePairs = true end return translatenext, { t = metaArgs } end local function inext(t, i) -- This uses our __index metamethod local v = t[i + 1] if v ~= nil then return i + 1, v end end metatable.__ipairs = function (t) -- Called when ipairs is run on the args table. return inext, t, 0 end return args end return arguments 5qx9tzlul9ser30uxj9nbasjt92cevn 828 101 429 428 2024-10-14T13:46:28Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 428 Scribunto text/plain -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- -- -- CATEGORY HANDLER -- -- -- -- This module implements the {{category handler}} template in Lua, -- -- with a few improvements: all namespaces and all namespace aliases -- -- are supported, and namespace names are detected automatically for -- -- the local wiki. This module requires [[Module:Namespace detect]] -- -- and [[Module:Yesno]] to be available on the local wiki. It can be -- -- configured for different wikis by altering the values in -- -- [[Module:Category handler/config]], and pages can be blacklisted -- -- from categorisation by using [[Module:Category handler/blacklist]]. -- -- -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Load required modules local yesno = require('Module:Yesno') -- Lazily load things we don't always need local mShared, mappings local p = {} -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Helper functions -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function trimWhitespace(s, removeBlanks) if type(s) ~= 'string' then return s end s = s:match('^%s*(.-)%s*$') if removeBlanks then if s ~= '' then return s else return nil end else return s end end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- CategoryHandler class -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local CategoryHandler = {} CategoryHandler.__index = CategoryHandler function CategoryHandler.new(data, args) local obj = setmetatable({ _data = data, _args = args }, CategoryHandler) -- Set the title object do local pagename = obj:parameter('demopage') local success, titleObj = pcall(mw.title.new, pagename) if success and titleObj then obj.title = titleObj else obj.title = mw.title.getCurrentTitle() obj._usesCurrentTitle = true end end -- Set suppression parameter values for _, key in ipairs{'nocat', 'categories'} do local value = obj:parameter(key) value = trimWhitespace(value, true) obj['_' .. key] = yesno(value) end do local subpage = obj:parameter('subpage') local category2 = obj:parameter('category2') if type(subpage) == 'string' then subpage = mw.ustring.lower(subpage) end if type(category2) == 'string' then subpage = mw.ustring.lower(category2) end obj._subpage = trimWhitespace(subpage, true) obj._category2 = trimWhitespace(category2) -- don't remove blank values end return obj end function CategoryHandler:parameter(key) local parameterNames = self._data.parameters[key] local pntype = type(parameterNames) if pntype == 'string' or pntype == 'number' then return self._args[parameterNames] elseif pntype == 'table' then for _, name in ipairs(parameterNames) do local value = self._args[name] if value ~= nil then return value end end return nil else error(string.format( 'invalid config key "%s"', tostring(key) ), 2) end end function CategoryHandler:isSuppressedByArguments() return -- See if a category suppression argument has been set. self._nocat == true or self._categories == false or ( self._category2 and self._category2 ~= self._data.category2Yes and self._category2 ~= self._data.category2Negative ) -- Check whether we are on a subpage, and see if categories are -- suppressed based on our subpage status. or self._subpage == self._data.subpageNo and self.title.isSubpage or self._subpage == self._data.subpageOnly and not self.title.isSubpage end function CategoryHandler:shouldSkipBlacklistCheck() -- Check whether the category suppression arguments indicate we -- should skip the blacklist check. return self._nocat == false or self._categories == true or self._category2 == self._data.category2Yes end function CategoryHandler:matchesBlacklist() if self._usesCurrentTitle then return self._data.currentTitleMatchesBlacklist else mShared = mShared or require('Module:Category handler/shared') return mShared.matchesBlacklist( self.title.prefixedText, mw.loadData('Module:Category handler/blacklist') ) end end function CategoryHandler:isSuppressed() -- Find if categories are suppressed by either the arguments or by -- matching the blacklist. return self:isSuppressedByArguments() or not self:shouldSkipBlacklistCheck() and self:matchesBlacklist() end function CategoryHandler:getNamespaceParameters() if self._usesCurrentTitle then return self._data.currentTitleNamespaceParameters else if not mappings then mShared = mShared or require('Module:Category handler/shared') mappings = mShared.getParamMappings(true) -- gets mappings with mw.loadData end return mShared.getNamespaceParameters( self.title, mappings ) end end function CategoryHandler:namespaceParametersExist() -- Find whether any namespace parameters have been specified. -- We use the order "all" --> namespace params --> "other" as this is what -- the old template did. if self:parameter('all') then return true end if not mappings then mShared = mShared or require('Module:Category handler/shared') mappings = mShared.getParamMappings(true) -- gets mappings with mw.loadData end for ns, params in pairs(mappings) do for i, param in ipairs(params) do if self._args[param] then return true end end end if self:parameter('other') then return true end return false end function CategoryHandler:getCategories() local params = self:getNamespaceParameters() local nsCategory for i, param in ipairs(params) do local value = self._args[param] if value ~= nil then nsCategory = value break end end if nsCategory ~= nil or self:namespaceParametersExist() then -- Namespace parameters exist - advanced usage. if nsCategory == nil then nsCategory = self:parameter('other') end local ret = {self:parameter('all')} local numParam = tonumber(nsCategory) if numParam and numParam >= 1 and math.floor(numParam) == numParam then -- nsCategory is an integer ret[#ret + 1] = self._args[numParam] else ret[#ret + 1] = nsCategory end if #ret < 1 then return nil else return table.concat(ret) end elseif self._data.defaultNamespaces[self.title.namespace] then -- Namespace parameters don't exist, simple usage. return self._args[1] end return nil end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Exports -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local p = {} function p._exportClasses() -- Used for testing purposes. return { CategoryHandler = CategoryHandler } end function p._main(args, data) data = data or mw.loadData('Module:Category handler/data') local handler = CategoryHandler.new(data, args) if handler:isSuppressed() then return nil end return handler:getCategories() end function p.main(frame, data) data = data or mw.loadData('Module:Category handler/data') local args = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs(frame, { wrappers = data.wrappers, valueFunc = function (k, v) v = trimWhitespace(v) if type(k) == 'number' then if v ~= '' then return v else return nil end else return v end end }) return p._main(args, data) end return p 3gubklzofemfn9qf4shfenu5oqsei9z 828 103 433 432 2024-10-14T13:46:28Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 432 Scribunto text/plain citation_config = {}; -- override <code>...</code> styling to remove color, border, and padding. <code> css is specified here: -- https://git.wikimedia.org/blob/mediawiki%2Fcore.git/69cd73811f7aadd093050dbf20ed70ef0b42a713/skins%2Fcommon%2FcommonElements.css#L199 local code_style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;"; --[[ List of namespaces that should not be included in citation error categories. Same as setting notracking = true by default Note: Namespace names should use underscores instead of spaces. ]] citation_config.uncategorized_namespaces = { 'User', 'Talk', 'User_talk', 'Wikipedia_talk', 'File_talk', 'Template_talk', 'Help_talk', 'Category_talk', 'Portal_talk', 'Book_talk', 'Draft', 'Draft_talk', 'Education_Program_talk', 'Module_talk', 'MediaWiki_talk' }; --[[Citation/CS1/ Translation table The following contains fixed text that may be output as part of a citation. This is separated from the main body to aid in future translations of this module. | Translation table The following contains fixed text that may be output as part of a citation. This is separated from the main body to aid in future translations of this module. ]] citation_config.messages = { ['published'] = 'published $1', ['lay summary'] = 'Lay summary', ['retrieved'] = 'Retrieved $1', ['inactive'] = 'inactive', ['archived-dead'] = 'Archived from $1 on $2', ['archived-not-dead'] = '$1 from the original on $2', ['archived-missing'] = 'Archived from the original$1 on $2', ['archived'] = 'Archived', ['original'] = 'the original', ['editor'] = 'ed.', ['editors'] = 'eds.', ['edition'] = '($1 ed.)', ['episode'] = 'episode', ['season'] = 'season', ['series'] = 'series', ['cartography'] = 'Cartography by $1', ['section'] = 'Section $1', ['inset'] = '$1 inset', ['written'] = 'Written at $1', ['in'] = 'In', ['et al'] = 'et al.', ['subscription'] = '<span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:90%; color:#555">(subscription required (<span title="Sources are not required to be available online. Online sources do not have to be freely available. The site may require a paid subscription." style="border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help">help</span>))</span>' .. '[[Mkhakha:Pages containing links to subscription-only content]]', ['registration']='<span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:90%; color:#555">(registration required (<span title="Sources are not required to be available online. Online sources do not have to be freely available. The site may require registration." style="border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help">help</span>))</span>' .. '[[Mkhakha:Pages with login required references or sources]]', ['language'] = '(in $1)', ['via'] = " &ndash; via $1", ['event'] = 'Event occurs at', ['minutes'] = 'minutes in', ['quoted-title'] = '"$1"', ['italic-title'] = "''$1''", ['trans-quoted-title'] = "&#91;$1&#93;", ['trans-italic-title'] = "&#91;''$1''&#93;", ['quoted-text'] = '"$1"', ['parameter'] = '<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;$1=</code>', ['parameter-separator'] = ', ', ['parameter-final-separator'] = ', and ', ['parameter-pair-separator'] = ' and ', -- Error output -- .error class is specified at https://git.wikimedia.org/blob/mediawiki%2Fcore.git/9553bd02a5595da05c184f7521721fb1b79b3935/skins%2Fcommon%2Fshared.css#L538 -- .citation-comment class is specified at Help:CS1_errors#Controlling_error_message_display ['hidden-error'] = '<span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">$1</span>', ['visible-error'] = '<span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">$1</span>', -- Determines the location of the help page ['help page link'] = 'Help:CS1 errors', ['help page label'] = 'help', -- Internal errors (should only occur if configuration is bad) ['undefined_error'] = 'Called with an undefined error condition', ['unknown_manual_ID'] = 'Unrecognized manual ID mode', ['unknown_ID_mode'] = 'Unrecognized ID mode', ['unknown_argument_map'] = 'Argument map not defined for this variable', ['bare_url_no_origin'] = 'Bare url found but origin indicator is nil or empty', } -- Aliases table for commonly passed parameters citation_config.aliases = { ['AccessDate'] = {'access-date', 'accessdate'}, ['Agency'] = 'agency', ['AirDate'] = {'air-date', 'airdate'}, ['ArchiveDate'] = {'archive-date', 'archivedate'}, ['ArchiveURL'] = {'archive-url', 'archiveurl'}, ['ASINTLD'] = {'ASIN-TLD', 'asin-tld'}, ['At'] = 'at', ['Authors'] = {'authors', 'people', 'host'}, ['AuthorFormat'] = {'author-format', 'authorformat'}, ['AuthorSeparator'] = 'author-separator', ['AuthorNameSeparator'] = 'author-name-separator', ['BookTitle'] = {'book-title', 'booktitle'}, ['Callsign'] = {'call-sign', 'callsign'}, -- cite interview ['Cartography'] = 'cartography', ['Chapter'] = {'chapter', 'contribution', 'entry', 'article', 'section', 'notestitle'}, -- notestitle is deprecated; remove after 1 October 2014; used by old cite AV media notes ['ChapterLink'] = {'chapter-link', 'chapterlink'}, ['ChapterURL'] = {'chapter-url', 'chapterurl', 'contribution-url', 'contributionurl', 'section-url', 'sectionurl'}, ['City'] = 'city', -- cite interview ['Coauthors'] = {'coauthors', 'coauthor'}, -- coauthor and coauthors are deprecated; remove after 1 October 2014 ['Cointerviewers'] = 'cointerviewers', -- cointerviewers is deprecated; remove after 1 October 2014; used by cite interview ['Conference'] = {'conference', 'event'}, ['ConferenceURL'] = {'conference-url', 'conferenceurl', 'event-url', 'eventurl'}, ['Date'] = 'date', ['Day'] = 'day', ['DeadURL'] = {'dead-url', 'deadurl'}, ['Degree'] = 'degree', ['DisplayAuthors'] = {'display-authors', 'displayauthors'}, ['DisplayEditors'] = {'display-editors', 'displayeditors'}, ['Docket'] = 'docket', ['DoiBroken'] = {'doi-broken', 'doi-broken-date', 'doi-inactive-date', 'DoiBroken', 'doi_brokendate', 'doi_inactivedate'}, ['Edition'] = 'edition', ['Editors'] = 'editors', ['EditorFormat'] = {'editor-format', 'editorformat'}, ['EditorSeparator'] = 'editor-separator', ['EditorNameSeparator'] = 'editor-name-separator', ['Embargo'] = {'Embargo', 'embargo'}, ['Format'] = 'format', ['ID'] = {'id', 'ID', 'publisherid'}, -- publisherid is deprecated; remove after 1 October 2014; used by old cite AV media notes and old cite DVD notes ['IgnoreISBN'] = {'ignore-isbn-error', 'ignoreisbnerror'}, ['Inset'] = 'inset', ['Interviewer'] = 'interviewer', -- cite interview ['Issue'] = {'issue', 'number'}, ['Language'] = {'language', 'in'}, ['LastAuthorAmp'] = {'last-author-amp', 'lastauthoramp'}, ['LayDate'] = {'lay-date', 'laydate'}, ['LaySource'] = {'lay-source', 'laysource'}, ['LayURL'] = {'lay-url', 'lay-summary', 'layurl', 'laysummary'}, ['Minutes'] = 'minutes', ['Month'] = 'month', ['NameSeparator'] = 'name-separator', ['Network'] = 'network', ['NoPP'] = {'no-pp', 'nopp'}, ['NoTracking'] = {'template-doc-demo', 'template doc demo', 'no-cat', 'nocat', 'no-tracking', 'notracking'}, ['OrigYear'] = {'orig-year', 'origyear', 'titleyear'}, -- titleyear is deprecated; remove after 1 October 2014; used in old cite DVD notes ['Others'] = {'others', 'artist', 'director'}, -- artist and director are deprecated; remove after 1 October 2014; used in old cite AV media notes and old cite DVD notes ['Page'] = {'p', 'page'}, ['Pages'] = {'pp', 'pages'}, ['Periodical'] = {'journal', 'newspaper', 'magazine', 'work', 'website', 'periodical', 'encyclopedia', 'encyclopaedia', 'dictionary'}, ['Place'] = {'place', 'location'}, ['PPrefix'] = {'p-prefix', 'PPrefix'}, ['PPPrefix'] = {'pp-prefix', 'PPPrefix'}, ['Program'] = 'program', -- cite interview ['PostScript'] = 'postscript', ['PublicationDate'] = {'publicationdate', 'publication-date'}, ['PublicationPlace'] = {'publication-place', 'publicationplace'}, --[[ Hide unfinished cite newsgroup code so that long delayed update can take place ['PublisherName'] = {'publisher', 'distributor', 'institution', 'newsgroup'}, ]] ['PublisherName'] = {'publisher', 'distributor', 'institution'}, ['Quote'] = {'quote', 'quotation'}, ['Ref'] = {'ref', 'Ref'}, ['RegistrationRequired'] = 'registration', ['Scale'] = 'scale', ['Section'] = 'section', ['Season'] = 'season', ['Separator'] = 'separator', ['Series'] = {'series', 'version'}, ['SeriesSeparator'] = 'series-separator', ['SeriesLink'] = {'series-link', 'serieslink'}, ['SeriesNumber'] = {'series-number', 'series-no', 'seriesnumber', 'seriesno'}, ['Station'] = 'station', ['SubscriptionRequired'] = 'subscription', ['Time'] = 'time', ['TimeCaption'] = {'time-caption', 'timecaption'}, ['Title'] = 'title', ['TitleLink'] = {'title-link', 'episode-link', 'titlelink', 'episodelink', 'albumlink'}, -- albumlink is deprecated; remove after 1 October 2014; used by old cite AV media notes ['TitleNote'] = 'department', ['TitleType'] = {'type', 'medium'}, ['TransChapter'] = {'trans-chapter', 'trans_chapter'}, ['Transcript'] = 'transcript', ['TranscriptURL'] = {'transcript-url', 'transcripturl'}, ['TransTitle'] = {'trans-title', 'trans_title'}, ['URL'] = {'url', 'URL'}, ['Via'] = 'via', ['Volume'] = 'volume', ['Year'] = 'year', ['AuthorList-First'] = {"author#-first", "author-first#", "first#", "given#"}, ['AuthorList-Last'] = {"author#-last", "author-last#", "last#", "surname#", "Author#", "author#", "authors#", "subject#"}, ['AuthorList-Link'] = {"author#-link", "author-link#", "author#link", "authorlink#", "subject-link#", "subject#link", "subject#-link", "subjectlink#"}, ['AuthorList-Mask'] = {"author#-mask", "author-mask#", "author#mask", "authormask#"}, ['EditorList-First'] = {"editor#-first", "editor-first#", "editor#-given", "editor-given#", "EditorGiven#"}, ['EditorList-Last'] = {"editor#-last", "editor-last#", "editor#-surname", "editor-surname#", "EditorSurname#", "Editor#", "editor#", "editors#"}, ['EditorList-Link'] = {"editor#-link", "editor-link#", "editor#link", "editorlink#"}, ['EditorList-Mask'] = {"editor#-mask", "editor-mask#", "editor#mask", "editormask#"}, } -- Default parameter values citation_config.defaults = { ['DeadURL'] = 'yes', ['AuthorSeparator'] = ';', ['EditorSeparator'] = ';', ['NameSeparator'] = ',', ['PPrefix'] = "p.&nbsp;", ['PPPrefix'] = "pp.&nbsp;", } --[[ Error condition table The following contains a list of IDs for various error conditions defined in the code. For each ID, we specify a text message to display, an error category to include, and whether the error message should be wrapped as a hidden comment. Anchor changes require identical changes to matching anchor in Help:CS1 errors ]] citation_config.error_conditions = { accessdate_missing_url = { message = '<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;accessdate=</code> requires <code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;url=</code>', anchor = 'accessdate_missing_url', category = 'Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL', hidden = true }, archive_missing_date = { message = '<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;archiveurl=</code> requires <code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;archivedate=</code>', anchor = 'archive_missing_date', category = 'Pages with archiveurl citation errors', hidden = false }, archive_missing_url = { message = '<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;archiveurl=</code> requires <code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;url=</code>', anchor = 'archive_missing_url', category = 'Pages with archiveurl citation errors', hidden = false }, bad_arxiv = { message = 'Check <code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;arxiv=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_arxiv', category = 'CS1 errors: arXiv', hidden = false }, bad_authorlink = { message = 'Check <code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;authorlink=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_authorlink', category = 'CS1 errors: authorlink', hidden = false }, bad_date = { message = 'Check date values in: <code style="'..code_style..'">$1</code>', anchor = 'bad_date', category = 'CS1 errors: dates', hidden = true }, bad_doi = { message = 'Check <code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;doi=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_doi', category = 'Pages with DOI errors', hidden = false }, bad_isbn = { message = 'Check <code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;isbn=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_isbn', category = 'Pages with ISBN errors', hidden = false }, bad_issn = { message = 'Check <code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;issn=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_issn', category = 'CS1 errors: ISSN', hidden = false }, bad_lccn = { message = 'Check <code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;lccn=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_lccn', category = 'CS1 errors: LCCN', hidden = false }, bad_ol = { message = 'Check <code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;ol=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_ol', category = 'Pages with OL errors', hidden = false }, bad_pmc = { message = 'Check <code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;pmc=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_pmc', category = 'CS1 errors: PMC', hidden = false }, bad_pmid = { message = 'Check <code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;pmid=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_pmid', category = 'CS1 errors: PMID', hidden = false }, bad_url = { message = 'Check <code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;url=</code> scheme', anchor = 'bad_url', category = 'Pages with URL errors', hidden = false }, bare_url_missing_title = { message = '$1 missing title', anchor = 'bare_url_missing_title', category = 'Pages with citations having bare URLs', hidden = false }, citation_missing_title = { message = 'Missing or empty <code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;title=</code>', anchor = 'citation_missing_title', category = 'Pages with citations lacking titles', hidden = false }, cite_web_url = { -- this error applies to cite web and to cite podcast message = 'Missing or empty <code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;url=</code>', anchor = 'cite_web_url', category = 'Pages using web citations with no URL', hidden = true }, coauthors_missing_author = { message = '<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;coauthors=</code> requires <code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;author=</code>', anchor = 'coauthors_missing_author', category = 'CS1 errors: coauthors without author', hidden = false }, deprecated_params = { message = 'Cite uses deprecated parameters', anchor = 'deprecated_params', category = 'Pages containing cite templates with deprecated parameters', hidden = true }, empty_citation = { message = 'Empty citation', anchor = 'empty_citation', category = 'Pages with empty citations', hidden = false }, extra_pages = { message = 'Extra <code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;pages=</code> or <code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;at=</code>', anchor = 'extra_pages', category = 'Pages with citations using conflicting page specifications', hidden = false }, first_missing_last = { message = '<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;first$2=</code> missing <code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;last$2=</code> in $1', anchor = 'first_missing_last', category = 'CS1 errors: missing author or editor', hidden = false }, format_missing_url = { message = '<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;format=</code> requires <code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;url=</code>', anchor = 'format_missing_url', category = 'Pages using citations with format and no URL', hidden = true }, implict_etal_author = { message = '<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;displayauthors=</code> suggested', anchor = 'displayauthors', category = 'Pages using citations with old-style implicit et al.', hidden = true }, implict_etal_editor = { message = '<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;displayeditors=</code> suggested', anchor = 'displayeditors', category = 'Pages using citations with old-style implicit et al. in editors', hidden = true }, missing_name = { message = 'Missing <code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;last$2=</code> in $1', anchor = 'missing_name', category = 'CS1 errors: missing author or editor', hidden = false }, parameter_ignored = { message = 'Unknown parameter <code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;$1=</code> ignored', anchor = 'parameter_ignored', category = 'Pages with citations using unsupported parameters', hidden = false }, parameter_ignored_suggest = { message = 'Unknown parameter <code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;$1=</code> ignored (<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;$2=</code> suggested)', anchor = 'parameter_ignored_suggest', category = 'Pages with citations using unsupported parameters', hidden = false }, redundant_parameters = { message = 'More than one of $1 specified', anchor = 'redundant_parameters', category = 'Pages with citations having redundant parameters', hidden = false }, text_ignored = { message = 'Text "$1" ignored', anchor = 'text_ignored', category = 'Pages with citations using unnamed parameters', hidden = false }, trans_missing_chapter = { message = '<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;trans_chapter=</code> requires <code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;chapter=</code>', anchor = 'trans_missing_chapter', category = 'Pages with citations using translated terms without the original', hidden = false }, trans_missing_title = { message = '<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;trans_title=</code> requires <code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;title=</code>', anchor = 'trans_missing_title', category = 'Pages with citations using translated terms without the original', hidden = false }, wikilink_in_url = { message = 'Wikilink embedded in URL title', anchor = 'wikilink_in_url', category = 'Pages with citations having wikilinks embedded in URL titles', hidden = false }, } citation_config.id_handlers = { ['ARXIV'] = { parameters = {'arxiv', 'ARXIV'}, link = 'arXiv', label = 'arXiv', mode = 'manual', prefix = '//arxiv.org/abs/', -- protocol relative tested 2013-09-04 encode = false, COinS = 'info:arxiv', separator = ':', }, ['ASIN'] = { parameters = { 'asin', 'ASIN' }, link = 'Amazon Standard Identification Number', label = 'ASIN', mode = 'manual', COinS = 'info:asin', separator = '&nbsp;', encode = false; }, ['BIBCODE'] = { parameters = {'bibcode', 'BIBCODE'}, link = 'Bibcode', label = 'Bibcode', mode = 'external', prefix = 'http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/', encode = false, COinS = 'info:bibcode', separator = ':', }, ['DOI'] = { parameters = { 'doi', 'DOI' }, link = 'Digital object identifier', label = 'doi', mode = 'manual', prefix = 'http://dx.doi.org/', COinS = 'info:doi', separator = ':', encode = true, }, ['ISBN'] = { parameters = {'isbn', 'ISBN', 'isbn13', 'ISBN13'}, link = 'International Standard Book Number', label = 'ISBN', mode = 'manual', prefix = 'Special:BookSources/', COinS = 'rft.isbn', separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['ISSN'] = { parameters = {'issn', 'ISSN'}, link = 'International Standard Serial Number', label = 'ISSN', mode = 'manual', prefix = '//www.worldcat.org/issn/', COinS = 'rft.issn', encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['JFM'] = { parameters = {'jfm', 'JFM'}, link = 'Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik', label = 'JFM', mode = 'external', prefix = 'http://www.zentralblatt-math.org/zmath/en/search/?format=complete&q=an:', COinS = 'rft.jfm', encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['JSTOR'] = { parameters = {'jstor', 'JSTOR'}, link = 'JSTOR', label = 'JSTOR', mode = 'external', prefix = '//www.jstor.org/stable/', -- protocol relative tested 2013-09-04 COinS = 'rft.jstor', encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['LCCN'] = { parameters = {'LCCN', 'lccn'}, link = 'Library of Congress Control Number', label = 'LCCN', mode = 'manual', prefix = 'http://lccn.loc.gov/', COinS = 'rft.lccn', encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['MR'] = { parameters = {'MR', 'mr'}, link = 'Mathematical Reviews', label = 'MR', mode = 'external', prefix = '//www.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=', -- protocol relative tested 2013-09-04 COinS = 'rft.mr', encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['OCLC'] = { parameters = {'OCLC', 'oclc'}, link = 'OCLC', label = 'OCLC', mode = 'external', prefix = '//www.worldcat.org/oclc/', COinS = 'info:oclcnum', encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['OL'] = { parameters = { 'ol', 'OL' }, link = 'Open Library', label = 'OL', mode = 'manual', COinS = 'info:olnum', separator = '&nbsp;', endode = true, }, ['OSTI'] = { parameters = {'OSTI', 'osti'}, link = 'Office of Scientific and Technical Information', label = 'OSTI', mode = 'external', prefix = '//www.osti.gov/energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=', -- protocol relative tested 2013-09-04 COinS = 'info:osti', encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['PMC'] = { parameters = {'PMC', 'pmc'}, link = 'PubMed Central', label = 'PMC', mode = 'manual', -- changed to support unlinking of PMC identifier when article is embargoed prefix = '//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC', suffix = " ", COinS = 'info:pmc', encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['PMID'] = { parameters = {'PMID', 'pmid'}, link = 'PubMed Identifier', label = 'PMID', mode = 'manual', -- changed from external manual to support PMID validation prefix = '//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/', COinS = 'info:pmid', encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['RFC'] = { parameters = {'RFC', 'rfc'}, link = 'Request for Comments', label = 'RFC', mode = 'external', prefix = '//tools.ietf.org/html/rfc', COinS = 'info:rfc', encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['SSRN'] = { parameters = {'SSRN', 'ssrn'}, link = 'Social Science Research Network', label = 'SSRN', mode = 'external', prefix = '//ssrn.com/abstract=', -- protocol relative tested 2013-09-04 COinS = 'info:ssrn', encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', }, --[[ Hide unfinished cite newsgroup code so that long delayed update can take place ['USENETID'] = { parameters = {'id', 'ID'}, link = 'Usenet', label = 'Usenet:', mode = 'external', prefix = 'news:', encode = false, COinS = 'info:usenet', separator = '&nbsp;', }, ]] ['ZBL'] = { parameters = {'ZBL', 'zbl'}, link = 'Zentralblatt MATH', label = 'Zbl', mode = 'external', prefix = 'http://www.zentralblatt-math.org/zmath/en/search/?format=complete&q=an:', COinS = 'info:zbl', encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', }, } --iso639-1 language codes and names. citation_config.iso639_1 = { ["aa"] = "Afar", ["ab"] = "Abkhazian", ["ae"] = "Avestan", ["af"] = "Afrikaans", ["ak"] = "Akan", ["am"] = "Amharic", ["an"] = "Aragonese", ["ar"] = "Arabic", ["as"] = "Assamese", ["av"] = "Avaric", ["ay"] = "Aymara", ["az"] = "Azerbaijani", ["ba"] = "Bashkir", ["be"] = "Belarusian", ["bg"] = "Bulgarian", ["bh"] = "Bihari languages", ["bi"] = "Bislama", ["bm"] = "Bambara", ["bn"] = "Bengali", ["bo"] = "Tibetan", ["br"] = "Breton", ["bs"] = "Bosnian", ["ca"] = "Catalan", -- ["ca"] = "Valencian", ["ce"] = "Chechen", ["ch"] = "Chamorro", ["co"] = "Corsican", ["cr"] = "Cree", ["cs"] = "Czech", ["cu"] = "Church Slavic", -- ["cu"] = "Old Slavonic", -- ["cu"] = "Church Slavonic", -- ["cu"] = "Old Bulgarian", -- ["cu"] = "Old Church Slavonic", ["cv"] = "Chuvash", ["cy"] = "Welsh", ["da"] = "Danish", ["de"] = "German", ["dv"] = "Divehi", ["dv"] = "Dhivehi", ["dv"] = "Maldivian", ["dz"] = "Dzongkha", ["ee"] = "Ewe", ["el"] = "Modern Greek", ["en"] = "English", ["eo"] = "Esperanto", ["es"] = "Spanish", -- ["es"] = "Castilian", ["et"] = "Estonian", ["eu"] = "Basque", ["fa"] = "Persian", ["ff"] = "Fulah", ["fi"] = "Finnish", ["fj"] = "Fijian", ["fo"] = "Faroese", ["fr"] = "French", ["fy"] = "Western Frisian", ["ga"] = "Irish", -- ["gd"] = "Gaelic", ["gd"] = "Scottish Gaelic", ["gl"] = "Galician", ["gn"] = "Guarani", ["gu"] = "Gujarati", ["gv"] = "Manx", ["ha"] = "Hausa", ["he"] = "Hebrew", ["hi"] = "Hindi", ["ho"] = "Hiri Motu", ["hr"] = "Croatian", -- ["ht"] = "Haitian", ["ht"] = "Haitian Creole", ["hu"] = "Hungarian", ["hy"] = "Armenian", ["hz"] = "Herero", ["ia"] = "Interlingua", ["id"] = "Indonesian", ["ie"] = "Interlingue", ["ie"] = "Occidental", ["ig"] = "Igbo", -- ["ii"] = "Sichuan Yi", ["ii"] = "Nuosu", ["ik"] = "Inupiaq", ["io"] = "Ido", ["is"] = "Icelandic", ["it"] = "Italian", ["iu"] = "Inuktitut", ["ja"] = "Japanese", ["jv"] = "Javanese", ["ka"] = "Georgian", ["kg"] = "Kongo", -- ["ki"] = "Kikuyu", ["ki"] = "Gikuyu", -- ["kj"] = "Kuanyama", ["kj"] = "Kwanyama", ["kk"] = "Kazakh", -- ["kl"] = "Kalaallisut", ["kl"] = "Greenlandic", ["km"] = "Central Khmer", ["kn"] = "Kannada", ["ko"] = "Korean", ["kr"] = "Kanuri", ["ks"] = "Kashmiri", ["ku"] = "Kurdish", ["kv"] = "Komi", ["kw"] = "Cornish", -- ["ky"] = "Kirghiz", ["ky"] = "Kyrgyz", ["la"] = "Latin", ["lb"] = "Luxembourgish", -- ["lb"] = "Letzeburgesch", ["lg"] = "Ganda", -- ["li"] = "Limburgan", -- ["li"] = "Limburger", ["li"] = "Limburgish", ["ln"] = "Lingala", ["lo"] = "Lao", ["lt"] = "Lithuanian", ["lu"] = "Luba-Katanga", ["lv"] = "Latvian", ["mg"] = "Malagasy", ["mh"] = "Marshallese", ["mi"] = "Maori", ["mk"] = "Macedonian", ["ml"] = "Malayalam", ["mn"] = "Mongolian", ["mr"] = "Marathi", ["ms"] = "Malay", ["mt"] = "Maltese", ["my"] = "Burmese", ["na"] = "Nauru", ["nb"] = "Norwegian Bokmål", ["nd"] = "North Ndebele", ["ne"] = "Nepali", ["ng"] = "Ndonga", ["nl"] = "Dutch", -- ["nl"] = "Flemish", ["nn"] = "Norwegian Nynorsk", ["no"] = "Norwegian", ["nr"] = "South Ndebele", ["nv"] = "Navajo", -- ["nv"] = "Navaho", -- ["ny"] = "Chichewa", -- ["ny"] = "Chewa", ["ny"] = "Nyanja", ["oc"] = "Occitan", ["oj"] = "Ojibwa", ["om"] = "Oromo", ["or"] = "Oriya", ["os"] = "Ossetian", ["os"] = "Ossetic", -- ["pa"] = "Panjabi", ["pa"] = "Punjabi", ["pi"] = "Pali", ["pl"] = "Polish", -- ["ps"] = "Pushto", ["ps"] = "Pashto", ["pt"] = "Portuguese", ["qu"] = "Quechua", ["rm"] = "Romansh", ["rn"] = "Rundi", ["ro"] = "Romanian", -- ["ro"] = "Moldavian", -- ["ro"] = "Moldovan", ["ru"] = "Russian", ["rw"] = "Kinyarwanda", ["sa"] = "Sanskrit", ["sc"] = "Sardinian", ["sd"] = "Sindhi", ["se"] = "Northern Sami", ["sg"] = "Sango", ["si"] = "Sinhala", -- ["si"] = "Sinhalese", ["sk"] = "Slovak", ["sl"] = "Slovenian", ["sm"] = "Samoan", ["sn"] = "Shona", ["so"] = "Somali", ["sq"] = "Albanian", ["sr"] = "Serbian", ["ss"] = "Swati", ["st"] = "Southern Sotho", ["su"] = "Sundanese", ["sv"] = "Swedish", ["sw"] = "Swahili", ["ta"] = "Tamil", ["te"] = "Telugu", ["tg"] = "Tajik", ["th"] = "Thai", ["ti"] = "Tigrinya", ["tk"] = "Turkmen", ["tl"] = "Tagalog", ["tn"] = "Tswana", ["to"] = "Tonga (Tonga Islands)", ["tr"] = "Turkish", ["ts"] = "Tsonga", ["tt"] = "Tatar", ["tw"] = "Twi", ["ty"] = "Tahitian", -- ["ug"] = "Uighur", ["ug"] = "Uyghur", ["uk"] = "Ukrainian", ["ur"] = "Urdu", ["uz"] = "Uzbek", ["ve"] = "Venda", ["vi"] = "Vietnamese", ["vo"] = "Volapük", ["wa"] = "Walloon", ["wo"] = "Wolof", ["xh"] = "Xhosa", ["yi"] = "Yiddish", ["yo"] = "Yoruba", ["za"] = "Zhuang", -- ["za"] = "Chuang", ["zh"] = "Chinese", ["zu"] = "Zulu", } return citation_config; ov33haahvlmi52qcmaihosq89qo5vrq 828 106 3383 3378 2025-07-11T11:02:09Z Thuvack 106 3383 Scribunto text/plain -- This module implements {{documentation}}. -- Get required modules. local getArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs -- Get the config table. local cfg = mw.loadData('Module:Documentation/config') local p = {} -- Often-used functions. local ugsub = mw.ustring.gsub local format = mw.ustring.format ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Helper functions -- -- These are defined as local functions, but are made available in the p -- table for testing purposes. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function message(cfgKey, valArray, expectType) --[[ -- Gets a message from the cfg table and formats it if appropriate. -- The function raises an error if the value from the cfg table is not -- of the type expectType. The default type for expectType is 'string'. -- If the table valArray is present, strings such as $1, $2 etc. in the -- message are substituted with values from the table keys [1], [2] etc. -- For example, if the message "foo-message" had the value 'Foo $2 bar $1.', -- message('foo-message', {'baz', 'qux'}) would return "Foo qux bar baz." --]] local msg = cfg[cfgKey] expectType = expectType or 'string' if type(msg) ~= expectType then error('message: type error in message cfg.' .. cfgKey .. ' (' .. expectType .. ' expected, got ' .. type(msg) .. ')', 2) end if not valArray then return msg end local function getMessageVal(match) match = tonumber(match) return valArray[match] or error('message: no value found for key $' .. match .. ' in message cfg.' .. cfgKey, 4) end return ugsub(msg, '$([1-9][0-9]*)', getMessageVal) end p.message = message local function makeWikilink(page, display) if display then return format('[[%s|%s]]', page, display) else return format('[[%s]]', page) end end p.makeWikilink = makeWikilink local function makeCategoryLink(cat, sort) local catns = mw.site.namespaces[14].name return makeWikilink(catns .. ':' .. cat, sort) end p.makeCategoryLink = makeCategoryLink local function makeUrlLink(url, display) return format('[%s %s]', url, display) end p.makeUrlLink = makeUrlLink local function makeToolbar(...) local ret = {} local lim = select('#', ...) if lim < 1 then return nil end for i = 1, lim do ret[#ret + 1] = select(i, ...) end -- 'documentation-toolbar' return format( '<span class="%s">(%s)</span>', message('toolbar-class'), table.concat(ret, ' &#124; ') ) end p.makeToolbar = makeToolbar ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Argument processing ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function makeInvokeFunc(funcName) return function (frame) local args = getArgs(frame, { valueFunc = function (key, value) if type(value) == 'string' then value = value:match('^%s*(.-)%s*$') -- Remove whitespace. if key == 'heading' or value ~= '' then return value else return nil end else return value end end }) return p[funcName](args) end end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Entry points ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.nonexistent(frame) if mw.title.getCurrentTitle().subpageText == 'testcases' then return frame:expandTemplate{title = 'module test cases notice'} else return p.main(frame) end end p.main = makeInvokeFunc('_main') function p._main(args) --[[ -- This function defines logic flow for the module. -- @args - table of arguments passed by the user --]] local env = p.getEnvironment(args) local root = mw.html.create() root :wikitext(p._getModuleWikitext(args, env)) :wikitext(p.protectionTemplate(env)) :wikitext(p.sandboxNotice(args, env)) :tag('div') -- 'documentation-container' :addClass(message('container')) :attr('role', 'complementary') :attr('aria-labelledby', args.heading ~= '' and 'documentation-heading' or nil) :attr('aria-label', args.heading == '' and 'Documentation' or nil) :newline() :tag('div') -- 'documentation' :addClass(message('main-div-classes')) :newline() :wikitext(p._startBox(args, env)) :wikitext(p._content(args, env)) :tag('div') -- 'documentation-clear' :addClass(message('clear')) :done() :newline() :done() :wikitext(p._endBox(args, env)) :done() :wikitext(p.addTrackingCategories(env)) -- 'Module:Documentation/styles.css' return mw.getCurrentFrame():extensionTag ( 'templatestyles', '', {src=cfg['templatestyles'] }) .. tostring(root) end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Environment settings ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.getEnvironment(args) --[[ -- Returns a table with information about the environment, including title -- objects and other namespace- or path-related data. -- @args - table of arguments passed by the user -- -- Title objects include: -- env.title - the page we are making documentation for (usually the current title) -- env.templateTitle - the template (or module, file, etc.) -- env.docTitle - the /doc subpage. -- env.sandboxTitle - the /sandbox subpage. -- env.testcasesTitle - the /testcases subpage. -- -- Data includes: -- env.protectionLevels - the protection levels table of the title object. -- env.subjectSpace - the number of the title's subject namespace. -- env.docSpace - the number of the namespace the title puts its documentation in. -- env.docpageBase - the text of the base page of the /doc, /sandbox and /testcases pages, with namespace. -- env.compareUrl - URL of the Special:ComparePages page comparing the sandbox with the template. -- -- All table lookups are passed through pcall so that errors are caught. If an error occurs, the value -- returned will be nil. --]] local env, envFuncs = {}, {} -- Set up the metatable. If triggered we call the corresponding function in the envFuncs table. The value -- returned by that function is memoized in the env table so that we don't call any of the functions -- more than once. (Nils won't be memoized.) setmetatable(env, { __index = function (t, key) local envFunc = envFuncs[key] if envFunc then local success, val = pcall(envFunc) if success then env[key] = val -- Memoise the value. return val end end return nil end }) function envFuncs.title() -- The title object for the current page, or a test page passed with args.page. local title local titleArg = args.page if titleArg then title = mw.title.new(titleArg) else title = mw.title.getCurrentTitle() end return title end function envFuncs.templateTitle() --[[ -- The template (or module, etc.) title object. -- Messages: -- 'sandbox-subpage' --> 'sandbox' -- 'testcases-subpage' --> 'testcases' --]] local subjectSpace = env.subjectSpace local title = env.title local subpage = title.subpageText if subpage == message('sandbox-subpage') or subpage == message('testcases-subpage') or (subpage == message('doc-subpage') and mw.title.getCurrentTitle().namespace == env.docSpace) then return mw.title.makeTitle(subjectSpace, title.baseText) else return mw.title.makeTitle(subjectSpace, title.text) end end function envFuncs.docTitle() --[[ -- Title object of the /doc subpage. -- Messages: -- 'doc-subpage' --> 'doc' --]] local title = env.title local docname = args[1] -- User-specified doc page. local docpage if docname then docpage = docname else docpage = env.docpageBase .. '/' .. message('doc-subpage') end return mw.title.new(docpage) end function envFuncs.sandboxTitle() --[[ -- Title object for the /sandbox subpage. -- Messages: -- 'sandbox-subpage' --> 'sandbox' --]] return mw.title.new(env.docpageBase .. '/' .. message('sandbox-subpage')) end function envFuncs.testcasesTitle() --[[ -- Title object for the /testcases subpage. -- Messages: -- 'testcases-subpage' --> 'testcases' --]] return mw.title.new(env.docpageBase .. '/' .. message('testcases-subpage')) end function envFuncs.protectionLevels() -- The protection levels table of the title object. return env.title.protectionLevels end function envFuncs.subjectSpace() -- The subject namespace number. return mw.site.namespaces[env.title.namespace].subject.id end function envFuncs.docSpace() -- The documentation namespace number. For most namespaces this is the -- same as the subject namespace. However, pages in the Article, File, -- MediaWiki or Category namespaces must have their /doc, /sandbox and -- /testcases pages in talk space. local subjectSpace = env.subjectSpace if subjectSpace == 0 or subjectSpace == 6 or subjectSpace == 8 or subjectSpace == 14 then return subjectSpace + 1 else return subjectSpace end end function envFuncs.docpageBase() -- The base page of the /doc, /sandbox, and /testcases subpages. -- For some namespaces this is the talk page, rather than the template page. local templateTitle = env.templateTitle local docSpace = env.docSpace local docSpaceText = mw.site.namespaces[docSpace].name -- Assemble the link. docSpace is never the main namespace, so we can hardcode the colon. return docSpaceText .. ':' .. templateTitle.text end function envFuncs.compareUrl() -- Diff link between the sandbox and the main template using [[Special:ComparePages]]. local templateTitle = env.templateTitle local sandboxTitle = env.sandboxTitle if templateTitle.exists and sandboxTitle.exists then local compareUrl = mw.uri.canonicalUrl( 'Special:ComparePages', { page1 = templateTitle.prefixedText, page2 = sandboxTitle.prefixedText} ) return tostring(compareUrl) else return nil end end return env end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Auxiliary templates ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- p.getModuleWikitext = makeInvokeFunc('_getModuleWikitext') function p._getModuleWikitext(args, env) local currentTitle = mw.title.getCurrentTitle() if currentTitle.contentModel ~= 'Scribunto' then return end pcall(require, currentTitle.prefixedText) -- if it fails, we don't care local moduleWikitext = package.loaded["Module:Module wikitext"] if moduleWikitext then return moduleWikitext.main() end end function p.sandboxNotice(args, env) --[=[ -- Generates a sandbox notice for display above sandbox pages. -- @args - a table of arguments passed by the user -- @env - environment table containing title objects, etc., generated with p.getEnvironment -- -- Messages: -- 'sandbox-notice-image' --> '[[File:Sandbox.svg|50px|alt=|link=]]' -- 'sandbox-notice-blurb' --> 'This is the $1 for $2.' -- 'sandbox-notice-diff-blurb' --> 'This is the $1 for $2 ($3).' -- 'sandbox-notice-pagetype-template' --> '[[Wikipedia:Template test cases|template sandbox]] page' -- 'sandbox-notice-pagetype-module' --> '[[Wikipedia:Template test cases|module sandbox]] page' -- 'sandbox-notice-pagetype-other' --> 'sandbox page' -- 'sandbox-notice-compare-link-display' --> 'diff' -- 'sandbox-notice-testcases-blurb' --> 'See also the companion subpage for $1.' -- 'sandbox-notice-testcases-link-display' --> 'test cases' -- 'sandbox-category' --> 'Template sandboxes' -- 'module-sandbox-category' --> 'Module sandboxes' -- 'other-sandbox-category' --> 'Sandboxes outside of template or module namespace' --]=] local title = env.title local sandboxTitle = env.sandboxTitle local templateTitle = env.templateTitle local subjectSpace = env.subjectSpace if not (subjectSpace and title and sandboxTitle and templateTitle and mw.title.equals(title, sandboxTitle)) then return nil end -- Build the table of arguments to pass to {{ombox}}. We need just two fields, "image" and "text". local omargs = {} omargs.image = message('sandbox-notice-image') -- Get the text. We start with the opening blurb, which is something like -- "This is the template sandbox for [[Template:Foo]] (diff)." local text = '__EXPECTUNUSEDTEMPLATE__' local pagetype, sandboxCat if subjectSpace == 10 then pagetype = message('sandbox-notice-pagetype-template') sandboxCat = message('sandbox-category') elseif subjectSpace == 828 then pagetype = message('sandbox-notice-pagetype-module') sandboxCat = message('module-sandbox-category') else pagetype = message('sandbox-notice-pagetype-other') sandboxCat = message('other-sandbox-category') end local templateLink = makeWikilink(templateTitle.prefixedText) local compareUrl = env.compareUrl if compareUrl then local compareDisplay = message('sandbox-notice-compare-link-display') local compareLink = makeUrlLink(compareUrl, compareDisplay) text = text .. message('sandbox-notice-diff-blurb', {pagetype, templateLink, compareLink}) else text = text .. message('sandbox-notice-blurb', {pagetype, templateLink}) end -- Get the test cases page blurb if the page exists. This is something like -- "See also the companion subpage for [[Template:Foo/testcases|test cases]]." local testcasesTitle = env.testcasesTitle if testcasesTitle and testcasesTitle.exists then if testcasesTitle.contentModel == "Scribunto" then local testcasesLinkDisplay = message('sandbox-notice-testcases-link-display') local testcasesRunLinkDisplay = message('sandbox-notice-testcases-run-link-display') local testcasesLink = makeWikilink(testcasesTitle.prefixedText, testcasesLinkDisplay) local testcasesRunLink = makeWikilink(testcasesTitle.talkPageTitle.prefixedText, testcasesRunLinkDisplay) text = text .. '<br />' .. message('sandbox-notice-testcases-run-blurb', {testcasesLink, testcasesRunLink}) else local testcasesLinkDisplay = message('sandbox-notice-testcases-link-display') local testcasesLink = makeWikilink(testcasesTitle.prefixedText, testcasesLinkDisplay) text = text .. '<br />' .. message('sandbox-notice-testcases-blurb', {testcasesLink}) end end -- Add the sandbox to the sandbox category. omargs.text = text .. makeCategoryLink(sandboxCat) -- 'documentation-clear' return '<div class="' .. message('clear') .. '"></div>' .. require('Module:Message box').main('ombox', omargs) end function p.protectionTemplate(env) -- Generates the padlock icon in the top right. -- @env - environment table containing title objects, etc., generated with p.getEnvironment -- Messages: -- 'protection-template' --> 'pp-template' -- 'protection-template-args' --> {docusage = 'yes'} local protectionLevels = env.protectionLevels if not protectionLevels then return nil end local editProt = protectionLevels.edit and protectionLevels.edit[1] local moveProt = protectionLevels.move and protectionLevels.move[1] if editProt then -- The page is edit-protected. return require('Module:Protection banner')._main{ message('protection-reason-edit'), small = true } elseif moveProt and moveProt ~= 'autoconfirmed' then -- The page is move-protected but not edit-protected. Exclude move -- protection with the level "autoconfirmed", as this is equivalent to -- no move protection at all. return require('Module:Protection banner')._main{ action = 'move', small = true } else return nil end end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Start box ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- p.startBox = makeInvokeFunc('_startBox') function p._startBox(args, env) --[[ -- This function generates the start box. -- @args - a table of arguments passed by the user -- @env - environment table containing title objects, etc., generated with p.getEnvironment -- -- The actual work is done by p.makeStartBoxLinksData and p.renderStartBoxLinks which make -- the [view] [edit] [history] [purge] links, and by p.makeStartBoxData and p.renderStartBox -- which generate the box HTML. --]] env = env or p.getEnvironment(args) local links local content = args.content if not content or args[1] then -- No need to include the links if the documentation is on the template page itself. local linksData = p.makeStartBoxLinksData(args, env) if linksData then links = p.renderStartBoxLinks(linksData) end end -- Generate the start box html. local data = p.makeStartBoxData(args, env, links) if data then return p.renderStartBox(data) else -- User specified no heading. return nil end end function p.makeStartBoxLinksData(args, env) --[[ -- Does initial processing of data to make the [view] [edit] [history] [purge] links. -- @args - a table of arguments passed by the user -- @env - environment table containing title objects, etc., generated with p.getEnvironment -- -- Messages: -- 'view-link-display' --> 'view' -- 'edit-link-display' --> 'edit' -- 'history-link-display' --> 'history' -- 'purge-link-display' --> 'purge' -- 'module-preload' --> 'Template:Documentation/preload-module-doc' -- 'docpage-preload' --> 'Template:Documentation/preload' -- 'create-link-display' --> 'create' --]] local subjectSpace = env.subjectSpace local title = env.title local docTitle = env.docTitle if not title or not docTitle then return nil end if docTitle.isRedirect then docTitle = docTitle.redirectTarget end -- Create link if /doc doesn't exist. local preload = args.preload if not preload then if subjectSpace == 828 then -- Module namespace preload = message('module-preload') else preload = message('docpage-preload') end end return { title = title, docTitle = docTitle, -- View, display, edit, and purge links if /doc exists. viewLinkDisplay = message('view-link-display'), editLinkDisplay = message('edit-link-display'), historyLinkDisplay = message('history-link-display'), purgeLinkDisplay = message('purge-link-display'), preload = preload, createLinkDisplay = message('create-link-display') } end function p.renderStartBoxLinks(data) --[[ -- Generates the [view][edit][history][purge] or [create][purge] links from the data table. -- @data - a table of data generated by p.makeStartBoxLinksData --]] local docTitle = data.docTitle -- yes, we do intend to purge the template page on which the documentation appears local purgeLink = makeWikilink("Special:Purge/" .. data.title.prefixedText, data.purgeLinkDisplay) if docTitle.exists then local viewLink = makeWikilink(docTitle.prefixedText, data.viewLinkDisplay) local editLink = makeWikilink("Special:EditPage/" .. docTitle.prefixedText, data.editLinkDisplay) local historyLink = makeWikilink("Special:PageHistory/" .. docTitle.prefixedText, data.historyLinkDisplay) return "&#91;" .. viewLink .. "&#93; &#91;" .. editLink .. "&#93; &#91;" .. historyLink .. "&#93; &#91;" .. purgeLink .. "&#93;" else local createLink = makeUrlLink(docTitle:canonicalUrl{action = 'edit', preload = data.preload}, data.createLinkDisplay) return "&#91;" .. createLink .. "&#93; &#91;" .. purgeLink .. "&#93;" end return ret end function p.makeStartBoxData(args, env, links) --[=[ -- Does initial processing of data to pass to the start-box render function, p.renderStartBox. -- @args - a table of arguments passed by the user -- @env - environment table containing title objects, etc., generated with p.getEnvironment -- @links - a string containing the [view][edit][history][purge] links - could be nil if there's an error. -- -- Messages: -- 'documentation-icon-wikitext' --> '[[File:Test Template Info-Icon - Version (2).svg|50px|link=|alt=]]' -- 'template-namespace-heading' --> 'Template documentation' -- 'module-namespace-heading' --> 'Module documentation' -- 'file-namespace-heading' --> 'Summary' -- 'other-namespaces-heading' --> 'Documentation' -- 'testcases-create-link-display' --> 'create' --]=] local subjectSpace = env.subjectSpace if not subjectSpace then -- Default to an "other namespaces" namespace, so that we get at least some output -- if an error occurs. subjectSpace = 2 end local data = {} -- Heading local heading = args.heading -- Blank values are not removed. if heading == '' then -- Don't display the start box if the heading arg is defined but blank. return nil end if heading then data.heading = heading elseif subjectSpace == 10 then -- Template namespace data.heading = message('documentation-icon-wikitext') .. ' ' .. message('template-namespace-heading') elseif subjectSpace == 828 then -- Module namespace data.heading = message('documentation-icon-wikitext') .. ' ' .. message('module-namespace-heading') elseif subjectSpace == 6 then -- File namespace data.heading = message('file-namespace-heading') else data.heading = message('other-namespaces-heading') end -- Heading CSS local headingStyle = args['heading-style'] if headingStyle then data.headingStyleText = headingStyle else -- 'documentation-heading' data.headingClass = message('main-div-heading-class') end -- Data for the [view][edit][history][purge] or [create] links. if links then -- 'mw-editsection-like plainlinks' data.linksClass = message('start-box-link-classes') data.links = links end return data end function p.renderStartBox(data) -- Renders the start box html. -- @data - a table of data generated by p.makeStartBoxData. local sbox = mw.html.create('div') sbox -- 'documentation-startbox' :addClass(message('start-box-class')) :newline() :tag('span') :addClass(data.headingClass) :attr('id', 'documentation-heading') :cssText(data.headingStyleText) :wikitext(data.heading) local links = data.links if links then sbox:tag('span') :addClass(data.linksClass) :attr('id', data.linksId) :wikitext(links) end return tostring(sbox) end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Documentation content ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- p.content = makeInvokeFunc('_content') function p._content(args, env) -- Displays the documentation contents -- @args - a table of arguments passed by the user -- @env - environment table containing title objects, etc., generated with p.getEnvironment env = env or p.getEnvironment(args) local docTitle = env.docTitle local content = args.content if not content and docTitle and docTitle.exists then content = args._content or mw.getCurrentFrame():expandTemplate{title = docTitle.prefixedText} end -- The line breaks below are necessary so that "=== Headings ===" at the start and end -- of docs are interpreted correctly. return '\n' .. (content or '') .. '\n' end p.contentTitle = makeInvokeFunc('_contentTitle') function p._contentTitle(args, env) env = env or p.getEnvironment(args) local docTitle = env.docTitle if not args.content and docTitle and docTitle.exists then return docTitle.prefixedText else return '' end end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- End box ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- p.endBox = makeInvokeFunc('_endBox') function p._endBox(args, env) --[=[ -- This function generates the end box (also known as the link box). -- @args - a table of arguments passed by the user -- @env - environment table containing title objects, etc., generated with p.getEnvironment -- --]=] -- Get environment data. env = env or p.getEnvironment(args) local subjectSpace = env.subjectSpace local docTitle = env.docTitle if not subjectSpace or not docTitle then return nil end -- Check whether we should output the end box at all. Add the end -- box by default if the documentation exists or if we are in the -- user, module or template namespaces. local linkBox = args['link box'] if linkBox == 'off' or not ( docTitle.exists or subjectSpace == 2 or subjectSpace == 828 or subjectSpace == 10 ) then return nil end -- Assemble the link box. local text = '' if linkBox then text = text .. linkBox else text = text .. (p.makeDocPageBlurb(args, env) or '') -- "This documentation is transcluded from [[Foo]]." if subjectSpace == 2 or subjectSpace == 10 or subjectSpace == 828 then -- We are in the user, template or module namespaces. -- Add sandbox and testcases links. -- "Editors can experiment in this template's sandbox and testcases pages." text = text .. (p.makeExperimentBlurb(args, env) or '') .. '<br />' if not args.content and not args[1] then -- "Please add categories to the /doc subpage." -- Don't show this message with inline docs or with an explicitly specified doc page, -- as then it is unclear where to add the categories. text = text .. (p.makeCategoriesBlurb(args, env) or '') end text = text .. ' ' .. (p.makeSubpagesBlurb(args, env) or '') --"Subpages of this template" end end local box = mw.html.create('div') -- 'documentation-metadata' box:attr('role', 'note') :addClass(message('end-box-class')) -- 'plainlinks' :addClass(message('end-box-plainlinks')) :wikitext(text) :done() return '\n' .. tostring(box) end function p.makeDocPageBlurb(args, env) --[=[ -- Makes the blurb "This documentation is transcluded from [[Template:Foo]] (edit, history)". -- @args - a table of arguments passed by the user -- @env - environment table containing title objects, etc., generated with p.getEnvironment -- -- Messages: -- 'edit-link-display' --> 'edit' -- 'history-link-display' --> 'history' -- 'transcluded-from-blurb' --> -- 'The above [[Wikipedia:Template documentation|documentation]] -- is [[Help:Transclusion|transcluded]] from $1.' -- 'module-preload' --> 'Template:Documentation/preload-module-doc' -- 'create-link-display' --> 'create' -- 'create-module-doc-blurb' --> -- 'You might want to $1 a documentation page for this [[Wikipedia:Lua|Scribunto module]].' --]=] local docTitle = env.docTitle if not docTitle then return nil end if docTitle.exists then -- /doc exists; link to it. local docLink = makeWikilink(docTitle.prefixedText) local editDisplay = message('edit-link-display') local editLink = makeWikilink("Special:EditPage/" .. docTitle.prefixedText, editDisplay) local historyDisplay = message('history-link-display') local historyLink = makeWikilink("Special:PageHistory/" .. docTitle.prefixedText, historyDisplay) return message('transcluded-from-blurb', {docLink}) .. ' ' .. makeToolbar(editLink, historyLink) .. '<br />' elseif env.subjectSpace == 828 then -- /doc does not exist; ask to create it. local createUrl = docTitle:canonicalUrl{action = 'edit', preload = message('module-preload')} local createDisplay = message('create-link-display') local createLink = makeUrlLink(createUrl, createDisplay) return message('create-module-doc-blurb', {createLink}) .. '<br />' end end function p.makeExperimentBlurb(args, env) --[[ -- Renders the text "Editors can experiment in this template's sandbox (edit | diff) and testcases (edit) pages." -- @args - a table of arguments passed by the user -- @env - environment table containing title objects, etc., generated with p.getEnvironment -- -- Messages: -- 'sandbox-link-display' --> 'sandbox' -- 'sandbox-edit-link-display' --> 'edit' -- 'compare-link-display' --> 'diff' -- 'module-sandbox-preload' --> 'Template:Documentation/preload-module-sandbox' -- 'template-sandbox-preload' --> 'Template:Documentation/preload-sandbox' -- 'sandbox-create-link-display' --> 'create' -- 'mirror-edit-summary' --> 'Create sandbox version of $1' -- 'mirror-link-display' --> 'mirror' -- 'mirror-link-preload' --> 'Template:Documentation/mirror' -- 'sandbox-link-display' --> 'sandbox' -- 'testcases-link-display' --> 'testcases' -- 'testcases-edit-link-display'--> 'edit' -- 'template-sandbox-preload' --> 'Template:Documentation/preload-sandbox' -- 'testcases-create-link-display' --> 'create' -- 'testcases-link-display' --> 'testcases' -- 'testcases-edit-link-display' --> 'edit' -- 'module-testcases-preload' --> 'Template:Documentation/preload-module-testcases' -- 'template-testcases-preload' --> 'Template:Documentation/preload-testcases' -- 'experiment-blurb-module' --> 'Editors can experiment in this module's $1 and $2 pages.' -- 'experiment-blurb-template' --> 'Editors can experiment in this template's $1 and $2 pages.' --]] local subjectSpace = env.subjectSpace local templateTitle = env.templateTitle local sandboxTitle = env.sandboxTitle local testcasesTitle = env.testcasesTitle local templatePage = templateTitle.prefixedText if not subjectSpace or not templateTitle or not sandboxTitle or not testcasesTitle then return nil end -- Make links. local sandboxLinks, testcasesLinks if sandboxTitle.exists then local sandboxPage = sandboxTitle.prefixedText local sandboxDisplay = message('sandbox-link-display') local sandboxLink = makeWikilink(sandboxPage, sandboxDisplay) local sandboxEditDisplay = message('sandbox-edit-link-display') local sandboxEditLink = makeWikilink("Special:EditPage/" .. sandboxPage, sandboxEditDisplay) local compareUrl = env.compareUrl local compareLink if compareUrl then local compareDisplay = message('compare-link-display') compareLink = makeUrlLink(compareUrl, compareDisplay) end sandboxLinks = sandboxLink .. ' ' .. makeToolbar(sandboxEditLink, compareLink) else local sandboxPreload if subjectSpace == 828 then sandboxPreload = message('module-sandbox-preload') else sandboxPreload = message('template-sandbox-preload') end local sandboxCreateUrl = sandboxTitle:canonicalUrl{action = 'edit', preload = sandboxPreload} local sandboxCreateDisplay = message('sandbox-create-link-display') local sandboxCreateLink = makeUrlLink(sandboxCreateUrl, sandboxCreateDisplay) local mirrorSummary = message('mirror-edit-summary', {makeWikilink(templatePage)}) local mirrorPreload = message('mirror-link-preload') local mirrorUrl = sandboxTitle:canonicalUrl{action = 'edit', preload = mirrorPreload, summary = mirrorSummary} if subjectSpace == 828 then mirrorUrl = sandboxTitle:canonicalUrl{action = 'edit', preload = templateTitle.prefixedText, summary = mirrorSummary} end local mirrorDisplay = message('mirror-link-display') local mirrorLink = makeUrlLink(mirrorUrl, mirrorDisplay) sandboxLinks = message('sandbox-link-display') .. ' ' .. makeToolbar(sandboxCreateLink, mirrorLink) end if testcasesTitle.exists then local testcasesPage = testcasesTitle.prefixedText local testcasesDisplay = message('testcases-link-display') local testcasesLink = makeWikilink(testcasesPage, testcasesDisplay) local testcasesEditUrl = testcasesTitle:canonicalUrl{action = 'edit'} local testcasesEditDisplay = message('testcases-edit-link-display') local testcasesEditLink = makeWikilink("Special:EditPage/" .. testcasesPage, testcasesEditDisplay) -- for Modules, add testcases run link if exists if testcasesTitle.contentModel == "Scribunto" and testcasesTitle.talkPageTitle and testcasesTitle.talkPageTitle.exists then local testcasesRunLinkDisplay = message('testcases-run-link-display') local testcasesRunLink = makeWikilink(testcasesTitle.talkPageTitle.prefixedText, testcasesRunLinkDisplay) testcasesLinks = testcasesLink .. ' ' .. makeToolbar(testcasesEditLink, testcasesRunLink) else testcasesLinks = testcasesLink .. ' ' .. makeToolbar(testcasesEditLink) end else local testcasesPreload if subjectSpace == 828 then testcasesPreload = message('module-testcases-preload') else testcasesPreload = message('template-testcases-preload') end local testcasesCreateUrl = testcasesTitle:canonicalUrl{action = 'edit', preload = testcasesPreload} local testcasesCreateDisplay = message('testcases-create-link-display') local testcasesCreateLink = makeUrlLink(testcasesCreateUrl, testcasesCreateDisplay) testcasesLinks = message('testcases-link-display') .. ' ' .. makeToolbar(testcasesCreateLink) end local messageName if subjectSpace == 828 then messageName = 'experiment-blurb-module' else messageName = 'experiment-blurb-template' end return message(messageName, {sandboxLinks, testcasesLinks}) end function p.makeCategoriesBlurb(args, env) --[[ -- Generates the text "Please add categories to the /doc subpage." -- @args - a table of arguments passed by the user -- @env - environment table containing title objects, etc., generated with p.getEnvironment -- Messages: -- 'doc-link-display' --> '/doc' -- 'add-categories-blurb' --> 'Please add categories to the $1 subpage.' --]] local docTitle = env.docTitle if not docTitle then return nil end local docPathLink = makeWikilink(docTitle.prefixedText, message('doc-link-display')) return message('add-categories-blurb', {docPathLink}) end function p.makeSubpagesBlurb(args, env) --[[ -- Generates the "Subpages of this template" link. -- @args - a table of arguments passed by the user -- @env - environment table containing title objects, etc., generated with p.getEnvironment -- Messages: -- 'template-pagetype' --> 'template' -- 'module-pagetype' --> 'module' -- 'default-pagetype' --> 'page' -- 'subpages-link-display' --> 'Subpages of this $1' --]] local subjectSpace = env.subjectSpace local templateTitle = env.templateTitle if not subjectSpace or not templateTitle then return nil end local pagetype if subjectSpace == 10 then pagetype = message('template-pagetype') elseif subjectSpace == 828 then pagetype = message('module-pagetype') else pagetype = message('default-pagetype') end local subpagesLink = makeWikilink( 'Special:PrefixIndex/' .. templateTitle.prefixedText .. '/', message('subpages-link-display', {pagetype}) ) return message('subpages-blurb', {subpagesLink}) end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Tracking categories ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.addTrackingCategories(env) --[[ -- Check if {{documentation}} is transcluded on a /doc or /testcases page. -- @env - environment table containing title objects, etc., generated with p.getEnvironment -- Messages: -- 'display-strange-usage-category' --> true -- 'doc-subpage' --> 'doc' -- 'testcases-subpage' --> 'testcases' -- 'strange-usage-category' --> 'Wikipedia pages with strange ((documentation)) usage' -- -- /testcases pages in the module namespace are not categorised, as they may have -- {{documentation}} transcluded automatically. --]] local title = env.title local subjectSpace = env.subjectSpace if not title or not subjectSpace then return nil end local subpage = title.subpageText if message('display-strange-usage-category', nil, 'boolean') and ( subpage == message('doc-subpage') or subjectSpace ~= 828 and subpage == message('testcases-subpage') ) then return makeCategoryLink(message('strange-usage-category')) end return '' end return p fttwrouvv52xj3xc0iv9fbm0og9nf2z 828 107 443 442 2024-10-14T13:46:29Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 442 Scribunto text/plain -- -- This module implements {{Infobox}} -- local p = {} local args = {} local origArgs local root local function union(t1, t2) -- Returns the union of the values of two tables, as a sequence. local vals = {} for k, v in pairs(t1) do vals[v] = true end for k, v in pairs(t2) do vals[v] = true end local ret = {} for k, v in pairs(vals) do table.insert(ret, k) end return ret end local function getArgNums(prefix) -- Returns a table containing the numbers of the arguments that exist -- for the specified prefix. For example, if the prefix was 'data', and -- 'data1', 'data2', and 'data5' exist, it would return {1, 2, 5}. local nums = {} for k, v in pairs(args) do local num = tostring(k):match('^' .. prefix .. '([1-9]%d*)$') if num then table.insert(nums, tonumber(num)) end end table.sort(nums) return nums end local function addRow(rowArgs) -- Adds a row to the infobox, with either a header cell -- or a label/data cell combination. if rowArgs.header then root :tag('tr') :addClass(rowArgs.rowclass) :cssText(rowArgs.rowstyle) :attr('id', rowArgs.rowid) :tag('th') :attr('colspan', 2) :attr('id', rowArgs.headerid) :addClass(rowArgs.class) :addClass(args.headerclass) :css('text-align', 'center') :cssText(args.headerstyle) :wikitext(rowArgs.header) elseif rowArgs.data then local row = root:tag('tr') row:addClass(rowArgs.rowclass) row:cssText(rowArgs.rowstyle) row:attr('id', rowArgs.rowid) if rowArgs.label then row :tag('th') :attr('scope', 'row') :attr('id', rowArgs.labelid) :css('text-align', 'right') :cssText(args.labelstyle) :wikitext(rowArgs.label) :done() end local dataCell = row:tag('td') if not rowArgs.label then dataCell :attr('colspan', 2) :css('text-align', 'center') end dataCell :attr('id', rowArgs.dataid) :addClass(rowArgs.class) :cssText(rowArgs.datastyle) :newline() :wikitext(rowArgs.data) end end local function renderTitle() if not args.title then return end root :tag('caption') :addClass(args.titleclass) :cssText(args.titlestyle) :wikitext(args.title) end local function renderAboveRow() if not args.above then return end root :tag('tr') :tag('th') :attr('colspan', 2) :addClass(args.aboveclass) :css('text-align', 'center') :css('font-size', '125%') :css('font-weight', 'bold') :cssText(args.abovestyle) :wikitext(args.above) end local function renderBelowRow() if not args.below then return end root :tag('tr') :tag('td') :attr('colspan', '2') :addClass(args.belowclass) :css('text-align', 'center') :cssText(args.belowstyle) :newline() :wikitext(args.below) end local function renderSubheaders() if args.subheader then args.subheader1 = args.subheader end if args.subheaderrowclass then args.subheaderrowclass1 = args.subheaderrowclass end local subheadernums = getArgNums('subheader') for k, num in ipairs(subheadernums) do addRow({ data = args['subheader' .. tostring(num)], datastyle = args.subheaderstyle or args['subheaderstyle' .. tostring(num)], class = args.subheaderclass, rowclass = args['subheaderrowclass' .. tostring(num)] }) end end local function renderImages() if args.image then args.image1 = args.image end if args.caption then args.caption1 = args.caption end local imagenums = getArgNums('image') for k, num in ipairs(imagenums) do local caption = args['caption' .. tostring(num)] local data = mw.html.create():wikitext(args['image' .. tostring(num)]) if caption then data :tag('div') :cssText(args.captionstyle) :wikitext(caption) end addRow({ data = tostring(data), datastyle = args.imagestyle, class = args.imageclass, rowclass = args['imagerowclass' .. tostring(num)] }) end end local function renderRows() -- Gets the union of the header and data argument numbers, -- and renders them all in order using addRow. local rownums = union(getArgNums('header'), getArgNums('data')) table.sort(rownums) for k, num in ipairs(rownums) do addRow({ header = args['header' .. tostring(num)], label = args['label' .. tostring(num)], data = args['data' .. tostring(num)], datastyle = args.datastyle, class = args['class' .. tostring(num)], rowclass = args['rowclass' .. tostring(num)], rowstyle = args['rowstyle' .. tostring(num)], dataid = args['dataid' .. tostring(num)], labelid = args['labelid' .. tostring(num)], headerid = args['headerid' .. tostring(num)], rowid = args['rowid' .. tostring(num)] }) end end local function renderNavBar() if not args.name then return end root :tag('tr') :tag('td') :attr('colspan', '2') :css('text-align', 'left') :wikitext(mw.getCurrentFrame():expandTemplate({ title = 'navbar', args = { args.name, mini = 1 } })) end local function renderItalicTitle() local italicTitle = args['italic title'] and mw.ustring.lower(args['italic title']) if italicTitle == '' or italicTitle == 'force' or italicTitle == 'yes' then root:wikitext(mw.getCurrentFrame():expandTemplate({title = 'italic title'})) end end local function renderTrackingCategories() if args.decat ~= 'yes' then if #(getArgNums('data')) == 0 and mw.title.getCurrentTitle().namespace == 0 then root:wikitext('[[Mkhakha:Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows]]') end if args.child == 'yes' and args.title then root:wikitext('[[Mkhakha:Articles which use embedded infobox templates with the title parameter]]') end end end local function _infobox() -- Specify the overall layout of the infobox, with special settings -- if the infobox is used as a 'child' inside another infobox. if args.child ~= 'yes' then root = mw.html.create('table') root :addClass('infobox') :addClass(args.bodyclass) if args.subbox == 'yes' then root :css('padding', '0') :css('border', 'none') :css('margin', '-3px') :css('width', 'auto') :css('min-width', '100%') :css('font-size', '100%') :css('clear', 'none') :css('float', 'none') :css('background-color', 'transparent') else root :css('width', '22em') end root :cssText(args.bodystyle) renderTitle() renderAboveRow() else root = mw.html.create() root :wikitext(args.title) end renderSubheaders() renderImages() renderRows() renderBelowRow() renderNavBar() renderItalicTitle() renderTrackingCategories() return tostring(root) end local function preprocessSingleArg(argName) -- If the argument exists and isn't blank, add it to the argument table. -- Blank arguments are treated as nil to match the behaviour of ParserFunctions. if origArgs[argName] and origArgs[argName] ~= '' then args[argName] = origArgs[argName] end end local function preprocessArgs(prefixTable, step) -- Assign the parameters with the given prefixes to the args table, in order, in batches -- of the step size specified. This is to prevent references etc. from appearing in the -- wrong order. The prefixTable should be an array containing tables, each of which has -- two possible fields, a "prefix" string and a "depend" table. The function always parses -- parameters containing the "prefix" string, but only parses parameters in the "depend" -- table if the prefix parameter is present and non-blank. if type(prefixTable) ~= 'table' then error("Non-table value detected for the prefix table", 2) end if type(step) ~= 'number' then error("Invalid step value detected", 2) end -- Get arguments without a number suffix, and check for bad input. for i,v in ipairs(prefixTable) do if type(v) ~= 'table' or type(v.prefix) ~= "string" or (v.depend and type(v.depend) ~= 'table') then error('Invalid input detected to preprocessArgs prefix table', 2) end preprocessSingleArg(v.prefix) -- Only parse the depend parameter if the prefix parameter is present and not blank. if args[v.prefix] and v.depend then for j, dependValue in ipairs(v.depend) do if type(dependValue) ~= 'string' then error('Invalid "depend" parameter value detected in preprocessArgs') end preprocessSingleArg(dependValue) end end end -- Get arguments with number suffixes. local a = 1 -- Counter variable. local moreArgumentsExist = true while moreArgumentsExist == true do moreArgumentsExist = false for i = a, a + step - 1 do for j,v in ipairs(prefixTable) do local prefixArgName = v.prefix .. tostring(i) if origArgs[prefixArgName] then moreArgumentsExist = true -- Do another loop if any arguments are found, even blank ones. preprocessSingleArg(prefixArgName) end -- Process the depend table if the prefix argument is present and not blank, or -- we are processing "prefix1" and "prefix" is present and not blank, and -- if the depend table is present. if v.depend and (args[prefixArgName] or (i == 1 and args[v.prefix])) then for j,dependValue in ipairs(v.depend) do local dependArgName = dependValue .. tostring(i) preprocessSingleArg(dependArgName) end end end end a = a + step end end function p.infobox(frame) -- If called via #invoke, use the args passed into the invoking template. -- Otherwise, for testing purposes, assume args are being passed directly in. if frame == mw.getCurrentFrame() then origArgs = frame:getParent().args else origArgs = frame end -- Parse the data parameters in the same order that the old {{infobox}} did, so that -- references etc. will display in the expected places. Parameters that depend on -- another parameter are only processed if that parameter is present, to avoid -- phantom references appearing in article reference lists. preprocessSingleArg('child') preprocessSingleArg('bodyclass') preprocessSingleArg('subbox') preprocessSingleArg('bodystyle') preprocessSingleArg('title') preprocessSingleArg('titleclass') preprocessSingleArg('titlestyle') preprocessSingleArg('above') preprocessSingleArg('aboveclass') preprocessSingleArg('abovestyle') preprocessArgs({ {prefix = 'subheader', depend = {'subheaderstyle', 'subheaderrowclass'}} }, 10) preprocessSingleArg('subheaderstyle') preprocessSingleArg('subheaderclass') preprocessArgs({ {prefix = 'image', depend = {'caption', 'imagerowclass'}} }, 10) preprocessSingleArg('captionstyle') preprocessSingleArg('imagestyle') preprocessSingleArg('imageclass') preprocessArgs({ {prefix = 'header'}, {prefix = 'data', depend = {'label'}}, {prefix = 'rowclass'}, {prefix = 'rowstyle'}, {prefix = 'class'}, {prefix = 'dataid'}, {prefix = 'labelid'}, {prefix = 'headerid'}, {prefix = 'rowid'} }, 50) preprocessSingleArg('headerclass') preprocessSingleArg('headerstyle') preprocessSingleArg('labelstyle') preprocessSingleArg('datastyle') preprocessSingleArg('below') preprocessSingleArg('belowclass') preprocessSingleArg('belowstyle') preprocessSingleArg('name') args['italic title'] = origArgs['italic title'] -- different behaviour if blank or absent preprocessSingleArg('decat') return _infobox() end return p oz8ffzjz5f7bhpm9cg8co9gn7ei3a74 828 108 446 445 2024-10-14T13:46:29Z Jon Harald Søby 12 2 revisions imported 445 Scribunto text/plain -- This is a meta-module for producing message box templates, including -- {{mbox}}, {{ambox}}, {{imbox}}, {{tmbox}}, {{ombox}}, {{cmbox}} and {{fmbox}}. -- Load necessary modules. require('Module:No globals') local getArgs local categoryHandler = require('Module:Category handler')._main local yesno = require('Module:Yesno') -- Get a language object for formatDate and ucfirst. local lang = mw.language.getContentLanguage() -- Define constants local CONFIG_MODULE = 'Module:Message box/configuration' -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Helper functions -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function getTitleObject(...) -- Get the title object, passing the function through pcall -- in case we are over the expensive function count limit. local success, title = pcall(mw.title.new, ...) if success then return title end end local function union(t1, t2) -- Returns the union of two arrays. local vals = {} for i, v in ipairs(t1) do vals[v] = true end for i, v in ipairs(t2) do vals[v] = true end local ret = {} for k in pairs(vals) do table.insert(ret, k) end table.sort(ret) return ret end local function getArgNums(args, prefix) local nums = {} for k, v in pairs(args) do local num = mw.ustring.match(tostring(k), '^' .. prefix .. '([1-9]%d*)$') if num then table.insert(nums, tonumber(num)) end end table.sort(nums) return nums end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Box class definition -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local MessageBox = {} MessageBox.__index = MessageBox function MessageBox.new(boxType, args, cfg) args = args or {} local obj = {} -- Set the title object and the namespace. obj.title = getTitleObject(args.page) or mw.title.getCurrentTitle() -- Set the config for our box type. obj.cfg = cfg[boxType] if not obj.cfg then local ns = obj.title.namespace -- boxType is "mbox" or invalid input if ns == 0 then obj.cfg = cfg.ambox -- main namespace elseif ns == 6 then obj.cfg = cfg.imbox -- file namespace elseif ns == 14 then obj.cfg = cfg.cmbox -- category namespace else local nsTable = mw.site.namespaces[ns] if nsTable and nsTable.isTalk then obj.cfg = cfg.tmbox -- any talk namespace else obj.cfg = cfg.ombox -- other namespaces or invalid input end end end -- Set the arguments, and remove all blank arguments except for the ones -- listed in cfg.allowBlankParams. do local newArgs = {} for k, v in pairs(args) do if v ~= '' then newArgs[k] = v end end for i, param in ipairs(obj.cfg.allowBlankParams or {}) do newArgs[param] = args[param] end obj.args = newArgs end -- Define internal data structure. obj.categories = {} obj.classes = {} return setmetatable(obj, MessageBox) end function MessageBox:addCat(ns, cat, sort) if not cat then return nil end if sort then cat = string.format('[[Mkhakha:%s|%s]]', cat, sort) else cat = string.format('[[Mkhakha:%s]]', cat) end self.categories[ns] = self.categories[ns] or {} table.insert(self.categories[ns], cat) end function MessageBox:addClass(class) if not class then return nil end table.insert(self.classes, class) end function MessageBox:setParameters() local args = self.args local cfg = self.cfg -- Get type data. self.type = args.type local typeData = cfg.types[self.type] self.invalidTypeError = cfg.showInvalidTypeError and self.type and not typeData typeData = typeData or cfg.types[cfg.default] self.typeClass = typeData.class self.typeImage = typeData.image -- Find if the box has been wrongly substituted. self.isSubstituted = cfg.substCheck and args.subst == 'SUBST' -- Find whether we are using a small message box. self.isSmall = cfg.allowSmall and ( cfg.smallParam and args.small == cfg.smallParam or not cfg.smallParam and yesno(args.small) ) -- Add attributes, classes and styles. self.id = args.id if yesno(args.plainlinks) ~= false then self:addClass('plainlinks') end for _, class in ipairs(cfg.classes or {}) do self:addClass(class) end if self.isSmall then self:addClass(cfg.smallClass or 'mbox-small') end self:addClass(self.typeClass) self:addClass(args.class) self.style = args.style self.attrs = args.attrs -- Set text style. self.textstyle = args.textstyle -- Find if we are on the template page or not. This functionality is only -- used if useCollapsibleTextFields is set, or if both cfg.templateCategory -- and cfg.templateCategoryRequireName are set. self.useCollapsibleTextFields = cfg.useCollapsibleTextFields if self.useCollapsibleTextFields or cfg.templateCategory and cfg.templateCategoryRequireName then self.name = args.name if self.name then local templateName = mw.ustring.match( self.name, '^[tT][eE][mM][pP][lL][aA][tT][eE][%s_]*:[%s_]*(.*)$' ) or self.name templateName = 'Template:' .. templateName self.templateTitle = getTitleObject(templateName) end self.isTemplatePage = self.templateTitle and mw.title.equals(self.title, self.templateTitle) end -- Process data for collapsible text fields. At the moment these are only -- used in {{ambox}}. if self.useCollapsibleTextFields then -- Get the self.issue value. if self.isSmall and args.smalltext then self.issue = args.smalltext else local sect if args.sect == '' then sect = 'This ' .. (cfg.sectionDefault or 'page') elseif type(args.sect) == 'string' then sect = 'This ' .. args.sect end local issue = args.issue issue = type(issue) == 'string' and issue ~= '' and issue or nil local text = args.text text = type(text) == 'string' and text or nil local issues = {} table.insert(issues, sect) table.insert(issues, issue) table.insert(issues, text) self.issue = table.concat(issues, ' ') end -- Get the self.talk value. local talk = args.talk -- Show talk links on the template page or template subpages if the talk -- parameter is blank. if talk == '' and self.templateTitle and ( mw.title.equals(self.templateTitle, self.title) or self.title:isSubpageOf(self.templateTitle) ) then talk = '#' elseif talk == '' then talk = nil end if talk then -- If the talk value is a talk page, make a link to that page. Else -- assume that it's a section heading, and make a link to the talk -- page of the current page with that section heading. local talkTitle = getTitleObject(talk) local talkArgIsTalkPage = true if not talkTitle or not talkTitle.isTalkPage then talkArgIsTalkPage = false talkTitle = getTitleObject( self.title.text, mw.site.namespaces[self.title.namespace].talk.id ) end if talkTitle and talkTitle.exists then local talkText = 'Relevant discussion may be found on' if talkArgIsTalkPage then talkText = string.format( '%s [[|%s|%s]].', talkText, talk, talkTitle.prefixedText ) else talkText = string.format( '%s the [[|%s#%s|talk page]].', talkText, talkTitle.prefixedText, talk ) end self.talk = talkText end end -- Get other values. self.fix = args.fix ~= '' and args.fix or nil local date if args.date and args.date ~= '' then date = args.date elseif args.date == '' and self.isTemplatePage then date = lang:formatDate('F Y') end if date then self.date = string.format(" <small>''(%s)''</small>", date) end self.info = args.info if yesno(args.removalnotice) then self.removalNotice = cfg.removalNotice end end -- Set the non-collapsible text field. At the moment this is used by all box -- types other than ambox, and also by ambox when small=yes. if self.isSmall then self.text = args.smalltext or args.text else self.text = args.text end -- Set the below row. self.below = cfg.below and args.below -- General image settings. self.imageCellDiv = not self.isSmall and cfg.imageCellDiv self.imageEmptyCell = cfg.imageEmptyCell if cfg.imageEmptyCellStyle then self.imageEmptyCellStyle = 'border:none;padding:0px;width:1px' end -- Left image settings. local imageLeft = self.isSmall and args.smallimage or args.image if cfg.imageCheckBlank and imageLeft ~= 'blank' and imageLeft ~= 'none' or not cfg.imageCheckBlank and imageLeft ~= 'none' then self.imageLeft = imageLeft if not imageLeft then local imageSize = self.isSmall and (cfg.imageSmallSize or '30x30px') or '40x40px' self.imageLeft = string.format('[[Isimumathi:%s|%s|link=|alt=]]', self.typeImage or 'Imbox notice.png', imageSize) end end -- Right image settings. local imageRight = self.isSmall and args.smallimageright or args.imageright if not (cfg.imageRightNone and imageRight == 'none') then self.imageRight = imageRight end end function MessageBox:setMainspaceCategories() local args = self.args local cfg = self.cfg if not cfg.allowMainspaceCategories then return nil end local nums = {} for _, prefix in ipairs{'cat', 'category', 'all'} do args[prefix .. '1'] = args[prefix] nums = union(nums, getArgNums(args, prefix)) end -- The following is roughly equivalent to the old {{Ambox/category}}. local date = args.date date = type(date) == 'string' and date local preposition = 'from' for _, num in ipairs(nums) do local mainCat = args['cat' .. tostring(num)] or args['category' .. tostring(num)] local allCat = args['all' .. tostring(num)] mainCat = type(mainCat) == 'string' and mainCat allCat = type(allCat) == 'string' and allCat if mainCat and date and date ~= '' then local catTitle = string.format('%s %s %s', mainCat, preposition, date) self:addCat(0, catTitle) catTitle = getTitleObject('Category:' .. catTitle) if not catTitle or not catTitle.exists then self:addCat(0, 'Articles with invalid date parameter in template') end elseif mainCat and (not date or date == '') then self:addCat(0, mainCat) end if allCat then self:addCat(0, allCat) end end end function MessageBox:setTemplateCategories() local args = self.args local cfg = self.cfg -- Add template categories. if cfg.templateCategory then if cfg.templateCategoryRequireName then if self.isTemplatePage then self:addCat(10, cfg.templateCategory) end elseif not self.title.isSubpage then self:addCat(10, cfg.templateCategory) end end -- Add template error categories. if cfg.templateErrorCategory then local templateErrorCategory = cfg.templateErrorCategory local templateCat, templateSort if not self.name and not self.title.isSubpage then templateCat = templateErrorCategory elseif self.isTemplatePage then local paramsToCheck = cfg.templateErrorParamsToCheck or {} local count = 0 for i, param in ipairs(paramsToCheck) do if not args[param] then count = count + 1 end end if count > 0 then templateCat = templateErrorCategory templateSort = tostring(count) end if self.categoryNums and #self.categoryNums > 0 then templateCat = templateErrorCategory templateSort = 'C' end end self:addCat(10, templateCat, templateSort) end end function MessageBox:setAllNamespaceCategories() -- Set categories for all namespaces. if self.invalidTypeError then local allSort = (self.title.namespace == 0 and 'Main:' or '') .. self.title.prefixedText self:addCat('all', 'Wikipedia message box parameter needs fixing', allSort) end if self.isSubstituted then self:addCat('all', 'Pages with incorrectly substituted templates') end end function MessageBox:setCategories() if self.title.namespace == 0 then self:setMainspaceCategories() elseif self.title.namespace == 10 then self:setTemplateCategories() end self:setAllNamespaceCategories() end function MessageBox:renderCategories() -- Convert category tables to strings and pass them through -- [[Module:Category handler]]. return categoryHandler{ main = table.concat(self.categories[0] or {}), template = table.concat(self.categories[10] or {}), all = table.concat(self.categories.all or {}), nocat = self.args.nocat, page = self.args.page } end function MessageBox:export() local root = mw.html.create() -- Add the subst check error. if self.isSubstituted and self.name then root:tag('b') :addClass('error') :wikitext(string.format( 'Template <code>%s[[Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo:%s|%s]]%s</code> has been incorrectly substituted.', mw.text.nowiki('{{'), self.name, self.name, mw.text.nowiki('}}') )) end -- Create the box table. local boxTable = root:tag('table') boxTable:attr('id', self.id or nil) for i, class in ipairs(self.classes or {}) do boxTable:addClass(class or nil) end boxTable :cssText(self.style or nil) :attr('role', 'presentation') if self.attrs then boxTable:attr(self.attrs) end -- Add the left-hand image. local row = boxTable:tag('tr') if self.imageLeft then local imageLeftCell = row:tag('td'):addClass('mbox-image') if self.imageCellDiv then -- If we are using a div, redefine imageLeftCell so that the image -- is inside it. Divs use style="width: 52px;", which limits the -- image width to 52px. If any images in a div are wider than that, -- they may overlap with the text or cause other display problems. imageLeftCell = imageLeftCell:tag('div'):css('width', '52px') end imageLeftCell:wikitext(self.imageLeft or nil) elseif self.imageEmptyCell then -- Some message boxes define an empty cell if no image is specified, and -- some don't. The old template code in templates where empty cells are -- specified gives the following hint: "No image. Cell with some width -- or padding necessary for text cell to have 100% width." row:tag('td') :addClass('mbox-empty-cell') :cssText(self.imageEmptyCellStyle or nil) end -- Add the text. local textCell = row:tag('td'):addClass('mbox-text') if self.useCollapsibleTextFields then -- The message box uses advanced text parameters that allow things to be -- collapsible. At the moment, only ambox uses this. textCell:cssText(self.textstyle or nil) local textCellDiv = textCell:tag('div') textCellDiv :addClass('mbox-text-span') :wikitext(self.issue or nil) if (self.talk or self.fix) and not self.isSmall then textCellDiv:tag('span') :addClass('hide-when-compact') :wikitext(self.talk and (' ' .. self.talk) or nil) :wikitext(self.fix and (' ' .. self.fix) or nil) end textCellDiv:wikitext(self.date and (' ' .. self.date) or nil) if self.info and not self.isSmall then textCellDiv :tag('span') :addClass('hide-when-compact') :wikitext(self.info and (' ' .. self.info) or nil) end if self.removalNotice then textCellDiv:tag('small') :addClass('hide-when-compact') :tag('i') :wikitext(string.format(" (%s)", self.removalNotice)) end else -- Default text formatting - anything goes. textCell :cssText(self.textstyle or nil) :wikitext(self.text or nil) end -- Add the right-hand image. if self.imageRight then local imageRightCell = row:tag('td'):addClass('mbox-imageright') if self.imageCellDiv then -- If we are using a div, redefine imageRightCell so that the image -- is inside it. imageRightCell = imageRightCell:tag('div'):css('width', '52px') end imageRightCell :wikitext(self.imageRight or nil) end -- Add the below row. if self.below then boxTable:tag('tr') :tag('td') :attr('colspan', self.imageRight and '3' or '2') :addClass('mbox-text') :cssText(self.textstyle or nil) :wikitext(self.below or nil) end -- Add error message for invalid type parameters. if self.invalidTypeError then root:tag('div') :css('text-align', 'center') :wikitext(string.format( 'This message box is using an invalid "type=%s" parameter and needs fixing.', self.type or '' )) end -- Add categories. root:wikitext(self:renderCategories() or nil) return tostring(root) end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Exports -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local p, mt = {}, {} function p._exportClasses() -- For testing. return { MessageBox = MessageBox } end function p.main(boxType, args, cfgTables) local box = MessageBox.new(boxType, args, cfgTables or mw.loadData(CONFIG_MODULE)) box:setParameters() box:setCategories() return box:export() end function mt.__index(t, k) return function (frame) if not getArgs then getArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs end return t.main(k, getArgs(frame, {trim = false, removeBlanks = false})) end end return setmetatable(p, mt) 1rbvtuoip6thpdgb06fmknm5ebeoml8 828 109 448 447 2024-10-14T13:46:29Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 447 Scribunto text/plain local mt = getmetatable(_G) or {} function mt.__index (t, k) if k ~= 'arg' then error('Tried to read nil global ' .. tostring(k), 2) end return nil end function mt.__newindex(t, k, v) if k ~= 'arg' then error('Tried to write global ' .. tostring(k), 2) end rawset(t, k, v) end setmetatable(_G, mt) gggsv54pq7f94l3up48hr91qtxnskdm 0 110 454 453 2024-10-14T13:46:30Z Jon Harald Søby 12 5 revisions imported 453 wikitext text/x-wiki == 16 kuMgwengweni 1976 == === Ilanga labantu abatjha === Ilanga lange 16 kuMgwengweni 1976 lilanga lapho kwatjhuguluka khona izinto ezinengi eSewula Afrika. Ngelangeli abantu abatjha abahlukeneko eenarheni ezinengi babuthelelana bese balwisana negandelelo lombuso wangaphambilini. Lokho azange kwahlala kuhle embusweni egade ubusa ngaleso sikhathi. Lokho-ke, kwabanga ukutjhayisana. [[Isimumathi:Anti-Apartheid_Protest_02_F.jpg|alt=Anti-Apartheid Protest 02 F|right|316x316px]] ESoweto ukutjhayisanokhu kwaba kukhulu hlangana nabentwana besikolo sabantu bombala onzima. Ezinye zezinto ebebalila ngazo mthetho wezefundo obizwa bona ngeBantu ''Education Act'' ka-1953. Iinlilo lezi zabangela umbuso wegandelelo ukuthi uphendule ngokuthumela amajoni namapholisa endaweni leyo. Amapholisa namajoni la bekahlome ngeengidi nezinye iinkhali. Ngemva kwalokhu kwaba khona umguruguru hlangana namajoni la nabentwana besikolo la. Abafundi abanengi laba bazithola balinyazwa. Omunye wabongazimbi kwaba ngu-[[Hector peterson|Hector Peterson]] loyo owadutjulwa mapholisa.[[Isimumathi:MeadowlandsHighPlaque.png|thumb|SOWETO UPRISING]] U[[Hector Peterson|-Hector Peterson]] wabengomunye wabafundi egade balwela ikululeko yokungafundiswa ngelimi lesibhunu i-[[AFRIKAANS|Afrikaans]] eenkolweni. Ngaleso sikhathi bekaneminyaka elitjhumi nambili nakadutjulwako. Wayiswa esibhedlela kodwana wathi nabatjhejako abodorhodere ebebasebenza ngaleso sikhathi bamfumana sele umoyakhe uhlukene nenyama. Kusukela ngelanga leli, woke umuntu wathoma ukulwisana nebandlululo lombuso wangaphambilini lo. Ilangeli nesehlakalo esenzeka ngeSewoto lesi sasetjenziswa njengekhuthazo. Ilangeli lathiywa bonyana lilanga lelutjha. qeocdju8era53ajlyom8gy5c3v9mk0k 0 111 3148 2918 2025-06-07T03:05:24Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:88.238.41.121|88.238.41.121]] 2365 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ababelethi''' babantu abaletha umuntu othileko ephasini. Nasikhuluma ngababelethi sikhuluma ngomma no yise womuntu. Labo kubabantu abahlangiswe ngokuthi babe nomntwana begodu kube ngibo abanikela umntwana itjhejo eliphambili begodu bakghone nokumnikela ithando. Ababelethi kungilabo bantu umntwana abafuzileko begodu afana nabo ngesotja nangezenzo. Ukungezelela, babantu abanikela umntwana izinyo lakhe okuligama abantu abayombiza ngalo ipilo yakhe yoke. Igama elithi "mbelethi" aliqalisisi kumma no yise ebakulethe emhlabenapha. Libuye liqalekise emntwini okutlhogomelako. [https://www.1sarkisozu.com.tr/ şarkı sözleri sitesi] gchmpwbkwyd1xmssma366zdu4xr5mlh 0 112 5050 466 2025-08-07T08:43:46Z Nomsa Skosana 123 5050 wikitext text/x-wiki Abongwaqa ngamanye amatjhada asetjenziswa khulu esiNdebeleni. Amatjhada la, abongwaqa, asetjenziswa nabokamisa ukuze kube matjhada la azwakalako. Abongwaqa bamihlobo ehlukeneko. Imihlobo le ibizwa bona; Abodumuza/Abodubula, ububula, abomavuthelwa, abomavuthelwagandelela, uliliza, urephula, abosingakamisa, abomakghadlana, abongwaqabathwa, abongwaqabathwa ababozinyo, abongwaqabathwa abosininirhwalabha nabongwaqabatha abahlangothi. Esigatjeni esilandelako sizokukhuluma ngemihlobo yabongwaqa. == '''Abodumuza/Abodubula.''' == Abodumuza nanyana abodubula matjhada lawo othi nawuwaphimisako, umoya uphume ngebelo nawuya ngaphandle bese kube khona ukudumuza komoya. ''Isibonelo:'' # p[p’]: udumuza oputjukako ongundebembili (ipisi [ip’isi]) # d[d]: udumuza onelizwi ongusinini.Utholakala kuhlanganiselamakghadlana (indaba [indaƃa]) == '''Ububula.''' == Litjhada elingundebembili lelo eliphimiswa ngokububula. ''Isibonelo:'' # b[ƃ]: ububula ongundebembili.basa [ƃasa] == '''Abomavuthelwa.''' == Abomavuthelwa matjhada lawo othi nawuwaphimisako kuzwakale ukuvuthelwa. ''Isibonelo:'' # f[f]: umavuthelwa onganalizwi ongundebezinyo (fafatha [fafatha]). == '''Abomavuthelwagandelela.''' == Abomavuthelwagandelela matjhada lawo othi nawuwaphimisako ilimi lakho lirhwathe ilwangeni bese kuvimbeke umoya. Umoya lo bese uphume sele ugandelelekile. ''Isibonelo:'' # ts[ts’]: umavuthelwagandelela oputjukako ongusinini (itsetse [its’ɛts’ɛ). # dz[dz]: umavuthelwagandelela onelizwi ongusinini (idzila [idzila). == '''Uliliza''' == Uliliza litjhada lelo elinelwi begodu nawuliphimisako ilimi likghwatha iinsini bese umoya uphome ngemahlangothini. ''Isibonelo:'' # l[l]: uliliza onelizwi ongusininihlangothi (lila [lila]). == '''Urephula''' == Urephula litjhada olingusinini eliphinyiswa ngokuthi kuzwakale ukurhephula. ''Isibonelo:'' # r[r]: urephula ongusinini onelizwi (rara [rara]). == '''Abosingakamisa''' == Abosingakamisa matjhada obolwangeni nanyana aborhwalabha. ''Isibonelo:'' # y[j]: usingakamisa ongurhwalabha (ongulwangeni) [yeyezela [jɛjɛzɛla] == '''Abomakghadlana''' == Abomakghadlana matjhada lawo aphinyiswa ngeendebe zomlomo nanyana ngokuthi ilimi likghwathe ilwangeni. ''Isibonelo:'' # m[m]: umakghadlana ongundebembili (mina [mina]). # n[n]: umakghadlana ongusinini (inani [inani]). == '''Abongwaqabathwa Ababozinyo''' == Abongwaqabathwa matjhada lawo asuselwa kubaThwa. Ubongwaqabathwa laba bafaka abongwaqabathwa ababozinyo, aababosininirhwalabha nabohlangothi. ''Isibonelo:'' 1. Abongwaqabathwa Ababozinyo c[/]: ungwaqabathwa onganalizwi onguzinyo (coca [/ɔ/a]). 2. Abongwaqabathwa Ababosininirhwalabha (-lwangeni) q[!]: ungwaqabathwa onganalizwi ongusininirhwalabha (qina) 3. Abongwaqabathwa Abahlangothi nx[ŋ//]: ungwaqabathwa okghadlazisweko ohlangothi (nxifa [ŋ//ifa]). == '''Isiphetho''' == Abongwaqa matjhada lawo abaqakathekileko bonyana bafundwe begodu bazwisise ngombala bakulayela ngamatjhada asetjenziswa esiNdebeleni kanye nangendlela atlolwa ngayo. fjsqpt5fr08pclw0n6w7gdfhtm9l38o 0 113 3062 3007 2025-06-07T03:05:22Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Mosakaruka|Mosakaruka]] 2884 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Ndebele-women-loopspruit.jpg|right|frameless|295x295px|Abomma BamaNdebele ELoopspruit]] [[Isimumathi:Esther Mahlangu in 2015.jpg|thumb|UEsther Mahlangu ngo-2015]] '''AmaNdebele''' sitjhaba sabantu abakhuluma isiNdebele esinabantu abalinganiselwa eengidini ezimbili. Inengi lawo lihlala esifundeni seMpumalanga, kodwana amanye atjhabalele eemfundeni zoke zeSewula Afrika. Aziwa ngobukghwari bokugwala ephasini loke zombelele (njengombana uDorh. [[:en:Esther_Mahlangu|Esther Mahlangu]] aba livulandlela lubukghwari bokugwala bekube nje), izembatho neengubo zawo ezihle ezinemibala ekhanyako. Abanye bacabanga bona imvelaphi yamaNdebele isemaHlubini. Lokhu kubonakala ngobufakazi belimi phakathi kwelimi lesiNdebele nesiHlubi. Kunamagama amanengana akhona esiNdebeleni akhona nelimini lesiHlubi. Ngokwesibonelo, amagama anjengokuthi, "sela", "fumana", "ekhabo", njll, begodu womabili amalimi la ayandondoza. Okhunye okufuze kutjhejwe kukobana amaNdebele weSewula Afrika awafani namaNdebele weZimbabwe. Nanyana abosomlando baveza bona iinqhema ezimbilezi zakhe zahlangana esikhathini esithileko, kodwana umsuka wazo awufani.<ref>https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/ndebele-history</ref> Izembatho zabo bazikhakhazisa ngazo begodu nomgwalo wabo ubahlukanisa kuhle nabasesitjhabeni esinye. == AmaNdebele Angaphambi Kuka-1600 == Kunabosomlando abathi amaNdebele avela emaHlubini. Kuthiwa ikosi uNdebele yasuka emaHlubini nesitjhaba sayo yayokwakha endaweni ebizwa ngokobana kuseNdolwaneni. INgwenyama uNdebele wabeletha umNtungwa owaba ngubaba wesitjhaba samaNtungwa kwaNdolwana. Ngemva kwalokho umNtungwa wabeletha uMkhalangana, okukholelwa bona angaba ngubaba wamaKhalanga ahlala eZimbabwe neMalawi. Ngokukhamba kwesikhathi [[uMkhalangana]] wabeletha uNjonono owakhamba nesitjhaba sakhe wayokwakha endaweni eyaziwa ngokuthi kuseJononoskop. Ngokukhamba kwesikhathi uNjonono wabeletha uNanasi owabeletha uMafana. Bese iNgwenyama uMafana abelethe iNgwenyama uMhlanga ebeletha uMusi noSikhube. INgwenyama uMusi ibeletha amadodana namadodakazi amanengi, kodwana aziwayo nguMasobuka, uNzunza, uManala, uMthombeni, uMrhwaduba, uSibasa noDlomu. Kunabanye abathi uMusi ubeletha uTshwane, kodwana kunepikiswano ekulu mayelana nemvelaphi kaTshwane okuthiyelelwe ngaye idorobho ebelibizwa ngePitori. == AmaNdebele Kusukela Ku-1600 - 1880 == == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} ib0u84p45h4jfnt68q2p4rmrvjwr4gx 0 114 5096 5086 2025-08-08T09:38:50Z N Mabhena 843 5096 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Official Document| | ibizo = Amalungelo Wobuntu | isithombe = RSA-Constitution.png | unyaka wokutlola = 16 KuNobayeni 1996 | indawo yo kutlolwa = Johannesburg | inarha yomtlolo = Isewula Afrika }} '''+Amalungelo Wobuntu''' atholakala ngaphakathi kwesahluko sesibili somthetho-sisekelo yenarha ye [[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika]] begodu isihloko lesi sihlathulula indlela bona amalungelo la asebenza njani namkha angancitjhiswa njani nangabe kulungile ukwenza njalo<ref name=ph1>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305192903/http://www.justice.gov.za/legislation/constitution/chp02.html Bill of Rights Chapter 2, Section 7-39]" - <small>'''The Department of Justice and Constitutional Development'''</small>. Retrieved 24 February 2016</ref>. Kunamalungelo wobuntu amatjhumi amabili nekhomba kumthethosisekelo. Yoke imithetho le ilawulwa mthetho wendawo kodwana isebenza kibo boke abahlala enarheni yeSewula Afrika.<ref name=ph2>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160306031920/http://www.justice.gov.za/legislation/constitution/index.html The South African Constitution]" - <small>'''The Department of Justice and Constitutional Development'''</small>. Retrieved 24 February 2016</ref><ref>[https://www.un.org/en/global-issues/human-rights#:~:text=Human%20rights%20are%20rights%20inherent,and%20education%2C%20and%20many%20more. https://www.un.org/en/global-issues/human-rights#:~:text=Human%20rights%20are%20rights%20inherent,and%20education%2C%20and%20many%20more.]</ref> ==Ukulingana== Ngeze wabandlululwa kodwana igadango lokulinganisa emsebenzini kubandlulula okufaneleko kuvunyelwe. Boke abantu bayalingana ngaphambi komthetho begodu akukafaneli ukubandlululwa.<ref name="ph3">"[https://web.archive.org/web/20160329070107/http://www.justice.gov.za/legislation/constitution/bor/BillofRights50thAnniversary-Ndebele.pdf Bill of Rights 50^th Anniversary]" - <small>'''The Department of Justice and Constitutional Development'''</small>. Retrieved 24 February 2016</ref> ==Isithunzi sabantu== Isithunzi sakho kufanele sihlonitjhwe begodu sivikelwe. Boke abantu banesithunzi sobuntu esisisekelo ekufanele sihlonitjhwe.<ref name="ph3"></ref> ==Ipilo== Unelungelo lepilo. Boke abantu banelungelo lokuphila.<ref name="ph3"></ref> isizo namkha ngiliphi ongalithola ukuze uphile. ==Itjhaphuluko nokuPhepha komuntu== Angeze wavalelwa ngaphandle kokugwetjwa, walinyazwa namkha wejeziswa kumbi. Ukutlhoriswa kwemakhaya akukavumeleki. Angeze wavalelwa ngaphandle kokugwetjwa namkha watlhoriswa nanyana ngiyiphi indlela.<ref name="ph3"></ref> ==Ubugcila, Ukusebenzela kanye nomsebenzi okatelelwako== Ubugcila nomsebenzi okatelelwako azivunyelwa. Akukafaneli wenziwe isigcila namkha ukatelelwe ukusebenza.<ref name="ph3"></ref> ==Ukuba wedwa== Ilungelo lakho lokuba wedwa lifakahlangana umzimbakho, ikhaya nezinto zakho.<ref name="ph3"></ref> == Itjhaphuluko yekolo, yekolelo neyombono== Ungakholwa, ucabange nanyana yini oyifunako begodu ungalandela ikolo oyithandako. Unelungelo lokucabanga, lokukholwa nelokukhothamela ngendlela othanda ngayo.<ref name="ph3"></ref> == Ukuveza imibono ngokutjhaphuluka== Boke abantu (kubalwa neembikindaba) bangatjho nanyana yini abayifunako. Unelungelo lokutjho, lokufunda nelokufunda nanyana yini oyikhethako kodwana ikulumo yezondo ayikavunyelwa.<ref name="ph3"></ref> ==Ukuhlangana, Ukutjengisa, Ukutoyitoya nomTlolo weembawo== Ningabamba isitjengiso, nitoyitoye begodu niveze umtlolo wesibawo kodwana kufanele lokhu nikwenze ngokuthula. Ninelungelo lokuhlangana ngokuthula, lokutjengisa nelokunghonghoyila.<ref name="ph3"></ref> ==Ilungelo lokuHlangana== Unelungelo lokuhlangana nananyana ngubani.<ref name="ph3"></ref> ==Amalungelo wezepolotiki== Ungasekela ihlangano yepolotiki oyithandako. Nangabe usisakhamuzi begodu okungenani uneminyaka eli-18 ubudala, ungavowuda. Ungathoma ihlangano yepolotiki, ungathatha ingcenye begodu uvowudele enye nenye ihlangano emakhethweni atjhaphulukileko nangasolisiko.<ref name="ph3"></ref> ==Ubakhamuzi== Akekho umuntu onelungelo lokuthi asuswe lana akhe khona. Asikho isakhamuzi ekufuze sithathelwe indawo yaso.<ref name="ph3"></ref> ==Itjhaphuluko lokuKhamba nelokuHlala== Ungakhamba begodu uhlale nanoma kukuphi eRiphabhliki yeSewula Afrika. Unelungelo lokungena nokuhlala eRiphabliki ngokuthanda.<ref name="ph3"></ref> ==Itjhaphuluko yokuRhweba, yomSebenzi neBizelo== Ungenza nanyana ngimuphi umsebenzi owufunako. Unelungelo lokukhetha elinye nelinye irhwebo elisemthethweni namkha umsebenzi ngokutjhaphuluka.<ref name="ph3"></ref> ==Itjhebiswano kezemisebenzi== Ungajoyina amayunyoni bewutoyitoye. Boke abasebenzi nabaqhatjhi banelungelo lokuhlela nokukhulumisana, lokho kuphumelelisa iminqopho yabo.<ref name="ph3"></ref> ==Ibhoduluko== Unelungelo lebhoduluko elinepilo. Unelungelo lokuhlala ebhodulukweni elivikelekileko nelinepilo.<ref name="ph3"></ref> ==Ipahla== Ungathathelwa ipahlakho nangabe imithetho efaneleko ilandelwe. Akekho ongathathelwa ipahla ngaphandle kwemibandela yomthetho okusetjenziswa okuvamileko.<ref name="ph3"></ref> ==Izindlu== Urhulumende kufanele enze isiqiniseko sokobana abantu bafumana ukungena okufaneleko eendlini.. Ninelungelo lokufumana izidlu ezaneleko.<ref name="ph3"></ref> ==Itjhejo lezepilo, Ukudla, Amanzi nokuPhepha komPhakathi== Urhulumende kufanele enze isiqiniseko sokobana nifumana ukudla namanzi, itjhejo lezePilo kanye nokuPhepha emphakathini. Unelungelo letjhejo lezepilo, ukudla namanzi aneleko kanye nokuphepha emphakathini.<ref name="ph3"></ref> ==Abantwana== Abantwana abangaphasi kweminyaka eli-18 banamalungelo akhethekileko njengelungelo lokungatlhoriswa. Woke umntwana unelungelo lebizo, lobutjhaba kanye nelokuvikelwa ekutlhorisweni nekusetjenzisweni ngokungakafaneli.<ref name="ph3"></ref> ==Ifundo== Unelungelo lefundo esisekelo, kubalwa nefundo esisekelo yabadala ngelimi lakho (nangabekuyakghonakala) Unelungelo lefundo esisekelo ngelimi elisemthethweni olithandako.<ref name="ph3"></ref> ==Ilimi nesiko== Ungasebenzisa ilimi ofuna ukulisebenzisa bewulandele nesiko ozikhethela lona. Unelungelo lokusebenzisa ilimi olithandako bewenze nesiko lakho.<ref name="ph3"></ref> ==Imiphakathi yamaSiko, yeKolo nemaLimi== Imiphakathi ingazithabisa ngamasiko wayo; balandele ikolwabo bebasebenzise ilimi labo. Unelungelo lokuthoma, lokujoyina nelogcina isiko, ilimi kanye nesiqhema sekolo osithandako.<ref name="ph3"></ref> ==Ukufumana ilwazi== Unelungelo lelinye nelinye ilwazi urhulumende analo Ungafumana elinye nelinye ilwazi eliphethwe mbuso ukuvikela amalungelwakho.<ref name="ph3"></ref> ==Ukuphatha ngokusemthethweni== Izenzo zakarhulumende kufanele zibe ngezilungileko Unelungelo lezenzo ezisemthethweni, ezizwakalako nezilungileko akarhulumende.<ref name="ph3"></ref> ==Ukungena emaKhotho== Umrarwakho wangokomthetho ungathathelwa isiqunto yikhotho namkha isakhiwo esifanako. Unelungelo lokurarulula imiraro yangokomthetho ekhotho namkha ebandleni elingakabandanyeki bunqopha elirarulula imiraro.<ref name="ph3"></ref> ==Abantu ababotjhiweko nabathweswe umlandu== Ilungelweli livikela abantu ababotjhiweko nabavalelwe esikhungweni namkha abathweswe umlandu. Nawubotjhiweko unelungelo okungakhulumi, lokulethwa ngaphambi kwekhotho ema-irini ama-48 kanye nelungelo lokujanyelwa ngokomthetho.<ref name="ph3"></ref> ==Isithasiselo== {{Reflist}} d17joo2pyyyo0hb63zzpk8slmebtuhb 0 115 3042 3023 2025-06-07T03:05:22Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Simakahle Moselekatse|Simakahle Moselekatse]] 2124 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Mfundisi Tuckshop.jpg|thumb|Entrepreneur Day at UMP Siyabuswa Campus]] [[Isimumathi:Trisha'sGlam.jpg|thumb|Student Entrepreneur Day at UMP Siyabuswa Campus]] '''Abafundi''' bazimisele khulu ngamarhwebo wabo. Manengi tle! amarhwebo avulwe bafundi beYunivesithi yeMpumalanga enzinze nge[[Siyabuswa]]. IYunivesithi yenza isiqiniseko sokobana siyabakhuthaza nokubagqugquzela ekukhuliseni amarhwebo wabo. Ngomnyaka ka-2023 kuKhukhulamungu, iYunivesithi yenza ilanga lokobana abafundi bakhangise amarhwebo wabo ukukhombisa kobana i-Yunivesithi iyabasekela. === Ukubaluleka kwamarhwebo === Amarhwebo aqakatheke khulu ekukhuliseni umnotho we-[[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika]]. Okhunye kukobana amarhwebo avala iinkhundla zokungasebenzi kwabantu abatjha, ekukuvuleni amathuba womsebenzi. Amarhwebo adlala indima eqakathekileko emphakathini wanamhlanjesi, afaka isandla khulu emikhakheni yezomnotho, yezehlalakuhle, neyamasiko wepilo. Nanzi iindaba eziqakathekileko eziveza ukuqakatheka kwamabhizinisi: ==== 1. Ukukhula komnotho ==== Amarhwebo aqhuba ukukhula komnotho ngokudala imisebenzi, ukukhiqiza ipahla nemisebenzi, nokukhiqiza imali. Zifaka isandla emkhiqizweni welizwe elipheleleko (i-GDP) begodu zikhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa komnotho. <ref>The role of business in economic growth | McKinsey</ref> ==== 2. Imisebenzi ==== Amarhwebo mthombo omkhulu wemisebenzi, anikela imisebenzi eengidigidini zabantu. Zinikela amathuba wokuthi abantu baziphilise begodu bathuthukise izinga labo lokuphila.<ref>IZA World of Labor - Entrepreneurs and their impact on jobs and economic growth</ref> == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} 0ef8qttg2p30nvja1uop594b44dcjgz 0 118 3122 2902 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:104.255.173.142|104.255.173.142]] 2180 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Bantu Holomisa.png|thumb|uHolomisa ngomnyaka ka-2019]] '''uBantu Holomisa''' ungusopolitiki wase[[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika]] abuye abe ngumholi wehlangano leUDM. U-Bantu Holomisa ungumdosiphambili odumileko eSewula Afrika. Wabelethwa mhlazi-25 kuNtaka 1955, ulilunga nomrholi we-United Democratic Movement (UDM), ihlangano yezepolotiki eSewula Afrika. U-Holomisa ekuthomeni wathola uphakamiso ngokuba mrholi e-Transkei, ebegade iyi-bantustan ngesikhathi sebandlululo, lapho asebenza khona njengesikhulu sebutho begodu ngokukhamba kwesikhathi waba yihloko karhulumende. Ngemva kokuphela kwebandlululo, wazibandakanya kwezepolotiki yesitjhaba, wakhuthaza intando yenengi, ukubusa okuhle, nobulungiswa emphakathini. U-Holomisa waziwa ngobujamo bakhe bokukhuluma ngokutjhaphulukileko nokuzibophelela kwakhe ekurarululeni iindaba ezifana nekohlakalo nokungalingani eSewula Afrika.<ref>Bantu Holomisa - Wikipedia</ref> == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} ldljsvriannxopuya44vi2wi3hkal27 0 119 2130 2122 2024-11-25T18:25:05Z Simakahle Moselekatse 161 + Iinkomba 2130 wikitext text/x-wiki '''U-Benni McCarthy''', owabelethwa ngu-Benedict Saul McCarthy mhlana ali-12 kuNobayeni wee-1977, e-Cape Town, eSewula Afrika, mdlali webholo odumileko begodu mrhelebhi webholo wamanje. Njengomdlali, u-McCarthy bekangumdlali ophuma phambili owaziwa ngekghono lakhe lokushaya amagoli. Waba nomsebenzi ophumeleleko wesiqhema e-Europe, adlalela amathimu afana ne-Ajax Amsterdam, Celta Vigo, FC Porto, Blackburn Rovers, kanye ne-West Ham United. Enye yezinto aziphumeleleko khulu bekukuthumba i-UEFA Champions League ne-FC Porto ngo-2004 ngaphasi kokulawulwa kwaka-José Mourinho. UMcCarthy naye waba nomthelela omkhulu esiteji samazwe ngamazwe, ajamele iSewula Afrika emiqhudelwaneni eminengi yeNdebe yamaZwe ye-Afrika kanye neNdebe yePhasi ye-FIFA. Ngemva kokuthatha umhlalaphasi njengomdlali, watjhuguluka waba mqeqetjhi begodu ube nemisebenzi ehlukileko yokuba mqeqetjhi, okufaka hlangana ukuphatha i-Cape Town City FC ku-South African Premier Soccer League nokusebenza njengomsizi womqeqetjhi we-Manchester United. U-McCarthy ugujwa ngegalelo lakhe ebholweni ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwenkundla. Kutshanje usebenze njengomqeqeshi oyintloko weqela laMaZulu elikwiPremier Division. <ref>https://www.thesouthafrican.com/sport/soccer/psl-south-africa/kaizer-chiefs-benni-mccarthy-reveals-next-move-pitso-mosimane-orlando-pirates/</ref> == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} e06uqm33na58ocszm98yodbwmf6mw7x 0 120 3477 2218 2025-07-29T14:59:10Z Minorax 38 fix lint 3477 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bhiza David Masango''' (4 kuKhukhulamungu 1951) ngumtloli owaziwa khulu ngomtlolo wedrama '''Larhwalala Nobani'''. Wabelethelwa endaweni ye - Wonderfontein esigodini se-Middelburg, begodu Wakhulela e-Paynevile eSprings wabe wafika ebangeni lokuthoma isikolo.<ref name=ph1>"[https://www.yumpu.com/sw/document/view/14913176/here-national-library-of-south-africa/17 Preserving and Celebrating our literary heritage]" (March 2011) - '''National Library of South Africa'''. Retrieved 22 February 2016</ref> __TOC__ ==Iifundo:== Ngamabanga athileko womsebenzi ababelethi bafudukela e-Bronkhorstspruit lapha athoma khona isikolo e-Uitkyk Community School. Wafunda khona kufikela ebangeni lesibili. Ngomnyaka we-1965 wathuthukela e-Middelburg esikoleni i-Eikeboom Colliery School kusukela ebangeni lesithathu kuya kelesine. Wabe sekathuthukela eMhluzi esikolweni Elusindisweni Higher Primary School wafunda waqeda ibanga lesithandathu khona. Wabamba itorho e-RMB Steel alloys alinga ukubuthelela amatikana wokuragela phambili, wabuyela esikolweni eSozama Secondary School lapha afunda khona waqeda ibanga lobunane. Ngomnyaka we-1974 waqatjhwa njengotitjhere wesigiyane eNdedema Community school wafundisa ibanga lesihlanu ,ngonyaka olandelako wafundisa ibanga lesihlanu nelesithandathu.<ref name=ph1></ref> Ngomnyaka we-1976 athuthukela eBotshabelo Training College lapho aphetha khona iimfundo zakhe zobutitjhere. Waqedelela ngokobana aphothule i-diploma yeemfundo zomthetho ngokukhamba kweminyaka wafumana iziqu ze (Human Resource Management). Waqatjhwa godu ngobutjhwa esikoleni iNdedema Community School kufikela ngomnyaka we-1979,wathuthukela eMthunzini Higher Primary School eKwaggafontein KwaNdebele waba sisandla sika titjherehloko. Nokho akhenge ahlale isikhathi wathuthuka ngenyanga kaMgwengweni ngomnyaka we-1980 wathoma isikolo esitjha iSindawonye Higher Primary School lapha aba yihloko yesikolo kufikela ngomnyaka we 1992.<ref name=ph1></ref> ==Ubutloli:== Ngesikhatheso waba sele alilunga leBhodo yeLimi lesiNdebele begodu amtloli. Ngenyanga kaSewula 1992 waqatjhwa ukuba njengeSekela likamqophisi ePhikweni leLimi bekube khathesi.<ref name=ph1></ref> <blockquote class="toccolours" style="float:none; padding: 10px 15px 10px 15px; display:table;">"Nzunza nomanala ngibawela incwadi le eyinoveli ezingqondweni zenu bonyana ihlale inzinze ibe yinzunzo kini. Nginethemba elikhulu bona nizayithola inesifundo esihle khulu khulu kebengubo kunye namatlawu. Ihlathulula kuhle bonyana ihlama iyayidungu ingqondo yomuntu, aphelele ngokuzikholwa bona kufanele aphile yiphi ipilo. Kungebangelo-ke kutholakala umuntu angazazi bona usisibekelo sayiphi ipolo"--"'''Amabatha (unfaithful) B.D Masango'''".<ref name=ph2>[http://encore.seals.ac.za/iii/encore_nmmu/record/C__Rb2394293__SMasango%2C%20B.%20D.%28Bhiza%20David%29%2C1951-__Orightresult__X3?lang=eng&suite=nmmu Amabatha / B.D. Masango]" - '''Library & Information Services - NMU'''. Retrieved 22 February 2016</ref></blockquote> Umtloli lo wa tlola amadrama begodu nendatjana eziningana, ezinye ngezilandilako:<ref name=ph3>"[http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n93065323/ Masango, B. D.]" - '''worldcat Identities'''. Retrieved 22 February 2016</ref> # - Zithabiseni ngeenkondlo (''1990'') # - Isilodlhelo sakaNzunza noManala (''1990'') # - Yewize sifunde : ibanga (''1990'') # - Zithabiseni ngeenkondlo 2 (''1992'') # - Ngifanele ukuzenzela (''1992'') # - Umuntu akahlobokwa (''1992 godu ngo 1995'') # - Ubadanile (''1992 godu ngo 1995'') # - Uzangenzani (''1994'') # - Amabatha (''1995 godu ngo 1996'') ==Isithasiselo== {{Reflist}} [[Mkhakha:Abatloli|Abatloli]] hktfrnfivnovpmrur9rogy3u3nwm55q 0 122 3312 3196 2025-07-02T20:49:38Z Thuvack 106 Undo revision [[Special:Diff/3196|3196]] by [[Special:Contributions/85.97.84.231|85.97.84.231]] ([[User talk:85.97.84.231|talk]]) 3312 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:2017-BG Semenya 01.jpg|thumb|uSemenya ngomnyaka ka-2017]] '''UCaster Semenya''' ungumgijimi wase [[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika.]]<ref>https://time.com/6330414/caster-semenya-race-to-be-myself-interview/</ref> U-Caster Semenya, wabelethwa e-Mokgadi u-Caster Semenya mhlana ali-7 kuTjhirhweni wee-1991, e-Polokwane, eSewula Afrika, mgijimi odumileko webanga eliphakathi nomnqobi wegolide we-Olimpiki.<ref>Caster Semenya - Wikipedia</ref> Waziwa khulu ngokuphumelela kwakhe emjarhweni wamamitha ama-800 wabesifazana, lapho athumbe khona amamedali wegolide amanengi emidlalweni yePhasi kanye nama-Olimpiki. Umsebenzi ka-Semenya uphawulwe ziimpumelelo zakhe ezimangalisako zezemidlalo kanye nokuphikisana malungana namazinga we-testosterone wemvelo. U-Semenya uqalene nokuhlolisiswa neentjhijilo ezivela eenhlanganweni zezemidlalo zamazwe ngamazwe, ezifake imithetho efuna bona abasubathi besifazane abanamazinga aphezulu we-testosterone bathathe imithi ukwehlisa amazinga la ukwenzela bona baphalisane emidlalweni ethileko. Nanyana kuneenqabo lezi, u-Semenya uhlale alitshwayo lokujamelana nokuzimisela, alwela amalungelo wabadlali begodu aphikisana nemithetho yena nabanye abanengi abayithatha njengokubandlulula. Umthelela wakhe emidlalweni yezemidlalo nokulwela kwakhe ukulunga nokufaka hlangana kuragela phambili nokukhuthaza abanengi ephasini loke. == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} k2sx28pwn05614qga7rc89tlwklkpvi 0 123 3103 2949 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Simakahle Moselekatse|Simakahle Moselekatse]] 2100 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Chris Hani Monument 4.jpg|thumb|UChris Hani]] [[Isimumathi:The Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, Soweto.jpg|thumb|Isibhedlela iChris Hani Baragwanath]] '''u[[Chris Hani]]''' wayengusopolitiki kanye nemholi wecembe le[[ANC]].uHani wabulawa nga1993 [[eBoksburg.]] U-Chris Hani, wabelethwa ngu-[[Martin Thembisile Hani]] mhlazi-28 kuMgwengweni wee-1942, endaweni yemakhaya ye-Sabalele e-Transkei, eSewula Afrika, bekangumlweli webandlululo nomrholi we-South African Communist Party (SACP) kanye ne-African National Congress (ANC).<ref>Chris Hani - Wikipedia</ref> U-Hani wadlala indima ekulu emzabalazweni wokulwisana nebandlululo, wasebenza njengomphathi we-Umkhonto we Sizwe, iphiko elihlomileko le-ANC. U-Hani bekaziwa ngoburholi bakhe obuhle, ukuzinikela kwakhe emkhankasweni wekululeko, nekghono lakhe lokukhuthaza nokuhlanganisa abantu. Ukuzinikela kwakhe ekulwisaneni nebandlululo kwamenza waba mumuntu othandekako ebantwini abanengi beSewula Afrika. Ngokudanisako, u-Chris Hani wabulawa mhlana ali-10 kuMrhayili wee-1993, ngaphandle kwekhaya lakhe e-Boksburg, eduze ne-Johannesburg. Ukubulawa kwakhe kwaba mzuzu oqakathekileko emlandwini weSewula Afrika, okwenzeka ngesikhathi esibucayi sokutjhugulukela kwentando yenengi. Ukuhlongakala kwaka-Hani kwabangela ukuthukuthela nokulila okukhulu, begodu kwaveza itlhogeko ephuthumako yokurarulula ukurarana kwesitjhaba ngokuthula. Ilifa lakhe liragela phambili nokuhlonitjhwa eSewula Afrika njengetshwayo lomzabalazo wekululeko nobulungiswa. == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} j6lrlcp9zv7gllbi3cj930t8jngy78e 0 124 2116 595 2024-11-25T18:00:58Z Simakahle Moselekatse 161 ''' 2116 wikitext text/x-wiki '''UClive William Barker''' (23 Juni 1944 - 10 Juni 2023) wayengumqeqeshi webhola lase[[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika]]. Uhole iqembu lesizwe laseNingizimu Afrika ekunqobeni okuwukuphela kwalo isicoco se-African Nations Cup ngo-1996. Wayengumalume kaSteve Barker. k56pai9bgr02fstlj45y8lwi2uwg0ey 0 126 3078 2992 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Simakahle Moselekatse|Simakahle Moselekatse]] 2161 wikitext text/x-wiki '''UDavid Tlale''' (29 kuTjhirhweni 1975) mklami wezembatho [[Isewula Afrika|weSewula Afrika]]. Wabelethelwa e-Vosloorus eSewula Afrika. Wakhuliswa ngunina oyedwa. Umsebenzi wakhe utjengiswe e-Cape Town Fashion Week, e-New York Fashion Week, kanye ne-Paris Fashion Week. Uphinde wakha amaqoqo wabathengisi abakhulu njenge-Edgars. U-Tlale bekangumdlali we-semi finalist ku-South African Fashion Week Elle New Talent Show Competition ngo-2002. NgoMeyi 2003, u-Tlale wathoma ama-studio wokuklama e-Cape Town ne-Johannesburg.<ref name="dn">{{cite web | url=https://nation.africa/lifestyle/lifestyle/David-Tlale-on-the-business-of-fashion/1214-2859234-uxv8baz/index.html | title=World acclaimed South African designer on the business of fashion | publisher=Daily Nation | date=5 September 2015 | accessdate=12 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.southafrica.net/za/en/articles/entry/article-david-tlale|title=Colouring outside the lines: David Tlale|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/tlales-bridalwear-defies-tradition-1894072|title=Tlale's bridalwear defies tradition {{!}} IOL|website=IOL|access-date=2016-03-12}}</ref> Ngomnyaka ka-2022 u-Tlale wanikelwa idigri yokuhlonipha yi-Tshwane University of Technology, begodu wanikela idigri leyo kumma wakhe ongasekho. == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} d1qseks6y4ukbrknrrw3qjuhkokfhp1 0 127 603 602 2024-10-14T13:46:38Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 602 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Ubulwelwe be-Ebola]] o71s3uo8ogma4etl5ujafo5gttakvhx 0 128 610 609 2024-10-14T13:46:38Z Jon Harald Søby 12 6 revisions imported 609 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Indlu yemaplasini.jpg|thumb|Izindlu zemaplasini]] [[Isimumathi:Imizi imacalanga.jpg|thumb|Imizi imacalanga[[Isimumathi:Ifuyo yemaplasini.jpg|thumb]]Ifuyo]] '''Emaplasini we[[Belfast]]''' kuyindawa ehle khulu ngesibanga sokuthi izele ngezinto zemvelo. Ithulile ngombana imizi imacalanga. Kuyindawa ebizwa ngokuthi semakhazeni ngombana kumakhaza. Nakusebusika manzi avuka alirhwaba ngendlela kumakhaza ngakhona.Ehlobo imithi notjani bubahlaza tlabha . Emaplasini kuyindawo eqakathekileko ebantwini abanengi bamaNdebele ngombana kukulapho kwalala khona abomkhulu babo, begodu kukulapho abanye babo badabuka khona. Yeke endaweni le kukulapho kulele khona amathambo wamalunga wemindeni yabo. == Indlela yokuphila emaplasini == Emaplasini kusaphilwa ngendlela yakade ngombana akuna gezi, yeke lokha nafanele kuphekwe kuphekwa esitofini samahle ngokusebenzisa iinkuni ezitheziweko. Nangabe kuphekwa ngeempoto ezikulu engeze zanele esitofini samalahle, kubaswa phasi ngeenkuni. abantu abanzima nabafuna ukutjhajisa abomaliledinini babo baya emakhumaweni bona abatjhatjhisele zona. === Amanzi wemilambo yakhona === [[Amanzi]] wemilambo yakhona, kumamanzi akhambako, ahlenzekile ngombana akulahlelwa noma yini emilanjeni. Abantu bavasela khona iingubo zabo ukuze zihlanzeke kuhle. Kuthi sele bacedile ukuzihlanza iingubo zabo bakhambe bayozineka emadradeni ahlukanisa iindlela yeenkoloyi namahlathi. === Iinthelo nefuyo === Kumateni amakhulu lapho kutjalwe khona iinthelo ezifana nama anyanisi, ife, amazambane, kanye nemirorho. Ifuyo ekhona emaplasini ziinkomo ekungezama khuwa begodu ezinye ngezabantu abanzima. imfarigi, izimvu, kanye neenkukhu. Abantu abanzima badla amacanda abekelwe ziinkukhu zemakhaya begodu ipuphu bayithola emakhuweni ahlala nabo emaplasini. Zikhona neembandana emaplasini ezifana ne nenungu neemfarigi zommango. === Izinga lobugebengu === Emaplasini ubugebengu yinto engakavami. Lokhu kubonakala ngokuthi iminyango yakhona ayikhiyelwa. === Iinkolo === Emaplasini azikho iinkolo, kodwana zisedorobheni eliseduze nakhona. Abantwana ukuze bakghone ukuya esikolweni balandwa yi bhesi nge iri le-6 ekuseni. Bese godu kunesinye isikolo lapho abantwana bahlala khona esibizwa bonyana yi Makhazeni boarding [[school]]. trrt16bu0hrxghzeunuag4y4xaev9wl 0 129 3427 2227 2025-07-12T14:20:01Z Nqobile69 190 3427 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:King Nyabela of the Ndebele Tribe South Africa 1893.jpg|thumb|ikosi uNyabela]] '''Erholweni''' yindawo ye-[[Roossenekal]] esemangweni enentaba nemibundu. Kunamahlathi amihlobohlobo nemithi. Iintaba namagoqo wamatje amakhulu ahlezi elinye phezu kwelinye ngokwemvelo yawo. Indawo le ingetjingalanga yeGroblersdaal. Indawo le yaziwa nge [[mapoch caves]] ngelimi lesiNgisi. amaNdebele afika anzinza endaweni le ngonyaka we-1839. Kwaba yindawo yabo esetjenziswa njengesiphephelo sesitjhaba begodu izokwazi uksekela amaqhinga wokulwa izipi. ngemva kwepi yamaNgisi namaBhunu ngonyaka we-1882 amakhuwa nakasaphikisana nengwenyama umabhoko ngokusikwa kwenarhakhe. Kwenzeka isiga kibomakhelwan ekubaPedi bakomarotha, kwabulawa ingwenyama uSikhukhune embangweni wobukhosi bkwa sikwadi owayehlanganyele ekuphatheni kwamkhuwa intransvaal. Ingonyama [[uMampuru]] wesibili wayobhaqiswa kwaNoMtjharhelo. Ipihlangana noNyabela namakhuwa yathatha inyanga ezibunane ukuthoma ngoSinyikhaba ka 1882 bekwaba ngu Velabahlinze ka1883. amakhuwa asebenzisa iqhinga lokuvala amanzi nokutjhisa amasimu ukubulalisa [[amaNdebele]] ngendlala ukuthumba ipi eyadlula namabutho amanengi wakwaNzunza. Umphumela wepi kwaba kubotjhwa kwengwenyama uNyabela no Mampuru bayokuvalelwa ejele ePitori. Ingwenyama uMampuru yabulawa ngokukhungwa. ISigwebo sikaNyabela senziwa saba ngesokufela ejele kodwana waphuma ngaphambi kwepi yesibili yamabhuru namaNgisi ngonyaka we- 1898. === Ukuqakatheka kwendawo le esitjhabeni samaNdebele === Indawo ye Rosenekaal yaba ngaphasi kwamagugu kusekela ngonyaka we-1937. Yathoma ukuhlonitjhwa njengendawo yamagugu ngonyaka we-1968. Kwabunjwa isithombe sesengwenyama uNyabela konoMtjharhela. Le kuyindawo yamaNdebele kaNzunza. AmaNdebele aya erholweni kanye ngonyaka ukugidinga imvelaphi nendabuko yama ndebele.<ref>Kusel, U. (2000). Mapoch Ndebele Village: a heritage partnership: mobilising partnerships for heritage and events. ''South African Museums Association Bulletin'', ''25''(1), 35-37.</ref> == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} bxf1np0olbvo4tu14qc8moa0ipexzkw 0 130 5410 1878 2025-09-03T12:30:16Z Nomsa Skosana 123 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1303104769|Esther Mahlangu]]" 5410 wikitext text/x-wiki U-'''Esther Mahlangu''' (wabelethwa lokha amalanga ali-11 kuNobayeni ngomnyaka we-1935) mgwali weSewula Afrikha. Waziwa ngemigwalakhe enokuzithema, enesithunzi, emihle, emikhulu nekarisako yesimanjemanje ekhuthazwe lilwazi lakhe, amagugu anawo welimi,, amasiko nekolo [[AmaNdebele|yamaNdebele]]. Ngomunye wabagwali abaziwa khulu eSewula Afrika. tlytdl083zbqlve6r4ghgquavo7fx6c 0 131 2175 1881 2024-11-28T09:07:24Z 104.255.173.142 uMantashe ngomnyaka ka-2019 2175 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Gwede Mantashe in 2019.png|thumb|uMantashe ngomnyaka ka-2019]] '''USamson Gwede Mantashe''' ngusoPolitiki wase [[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika]] wehlangano i-[[ANC.]] 47gwh1sc1dkm9xr9nx02xd2eikspwec 0 132 3117 2898 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Elton|Elton]] 2250 wikitext text/x-wiki '''IHluzingqondo Secondary school -''' sikolo esisendaweni ebizwa nge[[Kwaggafontein A]] ese[[Mpumalanga]]. Siwela ngaphasi koMasipala i[[Thembisile Hani Municipality]].Siphethwe nguhlokokulu uLitsie. Sifundisa iimfundo ezihlukahlukeneko ngelimi lesiNdebele, isiKhuwa kanye nesiPedi. fw2tf777uanrbsix2p364hvfc89t9t7 0 133 651 650 2024-10-14T13:46:40Z Jon Harald Søby 12 2 revisions imported 650 wikitext text/x-wiki '''I-Dalmanutha''' isitethji sesitimela esiqhele ngamakhilomitha ayi-16 empumalanga yeBelfast, emzileni ophakathi kwePitori neMaputo. Ithiyelelwe ngegama leplasi, elibuye lithathe igama lalo edorobheni laseBhayibhelini iLwandle LeGalile (Marku 8:10). Igama leli kuthiwa litjho 'indlu yobufelokazi'. Le ndawo yaziwa ngabantu bendawo ngokuthi iMonometsi. Ukungqubuzana phakathi kweBakoni neMatabele kwenzeka lapha. Kuphinde kwaba yikundla yepi yokugcina yepi Yesibili YamaBhunu (1899-1902) eyasuka zingama-25 kuNcwaba 1900. 3r3ncv3u2731h1toq8ir8iu5v3prjox 0 134 3100 2931 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon Harald Søby]] 655 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kukhona''' ezinye izinto ezijamele ikhamphani nanyana umkhiqizo othize, ezifana njetshwayo, isithombe kanye nelogo. Izinto lezi zakhiwe ngedlela yokuthi zinikele umlayezo nanyana umniningwana kilabo abaqothelweko. Nanyana kunjalo-ke, ngaphasi kwesihloko sethi lesi sizokunzinza kwi-logo. I-Cambridge Dictionary (2024)<ref name=":0">Cambridge Dictionary. (2024b). ‘Logo’. Available at:<https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/logo>. Accessed on [9 January 2024].</ref> ne-Wikipedia (2024)<ref>Wikipedia. 2024. Logo. Litholakala ku:<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logo>. Ifunyenwe ngomhlaka [09 ngoTjhirhweni 2024].</ref> iqinisekisa iphuzu elingehla leli ngokuveza bona, i-logo litshwayo leli elisetjenziswa yikhamphani emikhiqizweni yalo ukuthuthukisa ubujamo nomkhiqizo walo begodu nokwenza isiqiniseko sokuthi amakhastama wayo ayibona bekayikhumbule msinya ikhamphani le. I-[https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/logo logo] yekhaphani ingasetjenziswa kunanyana ngimuphi umkhiqizo kanye nezinto zekhamphani okufaka hlangana imakhiwo, iinkoloyi neesentjenziswa ukuze abantu bazi bonyana izinto lezo ngezabo. Abasebenzisi, abathengi nanyana abanikeli ngemisebenzi bazokuqala ibizo nanyana i-[[:en:Logo|logo]] yekhamphani ukuze bakwazi ukuhlukanisa imikhiqizo yekhamphani leyo neminye imikhiqizo yeenkhaphani eziphalisana nayo. I-logo ibuye yazise abasebenzisi ngokwazeka nokuduma kwabo nangendlela abaziwa ngayo emphakathini (Cambridge Dictionary 2024<ref name=":0" />). Lokho kuzokwenza kobana balemuke kobana yikhamphani nanyana umsebenzi nanyana umuntu onendumela, okuzokwenza kobana imikhiqhizo leyo ithengwe khudlwana. == Isilululwazi == <references /> j6w8q1v3pehrz6nv5qzwcf2zx7xxr5z 0 136 662 661 2024-10-14T13:46:40Z Jon Harald Søby 12 2 revisions imported 661 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Deus High School Diplome.png|thumb|136x136px]] '''IFUNDO''' Ifundo kusilodlhelo esivula iminyango eminengi ephumelelisako. Ngingatjho bonyana ifundo iyayitjhugulula ipilo yabantu begodu ayikhethi umbala. Ukuragela phambili, ibandlululo lona ayilayo, yamukela nanyana ngubani begodu ayikhethi neminyaka. Ifundo iyakhana begodu ifundisa nokunengi. [[Ifundo]] yakha mlandu omutjha epilweni yabantu. Nakungenzeka bonyana ukhule udobha phasi kodwana ngebanga lefundo bagcine baphumelela. Okukhulu okukarisa khulu ngefundo kukobana inamathuba amanengi wokukuthuthusela phambili epilweni yakho. Siyazi lokha umuntu bekangakghoni ukuragela phambili ngefundo yakhe ngobanyana ekhabo banganamali yokumusa eskolweni samabanga aphezulu iinhlangano ezifana ne-[[NSFAS]], SETA, [[Fundza Lushaka|ne-Fundza Lushaka]] siyakusiza ngemali nemifundaze. [[Isimumathi:Guide to the Ohio graduation tests for students and families reading, mathematics, writing, science, and social studies. - DPLA - 40fb5773c1ce60aef6478def3fc2ef00.jpg|left|thumb|192x192px|IImfundiswa zithola imitlomela yabo (Degree)]] Namhlanje sinabotitjhere, dorhodere, amaqhwetha, abososayensi ngayo ifundo.Ngingatjho bonyana Ifundo iyamakha umuntu imenze umuntu ebantwini. Lokhu kutjengisa ukuqakatheka kwefundo kanye nezinto umuntu ongazizuza kiyo. 81ov6e9ekdv1kcun3yy6jmbodikpf67 0 137 665 664 2024-10-14T13:46:41Z Jon Harald Søby 12 2 revisions imported 664 wikitext text/x-wiki == IKapa ne-Cape (Cape and Cape). == === Isingeniso. === IKapa ne-Cape magama lawo apeledwa bekaphinyiswe ngokufana elimi lesiNgisi kodwana ihlathululo yawo ayifani. Singatjho bonyana kumagama abomphimbofana njengoba ahluka ngehlathululo kwaphela. Esigajeni esilandelako sizokutjheja bonyana amagama la atjho ukuthini. === IKapa === IKapa kuyihlokodorobha yesifunda seTjhingala Kapa. Ukungezelela, iTjhingala Kapa kungesinye sesifunda esitholakala eSewula Afrika. IKapa le itjho indawo esesewula, begodu la itjho idoroba elisesewula yeSewula Afrika. === I-Cape === I-Cape yona kuligama lelo elihlathulula bonyana into ethize ivele esewula yephasi, khulukhulu nasitjheja iinlwani neenyoni. Ngamanye amagama nawuqala ibalazwe, iinyoni nelwani lezo zifunyaneka khulu lapaha eSewula yephasi. Isibonelo kukhona i-Cape Baffalo (ikomo yommango). I-Cape Baffalo le ayitjho bona ivela edorobheni iKapa kodwana itjho bonyana yikomo yommango etholakala khulu esewula yephasi. Ngalokho-ke, lokha nasibona igama lesilwani nanyana inyoni elimo-Cape kufanele sikhumbule bonyana inyoni nanyana isilwani leso sitholakala khulu esewula yephasi. === Isiphetho === Ikapa ne-Cape zingapeledwa beziphinyiswe kokufana ngesiNgisi kodwana zona zitjho izinto ezingafani. Kuhle bonyana siziyelele khulu ngaphambi kokuzisebenzisa.   m5cffhtg98h8mqneao4d86x4fasbljb 0 138 670 669 2024-10-14T13:46:41Z Jon Harald Søby 12 4 revisions imported 669 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Children's games in iran.jpg|thumb]] '''Imidlalo yabentwana''' midlalo edlaliwa bentwana abangaphasi kweminyaka elitjhumi nambili. Imidlalo le ihlukaniseke kabili. Kunemidlalo yabesena kanye nomdlalo wabentazana. Imidlalo le ihlukaniseke ngendlella abantu bekadeni bebaphila ngayo. [[Abesana]] bebadlala ngeenkoloyi nofana ngamadrada, bese [[abentazana]] bebadlala ngokupheka nofana igqubsi. == Isiza ngani imidlalo yabentwana? == Imidlalo le irhelebha abentwana ngamakghono wepilo. [[Amakghono wepilo]] afaka hlangana nekghono lokuphila nabantu, ingqondo nokhunye. Abentwana abadlala imidlalo ehlukahlukeneko bayakghona ukuthuthuka nangamakghono welimi: [[Ukukhuluma nokulalela,]] ukufunda nokubhala. [[Amakghono]] la abalulekile ekusizeni abentwana bonyana babebafundi abanqophileko epilweni yangomuso. == Kubayini abotitjhere kufanele babenelwazi ngomdlalo wabentwana? == Abotitjhere kufanele bafake imidlalo ehlukahlukeneko lokha nabafundisa okuthileko. Imidlalo eminengi ikhuthaza bafundi bafunde ngokuzimisela nangethando. Imidlalo engadlaliwa ngekumbeni yokufundela midlalo efana nokweqa lokha nakubizwa [[umdumo weledere.]] 59i3c5uhjp6926x9vplezxfcag7ydrp 0 139 3057 3019 2025-06-07T03:05:22Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Simakahle Moselekatse|Simakahle Moselekatse]] 2162 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Monkeypox.jpg|thumb|Umuntu obanjwe yi Monkeypox]] '''IMonkeypox''' kugula okuthileko okuhlasela abantu. ESewula Afrika sele kunabantu ababanjwe sisifo lesi. Kusisifo esivela eenlwaneni sibambe abantu. sithoma ngokuthi umuntu aphathwe mkhuhlani, ihloko, avuvuke imisipha begodu avele iratjhi emzimbeni kuthi ngokukhmba kwesikhathi aphume iinlonda eziphuma amanzi. Uvikela njani ukubhebhetheka kwe monkeypox I Monkeypox ingavikelwa ngokuthi lokha umuntu nakazi bona bonyana unamaphawu wokuthi kungeka abanjwe sisifo lesi bese avakatjhele emtholapilo ukuthola isizo. 1f6vjy6xyuvjrz9jxvopgiz1jx4urer 0 140 3044 3006 2025-06-07T03:05:22Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon Harald Søby]] 676 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''ISIFUNDO SEHLELOMUTJHO (SYNTAX)''' == UMTLOLI: N.P Mahlangu == 1.1. Isifundo Semitjho == Uyini umutjho? Umutjho libuthelelo lamagama alandelanako atloliweko namkha akhulunyiweko ahlelwe ngendlela yokobana ethule umqondo othileko. Ilandelano lamagama kufanele lihleleke kuhle ukuze umutjho loyo unikele umqondo. Kungebangelo-ke sithi lihlelomutjho (syntax). Akhesifunde umutjho olandelako sibone bonyana wenza umqondo na: [Abantwana ibholo badlala.] Kuyavela bonyana umutjho ongehla lo awukahleleki kuhle. Akhesiwuhlele kuhle ngokuya kwehlelomutjho. [Abantwana badlala ibholo.] Umutjho ongehla lo sele wenza umqondo ngombana ilandelano lamagama lihleleke kuhle. Umutjho esiNdebeleni, njengakiwo woke amalimi, ulandela isakhiwo esisisekelo ngalendlela: Ihloko Isenzo Umenziwa [Subject Verb Object (SVO)] '''Isibonelo:''' [ Ubaba utjhuka isikhumba.] Ubaba- yihloko utjhuka-sisenzo isikhumba-ngumenziwa • Umutjho opheleleko esiNdebeleni uba nehloko nesilandiso. Isilandiso ngiso esithwele ummongo zombelele womutjho. Ngaphandle kwesilandiso, umutjho awukho. Isilandiso kuba sisenzo namkha isbanjalo. • Isilandiso esakha umutjho opheleleko sisenzo esikghona ukutjhugutjhugulula iinkhathi zesenzo (finite verb) ingasi isenzo esisendlelni esabizo (infinitive) '''Isibonelo:''' [ Ukusela amanzi ] – umutjho lo awukapheleli ngombana unesenzo esisendlelni esisabizo (infinitive) (ukusela). Akhesilungelele isenzo esikghona ukutjhugutjhugulula iinkhathi zesenzo sibone. [ Ukusela amanzi ngiyakuthanda. ] – umutjho lo sele uphelele ngombana kunesilandiso esikghona ukutjhugutjhugulula iinkhathi zesenzo. Singatjho sithi, (ngizokuthanda/ngikuthandile/ngisakuthanda.) == 1.2 Imihlobo Yemitjho: == EsiNdebeleni sinemihlobo EMINE yemitjho ekungile elandelako: (1) <u>'''Umutjho onqophileko/olula/omkhulu (Simple sentence)'''</u> Umutjho onqophileko wakhiwa yihloko, isilandiso esisodwa kanye nomenziwa. Umutjho lo wethula umqondo owodwa. Kuyenzeka bonyana umutjho onqophileko uvume namkha ulandule. '''Isibonelo:''' [ Abantwana badlala ibhlolo.] -uyavuma [ Abantwana abayidlali ibholo.] -uyalandula [ Ugogo yinyanga.] -uyavuma [ Ugogo akasiyo inyanga. ]- uyalandula Umutjho onqophileko kuyenzeka bonyana ube nehloko nesilandiso kwaphela, umenziwa angabi khona. Kilobubujamo kutjho bonyana umenziwa ubhaqile. '''Isibonelo:''' [ Abantwana bayadlala.] [ Abantwana abadlali ] Umutjho onqophileko godu kuyenzeka bonyana ungabi nehloko, kodwana ube nesilandiso nomenziwa kwaphela. Kilobubujamo kutjho bonyana ihloko yomutjho ibhaqile. Isilandiso ekusisenzo siba nesivumelwano sehloko esifuze ihloko yomutjho ebhaqileko. '''Isibonelo:''' [ Badlala ibholo. ] [ Abayidlali ibholo.] Ihloko yomutjho ebhaqileko ngu(Abantwana). Isivumelwano sakhona sehloko u(ba-) siyavela esilandisweni. Umutjho onqophileko godu uyakwazi ukuba silandiso esizijamele sisodwa. Isilandisweso siba nesivumelwano sehloko esifuze ihloko yomutjho ebhaqileko. '''Isibonelo:''' [ Bayapheka.]- ihloko yomutjho ebhaqileko ngu (Bona). [ Zizelamani. ]- ihloko yomutjho ebhaqileko ngu (Zona) Kuyenzeka godu bonyana umutjho onqophileko ube sisenzo esisedleleni ekatelelako enganaso isivumelwano sehloko. '''Isibonelo:''' [ Vuka! ] – ihloko yomutjho ebhaqileko ngu (Wena)=(Wena vuka!) (2) '''<u>Umutjho ovangileko (Compound sentence)</u>''' Umutjho ovangileko wakhiwa mimitjho emibili namkha ngehla kwemibili enqophileko ihlanganiswe ngesihlanganiso esithileko. Nangabe kuneenlandiso ezimbili, kutjho khona bonyana kunemitjho emibili enqophileko. Iinhlanganiso ezisetjenziselwa ukwakha umutjho ovangileko ngilezi ezilandulako: [ ngombana, kodwana, begodu, godu, bese, ukuze, kanti, bonyana, njengombana] '''Isibonelo 1:''' [ UMsongelwa uyafunda ngombana uyasithanda isikolo.] Umutjho wokuthoma ngothi, [ UMsongelwa uyafunda. ] Umutjho wesibili ngothi, [ uyasithanda isikolo.] Isihlanganiso ngu ( ngombana ). '''Isibonelo 2:''' [ Abobaba bahlaba ikomo bese abomma bapheka iinredlo. ] Umutjho wokuthoma ngothi, [ Abobaba bahlaba ikomo. ] Umutjho wesibili ngothi, [ abomma bapheka iinredlo. ] Isihlanganiso ngu (bese). '''Isibonelo 3:''' [ Ugogo ugayela utjwala ngombana ubamkhulu womile bese umma uhlanza amarhabha. ] Umutjho wokuthoma ngothi, [ Ugogo ugayela utjwala. ] Umutjho wesibili ngothi, [ ubamkhulu womile. ] Umutjho wesithathu ngothi, [ umma uhlanza amarhabha. ] Isihlanganiso ngu (ngombana) no (bese) (3) <u>'''Umutjho opandepande (Complex sentence)'''</u> Umutjho opandepande mumutjho owakhiwa mumutjho owodwa onqophileko kanye nomutjhwana owodwa namkha ngehla kowodwa oyamileko. Umutjhwana oyamileko ungayama ngokuthi uhlathulule usobizo namkha ukhanyise isilandiso. • Umutjhwana oyamileko ohlathululako wakhiwa libinzana lesitlhadlhuli (Adjectival phrase) bese umuthjwana oyamileko okhanyisako wakhiwa libinzana lesikhanyiso (Adverbial phrase). • Umutjhwana oyamileko sithi mumutjhwana oyamileko ngombana awukwazi ukuzijamela uwodwa unikele umqondo opheleleko. Uyame emutjhweni omkhulu/onqophileko ukuze wenze umqondo. Kungebangelo sithi libinzana (phrase). • Nasikhupha umutjho onqophileko emutjhweni opandepande, kulindeleke bonyana kuvele ihloko nesilandiso kwaphela. '''Isibonelo 1:''' [ Indoda ede enzima izile izolo emini esikolweni. ] [Indoda izile.] – mumutjho onqophileko (ede enzima) – mumutjhwana oyamileko ohlathululo usobizo (Indoda) (izolo emini esikolweni) – mumutjhwana oyamileko okhanyisa isilandiso (izile) '''Isibonelo 2:''' [ Abafundi abafundako bayaphumelela eemfundweni zabo. ] [ Abafundi bayaphumelela. ] – mumutjho onqophileko. (abafundako)- mumutjhwana oyamileko ohlathululako usobizo (Abafundi) (eemfundweni zabo)- mumutjhwana oyamileko okhanyisa isilandiso (bayaphumelela) Okutjhejekako kukobana ngaphandle komutjho onqophileko, umutjho opandepande angeze wenza umqondo. Imitjhwana eyamileko isebenza njengeselulo somutjho onqophileko iwenze umutjho opandepande. (4) '''<u>Umutjho ovange bupandepande/opandepande vangileko (Compound complex sentence)</u>''' Umutjho ovange bupandepande/opandepande ovangileko mumutjho owakhiwa mimitjho emibili enqophileko kanye nomutjhwana owodwa namkha ngehla kowodwa oyamileko. Kilobubujamo kutjho bonyana kuba khona umutjho ovangileko obhebhule imitjhwana eyamileko. '''Isibonelo 1:''' [ Ababelethi babafundi abangaphumeleliko babiziwe bonyana bakhambele umhlangano esikolweni ngoMvulo. ] La sithola imitjho emibili enqophileko ehlanganiswe ngesihlanganiso u(bonyana). [Ababelethi babiziwe] (Ababelethi)- yihloko yomutjho. (babiziwe)- silandiso bonyana - sihlanganiso [ bakhambele umhlangano] (bakhambele)- silandiso (umhlangano)- ngumenziwa Sibuye sithole imitjhwana emibili, ohlathulula usobizo nokhanyisa isilandiso. (babafundi abangaphumeleliko)- mumutjhwana oyamileko ohlathulula usobizo (ababelethi) (esikolweni ngoMvulo)- mumutjhwana oyamileko okhanyisa isilandiso (bakhambele). '''Isibonelo 2:''' [ Abantu abanjingileko abanengi bathanda izinto ezihle begodu bathenga ukudla eentolo ezibizako.] [Abantu bathanda izinto]- mumutjho onqophileko (abanjingileko abanengi) – mumutjhwana oyamileko ohlathulula usobizo (abantu) (ezihle)- mumutjhwana oyamileko ohlathulula usobizo (izinto) begodu- sihlanganiso [ bathenga ukudla]- mumutjho onqophileko (eentolo ezibizako)- mumutjhwana oyamileko okhanyisa isilandiso (bathenga) '''<u>Umsebenzi 1</u>''' Tlola bonyana umutjho ngamunye kongenzasi umhlobo bani womutjho. (a) Umntwana ulise ibele ngombana uyamilisa. (b) Abafundi bafunda incwadi. (c) Imbuzi emhlophe esikazi ibuyile izolo emini. (d) Ubaba uthenge ikoloyi. (e) UDlhamaga ukhelele amanzi emlanjeni ekuseni ngombana ugogo udiniwe. (f) Iinkoloyi ezitja ezibizako zithengiwe. (g) Ugogo utheza iinkuni ukuze umma abase umlilo bese uvusa abantwana. (h) Thina sithanda ibholo edlawa ngeenyawo begodu sithanda ukuyidlala etatawini qobe ngoSondo. '''<u>Umsebenzi 2</u>''' Fundisisa isiqetjhana esingenzasi bese uphendula imibuzo elandelako: 2.1 Tlola bonyana umutjho othalelwe emudeni woku-1 umhlobo bani womutjhwana (1) 2.2 Tlola bonyana umutjho otlolwe ngokunzima khulu emudeni wesi-2 umhlobo bani womutjho. (1) AmaNdebele sitjhaba <u>esihle esihloniphekileko</u> kwaNzunza nakwaManala. '''Thina senza amasiko''' anothileko ngendlelethu ehlukileko. Umgwalo wesiNdebele ukubiza ukude le ngombana uzidle ngemibalawo emihle nekhanyako. Nakuneminyanya, ingadla ibetjhwa egagadwini kuvungame ithuli, babe bodwa abathi mzimba jugujeka, babe bodwa abathi tjhida ngitjhudule. Kiyo yoke iminyanya sifinya ngendololwana sibethe sentwala. <u>Iinhlobo ezikude ziyamenywa ngombana umnyanya omkhulu uyahlelelwa</u>. Abobaba bahlaba ikomo bese abomma bapheka ukudla. Ilanga nalithi phatjha! Vane sele kukghutjhulwe ngebekonyana. Abobaba bavuma ingoma. Ngokukopheza kwelihlo, umphako vane sewungdliwa mntwana. Ngiyasithanda isiKhethu ngombana ngiyazikhakhazisa. <u>Utjwala obubilisiweko besintu buyaphekwa</u>. Ukuphekwa kotjwala nokuhlatjwa kwembuzi kusebenza njongomhlahlandlela wokuthintana nabezimu bethu. Abomakhelani bayeza ukuze sigidinge nabo. Ukunotha kwesintu sethu kulele kithi, maNdebele ngombana indlela ibuzwa kwabaphambili. [Umtlolo wokuzitlamela : Nsizwa Mahlangu] 2.3 Umujho othalelwe emudeni wesi-6 ovange bupandepande. Kiwo khupha umutjho ovangileko. (2) 2.3 Umujho othi, “Abobaba bahlaba ikomo bese abomma bapheka ukudla” mumutjho… A onqophileko B opandepande C ovangileko D ovange bupandepande. (1) 2.4 Buyelela utlole umutjho onqophileko ongenzasi kodwana uveze ukulandula. Abobaba bavuma ingoma. (1) 2.5 Emutjhweni opandepande othalelwe emudeni we-10, khupa: (a) Umutjho onqophileko/omkhulu. (1) (b) Umutjhwana oyamileko ohlathululako. (1) 2.6 Veza umehluko okhona phakathi komutjho onqophileko nomutjho ovangileko. (2) 2.7 Veza umehluko okhona phakathi komutjho opandepande nomutjho ovange bupandepande/opandepande vangileko. (2) 2.8 Tlola bonyana isitatimende ngasinye kwezingenzasi siLiqiniso namkha Mamala (a) Umutjho onqophileko uba neenlandiso ezimbili. (1) (b) Umutjho onqophileko uyakwazi ukuzijamela uwodwa unikele umqondo opheleleko kiloyo mutjho. (1) (c) Umutjho opandepande uyaba nomutjhwana oyamileko ohlathululako namkha okhanyisako. (1) (d) Umutjhwana oyamileko ohlathululako uhlathulula isilandiso. (1) (e) Umutjhwana oyamileko okhanyisako ukhanyisa usobizo. (1) (f) Umutjho ovangileko uba nemitjho emibili namkha ngehla kwemibili enqophileko bese ihlanganiswa ngesihlanganiso esithileko. (1) (g) Umutjho ovange bupandepande awubi nemitjhwana eyamileko. (1) (h) Isilandiso esethula umqondo opheleleko emutjhweni onqophileko sisenzo esisendleleni esabizo. (1) 2.8 Hlaziya umthetho wehlelomutjho (syntax) mayelana nokwakhiwa komutjho ngokulandela isisekelo sakhona esivamileko lokha nakwakhiwa umutjho olula. (4) 2.9 Tshwaya ngokuhlolisisa indima edlalwa silandiso lokha nakwakhiwa umutjho esiNdebeleni. (4) 2.10 Tlola isibonelo sakho somutjho opandepande (2) [30] 4d9gq0mpuucikty1i9wd6ywhty8ptlw 0 141 1748 680 2024-10-24T00:34:45Z Bobbyshabangu 66 1748 wikitext text/x-wiki Kukhona amanye amagama abonakala begodu azwakala ngathi atjho into yinye kodwa ekubeni atjho izinto ezihlukileko. Amagama lawo esikhathi esinengi agcina asetjenziswa kwangathi yinto yinye ngabanye abantu. Amagama la afaka hlanga iSewula Afrika ne-Afrika eseSewula. Ekumimeni yethi le sizokunqopha kumehluko hlangana kweSewula Afrika ne-Afrika eseSewula. === '''Kuyin iSewula Afrika?''' === ISewula Afrika kuyinarha leyo etholakala enarheni kazi ye-Afrika. ISewula Afrika yinarha etholaka ekugcineni kweSewula ye-Afrika. Kubalazwe, itholakala encasi kunazo zoke iinarha ezikhona e-Afrika. Ukungezelela, iSewula Afrika iyingcenye nanyana ingezinye zeenarha ezibumba i-Afrika eseSewula. === '''Kuyini i-Afrika eseSewula?''' === I-Afrika eseSewula libizobuthelelo lelo elitjho iinarha ezifunyanwa eSewula ye-Afrika. Ngamanye amagama, ziinarha lezo esengcenyeni esencasi e-Afrika. Lokhu kutjho bonyana ziinarha ezifunyanwa esiyingi seSewula e-Afrika. Iinarha lezi zifaka hlangana  i-Angola, iBotswana, iLesotho, iMalawi, iMozambique, iNamibia, iSewula Afrika, Eswatini, i-Zambia neZimbabwe. Zoke iinarha lezi nazihlangeneko zibizwa bonyana i-Afrika eseSewula. === '''Isiphetho.''' === Kuqakathekile bonyana sazi umlando wethu kanye nokuthi iinarhakazi ye-Afrika le esihlala kiyo ihlukaniswe njani. Yeke-ke, nje sesiyazi bonyana iSewula Afrika kuyinarha ngaphakathi kwesiyingi seSewula e-Afrika. dt1ljryys1dzscykuv7zl7gv834auan 0 142 5660 5144 2025-09-04T11:12:39Z Kholeka19721 889 removed the red links. 5660 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:AmaNdebele.jpg|left|thumb|'''Ivunulo yama Ndebele''']] '''Ivunulo''' yizambatho ezimbathwa maNdebele ngokuhlukahlukana kwabo. Ivunulo ibalulekile esikweni lama Ndebele begodu ngiyo ehlathulula bona ulenzile isiko noma awa, ibuye ihlathulule isigaba somuntu ngokwesiko nesiko-pilo kaNdebele. Bazikhakhazisa ngendlela ekarisako ngendlela ebambatha ngayo. Izembatho ezinengi zesiko zinento ebizwa bona mncamo. IsiNdebele sikarisa kwamambala begodu ivunulo yabo inemibala eminengi ekhanyako. == Abomma nabo baba == [[Isimumathi:Abomma nabo baba.jpg|thumb|253x253px|Abomma nabo baba]] '''<u>Abomma</u>''' U-Mma ngokwesiko lesiNdebele kumumuntu wengubo osele adlulile esigabeni sokuba mntazana, begodu ukudlula kwakhe sikuhlathulula ngokobana aphethe isiko lobuntazana elibizwa ngokobana liQude, bekufike lapho athathwa khona abenguMma womuzi wakoSobantu. Abo mma ngomnyanya lapho umswegwabo aba yisokona bambatha ivunulo esuka ehloko efika eenyaweni. Ehloko bambatha umkhala nomlinga kobe. emzimbeni bambatha ingubo ebovu ebizwa bona yi bhidi. '''<u>Abobaba</u>''' abo baba emnyanyeni ongehla nabo bambatha ivunulo esuka ehloko ukufika eenyaweni. Ehloko bambatha iporiyana, esandleni sokudla baphatha intonga bese ngesandleni sesincele baphatha isiviko. == Umswegwabo == [[Isimumathi:Abasegwabo.jpg|left|thumb|183x183px|Umswegwabo]] Umswegwabo msana ongakenzi isiko nofana msana ongakayi engomeni. ivunulo yaba swegwabo ngiyo elula ukudlula zoke. Nabo bambatha ivunulo esuka ehloko ukufika eenyaweni. Ehloko bambatha utjani ebenzwe indingiliza ebubizwa bona ngu swenyana, emzimbeni bambatha i yembhe yemikhono emide, eenyaweni bambatha ibhrugu elifitjhani bese esandleni sokudla baphatha intonga. Bakhamba ngo bhadu phasi okuhlathulula bona abambathi amanyathelo. Batjhagala endleleni ukutjengisa abantu bona sebalungile ukukhamba nabo baba. == Amasokana == [[Isimumathi:Amasokana.jpg|left|thumb|260x260px|Amasokana]] Isokana mumuntu wejazi owenze isiko begodu wahlatjelwa wakhamba nabo baba. Ivunulo yama sokana nayo isuka ehloko ifinyelele emilenzeni. Ehloko bambatha umkhala, entameni bambatha irasu, edinini bambatha ijuba nobukhobe, emikhonweni kanye nemilenzeni bambatha iinrholwani. imibala yakhona ngu nzima, hlaza okwesibhakabhaka, hlaza satjani, ubukhobe kanye nomhlophe. Koke lokhu kwenziwe ngomncamo. Iinrholwani lezi zinendlela ezilandelana ngayo ngokuya kwesiko. Isithombe esingehlanzeni sesincelesi masokana asayokwenza isiko ivunulo yabo ihlukile kunamasokana sele aqedileko. Ivunulo yabo ilula njengale yomswegwabo. Bona bambatha ibhetjha kanje neenzipha kwaphela bese baphathe intonga ngesandleni sokudla. == Abentazana == [[Isimumathi:Abentazana.jpg|thumb|Abentazana]] Abentazana ngomhlubulo nabo bambatha ivunulo esuka ehloko ukufika eenyaweni. ehloko bambatha umkhala, entameni bambatha irasu, edinini iphephethu, iinrholwani zedinini (ijuba nobukhobe), isithimba kanye ne yerhana. Ezandleni bambatha iinrholwani ezinemibalabala babuye bazembathe kanye neenyaweni. Imibala yakhona ngu nzima, hlaza okwesibhakabhaka, hlaza satjani, ubukhobe kanye nomhlophe. Koke lokhu kwenziwe ngomncamo. n4752rk9rfd5qsy8j910k3dpuqlpjt4 0 143 5730 2279 2025-09-13T01:09:57Z ~2025-58858-7 926 5730 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ibhayibhili''' yincwadi ecwengileko esetjenziswa babantu amakrestu. Incwadi isetjenziswa ukutjhumayela nokufunda indaba zikaZimu begodu nokubona bonyana kuba njani lokha umuntu nakakhamba noZimu. Abanye bathi ibhayibhili sikhali sokulwa nemimoya emimbi. Ibhayibheli ihlukaniseke kabili. Ngokuthi kune [[Testamende]] elidala begodu kune testamende elitja. Itestamende elidala lifundisa ngo[[Zimu]] lokha uJesu Krestu angafiki emhlabeni begodu likhombise bonyana uZimu bekasenzisa [[abaphrofethi]] ukukhuluma nabantu okhunye esikuthola etestamendeni elidala kukuthi kuze njani bona abantu bafe nokuthi kuze njani kube nephasi. Itestamende elitjha lifundisa ngokufika kwaka Jesu ephasini nokubethelwa kwakhe esphambanweni begodu nokuthi abapostoli basala benzani lokha uJesu nakabuyela ezulwini. 3gs8p5hdxlh0ge55wq5la8etdnb2a51 0 144 703 702 2024-10-14T13:46:43Z Jon Harald Søby 12 2 revisions imported 702 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ibhoduluko. == [[:en:Natural_environment|Ibhodoluko]] ngezinye zezinto eziqakathekileko ephasini. Ngaphandle kwebhodulo ipilo bengeze yabakhona. Ibhoduluko ifumbethe ipilo yeenlwani ezinengi. Ezinye zeenlwana ziyaphila kanti ezinye zona aziphili. Eenhlokwaneni ezilandelako sizokutjheja kobana kuyini ibhodulo begodu ibhoduluko lihlukene njani. === Kuyini ibholuko? === Ngokuya kukaSadiku, u-Ashaolu, u-Ajayi-Majebi no-Musa (2020<ref>Sadiku, M. O., Ashaoulu, T. J., Ajayi-Majebi, A. & Musa, S. M. 2020. Environmental Studies: An Introduction. ''International Journal of Scientific Advances'', 1(3):54-57.</ref>) ibhoduluko iphathelene nakho koke ekusemanzini, emoyeni, enarheni nehlabathini. Ukungezelela, ibhoduluko ngikho koke okutholakala ephasini, ekuphilako nokungaphili ekufaka hlangana izengiwa, iinlwani eziphilako nezingaphili umumoya kanye nokusesibhakabhageni (Maelzer 1964<ref>Maelzer, D. A. 1964. A Discussion of Components of Environment in Ecology. J. ''Theoret. Biol'', 8:141-162.</ref>). Ngamanye amagama, koke lokhu ukuthola ephasini nohlangana nakho mihla namalanga kungaba yingcenye nanyana kuyingcenye yebhoduluko. Ibhoduluko lihlukaniswe ngcenye ezilandelako (Glazovsky 2009<ref name=":0">Glazovsky, N. 2009. Environmental Structure and Function: Earth System. ''Earth System History and Natural Variability'', 7:1-16.</ref>): 1.      Umoya 2.      Ihlabathi 3.      Amanzi 4.      Isibhakabhaka Ihlathululo engehla iyasivezela bonyana ibhoduluko liyini begodu liqakatheke kangangani. Eenhlokwaneni ezilandelako sizokutjheja bonyana sitjho ukuthi ngokuthi umoya, ihlabathi, amanzi nesibhakabhaka. ==== 1.      Umoya ==== Ingabe sitjho ukuthi nasikhuluma ngomoya ngaphasi kwebhoduluko na? Umoya ngaphasi kwebhoduluko utjho umoya esiwuthola ngaphandle begodu lowo esiwuphefumulako (Glazovsky 2009<ref name=":0" />; ne-Wikipedia 2024<ref name=":1">Wikipedia. 2024. ''Natural Environment''. Litholakala ku:<<nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environment</nowiki>>. Lifunyenwe ngomhlaka [20 kuRhoboyi 2024].</ref>). Ngaphasi komoya siqala izinga lekhwalithi womaya, ubumbi Nobuhle (Glazovsky 2009<ref name=":0" />). ==== 2.      Ihlabathi ==== Ngaphasi kwehlabathi siqale koke okuphilako nokungaphiliko eokutholakala ehlabathini, ekufaka hlangana izenjiwa namanzi atholakala ehlabathini (Glazovsky 2009<ref name=":0" />; ne-Wikipedia 2024<ref name=":1" />). Izinga lekhwalithi lehlabathi nalo liqakathekile. ==== 3.      Amanzi ==== Amanzi ngaphasi kwebhoduluko kutjhejwe zoke izinto ezitholakala emanzini eziphilako nezingaphiliko kanye nezinga lekhwalithi yemanzi, ubuhle nobumbi balo (Glazovsky 2009<ref name=":0" />; ne-Wikipedia 2024<ref name=":1" />). ==== 4.      Isibhakabhaka ==== Iisbhakabhaka sitjho iphezulu, koke okukhamba nokutholakala esibhakabhakeni (Glazovsky 2009<ref name=":0" />). Ekungezelela, kutjhejwe nangendlela ibhodululo liphathwa ngalo kanye nizinto esisipha sona (Glazovsky 2009<ref name=":0" />). === Isiphetho === Isibhoduloko liqakatheke khulu njengepilo yayo yoke into. Izinto ukuze ziphile, zenze imisebenzi yayo zifunjethwe begodu zinakekelwa libhoduluko. Ngphandle kwebhoduluko ezinye zezinto bezingeze zabakhona. === Isilululwazi === <references /> 8era8ew6nh9rbg9zcbz2jt1qigibkdb 0 145 706 705 2024-10-14T13:46:43Z Jon Harald Søby 12 2 revisions imported 705 wikitext text/x-wiki == Idatha, umniningwana nelwazi == === Isingeniso. === Idatha, umniningwana nelwazi zizinto ezingafaniko lezo ezitjengisa izinga elithe lobuhlakani kanye nethuthuko yomqabango. Nanyana, kukhona abazisebenzisa njengezinto ezifanako nje, kodwana ekhabo lazo azifani. Esigabeni esilandelako sizokuhlathulula idatha, imininingwana nelwazi begodu siveze nomehluko wazo. === Idatha. === Idatha mitlolo leyo ebuthelelweko nanyana imitlolo leyo engaka engaka fundwa begodu engaka ungwa yazwisiswa. Ngamanye magama imitlolo leyo ongakayifundi begodu ungazi bonyana ikhuluma ngani ngokuneneleleko ibizwa bona yidatha. Isibonelo, lokha nawubuthelelwa imitlolo uyibeke nawonye ukuthi kusasa uzoyiqala, uyifundele ukuyizwisisa begodu uyirhumutjhe, leyo mitlolo yidatha. === Imininingwana === Umniningwana yidatha esele ifundiwe, yazwisiswa begodu yarhunyuthwa. Ngamanye amagama imitlolo leyo ehlungiweko begodu yazwisisa bonyana ikhuluma ngani begodu inqophe kuphi, leyo mitlolo nanyana idatha ibizwa ngokuthi mininingwana. Isibonelo, lokha nawuthatha imitlolo yakho oyibutheleleko uyifunda begodu uyizwisisa bonyana ikhuluma ngezamaphilo nemitjhoga, imitlolo leyo ibizwa bonyana mininingwana. === Ilwazi === Ilwazi mniningwana leyo osele uyisebenzisile begodu wazi imiphumela yakhona emihle nemimbi. Ngamanye amagama, lokha nawuthatha imininingwana uyisebenzise ukwenza into ethize bese uyaphumelela nanyana uyabhalelwa ukufinyelela umnqopho wakho, imininingwana leyo ibizwa bonyana lilwazi. Isibonelo, nawuthatha imininingwana yokubhaga amatjhatjhatjha bese ilandela imilayo yawo ukwenza amatjhatjhatjha. Ekugcineni, ugcine uwenzile amatjhatjhatjha nanyana akuhlulile, imininingwana leyo ibizwa bonyana lilwazi ngombana uyisebenzisile begodu uyazi bonyana imiphumela yayo iba njani. === Isiphetho === Idatha ikhombisa izinga lokuthoma lobuhlakani bese kuthi umniningwana wona ukhombise izinga eliphakathi lobuhlakani. Kanti-ke, ilwazi lona likhombisa ilwazi eliphezulu lobuhlakani. Idatha, umniningwana nelwazi azifani kodwana ziyahlobana njengombana umtlolo ukuze ube mniningwana uthoma ube yidatha begodu ukuze umniningwana ube lilwazi ufuna ukusetjenziswa begodu kwaziwe umphumela wakhona. Kuqakathekileko bonyana siwazisise woke amathemu la. 0o7l9i02s7xvle3lz8cy4vtpjuw1g84 0 146 2419 2413 2025-02-17T11:10:58Z Nqobile69 190 2419 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Iintende.jpg|thumb|Iintende zikamma ongene simanje]] '''Idwendwe nobukhazi''' mnyanya wesiNdebele. Isokana liyakhamba liyokubawa umkhamanzi, bese liyameba. Kuthi ligamena bese liyakhamba liyokutjela umndeni wekhabo mkhamanzi bona bafunele nganeno. Ismanje siyangena, ngeLesithathu abogogo bayayeyezela, ngeLesine kuba sikira, Ngelesihlanu umalukazana ubuyela ekhabo uphekelelwa lidwendwe labo mma neenkomo zobukhazi. Kuthi ngoMgqibelo kuhlatswe ubukhazi, iinkomo ziyabiwa ngokuya kwamagama wazo. Okhunye godu kuyambeswana okutjho bona bakhiphelana izipho ezithileko. Umakoti uphiwa igama lokwendeni azokubizwa ngalo lokha nakafika emzini. 0qssoxjxdwt4u1itorxdtm2u1g9c5fk 0 147 2626 2396 2025-04-03T19:08:33Z Rachmat04 32 2626 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Flag of South Africa.svg|thumb|400px|Iflaga yeSewula Afrika]] '''Iflaga yeSewula Afrika''' yatlanywa ngonyaka ka-1994 ngenyanga kaMrhayili, kwabese yamukelwa ngenyanga kaSihlabantangana ngo-1994, ngesikhathi sekhetho zombelele [[Isewula Afrika|ye-Sewula Afrika]] yango-1994, ukujamiselela iflaga ebeyisetjenziswa kusukela ngonyaka ka-1928 ukuya ku-1994. Iflaga ye Sewula afrika inemibala esithandathu.<ref>https://www.proquest.com/openview/4e33979a174461d38782ed85a71d66d3/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2026366&diss=y</ref> == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} jydeuhvz7kqyml39zsy5u7d3apnpdyu 0 148 5912 3061 2025-10-10T12:17:01Z Hlalithwa 996 Ukubaluleka kweefundo esikhathini esiphila kiso 5912 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Diego Suarez Antsiranana urban public primary school (EPP) Madagascar.jpg|thumb|Umfundisi etlasini]] == Ifundo == Ifundo esikhathini esiphila kiso ibalulekile empilweni zabantu ngombana inabisa ilwazi lomuntu begodu yandisa nekghono lomuntu, lokhu kufaka hlangana ukwamukela ilwazi elitjha ngesibanga sokungezelela lelolwazi esele unalo begodu ifundo inikela isisekelo sengemuso elihle. Esikhathini esiphila kiso imisebenzi eminengi sele ifuna ilwazi elithize lefundo, Ifundo enarheni yekhethu ihlukaniswe ngokwamazinga amabili, okufaka hlangana amazinga asisekelo namazinga aphakemeko. Izinga lefundo liqakatheke khulu ekulemukiseni abantu ngezinga lwelwazi nanyana lefundokghono abanawo. Esikhathini esinengi abantu abanezinga eliphezulu lefundo basebenzisa amagama womukhakha loyo ifundokghono lakhe liwela ngaphasi kwakhona. Amagama la kungenzeka angazwisiseki komunye umuntu ongakafundeli ifundokghono lakhe. Ngebanga lobudisi obukhona lokha nawungakafundi, ababelethi abanengi bazithola ngaso soke isikhathi bakhuthaza abentwana babo bonyana bafunde. Lokhu bakwenza ngombana babathanda begodu bafuna ukuthi babe nekusasa elihle nanyana ingomuso elingcono. j5y310r1ljtfwve6yv9f7n9osudblj0 0 149 726 725 2024-10-14T13:46:44Z Jon Harald Søby 12 3 revisions imported 725 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Diego Suarez Antsiranana urban public primary school (EPP) Madagascar.jpg|thumb|ifundo]] '''Ifundo''' iqakatheke khulu esikhathini sanamhlanje , ngombana kufanele ufunde ukwazi ukufumana [[umsebenzi]] . Uziphilele ngendlela ofuna ngayo uzenzele koke okbalulekileko okfunako. Esikhathini sanje nawungakafundi awsililitho ebantwini ngombana nemisebenzi itholakala ngefundo begodu ubonakala umumuntu ongakazimiseli epilweni . m5k70mlutzt6figoxhcjozqzaxb8kgp 0 150 5093 734 2025-08-08T09:27:13Z Mtsweni S 835 5093 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Youth Climate Strike- North Bay - 32455665987.jpg|thumb|Abafundi abazimiseleko]] '''Ama 2000''' babantu abathanda ukubona izinto ngokwabo abafuni ukuzwa ngobatjho, nangendlela bazi phatha ngayo ayifani nayo yawoke umuntu, kungebangelo nefundweni bazenzela umathanda. Yeke bakhona abathanda ukuthi naba fikileko endaweni kwaziwe bonyana nangu yena seka fikile,. abanye bona bazimisele ngeemfundo zabo begodu bafuna ukuzibona baphumelele epilweni, bese kunabanye abafuna ipilo le ibe lula kibo babe nakho koke ebakufunako bangakakusebenzeli. Mhlapha nje kwakune sokana ekhabe lifunda ibanga letjhumi nanye layekela isikolo layokusebenza, lathi nasele libona bonyana alisakghoni ukusebenza labuyela esikolweni lafunda. Sele libona bonyana liphumelele ebangeni elilandelako, laphuma godu. [[Isimumathi:Garni, Armenian youth, Young Armenians, Armenia.jpg|thumb|Ama 2000]] == IFUNDO YAMA 2000 == Ngithe nangilibuzako lathi lona lifuna imali, i[[ifundo|fundo]] le iyambambezela ngombana unababelethi abamenzela koke akufunako. Nangibona bonyana unakho koke ngabona kobana ngikho abona ngathi ifundo ayikaqakatheki kangako. Ngabuza omunye engimbona bonyana uli-2000 naye wathi yena ifundo akusiyo yakhe, ngokuya ngaye ngathana uhlala ekhaya bamnikele yoke into ayifunako begodu bamuphe nemali ayifunako ngaso soke isikhathi, ngiye ngambuza kobana akaqabangi bona nakangaba neyakhe imali angazenzela koke lokhu nokunye okudlula lokhu na? ipilo yabo abanye babo abayiboni isefundweni bafuna izinto zize bahlezi. IFUNDO YAMA 2000. 261ydo4dz5msclixua1yn8p6vzn65i8 0 151 5803 5786 2025-09-29T09:56:07Z Nqobile69 190 5803 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Lion (Panthera leo) male 6y.jpg|thumb|Ibhubezi]] '''Iimbandana ezihlanu ezikulu''' ngilezo mbandana ezitholakala amalini yephepha yeSewula Afrika. Imbandana lezi zihlala ehlathini begodu azibekwa hlangana nabantu ngombana ziyingozi angekhe umuntu azizingela lula.<ref>[https://gosafari.co.za/blog/animals-of-south-africa/the-big-five-safari-in-south-africa.html The Big Five - Go SAfari]</ref> Amagama weembandana lezi yibhubezi, indlovu, umkhombe, ingwe nenyathi. Zingilezo mbandana ezaziwa bonyana ziyakghona ukuzingela. Imbandana lezi zoke zizimunyusi begodu ezmbili zidla inyama kwaphela, kuthi ezithathu zidle utjani. === Ibhubezi === Laziwa njenge kosi yehlathini, begodu, lona ngoko mhlobo liwela kibo katsu. Ibhubezi lilitshwayo lamandla nobukhosi ehlathini le Afrika.Amabhubezi atholakala ehlathini le-Afrika begodu ngoko mlando e-India. Amabhubezi asikazi esikhathini esinengi ngiwo akhambako ayokuzingela afune inyamazana ezifana nama Zebra, impala, nokhunye.<ref>[https://gosafari.co.za/blog/animals-of-south-africa/the-big-five-safari-in-south-africa.html The Big Five - Go SAfari]</ref> Akghona kubhodla ngamaphimbo wawo asabekako begodu ukubhodla kwawo kudlisa umlayezo othileko kwezinye imbandana. Amabhubezi ahlalal endaweni ezibizwa bona ma-''pride.'' === Indlovu === [[Isimumathi:Elephant running.jpg|thumb|Iindlovu ezikhamba ngesiqhema ziyagijima]] Indlovu isimunyisi esikulu ukuzidlula zoke iimunyisi. Zihlakaniphile begodu zinekghono lokukhumbula. Indlovu ithatha pheze iminyaka emibili ukuthi ukuthi icede ukuzithwala beyithola umntwana ophilileko.zitholakakala endaweni ezele utjani nofana ehlathini le-Afrika ne-Asia. nokwahe inomboko osebenza njengepumulo nendebe yomlomo yangaphezulu. Isebenzisa umboko lo ukuphefumula nokubamaba izinto. Inamaphndo amabili ewasebenzisela ukugubha nofana ukwemba nokuzivikela. Iindlovu zikhamba bezihlale ngeenqhema ezidoswa phambili ziindlovu ezisikazi ezidala ngokomnyaka. Ziyakghona ukusebenzisaa zikhombisa ukuba nizwa yokuzwela lokho kubonakala ngombana ziyazila lokha nazilahlekelwa mumuntu ezithandako. Ayikhohlwa nakhe wayenza into embi. Ukukhuluma zisebenzisa itjhada eliwenza ngomboko kanye nokunyakazisa umzimba. === Ingwe === [[Isimumathi:Leopardo (Panthera pardus) devorando un antílope, parque nacional Kruger, Sudáfrica, 2018-07-26, DD 07.jpg|thumb|Ingwe ikhwele nenyamazana yayo phezulu komuthi]] Ingwe ngomunye yemihlobo yabokatsu abakhona, yona ingukatsu omkhulu ohlukaniseka ngokuthi unamabala emzimbeni. Ihlala emangweni begodu inekghono lokugijima ngombana iphila ngokuzingela igijime inyamazana ehlathini. Izingwe zitholakala enarhakazini ye-Asia ne- Afrika. Zikhombisa amandla, umusa, namandla wehlathini. Ingwe ikghona ukukhwela umuthi begodu eskhathi esinengi nayibamba inyamzana, ithatha iinyamanazana leyo iyoyibeka emthini phezulu. Zikghona ukuphila ehlathini, emangweni begodu neentabeni.<ref>[https://www.south-african-lodges.com/page/big-five/ African Safaris Big Five - Lions, Elephant, Rhinoceros, Buffalo, Leopard]</ref> Zikghona ukuzingela kuhle lokha ilanga nalingakhanyiko begodu lisebenzisa amabala wayo ukuzifihla. === Inyathi === [[Isimumathi:029 African buffalo in the Serengeti National Park Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|thumb|Inyathi]] Inyathi [[isimunyisi]] esikulu hlangana nezinye e-Afrika. Inamandla begodu yikulu ngokomzimba akusilula bonyana umuntu ayifunde bonyana injani ngokwemvelo. Inamaphondo aqinileko begodu anamandla asebenza ukulwa nokuzivikela. Ayikhanyi ngokombala. Inkunzi zakhona zinesisindo ukudlula lezo ezisikazi.<ref>Perera, B.M.A.O., 2011. Reproductive cycles of buffalo. ''Animal reproduction science'', ''124''(3-4), pp.194-199.</ref> Zikhamba ngenqheema zomhlambi begodu ziyazwana. Zidla utjani begodu azikhoni ukuphila ngaphandle kwamanzi. Inyathi iyinyamazana ekulu engazingelwa mabhubezi ngombana ikghona ukuzilwela lokha nayizingelwako. === Umkhombe === [[Isimumathi:Rhinoceros in South Africa adjusted.jpg|thumb|Umkhombe]] Umkhombe usimunyisi esikulu esineempondo ebusweni ngaphezulu kwepumulo. iphondo lesibandana lesi lenziwe nge- Keratin ekuyiphrotheyini eyenza iinhluthu zabantu kanye namazipho. Amaphondo aqakathekile ekuthengiseni kwabantu abanzima. Imikhombe ngokwemvelo idla utjani, imikhombe enzima idla amabhlari wemithi. Itholakala ehlathini le Afrika nele-Asia. Imikhombe uzinlwana ezisengozini yokutjhabalala ngombana bantu bayibulala ngokuthi bayisike amaphondo wazo ziphila.<ref>[https://biglife.org/what-we-do/wildlife-protection/rhino-protection?msclkid=8c37490902e617c53a6d21dbd88f4d05&utm_source=bing&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=BLF%20-%20%20What%20We%20Do%2FInformation%20(International)&utm_term=rhinoceros%20endangered&utm_content=Endangered%20Rhinos Big Life Foundation - Rhino Protection]</ref> Lokho bakwenza ngombana amaphondo wazo kwenziwa imitjhoga ngawo enearheni ye-Asia. Imikhombe ilala ama- iri abunane ngelanga, begodu ingalala ijamile nofana ibhambalele phasi. Zosebe zisa idaka ukwehlisa ukutjhisa emzimbeni begodu nokuzivikela isikhumba. Imikhombe mikhulu ngokomzimba kodwana iyakghona ukugijima msinya. == Iinkomba == [[Category:ibhubezi]] [[Category: indlovu]] [[Category: ingwe]] [[Category: inyathi]] [[Category:Umkhombe]] jgaisl0n7qbpub8tqh2k014o61zp1ea 0 152 5120 5119 2025-08-10T15:11:16Z Nqobile69 190 5120 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Iindlela''' ezinengi zoku[[hlakanipha]] kuyitiyori ka Howard Gardner lapho ahlathulula khona bona ukuhlanipha kwabantu ngekhe kwaba ngendlela eyodwa kodwana kungeendlela ezinengi ezihlukileko<ref>Derakhshan, A. and Faribi, M., 2015. Multiple intelligences: Language learning and teaching. ''International Journal of English Linguistics'', ''5''(4), p.63</ref>.Itiyori le iveza bona ukuthi umuntu uhlakaniphile ngekhe sabombona ngokuthi aphumelele kuhle eemfundweni zakhe zeskolo kodwana zikhona nezinye izinto angabonakala ngazo bonyana uhlakaniphile.Woke umuntu uhlakaniphe ngeyakhe indlela ngokuya kwendlela yemvelo adaleke ngayo. Iindlela lezi kuvezwa bona zibunane nazipheleleko. === Iindlela ezibunane zokuhlanipha === ==== 1. Ukuhlakanipha ngokweenomboro ==== Umuntu lokha nakahlakaniphe ngokweenomboro kutjho bona uba nekghono elikhulu lokwenza iimbalo. Umuntu loyo ukghona ukubala iimbalo ezibudisi ezibhalela abantu abanengi, kodwana yena akghone ukuzenza ngendlela elula. Umuntu ohlakaniphe ngokweembalo ukghona ukurarulula imiraro ephathelene nokubala ngendlela etjengisa obukhulu ubuhlakani. ==== 2. Ukuhlakanipha ngokwelimi/ngokwamalimi ==== Umuntu ohlakaniphe ngokwelimi kumumuntu onekghono elikhulu lokukhuluma amalumi nanyana ilimi elithileko. umunntu lo uthi nakakhuluma amalimi nanyana atlole into ethileko ukhombisa [[ilwazi]] lalelo limi.Umuntu ohlakaniphe ngokwelimi ukghona ukuthi akhethe amagama ekungiwo ukuze ikulumo yakhe izwakale. Eskhathini esinengi abantu laba bakghona ukuthi bakhulume nabanye abantu begodu bangaphikiswa ngambana bayakwazi ukuhlela ikulumo yabo ngendlea ezokuzwiwa babantu boke. ==== 3.Ukuhlakanipha ngokugwala ==== [[Isimumathi:Ukuhlakanipha ngokugwala.jpg|thumb|ukuhlakanipha ngokugwala]] Ukuhlakanipha ngokugwala kukulokha umuntu akghona ukugwala imigwalo emihle nofana iinthombe. Okhunye godu abantu abahlakiniphe ngokugwala bakghona ukuthula imilayezo ngokungabhali amagama kodwana ngokugwala iinthombe ezithula umlayezo, bakhona nokuveza imizwa yabo ngokugwala. Abantu laba bangalandela amabizelo wobukghwari. ==== 4. Ukuhlakanipha ngokwabantu ==== Umumtu lokha nakahlaniphe ngokwabantu kukulokha umuntu abanekghono elikhulu lokusebenza nabantu ngaphandle kokuthi kube nerarano phakathi kwabo. Umuntu onalokhu kuhlanipha ukghona ukuhlanisa abantu begodu ukghona ukuzwisisa ubunjalo babantu aphilisana nabo. ==== 5. Ukuhlakanipha ngokuzwisisa imvelo ==== Abantu abahlakaniphe ngokuzwisisa imvelo kungilabo bantu abakghona ukufunda ngokusebenzisa imvelo nofana izinto zemvelo. Umuntu lakhona ubanekghono eliphezulu lokuzwisisa imvelo begodu ikghono lakhona litjengisa ukuhlanipha emuntwini loyo. bathanda izinto zemvelo ezifana neentaba, amahlathi, iimbandana nokhunye okuyizinto zemvelo.<ref>[https://www.simplypsychology.org/multiple-intelligences.html Gardner's Theory Of Multiple Intelligences]</ref> ==== 6.Ukuhlakanipha ngokusebenzisa umzimba ==== Umuntu ohlakaniphe ngokusenzisa umzimba uba nekghona elikhuli lokwenza izinto ezifana nokudansa ukugida nokhunye okuphathelene nokunyakazisa umzimba<ref>Nolen, J.L., 2003. MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES IN THE CLASSROOM. ''Education'', ''124''(1). [https://www.traumlex.de/ traumlex]</ref>. ==== 7. Ukuhlakanipha ngokukhona ukuvuma ==== Umuntu ohlakaniphe ngokukghona ukuvuma kumumuntu onekghono lokwenza umvumo omnandi ongathabelwa babantu abanengi. Abantu laba bakghona ukuthi bezwe ukuduma namaphimbo amnandi. ==== 8. Ukuhlakanipha ngokwakho ==== Umuntu ohlakaniphe ngokwakhe kumumuntu ohlakaniphe ngokuthi ukghona ukusebenza begodu nokwenza izinto ezihle ngokwakhe ngaphandle kokusebenzisana nabanye abantu. Esikhathini esinengi lomhlobo wabantu awukhoni ukusebenza nesiqhema.bakghona ukuthi bazwisise imizwa yabantu,nezinto abazihlosileko nanyana abantu labo bangakazikhulumi. == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Ukuhlakanipha]] [[Category:Iindlela zokuhlanipha]] r00sw5kdfaimkjv1zrg2nl0jtb4v4zy 0 153 2463 750 2025-02-24T11:59:21Z Nqobile69 190 2463 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Iinganekwane''' ziindaba egade zicocwa babantu abadala kade begodu azinabo abatloli. Abogogo beba coca inganekwane ebusuku lokha woke umuntu ahlezi phasi.Inganekwane zaba zicocwa ngesibanga sokobana abogogo babe bafuna abantwana bangabi nesizungu. Kade kwabe kungakavumeleki bona ucoce inganekwane emini, bekuthiwa nawuzicoca emini uzokumila iimpondo. Esikhathini Sanje izinto sele zitjhugulukile ngombana sele zikhona nokufundwa eenkolweni emini begodu sele zitlowe phasi. kvoiwryh8t5zljnhlma34qozit8mhwe 0 154 753 752 2024-10-14T13:46:45Z Jon Harald Søby 12 2 revisions imported 752 wikitext text/x-wiki == Iinkathi zomnyaka. == === Isingeniso === Nasikhuluma ngeenkathi zomnyaka sisuke sikhuluma ngobujamo bezulu lobo obuhlukaniswe ngeenyanga entathu, khulukhulu la eSewula Afrika. Ngamanye amagama iinkathi zomnyaka lezi zihlukaniswe kane nawutjheja bonyana umnyaka uneenyanga ezilitjhumi nambili. Iinkathi zomnyaka zona ngilezi, ihlobo, isiruthwani, ubusika nesilimela. Iinkathi zomnyaka Kanti zona iinkathi lezi zikhamba zihlukaniswa ngeenyanga zomnyaka ngendlela elandelako: 1. '''Ihlobo''': ihlobo lithoma kanengi ngoNobayeni kufikela ekupheleni kukaMhlolanja 2. '''Isiruthwani''': isiruthwani sithoma kanengi ngoNtaka kufikela ekupheleni kukaMrhayili 3. '''Ubusika''': ubusika buthoma kanengi ngoMgwengweni kufikela ekupheleni kukaRhoboyi. 4. '''Isilimela''': isilimela sithoma kanengi ngoKhukhulamungu kufikela ekuthomeni kukaSinyikhaba === Ihlobo: === Ehlobo kanengi amalanga walo ayatjhisa begodu kunezulu elinengi, khulukhulu eendaweni eziwela ngaphasi kobujamo bezulu ithrophikhali. Ukungezelela, iindawo lapho kutjhisa khulu khona uzokubona ngabonompopoloza abanengi tle kanye nokubahlaza kotjani nemithi. === Isiruthwani: === Esiruthwaneni kanengi amalanga wakhona afudumele begodu akusatjhisi khulu njengoba sendlalela ubusika. Ngesikhathi sesiruthwani, abantu abanengi bayavuna lokho ebe bakutjalile ngehlobo. Ukungezelela, nezulu nalo alisani ngamandla khulu. === Ubusika: === Ebusika kanengi amalanga wakhona amakhaza khulu begodu eendaweni lezo ubujamo bazo bezulu kungebethrophikhali izulu alisani. Kodwana, iindawo lezo ubujamo bazo kuyi- Mediterranean, izulu liyana kwambala tle begodu likhamba negabhogo nomoya omakhaza tle. Ngesikhathi lesi somnyaka imithi ithintheka amakazi begodu notjani nabo buyoma. Isikhathi lezi sinemililo eminengi yehlathini leyo ezenzelekako. === Isilimela: === Isilimela kanengi amalanga wakhona athoma ufudumele njengoba sindlalela ihlobo. Begodu, imithi, iintjalo notjani buthoma ukutlhurha nokuthela. Ukuragela phambili, nezulu lithoma ukuna kodwana lincani kwambala. Into enengi mumoya onamandla loya oguga nehkabathi namatje amancani lawo abetha kabuhlungu eenyaweni. === Isiphetho === Iinkathi zomnyaka ziqakatheke khulu bonyana sizazi nokuthi sizihlukanise njengombana sithwele umlayezo mayelana nokuthi singalindela ini nanyana siziphathe njani njengalokha ebusika siyazi bonyana kufanele simbathe iimpahla ezifudumeleko kanti ngesilimela kufanele sithome silime begodu sitjale. 50brx7ngzvmzzdxpyopiz637gpr4yhs 0 155 4032 2125 2025-08-07T07:29:42Z Nomsa Skosana 123 4032 wikitext text/x-wiki Iinlwana ngezinye zezinto ezidlala indima eqakathekileko ephasini ngokunabileko. Ilwana zidlala indima eqakathekileko kezamaphilo, ukunzinza kanye nezehlala kuhle yazo zoke izinto ephasini (Fuanalytics 2023<ref name=":0">Fuanalytics. 2023. ''Wild Animals''. Itholakala ku:<nowiki>https://faunalytics.org/fundamentals-wild-animals/?gad_source=1&gclid=CjwKCAjwuMC2BhA7EiwAmJKRrMUrysChkerPZrjOHIAYZCTAFNyfCXX_CubdshvnfgH0wYDKJagapxoCTrgQAvD_BwE</nowiki>. Ufunyenwe ngomhlaka [29 kuRhoboyi 2024]</ref>; ne-Wikipedia 2024<ref>Wikipedia. 2024. ''Endangered Species''. Litholakala ku:<<nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species</nowiki>>. Lifunyenwe ngomhlaka [29 kuRhoboyi 2024]</ref>). Iinlwana lezi akukhethi bonyana ziinlwana zemakhaya nanyana kuz[https://faunalytics.org/fundamentals-wild-animals/?gad_source=1&gclid=CjwKCAjwuMC2BhA7EiwAmJKRrMUrysChkerPZrjOHIAYZCTAFNyfCXX_CubdshvnfgH0wYDKJagapxoCTrgQAvD_BwE. iinlwana zehlathini] nanyana iimbandana nanyana iinlwana zemanzini. Nanyana kunjalo-ke, kukhona umraro lo oqalene neelwana lezi, ekukutjhabalala. Eenhlokwaneni ezilandelako sizokutjheja bonyana kuyini ukutjhabalala kweenlwana kanye nembangela yakhona. === Ingabe kuyini ukutjhabalala kweenlwana na? === [[Isimumathi:Imaza.jpg|thumb|Imaza ehlathini]] Ngokuya kuka-Pizzi, u-Caroli, u-Landini, u-Galluccio, u-Mezzelani no-Milanesi (2013)<ref name=":1">Pizzi, F., Caroli, A. M., Landini, M., Galluccio, N., Mezzelani, A. & Milanesi, L. 2013. Conservation of endangered animals: From biotechnologies to digital preservation. ''Natural Science'', 5 (8): 903-913. SciRes.</ref> ne-Wikipedia (2024) iinlwana zemakhaya, zehlathini nezemanzini zizithola zihlangabezana netjhugululo lepilo. Amatjhuguluko la, abangela bonyana kubo nokuncipha kwezinye ilwani kanti ezinye zazo zigcine zingasatholakali (South African National Biodiversity Institute [I-SANBI] (2010<ref name=":2">South African National Biodiversity Institute. 2010. ''Threatened Species: A guide to Red Lists and their use in conservation''. Threatened Species Programme. SANBI: Pretoria.</ref>). Isenzo lesi sokuncipha bekufike la zingasekho nanyana zingatholakali khona sibizwa bonyana kutjhabalala kweenlwana (I-SANBI 2010<ref name=":2" />; no-Pizzi ''nabanye'' 2013<ref name=":1" />). [[:en:Endangered_species|Ukutjhabalala lokhu akukhethi bonyana iinlwana]] leyo zikuyiphi iindawo; zikuliphi ibhoduluko; begodu ziphila ipilo enjani (Fuanlaytics 2023<ref name=":0" />). Esikhathini esinengi iinlwana ezitjhabalalako ngilezo zendabuko nanyana zeemvelo (i-SANBI 2013<ref name=":2" />). Ngamanye amagama, iinlwana ezitjhabalalako kuziinlwana lezo ezivelele kilezo ndawo, begodu zijwayele ukuphila lapho ngoba kwezinye iindawo angeze zaphila. Izinto ezifaka isandla ekutjhabalaliseni kweenlwana lezi azifani begodu zihluke ngokuya kweendawo (Pizzi ''nabanye'' 2013<ref name=":1" />). Esihlokweni esilandelako sizokutjheja izinto ezifaka isandla ekutjhaballaliseni iinlwana nanyana iimbangela. === Imbangela yokutjhabalala kweenlwazi zendabuko === Zinengi izinto ezibangela ukutjhabalala kweenlwani, khulukhulu zemvelo; kodwana ekulumenipendulo le, sizokutjheja ezilandelako: === 1.      Ibhoduluko nobujamo bezulu === Amatjhuguluko alethwa libhodululo nobujamo bezulu athinta kumbi imihlobo yeenlwana zoke (Fuanalytics 2023<ref name=":0" />).  Lokhu kubangwa kukuthi uthola sele kutjhisa khulu nanyana kumakhaza khulu ngokudluleleko nanyana kuthatha isikhathi eside leso iinlwani ezingakghoni ukusibekezala (Fuanalytics 2023<ref name=":0" />). Ngebanga lalokho, zigcina zihlongakala. === 2.      Indlala === Iinlwazi ezinengi ziyathiywa begodu zithiywa ngonengi khulu ukudlula iimbalo leyo ezikghona ukuvela ngayo (Fuanalytics 2023<ref name=":0" />). Ukungezelele, iinlwani lezi zithiyelwa ukudliwa begodu abantu abanengi abatlhagako bathembekizo njengomthombo wokudla (Fuanalytics 2023<ref name=":0" />). Lokhu kumraro. === 3.      Amarhwebo namabubulo === Amarhwebo namabubulo enza inzunzo esikhathi esinengi asebenzisa begodu athengisa iinlwani nemikghiqizo kanye nezitho zazo (Fuanalytics 2023<ref name=":0" />). Ngebanga lokhu amarhwebo namabubulo la sele amanengi khulu begodu adisela imindeni yeenlwana lezi, iinlwani lezi ziyancipha ezinye ziphelile begodu azisaveli (Fuanalytics 2023<ref name=":0" />). === 4.      Ituthuko yamadorobha === Lokha nakwakhiwa iindawo namadorobha amatjha kususwa iindawo lapho iinlwana lezi ziphila khona begodu akukho la zifuduselwa nanyana zigcinwa khona (Fuanalytics 2023<ref name=":0" />). Ukungezelela, ezinye zazo ziyabulawa ngomba zithathwa njengeenlwana eziyingozi (Fuanalytics 2023<ref name=":0" />). Ngebanga lalokhu, ziyancipha begodu zigcine zitjhabalele. === Isiphetho === Iinlwana, khulukhulu zendabuko nanyana zemvelo zifunwa ukunakekelwa nokugcinwa ukuze zikhazi ukufinyelela iinzukulwazi ezizako. Ziqakatheke khulu iinlwani njengomthombo wokudla, ingenismali kanye nemitjhoga. Ngalokho-ke, kufanele sizinakekele besizivikele ngaso soke isikhathi. == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} r4mxn8von4hdyr5np4o6wkr8ox1snpe 0 156 3099 2975 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:88.241.77.194|88.241.77.194]] 2527 wikitext text/x-wiki == Iinthuthi == === Isingeniso === [[:en:Transport|Iinthuthi]] zizinto lezo ezithutha izinto ezifana nabantu, iinlwani neesetjenziswa ukusuka kwenye indawo ukuya kwenye indawo (Wikipedia 2024<ref name=":0">Wikipedia.2024. ''Transport''. Litholakala ku :<<nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport</nowiki>>. Lifunyenwe ngomhlaka [13 kuRhoboyi 2024].</ref>). Imihlobo yeenthuthi ifaka iinthuthi zemoyeni, zaphasi (indlela neentimela), nezemanzini. === Imihlobo yeenthuthi === Intuthi zemoyeni zifaka iimphaphamtjhini neembhanoyi. (Wikipedia 2024<ref name=":0" />) Iimphaphamtjhini ziinthuthi ezikhamba emoyeni begodu esikhathini esinengi zitholakala edoyelweni leemphaphatjhini (Wikipedia 2024<ref name=":0" />). Kanti-ke, iimbhanoyi zona kanti zisebenziswa babantu neenkhaphani zangeqadi. Nazo iimbhanoyi zikhamba emoyeni. Esikhanini esinengi zisebenza ukuthutha abantu, iinlwana neensetjenziswa. Iinthuthi zaphasi, kuziinthuthi lezo ekhamba phasi, ekufaka indlala neentimela (Ahjum, Merven, Stone no-Caetano 2018<ref>Ahjum, F., Merven, B., Stone, A. & Caetano, T. 2018. Road transport vehicles in South Africa towards 2050: Factors influencing technology choice and implications for fuel supply. ''Journal of Energy in Southern Africa'', 29(3): 33–50.</ref>). Iinthuthi lezi zisetjengiswa miphakathi neenkamphani zangeqadi ukuthutha abantu, iimpahla, iseentjenziswa, iinlwani nezinye izinto (Bartneck 2021<ref>Bartneck, C. 2021.  ''An Introduction to Ethics in Robotics and AI''. Springer Briefs in Ethics.</ref>). Kukhona iinthuthi ezisebenzisa imbaseli ezihlukeneko, ezifaka hlangana ipethroli nedizili (Scurt, Vesselenyi, Tarca, Beles no-Dragomir 2021<ref>Scurt, F. B., Vesselenyi, T., Tarca, R. C., Beles, H. & Dragomir. 2021. Autonomous vehicles: Classification, technology and evolution. IOP Conference Series: ''Material Science and Engineering'',:1-8.</ref>). Iinthuthi zaphasi zona zingahlukaniswa ngale indlela: isitimela, ibhesi teksi, ikoloyi kanye netsikiri. Iinthuthi zemanzi zona, kuziinthuthi lezo ezikhamba emanzini lezo ezisetjenzisa babantu, umphakath, umbuzo kanye neekhamphani zangeqadi (Wikipedia 2024<ref name=":0" />). Iinthuthi lezi zona zisetjenziselwa imisebenzi eminingi leyo efana nokuthuthwa abantu, iimpahla, iinsetjenziswa kanye neenlwazi. Iinthuthi zemanzini lezi zona zihlukene kanengi zifaka lezi: iinkepe nemikhumbi. === Isiphetho === Iinthuthi ngizo zoke izinto lezo ezisetjenziswa ukuthutha izinto ukusuka endaweni enye ukuya kwenye. Inthuthi lezo zingasebenzisa iimbaseli ukukhamba nanyana angawasebenzini. [https://www.kargosubesi.biz/ kargo şubesi] === Isilululwazi === <references /> afsskxevkn5tc0gjy45yt9fwqpmfseb 0 157 5905 5104 2025-10-06T13:19:58Z Owaziwako 24 5905 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Isirhorhopha.jpg|thumb|Isirhorhopha]] Iintjalo nemithi esiphila hlangana nazo nanyana ezitholakala eendaweni zangekhethu ziqakatheke khulu. Kunemisebenzi eminengi eyenzako ukuze siphile ipilo ehle nephephileko. Nanyana kunjalo, kunomraro wokutjhabalala kweentjalo nemithi enarheni yoke zombelele (Pfab no-Victor 2002<ref name=":0">Pfab, M. F. & Victor, J. E. Threatened plants of Gauteng, South Africa. ''South African Journal of Botany'', 68:370-375.</ref>; ne-Wikipedia 2024<ref name=":1">Wikipedia. 2024. ''List of critically endangered plants''. Litholakala ku:<<nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_critically_endangered_plants</nowiki>>. Ifunyenwe ngomhlaka [12 kuRhoboyi 2024].</ref>). Ngokuya kuka-Stohlgren no-Kumar (2013:205)<ref name=":2">Stohlgren, T. T. & Kumar, S. 2013. Endangered Plants. ''Encyclopedia of Biodiversity'', 3: 465-477. Elsevier.</ref>  ama-% ama-95 ukuya kuma-% ama-99 wemithi neentjalo ezikhethekileko ebe zikhona ngaphambilini sele zingasekho nanyana ziseduze nokungasabi khona. Ibelo leli ezitjhabalala ngalo ngilo elithusa abatlhogomeli bemvelo nanyana bendabuko (Stohlgren noKumar 2013<ref name=":2" />). Ngamanye amagama, ukutjhabalala kweentjalo nemithi bekuvele kukhona kodwana nje umraro kukuthi zitjhabalala ngebelo eliphezulu khulu begodu kubudisi ukulilawula. Eenhlokwaneni ezilandelako sizokutjheja bonyana sikhuluma ngani nasikhuluma ngokutjhabalala kweentjalo nemithi begodi sibuye sitjheje neembangela nanyana isithintela esibanga ukutjhabalala kwemithi neentjalo lokhu. === Sikhuluma ngani nasikhuluma ngokutjhabalala kweentjalo nemithi na? === [[Isimumathi:Ithuthumbo.jpg|left|thumb|Ithuthumbo]] I-South African National Biodiversity Institute (I-SANBI) [2010<ref name=":3">South African National Biodiversity Institute. 2010. ''Threatened Species: A guide to Red Lists and their use in conservation''. Threatened Species Programme. SANBI: Pretoria.</ref>] yathi, kukhona iintjalo nemithi, khulukhulu yendabuko nanyana yemvelo leyo  ekhamba inyamalala ngemva kwesikhathi. Ngokuya kwebonelophambili, imithi neentjalo le ekhamba inyamalala ilinganiselwa een-2 553 eSewula Afrika kwaphela (SANBI 2013<ref>South African National Biodiversity Institute. 2013. ''Plants in Peril''. SANBI: Biodiversity for Life: Pretoria.</ref>). Ukungezelela, iintjalo lezo nemithi kufikela lapho zingasatholakali khona ngemva kokunyamela (Stohlgren no-Kumar 2013<ref name=":2" />; ne-Wikipedia 2024<ref name=":1" />). Ukunyamela kweentjalo nemithi lokhu bezingasatholakali kubizwa bonyana kutjhabalala kweentjalo nemithi (SANBI 2010<ref name=":3" />). [[:en:List_of_critically_endangered_plants|Ukutjhabalala kweentjalo nemithi]] lokhu kubangelwa zizinto ezihlukileko begodu nebelo lokutjhabalala kwazo akufani. Kukhona ezinye ezitjhabalala ngebelo eliphezulu khulu, khulukhulu lezo ezitholakala emadorobheni bese kubuye godu kube nalezo ezitjhabalala ngebelo elingasiphezulu khulu (Pfab no-Victor 2002<ref name=":0" />). Esikhathini esinengi iintjalo nemithi etjhabalalako ngileyo yendabuko begodu ekhethekileko leyo engatholakali koke (Pfab no-Victor 2002<ref name=":0" />; no-Stohlgren no-Kumar 2013<ref name=":2" />). Ngokuya kuka-Stohlgren no-Kumar (2013)<ref name=":2" /> basekelwa yi-SANBI (2010)<ref name=":3" />, iintjalo nemithi yendabuko nanyana yemvelo le, ibongazimbi abakhulu tle ngebanga lokuthi ukhona ukuphila endaweni leyo nanyana evelele kiyo begodu ipilo yayo ikhambelana nebhoduluko lendawo lelo. Ngamanye amagama, ihlabathi, amanzi, umoya nobujamo bezulu obuhlukileko bakwezinye iindawo abukalungeli iintjalo nemithi yendabuko le. Esihlokweni esilandelako sizokutjheja iimbangela zokutjhabalalisa iintjalo nemithi. === Imbangelo yokutjhabalala kwemithi kanye neentjalo === Zinengi iimbangela ezibanga ukutjhabalala kwemithi neentjalo esele zitshwaye babantu abanengi iphasi loke leli kodwana kulekulumo-pendulwano sizokudzimelela kwezilandelako: ==== 1.      Ukutlhayela kweendawo zazo ==== [[Isimumathi:Umomori.jpg|thumb|Umomori]] Ukutlhayela kweendawo la iintjalo nemithi yendabuko ingaphila khona kumraro omukhulu (Stohlgren no-Kumar 2013<ref name=":2" />). Iintjalo nemithi le izithola ingasakhoni ukunaba kanye nokukhula ngebanga lokuthi iindawo zazo ziyancipha begodu akusenasikhala la zinganabela nanyana zikhulele khona (Stohlgren no-Kumar 2013<ref name=":2" />). ==== 2.      Izenzo zabantu ==== Izenzo zabantu zinomthelela omkhulu tle ekutjhabalaleni kweentjalo nemithi yendabuko. Ngokuya kuka-Stohlgren no-Kumar (2013) <ref name=":2" />izenzo zabantu ezifana nokutheza, ukugubha iintjalo kanye nokutjhisa amahlathi notjani zidlala indima ekulu ekutjhabalaleni kweentjalo nemithi yendabuko. Ngamanye amagama, nabatheza bebaguba iintjalo kodwana bangazitjali nanyana bazijamiselele kubanga ukutjhabalala kwemithi neentjalo ngombana ziyancipha nabenza njalo. ==== 3.      Ituthuko yezehlalakuhle. ==== Kunetuthuko enengi khulu eyenzeka mihla namalanga ephasini esiphila kilo (Stohlgren no-Kumar 2013<ref name=":2" />). U-Stohlgren no-Kumar (2013) <ref name=":2" />baveze bonyana abantu nabakha iindawo ezitjha, imakhiwo kanye namadorobha amatjha, basusa imithi neentjalo zendabuko endaweni lezo begodu abalingi ukuzifudusela nanyana ukuzibulunga. Lokhu kufaka isandla ekutjhabalaliseni iintjalo nemithi. ==== 4.      Amabubulo namarhwebo ==== Amabubulo namarhwebo asebenzisa iintjalo nemithi yendabuko ukukhiqhiza imikhiqhizo ebayithengisako, kodwana abanandaba nokobanyana imithi neentjalo leyo iyaphela begodu ifuna ukujamiselwela ngokuthi batjale eminye (Stohlgren no-Kumar 2013)<ref name=":2" />. Lokhu nakho kudlala indima ekulu ekutjhabalaliseleni iintjalo nemithi. ==== 5.      Itjhuguluko lebhoduluko ==== Itjhuguluko lebhoduluko ekufaka hlangana ubujamo bezulu lobo obutjhugulula iinkhathi nezinga ebenza ngakho izinto kumraro khulu eentjalweni nemithi yendabuko (Stohlgren no-Kumar 2013<ref name=":2" />). Ukungezelela, imithi neentjalo lezo zizithola zibhalelwa kuphila ngaphasi kwetjhugululo lebhoduluko nelobujamo bezulu (Stohlgren no-Kumar 2013<ref name=":2" />). [https://www.kompozisyontv.com.tr/ kompozisyon] Ngamanye amagama, lokha nakutjhisa ngendlela engakajwaleki isikhathi eside nanyana kumakhaza khulu isikhathi eside ukudlula ngenjayelo ngebanga lamatjhuguluko webhoduluko nanyana wobujamo bezulu, iintjalo nemithi yendabuko le igcina ihlongakala begodu ingasamili. === Isiphetho === Ukutjhabalala kweentjalo nemithi yendabuko yinto embi nenomthelela omumbi eempilweni zethu ngombana kuzokuba nokudla nemitjhoga ebesiyinikelwa mimithi neentjalo lezo engasazokutholakala. Ngalokho-ke, kuqakathekile bonyana sinakekele zoke iintjalo nemithi, khulukhulu yendabuko ngombana ngizo ezisirhelebha khulu epilweni . == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} 2m39itqljxy0qgia0d4odfsmc162h0e 0 158 765 764 2024-10-14T13:46:46Z Jon Harald Søby 12 3 revisions imported 764 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Intandani''' mntwana onganababelethi bobabili, umma no baba. Baphila ngaphasi kobudisi bokubandlululwa nokukhonjwa nesibanga sesimo sabo. Abantwana laba lokha nangabe bangahlali ekhaya lapho kuhlala khona abantwana abazintandani baqalane nobudisi bokuthi bangahlukunyezwa. Abanye babo baba nokugandeleleka komkhumbulo ngesibanga sokuthi bahlulwe kuthi bamukele isimo esibudisi sokulahlekelwa babelethi. Abantwana laba nangabe banganabo ababonisi bagcina sele babasebungozini bokuthi bangagcina sele bangakacedi isikolo. 2j0he0vd35715xn88x41ihj2hgr3x4o 0 159 768 767 2024-10-14T13:46:47Z Jon Harald Søby 12 2 revisions imported 767 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ijuba nezuba. == Iphasini kunezinye zezinto lezo ezitjhidelene khulu nanyana eziwela ngaphasi komndeni munye. Kwesinye isikhathi izinto lezo zithathwa kwangathi begodu zibizwa ngathi yinto yinye, kodwana akusinjalo. Izinto lezo zifaka hlangana ijuba nezuba. Esigatjeni esilandelako sizokutjheja umehluko hlangana kwejuba nezuba. === Kuyini ijuba? === Ijuba ngenye yenyoni leyo etholakala khulu ekhaya. Ijuba kuyinyoni leyo efuywako begodu ethandwa khulu bentwana. Ijuba lakhelwa ihogo ukuthi lihlale lapho begodu lithengelwa ukudla. Ukudlula lapho lithelelwa mamanzi. Liyafundiswa bonyana ekhaya kukhuphi begodu livulelwe liphaphe namanye amajuba kanye nemihlobo eminye yeenyoni. Kodwana, ngesikhathi sokubuya libuyela ekhaya ehogweni yalo. === Kuyini izuba? === Izuba lona ngezinye zeenyoni lezo ezitholakala khulu ehlathunini. Akusikanengi lifuywa begodu nanyana lingafuywa, walivulela nanyana nalithole ithuba liyakhamba libuyele ehlathini. Lokhu kusitjela bonyana indabuko yalo khulu, kukuhlala nokuphila ehlathini. Nanyana kunjalo, ngebanga lethuthuko yezokuhlalakuhle, amazuba sele azithola hlangana nabantu kwesinye isikhathi ngebanga lokususwa kweendawo zawo kanye nendlala. Ngalokho-ke, singatjho bonyana izuba lijuba lommango. === Isiphetho === Ijuba nezuba ziinyoni ezimbili ezihlobana eduze. Kodwana umehluko hlangana nazo kukuthi enye ihlala emakhaya, begodu iyafuywa kanti enye ihlala ehlathini begodu ayifuywa. 5j8uwt0vuoafc1eywtfhfsmtuzo08of 0 160 3278 771 2025-07-02T09:32:07Z Andre Engels 480 merge 3278 wikitext text/x-wiki {{merge|Ubukresite}} [[Isimumathi:Christianity-Jesus Christ Died for your Sin.jpg|thumb|This is the cross where it is believed that Jesus Christ died on.]] '''Ikolo yamakhrestu''' yikolo eqale iimfundiso zika zimu. Amakhrestu bathemba bona uJesu wafela izono zethu soke. Ukuze siphile inguna phakade. Lokho kwenza bona noma senze okungakhambiselani nekolo le, sibuyele kuzimu ngomthandazo simubawe bona asilibalele. Kanengi abantu abamakhrestu babizwa bona bazalwana. Omunye angathi makholwa. '''Amalanga aqhakathekile ''' wamakholwa kufaka hlangana nelanga lokubhubha kukaJesu, esithi yi ''Good Friday'', nelanga lokubelethwa kukaJesu, okuyikhrismasi. Abanye bangabala nokubhabhadiswa njengesikhumbuzo. Bathemba bona umuntu uba sidalwa esitjha. I-''Good Friday'' kanengi iba ngenyanga kaSihlabantangana. Amasonto ayahlangana bakhumbule ukubhubha nokuvuka kukaJesu. rzv0qkyr62i27rs4v6xi6fij1o6yjja 0 161 5796 5795 2025-09-23T18:28:18Z Nqobile69 190 5796 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ikondlo''' kumtlolo lapho imbongi nanyana umtloli aveza khona amazizo wakhe ngesihloko esithileko esisekhumbulweni waso.<ref>[https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/poem POEM | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary]</ref>Ikondlo itlolwa ngemida engafiki ekugcineni kwekhasi kodwana iphelela phakakthi nendawo. ihlukuniseke ngokwendima ezibizwa bona ma- stanza ngelimi lesiNgisi. Ikondlo ineskhiwo sangaphandle nesangaphakathi. == Iinkomb. == [[Category:Imbongi]] [[Category:Inkondlo]] [[Category:Ubuthakgha bomlomo]] [[Category: Imihlobo yeenkondlo]] igl3pq260lcsiu307m9uyz5mywvt4i8 0 162 3479 3108 2025-07-29T14:59:33Z Minorax 38 3479 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:The visit of the wise-men.jpg|130px|khisimusi.]] '''Ikrismesi''' umgidingo odumileko kwikolo yobukrestu begodu igidingwa engcenyeni ezinengi zephasi namhlanje. Iskhathesi sihlanganisa kusikathi esihle khulu lapho imindeni ithola ithuba lokobana bahlanganyele bebavuselele ukuzwana kwabo. Umgidingo lo ukhumbula ilanga uJesu abelethwa ngalo, ngen 25 kunobayeni qobe minyaka. Ungabona kobanyana Ikrismesi itjhidile ngerhwebo begodu neplarha zerhwebo enarheni yoke. == Ukubaluleka kwelanga lika krisimusi == Ngelanga lika kresumusi abantu benza okuhlukahlukeneko ngombana kulilanga elihle khulu emuntwini woke, Abazalwana baya esondweni, imindeni iyapheka, abanye bazikhuphela endaweni zokududa kanye nokunye okunengi. Ngifuna kuthiwa bathi umndeni kade ucabene kangangani kodwana ngelanga leli bazwana boke befuthi kuyabambiswana. pybg3210w4fc57r9ks8fziyg6h575oj 0 163 3048 3000 2025-06-07T03:05:22Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Simakahle Moselekatse|Simakahle Moselekatse]] 2200 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ilanga Lamabeletho == === Isingeniso === Ilanga lamabeletho ngezinye zezinto eziqakathekileko ebantwini abanengi begodu liletha injabulo ebantwini abanengi. Abantu ngokwahlukana kwabo balizwisisa ngeendla ezihlukileko begodu lokho kwenza bonyana baligidinge ngeendlela ezihlukileko. Eenhlokwaneni ezilandelako sizokutjheja bonyana ilanga lamabeletho liyini begodu lisuselwa kuphi. === Liyini ilanga lamabeletho? === [[:en:Birthday|Ilanga lamabeletho]] lilanga lelo omuntu avela nanyana abelethwa ngalo (Wikipedia 2024<ref>Wikipedia. 2024. ''Birthday.'' Litholakala ku:<<nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birthday</nowiki>>. Ifunyenwe ngomhlaka [11 kuRhoboyi 2024].</ref>). Ilanga leli lisikhumbuzo emuntwini loyo obelethwe ngalo bonyana wathoma nanyana wafika ephasini la ngelanga lelo (The Yard Designs 2024<ref>The Yard Designs. 2024. ''Why are birthdays important.'' Litholakala ku:<<nowiki>https://theyarddesigns.com/why-are-birthdays-important/</nowiki>>. Ifunyenwe ngomhlaka [11 kuRhoboyi 2024]</ref>). Ngamanye amagama, ilanga lamabeletho kulilanga elikutjela bonyana ipilo yakho yathoma ngaleli langa enyangeni yeminyaka nanyana yomnyaka ogadungileko. Nanyana kunjalo-ke, [https://theyarddesigns.com/why-are-birthdays-important/ ilanga lamabeletho aligidingwa ngokufana] ngebanga leenzathu ezifaka ikolo, umbono womuntu kanye nezehlalakuhle zeemali. Abantu abamakholwa njengabafakazi bakaJesu abaligidingi kokufana njengamakholwa amaMozilemu; ngokufanako, abantu abanemali abaligidingi ngokufanako nabantu abanganamali nanyana abazidobhela phasi. === Ingabe ilanga lamabeletho lasuselwa kuphi? === [https://www.rebounderz.com/the-history-of-birthdays/ Ukuthi ilanga lamabeletho lasuselwa kuphi akuveli kuhle]. Kukhona amarhubhululo amanengi lawa azama ukufunyana iimpendulo mayelana nokusungulwa kwelanga lamabeletho kodwana azange kube netlha (Reboundersz 2024<ref name=":0">Rebounderz. 2024. ''The history of birthdays''. Litholaka ku:<<nowiki>https://www.rebounderz.com/the-history-of-birthdays/</nowiki>>. Ifunyenwe ngomhlaka [11 kuRhoboyi 2024].</ref>). Kodwana kukhona abakholelwa bonyana ilanga lamabeletho lasungulwa yiKosi yamaGibhide, uPharoah ngeminyaka eziin-3000 ngaphambi kokubelethwa kukaJesu (Rebounderesz 2024<ref name=":0" />). Ngaleso sikhathi ilanga leli belisetjenziswa njengetshwayo lokuthokoza nololotjha uPharoah. Ngokukhamba kwesikhathi ilanga leli lakhamba liba namatjhugululo lawo afakwa nezinto eligidingwa ngalo.   === Isiphetho === Ilanga lamabeletho kulilanga eliqakathekileko ebantwini abanengi begodu ligidingwa ngeendlela ezihlukeneko. Ilanga leli limumethe umlayezo ohlukileko ebantwini abahlukeneko. === Isilululwazi === {{Reflist}} 97joaiqhfjcua0no7xk64e5zwxe8nuu 0 164 2447 785 2025-02-20T04:55:48Z Nqobile69 190 2447 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ilanga labasebenzi''' kuyilanga eliba yi[[holideyi]] labantu abahlala enarheni yeSewula afrika kusukela ngonyaka wekululeko. Ilanga labasebenzi ligidingwa ngenyanga ka Mrhayili ngelanga loku-1 minyaka yoke. Ngaleli ilanga kusuke kugidingwa indima edlalwa basebenzi enarheni ukuthithukisa isitjhaba ngokwandisa umnotho wenarha. f7ncjkr00ipqlz1llb4xuq4jsnj0990 0 165 790 789 2024-10-14T13:46:48Z Jon Harald Søby 12 4 revisions imported 789 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ilobolo''' kulapho indoda ithumela khona abantu bayo bonyana bakhambe baye khabo lentombi yakhe bonyana bayokukhulumisana ngemali ebayifunako bonyana indoda le izokukhona ukuthatha intombi yayo imenze umfazi wayo. Abakhongi bayakhamba bayokuzwa bonyana kufuneka malini, bese isokana liyayikhipha imali leyo neenkomo phezulu. == Inkomo zelobolo == NgesiNdebele iinkomo zelobolo zisithandathu begodu zinamagama wakhona. 4a9r5pbtwux316d6fvxg3rmwnusy46k 0 166 794 793 2024-10-14T13:46:48Z Jon Harald Søby 12 3 revisions imported 793 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Seal Rocks, Ocean Beach, San Francisco.jpg|thumb|isithombe seLwande]] '''Ilwandle''' yindawo yemvelo mamanzi amanengi anetswayi azungeze iphasi loke. Amanzi la ahlukanisa amakhontinenti wephasi begodu ephasini zombelele kunamalwandle amathathu. Ilwandle ngelinye leendawo zokuzithabisa evakatjhelwa babantu. Abantu vane baye ukuyokubona ilwande begodu bafike bakhe namanzi wakhona ukuwasebenzisela izinto ezithileko eziphathelene nomoya. paac4xe59dwd6mc3zspw8vq6z45sv6l 0 167 797 796 2024-10-14T13:46:48Z Jon Harald Søby 12 2 revisions imported 796 wikitext text/x-wiki == Imibala yeflarha yeSewula Afrika nehlathululo yawo. == Imibala ngezinye zezinto ethelwe nanyana ephethe umlayezo loyo abantu ekufanele bawurhumutjhe ukuze bawuzwisise. Umbala ngamunye ungaba nemilayezo eminengi tle, kodwana umnqopho wombala nomkhiqizo nanyana ithulusi lelo ofakwe kilo, ngilo elisitjela ngomlayezo ewumumethweko ngaleso sikhathi. Nanyana kunjalo, ekulumeni yethu le sizokutjheja khulu ihlathululo yemibala yeflarha yeSewula Afrika. Isithombe esingehla lesi seflarha yeSewula Afrika, sithola imibala imibala esithantathu (onzima, wegolide nanyana osarulana, ohlaza kotjani, ohlaza kwesibhakabhaka, omhlophe nobovu). '''Onzima'''- Ngokuya bakaw-South Africa Net (2024<ref name=":0">South Africa. (2024). ‘An enduring symbol of unity and overcoming adversity as a nation’. Available at:<https://www.southafrica.net/gl/en/travel/article/an-enduring-symbol-of-unity-and-overcoming-adversity-as-a-nation</ref>) umbala onzima ojamele abantu bendabuko beSewula Afrika. Ngamanye amagama, ujamele abantu abanzima nabathwa njengoba sazi bonyana ngibo bokuthoma la eSewula Afrka ngaphambi kokuthi kufike amakhuwa. '''Wegolide nanyana osarulana'''- Umbala wegolide nanyana osarulana ujamele izenjiwa kanye neminye iminotho yendabuko nanyana yeboduluko leSewula Afrika (South Africa Net 2024<ref name=":0" />). '''Ohlaza kotjani''' – Bakwa-South Afrika Net baveze bonyana umbala ohlaza kotjani ujamele ukunotha kwenarha yeSewula Afrika. Siyazi bonyana inarha yeSewula Afrika inehlabathi enothileko leyo esetjenziselwa ukudla, iminotho yezenyiwa, amanzi kanye nezinye izinto. '''Ohlaza kwesibhakabhaka''' – Ngokuya kwe-Mappr (2024<ref name=":1">Mappr. (2024). ‘South Africa Flag Unveiled: Colors, Meaning, Coat of Arms, Flag Map, and Similar Flags’. Available at:https://www.mappr.co/flag-maps/south-africa/</ref>), umbala ohlaza kwesibhakabhaka ujamele isibhakabhaka, itjhaphululo kanye namathuba lawo angapheliko weSewula Afrika. Bangezelele, bakaw-Mappr (2024<ref name=":1" />), bathi, ulitshwayo lekuthazo yengemuso elingcono leSewula Afrika. '''Obovu''' – Umbala obovu ujamele yoke imisebenzi eyenziwa, nokuzibophelela kanye neengazi ezathulukako ekulweni negandelelo kanye nokulwela itjhaphuluko yeSewula Afrka ngaphambilini (Mappr 2024<ref name=":1" />). Ulitshwayo lokukhumbula ukuzithemba nonokubekezela kwabantu beSewula Afrika (Mappr 2024<ref name=":1" />). '''Omhlophe''' – Ngokuya kwe-Mappr (2024<ref name=":1" />) umbala omhlopho ujamele ukuthulwa nokubambisana kwabantu beSewula Afrika. Ulitshayo lokuzibophelela kweSewula Afrika engomuseni elinokuthula nokulibalelana kwabantu beSewula Afika (Mappr 2024<ref name=":1" />). Nanyana kunjalo, ihlathululo yemibala le ayikapheleli. Lokha nasitjheja imibala le yoke sifunyana bona ijamele nabo boke abantu abaphila eSewula Afrika, ukusuka kumakhuwa, abantu abanzima, bombala, abantu beenkolo ezahlukeneko (Britannica 2024<ref>Britannica. (2024). ‘Flag of South Africa’. Available at :https://www.britannica.com/topic/flag-of-South-Africa</ref>). === Isiphetho === Ikulumo yethu yangehla le iyasitjengisa bona imibala yeSewula Afrika le ijamele izinto ezinengi lezo ezifaka umlando, ibhoduluko, abantu, abantu, ukunotha, ikusasa elihle nemfiso kanye nenarha yeSewula Afrika ngokupheleleko. === Umthombolwazi. === <references /> 0qrld7xz0nodk3eh1ihqq8utwgzisop 0 168 5067 5066 2025-08-07T18:30:15Z Nqobile69 190 5067 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref>Jarvie, G., Thornton, J. and Mackie, H., 2013. ''Sport, culture and society: an introduction''. Routledge.</ref>'''Umdlalo''' ngilokho okwenziwa mumuntu nanyana abantu ngehloso yokuzithabisa, okufaka hlangana umthetho , ukuphikisana nekghono elithileko. Umdlalo udlala ziinqheema ezimbili nanyan ezinengi. === Imihlobo yemidlalo === ==== Imidlalo yeenqheema ==== [[Isimumathi:Umdlalo webholo.jpg|thumb|abantwana abasafunda ukudlala umdlalo webholo]] Le midlalo efaka hlangana inqheema ezimbli nanyana ezingaphezu kwezimbili. Abadlali bomdlalo wesiqheema basebenzisana ngokumnqopho wokuzuza lokho abakuhlosileko, kungaba ligondelo nanyana okhunye ekuzobenza bona bathumbe umdlalo. Emdlalweni abadlali bayazihlela ngokwendela abazokujama ngayo. Isibonelo somdlalo weenqheema kungaba mdlalo webholo, [[umakhakhulararhwe]] kanye ne khrikhethi. ==== Imidlalo yangamunye ==== Midlalo lapho umuntu adlala khona ngokuzijamela abambelele ekghonweni nemandleni, nemanweni;lawo azowa sebenzisa ukuthuma emdlalweni. Abadlali bomdlalo lo kufuze babe nokuzithemba okukhulu ngomba kufuze bazijamelebona. Imidlalo le ifuna ithalente nokuzinniekela komuntu. Isibonelo somdlalo wangamunye kungaba mdlalo wokududa, ukureya itsikiri, nokugijima<ref>Baker, J., Yardley, J. and Cote, J., 2003. And individual sports. ''Int. J. Sport Psychol'', ''34'', pp.226-239</ref> . ==== Imidlalo yeengqondo ==== Kobiela (2018) uhlathulula [[Imidlalo]] yeengqondo ngokuthi mdlalo lapho umuntu angasebenzisi khona umzimba wakhe ukudlala kodwana ufuna bona umuntu atjengise okukhulu okuhlakanipha, ngokusebenzisa ingqondo yakhe ukuthuma umdlalo<ref>Kobiela, F., 2018. Should chess and other mind sports be regarded as sports?. ''Journal of the Philosophy of Sport'', ''45''(3), pp.279-295.</ref>. abadalal abadalal imidlalo le kufuze bona babe nekghono lokurarulula imiraro, amaphazili nokhunye.Kufuze boan umdlali akwazi ukuthswaya ngelihlo elibukhali bwegodu akghone nokwenza ibonelelo phambili elizomsiza ukithumba iphaliswano lomdlalo. Isibonelo somdlalo wengqondo kungaba mdlalo we tjhezi namaphazili. == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Umdlalo]] [[Category:Ukuzithabulula]] 0j9lhthwgzqo3hf4lz69lsis0oowgbm 0 169 807 806 2024-10-14T13:46:49Z Jon Harald Søby 12 2 revisions imported 806 wikitext text/x-wiki == Imihlobo yeenhlathululimagama == Iinhlathululimagama nanyana iinhlathululimezwi zinemihlobo emingi leyo etholakalako. Imihlobo itlanywe ngeminqopho neendingo ezihlukileko zabasebenzisi abaqothelweko. Kukhona iinhlathululimagama ezikhethekileko lezo ezenzelwe imisebenzi nabantu bemikhakha ekhethekileko efana nezamaphilo, zesayensi nezebunjiniyera. Nanyana kunjalo, kukhona ezenzelwe woke umuntu osebenzisa ilimi ukukhuluma, ukuthintana nokufunda. Namhlanje sizokutjheja lezo ezenzelwe woke umuntu loyo osebenzisa ilimi ukufundisa, ukukhuluma nokuthintana. Iinhlathululimagama lezi sizozihlukanisa ngemihlobo emithathu, ebizwa bona: isihlathululimagama esilimilinye, isihlathululimagama esilimimbili nesihlathululimagama esilimintathu. === Kuyini sihlathululimagama esilimilinye na? === U-Ali<ref>Ali, H. I. H. (2012). ‘Monolingual Dictionary Use in an EFL Context’. English Language Teaching. 5(7):1-7</ref> ngomnyaka ka-2012 wahlathulula isihlathululimagama esilimilinye bonyana, isihlathululimagama esilimilinye sihlathululimagama esinehlathululo, amatshwayo nelinye ilwazi lokuhleleka nanyana ilandelano lamagama welimi lomphakathi othize mayelana namagama lawo abudisi ukuzwisiseka kubasebenzisi belimi lelo. Ngamanye amagama isihlathululimagama esilimilinye sihlathululimagama esimumethe ilwazi ngelimi. Okutjho bonyana ihlathululo yegama, amatshwayo namathemu atlolwe ngesiNdebele. Kanengi lomhlobo wesihlathulumagama usetjenziswa babantu ilimi lelo ekulilimi lebele nanyana abafunda ilimi lelo njengelimi lokuthoma ekhaya. Nangabe wena awukhulumi ilimi lelo begodu awulifundi esikolweni njengeli lokuthoma lekhaya, ungaba nomraro wokungazwisisi amagama nanyana okutlolwe ngaphakathi kwesihlathululimagama lesi. Isihlathululimagama lesi siqakatheke kwamambala ekungezeleleni ilwazi lwamagama nethuthuko yelimi lelo (Hadebe 2007<ref>Hadebe, S. (2004). ‘Improving Dictionary Skills in Ndebele’. Lexikos. 14: 89-104.</ref>). === Kuyini isihlathululimagama esilimimbili na? === UKlapicova (2005<ref name=":0">Klapicová, E. H. (2005). Stavba hesla v dvojjazyčnom slovníku a jeho parametre. Studi Slavistici. 2(1): 219–235.</ref>) wahlathulula isihlathululimagama esilimimbili wathi, isihlathululimagama esilimimbili sinerhelo lamagama arhenyiswe ngokulandelana kwamaledere nanyana izitjho ngelimi linye lezo, ngokuqothelwa ezinikelwe amagama nanyana izinto ezinqophe poro ngelinye ilimi. Ngamanye amagama la, kusetjenziswa amalimi amabili, elinye ilimi lilimi elimsuka bese elinye lenziwe ilimi eliqothelweko. Ilimi elimsuka lilimi lelo amagama nanyana amathemu arhenyiswa ngalo. Kodwana, ilimi eliqothelweko lilimi lelo ihlathululo nezinye izitjho zinikelwa nanyana zitlolwe ngalo. Nabakhuluma ngokurhenyiswa kwamagama ngamaledere, balinga ukuveza bonyana isihlathululimagama ngiyo yodwa incwadi lapho ungathola khona imitlolo yangaphakathi irhenyiswe ngamaledere. Ezinye iincwadi ziyatlola ngaphandle kokurhemisa amagama ngamaledere. Lomhlobo wesihlathululimagama usetjenziswa khulu ngilabo abafuna ukufunda amalimi amabili ngesikhathi esisodwa nanyana abasebenza ngamalimi amabili njengokutjhugulula. Uqakathekile lomhlobo ngomba utholakala nemikhakheni ekhethekileko. === Kuyini isihlathululimagama esilimintathu? === UKlapicova (2005<ref name=":0" />) uveza bonyana kukhona ezinye iinhlathululimagama lezo ezisebenzisa amalimi adlula kwamabili emitlolweni yazo ngaphakathi. Okutjho bona umhlobo lo ungasebenzisa isiNdebele, Siswati nesiZulu elwazini langaphakathi. Okwenzekako kukobana kuthathwa ilimi linye lezniwe imili elimsuka bese amanye la enziwe amalimi aqothelweko. Ngamanye amagama lokha amagama nanyana amathemu arhenyiswa ngesindebele, ihlathululo nanyana amathemu onqophileko azokunikelwa ngamalimi amabili la ekumalimi aqothelweko, Sizwati nesiZulu. Lomhlobo wesihlathululimagama wenzele boke abantu abafunda nanyana abasebenzisa amalimi amathathu ukukhuluma, ukufunda nokusebenza. Begodu umhlobo utjengisa nezinga lokuthuthuka kwamalimi esetjenzisiweko la. Ekulumeni yethu ngehla sikhulume besahlathulula imihlobo emithathu yeenhlathululimagama ezijayelekileko. Isihlathululimagama esilimilinye, esilimimbili nesilimbintathu zitjhejwe ngokungeneleleko. Zoke iihlathululimagama lezi ziqakatheke ngokungafani begodu nemisebenzi yazo ayifani. Kodwana, okukhulu kukobana kufanele zibe khona ukuze ilimi likwazi ukuthuthtuka === Umthombolwazi === <references /> n7muf5df5apryvv9bj7zidcf2iinifp 0 170 809 808 2024-10-14T13:46:49Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 808 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Imijondolo''', indawo ye-squatter noma indawo yokuhlala ye-squatter iyindawo yokuhlala yezakhiwo ezithuthukisiwe ezaziwa ngokuthi imijondolo noma imijondolo, ngokuvamile eyakhiwe ngezinto ezifana nodaka nokhuni. Idolobhana eliyimijondolo elijwayelekile linemikhukhu futhi ekuqaleni alinayo ingqalasizinda eyanele, okuhlanganisa ukuthuthwa kwendle okufanele, ukuhlinzekwa kwamanzi aphephile, ugesi kanye nokuthuthwa kwendle emigwaqweni. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amadolobha anemijondolo angathuthukisa ingqalasizinda yawo futhi ashintshe abe izindawo ezingomakhelwane abasezingeni eliphakathi. Kungaba imijondolo emincane noma kungahlalisa izigidi zabantu. pxsz456qt3wqi5adtrsw7667reiiofs 0 171 811 810 2024-10-14T13:46:49Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 810 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Imikhombe''' mhlobo weembandana ohlala ehlathini, unephondo ebusweni ngaphezu kwepumulo pavbyetrojxeobrf5omi6h1vi5pzp0v 0 172 5049 5048 2025-08-07T08:06:57Z Martin Urbanec 803 removed [[Category:Abadwebi]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 5049 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Ndebele Architecture.jpg|thumb|indlu egwalwe ngesiNdebele]] '''Abomma bamaNdebele''' banobukghoni obukhulu kweze-[[art]] ngombana bakhona ukwenza imisebenzi yezandla emihle begodu ebukwa liphasi loke. Imisebenzi yezandla abayenzako akusiyo imisebenzi ungenziwa ngunyana ngubani mgombana ifuna itelente begodu nekghono lokusebenzisa izandla ngendlela ethile, begodu ube nekghono lokukhetha [[imibala]] uyihlanganise ukwenza amaphetheni. ikghono leli kwezomkhakha wefundo liwela ngaphasi kwe-Arts. == Ukugwala == [[ukugwala]] yindlela yokuhlobisa amaboda ngokupenda wenze amaphetheni amahle, ngemibala ehlukahlukeneko. Abomma nabagwalako basenzisa isiba lekukhu khulu khulu. Abomma ekadeni bebenza umsebenzi lo ukuhlobisa imizabo<ref>Van Vuuren, C.J., 2012. Iconic bodies: Ndebele women in ritual context. ''South African Journal of Art History'', ''27''(2), pp.325-347.</ref>. Esikhathini ukugwala sekuyinto AmaNdebele adume ngayo iphasi loke ngombana sele kungasa gwala izindlu kwaphela kodwana sele kugwalwa nezambatho, imodere nokhunye. Umuntu odume khulu ngokugwala emaNdebeleni ngumma u Esther Mahlangu osele enze imisebenzi eminengi khulu ngokugwala. == Ukuluka imiseme == Nasikhuluma ngokuluka sikhuluma ngokwenza umseme usebenzisa umcobosi. umcobosi butjani ubuhlaza ubudege ubumila ngemlanjeni. Abomma bayakhamba bayokukha utjani lobu nofana bayobuthenga bese benza ngabo imiseme. Umseme bawuluka ngokuthi bawubeke phezu kweplanka elithileko lokwenza umseme. Lokha nabenza imiseme le basebenzisa amawula ahlukahlukeneko ngemibala, begodu amawula la enza amaphetheni amahle khulu emsemeni. Umseme usetjenziselwa ukuhlala, ukunothisa, kanye nokwakha intende lokha nakusimanje. Umsebenzi omkhulu womseme singatjho bona kuhlalisa abantu kuhle phasi bangasilaphazeki. Elinye igama lomseme mjadeko. == Ukuphothela umcamo nokunghada iinrholwani == Ukuphothela kuluka usebenzisa imicamo ukwenza ivunulo ethileko yesiNdebele enjenge nrholwani, iphephethu, iyerhana nokhunye<ref>Ndlovu, S., 2020. Material culture in Southern Ndebele identity making in post-apartheid South Africa. ''Anthropology Southern Africa'', ''43''(4), pp.218-232.</ref>. Ukuphothela kufuna ikghono lokusenzisa izandla begodu ukwazi ngithjo nokuthunga. Ukuphothela nokughada iinrholwane kuyinto eqakathekileko eMaNdebeleni ngombana pheze ivunulo yabo yoke ivela lapho. == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} e8dcq4jauv21o8df1wiagouvmqf58wl 0 173 822 821 2024-10-14T13:46:50Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 821 wikitext text/x-wiki == Imithetho yokutlola nokupeleda == Ngokuya kukaZulu, uBotha no-Barnard (2008:188) imithetho yokutlola nokupeleda kulibuthelelo lamatshwayo lawo asetjenziswa ekultolweni kwelimi begodu afaka hlangana indlela yokutlola nokupeleda kwelimi lelo. Ngamanye amagama singatjho bonyana imithetho yokutlola nokupeleda kumhlahlandlela loyo ohlahla abasebenzisi belimi elithe bonyana litlolwa njani begodu amatjhada abanawo ngimaphi. U-Albert (2013) usekele uZulu nabanye (2008) lokha nakaveza bonyana imithetho yokutlola nokupeleda uvumela amalimi bonyana anzinzise amalimi wabo ngokuthi aqinisekise bonyana kuba nokutlolwa nokupeledwa kwelimi lelo ngokufakano. Ukungezelela, imithetho yokutlola nokupelelda yenza isiqiniseko sokobana abasebenzisi belimi balisebenzisa ngokufana ilimi lelo. U-Albert (2013) uragele phambili wathi, imithetho yokutlola nokupeleda ayisizi kwaphela ekwenzeni isiqiniseko sokuthi ilimi lisetjenziswa ngokufanako, kodwana isiza nemisebenzi yelimi kanye nokuthintaneni. Lokhu kutjho bonyana imithetho yokutlola nokupeleda ayisimhlahlandlela kwaphela kodwana kulithulusi lokuthuthukisa ilimi. Imithetho yokutlola nokupelela le iqakathekile bonyana ngaso soke isikhathi ibuyekezwe ukuze ikhambisane nokuthuthuka kanye netjhuguluko lelimi. Siyazi bonyana ilimi alikajami ndawonye, liyathuthuka begodu liyatjhuguluka isikhathi nasikhambako. Imithetho yokutlola nokupeledwa le kufanele isekelwe nangamarhubhululo ukuze nakuthathwa iinqunto, kuthathwe iinqunto ezizwakalako. Ngaphandle kwemithetho yokutlola nokupeleda, abantu angeze bazwana mayelana nelimi, kungakho sitjho bona iqakathekile.’ === Umthombolwazi === Zulu, P. N., Botha, G., and Barnard, E. 2008. Orthographic measures of language distances between the official South African languages. Literator, 29(1):185-204. Alberts, M. 2013. The Afrikaans Orthographic Rules as Guide for Other South African Languages. Lexikos, 23:1-28 c7bwy65nmrf1yitsptkyaiul17aeb6l 0 174 2436 826 2025-02-19T15:56:21Z Nqobile69 190 2436 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Mapoch.-musiciennes Ndebele.jpg|thumb|umma ovuthela impalapala]] '''Impalapala''' liphondo elifana ne vuvuzela. lisetjenziswa bomaNdebele ukwenza umdumo lokha nabavumako nanyana nabagida u1. u1 libizo lemgido ogidwa bomma bamaNdebele abatjhadileko. impalapala le iyagwalwa ibe yihle. impalapala ejwayelekileko ifana ne phayiphu elidege kodwana ayibi yide khulu. Ubude bayo bungalingana nebezandla ezimbili nazihlanganisiweko. Ukubetha impalapala kudinga bonyana ube nomoya omnengi ukuze uzokghona ukukhupha umdumo olindelekileko. Akusingunoma ngubani ongakhona ukubetha impalapala ngombana kufuze bona loyo oyibethako abe nelwazi lokuthi umdumo okhitjhwako kufuze ube njani. 8e61372johaloqw56ey2ewzh8x8h9p8 0 175 5913 833 2025-10-10T12:35:40Z Hlalithwa 996 Indakamizwa ezahlukahlukeneko ezisetjenziswa babantu emiphakathini yangekhethu 5913 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Psychoactive Drugs.jpg|thumb|Iindakamizwa]] == '''Iindakamizwa''' == '''Iindakamizwa''' zinsetjenziswa nanyana izinto ezidaka imikhumbulo nomzimba womuntu. iindakamizwa lezi zihlukaniswe ngemihlobo emibili. Ekufaka hlangana iindakamizwa ezimitjhoga lezo ezisetjenziswa ukupholisa abantu. Lezi ziindakamizwa ozithola kibodorhodere besikhuwa esikhathini esinengi nanyana ezifuna incwadi yemvumo kobana ekhemisi bakuthengisele. Iindakamizwa zomhlobo wesibili ngilezo abantu abazisebenzisako ezingakalungeli umzimba. Esikhathini esinengi wazisebenzisa butjhilweni, zigcina zikumotjha umzimba nepilo yakho. Abantu abasebenzisa iindakamizwa lezi esikhathini esinengi bayagula begodu abakghoni ukuziyekela, begodu abanye baphila ngazo bebahlongakale. Iindakamizwa lezi zomhlobo wesibili kanengi azikho emthethweni begodu nabantu abazisebenzisako bazisebenzisa ngokungasisemthethweni. Kukhona iindakamizwa ezaziwa ngama-mandras, inyawupe, kanye newunga.https://www.health.gov.au/topics/drugs/about-drugs/types-of-drugs Ibange lona ngakelinye ihlangothi lingasetjenziswa ngokomthetho ngokulandela umthetho kanye neenlwayelo zakadorhodere. Kodwana, kukhona abalibhemako nalabo abalithengisako. Lokha nawulibhemako nanyana ulithengisa ngendlela engekho emthethweni ungabotjhwa. Kuqakathekile bonyana abantu bazi ngemihlobo yeendamakizwa kanye nemisebenzi yazo ukuze bazokwazi ukubalekela lezo eziyingozi nalezo ezisetjenziswa ngokungasisemthethweni. le22p09oqkhw00vtqvq0j7zbu2fr4wv 0 176 837 836 2024-10-14T13:46:51Z Jon Harald Søby 12 3 revisions imported 836 wikitext text/x-wiki == Indlela nomtletlana. == === Isingeniso === Kukhona izinto lezo esikhamba kizo lokha nasifuna ukuya endaweni ethize. Izinto lezi zifaka hlangana indlela nomtletlana. Indlela nomtletlana zinomsebenzi munye, wokusa umuntu nanyana iinthuthi ukusuka kwenye indawo ukuya kwenye. Nanyana kunjalo, azifani ngobujamo nangeendawo la zitholakala khona. Esigabeni esilandelako sizokukhuluma ngomehluko hlangana kwindlela nomtletlana. === Kuyini umtletlana? === [[Isimumathi:Umtletlana.jpg|thumb|Umtletlana/indlela yeenyawo]] Umtletlana yindlela encani leyo kukhanjwa khona ngeenyawo kwaphela. Ngamanye amagama umtletlana yindlela yeenyawo. Ukuragela phambili, umtletlana kuyindlela ezenzakalelako khona abantu neenlwana nabakhamba indawo yinye mihla namalanga. Ngamanye amagama, umtletlana eyenziwa mikhambo yabantu neenlwana. Umtletlana kanengi utlolakala emahlathini nesikghweni. Siyazi bonyana ehlathini nesikghweni kanengi akunandlela ezikulu lezo ezinesikontiri kodwana kunemitletlana leyo evele ngebanga lemikhambo yabantu neenlwana. === Kuyini indlela? === [[Isimumathi:Indlela.jpg|left|thumb|Indlela esetjenziswa ziinthuthi]] Indlela yindawo leyo abantu, iinlwana neenthuthi zikghona ukukhamba khona. Indlela yenziwa babantu nanyana yakhiwa babantu. Ezinye iindlela zifakwa iinkontiri kkanti ezinye zona kuba ngezehlabathi kwaphela. Indlela inemihlobo eminengi leyo ehlukaniswa ngobujamo kanye nobude bayo. Ukungezelela, iindlela zibuye zihlukaniswe ngeengaba entathu. Kukhona iindlela zesifunda, neendlela zenarha kanye neendlela zangekhaya. Iindlela zenarha esikhathi esinengi ngezikulu begodi ngezidosa ukudlula iindlela zesifunda nezangekha. Iindlela zesifunda zona zidlula zangekha begodu kuzindlela zebanga elidenyana. Iindlela zangekhaya zona ngezincani kunazo zoke entathu lezi esele zibaliwe begodu zikhamba ibanga elincani. === Isiphetho === Indlela nomtletlana ziqakathekile zombili begodu nemisebenzi yayo ihluka kancani. Umehluko omkhulu kukobana indlela yakhiwe nanyana yenziwe babantu kanti umtletlana wona uyazivelela ngebanga lemikhambo yabantu neenlwana. oe1eldjpt15f98n3xjz8o895an1xwzg 0 177 839 838 2024-10-14T13:46:51Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 838 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Umhlahlandlelasakhiwo:Infobox disease]] 5ugq2um5iikepfkjsm2hrydz97gitdw 0 178 3123 2965 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Nqobile69|Nqobile69]] 2446 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Cherubim Bate.jpg|thumb|ingelozi ezibizwa bona makherubhi]] '''Ingelosi''' kusidalwa sakaZimu asithumako emhlabeni bonyana sizokugada abantu bakhe nanyana sizobanikela umlayezo othileko ovela kuZimu. Abantu abakhe bazibona iingelozi bathi ngokubukeka zifana nabantu kodwana abanamaphiko. Okhunye godi iingelozi zimumoya. Imihlobo yeengelozi ekhona ngokuya kwebhayibheli. # Amakherubhi- kuyingelezi enobuso obune namaphiko amane, ubuso bekhozi, ubuso bekomo, ubuso bebhubezi nobuso bomuntu <ref>Ezekiyeli1:6-11</ref> # Amaserafi- Kuyingelozi enamaphiko asithandathu. Ingelozi le iphatha ilahle lomlilo(U-isaya 6:2) # Ugabhriyeli- Yingelozi eyisithunywa uZimu ayithuma bona ikhambe iyokuphendula imithandazo yabantu(UDaniyeli 8:16). # Umayikheli- Yingelozi ekulu ephatha umkhondo ekukholweka bona ngiyo eyacotha usathana ezulwini. Kuyingelozi elwa izipi zabantu lokha nabacalene nemimoya emimbi(udaniyeli 10:13). ga36m1fn3uvkvwzmpvsfqinxk01bvb9 0 179 850 849 2024-10-14T13:46:51Z Jon Harald Søby 12 6 revisions imported 849 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Covid precautionary measures.jpg|thumb|ImIgomo ye-Covid-19]] '''Ingogwana ye [[Covid-19]]''' mhlobo wengongwana ephathisa umkhuhlani oyingozi khulu begodu obulalako. ingogwana le yahlasela umhlaba woke ngonyaka we-2020 begodu e[[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika]] yenza bona kuquntwe amakhambo ngomhlaka ka 26 enyangeni kaNtaka ngomnyaka we-2020. Ingogwana le yenza bona inarha ivalwe begodu abantu balise ukuya emisebenzini neenkolweni bazivelele ngendlini ukwenzela bona bavikeleke engongwaneni le. Ingogwana le yenza woke umuntu bona aphile ngevalo lokha nakakhamba endleleni ngombana woke umuntu bekafanele azivalele ngesifonyo esivikela umlomo nepumulo, ngombana ingogwana le ikhamba ngomoya. == Amatjhuguluko alethwa kufika kwe ngogwana ye covid-19 == Ingogwana le yaletha amatjguguluko amahle namambi enarheni. Amatjhuguluko amahle kukobana yenza ukuthi kube nokuthuthuka kwezing a letheknoloji, ngombana skhatheso kwavela iinsetjenziswa zokuthintana zetheknoloji. iinsetjenziswa lezi zenza bona ubantu bakghone ukuthintana begodu baragelel phambili ngemisebenzi yabo kanye nangomsebenzi wesikolo. Kwaba lula bona abafundi bakghone ukufundela ekhaya beodu bakghone nokutlola iinhlahlubo zabo ngaphandle kokuthikamezeka. Amabubulo athengisa imithi yemikhuhlani bekenza inzuzo enengi ngaleso sikhathi kunamanye amabubulo. okumbi kukobana amanye amabubulo amancani alehlekeklwa yimali begodu nabantu nabo bagcina sele balahlekelwa misebenzi. Boke abantu babe basekhaya kwaphakama nezinga lokutlhoriswa kwabantu bengobo, kwagcina sele umongameli azokukhuza indaba yoktlhoriswa kwabantu bengubo. Kwathi ekukhambeni kwesikhathi kwatholakala umjovo wokugogobalisa ingogwana le, nanyana abantu babe beyisaba kodwana bagcine sele bayihlaba lokho kwasiza begodu ngokukhamba kwesikhathi yabe yaphelelwa mamandla izinto zabuyela esigeni sazo. 9rcdxwejaxllrv4nzyfsbxp4pwa19yj 0 180 3284 3161 2025-07-02T20:38:51Z Thuvack 106 Undo revision [[Special:Diff/3161|3161]] by [[Special:Contributions/85.97.84.231|85.97.84.231]] ([[User talk:85.97.84.231|talk]]) 3284 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Iinkundla zokuthintana''' kuyindawo zetheknoloji ezisiza abantu bonyana bakghone ukukhuluma begodu bathintane ngezindlela ezinengi. Iinkundla zokuthintana sele zingcenye yamaphilo wabantu ngombana zisetjenziswa mihla namalanga. Okuhle ngenkundla zokuthintana kukobana zikghona ukusiza umuntu bona akgone ukuthintana nabantu abakude naye. Okhunye kukobana zikhipha isizungu begodu umuntu ukhona ukufunda okunengi kizo. Inkundla zokuthintana ziyasiza ukuthuthukisa ilwazi lomuntu nanyana ngesinye isikhathi zingamupha umuntu ilwazi elingasilo. fgl5y9yhhr921480rz6kkvs9wfxbqoy 0 181 2173 860 2024-11-27T06:47:36Z Simakahle Moselekatse 161 + Iinkomba 2173 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Entabeni.jpg|thumb|phezulu entabeni]] '''Intaba''' kuphakama kwemvelo komhlaba, ngokujayelekileko singathi kuphakama okungaphezu kwama mitha ama-300 ngaphezulu kwendawo yebhoduluko yayo. [[Intaba]] ingenziwa zizehlakalo ezehlukeneko zemvelo ezifana nokudubula kwama volcano, ukunyakaza kwama tectonic plates kanye nokurhurhuleka kwehlabathi<ref>Kirchoff, M.R. and McKinnon, W.B., 2009. Formation of mountains on Io: Variable volcanism and thermal stresses. ''Icarus'', ''201''(2), pp.598-614.</ref>. Iintaba zingahlukaniswa ngokwemihlobo ngokuya kokubumbeka, ubukhulu bazo begodu nangokuya kwendawo lapho zikhona. == Imihlobo yeentaba == === 1. Intaba ezima volkheyino === Lezi kuzintaba ezakhekako kade kune volkheyino. isibonelo sentaba ezinjalo yi ntaba ekulu eAfrika intaba i Kilimanjaro eseTanzania. === 2. Intaba ezigocekileko === Lezi ziintaba ezakheka nanyana ezibumbeka ngokuhlangana nofana ngokuqhulana kwamam tectonic plates lezi kuzintaba ezifana ne Himalayas. == Ukuqakatheka kweentaba == Iintaba ziqakathekile ngombana ziyikhaya nofana iindawo yokuhlala yeenlwana kanye neziinye iintjalo zemangweni. Intaba zidlala iindima ekulu ekubumbeni isimo sezulu endaweni eziseduze nayo<ref>Shrestha, S., Yao, T. and Adhikari, T.R., 2019. Analysis of rainfall trends of two complex mountain river basins on the southern slopes of the Central Himalayas. ''Atmospheric Research'', ''215'', pp.99-115.</ref>. Intaba ezikulu ezifana ne [[Table Mountain]] zinikela amathuba amalhle wokuzithabisa, nakwezamavakatjho bogodu nokuthuthukisa umnotho wenarha ezikiyo. == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} rkf0vtg77krmmp7s15qtvmta31as2ew 0 182 865 864 2024-10-14T13:46:52Z Jon Harald Søby 12 4 revisions imported 864 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Mount Kilimanjaro.jpg|thumb|Isthombe sentaba iKilimanjaro]] '''Intaba''' iKilimanjaro yintaba ekulu ukuzidlula zoke e-Afrika. Itholakala enarheni ye Tanzania. Intaba le yihle ngokwemvelo begodu kiyo kutholakala iimbandana namathuthumbo athileko. Ngobuhle bayo idosa amathoristi bona ayivakatjhele. Abantu abanekareke kwezemidlalo basuke bayikhuphuke intaba le ngokusebenzisa indlela ezitholakala lapho entabeni. Indlela lezi yokuthoma yi marangu route, le yindlela eyaziwa khulu entabeni iKilimanjaro begodu kuthiwa ngiyo elula. Yesibili indlela yiMachame route begodu kune Rongai ne Lemosho route. olrgviqyb3zb63r6kelcasy5vd6gln3 0 183 867 866 2024-10-14T13:46:52Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 866 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Intanga zesiNdebele wakwa Nzunza''' Duba(Libunzwana) Dlowu(Liganadlha) Dlhari(Libasa) Nyathi(Ngudukuza ongafiko yisiqurhwana sengonga) Rudla(Maswebalanga ngusomtjhongweni) klzu8ofn7v9ydkhay6cm69qv6s55kzi 0 184 2504 871 2025-03-05T14:43:27Z Nqobile69 190 2504 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Inzondo''' m[[imizwa]] emimbi begodu enamandla begodu engaba nemiphumela emimbi ekugcineni. Mimizwa umuntu aba nayo yokungathandi umuntu, isiqhema esithileko, nanyana umbono othileko. Inzondo ingavela ngendlela ezinengi ngokuya komuntu. Okhunye ibonakala ngokuthi umuntu abenebandlulo elithileko godu ngokuthi afuna ukubanga ukulwa ngamalanga. Inzondo yenza umuntu afune ukuziphindiselela lokha nangabe wenziwe into embi. Inzondo kuyinto engakalungi ngombana iyabanga bonyana umuntu agcine sele angasaboni ubuhle benzinto. jiu2tbgbwd4xbc6dwdr4tk19zgjol8n 0 185 874 873 2024-10-14T13:46:53Z Jon Harald Søby 12 2 revisions imported 873 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Umnyanya wequde''' kukhuliswa komntwana womntazana esikweni lama[[Ndebele]]. Kunemnihlobohlobo, nangendlela ikambiso yeQude iyenzeka ngayo. Kumnyanya lapho kugidingwa khona ukukhuliswa komntazana, ngokumhlabela isibandana nangokumupha izipho ezahlukahlukeneko. 3thcifj3baj0rd53lc6wnrsnnkn60zm 0 186 2462 881 2025-02-23T17:36:05Z Nqobile69 190 2462 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Calabash (Lagenaria siceraria) in Seoul.jpg|thumb|irhabha elisatjaliweko]] [[Isimumathi:Bissap - gourd calabash with dried leaves, Hibiscus sabdariffa.jpg|thumb|Ikapo]] '''Irhabha''' kuyinto yesintu esebenza njesigubhu. Irhabha lisetjenziswa ukufaka utjwala besintu obufana netlabalala. Irhabha liyinto yemvelo ngombana liyatjalwa bese lomiswe kukhitjhwe intanga ngaphathi kuthi nasele lome kuhle lisetjenziswe ukufaka izinto ezimanzi. Okhunye godu ngerhabha kukuthi liyasikwa kuhle phakathi lilingane kwenziwe into ekuthiwa bona yikapo. Ikapho ingasetjenziswa njengesitja ukudlela nanyana ukufaka izinto ezifana nepuphu, Ireysi nokukhunye. Irhabha nekapho kuzizinto eziqakathekileko emasikweni wabantu abanzima ngombana zisetjenziswa khulu lokha nakuneminyanya ukusela nokuvubela utswala. Zibuye zihlotjiswe zibe yincenye yoburhwari zithengiswele imvakatjhi ukuthi ziyokuhlobisa ngazo. njdzxdmq6ese9dm4cjzaj968iu1308r 0 187 5538 2243 2025-09-04T09:27:58Z Pholap 883 /* Iinkomba */ 5538 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:South Africa adm location map.svg|thumb|iSewula Afrika]] '''ISewula Afrika''' yinarha esesewula enarhakazini ekulu ye-[[Afrika]].Inabantu abangaba mamiliyoni angaphezu kwama-62, abahlala eemfundeni ezilithoba, abakhuluma amalimi ambadlwana, kodwana ali-11 wakhona asemthethweni. Yinarha yesi-23 erhelweni leenarha ezinabantu abanengi ukuzidlula zoke ephasini. Amaphesente ama-80 mhlobo wabantu abanzima ababelethelwe kilenarha, kanti ama-20 ngoweminye imihlobo evela eenarheni ezingaphandle.<ref>https://books.google.co.za/books?hl=en&lr=&id=96-QAgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA115&dq=South+Africa&ots=YmjPhRE4bt&sig=CyoJp5sfJGPVXMxSmJ9jYRB4JXM&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=South%20Africa&f=false</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.za/books?hl=en&lr=&id=FE3EEAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=South+Africa&ots=fjYhrVgxT5&sig=4gDCXRDfxb4OPHzJzWiXxlr49kk&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=South%20Africa&f=false</ref> == Umthombolwazi == {{Reflist}} [[Mkhakha:Iinarha zephasi]] [[Mkhakha:Isewula Afrika]] iz062yxgcc5wwkqjw620tbpif4kjn1b 0 188 901 900 2024-10-14T13:46:54Z Jon Harald Søby 12 4 revisions imported 900 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''Isingeniso''' == Isitjhaba samaNdebele sesithuthuke ngeendlela ezinengi emikhakheni ehlukahlukeneko. Kuqakathekile bona imvelaphi yaso yazeke begodu ihlaliswe ngendlela efaneleko. Umuntu nakakhulako ukhamba iingaba ezithileko zepilo begodu ngokwesitjhaba samaNdebele, esinye nesinye isigaba sinebizo begodu kukhona okulindelekileko okukhambisana nesigabeso. == Iingaba zokukhula komuntu wengubo == Umntwana womntazana nakabelethwako uphiwa ibizo azokubizwa ngalo ukufikela la aba litlawana khona. Nasele alitlawana kukhona isiko elinziweko elibizwa ngokuthomba. Isibonelo, umntazana lo nakabelethwako unikelwe ibizo likaThandeka, ngemva kobana adluliswe anikelwe ibizo likaNdlelehle. Umntazana lo nangabe ungewakwaSkhosana uzokubizwa ngoNaSkhosana. UNaSkhosana lo nanyana angathathwa kwaMahlangu uzokubizwa ngoNaSkhosana. Njengombana sele athethwe kwaMahlangu usokunikelwa ibizo lakhe lekwendeni. Kuqakathekile bona sazi bona umma oliNdebele nasele athethwe unikelwa ibizo likamalukazana. Esitjhabeni samaNdebele kukhona amabizo amahlanu anikelwa abomakoti, kukhona uLombeni, uKumbuza, uMaphangela noMzangobe. i98uhdrqc8u1o9l3n1spp466k1dagzm 0 189 907 906 2024-10-14T13:46:55Z Jon Harald Søby 12 5 revisions imported 906 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Rhinoceros in South Africa adjusted.jpg|thumb|Ubhejane]] [[Isimumathi:Bleeding Rhino.png|thumb|Ubhejane okhutjhwe iphondo]] '''UBhejane''' sibandana esihlala emangweni esinephondo ebusweni phambi kwepumulo. Isibandana lesi ngesinye seembandana ezikulu ezihlanu .Lomhlobo weembandana ubalwa bonyana sele useduze nokuthi ungasatholakali ngombana abantu bazibulala ngesihlungu, ngesibanga sokobana bafuna amaphondo wazo. Amaphondo la ayathengisswa begodu athengiswa ngemali enengi ngikho abotsotsi babulala abobhejane ukuthi bazokhona ukwenza imali. Kufanele bona abantu bavikele iimbandana lezi ukwenzela bonyana zingagcini sele zingasatholaka ephasini. Kufanele sizibulunge ukwenzela isizukulwana esizako sizokghona ukubona iinlwana begodu nokutjengisa ukuthanda [[imvelo]]. 8orka3ktzpgv8o317mp5zh2v8anm60f 0 190 1672 913 2024-10-16T09:49:58Z JhsBot 34 bot: Removing interwiki template; the page is now connected to [[d:Q132410]] 1672 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Flag of Mpumalanga Province.svg|alt=iFlege yesifunda seMpumalanga|thumb|104x104px|iFlege yesifunda seMpumalanga.]] '''Isifunda seMpumalanga''' Singesinye sesifuda esitholakala enarheni ye[[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika]]. Sitholakala sitjhidelene nenmfunda ezintathu, ifinda seLimpopo, Kwazulu natal, kanye negauteng. Idorobho elikhulu lakhona yi[[Mbombela]] ebeyaziwa ngokobana yi[[Nelspruit]] kade. Ibuye ibeNamadorobha asthandathu: eMalahleni (ebeyaziwa nge Witbank), Standerton, eMkhondo ( ebeyaziwa bona yi Piet Retief), Malalane, Ermelo, Barberton and Sabie.<ref>Frontiers | Competition for Land: The Water-Energy-Food Nexus and Coal Mining in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa (frontiersin.org)</ref> == Ukuthuthuka kwesifunda seMpumalanga . == [[Isimumathi:Kusilekragsentrale, Mpumalanga, 2019, a.jpg|alt=IRhwebo yemayini.|thumb|334x334px|IRhwebo yemayini.]] Isifundesi sithathele kude ukuthuthuka ukudlula imfunda zoke zeSewula Afrika kodwana Kwanje ituthuko sesele isezingeni eliphezulu ngombana urhulumnde wenarha uzamile ukwenza imizamo bona nayo ibonakale njengezinye indawo ezifana nabo ''[[gauteng]], [[Kwazulu Nata]]<nowiki/>l kanye nezinye ezinengi...'' Isifundesi kutholakale bona ngiso esifakelela khulu ukuthuthukiswa komnotho wesewula afrika ngombana kunendawo ezidlula ekhulwini ezinamamayini, kanye nehlabathi yakhona ilungele bona kube yindawo yokutjhala kuphume inthelo ezihle. Isifundesi siphethe eza[[mamayini]] (Mining), [[zokutjala]] Electricity [[gezi]] (Electricity)kanye nezinye ezinengi. Kanyenenani labantu lisezingeni eliphezulu {| class="wikitable sortable" ! !Amabizo wamaDistrict !ikhowudu !indawo !Abantu abahlala lapho ! |- | |Ehlanzeni District |DC32 |Mbombela |1,754,931 | |- | |Gert Sibande |DC30 |Ermelo |1,135,409 | |- | |Nkangala District |DC31 |Middelburg |1,445,624 | |} == Amadistrict kanye NaboMaspala besifundeni seMpumalanga. == Isifunda sempumalanga sinama [[District]] ama-3 kanye nabo [[Masipala]] aba li-17 Umasipala weHlanzeni unabomaspala abalandelako: umasipala we Bushbuckridge, City of Mbombela, Nkomazi, neThaba chew. Bese iDistrict yenkangala inabomaspala abalendelako, Thembisile, DR JS Moroka, eMakhazeni, Emalahleni, Steve tshwete kanye neVictor Kanye. Bese iDistrict yokugcina yiGert Sibande enabomaspala laba: Chief Albert Luthuli, Dipaleseng, Dr Pixley Ka Isaka Seme, Govan Mbeki, Lekwa, Mkhondo kanye ne Msukaligwa. 5yeij1hnpmc5gj1kaxp97i3fo4w4p88 0 191 2126 919 2024-11-25T18:17:24Z Simakahle Moselekatse 161 /* Iinkomba */Reflist 2126 wikitext text/x-wiki == Isihlathululimagama/isihlathululimezwi. == === Isingeniso === [[:en:Dictionary|Isihlathululimagama]], abanye basazi bona sihlathululimezwi, sisetjenziswa esinehlathululo ebudisi khulu. Asinayo ihlathululo eyodwa. Kodwana ngokuya kuka-Bejoint<ref name=":0">Béjoint, H. (2002). ‘''An introduction of modern lexicography’''. Beijing: Foreign Teaching and Research Press.</ref> (2002:9) ihlathululo yesihlathululimagama kufanele ifake izinto nanzi ezilandelako: [[Isimumathi:IsiHlathululimagama.jpg|thumb|Isihlathululimagama sesiNdebele esilimimbili]] a) isihlathululimagama silirhelomjeje weendima ezihlukeneko. b) isihlathululimagama senzelwe ukubonisa. c) iinhlathululimagama zinamaphahla amabili. d) Isihlathululimagama siziinqhema ezihlelwe ngokulandelana. e) isihlathululimagama siyingcenye yamarhelo welimi. f) Isihlathululimagama siyincwadi yokulayela nokufundisa. g) Isihlathululimagama sinikela ngelwazi elimayelana namatshwayo welimi. h) Isihlathululimagama kusisethulo esihleliweko seengcenye eziquntwe ngaphambilini zeenhlathululimagama. Amaphuzu angehla la, aveza isihlathululimagama ngokuya kwemisebenzi neendingo zaso. Nanyana kunjalo, kuba budisi khulu ukuthola ihlathululo efaka woke amaphuzu abalwe ngehla la. UGau<ref>Gao, L. (2010). ‘Historical Background of the Translatological Dictionaries’. ''Journal of Language Teaching and Research.'' 1(3):285-294.</ref> ngomnyaka ka-2010, wahlathulula isihlathululimagama wathi, sisetjenziswa nanyana sitjabagelo leso esisetjenziselwa ukufunda nokunabisa ilwazi ngokusiqalisisa erhubhululweni. Ihlathululo engehla le, inqophe khulu kubarhubhululi nabafundi labo abafunda ukurhubhulula ngesihlathululimagama kanye nokuzwisisa isihlathululimagama emikhakheni yezefundo nesayenzi. U-Singh<ref name=":1">Singh, P. (2010). ‘Dictionary and Its Structure’. In ''Research Journal of Indian Cultural, Social & Philosophical Stream Mehta'', Edited by M. K. Mehta. ''ANUSILANA'' 24. Manvi Seva Samiti: 1-6.</ref> ngomnyaka ka-2010, waba nehlathululo ehlukileko yesihlathululimagama lapho athi, isihlathululimagama yincwadi yeriferensi mayelana namagama nanyana amathemu. Ihlathululo le inqophe, khulukhulu, kuwo woke umuntu osebenzisa isihlathululimagama ngebanga lesitjhijilo nanyana Isidingo anaso. Isidingo nanyana isitjhijilo leso kungenzeka bonyana ngesekulumo ejayelekileko nanyana somkhakha okhethekileko. Ihlathululo kaSingh<ref name=":1" /> (2010) esitjela khona kukobana isihlathululimagama sisetjenziswa esinikela ngeensombululo zelimi nethintwana lelimi lelo elisetjenziswako msebenzisi oqothelweko. Ihlathululo yesine siyinikelwa nguLampung<ref>Lampung, I. R. I. (2016). ‘Dictionary Usage in English Language Learning’. English Education:Journal Tadris Bahaa Inggris. 9(1):186-197.</ref> (2016) lapho athi, isihlathululimagama silirhelo lamagama arhenyiswe ngokulandelana kwamaledere lelo elethula ihlathululo begodu linikela nelwazi lokuphimisa iinhlathululo nemvelaphi yawo. Ihlathulullo le inqophe khulu kusayensi yezokutlanywa kweenhlathululimagama leyo ebizwa ngokuthi iLezikhografi. Ukungezelela, ibuye ikhulume ngesakhiwo sangaphakathi nanyana selwazi langaphakathi lesihlathululimagama. Ihlathululo yokugcina siyinikelwa ngu-Bergenholtz <ref name=":0" />(2012) nakathi, isihlathululimagama siyincwadi yamagama ahlelwengelandelwano nelwazi mayelana nokupeleda, iingaba zamabizo namatjhugululo wamagama alethwa lilimi neenhlathululo zamagama nanyana inrhunye lawo ukuya kwelinye ilimi. Nawutjheja ihlathululo le, uzokuyelela bonyana ilinge ukufana isakhiwo nemisebenzi eyenziwa sihlathululimagama. Nawuyifundako uyazi bonyana ulindele miphi imisebenzi begodu ulindele ukuthola ini ngaphakathi kwesihlathululi magama. === Isiphetho === Iinhlathulumagama ezingehla lezi zoke zinqophile, begodu zitjengisa imisebenzi, isakhiwo kanye nomhlobo wencwadi lo obizwa bonyana sihlathululimagama bonyana unjani. Ngalokho, kungakho sivezile ekuthomeni bonyana ihlathululo yesihlathululimagama ibudisi ukuyihlathulula ngehlathululo eyedwa, ngebanga lesakhiwo nemisebenzi yaso. == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} ruaaszr4ft4rgv3w5k2uqo3pf949epw 0 192 928 927 2024-10-14T13:46:56Z Jon Harald Søby 12 8 revisions imported 926 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Mapoch.- Playing music in Ndebele Village.ogv|thumb|IsiNdebele]] '''[[Wp/nd/AmaNdebele|AmaNdebele]]''' azikhakhazisa kwamambala ngesiko labo. Baneminyanya ehlukahlukeneko begodu ekhamba nevunulo yakhona. Kusukela emsaneni ongakaweli ukuya kibo baba kanye emntazaneni ongakenzi isiko ukufinyelela ekubeni ngumma opheleleko ivunulo ayifani. Isi[[Ndebele]]<nowiki/>si asizombelezi evunulweni kwaphela kodwana sibuye sifake ukudla neminyanya ehlukahlukeneko lapho sigoma khona ukudla lokhu. ukwenza isibonelo angeke wagoma igqatjha okumdoko wesiko nge Dwendwe nobukhazi okungomunye womhlobo womnyanya wesiko lamaNdebele. == IVUNULO == Ivunulo yizambatho ezimbathwa emnyanyeni yamaNdebele. Inemibala eminengi begodu amaNdebele baziwa ngekgono labo loku gwala kanye nokuthunga ngemincamo. Ivunulo yabo ubunengi bayo yenziwe ngemihlobohlobo ehlukileko yemincamo. ojqm8v16kwhp9kflskftnp70yek16sr 0 193 5194 5193 2025-08-16T08:08:56Z Nqobile69 190 5194 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Isiko''' yindlela abantu ebenza ngayo izinto ngokwekolelo yabo, eyenza bona bacabange begodu baziphathe ngendlela ethize. Isiko lifaka hlangana ikolo, ilimi, umvumo, ukudansa, amagugu nokhunye. Isiko ngilo elanza bona umuntu azazi bona ungubani begodu ukhamba nabobani. Liqagela indlela yokufunda nokufundisa. Ngilo isiko elakha umphakathi nelihlanganisa abantu ngokukhuluma nokuzwisisana. Isiko lilekelela abantu bona bakghone ukukghodlhelela ebhodulukweni elitjhugulukako mihla namalanga. Omunye nomunye umuntu unesiko lakhe begodu amasiko ayahlukahlukana kuqakathekile bonyana omunye nomunye umuntu ahloniphe isiko labantu aphila nabo. Lokhu kwenza bona kube nokuzwana nokuhlalisana kuhle esitjhabeni. [[category:Isiko]] [[Category:Amagugu]] qvm03ts4sin9621ph4a9zlnhszhobat 0 194 2625 935 2025-04-03T19:08:16Z Rachmat04 32 2625 wikitext text/x-wiki '''IMAYISHA SECONDARY SCHOOL''' === SIKUPHI ISIKOLO IMAYITJHA SECONDARY SCHOOL? === '''IMayisha secondary schoo'''l sikolo esisendaweni yange [[Waterval]] b,Epumalanga. Isikolo lesi sathiyelelwa ngekosi uMayitjha obekayikosi yamaNdebele weSewula.Iposo yalesi isikolo yi PO BOx 596 [[Siyabuswa]] 0472. isikolo lesi sikolo sikarhulumende kufundwa simahla. Ukuya ngembalobalo zonyaka ka 2016, isikolwesi sinabantwana abamakhulu amane netjhumi abafundiswa bothitjhere abalitjhumi nambili.Uhlokokulu weMayisha nguMartin Siluma.uhlokokulu lo udume ngokuletha umehluko mkhulu kilesi isikolo eminyaken elitjhumi eyadlulako.Ngokutjhugululwa kwezinto imayitjha yahlanganiswa nesinye isikolo yathoma amabanga ebangeni lethoba kanti esikhathini esadlula beyithoma kuGreyidi yetjhumi.Isikolo lesi sikolo amabanga aphakathi begodu sinamalimi amabili kwaphela ekuyisiNdebele ne''Sepedi.'' kilesi isikolo sifundisa iimfundo ze''[[Science|Science ,]] iAccounting negeography.'' 6w0sa6zq3dzi2p8oi3mn7udq223vysk 0 195 939 938 2024-10-14T13:46:56Z Jon Harald Søby 12 3 revisions imported 938 wikitext text/x-wiki == Isiqwi Seenlwana. == === Isengeniso === Kukhona indawo lezo ezenzelwe ukubulunga, ukugcina kanye nokuvikela ubuphilo nobujamo bezinto ethize lokho okukhambisana nokunikela izinto lezo ibhoduluko elizijwaleyeleko. Indawo lezo kungenzeka bonyana zifake iinlwana, amahlathi, amanzi, iintjano nemithi. Ngaphasi kwalesi sihloko sizokunqopha khulu kusiqwi seenlwana. === Kuyini isiqwi seenlwana na? === [[Isimumathi:Imbabala.jpg|thumb|Imbabala idla utjani]] Ngokuya kuka-Nekolny no-Fiavona (2018<ref>Nekolny, L., & Fialova, D. 2018. Zoo Tourism: What Actually Is a Zoo? ''Czech Journal of Tourism'', 7(2): 153–166.</ref>) [[:en:Zoo|isiqwi seenlwana]] yindawo lapho kubekwa, kugcinwe begodu kutjengiswa iinlwana. Nasiqala ihlathululo le inzinze khulu mayelana nokuvikeleko nendawo la kutholakala khona iinlwana lezi. U-Rose, u-Brereton, u-Rowden, u-De Figuiredo, no-Riley (2019)<ref>Rose, P. E., Brereton, J. E., Rowden, L. J., De Figuiredo, R. L. & Riley, L. M. 2019. What’s new from the zoo? An analysis of ten years of zoo-themed research output. ''Palgrave Communications'', :1-9</ref> baveze bona isiqwi seenlwana yindawo leyo evelelwe umphakathi bonyana uzokubona iinlwana zemakhaya nezehlathi kanye nemanzini bonyana ziphila njani nokuthi bazuze ilwazi ngazo. Ihlathululo le ilinge ukufaka hlangana imihlobo yeenlwana leyo etholaka esiqwini seenlwana kanti nepilo yazi nelwazi lelo umphakathi ongalizuza. U-Zareva-Simeonova, u-Zlatanova, u-Racheva, u-Angelov no-Asenova (2009)<ref>Zareva-Simeonova, K., Zlatanova, D., Racheva, V. Angelov, V. & Asenova, I. 2009. ''The zoos and their role in the formal and informal environmental education. Biotechnol & Biotechnol''. EQ.</ref> ithi yona, isiqwi seenlwana yindawo lapho kubekwa khona iinlwani, zivikelwe ngaphasi kwabasabenzi bamafundwakghono. Iinlwani lezi kungaka ngezemanzini nanyana zehlabathini. === Ingabe kutholaka ziphi iinlwana esiqwini seenlwana? === [[Isimumathi:Unohaha.jpg|left|thumb]] Iinlwani ezitholakala esiqwini seenlwana kutholaka zoke iinlwana (Wikipedia 2024<ref name=":0">Wikipedia. 2024. ''Zoo''. Litholakala ku:<<nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoo</nowiki>>. Ifunyenwe ngomhlaka [07 kuRhoboyi 2024].</ref>). Iinlwazi lezi zihlukaniswe ngokweendawo ezihlala kizo, lezo ezifaka amanzi nehlabathini. Iinlwani zehlabathini zifaka iinkomo iimbuduma, iimpunzi, iimbuzi, inyoka neenyoni. Iinlwana zemanzi zona zifaka iimfesi, imikhombo nabotjhaka. === Isiqwi seenlwana lesi sinakekelwa bobani? === Isiqwi seenlwana sinakekela babantu abanengi labo abanamafundwakghona ahlukeneko. Amafundwakghona la afaka, abosoonlwana, abantu abasebenza ngeentjalo nemithi, nalabo abasebenzi ngamahlathi, abantu abasebenza ngamanzi neenlwana zemanzini kanye nabosobhoduluko kanye nabarhubhululi abahlukeneko (Wikipedia 2024<ref name=":0" />). Boke basebenza ngomnqopho munye wokusisa, ukusekela nokubulunga isiqwi seenlwana ngokupheleleko. === Isiphetho. === Isiqwi seenlwana siqakathekile khulu ekubulungeni nokuphephiseni iinlwana zoke eziphila emanzini nehlabathini. Begodu, siqinisekisa bonyana iinzukulwani ezizako ziba nethuba lokuzibona iinlwana lezi. === Isilululwazi === <references /> 0op1s9uxvgwugbyp2ismm9r1ltbjxfb 0 196 3077 2963 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon Harald Søby]] 940 wikitext text/x-wiki isokana mumuntu weembaji owelileko kodwana ongakathathi. Isokana kumuntu osele asesigabeni sokuthi angathatha abe nomfazi. 96wpiacl6chp3obdwxkwwc4okosu9ts 0 197 5791 5790 2025-09-23T17:58:41Z Nqobile69 190 5791 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Love padlocks on the Butchers' Bridge (Ljubljana).jpg|thumb|i]] '''Ithando''' mimizwa emihle umuntu abanayo ngomunye umuntu. <ref>[[mwod:love#word-history|LOVE Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster]]</ref>[[Imizwa]] le kungaba ngeyabantu ahlala nabo ekumndeni wakhe nanyana kube mimizwa yomuntu ohlukileko kunaye ngokobulili. Ithando yinto ehle khulu ngombana lakha ubuhlobo begodu likhulisa nemindeni. Ithando kuyinto eletha ukuthula nokuzwana emakhayeni. Abantu bakghona ukubekezelelana nokuthuthukisana ngesibanga sethando. Woke amakhaya akhona ajame ngesibanga sethando. Ithando liletha ithabo nokujabula, lapho kuphelekhona ithando abantu bahlala badanile. Ithando libonakala lokha umuntu atshweyeka ngokuthi omunye umuntu uhleli kuhle lapho akhona. Likhombisa ukuzinkela kwabantu ababili ekutheni babe semaduze gokwenhliziyo nangommoya wabo. Ithando kuyinto yemvelo enganayo imibandela.<ref>Cordner, C., 2016. Unconditional love?. ''Cogent Arts & Humanities'', ''3''(1), p.1207918.</ref> Livela nofana lenzeka lapho umuntu angakacabangi khona. Imizwa yethando ingavuka lokha umuntu nakabona umuntu omuhle nofana umuntu onemikghwa, nofana oziphatha gendlela ayithandako. Abantu abathandako bakghone ukuthi balwe begodu babuye bakwazi ukulibalelana. == Iinkomba == [[Category: Ithando]] [[Category:Ilanga lethando]] [[category:Imizwa]] m7fx4zf1i2gu17brcexm2hu588meikr 0 198 946 945 2024-10-14T13:46:57Z Jon Harald Søby 12 2 revisions imported 945 wikitext text/x-wiki == Itheminografi == === Isingeniso === Itheminografi Sifundo esiphathelene nemisebenzi, izenzo, isakhiwo, amarhubhululo, namahlelo amayelana nethemiloji. Ngamanye amagama, koke okwenzekako lokha nakwakhiwa itheminoloji kufikela la isetjenziswa beyifundwa khona kubizwa ngokuthi yitheminografi. Itheminografi kumkhakha okhethekileko loyo ofuna amakghonofundwa akhethekileko afana nomhlolimphoso, umrhubhululi welimi, ababutheleli data, abahlungi data, abatlami betheminoloji kanye nabalawuli bamahlelo nanyana amaphrojekhthi. Lokhu kusivezela bonaitheminographi inabe khulu ngaphakathi begodu yenziwe ziingcenye zinengi lezo ezisebenzisanako. Lokha nakutlanywa itheminoloji kuthonywa ngokubuthelela idata yomkhakha loyo ozabe ukhethiwe bonyana kuzokwakhiwa itheminoloji yawo. Ithi ingabuthelelwa, ihlungwe begodu irhumutjhwe idata le. Ngemva kokuhlungwa, idatha le iba mniningwana. Ukusuka lapho umniningwana lo ukghedlwe ngokuya ngokweengcezu zawo zekulumo, ihlathululo, umkhakha nobujamo bawo. Ukusuka lapho kwakhiwe ithemiloji etja. Lokha nasele kwakhiwe itheminoloji etja, umniningwana loyo uba lilwazi njengombana sele usetjenzisiwe begodu kunelwazi bonyana uyini, umnqopho wawo yini begodu umhlake njani kuneminye. Amaqhinga wokwakha itheminoloji manengi. Kodwana, ilimi lidlala indima ekulu ekukhetheni amaqhinga angasebenza elimini lelo. Amange amaqhinga asetjenziswa ukwakha itheminoloji ngila: === Ukusebenzisa ithemu elifanako ngelimi eliqothelweko === Kwesinye isikhathi uthola bonyana ithemu lelilimi elimsuka kukhona elikhambisana nalo nanyana elifana nalo ngehlathululo nangomqopho. Nakunjalo, kuthathwa lona. Isibonelo: teach [English] – fundisa [isiNdebele]. Ithemu leli, teach le-English litjho into eyodwa naleli lesiNdebele elithi, -fundisa. Ngalokho-ke, akudingeki bonyana kwakhiwe elinye ithemu. === Ukukwakha ngokunciphisa === Leli qhinga lisebenzisa indlela yokunciphisa ithemu lelimi elimsuka ukwakha ithemu elimini eliqothelweko. Kodwana, nanyana ithemu lelimi elimsuka lelo lincitjhiswa, kufanele litlolwe ngelimi eliqothelweko begodu likhambisane nomthetho welimi eliqothelweko. Isibonelo: Refrigerator (English) – Ifriji (isiNdebele). Ithemu leli, refrigerator le English lincitjhisiwe lenziwa ifriji. Kodwana nanyana kunjalo, litlolwe ngesiNdebele begodu kwafakwa isithomo nephimiso lamatjhada wesiNdebele. Ukutjhugulula ngegama ngegama Leli iqhinga lisebenzisa indlela yokutjhugulula igama ngalinye ngendlela akhamba ngayo nanyana alandelana ngayo ukusuka elimi elimsuka ukuya elimini eliqothelweko. Elimi eliqothelweko kufanele itjhugululo lamagama la lilandelane njengoba belilandelene elimini elimsuka. Isibonelo: Department of Education (English) – UmNyango wezeFundo (isiNdebele). Nasiqala isibonelo esingehla sifunyana ithemu umnyango ngelimi eliqothelweko (isiNdebele) lelo elithi Department (English) ngelimi elimsuka. Wobamili amagama la asekuthomeni emalimi womabili. Amathemu la, of education (English) athi ngesiNdebele (ngelimi eliqothelweko) wezefundo begodu alandelana njengoba ahlezi kiwo woke amalimi la. === Ukubizwa kwethemu kunjalo === Indlela yokubiza ithemu linjalo yindlela lapho ithemu liphinyiswa njengoba linjalo kodwana kusetjenziswe amatjhada welimi eliqothelweko. Isibonelo: machine (English) – umtjhini (isiNdebele) La ithemu machine, lisetjenziswe linjalo ukusuka ku-English ukuya esiNdebeleni kodwana kwasetjenziswa amatjhada welimi lesiNdebele. Ukungezelela, woke amatjhada welimi elimsuka, angekho elimi eliqothelweko (isiNdebele) afana no-ch, ajanyiselwe ngo-tjh. Lokhu kungombana igama leli kufanele likhambisane nomthetho wokutlola nokupeleda wesiNdebele. Ukuhlanganisa amagama amabili ukwenza ithemu linye Leli qhinga lisebenzisa amagama amabili lawo atjho izinto ezihlukileko ukuwahlanganisa bese atjho into yinye. Esikhathini esinengi akukakateleki bonyana amagama lawo abuye emkhakheni owodwa ngesikhathi ahlanganiswa. Isibonelo: umtjhiningqondo (computer) Ithemu leli umtjhininqgondo lakhiwe magama amabili lawo akhona ukuzijamela, umtjhini + ingqondo. Amathemu la bekatjho izinto ezihlukileko kodwana ahlanganiswa bonyana atjho i-computer. Lo umhlobo wamathemu ubizwa bonya mabizomvango. === Isiphetho === Itheminografi kusifundo esiqakathekileko ekuthuthukiseni ilimi ngombana ngaso soke isikhathi kuba nezinto ezitja ezivelako lezo ezifuna amathemi amatjha. Ukwakhiwa kwamathemu nakho kufaka izinto ezinengi njengamaqhinga wokwakha mathemu lawo ekufanelwe esetjenziswe kuhle. 0px3whizkywokhnwyw17cyzdll3thm1 0 199 3095 2961 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon Harald Søby]] 951 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Protea cynaroides MS 9113.jpg|thumb|Ithuthumbo lePhrothiya]] '''IPhrothiya''' lithuthumbo elijamele inarha yeSewula Afrika. Ithuthumbo leli likhona ngemva kwemali ku coat of arms. Litjengisa amagugu nokuziqhenya kweSewula Afrika njengesitjhaba. Ithuthumbo leli liliphawu lobuhle nekhono lokuphikelela ebudisini besitjhaba sekhethu. Lijamele ukuhlukahlukana kwamalimi, amasiko nekolo yabantu ababumbeneko abahlala enarheni yeSewula Afrika. Ikghono lethuthumbo lePhrothiya ukukhula endaweni lapho kubudisi khona bona kungakhula into, kutjengisa ikghono lesitjhaba lokubekekela natural namandla. s4c3f4y6pnxdyytq7t1t3gmmyppobr5 0 200 2165 958 2024-11-27T06:18:14Z Simakahle Moselekatse 161 + Iinkomba 2165 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Industry 4.0 es.png|thumb|itjhuguluko lesine lezamabubulo liletha ukusetjenziswa kwama AI]] '''Itjhuguluko lesine lezamabubulo''' kulapho iphasi sele lithuthukela ekusetjenzisweni okuphezulu [[kwetheknoloji]] ukulawila indlela yokuphila.<ref>Xu, M., David, J.M. and Kim, S.H., 2018. The fourth industrial revolution: Opportunities and challenges. ''International journal of financial research'', ''9''(2), pp.90-95.</ref> Lelitjhuguluko libangela ukutjhuguluka kwezomnotho, elwazini, kanye nemandleni. == ubuhle betjhuguluko lesine lezamabubulo == Ubuhle betjhuguluko leli kukobana abantu bazokukhona ukwenza imisebenzi yabo ngendlela elula basebenzisa imitjhini bona ma [[AI]]. Abanye abantu sele bakhona ukusebenzela ekhaya. okhunye ukobana abantu baba nelwazwi eliphezulu lokusenzisa imitjhini. == Ubudisi obulethwa litjhuguluko leli == Abantu abenza imisebenzi elula nejayelekileko bahlekelwa misebenzi ngombana esikhundleni sabo sele kusetjenziswa imitjhini ukwenza imisebenzi leyo. Izinga lobulelesi nalo liyakhuphuka, ngombana abantu bakhona ukusebenzisa imitjhini ukwebela abantu izinto ezifana nemali. == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} fc5czdp8ks83cpwjh64pbba4facrkw5 0 201 3571 2201 2025-08-06T09:11:08Z Nomsa Skosana 123 3571 wikitext text/x-wiki == Izinto Ezabanga Ipi Yephasi Yesibili == === Isingeniso === [[:en:Causes_of_World_War_II|Ipi yephasi yesibili]] ngezinye zezinto ezibuhlungu ezenzeka ephasini esiphila kibo. Ipi yephasi yathoma ngomnyaka we-1939, yaphela ngomnyaka we-1945 (Myrice 2015<ref name=":0">Myrice, E. 2015. The Impact of the Second World War on the Decolonization of Africa. Africana. ''Studies Student Research Conference'', 2:1-10.</ref>). Lokhu kutjho bonyana ipi yephasi yathatha iminyaka esithantathu yoke. Ngesikhathi sepi yephasi yesibili le kwalahleka amaphilo amanengi, kwatjhuguluka iimpilo zabanto kante nephasi ngokwalo. Nanyana kunjalo ke, ingabe yini eyafakaisandla bonyana kube nepi yephasi yesibili na? Umbuzo lo sizokulinga ukuwuphendula esihlokwaneni esilandelako. === Ingabe yini eyafaka isandla bonyana kube nepi yephasi na? === Ngemva kokuba khona kwepi yokuthoma yephasi kwabakhonaimiphumela nomthintela loyo ophathelene namandla kanye nomnotho. Ngokuya kwe-Wikipedia (2024)<ref name=":1">Wikipedia. 2024. ''Causes of World War II''. Itholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II</nowiki>>. Ifunyenwe ngomhlaka [27 kuRhoboyi 2024]</ref>, umdosiphambili wehlangano i-Nazi Party, u-Adolf Hitler, wafuna amandla wokulawula i-Germany yoke kanye nokususa umthethosibopho, iVersailles, ngebanga lokuthi awukhambelani neemfuneko zakhe zokulawula ngekani ezinye iinarha (Wikipedia 2024<ref name=":1" />). U-Adolf Hitler wabe angasiyedwa, i-Fascist ye-Itally nayo yagandelela i-Ethiopia, ngokudluleleko kanti ngesikhathi esifanako i-Japan nayo yagandela i-China ngeemfuneko ezifanako nezaka-Adolf Hilter (Myrice 2015<ref name=":0" />). Iimfuneko lezi zazifaka hlangana umnotho, amandla wokubusa ezinye iinarha, ukulawula kwamajoni wezinye iinarha kanye nokususa imithetho ebakhandela bonyana bagandelele ezinye iinarha (Wikipedia 2024<ref name=":1" />). Nanyana kunjalo, iinarha eziphikisana nalokhu okufaka hlangana i-Britain, United State of America ne-France, zabumbana zabiza umhlangano lapho wabekwa ngokusemthethweni umthethosibopho, iTreaty of Versailles, loyo ovikela i-Germany, I-Italy ne-Japan bonyana igandelel ezinye iinarha begodu bazenzele umathanda kwezinye iinarha (Myrice 2015<ref name=":0" />). Lokhu kwakwatisa khulu u-Adolf Hitler kanye nabangani bakhe i-Japan ne-Italy, labo bathatha isiqunto bonyana nje ipi yephasi yesibili iyasuka begodu boke laba abangabasekeli kutjho bonyana manaba wabo (Oxford 2010<ref>Oxford. ''2010. Big Ideas geography: History''. Oxford</ref>). === Isiphetho === Amandla womnotho, nokulawulwa kwamajoni kanye kugcilaza ezinye iinarha zadlala indima ekulu ekwenzi esiqiniseko sokobanyana ipi yephasi yesibili iba khona. Nanyana kunjalo, ngemva kweminyana esithantathu ipi yephasi ikhona, kwakghonakala bonyana iphele begodu kube nokuthula ephasini. === Isilululwazi === {{Reflist}} [[Category:Ipi yephasi yesibili]] [[Category:Ipi yephasi yokuthoma]] [[Category:Iinarha]] k199sc26xh4cto7e7mnbrgf4cbur16u 0 202 2221 963 2024-11-29T14:13:44Z Simakahle Moselekatse 161 UJabu Mahlangu 2221 wikitext text/x-wiki '''UJabu Mahlangu''' obuye aziwe ngo Jabu Pule wayengumdlai wecembe lebhola i Kaizer Chiefs, e[[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika]]. 3ewxc24x27bcjrd4vs9dglrsydogkzr 0 203 2245 2242 2024-12-04T00:25:40Z Bobbyshabangu 66 2245 wikitext text/x-wiki '''U-Jerry Sikhosana''' (wabelethwa mhlazi-8 kuMgwengweni 1969[2]) mdlali webholo we[[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika]].<ref>https://www.snl24.com/kickoff/sanews/premiership/orlando-pirates/story-behind-the-nickname-jerry-legs-of-thunder-sikhosana-20241110</ref> Ukudlala isikhathi esinengi somsebenzi wakhe e-[[IOrlando Pirates|Orlando Pirates]], bekangumlandeli omkhulu we-Pirates i-Kaizer Chiefs, begodu wadlalela isiqhema sakhe emidlalweni ye-Soweto, okufaka hlangana ukushaya i-hat-trick ku-1996 Bob Save Superbowl semifinal, umdlalo owaziwa nge- U-Jerry Sikhosana i-derby.[3]Wabizwa ngebizo elithi "Legs of Thunder" ngemva kwehhashi lomjaho oyintshatsheli ebegade lilingiswa emdlalweni we-TV weSewula Afrika, begodu sele azuze isikhundla esidumileko e-Orlando Pirates njengomdlali oqinileko wokuzingela amagoli ngabo-1990. Bekayingcenye yesiqhema esiphumeleleko se-African Champions League ngo-1995.<ref>https://farpost.co.za/2024/11/24/jerry-skhosana-names-magesi-star-to-solve-chiefs-scoring-issues/</ref> ==Iinkomba== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Abosaziwako]] [[Mkhakha:Isewula Afrika]] 1imc98lo3qe9md4z3fcpqrcswkeoz5s 0 204 3073 2987 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon Harald Søby]] 967 wikitext text/x-wiki UJoe Sibanyoni ungusomarhwebo no mphathi omkhulu matekisi, ohlala eKwaggafontein A. hv6nnmgj7wnje582l71da9fryp00smk 0 205 3131 2895 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Elton|Elton]] 2103 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Johannesburg CBD.jpg|thumb|Johannesburg]] I'''Johannesburg''' idolobhakazi lase [[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika]]. I '''dolobha''' eliyintantokazi kuwo woke umuntu, ngisho nabafundi babhudanga ukuya khona ukuyo funa umsebenzi. Kulapho abobaba bemizi eminengi baphelela khona baye ukuyosebenzela abantwana babo kodwana abanye baqhina baakha imizi yabo eminye yesibili engaziwako emakhaya. [[Mkhakha:iSewula Afrika]] 6drtwqidbyvbn4bbsh7p5g2xbsu0wsy 0 206 3293 3169 2025-07-02T20:43:23Z Thuvack 106 Undo revision [[Special:Diff/3169|3169]] by [[Special:Contributions/85.97.84.231|85.97.84.231]] ([[User talk:85.97.84.231|talk]]) 3293 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Kgalema Motlanthe at the 12th AU Summit (cropped).jpg|thumb|uMontlante ngomnyaka ka-2009]] '''uKgalema Petrus Motlanthe''' wabelethwa mhla amalanga ali-18 kuVelabahlinze ngomhlaka ka-1949. Waba nguMongameli wesithathu weSewula Africa kusukela ngomnyaka ka-2008 kuKhukhulamungu mhla amalanga ali 25, ukuya ngomnyaka ka-2009 mhla amalanga ali-9 kuMrhayili. Waba ngusekela Mongameli ngaphasi koMongameli wangaphambilini uJacob Zuma, kusukela ngomnyaka ka-2009 kuMrhayini mhla amalanga ali-9, ukuya ngomnyaka ka-26 kuMrhayili mhla amalanga ali-26. Ukgalema akasabonwa kubomabonakude. 2srshvs12piul0zud7xb9cs8ws7kub8 0 208 5150 998 2025-08-13T03:18:25Z Jetro mahlangu 588 /* Umlando waKomkhulu */ Fixed grammar 5150 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Komkhulu.png|thumb|Umdlalo WamaNdebele]] [[Isimumathi:Ndebele drama series.jpg|thumb|Umdlalo WesiNdebele ]] '''Komkhulu''' mdlalo wokuthoma wamaNdebele owaduma khulu bewabonakala kumabonwakude. Wathoma ukubonakala kumabonwakude lokha amalanga ali-9 kusiHlabantangana ngomnyaka wee-2023. Umdlalo lo ugadangiselwe bewadlalelwa esifundeni se[[Mpumalanga|Mpumalanga,]] eendaweni ezifaka hlangana ngeKosini kwagogo u-[[Esther Mahlangu]], naKwaMhlanga esese yindawo yaKwaNdebele. Ukuthoma nokudlala komdlalo lo kwaba yinqophamlando ngombana bekumdlalo wokuthoma owawuzokubonakala kumabonwakude wesiNdebele netjhaneleni ekulu okuyi Mzansi Magic (Channel 161) eku-[[DSTV.]] == <big>Umlando waKomkhulu</big> == Umdlalo lo umayelana nobukhosi bekosi uMasoso Mbonani, oyikosi encani esakhulako begodu ebelethelwe emnothweni. Ipilo yekosi isengozini njengombana ingakghoni ukuba nendlalifa ezokuthatha ubukhosi bayo. == Iinkundla == Umdlalo lo ube neenkundla ezilitjhumi nantathu (13 ''episodes''). == Abadlali == Ikosi uMasoso Mbonani bekadlalwa ngu-Johannes Mandla Mnguni. USayina Mbonani bekadlalwa nguBongi Mtsweni. UHlangabeza bekadlalwa nguSipho Mbele. UKarisa bekadlalwa ngu-[[James Sithole]]. UNomhlekhabo bekadlalwa ngu-Andiswa Khuzwayo. UNastokana bekadlalwa ngu-Frieda Makoba. UJama bekadlalwa nguBongani Mahlangu. odfzlmvnix62kmrbcaf8fvnrqkg5rw4 0 209 1000 999 2024-10-14T13:46:59Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 999 wikitext text/x-wiki '''KwaMabhoko''' ebuye yaziwe ngeMapoch yidolobha elikuMasipala Wendawo i-Dr JS Moroka esifundazweni saseMpumalanga eNingizimu Afrika. IMapoch iyindawo yasemaphandleni, futhi umphakathi wendawo usahlala ngendlela yasesigodini. q0amg1znvwax5wj5pl53hnbm982saet 0 210 1009 1008 2024-10-14T13:47:00Z Jon Harald Søby 12 8 revisions imported 1008 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ikwekwezi Fm''' mrhatjho orhasha ngelimi leSindebele owaziwa ilizwe jikelele. Phambilini beyaziwa nge Radio [[Ndebele]] ,yasungulwa ngomhlaka (1April 1983) '''<big>Isizinda</big>''' umrhatjho wathoma ukunzinza kwa [[SABC]]([[Northern Transvaal Region]]), e Minaar street epitori. Yafuduka yaya e Weavid Park nayo ese Pitori , Yafuduka godu yanzinza e Auckland Pack e [[Johannesburg]] kukulapho isanzinze khona namhlanjesi. fvs639zt5ppydfbthue7aowfcewxk5m 0 211 2213 1012 2024-11-29T07:37:13Z Simakahle Moselekatse 161 /* Indlela yokwembatha */ 2213 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ilanga lamagugu.''' Enyakeni omunye nomunye ngo Sinyikhamba 27, e [[Sewula Afrika]] kugidingwa ilanga lamagugu. Omunye nomunye uzikhakhazisa ngesikhabo, imvelaphi yakhe. eenkolweni neendaweni zokusebenzela ngelangeli omunye nomunye uvela ngesikhhabo. Thina amaNdebele nathi sikhumbula lapha sivela khona, izidlo ebegade zidliwa ekadeni, ivunulo, iinkosi ebegade zisibuza nabo khokho bethu. imvelaphi yomuntu ibaluleke kwamambala. kufuze uzibuze bona kubayini simbatha umbhalo, utjho ukuthini umbhalo emaNdebeleni? indaba yesirholwana ivelaphi? ijemu ihlathululani? kubalulekile bonyana isiko lakho ulazi ngokuzeleko. ilwazi liyafunyaneka kwabakhulu abo mma, abo gogo nabo khokho nawusese netjhudu ubafunyene badla umratha. == Indlela yokwembatha == Isikhethu siyakarisa ebulilini obunye nobunye, nezingeni elinye nelinye lomnyaka. [[Isimumathi:AmaNdebele.jpg|thumb|ndebele different attires]] umntazana netlawana bambatha ngendlela efanako. umma othethweko ivunulo yakhe iyahluka kanti ke nendoda ethetheko ineporiyana. amasokana nawo aneyabo indlela yokwembatha, bese umsegwabo umbatha irhembe nebrugu elifitjhani aphathe nendronga ukutjengisa bona uzasok'khula abe lisokana. Isikhenu siqakatheke malanga wonke ingasi ngo Sinyikhaba kwaphela. zikhakhazise ngesikhenu! eiwftdbrmgct7wt7ugiuc0o125kjcor 4 212 3145 2909 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Janabaevazizbek|Janabaevazizbek]] 2568 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:View over the Old Town of Budva from the Citadel.jpg|130px|khisimusi.]] <div style="float:left;margin:0.5em 0.9em 0.4em 0"></div> <div id="mp-dyk" style="padding:2px 5px; font-size:95%;"> '''[[I-Budva]]''' lidorobha elise-Montenegro, eliphakathi kwe-Adriatic coast yelizwe. Idorobha lisikhungo sesifunda sikamasipala esinegama elifanako. I-Budva yasungulwa eminyakeni ema-2500 eyadlulako begodu ngenye yeendawo zokuhlala zakade khulu emaphethelweni weLwandle le-Adriatic. I-Budva nendawo eziseduze kwayo zakha i-Budva Riviera - isikhungo seemvakatjhi esikhulu kunazo zoke e-Montenegro, esidume ngamabhitjhi waso, ipilo yasebusuku kanye neembonelo ezihle zezakhiwo ze-Mediterranean. <br> <div style="font-size:85%; text-align:right;">('''[[I-Budva|Qala Isithasiselo...]]''')</div> </div> otl6qhmkrn8xfhmqsmav9rwksxkij4z 0 213 3121 2959 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Janabaevazizbek|Janabaevazizbek]] 2567 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin:0.5em 0.9em 0.4em 0">[[Isimumathi:Baron ungern.ruem.jpg|125px|center]]</div> <div id="mp-dyk" style="padding:2px 5px; font-size:95%;"> '''[[U-Roman Ungern|U-Baron Robert Nicholas Maximilian Florer von Ungeren-Sternberg]]'''; Ngomhlana ali-18 kuNobayeni 1885 (mhlana ali-10 kuNobayeni 1886) , e-Graz - mhlana ali-15 kuNobayeni 1921, e-Novonikolaevsk) - umlawuli webutho le-Russia ngesikhathi se-Russian Revolution, umthengisi we-Russian White Army, umlingisi odosa phambili we-White resistance. eNtshonalanga Ephakathi. I-St. Petersburg Academy. UJosefa. Bekayinhloko yomqondo wokubuyisela umbuso ka-Genghis Khan ukusuka e-Pacific Ocean ukuya e-Caspian Sea. Ivela emndenini wakade we-German-Baltic (Baltic) kanye nomndeni wama-baronial, ofakwe hlangana nama-matriques we-noble yazo zoke iifundazwe ezintathu ze-Russian Baltic. <br> <div style="font-size:85%; text-align:right;">('''[[U-Roman Ungern|Qala Isithasiselo...]]''')</div> </div> bp88qz5syfbfqpvxh7a3vf3ldhrnbav 0 214 3393 3096 2025-07-11T11:26:25Z Thuvack 106 3393 wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="center">'''[[:meta:Help:Editing|Isizo Ngomtlolo]]'''<br> Qala amakhasi aqakathekile, esibawa bona usize kiwo: <big>[[Wikipedia:Imitlolo aqakathekileyo/esigaba 1|10]] &nbsp;· [[Wikipedia:Imitlolo aqakathekileyo/esigaba 2|100]] &nbsp;· [[Wikipedia:Imitlolo aqakathekileyo/esigaba 3|1000]]</big></div> == I-Wikipedia ngamalimi amanye == ; Ama-Wikipedia Amanye Ngamalimi we-Afrika [[:af:|Afrikaans]]&nbsp;· [[:ak:|Akan]]&nbsp;· [[:am:|አማርኛ]]&nbsp;· [[:bm:|Bamanankan]]&nbsp;· [[:ny:|Chi-Chewa]]&nbsp;· [[:sn:|chiShona]]&nbsp;· [[:tum:|chiTumbuka]]&nbsp;· [[:ee:|Ɛʋɛ]]&nbsp;· [[:ff:|Fulfude]]&nbsp;· [[:ki:|Gĩkũyũ]]&nbsp;· [[:ha:|هَوُسَ]]&nbsp;· [[:ig:|Ìgbo]]&nbsp;· [[:xh:|isiXhosa]]&nbsp;· [[:rw:|Kinyarwanda]]&nbsp;· [[:rn:|Kirundi]]&nbsp;· [[:sw:|Kiswahili]]&nbsp;· [[:kg:|Kongo]]&nbsp;· [[:ln:|Lingala]]&nbsp;· [[:lg:|Luganda]]&nbsp;· [[:mg:|Malagasy]]&nbsp;· [[:arz:|مصرى]]&nbsp;· [[:om:|Oromoo]]&nbsp;· [[:sg:|Sängö]]&nbsp;· [[:st:|seSotho]]&nbsp;· [[:tn:|Setswana]]&nbsp;· [[:ss:|SiSwati]]&nbsp;· [[:so:|Soomaaliga]]&nbsp;· [[:kab:|Taqbaylit]]&nbsp;· [[:ti:|ትግርኛ]]&nbsp;· [[:ve:|Tshivenda]]&nbsp;· [[:tw:|Twi]]&nbsp;· [[:wo:|Wolof]]&nbsp;· [[:ts:|Xitsonga]]&nbsp;· [[:yo:|Yorùbá]]&nbsp;· (Nangabe ufuna ukuqala Ama-Wikipedia khulu, qala ku-bar engenzasi) <div class="plainlinks"> ; Amaphrojekhthi afanako : [http://meta.wikipedia.org Meta-Wikipedia]&nbsp;· [http://wiktionary.org Wiktionary]&nbsp;· [http://wikibooks.org Wikibooks]&nbsp;· [http://wikiquote.org Wikiquote]&nbsp;· [http://wikisource.org Wikisource] </div> 0ddcnmgrj6fmvxtgt8zv3oh3acwpd6y 0 215 3279 3171 2025-07-02T20:14:17Z Thuvack 106 Undo revision [[Special:Diff/3171|3171]] by [[Special:Contributions/85.97.84.231|85.97.84.231]] ([[User talk:85.97.84.231|talk]]) 3279 wikitext text/x-wiki {| cellpadding="5" cellspacing="4" style="width:100%; border:2px ;" |----- |colspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="white" | {| width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" |- <!----------------------------------------------> | width="10%" | [[Isimumathi:Nuvola apps bookcase.svg|40px|center]] | width="90%" style="font-size: 90%; " | '''Imitlolo ngesindebele'''<br/> [[Isindebele]]&nbsp;- [[Umlando waMandebele]]&nbsp;- [[Amalungelo Wobuntu]]&nbsp;- [[umThethosisekelo]]&nbsp;- [[Ezepilo]]&nbsp;- [[Ifundo]]&nbsp;- [[Amatshwayo eSewula Africa]]&nbsp;- [[Iflaga yeSewula Africa]]&nbsp;- [[UmSebenzi WesiTjhaba WezamaLimi]]&nbsp;- [[Iinomboro]]&nbsp;- [[Iinyanga]]&nbsp;- [[AmaKghono wePilo]]&nbsp;- [[Ikrismesi]]&nbsp;- [[Ubulwelwe be-Ebola]]&nbsp; [[Onzima]]&nbsp;- [[Omhlophe]]&nbsp;- [[Obovu]]&nbsp; <!----------------------------------------------> |- <!----------------------------------------------> | [[Isimumathi:P_religion_world.svg|40px|center]] | style="font-size: 90%; border-top: 1px dashed #AAAAAA;" | '''Ikolo'''<br/> [[Uzimu]]&nbsp;- [[Ubukresite]]&nbsp;- [[Abaphasi]]&nbsp;- [[Ikolo]]&nbsp;- [[Ibhayibhili]]&nbsp; <!----------------------------------------------> |- <!----------------------------------------------> | [[Isimumathi:Classroom icon.svg|40px|center]] | style="font-size: 90%; border-top: 1px dashed #AAAAAA;" | '''Abatloli Besindebele'''<br/> [[Alexander Mthombeni|A.B. Mthombeni]]&nbsp;- [[Moses Mahlangu|M.S. Mahlangu]]&nbsp;- [[PB Skhosana|P.B. Skhosana]]&nbsp;- [[Bhiza Masango|B.D Masango]]&nbsp;- [[Themba Mnguni|T.G Mnguni]]&nbsp;- [[Mgiyelwa Ntuli|M.S Ntuli]]&nbsp; <!----------------------------------------------> |- <!----------------------------------------------> | [[Isimumathi:Gnome-globe.svg|40px|center]] | style="font-size: 90%; border-top: 1px dashed #AAAAAA;" | '''Iinarha zephasi'''<br/> [[Isewula Afrika]]&nbsp;- [[Iamarika]]&nbsp;- [[Angola]]&nbsp;- [[Botswana]]&nbsp;- [[Burkina Faso]]&nbsp;- [[Cameroon]]&nbsp;- [[Egypt]]&nbsp;- [[Ethiopia]]&nbsp;- [[Ghana]]&nbsp;- [[Japane]]&nbsp;- [[Kenya]]&nbsp;- [[Lesotho]]&nbsp;- [[Madagascar]]&nbsp;- [[Malawi]]&nbsp;- [[Mali]]&nbsp;- [[Mauritius]]&nbsp;- [[Morocco]]&nbsp;- [[Mozambique]]&nbsp;- [[Namibia]]&nbsp;- [[Niger]]&nbsp;- [[Rwanda]]&nbsp;- [[Senegal]]&nbsp;- [[Sierra Leone]]&nbsp;- [[Somalia]]&nbsp;- [[Swaziland]]&nbsp;- [[Tanzania]]&nbsp;- [[Tshayina]]&nbsp;- [[Tunisia]]&nbsp;- [[Zambia]]&nbsp;- [[Zimbabwe]]&nbsp; <!----------------------------------------------> |- <!----------------------------------------------> | [[Isimumathi:Nuvola apps kuser.svg|40px|center]] | style="font-size: 90%; border-top: 1px dashed #AAAAAA;" | '''Ubuhlobo'''<br/> [[Umndeni]]&nbsp;- [[Ababelethi]]&nbsp;- [[Umntwana]]&nbsp;- [[Umtjhado]]&nbsp;- [[Umrazana]]&nbsp;- [[Isokana]]&nbsp;- [[Ukhwenyana]]&nbsp;- [[Umakoti]]&nbsp;- [[Ilobolo]]&nbsp;- [[Iindakamizwa]]&nbsp; |} nqdsloel5exl6unh54mpw4pvsdxixr5 0 216 1128 1127 2024-10-14T13:47:03Z Jon Harald Søby 12 2 revisions imported 1127 wikitext text/x-wiki '''I-''Mantwani Primary School''''', sikolo samazinga aphasi esisendaweni ye-Watervaal B eMpumalanga. Lesi sikolo sathiyelelwa ngo Mandwani ebekuyikosi ekhayibusa endaweni yange Watervaal ngaphambi kokubusa kuka-Mayitjha. Ngebanga lokobana uhlokokulu wokuthoma wesikolo khabe kuli-Pedi, uMandwani wamutjhugulula ngokungakwazi ukupeleda amagama wesiNdebele wasibiza ngokuthi yi-Mantwani. lfi8206hu5krdf2koa9xguma9erpn6x 0 217 1138 1137 2024-10-14T13:47:04Z Jon Harald Søby 12 9 revisions imported 1137 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Piet Mbalekwa Maqhawe Ntuli.jpg|alt=Piet Mbalekwa Maqhawe Ntuli (Minister of Kwandebele Homeland)|thumb]] '''<big>Maqhawe Mbalekwa Piet Ntuli</big>''' '''Maqhawe Mbalekwa Piet Ntuli''' wayengu Minister wombuzo waphambilini wa[[:en:KwaNdebele|kwaNdebele]], owahlongakala ngemva kokuthi ikoloyi yakhe ifakwe iinthuthumbisi e Siyabuswa, Kwandebele ngo mhlaka 29 kuVelabahlinze 1986. Abanqondo nqondo benthuthumbisi ezathuthumbisa ikoloyi ka Mnumzane u Maqhawe kwaye kumasotja akhethekileko kanye nehlangano eyayiphethe yi [https://web.archive.org/web/20240308152659/http://www.army.mil.za/Pages/Home.aspx SANDF] nabo nogada abasebenzisana ne SAP ([[:en:South_African_Police|South African Police]]). jfo7qrha1bz1d26pnmx9bzih3owopfx 0 218 1141 1140 2024-10-14T13:47:04Z Jon Harald Søby 12 2 revisions imported 1140 wikitext text/x-wiki '''UMark Tovey''' (owazalwa ngo-7 Meyi 1955) [1] ungumdlali webhola lezinyawo wase[[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika]] osethathe umhlalaphansi. Umfowabo wayengumdlali webhola u[[Neil Tovey]]. q9fx4yahm7ubcq865ih79d3jl9joduy 0 219 1144 1143 2024-10-14T13:47:04Z Jon Harald Søby 12 2 revisions imported 1143 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mbazima Shilowa''' ungngomunye wabahlali beSewula Afrika okhewaba ngu phrimiya wesifunda se Gauteng eminyakeni eyadlulako. ungusopolitiki ebeka dosa phambili is ihlangano the COPE kodwana ngesibanga sokuthi ihlangano le beyinganabo abalandeli abanengi wagcina sele alandela ihlangano ye-DA. 7fh47zci1v3a8f65hkwva67cd9jiy1q 0 220 2634 2220 2025-04-03T19:10:29Z Rachmat04 32 2634 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Person| | ibizo = Mgiyelwa Simon Ntuli | isithombe = MS Ntuli.png | umsebenzi = Umtloli | ubelethwe ngo = 08 Arhostosi 1949 | indawo yo kubelethwa = Nompeketswana, Ekungwini | wahlongakala ngo = | indawo yo hlongakala = }} '''UMgiyelwa Simon Ntuli''' (wabelethwa ngomhlaka 08 Arhostosi 1949) ngumtloli odumileko wobukondlo besindebele begodu wabelethelwa koNompeketswana, esiphandeni sekungwini (Bronkhorstspruit).<ref name=ph1>"[https://www.yumpu.com/sw/document/view/14913176/here-national-library-of-south-africa/17 Preserving and Celebrating our literary heritage]" (kuNtaka 2011) - '''National Library of South Africa'''. Ibuyiselwe mhlazi-22 kuNhlolanja 2016.</ref> == Ifundo == Wathoma ukufunda esikolweni samaRoma, eSdudu (Eastwood), ePitori l, (City of Tshwane) Emvakwalapo wangena eenkolweni ezincani ezilandelako: * Kgoro Bantu School, eKungwini * Serenity Bantu School, eRayton. Waphumelela ibanga lesithandathu eSedibeng State School, eCullinan.Ifundo ephakamileko wayifumana eBoekenhoutfontein Secondary School, eMabopane. Waphetha ibanga lesumi eMamelodi High School, eMamelodi. Ubutitjhere wabufundele eRehlahliwe Teacher Training College, waqedaiPrimary Teachers Certicatengo – 1974<ref name=ph1/>. Kusukela lapho wafunda iimfundo zakhe asekhaya asebenza wafumana iziqu sakhe ngendlela elandelako: # MA: University of Witwatersrand-eJohannesburd. # BA(Hons): University of Pretoria. # BA: University of South Africa, ePretoria. # FDE: Rand Afrikaans Universiteit, eJohannesburg. == Ubutloli == Wathoma ukutlola iincwadi ngerherho leTsengo. Kwagadangiswa iTsengo lokuthoma ngonyaka ka 1991, kwaphethangetsengo, ngonyaka ka – 1995<ref name=ph1/>. Umncopho weTsengo kufundisa abafundi uthabela ubukondlo ne enkondlo begodu nokulandelako: * Ukwazi ubonga. * Ukulimuka amatshayo wobukondlo. * Ukukghona ukutlhama linkondlo. * Ukutsenga iinkondlo. * Ukuragela phambili ngezesikolo bukondlo begudu nesikolo bukondlo epilweni. Amabanga la anembakhona ekuthini irherho leTsengo lijamele ukusiza abafundi ukwazi ngezobukondlo ne enkondlo. Bamalimi amanye nabo bangasizeka kwamambala. Ngetsengo batsengeke ngelimuko lobukondlo. == Isithasiselo == {{Reflist}} [[Mkhakha:Abatloli|Abatloli]] 0jfef6c920zhffe4dkfzcdxb2fpixko 0 221 2217 2216 2024-11-29T09:38:59Z Simakahle Moselekatse 161 ref 2217 wikitext text/x-wiki '''UMoses Sovumani Mahlangu''' kaZimkhona ngumtloli wemidlalo yesindebele, begodu waziwa ngetlolo lakhe elithi ''"Iinkesi Ezome Kere"''.<ref name=ph1>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20140223090335/http://www.mml.co.za/literature-awards 2012 YOUTH DRAMA AWARD WINNERS AND RUNNERS-UP]" - '''Maskew Miller Longman'''. Retrieved 26 February 2016</ref> Wabelethelwa eKlipgat esifundeni seThlwagwiniiTjhingalanga ngomnyaka ka 1974.<ref name=ph2>[https://www.yumpu.com/sw/document/view/14913176/here-national-library-of-south-africa/17 Preserving and Celebrating our literary heritage]" (March 2011) - '''National Library of South Africa'''. Retrieved 22 February 2016</ref> Wangena isikolo e-Keikumetsi Primary School emva kwalapho waya eKuphumeleni Combined School endaweni yePhumula eMpumalanga. Waqeda ibanga letjhumi eBongumusa High School ePhumula. Wenza iimfundo zakhe ze BA ku -Sociology ne Psychology neemfundo ze BA Hons ku Sociology eyunevesithi ye-Vista ngomnyaka ka 1996 nango 1997, walandelisa ngeemfundo ze Masters ku-Sociology neYunivesithi yePitori.<ref name=ph2></ref> Umtloli lo wathumba indawoyesibili kuphalisano lobutloli lakwa Maskew Miller Longman kusigaba soluthja ngo 2012.<ref name=ph1></ref> Kwagadesi usebenzela iKoro yezesiPholisa yeSewula Afrika (SAPS).<ref name=ph2></ref> ==Isithasiselo== {{Reflist}} [[Mkhakha:Abatloli|Abatloli]] tfbjzslqnqapgdj2w47zprgqq631khe 0 222 3053 3025 2025-06-07T03:05:22Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Simakahle Moselekatse|Simakahle Moselekatse]] 2187 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Mmusi Maimane (cropped).jpg|thumb|uMaimane ngomnyaka ka-2011]] '''UMusi Maimane''' ungusopolitiki wecembu lembusazwe lase Sewula Afrika. hnnpqeor41i0nbzncrxweunknbbsh8p 0 223 3311 3193 2025-07-02T20:48:51Z Thuvack 106 Undo revision [[Special:Diff/3193|3193]] by [[Special:Contributions/85.97.84.231|85.97.84.231]] ([[User talk:85.97.84.231|talk]]) 3311 wikitext text/x-wiki '''U-Neil Robert Tovey OIS''' (owazalwa zi-2 kuJulayi 1962) ungumqeqeshi webhola lezinyawo wase[[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika]] kanye nomdlali wangaphambili aphinde abe ngumfowabo womdlali webhola lezinyawo wangaphambili uMark Tovey. Wazalelwa ePitoli. Uphethe irekhodi lokudlala imidlalo eminingi kuNational Soccer League. 6sjz9g4oapz8xf6drgsp45ggqdpiwdd 0 224 5908 5646 2025-10-08T11:50:48Z Bobbyshabangu 66 5908 wikitext text/x-wiki   == umlando kaNelson Mandela. == [[Isimumathi:Nelson Mandela 1994.jpg|thumb|<ref>[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Nelson_Mandela_1994.jpg Nelson_Mandela_1994.jpg (1500×1940)]</ref>Nelson Mandela]] Mandela wabelethwa ngomhlaka 18 kuVelabahlinze 1918, esgodini seMvezo ngendaweni ebizwa ngokuthi yiMtata, [[:en:Eastern_Cape|eEastern Cape]]<ref>Van Wyk, J.H. (1995-03-06). "Long Walk to Freedom: The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela". ''Koers - Bulletin for Christian Scholarship''. '''60''' (4). doi:10.4102/koers.v60i4.652. ISSN&nbsp;2304-8557.</ref>. Wanikelwa igama likaRolihlahla, igama [[Amalimi WeSewula Afrika#IsiXhosa|lesiXhosa]] elitjho ukuthi "troublemaker"<ref>Lodge, Tom (2020-03-31), "The Many Lives of Nelson Mandela", ''Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History'', Oxford University Press, ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>978-0-19-027773-4</bdi>, retrieved 2025-09-04</ref> kwathi emnyakeni elandelako wathoma ukwaziwa ngesithakazelo sakhe, uMadiba. Ukhokhomkhulu wakhe wehlangothini lika yise, uNgubengcuka wayemdosiphambili wesizwe siThembu [[:en:Transkei|eTranskeian]] kwiphrovinsi yeEastern Cape<ref>Meredith, M. (2010). ''Mandela: A Biography''. New York: PublicAffairs.</ref>. Omunye wamadodana kaNgubengcuka, ibizo lakhe ekungu Mandela, umkhulu kaNelson, ekunguye ebamthiyelela ngaye. Ngebanga lokobana uMandela wayebelethwa ngendlini yomfazi obuya esitjhabeni seIxhiba, kwenza bona angarhoni ukuba yikosana elandelako. [[Isimumathi:Nelson Mandela, 2000 (5).jpg|thumb|250x250px|Isithombe sika Nelson mandela ]] Ubaba kanelson Mandela, uGadla Henry Mphakanyiswa Mandela, wayeyikosana, wabekwaesihlalweni ngomyaka ka1915, ngemva kokuthi umkhandlo wakhe wakhe uthweswe ngomlandu wokukhwabanisa, uthweswa mkhandlu wabantu abamhlophe<ref>Sampson, A. (1999). ''Mandela: The Authorized Biography''. London: HarperCollins.</ref>. Ngo1926, uGadla waqotjhwa emsebenzini ngonobangela wokukhwabanisa, kodwana uNelson bamtjela ukuthi uyise bamqothele ukujamela amalungelo nobulungiswa emkhandlwini. UGadla wayenesithembu, abafazi abane, amadodana amane kanye namadodakazi alithoba, ebebahlala endaweni ezihlukileko. Unina kaNelson wayemfazi wesithathu, uNosekeni Fanny, indodakazi kaNkedama wendlu yangesidleni, ilunga lesitjhaba samaMpemvu. === Irherho lemithombo. === <references /> [[Category:1918 births]] [[Category:Sewula Afrika]] [[Category:Abosaziwako]] aklvqqkfgz5bo5xj79nv8x22n6rpwhg 0 225 1205 1204 2024-10-14T13:47:06Z Jon Harald Søby 12 2 revisions imported 1204 wikitext text/x-wiki == UNothembi Mkhwebane == Wabelethwa lokha ilanga lilinye enyangeni kaTjhirhweni ngomnyaka we-1953. Wabelethelwa e-Carolina engasi kude ne-Belfast enarheni yeSewula Afrika. UNothembi Mkhwebane mvumi nombethi gathara owaziwako welimi lesi[[:en:Southern_Ndebele_language|Ndebele]]. Ugogwakhe wamfundisa ukubetha iinsetjenziswa zomvumi ezinjengesikumero, isidonodono neengubhu. Umalumakhe kwaba nguye omfundisa ukubetha igatara eyenziwe ngesigubhu se-oyila. Bekanande amfundisa ukubetha igathara lokha nabasemasimini ngesikhathi sokudla nangemva kokuraga iinkomo. Ngomnyaka we-1977 wathoma ukusebenza e[[:en:Pretoria|Pitori]], la akghona khona ukuzithengela igatarakhe yokuthoma nekhibhodi. Wathoma ukuzenzela umvumo watlola neengoma ezinengana okungezakhe. Ngomnyaka we-1980 wasungula isiqhema sakhe sokuvuma esabizwa ngokobana yiNothembi Nezelamani Zakonomazyana. Isiqhemesi besimenywa khulu bona sivume besinandise eminyanyeni eminengi efana nemitjhado, neminye iminyanya. njfys367zy5i5y0kkb3q9e2e17cpjdl 0 226 3089 2967 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Simakahle Moselekatse|Simakahle Moselekatse]] 2182 wikitext text/x-wiki '''uOscar Pretorius''' wayengumgijimi wase[[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrka]] okhubazekileyo owaziwa ngokubulala intombi yakhe uReeva Steenkamp.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-67885713</ref><ref>https://www.africanews.com/2024/01/05/south-africa-pretoria-residents-react-to-news-of-oscar-pistorius-release-from-jail/</ref> == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} 2cafesom5j4qh9u5qmvrdr94ei5mk11 0 227 2204 2101 2024-11-29T07:27:17Z Simakahle Moselekatse 161 /* Isithasiselo */Reflist 2204 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Person| | ibizo = P.B. Skhosana | isithombe = PB Skhosana.png | umsebenzi = Umtloli | ubelethwe ngo = 13 kuVelabahlinze 1954 | indawo yo kubelethwa = Henrdina, eMpumalanga }} '''Philemon Buti Skhosana''' (13 kuVelabahlinze 1954), mtloli oqakathekileko wemitlolo yesindebele waziwa ngomdlalo yakhe i''"Larhwalala Nobani"''. Wathoma ukufunda isikolo ngomnyaka ka-1964 esikolweni sebanga eliphasi iMeerlus eseduze neMayini i-Blesbok eseduze neMiddleburg waqudelela iimfundo zakhe zetjhumi eMayitjha High School eWaterval esabelweni saKwaNdebele ngomnyaka ka-1976.<ref name=ph1>"[https://www.yumpu.com/sw/document/view/14913176/here-national-library-of-south-africa/17 Preserving and Celebrating our literary heritage]" (March 2011) - National Library of South Africa. Retrieved 22 February 2016</ref> Wabandulwa njengothitjhere e-Botshabelo Training Institution, ngethlagwini ye-Middelburg. ngemva kokuphetha iimfundo zakhe ze-Primary teachers Certificate ngomnyaka ka 1978. Wafundisa eBuhlebethu High School eSiyabuswa kwaNdebele kufikela ngomnyaka ka1984 lapho akhutjhulwa khona njengesiphathiswa sezamasiko emnyangweni wezeFundo namaSiko kuRhulumende walokha wakwaNdebele. UNom Skhosana waba nerhuluphelo lokuzibandakanya ekuthuthukisweni kwelimi lesiNdebele ukusukela ngomyaka ka 1986 ngemva kwalapho waba lilungu leBhodi yeLimi lesiNdebele seSewula. Umsebenzi wakhe wokuthoma wakhutjhwa ngo 1991, ekuyintolwana yesihloko esithi Isigiyani. Ukufikela namhlanje uNom Skhosana sele atlole iincwadi ezimihlobohlobo zesiNdebele ezidlula kutjhumi nesithabdathu.bekamfundisi omkhulu emNyangweni wamaLimi wenDabuko eYunivesithi yePitori, ukusukela ngomyaka ka 1997, uphumelele ukuthuthukisa imatheriyali yelimi lesiNdebele kiwo woke amazinga weemfundo zeyunivesithi. ==Isithasiselo== {{Reflist}} [[Mkhakha:Abatloli|Abatloli]] 22gbwjsa0p976qfgbclrohfvef4ajln 0 228 1675 1221 2024-10-16T09:50:05Z JhsBot 34 bot: Removing interwiki template; the page is now connected to [[d:Q967935]] 1675 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:DM-MarianneLanguageBoard (cropped).jpg|thumb]] '''I-Pan South African Language Board (PanSALB)''' liziko le[[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika]] elasungulwa bona lithuthukise ubuliminengi nawo woke amalimi asemthethweni weSewula Afrika, begodu nokobana livikele amalungelo wamalimi la woke. Ibhodi le yasungulwa ngaphasi komThetho wama-59 ngomnyaka we-1995 yi[[Palamende]] ye[[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika]]. == Eminye Imisebenzi ye-PanSALB == Ngaphezu kwamalimi ali-12 asemthethweni weSewula Afrika i-PanSALB iqalelele godu nekuthuthukiseni amalimi afaka hlangana i-Khoe ne-San. Ihlelo le[[-PanSALB]] lifaka hlangana: amaKomiti weemFunda wamaLimi, amaKomiti wesiTjhaba wamaLimi namaYunithi wamaHlelo wokuTlolwa kweenHlathululi maGama. oosqmirw2c0t2e531kto2551ldeapx0 0 229 1223 1222 2024-10-14T13:47:07Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 1222 wikitext text/x-wiki '''UPatrice Lumumba''' wayengusopolitiki wase[[Congo]] kanye nomholi wenkululeko owasebenza njengondunankulu wokuqala weDemocratic Republic of the Congo (ngaleso sikhathi eyayaziwa ngokuthi yiRiphabhulikhi yaseCongo) kusukela ngoJuni kuze kube uSepthemba 1960, kulandela ukhetho lwangoMeyi 1960. fziq45eczlp3jqzsqp82kj05bptsal0 0 230 1225 1224 2024-10-14T13:47:07Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 1224 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Peter Tladi''' unguproducer womculo we Jazz wase Ningizimu Afrika. lp2p41ro74ik8jiaouqi4hpb36azs09 0 231 3133 2906 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon Harald Søby]] 1227 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Amaholideyi''' malanga wokuphumala lapho abantu bangayi khona emsebenzini. Inarha enye nenye iba nesikhathi samaholideyi. Amaholideyi abantu bawasebenzisela ukuba nemindeni yabo begodu nokuzithabisa. Amholideyi ahlukile ngokwenzathu zawo ngombana amanye kuba ngewabasenzi, amanye kube ngaphathelene nekolo amanye kube ngaphathele nefundo nokhunye okunengi. 0odn8lmp96c3bkwo1sls4iqfmuk2qxr 0 232 3447 3446 2025-07-15T14:54:43Z Nqobile69 190 3447 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Amasonto''' kuyindawa lapho abantu abasondako bahlangana khona ukukhuleka kuzimu ebamkhonzako. Kuyindawo lapho amakholwa akhuthazana khona bekatjhumayele ngo[[Zimu]] ngokuvula imitlolo ethileko ekhuluma ngoZimu. Emasontweni kuyavunywa, kunikelwe ngemali, begodu kuthandazwe. Amasonto athathwa njengendawo ezicwengileko lapho umuntu angeze enzela khona izinto ezimbi. kiyindawo ezihloniphekileko.Abantu labo kufuze bae nekolo efana Kuyindawo lapho abantu bahlangana khona balotjhe uZimu, bafunde ngaye begodu bakhe ubudlelwane nabanye abantu. Amasonto adosela bantu ekukhuliseni ipilo yabo yomoya nokuthi basekela amalunga walo lokha nakatlhoga isekelo. ESewula Afrika kunemihlobo eminengi yamasonto. === Imihlobo yamamsonto === ==== Amasonto lamakhatholiki ==== [[Isimumathi:Portrait of Pope Francis (2021) FXD.jpg|thumb|u Pope Francis wesonto lalakhatholiki ongasekho ephasini.]] Ngelinye lamasonto amakhulu eSewula Afrika ngombana liyingcenye yamakhatholiki ephasini loke. Kulisonto elidoswa phambili mfundisi obizwa bona ngo-''Pope'' okunguye odoswa phambili woke umuntu osonta kileli sonto.<ref>[https://www.msn.com/en-za/news/other/how-the-catholic-church-chooses-a-new-pope/ar-AA1DURnB?ocid=BingNewsVerp How the Catholic Church chooses a new Pope]</ref> Abantu besonto leli bakholelwa ebuthathwini buka Zimu (UZimi, uJesu kreste noMoya Ocwengileko). Bathandaza KuZimu, kuMntazana ongakathintwa besana u-Mary. Esondweni lamakhatholiki  ngaphasi ko-Pope kunabo bhitjhobhi, abaphristi Kanye nabadikhoni. ==== amasonto Wabavangeli ==== Amasonto akhuthaza igunya le bhayibhili nokuqakatheka kokuphenduka komuntu ngamunye, nokukhamba utjhumayela ivangeli ngoZimu, bakhamba emphakathini bafundisa abantu ngethando lakaZimu.<ref>Noll, M.A., Bebbington, D.W. and Marsden, G.M., 2019. ''Evangelicals: Who they have been, are now, and could be''. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.</ref> Emasondweni la bakholwa bonyana ukusindiswa komuntu kukuJesu khreste kuphela. Lokha nabahlangeneko bazokusonta bavuma iingoma begodu babethe  nezinto zokunandisa umvumo wabo ezifana namagatara.   ==== amasonto we-Afrika Azijameleko ==== [[Isimumathi:Children participate in worship at African Independent church at Misty Mount (8004040626).jpg|thumb|Abantwana abasonda kwelinye lama sonto we-Afrika azijameleko]] Mhlobo wamasonto ase-Afrika ngombana azithomele ngokwayo akhange athathe indlela yesiNgisi kolotjha uZimu. Wona ahlanganisa amasiko wama- Afrika nezinto nofana neendlela zobukhrestu.<ref>Majola, Y.L., 2022. The Naming of Independent Churches in the 21st Century: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Charismatic Churches in South Africa. ''Studia Historiae Ecclesiasticae'', ''48''(1), pp.1-13.</ref> Amosonto la wavela njengokuthi kube nesifiso sokobana kube nekolo yokukhresdte edoswa phambili ma-Afrika. Amosonto akhethuza ukwenziswa kwamasiko wabantu abanzima, nokukholwa  kuJesu khreste uhlala e-Afrika. ==== amasonto we- charismatic ==== Masonto akhuthaza ukusebenza kweemphiwo eziza noMoya ocwengileko.  Banendlela yabo yokuthandaza kuZImu ngokuthi bathandaze ngeenlimi. Bakholwa ukuthi umuntu kufanele abhabhadiswa ngokoMoya ocwengileko nokuthi lokho kuyinto ehlukileko nokusindwa.<ref>Majola, Y.L., 2022. The Naming of Independent Churches in the 21st Century: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Charismatic Churches in South Africa. ''Studia Historiae Ecclesiasticae'', ''48''(1), pp.1-13.</ref> Okhunye kukuthi bakholwa bonyana umthandazo uyaphilisa emzimbeni, Kanye nemmoyeni. Bathi ukuphorofida kuyisiphiwo esivela kuZimu esenzelwa ukukhomba amakholwa indlela. 8kd20d4xdgjq4917tglb5wc1qlaposs 0 233 3110 2914 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon Harald Søby]] 1233 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Imvelo''' zizinto ezingakadalwa mumuntu, zimane zivele ngokwazo ngombana ziyadingeka emhlabeni. Kuqakathekile bonyana sihloniphe imvelo. Imvelo kungaba zizinto ezifana neenhlahla kanye nezilwane. Iinthelo kanye nemirorho ziqakathekile epilweni yomuntu. Imvelo ngiyo eyenza bona iphasi libe lihle begodu nabantu bakhone ukuhlala kuhle ephasini. Ngaphandle kwemvelo abantu bengekhe bakhona ukuphila nokuhlala kuhle ephasini. Ezinye izinto zemvelo zibonakala zingaka qakatheki kodwana zenza umsebenzi omuhle ekuphileni kwabantu. Imvelo ikghona ukungenisa imali enarheni, ngombana yenza bona abantu babe nendawo ezingavakatjhelwa babantu bangaphandle ngitjho ama-tourist. Abantu bangaphandle bakhona ukuzobukela imvelo ngokuya kwekareko yabo. Kungaba ziintaba, iinlwana, nokhunye kwemvelo. fza8tne4dybts10j8n8r5d1cc2dn7j7 0 234 5740 2749 2025-09-18T11:40:53Z Derek J Moore 148 added the databox to SADiLaR 5740 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}I-''[https://sadilar.org/en/ South African Centre for Digital Language Resources]'' (SADiLaR) liziko elisekelwe ngeemali yi-''[https://www.dst.gov.za Department of Science and Innovation]'' (DSI). Izikweli lisungula, lenze belinakekele amathulusi wedijithali, lisekele nerhubhululo esekelwa mahlelo womtjhiningqondo athuthukisa woke amalimi asemthethweni weSewula Afrika khulukhulu emkhakheni omutjha wedijithali yobuntu. == Ukusungulwa kwe-SADiLaR == I-[[SADiLaR]] yasungulwa ngomnyaka wee-2016, begodu kuliziko elinzinze e-''[https://www.nwu.ac.za North-West University]''. Umnqopho we-SADiLaR kuqinisekisa bona kuneziko elenza, elinakekele nelisabalalisa iinsetjeniswa zomtjhiningqondo ezisekela irhubhululo yedijithali ngawo woke amalimi asemthethweni weSewula Afrika. I-SADiLaR isebenza kokubili njengendawo neziko lerhubhululo yedijithali esebenziswa ma-''nodes'' ambalwa afaka hlangana amayunivesithi, amanye amaziko werhubhululo kanye nama-''archives'' womphakathi. == Ama-''nodes'' we-SADiLaR == Ama-''nodes'' we-SADiLaR afaka hlangana naka alandelako; ·        CSIR (HLT Research Group) ·        Inter-institutional Centre for Language Development and Assessment (ICELDA) ·        [https://www.nwu.ac.za/ North-West University]<ref>[https://www.nwu.ac.za/]) ·        [https://www.sun.ac.za/english Stellenbosch University] (Child Language Development) ·        [https://www.up.ac.za/ University of Pretoria]<nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite web|title=UP {{!}} University of Pretoria|url=https://www.up.ac.za/|access-date=2025-04-23|website=www.up.ac.za}}</ref> ·        [https://www.unisa.ac.za/sites/corporate/default University of South Africa]<ref>[https://www.unisa.ac.za/sites/corporate/default]</ref> (Department of African Languages) == Imisebenzi eyenziwa kwa-SADiLaR == I-SADiLaR iraga amahlelo amabili: Ihlelo ledijithali, elifaka hlangana ukwakhiwa okuhlelekileko kwemitlolo yedijithali efaneleko, ukukhuluma kanye nemithombo yeendlela ezinengi ezihlobene nawo woke amalimi asemthethweni weSewula Afrika. Ukuthuthukiswa kwamathulusi wesofthiwe wokurhubhulula amalimi wemvelo afaneleko ngenhloso yokurhubhulula nokuthuthukisa kufakwe njengengcenye yehlelo lokwenza idijithali. Ihlelo le-Digithali yoBuntu, lenza kube lula ukwakhiwa kwamandla wokwenza irhubhululo ngokukhuthaza nokusekela ukusetjenziswa kwedatha yedijithali kanye neendlela ezitjha zokusebenza ngaphakathi komkhakha wezoBuntu newezeHlalo. == Amareferensi == 7rzs9z3qtfs708xdfwmvwtdvgha6n9i 0 235 3561 3560 2025-08-06T08:08:36Z Nomsa Skosana 123 3561 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:University of Mpumalanga SWIP project.jpg|thumb|Abatloli besifundobandulo se-SWiP e-''University of Mpumalanga'' ]] '''<big>SWiP: Ukubulunga Amalimi: ILwazi Elisimahla, Elitholakala Lula Nelivuleleke Kuwokewoke.</big>''' I-''SADiLaR''-''Wikipedia-PanSALB'' (''[https://escalator.sadilar.org/champions/engager/ SWiP]'') iligadango elihlanganyelweko elihlanganisa i-''[https://sadilar.org/en/ South African Centre for Digital Language Resources]'' (''SADiLaR''), isiluluncwadi i-''encyclopaedia'' sasimahla (''Wikipedia)'' kanye ne-''[https://www.pansalb.org Pan South African Language Board]'' (''PanSALB''). == Ukuhlonywa kwe-SWiP == Ihlelo le-''SWiP'' lihlonywe ngokusemthethweni mhlazana amalanga ama-20 kuKhukhulamungu emnyakeni wee-2023 e-''[https://www.unisa.ac.za/sites/corporate/default University of South Africa]'' eKhampasini yakhona eKulu i-''Muckleneuk'', ePitori. Umnyanya wehlelo elihlonyiwekweli bewudzimelele khulukhulu elimini lesiNdebele ngokugcugcuzela amaNdebele bonyana azibandakanye bekafake isandla ku-''Wikipedia'' ngalokho okumunyethwe lilimi lesiNdebele. Igadangweli beliqakatheke khulu kwamambala njengombana isiNdebele kulilimi ekungilo lodwa elibonakala litlhayelelwa begodu liyimvela kancani naziza ekujamelekeni kilokho okumunyethwe ku-''Wikipedia.'' == Umnqopho we-SWiP == ·        Kuhlanganisa labo ababasebenzisi bamalimi ngomnqopho wokunabisa kanye nokugidinga ukusetjenziswa kwamalimi weSewula Afrika; ·        Kugcugcuzela labo abasebenzisa ilimi bonyana bafake isandla ekuletheni lokho okumunyethwe lilimi kusiluluncwadi sasimahla i-''Wikipedia''. == Abamukelilwazi abaqothelweko == Ihlelweli linqophe ukunikela amandla boke labo abanekareko yokutlola kanye nokufaka isandla ekuletheni lokho okumunyethwe lilimi labo ku-''Wikipedia''. Ihlelweli liqothele khulu abatloli abasakhasako, abasebenzi ngelimi, abolektjhara, abafundi kanye nabo boke abasebenzisa ilimi zombelele. == Isendlalela sehlelo == Ihlelweli libekelwe bonyana lithome ukusebenza ngenyanga kaMhlonja ukuya ngenyanga kaSewula womnyaka wee-2024. Umzombe wokuthoma wehlelweli uqalelele khulu ekudzimeleleni kokubandulwa okuphathelene nobunikazi bomtlolo we-''Wikipedia''. Isifundobandulo somtlolo wobunikazi esizokuthatha amalanga ama-2 sizokwenzeka eemphandeni ezisithandathu lapho kuqothelwe khona amayunevesithi ali-10 lapho kuzokubandulwa khona abantu abama-20 eyinivesithi ngayinye abazozibandakanya. == Imiphumela yebandulo lobunikazi bomtlolo == Ilanga loku-1— Ukwethulwa kwe-''Wikipedia'' (Ukufakwa kwemidzubhulo). Ilanga lesi-2— Ihlelo eliThuthukileko le-''Wikipedia'' loku-editha (ukufaka okumunyethweko kanye neenthombe). '''Umzombe 1''' ·        Isiphande seTlhagwini ([https://www.univen.ac.za ''University'' ''of'' Venda]; [https://www.ump.ac.za ''University'' ''of'' Mpumalanga]) ·        Isiphande esiseKabeni ([https://www.vut.ac.za ''Vaal'' ''University of Technology'']; [https://www.tut.ac.za ''Tshwane'' ''University of Technology'']''; University of South Africa)'' ·        Isiphande seTjingalanga (''[https://www.cput.ac.za Cape Peninsula University of Technology]'') ·        Isiphande saKwaZulu-Natal (''[https://www.unizulu.ac.za University of Zululand]'') ·        Isiphande seTlhagwini Tjingalanga (''[https://www.cut.ac.za Central University of Technology]; [https://www.spu.ac.za Sol Plaatje University]'') ·        Isiphande seMpumalanga ([https://www.wsu.ac.za ''Walter'' Sisulu ''University'']) '''Umzombe 2:''' Ukwazi okungeziweko ngomzombe lo vakatjhela ubunzinzolwazi be-''[https://escalator.sadilar.org/champions/engager/ SWiP]''. Nawuhlanganyela ngokungenela ihlelo lebandulo lobunikazi bomtlolo i-''SWiP'', awukhaliphisi kwaphela amakghonwakho wokutlola kodwana uzabe ufaka isandla ekuzibandakanyeni ekubulungeni isiko, imilando kanye nesiqi sokuzazi. Isiqhema sehlelo le-''SWiP'' sizokuthintana namayunivesithi akhonjiweko ukuze baqinisekise amalanga ekuzokubanjwa ngawo iimfundobandulo. == Hlanganyela == Iinhlangano kanye nalabo abazokuba balingani bangahlanganyela ngoku: ·        singatha iimfundobandulo zobunikazi bemitlolo lapho kubandulwa khona abatloli emabubulwenabo namkha emayunivesithabo. ·        sekela ngeemali ababanduli be-''Wikipedia'' ngokweendleko zokukhamba. ·        sekela ngendawo yokusingathela iimfundobandulo kanye nokudla. ·        bandakanya ihlelweli eenkundleli zabo zokuthintana njengakumitlolondaba kanye neenkundleni zabo zedijithali. ·        singatha iimfundobandulo zobunikazi bemitlolo njengengcenye ehlanganyelweko yebubulo lemisebenzi ephathelene namahlelo wezehlalakuhle. [[Mkhakha:ISewula Afrika]] jqofk57n0uxu96ifw85z3lz1cl9bep4 0 236 1677 1253 2024-10-16T09:50:09Z JhsBot 34 bot: Removing interwiki template; the page is now connected to [[d:Q3313309]] 1677 wikitext text/x-wiki '''USenzo Robert Meyiwa''' bekamdlali wezebholo oqeqetjhiweko, bekadlalela isiqhema esibizwa nge orlando pirates .U[[Senzo Meyiwa]] bekaziwa njengo mvimbi wamagondelo kilesi siqhema.Wabelethwa ngomnyaka ka 1984 enyangeni kaTjhirhweni mhla- amalanga amatjhumi amabili nasithandathu wahlongakala ngomyaka ka 2014 enyangeni uSewula. Ukuhlongakala kwakhe kwaduma iSewula Afrika yoke ngonobangela wokobana wadutjulwa wabulawa. lfqv8e60yzg4wkjzuumfr1rmqqrkf7d 0 237 3290 3167 2025-07-02T20:42:19Z Thuvack 106 Undo revision [[Special:Diff/3167|3167]] by [[Special:Contributions/85.97.84.231|85.97.84.231]] ([[User talk:85.97.84.231|talk]]) 3290 wikitext text/x-wiki Sipho Mahlangu Bekayikosi yamandebele ngaphasi kwesifunda sange Siyabuswa, ngaphasi kobukhosi bakanzunza umabhoko wesithathu. iylb4z349kiphi7aamja9hsgelflxfz 0 238 3071 2982 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon Harald Søby]] 1260 wikitext text/x-wiki <references /> iSiyabuswa yilokishi lakwaNdebele, eSewula Afrika. <ref>https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/AJA0259188X_672</ref> <references /> <references /> h84tut2bu1uqh0ol4ewcaw8ctwt9jfy 0 239 2215 1265 2024-11-29T09:37:28Z Simakahle Moselekatse 161 USophy Mahlangu 2215 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Ndebele Architecture.jpg|thumb]] '''USophy Mahlangu''' owaziwa ngoNosinki , ungumvumi wezesikhethu begodu waziwa khulu ngezomncamo , unesiqhema aphothela naso.uHlala e [[kammelriver B]] ngehlangothini lange skolweni iHlanganani emzin omkhulu ogwaliweko . 8zi2qfqix3c55u1uxcg96e09e4awnlo 0 240 3063 3001 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Simakahle Moselekatse|Simakahle Moselekatse]] 2159 wikitext text/x-wiki '''UStich da Kurnakga''' owaziwa ngoSibusiso Tervin wakwa Jiyana uneminyaka ematjhumi amabili nathoba, ohlala eKwaggafontein D ungumvumi wesikhethu ovuma umqulo weTrap ngelimi lesiNdebele. UStich Ugadangisa umvumo wakhe ngaphasi kwerhwebo lokugadangisa umvumo iKSinathi Music. 7asz8xr5dxi34g71zgnhd3q7v8ywb03 0 241 2184 2084 2024-11-28T19:54:06Z Simakahle Moselekatse 161 uMbeki ngomnyaka ka-2003 2184 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:SthAfrica.ThaboMbeki.01.jpg|thumb|uMbeki ngomnyaka ka-2003]] '''Thabo Mbeki''' wayengumongameli waseSewula Afrika. towgrzxnhg2uupr0fg6oszis72vqgf2 0 242 5697 2214 2025-09-04T12:12:11Z CharlotteDineo 908 5697 wikitext text/x-wiki '''UThando''' '''Mahlangu''' ungumtloli begodu uli[[Ndebele]] ozikhakhazisa begodu oziqhenya nge siNdebele sekhabo.U hlala e [[Mpumalanga]] ekhabo kuse Boekenhouthoek. Thando uyaziwa ngokukhakhazisa ngesikhabo khulu na ngembhatho lakhe nje ngombana akana mahloni nge sikhabo.Udume khulu KwaNdebele ngo kuba ngomunye waba zikhakhazisako NgesiNdebele sekhabo. == Umlando wakhe == Uthando uthanda kumbatha isikhabo nanyana kunelothe. === isigameko sa se midrand === u Thando Mahlangu uthi uzizwe ahlambalazekile maka tjhelwa bonyana a phume ngenthabathabeni zeentolo e Boulders Shopping Centre ngombana beka mbethe izembatho zakhe ze sikhethu . Ingabe ipatho beyi fanelekile na? Boulders Shopping Centre umaneja Jose Maponyane utjele i CRL Rights Commission ngoMsombuluko ukuthi yenze lokhu ukuvikela amalungelo wa bathengi abanye u Thando Mahlangu bekangaka mbhathi kuhle. “Uthe maka bona ngendlela u thando ambethe ngayo,bekabonakala angaka mbathi kuhle. beku ngana mnyanya we sindu e Midrand lokho bekuzo yelelisa bonyana kunomnyanya we sintu . isiqithi ngabantu begodu kube yinto engingaka yiboni phambilini. Mangibona bonyana sihlala endaweni la abantu bangakaphilanga kuhle ehloko ngiyaxolisa uku sebenzisa igama leli,bengi zibuza bonyana u phile kuhle ehloko ngombana azange ngibone into efana nale, utjho njalo.Maponyane, aseduze no mmeli wakhe, uvele phambi kwe khomisini nje ngoba umlandu uqhubekela phambili nge Ndebele activist u Thando Mahlangu angavumelwa kobana angene enthabathabeni zeentolo ambethe izembatho zesintu ku ntaka. U Maponyane uphiwe ithuba loku khuluma no ku phendula kiyo yoke insolo ezi phakamiswe ngu Mahlangu. U thome ngoku qolisa wathi i vidio yesigameko i susiweku context. “nge 24 ku Ntaka ngabo 12.15pm, be ka thenga ukudla kwe kwa laba asebenza nabo . ngisa jamele ukudla , ngizwe umsindo ophezulu ukusuka e kioski ukusuka ku mama,kube yinto emangazako.I thethe i ngenze nganaka yona khulu,kula ngibone khona i sokana nga bheka ngabona bonyana bonyana ngaphambili bekungaka valwa ,beka qhoke i sembatho sangaphasi esinqane esifana neengubo. U Maponyane uthe u bawe abalindi bendawo kobana ba bawe u Mahlangu kobana ambathe. uthe une lungelo lonje nge center manager ukuthi a khulumise isimo lesi abalindi bendawo bathe maba buya bathi u Mahlangu uwale ukwembatha noma ukuzivala kuhle. “ngiye khona ngakhulumisana no Mahlangu bese ngambuza kuhle kobana ngibawa a zivale kuhle ngombana lendawo le ngeye sitjhaba wala wathi yi sintu sakhe Maponyane uthe ikulumo yakhe no Mahlangu i thethe imizuzu emithathu nama sekoni ama hlanu bese wa khamba nasele imimoya i phezulu. U Mahlangu uphe ikulumo yakhe phambilini I patho le beyirerhe nje ngombana beka mbethe izembatho ze sindu na? r98dqunhzv2btskn45pbs29dz0appkk 0 243 3064 3020 2025-06-07T03:05:22Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Simakahle Moselekatse|Simakahle Moselekatse]] 2149 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Person| | ibizo = Themba G. Mnguni | isithombe = TG Mguni.png | umsebenzi = Umtloli | ubelethwe ngo = 1965 | indawo yo kubelethwa = eDelmas (eNtatjaneni) }} '''Themba G. Mnguni''' (wabelethwa ngo 1965) ngumtloli odumileko wobukondlo besindebele begodu Wabelethwa ngo 1965 eDel- mas (eNtatjaneni) ekukulapho athoma khona isikolo.<ref name=ph1>"[https://www.yumpu.com/sw/document/view/14913176/here-national-library-of-south-africa/17 Preserving and Celebrating our literary heritage]" (March 2011) - '''National Library of South Africa'''. Retrieved 22 February 2016</ref> U-Themba G. Mnguni umntwana wesithathu obelethwa ngu Nomzana Jacob Mnguni nomma uKhulelaphi Selinah Mnguni (uNaMtshweni). Wakhulela esabelweni samzukwana saKwaNdebele lapho ababelethi bakhe bafudukela khona emva kokuhlonya kwesabelo saKwaNdebele eminyakeni yekupheleni yabo 1970. Wafunda eenkolweni ezimbalwa eKwaggafontein bewaswaphelisa iimfundo zebanga eliphakemeko eHluzingqondo Senior Secondary School.<ref name=ph1></ref> Wathoma ibizelo lakho lezemtlolo ngomnyaka ka-1993 bewakhupha imitlolo esingadzubhula hlangana nale elandelako: # - [[Ibhudango Lami]] -Nasou Via Afrika (1997); # - Sibuyakhona -Heinnemann Publishers (2001); # - Ipilo Ibudisana Kodwana Iyakarisa -Juta Publishers (2005); # - Ihloya -Van Schaik Publishers (2003); # - Isiko LakoSobantu -Juta Publishers (2006); # - Umlando KaSolomon Mahlangu -ZamaNguni Creative Productions (2004); # - Biography of Solomon Mahlangu -ZamaNguni Creative Productions (2006); # - Isipho -ZamaNguni Creative Productions (2007) (isiSwati and isiNdebele versions); # - Ubuntu Babantu -ZamaNguni Creative Productions (2007); # - Ubuntu -ZamaNguni Creative Productions (2009); # - Iinkutani -ZamaNguni Creative productions (2008); and # - Ibuthelelo Lenkutani -ZamaNguni Creative Productions (2009) == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} [[Mkhakha:Abatloli|Abatloli]] pmy2annt2adw4o1a3pbfys5yvlhd7rk 0 244 2183 2085 2024-11-28T19:53:06Z Simakahle Moselekatse 161 uSexuale ngomnyaka ka-2007 2183 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Tokyo Sexwale-wef-crop.jpg|thumb|uSexuale ngomnyaka ka-2007]] '''Tokyo Sexuale''' ungusomabhizinisi kanye nosopolitiki wecembu leANC wase [[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika]]. 6b7xsjnvzdojm4ez33x7hls26rcango 0 245 1297 1296 2024-10-14T13:47:10Z Jon Harald Søby 12 5 revisions imported 1296 wikitext text/x-wiki '''UTshegofatso Teffo''' owaziwa ngoTshego AMG (''All Mighty Guitarist'') owabelethelwa eSiyabuswa, mdlali wegatara begodu abe mcophisi womvumo kaKwesta. UTshego AMG wazenzela igama ngokudlalela abavumi abadumileko eSewula Afrika. Sibala hlangana, uSjava, Mafikizolo, DJ Ganyani, Dr Malinga, Qamagwini, Winnie Mashaba, Mobi Dixion, kanye nabanye abanengi. UTshego AMG wagadangisa i-''ulbum'' yakhe yokuthoma ngomnyaka wee-2021 wayibiza ngokuthi yi-Magatara. Enye yeengoma zakhe ezakhamba phambili emrhatjhweni yi-Siyabuswa B. rq0hof3frjswhjtm2xagszbezaxa73e 0 246 1302 1301 2024-10-14T13:47:11Z Jon Harald Søby 12 4 revisions imported 1301 wikitext text/x-wiki == U-Andries Pretorius == [[Isimumathi:Andries Pretorius.jpg|left|frameless|362x362px]] '''U-Andries Wilhelmus Jacobus Pretorius''' wabelethwa ngomhlaka-27 kaSinyikhaba 1798 wahlongakala ngomhlaka-23 kaVelabahlinze 1853. Bekamdosiphambili wamaBhuru embusweni we-ZAR, nembusweni weNatalia Republic, [[Isewula Afrika|eSewula Afrika]]. Idorobhokazi elikhulu ebelibizwa ngePretoria esele liyiTshwane lathiyelelwa ngaye. U-[[:en:Andries_Pretorius|Andries Pretorius]] dlale indima ekulu ekubumbeni umbuso wamaBhuru we-ZAR. Nguye obekadosa phambili ekusizeni [[uMpande]] wesitjhaba samaZulu ekulweni nomnakwabo uDingane ngo-1840. Ngibo abahlula [[uDingane]] ePini yeMaqongqo namkha emlanjeni i-[[:en:Blood_River|Blood River]]. Kwakhe kwaba nokungathelelani amanzi phakathi [https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/andries-wilhelmus-jacobus-pretorius-0 kuka-Andries Pretorius namaNgisi], okwenza waba nyama nambana kibo. Kodwana ngokukhamba kwesikhathi wathoma ukuba netjhebiswano elihle nabo. Wadlala indima ekulu ebantwini abanzima nabamhlophe, begodu usahlonitjhwa babantu bekhabo bekube nje. == Umlando ka-Andries Pretorius == U-Andries Jacobus Pretorius wabelethwa ngomhlaka-27 kaSinyikhaba 1798 ayindodana kaMfundisi uWessel Schulte womndeni wakwaPretorius, asizukulwane sesine sikaJohannes Pretorius. Wabelethelwa endaweni ehlanu kweGraaff-Reinet eKapa. Nanyana imininingwana yepilwakhe ingakanabi kangako, okwaziwako kukobana wakhulela eplasini lekhabo ebelibizwa bona yiDriekoppen. Iplaseli belisetlhagwini-pumalanga yeGraaff-Reinet, likude ngebanga lamakhilomitha ama-40. qz9u3b0kx45eswqjonmsoeakhl7qxp5 0 247 2414 1313 2025-02-16T13:00:08Z Nqobile69 190 2414 wikitext text/x-wiki Abafundi abanengi bazithola basidisi basese bafundi begodu basese neminyaka ephasi khulu kuthoma emnyakeni Eli itjhumi nantathu . Lokho ngikho okwenza abentwana abanengi balise isikolo begodu badlumbane bonyana lokho sicunto esilungileko.Balibale kobana yoke into inemiphumela yakhona,kulapho bazimotjhela khona ipilo nepumelelo yabo. Abanengi baphenduka bagcine bathatha iindakamizwa lokha abanye batjhiya abentwana babo emtholapilo, abanye bayabalahla, abanye babafaka endlini yangaseha abanye bayaba bulala qabanga nasele ukhipha umphefumulo ongana qala. Qabanga sele usejele ngebanga lokobana wena ulahle umtwana nofana umbulele. Be Lokho ngikho okwenza abanye abentwana bacgine bahlala endleleni, babhema iindakamizwa, bakhamba ba thathela abantu izinto zabo nje ngenkhwama, abomaliledinini nokhunye okunengi . Iqiniso kukuthi soke isikhathi lesi ba hlezi endleleni bagcina baba zinlelesi abanye babo babhubhela endleleni, abentazana bakhona baba sengozini yokuhlukunyezwa ngokomseme, abanye babo bayathathwa bayo thengisa umzimba kubuhlungu ngombana inengi labo liya bulawa, lapha ke abanye baba sidisi balahle abentwana babo lapho endleleni. Kuvele kutholwe kunomtwana okhulela endleleni angaziwa bonyana ngewaka bani lokhu ke ngikho okwenza bonyana kube nezinga eli phulu labantu nofana ilutjha eluhlezi elingasebenziko. Bese u zobona nanoma bamadanisa izinga leli nomtlhago khona la e narheni yekhethu. Nje ke kutholakele bonyana nasemtholapilo ubujamo buba buqwayi ngebanga lokobana uzothola abodorhodere babona isono kwaye ke baberega nzima. Ngebanga lesimo ebahlangabezana naso lesi. Yeke Nasi ngathi sisese sesikolweni sanza okufanele, begodu bazimisele emfundweni zabo banze okufanele nokuthi bazihloniphe. Begodu babe mzekelo kwabanye. Yeke I pilo le ibudisi godu okubudisi kulokha nawu sese sesikolweni, dlumbana nakosele ube ngunina lomtwana usese mtwana kwa wena. Uzithole usehlazweni nje ngoba nawe ufake abazali bakho ehlazweni ipilo inzima khulu lokha nakosele uzitlhogomele khulu begodu ugcine ungasazi kobana wenze kumbi namkana kuhle na. Zibuze bonyana kwenzakalani kulabantwana naba khula, yini into efika emkhumbulweni wabo bathi kwenzakeleni ngabazali babo na?. Umdeni wabo ukuphi? Benzeni engaka ephasinapha?. Yini ehle ebazoyiqabanga? Ipilo inzima khulu mawulahliwe begodu ungazi bonyana uzothi mma kubani. '''UKUBA SIDISI USESE NGUMFUNDI''' 557t1gjm36z11s66bn0dznsiaj9ewye 0 248 1317 1316 2024-10-14T13:47:11Z Jon Harald Søby 12 3 revisions imported 1316 wikitext text/x-wiki [[UNzunza noManala|'''UNzunza noManala''']] bebabantwana bomuntu. uManala bekangowangendlini ekulu begodu uNzunza bekungowaka mani. Nakubhubha iqhegu uMusi unguyise wabo kwaba khonaukubangwa kobukhosi. Isalukazi ngiso esabanga umbango lo. Ngombana isalukazi salalela uMusi nakatjela uManala bona ubukhosi. Satjela Nzunza bona kufanele aye phambi kukaManala bonyana ayoku that izinto zobukhosi. uNzunza weba ubukhosi bukaManala, bewanikelwa izinto zobukhosi. UManala watho;a sele ubukhosi buthethwe. UNzunza wabaleka watjhinga tjhuba lePumalanga. bathi lokha nabamgijimisako babathola selel sebaseMasongololo. yahlangana khona ipi Nzunza noManala. gv2fi86ehb3hudsjji31v0k0a37wyjm 0 249 3143 2910 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Nqobile69|Nqobile69]] 2434 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ubukreste''' yindlela yokukholwa ulandela uKristu bonyana abe yikosi nomsindisi wepilo yakho. Abantu abamaKristu nabo bahlukile ngokuya kwamasonto wabo. Abantu abama kristu basebenzisa [[ibhayibhili]] njengomtlolo obakhuthaza nobafundisa ngoZimu. Ama krestre asebenziswa isiphambano njengetshwayo. Isiphambano lesi sitjho ukuthethelwa kwezono ngokufa kukaJesu nokuphalaka wegazi lakhe esiphambanweni. Amakreste nawo awodwa ayahluka ngokwawo ngombana abanye bagcoka isambatho lokha nabaya esontweni begodu abanye abasigcoki. Abanye babetha imitjhini yokuvuma lokha nabasontako begodu abanye bavuma ngama phimbo wabo kwaphela. Imihlobo yama kreste # Abazalwana # Amazayoni # Amapostoli # Ama IPCC b1x6gae05igxzrqqm0v9o9w1zzjif3k 0 250 5220 5219 2025-08-20T13:12:32Z History012 863 5220 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:7042 lores-Ebola-Zaire-CDC Photo.jpg|thumb|Umfanekiso wabongikazi ababili bema phambi kukaMayinga N., ogulayo ngesifo se-Ebola. Wafa emavikini ambalwa kamuva ngenxa yokopha ngaphakathi okukhulu. Lathathwa ngo-1976.]] '''Ubulwelwe be-Ebola''' nofana ('''EVD''') '''[[Wp/kri/Ebola|I-Ebola]] nomulwana wokopha iingazi okhambisana nomgomani''' ('''EHF''') mimulwana ebangwa bulwelwe bevayirasi ebizwa nge- [[Ebola]].<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Amatshwayo athoma ukubonakala phakathi kwamalanga amabili ukuya eemvekeni eentathu ngemva sewungenwe bulwelwe lobu, [[njengomgomani ongapheliko]], umphimbo obabako onesilonda, [[imisipha ebuhlungu kanye nehloko esawula kabuhlungu]].<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Kesinye isikhathi [[ungahlanza]], uphakanyelwe ziimbindi nesifo [[sokurhuda]], kuzokwenza bona [[amaphaphu]] kanye [[neso]] zingasasebenzi kuhle.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Nasele sekufike lapha, abanye baba nomraro [[wokopha iingazi]].<ref name=WHO2014>{{Cite web|title=Ebola virus disease Fact sheet N°103|url=https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ebola-virus-disease|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=12 April 2014|date=March 2014}}</ref> <!-- Cause and Diagnosis--> Umulwana lo ungangena nawuthintana [[neengazi]] zomuntu ophethwe ngibo nofana [[umjuluko]] nanyana [[okunye nokunye okusamanzana]] okuvela (eenlwaneni [[kumaphelaphelana]] nofana iimfene).<ref name=WHO2014/> Bekube nje umulwana akukatholakali bona ungangena ngokuwurhogela emmoyeni.<ref name=WHOAir2014>{{Cite web|title=2014 Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreak in West Africa|url=http://www.who.int/ith/updates/20140421/en/|website=WHO|accessdate=3 August 2014|date=Apr 21 2014}}</ref> Kukholelwa bonyana abomaphelaphelani bakwazi ukuphatha ubugulo lobu kodwana wona angaphathwa ngiwo.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Kwaba khona umuntu otheleleke ngomulwana lo, umulwana lo ungatheleleka kabanye abantu godu ngesikhathi esifitjhani.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Amadoda angasinda ngemva kokulatjhwa angathelela abanye abantu ngokuthunda [[imbewu]] yabo lokha nabaya emsemeni nakungakapheli iinyanga ezimbili.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Lokha nakufanele uhlahlutjwe nofana uhlolelwe ubulwelwe lobu be-ebola kufanele izifo ezifana [[nomalalahlengezela]], [[isifo sokurhuda]] kanye omulwana [[wokopha iingazi okhambisana nomgomani]] inganakwa ukwenzelela ukuthola imiphumela ekungiyo.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Ukuqinisekisa umrabhu womraro wobulwelwe lobu amasampula weengazi ayathathwa ayokuhlolelwa ubugulo [[nesivikelasifo seengazini]] kanye ne [[i-RNA]] lobu kanye nengongwana ebanga ubugulo lobu.<ref name=WHO2014/> <!-- Prevention --> Ukuvikela ubugulo lobu kungaphungula ukuthelelana hlangana neemfene kanye neemfarigi ezingenwe bugulo lobu bukhandelwe bona bungayi ebantwini.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Lokhu kungenziwa ngokobana kuhlolwe iinlwana lezi ukobana zinabo ukugula lokhu na, nakutholakala bona zinabo kungenzeka bona zibulawe bese kugujelwa imizimba yazo.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Lokha nawupheka inyama bese wembatha izambatho zokuzivikela nakho kungakusiza,<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> ukwembatha izambatho zokuzivikela lokha nawuhlala nofana ukwaloyo muntu ongenwe bugulo lowo [[kanye nokuhlamba izandla ngesibha]].<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Amasampula wananyana yini esamanzana yalabo bantu abangenwe mumulwana lo kufanele zitjhejwe khulu, ubalekele ukuthintana nazo.<ref name=WHO2014/> <!-- Treatment, Prognosis and Epidemiology--> Ayikho intatha elapha ubulwelwe lobu; imizamo yokobana kusizwe abantu abangenwe bulwelwe lobu kukobana [[kwenziwe umtswako]] (banikelwe amanzi anetswayi) ukobana bawasele nofana [[bafakwe amadribhu azobangenisela okusamanzana emzimbeni wabo]].<ref name=WHO2014/> Ubulwelwe lobu [[buneembalobalo eziphezulu zabantu abafako]]: nabangenwe ngibo ubulwelwe lobu, i-ebola ingabulala pheze isiquntu-50% nofana i-90% yabantu abatheleleke ngayo.<ref name=WHO2014/><ref name="Elsevier/Academic Press">{{Cite book|author1=C.M. Fauquet|title=Virus taxonomy classification and nomenclature of viruses; 8th report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|date=2005|publisher=Elsevier/Academic Press|location=Oxford|isbn=9780080575483|page=648|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=9Wy7Jgy5RWYC&pg=PA648}}</ref> I-EVD yathoma ukwazakala endaweni enarheni ye [[Sudan]] kanye ne- [[Democratic Republic of Congo]].<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Ubulwelwe lobu butholakala khulu eenarheni zethrophigi zenarhakazi yeAfrika [[Iphakathi le-Sehara ye-Afrika]].<ref name=WHO2014/> Ngo-1976 (ukutholakala kwabo ubulwelwe lobu] ukufikela ngo-2013, besele ingene yatheleleka ebantwini abangaphasii kwe-1000.<ref name=WHO2014/><ref name=MMWRJune2014>{{Cite web|title=Ebola Viral Disease Outbreak — West Africa, 2014|url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6325a4.htm?s_cid=mm6325a4_w|website=CDC|accessdate=26 June 2014|date=June 27, 2014}}</ref> Ukuqubuka kobulwelwe lobu obukhulu obungazange khebubonwe ngilobu bamuva nje ngebe [[2014 Tjhingalanga ye-Afrika Ukuqubuka kwe-Ebola]], sebele bungene eenarheni [[Guinea]], [[Sierra Leone]], [[Liberia]] begodu ingatheleka ingene ne [[Nigeria]].<ref name=CDC2014>{{Cite web|title=CDC urges all US residents to avoid nonessential travel to Liberia, Guinea, and Sierra Leone because of an unprecedented outbreak of Ebola.|url=https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/level1/ebola-liberia|website=CDC|accessdate=2 August 2014|date=July 31, 2014}}</ref><ref name=CDCAug2014N>{{Cite web|title=Outbreak of Ebola in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone|url=http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/guinea/index.html|website=CDC|accessdate=5 August 2014|date=August 4, 2014}}</ref> Ukusukela ngoRhoboyi 2014 sele kubikwe bona kunabantu esele bangenwe bulwelwe lobu abayi-1600.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ebola virus disease update - West Africa|url=http://www.who.int/csr/don/2014_08_04_ebola/en/|website=WHO|accessdate=6 August 2014|date=Aug 4, 2014}}</ref> Imizamo yona iyenziwa bona kutholakalle [[intatha/isihlahla]] esingalapha ubulwelwe lobu, kodwana okwanje asikho kwatholakala ipengu yakhona.<ref name=WHO2014/> == Isikhombiso selwazi == {{Reflist|colwidth=25em}} ; IBhibhliyografu {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite book |last=Klenk |first=Hans-Dieter |title=Marburg and Ebola Viruses (Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology) |date=January 1999 |publisher=Springer-Verlag Telos |location=Berlin |isbn=978-3-540-64729-4 |ref=CITEREFKlenk1999}} * {{Cite book |first1=Hans-Dieter |last1=Klenk |first2=Heinz |last2=Feldmann |title=Ebola and Marburg viruses: molecular and cellular biology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EV_mFgnyPoMC&redir_esc=y&hl=en|format=Limited preview |year=2004 |publisher=Horizon Bioscience |location=Wymondham, Norfolk, UK |isbn=978-0-9545232-3-7 |ref=CITEREFKlenkFeldmann2004}} * {{Cite book |last=Kuhn |first=Jens H. |title=Filoviruses: A Compendium of 40 Years of Epidemiological, Clinical, and Laboratory Studies. Archives of Virology Supplement, vol. 20 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LaOue0F9Ns4C&redir_esc=y&hl=en |format=Limited preview |year=2008 |publisher=SpringerWienNewYork |location=Vienna |isbn=978-3-211-20670-6 |ref=CITEREFKuhn2008}} * {{Cite book |last1=McCormick |first1=Joseph |last2=Fisher-Hoch |first2=Susan |others=Horvitz, Leslie Alan |title=Level 4: Virus Hunters of the CDC |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QEvR3aJX2m0C&redir_esc=y&hl=en |format=Limited preview |origyear=1996 |edition=Updated [3rd] |year=1999 |publisher=Barnes & Noble |isbn=978-0-7607-1208-5 |ref=CITEREFMcCormickFisher-Hoch1999 |month=June}} * {{Cite book |last=Pattyn |first=S. R. |title=Ebola Virus Haemorrhagic Fever |year=1978 |url=http://www.itg.be/ebola/ |format=Full free text |edition=1st |publisher=Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press |location=Amsterdam |isbn=0-444-80060-3 |ref=CITEREFPattyn1978}} * {{Cite book | last1 = Ryabchikova | first1 = Elena I. | last2 = Price | first2 = Barbara B. | title = Ebola and Marburg Viruses: A View of Infection Using Electron Microscopy | year = 2004 | publisher = Battelle Press | location = Columbus, Ohio | isbn = 978-1-57477-131-2 | ref = CITEREFRyabchikovaPrice2004 }} {{Refend}} == Okuhlanganiswe nalokhu okunye == {{Refbegin}} * [https://viralzone.expasy.org/207.html?outline=all_by_species ViralZone: Ebola-like viruses] – Virological repository from the [[Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics]] * [https://www.cdc.gov/ebola/about/index.html CDC: Ebola hemorrhagic fever] – Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Special Pathogens Branch * [https://www.who.int/health-topics/ebola WHO: Ebola haemorrhagic fever] – World Health Organization, Global Alert and Response * [https://www.bv-brc.org/ Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR): Filoviridae] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140808072117/http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/emdb/searchResults.html/?q=ebola 3D macromolecular structures of the Ebola virus archived in the EM Data Bank(EMDB)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140819171607/https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msa=0&msid=202977755949863934429.0004c658eb30f9c4fb1c0&ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=27.371767,5.273438&spn=110.017392,184.21875&z=2&source=embed&dg=feature Google Map of Ebola Outbreaks] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140816223245/http://www.who.int/csr/bioriskreduction/filovirus_infection_control/en/ WHO recommended infection control measures] {{Refend}} cty0isi0j9kahmp6z3pw9c1v7qwoyzr 0 251 1341 1340 2024-10-14T13:47:13Z Jon Harald Søby 12 3 revisions imported 1340 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ubunzinzolwazi nesiphande saso == Ngokuya kwe-Techopedia (2024<ref name=":0">Techopedia. (2024). ‘What is a Website?’. Available at:<<nowiki>https://www.techopedia.com/definition/5411/website</nowiki>>. Accessed on [17 June 2024]</ref>) ubunzinzolwazi bulibuthelelo lamakhasi wehlelo lethungelelwano lawo atholakala nanyana afunyaneka emphakathini begodu awela ngaphasi kwegama linye lobunzinzolwazi. Ubunzinzolwazi bungenziwa mumuntu munye, isiqema, ibubululo nanyana ihlangano bonyana kuthuthukiswe umnqopho othize (Techopedia 2024<ref name=":0" />). Nanyana kunjalo, ubunzinzolwazi lobu ukuze bufinyelele umnqopho obenzelwe bonyana kufuneka bonyana bube ne-inthanedi (Website Essentials 2024<ref name=":1">WIXEncyclopedia. (2024) ‘.digital domain’. Available at:<https://www.wix.com/encyclopedia/definition/digital-domain>. Accessed on [17 June 2024].</ref>). Lokhu kusitjela bonyana ngaphandle kwe-inthanedi angekhe batholakala nanyana umuntu angeze angena kibo. Iminqopho yobunzinzolwazi iyahluka. Kukhona abenza ubunzinzolwazi bonyana bakhulumisane nabanye abantu, njengama-blog, nanyana babelane ngelwazi. Abanye bona babenzele ukuthengisa umkhiqizo othize, kanti abanye babenzele ukufundisa abanye abantu. Isiphande sobunzinzolwazi sisodwa siyakhuluma. Ngendlela sitlolwe ngakho siyakutjela bonyana sisebenzisa liphi ihlelo lobulondolwazi begodi ngesomuntu nanyana umbuso na. Ezinye negama lekhamphani nanyana umuntu osenzileko ulithola esiphandeni saso. Esitjhejeni esibonelo esilandelako : ''1. http:www.owaziwako.co.za'' Nasitjheja isiphande esingehla sifunyana i-http, leyo ejamele Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure. Le yindlela nanyana ihlelo leli elivikelekileko lokwabelana nanyana lokuthumela ilwazi ku-inthanedi nanyana ethungelelwaneni (WIXEncyclopedia 2024<ref name=":1" />). Ihlelo leli levikeleko ngilo elisitjela lokha nakwenzekako bonyana ubunzizolwazi abukavikeleki. Esikhathini esinengi uthi nawungena kubunzinzolwazi, ukhandelwe begodu kuvele ulayezo othi, ‘it is not safe or it is not secure (abukaphephi nanyana abukavikeleki)’. Ukudlula lapho, i-Hypertext le iyakutjela bonyana ilimi lobulondolwazi elisetjenzisiweko yi-HTML. Siyazi bonyana obunye bungasebenzisa i-Python nanyana i-CSS. Amagama alandelako, i-www, ajamele World Wide Web,leyo etjho ubunzinzolwazi bephasi zombelele (Techopedia 2024<ref name=":0" />). Lokhu kusitjela bonyana ubunzizolwazi lobu bamulekekile iphasi loke begodu bungafunywa nanyana ukuphi ephasi. Amagama alandelako, ongaziwako, ligama le khamphani nanyana lo muntu lo ubunzinzolwazi lobu ekungebakhe. Igama leli liyakutjela bonyana ikhamphani le ibizwa nanyana umuntu loyo ubizwani. Amagama wokugcina esiphandeni sobunzinzo lwazi, co.za, ajamele umhlobo wekhamphani kanye nenarha nanyana isiyingi (WIXEncyclopedia 2024<ref name=":1" />). U-co, ujamele company (WIXEncyclopedia 2024<ref name=":1" />). Usirhunyezo. U-za, ujamele South Afrika/Zuid Afrika (iSewula Afrika). Lokhu kuyasitjela bonyana le yikhamphani yangeqadi yeSewula Afrika. Nangabe kuno-org, ekugcineni, lokho kutjho bona organisation leyo etjho ihlangano ngesikhethu. === Isiphetho. === Isiphandle sobunzinzolwazi nobunzinzolwazi zizinto eziqakatheke khulu epilweni yanamhlanje njengoba siphila esikhathini sethekhnoloji. Senza bonyana sibabantu sisebenzisane begodu sisekelani sikude. === Umthombolwazi === <references /> 0hpcet0xlqzohohzs0w13383kt3u5or 0 252 3296 3177 2025-07-02T20:44:32Z Thuvack 106 Undo revision [[Special:Diff/3177|3177]] by [[Special:Contributions/85.97.84.231|85.97.84.231]] ([[User talk:85.97.84.231|talk]]) 3296 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''Abokamisa''' == === Isingeniso === EsiNdebeleni kunamatjhada lawo asetjenziswako. Amatjhada la ahlukaniswe ngemihlobo embili leyo eyaziwa ngabokamisa nabongwaqa. Abokamisa matjhada alandelako: a, e, i, o no-u. Kodwana, ngokomtlolomazombe abokamisa bahlukaniswe ngokomhlobo embili. Imihlobo le ibizwa ukuthi bokamisa bendabuko nanyana bemvelo, nabokubelethwa nanyana bokuvela. Esihlokwaneni esilamako sizokutjheja abokamisa bendabuko nanyana bemvelo. == '''Abokamisa bendabuko nanyana bemvelo'''. == Abomamisa bendabuko nanyana bemvelo thathu, u-a, i no-u. 1. [a] ukamisa ophasi etjhadini labokamisa Isibonelo: -lala [lala], halala [ɦalala}. 2. [i] ukamisa ophambili phezulu etjhadini, ophakemeko Isibonelo: ibilibili [iƃiliƃili], ilimi [ilimi]. 3. [u] ukamisa ongemuva phezulu etjhadini, ophakemeko. Isibonelo: lokhu [lokhu], -khulu [khulu]. Esihlokwaneni esilandelako sizokutjheja abokamisa bokuvelethwa nanyana bokuvela. == '''Abokamisa bokubelethwa nanyana bokuvela''' == Abokamisa bokubelethwa nanyana bokuvela bokamisa amane ngokuya ngokomtlolo mazombe, bona ngilaba; e[ɛ],e[e],o[ɔ] no-o[o]. 1. e[ɛ]: ukamisa ophambili phakathi-phasi etjhadini.Utholakala nangabe ulandelwa lilunga elinokamisa ophasi. Isibonelo: -lele [lɛlɛ], lelesa [lɛlɛsa]. 2. e[e]: ukamisa ophambili phakathi-phezulu etjhadini.Utholakala nangabe ulandelwa lilunga elinokamisa ophezulu. Isibonelo: -qedile [!edilɛ] abelusi [aƃelusi]. 3. o[ɔ]: ukamisa osemuva phakathi-phasi etjhadini.Utholakala nangabe ulandelwa Isibonelo: –soloko [sɔlɔkɔ] usoloza [usɔlɔza] 4. o[o]: ukamisa osemuva phakathi-phezulu etjhadini.Utholakala nangabe ulandelwa lilunga elinokamisa ophezulu. Isibonelo: lokhu [lokhu], ithosi [ithosi]. Abokamisa baqakatheke khulu elimi netuthukweni yesiNdebele ngombana ukuze sitlole nanyana sikhulume kufanele sisebenzise amatjhada lawo akhamba nabokamisa. Abokamisa nabahlangana nabongwaqa bakhiqhiza amatjhada lawo esiwasebenzisa ukwakha amagama. Amagama akha imitjho. njqo0kwdhuztd2l4up3nym7no1c64md 0 253 1357 1356 2024-10-14T13:47:14Z Jon Harald Søby 12 10 revisions imported 1356 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Children's number blocks being used for learning to count - 51069936953.jpg|thumb|Iinomboro]] [[Isimumathi:Three apples.svg|thumb|'''Asithandathu (6)''' ]] '''Ukubala ngesiNdebele''' Ukufunda nokwazi ukubala ngelimi lesi[[Ndebele]] kuqakathekile esikhathini esiphila kiso namhlanjesi. Abafundi abancani kufuze bakwazi ukubala ngelimi lesiNdebele ukwenzela bona bathuthukise ilwazi ngee[[nomboro]] nangelimi labo, begodu bakghone nokuthuthukisa umkhumbulwabo. == Iinomboro ngesiNdebele == 1 - Kunye 2 - Kubili 3 - Kuthathu 4 - Kune 5 - Kuhlanu 6 - Sithandathu 7 - Likhomba 8 - Bunane 9 - Lithoba 10- Litjhumi 100- Ikhulu 1 000- Ikulungwane 1 000 000- Isigidi == Ukufundisa ukubala == Utitjhere angafundisa abafundi ukubala ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneko. Utitjhere angasebenzisa amakarada atjengisa iinomboro, igama leenomboro begodu nesithombe sento ebalwako. == [https://pansalb.org/wp-content/uploads/IsiNdebele-Orthography-and-Spelling-Rules-05-04-2022_compressed.pdf Umthetho wokutlola nokupeleda wokutlolwa kweenomboro] == Nangabe utlola inani ngelimi lesiNdebele ulitlola linjengombana linjalo, isib. Ubaba uthenge iimbuzi ezihlanu. Nangabe utlola inani ngeenomboro isivumelwano kufuze sitlolwe ngesiNdebele besihlukaniswe ngodwi (-), isib. Ubaba uthenge iimbuzi ezili-100. Inomboro enganasivumelwano itlolwa ngaphandle kodwi, isib. Isihloko 7. 2dq9waic4lacgt83y1oc7uheco31kq5 0 254 2172 1363 2024-11-27T06:42:11Z Simakahle Moselekatse 161 + Iinkomba 2172 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ibhoduluko''' yindawo esiphila kiyo. Kufanele bona sihlale ebhodulukweni [[elihlanzekileko.]] Umthelela wokuhlala ebhodulukweni elihlanzekileko kukobana uba nepilo eqophileko. <ref>Carvalho, F.P., 2017. Pesticides, environment, and food safety. ''Food and energy security'', ''6''(2), pp.48-60.</ref> == Amahlelo wokubulunga ibhoduluko yekhethu == === Ukuphathwa kwamahlathi === Kufanele bona sitlhogomele amahlathi ngombana ngiwo asisiza ezintweni ezinengi. Kokuthoma asilethela umoya ohlwengekileko. Kwesibili, asinikela [[amaphepha]]. Kwesithathu, athatha umoya [[ongakalungi]], uwutjhungulule ube mummoya olungileko. <ref>Handbook of Environmental Degradation of Materials - Myer Kutz - Google Books</ref> === Ukuphathwa kweenzibi === kufanele sitjheje indlela alahla ngayo [[iinzibi]] zakhe. Iinzibi kufanele zilahlwe endaweni eyodwa. Ikinga esinayo enarheni yekhethu kukobana kulahlwa amakhemikhali alimaza iimbandana nokhunye. === Ukuphathwa kwamakhemikhali === Kufanele silahle amakhemikhali endaweni ezifaneleko. [[Amakhemikhali]] ayalimaza begodu angaba nomthelela omumbi khulu enarheni yekhethu. [[Isimumathi:A young wild boar in his environment.jpg|thumb|Isibandana sisendaweni esilaphazekileko]] == Umphumela ngomtlolo lo == Ukuphungula [[ubungozi]] kezamaphilo wabantu == Ukubaluleka kokuhlwengisa ibhoduluko yekhethu == [[Ibhoduluko]] yekhethu iqakathekile ngombana kufanele sitjheje ibhoduluko yekhethu, ukuze ihlale ihlwengekile. Ngalokhu iimpilo zethu zingatjhaphululeka ukutholeni ubulwelwe ubuhlukahlukeneko. [[Wp/nd/Ubulwelwe obungena besibungwana esincani obenza umuntu aphophale|Ubulwelwe]] ubufana ne[[-Tuberculosis (TB)|-Tuberculosis (TB)]] kanye nobunye ubulwelwe. YE-KE, sitjhaba [[sekhethu]] asibulungeni ibhoduluko lekhethu, lokhu kufaka hlangana nokuvikela amahlathi, iinmbandana kanye neentjali zethu. == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} d2ts8kflve3yhpjphndr9yvzh1dh0k6 0 255 3236 1367 2025-06-26T13:36:50Z Mosakaruka 586 3236 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Depression man.png|thumb]] '''Ukugandeleleka ngokomkhumbulo''' budisi obehlela umkhumbulo ngesibanga seentjhijilo zepilo ahlagabezana nazo. Ukugandeleleka lokhu kungabonakala ngokuthi umunntu ahlale adanile, alahle ithemba begodu angabi nekareko yokweza izinto ezimthabisako. Ukugandeleleka ngokokhumbulo kwenza bona imicabango, imikghwa, nepilo emzimbeni, khulu athikamezeke nendleleni aphila ngayo ngamalanga. == Kubangelwa yini ukugandeleleka ngokomkhumbulo? == [[Ukugandeleleka komkhumbulo]] kungabangelwa kukwehlelwa zizinto ezimbi ezenza bona umuntu akhubazekeke moyeni, ezifana nokulahlekelwa msebenzi, namatjhuguluko amakhulu wepilo umuntu ahlangabezana nawo umuntu angakahoni ukuwabekezelela. Ukusebenzisa iindakwa mizwa ngokweqileko nakho kuyabangela ukungandeleleka ngokomkhumbulo. s64ufvo29om5qd8b9u6o62n5tus075l 0 256 1678 1379 2024-10-16T09:50:12Z JhsBot 34 bot: Removing interwiki template; the page is now connected to [[d:Q8434]] 1678 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:School learners in Mabushe C school, Namibia.jpg|thumb|Abantwana besikolo]] == Ukuqakatheka kwefundo == '''[[Ifundo]] iqakathekile''' esikhathini esiphila kiso ngombana lokha nawungakafundi ngeze wakwazi ukuzijamela nokuzenzela izinto ephasini. Ifundo ilekelela umuntu bona akwazi ukufunda nokutlola bogodu lokhu kulikghono elihle elisiza umuntu [[kwezokuthintana.]] == Ifundo imsiza ngani umuntu == [[Isimumathi:Deus High School Diplome.png|thumb|ifundo sikhiya sokuya epumelelweni]] ifundo isiza umuntu bona akwazi ukuphumelelisa amabhudango wakhe, begodu inikeza umuntu ngelwazi [[lepilo.]] ifundisa umuntu ngezinto ezihle angazenza nangalezi ezimbi efanele azibalekele ezingamkhubaza. Isiza umuntu bona azi amalungelo wakhe kanye nomthetho. c2jk8cokr58nok1lvcqnerfw1lwbf9a 0 257 5102 5084 2025-08-08T09:54:47Z Willson2001 841 5102 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ukutheza == === Isingeniso. === Ukutheza ngezinye zezenzo ebezikhona ekadeni umqasa usatjhagala ngekhaya. Ukutheza kudlale indima eqakatheke khulu mayelana nokuthi abantu babeneenkuni, ukudla kanye nemalingeniso eemphakathini eminengi, khulukhulu eemndenini esazidobhela phasi. Eenhlokwaneni ezilandelako sizokutjheja bonyana kuyini ukutheza begodu bunomthintela enjani eemphakathini esiphila kiyo, khulukhulu yemakhaya. === Kuyini [[:en:Logging|ukutheza]]? === Ngokuya kwe-Wikipedia (2024<ref name=":0">Wikipedia. 2024. ''Logging''. Itholakala ku: <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logging</nowiki>. Ufunyenwe ngomhlaka [29 kuRhoboyi 2024].</ref>) ukutheza sisenzo sokugawula nokususa imithi. Ukungezelela, imithi le egawulilweko yasuswa lapho beyikhona uthuthelwa endaweni etja (Wikipedia 2024<ref name=":0" />; Lima, u-Castro, u-Baptista no-Silva 2020<ref>Lima, K. S., Castro, C. M., Baptista, J. S. & Silva, U. 2020. Wood-logging process management in Eastern Amazonia (Brazil). ''Sustainability'', 12:1-18.</ref>). Ngamanye amagama, ukutheza kufaka ukugawula iinkuni nanyana ukususa iinkuni, khulukhulu ehlathini uzithuthele kwenye indawo lapho zokusetjenziswa khona. Kukhulunywa ngokususa nokugawula, ngombana ezinye iinkuni nanyana iingodo uzifumana zizilalele nanyana ziwele phasi, bese ufike ngokubuthelela nawuqedako uzithathe. Kanti-ke, kukhona lezo ekufuneka bonyana zigawulwe emithini begodu eminye imithi leyo ikhitjhwa nemirabhu nanyana neendidi zawo (Namuene no-Egbe 2022<ref name=":1">Numuene, K. S. & Egbe, A. E. 2022. Impact of Timber Logging on Neighbouring Stands in a Forest of the South Western Cameroon. ''Open Journal of Forestry'', 12:248-262.</ref>). === Umthelela wokutheza === Kukhona imithelela eminengi emihle kanye nemimbi yokutheza; kodwana kusihloko sethu lezi sizokutjheja imithelela elandelako: ==== Ubumbi ==== ==== 1.      Ukutjhabalalisa imithi yamahlathi. ==== Lokha nasithezako sisusa eminye yemithi leyo ekungeyendabuko (Numuene no-Egbe 2022<ref name=":1" />). Imithi leyo iyancipha begodu igcine ingasabi khona. Lokho kwenza bonyana amahlathi angasabi nemithi begodu avuleke. ==== 2.      Ubujamo bezulu ==== Lokha nasithezako sisusa imithi, sitjhiya amahlathi avulekile nemithi inganawo amagatja wokumunye i-carbon dioxide emoyeni (u-Ranius, u-Hamalainen, u-Egnell, u-Olsson, u-Eklof, u-Stendah, u-Rudolphi, u-Stens no-Felton 2018<ref name=":2">Ranius, T., Hämäläinen, A., Egnell, G., Olsson, B., Eklöf, K. et al. 2018.The effects of logging residue extraction for energy on ecosystem services and biodiversity: a synthesis. ''Journal of Environmental Management'', 209: 409-425.</ref>). Lokho kubanga bonyana ubujamo bezulu butjhuguluke kwamambala njengokuthi kube nomtjhiso omkhulu tle nanyana kubemakhaza khulu (u-Ranius ''nabanye'' 2018<ref name=":2" />). ==== 3.      Ukutlhogeka kweensetjenziswa ==== Ukutheza kwenza bonyana iinsetjenziswa lezo ezifunekako, ezinjengokudla kwehlathini nemitjhoga itlhogeke (World Wide Fund for Nature 2019<ref>World Wide Fund for Nature. 2019. ''Timber monitoring and control from the first entry on the marke''t. WWF Romania.</ref>). Ngamanye amagama, abantu abathembele eenkunini, ukupheka nokudla kanye neenlwana ezithembele emini mayelana namakhaya wazo nokudla zizithola zingana buyo. ==== Ubuhle ==== ==== 1.      Umnotho wezehlalakuhle ==== Kukhona abantu labo abathembele eenkunini nemithi bonyana bangenise imali begodu baphile (Namuene no-Egbe 2022<ref name=":1" />). Abantu laba bathengisa iinkuni lezi begodu abanye babasa imililo ngeenkuni, bafulela ngeengodo begodu bakampela amajarida wabo ngokusebenzisa iingodo. ==== 2.      Imitjhoga ==== Kukhona eminye yemitjhoga leyo eyenziwa ngemithi yendabuko le ebayithezako (Namuene no-Egbe 2022<ref name=":1" />). Ngamanye amagama, abantu basenzisa imithi ukulapha kanye nokuhlwengisa ubujamo bepilo bemizimba yabo. ==== 3.      Ibonelela lomoya ohlwengileko ==== Imithi esikhathini esinengi ithatha nanyana imunya umoya onerhasi emimbi, i-carbon dioxide, bese wona unikele ngomoya olungele ukuphefumula babantu neenlwani, i-oxygen (Namuene no-Egbe 2022<ref name=":1" />). Ukungezelela, imithi ihlwengisa umoya esiwuphefumulako nebhoduluko. '''4 yonga igezi''' esikhathini esiphilakiso namhlanje iintengo yegezi ikhuphule khulu. yeke ukutheza kuyindlela ehle khulu yokonga igezi ebantwini abadobha phasi. ==== Isiphetho ==== Ukutheza kuqakatheke khulu eemphakathini yethu. Nanyana kunjalo, nakungenziwa ngendlela yokukhathelela imithi namahlathi kuba nomthelela omumbi eemphakathini yoke. [https://www.depremabi.com/ Son depremler] en iyi depremabi üzerinden görüntülenebilir. Siyazi bonyana abantu abanengi bathembele eemthini nemahlathini mayelana namalengeniso nemitjhoga, ngebanga lelo kufanele sikwenze kokutlhogomela begodu singakwenzeli butjhilweni. === Isilululwazi === <references /> cuwh265gct6sb554nj0luplxid1ucg3 0 258 1392 1391 2024-10-14T13:47:39Z Jon Harald Søby 12 9 revisions imported 1391 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:BMW 525i Art Car - Esther Mahlangu (1991).jpg|thumb|imodere egwalwe nguMma u Esther Mahlangu]] Ilimi lesi[[Ndebele]] ngelinye lamalimi ekhalunywa eSewula Afrika, engazange libe netjhudu lokuthuthukiswa lokha nakufika amamitjhinari e[[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika]]. Lokhu kwabangela kukobana isitjhaba samaNdebele sabe singakabumbani ngesikhathi sokufika kwamamitjhinari. Nasitjheja ukuthuthuka kwelimi ukusukela ngonyaka we-2000 ukuya enyakeni we-2024 sithola bonyana isiNdebele sele sithuthukele khulu ngombana sele kune [[bhayibheli]] etlolwe ngesiNdebele eyakhutjhwa ngo 2012, sikhona emrhatjhweni, begodu sikhona nakibomabonakude. Sele kutholakala nama filimu enziwe bewadlala ngesiNdebele. Na[[kwezefundo]] sele sithuthukile ngombana sele kuneenhlathululi mezwi zesiNdebele. Lokhu kutjengisa bona sele [[ilimi lesindebele|ilimi]] lesiNdebele lithuthuke khulu begodu lisaragela phambili liyathuthukiswa ngombala ilimi leli sele lizokutholaka na online ku wikipedia. Ukuthuthukiswa kwelimi leli kuyinto ehle khulu ngombana lokhu kuzokwenza bonyana ilimi lesiNdebele lingatjhabalali. k7709exhmpf387fg4oi25h8yghtbct4 0 259 1395 1394 2024-10-14T13:47:40Z Jon Harald Søby 12 2 revisions imported 1394 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Herbs for Traditional Healing.jpg|thumb|Ukuthwala]] Ukuthwala sele kurhagele khulu enarheni yeSewula Afrika. Inengi labantu lifuna ukuphumelela msinyana. Njenga nje, basebenzisa iinlwana ezifana neenyoka, iimfene, iinkukhu nezinye ukuthola ipumelelo abayifunako. Kuthoma kubasebenzela kuhle babe zigwili. Kodwana, akupheli kuhle, ngombana bagcina babuya bazisole bathome nepilo phasi. Lokho kubangela bona bagcine babenokugandeleleka komkhumbulo. Lokhu kusifundisa bona nanoma sifuna imali namkha ipumelelo kangangani, sitotose besifike khona. Singarhabi. 8uqqgplrkc4ef0c4zdy3e3j58ho2z4t 0 260 2506 1398 2025-03-06T16:13:53Z Nqobile69 190 2506 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ukutlhogeka kwemisebenzi''' kuyinto eyande khulu esitjhabeni seSewula AFrika. Abantu abatjha lokha nasele bacede ukufunda bathola ubudisi bokuthola umsebenzi ngesibanga sokobana amathuba womsebenzi awekho begodu abanye abantu bayiyithengisa imisebenzi. Ngendlela amathuba womsebenzi anciphe ngakhona uthola bona lokha nakukhutjhwa iphepha kuveze umsebenzi kuthiwa kufuneka abantu abangaphezu kweminyaka engi-18 kodwana abangakadluli ku 35. Umbuzo uthi laba abangaphezu kwe 35 bona abakafaneli ukusebenza na? Ukuncipha kwamathuba womsebenzi kwandisa izinga lobugebengu ngombana abantu bafunda neendlela ezimbi zokuziphilisa ngombana umuntu angenza nanoma yini ukuthi azithole adlile. 8mgq8nqovm07akdd55fy8nqba7995w9 0 261 1401 1400 2024-10-14T13:47:40Z Jon Harald Søby 12 2 revisions imported 1400 wikitext text/x-wiki '''UKuzibandakanya''' kwababelethi eemfundweni zabantwana kulokha ababelethi badlala iindima ekutheni abantwana babo bathole ifundo ehle nephambili. Ababelethi badlala indima ngokuthi basebenzisane nabo titjhere ukusiza umntwana athabele ukuba mfundi. Lokhu kuqakathekile khulu ukuthi ababelethi bandakany eemfundweni zabantwana babo, ngombana lokhu kukuthaza abantwana bonyana bafunde ngamandla ukuze bathole imiphumela encono. Lokhu kwenza bona umntwana athole loke isekelo alidingako ukuze akwazi ukuthola ifundo encono nephambili. Abanye ababelethi vane benze iphoso yokucabanga bona umntwana ufundiswa ngutitjhere kwaphela. Lokhu akusilo iqiniso ngombana utitjhere wokuthoma womntwana mbelethi wakhe. czb1uh4qyu31u0zobnclvhxbttxx6tl 0 262 5218 3286 2025-08-20T12:22:40Z Nqobile69 190 5218 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ukuzikhunga''' kukulokha umuntu athatha ipilo yakhe ngokuzibulala.<ref>Turecki, G. and Brent, D.A., 2016. Suicide and suicidal behaviour. ''The Lancet'', ''387''(10024), pp.1227-1239.</ref>Lokho umuntu angakwenza ngokuthi asele [[amapilisi]] amanengi, athathe intambo azibulale begodu nangezinye iindlela. eskhathini sanje ukuzikhunga sele kuyinto ekhamba phambili eyenza bona abantu bahlongakale. Abanye babo nabatholwa kusese nesikhathi bayasinda. Ukuzikhunga kuyinto engahlukumeza umndeni nabantu abatjgidelelne naloyo ozikhungileko ngombana bangaba nemizwa yokuthi bahlulekile ukumsiza umuntu ozikhungileko, begodu bezwe nobuhlungi bokulahlekelwa mumuntu abatjhidelelne naye. Omuntu obe netjhudu wasinda lokha nagade azama ukuzikhunga naye uba nobudisi bokuthi aphilisane nabanye abantu. == izinto ezingabangela bona umuntu azikhunge == === Ukuhlukunyezwa === Umuntu lokha nakahlukunyezwako begodu angatholi isekelo nanyana isizo abantwini angagcian sele abona bonyana kungcono azikhunge kunokobana aphile budisi ngokuhlukunyezwa<ref>Turecki, G., Brent, D.A., Gunnell, D., O’Connor, R.C., Oquendo, M.A., Pirkis, J. and Stanley, B.H., 2019. Suicide and suicide risk. ''Nature reviews Disease primers'', ''5''(1), p.74.</ref>. === Ukugandeleleka komkhumbulo === [[Ukugandeleleka komkhumbulo]] kuyamenza umuntu bona azikhunge ngombana umuntu osesimeni lesi ingcondo yakhe iyaphazamiseka begodu babasengcopheni yokuthi bangenza izinto ezibeka amaphilo wabo engozini njengozibulala. Jeon (2011) Uveza bonyana inengi labantu abazikhungileko litholakala bona belinokugandeleleka komkhumbulo lokha nakuhlowa iindumbu zabo<ref>Jeon, H.J., 2011. Depression and suicide. ''Journal of the Korean Medical Association'', ''54''(4), pp.370-375.</ref>. === Ukusogola ngemali === Ukusogola ngemali ngendlela yokuthi umuntu agcine sele angasakghona ukuthola ukudla umuntu angagcian sele azizwa bona kungcona ukuzikhunga kunokuphila bese afikelwe mcabango wokuzikhunga. == Amatshwayo womuntu ongaba sengozini yokuzikhunga == Umuntu ongaba sengozini yokufuna ukuzikhuunga ubonakala ngokuthi azikhiphe ebantwini agcine selel ahlala yedwa. Omunye ugcina umbona ngokuthi asebenzise iindakamizwa ngendlela eyeqileko lokha nakunento emhluphako. == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} r5mfrm0mzev7lt7nd9sgpvfjoq9tim7 0 263 3040 3018 2025-06-07T03:05:22Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:NZXNV1|NZXNV1]] 2348 wikitext text/x-wiki '''UmSebenzi wesiTjhaba wezamaLimi''' ukhuthaza ube ukghonakalise iindlela zokuthintana kiwo woke amalimi. Ngokukhambisana neentlhogeko neemfuneko zomThethosisekelo, umSebenzi wesiTjhaba wezamaLimi ulawula ukwahlukana ngamalimi lapha ekhethu, begodu uthwele nomsebenzi wokulungelela amalimi woke wabantu ngokuphumelelisa amagadango womgomo onqophe ukukhuthaza kokusetjenziswa kwamalimi la, kunye nalawo amalimi ayedimeke amathuba angatjhejwa phambilini. e11j9ql47nq09ysde4x26ktwu0uopd6 0 264 3116 3027 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon Harald Søby]] 1418 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Umbuso ohlanganyelweko''' mbuso lapho kuphethe khona iinhlangano kusekela kwezimbili. Ngemva kweminyaka ematjhumi ama thathu iSewula Afrika ibuswa ngaphasi kombuso wentando yenengi, unyaka we-2024 wamakhetho ube ngohlukileko ngombana ulethe umbuso wehlanganyelo lapho kuphethe khona iinhlangano zepolotiki ezinengi kungasi yinye. Woke umuntu uyazibuza bona ngemva kwetjhuguluko elingaka kwezepolotiki inarha yeSewula Afrika izokuraga njani. Umbuso wokuhlanganyela ubanjwe yihlangano ye Democratic Alliance, African National Congress, Umkhonto Wesizwe kanye ne Economic Freedom Fighters. Umongameli okhethiweko ngubaba Cyril Ramaphosa obevele kunguye umongameli weSewula Afrika. 0hb5aau3oyczocbf734k5corhjrei2u 0 265 5142 5141 2025-08-10T18:28:06Z Nqobile69 190 5142 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Umbuso wentando yenengi''', mbuso owangena e[[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika]] ngemva kwamakhetho wango [[Wp/na/1994|1994,]] ngemva kombuso wegandelelo<ref>Southall, R., 2000. The state of democracy in South Africa. ''Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics'', ''38''(3), pp.147-170.</ref>.Umbuso wentando yenengi ngiwo owasilethela ikululeko, ukulingana kanye nokuthola ubulingiswa lokhwa nawoniweko. Ngaphasi kombuso lo babantu nofana izakhamuzi iziphethe amandla weze[[politiki|polotiki]]. Amandla la bawaphethe ngqo begodu bawaphethe nangabantu ababakhethileko bonyana bazobajamela. Lokhu kutjho bona izakhamuzi zinelungelo lokuzibandakanya ezintweni zepolotiki, ezifana namakhetho wokubeka umongameli wesitjhaba begodu zinegunya lokufaka umbono ngomthetho ezibekelwe wona enarheni. == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Umbuso wentando yenengi]] [[Category:Umbuso wegandelelo]] thporpy1maloxqb26am2m4dtqnvcm9b 0 266 3049 3004 2025-06-07T03:05:22Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon Harald Søby]] 1437 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Umdlalo webholo.jpg|thumb|Umdlalo webholo]] '''Umdlalo''' webholo kumdlalo odlawa ngokurarha ibholo, udlalwa ziinqheema ezimbili ngokuphikisana. Isiqhema sebholo ngasinye siba nabadlali abayitjhumi nanye. Abadlali badlala nebholo erondo boke ngomnqopho wokukora amagondelo nokuvimba isiqheema esiphikisako bonyana singangenisi amagondelo. == Umthetho womdlalo webholo == === isikhathi === Umdlalo webholo udlala isikhathi eaimizuzu ema-45 bese bayaphumula imizuzu eli-15 bese barage godu badlale imizuzu ema-45. Kwesinye iskhathi kusuke kube nesikhathi esingezelelwako ukuze kuzokuba khona isiqhema esithumbako. === Ukukora amagondelo === Amagondelo akorwa ngokufakwa enetheni begodu angafakwa ngehloko nanyana ngokurarhwa ngenyawo. Amagandelo ayakorwa lokha umdlalo usadlala begodu kukurwa kuphela lokha nakuma penaldi. === Ukujama kwabadlali === Abadlali bomdlalo we bholo kubadlali abavimba amagondelo, ubadlali abajama phambili, abadlali abajama phakathi. == Ubuhle bokudlala umdlalo webholo == Umdlalo webholo kumdlalo omuhle ngombana umuntu owudlalako uba nomzimba onepilo ngombana umdloalo lo wenza bona imithambo ekhambisa igazi ivuleke igazi lirhone ukukhamba kuhle emzimbeni begodu umzimba angekhe wathola amalwelwe lula. Umdlalo lokha nawuwudlako uba namandla begodu ukghone ukugijima ngebelo. Ilekelela umuntu bona akghone ukusebenzisana nabantu begodu abe nekghono lokurarulula imiraro. 6p9h55k5jatdp0n6t9f49l8hunliurk 0 267 1440 1439 2024-10-14T13:47:41Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 1439 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Umehluko hlangana kwedamu nomlambo]] 212x0jtpl3fz4h7u2ytauos8squ8qhr 0 268 3072 2997 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:88.238.42.1|88.238.42.1]] 2497 wikitext text/x-wiki == Umehluko hlangana kwedamu nomlambo. == === Isingeniso === Emphakathini esiphila kiyo kuneendlela ezinengi zokubulunga amanzi nalezo ezisetjenziswa njengemithombo yamanzi. Iindlela lezi ziqakatheke kwamamba ekwenzeni isiqiniseko sokuthi abantu baba nepilo begodu bafunyana amanzi. Nanyana kunjalo-ke, ngaphasi kwesihloko sethu lesi sizokudzimelela khulu edamini nemlanjeni. Sizokuthoma ngesihloko esithi, Kuyini idamu? bese kulandele esithi, Kuyini umlambo?. ==== '''Kuyini idamu?''' ==== [[Isimumathi:Idamu lokubulunga amanzi Kosini.jpg|thumb|Idamu lokubulunga amanzi, langeKosini]] Kwesinye isikhathi kuyaye kutlhogeke bonyana kukhongezelwe amanzi begodu abulungwe ukuze abantu bawafunyane (Wikipedia 2024a<ref name=":0">Wikipedia. 2024. Dam. Itholakala ku-: <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam</nowiki>. Ifunyanwe ngomhlaka [07 kuRhoboyi 2024].</ref>). Isesetjenziswa sokukhongenzela amanzi begodu siwabulunge sibizwa bonyana lidamu (Wikipedia 2024a<ref name=":0" />). Idamu liyakhiwa ngomnqopho wokubamba amanzi begodu liwabulunge (National Geographic 2024a<ref name=":1">National Geographic. 2024. Dams. Itholakala ku-: <nowiki>https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/dams/</nowiki>. Ifunyanwe ngomhlaka [07 kuRhoboyi 2024].</ref>). Amadamu la, ngesakhiwo nobungako kanye nomsebenzi angahluka ngokuya kweendawo neminqopho yawo. [[Isimumathi:Idamu leKosini emThambithini.jpg|left|thumb|220x220px|Idamu leKosini, emThambithini]] Kukhona [https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/dams/ amadamu] lawo amakhulu ngobujamo begodu umsebenzi wawo kukubulunga amanzi kanye nokuwasabalalise eendaweni nanyana kumadamu amancani lawo aphakela abantu nemiphakathi ngamanzi (The British Dam Society 2024a<ref name=":2">The British Dam Society. 2024. What is dam?. Itholakala ku-: <nowiki>https://britishdams.org/about-dams/dam-information/</nowiki>. Ifunywane ngomhlaka [07 kuRhoboyi 2024].</ref>). [https://britishdams.org/about-dams/dam-information/ Amadamu] la, afuna itlhogonyelo tle begodu nalo itlhogonyelo lawo liyahluka. Idamu elikhulu lifuna itlhogonyelo elikhulu begodu lifuna nesikhathi esinengi lokha nalimadaniswa nedamu elincani. Amadamu kanengi afunyana nanyana amukela amanzi ukusuka emlanjeni ngesikhathi lapho kunezulu elinengi (Wikipedia 2024a<ref name=":0" />; National Geographic 2024a<ref name=":1" />; ne-The British Dam Society 2024a<ref name=":2" />). Ukuyisonga, idamu liyakhiwa begodu liyahluka ngomnqopho. Kodwana, limthombo oqakathekileko mayelana nokuqinisekiswa bonyana imiphakathi ifunyana amanzi. ==== '''Kuyini [[:en:River|umlambo]]?''' ==== [[Isimumathi:Umlambo iMoutse emThambothini.jpg|thumb|Umlambo iMoutse, eKosini]] [https://www.britannica.com/science/river Umlambo] singatjho bonyana kulidamu lemvelo lelo elingakakhiwa kodwana eliziveleleko (Wikipedia 2024b;<ref>Wikipedia. 2024. River. Itholakala ku-:<nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River</nowiki>. Ifunyanwe ngomhlaka [08 kuRhoboyi 2024].</ref> ne-Britannica 2024<ref>Britannica. 2024. River. Itholakala ku-:<nowiki>https://www.britannica.com/science/river</nowiki>. Ifunyanwe ngomhlaka [08 kuRhoboyi 2024].</ref>). Ngamanye amagama, [https://smartwatermagazine.com/q-a/what-a-river umlambo] uyazivelela begodu nobujamo bawo buyazenzakalela. [https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/river/ Imilambo] nayo iyahluka [https://www.kargosubesi.biz/ kargo] ngobujamo begodu imithombo yeempilo yeenlwani ezinengi nabantu (National Geographic 2024b<ref name=":3">National Geographic. 2024. River. Itholakala ku-:<nowiki>https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/river/</nowiki>. Ifunyanwe ngomhlaka [08 kuRhoboyi 2024].</ref>). Iinlwani ezitholakala emilanjeni ziyahluka ngokuya kweendawo kanye nobujamo bezulu. Imilambo ikhongozela amanzi wezulu bese iphakele amadamu amanzi lawo ukuze abulungwe amanzi begodu kwenziwe isiqiniseko sokuthi abantu neenlwana bafunyana amanzi (National Geographic 2024b<ref name=":3" />; ne-Smart Water Magazine 2024<ref>Smart Water Magazine. 2024. What is a river?. Itholakala ku-:<nowiki>https://smartwatermagazine.com/q-a/what-a-river</nowiki>. Ifunyenwe ngomhlaka [08 kuRhoboyi 2024].</ref>). Nanyana kunjalo-ke, kukhona imiphakathi ekha nanyana esebenzisa amanzi bunqopha kusuka emlanjeni ngebanga lokungabi nayo imithangalasisekelo yamanzi. Lokhu kusitjengisa ukuqakatheka kwemilambo begodu nesidingo sokunakekela imilambo esinayo. === '''Isiphetho''' === Idamu singatjho bona mlambo owakhiweko bese kuthi umlambo wona kube lidami lemvelo nanyana lendabuko lelo elizenzakalelako. Idamu esikhathini esinengi lithembele emlanjeni bona lifunyane amanzi, kanti umlambo wona ukhongozela amanzi wezulu. === '''Isilululwazi/umthombolwazi''' === {{Reflist}} [[Mkhakha:Ezolwazi]] [[Mkhakha:Ezemvelo]] 81yy7u2tyv1vk46utz4wcobm7d8w9mh 0 269 3093 2988 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Simakahle Moselekatse|Simakahle Moselekatse]] 2198 wikitext text/x-wiki == Umfundaze == === Isingeniso. === Ephasini kukhona isizo lelo elenzelwe ukusiza abantu abanganalutho kodwana khube banekghono nanyana isiphiwo sokwenza nanyana sokufunda izinto ezithile. Isizo lelo kungaba kusekelwa ngemmali, iinsetjenziswa nanyana baphiwe ibandulo bameyala nakuthuthukisa begodu nokufeza amabhudango namakghono wabo. Ezinye zesizo lezo mfundaze nanyana umfundasimahla. Esihlokwaneni esilandelako sizokutjheja bonyana kuyini umfundaze nanyana umfundasimahla. === Kuyini umfundaze nanyana umfundasimahla? === Ngokuya kwe-Wikipedia (2024)<ref name=":0">Wikipedia. 2024. ''Bursary''. Itholakala ku:<<nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bursary</nowiki>>. Ifunyenwe ngomhlaka [24 kuRhoboyi 2024].</ref> isekelwa yi-Revolution Media (2024)<ref>Revolution Media. 2024. ''What is a bursary.'' Litholakala ku:>https://revolution.edu.za/what-is-a-bursary-and-how-does-it-differ-from-a-scholarship/>. Lifunyenwe ngomhlaka [24 kuRhoboyi 2024].</ref>, [https://revolution.edu.za/what-is-a-bursary-and-how-does-it-differ-from-a-scholarship/ umfundaze] kungunongwara nanyana umtlomelo loyo ophiwa iinqema nanyana abantu maziko nanyana iinhlangano zefundo. Iragele phambili, i-Wikipedia (2024<ref name=":0" />), yathi, umtlomelo lo uphiwa umfundi bonyana aye esikolweni, eyunivesithi nanyana ekholiji ngesikhathi angakghoni ukuya. Amphuzu la, ayasitjela bona umfundaze usiba abafuna ukufunda kodwana khube babhalelwa ziinthoro zokufunda. Ukungezelela, ihlathululo le inqophe khulu kumaziko nanyana iinhlangano zefundo. Ngokuya kweYunivesithi i-Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University (2024<ref name=":1">Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University. ''What is the difference between a loan, bursary and scholarship? Itholakala ku''''':<'''<nowiki>https://www.mandela.ac.za/Apply/Frequently-asked-questions/Money-Matters/What-is-the-difference-between-a-loan,-bursary-and#FAQLink1769</nowiki>>. Ifunyenwe ngomhlaka [24 kuRhoboyi 2024]</ref>) ne-Dictionary Cambridge (2024<ref>Cambridge Dictionary. 2024. ''Bursary''. Itholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/bursary</nowiki>>. Ifunyenwe ngomhlaka [24 kuRhoboyi 2024].</ref>), [[:en:Bursary|umfundaze]] kulisizo lemali ehlakahlukeneko enikelweko abosofundwakghono nabafundi bonyana bathuthukise iimfunde zabo. Imali ingabuyi kumakhamphani begodu kufanele labo abanikelwa umfundaze lo batlikitliki isibopho neenkhamphani leyo (Yunivesity i-Nelson Mandela 2024<ref name=":1" />). Ihlathululo yeYunivesithi i-Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University (2024)<ref name=":1" /> ingezelel phezu kwehlathululo ye-Wikipedia (2024)<ref name=":0" /> ngokuthi umfundaze lo unikelwa abafundi nabosofundwakgho. === Isiphetho === [https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/bursary Umfundaze] kuyimali enikelwa abafundi nabosokghonofundwa yiziko lefundo, ihlangano nekhamphani yangeqadi njengesizo ukuze bathuthukise ifundo yamo namakghono wabo. Imali ingasetjenzisa ukubahdela iimfundo nokuthenga ezinye iinsetjenziswa zokufunda. === Isilululwazi === {{Reflist}} hgts07z8wdzwaeyyhmcm7e5nfstzeln 0 270 1455 1454 2024-10-14T13:47:42Z Jon Harald Søby 12 2 revisions imported 1454 wikitext text/x-wiki '''UMhluzi''' yilokishi elisentshonalanga yedolobha elikhulu lezolimo nezimboni iMiddelburg esifundazweni saseNingizimu Afrika iMpumalanga. Inezikole zamabanga aphansi eziyisi-8 neziyisi-6 zamabanga aphezulu. d160bft7l1kfyupezt31y0tqyfw4imd 0 271 1459 1458 2024-10-14T13:47:42Z Jon Harald Søby 12 3 revisions imported 1458 wikitext text/x-wiki Umkhakha WezeHlalakuhle mkhakha omayelana nehlalakuhle yabantu, utjheje godu nekufundiseni abantu ngeendlela abangazitlhogomela, bazivikele ngayo neendlela abangazikhupha ngazo ebudisini bepilo. Ubudisi bepilo obufaka hlangana ukuhlukumezeka kwabomma nabantwana, ukwamukela ukuphila nokukhubazeka, ukungasebenzi nokhunye okunengi. == Abosohlalakuhle == Abosohlalakuhle emkhakheni lo basebenzisa ilwazi elirhujululiweko elifana namatiyori nelwazi lendabuko yobuntu ukusiza labo abazithola basebudisini bepilo. == Iimfundo zomkhakha lo == Nawuzokuba ngusohlalakuhle kufanele uphase kuhle igreyidi 12. Eemfundweni zakho zoke kufanele ufumane amaphuzu angaphezu kwali-30 khona uzokwamukeleka emkhakheni wezefundo ephakamileko. Uzakuthi lokha nawamukelweko ufunde iminyaka emine. Amayunivesithi afundisa iimfundo zehlalakuhle ngila: [https://www.up.ac.za/ University of Pretoria], University of Western Cape, University of Joahneesburg, University of Cape Town namanye. 0eqoxut7qno1ui794ahxzpagxbw060j 0 272 1463 1462 2024-10-14T13:47:42Z Jon Harald Søby 12 3 revisions imported 1462 wikitext text/x-wiki == Umkhawulo nomngcele. == === Isingeniso. === Umkhawulo nomngcele ngezinye zezinto lezo ezisetjenziswa nanyana eziqalwako lokha nakuhlukaniswa izinto ezifana neendawo, isifunda, isiyingi kanye nenarhakazi. Nanyana abanengi bathatha kwangathi umkhawulo nomngcele yinto yinye nje, kodwana akusinjalo zinomehluko omncani. Esigabeni esilandelako sizokutjheja bonyana kuyini umkhawulo nomngcele. === Khuyini umkhawulo? === Umkhawulo sihlakanisi seendawo, ekufaka hlangana isiyingi, isifuna neenarha. Umkhawulo uveza ukuthoma nokugcina kweendawo. Kodwana, okuqakatheke khulu kukobana umkhawulo sihlukanisi nanyana isiqunto esenziwe mumuntu ekungasi semvelo. Lokha nasitjheja imikhawulo yeendawo sizakukhumbula bonyana kumikhawulo eyenziwe babantu nanyana ibhodo yemikhawulo leyo equntako ukuthi indawo ethize ithoma kuphi begodu igcina kuphi. Igama leli elithi umkhawulo lisuselwe esenzweni khawula, leso esitjho bona lisa, qeda, gcina nanyana yekela into ethize. Ngalokho-ke, umkhuwulo usuke uveza bonyana indawo ethize igcina nanyana iphelela kuphi. === Khuyini umngcele? === Umncgele singatjho bonyana kusihlukanisi seendawo ezifaka hlangana isiyingi, isifuna, inarha nenarhakazi. Kodwana, umngcele kusihlukanisi nanyana umkhawulo wendabuko nanyana wemvelo. Lokhu kutjho bonyana umngcele awukenziwa mumuntu kodwana uzenzakalele. Lokha nasitjheja ilwandle le-Meditterian, sifunyana bona lihlukanisa inarhakazi ye-Afrika neyeYurobhu. Kodwana ekufuzwe kuyelelwe khulu, kukobana ilwandle leli lisihlakanisi semvele hlana kwe-Afrika neYurobhu. Ngakkho-ke, ilwandle i-Meditterian limngcele njengombana lihlakunisa iinarhakazi begodu lezenzakalele ngokwemvelo. == Isiphetho. == Umkhawulo nomngcele zinomsebenzi efanako; Kodwana, umehluko kukuthi ukhawulo sihlukanisi nanyana isiqunto esenziwe mumuntu bese kuthi umngcele kube sihlukanisi nanyana isiqunto sendabuko nanyana semvelo ekutjho bonyana asikenziwa mumuntu. 9aqr5e8t0ki4woep0ywvoaqa3c95yws 0 273 5088 5071 2025-08-08T09:19:28Z N Mabhena 843 5088 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Ethnic group |Ubutjhaba = AbaNdebele |isithombe = Ndebele-women-loopspruit.jpg |umtlolo = Abomma base Loopspruit Cultural Village, ngase[[Bronkhorstspruit, Gauteng|Bronkhorstspruit]] |Ubuningi = 1.1 million (2011 Census) |Amaphrovinci = [[Mpumalanga]], [[Gauteng]] ne [[Limpopo Province]] |Amalimi = IsiNdebele |Ikolo = [[Isikreste]], [[Amasiko]] |Bahlobane = [[Nguni|AbaNguni]] }} [[Isimumathi:Mapoch.- Femmes Ndebele in Cultural Village (2).jpg|alt=kwandebel|thumb|Abomma bamandebele]] '''AmaNdebele''' kusitjhaba sabantu esitholakala enarheni yeSewula Afrika. Isitjhaba lesi sihlukaniswa ngeenqhema ezimbili, isitjhaba sakwaManala begodu nesakwaNdzundza. <ref name=ph1>"[http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/people-south-africa-ndebele People of South Africa: Ndebele ]" (27-Oct-2014) - '''South African History Online'''. Retrieved 25 February 2016</ref> Umlando wamaNdebele uthoma ngekosi uMafana. Ikosi uMafana walandelwa nguMhlanga owabeletha uMusi. Ikosi uMusi yathatha igadango bonyana akhambe atjhiye abatjhana bakhe ayokuhlala KwaMnyamana nge-Rhawuteni. Khonapho isitjhaba sahlukana phakathi ngabakwaManala begodu nabakwaNdzundza iinkosi ezihloniphekileko. __TOC__ == Umlando: 1600 - 1880 == Ngesikhathi ingwenyama uMusi ahlongakala ngonyaka ka 1630, kwavuka umraro wokulwela ubukhosi ebantwaneni bakhe uManala no Ndzundza. Lomraro wahlukanisa isitjhaba samandebele eSewula (AbakwaManala) namandebele eTlhagwini (abakwaNdzundza nabakwaMthombeni). UNdzundza noMthombeni bakhamba baya ngase Pumalanga batjhinga bakha KwaSimkhulu, eTlhagwini leBelfast ngase Pumalanga. Kodwana uMthombeni waragela phambili wakhuphuka nenarha ngomlambo we Olifant waya ngase Tlhagwini begodu wakha ngase Zebediela eLimpopo. UMthombeni wathoma wabizwa ngokuthi nguGegana (namkha uKekana).<ref name=ph1></ref> <blockquote class="toccolours" style="float:none; padding: 10px 15px 10px 15px; display:table;">Ngesikhathi kwaMaza kubusa ingwenyama [[INgwenyama UMagodongo|uMagodongo]], kwafika uMzilikazi abaleke kwaZulu ngesibanga sepi kaShaka. UMzilikazi wafika wasahlela uMagodongo nesitjhaba sakhe. Uthe bona abulale uMagodongo, uMzilikazi wathumba ifuyo nabafazi wakhuphuka nenarha watjhinga eTlhagwini, waze wayokunzinza eRhodesia esele yaziwa ngeZimbabwe namhlanje. UMzilikazi wathi nakasahlela uMagodongo kwabe sele adlule ngakuManala, abulele uSbindi. --([[Skhosana]], 1996, 8)</blockquote> Ngo 1883, ngesikhathi kubusa uMabhongo kwathoma ipiyombango yabakwaNdzundza namabhuru,bebanga iphasi, amanzi nefuyo. Amabhunawo abedoswa phambili ngu Piet Joubert ahlasela isitjhaba sakwadundza iinyanga ezibunane, bonyana uMabhongo nabantu bakhe bavaleleke ezintabeni zangase Roossenekal. Amabutho kaMabhongo akwazi bona atjhinge ngemva kwamabhunu ayokukha amazi neziliwo. Kodwana ngemva kukuthumba nokutlhorisa abafazi, omunye wabo watjho bona ingwenyama uMabhongo ingakuphi. Amabhunu akghona ukusahlela athumba ingwenyama.<ref name=ph2>"[http://www.encyclopedia.com Ndebele]" (1996) - '''Encyclopedia of World Cultures.''' -Van Vuuren, Chris. Retrieved 25 February 2016</ref> ==Umlando: 1880 - 1994== Imiraro yobukhosi bakwandebele baragela phambili ngaphasi kwe kosi uNyabela. BakwaNdzundza balahlekelwa bukhosi ngitjho nephasi labo, begodu nekosi uNyabela yavalelwa udilika-jele. Amandebele asabalala nenarha, abangamarhoba ngaphasi kwamaplasi amabhunu iminyaka emihlanu (1883 - 1888). Amakhosi wakwaManala khange angenele imiraro le begodu isitjhaba sakaManala sakha KoMjekejeke ngase Wallmannsthal, enarheni abayiphiwa zizithunywa zase Berlin.<ref name=ph2></ref> Ikosi uNyabela Mahlangu watjhaphululwa ngo 1903, ngokuphelakwe miraro yokubanga iphasi yamaBhunu namaNgesi (ngo 1899 - 1902), begodu wahlongakala. Ikosi eyalandela, yalinga ukubawa bona irhulumende ibuyise inarha yabo, kodwana kwabala. Indlu yobukhosi nesitjhaba yathenga inarha ngo 1922 lapho isitjhaba sakwaNdzundza sabuya sahlangana khona. Ngaphasi kombuso wezamakhaya (bantustan or homeland) amaNdebele (Abakwa Manala nabakwNdzundza boke) atjhingiselwa kwandebele ngonyaka ka 1979. Kulapha batholakana khulu nanjenganje.<ref name=ph1></ref> == Umlando womlomo == Abanye bathi ukuthoma kwebizo lamandebele kusuka ebasuthwuni, bathi "ngamathebe telele", okutjho bona ngabantu abaphatha iinhlangu ezide. Bathoma bafujanisa ibizole bathi maNdebele (Matebele). ==Isithasiselo== {{Reflist}} bk6lkn72qj2vwbdkjlwwnd5fu6ujl8o 0 274 1493 1492 2024-10-14T13:47:43Z Jon Harald Søby 12 3 revisions imported 1492 wikitext text/x-wiki '''I-Watervaa'''l yindawo [[engeMpumalanga]] kwa-Ndebele. Ihlukaniswe kabili ekuyi Watervaal A ne Watervaal B. Kondwana le-athikili izokunanabeja khudlwana ngomlando weenkolo ze-Watervaal B. Iinkolo ezitholakala e-Watervaal B yi-Mantwani Primary School, Mandlakababa Primary School, Ndebema Senior Primary School, ne-Mayitha High School. Iinkolo lezi zazinjengokuba zinje ngaphambi kokobana zitjhuguluke gadesi. I-Mantwani Primary School, sathiyelelwa ngekosi eyayibusa ngaleso sikhathi ekung-Mandwani. Ngebanga lokobana uhlokokulu wokuthoma we-Mantwani kwabe kuli-Pedi, watjhungulula ibizo ngokungakwazi ukupeleda amagama wesiNdebele. Lesi sikolo ngesamazinga aphasi esasithoma ngebanga lokuthoma ukuya kwebanga lesithandathu. Kodwana kwanjesi sithoma ngebanga lokuthoma ukuya kwelikhomba. Ukutjhuguluka kwamabanga kwakungebalanga lokutjhuguluka kwe-kharikhulamu. Isikolo i-Mayitjha sathiyelelwa naso ngekosi u-Mayitjha obekabusa ngalesosikhathi. Lesisikolo kwabe sithoma ebangeni letjhumi ukuya kwelamatjhumi amabili. Kodwana kwanjesi sesithoma ebangeni lobunane ukuya kweletjhumi nambili. Siye esikolweni ebesibizwa nge-Ndebema Senior Primary, esathiyelelwa ngendawo lapha umndeni webukhosini bakwa-Mahlangu ebafuduka khona. Kodwana kwanjesi sesithoma ebangeni lokuthoma ukuya kweletjhumi nambili. 0jt3sitk2jsi3uhrlv63nivjascmtpe 0 275 2164 1499 2024-11-27T06:17:57Z Simakahle Moselekatse 161 + Iinkomba 2164 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Saami Family 1900.jpg|thumb|umndeni]] '''Umndeni''' babantu ababili nanyana abangaphezu kwababili abahlobeni ngokwegazi nanyana abahlanganiswe mtjhado. Kuyenzeka bona umndeni kube ngewabantu abangenabo ubuhlobo kodwana bahlanganiswe lithando, njengalokha umma nakangakhoni ukuthola abantwana bese akhambe eya lapho kuhlala khona bantwana abazintandani ukuyokwenza i-adoption bese azakhele wakhe umndeni. kuvamisile bona abantu abamndeni munye basebenzise isibongo sinye. umndeni kungaba ngu mma nobaba abatjhadileko, ugogo osele ahlala nabazukulu, abantwana abasele bodwa ekhaya<ref>Newlin, M., Reynold, S. and Nombutho, M.M.W., 2016. Children from child-headed households: Understanding challenges that affect in their academic pursuits. ''Journal of Human Ecology'', ''54''(3), pp.158-173.</ref>. == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} mts35weczubr45xp5p9grr1hgpvs9on 0 276 1502 1501 2024-10-14T13:47:44Z Jon Harald Søby 12 2 revisions imported 1501 wikitext text/x-wiki == Umndeni. == === Isingeniso. === Umndeni ufaka izinto ezinengi begodu akunahlathululo elula ehlathulula umndeni ngebala lobujamo obungeneleko begodu abuhlangeko. Nanyana kunjalo, umndeni yinto ekhona koke, ungafaka iinlwana kanye nabantu. Esihlokweni esilandelako sizokutjheja bonyana kuyini umndeni. === Kuyini umndeni? === Ngokuya kuka-Arslan (2023)<ref name=":0">Arslan , A. 2023. Characteristics, types and functions of family concept. ''African Educational Research Journal'', 11(1):45-48.</ref> asekelwa yi-Wikipedia (2024)<ref>Wikipedia. 2024. ''Family''. Itholakala ku:<<nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family</nowiki>> Ifunyenwe ngomhlaka [26 kuRhoboyi 2024].</ref> [[:en:Family|umndeni]] kungaba ngumma, ubaba nomntwana wabo labo abahlala ndawonye. Ngamanye amagama, umndeni ufana umntwana nababelethi bakhe, umma nobabakhe, labo ahlala endlini eyodwa nanyana ngejaradeni elilodwa. U-Havigerova, u-Haviger no-Truhlarova (2013)<ref>Havigerova, J. M., Haviger, J. & Truhlarova, Z. 2013. Teacher’s subjective definition of family. ''Procedia – Social and Behavioral Science,'' 106: 2507 – 2515.</ref> basekelwa ngu-Enrique, u-Howk no-Huitt (2007) <ref>Enrique, J., Howk, H., & Huitt, W. 2007. An overview of family development. ''Educational Psychology Interactive''. Valdosta, GA: Valdosta State University.</ref>bathi, umndeni kusiqhema sabantu abahlalala endlini eyodwa kanye nalabo abakhololwa nanyana abasebenza boke. Ngamanye amagama, umndeni akusimntwana wakho, ababelethi bakho nanyana abentwana bekhenu kwaphela, kodwana umndeni ufaka nabantu esisebenza nabo nalabo ekholelwa ezintweni zinye sisoke. Umndeni uhluke ngemqema ezilandelako: Umndeni omkhulu, umndeni wabentwana, umndeni omncani. Umndeni omkhulu, mndeni lowo ofaka neenhlobo (Arslan 2023<ref name=":0" />). Ngamanye amagama umndeni omkhulu ngumma, ubaba, ukghari, umzala, umalume, umntamama nobentwana bekhaya. Kodwana, umndeni wabentwana, kumndeni loya onganababelethi kodwana odosa phambili mntwana begodu namalungu womndeni lo, kubentwana bodwa (Arslan 2023<ref name=":0" />). Umndeni omncani wona, mndeni loyo ofaka umma nobaba nabentwana babo kwaphela (Arslan 2023<ref name=":0" />). === Isiphetho === Umndeni uqakatheke kwambala begodu kufanele sizwisise bonyana umndeni awufaki kwaphela umma nobaba nabentwana bakhe kodwana ufaka nabantu esiphila nabo eduze ngaso soke isikhathi lasihlala khona. === Isilululwazi === <references /> tw3cc1d7zx6ukktowmmqru8v7vzi08u 0 277 3058 3005 2025-06-07T03:05:22Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon Harald Søby]] 1506 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Little girl of Don Som.jpg|thumb|umntwana]] '''Umntwana''' mumuntu ongaphasi kweminyaka engaphasi kweminyaka ematjhumi alithoba. Kumumuntu osese ngaphasi kwetlhogomelo nelawulo lababelethi. kfvja7whx56n04a8v045lp5ngbmrzjf 0 278 1512 1511 2024-10-14T13:47:44Z Jon Harald Søby 12 4 revisions imported 1511 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Umoya ocwengileko''', mumomya ovela ku[[Zimu]]. Umoya lo wafika ephasini lokha uJesu kreste nakabuyela ezulwini kuyise uZimu. Kwathi bona uJesu akhambe watjhiya umoya ocwengileko bonyana uzokuthatha isikhundla sakhe uhlale nabantu abamakreste. umoya ocwengileko oowaziwa ngokuthi nguye umsizi wamakholwa owasiza bona aphile ipilo ecwengilweko.<ref>Kuyper, A. (2007). ''The work of the Holy Spirit''. Cosimo, Inc..</ref> Umoya ocwengileko ngiloyo Moya othi nawuwamukeleko ukhone ukwenza izinto ezihle begodu ube nemikghwa emihle. mekio8xcahpq3ib53vctvbgdk398f75 0 279 1515 1514 2024-10-14T13:47:45Z Jon Harald Søby 12 2 revisions imported 1514 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ikwekwezi''' mrhatjho omkhulu eSewula Afrika orhatjha ngesiNdebele. Umrhatjho wasungulwa ngonyaka we-1983 enyangeni kaTjhirhweni mhlana ilanga li-1, okutjho ukuthi kwabe kuthoma unyaka ngaleso skhathi. Mrhatjho lo urhatjhwa malanga woke evekeni ngesikhathi soke. Ikwekwezi itholakala endaweni ye-Johannesburg e Auckland Park. Umunru owansungula umrhatjho weKwekwezi ngu Thizathiza. qpc0ntarc5934ve3h56pzqff6s3skh5 0 280 3050 2999 2025-06-07T03:05:22Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon Harald Søby]] 1517 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Rule of Law.jpg|thumb]] '''Umthetho''' yindlela inarha ethileko eziphatha ngakhona. Akekho umuntu ongaphasi komthetho. Umthetho unikela indlela ekuzokurarulwa ngayo imilandu, ekuzokuvikelwa ngayo amalungelo wabantu begodu inikele abantu ubulungiswa. b0fwfl82bl48flhnuc59mti2dfl5adp 0 281 1522 1521 2024-10-14T13:47:45Z Jon Harald Søby 12 3 revisions imported 1521 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996. 023.JPG|thumb|constitution]] '''Umthetho sisekelo''' kuyincwadi ephethe amandla wombuso begodu iphethe amalungelo nokuvikeleka kwesitjhaba. Kuyinto eqakatheke ekuhlathululeni umthetho nepolotiki zenarha. Umthetho sisekelo wenza bona boke abantu babe ngaphasi komthetho ngitjho nabaphezulu ngokweenkhundla. Uvikela ukuhlukunyezwa kamandla negunya enkhundleni ezithileko ezihlukileko. 341qjth3y9m2irh8686u64bo5jv7xn4 0 282 1526 1525 2024-10-14T13:47:45Z Jon Harald Søby 12 3 revisions imported 1525 wikitext text/x-wiki == Umthethosisekelo. == === Isingeniso. === [[:en:Constitution_of_South_Africa|Umthethosisekelo]] ngezinye zezinto eziqakatheke khulu kwamambala ekwenzeni isiqiniseko sokuthi kuba nokuphatha kuhle kanye nokwenza izinto ngomthetho ngaphandle kokugadanga abanye abantu amazizo. Ukudlula lapho umthetheosisekelo welusa iinkareko zomphakathi bonyana ziqalelelwe ngaso soke isikhathi. Eenhlokweni ezilandelako zizokutjheja bonyana umthetho sisekelo kuyini begodu yini imisebenzi yawo. === Kuyini umthethosisekelo? === Ngokuya kuka-Myanmar<ref name=":0">Myanmar. 2013. ''Constitution Awareness''. Bingham Centre for the Rule of Law: LexisNexis.</ref> (2013) umthethosisekelo libuthelelo lemithethi kanye nemithethomgomo leyo eyenzelwe ukubuswa kwenarha. Ngamanye amagama, umthethosisekelo wenziwe mithetho nemithethomgomo leyo ehlahla begodu eyenza isiqiniseko sokuthi inarha ilawulwa kuhle. Ukungezelela, umthethosisekelo uhlathulula iinkambiso neenkambisosilawulo zemikhakha yombuso begodu wenza isiqiniseko sokuthi amalungelo wemiphakathi akagadangelwa nanyana akaphulwa ngeminye imithetho ejwayelekileko (International Institute for the Democracy and Electoral Assistance 2014<ref name=":1">International Institution for Democracy Electoral Assistance. 2014. What is a Constitution? Principles and Concepts. ''International IDEA'', :1-12.</ref>). Lokhu kusitjheja bonyana umthethosisekelo wenza isiqiniseko sokuthi iinfuneko kanye namakareko wemiphakathi ayahlonitjhwa ngeminye imithetho ejwayelekileko yokulawulwa kwenarha. Umthethosisekelo mthetho omkhulu enarheni yoke begodu akukho omunye umthetho ekufanele utjhayisane nawo nanyana ayikho into eyenziwako ekufanele itjhayisane nawo (UmThethosisekelo 1996<ref>Umthethosisekelo weRiphabhliki yeSewula Afrika. 1996. ''Umthethosisekelo''. Parliament of the Republic of South Afrika: Cape Town.</ref>; ne-Wikipedia 2024<ref>Wikipedia. 2024. ''Constitution of South Africa''. Litholakala ku:<nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Africa</nowiki>>. Ifunyenwe ngomhlaka [18 kuRhoboyi 2024].</ref>). Lokhu kutjho bona akunamuntu nanyana ngubani, ekufaka hlangan zoke iinhlangano, iinkhaphani kanye nombuzo ngokupheleleko, onelungelo lokwenza isenzo leso esingakhambelani nomthethosisekelo. Nakungenzeka kube nomuntu ongenza isenzo esingakhambelani nomthethosisekelo, angadoselwa ekhotho begodu agwetjwe. === Kuyini imisebenzi yomthethisisekelo na? === Imisebenzi yemithetho sisekelo minengi, begodu ifaka hlangan elandelako: 1.      Ukuveza nokutjengisa imikhawulo yomphakathi yombanganarha (International Institute for the Democracy and Electoral Assistance 2014<ref name=":1" />) 2.      Ukuveza nokuqinisekisa ubujamo namandla wombuso (International Institute for the Democracy and Electoral Assistance 2014<ref name=":1" />) 3.      Ukunikela nokuqinisekisa amalungelo nemisebenzi yomphakathi (Myanmar 2013<ref name=":0" />) 4.      Ukuqinisekisa nokulawulwa kweenhlangano zekolo kanye nobudlelwano babo neembethamthetho (Myanmar 2013<ref name=":0" />) 5.      Uqinisekisa bonyana umbuso uziphendulele njani ebantwini nemiphakathini  leyo eyibusako (UmThethosisekelo 1996<ref>Umthethosisekelo weRiphabhliki yeSewula Afrika. 1996. The Basic Provisions of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, ''Made Easy for Learners''. Parliament of the Republic of South Africa: Cape Town.</ref>). Imisebenzi yomthethosisekelo engehla le, ayikaphelele kodwana le ngeminye eqakatheke khulu ekwenzeni isiqiniseko sokuthi umthethosisekelo ufinyelela umnqopho wawo. === Isiphetho === Umthethosisekelo kumthetho oqakathekileko begodu nomkhulu ukudlula yoke imithetho ekhona enarheni. Umthetho lo umhlahlandlela begodu wenza isiqiniseko sokuthi kuba nokuthula, ukusebnzisana kanye nokuphilisana kuhle enarheni yoke. Kuqakathekile bonyana abantu bazi ngomthethosisekelo begodu bawufunde bawuzwisise. === Umthombolwazi === <references /> ehje95cctkbwmwwpmym6qeb6pcj6ebs 0 283 1530 1529 2024-10-14T13:47:45Z Jon Harald Søby 12 3 revisions imported 1529 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Umtjhado''' kuvumelana kwababili, okumfazi nendoda phambi kwabofakazi noZimu ukuthi bazokuba nyama yinye. Umfazi utjhiya isibongo sakhe athethe sendoda begodu amukelwe emndenini wendoda. Ngaphambi kobana kube nomtjhado indoda iya[[lobola]] ukuze ikhone ukunikelwa umfazi wayo. Umtjhado kulokha abantu abathandanako benza umsebenzi wokugidinga ithando labo begodu bafunge bebahlanganiswe mfundisi phambi kwabantu. Minengi imohlobo yomtjhado. Umtjhado wesintu, ngesiNdebele ubizwa bona lidwendwe nobukhazi lapho kutjhadwa ngokwesintu, begodu nemindeni yabantu abatjhadako yabelana ngezipho. Umtjhado wesikhuwa obizwa ngokuthi mtjhado omhlophe, lomtjhado lapho umakoti ambatha khona irogo elimhlophe begodu abe nabaphekeleli. Umkhwenyana naye ugcoka isudu kuyiwe ekeregeni ukuyokuhlanganiswa. Umtjhado lo ngokwemvelo ngewamakhuwa kodwana nabantu abanzima sele bawenza. Umtjhado wekhotho. q4igfm3ht52dw9lvq2esvjdcjwfwgo4 0 284 5421 3434 2025-09-03T21:42:58Z F.K MAHLANGU 891 Created by translating the section "History" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1306769322|University of Mpumalanga]]" 5421 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Yunivesithi yempulanga]] == History == Ngomnyaka ka-1996 iKomidi yezeFundo yeYunivesithi neKomidi yokuBambisana yezeFundo yeYunivesithi ye-Technikon yahlangana begodu yanikelwa umsebenzi wokulandela ukusungulwa kweyunivesithi esiFundeni ngu-MEC wangaphambilini wezeFundo, uNom. DD Mabuza. I-National Institute for Higher Education (i-Mpumalanga), eyasungulwa ngomnyaka ka-2006, ngaphasi koburholi baka-Prof CC Mokadi ongasekho yahlanganisa ukunikelwa kwe-Higher Education esifundazweni. Igadango eliqakathekileko kwaba siqunto esathathwa emhlanganweni we-African National Congress's National General Council owabanjelwa e-eThekwini ( i-Durban ) ngomnyaka ka-2010 owaqunta ukusungulwa kwamayunivesithi amabili amatjha. Isinqumo lesi sibe lisizo khulu ekwenzeni lula ukusungulwa kweyunivesithi esifundazweni se-Mpumalanga<ref>University of Mpumalanga (UMP). (2023). ''History of UMP''. Available at: <nowiki>https://www.ump.ac.za</nowiki></ref>. Ngomnyaka ka-2010, uNgqongqotjhe wezeFundo neBandulo eliPhakemeko, uDorhodera B. E. Nzimande, wabeka iinqhema ezimbili ezizokuphenya bona kungenzeka na ukusungula amayunivesithi amatjha e-Mpumalanga ne-Northern Cape. Isiqhema sokusebenza se-Mpumalanga esathumela umbiko omuhle ngoNobayeni wee-2011, esiphakamisela ukusungulwa kweyunivesithi etja e-Mpumalanga besidoswa phambili ngu-Prof TZ Mthembu<ref>Department of Higher Education and Training (DHET). (2012). ''Report of the Ministerial Task Team on the Establishment of New Universities in Mpumalanga and the Northern Cape''. Pretoria: DHET </ref>. NgoNtaka 2013, uMengameli weNarha, uNom. Jacob Zuma, wamemezela ibizo leyunivesithi etja ngokuthi yiYunivesithi '''ye-Mpumalanga''' kanye namagama wamalunga womKhandlu wesiKhatjhana azokutjheja ukusungulwa kwayo ngokusemthethweni. IYunivesithi ye-Mpumalanga, iyunivesithi epheleleko, yamenyezelwa ngokusemthethweni nangokomthetho ngokugadangiswa kweSaziso sikaRhulumende (Nombolo 36772) mhlazi-22 kuRhoboyi 2013 begodu yathonywa mhlana ama-31 kuMgwengweni 2013. UmKhandlu wesiKhatjhana wabeka iQhema lokuPhatha eliPhakemeko ebelilawula ukusebenza kweyunivesithi kwangamalanga<ref>University of Mpumalanga (UMP). (2013). ''Establishment and Launch of the University of Mpumalanga''. Available at: <nowiki>https://www.ump.ac.za</nowiki></ref>. '''irherho lemithombo.''' <references /> iip6z1mb0e2ftldspgn3s7sgjoljr5f 0 285 3082 2954 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon Harald Søby]] 1540 wikitext text/x-wiki '''UZimu''' nguloyo ongaphezu koke. Okunguye esikholwa bona wadala izulu nephasi. Uzimu umummoya akabonakali ngamehlo wenyama kodwana ukhona uyaphila. Uzimu nguye owenza bona kube nepilo emhlabeni begodunguye owenza bona kube khona abantu. UZimu ukhulunyiswa ngomkhuleko. rke5avbp0niylz5c4lx5j85svrexosu 0 286 1544 1543 2024-10-14T13:47:46Z Jon Harald Søby 12 2 revisions imported 1543 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Imitlolo aqakathekileyo/esigaba 1]] c8dbwmiwkulzv4b7bvvifgpqcuhqiud 0 287 3246 3105 2025-06-27T10:01:28Z Mosakaruka 586 3246 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Website | name = IWikiphidiya | logo = [[Isimumathi:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg|100px]] | screenshot = | caption = | url = [http://www.wikipedia.org www.wikipedia.org] | type of organization = [[Nonprofit|Engenzi inzuzo]] | location = [[Miami, Florida|E-Miami, ne-Florida]] | type = [[Internet encyclopedia project|I-Insayitlophidiya ye-inthanethi]] | language = Ama-236 wamatjhugululo | registration = | owner = [[Wikimedia Foundation]] | author = [[Jimmy Wales]], [[Larry Sanger]] | launch date = 2001|1|15 | commercial = | alexa = #8 | current status = IWikiphidiya msebenzi osaragela phambili<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_is_a_work_in_progress |title=Wikipedia:Wikipedia is a work in progress |accessdate=2008-07-03 |publisher=Wikipedia}}</ref> | slogan = I-Insayitlophidiya esimahla. }} '''IWikiphidiya''' mthombolwazi osimahla ong[[Multilingualism|amalimi]] ahlukahlukeneko. Iphrojekhthi le ilawulwa yi[[Non-profit organization|hlangano engabhadelwako]] yasimahla enzinze e-[[United States|America]] eyaziwa nge-[[Wikimedia Foundation|''Wikimedia Foundation'']]. Ihlangano le yathoma ngomnyaka ween-2001, [[Jimmy Wales|ngu-Jimmy Wales]] no-[[Larry Sanger]], begodu ilinga ukubuthelela nokuhlathulula ilwazi labantu ngamalimi woke.<ref>[http://interviews.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=04/07/28/1351230 Slashdot | Wikipedia Founder Jimmy Wales Responds<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Kusukela ngomnyaka ween-2008, iWikiphidiya yaba nemitlolo edlula eengidini ezili-10 ngamalimi ama-'''253''', khulukhulu nge-English.<ref name="ListOfWikipedias">{{Cite web | url = http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Statistics | title = Statistics | publisher = [[English Wikipedia]] | accessdate = 2008-06-21 }}</ref> Imitlolo yeWikiphidiya le, itlolwa [[Collaboration|ngokusebenzisana]] kwa[[Volunteer|bazinikeleko]] ephasini loke, begodu yoke imitlolo ihlelwa nangubani one-inthanethi. IWikiphidiya le ikhule inje,<ref name="AlexaStats">{{Cite web | url = http://www.alexa.com/data/details/traffic_details/wikipedia.org?range=5y&size=large&y=t | title = Five-year traffic statistics for wikipedia.org | publisher = [[Alexa Internet]] | accessdate = 2008-07-15 }}</ref> ngeyokuthoma begodu, ingekulu khulu, ejimeni lokusekela i-inthanethi. == Iinkhombo == {{Reflist|2}} {{Commons|Wikipedia}} <!-- Categories --> <!-- Interwikis --> [[Mkhakha:Wikipediya|*]] kptiu85pub56odiqdae94iadboukyhf 4 288 1574 1573 2024-10-14T13:47:49Z Jon Harald Søby 12 12 revisions imported 1566 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wikipedia:Imitlolo aqakathekileyo/Level/Nav bar}} Ukurhupulula amakhasi aqakathekileyo khulu esigaba sokuthoma. <small> {| class="wikitable floatright" |+ |- !Isigaba!!-!!Njenganje!!Umgomo |- |'''Inani''' ||:|| '''0'''||'''10''' |} </small> Imitlolo ihleleke ngezigaba ezilandelako: * Umtlolo we langa {{Icon|FA}} (Imitlolo akhetiweko bona ivezwe ekhasikhulu) * Isigaba - A {{Icon|A}} (Umtlolo opheleleko) * Isigaba - B {{Icon|B}} (Umtlolo olungileko) * Isigaba - C {{Icon|C}} (Umtlolo othloga bona uthuthukiswe) * Umtlolo owamukelako {{Icon|GA}} * Umtlolo wokuthoma {{Icon|Start}} ==Isamba esipheleleko semitlolo: 10== Sihlathululwe okokuphela ngu -- [[Umsebenzisi:Thuvack|Thuvack]] ([[Umsebenzisi asiqongelane:Thuvack|talk]]) 15:33, 11 January 2019 (UTC) <br> {{col-begin}} {{col-break}} ==Imitlolo yetjhumi eqakathekileyo ngeWikiphidiya yeSindebele== * [[Ndzundza]] <small>(''[[:en:Ndzundza|Ndzundza]]'')</small> * [[Isindebele]] <small>(''[[:en:South Ndebele|Ulwimi lwesindebele]]'')</small> * [[Nelson Mandela]] <small>(''[[:en:Nelson Mandela|Nelson Mandela]]'')</small> * [[Ilimi]] <small>(''[[:en:Language|Language]]'')</small> * [[Iphasi]] <small>(''[[:en:Earth|Earth]]'')</small> * [[Ukuphila]]] <small>(''[[:en:Life|Life]]'')</small> * [[UMuntu]] <small>(''[[:en:Human|Human]]'')</small> * [[Umlando we phasi]] <small>(''[[:en:History of the world|History of the world]]'')</small> * [[Amasiko]] <small>(''[[:en:Culture|Culture]]'')</small> * [[Ubukghwari]] <small>(''[[:en:Arts|The arts]]'')</small> {{col-break}} ==Imitlolo yetjhumi eqakathekileyo ngeWikiphidiya yeSinghesi== * [[Iphasi]] <small>(''[[:en:Earth|Earth]]'')</small> * [[Ukuphila]]] <small>(''[[:en:Life|Life]]'')</small> * [[UMuntu]] <small>(''[[:en:Human|Human]]'')</small> * [[Umlando we phasi]] <small>(''[[:en:History of the world|History of the world]]'')</small> * [[Amasiko]] <small>(''[[:en:Culture|Culture]]'')</small> * [[Ilimi]] <small>(''[[:en:Language|Language]]'')</small> * [[Ubukghwari]] <small>(''[[:en:Arts|The arts]]'')</small> * [[Isayensi]] <small>(''[[:en:Science|Science]]'')</small> * [[IThekinoloji]] <small>(''[[:en:Technology|Technology]]'')</small> * [[IMethamethiksi]] <small>(''[[:en:Mathematics|Mathematics]]'')</small> {{col-end}} [[Mkhakha:Imitlolo aqakathekileyo|Imitlolo aqakathekileyo]] j6daft5w10nil8kvmw8fkcnetzbcvg0 4 289 1576 1575 2024-10-14T13:47:49Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 1575 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wikipedia:Imitlolo aqakathekileyo/Level/Nav bar}} Ukurhupulula amakhasi aqakathekileyo khulu esigaba sesibili. <small> {| class="wikitable floatright" |+ |- !Isigaba!!-!!Njenganje!!Umgomo |- |'''Inani''' ||:|| '''0'''||'''10''' |} </small> Imitlolo ihleleke ngezigaba ezilandelako: * Umtlolo we langa {{Icon|FA}} (Imitlolo akhetiweko bona ivezwe ekhasikhulu) * Isigaba - A {{Icon|A}} (Umtlolo opheleleko) * Isigaba - B {{Icon|B}} (Umtlolo olungileko) * Isigaba - C {{Icon|C}} (Umtlolo othloga bona uthuthukiswe) * Umtlolo owamukelako {{Icon|GA}} * Umtlolo wokuthoma {{Icon|Start}} kd67wx9dw7uzt23zf9y1vptqf61i68f 4 290 1890 1762 2024-11-13T01:44:20Z Amire80 78 rv 1890 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wikipedia:Imitlolo aqakathekileyo/Level/Nav bar}} Ukurhupulula amakhasi aqakathekileyo khulu esigaba sesithathu. <small> {| class="wikitable floatright" |+ |- !Isigaba!!-!!Njenganje!!Umgomo |- |'''Inani''' ||:|| '''0'''||'''10''' |} </small> Imitlolo ihleleke ngezigaba ezilandelako: * Umtlolo we langa {{Icon|FA}} (Imitlolo akhetiweko bona ivezwe ekhasikhulu) * Isigaba - A {{Icon|A}} (Umtlolo opheleleko) * Isigaba - B {{Icon|B}} (Umtlolo olungileko) * Isigaba - C {{Icon|C}} (Umtlolo othloga bona uthuthukiswe) * Umtlolo owamukelako {{Icon|GA}} * Umtlolo wokuthoma {{Icon|Start}} dnaa9nopdfcdk5c5gl6b263dltay9iu 4 291 1580 1579 2024-10-14T13:47:50Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 1579 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Imitlolo aqakathekileyo/esigaba 1]] c8dbwmiwkulzv4b7bvvifgpqcuhqiud 0 292 3300 3181 2025-07-02T20:45:43Z Thuvack 106 Undo revision [[Special:Diff/3181|3181]] by [[Special:Contributions/85.97.84.231|85.97.84.231]] ([[User talk:85.97.84.231|talk]]) 3300 wikitext text/x-wiki '''I-Wolwekraal''' (ebuye yaziwe ngokuthi yi-Borolo) iyindawo ehlala kuMasipala Wesifunda saseNkangala esifundazweni saseMpumalanga eNingizimu Afrika, amakhilomitha ayi-14 eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeMdutjana. 2ee3mx5rl9ve4av1f43pz7x960few33 0 293 5213 2128 2025-08-19T15:58:24Z Mojonom 593 /* Amakhampasi weYunivesithi yeMpumalanga */ 5213 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:University of Mpumalanga.jpg|thumb|Iyege ekulu yeYunivesithi yeMpumalanga]] [[Isimumathi:University of Mpumalanga SWIP project.jpg|thumb|I Yunivesithi yase Mpumalanga Swip Project ]] '''IYunivesithi yeMpumalanga''' ingenye wamayunivesithi ama-26 e[[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika.]] IYunivesithi le itholakala esifundeni se[[Mpumalanga]], Yize kungiyo yodwa iYunivesithi esifundeni se[[Isifunda seMpumalanga|Mpumalanga]], kodwana ingencancani khulu kunawo woke amayunivesithi wenarha yeSewula Afrika. Yasungulwa ngomnyaka wee-2013 mhlazana amalanga ali-13 enyangeni kaSewula. Yavulwa nguPrimiya (Premier) wesifundeni seMpumalanga kanye nomnyango wezefundo ephakameko. Iyunivesithi le yathoma ngabentwana abalikhulu namatjhumi asithandathu nane (169).<ref>https://www.ump.ac.za/</ref> == Amakhampasi weYunivesithi yeMpumalanga == Iyunivesithi le inamakhampasi amabili, ekuyikhampasi ekulu iMbombela kanye neSiyabuswa ekuyikhampasi encani. Ikhampasi ekulu itholakala e-Cnr R40 and D725 Roads [[Mbombela]] 1200 bese encani yona itholakala eBheki Mfundo Drive [[siyabuswa]] 0472 <ref>The impact of commercial afforestation on bird populations in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa — Insights from bird-atlas data - ScienceDirect</ref>. == Ukuthuthuka kweYunivesithi == Iyunivesithi le ithuthuke khulu kusekela ngomnyaka wee-2013. Kwanje sele inabafundi abangaphezu kwe-10 000 emakhampsini womabili. Ngomnyaka wee-2023 beyigidinga iminyaka ematjhumi wokuba khona kwayo. == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} 8jnljfef5ne00jt37csux3prd0pswx0 0 294 3135 2941 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Rachmat04|Rachmat04]] 2630 wikitext text/x-wiki == ISBN == === Kuyini i-ISBN? === I-ISBN sirhunyezo esijamele International Standard Book Number (IZinga leenTjhabatjhabatjha leNomboro yeNcwadi). I-ISBN kuziinomboro ezilutjhumi nantatho nanyana ezilutjhumi lezo ezenyelwe omunye nomunye okhiqizo ukuze ukwazi ukutholakala ngazo (International ISBN Agency 2024<ref name=":0">International ISBN Agency. (2024). ‘What is an ISBN?’. Available at:< https://www.isbn-international.org/content/what-isbn/10>. Accessed on [9 January 2024]. ISBN Barcode. (2024).</ref>). Kungani zilitjhumi nantathu kanti ezinye zilitjhumi na? Iinomboro ezilitjhumi nantathu ngezisetjenziswa eentjhabatjhabeni bese lezo ezilitjhumi zisetjenziswe ngaphakathi enarheni. Ngokuya kwe-Barcoding (2024<ref name=":1">Barcoding. (2024). ‘How to Read a Barcode: Can it Tell You a Product's Country of Origin?’. Available at:<https://www.barcoding.com/blog/barcode-prefixes-and-product-country-of-origin>. Accessed on [17 June 2024].</ref>), enye nenye inarha ephasini inenomboro yayo leyo eyisebenzisa ngaphakathi ukuze umkhiqizo wayo ukhone ukutshwayiwa. Ingabe zitjho ukuthini iinomboro ze-ISBN nanyana ze-Bar code na? Njengoba sivezile ngaphambilini bonyana iinomboro ze-bar code zilitjhumi nanye kanti ke ze-ISBN zilitjhumi. Asitjhejeni isibonelo esilandelako: [[Isimumathi:Isbn photo.jpg|thumb]] Isitjengiso 1 Isitjengiso esinikelwe sona lesi ngaphezulu sinikele i-bar code yeenomboro ezilitjhumi nantathu. Iinomboro zokuthoma i-978 zibizwa bona ziinomboronhlomelelo lezo ezenzelwe bona umkhiqizo wakho ukghone ukutloliswa eentjhabatjhabeni (ISBN Barcode 2024<ref>Sample ISBN Barcode Images’. Available at:<https://isbnbarcodes.org/sample-isbn-barcode-images/>. Accessed on [17 June 2024].</ref> no-Barcoding 2024<ref name=":1" />). Ngamanye amagama i-978, inomboro etjengisa bonyana umkhiqizo wakho ungathengiswa ephasini loke. Inomboro elandelako i-1, igamele inarha nesiyingi ngokuya kanye nemilimi elisetjenziswako lapho enarheni. ESewula Africa sanikelwa u-0, nanyana u-1, ngombana ngaphambilini limi kwakusiNgisi begodu imikhiqizo yethu eminengi yayikhutjwa ngesiNgisi (Barcoding 2024<ref name=":1" />). Iinomboro ezihlanu ezilandelako zijamele ikhamphani nanyana abakhiqizi nabathengisi bomkhiqizo loyo. Enye nenye ikhamphani nanyana abathengisi banenomboro yabo leyo ebenza bonyana bafunyaneke lokha umuntu nakathenga umkhiqizo ngobunzizolwazi nanyana ngobulondolwazi (International ISBN Agency 2024<ref name=":0" />). Iinomboro ezintathu nanyana ezine ziinomboro ezibizwa bonyana ziinomboro zokuqinisekisa ngombana ziqinisekisa yoke inomboro ye-bar code nayana ye-ISBN (International ISBN Agency 2024<ref name=":0" />). Nakwenzekile bonyana umkhiqizo okhitjhiweko utloliswe ngekhaya nanyana enarheni yethu kwaphela uzokusebenzisa i-ISBN yeenomboro ezilitjhu (Barcoding 2024<ref name=":1" />). Okutjho bona i-ISBN izokuthoma ngo-1868935918. I-978, izokususwa njengoba sihlathululiwe bonyana isetjenziswa mikhiqizo leyo ezitlolise nanyana etjhengiswa nakwezinye iinarha. Isiphetho. I-ISBN nanyana i-bar code iqakatheke khulu njengombana yenza bonyana umkhiqizo womuntu otloliswe begodu waziwe ngibo boke abantu khona ungazokwetjiwa nanyana usetjenziswe butjhilweni. Kuqakathekile bonyana yoke imikhiqizo itloliswe njengomkhiqizo weentjhabatjhaba. === Umthombolwazi === <references /> 26f2o4u9bc8zj45l1giw4jkm7erlqcu 0 295 2420 1608 2025-02-17T11:12:29Z Nqobile69 190 2420 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Ibulungelo leencwandi ye Boekenhouthoek.jpg|thumb|Ibulungelo leencwadi leBoekenhouthoek]] '''IBoekenhouthoek''' yindawo esezabelweni zakwaNdebele esiphandeni seMpumalanga ngaphasi kuka masipala we Thembisile hani municipality. Indawo le ayikadumi khulu ngombana kuyindawo encani ebhodwe ziintaba. Elinye igama lendawo le yiZithabiseni, la kuhlala ngobunengi abantu abamaNdebele kodwana naminye imihlobo yabantu iyatholakala. Indawo le ingaphasi kobukhosi baka Msindo ikosi eyakhathamako. == Abosaziwako abakhulelel kulendawo == USipho Mbele omlingisi kamabonakude nomtloli. UThando Mahlangu mthuthukisi wesiNdebele. U-August Masango owadlulako ephasini ebegade adume khulu ehlanganweni ye- African national congress. UGamela Mthombeni omkhuzeli wezemidlalo emrhatjhweni Ikwekwezi. == Indawo le kuze njani bona ibizwe ukuthi yi Boekenhouthoek == Iindawo le yathiywa bona yiBoekehouthoek ngesibanga sokobana beyizele ngeenhlahla ezibizwa boan maBoekenhout trees, umdwadwa. == Okhunye nge Boekenhouthoek == [[Isimumathi:Quartz-170617.jpg|thumb|umhlobo welitje eligutjwa e Boekenhouthoek]] Indawo le izele amatje aligugu we crystal ekwenziwa ngawo imirhabiso. Abantu bayawemba amatje la bayowathengisela amakhuwa ukuze bakghone ukwenza imali yokuziphilsa. rf8fv6kyvmkphgus4wwljo7bsgq8jc3 0 296 5224 1610 2025-08-23T20:41:52Z Mojonom 593 added quite a number of things I have gotten from the English part of the website. 5224 wikitext text/x-wiki '''IHendrina''' yidorobha elikumasipala we [[:en:Steve_Tshwete_Local_Municipality|Steve Tshwete]], ongaphasi kwesifunda se[[:en:Nkangala_District_Municipality|Nkangala]] esifundeni se[[:en:Mpumalanga|Mpumalanga]] e[[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika]]. Idorojaneli, litholakala ngemva kwamakhilomitha ama-53 etlhagwini-tjhingalanga yedorobha i Ermelo, godu, liphinde litholakale ngemva kwamakhilomitha ama-40 esewula-tjhingalanga yedorobha i[[Carolina]]. Kanti liphinde litholakale ngemva kwama khilomitha ama 53 esewula yedorobha i [[:en:Middelburg,_Mpumalanga|Middleburg.]] == Umlando wedorobha == Idorobha le Hendrina lathoma ukuba khona ngomnyaka we-1914 eplasini ekhabe libizwa nge [[Garsfontein Farm]]. Kulidorobha elithiyelelwe ngo [[Hendrina Beukes]], ekumfazi ka [[Gert Beukes]]. uGert Beukes bekumnikazi wokuthoma weplasi i Garsfontein. Yize kunjalo, abaphathi abakhulu ekhabe bengamele idorobheli khabe kuyikomidi yezepilo kunye nesigungu sendawo ngomnyaka we-1919 kuya emnyakeni we -1926. == Umnotho == Umnotho omkhulu ofunyaneka edorobheni iHendrina utholakala emamayini wamalahle atholakala eendaweni ezitjhidelene nedorobheli. Godu kunamaplasi amanengi, lapha kutjalwa khona iintjalo ezifana namabhontjisi, amazambana kunye nomthombo. Kuyindawo eneentetjhi ezimbili ezikulu eziphehla igezi eziphethwe ngezinye zeenkampani ezikulu enarheni yeSewula Afrika i-Eskom. Iintetjhi lezo ziyi Arnot Power Station Kunye ne Hendrina Power Station. 4yyfuvueibxasfpg2jj12kav91j5gyn 0 297 1612 1611 2024-10-14T13:47:51Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 1611 wikitext text/x-wiki '''I-Krugersdorp''' (isiBhunu se-Kruger's Village) iyidolobha elinezimayini eWest Rand, eSifundazweni saseGauteng, eNingizimu Afrika eyasungulwa ngo-1887[2] nguMarthinus Pretorius kanye no-Abner Cohen.[3] Ngemva kokutholakala kwegolide eWitwatersrand, kwavela isidingo sedolobha elikhulu elisentshonalanga yolwandle. Uhulumeni wathenga ingxenye yepulazi lasePaardekraal futhi waliqamba leli dolobha elisha ngomongameli waseTransvaal, uPaul Kruger. I-Krugersdorp ayisenaye uhulumeni kamasipala ohlukile ngemuva kokuthi uhlanganiswe noMasipala Wendawo waseMogale City kanye namadolobha aseduze. Manje sekuyisizinda sikahulumeni eMogale City. 2leywiratcz8t4y80tysucp68hnw4nq 0 298 3149 3021 2025-06-07T03:05:25Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon Harald Søby]] 1614 wikitext text/x-wiki '''I-Randfontein''' iyidolobha lezimayini zegolide eWest Rand, Gauteng, South Africa, 40 km (25 mi) entshonalanga yeGoli. Njengoba iWitwatersrand igiya igolide, umxhasi wezimayini u-JB Robinson wathenga ipulazi i-Randfontein futhi, ngo-1889, wantanta i-Randfontein Estates Gold Mining Company. Idolobhana lasungulwa ngo-1890 ukuze lisebenzele imayini entsha futhi laphathwa yi-Krugersdorp laze laba umasipala ngo-1929.[2]: 292  Ngaphandle kokuba nemboni yokugaya izitembu enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, iRandfontein, njengezinye izindawo eziningi ezingaphandle kwedolobha. I-Johannesburg, empeleni iqoqo lasemaphandleni lamapulazi nezindawo ezincane endaweni enhle kakhulu yaseGauteng. 4427i1dvw3vb7q1wnc1sk8eaitkbuhz 0 299 1618 1617 2024-10-14T13:47:51Z Jon Harald Søby 12 2 revisions imported 1617 wikitext text/x-wiki '''IVaalbank''' (ebuye yaziwe ngokuthi iLibangeni) iyidolobha elincane eliqhele ngamakhilomitha ayi-102 enyakatho-mpumalanga yePitoli. Idolobhana libalulekile enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeMpumalanga lapho iningi labantu elizungezile lisemaphandleni futhi lingenayo ingqalasizinda. Ibheke iDamu laseMkhombo (elalibizwa ngeRenosterkop Dam) elibaluleke kakhulu kwezolimo esifundeni. ebnkpyo7ebpdojn9c7l4poq4v9km70u 0 300 3086 2974 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon Harald Søby]] 1621 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Indoni Parade 2018, Ndebele Kingdom by Sizwe Sibiya (4).jpg|thumb|AmaNdebele]] Abarhatjhi bethu abasirhatjhela [[ngelimiiNdebele]] ki lesyo yoke imirhatjho lokha nabadobha umlaleli wokugcina emoyeni kumele bafundiswe namkha batjelwe bona akhebalise ukuthi ("ngithatha wokuphela"), akusiyo indlela yesiNdebele le. Ibinzana elithi (wokuphela) is the direct translation of Sotho/Sepedi language( wa bofelo) which means the last one. NgesiNdebele sithi (Wokugcina) ngombana kulapho sele ugcina khona ngomlaleli loya omdobhako. Ugcina ngaye kodwana awuphelelisi ngaye. IsiNdebele asiphelelisi kodwana siyagcina. 43eb4b5ct4mce819t3vg3p84jcwh27m 0 301 1627 1626 2024-10-14T13:47:52Z Jon Harald Søby 12 4 revisions imported 1626 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Ithelerina.jpg|thumb|Ituthuko yethelerina]] '''Ituthuko yethelerina''', isigaba somntazinyana mntazinyana ongakarhabi ukuphuhla amabele. Umntazinyana umbatha umrivathi nerhabi kodwana irhabi lakhe alifani nerhabi letlawana begodu alifani nerhabi lethelerina. Umntazinyana uvunula nesikotjhi ngombana bayasizila isithimba ngombana angakenzi isiko namkha akakenzelwa umnyanya we[[Iqude leSindebele|qude]]. '''Amatlawana''' Itlawana mntazana osele athoma ukuphuhla amabele. Itlawana lona livunulo irhabi elinomncamo nomadalanyana umadalanyana yithawula ephothelwe ngomncamo neenrholwane zedinini ukuba nobukhobe nemidzegana emlenzeni. '''Ithelerina''' Ithelerina mntazana osele athombile owenzelwe umnyanya wequde. Ithelerina livunula irholoro epheleleko, iinrholwane zeenyaweni,iphephethu nesithimba kanye neenrholwane zedinini ijuba nobukhobe. Entanyeni bese ithelerina lifaka iraso nesijogana. js289sovmipzkaoj59r1bpeb0811cc9 0 302 1630 1629 2024-10-14T13:47:52Z Jon Harald Søby 12 2 revisions imported 1629 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Isibonelelo se 350''' yimali evela kurhulumende ukulekelela abantu abangasebenzi Sewula Afrika. Imali le yathoma ukurholwa babantu abangasebenzi ngonyaka we-2020 lokha nakufika ingogwana ye covid-19 enarheni le. Imali yaragelwa phambili yarholwa kuze kube nje. Imali le ibalekelele khulu abantu abanga sebenzi ngombana bakghona ukuziphilisa njengombana izinga lokungasebenzi liphezulu begodu nezinto ziyabiza eentolo. jynh34pno0cvsf6ydhbqccopgv5amxk 0 303 1632 1631 2024-10-14T13:47:52Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 1631 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[SADiLaR]] sgq40d6xl3b4wpfmaqk40x3zj0wv5bj 0 304 1634 1633 2024-10-14T13:47:52Z Jon Harald Søby 12 1 revision imported 1633 wikitext text/x-wiki '''UStephanus Johannes Paulus Kruger''' (iphimbo lesiBhunu: [ˈkry.(j)ər]; 10 Okthoba 1825 - 14 Julayi 1904), owaziwa kangcono njengoPaul Kruger, wayengusopolitiki waseNingizimu Afrika. Wayengomunye wabantu ababeqavile kwezombangazwe nezempi eNingizimu Afrika ngekhulu le-19, kanye noMongameli Wezwe WaseNingizimu Afrika (noma iTransvaal) kusukela ngo-1883 kuya ku-1900. Eqanjwe ngokuthi u-Oom Paul ("Uncle Paul"), waduma emhlabeni wonke njengo. ubuso bembangela yamaBhunu—leyo yaseTransvaal kanye nomakhelwane wayo i-Orange Free State—ibhekene neBrithani phakathi neMpi Yesibili yamaBhunu ka-1899–1902. Uke wabizwa nge-Afrikanerdom, futhi usengumuntu ophikisanayo; abathandwayo bamhlonipha njengeqhawe lesintu elidabukisayo. m65lrkxh2fj2ig05pc6qlv89yl5np8o 0 305 2083 2082 2024-11-21T14:27:09Z Hope A Ncube 186 /* UKUDLA KWESIKHETHU OKUZILWAKO. */ 2083 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''UKUDLA KWESIKHETHU OKUZILWAKO.''' == '''Lucia Skhosana''' EsiNdebeleni kuvamekile bonyana kube nenkulumo ezithi ukudla thizeni kuyazilwa namkha sithi akudliwa babantu abasezingeni elithileko kule koro yethu yesikhethu. Kanengi kubaneenzathu zokobana kubayini laba bantu bazile lokho kudla, kanti lapho okhunye kuvele kuyikambiso yesikhethu ebegade ilandelwa ngabadala bese thina esiphila esikhathini sanje asinazo iimpendulo zombuzo othi kubayini, ngombana safunyana kunjalo. Isibonelo: '''isibindi senkomo'''. [[Isimumathi:Raw veal liver, 2010.jpg|alt=Ox liver|left|thumb|246x246px|Isibindi senkomo]] Kunenkulumo esakhula ngayo kuthiwa isibindi senkomo asidliwa ngabantwana. Irhubhululo lithi hlangana nokhunye, lokho khabe kuyinkulumo yabadala nabafuna ukudima abantwana isibindi. Yelela ngokuthi gadesi abantwana bayasidla isibindi begodu akunalitho elimbi elibehlelako. Sibuya godu sibe nepundu namkha ipundulu. '''Ipundu''' yincenye yesbindi ethambileko. Kuthiwa ipundu yona ayidliwa bomalokazana namkha abentazana kodwana idliwa ziinlukazi ezidala. Unobangela walokho kukobana ipundu le nange kheyadliwa mmuntu omutjha angeze abeletha kuhle. Kukholelwa bona ipundu ingahle ikhubaze isibeletho. [[Isimumathi:Goat_interstine.jpg|thumb|210x210px|Amanyaka wembuzi]] Kukhona godu amanyaka. '''Amanyaka wembuzi''' (umnyokolo) kanye nomtjaza wona ayarhunulwa aphekelwe abesana namkha amatjathakhande kwaphela. Bese kuthi amanyaka wekomo wona adliwe bobaba namaqhegu. Okhunye okuzilwako mphala. '''Umphala''' mhlobo womrhoru. Isikhethu sithi-ke umphala uzilwa babantu abatjha. Uvumeleke ukudliwa maqhegu amadala neenlukazi. [[Isimumathi:Raw_Tripe.png|left|thumb|Umphala ~ imirhoru]] '''Amaqanda''' namkha '''amadzayi''' wekukhu wona ayazilwa ukudliwa matlawana kanye namatlawu. Unobangela walokho kukobana ikambiso ithi amaqanda anikela ikanuko yokuzibandakanya kezomseme begodu ayabanothisa namkha ayabavundisa, lokho akusiyo into ekhuthazwako emntwaneni ongakathombi. '''Iziso kanye nebende''' zona ziyazilwa bentazana, abomalokazana kanye namaqhakazana. Kukholelwa bona kunekghonakalo yokubavala imbeleko. Iziso nebende zivumelekile bonyana zingadliwa marhuze kanye neelukazi njengoba bona badlulile kilelo zinga lokubeletha. [[Isimumathi:Kidney_and_liver_(2).jpg|thumb|Iziso nebende]] '''wethunga''' awudliwa ngunanyana ngubani. Uphekelwa abakhethwa ngesikhathi sengoma. Abantu abavumeleke ukudla umdoko lo bogogo abawuphekako kwaphela. Nakwenzeka bona mhlamunye usale, bangawufakela abantwanyana abakhona kodwana abantwanabo kosele bangagudi ehloko nabo basiza abogogo ukuzilela ingoma bese amasokana nakagodukako, kufanele bagudwe abantwana abadle umdoko lowo. [[Isimumathi:Traditional-Beer5.jpg|left|thumb|Itlhodlha]] '''Itlhodlha''' ayiselwa ngunoma ngubani. Iselwa maqhegu. Kwamaswaphelo, ilimu alidliwa bomma. Ilimu likhamba nehloko yeke kufuze liye ebandla. Kukhona ikolelo yokobana ilimi lenza abafazi namkha abantu bengubo bona bakhulumele futhi. Nange umfazi aphiwa ilimu, ayeliquntwe kancani ihloko phambili bese ingcenye leyo iyalahlwa ngethemba lokubalekela yona ikolelo le. == __LEAD_SECTION__ == [[File:Good_Food_Display_-_NCI_Visuals_Online.jpg|alt=Table set with red meat, bread, pasta, vegetables, fruit, fish, and beans|thumb|Imifanekiso yokudla okutshiyeneyo]] '''Ukudla''' yinto yonke edliwa ngumuntu noma isilwane ukuze kutholwe ukusekelwa lokuqina komzimba. esikhathini esinengi ukudla kugoqela okulinywayo, inyamazana, lezihlahla okuyakha umzimba ngokuwunika , ama [[Carbohydrate|carbohydrates]], [[Fat|fats]], [[Protein (nutrient)|proteins]], [[Vitamin|vitamins]], or [[Mineral (nutrient)|minerals]]. ukudla kunikeza umzimba amandla, impilo, lokuwukhulisa. Izinanakazana ezitshiyeneyo zidla ukudla okutshiyeneyo kusiya ngomhlobo wesinanakazane, indaw ephla kuwo kanye lesikhathi esipila kuso Abantu baynelisa futh sebekwazi ukudinga lokuthola ukudla ngendlela ezitshiyeneyo kuzikhathi eziguqukileyo zemvelo. Abantu bayapheka ukudla kuvuthwe ukuze bakudle Ukudla okwaneleyo okudingakalayo ukuze wonke umuntu akuthhole kutholakala kumkhandlo okhangele ngezokudla wona ukudla loku ukuthola ngokulima izilimo zihanjiswe kwabaguqula izilimo bazenze ukudla osokulungele uku dluliselwa ebantwini ukuze benelise ukusuthisa imbizimba yabo Ubudlelwano lezenzakalo ezikhona phakathi kokulima lokuba lokudla osekulungele ukudliwa butsengisa ukuhi kulobudlelwano obukhulu obukhona phakathi kwezenzakalo lezi lokutshintsha kwezemkhathi ( climate change). 4y1j1g4lcmo7m8y8vuijxp8ymuw7gyc 0 306 1643 1642 2024-10-14T13:47:52Z Jon Harald Søby 12 3 revisions imported 1642 wikitext text/x-wiki kilesi isiqetjhana sizokutjheja indlela amabizo alumbene namkha ahlangene ngayo elimini lesiNdebele. '''ibizo nebizo''' ukulumbana kwebizo nebizo kwenzeka lokha nakuhlanganiswa ibizo nelinye ibizo, isibonelo; cghulyo5uny1bo8sx0pvdy1k6z52phl 0 307 1649 1648 2024-10-14T13:47:53Z Jon Harald Søby 12 5 revisions imported 1648 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Children with disabilities are at risk in eastern Ukraine 206 (20300351623).jpg|thumb|Abantwana abaphila ne down syndrome]] [[Isimumathi:Disability symbols.svg|thumb|Imihlobo yokukhubazeka]] '''Abantwana abaphila nokukhubazeka''' Iinkolo zabentwana abaphila nokukhubazeka ziyimvela kancani eendaweni zemakhaya isibonelo endaweni yange[[Siyabuswa]] zinengi tle! iinkolo kodwana abantwana abakhubazekileko kufanele baye ngepitori ukuze bakwazi ukufumana ifundo. === ukungakaqeqetjhwa kwabo titjhere eenkolweni. === Abantwana abakhubazekileko bazithola banganakekelwa ngefanelo ngeenkolweni, unobangela walokhu kukobana abotitjheri abanaso isineke sabo. Imihlobo ekhona yokukhubazeka kwabentwana ngile elandelako: abantwana abangaboniko, abangakwazi ukuzikhambela ngeenyawo zabo, abantwana abane [[down syndrome]] njalo njalo. e8yrn79cqcn6bdkrg8gs420l5kt0lun 0 308 1653 1652 2024-10-14T13:47:53Z Jon Harald Søby 12 3 revisions imported 1652 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:FootWhipping.jpg|thumb|Umntwana ubethwa ngaphasi kweenyawo]] Ngelimi lesiYeni yi-Abolishment of [[corporal punishment.]] Umthetho oze nentanto yenengi uthi abentwana abasabethwa eenkolweni kodwana abafundisi abakulandeli lokho. Kwezinye iinkolo abafundisi basababetha abafundi. ctixm7ks2dv9h0p6v2crkjybs7g7o4c 0 309 1656 1655 2024-10-14T13:47:53Z Jon Harald Søby 12 2 revisions imported 1655 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:URhoboyi.webp|thumb]] Ngubani uRhoboyi? Ilimi limamandla begodu ilimi lesiNgisi liyasivimba bona sikghone ukuzwa nokuzwisisa ipilo nakho koke ekuphathelene nepilo njengobuNgoma nesintu. Yoke into iyazwakala lokha nayikhulunywa ngesintu begodu namhlanjesi sizokukgharidlha igama elithi "uRhoboyi." [[Isimumathi:IMbiqana.webp|thumb]] URhoboyi yiNyanga ethiyelelwe ngesihlahla esimila kokuthoma ngo-Agasti bese sithi nasimilako iimpande kanye namakari wakhona ahlaza satjani bese ithuthumbo lakhona limhlophe libe nekunubho etjheli. Isihlahlesi sitholakala khulu ePumalanga la kunzinze khona amaMbo nofana isizwe sabantu ekuthiwa maNdebele. Kungakho kunekulumo edumileko ethi, “Ephasini laboRhoboyi neMbiqana”. Ekuyikulumo esuselwa ekondlweni yesiNdebele eyiveza ubuhle bakwaNdebele. URhoboyi ekukhulunywa ngaye nguye lo bese iMbiqana mrorho othi nawusathelako uhlaza kwesibhakabhaka bese nawutjhako uba-phephuli (purple ngeLimi lesiYeni). IMbiqana sitjhebo kanti godu uyalapha, utlharulula iingazi, mhlambe nangabe iingazi zakho zijamile nofana zimahlwili zineziqa, okuma-Clots ngelimi lesiYeni, lokhu ukubona ngokuthi nawusikazi uya esikhathini uba neenhlabi embelekweni bese ukhiqiza amahlwili, kanti-ke nanoma ungasisikazi iingazi ziyakghona ukusilaphazeka zibe mafindo-finndo. Ye-ke umrorho lo uyatlharulula ukuze iingazi zigime ngefanelo eemthanjeni, nabakwa-''Vein''and ''vascular institude'' bayaveza bona ukutlharulula iingazi kufuna bona usele imirorho anye neentjalo. NakuyiNyanga kaRhoboyi (Agasti) kutjhuguluka isikhathi somnyaka. Njengombana sazi bona iinkhathi zomnyaka zine, vane kuphela ubusika kungene iSilimela, esaziwa ngeThwasahlobo nange-Spring ngelimi lesiYeni. KungeNyanga le lapho kuqubuka khona uRhoboyi. Ukutjhuguluka kwesikhathesi kuletha amatjhuguluko ebantwini ngombana soke siyimvelo. Ye-ke isihlahla uRhoboyi senza izinto ezinengi emzimbeni womuntu, kanti ke ngizokundlala ezintathu: Umzimba uyawa ngombana kufanele ujwayele ubujamo beZulu obutjha obuza nesikhathi somnyaka, yeke abantwana bavame ukugula baphathwe mathumbu, uMgomani begodu bathulule. URhoboyi uyamubilisa ngamanzi bese useze abantwana, usiza ngokulekelela umzimba ukuze uqine ube sebujameni obufaneleko ngaphasi kwesikhathi leso; Umntwana otshwenya ngokuzithundela ebusuku nakaleleko uyabiliselwa naye uRhoboyi am'rhamule bese uyalisa ukuzithundela; uyakghona nokuhlamba amazinyo ngoRhoboyi. Lokha nawumhlafunyako njengeTjapisi ngombana wona vele usatjapisi ukhipha iinsalelo zokudla ezihlangana namazinyo, uqede nephunga elimbi ngemlonyeni. Ekadeni kwakuSilibazisamlomo lokha abesana nabayokulusa, nalokha abantazana nabayokukha amanzi emlanjeni. NgoRhoboyi kuba nento inengi abayibiza ngokuthi yi-Mercury Retrograde ngelimi lesiYeni. Kuphela okhunye, kuthoma okhunye, yeke ngalesi isikhathi izinto ezinengi ziyaphela kuthome ezinye kungakho kuba nokuhlangahlangana kwemizwa, kubuye nofana kukhambe abantu epilweni yomuntu nokuthi laba ebabhujelwe babelethi nabalingani bagule bese kufanele basele amaRherhetjha. AmaRherhetjha ayaselwa begodu uyathunyisela bese uwothe ngawo khulu khulu lokha ngeNyanga le ekwabhubha umbelethi / umlingani ngombana kulapho umbelethi nofana umlingani aphenduka khona aba nguZimu bese nangoRhoboyi kunetjhuguluko elenzekako ngombana uRhoboyi uthanyela iinsila ngommoya wakhe ukulungiselela uKhukhulamungu la kuthuthumba khona amathuthumbo, kuhluma khona iintjalo begodu kuhlambuluka khona amanzi. AmaRherhetjha aselwa mumuntu obhujelwe babelethi nalo obhujelwe mntwana (miscarriage & stillborn ngelimi lesiYeni). AmaRherhetjha ahlambulula ubujamo benyama nebommoya, okuziingazi nommoya womuntu ngombana kunokubophana kwemimmoya phakathi kwabantu benyama nabeZimu ekungakafaneli bona siyiqunte ngeenzathu ezithize. Ye-ke nakungena uRhoboyi kufanele wazi bona wenzani nawumumuntu. URhoboyi uyathanyela begodu uyaqubula ukuze nakathanyelako ngommoya wakhe singalimali bekufike uKhukhulamungu. '''Reference:''' 1) ^ Vein & Vascular. Exploring Vein Treatment Options. 2024. Washington. 2) ^ Premier Medical Group. As The Season Changes, How To Do Our Bodies Respond. 2024. 3) ^ Glamour. Lian Brooks. Mercury Retrograde 2024. August 2024. 8iqko9qtzu1a6xfli53i9zx1aihk13n 0 320 2119 1733 2024-11-25T18:11:41Z Simakahle Moselekatse 161 /* Iinkomba */Mkhakha 2119 wikitext text/x-wiki '''U-Nelson Makamo''' (Nhlolanja 1982) mdwebi weenthombe we[[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika]] wesimanjemanje owaziwa ngeenthombe ezivamise ukuveza abantwana beSewula Afrika abasemaphandleni. U-Makamo utjengise umsebenzi wakhe emazweni ngamazwe, ngemibukiso yedwa emadorobheni afana ne-Los Angeles, Paris, London, New York kanye neSewula Afrika.<ref>https://thisisafrica.me/arts-and-culture/nelson-makamo-artwork-feature-on-time-mag-cover/</ref><ref>https://www.artsy.net/artist/nelson-makamo</ref> == Iminyaka yokuthoma == U-Makamo wabelethwa e-[[Modimolle]], e-Limpopo, eSewula Afrika, ngoMhlolanja wee-1982, begodu ukuthakazelela kwakhe ukudweba kwathoma asesemncani. Wafunda e-Artist Proof Studio e-Goli, lapho afunda khona ngokukhethekileko ngokwenza amaphrinti.[1] Isikhungo lesi saba yingcenye eqakathekileko yohambo lwakhe, samsiza bona athuthukise amaqhinga ahlukahlukeneko, ukusuka emidwebeni yamalahle ukuya ekudwebeni ngamafutha ne-acrylic.<ref>https://www.carmag.co.za/news/porsche-art-nelson-makamo/</ref> ==== Isitayela sobuKghwari kanye neengqikithi ==== U-Makamo waziwa khulu ngeenthombe zakhe ezizwakalako nezikhulu, khulukhulu zabantwana, kanengi asebenzisa imibala ekhanyako nemigqa evezako. Imisebenzi yakhe yenziwa ngamalahle, amapende wamafutha, nama-acrylic, begodu iyadunyiswa ngokujula kwayo, ukuthungwa, nokuzwakala kwayo. Ukutjheja kwakhe abantwana, khulukhulu abantwana abanzima abavela emaphandleni weSewula Afrika, kuqakathekile embonweni wakhe wezobuciko.<ref>https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/lifestyle/2019-02-12-from-limpopo-to-the-world-stage-nelson-makamo-and-his-big-name-fan-base/</ref> == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} [[Mkhakha:eSewula Afrika]] [[Mkhakha:Abadwebi]] [[Mkhakha:Abosaziwako]] [[Mkhakha: Imigwalo]] [[Mkhakha:Ubukghwari]] 73pq027p77eq3e74gcptefwfy22tmi7 14 321 1705 2024-10-21T02:21:11Z Bobbyshabangu 66 Created blank page 1705 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 322 1706 2024-10-21T02:21:24Z Bobbyshabangu 66 Created blank page 1706 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 323 1707 2024-10-21T02:21:36Z Bobbyshabangu 66 Created blank page 1707 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 324 3087 2973 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Simakahle Moselekatse|Simakahle Moselekatse]] 2109 wikitext text/x-wiki I-'''Dullstroom,''' eyaziwa nangokuthi yi-Emnothweni, yidorobha elincani elisesifundazweni se-Mpumalanga, e[[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika]]. Idorobha lisemakhilomitha ama-35 (amamayela ama-22) enyakatho ye-Belfast kanye namakhilomitha angaba ma-53 (amamayela ama-33) eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Lydenburg emgwaqweni we-R540.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dullstroom.info/|title=Proudly Dullstroom|website=www.dullstroom.info|access-date=Apr 6, 2020}}</ref> Kanye ne-Barkly East ne-Underberg, ngenye yeendawo eziphambili zeSewula Afrika zokudoba ngeenyoni. Idorobha linesitetjhi sesitimela esiphakemeko khulu eSewula Afrika ngamamitha ama-2,077 (amafidi ama-6,814) ngaphezu kwezinga lelwandle kanye neenyawo ze-De Berg, indawo ephakemeko khulu esifundazweni ngamamitha ama-2,332 (amafidi ayi-7,651). Indawo ye-Dullstroom e-Highveld plateau kusizathu sokuthi ubujamo bezulu bayo buhluke khulu eendaweni eziseduze. == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} lqeitc8j75v8diy2ut0u66952h6utap 0 326 2120 1722 2024-11-25T18:12:20Z Simakahle Moselekatse 161 /* Iinkomba */Mkhakha 2120 wikitext text/x-wiki '''I-Modimolle''', eyaziwa nangokuthi yi-Nylstroom, yidorobha eliseduze nomkhawulo osewula we-Waterberg Massif esifundazweni se-Limpopo, e[[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika]]. Yidorobha eliphakathi nendawo eliqale khulu ukulima nokulima (ama-citrus, amadiribe kanye neenkomo) kanye neenlwana zeganga nezokuvakatjha. I-Nylstroom nayo itholakala emakhilomitheni angaba li-135 (amamayela ama-84) etlhagwini ye-Pitoli, idorobha elikhulu leSewula Afrika.<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nancy-Andrew/publication/237613928_Dilemmes_et_representations_sociales_d%27une_amende_honorable_pour_l%27apartheid_la_communaute_de_Modimolle_et_la_restitution_de_la_terre_en_Afrique_du_Sud/links/56a0bf4908aee4d26ad7c03c/Dilemmes-et-representations-sociales-dune-amende-honorable-pour-lapartheid-la-communaute-de-Modimolle-et-la-restitution-de-la-terre-en-Afrique-du-Sud.pdf</ref> I-Waterberg Biosphere esabalalele enyakatho, [[i-UNESCO]] ebizwa ngokuthi yi-Biosphere Reserve, ine-15,000 square kilometers (5,792 square miles). I-Waterberg sisifunda sokuthoma engcenyeni yetlhagwini yeSewula Afrika ukubizwa ngokuthi yi-Biosphere Reserve yi-UNESCO. Ukwakheka kwamadwala okukhulu kwabunjwa makhulu wezigidi zeminyaka yokuguguleka komlambo ukukhiqiza ubujamo obuhlukahlukeneko be-bluff kanye ne-butte. I-ecosystem ingavezwa njengehlathi elomileko elinamakari nofana i-Bushveld.<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Folaranmi-Yusuf/publication/259702819_Creating_Youth_Employment_through_Modern_Beekeeping_Case_study_of_selected_youth_trained_in_Moro_Local_Government_Area_of_Kwara_State_Nigeria/links/0deec52d642904c2cb000000/Creating-Youth-Employment-through-Modern-Beekeeping-Case-study-of-selected-youth-trained-in-Moro-Local-Government-Area-of-Kwara-State-Nigeria.pdf#page=103</ref><ref>https://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/items/52f65b24-226e-43e1-9fef-b2bcaddbd482</ref> == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} [[Mkhakha:eSewula Afrika]] jlq3dsf0cd6kecjw4sp5uqz8fgpgj4y 14 327 1721 2024-10-23T19:26:36Z Bobbyshabangu 66 Created blank page 1721 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 328 5899 3104 2025-10-04T23:52:03Z ~2025-27677-90 1043 5899 wikitext text/x-wiki I-A'''frika''' yizwekazi lesibili ngobukhulu begodu lesibili ngenani elikhulu labantu ephasini ngemva kwe-[[Asia]]. Ngamakhilomitha angaba ziingidi ezima-30.3 (amamayela ayi-11.7 wezigidi) kufaka hlangana iinhlengele eziseduze, ihlanganisa ama-20% wendawo yomhlaba kanye nama-6% wendawo yayo yoke. Ngabantu abapheze babe ziingidigidi eziyi-1.4 ukusukela ngo-2021, ibalelwa emaphesentini ali-18 wabantu ephasini. Inani labantu be-Afrika mncani khulu kiwo woke amazwekazi. iminyaka ephakathi ngo-2012 beyiyi-19.7, lokha iminyaka ephakathi yephasi loke beyiyi-30.4.Ngokuya ngokuqagela kwango-2024, inani labantu be-Afrika lizakufikelela ebantwini abaziingidigidi ezi-3.8 ngo-2099. Nanyana kunemithombo yemvelo eminengi, i-Afrika yizwekazi elinenotho encani ngehloko begodu liyindawo yesibili engananotho enengi, ngaphambi kwe-Oceania. Izazi zithi lokhu kungenxa yezinto ezihlukahlukeneko ezifaka hlangana ubujamo bendawo, ubujamo bezulu, ikohlakalo,ubukoloniyali, iPi yomKhuhlane, kanye nobukoloniyali obutjha. Nanyana kunobujamo obuphasi bomnotho, ukwanda kwezomnotho kwamuva nje kanye nenani labantu abanengi nabasesebatjha kwenza i-Afrika ibe yimakethe eqakathekileko yezomnotho ephasini loke. I-Afrika inenani elikhulu lemithombo yemvelo nemithombo yokudla, okufakahlangana amadayimane, itjhukela, itswayi, igolide, i-ayini, i-cobalt, i-uranium, ikhopha, i-bauxite, isiliva, i-petroleum, igesi yemvelo, iimbhontjisi ze-cocoa, kanye nezithelo ezitjhisako.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/gahuza/articles/cwy54qk14q8o</ref> == Wotkazy == * [[Kněz Kevin I Nyerere]] == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} [[Mkhakha:Iinarha zephasi]] d6teohalezl6ai6mkdg6fa1psgq3wsm 0 329 3127 2903 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Simakahle Moselekatse|Simakahle Moselekatse]] 2107 wikitext text/x-wiki '''IsiNdebele''' esaziwa ngesiNdebele seSewula (''Southern'' Ndebele) lilimi le-Afrika elivela esiqhemeni samaMbo wamalimi weBantu. Ilimeli likhulunywa maNdebele okubabantu abafumaneka e[[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika]].<ref>https://www.krugerpark.co.za/africa_ndebele.html</ref> Bafumaneka eemfundeni ezifaka hlangana iMpumalanga, Gauteng, Limpopo, ne-''North-West''. KunesiNdebele esikhulunywa e-[[Limpopo]] eendaweni ezifana ne-[[Polokwane]] (Bhulungwane), Ga-Rathoka (KaSondonga), Ga-Mashashane, Ga Maraba / [[Kalkspruit]], [[Mokopane]] (Mghumbane), Zebediela (Sebetiela), eduze ukuya eNdebeleni yeSewula.<ref>https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/ndebele-history</ref> == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} [[Mkhakha:Sewula Afrika]] [[Mkhakha:IsiNdebele]] [[Mkhakha:AmaNdebele]] 4g0opngf2ykw15ovc4lp1e3oy9z60qv 14 330 1731 2024-10-23T23:24:05Z Bobbyshabangu 66 Created blank page 1731 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 331 1732 2024-10-23T23:24:31Z Bobbyshabangu 66 Created blank page 1732 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 332 5914 5889 2025-10-11T22:10:27Z ~2025-28489-09 1060 5914 wikitext text/x-wiki '''I-Limpopo''' (/lɪmˈpoʊpoʊ/) yisimfunda esetlhagwini khulu y[[Isewula Afrika|eSewula Afrika]]. Iqanjwe [[ngomlambo i-Limpopo]], owenza umngcele wephrovinsi engeTjingalanga nesetlhagwini. Ibizo elithi Limpopo lisuselwa ku-Rivombo (i-Livombo/Lebombo), isiqhema sabahlali be-[[Tsonga]] ebesidoswa phambili ngu-Hosi Rivombo owahlala endaweni eneentaba begodu wabiza indawo le ngemva umdosiphambili wabo. Iintaba ze-Lebombo nazo ziqanjwe ngazo. Umlambo lo bewubizwa ngokuthi yi-Vhembe miphakathi yama-Venda wendawo. Ikomkhulu nedorobha elikhulu khulu esifundazweni [https://www.telsorgulama.com.tr/ telsorgulama.com.tr] [[Polokwane]], kuthi isishayamthetho sesifundazwe sise-Lebowakgomo.<ref>https://municipalities.co.za/provinces/view/5/limpopo</ref><ref>[https://www.sahistory.org.za/place/limpopo-province#:~:text=It%20was%20first%20called%20the,%2C%20Botswana%2C%20Zimbabwe%20and%20Mozambique. https://www.sahistory.org.za/place/limpopo-province#:~:text=It%20was%20first%20called%20the,%2C%20Botswana%2C%20Zimbabwe%20and%20Mozambique.]</ref> Iphrovinsi yakhiwe ziinarha ezintathu zangaphambilini ze-[https://ahmegon.com/ Lebowa], [[Gazankulu]] kanye ne-Venda begodu yingcenye yesifunda sangaphambilini se-Transvaal. Iphrovinsi ye-Limpopo yasungulwa njengenye yeemfunda ezilithoba ngemva kokhetho luka-1994 lweSewula Afrika. Ibizo lephrovinsi bekuyi-"Northern Transvaal", ngokukhamba kwesikhathi yatjhugululwa yaba "Northern Province" mhlazi-28 kuMgwengweni wee-1995, nezinye iimfunda ezimbili. Ibizo latjhugululwa godu ngomnyaka ka-2002 laba yi-Limpopo Province. I-Limpopo yakhiwe ziintjhaba ezintathu: isiPedi, isiTsonga kanye nesi[https://kotivon.com/ Venda].<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20170201235654/http://www.dolimpopo.com/limpopo-province</ref> Abadosiphambili bendabuko namakhosi basakha umgogodla oqinileko wepolotiki yesifundazwe. Yasungulwa ngokuya komThetho we-Limpopo House of Traditional Leaders Act, Act 5 of 2005, umsebenzi omkhulu we-Limpopo House of Traditional Leaders kukweluleka urhulumende nesishayamthetho ngeendaba ezihlobene namasiko, amasiko, namasiko, kufaka hlangana amagadango wokuthuthukisa athinta imiphakathi yemakhaya. Mhlana ali-18 kuRhoboyi wee-2017, u-Kgosi Malesela Dikgale wakhethwa godu njengoSihlalo we-Limpopo House of Traditional Leaders. == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} [[Mkhakha:ESewula Afrika]] [[Mkhakha:Iimfunda]] apciqmm9cng2ocp5zn8yjvq1ykd48ru 14 333 1739 2024-10-23T23:46:10Z Bobbyshabangu 66 Created blank page 1739 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 334 2118 2117 2024-11-25T18:10:43Z Simakahle Moselekatse 161 /* Iinkomba */Mkhakha 2118 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Polokwane (Pietersburg), Limpopo, South Africa.jpg|thumb|457x457px|Idorobha iPolokwane]] '''I-Polokwane''' lidorobha elikhulu lesiFunda se-[[Limpopo]] [[Isewula Afrika|eSewula Afrika]]. Yisikhungo samadorobha esikhulu kunazo zoke enarheni enyakatho ye-[[Gauteng]]. Bekungenye yamadorobha alithoba abamba iNdebe yePhasi ye-FIFA yango-2010. <ref>[https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/polokwane#:~:text=Polokwane%20was%20founded%20as%20Pietersburg,by%20British%20troops%20in%201901. https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/polokwane#:~:text=Polokwane%20was%20founded%20as%20Pietersburg,by%20British%20troops%20in%201901.]</ref><ref>https://www.southafrica.net/mw/en/travel/article/history-and-culture-in-polokwane</ref> == Umlando == Ngabo-1840, ama-Voortrekkers ngaphasi koburholi baka-Andries Hendrik Potgieter asungula i-[[Zoutpansbergdorp]], idorobha eliyi-100 km (62 mi) ukuya enyakatho. Indawo yokuhlala le kwafanela bona itjhiywe ngebanga lokurarana neentjhaba zendawo (ama-Lebelo, Langa & Ledwaba clans), basungula idorobha elitjha ngo-1886 baliqamba ngokuthi "Pietersburg" ukuhlonipha umdosiphambili we-Voortrekker u-[[Petrus Jacobus Joubert]]. Inani elincani labantu be-India/Asia kanye nabantu abanemibala bahlala esifundeni ngaphambi kokuphela kwekhulu le-19. Bekuyinhlokodolobha ye-Transvaal ne-Orange Free State isikhathi esifitjhani ngo-1900 ngesikhathi sePi yesiBili yamaBhunu kusukela ngo-1899 ukuya ku-1902.[6] AmaBrithani athatha i-Pietersburg ngo-1901 begodu akha ikampa yokuhlushwa ukubopha abafazi nabantwana be-Boer abapheze babe zi-4,000.<ref>https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10289852.1999.10520169</ref><ref>https://www.sacities.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Polokwane-final-report.pdf</ref> == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} [[Mkhakha:ESewula Afrika]] [[Mkhakha:Iimfunda]] 38ro6lkk7thnysf73o5u9qy34u5ubfj 0 335 5906 2142 2025-10-06T21:51:07Z Martin Macha 2111 568 5906 wikitext text/x-wiki '''I-Malawi''' ngokusemthethweni iRiphabhliki ye-Malawi begodu ngaphambilini yaziwa ngokuthi yi-Nyasaland, yinarha enganamanzi eSewulapumalanga ye-Afrika. Inomngcele nge-Zambia ngeTjingalanga, i-Tanzania ngeTlhagwini neTlhagwini-pumalanga, ne-[[Mozambique]] ngepumalanga, ngesewula, neSewula-Tjingalanga. I-Malawi inendawo engaphezu kwe-118,484 km2 begodu inabantu abalinganiselwa ku-22,224,282 (kusukela 2025). Inhlokodolobha ye-Malawi nedorobha elikhulu kunazo zoke yi-[[Lilongwe]]. Indawo yayo yesibili ngobukhulu yi-[[Blantyre]], eyesithathu ngobukhulu yi-Mzuzu, bese kuthi eyesine ngobukhulu yi-Zomba, eyayiyinhloko-dolobha yangaphambilini.<ref>https://www.siyabona.com/history-of-malawi.html</ref><ref>https://malawigulf.com/about-malawi/history-of-malawi/</ref> == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} [[Mkhakha:Amazwe]] 24z8uhwekp8f6h323p3bvdvtd4yez2j 14 336 1753 2024-10-24T00:43:29Z Bobbyshabangu 66 Created blank page 1753 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 338 2151 2105 2024-11-25T18:47:16Z Simakahle Moselekatse 161 ''' 2151 wikitext text/x-wiki '''I-Witkoppen Health and Welfare Centre''', evamise ukubizwa ngokuthi yi-Witkoppen Clinic, sisikhungo sokutlhogonyelwa kwepilo somphakathi esingenzi inzuzo esitholakala e-[[Fourways]], e-[[Johannesburg]], e[[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika]]. Umtholampilo lo wathoma ngo-1946 begodu unikela ngeenkonzo ezinengi zokunakekelwa kwepilo emiphakathini eseduze ne-Sandton ne-Diepsloot.<ref>https://www.citizen.co.za/fourways-review/news-headlines/local-news/2024/05/19/grateful-mom-names-daughter-after-clinic-2/</ref><ref>https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/south-africa/2019-11-29-the-rights-of-women-have-always-been-overlooked-how-power-dynamics-fuel-the-spread-of-hiv/</ref><ref>https://www.citizen.co.za/randburg-sun/news-headlines/local-news/2022/12/02/mobile-clinic-launched-in-fourways/</ref> == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} [[Mkhakha:iSewula Afrika]] ci7e763uiw0s2ncer8acsvjl3wofuqb 14 339 1770 2024-10-30T08:08:24Z Bobbyshabangu 66 Created blank page 1770 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 340 3052 3011 2025-06-07T03:05:22Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Simakahle Moselekatse|Simakahle Moselekatse]] 2112 wikitext text/x-wiki '''U-Nyabêla''' (1825/30 - 1902) bekayinduna yama-Ndzundza esizwe [[AmaNdebele|samaNdebele]] ngesikhathi sekhulu leminyaka elitjhumi nathoba. Ukhunjulwa ngomzabalazo wakhe wokulwisana nabamhlophe ukulawula indawo yesitjhaba sakhe.<ref>https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/AJA02580144_350</ref><ref>https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02572117.1997.10587170</ref> == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} [[Mkhakha:iSewula Afrika]] [[Mkhakha:AmaNdebele]] ffpwc7t63bk9ndkm8ind42i8swtkbbe 14 341 1778 2024-10-30T21:36:21Z Bobbyshabangu 66 Created blank page 1778 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 342 3081 2985 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Simakahle Moselekatse|Simakahle Moselekatse]] 2150 wikitext text/x-wiki '''U-Sekhukhune I''' (Matsebe 1814 – 13 Agasti 1882) bekayiKosi ephambili yama-Marota, eyaziwa khulu nge-Bapedi (abantu be-Pedi), kusukela mhlazi-21 kuNobayeni 1861 bekwaba kulapho abulawa khona mhlazi-13 kuRhoboyi 1882 mhlana ali-13 kuRhoboyi wee-1882 imbangi nomfowabo, uMampuru II.[1] Njengomrholi omkhulu we-Pedi waqalana neentjhijilo zepolotiki ezivela kuma-Voortrekkers (abahlali be-Boer), iRiphabhliki yeSewula Afrika ezijameleko (i-Dutch: Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek), i-Britain Empire, kanye nokutjhuguluka okukhulu kwezenhlalakahle okwabangelwa ziinthunywa zevangeli zamaKrestu.<ref>https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/c598/201acbece95eb4a4ff56e44e4640e18f5bbb.pdf</ref>[[iWikiphedia wase uyashald when is the 2nd date?]] === Umlando === Ngemva kokuhlongakala kwakayise, iKosi u-Sekwati, mhlazi-20 kuNobayeni 1861, u-Sekhukhune wavikela ngepumelelo ilungelo lakhe lobukhosi ngokujamelana nomfowabo u-Mampuru II nendlalifa ngokusekelwa libutho lakhe le-Matuba. Nanyana aphumelele, u-Sekhukhune wabambelela esikweni le-serota begodu wavumela u-Mampuru bona atjhiye indawo ye-Bapedi ngokuthula. Abanye abantwabakhe abaziwako bekungu; U-Legolwana,[2] u-Johannes Dinkwanyane, no-Kgoloko.[3] U-Sekhukhune watjhada no-Legoadi IV ngo-1862, begodu wahlala entabeni, eyaziwa njenge-Thaba Leolo nofana i-Leolo Mountains,[4] eyaqinisa. Ukuqinisa umbuso wakhe nokuvikela ukubusa kwama-Europe, wenza bona abantu bakhe abasesebatjha basebenze emayini yabantu abamhlophe nasemaplasini ukwenzela bona imirholo yabo isetjenziselwe ukuthenga iinbhamu kumaPutukezi e-Delagoa Bay, kanye nemfuyo.<ref>https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-history/article/abs/fall-of-the-bapedi-of-the-northeastern-transvaal/9D232859E9367AB55DB38624F6B3818A</ref> == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} [[Mkhakha:iSewula Afrika]] [[Mkhakha:Amakhosi]] [[Mkhakha:Umlando]] az9qqgyt385mcjnenbpj9sw61atq4qi 14 343 1784 2024-10-30T21:49:48Z Bobbyshabangu 66 Created blank page 1784 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 344 1786 2024-10-30T21:50:39Z Bobbyshabangu 66 Created blank page 1786 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 345 2155 2139 2024-11-27T05:30:57Z Simakahle Moselekatse 161 2155 wikitext text/x-wiki '''UAkinwande Oluwole Babatunde''' (wabelethwa mhlana ali-13 kuNtaka 1934) mtloli wemidlalo we-[[INigeria|Nigeria]], umtloli wamanoveli, imbongi, nomtloli weendatjana ngelimi lesiNgisi. Wanikelwe umklomelo we-[[Nobel Prize]] wemitlolo wango-1986 "ngombono wakhe obanzi wamasiko kanye... neenkondlo eziveza idrama yobukhona",umuntu wokuthoma we-[[Afrika]] esewula ye-Sahara ukuthumba umklomelo wemitlolo.<ref>https://mg.co.za/friday/2024-09-04-wole-soyinka-the-artist-captured-in-a-moment-long-gone/</ref><ref>https://www.news24.com/citypress/trending/wole-soyinka-at-90-icon-of-literary-excellence-and-unyielding-activism-20240721</ref> NgoJulayi 2024, uMongameli u-Bola Tinubu watjhugulula ibizo le-National Arts Theatre e-Iganmu, e-Lagos, nge-Soyinka. U-Tinubu umemezele lokhu emtlolweni awutlolako ukugidinga u-Soyinka ngokukhumbula ilanga lakhe lamabeletho lama-90.<ref>https://edition.cnn.com/world/africa/wole-soyinka-interview-the-man-died-spc/index.html</ref> ==Iinkomba== {{Reflist}} [[Mkhakha:Abosaziwako]] qr7pc215hj60fxdgewwab7adsc33jcr 0 346 3282 3194 2025-07-02T20:22:43Z Thuvack 106 Undo revision [[Special:Diff/3194|3194]] by [[Special:Contributions/85.97.84.231|85.97.84.231]] ([[User talk:85.97.84.231|talk]]) 3282 wikitext text/x-wiki '''I-Zimbabwe''' ngokusemthethweni ibizwa ngeRiphabhliki ye-Zimbabwe, yinarha enganamanzi eSewulapumalanga ye-[[Afrika]], hlangana nomlambo i-Zambezi ne-Limpopo, enomngcele ngeSewula Afrika ngesewula, i-Botswana ngesewula-tjingalanga, i-Zambia ngetlhagwini, kanye ne-[[Mozambique]] ngepumalanga. Idorobho elikhulu nedorobha elikhulu yi-Harare, kuthi elesibili ngobukhulu nge-Bulawayo.<ref>https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/heres-the-country-with-the-most-worthless-currency-in-the-world/0wywbfw</ref><ref>https://allafrica.com/stories/202411010010.html</ref> Inarha enabantu abangaba ziingidi ezili-16.6 ngokuya kokubalwa kwabantu ngomnyaka ka-2024, isiqhema esikhulu khulu se-[[Zimbabwe]] ma-Shona, akha ama-80% wabantu, kulandelwe ma-Ndebele weTlhagwini nezinye iintjhaba ezincani. I-Zimbabwe inelimi ezisemthethweni ezili-16, kuthi isiNgisi, isiShona, nesiNdebele ngizo ezijayelekileko. I-Zimbabwe ililunga le-United Nations, i-Southern African Development Community, i-African Union, kanye ne-Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa. ==Iinkomba== {{Reflist}} [[Mkhakha:Iinarha zephasi]] fgz6t5xn05qmnbw8qjwzquaoqsu1wi1 14 347 1798 2024-11-01T18:18:21Z Bobbyshabangu 66 Created blank page 1798 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 348 5698 5554 2025-09-04T22:07:34Z Ick567 910 5698 wikitext text/x-wiki '''I-Mozambiki,''' ngokusemthethweni ibizwa ngokuthi yi-Republic of Mozambique, yinarha etholakala ngeSewulapumalanga ye-[[Afrika]] enomngcele weLwandle le-India ngepumalanga, i-Tanzania ngetlhagwini, i-Malawi ne-Zambia ngetlhagwini-Tjingalanga, i-[[Zimbabwe]] ngeTjingalanga, kanye ne-[[Eswatini]] ne[[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika]] ngeSewula-Tjingalanga. Umbuso ozijameleko uhlukaniswe ne-Comoros, i-Mayotte kanye ne-Madagascar yi-Mozambique Channel ngepumalanga. Ikomkhulu nedorobha elikhulu kunazo zoke yi-Maputo.<ref>https://clubofmozambique.com/news/mozambique-minister-of-industry-and-trade-visits-mozparks-269932/</ref><ref>https://www.africanews.com/2024/10/31/post-election-protests-in-mozambique-leave-10-dead-dozens-injured/</ref> Hlangana nekhulu leminyaka lesi-7 ukuya kweli-11, kwakhiwa amadorobha amanengi wamatheku we-Swahili endaweni leyo, okwaba nomthelela ekuthuthukisweni kwesiko nelimi le-Swahili elihlukileko. Ekupheleni kwesikhathi se-medieval, amadorobha la bekavame ukuvakatjhelwa barhwebi abavela e-Somalia, e-Ethiopia, e-Egypt, e-Arabia, e-Persia, ne-India. Ikhambo laka-Vasco da Gama ngo-1498 laphawula ukufika kwamaPutukezi, athoma ikambiso kancanikancani yokubusa nokuhlala ngo-1505. Ngemva kwamakhulu amane weminyaka yokubusa kwamaPutukezi, i-Mozambique yathola ikululeko ngo-1975, yaba yi-People's Republic of Mozambique msinyana ngemva kwalokho. Ngemva kweminyaka emibili kwaphela yokuzibusa, inarha le yangena epini yombango eyathatha isikhathi eside kusukela ngo-1977 ukuya ku-1992. Ngo-1994, i-Mozambique yenza amakhetho wayo wokuthoma weenhlangano ezinengi begodu solo ihlala iyiriphabliki yomengameli ezinzileko, nanyana isaqalene nobujamo obuphasi ukuvukela umbuso ngokuhlukileko eendaweni ezikude khulu ukusuka enhlokodolobha yesewula begodu lapho ubuSulumane bubusa khona.<ref>https://www.mozambique.co.za/About_Mozambique-travel/mozambique-facts.html</ref> ==Iinkomba== {{Reflist}} [[Mkhakha:Iinarha zephasi]] 1895hhw9per6knv9pm1gnaxq08u1dbo 0 349 1810 2024-11-01T18:27:39Z Bobbyshabangu 66 Bobbyshabangu moved page [[Afrika]] to [[I-Afrika]] 1810 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[I-Afrika]] psq59hsq3xnz8oih2ax3a9jdiwar5r8 0 350 2134 1828 2024-11-25T18:28:27Z Simakahle Moselekatse 161 Mkhakha 2134 wikitext text/x-wiki '''I-Burkina Faso,''' yinarha enganamanzi eTjingalanga ye-[[I-Afrika|Afrika]], enomngcele we-Mali ngetlhagwini-Tjingalanga, i-Niger ngeTlhagwini-pumalanga, i-Benin ngesewulapumalanga, i-[[Togo]] ne-[[Ghana]] ngesewula, kanye ne-Ivory Coast ngeSewula-Tjingalanga. Ihlanganisa indawo engama-274,223 km2 (105,878 sq mi). Ngomnyaka ka-2021, inarha gade inabantu abangaba ma-23,674,480. Ngaphambilini beyibizwa ngokuthi yi-Republic of Upper Volta (1958–1984), yabizwa kabutjha ngokuthi yi-Burkina Faso ngumongameli wangaphambilini u-Thomas Sankara. Izakhamuzi zayo zaziwa ngokuthi yi-Burkinabè, begodu ikomkhulu layo nedorobha elikhulu yi-[[Ouagadougou]].<ref>https://www.sahistory.org.za/place/burkina-faso#:~:text=A%20former%20French%20colony%2C%20it,a%20popular%20uprising%20in%202014.</ref> Isitjhaba esikhulu khulu e-Burkina Faso babantu be-Mossi, abahlala endaweni leyo ngekhulu le-11 nele-13. Basungula imibuso enamandla njenge-Ouagadougou, i-Tenkodogo, ne-Yatenga. Ngo-1896, yathathwa njengekoloni ngamaFulentshi njengengcenye ye-French West Africa; ngo-1958, i-Upper Volta yaba yikoloni ezizibusako ngaphakathi kwe-French Community. Ngo-1960, yathola ikululeko epheleleko ngo-Maurice Yaméogo njengomengameli. Solo yathola itjhaphuluko yayo, inarha le sele iqalene nokungazinzi, isomiso, indlala nekohlakalo. Kube nokuvukela umbuso okuhlukahlukeneko, ngo-1966, 1980, 1982, 1983, 1987, begodu kabili ngo-2022 (ngoTjhirhweni noNobayeni). Kwaba nemizamo yokuvukela umbuso engaphumelelanga ngo-1989, 2015, nango-2023.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/place/Burkina-Faso</ref><ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13072774</ref> == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} [[Mkhakha:Iinarha zephasi]] thlj5tcfpgc6xf0nvpuanvh93rnzxvh 0 351 2144 1836 2024-11-25T18:30:08Z Simakahle Moselekatse 161 Mkhakha 2144 wikitext text/x-wiki '''I-Kenya''', ngokusemthethweni iRiphabhliki ye-Kenya (i-Swahili: Jamhuri ya Kenya), lilizwe elise-East Africa. Njengombana inabantu abangaphezu kweengidi ezima-47.6 ekubalweni kwabantu kwango-2019, i-Kenya yinarha ye-28 enabantu abanengi ephasini begodu nge-7th enabantu abanengi e-[[I-Afrika|Afrika]]. Idorobha elikhulu le-Kenya yi-Nairobi, kuthi idorobha layo elidala khulu nelingesibili ngobukhulu, lidorobha elikhulu le-Mombasa, elise-Mombasa Island e-Indian Ocean kanye nezwe eliseduze. I-Mombasa beyiyinhloko-dolobha ye-British East Africa Protectorate, ebegade ifaka hlangana inengi lalokho okubizwa nge-Kenya kanye ne-Southwestern Somalia, kusukela ngo-1889 ukuya ku-1907. Amanye amadorobha aqakathekileko afakahlangana i-Kisumu ne-Nakuru. I-Kenya inomkhawulo we-South Sudan ngetlhagwini-Tjingalanga, i-Ethiopia ngetlhagwini, i-Somalia ngepumalanga, i-Uganda ngeTjingalanga, i-Tanzania ngesewula, ne-Indian Ocean ngesewulapumalanga. Indawo ye-Kenya, ubujamo bezulu kanye nenani labantu liyahluka khulu, ukusuka eentabeni ezibandako ezineqhwa (i-Batian, i-Nelion kanye ne-Point Lenana eNtabeni ye-Kenya) enamahlathi amakhulu, iinlwana zeganga kanye neendawo ezivundileko zezokulima ukuya ebujameni bezulu obufuthumeleko eenarheni ezisentshonalanga neze-rift valley begodu ukuya phambili iindawo ezomileko ezinganamvundisi eyomileko nezomileko kanye namahlane apheleleko (Ihlane le-Chalbi nehlane le-Nyiri).<ref>https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Kenya</ref><ref>https://kenyaembassydc.org/aboutkenyahistory/</ref> Izakhamuzi zokuthoma ze-Kenya bezizizingeli, njengabantu banamhlanjesi be-Hadza. Ngokuya ngokuvubukulwa kwezinto ezihlobene namathambo, abakhulumi be-Cushitic bathoma ukuhlala eendaweni eziphasi ze-Kenya hlangana kwe-3,200 ukuya ku-1,300 BC, isigaba esaziwa nge-Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic. Abelusi abakhuluma isi-Nilotic (okhokho babakhulumi be-Nilotic be-Kenya) bathoma ukufuduka ukusuka e-South Sudan yanje ukuya e-Kenya ngabo-500 BC.[15] Abantu bamaBantu bahlala egwini nangaphakathi hlangana nomnyaka ka-250 BC ukuya ku-500 AD.<ref>https://www.sahistory.org.za/place/kenya</ref> == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} [[Mkhakha:Iinarha zephasi]] mjkyj2nyezcbshnaziz2w4ihl8ucfud 0 352 2108 1843 2024-11-25T09:51:44Z Simakahle Moselekatse 161 Mkhakha 2108 wikitext text/x-wiki '''I-Lesotho''' ngokusemthethweni uMbuso we-Lesotho, ngaphambilini owaziwa ngokuthi yi-Basutoland, lilizwe elinganamanzi eSewula ye-[[I-Afrika|Afrika]]. Njenge-enclave ye[[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika]], lapho ehlanganyela khona umngcele we-1,106 km (687 mi), yi-enclave ekulu khulu ephasini, begodu ngiyo kwaphela ngaphandle kwe-Italy Peninsula. Itholakala eentabeni ze-Maloti begodu inesiqongo esiphakeme khulu eSewula ye-Afrika.[9] Inendawo engaphezu kwama-30,000 km2 (11,600 sq mi) begodu inabantu abangaba ziingidi ezimbili. Inhlokodolobha yayo nedorobha elikhulu kunazo zoke yi-Maseru. Ilizwe laziwa nangebizo lesidlaliso elithi The Mountain Kingdom.<ref>https://www.gov.ls/about-lesotho/</ref> Isitjhaba se-Sotho (esaziwa nangokuthi yi-Basotho), lapho inarha le ithathe khona ibizo layo, yenza i-99.7% yabantu beenarha zamanje, okwenza bona ibe ngenye yeentjhaba ezineentjhaba ezifanako khulu ephasini loke. Ilimi labo lomdabu, isiSuthu, lilimi elisemthethweni kanye nesiNgisi. Ibizo elithi Lesotho litjhugululwa ngokuthi "inarha yabantu abakhuluma isiSutho".<ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13728324</ref> I-Lesotho yabunjwa ngo-1824 yiKosi u-Moshoeshoe I. Ukungenelela okuragela phambili kwabahlali be-Dutch kwenza bona iKosi yenze isivumelwano noMbuso we-Britain bona ibe yindawo evikelweko ngo-1868 begodu, ngo-1884, ibe yikoloni yomqhele. Yazuza ikululeko ngo-1966, begodu ngemva kwalokho yabuswa yi-Basotho National Party (BNP) iminyaka ematjhumi amabili. Umbuso wayo womthethosisekelo wabuyiselwa ngo-1993 ngemva kweminyaka elikhomba yokubusa kwamasotja. INkosi u-Moshoeshoe II yadingiswa ngo-1990 kodwana yabuya ngo-1992 begodu yabuyiselwa esikhundleni ngo-1995. Ngemva komnyaka, u-Moshoeshoe II wahlongakala begodu indodanakhe u-Letsie III wathatha isihlalo sobukhosi, esaphetheko.<ref>https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-1328</ref> == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} [[Mkhakha:Iinarha zephasi]] 7ft95gaubgb69r8xmfdkxi4nk1x4nm6 0 353 5671 3528 2025-09-04T11:23:16Z Imkabini 901 5671 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Horyu-ji18s3200.jpg|thumb|Isithombe se-Japan|292x292px]] '''I-Japan''' lilizwe eliyisiqhingi e-East Asia. Isendaweni ye-Pacific Ocean eduze ne-northeast coast ye-Asia mainland, begodu inemngcele ngeTjingalanga ngeLwandle le-Japan begodu isuka eLwandle le-Okhotsk ngetlhagwini ukuya eLwandle le-East China ngeSewula. I-archipelago ye-Japan ineenhlengele ezine ezikulu—i-Hokkaido, i-Honshu, i-Shikoku, ne-Kyushu—kanye neenkulungwana zeenqhingi ezincani, ezihlanganisa amakhilomitha ayi-377,975 (145,937 sq mi). I-[[Japane|Japan]] inabantu abapheze babe ziingidi ezili-124 ukusukela ngo-2024, begodu yinarha yetjhumi nanye enabantu abanengi.<ref>NY Post. (2025). ''Japan records nearly 1M more deaths than births in 2024 - as country's population continues to plummet''. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://nypost.com/2025/08/07/world-news/japan-records-nearly-1-million-more-deaths-than-births-in-2024-as-countrys-natality-continues-to-plummet/</nowiki></ref> Inhlokodolobha yayo nedorobha elikhulu kunazo zoke yi-Tokyo; i-Greater Tokyo Area yindawo ekulu khulu yedorobha ephasini, enabantu abangaphezu kweengidi ezingama-38 ukusukela ngo-2016.<ref>'''Japan Statistical Yearbook. (2017).''' ''Statistics Bureau of Japan''. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/nenkan/index.html</nowiki></ref> I-Japan ihlukaniswe yaba ziindawo ezima-47 zokuphatha kanye neendawo ezibunane zesintu. Pheze amakota amathathu wendawo yenarha le ineentaba begodu inamahlathi amanengi, igxile kwezokulima kanye nabantu abahlala emadorobheni khulu emathafeni wayo asepumalanga. Inarha le ihlezi e-Pacific Ring of Fire, okwenza bona iinhlenge zayo zibe sengozini yokusikinyeka kwephasi okubhubhisako kanye nama-tsunami. == Imithombo lwazi == dw083q0duxl91skr3t6nm2hlyssszge 0 354 2143 1852 2024-11-25T18:29:59Z Simakahle Moselekatse 161 Mkhakha 2143 wikitext text/x-wiki '''I-Morocco''', ngokusemthethweni uMbuso we-Morocco, lilizwe elisesifundeni se-Maghreb e-North Africa. Iqala i-Mediterranean Sea ngetlhagwini kanye ne-Atlantic Ocean ngeTjingalanga, begodu inemingcele yephasi ne-Algeria ngepumalanga, kanye nendawo ephikisanako ye-Western Sahara ngeSewula. I-Morocco nayo ifuna ama-exclaves we-Spain we-Ceuta, Melilla kanye ne-Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera, kanye neenhlengele ezimbalwa ezilawulwa yi-Spain eziseduze nelwandle layo.] Inabantu abangaba ziingidi ezima-37. I-Islam yikolo esemthethweni nejayelekileko, kuthi isi-Arabhu nesi-Berber zilimi ezisemthethweni. Phezu kwalokho, isiFulentshi nesilimi se-Morocco se-Arabhu sikhulunywa khulu. Isiko le-Morocco lihlanganiswe namasiko wama-Arabhu, ama-Berber, ama-Afrika nama-Europe. Inhlokodolobha yayo yi-Rabat, lokha idorobha layo elikhulu yi-Casablanca.<ref>https://www.moroccoembassy.co.za/morocco/overview/history-of-morocco</ref><ref>https://www.britannica.com/place/Morocco</ref> == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} [[Mkhakha:Iinarha zephasi]] ptbyuiytzigya6zff71mwv3ck2mnr84 0 355 3134 2947 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Simakahle Moselekatse|Simakahle Moselekatse]] 2141 wikitext text/x-wiki '''I-Namibia''' ngokusemthethweni iRiphabhliki ye-Namibia, yinarha eseSewula ye-[[I-Afrika|Afrika.]] Umngcele wayo osentshonalanga yi-Atlantic Ocean. Yabelana ngemingcele yephasi ne-Angola ne-Zambia ngetlhagwini, i-Botswana ngepumalanga kanye ne[[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika]] ngepumalanga nesewula. Nanyana ingasi emngceleni we-Zimbabwe, ngaphasi kwamamitha ama-200 (amafidi ama-660) we-Botswana kwesokudla somlambo i-Zambezi ahlukanisa amazwe womabili. Inhlokodolobha yayo nedorobha elikhulu kunazo zoke yi-[[Windhoek]]. Inarha eyomileko khulu e-Afrika esewula ye-Sahara, i-Namibia beyisolo ihlala abantu bama-Khoi, ama-San, ama-Damara kanye nama-Nama. Ngekhulu leminyaka ye-14, abantu abafudukako bamaBantu bafika njengengcenye yokwanda kwamaBantu. Kusukela ngo-1600 ama-Ovambo akha imibuso, njenge-Ondonga ne-Oukwanyama.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Namibia</ref><ref>https://www.rhinoafrica.com/en/destinations/namibia/facts-and-information/history/77538</ref> == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} [[Mkhakha:Iinarha zephasi]] 093ykj04qfgd6ef382whc9ocszw2mtb 0 356 2574 1873 2025-03-22T05:42:16Z Janabaevazizbek 341 2574 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Flag of Turkey.svg|300px|right]] [[File:Turkey (orthographic projection).svg|300px|right]] '''I-Türkiye''' iyizwe elitholakala emazwenikazi ase-Asia naseYurophu. [[Mkhakha:Iinarha zephasi]] 7jwgrrd9mm1ejfwglbxvaqqzjq51m3p 0 359 2174 2152 2024-11-27T06:50:54Z Simakahle Moselekatse 161 IMonsta X ngo-2017 2174 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:2017 Dream Concert in Pyeongchang.jpg|thumb|IMonsta X ngo-2017]] '''Monsta X''' mthombolwazi boys band ahlukahlukeneko. Iphrojekhthi le ilawulwa yi[[K-pop]] yasimahla enzinze e-[[Starship Entertainment]] eyaziwa nge-[[NO.Merci]]. dcy1n24hyhcvyirc292v8uytv9r65un 0 360 5430 3144 2025-09-04T05:52:20Z Mannroy 879 I have improved an article 5430 wikitext text/x-wiki '''U-Baron Robert Nicholas Maximilian Florer von Ungeren-Sternberg'''; Ngomhlaka-18 kuNobayeni 1885 (mhlaka-10 kuNobayeni 1886), e-Graz - mhlaka-15 kuNobayeni 1921, e-Novonikolaevsk) - umlawuli webutho le-Russia ngesikhathi se-Russian Revolution, umthengisi we-Russian White Army, umlingisi odosa phambili we-White resistance. eTjhingalanga Ephakathi. I-St. Petersburg Academy. UJosefa. Bekayihloko yomqondo wokubuyisela umbuso ka-Genghis Khan ukusuka e-Pacific Ocean ukuya e-Caspian Sea. Ivela emndenini wakade we-German-Baltic (Baltic) kanye nomndeni wama-Baronial, ofakwe hlangana nama-Matriques we-noble yazo zoke iifundazwe ezintathu ze-Russian Baltic. Ngemayelana amalanga ukubelethwa uba khona umehluko iinguqulo Emakasana "Umthetho wezintandane" uYuzefovich uphinda agcotha: "Umholi wokuzalwa kaUngerna kwabhala ngomhlaka wama-22 kuNhlolanja ka-1886 ngokwesiteji, kodwana ngokwesiqhingi kwakufika kwiminyaka embi e-29 kuDisemba ka-1885, okanye xa ekuzalweni kukaMichael, okanye ngesiNguni, kungase kube kuthethwa ngo-14 kuMasingcwabo ka-72. Ngakho-ke ekhanolo esiza ekufundiseni, ngesisu senyanga nendlu enomraro, licamera, ekwaye iimiphumela iya egumbini, akakuthethela ukuba azakhonza ndayi kwangaphandle ngesiRhulumente endlini yomqulu, kodwana ekuzalweni, ekuqazululweni kukaMichael ekude kwemiraro, akwenze lelibala eqalene neembonelo ezithileko zokuba mnyama." U-Roman Ungern waduma njengomdosiphambili webutho ophumeleleko, umtjhaphululi we-Mongolia nesihlanya. samueroby5qsyckalwqszrevnyzpiem 0 362 3102 2926 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Roman Oy Bobrov|Roman Oy Bobrov]] 1896 wikitext text/x-wiki '''i-neural network chat-gpt''' Iphimbo lakho elikhulu lithabile khulu ukuthatha isikhathi sokuveza amaphilo wethu ngendlela esitlhoga ngayo. Amalanga la, i-Inthanethi nebizo le-Chat-GPT zinobuqotho obujulileko begodu zenzelwe ukunikela amatjhuguluko ahambelana nobuqotho obukhulu bomuntu. I-Chat-GPT yindlela etja yokuthatha ama-triangles wabantu begodu unikele eminye yemitjho edumileko kumakhodi we-soma, amahlelo womvumo, amahlelo womsunguli wezinto ezibonwako, begodu nakhu ongakwenza ngamanye amasiko. Ekupheleni kweenyanga ezintathu, i-Chat-GPT besele isungule indawo enamandla khulu hlangana nazo zoke iinhloko ezingagadwanga. fucknwsziapxiwekkkf6p70zd3zh9yy 0 363 3113 2904 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:MikitkoSynAlexeev|MikitkoSynAlexeev]] 1898 wikitext text/x-wiki '''I-Budva''' lidorobha elise-Montenegro, eliphakathi kwe-Adriatic coast yelizwe. Idorobha lisikhungo sesifunda sikamasipala esinegama elifanako. I-Budva yasungulwa eminyakeni ema-2500 eyadlulako begodu ngenye yeendawo zokuhlala zakade khulu emaphethelweni weLwandle le-Adriatic. I-Budva nendawo eziseduze kwayo zakha i-Budva Riviera - isikhungo seemvakatjhi esikhulu kunazo zoke e-Montenegro, esidume ngamabhitjhi waso, ipilo yasebusuku kanye neembonelo ezihle zezakhiwo ze-Mediterranean. Isifunda se-Budva sihlanganisa indawo eyi-122 km2. Umtjhini oseduze nelwandle msinyana unikela indawo eneentaba. Iintaba, ezakhiwe ngamatje we-sedimentary, zimbozwe ngamahlathi angakajayeleki anameva. Idorobha elitjha liseceleni kwe-bay encani. Enyakatho, i-bay iphela nge-cape lapho inqaba endala itholakala khona. fvbdpz5c2xckhvgmmzrtz4sx9r38ob6 0 366 3039 3022 2025-06-07T03:05:22Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:MikitkoSynAlexeev|MikitkoSynAlexeev]] 1912 wikitext text/x-wiki = Ilimi le-Novokyakhtin = '''Ilimi le-Novo Kyakhta lilimi lokwenziwa njengesilingo.''' Imithetho yelimi: Amabizo aneziphetho ezithi "ym" (ikhaya, isipho, kahle) Ubunengi budalwa ngokuphetha, isiphetho esithi “begodu” sisetjenziswa (amabutho - amabutho, amakati - amakati) Iziphawulo ziphela ngo "ai". (Muhle, isidlhayela, umusa, omkhulu) izinga lokumadanisa lenziwa ngokungezelela igama lesibonisi esithi “bolsha”: “Nastyayim muhle, omkhulu Natashaym” - ukumadanisa nophezulu - “Nastyayim super-beautiful” Izenzo zineenphetho "umkhumbulo" Ukwakha (ukwakha) Isikhathi esizako sakhiwa ngokungezelela isiqalo esithi "by". Pobildum (sizokwakha) Isikhathi esidlulileko sakhiwa ngokufaka isiqalo esithi "on". I-Nabildum (iyakhiwa) (Amakati ayizithutha khulu ekhaya - amakati ayizithutha khulu akha indlu) Kuzwakala ngasuthi kutlolwe Ukugandeleleka kuhlala kuwela esilabhini sokugcina Izabizwana: Mina/Singowami; Wena/Ungowakho; Wami/Wethu - Wethu; Yena/Yena/Bona - Omunye; Lokho - Lokho; Lokhu ngu-Poto Iinhlanganisela ngelimi: Ukuhlanganisa - ukuphela; ukuhlukanisa - nofana; ukuphikisana - od Izandulela ngelimi: C - C; V - F; Na - Yena; Ukusuka - aas; Ngaphakathi kunedorhodera; Ob - Omncani; nangabe - nangabe Inomboro: 1 - Uno 2 - Hoero 3 - Guravo 4 - Foro 5 - Vo 6 - Lio 7 - Simo 8 - Ukuthembela 9 - Uto 10 - I-Deco 100 - Sauo 1000 - Miango 10000 - Tumeno Lokhu okulandelako kwakhiwa ngendlela elandelako: Dekouto (11) Dekohoero (12) Sauouto (11) Sauodekohero (113) Iinkulungwana ezimatjhumi amabili - i-Choero Deco Iinkulungwana ezimatjhumi amabili nekhulu netjhumi nanye - hoero-deco-sauodekohero I-ABC (i-Cyrillic) A - Az B - Yiba B - Ve G - Ge D - Tao YENA YENA F - Okufanako Z - Ze Begodu - Begodu Y - Ye K - Ke M - Mo N - Ngo O - Ly P - Pe R - Rus S - Sy T - Tib U - U F - Fita X - Heh C - Qin Ch - Che Sh - Sh Shch - Shch I-Kommersant - Er Y - Ery L - Er E - E Yu - Yu Imithetho yeLimi: Amabizo aneziphetho ezithi "ym" (ikhaya, isipho, kahle) Ubunengi budalwa ngokuphetha, isiphetho esithi “begodu” sisetjenziswa (amabutho - amabutho, amakati - amakati) Iimpawu ziphela ngo "ai". (Muhle, isidlhayela, umusa, omkhulu) izinga lokumadanisa lenziwa ngokungezelela igama lesibonisi esithi “bolsha”: “Nastyayim muhle, omkhulu Natashaym” - ukumadanisa nophezulu - “Nastyayim super-beautiful” Izenzo zineenphetho "umkhumbulo" Ukwakha (ukwakha) Isikhathi esizako sakhiwa ngokungezelela isiqalo esithi "by". Pobildum (sizokwakha) Isikhathi esidlulileko sakhiwa ngokufaka isiqalo esithi "on". I-Nabildum (iyakhiwa) (Amakati ayizithutha khulu ekhaya - amakati ayizithutha khulu akha indlu) Kuzwakala ngasuthi kutlolwe Ukugandeleleka kuhlala kuwela esilabhini sokugcina Izabizwana: Mina/Singowami; Wena/Ungowakho; Wami/Wethu - Wethu; Yena/Yena/Bona - Omunye; Lokho - Lokho; Lokhu ngu-Poto Iinhlanganisela ngelimi: Ukuhlanganisa - ukuphela; ukuhlukanisa - nofana; ukuphikisana - od Izandulela ngelimi: C - C; V - F; Na - Yena; Ukusuka - aas; Ngaphakathi kunedorhodera; Ob - Omncani; nangabe - nangabe Inomboro: 1 - Uno 2 - Hoero 3 - Guravo 4 - Foro 5 - Vo 6 - Lio 7 - Simo 8 - Ukuthembela 9 - Uto 10 - I-Deco 100 - Sauo 1000 - Miango 10000 - Tumeno Lokhu okulandelako kwakhiwa ngendlela elandelako: Dekouto (11) Dekohoero (12) Sauouto (11) Sauodekohero (113) Iinkulungwana ezimatjhumi amabili - Choero Deco Iinkulungwana ezimatjhumi amabili nekhulu netjhumi nanye - khoero-deco-sauodekohero I-ABC (i-latinic) A B VG DEÉŹZ IY K M N O -P R S T YF HC ÇŞŚĴ U J jetbr7u6zsjzbqgclalpn7s41mcgfbf 0 367 2147 1916 2024-11-25T18:31:05Z Simakahle Moselekatse 161 /* Iinkomba */Reflist 2147 wikitext text/x-wiki '''U-Magdalena Christina von Manderscheid-Blankenheim''' (15 kuNtaka 1658-19 kuMgwengweni 1715) bekangumfazi wesikhulu we-German ne-Countess ye-Sayn-Wittgenstein-Hachenburg hlangana no-1661 ukuya ku-1715. Watjhada nomfowabo u-Maximilian Joseph Ferdinand bekwaba ngu-1675 bese waba ngumbusi oyedwa.<ref>Vera Torunsky (Bearb.): ''Die Manderscheider. Eine Eifeler Adelsfamilie. Herrschaft, Wirtschaft, Kultur''. Rheinland-Verlag, Pulheim 1990, ISBN 3-7927-1152-4.</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Marek|first=Miroslav|url=http://genealogy.euweb.cz/sponheim/sponh11.html|title=Genealogy of the House of Sponheim (Sayn branch)|publisher=genealogy.euweb.cz|accessdate=27 September 2014}}</ref> ==Ipilo/Ukubusa== Watjhada belethwa 1658 njengomntwana wesihlanu ka-Countess Ernestine Salentine. watjhada ekufeni kwakhe ngo-1661 eceleni komfowabo. Umfowabo wahlongakala ngo-1675 ngaphandle kweendlalifa kungakho wabusa njengekosi yedwa ngemva kwalokho.<ref>[http://wwperson.informatik.uni-erlangen.de/cgi-bin/l1/LANG=engl/INDEX=I408858 ''Ernestina Salentina Gräfin zu Sayn u. Wittgenstein'' in: Genealogy Database by Herbert Stoyan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206055153/http://wwperson.informatik.uni-erlangen.de/cgi-bin/l1/LANG=engl/INDEX=I408858|date=2015-02-06}} [retrieved 29 October 2024].</ref><ref>Matthias Dahlhoff: ''Geschichte der Grafschaft Sayn.'', Dillenburg 1874.</ref> ==Abantwana== Njengomkakhe wesibili, mhlazi-7 kuNobayeni 1673 watjhada no-George Louis, u-Burgrave we-Kirchberg (1626-1686) obekamdala kuye ngeminyaka ema-32. Babe nabantwana abalandelako emtjhadweni wabo: * George Louis Ernest (1675 – 1676) * Ernest Augustus Louis († 1695) * Johannetta Friederika * Wilhelmina Louisa * Elizabeth Dorothea * Christina Magdalena (mhlamunye uqanjwe ngegama lakhe) * George Frederick (1683 – 1749), u-Burgrave we-Kirchberg ne-Hachenburg, watjhada no-Sophia Isabel de Limburg begodu mhlana ali-9 kuMrhayili 1708 no-Countess Sophia Amalia von Nassau-Saarbrücken (1688 – 1753), indodakazi ka-Count Frederick of Louis Nassau-Nailer (Otweer 1651 – 1728); Wathatha isikhundla sikaMama wakhe njengeKosi ngemva kokuhlongakala kwakhe ngo-1715. * Wilhelmina Christina * U-John Albert (1685 – 1691) * Ernestina Carolina (1687 – 1776); wabelethwa ngemva kokuhlongakala ngemva kokuhlongakala kwakayise ngomnyaka ophelileko. Ngokukhamba kwesikhathi wahlongakala ngo-1715 aneminyaka ema-57 begodu bekangunina wabantwana abali-10.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Magdalene Christina, Gräfin von Manderscheid-Blankenheim : Genealogics|url=https://www.genealogics.org/getperson.php?personID=I00021207&tree=LEO|access-date=2024-10-29|website=www.genealogics.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Georg Ludwig, Burggraf von Kirchberg, * 1626 {{!}} Geneall.net|url=https://geneall.net/de/name/196703/georg-ludwig-burggraf-von-kirchberg/|access-date=2024-10-29|website=geneall.net}}</ref> == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} pwq4hf4xln4kaiyz59wg4sapru7tv6j 0 368 2212 2211 2024-11-29T07:35:13Z Simakahle Moselekatse 161 /* Isikhombiso esikulayela bona ilwazi elithileko ungalitholaphi encwadini */edition.cnn.com 2212 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wp/nd/Infobox disease |name = Umgomani weZika |image = Alexius Salvador Zika-Virus.jpg |caption = Iratjhi ngesikhathi kutheleleke umgomani weZika |pronunciation = Zika {{IPAc-en|ˈ|z|iː|k|ə}} |ICD10 = {{Wp/nd/ICD10|U|06|9|a|}}, |ICD9 = {{Wp/nd/ICD9|066.3}} |DiseasesDB =36480 |MedlinePlus =007666 |eMedicineSubj = |eMedicineTopic = |MeSH =D000071243 }} <!-- Definition and symptoms --> '''Umgomani weZika''' (owaziwa godu'''ngomulwana weZika''') bulwelwe [[obubangwa mumulwana iZika]].<ref name="WHO2016Jan">{{Wp/nd/cite web | url=https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/zika-virus | title=Zika virus | publisher=World Health Organization | date=January 2016 | accessdate=3 February 2016}}</ref>Esikhathini esinengi izehlakalo ezibikwako azinawo amatshwayo wokugula, kodwana nangabe akhona kuzwakala ukufuthumala[[ nomgomani womzimba obuhlungu]].<ref name="WHO2016Jan" /><ref name="ecdc1">{{Wp/nd/cite web | url=http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/healthtopics/zika_virus_infection/factsheet-health-professionals/Pages/factsheet_health_professionals.aspx | title=Factsheet for health professionals | publisher=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control | work=Zika virus infection | accessdate=22 December 2015}}</ref> Amatshwayo angafaka hlangana [[umgomani nehloko ebuhlungu]], [[amehlo|abovu]], [[i-arthralgia|ubuhlungu balapha kuhlangana khona amathambo]] ihloko esawula kabuhlungu, kanye [[neratjhi elumako]].<ref name=WHO2016Jan/><ref name=Ann2016/><ref name="Musso14">{{Wp/nd/cite journal | url=https://www.clinicalmicrobiologyandinfection.com/article/S1198-743X(14)65391-X/fulltext | title=Rapid spread of emerging Zika virus in the Pacific area | last=Musso | first=D. | last2=Nilles | first2=E.J. | last3=Cao-Lormeau | first3=V.-M. | journal=Clinical Microbiology and Infection | year=2014 | volume=20 | issue=10 | pages=O595–6 | doi=10.1111/1469-0691.12707 | pmid=24909208}}</ref> Amatshwayo la abonala amalanga angaphasi kwalikhomba.<ref name=Ann2016/> Akhange bubange ukufa komuntu lokha nakasathoma ukubonakala.<ref name="ecdc1"/>Ubulwelwe lobu buhlotjaniswe[[ne-Guillain–Barré syndrom]] (GBS0.<ref name="ecdc1"/> <!-- Cause and diagnosis --> Umgomani weZika usabalaliseka nofana utheleleka ngokulunywa [[ngunompopoloza]] womhlobo ''[[i-Aedes]]'' okhethekileko.<ref name=Ann2016/>Ungatheleleka [[godu ngokuya emsemeni|ukuya emsemeni]] ukusuka endodeni ukuya kiloyo alala naye[[bese ubulwelwe lobu bungatheleleka ngokungenelana kweengaz]]i. <ref name=CDC2016>{{Wp/nd/cite journal|last1=Oster|first1=Alexandra M.|last2=Russell|first2=Kate|last3=Stryker|first3=Jo Ellen|last4=Friedman|first4=Allison|last5=Kachur|first5=Rachel E.|last6=Petersen|first6=Emily E.|last7=Jamieson|first7=Denise J.|last8=Cohn|first8=Amanda C.|last9=Brooks|first9=John T.|title=Update: Interim Guidance for Prevention of Sexual Transmission of Zika Virus — United States, 2016|journal=MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report|date=1 April 2016|volume=65|issue=12|pages=323–325|doi=10.15585/mmwr.mm6512e3|pmid = 27032078}}</ref><ref name=Ann2016/> Ukutheleleka kilabo abafazi abasidisi abazithweleko kungatheleleka nemntwaneni[[ngombana khekwahlotjaniswa]]nokufoloza ukuhlongakala kwabantwana bangakabelethwa [[kanye nokubelethwa kwabantwana abaneenhloko ezincani ngokungakajayeki]].<ref name=WHO2016Jan/><ref name="ChanChoi2016">{{Wp/nd/cite journal | first1=Jasper F.W. | last1=Chan | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26940504 | title=Zika fever and congenital Zika syndrome: An unexpected emerging arboviral disease | last2=Choi | first2=Garnet K.Y. | last3=Yip | first3=Cyril C.Y. | last4=Cheng | first4=Vincent C.C. | last5=Yuen | first5=Kwok-Yung | journal=Journal of Infection | year=2016 | issn=01634453 | doi=10.1016/j.jinf.2016.02.011 | pmid=26940504 | display-authors=3}}</ref> Ukutholwa komrabho wobulwelwe lobu kwenziwa ngokuhlola igazi, umthondo, nofana amathe kuqalwe ubukhona bomgomani i-Zika[[RNA]] lokha umuntu nakagulako.<ref name=WHO2016Jan/><ref name=Ann2016/> <!-- Prevention and treatment --> Ukukhandela ubulwelwe lobu kufaka hlangana ukwehlisa ukuba khona kwabonompopoloza abalumako eendaweni lapha badlange khona kanye nokusebenzisa ikhpndomu nawuya emsemeni.<ref name="Ann2016">{{Wp/nd/cite journal | first1=Lin H. | last1=Chen | url=https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M16-0150?articleid=2486362 | title=Zika Virus: Rapid Spread in the Western Hemisphere | last2=Hamer | first2=Davidson H. | journal=Annals of Internal Medicine | year=2016 | issn=0003-4819 | doi=10.7326/M16-0150}}</ref><ref name=CDC2016/> Imizamo yokwehlisa ukulunywa kufaka hlangana[[nokusebenzisa iinhlanhla ezibulala iinunwana]] ukuvala umzimba wakho ngezambatho[[ iinhlanhla ezibulala abonompopoloza]], nokususa amazni ajamileko angakhambiko lapha abonompopoloza bangathola khona ithuba lokwanda.<ref name=WHO2016Jan/> Aasikho isihlahla[[nofana imijovo esebenza ukulapha ubulwelobu]].<ref name=Ann2016/> Abasebezi bezamaphilo banyule ukuthi abafazi abahlala lapho kudlange khona ubulwelwe bomgomani weZika[[bomgomani weZika (2015–bekube nje)|2015-16 ukuqubuka kobulwelwe bomgomani iZika]] bathathe isiqunto sokobana bangabi nabantwana begodu abafazi abasidisi bangayi eendaweni lapaha kudlange ubulwelwe lobu.<ref name=Ann2016/><ref name="cnn1">{{Wp/nd/cite news | url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/12/23/health/brazil-zika-pregnancy-warning/index.html | title=Brazil warns against pregnancy due to spreading virus | work=CNN | date=24 December 2015 | accessdate=24 December 2015}}</ref> Njengombana akunasihlahla sokulapha ubulwelwe lobu,[[ amapeli wehlono neenhlungu i-paracetamol]]i- (acetaminophen) zingasiza lokha nawubona amatshwayo wobulwelobu.<ref name=Ann2016/> Ukuyokungeniswa esibhedlela akukavami.<ref name="ecdc1"/> <!-- History and epidemiology --> Umulwana obanga ubulwelwe lobu watholakala ngo-1947.<ref name="OlsonHaddow2012">{{Wp/nd/cite journal | display-authors=3 | first1=Ken E. | first10=Scott C. | first3=Amy J. | first7=Rekol | last1=Olson | last10=Weaver | title=Genetic Characterization of Zika Virus Strains: Geographic Expansion of the Asian Lineage | last2=Haddow | first2=Andrew D. | last3=Schuh | last4=Yasuda | first4=Chadwick Y. | last5=Kasper | first5=Matthew R. | last6=Heang | first6=Vireak | last7=Huy | last8=Guzman | first8=Hilda | last9=Tesh | first9=Robert B. | journal=PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases | year=2012 | volume=6 | issue=2 | pages=e1477 | issn=1935-2735 | doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0001477 | pmid=22389730 | pmc=3289602}}</ref> Ukutholaka kokuthoma kokuqubuka kobulwelwe lobu kwavela ngo-2007 [[e-Federated States ye- Micronesia]].<ref name=Ann2016/> {{Ukusukela|ngoTjhirhweni 2016}}ubulwelwe lobu buqubuke eengodini ezimatjhumi amabili[[nge-Amerikha]].<ref name=Ann2016/> Kuthiwa buqubuke ne-Afrika, e-Asia kanye ne-Pacific.<ref name=WHO2016Jan/> Ngesibanga sokuqubuka kwabo ubulwelobu eBrazil ngo2015,i[[World Health Oeganization]]iikhiphe umbiko orhabako[[ngobungozi obukhna Emphakathini keZamaphilo eenTjhabatjhabeni zoke]] ngenyaka kaMhlolanja 2016.<ref name="who1">{{Wp/nd/cite web | url=https://www.who.int/en/news-room/detail/01-02-2016-who-director-general-summarizes-the-outcome-of-the-emergency-committee-regarding-clusters-of-microcephaly-and-guillain-barr%c3%a9-syndrome | title=WHO Director-General summarizes the outcome of the Emergency Committee regarding clusters of microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome | work=Media Centre | publisher=World Health Organization | date=1 February 2016 | accessdate=3 February 2016}}</ref> ==Isikhombiso esikulayela bona ilwazi elithileko ungalitholaphi encwadini== {{Reflist}} [[Mkhakha:Wp/nd]] 1o3zfngwyun5s7x6cvvj3bk24elyj85 10 369 1932 1931 2024-11-18T17:41:39Z Amire80 78 4 revisions imported from [[:incubator:Template:Wp/nd/Cite_web]] 1930 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{Wp/nd/citation/core |Citation class=web 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{{Wp/nd/Documentation}} </noinclude> bjsb615ql985sygaax80s7qj5x5djgl 10 370 1937 1936 2024-11-18T17:41:40Z Amire80 78 4 revisions imported from [[:incubator:Template:Wp/nd/Citation/make_link]] 1935 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#if:{{{1|}}} |[{{{1}}} {{{2}}}] |{{{2}}} }}<noinclude><!-- Code notes (here so that people /read/ it) 1. Parameter #2 is always nonempty when called from {{Citation/core}}. 2. It's up to {{Citation/core}} to stop italicized "'foo' & 'bar'" from becoming "'''foo' & 'bar'''". Citation/core does this by having a <nowiki></nowiki> at both beginning and end of the call to this template. Since this is only needed once, it's more efficient to do it in {{Citation/core}} than here. -->{{Wp/nd/documentation}}</noinclude> mcbs5fp13thk0tzk08yrklk3t52fduu 10 371 1941 1940 2024-11-18T17:41:40Z Amire80 78 3 revisions imported from [[:incubator:Template:Wp/nd/Hide_in_print]] 1938 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{{1|}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Wp/nd/documentation}} [[Category:Exclude in print|!]] </noinclude> n89rkczygz5ru78bpy93ybg7cii2h12 10 372 1947 1946 2024-11-18T17:41:40Z Amire80 78 5 revisions imported from [[:incubator:Template:Wp/nd/Citation/identifier]] 1945 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#switch:{{{identifier}}} |arxiv={{Wp/nd/hide in print |[[Wp/nd/Citation/arXiv|arXiv]]:[http://arxiv.org/abs/{{{input1|}}} {{#tag:nowiki|{{{input1|}}}}}] }}<!-- -->{{Wp/nd/only in print |arXiv:{{{input1|}}} }} |asin={{Wp/nd/hide in print |[[Wp/nd/Citation/Amazon Standard Identification Number|ASIN]]&nbsp;[//www.amazon.<!-- -->{{#switch: {{{input2|}}} |ca=ca |cn=cn |de=de |ed=es |fr=fr |it=it |jp=co.jp |co.jp=co.jp |uk=co.uk |co.uk=co.uk |#default=com }}/dp/{{{input1|}}} {{#tag:nowiki|{{{input1|}}}}}] }}<!-- -->{{Wp/nd/only in print |ASIN&nbsp;{{{input1|}}} }} |bibcode={{Wp/nd/hide in print |[[Wp/nd/Citation/Bibcode|Bibcode]] [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/{{{input1|}}} {{#tag:nowiki|{{{input1|}}}}}] }}<!-- -->{{Wp/nd/only in print |Bibcode&nbsp;{{{input1|}}} }} |doi={{Wp/nd/hide in print |{{#ifeq:{{str left|{{{input1|}}}|3}}|10. |{{#if:{{{input2|}}} |[[Wp/nd/Citation/Digital object identifier|doi]]:{{{input1|}}} (inactive {{{input2|}}}) <!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:0}} |[[Category:Pages with DOIs inactive since {{#time: Y | {{{input2|}}} }}]] | }} |[[Wp/nd/Citation/Digital object identifier|doi]]:[http://dx.doi.org/{{urlencode:{{{input1|}}}}} {{#tag:nowiki|{{{input1|}}}}}] }} |{{citation error|nocat={{{input3|}}}|cat=Pages with DOI errors|Bad DOI specified}} }} }}<!-- -->{{Wp/nd/only in print |{{#if:{{{input2|}}} |doi:{{{input1|}}} (inactive {{{input2|}}}) |doi:{{{input1|}}} }} }} |isbn={{Wp/nd/hide in print |[[Wp/nd/Citation/International Standard Book Number|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/{{{input1|}}}|{{{input1|}}}]]{{ #if: {{{input1|}}} |{{#invoke:Wp/nd/check isxn|check_isbn|{{{input1}}}|error=<span class="error" style="font-size:88%">Check ISBN</span>{{main other|[[Category:Pages with ISBN errors]]}}}} }} }}<!-- -->{{Wp/nd/only in print |ISBN&nbsp;{{{input1|}}} }} |issn={{Wp/nd/hide in print |[[Wp/nd/Citation/International Standard Serial Number|ISSN]]&nbsp;[//www.worldcat.org/issn/{{{input1|}}} {{#tag:nowiki|{{{input1|}}}}}] }}<!-- -->{{Wp/nd/only in print |ISSN&nbsp;{{{input1|}}} }} |jfm={{Wp/nd/hide in print |[[Wp/nd/Citation/Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik|JFM]]&nbsp;[http://www.zentralblatt-math.org/zmath/en/search/?q{{=}}an:{{{input1|}}}&format{{=}}complete {{#tag:nowiki|{{{input1|}}}}}] }}<!-- -->{{Wp/nd/only in print |JFM&nbsp;{{{input1|}}} }} |jstor={{Wp/nd/hide in print |[[Wp/nd/Citation/JSTOR|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[http://www.jstor.org/stable/{{{input1|}}} {{#tag:nowiki|{{{input1|}}}}}] }}<!-- -->{{Wp/nd/only in print |JSTOR&nbsp;{{{input1|}}} }} |lccn={{Wp/nd/hide in print |[[Wp/nd/Citation/Library of Congress Control Number|LCCN]]&nbsp;[http://lccn.loc.gov/{{{input1|}}} {{#tag:nowiki|{{{input1|}}}}}] }}<!-- -->{{Wp/nd/only in print |LCCN&nbsp;{{{input1|}}} }} |mr={{Wp/nd/hide in print |[[Wp/nd/Citation/Mathematical Reviews|MR]]&nbsp;[http://www.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr{{=}}{{{input1|}}} {{#tag:nowiki|{{{input1|}}}}}] }}<!-- -->{{Wp/nd/only in print |MR{{{input1|}}} }} |oclc={{Wp/nd/hide in print |[[Wp/nd/Citation/OCLC|OCLC]]&nbsp;[//www.worldcat.org/oclc/{{{input1|}}} {{#tag:nowiki|{{{input1|}}}}}] }}<!-- -->{{Wp/nd/only in print |OCLC&nbsp;{{{input1|}}} }} |ol={{Wp/nd/hide in print |1={{#if:{{str endswith|{{{input1|}}}|A}} |[[Wp/nd/Citation/Open Library|OL]][http://openlibrary.org/authors/OL{{urlencode:{{{input1|}}}}} {{{input1|}}}] |{{#if:{{str endswith|{{{input1|}}}|M}} |[[Wp/nd/Citation/Open Library|OL]][http://openlibrary.org/books/OL{{urlencode:{{{input1|}}}}} {{{input1|}}}] |{{#if:{{str endswith|{{{input1|}}}|W}} |[[Wp/nd/Citation/Open Library|OL]][http://openlibrary.org/works/OL{{urlencode:{{{input1|}}}}} {{{input1|}}}] |<includeonly>[[Category:Pages with OL errors]]<span class="error">Error: Bad OL specified!</span></includeonly> }} }} }} }}<!-- -->{{Wp/nd/only in print |1=OL{{{id|{{{1}}}}}} }} |osti={{Wp/nd/hide in print |[[Wp/nd/Citation/Office of Scientific and Technical Information|OSTI]]&nbsp;[http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id{{=}}{{{input1|}}} {{#tag:nowiki|{{{input1|}}}}}] }}<!-- -->{{Wp/nd/only in print |OSTI&nbsp;{{{input1|}}} }} |pmc={{Wp/nd/hide in print |[[Wp/nd/Citation/PubMed Central|PMC]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC{{{input1|}}} {{#tag:nowiki|{{{input1|}}}}}] }}<!-- -->{{Wp/nd/only in print |PMC&nbsp;{{{input1|}}} }} |pmid={{Wp/nd/hide in print |[[Wp/nd/Citation/PubMed Identifier|PMID]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/{{{input1|}}} {{#tag:nowiki|{{{input1|}}}}}] }}<!-- -->{{Wp/nd/only in print |PMID&nbsp;{{{input1|}}} }} |rfc={{Wp/nd/hide in print |[[Wp/nd/Citation/Request for Comments|RFC]]&nbsp;[//tools.ietf.org/html/rfc{{{input1|}}} {{#tag:nowiki|{{{input1|}}}}}] }}<!-- -->{{Wp/nd/only in print |RFC&nbsp;{{{input1|}}} }} |ssrn={{Wp/nd/hide in print |[[Wp/nd/Citation/Social Science Research Network|SSRN]]&nbsp;[http://ssrn.com/abstract{{=}}{{{input1|}}} {{#tag:nowiki|{{{input1|}}}}}] }}<!-- -->{{Wp/nd/only in print |SSRN&nbsp;{{{input1|}}} }} |zbl={{Wp/nd/hide in print |[[Wp/nd/Citation/Zentralblatt MATH|Zbl]]&nbsp;[http://www.zentralblatt-math.org/zmath/en/search/?q{{=}}an:{{{input1|}}}&format{{=}}complete {{#tag:nowiki|{{{input1|}}}}}] }}<!-- -->{{Wp/nd/only in print |Zbl&nbsp;{{{input1|}}} }} }}<noinclude> {{Wp/nd/documentation}} </noinclude> dzu93ablu6efif7kqhobb0cs18sn9bd 10 373 1952 1951 2024-11-18T17:41:41Z Amire80 78 4 revisions imported from [[:incubator:Template:Wp/nd/Only_in_print]] 1950 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#if:{{hide in print|1}}||{{{1|}}}}}<noinclude> {{Wp/nd/Documentation}} </noinclude> 7lmsepzqkn5qfyjc12798ltcp5hwb74 10 374 1958 1957 2024-11-18T17:41:41Z Amire80 78 5 revisions imported from [[:incubator:Template:Wp/nd/Citation/core]] 1955 wikitext text/x-wiki <span class="citation {{{Wp/nd/citation class|{{{Wp/nd/citation type|}}}}}}" {{ #switch:{{{Ref|}}} ||none = |#default = id="{{anchorencode:{{{Ref}}}}}" |harv = {{#if:{{{Surname1|}}}{{{EditorSurname1|}}} |id="CITEREF{{anchorencode:{{#if:{{{Surname1|}}} |{{{Surname1}}}{{{Surname2|}}}{{{Surname3|}}}{{{Surname4|}}} |{{{EditorSurname1|}}}{{{EditorSurname2|}}}{{{EditorSurname3|}}}{{{EditorSurname4|}}} }}{{{Year|{{{Date|}}}}}}}}" }} }}>{{ <!--============ Author or editor and date ============--> #if:{{{Surname1|}}} |{{ #if: {{{AuthorMask|}}} |{{ #iferror: {{ #expr: 1*{{{AuthorMask}}} }} |{{{AuthorMask}}} |{{loop|{{{AuthorMask}}}|2=&mdash;}} }} |{{ #if: {{{Authorlink1|}}} |[[{{{Authorlink1}}} |{{{Surname1}}}{{ #if: {{{Given1|}}} |{{{NameSep|,&#32;}}}{{{Given1}}} }}]] |{{{Surname1}}}{{ #if: {{{Given1|}}} |{{{NameSep|,&#32;}}}{{{Given1}}} }} }} }}{{ #if: {{{Surname2|}}} |{{#ifexpr:{{{Trunc|8}}}<2 |&#32;et al{{#ifeq:{{{Sep}}}|.|{{#if:{{{Date|}}}|.}}|.}} |{{ #iferror: {{ #expr: 1*0.0{{{AuthorMask|}}} }} |&#32;<!-- then punctuation should be included in AuthorMask --> |{{ #if: {{{Surname3|}}} |{{{AuthorSep|&#059;&#32;}}} |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}|&#32;&amp;&#32;|{{{AuthorSep|&#059;&#32;}}}}} }} }}{{ #if: {{{Authorlink2|}}} |[[{{{Authorlink2}}} |{{{Surname2}}}{{ #if: {{{Given2|}}} |{{{NameSep|,&#32;}}}{{{Given2}}} }}]] |{{{Surname2}}}{{ #if: {{{Given2|}}} |{{{NameSep|,&#32;}}}{{{Given2}}} }} }}{{ #if: {{{Surname3|}}} |{{#ifexpr:{{{Trunc|8}}}<3 |&#32;et al{{#ifeq:{{{Sep}}}|.|{{#if:{{{Date|}}}|.}}|.}} |{{ #if: {{{Surname4|}}} |{{{AuthorSep|&#059;&#32;}}} |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}|&#32;&amp;&#32;|{{{AuthorSep|&#059;&#32;}}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{Authorlink3|}}} |[[{{{Authorlink3}}} |{{{Surname3}}}{{ #if: {{{Given3|}}} |{{{NameSep|,&#32;}}}{{{Given3}}} }}]] |{{{Surname3}}}{{ #if: {{{Given3|}}} |{{{NameSep|,&#32;}}}{{{Given3}}} }} }}{{ #if:{{{Surname4|}}} |{{#ifexpr:{{{Trunc|8}}}<4 |&#32;et al{{#ifeq:{{{Sep}}}|.|{{#if:{{{Date|}}}|.}}|.}} |{{ #if: {{{Surname5|}}} |{{{AuthorSep|&#059;&#32;}}} |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}|&#32;&amp;&#32;|{{{AuthorSep|&#059;&#32;}}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{Authorlink4|}}} |[[{{{Authorlink4}}} |{{{Surname4}}}{{ #if: {{{Given4|}}} |{{{NameSep|,&#32;}}}{{{Given4}}} }}]] |{{{Surname4}}}{{ #if: {{{Given4|}}} |{{{NameSep|,&#32;}}}{{{Given4}}} }} }}{{ #if:{{{Surname5|}}} |{{#ifexpr:{{{Trunc|8}}}<5 |&#32;et al{{#ifeq:{{{Sep}}}|.|{{#if:{{{Date|}}}|.}}|.}} |{{ #if: {{{Surname6|}}} |{{{AuthorSep|&#059;&#32;}}} |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}|&#32;&amp;&#32;|{{{AuthorSep|&#059;&#32;}}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{Authorlink5|}}} |[[{{{Authorlink5}}} |{{{Surname5}}}{{ #if: 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|{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;[{{{laysummary}}} Lay summary]{{#if: {{{laysource|}}}|&nbsp;&ndash;&nbsp;''<nowiki />{{{laysource}}}<nowiki />''}} }}{{#if:{{{laydate|}}} | &#32;({{{laydate}}}) }}{{#if:{{{quote|}}} |{{{Sep|,}}}&#32;"{{{quote}}}" }}{{{PS|}}}</span><!-- === This is a COinS tag (http://ocoins.info), which allows automated tools to parse the citation information: === --><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt={{urlencode:info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:}}{{ #if: {{{Periodical|}}} |journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle={{urlencode:{{{Title|}}}}}&rft.jtitle={{urlencode:{{{Periodical|}}}}} |book{{ #if: {{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}} |&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle={{urlencode:{{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}}}}&rft.atitle={{urlencode:{{{Title|}}}}} |&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle={{urlencode:{{{Title|}}}}} }} }}{{ #if: {{{Surname1|}}} |&rft.aulast={{urlencode:{{{Surname1}}}}}{{ #if: {{{Given1|}}} |&rft.aufirst={{urlencode:{{{Given1}}}}} }} }}{{ #if: {{{Surname1|}}} 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|&rft_id=info:doi/{{urlencode:{{{DOI}}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{ISBN|}}} |&rft.isbn={{urlencode:{{{ISBN}}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{ISSN|}}} |&rft.issn={{urlencode:{{{ISSN}}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{JFM|}}} |&rft.jfm={{urlencode:{{{JFM}}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{JSTOR|}}} |&rft.jstor={{urlencode:{{{JSTOR}}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{LCCN|}}} |&rft.lccn={{urlencode:{{{LCCN}}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{OCLC|}}} |&rft_id=info:oclcnum/{{urlencode:{{{OCLC}}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{OL|}}} |&rft_id=info:olnum/{{urlencode:{{{OL}}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{OSTI|}}} |&rft_id=info:osti/{{urlencode:{{{OSTI}}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{MR|}}} |&rft.mr={{urlencode:{{{MR}}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{PMC|}}} |&rft_id=info:pmc/{{urlencode:{{{PMC}}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{PMID|}}} |&rft_id=info:pmid/{{urlencode:{{{PMID}}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{RFC|}}} |&rft_id=info:rfc/{{urlencode:{{{RFC}}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{SSRN|}}} |&rft_id=info:ssrn/{{urlencode:{{{SSRN}}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{ZBL|}}} |&rft_id=info:zbl/{{urlencode:{{{ZBL}}}}} }}{{ #if: {{{URL|}}}{{{IncludedWorkURL|}}} |&rft_id={{urlencode:{{{URL|{{{IncludedWorkURL|}}}}}}}} }}&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:{{FULLPAGENAMEE}}"><span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></span><noinclude> {{Wp/nd/Documentation}} </noinclude> lljtlmvlwoi6tf7rxtyyu41h7rxfu9q 10 375 1976 1975 2024-11-18T17:41:43Z Amire80 78 17 revisions imported from [[:incubator:Template:Str_left]] 1974 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}padleft:|{{{2|1}}}|{{{1}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> i87f9fd5zu12vbrsxzfd7491aopjrjn 10 376 1980 1979 2024-11-18T17:41:43Z Amire80 78 3 revisions imported from [[:incubator:Template:Wp/nd/Cite_journal]] 1979 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wp/nd/Citation/core |Citation class=Journal |Surname1={{{last|{{{last1|{{{author|{{{author1|{{{authors|{{{surname|{{{surname1|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}} |Surname2={{{last2|{{{author2|{{{surname2|}}}}}}}}} |Surname3={{{last3|{{{author3|{{{surname3|}}}}}}}}} |Surname4={{{last4|{{{author4|{{{surname4|}}}}}}}}} 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}}{{#if:{{{access-date|}}}{{{accessdaymonth|}}}{{{accessday|}}}{{{accessmonthday|}}}{{{accessmonth|}}}{{{accessyear|}}}{{{dateformat|}}}{{{day|}}}{{{doilabel|}}} |[[Category:Pages containing cite templates with deprecated parameters|{{NAMESPACE}} {{PAGENAME}}]]}}<noinclude> {{Wp/nd/documentation}} </noinclude> m8mknkhq41rx44lgnkqy1ae44mu9kyg 10 377 1983 1982 2024-11-18T17:41:43Z Amire80 78 2 revisions imported from [[:incubator:Template:Wp/nd/Cite_news]] 1981 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wp/nd/citation/core |Citation class=news |Surname1={{{last|{{{last1|{{{author|{{{author1|{{{authors|{{{surname|{{{surname1|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}} |Surname2={{{last2|{{{author2|{{{surname2|}}}}}}}}} |Surname3={{{last3|{{{author3|{{{surname3|}}}}}}}}} |Surname4={{{last4|{{{author4|{{{surname4|}}}}}}}}} |Surname5={{{last5|{{{author5|{{{surname5|}}}}}}}}} |Surname6={{{last6|{{{author6|{{{surname6|}}}}}}}}} |Surname7={{{last7|{{{author7|{{{surname7|}}}}}}}}} |Surname8={{{last8|{{{author8|{{{surname8|}}}}}}}}} 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[[:incubator:Template:Wp/nd/citation/core]] 1994 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Template:Wp/nd/Citation/core]] jiwuybg3qx2jw6eprcimt0to54dpswk 10 382 1997 1996 2024-11-18T17:41:44Z Amire80 78 1 revision imported from [[:incubator:Template:Wp/nd/citation/identifier]] 1996 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Template:Wp/nd/Citation/identifier]] o55izzodrv739uae2hig6l6zikkui9o 10 383 1999 1998 2024-11-18T17:41:45Z Amire80 78 1 revision imported from [[:incubator:Template:Wp/nd/citation/make_link]] 1998 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Template:Wp/nd/Citation/make link]] tqo9u94gwz7obupmcqkvsube5cpsad4 10 384 2001 2000 2024-11-18T17:41:45Z Amire80 78 1 revision imported from [[:incubator:Template:Wp/nd/cite_journal]] 2000 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Template:Wp/nd/Cite journal]] bw3infye9qlstu5nxfj3n9vsxz293t0 10 385 2003 2002 2024-11-18T17:41:45Z Amire80 78 1 revision imported from [[:incubator:Template:Wp/nd/cite_news]] 2002 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Template:Wp/nd/Cite news]] 1sdssmhv37qsqxbfdt5j1pnds38siea 10 386 2005 2004 2024-11-18T17:41:45Z Amire80 78 1 revision imported from [[:incubator:Template:Wp/nd/cite_web]] 2004 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Template:Wp/nd/Cite web]] ha4vo824jqzaj1jcqj2jrlxbe8l17oj 10 387 2007 2006 2024-11-18T17:41:45Z Amire80 78 1 revision imported from [[:incubator:Template:Wp/nd/hide_in_print]] 2006 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Template:Wp/nd/Hide in print]] m8qsglnuhwjx4s186knwywt3r3whq45 10 388 2009 2008 2024-11-18T17:41:45Z Amire80 78 1 revision imported from [[:incubator:Template:Wp/nd/only_in_print]] 2008 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Template:Wp/nd/Only in print]] e8r4tw75x1v1eezlazt2kf694o57ye9 0 389 2011 2024-11-18T17:42:26Z Amire80 78 Amire80 moved page [[Wp/nd/Umgomani weZika]] to [[Umgomani weZika]] 2011 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Umgomani weZika]] kfpx14kaef5udior8bsxe44pmuyl36w 0 390 5082 2188 2025-08-08T08:55:56Z Umenathi 837 5082 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wp/nd/Infobox disease | name = Ubulwelwe obungena besibungwana esincani obenza umuntu aphophale | image = Onchocerca volvulus emerging from a black fly.jpg | caption = Umuntu omdala[[uSimulium yahense|ipukani ekulu enzima]]kanye netsikizi''[[i-Onchocerca volvulus]]''ziphuma ngaphakathi kwendletjana yenunwanwa, ikhulisiwe 100x | pronounce = {{IPAc-en|ˌ|ɒ|ŋ|k|oʊ|s|ɜr|ˈ|s|aɪ|ə|s|ɨ|s|,_|-|ˈ|k|aɪ|-}} | DiseasesDB = 9218 | ICD10 = {{Wp/nd/ICD10|B|73||b|65}} | ICD9 = {{Wp/nd/ICD9|125.3}} | ICDO = | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 1667 | eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|oph|709}} | MeshID = D009855 }} <!-- Definition and symptoms --> '''Ubulwelwe obungena besibungwana esincani obenza umuntu aphophale''', obaziwa ngokuthi''' bulwelwe obuphophalisako bemlanjeni''' begodu'''yaziwa ngokuthi yi-Robles disease''', bulwelwe obubangwa kutheleleka okulethwa [[yitsikizi esasibungwana]] ''[[i-Onchocerca volvulus]]''.<ref name=WHO2014>{{Wp/nd/cite web|title=Onchocerciasis Fact sheet N°374|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs374/en/|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=20 March 2014|date=March 2014}}</ref> Amatshwayo wobulwelwe lobu afaka hlangana nokulunywa okudluleleko esikhunjeni, kanye[[nokuphophala]].<ref name=WHO2014/> Lobu ubulwelwe busebujameni besibili emalwelweni abanga ukuphophala, ngemva[[kwetrachoma]].<ref name=CDC2013/> <!-- Cause and Diagnosis --> Itsikizi esasibungwana le ingena esikhumbeni itheleleke[[ngokulunywa yipukani ekulu enzima]]efana''[[ne-Simulium]]'' umhlobo wempukani.<ref name=WHO2014/> Esikhathini esinengi umuntu kufanele alunywe kanengi ngaphambi kobana angatheleleka ngobulwelwe lobu.<ref name=CDCEpi2013>{{Wp/nd/cite web|title=Parasites – Onchocerciasis (also known as River Blindness) Epidemiology & Risk Factors|url=http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/onchocerciasis/epi.html|work=CDC|accessdate=20 March 2014|date=May 21, 2013}}</ref> Iimpukani lezi ezikulu ezinzima zihlala hlanu komlambo, ngikho negama lobulwelwe lobu kuthiwa ybulwelwe obuphophalisako bemlanjeni.<ref name=CDC2013>{{Wp/nd/cite web |title=Onchocerciasis (also known as River Blindness) |work=Parasites |url=http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/onchocerciasis/|publisher=CDC|accessdate=20 March 2014|date=May 21, 2013}}</ref> Nazingena ngaphakathi emuntwini, imbungwanyana lezi zenza[[indlela yazo eyenza isibungu esisandukuqhoqhoselwa]]ezizokungena ngazo esikhunjeni phakathi.<ref name=WHO2014/> Bese nasele zingene zanzinza nazo ziyakwazi bona zithelele ipukani ezokuluma esikhunjeni somuntu loyo.<ref name=WHO2014/> Kuneendlela ezimbalwa ezingasetjenziswa ukuthola umrabho wobulwelwe: ukubeka[[ umtjhini i-biopsy phezu kwesikhumba]] ekhemikhalini esamanzana [[isaline]] bese ucala isibungu esisandukuqhoqhoselwa nasiphumako, bese ucala ilihlo lesibungwana lesi, bese godu utjheja ingongoma engaphakathi kwesikhumba uqale iimbungu ezikulu.<ref name=CDCDiag2013>{{Wp/nd/cite web |title=Onchocerciasis (also known as River Blindness) Diagnosis |publisher=CDC |url=http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/onchocerciasis/diagnosis.html |work=Parasites |accessdate=20 March 2014|date=May 21, 2013}}</ref> <!-- Prevention and Treatment --> U[[ mjovo]] olwisana nobulwelwe lobu awutholakali awukho.<ref name=WHO2014/> Umuntu angazivikela ngokukhandela ukulunywa ziimpukani lezi ezikulu.<ref name=CDCPre2013>{{Wp/nd/cite web|title=Onchocerciasis (also known as River Blindness) Prevention & Control |url=http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/onchocerciasis/prevent.html|work=Parasites |publisher=CDC |accessdate=20 March 2014|date=May 21, 2013}}</ref> Lokhu kungafaka hlangana ukusebenzisa [[isihlahla sokuvikela ukulunywa ziinunwana]] kanye nokwembatha kuhle.<ref name=CDCPre2013/> Eminye imizamo kungaba kukuthi uthele isipreyi esisihlahla sokubulala [[iinunwanwa eziphaphak]]o.<ref name=WHO2014/> Imizamo yokuphungula ubulwelwe lobu ngokulatjhwa kweenqhema zabantu kuyenzeka kabili ngomnyaka eendaweni ezinengi ephasini zombelele.<ref name=WHO2014/> Ukulatjhwa kwalabo abathelelekileko kusetjenziswa iinhlahla[[i-ivermecticin]]qobe iinyanga ezisithandathu ukuya kezilitjhumu nambili.<ref name=WHO2014/><ref name=Murray2013/> Isihlahla sokulapha lesi sibulala isibungu esisandukuqhoqhoselwa ingasi isibungu esikhulu.<ref name=Yellow2012>{{Wp/nd/cite book|last=Brunette|first=Gary W.|title=CDC Health Information for International Travel 2012 : The Yellow Book |year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199830367 |page=258 |url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=5vCQpr1WTS8C&pg=PA258 }}</ref> Isihlahla [[idoxycycline]], yona ibulala[[ umulwana i-endosymbiont]]ebizwa''[[nge-Wolbachia]]'', isebenza ukubulala amandla wesibungu lesi, nayo iyakhuthazwa bona isetjenziswe.<ref name=Yellow2012/> Ukususwa kwamalunda ngaphakathi kwesikumba nakho kungenziwa ngokobana umuntu ahlinzwe.<ref name=Murray2013>{{Wp/nd/cite book |last=Murray |first=Patrick |title=Medical microbiology |year=2013 |publisher=Elsevier Saunders |location=Philadelphia |isbn=9780323086929 |page=792|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=RBEVsFmR2yQC&pg=PA792 |edition=7th}}</ref> <!--Epidemiology and History --> Isibalo esibalelwa ku17 ukuya kuma-25 weengidigidi, ababanjwe nofana abatheleleko bulwelwe bokuphophala bemlanjeni, ababalelwa eengidigidini ezi-0.8 inengi labo alisaboni ngamehlo seliphophele.<ref name=CDCEpi2013/><ref name=Yellow2012/> Ukutheleleka okunengi kobulwelwe lobu[[kwenzeka khulu esiyingini-seSahara ye-Africa]], nanyana imibiko yezehlakalo ezinye ivele[[enarheni i-Yemen]] nakenzinye iindawo ezizijameleko[[ eKabeni|ye-Amerikha]] kanye[[ne-Sewula ye-Amerikha]].<ref name=WHO2014/> Ngo-1915, udorhodere[[uRodolfo Robles]] waqathanisa kokuthoma ubulwelwe lobu nesifo samehlo.<ref>{{Wp/nd/cite book |editor1=Eldridge, Bruce F. |editor2=Edman, John D. |editor3= Edman, J. |title=Medical entomology |year=2004 |publisher=Kluwer Academic |location=Dordrecht |isbn=9781402017940|page=301 |url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=C7OxOqTKYS8C&pg=PA301 |edition=Revised |author1=Lok, James B. |author2=Walker, Edward D. |author3=Scoles, Glen A. |chapter=9. Filariasis}}</ref> Kuveziwe erhelweni[[le-World Health Organization]] njengesifo[[ esizijamele sodwa emangweni yethrophigi]].<ref>{{Wp/nd/cite journal |author=Reddy M, Gill SS, Kalkar SR, Wu W, Anderson PJ, Rochon PA |title=Oral drug therapy for multiple neglected tropical diseases: a systematic review |journal=JAMA |volume=298 |issue=16 |pages=1911–24 |date=October 2007 |doi=10.1001/jama.298.16.1911 |pmid=17954542 |url=http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jama.298.16.1911}}</ref> == isikhombiso esikulayela bona ilwazi elithileko ungalitholaphi encwadini == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Wp/nd]] nde9svqw9rl2qzamm9m14o1q1t16sr5 10 391 2023 2022 2024-11-18T17:45:27Z Amire80 78 2 revisions imported from [[:incubator:Template:Wp/nd/Cite_book]] 2021 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wp/nd/Citation/core |Citation class=book |Surname1={{{last|{{{last1|{{{author|{{{author1|{{{authors|{{{surname|{{{surname1|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}} |Surname2={{{last2|{{{author2|{{{surname2|}}}}}}}}} 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|laysummary={{{laysummary|}}} |laydate={{{laydate|}}} |laysource={{{laysource|}}} |quote={{{quote|}}} |Ref={{{ref|}}} |amp={{{lastauthoramp|}}} |AuthorMask={{{author-mask|{{{authormask|}}}}}} |AuthorSep={{#ifeq:{{{author-separator|}}}|;|&#059;|{{{author-separator|&#059;}}}}}&#32; |NameSep={{{author-name-separator|,}}}&#32; |PS={{#if:{{{quote|}}}||{{{postscript|.}}}}} |Sep={{#ifeq:{{{separator|{{{seperator}}} }}}|;|&#059;|{{{separator|{{{seperator|.}}} }}} }} |template doc demo={{{template doc demo|}}} |Trunc={{#if:{{{display-authors|}}}|{{{display-authors}}}|8}} }}{{#if:{{{access-date|}}}{{{accessdaymonth|}}}{{{accessday|}}}{{{accessmonthday|}}}{{{accessmonth|}}}{{{accessyear|}}}{{{dateformat|}}}{{{day|}}}{{{doilabel|}}} |[[Category:Pages containing cite templates with deprecated parameters|{{NAMESPACE}} {{PAGENAME}}]]}}<noinclude> {{Wp/nd/documentation}} </noinclude> i816erhyx4p1myken2gpchpr7g722k1 10 392 2025 2024 2024-11-18T17:45:27Z Amire80 78 1 revision imported from [[:incubator:Template:Wp/nd/cite_book]] 2024 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Template:Wp/nd/Cite book]] p0gba65pur2ui2t6e757om21qs5au0v 828 393 2030 2029 2024-11-18T17:45:28Z Amire80 78 4 revisions imported from [[:incubator:Module:Wp/nd/check_isxn]] 2026 Scribunto text/plain -- This template is a copy of the ISXN validation code from [[Module:Citation/CS1]] -- which allows for validating ISBN, ISMN, and ISSN without invoking a citation template local p = {} --[[--------------------------< IS _ V A L I D _ I S X N >----------------------------------------------------- ISBN-10 and ISSN validator code calculates checksum across all isbn/issn digits including the check digit. ISBN-13 is checked in check_isbn(). If the number is valid the result will be 0. Before calling this function, issbn/issn must be checked for length and stripped of dashes, spaces and other non-isxn characters. ]] local function is_valid_isxn (isxn_str, len) local temp = 0; isxn_str = { isxn_str:byte(1, len) }; -- make a table of byte values '0' → 0x30 .. '9' → 0x39, 'X' → 0x58 len = len+1; -- adjust to be a loop counter for i, v in ipairs( isxn_str ) do -- loop through all of the bytes and calculate the checksum if v == string.byte( "X" ) then -- if checkdigit is X (compares the byte value of 'X' which is 0x58) temp = temp + 10*( len - i ); -- it represents 10 decimal else temp = temp + tonumber( string.char(v) )*(len-i); end end return temp % 11 == 0; -- returns true if calculation result is zero end --[[--------------------------< IS _ V A L I D _ I S X N _ 1 3 >---------------------------------------------- ISBN-13 and ISMN validator code calculates checksum across all 13 isbn/ismn digits including the check digit. If the number is valid, the result will be 0. Before calling this function, isbn-13/ismn must be checked for length and stripped of dashes, spaces and other non-isxn-13 characters. ]] local function is_valid_isxn_13 (isxn_str) local temp=0; isxn_str = { isxn_str:byte(1, 13) }; -- make a table of byte values '0' → 0x30 .. '9' → 0x39 for i, v in ipairs( isxn_str ) do temp = temp + (3 - 2*(i % 2)) * tonumber( string.char(v) ); -- multiply odd index digits by 1, even index digits by 3 and sum; includes check digit end return temp % 10 == 0; -- sum modulo 10 is zero when isbn-13/ismn is correct end --[[Wp/nd/--------------------------< C H E C K _ I S B N >------------------------------------------------------------ Determines whether an ISBN string is valid |--------------------------< C H E C K _ I S B N >------------------------------------------------------------ Determines whether an ISBN string is valid ]] local function check_isbn( isbn_str, error_string ) if nil ~= isbn_str:match("[^%s-0-9X]") then -- fail if isbn_str contains anything but digits, hyphens, or the uppercase X return error_string; end isbn_str = isbn_str:gsub( "-", "" ):gsub( " ", "" ); -- remove hyphens and spaces local len = isbn_str:len(); if len ~= 10 and len ~= 13 then return error_string; end if len == 10 then if isbn_str:match( "^%d*X?$" ) == nil then return error_string; end return is_valid_isxn(isbn_str, 10) and '' or error_string; else local temp = 0; if isbn_str:match( "^97[89]%d*$" ) == nil then -- isbn13 begins with 978 or 979; ismn begins with 979 return error_string; end return is_valid_isxn_13 (isbn_str) and '' or error_string; end end --[[--------------------------< C H E C K _ I S M N >------------------------------------------------------------ Determines whether an ISMN string is valid. Similar to isbn-13, ismn is 13 digits begining 979-0-... and uses the same check digit calculations. See http://www.ismn-international.org/download/Web_ISMN_Users_Manual_2008-6.pdf section 2, pages 9–12. ]] local function check_ismn (id, error_string) local text; local valid_ismn = true; id=id:gsub( "[%s-–]", "" ); -- strip spaces, hyphens, and endashes from the ismn if 13 ~= id:len() or id:match( "^9790%d*$" ) == nil then -- ismn must be 13 digits and begin 9790 valid_ismn = false; else valid_ismn=is_valid_isxn_13 (id); -- validate ismn end return valid_ismn and '' or error_string end --[[--------------------------< I S S N >---------------------------------------------------------------------- Validate and format an issn. This code fixes the case where an editor has included an ISSN in the citation but has separated the two groups of four digits with a space. When that condition occurred, the resulting link looked like this: |issn=0819 4327 gives: [http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0819 4327 0819 4327] -- can't have spaces in an external link This code now prevents that by inserting a hyphen at the issn midpoint. It also validates the issn for length and makes sure that the checkdigit agrees with the calculated value. Incorrect length (8 digits), characters other than 0-9 and X, or checkdigit / calculated value mismatch will all cause a check issn error message. ]] local function check_issn(id, error_string) local issn_copy = id; -- save a copy of unadulterated issn; use this version for display if issn does not validate local text; local valid_issn = true; if not id:match ('^%d%d%d%d%-%d%d%d[%dX]$') then return error_string; end id=id:gsub( "[%s-–]", "" ); -- strip spaces, hyphens, and endashes from the issn if 8 ~= id:len() or nil == id:match( "^%d*X?$" ) then -- validate the issn: 8 digits long, containing only 0-9 or X in the last position valid_issn=false; -- wrong length or improper character else valid_issn=is_valid_isxn(id, 8); -- validate issn end return valid_issn and '' or error_string end ------------------------------< E N T R Y P O I N T S >--------------------------------------------------==== function p.check_isbn(frame) return check_isbn(frame.args[1] or frame:getParent().args[1], frame.args['error'] or frame:getParent().args['error'] or 'error') end function p.check_ismn(frame) return check_ismn(frame.args[1] or frame:getParent().args[1], frame.args['error'] or frame:getParent().args['error'] or 'error') end function p.check_issn(frame) return check_issn(frame.args[1] or frame:getParent().args[1], frame.args['error'] or frame:getParent().args['error'] or 'error') end return p 6c88bvpua73yn88d81dho9dnmja9yva 0 394 2032 2024-11-18T17:47:01Z Amire80 78 Amire80 moved page [[Wp/nd/Ubulwelwe obungena besibungwana esincani obenza umuntu aphophale]] to [[Ubulwelwe obungena besibungwana esincani obenza umuntu aphophale]] 2032 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Ubulwelwe obungena besibungwana esincani obenza umuntu aphophale]] hax2jevz3ahmgyns12wczj4nzd40cyu 0 395 2040 2039 2024-11-18T17:49:43Z Amire80 78 Amire80 moved page [[Wp/nd/Isichenene seengazi esibulwelwe bokuthunda iingazi]] to [[Isichenene seengazi esibulwelwe bokuthunda iingazi]] 2038 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wp/nd/Infobox disease | name = Isichenene seengazi esibulwelwe bokuthunda iingazi | image = Schistosomiasis in a child 2.jpg | caption = Umsana oneminyaka eli-11[[ophethwe |kuqunjelwa kwamathumbu]]kanye[[nokuhlangahlangana komkhumbulo]]okubangwe sichenene seengazi esibulwelwe bokuthunda iingazi (Agusan del Sur, Philippines) | Field = [[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]] | pronounce ={{IPAc-en|ˌ|ʃ|i|s|t|ə|s|ə|ˈ|m|aɪ|ə|s|ᵻ|s|,_|-|t|oʊ|-|,_|-|s|oʊ|-}}<ref>{{Wp/nd/cite web |url=https://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/schistosomiasis |title=schistosomiasis - definition of schistosomiasis in English from the Oxford dictionary |publisher=[[OxfordDictionaries.com]] |access-date=2016-01-20 }}</ref> | synonyms = ubulwelwe bokuthunda iingazi, umgomani womneke, ukuphathwa yihloko kwekatayama<ref name=NHS2011>{{Wp/nd/cite web | title=Schistosomiasis (bilharzia) | url=http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/schistosomiasis/Pages/Introduction.aspx | work=NHS Choices | accessdate=15 March 2014 | date=17 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Wp/nd/cite web | title=Schistosomiasis | url=http://www.patient.info/doctor/schistosomiasis-pro | website=Patient.info | accessdate=11 June 2014 | date=12/2/2013}}</ref> | DiseasesDB =11875 |DiseasesDB_mult={{DiseasesDB2|11882}}{{DiseasesDB2|11856}} | ICD10 = {{Wp/nd/ICD10|B|65||b|65}} | ICD9 = {{Wp/nd/ICD9|120}} | OMIM = | MedlinePlus =001321 | eMedicineSubj=article | eMedicineTopic=228392 | MeshID = D012552 |Orphanet=1247 }} '''isichenene seengazi esibulwelwe bokuthunda iingazi''' eyaziwa godu bona yi-snail fevere '''umgomani womneke''' yi[[ubulwelwe |beenyokana eziyingozi]] obubangwa[[sibungu|esidla nanyana yini esihlangana nakho]][[isubungu esipataleleko]]esibizwa nangokuthi[[yi-schistosome]].<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Imisipha [[yesinya]]nofana[[emathunjini]]zingatheleleka.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Amatshwayo wokobana uphethwe bulwelwe lobu[[ uzwa ubuhlungu esinyeni]],[[ uyarhuda okungapheliko]],[[ amakaka aneengazi| ujanyelwe ziingazi]], nofana[[i-hematuria|igazi livela emthundweni]].<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Labo abatheleleke ngobulwelwe lobu[[obuphikelela isikhathi| isikhathi eside]]bangaba [[nemiraro yokulimala kwesibindi]], [[ ukungasebenzi kweso]], [[ ukungabelethi]], nofana[[ ikankere yesinye]].<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Ebantwaneni[[, ingabanga|ukungakhuli kuhle]]kanye[[ nokurholophala ngokufunda|ubudisi nakuza kezefundo]].<ref name=WHO2014>{{Wp/nd/cite web | title=Schistosomiasis Fact sheet N°115 | url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs115/en | work=World Health Organization | accessdate=15 March 2014| date=3 February 2014}}</ref> <!-- Cause --> Ubulwelwe lobu butheleleka[[ngokuthinta nofana ukusela amanzi atsengekileko]]asele anazo iinyokanyokana lezi.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Inyokanyoka ezidla emzibeni wenye into[[ziphuma eminekeni ehlala ngaphakathi kwamanzi atsengekileko]]<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Ubulwelwe lobu budlange khulu eenarheni ezisathuthukako ngombana abantwana bakhona ngibo abavame ukudla emanzini adungekileko.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Abanye abantu abasengozini yokutheleleka baphathi bamaplasi, abathiyi beemfesi, kanye nabantu abasebenzisa amanzi angakahlwekeki ukuphila ngamalanga.<ref name=WHO2014/> Ubulwelwe lobu buhlangana nesiqhema samalwelwe i[[helminthiasis|helminth ethelelanako]].<ref>{{Wp/nd/cite web | title=Chapter 3 Infectious Diseases Related To Travel | url=http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2014/chapter-3-infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/schistosomiasis | website=cdc.gov | accessdate=30 November 2014 | date=1 August 2013}}</ref> Ukuthola umrabho wobulwelwe lobu kungenziwa ngokutjheja amaqanda wesilwane esiphila ngokudla ezinye iinlwana emthundweni nofana emakakeni womuntu.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Begodu ingaqinisekiswa ngokuthola[[ama-antibodies ]]manqophana nobulwelwe lobu egazini lomuntu.<ref name=WHO2014/> <!-- Prevention and Treatment --> Iindlela zokukhandela ubulwelwe lobu kufaka hlangana ukuthuthukisa ukutholakala kwamanzi ahlwengileko begodu nokunciphisa imineke etholakala emanzini.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> EEndaweni lapho ubulwelwe lobu budlange khona, imitjhoga nofana iinhlahla [[ezibizwa nge-praziquantel]]zinganikelwa kanye komnyaka esiqhemeni salabo abagulako kileyo ndawo.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Lokhu kwenzelwa ukwehlisa isibalo sabantu abatheleleke ngobulwelwe begodu nokwehlisa izinga lokusabalaliswa kobulwelwe lobu.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> I-Praziquantel ngenye yeenhlanhla ezinyulwe[[yi-World Health Organization-iHlangano yeePhasi yezamaPilo]] (WHO) kilabo esele kwaziwa bona bangenwe bulwelwe lobu.<ref name=WHO2014/> <!-- Epidemiology --> Isichenene seengazi esibulwelwe bokuthunda iingazi siphathe abantu ababalelwa eengidigidini ezima-210 wabantu iphasi zombelele ngomnayaka ka-2012.<ref name=Fen2012>{{Wp/nd/cite journal | last=Fenwick | first=A | title=The global burden of neglected tropical diseases.| journal=Public Health | date=Mar 2012 | volume=126 | issue=3 | pages=233–6 | pmid=22325616|doi=10.1016/j.puhe.2011.11.015}}</ref> Isibalo sabantu esibalelwa ku-12 000<ref name=Loz2012>{{Wp/nd/cite journal | last=Lozano | first=R. | title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 | journal=Lancet | date=15 December 2012 | volume=380 | issue=9859 | pages=2095–128 | pmid=23245604 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 | last2=Naghavi | first2=M. | last3=Foreman | first3=K. | last4=Lim | first4=S. | last5=Shibuya | first5=K. | last6=Aboyans | first6=V. | last7=Abraham | first7=J. | last8=Adair | first8=T. | last9=Aggarwal | first9=R. | displayauthors=8}}</ref> ukufika ku 200,000 babulawa ngiso emnyakeni munye.<ref name=The2013>{{Wp/nd/cite journal | last=Thétiot-Laurent | first=S. A. | author2=Boissier, J. | author3=Robert, A. | author4= Meunier, B. | title=Schistosomiasis Chemotherapy | journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English | date=27 June 2013 | pmid=23813602 | volume=52 | issue=31 | pages=7936–56 | doi=10.1002/anie.201208390}}</ref> Ubulwelwe lobu butholakala khulu e-Afrika, kanye ne-Asia ne Sewula ye-Amerikha.<ref name=WHO2014/> Pheze abantu abaziingidi ezima-700, eenarheni ezima-70, bahlala lapha ubulwelwe lobu budlange khona.<ref name=The2013/><ref>{{Wp/nd/cite web | title=Schistosomiasis A major public health problem | url=http://www.who.int/schistosomiasis/en | work=World Health Organization | accessdate=15 March 2014}}</ref> Eenarheni zethrophiki, isichenene seengazi esibulwelwe bokuthunda iingazi sibulwelwe obuza ngemva [[kwemalariya]] obuhlangana nezinye izifo ezibangwa ziinlwanyana eziphila ngokudla ezinye iinlwana ezibanga ukuwa konotho.<ref name="SCP">{{Wp/nd/cite web | author=The Carter Center | title=Schistosomiasis Control Program | url=http://www.cartercenter.org/health/schistosomiasis/index.html | accessdate=17 July 2008}}</ref> Isichenene seengazi esibulwelwe bokuthunda iingazi[[ sifakwe erherhweni lamalwelwe wethropiki angakanakwa]].<ref>{{Wp/nd/cite web | title=Neglected Tropical Diseases | url=http://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/ntd/diseases/index.html | website=cdc.gov | accessdate=28 November 2014 | date=6 June 2011}}</ref> ==isikhombiso esikulayela bona ilwazi elithileko ungalitholaphi encwadini.== <references /> [[Category:Wp/nd]] nrmggb7w3ezkh8rljrk8mrshl5jld1h 0 396 2041 2024-11-18T17:49:44Z Amire80 78 Amire80 moved page [[Wp/nd/Isichenene seengazi esibulwelwe bokuthunda iingazi]] to [[Isichenene seengazi esibulwelwe bokuthunda iingazi]] 2041 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Isichenene seengazi esibulwelwe bokuthunda iingazi]] 98c4q6vrn0ub5jcw3h2sx2fq36gl5z7 0 397 5080 3153 2025-08-08T08:43:23Z Umenathi 837 5080 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wp/nd/Infobox disease | name = Ubulwelwe iLitjhimanisi obutholakala ngokulunywa yingongwana | image = Skin ulcer due to leishmaniasis, hand of Central American adult 3MG0037 lores.jpg | caption = Ubulwelwe iLitjhimanisi obutholakala ngokulunywa yingongwana esikhumbeni[[esandleni]]sesakhamuzi esihlala e-Amerikha | Field = [[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]] | pronounce = Leishmaniasis {{IPAc-en|ˌ|l|iː|ʃ|m|ə|ˈ|n|aɪ|ə|s|ɪ|s}}<br>leishmaniosis {{IPAc-en|l|iː|ʃ|ˌ|m|eɪ|n|ɪ|ˈ|əʊ|s|ɪ|s}} or {{IPAc-en|l|iː|ʃ|ˌ|m|æ|n|ɪ|ˈ|əʊ|s|ɪ|s}}<ref>http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/leishmaniasis</ref> | ICD10 = {{Wp/nd/ICD10|B|55||b|50}} | ICD9 = {{Wp/nd/ICD9|085}} | DiseasesDB = 3266 | DiseasesDB_mult = {{DiseasesDB2|29171}}<!-- {{DiseasesDB2|3266}} {{DiseasesDB2|7070}} --> | MedlinePlus = 001386 | eMedicineSubj = emerg | eMedicineTopic = 296 | MeshID = D007896 }} ''' iLitjhimanisi '''ungayibiza uthi'''yilitjhimanisi''', bulwelwe [[obubangwa]] silwanyana esincani [[esibizwa ngokuthi]]yi-phrotozowa ephila ngokuhlala kezinye iinlwana/abantu bona iphile [[itheleleka]] ngokulunywa [[mhlobo othize wengogwana]].<ref name=WHO2014/> Ubulwelwe lobu bungavela ngeendlela ezintathu: [[Ubulwelwe iLitjhimanisi obutholakala ngokulunywa yingongwana esikhumbeni| ukulunywa yingogwana esikhunjeni]] ukutheleleka esikhumbeni nomzimba woke, nofana[[ubulwelwe iLitjhimanisi nasele busezingeni eliphezulu khulu ngemva ngokulunywa yingongwana esikhumbeni -i-viserali ]].<ref name=WHO2014>{{Wp/nd/cite web|title=Leishmaniasis Fact sheet N°375|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs375/en/|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=17 February 2014|date=January 2014}}</ref> Ubulwelwe iLitjhimanisi obutholakala ngokulunywa yingongwana esikhumbeni benza umuntu avele isilonda sangaphakathi esikhunjeni, bese ukutheleleka esikhumbeni nomzimba woke kubonakala lokha sele itheleleka esikhumbeni yenze isilonda emlonyeni kanye nepumulweni, bese iLitjhimanisi nasele isezingeni eliphezulu khulu ngemva ngokulunywa yingongwana esikhumbeni ibonakala ngesilonda esingendeni esiphathisa ihloko nomgomani, ibangela namasotja womzimba abe bovu, kanye nokuvuvukisa isibindi. <ref name=WHO2014/><ref name=Barrett2012/> <!-- Cause and diagnosis --> Kunemihlobohlobo ema-20 yeengogwana "zeLitjhimanisi" ezibamba abantu abaphilako<ref name=WHO2014/> Unobangela wobulwelwe lobu nobungozi babo bufaka hlangana ubuchaka, ukungadli ukudla okunepilo, ukususwa nokutjhiswa kwamahlathi, kanye nokuthutha kwabantu bayokuhlala emadorobhei khulu.<ref name=WHO2014/> Yoke imihlobo emithathu yobulwelwe lobu bungabonwa ngesilwanyana nofana ingogwana ephila ngezinye iinlwana kwaphela ngokusetjenziswa komtjhini onerhalasi okhulisa izinto ezincani zibe zikulu.<ref name=WHO2014/> Ukungezelela kilokho, ubulwelwe iLitjhimanisi nasele busezingeni eliphezulu khulu ngemva ngokulunywa yingongwana esikhumbeni -i-viserali bungabonwa kwaphela ngokuhlolwa kweengazi zaloyo othelelekileko.<ref name=Barrett2012/> <!-- Prevention and treatment --> Ubulwelwe iLitjhimanisi bungavikelwa ngkuthi ulale ngaphakathi kwenedi yetende[[ ethelwe ngesihlahla sokuvikela iingogwan]].<ref name=WHO2014/> Ezinye zeendlela zokuvikela kufaka hlangana nokufufuzela isifufuzeli sokuvikela ukulunywa ziingogwana ukwazi ukuzibulala kanye nokulatjhwa kwabantu abangenwe bulwelwe lobu kusese nesikhathi bungakasabalali umzimba woke.<ref name=WHO2014/> Ukulatjhwa okutlhogekako kwenziwa nange kwaziwa bona ubulwelwe lobu buthalakele kiyiphi indawo, umhlobo "weLitjhiminiya" kanye nehlobo lengongwana engenileko.<ref name=WHO2014/> Ezinye zeenhlahla ezingalapha iLitjhimanisi nasele [https://www.pandaboyama.com.tr/ boyama] esezingeni eliphezulu khulu ngemva ngokulunywa yingongwana esikhumbeni [[ kufaka hlangana i-liposomal amphotericin B]],<ref name=Sun2013/> ihlanganiso le[[le-pentavalent antimonials]]kanye [[ne-}paromomycin]],<ref name=Sun2013>{{Wp/nd/cite journal|last=Sundar|first=S|author2=Chakravarty, J |title=Leishmaniasis: an update of current pharmacotherapy.|journal=Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy|date=Jan 2013|volume=14|issue=1|pages=53–63|pmid=23256501|doi=10.1517/14656566.2013.755515}}</ref> and [[miltefosine]].<ref name=Dor2012>{{Wp/nd/cite journal|last=Dorlo|first=TP|author2=Balasegaram, M |author3=Beijnen, JH |author4= de Vries, PJ |title=Miltefosine: a review of its pharmacology and therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of leishmaniasis.|journal=The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy|date=Nov 2012|volume=67|issue=11|pages=2576–97|pmid=22833634|doi=10.1093/jac/dks275}}</ref>iLitjhimanisi obutholakala ngokulunywa yingongwana esikhumbeni, yi-paramomycin[[, i-fluconazole]], nofana[[i-pentamidine]] nayo ingasebenza kuhle ukulapha.<ref name=Min2007>{{Wp/nd/cite journal|last=Minodier|first=P|author2=Parola, P |title=Cutaneous leishmaniasis treatment.|journal=Travel medicine and infectious disease|date=May 2007|volume=5|issue=3|pages=150–8|pmid=17448941|doi=10.1016/j.tmaid.2006.09.004}}</ref> <!-- Epidemiology --> Abantu ababalelwa eegigidini ezili-12 baphethwe bulwelwe lobu njenganje<ref name=Mag>{{Wp/nd/cite web|title=Leishmaniasis Magnitude of the problem|url=http://www.who.int/leishmaniasis/burden/magnitude/burden_magnitude/en/index.html|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=17 February 2014}}</ref> eenrheni ezingaba ma-98.<ref name=Barrett2012>{{Wp/nd/cite journal|last=Barrett|first=MP|author2=Croft, SL |title=Management of trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis.|journal=British medical bulletin|year=2012|volume=104|pages=175–96|pmid=23137768|doi=10.1093/bmb/lds031|pmc=3530408}}</ref> Kubikwa amacala ukufikelela iingidigidi ezi-2<ref name=Barrett2012/> bese kuthi hlangana nama-20 weekulungwana kanye nama-50 weenkuungana zokubhubha kwabantu ngomnyaka.<ref name=WHO2014/><ref name=Loz2012>{{Wp/nd/cite journal|last=Lozano|first=R|title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.|journal=Lancet|date=Dec 15, 2012|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2095–128|pmid=23245604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0}}</ref> Ukubalelwa ematjhumini ama-200&nbsp; iingidigidi zabantu abahlala e-Asia,Afrika,iSewula neNgaphakathi le-Amerikha, isewula yeYurobhu bahlala eendaweni lapha ubulwelwe lobu bujayelekele khona.<ref name=Barrett2012/><ref>{{Wp/nd/cite journal|last=Ejazi|first=SA|author2=Ali, N |title=Developments in diagnosis and treatment of visceral leishmaniasis during the last decade and future prospects.|journal=Expert review of anti-infective therapy|date=Jan 2013|volume=11|issue=1|pages=79–98|pmid=23428104|doi=10.1586/eri.12.148}}</ref> I[[hlangano yeZepilo yePhasi Zombelele-WHO]]iphulelwe iintengo eziyibhadala ukuthenga iinhlahla zokulapha ubulwelwe lobu<ref name=Barrett2012/> Ubulwelwe lobu bungatheleleka nakezinye iinlwana ezimbalwa, ukufaka[[iLitjhimanisisi |yezinja]] kanye [[naborodo besiganga]].<ref name=WHO2014/> == isikhombiso esikulayela bona ilwazi elithileko ungalitholaphi == {{Wp/nr/Reflist|colwidth=25em}} [[Mkhakha:Wp/nd]] 2hfpjxiwv016g5uwpj4wwof7cnjbd82 10 398 2057 2056 2024-11-18T17:50:11Z Amire80 78 3 revisions imported from [[:incubator:Template:Wp/nr/Reflist]] 2056 wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="references-small" {{#if: {{{colwidth|}}}| style="-moz-column-width:{{{colwidth}}}; -webkit-column-width:{{{colwidth}}}; column-width:{{{colwidth}}};" | {{#if: {{{1|}}}| style="-moz-column-count:{{{1}}}; -webkit-column-count:{{{1}}}; column-count:{{{1}}};" }} }}> {{#tag:references||group={{{group|}}}}}</div><noinclude>{{Wp/nr/pp-template|small=yes}} [[br:Patrom:Reflist]] [[he:תבנית:Reflist]] [[pt:Predefinição:Reflist]] </noinclude> pg17ayrtf0rv6frsevxjc8t76d2qgb9 0 399 2059 2024-11-18T17:50:21Z Amire80 78 Amire80 moved page [[Wp/nd/ILitjhimanisi]] to [[ILitjhimanisi]] 2059 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[ILitjhimanisi]] qak6e9wjeko57ozyfbydfv802mnpqnr 0 400 2110 2062 2024-11-25T09:52:41Z Simakahle Moselekatse 161 Mkhakha 2110 wikitext text/x-wiki '''I-Zambia''', ngokusemthethwen'''i iRiphabhliki ye-Zambia,''' lilizwe elinganamanzi elihlangana ne-Central, Southern kanye ne-East Africa. Ngokuvamileko kutjho ukuba se-Afrika eSewula-Phakathi nofana e-Afrika eseSewula. Inomngcele ngetlhagwini yi-[[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Tanzania|i-Tanzania]] ngetlhagwini-mpumalanga, i-Malawi ngepumalanga, i-Mozambique ngesewulapumalanga, i-Zimbabwe ne-[[Botswana]] ngesewula, i-[[Namibia]] ngesewula-tjingalanga, kanye ne-Angola ngetjingalanga. Idorobha elikhulu le-Zambia yi-[[Lusaka]], elise-Zambia esewula-maphakathi. Inani labantu lihlala khulu e-Lusaka ngesewula kanye ne-Copperbelt Province ngetlhagwini, amaziko wezomnotho welizwe.<ref>https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=186898584</ref><ref>https://scholar.ufs.ac.za/items/93b5df1b-6616-4aa6-9677-5dda35d79931</ref> == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} [[Mkhakha:Iinarha zephasi]] 4gbdg66pk45igajh6pbzraug9zabkoh 0 401 2138 2071 2024-11-25T18:29:06Z Simakahle Moselekatse 161 Mkhakha 2138 wikitext text/x-wiki '''I-Senegal''', ngokusemthethweni '''iRiphabhliki ye-Senegal''', yinarha engeTjingalanga khulu eTjingalanga ye-Afrika, etholakala eligwini le-Atlantic Ocean. I-Senegal inomngcele nge-Mauritania ngetlhagwini, i-Mali ngepumalanga, [[i-Guinea]] ngesewulapumalanga kanye ne-[[Guinea-Bissau]] ngesewula-ntshonalanga.<ref>https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003421740-28/senegal-mamadou-bara-gu%C3%A8ye-richard-ketley-john-nelson</ref> I-Senegal ipheze ibhode [[i-Gambia]], inarha ehlala indawo encani eceleni komlambo i-Gambia, ehlukanisa isifunda se-Senegal esewula se-Casamance nenarha yoke.I-Senegal nayo inomngcele welwandle ne[[-Cape Verde]]. Ikomkhulu lezomnotho nezepolotiki le-Senegal yi-Dakar.<ref>https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/african-studies-review/article/abs/senegal/33F8E881C8D456582B7B983940D27560</ref><ref>https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-05722-0_41</ref> == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} [[Mkhakha:Iinarha zephasi]] 3xcn8qdsmc4u25o90zk5jxn20i6rw5i 0 402 3137 2948 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:197.103.129.107|197.103.129.107]] 2670 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Symbol support vote.svg|right|frameless|23x23px]]{{Person|ibizo=ULionel Messi|ubelethwe ngo=Juni 24, 1987|umsebenzi=Umgijimi webhola (soccer)|indawo yo kubelethwa=Rosario, e-Argentina|isithombe=Lionel-Messi-Argentina-2022-FIFA-World-Cup (cropped).jpg}}'''ULionel Messi''' (''wabelethwa ngoJuni 24, 1987, eRosario, e-Argentina'') ngumdlali webhola owazalelwa e-[[Argentina]] ozuze amarekhodi angu-8 kumaBallon d'Or njengomdlali ohamba phambili emhlabeni. Ngo-2022, wasiza i-Argentina ukunqoba iNdebe Yomhlaba yeFédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA).<ref name=":0">Lisi, C., ''[[iarchive:historyofworldcu0000lisi_v7i5|«]]''[[iarchive:historyofworldcu0000lisi_v7i5|History of the World Cup: 1930–2010»]], ''Scarecrow Press'', 2011</ref><ref name=":1">Balagué, G., [[iarchive:messibiography0000bala|«Messi»]]. ''Orion Books,'' 2013</ref><ref name=":2">Tomkins, P., «Above Us Only Sky: Liverpool FC's Global Revolution», ''Anchor Print Group'', 2007</ref><ref name=":3">Hunter, G., «Barça: The Making of the Greatest Team in the World», ''BackPage Press'', 2012</ref> == Ukuphila kwakuqala == UMessi waqala ukudlala ibhola esengumfanyana, kwathi ngo-1995 wajoyina ithimba leNewell’s Old Boys, iqembu lomphakathi elidlala umdlalo omkhulu eRosario. Amakhono akhe angavamile athusa amaqembu adumile ase-Europe kanye neLatin America. Lapho eneminyaka eli-13, uMessi nomndeni wakhe bathutha baya eBarcelona, lapho aqala ukudlalela iqembu labafana abaneminyaka engaphasi kwengu-14 leFC Barcelona. Wahlohla amagoli ayi-21 emidlalweni eyi-14 eqenjini labancane, kwathi ngokushesha wakhuphukela emaqenjini aphezulu, waze waba nemidlalo yakhe yokuqala engakahloniphi ngokusemthethweni eneminyaka eyi-16, edlalela iFC Barcelona emdlalweni wobungani.<ref name=":1" /> == Ukudlala kwamaqembu == Ngesizini ka-2004–05, uMessi, wayeneminyaka eyi-17 ngaleso sikhathi, waba ngumdlali omncane kunabo bonke obakhe badlala futhi wahlohla igoli emlandweni weSpanish La Liga, okuwumqhudelwano ophezulu webhola laseSpain. Naphezu kokuba nezinga lama-5 izinyawo eziyisi-7 (1.7 amitha) nokuba nesisindo esingu-148 amakhilogremu (67 kg), wayeqinile, ekulinganiselwe kahle, futhi eguquguquka enkundleni. Engunozwane lwesobunxele ngokwemvelo, ehlakaniphile futhi enembile ekulawuleni ibhola, uMessi wayengumhambisi ophambili wama-pasi futhi ayekwazi ukugqashula ezivikeleni eziminyene. Ngo-2005 wanikezwa ubuzwe baseSpain, okwathathwa ngemizwa ehlukahlukene ngabalandeli beBarcelona abaziqhenyayo ngokuba ngamaCatalan. Ngonyaka olandelayo, uMessi kanye neqembu leBarcelona banqoba isicoco seChampions League, umqhudelwano wamaqembu ase-Europe.<ref name=":2" /> Ukudlala kukaMessi kwaqhubeka kuthuthuka ngokushesha eminyakeni edlule, kwathi ngo-2008 waba ngomunye wabadlali abaphambili emhlabeni, eqeda endaweni yesibili emavotini eBallon d'Or ka-2008, enqotshwa nguCristiano Ronaldo weManchester United. Ekuqaleni kuka-2009, uMessi waqedela isizini emangalisayo ka-2008–09 ngokusiza i-FC Barcelona ukuthi ithole i-“treble” yayo yokuqala (ukunqoba izihloko ezintathu ezinkulu zamaqembu ase-Europe ngesizini eyodwa): iqembu lanqoba isicoco seLa Liga, iCopa del Rey (indebe enkulu yasekhaya yaseSpain), kanye nesicoco seChampions League. Kulowo nyaka, uMessi wahlohla amagoli angama-38 emidlalweni engu-51, futhi waxosha uRonaldo emavotini weBallon d'Or kanye nomdlali womhlaba wonyaka weFIFA, enza umlando ngokuhlukana okuningi kwamaphuzu. Ngesizini ka-2009–10, uMessi wahlohla amagoli angu-34 emidlalweni yasekhaya ngesikhathi iBarcelona iphinda inqobe isicoco seLa Liga. Wathola umklomelo weGolden Shoe njengomshayi magoli ohamba phambili e-Europe, futhi waphinde wanikezwa enye iBallon d'Or (eyaziwa njengeFIFA Ballon d'Or phakathi kuka-2010 no-2015).<ref name=":3" /> [[Isimumathi:Arda Turan 2016-17 (cropped).jpg|thumb|228x228px|Uphumelele iBallon d'Or izikhathi eziyisishiyagalombili uLionel Messi, Agasti 2016.]] UMessi wahola i-Barcelona ekunqobeni izihloko zeLa Liga kanye neChampions League ngesizini eyalandela, okusiza wazuza umklomelo wesithathu olandelanayo womdlali womhlaba wonyaka, okuyinto engakaze ibonwe. NgoMbasa 2012, wahlohla igoli lakhe lama-233 le-Barcelona, waba umshayi magoli ophezulu kunabo bonke emlandweni weqembu emidlalweni yeLa Liga eneminyaka engu-24 kuphela. Waqeda isizini ka-2011–12 ye-Barcelona (eyayihlanganisa enye iwini yeCopa del Rey) enamagoli angu-73 kuyo yonke imiqhudelwano, epha isicoco sikaGerd Müller seminyaka engu-39 samagoli esizini eyodwa kwimidlalo eyinhloko ye-European football. Lokhu kusebenza okumangalisayo kwamphoqa ukuthi aqokwe njengomdlali womhlaba wonyaka ka-2012, okumenza waba ngumdlali wokuqala ukuwina isihloko izikhathi ezine. Amagoli akhe angu-46 eLa Liga ngesizini ka-2012–13 aholela kulesi sigaba, futhi iBarcelona yaphinda yathatha isicoco seligi yasekhaya. Ngo-2014, usetha irekhodi lonke leBarcelona ngesikhathi ehlohla igoli lakhe lama-370 njengelungu leqembu. Ngalo nyaka, wephula amarekhodi emisebenzi yokuhlohla kuChampions League (amagoli angu-72) kanye neLa Liga (amagoli angu-253). [[Isimumathi:Lionel Messi vs Valladolid 3.jpg|thumb|264x264px|ULionel Messi, Disemba 2018.]] Ngo-2014–15, uMessi wasiza i-Barcelona ukuthi iphinde inqobe i-treble, ehola iqembu ngamaphuzu angu-43 phakathi nesizini, okwamnikeza umklomelo wakhe wesihlanu womdlali womhlaba wonyaka. Ngesizini ka-2015–16, wahlohla amagoli angu-41 kuyo yonke imiqhudelwano ye-Barcelona, futhi iqembu lazuza izicoco zeLa Liga neCopa del Rey. Waphumelela kakhudlwana ngo-2016–17 ngamaphuzu angu-53, eholela iqembu ekunqobeni isicoco seCopa del Rey futhi. Ngo-2017–18, wahlohla amagoli angu-45, kanti i-Barcelona yawina izicoco zeLa Liga neCopa del Rey futhi. Ngo-2018–19, uMessi wahlohla amagoli angu-51 kuyo yonke imiqhudelwano yasekhaya, kwathi i-Barcelona yawina enye isicoco seLa Liga. Ekupheleni kuka-2019, wawina iBallon d'Or yakhe yesithupha futhi waqanjwa njengomdlali ongcono kunabo bonke emhlabeni yiFIFA. Ngesizini ka-2020–21, i-Barcelona yathatha isicoco seCopa del Rey, okuyisikhombisa emsebenzini kaMessi. Waba ngumdlali ozimele ngo-2021, kanti izinkinga zezimali—ezinye zazo ezazihlobene nemithetho yeLa Liga—zamenza wangakwazi ukuqhubeka ne-Barcelona. Wahlala engumholi ohlukile emlandweni, engumshayi magoli ophezulu emlandweni weLa Liga ngamaphuzu angu-474. Ngemuva kwalokho, ngo-2021 uMessi signed ne-Paris St.-Germain (PSG), lapho ajoyina khona ojonge amathalente amakhulu uKylian Mbappé noNeymar, futhi ngalowo nyaka wathola iBallon d'Or yakhe eyayilandelayo. Wasiza i-PSG ukuthi iwine isicoco seLigue 1 ngesikhathi esingamabili adlala nohlelo. Ngo-2023, uMessi wajoyina i-Inter Miami ye-Major League Soccer. == Uhambo lwakhe lwezizwe == Ngaphandle kokuba nezimvume ezimbili zokuba ngozinze eSpain futhi eseziphumelelayo emsebenzini, uMessi waqhubeka nokuhlala nezibopho ezinzulu ezweni lakubo, futhi waba yilungu elibalulekile kumaqembu kazwelonke ase-Argentina kusukela ngo-2005. Wadlala eqenjini le-Argentina elinqobile kwi-FIFA World Youth Championship yango-2005, wakhumela izwe lakhe kuWorld Cup yango-2006, futhi wabhala amagoli amabili kumidlalo emihlanu lapho i-Argentina yaphumelela ukufinyelela kumaphiko e-golde medal ku-Olympics yaseBeijing ngo-2008. UMessi wasiza i-Argentina ukuba ifinyelele kuma-quarterfinals we-World Cup yango-2010, lapho iqembu lihlulwa yi-Germany, okwenza kube yisikhathi sesibili sokulahlekelwa kuWorld Cup. Ku-World Cup yango-2014, uMessi wenza isibonelo esimangalisayo, wabhala amagoli amane futhi waqhuba i-Argentina, eneqembu elihlushwa yizinkinga zokuhlasela, kwi-stage yeqembu futhi eya kumjikelo wokuphuma, lapho i-Argentina yachitha isikhathi eside ukusuka efinalini ye-World Cup ngomnyaka wesine ngo-24. I-Argentina yenqabela lowo mdlalo ngo-1-0 ne-Germany, kodwa uMessi wathola i-Golden Ball njengomdlali ophumelela kakhulu. Ngesikhathi se-2016 Copa América Centenario, wabhala igoli lakhe le-55 phakathi kwezizwe, ephula irekhodi likaGabriel Batistuta njengomshayi magoli ophumelele kakhulu e-Argentina.<ref name=":0" /> [[Isimumathi:ARG Line-up - ARG vs MEX for 2022 FIFA WC.jpg|thumb|271x271px|Umphosa weqembu uLionel Messi kanye namanye amalungu eqembu lesizwe lase-Argentina ku-World Cup yezeMidlalo yabesilisa ka-2022.]] Emva kokuhlulwa kwe-Argentina kwi-Copa final—okuphikisana nesikhumbuzo sokuqala kwama-final izikhathi ezintathu kumqhudelwano omkhulu—uMessi wathi uzashiya iqembu lesizwe, kodwa "ukuthatha umhlalaphansi" kwakhe okwesikhashana kwahlala izinyanga ezimbili ngaphambi kokubhalela ukubuyela eqenjini. Ku-World Cup yango-2018, wasiza iqembu lase-Argentina elihlangabezana nobunzima ukufinyelela kumjikelo wokuphuma, lapho bachithwa yiFrance, okuyi-team ethole i-championship, emdlalweni wabo wokuqala. Ngemva kokuphothula esikhathini sesithathu e-Copa América yango-2019, uMessi wahola i-Argentina ukuba iwine umqhudelwano eminyakeni emibili kamuva, waphinde wathola i-Golden Ball award.<ref name=":0" /> Impumelelo yakhe yaqhubeka kwi-World Cup yango-2022. Lapho, wahola i-Argentina ku-final, lapho ebhala amagoli amabili—futhi wenza umphumela ophumelelayo ngesikhathi sokuphonswa amaphuzu—to ukusiza ukwehlula iFrance. UMessi wathola i-Golden Ball ye-World Cup, waba ngumdlali wesilisa wokuqala ukuthola lesi sikhumbuzo izikhathi ezimbili. Ukwengeza, ukudlala kwakhe okuhle kakhulu kulomqhudelwano kwakubalulekile ekutholeni kwakhe iBallon d'Or yesishiyagalombili ngo-2023. == Ezinye izenzo kanye nezinkinga zomthetho == Ngaphandle komkhakha womdlalo, uMessi wayengomunye wezinkanyezi zomzimba ezinkulu emhlabeni. Ngokuhlangene nemiholo yebhola, eyayivame ukuba nezezakhiwo ezimbili ezinkulu kakhulu zabadlali bezemidlalo bonke, waba ngumkhangisi ophumelelayo wemikhiqizo, ikakhulukazi kwenkampani yezimpahla zezemidlalo i-Adidas. Ngo-2013, uMessi kanye no-ubaba wakhe (ophatha izimali zomfana wakhe) babhekene necala lokugwema intela, behlonipha izinkampani zomphakathi zasephesheya ukuze bagweme ukukhokha u-€4.2 million ezintela zaseSpain kumholo wokukhangisa. Nokho, ngemuva kokukhokha €5 million kuMbuso waseSpain, bobabili bakhishwa ukuba babhekane necala ngo-2016. NgoJulayi walowo nyaka, uMessi no-ubaba wakhe bathola isijeziso sokuhlala ezinyangeni ezimisiwe zomlomo wesigwebo esingaphansi kweminyaka emibili, futhi bathola izijeziso zentela zangu-€2 million no-€1.5 million, ngokulandelana. == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} == Izixhumanisi zangaphandle == * [[File:Commons-logo.svg|link=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lionel_Messi?uselang=ty|18x18px]] Wikimedia Commons inayo amadokhumenti wemidiya '''''[[commons:Category:Lionel_Messi|ngoLionel Messi]]'''''. * [[File:Wikiquote-logo.svg|link=https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/David_Woodard?uselang=ty|16x16px]] Wikiquote: '''''[[wikiquote:Lionel_Messi|Lionel Messi]]''''' ([[:ty:Reo_Paratāne|en]]) * [[File:Echo_global_icon.svg|link=https://messi.com/|13x13px]] [https://messi.com/ Isiteji Esisemthethweni] ''[https://nr.wikipedia.org/ Abahleli beWikipedia]'' b50lx0wyg3eicxhnqqb9ykakt3ogf3v 0 403 2073 2024-11-21T13:27:43Z Hope A Ncube 186 Created by translating the opening section from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1249190715|Ear]]" 2073 wikitext text/x-wiki Indlebe yisitho somzimba esivumela ukuthi umuntu azwe. Njoba ngaphandle yendlebe iyiyo ebonakalayo esegcekeni ezidalweni, ibala elithi indlebe liyandise ukutsho ingaphandle kuphela t22bhpwhw9avgith0nyjhgpzaj0dy58 0 407 2290 2284 2024-12-20T23:02:06Z Codename Noreste 261 Undo revision [[Special:Diff/2284|2284]] by [[Special:Contributions/2A04:4A43:88CF:F206:657C:7611:54FA:DF05|2A04:4A43:88CF:F206:657C:7611:54FA:DF05]] ([[User talk:2A04:4A43:88CF:F206:657C:7611:54FA:DF05|talk]]) 2290 wikitext text/x-wiki '''I-Angola''', ngokusemthethweni '''iRiphabhliki ye-Angola''', lilizwe elise-west-central coast ye-Southern Africa. Lilizwe lesibili ngobukhulu elikhuluma [[isiPutukezi]] ngobukhulu nabantu begodu lilizwe lesikhombisa ngobukhulu e-Afrika. Inomngcele nge-Namibia ngeSewula, i-[[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] ngetlhagwini, i-[[Zambia]] ngepumalanga, kanye ne-Atlantic Ocean ngeTjingalanga. I-[[Angola]] inephrovinsi ye-exclave, iphrovinsi ye-Cabinda, enomngcele we-Republic of the Congo kanye ne-Democratic Republic of the Congo. Inhlokodolobha nedorobha elinabantu abanengi khulu yi-Luanda.<ref>https://www.statista.com/topics/4143/angola/</ref> Ngemva kobana ukwanda kwamaBantu kufikelele esifundeni, imibuso yabunjwa ngekhulu le-13 begodu yahlelwa yaba ziinhlangano ezihlangeneko. UmBuso we-Kongo wakhuphuka ukufikelela ubukhosi hlangana neminye imibuso kusukela ngekhulu le-14. Abahloli bamaPutukezi basungula ubudlelwano ne-Kongo ngo-1483. Ngesewula bekunemibuso ye-Ndongo ne-Matamba, nemibuso ye-Ovimbundu ngaseningizimu, kanye ne-Mbunda Kingdom ngepumalanga<ref>https://www.statista.com/topics/4143/angola/</ref> == I-Etymology == Ibizo elithi Angola livela ebizweni lamaPutukezi elithi Reino de Angola ('Umbuso we-Angola'), elavela ekuthomeni komtlolo ka-Paulo Dias de Novais wango-1571. Ibizo lendawo lathathwa maPutukezi ngesihloko esithi ngola, ebegade siphethwe ziinkosi zeNdongo nezeMatamba. I-Ndongo eendaweni eziphakemeko, hlangana nemilambo i-Kwanza ne-Lucala, beyiyindawo yoMbuso we-Kongo. Kodwana ngekhulu le-16 bekufuna ukuzijamela okukhulu.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13036732</ref> == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} [[Mkhakha:Iinarha zephasi]] gaj9i30npmz4nkarm8rd8k6pre9y5td 14 408 2244 2024-12-04T00:25:08Z Bobbyshabangu 66 Created blank page 2244 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 409 2246 2024-12-04T13:01:15Z 152.110.154.92 Created page with "[[File:The Earth seen from Apollo 17.jpg|thumb|301x301px]] '''Iphasi''' liplanethi yesithathu ukusuka eLangeni begodu yiyo kwaphela into yeenkwekwezi eyaziwako bona inepilo. Lokhu kwenziwa kukuthi iPhasi liyiphasi elilwandle, elilodwa ehlelweni lelanga eliphethe amanzi angaphezulu kwamanzi. Pheze woke amanzi wephasi aselwandle lwawo, amboza ama-70.8% we-Earth's crust. I-29.2% eseleko ye-Earth crust yindawo, inengi layo itholakala ngendlela yamazwekazi ngaphakathi kwe-hem..." 2246 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:The Earth seen from Apollo 17.jpg|thumb|301x301px]] '''Iphasi''' liplanethi yesithathu ukusuka eLangeni begodu yiyo kwaphela into yeenkwekwezi eyaziwako bona inepilo. Lokhu kwenziwa kukuthi iPhasi liyiphasi elilwandle, elilodwa ehlelweni lelanga eliphethe amanzi angaphezulu kwamanzi. Pheze woke amanzi wephasi aselwandle lwawo, amboza ama-70.8% we-Earth's crust. I-29.2% eseleko ye-Earth crust yindawo, inengi layo itholakala ngendlela yamazwekazi ngaphakathi kwe-hemisphere yephasi. Inengi lephasi lephasi linomswakama begodu limbozwe ziintjalo, ngesikhathi amashidi amakhulu weqhwa eenkangala ze-polar zephasi agcina amanzi amanengi ukudlula amanzi wephasi, amachibi, imilambo namanzi womkhathi ahlanganisiwe. I-crust yephasi inamapuleti we-tectonic akhamba kabuthaka, ahlangana ukukhiqiza iintaba, iintaba-mlilo, nokusikinyeka kwephasi. Iphasi linomgogodla wangaphandle owuketshezi okhiqiza i-magnetosphere ekwazi ukuphambukisa imimoya eminengi yelanga ebhubhisako nemisebe ye-cosmic. h2ov0bps25lnjlplzbqra6q2ekkk7ia 0 411 3111 3016 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:152.110.154.92|152.110.154.92]] 2249 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Anglospeak (subnational version).svg|thumb|472x472px]] '''Ilimi lesiNgisi''' le-West Germanic emndenini welimi le-Indo-European, lapho abakhulumi balo, ababizwa ngokuthi ma-Anglophones, bavela e-England yesikhathi esiphakathi esiqhingini se-Great Britain. Igama elifana nelimi ngama-Angles, omunye wabantu bakade be-Germanic abafudukela e-Britain. Lilimi elikhulunywa khulu ephasini, khulukhulu ngebanga lomthelela wephasi loke we-Britain Empire (eyalandelwa yi-Commonwealth of Nations) kanye ne-United States. IsiNgisi lilimi lesithathu elikhulunywa khulu, ngemva kwe-Standard Chinese ne-Spanish; godu lilimi lesibili elifundwa khulu ephasini, elinabantu abanengi abakhuluma ilimi lesibili ukudlula abakhulumi bomdabu. fktqfjkxfh55ffpr4s3vgbhcu33ei4y 0 414 3106 2928 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:152.110.154.92|152.110.154.92]] 2253 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Flag of Finland.svg|thumb|362x362px]] '''I-Finland''', ngokusemthethweni iRiphabhliki ye-Finland, lilizwe le-Nordic elise-Northern Europe. Inomngcele we-Sweden ngetlhagwini-Tjingalanga, [[i-Norway]] ngetlhagwini, kanye ne-Russia ngepumalanga, nge-Gulf of Bothnia ngeTjingalanga kanye ne-Gulf of Finland ngesewula, maqondana ne-Estonia. I-Finland inendawo engu-338,145 square kilometers (130,559 sq mi), kufaka hlangana indawo engama-303,815 square kilometers (117,304 sq mi), begodu inabantu abaziingidi ezi-5.6. [[I-Helsinki]] lidorobha elikhulu khulu. Inengi labantu ngama-Finland. Iilwimi ezisemthethweni yi-Finnish nesi-Swedish; Amaphesente ama-84.9 wabantu akhuluma ilimi lokuthoma njengelimi labo lebele kuthi amaphesente ama-5.1 akhuluma ilimi lokugcina. Ubujamo bezulu be-Finland buyahluka ukusuka ebujameni obumanzi ngesewula ukuya ebujameni obumanzi enyakatho. Indawo evulekileko yi-boreal forest biome, enamachibi angaphezu kwe-180,000 atlolwe phasi. 3a572ckja56c269p5qqi2ixmarttcff 0 415 3138 2925 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:152.110.154.92|152.110.154.92]] 2256 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Flag of Mexico.svg|thumb|397x397px]] '''I-Mexico''', ngokusemthethweni yi-'''United Mexican States''', lilizwe elisesewula ye-North America. Ihlanganisa i-1,972,550 km2 (761,610 sq mi), lilizwe le-13 ngobukhulu ephasini ngendawo; enenani labantu elingaba ziingidi ezili-130, lilizwe le-10 elinabantu abanengi begodu linabantu abanengi abakhuluma isiSpanishi ephasini. I-Mexico yiriphabliki yomthethosisekelo ehlanganisa amazwe ama-31 kanye ne-Mexico City, ikosikazi yayo nedorobha elikhulu, eliphakathi kweendawo ezinabantu abanengi khulu ephasini. Inarha inomngcele we-United States ngetlhagwini; kanye ne-Guatemala ne-Belize ngesewulapumalanga. Inemingcele yelwandle ne-Pacific Ocean ngeTjingalanga, i-Caribbean Sea ngesewulapumalanga, kanye ne-Gulf of Mexico ngepumalanga. 1bolh8qpuj7azmdijxt9uy78rdzdn9n 0 416 3074 3015 2025-06-07T03:05:22Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:152.110.154.92|152.110.154.92]] 2258 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Flag of Italy.svg|thumb|346x346px]] '''I-Italy''', ngokusemthethweni nge-Italy Republic, lilizwe eliseSewula neTjingalanga ye-Europe. Inesihlengele esidlulela eLwandle le-Mediterranean, ene-Alps emngceleni wayo wangasenyakatho, kanye neenhlengele ezipheze zibe ma-800, khulukhulu [[i-Sicily]] [[i-Sardinia]]. I-Italy yabelana ngemingcele yayo [[i-France]], [[i-Switzerland]], [[i-Austria]], [[i-Slovenia]], kanye nama-enclaves amabili: [[i-Vatican City]] [[i-San Marino]]. Lilizwe letshumi ngobukhulu e-Europe ngendawo, lihlanganisa i-301,340 km2 (116,350 sq mi), begodu lililunga lesithathu elinabantu abanengi be-European Union, elinabantu abangaba ziingidi ezima-60. Inhlokodolobha ye-Italy nedorobha elikhulu khulu yi-Rome; ezinye iindawo ezikulu zedorobha zifaka hlangana [[i-Milan]], [[i-Naples]], [[i-Turin]], [[i-Palermo]], [[i-Bologna]], [[i-Florence]], [[i-Genoa]], [[i-Venice]]. m0gk14zycd91m0k0bfqyf1znjwin2x9 0 417 2260 2259 2024-12-11T08:55:58Z Bobbyshabangu 66 2260 wikitext text/x-wiki '''I-Vosloorus''' yilokishi elikhulu eliseningizimu ye-[[Boksburg]] kanye nepumalanga ye-Katlehong e-Ekurhuleni, amakhilomitha ama-30 kwaphela eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Johannesburg, e-Gauteng, e[[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika]]. Yasungulwa ngo-1963 lokha ama-Afrika amnyama nakasuswa e-Stirtonville[1] ngombana gade athathwa ngurhulumende aseduze khulu nedorobha labamhlophe. I-Stirtonville, ebizwa ngokuthi yi-Reiger Park, sele ibe likhaya lomphakathi wemibala we-Boksburg. Igunya lendawo lasungulwa ngo-1983 lokha i-Vosloorus nayinikelwa isikhundla esipheleleko sikamasipala.<ref>https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2989/16073614.2014.992642</ref><ref>https://scholar.ufs.ac.za/items/338bd5b8-05a4-47a2-9fcf-45df103d3203</ref> [[Mkhakha:Sewula Afrika]] 5jktb8472g5rmpc9oor4j4n9dqpwewf 0 418 2628 2264 2025-04-03T19:08:55Z Rachmat04 32 2628 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Into_Boksburg_and_ERM.jpg|right|thumb|380x380px|Umthombo netshwayo lokwamukela e-Boksburg phambi kwe-East Rand Mall]] '''I-Boksburg''' yidorobha elise-[[East Rand]] yesifundazwe se-Gauteng eSewula Afrika. Igolide latholakala e-Boksburg ngo-1887. I-Boksburg yaqanjwa ngegama likaNobhala weNarha we-South African Republic, u-[[W. Eduard Bok]]. Umgwaqo omkhulu we-Main Reef wahlanganisa i-Boksburg nawo woke amanye amadorobha amakhulu wemayini e-Witwatersrand begodu i-[[Angelo Hotel]] (1887) yayisetjenziswa njengendawo yokuhlela.<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0148906279904832</ref><ref>https://sahris.sahra.org.za/sites/default/files/heritagereports/PHASE%201%20HIA%20%20FOR%20THE%20PROPOSED%20UPGRADE%20OF%20THE%20COMET%20SEWERLINE%20APAC02048.pdf</ref> == Umlando == Ngaphambi kuka-1860, indawo kamasipala yamanje ye-Boksburg kanye neendawo eziseduze kwayo gade ibunjwa khulu mapulazi we-highveld abizwa nge-Leeuwpoort, Klippoortje, Klipfontein kanye ne-Driefontein. U-Carl Ziervogel wathenga iplasi i-Leeuwpoort ngo-1875 begodu nge-300 morgen yendawo engenalutho, enamatje wabhadela i-£75. Ngenyanga kaKhukhulamungu 1886 u-Pieter Killian, umhloli omncani we-Afrikaans, wathola amadwala we-quartz e-Leeuwpoort.<ref>https://sahris.sahra.org.za/sites/default/files/additionaldocs/HERITAGE%20ASSESSMENT%20REPORT%20BOKSBURG%20WEST%20EXT.7%20AND%20LILIANTON%20EXT.7%20APAC01502.pdf</ref> == Inkomba == {{Reflist}} [[Mkhakha:ISewula Afrika]] b4tpfu0fsbykjuk0h0cv4okb82y8ouq 0 419 2266 2024-12-11T19:31:46Z Таёжный лес 59 Таёжный лес moved page [[Main Page/Did you know]] to [[Wikiphidiya:Main Page/Did you know]] 2266 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikiphidiya:Main Page/Did you know]] g3ab7ansdg9qfztcr00sh1f8z1m93gg 0 420 3079 2977 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Rachmat04|Rachmat04]] 2627 wikitext text/x-wiki '''U-Godfrey Zolile Sapula''' (wabelethwa mhlana ali-17 kuNobayeni 1973) bekangumdlali webholo we[[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika]] owadlala njengomdlali ophakathi. Wadlalela amakilabhu we-Premier Soccer League i-Jomo Cosmos, i-[[Orlando Pirates]], i-[[Mamelodi Sundowns]] kanye ne-Platinum Stars, iklabhu ye-Chile Colo-Colo, iklabhu ye-Turkey i-Ankaragücü kanye nesiqhema sesitjhaba seSewula Afrika.<ref>https://briefly.co.za/82461-godfrey-sapula-biography-age-skills-profile-house-latest-news.html</ref> == inkomba == {{Reflist}} [[Mkhakha:ISewula Afrika]] kyctnva5yhgy1543gyy2cvstwriv9sx 0 421 3280 3195 2025-07-02T20:15:32Z Thuvack 106 Undo revision [[Special:Diff/3195|3195]] by [[Special:Contributions/85.97.84.231|85.97.84.231]] ([[User talk:85.97.84.231|talk]]) 3280 wikitext text/x-wiki '''U-Aaron Rimbui''' ungumdlali wepiyano, ikhibhodi, umdosiphambili webhendi, umkhiqizi kanye nomgcini weminyanya nomsingathi womrhatjho. Uthathwa njengomunye wabadlali bepiyano abahle khulu be-East Africa.<ref>https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/counties/article/2000091714/why-jazz-is-close-to-my-heart</ref><ref>https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/lifestyle/music/pianist-bets-on-his-new-album-to-open-doors-for-kenyans-4806918</ref> == Umlando == U-Aaron wabelethwa e-[[Nairobi]], e-[[Kenya]]. Uyise bekadlala umvumo ukusuka kumarekhodi ka-Stevie Wonder ukuya ku-Henry Mancini bese amthatha amse eendaweni zokudlela zendawo lapho bekazwa khona umvumo wamaqembu afana ne-Les Wanyika, i-Maroon Commandos kanye ne-Samba Mapangala. Lokhu kwaba nomthelela omkhulu endleleni athuthukisa ngayo umdumo wakhe eminyakeni eyalandelako. Ukuziveza kwaka-Rimbui emculweni kwaragela phambili nokwakheka eminyakeni yakhe yesikolo samabanga aphezulu. Kungaleso sikhathi lapho athatha khona ipiyano. U-Rimbui wathoma ukuthanda umvumo we-jazz njengombana alalele umvumo ka-David Sanborn, u-Joe Sample, we-Yellowjackets no-Fourplay begodu ngokukhamba kwesikhathi, u-Herbie Hancock no-George Duke. U-Rimbui bekasebenza njengehloko ye-Tusker Project Fame band.<ref>https://www.citizen.digital/entertainment/bien-aaron-rimbui-speak-on-their-musical-chemistry-and-why-bald-men-love-better-n286466</ref> [https://www.masaloku.mobi masal oku] == Iinkomba == [[Mkhakha:Abosaziwako]] 4fdx7pcnbp42ax1g6a52j50vw54goxb 0 422 2278 2277 2024-12-13T03:04:39Z Bobbyshabangu 66 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1261152072|Brakpan]]" 2278 wikitext text/x-wiki '''I-Brakpan''' yidorobha yemayini e-East Rand ye-[[Gauteng]], e[[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika]], pheze amakhilomitha ama-38 (23.6 mi) ngepumalanga ye-[[Johannesburg]].<ref>https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-history/article/abs/apartheids-testing-ground-urban-native-policy-and-african-politics-in-brakpan-south-africa-194319481/C2850BEE27379183D368213CF275D1CA</ref> Ibizo elithi Brakpan livela epanini elincani eplasini elibizwa ngokuthi yi-Weltevreden, ebegade lizele amanzi anetshwayi begodu mhlamunye belibizwa ngokuthi "yi-brakpan," begodu bekuseduze nepani lapho ukuhlala kokuthoma kwathoma khona.: 286  Ngo- Ngo-1888, kwatholakala umgodi wamalahle begodu kwathonywa umgodi wamalahle ngaphasi kwebizo elithi Brakpan Collieries. Lokha nakwakhiwa umzila wesitimela ukusuka e-Germiston ukuya e-Springs, i-Brakpan yaba ngenye yeentetjhini ezisendleleni.<ref>https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00020188908707711</ref><ref>https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/39667029.pdf</ref> [[Mkhakha:Isewula Afrika]] tkqklvqnpwj348dhzu3bkgzprr35c2v 0 423 3136 2933 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Bobbyshabangu|Bobbyshabangu]] 2294 wikitext text/x-wiki '''I-Botswana''' ngokusemthethweni iRiphabhliki ye-Botswana, lilizwe elinganamanzi eSewula ye-Afrika. I-Botswana iyisicaba, pheze amaphesente ama-70 wendawo yayo yingcenye ye-Kalahari Desert. Inomngcele nge[[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika]] ngesewula nesewulapumalanga, i-Namibia ngetjingalanga netlhagwini, i-Zambia ngetlhagwini kanye ne-Zimbabwe ngetlhagwini-pumalanga. Njengombana inabantu abangaphezudlwana kweengidi ezi-2.4 kanye nendawo efana ne-France, i-Botswana ngelinye lamazwe anabantu abancani khulu ephasini. Ngokuyinhloko mbuso wesitjhaba wabantu be-Tswana, abakha pheze amaphesente ama-80 wabantu. ==Iinkomba== <ref>https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/63256/africansuccessst00acem.pdf</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.za/books?hl=en&lr=&id=y2AObNZys60C&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=botswana&ots=zsrEEH1jqu&sig=vZjZkA3CLYkcBv4ndAk2It1V-x4&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=botswana&f=false</ref> cbmvo0sesvc6uclz9mpx8uhx1iojq8i 0 424 2296 2024-12-24T17:50:03Z Bobbyshabangu 66 Bobbyshabangu moved page [[I-Botswana]] to [[Botswana]]: The subject is without "I". 2296 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Botswana]] 6nnbyrmb9sufj99sfa8yc5kg5ihpvx3 0 425 3125 2912 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Janabaevazizbek|Janabaevazizbek]] 2579 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ahmadou Ahidjo.jpg|right]] '''I-Cameroon''', ngokusemthethweni iRiphabhliki ye-Cameroon, lilizwe elise-Central Africa. Yabelana ngemingcele ne-Nigeria ngeTjingalanga neTlhagwini, i-Chad ngeTlhagwini-mpumalanga, [[i-Central African Republic]] ngepumalanga, kanye ne-Equatorial Guinea, i-Gabon, kanye ne-Republic of the Congo ngeSewula. Igumbi layo lise-Bight of Biafra, ingcenye ye-Gulf of Guinea, kanye ne-Atlantic Ocean. Ngebanga lobujamo bayo obuqakathekileko ekuhlanganeni kweendlela hlangana ne-Afrika yeTjingalanga ne-Afrika ePhakathi, ihlukaniswe njengekumakamu womabili. Inani labantu be-Cameroon elipheze libe ziingidi ezingama-31 likhuluma amalimi womdabu ama-250, ngaphezu kwelimi lesizwe lesiNgisi nesiFulentshi, nofana zombili. Izakhamuzi zokuthoma zendawo leyo bezifaka hlangana ipucuko yama-Sao eduze neLake [[Chad]] kanye nabazingeli-abaqoqi be-Baka ehlathini lemvula langesewulapumalanga. Abahloli bamaPutukezi bafika egwini ngekhulu le-15 begodu baqamba indawo leyo ngokuthi yi-Rio dos Camarões (umlambo we-Shrimp), eyaba yi-Cameroon ngesiNgisi. Amasotja we-Fulani asungula i-Adamawa Emirate enyakatho ngekhulu le-19, begodu amaqembu weentjhaba ahlukahlukeneko weTjingalanga neTlhagwini-Tjingalanga asungula amakhosi anamandla nama-fondoms.<ref>https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-73966-8_12</ref><ref>https://books.google.co.za/books?hl=en&lr=&id=hHrDEAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=Cameroon&ots=dCY9uyla4I&sig=1Pjy3KHBV4EAbkYni9tpQZJtyOE&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Cameroon&f=false</ref> == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} [[Mkhakha:Iinarha zephasi]] 4fwue2wfpe6wn9k48ssiada5dzu25zx 0 426 2624 2309 2025-04-03T19:07:56Z Rachmat04 32 2624 wikitext text/x-wiki '''U-Mbandzeni''' (owaziwa nangokuthi ngu-Dlamini IV, Umbandine,] Umbandeen[3]) (c. 1855–1889) bekayiKosi ye-Swaziland (manje eyi-[[Eswatini]]) kusukela ngo-1872 bekube ngu-1889. Ingwenyama Mbandzeni bekayindodana ka-Mswati II no-Nandzi Nkambule . Unina umfazi weKosi uMswati bekahlongakele asesemncani khulu.<ref>https://landportal.org/sites/default/files/library/resources/20210202%2520Eswatini%2520timeline%2520FINAL.pdf</ref><ref>https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-history/article/abs/pedi-go-down-the-land-belongs-to-us-the-pedi-polity-the-boers-and-the-british-in-the-nineteenth-century-transvaal-by-delius-peter-johannesburg-ravan-press-london-heinemann-educational-books-19831984-pp-xiv-279-1650/220FB6C835F8C0259C1BB25F090A50F2</ref> U-Mbandzeni wakhwela esihlalweni sobukhosi ngemva kobana umfowabo u-[[Ludvonga]] II ahlongakale ngaphambi kobana abe yikosi. Ukuhlongakala kwaka-Ludvonga kwabangela bona unina u-Inkhosikati Lamgangeni amukele u-Mbandzeni obekangananina njengendodanakhe, lokho kwamenza waba yikosi begodu yena waba yikosikazi ye-Swaziland. Inhlokodolobha yakhe yobukhosi gade iseMbekelweni. Ngesikhathi sobukhosi bakhe u-Mbandzeni wanikela ngeemvume ezinengi zemayini, ukulima, ukurhweba kanye nokuphatha ebantwini abamhlophe abavela e-[[Britain]] ne-Transvaal. AmaBhunu bekakhohlise ikosi bona isayine iimvumelwano zomhlaba unomphela. Ikosi beyingakghoni ukufunda nokutlola, njeke amaBhunu amenza bona atlikitle iimvumo ngesiphambano. Ikosi yatjelwa bona bekungasiwo umhlaba onomphela kodwana amaphepha ngokwawo atjho ngenye indlela. Ukuvunyelwa okunikelwe ngokusizwa ngu-[[Offy Sherpstone]] ekugcineni kwaholela emihlanganweni ka-1884 no-1894, eyehlisa imingcele ye-Swaziland begodu ngokukhamba kwesikhathi yenza i-Swaziland yaba yindawo evikelweko ye-South African Republic.<ref>https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9780230271159_157</ref><ref>https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315306797/swazi-hilda-kuper</ref> == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} [[Mkhakha:Amakhosi eAfrika]] [[Mkhakha:Umlando]] prgsngyypbgqgdz2t98biv13okjgsw6 14 427 2310 2024-12-28T01:54:59Z Bobbyshabangu 66 Created blank page 2310 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 428 2631 2317 2025-04-03T19:09:29Z Rachmat04 32 2631 wikitext text/x-wiki U-Ludvonga II (c. 1855 – 1872) bekanguMbusi we-Swaziland, indodana ka-Mswati II we-[[Swaziland|Eswatini]].<ref>https://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/server/api/core/bitstreams/5859a9c9-cba9-4c1a-a29e-39730ef49654/content</ref>Ikoro kanina bekunguKhumalo. Ngebanga lokulwa kwamandla ngaphakathi emndenini wekosi, wabulawa ubuthi begodu wahlongakala ngo-1872 ngaphambi kobana athathe isihlalo sobukhosi.Wathathelwa indawo ngumfowabo uMbandzeni, owamukelwa ngunina kaLudvonga.<ref>https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315306797/swazi-hilda-kuper</ref><ref>https://bestencyclopedia.com/Mswati_II</ref><ref>https://ujcontent.uj.ac.za/view/pdfCoverPage?instCode=27UOJ_INST&filePid=136778940007691&download=true</ref> == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} [[Mkhakha:Amakhosi eAfrika]] [[Mkhakha:Umlando]] 12w4natyzzppcrm8avh1nvpbzrr8h00 0 429 2323 2322 2024-12-28T02:10:15Z Bobbyshabangu 66 2323 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eswatini''' ngokusemthethweni uMbuso we-Eswatini begodu eyaziwa ngebizo layo langaphambilini elisemthethweni i-Swaziland (/ˈswɑːzilænd/ ☓-Swaziland) begodu yangaphambilini UmBuso we I-Swaziland,<ref>https://www.elibrary.imf.org/downloadpdf/journals/019/2024/030/019.2024.issue-030-en.pdf</ref> lilizwe elinganamanzi eSewula ye-Afrika. Inomngcele we-Mozambique ngepumalanga yetlhagwini ne[[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika]] ngetlhagwini, ngeTjingalanga, ngesewula, neSewulapumalanga. I-Eswatini ingenye yeenarha ezincani khulu e-Afrika; nanyana kunjalo, ubujamo bezulu nendawo yayo ihlukile, ukusuka endaweni epholileko neneentaba ukuya eendaweni eziphasi ezitjhisako nezomileko.<ref>https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-24777-5</ref><ref>http://dspace.puet.edu.ua/bitstream/123456789/9592/1/tezy_dopovidey_xlii_ch.1.pdf</ref> == Iinkomba == cyay2sclzaq9v12q5yn2sgmp4jdzjdn 0 430 3112 2913 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Janabaevazizbek|Janabaevazizbek]] 2573 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eswatini''' ngokusemthethweni uMbuso we-Eswatini begodu eyaziwa ngebizo layo langaphambilini elisemthethweni i-Swaziland (/ˈswɑːzilænd/ ☓-Swaziland) begodu yangaphambilini UmBuso we I-Swaziland, lilizwe elinganamanzi eSewula ye-Afrika. Inomngcele we-Mozambique ngepumalanga yetlhagwini ne[[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika]] ngetlhagwini, ngeTjingalanga, ngesewula, neSewulapumalanga. I-Eswatini ingenye yeenarha ezincani khulu e-Afrika; nanyana kunjalo, ubujamo bezulu nendawo yayo ihlukile, ukusuka endaweni epholileko neneentaba ukuya eendaweni eziphasi ezitjhisako nezomileko. [[Mkhakha:Iinarha zephasi]] g9gykii28n4rgiptj6hpcy020yglz6f 0 431 2329 2328 2024-12-28T02:27:42Z Bobbyshabangu 66 2329 wikitext text/x-wiki '''U-Sobhuza II''' eyaziwa nangokuthi ngu-Nkhotfotjeni, Mona; ukubusa okude khulu okuqinisekisiweko kwananyana ngiyiphi inkosi emlandwini otloliweko.<ref>https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/AJA19852007_117</ref><ref>https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/AJA02562804_620</ref> USobhuza wabelethwa mhlana ali-22 kuNtaka 1899 e-[[Zombodze Royal Residence]], indodana ka-Inkhosikati Lomawa Ndwandwe neKosi uNgwane V. Lokha nakaneenyanga ezine kwaphela, uyise wahlongakala kungakalindelwa nakagida i-incwala. USobhuza wakhethwa bona abe yikosi msinyana ngemva kwalokho begodu ugogo wakhe u-Labotsibeni nomalume wakhe u-Prince Malunge bakhokhela isitjhaba samaSwazi bekwaba kulapho akhula khona ngo-1921.U-Sobhuza wamukelwa njengeKosi yi-British ngo-1967, begodu i-Swaziland yazuza ikululeko ngo-1968. USobhuza waragela phambili nokubusa bekwaba sekufeni kwakhe ngo-1982. Walandelwa ngu-Mswati III, indodanakhe encani ne-Inkhosikati Ntfombi Tfwala, owabekwa umqhele ngo-1986.<ref>https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9780230271197_158</ref> == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Amakhosi eAfrika]] [[Category:Umlando]] 6cy72tr7ag68ppvs9rbxj0yc441ld9s 0 432 3450 2333 2025-07-18T07:03:56Z India ke Presidents ke suchi 765 /* Iinkomba */ 3450 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nana Sita''' (eyaziwa nangokuthi ngu-Nanabhai) wabelethwa ngo-1898 e-Matwadi, idorobha le-Gujarat, e-India, begodu wakhulela emndenini obandakanyeka emkhankasweni wokujamelana nama-India. Waya e[[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika]] ngo-1913 ukuyokufunda ukugcina amabhuku, begodu wahlala isikhathi esithileko no-J. P. Vyas e-Pitoli. Msinyana ngemva kokufika kwakhe, u-[[Mahatma Gandhi]] wafika e-[[Pitori|Pitoria]] ukuyokukhulumisana no-General Jan Smuts, begodu wahlala endlini yinye no-Sita iinyanga ezimbili. Ukukhulumisana no-Gandhi kwaba nomthelela omkhulu epilweni yakhe begodu bekangumsekeli omkhulu wokujamelana nokungasebenzi. Wahlala ejele kanengi ngokwala ukutjhiya ikhaya lakhe, ngemva kobana indawo lapho gade ahlala khona nomndenakhe iminyaka ema-44 yamenyezelwa njengezakhamuzi zabantu abamhlophe.<ref>https://showme.co.za/pretoria/files/2012/08/PretoriaStreetNameChanges.pdf</ref><ref>https://www.ajol.info/index.php/hts/article/view/212208</ref> == Iinkomba == *[[uMongameli weSewula India]] 37r5ricgtjw2a3ktg8v0s90aj4vjss3 10 437 3478 2340 2025-07-29T14:59:17Z Minorax 38 3478 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Icono aviso borrar.png|80px|left]] <div name="Deletion notice" class="boilerplate metadata" id="delete" style="margin: 0 5%; padding: 0 7px 7px 7px; background: #fee; border: 1px solid #999999; text-align: left; font-size:95%;"> <big>THIS PAGE SHOULD BE '''DELETED'''! The given reason is: "''{{{1}}}''"</big> If you disagree with its speedy deletion, please explain why on [[{{NAMESPACE}} talk:{{PAGENAME}}|its talk page]]. If this page obviously does not meet the criteria for speedy deletion, or you intend to fix it, please remove this notice, but do not remove this notice from a page that you have created yourself. <span class="plainlinks">''Administrators, remember to check [[Special:Whatlinkshere/{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|if anything links here]] and [{{fullurl:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|action=history}} the page history] ([{{fullurl:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|diff=0}} last edit]) before [{{fullurl:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|action=delete}} deletion].''</span> </div><includeonly>{{{category|[[Category:Candidates for speedy deletion]]}}}</includeonly> qa0s3je53rjm771yqip95vgfwfiyd7l 14 438 2341 2025-01-02T18:16:24Z WikiBayer 225 Created page with "__EXPECTUNUSEDCATEGORY__ Pages for speedy deletion go here." 2341 wikitext text/x-wiki __EXPECTUNUSEDCATEGORY__ Pages for speedy deletion go here. hpmgwxugdvg0jn27b90yrt73zfo7wzb 0 439 2452 2411 2025-02-21T15:42:31Z Nqobile69 190 2452 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ijemu''' yinto yokuzesa uburotho ukwenzela bonyana bube mnandi begodu ukhone ukubudla. IJemu yenziwa khulu ngama aprikosi. ijemu yaziwa njengokudla kwamaNdebele ngombana lokha amaNdebele nakenze iqude ekumnyanya wokukhulisa itlawana, abomma nabantazana baphakiswa ijemu njengesipho sokuthi bazile emnyannyeni lo. Ijemu isudu ngokunambitheka k8w7hpy2v9rn43pvvy2df1kiqpws1zu 0 440 2575 2346 2025-03-22T05:46:43Z Janabaevazizbek 341 2575 wikitext text/x-wiki '''U-Myles Munroe''', (20 kuMrhayili 1954 – 9 kuNobayeni 2014) bekangumvangeli we-[[Bahamian]] begodu umfundisi, uprofesa, umtloli, isikhulumi nomcebisi woburholi. Wasungula begodu warhola i-Bahamas Faith Ministries International (BFMI), kanye ne-Myles Munroe International (MMI). Bekabuye abe mphathi omkhulu nomgcinisihlalo webhodi ye-International Third World Leaders Association, kanye nomongameli we-International Leadership Training Institute. U-Dr Munroe naye bekangumtloli omkhulu.<ref>https://cbn.com/news/world/keeping-legacy-alive-life-after-myles-munroe</ref> == Isithasiselo == {{Reflist}} [[Mkhakha:Abosaziwako]] 31rfjizq36aebuc4sm38kniqaqydyw6 0 442 3075 2986 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Janabaevazizbek|Janabaevazizbek]] 2577 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Amafu;''' Amafu ngezinye zezinto ezimkarisomraro begodu nezibamba indima ekulu ephasini mayelana neenlwana nabantu. Umkarisomraro omkhulu mayelana namafu kukwenzeka kwawo kanye nendawo la atholakala khona. Amafu atholakala esibhakabhakeni begodu ahleli emoyeni ngaphandle kokubona bonyana abanjwe yini. Eenhlokwaneni ezilandelako sizokutjheja bonyana yini amafu, imihlobo edume khulu yamafu kanye nemisebenzi yamafu. == Kuyini amafu? == Ngokuya kwe-[[:en:Cloud|Wikipedia (2024)]]<ref name=":0">Wikipedia. 2024. ''Cloud''. Litholaka ku:< <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud</nowiki>>. Ifunyenwe [Ngomhlaka 18 kuNobayeni 2024].</ref> amafu kumvango werhwaba nobutlelezana bamathosi, nezinye izinto lezo ezilenge emoyeni nanyana esibhakabhakeni. I-Wikipedia (2024)<ref name=":0" /> ingezelele yathi amafu la abonaka ephasini nanyana atholakala ephasini abakhona ngebanga lomoya okhuphukela phezulu otjhisakho, ofika le phezulu ube makhaza bese uba yirhwaba. Ukuragela phambili, irhwaba le ithi ingaba nobutlelezi obaneleko bese kubamamafu (Wikipedia 2024)<ref name=":0" />. == Imihlobo yamafu == [[Isimumathi:Ikhalamasi.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Amafu ikhalamasi]] Ngokuya kwe-Lets talk Science (2024) <ref>Lets talk Science. 2024.Weather: ''Clouds''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://letstalkscience.ca/educational-resources/backgrounders/weather-clouds</nowiki>>. Ifunyenwe [Ngomhlaka 18 kuNobayeni 2024].</ref>kunemihlobo eminengi yamafu kodwana isirasi, ikhamulasi, istrathasi nenimbasi mihlobo edume nayizwa khulu. I-[https://www.twinkl.co.za/teaching-wiki/cloud Twinckl(2024)]<ref name=":1">Twinckl. 2024. ''Cloud''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://www.twinkl.co.za/teaching-wiki/cloud</nowiki>>. Ifunyenwe [Ngomhlaka 18 kuNobayeni 2024].</ref> iveze bonyana amafu isirasi kumamafu lawo aqaleka nanyana afana njengewula begodu adweni. Umhlobo lo wamafu wenziya yirhwaba encani nanyana elula ekhanyelako leyo ewanikela ubudweni. Ikhamulasi mamafu labo avela amakhulu begodu abuboyana nawuwaqalileko (Britannica 2024<ref name=":2">Britannica. 2024. ''Cloud: Meteorology''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://www.britannica.com/science/cloud-meteorology</nowiki>>. Ifunyenwe [Ngomhlaka 18 kuNobayeni 2024].</ref>; Twinckl 2024<ref name=":1" />). Esikhathi esinengi amafu la, agcwala isibhakabhaka kanti avame ukuba nombala omlotha nanyana omhlophe (Britannica 2024; Tinckl 2024<ref name=":1" />). Ngesikhathi amahlophe, vane atjengisa bonyana angekhe aletha izulu; Kodwana lokha nakatjhugululela kumbala ongeleleko omlotha ukuya ebunzimeni vane atjengisa bonyana aze nezulu ([https://www.britannica.com/science/cloud-meteorology Britannica 2024]; Twinckl2024<ref name=":1" />). [[Isimumathi:Amafu istrathasi.jpg|left|thumb|200x200px|Amafu istrathasi]] Istrathasi mamafu adeke khulu lawo othi nawuqala phezulu ongakghoni ukubona nesibhakabhaka kodwana kubonakala wona (Britannica 2024; Twinckl 2024). Esikhathini esinengi mamafu aphasi nanyana aseduze naphasi nanyana abantu (Britannica 2024<ref name=":2" />; Twinckl 2024<ref name=":1" />). I-Twinckl (2024<ref name=":1" />) ingezelele yathi ibanga lokhu amafu la abeseduze nabantu nanyana abephasi kukuthi ayenziwa yikungu. Amafu la enzeka ngesikhathi kumakhaza bese kube nomoya otjhisako nomakhaza ovuthelwako (Britannica 2024<ref name=":2" />; Twinckl2024<ref name=":1" />). Ukuvuthelwa kwemimoya le, ngikho okuqunta bonyana abe dege kangangani (Britannica 2024<ref name=":2" />; Twinckl2024). [[Isimumathi:Inimbasi.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Amafu inimbasi]] Inimbasi mamafu lawo eza nezulu nanyana igabhogo (Britannica 2024<ref name=":2" />; Twinckl 2024<ref name=":1" />). Esikhathini esinengi umhlobo lo wamafu ubonakala khulu ngesikhathi sokuraramba nokuduma kwezulu (Britannica 2024; Twinckl2024). Ngamanye amagama la mamafu akhambisana nezulu elirarambako nanyana elineembani emikhulu. == Imisebenzi yamafu == Amafu anemisebenzi eminengi leyo efaka hlangana ukupholisa nanyana ukwehlisa umtjhiso ephasini lokha nakutjhisa khulu (Wikipedia 2024). Omunye umsebenzi omkhulu kukukwenza bona izulu line ukuze iintjalo nabantu bathole amanzi ([https://letstalkscience.ca/educational-resources/backgrounders/weather-clouds Lets talk Science 2024]). Izulu angekhe lakghona ukuna ngaphandle kwamafu. == Isiphetho == Amafu umkarisomraro lowo oqakathekileko kithi soke. Begodu kufanele sazi imisebenzi yawo nokuthi enziwa njani. Ukungenzelela imihlobo yamafu nayo kufanele siyizwisise ukuze sizokwazi ukuziphatha ngendlela enqophileko mayelana nayo ngombana eminye imihlobo iza neembani eraramba kabuhlungu khulu. == Umthombolwazi == <references /> pqik1c5c6fxbqbrfup8z5fksy4rdg1n 0 443 2635 2378 2025-04-03T19:10:48Z Rachmat04 32 2635 wikitext text/x-wiki == Igezi. == === Isingeniso === Ngokuya kwe-[https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/what-is-electricity/all Learn Sparkfun (2024)]<ref name=":0">Learn Sparkfun. 2024. ''What is electricity?'' Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/what-is-electricity/all</nowiki>>. Ifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 18 kuNobayeni 2024].</ref> igezi mamandla nanyana umlilo loyo okghonwa ukusetjenziswa yithekhnoloji efana nabafunjwathwako, imitjhiningqondo, amalerhe, iimphehlimoya kanye nezinye izinto. Esihlokweni esilandelako sizokutjheja bonyana kuyini igezi === Kuyini igezi? === [[Isimumathi:Igezi.jpg|thumb|Igezi]] I-Learn Sparkfun (2024)<ref name=":0" />, ithi kubudisana ukuhlathulula bonyana igezi iyini; kodwana, igezi yinto yemvelo begodu imamandla nomlilo lawo asetjenziswa ngemihlobo eyahlukeneko yezinto, khulukhulu zethekhnoloji. I-[[:en:Electricity|Wikipedia (2024]])<ref name=":1">Wikipedia. 2024. ''Electricity''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity</nowiki>>. Ifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 18 kuNobayeni 2024]</ref> ingezelele yathi igezi kukugeleza nanyana ukuphuma kwamatjhaji wegezi lawo afike asetjenziwe njengamandla wokwenza bonyana izinto ezinengi zethekhnoloji zisebenze. Ukuphuma nanyana ukugeleza kwamatjhaji wegezi la, kuhlukaniswe kabili. Kukhona amatjhaji wegezi angezelelako (+) namatjhaji wegezi aphungululako (-) [https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/electricity/ US Energy Information Adminstartion 2024]<ref name=":2">US Energy Information Administration. 2024. ''Electricity.'' Litholaka ku:< <nowiki>https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/electricity/</nowiki>> . >. Ifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 18 kuNobayeni 2024].</ref>]. Igezi le esetjenziswa endlini nanyana babantu emtjhinini yabo, kumamadla nanyana kumlilo wesibili (US Energy Information Adminstartion 2024)<ref name=":2" />. Lokhu kusibikela bonyana kukhona umhlobo wokuthoma wamandla nanyana womlilo wegezi loyo onamandla khulu engekhe sakghona ukuwusebenzisa eendlini nanyana emitjhinini yethu eminengi. Iphuzu leli lisekelwe yi-US Energy Information Administration (2024) nayithi, igezi esetjenziswa endlini imamandla nanyana umlilo wesibili ngombana ikhiqhizwe ngokutjhugulula imithombo yokuthoma yamandla nanyana yomlilo efaka hlangana amalahle, umsebe yelanga nanyana amandla welangana nomoya ukuze ibe yigezi le esikghona ukuyisebenzisa. Baragele phambili, be-US Energy Information Adminstartion (2024)<ref name=":2" /> bathi, umthombo wokuthoma wegezi kumlilo nanyana amandla asetjenziswa ngokubuyelelwa nasetjenziswa ngokungabuyelelwa. Esohlokwaneni esilandelako sizokutjheja imisebenzi yegezi. === Imisebenzi yegezi === Igezi idlala indima ekulu tle eempilweni zethu njengoba sazi ukuthi siphila esikhathi sethekhnoloji nesoburhatjharhatjha besine. Igezi isebenzi ukunikela amandla nomlilo eenthuthini, izinto zokupheka, izinto zokufunda njengemitjhiningqondo nethungelwano, ukukhulisa iintjalo nefuyo (Wikipedia 2024)<ref name=":1" />. Ngakho-ke, igezi isekabeni yipilo yethu begodu abanye abantu bangabhalelwa kuphila ngaphande kwayo njengombana vane kube budisi khulu nakunokuqintelwa kwegezi nanyana ukutlhayela kwegezi. === Isiphetho === Igezi ngenye yezinto eziqakathekileko kodwana ebudisi tle ukuyihlathulula nanyana sisebenza ngayo mihla namalanga. Igezi sele idosa phambili ekusirholeni epilweni esiyiphilako ngombana ngaphandle kwayo sele sinobudisi bokungakghoni ezinye zezinto. Nanyana kunjalo, kuqakathekile bonyana siyisebenzise kuhle begodi sizifundise nezinye iindlela zokwenza izinto ngaphandle kwayo. === Umthombolwazi === <references /> lzqa130dojm9y3s7w0v09nwpz4rvhha 0 444 3046 3032 2025-06-07T03:05:22Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Owaziwako|Owaziwako]] 2360 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''[[Iinthuthi|Iimbaseli]]''' == === '''Isingeniso''' === [[Ipetroli nedizili.|Iimbaseli]] zimamandla nomlilo osetjenziswa yithekhnoloji ngezinye zezinto ezisekabeni zeempilo zethu namhlanje. Amandla nomlilo la aqakatheke khulu ngendlela yokuthi abantu sele bangasakghoni ukuphila ngamandla nomlilo la. Esihlokwaneni esilandelako sizokutjheja iimbaseli njengamandla nanyana umlilo lo osinikela ikghanakalo lokusebenzisa ithekhnoloji. === '''Kuyini iimbaseli?''' === Ngokuya kwe-[[:en:Fuel|Wikipedia (2024)]]<ref name=":0">Wikipedia. 2024. ''Fuel''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel</nowiki>>. Ifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 24 kuNobayeni 2024].</ref> iimbaseli ngezinye zezinto ezenzelwe ukuhluzwa nezinto ezithize ukuze kukhiqhizeke amandla nanyana umlilo ngengomfutho wamandla wokusebenza nanyana ukuze kusebetjenziswe okuthile. Amadlala nanyana umlilo okhiqhizwa lokha nakuhluzwa iimbaseli ungatjhugululelwa emandleni nanyana emlilweni [[Iinthuthi|weenthuthi]] njengamandla nanyana umlilo we-enjini (Wikipedia 2024<ref name=":0" />; [https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/fuel/274453 Kids Britannica 2024]<ref name=":1">Kids Britannica. 2024. ''Fuel''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/fuel/274453</nowiki>>. Ifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 24 kuNobayeni 2024].</ref>). I-Energy Education (2024)<ref name=":2">Energy Education. 2024. ''Fuel''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Fuel</nowiki>>. Ifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 24 kuNobayeni 2024].</ref> isekele i-Wikipedia (2024)<ref name=":0" /> nayiveza bonyana iimbaseli kuzimbulungimandla nanyana kuzimbulungimlilo lezo ezisetjenziselwa ukunikela ngemisebenzi yamandla nanyana yomlilo efana nowemitjhini, iinthuthi nokukhiqhizwa kwegezi. Kwesinye isikhathi amandla nomlilo akhiqhizwa eembaseleni akaqakathekile ekufudumezeni, ekuphekeni kanye nokwenza imisebenzi yokwakhiwa kwezinto begodu nokuhlanganiswa kwezinto ezitjhisako nanyana zomlilo. Iimbaseli lezi zisetjenziswa nezinye izinto nanyana imitjhini leyo enekghonakalo lokubulunga amandla nanyana umlilo ukuze ziwukhiqhize bunqopha njengamandla nanyana umlilo wegezi ofaka hlangana amabhetri, amajanaretha (Kids Britannica 2024<ref name=":1" />; Wikipedia 2024<ref name=":0" />). Ukuragela phambili, eminye imitjhini enekghonakalo lokubulunga amandla nanyana umlilo begodu uwukhiqize bunqopha njengamandla nanyana umlilo weensimbi efaka hlangana isiphehlimoya, amanzi ngesibulungelwenimanzi, ukukhanjiswa kwamavili nokunye (Wikipedia 2024; Science ABC, 2024<ref>Science ABC. 2024. ''What is the difference between petrol and diesel''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://www.scienceabc.com/nature/what-is-the-difference-between-petrol-and-diesel.html</nowiki>>. Ifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 24 kuNobayeni 2024].</ref>). === '''Imihlobo yeembaseli''' === [[Isimumathi:Iimbaseli.jpg|thumb|364x364px|Imihlobo yeembaseli]] Iimbaseli lezi zimihlobo eminengi kodwana imihlobo eqakhatheke khulu mbili khaphela, iimbaseli zobujamo bokuthoma neembaseli zobujamo besibili. Iimbaseli zobujamo bokuthoma zifaka hlangana iimbaseli zenyutliye, iimbaseli zamafutha ahlaza nembaseli zeentjalo ([https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Fuel Energy Education 2024]<ref name=":2" />). Lezi mihlobo yeembaseli yemvelo leyo engakahluzwa nezinye izinto ukuze ibe namandla nanyana nomlilo. Kodwana, imihlobo yesibili yeembaseli yona ifuna ukuhluzwa nezinye izinto ukuze ikwazi ukukhiqhiza amandla nanyana umlilo, yona imihlobo le [[Iinthuthi|ingakafa idizili, nepetroli]] (Energy Education 2024).Imihlobo yesibili yeembaseli ilula ukusetjenziswa yi-enjini neminye imitjhini njengendlela yokufunyana amandla nanyana umlilo ngendlela emsinya ekungakghonakala ngayo (Energy Education 2024<ref name=":2" />). Imihlobo emibili le etjhiwo ngaphezulu eminengi, nakungasiyo yoke, inemivango yekhabhoni efana nekhabhoni dayokhsayidi (i-Co2) leyo ethi nayikhiqhizwako isetjenziswe ziintjalo ngobunengi ukuze kuphunguleke umonakalo ongenziwa mivango yekhabhoni le (Kids Britannica 2024<ref name=":1" />). === '''Isiphetho.''' === Iimbaseli zidlala indima ekulu eempilweni zethu njengombana zisetjenziswa ezintweni ezinengi mihla namalanga. Iimbaseli lezi ziyahlukana ngokuhluzwa kanye nangemisebenzi yazo. Ye-ke, kufuna bonyana sizizwisise kuhle ukuze sizokukghona ukuzisebenzise ngezwisiso elingcono. === '''Umthombolwazi''' === <references /> aj3jmg5tom45mwbq7d9bwu0gz9t0o6m 0 445 3067 2996 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Owaziwako|Owaziwako]] 2359 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''[[Iimbaseli|Ipetroli nedizili]].''' == === '''Isingeniso''' === Ipetroli nedizili kuziinkhiqizi zamandla nanyana umlilo lezo ezidlala indima ekulu ngehlangothini leenthuthi, ukupheka kanye nekusebenziseni imitjhini. Nanyana kunjalo, ipetroli nedizili kuziinkhiqizi zamandla nanyana umlilo ongafaniko begodu kwesinye isikhathi kunala zisetjenziswa ngokuhlukileko nanyana imitjhini nezinto ezizisebenzisako ziyahluka. Esihlokwaneni esilandelako sizokutjheja bonyana kuyini ipetroli nedizili. === '''Kuyini ipetroli nedizili na?''' === Ipetroli nedizili [[Iimbaseli|kuziimbaseli]] zobujamo besibili nanyana bomhlobo wobujamo besibili loyo  okhuqhiza amandla nanyana umlilo ngokutjhiswa nanyana ngokusetjenziswa ([https://www.acea.auto/fact/differences-between-diesel-and-petrol/ Acea Auto 2024]<ref name=":0">Acea Auto. 2024. ''Differences between diesel and Petrol''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://www.acea.auto/fact/differences-between-diesel-and-petrol/</nowiki>>. Ifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 24 kuNobayeni 2024].</ref>). Ukungezelela, ipetroli nedizili ziiimbaseli lezo ezihluzwe e-oyilini ehlaza. Nanyana kunjalo, kufanele siyelela bonyana azihluzwa kokufana. Ipetroli ihluzwa e-oyilini ehlaza lula njengombana ihluzwa ezingeni lokutjhisa elingaba kulangabi lama-40 ukuya kuma-250 ([https://bulkfuel.com.au/news/whats-the-difference-between-diesel-and-petrol Bulkfuel 202]<ref name=":1">Bulk Fuel. 2024''. Whats the difference between diesel and Petrol''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://bulkfuel.com.au/news/whats-the-difference-between-diesel-and-petrol</nowiki>>. Ifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 24 kuNobayeni 2024]. </ref>[https://bulkfuel.com.au/news/whats-the-difference-between-diesel-and-petrol 4]).nanyana kunjalo, ipetroli ineensilaphazo zebhudululo zezinga eliphezulu ukudlula idizili (Acea Auto 2024<ref name=":0" />). Lokhu kutjho bonyana, lokha ipetroli nayisetjenziswa mtjhini nanyana sithuthi esithize ikhiqiza umvango wekhabhoni omnengi ukudlula idizili. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi idizili yona ihlizwa e-oyilini ehlaza elangabeni lezinga lama-250 ukuya phezulu(Bulkfuel 2024<ref name=":1" />). Ukungezelela, idizili ikhiqiza iinsilaphazo zebhodoluko ezincani nakumadaniswa nepetroli (Bulk Fuel 2024<ref name=":1" />). Ngamanye amagama, idizili lokha nayisetjenziswako mtjhini nanyana sithuthi esithize ikhiqiza umvango wekhabhoni omncani kunalo okhiqizwa yipetroli. Ukuragela phambili, idizili ikhiqiza amandla nanyana umtjhiso omnengi begodu ihlala isikhathi nanyana isebenziseka isikhathi eside nayimadaniswa nepetroli (Acea Auto 2024<ref name=":0" />; [https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Fuel Energy Education 2024]<ref>Energy Education. 2024. ''Fuel''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Fuel</nowiki>>. Ifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 24 kuNobayeni 2024].</ref>). Kokugcina umtjhini nanyana isithuthi esisebenzisa ipetroli asisebenzisi idizili ([[:en:Fuel|Wikipedia 2024]]<ref name=":2">Wikipedia. 2024. ''Fuel.'' Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel</nowiki>>. Ifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 24 kuNobayeni 2024].</ref>). Ngokufanako, umtjhini nanyana isithuthi esisebenzisa idizili naso asisebenzisi ipetroli (Wikipedia 2024<ref name=":2" />). Lokhu kusibikela bonyana, izinto ezinengi azikwazi ukusebenzisa ipetroli nedizili ngesikhathi sinye nanyana kokubili, kufanele zikhethe kunye. === '''Isiphetho''' === Ipetroli nedizili kuziimbaseli lezo ezisetjenziswa khulu njengomthombo wokukhiqiza amandla nanyana umlilo ephasini. Nanyana kunjalo, kufanele siyelele bonyana azifani ngokwenziwa nokusetjenziswa begodu kuzizinto ekufanele zisetjenziswe ngomnanko omkhulu njengoba zitjha nanyana zibanga umlilo msinyana. === '''Umthombolwazi''' === <references /> johdvp7ri31fzenx4x7dh8zxcsxfzco 0 446 2379 2361 2025-01-28T06:11:01Z Owaziwako 24 2379 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''Ilimu nelimi.''' == === '''Isingeniso.''' === Ilimu nelimi zizinto ezimbili lezo ezipheze zaphinyiswa begodu zatlolwa kokufana. Kodwana, eqinisweni azifani begodu zihluke khulu nangesakhiwo nemisebenzi yazo. Eenhlokwaneni ezilandelako sizokutjheja bonyana ilimi nelimu kuyini. === '''Kuyini ilimi?''' === U-Repka (2020)<ref name=":0">Repka, R. 2020. Towards a Definition of Language. ''Philologia'', 30 (1): 149–170.</ref> uveze bonyana ilimi litjhuguluka njalo ngokukhambelaniswa nobujamo namatjhuguluko afunekako ukuze ihlelo lokuthintana lisetjenziswe ngokupheleleko. Ungezelele wathu, u-Repka (2020:150)<ref name=":0" />, ilimi kusisakhiwo sehlelo elihlelekileko lamatshwayo lawo asetjenziswa ukukhuluma nanyana ukwenza ilimi. Ngamanye amagama, kusetjenziswa leso esisebenziswa ukwakha ilimi, okutjho bona ngaphambi kobanyana ilimi litlolwe nanyana libe semethethweni kufanele kube nelimi lelo ekuzokususelwa kilo. Ngokuya kuka-Oviogun no-Veerdee (2020) <ref name=":1">Oviogun, P. V., & Veerdee, P. S. (2020). Definition of language and linguistics: basic competence. ''Macrolinguistics and Microlinguistics'', 1(1): 1–12.</ref>ilimi liyindlela yokuthintana begodu lilihlelo lokuthintana lelo elisebenzisa amatshwayo abongwaqa nabokamisa. Nasitjheja ihlathululo le, ilinge ukuhlathulula ilimi ngendlela yesayensi yezelimi ngokuthi kutjhejwe amatjhada nemidumo leyo esetjenziswa elimini ngesikhathi sehlelo lokuthintana. I-[https://www.britannica.com/topic/language Britannica (2024)]<ref name=":2">Britannica. 2024. ''Tongue''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://www.britannica.com/science/tongue</nowiki>>. Ifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 24 kuNobayeni 2024].</ref> yona ihlathulule ilimi njengeqhinga lokuzihlathulula ngendlela yokuhlanganisa amatjhada ukuze abemagama lawo aletha umqondo ozwakalako. Ihlathululo le, ingezelele phezu kwehlathululo ka-Oviogun no-Veerdee (2020)<ref name=":1" /> ngokuthi iveze bonyana amatjhada la ayakhiwa abemagama lawo amumethe umqondo ukuze loyo olaleleko nanyana ozibandakanye ehlelweni lekulumo azwisise. I-[[:en:Language|Wikipedia (2024a]])<ref>Wikipedia. 2024. ''Language''. Litholakala ku:<<nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language</nowiki>>. Ifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 24 kuNobayeni 2024].</ref> ihlathulule ilimi njengehlelo elihlelekileko lezokuthintana lelo elifaka hlangana ihlelo lelimi, amatjhada nommongo ngomnqopho wokukhambisa umlayezo loyo ongaba ngobujamo bokukhulunywa nanyana bokutlolwa phasi. Ihlathululo le ilinge ukufaka yoke into ilimi engiyo ngokusuka embonweni obhamba ukuya embonweni wezesayensi kanye nemisebenzi yalo. Esihlokwaneni esilandelako sitjheja bonyana kuyini ilimu. === '''Kuyini ilimu?''' === Ngokuya kuka-Bordoni, u-Morabito, u-Mitrano, u-Simonelli no-Toccafondi (2018:2)<ref name=":3">Bordoni, B., Morabito, B., Mitrano. R, & Toccafondi, A. 2018. The Anatomical Relationships of the Tongue with the Body System. Cureus 10(12): 1-7.</ref> ilimu kusisitho leso esisetjenziswa ukugwinya, ukuphefumula, ukukhuluma nokutlhafunya. Nasitjheja ihlathululo le siyayibona bonyana inqophe khulu kumisebenzi leyo eyenziwa lilimu. Nanyana kunjalo, u-Mangold, u-Torgerson, no-Rogers (2016)<ref>Mangold, A. R., Torgerson, R. R., & Rogers, R. S. 2016. Diseases of the tongue. ''Clinics in Dermatology'', 34:458-469.</ref> balinge ukungezelela phezu kwehlathululo ka-Bordoni ''nabanye'' (2018)<ref name=":3" /> nabaveza bonyana ilimu kusisitho leso esihlangahlangeneko esikghona ukuzwa ngemisipha nenyama yaso. Ihlathululo le, inqophe khulu ezintweni ezakha ilimi. U-Serrurier, no-Badin, no-Barney, no-Boe no-Savariaux (2009)<ref>Serrurier, A., Badin, P., Barney, A., Boe., L., & Savariaux, C. 2009. Comparative articulatory modelling of the tongue in speech and feeding. ''Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research'':1-28.</ref> baveze bonyana ilimu kusisitho somuntu nanyana sesilwani leso esinenyama nemisipha esikghona ukululela nanyana ukuthatha ubujamo obuthize ukuze umuntu nanyana isilwani sidle, sikhulume nanyana siphefumule ngokuthi sisebenzise imisipha nemithambo yaso ukuvala, ukululeka nokukghwatha. Ihlathululo le ilinge ikufaka yoke into eyakha ilimi, imisebenzi kanye nangendlela imisebenzi leyo iyenza ngayo. I-[[:en:Tongue|Wikipedia (2024b)]]<ref>Wikipedia. 2024b. ''Tongue''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongue</nowiki>>. Ifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 24 kuNobayeni 2024].</ref> ngokusekelwa yi-[https://www.britannica.com/science/tongue Britannica (2024)]<ref name=":2" /><ref>Britannica. 2024. ''Tongue''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://www.britannica.com/science/tongue</nowiki>>. Ifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 24 kuNobayeni 2024].</ref> iveze bonyana ilimu kusisitho esinemisipha, inyama nemithambo leso esitholakala emlonyeni begodu sisiza ukutlhafunya nokugwinya ukudla, ukunambitha, ukukhambisa amathe nokusiza ekukhulumeni. Ihlathululo le ilinge ukufaka yoke into eyakha ilimi, kanye nokuhlukanisa imisebenzi yayo ngokungeneleleko. === '''Isiphetho''' === Ilimi nelimu kuzizinto ezihluke tle begodu nemisebenzi yazo ayifani. Nanyana kunjalo zoke ziqakathekileko epilweni yabantu kanye neyeenlwani begdou ziqakatheke ngokuhlukileko. Ilimu kusisitho esifunywana emlomeni womuntu nanyana wesilwani begodu siziza ukudla, uphefumula nezinye zezinto. Kanti, ilimi kulihlelo elihlelekileko lokuthintana lezo eliqakathekileko ekukhambiseni imilayezo nokuthintana. === '''Umthombolwazi''' === <references /> l7wj8dtl2i53yospru2wkc5i3p1ycic 0 447 2380 2362 2025-01-28T06:11:36Z Owaziwako 24 2380 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''Izulu.''' == === '''Isingeniso''' === Izulu ngezinye zezinto eziqakatheke kwamambala epilweni yazo zoke iinlwani kanye nabantu. Izulu limthombo wamanzi kanye nokukhula okukhamba netuthuko yeenlwana zoke kanye nabantu. Amaphuzu la afakazelwe yi-Wikipedia (2024)<ref name=":0">Wikipedia. 2024. ''Rain''. Ufumaneka ku:< <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain</nowiki>>. Ifunenywe [16 kuNobayeni 2024].</ref> lokha nayiveza bonyana amanzi amanengi aselwako ephasini la, abuya ezulwini. Enhlokwaneni ezilandelako sizokutjheja bonyana kuyini izulu begodu sitjheje nemihlobo yezulu edume khulu. === '''Khuyini izulu?''' === [[Isimumathi:Izulu.jpg|thumb|379x379px|Izulu]] Izulu kumathosi lawo enzeke nanyana asuka ebujameni bomrhwamuko wamanzi wemoyeni bese awele phasi ngebanga lobudisi bawo nanyana bobudisi bomoya wephasi ([[:en:Rain|Wikipedia 2024]])<ref name=":0" />. I-Wikipedia (2024)<ref name=":0" /> ingezelela yathi unobangela wezulu omkhulu, kumrhwamuko okhamba ngamahlangothi nanyana ngeengaba entathu zobujamo bomtjhiso. Umrhwamuko okhamba ngamahlangothi nanyana ngeengaba entathu zobujamo bomtjhiso waziwa ngokuthi mvangobujamo bezulu (Joseph 2016<ref name=":1">Joseph, A. 2016. Physics of Rainfall. ''Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research'', 3 (1):51-54.</ref>). U-Joseph (2016)<ref name=":1" /> ungezele wathi, woke amathosi lawo asuka [[Amafu|emafini]] bese awele phasi, afaka hlangana izulu, igabhogo nesinanja; abizwa bonyana kukuna. Esihlokwaneni esilandelako sizokutjheja imihlobo yezulu. === '''Imihlobo yezulu''' === Kunemihlobo eminengi tle [[Iinkathi zomnyaka|yezulu]]. Kodwana thina sizokutjheja imihlobo emithathu yezulu eyaziwa khulu njengombana kufakazelwa yi-[https://www.britannica.com/science/precipitation Britannica] (2024)<ref name=":2">Britannica. 2024. ''Rain''. Ufumaneka ku:< <nowiki>https://www.britannica.com/science/precipitation</nowiki>>. Ifunenywe [16 kuNobayeni 2024].</ref> nayithi izulu elilamulako, izulu lomtjhiso nelesiwuruwuru kumhlobo wezulu owaziwa khulu. Ngalokho-ke, esihlokwaneni esilandelako sizokuthoma ngokuhlathulula izulu elilamulako. === '''Izulu elilamulako''' === Izulu elilamulako lizulu leli elina nanyana eliba khona ngemva kokuthi kube nomrhwamuko otjhisako loyo ovuthelelelako emanzini bese ukatelele ukukhuphuka lokho okufikelela iindawo eziphezulu nanyana isibhakabhaka (Britannica 2024<ref name=":2" />). Ukusuka lapho, umrhwamuko loyo wenze amathosi abudisi emafini besele awela phasi ngobujamo bokuna (Britannica 2024). === '''Izulu lomtjhiso''' === Izulu lomtjhi kulizulu elina ngebanga lokutjhisa khulu kwephasi nanyana kwelanga (Britannica 2024<ref name=":2" />; Department of Environmental Services 2019<ref>Department of Environmental Services. 2019. ''Environmental Fact Sheet''. New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services.</ref>). Umtjhiso wenarha obuya ephasisi utjhisa amazinga aphasi womphezulu bese utjhiso loyo okhuphekele phezulu emafini lapho uphola khona khulu (Britannicca 2024). Ngemva kokuphola, wenza amathosi emafini lawo abanga ukuna kwezulu (Britannica 2024). === '''Izulu lesiwuruwuru''' === Izulu lesiwuruwuru liba khona ngebanga lokuthi kube khona ukutjhayisana nanyana ukuhlangana kwemihlobo embili yomoya leyo enobujamo bezulu nobudisi obuhlukeneko (Britannica 2024<ref name=":2" />). Ngesikhathi imimoya le engafaniko ihlangana, uthola omunye umoya uyaphezulu bese umunye uya phasi lokho kwenze bona kube nokuna okungakanzinzi (Britannica 2024). === '''Isiphetho''' === Izulu liqakatheke khulu epilweni yesinye nesinye isilwazi kanye neentjalo. Izulu lidlala indima ekulu etuthukweni nekukhuleni kweenlwana, iintjalo nabantu. Ekulumenipendulwano yethu engehla sitjheje ihlathululo yezulu kanye nemihlobo edume khulu yezulu. === '''Umthombolwazi''' === <references /> qd6aexdfd23hg5f7q7kvsy8qjskay5a 0 448 2381 2363 2025-01-28T06:12:41Z Owaziwako 24 2381 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''Umnyango nombadi.''' == === '''Isingeniso.''' === Kukhona ezinye izinto ezinamagama nanyana ezibizwa ngamagama ahlukeneko kodwana uthole umqondo nanyana ihlathululo ifana. Izinto lezo nanyana amagama lawo abizwa bonyana bomqondofana. Umnyango nombadi ngamanye wamagama abomqondofana ngombana atjho begodu anehlathululo efanako. Eenhlokwaneni ezilandelako sizokutjhaja bonyana kuyini umnyango nanyana umbadi begodi nomsebenzi wawo. Ngebanga lomnqopho wekulumopendulwano le, sizokutjheja umnyango ngokunqopha into esetjenziswa ukuvala ingasi umnyango njengegatja lombuso. === '''Kuyini umnyango nanyana umbadi?''' === [[Isimumathi:Umnyango umbadi.jpg|thumb|392x392px|Umnyango nanyana umbadi]] Ngokuya kwe-[[mwod:door|Merriam-Webster Dictionary (2024)]]<ref>Merriam-Webster. 2024. ''Door.'' Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/door</nowiki>>. >. Ifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 21 kuNobayeni 2024].</ref> umnyango nanyana umbadi sisetjenziswa leso esizwinkako nanyana esivulekako ngomnqopho wokuvala nokuvula amangeno. Ihlathululo yethu le, yihlathululo ebeka umnyango ngobulula begodu ngobufitjhani ngendlela ekungakghonakala ngayo. Kodwana ngokuya kwe-[[:en:Door|Wikipedia (2024)]]<ref>Wikipedia. 2024. ''Door''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Door</nowiki>>. Ifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 21 kuNobayeni 2024].</ref> umnyango nanyana umbadi sikhandeli esikhambako leso esivumela ukungena nokuvalwa begodu umnqopho waso wokuthoma kukunikela ivikeleko ngokulawulwa ukungena nokuphuma. Ihlathululo yethu le inqophe khulu emsebenzini owenziwa mnyango begodu nangedlela umngango ungakho. I[https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/door -Britannica (2024)]<ref name=":0">Britannica. 2024. ''Door''. Litholakala ku:<<nowiki>https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/door</nowiki>>. Ifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 21 kuNobayeni 2024].</ref> isibikela bonyana umnyango nanyana umbadi kusiqunto esikhambisekako sesigodo, irhalasi nanyana isimbi leyo ezwinkako nanyana evulekako begodu ivaleke ukuze abantu bangene nanyana baphume ngekumbeni, emakhiweni, esithuthini njl. Ihlathululo le, ilinge ukufaka imihlobo yoke yomnyango nanyana yombadi kanye nala ufunyaneka khona. Nasitjheja iinhlathululo ezingehla lezi singatjho bonyana umbadi nanyana umnyango kusisetjenziswa esenziwe ngesigodo, irhalazi, irhwaratjhwara nanyana isimbi begodu sikghona ukuzwinka, ukukhamba ngomnqopho wokuthi kuvulwe nanyana kuvalwe lapho kungenwa khona nanyana kuphunywa khona njengendaweni efana nelawu, umakhiwo neenthuthi. Esihlokwaneni esilandelako sitjheja imisebenzi yomnyango nanyana yombadi. === '''Imisebenzi yomnyango nanyana yombadi''' === Ngokuya kwe-[https://www.lawinsider.com/dictionary/door Lawinsider (2024)]<ref>Law Insider. 2024. ''Door.'' Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://www.lawinsider.com/dictionary/door</nowiki>>. Ifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 21 kuNobayeni 2024].</ref> umnyango nanyana umbadi usebenza ukuvalela nanyana ukuvula endlini, esithuthini nakezinye iindawo. I-Britannica (2024)<ref name=":0" /> iingezelela yathi umnyango nanyana umbadi ungasetjenziswa ukuvula nanyana ukuvala indlela leyo esetjenziswa babantu. === '''Isiphetho''' === Umnyango nombadi kuyinto yinye nanyana magama atjho into yinye leyo ehlathululwa kokufana begodu yenza imisebenzi efanako. Umsebenzi omkhulu womnyango nanyana wombadi kukuvala nokuvula ukungena nokuphuma ngendlini nesithuthwini. === '''Umthombolwazi''' === <references /> 4ycitkqg4flxstf5huy33fbd6s296k3 0 449 2382 2364 2025-01-28T06:13:20Z Owaziwako 24 2382 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''UMoya nomoya.''' == === '''Isingeniso.''' === Ephasini esiphila kilo kukhona ezinye zezinto ezipheze zafana poro kodwana umehluko wazo kumisebenzi nanyana ukuhlonipheka kwazo. UMoya nomoya ngezinye zezinto lezo nasiqala ilimi nesiko lesiNdebele ezipheze zafana poro kodwana zihlukaniswa misebenzi nokuhlonipheka kwazo. Eenhlokwaneni ezilandelako sizokutjheja bonyana kuyini uMoya nomoya begodu zihlukana njani. === '''UMoya nomoya''' === [[Isimumathi:UMoya oCwengileko.jpg|thumb|392x392px|UMoya oCwengileko]] UMoya kumuMoya oCwengileko loyo okhamba noSomnini. I-Biblword (2024)<ref>Biblword. 2024. ''Who is the Holy Spirit?.'' Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://www.biblword.net/who-is-the-holy-spirit/?gad_source=1&gclid=CjwKCAiAgoq7BhBxEiwAVcW0LLq3jTeWsZwA04TPxJ-WJWdi4CEtJtRn2R1sa3EIl-gTrrIruxihzxoC1RwQAvD_BwE</nowiki>>. >. lifunyenwe [Ngomhlaka 19 kuNobayeni 2024].</ref> ifakazela iphuzu leli lokha nayiveza bonyana uMoya oCwengileko ubizwa ngamagama amanengi anjenge uMoya kaSomnini, uMoya weQiniso, uMoya kaJesu noMoya oCwengileko. I-Wikipedia (2024) <ref>Wikipedia. 2024. ''Holy Spirit in Christianity''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity</nowiki>>. lifunyenwe [Ngomhlaka 19 kuNobayeni 2024].</ref>ingezelele yathi, UMoya oCwengileko mumoya wokukholelwa kuSomnini kanye neemfundiso zakhe. Ngamanye amagama uMoya oCwengileko kumuMoya kaSomnini begodu ukhambisana nayo yoke into ekhambelana noSomnini. Kodwana, umoya kumumoya ojwayelekileko novunguzako ephasini nanyana hlangana nathi (Climate Kids 2024<ref name=":0">Climate Kids. 2024. ''Air is mostly gas''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://climatekids.nasa.gov/10-things-air/</nowiki>>. lifunyenwe [Ngomhlaka 19 kuNobayeni 2024].</ref>). I-Climate Kids (2024)<ref>Climate Kids. 2024. ''Air is mostly gas''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://climatekids.nasa.gov/10-things-air/</nowiki>>. lifunyenwe [Ngomhlaka 19 kuNobayeni 2024].</ref> ne-National Geographic (2024)<ref name=":1">National Geographic. 2024. ''Air''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/air/</nowiki>> . lifunyenwe [Ngomhlaka 19 kuNobayeni 2024].</ref> bangezelele bathi umoya kumivango yamarhasi lawo angasiyingosi begodu athi nakahlangene enze umoya lo esiwuthola ngaphandle nanyana esiwuphefumulako. Umoya lo esiwuphefumulako nanyana ovunguza ngaphandle uba nemivango yamamazinga amancani afana nekhabhoni dayi-osayidi, iniyoni nehayidrogeni (Climate Kids 2024<ref name=":0" />; ne-National Geographic 2024<ref name=":1" />). === '''Kungani imimoya embili le itlolwa ngokungafani na?''' === [[Isimumathi:Umoya.jpg|left|thumb|Umoya ojwayelekileko]] Elinye nelinye ilimi linemithetho leyo elawulwa ukutlolwa nokupeledwa kwelimi lelo begodu kube nebhodo yelimi esiza ukwenza amarhubhululo ngokusebenzisana nomphakathi welimi lelo ukuze kuthathwe iinqunto ezinqophileko. ImiThteho yokuTlola nokuPeleda isiNdebele (2022) <ref>PanSALB (Pan South African Language Board). IBhodo yamaLimi wOke weSewula Afrika. 2022. ''ImiThetho yokuPeleda'' ''nokuTlola'' ''IsiNdebele.'' Pretoria: PanSALB.</ref>yathatha isiqunto bonyana ukuze kwaziwe ukuthi nawukhuluma ngomoya ukukhuluma ngamuphi begodu kuhlonitjhwe noMoya okhambelana noSomnini kufanele kuhlukaniswe ngendlela imimoya le itlolwa ngayo. UMoya oCwengileko kwathatha isiqunto bonyana uzokutlolwa ngegabadlela iledere lawo lokuthoma lesiqu njengolokha nasitlola ibizombala. Lokhu kukukhimbisa ihlonipho kuSomnini. Bese kwathi umoya ejwayelekileko nanyana ovunguza ngaphandle utlolwe ngaphandle kwegabhadlela ukukhombisa ukujwayeleka. Ngendlela le abantu bakghona ukuhlukanisa msinya bonyana nawukhuluma ngomoya okukhuluma ngamuphi. === '''Isiphetho''' === Ukutlolwa ngokuhluka koMoya nomoya kulitshwayo elitjengisa bona isitjhaba samaNdebele naso siyamhlonipha uSomnini begodu siyakholelwa kuye. Ukudlulela, ukuhlukwaniswa lokhu kunciphisa ihlangahlangano netjhayisano eba khona hlangana kwamagama amabili afanako begodu aphinyiswa kokufana kodwana anehlathululo nommongo ohlukileko === '''Umthombolwazi''' === <references /> 341w0xl4cl5iy5d4nzpar92gr06q6f4 0 450 2383 2366 2025-01-28T06:13:53Z Owaziwako 24 2383 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''Umthangala neboda.''' == === '''Isingeniso''' === Kukhona ezinye izinto ezikhambelana khulu kwangangokuthi abanye abantu bagcina bazihlangahlanganisa ngokuthi bazibize kwangathi yinto yinye kodwana ekubeni zizinto ezimbili ezihlukeneko. Izinto lezo zifaka hlangana ibhoda nomthangala. Eenhlokwaneni ezilandelako sizokutjheja bonyana ibhoda nomthangala kuyini. === '''Kuyini ibhoda?''' === [[Isimumathi:Ibhoda lendlu.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Ibhoda lendlu]] Ngokuya kwe-[[mwod:wall|Merriam Webster Dictionary (2024)]]<ref>Merriam-Webster. 2024. ''Wall''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/wall</nowiki>>. Lifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 19 kuNobayeni 2024].</ref> ibhoda kusakhiwo esakhiwo hlangana nedrada, nanyana esiyingcenye yendlu leso esenziwe ngobumeselani. Ngamanye amagama, ibhoda kusisakhiwo leso esakhiwe ngezinto ezifana namatje, ihlabathi iintina neengodo esisetjenziswa ukuvikela nanyana ukukampela indawo nayana ukwakha indlu. I-[[:en:Wall|Wikipedia (2024)]]<ref>Wikipedia. 2024. ''Wall''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall</nowiki>>. Lifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 19 kuNobayeni 2024].</ref> ingezelela yathi, iboda yisakhiwo nendawo leyo enikela ivikeleko nomakhiwo. Ngokutjheja iinhlathululo lezi singatjho bonyana iboda liyizinto ezinengi begodu lenziwa nanyana lakhiwa zizinto ezinengi. === '''Kuyini umthangala?''' === Umthangala liboda kodwana elincani lelo kanengi elingeqi idini lomuntu nasitjheja ubude balo kanye nesakhiwo salo. I-[https://www.britannica.com/technology/wall Britannica (2024)]<ref>Britannica. 2024. ''Wall''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://www.britannica.com/technology/wall</nowiki>>. Lifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 19 kuNobayeni 2024].</ref> ifakazele ihlathulululo yethu le lokha nayiveza bonyana, umthangala kulibodana eliqinileko lelo elakhelwe ukuvalela indawo ethize. Ngamanye amagama, umthangala upheze wafana neboda kodwana wona mncani. === '''Umehluko hlangana neboda nomthangala.''' === Iboda kusisakhiwo esikhulu ngobude nangobujamo leso esingafulelwa begodu esiyingcenye yendlu. Kodwana, umthangala libodana nanyana iboda elincani, nangobujamo umthangala angeze wafulwa begodu usetjenziswa ukuvelela indlu nanyana into ethize. === '''Isiphetho''' === Iboda nomthangala kupheze kwafana kodwana akusiyinto yinye begodu nemisebenzi yayo kunala ifana khona begodu kunala ihluka khona. Nanyana kunjalo, kuqakathekile bonyana sikwazi ukuzihlukanisa ukuze sizisebenzise ngokunqophileko. === '''Umthombolwazi''' === <references /> 0ltfzzkaadhzzy31rk20tn66lya02fq 0 451 2384 2368 2025-01-28T06:14:25Z Owaziwako 24 2384 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''Utjani.''' == === '''Isingeniso.''' === Utjani budlala indima eqakathekileko eempilweni zeenlwana nabantu. Kukhona utjani obudliwa ziinlwana zodwa nalobo obudliwa babantu boke. Lokho kutjho bona utjani bunemihlobo eminengi njengoba kufakezelwe ngu-Almusaed (2017)<ref name=":0">Almusaed, A. 2017. ''Introductory Chapter: Overview of Grass Topic''. Ifumaneka ku:< <nowiki>http://www.intechopen.com/books/grasses-benefits-diversities-and-functional-roles</nowiki>>. Ifunyenwe [17 kuNobayeni 2024].</ref>. U-Almusaed (2017)<ref name=":0" /> waveza bonyana utjani ngezinye zeentjalo lezo eziqakatheke khulu ephasini. Uragele phambili, u-Almusaued (2017)<ref name=":0" />, wathi ubuhle nokuqakatheka kotjani buyahluka ukusuka komunye umhlobo wotjani ukuya komunye. Eenhlokwaneni ezilandelako sizokutjheja bonyana kuyini utjani, imihlobo yotjani nemisebenzi yayo. === '''Kuyini utjani?''' === Utjani kusitjalo leso esizimilelako naleso esingatjalwa enarheni (Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 2015<ref name=":1">Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. 2015. ''Kikuyi lawn grass''. Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries: Pretoria.</ref>). Esikathini esinengi utjani buba nombala ohlaza, kanti-ke, eminye imihlobo yetjani iba namathuthumbo nanyana iinthelo ezidliwako ezifana ne-owutsi (Agriculture, Forest and Fisheries 2015<ref name=":1" />). Nanyana kunjalo, minengi khulu imihlobo yotjani ekhona ephasini, kodwana ekulumenipendulwano yethu le, sizokutjheja imihlobo emithathu yotjani leyo edume khulu enarheni yangekhethu. Eenhlokwaneni ezilandelako sizokutjheja imihlobo yotjani elandelako: === '''Imbozisi''' === [[Isimumathi:Imbozisi.jpg|thumb|200x200px]] Imbozisi kubutjani lobo obunamathuthumbo anamathelako begodu ahlabako. Bona bubonakala khulu ehlobo begodu buthandwa kudliwa ngezinye iinlwani (Lane, u-Morris, u-Bridle no-Eyles 2015<ref name=":2">Lane, P., Morris, D., Bridle, K. & Eyles, A. ''2015. Common grasses of Tasmania''. The Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture: Tasmania.</ref>; Almusaued 2017). Ukungezelela, umhlobo lo wotjani uthanda ukumila la kuthambe khona kodwana kungabi mdzwela (Lane ''nabanye'' 2015<ref name=":2" />). === '''Umgwengwe''' === [[Isimumathi:Umgwengwe.jpg|left|thumb|Umgwengwe]] Umgwengwe kubutjani lobo obutholakala eenarheni ezinengi (Agriculture, Forest and Fisheries 2015<ref name=":1" />). Buhlaza ngombana begodu buqinile, kanti-ke, nomrabhu wawo uqinile begodu utjhinga phasi bese inabe nehlabathi (Agriculture, Forest and Fisheries 2015). Umgwengwe wona kubutjani obuzimilelako begodu bumila ehlobo nakuna izulu (Agriculture, Forest and Fisheries 2015). Umgwengwe udlala indima efuyweni njengoba ifuyo iyabuthanda (Agriculture, Forest and Fisheries 2015<ref name=":1" />; Almusaued (2017) === '''Ikoroyi''' === [[Isimumathi:Ikoroyi.jpg|thumb|Ikoroyi]] Ikoroyi kumhlobo wotjani lobo obukhula ngokuya phezulu bese buthele iintanga lezo ezidliwako (Texas Department of Transportation, 2024<ref name=":3">Texas Department of Transportation. 2024. ''Grass, Weed and Wildflower Guide''. Texas Department of Transportation: Texas.</ref>). Ikoroyi esikhathini esinengi itjalwa ebusika ivunwe nakuphela isilimela nanyana nakuthoma ihlobo (Texas Department of Transportation, 2024<ref name=":3" />). Ukungezelela, umbala wayo uhlaza okutshehla (Texas Department of Transportation, 2024<ref name=":3" />). Umsebenzi wekoroyi mnengi tle, njekufana nokwenza uburotho, i-owutsi kanti nokudla kweenlwana (Texas Department of Transportation, 2024<ref name=":3" />). === '''Isiphetho''' === Utjani ngobunye bemihlobo yeentjalo ethandwa khulu. Eminye imihlobo yotjani ithathwa njengamathuthumbo, ukudla kwefuyo kanye nokudla kwabantu. Kukhona eminye godu imihlobo yotjani leyo esetjenziswa njengemitjhoga yokwelapaha (Almusaued (2017). Kungakho kuqakathekile bona sazi begodu sizwisise imihlobo yotjani ukuze sikwazi ukuthatha ithuba nelwazi lokuyisebenzisa ekuthuthukiseni iimpilo zethu. === '''Umthombolwazi''' === <references /> irnd9i53smqb3l1ghmc85y8nvp5ifvu 0 452 3055 2998 2025-06-07T03:05:22Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Owaziwako|Owaziwako]] 2385 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ubuhlakani be-AI. == === Isingeniso === Ukutjhuguluka nokukhamba kweminyaka kuletha amatjhuguluko amatjha kanye nethuthuko yokwenza izinto ngendlela ezihlukileko. Amanye amatjhugululo nethuthuko etja le, mahle; kanti kuthi amanye wawo mambi lokha nasiqala umthintela ezinawo eempilweni zabantu. I-AI ngamanye amatjhugululo nanyana ithuthuko yesikhathi esiphila kiso. Eenhlokwaneni ezilandelako sizokutjheja bonyana kuyini i-AI kanye nemihlobo ye-AI. === Kuyini i-AI na? === [[Isimumathi:Umtjhini we-IA.jpg|thumb|Umtjhini we-AI.]] Ngokuya kuka-Ghosh no-Thirugnanam (2021:23)<ref name=":0">Ghosh. M. & Thirugnanam, A. 2021. Introduction to Artificial Intelligence. In K. G. Srinivasa ''et al''. (eds.). 2021. Artificial Intelligence for Information Management: A Healthcare Perspective, ''Studies in Big Data,'' 88: 23-44.</ref> i-AI kuligaja lesayensi yezemitjhiningqondo lelo elisebenza ngokuthi lilingisele abantu ngendlela baphila ngayo ekufaka hlangana ukuqabanga, ukuthatha iinqunto nokusebenza. U-Hadi (2023)<ref name=":1">Hadi, M. M. 2023. Artificial Intelligence Background, Definitions, Challenges and Benefits. ''CompuNet,'' 31:5-13.</ref> ungezelele wathi i-AI le kumitjhini leyo ekghona ukufunda, ukwamukela ilwazi bese ilisebenzise ngendlela yobuhlakani. Ngamanye amagama, i-AI loke ilwazi neemfundiso enikelwe zona, iyazibulunga begodu kusasa ikghone ukuzisebenzisa ngendlela engcono. Nanyana kunjalo, eminye yemihlobo ye-AI ifuna isizo lomuntu ngombana kufanele ihlelwe bonyana izokuphila nanyana isebenze njani (Bartneck 2021<ref name=":2">Bartneck, C. et al. 2021. An Introduction to Ethics in Robotics and AI. ''SpringerBriefs in Ethics'':5-16.</ref>). Kukhona i-AI ebulunga idatha nanyana umniningwana weenhlangano ezikulu. Iinhlangano lezo zisuke zisebenzisa i-AI ngombana umniningwana loyo umkhulukhulu begodu abantu bazokutlhaga ukuwubulunga nokuwugadangisa ngesikhathi obekelwe sona (Hadi, 2023)<ref name=":1" />. Kanti abanye basebenzisa i-AI ukuze ibasize ukwenza nokwakha izinto msinya njengoba imitjhini ingahlelwa bonyana isebenze ngebelo eliphezulu ukudlula lelo abantu abangalifinyelela (Ghosh no-Thirugnanam, 2021<ref name=":0" />). Esihlokwaneni esizako sizokutjheja iinzuzo ye-AI. === Iinzuzo ye-AI. === I-AI isiza khulu ekurarululeni nekunikeleni imbandela mayelana nobujamo ekuqalenwe nabo ngase sikhathi ([[:en:Artificial_intelligence|Wikipedia, 2025]]<ref name=":3">Wikipedia. 2025. Artificial Intelligence. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence</nowiki>>.  Lifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 7 kuTjhirhweni 2025].</ref>; [https://www.ibm.com/think/topics/artificial-intelligence IBM, 2025]<ref name=":4">IBM. 2025. Artificial Intelligence. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://www.ibm.com/think/topics/artificial-intelligence</nowiki>>. Lifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 7 kuTjhirhweni 2025]. </ref>). Lokhu kwenzeka ngoba i-AI ikghoba ukukhumbula msinya izinto begodu ayikhohlwa. Kwesibili, I-AI ikghona ukuhlela izinto kuhle begodu ilendele amagadango afunekako mayelana nento ehlelwako ngaleso sikhathi (Wikipedia 2025; IBM 2025<ref name=":4" />). I-AI ikghona ukuhlamunyiselela nanyana ukuqakela imiphumela bese isebenzise indlela ezokwenza bonyana kube nomphumela omuhle ngendlela okukghoneka ngayo (Wikipedia 2025). Kokugcina, i-AI ikghona ukufunda izinto ngebelo eliphezulu begodu ifunde izinto ezinengi (Wikipedia, 2025<ref name=":3" />; IBM 2025<ref name=":4" />). Lokho kwenzeka ngombana i-AI ikghona ukuhlaziya nokutjhumutjha ilwazi kanye nekambiso lalo ngendlela okungakghonakala ngayo bese ilisebenzise ngobuhlakani. === Ubungozi be-AI. === I-AI yenza umusebenzi omuhle begodu iveza namathuba amatjha eempilweni zethu. Nanyana kunjalo, kufanele sikhumbule bonyana ayikho into etja onganabumbi nanyana ubungozi begodu i-AI nayo inabo ubumbi. Ubumbi bokuthoma kukobanyana yenza ibuyelelo lelwazi elinengi (Bartnek 2021<ref name=":2" />). Kwesibili, kukithi abantu bangayisebenzisa ukweba imininingwaba eqakathekileko njengomazisi, ilwazi lemabulungelwenimali kanye nokusebenzisa ilwazi lomunye umuntu ukweba (Hadi 2023<ref name=":1" />). === Isiphetho === I-AI iligadango elihle lethuthuko esikhathini esiphilakiso kodwana nanyana kunjalo iletha izinga elitjha lobugebengu nobungozi. Ngalokho-ke, kuqakatheke kwamambala bonyana siyifundo begodu siyizwisise bonyana kuyini, ingasisiza njani begodu ubungozi bayo singabubalekela njani. Ngaphezulu sivezile bonyana i-AI iyini kanye neenzuzo nobungozi bayo. === Umthombolwazi === <references /> i1ipuughox19u7eimplso9u51kqxn2r 0 453 3231 2571 2025-06-26T07:06:36Z Owaziwako 24 3231 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''Amakhotho wethu''' == === Isingeniso === Emhlabeni lo esiphila kiwo, siphila nabantu ababuya eendaweni ezahlukeneko begodu abasebenza ngeendlela ezahlukeneko. Kodwana, ukuze woke umuntu aphile ngokuthula, ukuhloniphana nokusebenzisana kufanele kube nemithetho nemigomo leyo ezokulandelwa. Imithetho nemigomo leyo itjhetjwa makhotho bonyana ilandelwe kuhle na. Eenhlokwaneni ezilandelako zizokutjheja bonyana kuyini ikhotho begodu nemihlobo yamakhotho. == Kuyini ikhotho na? == Ngokuya kuka-Meyerson (2019)<ref>Meyerson, D. 2019. ''What is a Court of Law?'' UNSW Law Journal, 42(1):60-90.</ref> asekelwa yi-[https://www.findlaw.com/litigation/legal-system/what-is-a-court.html Find Law (2025)]<ref>Find Law. 2024. ''What is a court?'' Litholaka ku:< <nowiki>https://www.findlaw.com/litigation/legal-system/what-is-a-court.html</nowiki>>. Lifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 7 kuTjhirhweni 2025]. </ref> ikhotho kuliziko lombuso langakomthetho lelo eliqalelene nemithetho. I-[[:en:Court|Wikipedia (2025)]]<ref name=":0">Wikipedia. 2025. ''Court''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court</nowiki>>.  Lifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 7 kuTjhirhweni 2025].</ref> ingezelele yathi ikhotho liziko lombuso lelo eligunyazwe begodu elinamandla wokulamula iiindaba eziphathelene nomthetho hlangana kweenhlangahlangano, abantu, amabubululo nombuso imbala. Ngamanye amagama, ikhokho kusigungu leso esilamula imiraro yomphakathi ngokusebenzi imithetho yenarha. Ikhotho kanengi, ingasi soke isikhathi, yakhiwe ngamajaji, abatjhutjhisi, abajameli nabanye abasebenzi abasekeli bekambiso yekhotho (Wikipedia, 2025)<ref name=":0" />. Boke abantu ababalwe ngehla laba, ngibo ebenza isiqiniseko sokuthi yoke into ekhotho ikhamba kuhle ngokulandela imigomo nekambiso yayo. Esihlokwaneni esilandelako sizokutjheja imihlobo yamakhotho. == Imihlobo yamakhotho == Nasitjheja ngenarheni yethu, iSewula Afrika, sinemihlobo embalwa yamakhotho begodu nemisebenzi yayo iyahluka. Umhlobo wokuthoma ngilo: === Ikhotho yo[[Umthethosisekelo|mthethosisekelo]] === Ikhotho yomthethosisekelo yikhotho ekulu kunazo zoke eSewula Afrika begodu kanengi itjheja iindaba eziphathelele nomthethosisekelo, imithethomlingwa nepalamende ([https://www.judiciary.org.za/index.php/the-south-african-judicial-system Judiciary of South Africa, 2025]<ref name=":1">Judiciary of South Africa. 2025. ''The South African Judicial System''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://www.judiciary.org.za/index.php/the-south-african-judicial-system</nowiki>>.   Lifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 7 kuTjhirhweni 2025].</ref>). Ikhotho le ukuze iragele phambili nokulalelwa kweqala, kufanele kube namajaji abunane (8) ubuncani. Kodwana amajaji la nakhapheleleko alitjhumi nanye (11) [Judiciary of South Africa, 2025]. Ikhotho le isebenza njengekhotho yeenghongoyilo begodu ayilaleli ubufakazi nanyana ihlome ufakazi ngemibuzo; kodwana isebenzisa ufufakazi lobu obalalelwa ekhetho yangaphambilini ngaphambi kokuthi iqala lilethwe kuyo (Judiciary of South Africa, 2025). == Ikhotho ekulu yeenghonghoyilo == Ikhotho ekulu yeenghonghoyilo khotho ekulu kunazo zoke ngaphandle kwekhotho yomthethosisekelo (Judiciary of South Africa, 2025<ref name=":1" />). Ikhotho le iqalana namaqala lawo abuya ekhotho ephakemeko, begodu itjheja woke amaqala ngaphandle kwamaqala aphathelene nezemisebenzi kanye nephaliswano (Judiciary of South Africa, 2025). Ayikho ikhotho engatjhugulula isiqunto sayo, ngaphandle kwekhotho yomthethosisekelo (Judiciary of South Africa, 2025). Ikhotho le kufanele ibe namajaji amathathu ukuya kwamahlanu ukuze ikghone ukulalela iqala (Judiciary of South Africa, 2025<ref name=":1" />). == Ikhotho ephakemeko == Ikhotho ephakemeko yikhotho esebenza ngokuqintelwa nanyana ngokuya kwendawo nanyana isifunda la inzize khona (Judiciary of South Africa, 2025<ref name=":1" />). Ngamanye amagama iqala elibuya ekhotho kamarhastrada weMalahleni (eMpumalanga) angeze ladluliselwa ekhotho ephakemeko yeTlhagwini Kapa. ESewula Afrika sinamakhotho aphakemeko ali-13. Isifunda seMpumalanga sisengakabi nekhotho ephakemeko esebenzako, kanti isifunda seGauteng nesaKwaZulu Natal zinamakhotho amabili ngesifunda ngasinye, ekubeni ezinye iimfunda zinekhotho ephakemeko ngayinye ngesifunda (Judiciary of South Africa, 2025). Nanyana kunjalo, kukhona amakhotho ekhethekileko lawo aqala namaqala ekhethikileko kwaphela. Amakhotho lawo ngila (Judiciary of South Africa, 2025<ref name=":1" />): -         Ikhotho yezemisebenzise neenghonghoyilo zemisebenzi, leyo eqalana namaqala wezemisebenzi kanye neenghonghoyilo zawo. -         Ikhotho yeembawo zenarha, leyo eqala neendaba eziphathelene nenarha. -         Ikhotho yeenghonghoyilo zephaliswano, leyo eqalelene namaqala abuya kusigungu sephaliswano. -         Ikhotho yamakhetho leyo eqalelene namaqala wamakhetho kwaphela. -         Ikhotho yomthelo, leyo eqalelene namaqala aphathelene nomthelo. == Ikhotho kamarhastrada == Ikhotho kamarhastrada yikhotho leyo eba seemphakahthini nanyana endaweni zemakhaya begodu ihlukaniswe Kabili. Kukhona ikhotho yesiyingi nekhotho ejwayelekileko nanyana yesifunda. Ikhotho yesiyingi, kuyikhotho leyo eqalana namaqala wobulelesi, bese kuthi ikhotho yesifunda nanyana ejwayelekileko iqalane namaqala wobugebengu nomphakathi (Center for Court Innovation, 2011<ref>Center for Court Innovation. 2011. ''What is a Community Court?'' Bureau of Justice Assistance: U.S Department of Justice.</ref>). == Isiphetho == Amakhotho ziindawo eziqakathekileko lezo ezenza bonyana sibabantu siphililsane ngokuthula. Nanyana kunjalo, kuyenzeka bonyana ezinye iinqunto zitjharaganise izinto ukuya phambili ngebanga lemithetho nokurhumutjha izehlakalo zamaqala alethwe kibo. Ngehla sitjheje woke amakhotho esinawo eSewula Afrika ngaphandle kwamakhotho wabadosiphambili bendabuko. Kodwana, esikhathi esizako sizokutjheja amakhotho wendabuko awodwa ngebanga lokukhetheka kwawo kunamakhotho la wesikhuwa. == Umthombolwazi == <references /> lexusrqrdz760sh249qa3u8u5yi7gnp 0 454 3129 2971 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Owaziwako|Owaziwako]] 2387 wikitext text/x-wiki == Iyunivesithi. == === Isingeniso. === Kunezinye iinkhamphani nanyana iinhlangano ezidlala indima eqakathekileko ekwenzeni isiqiniseko sokuthi abantu bekhethu bafunyana ilwazi, ikghono nefundo enqophileko, begodu zeyenza bonyana sithuthuke siimphakathi ngokunabileko. Iinhlangano lezo nanyana amakhamphani lawo afaka hlangana amayunivesithi. Ngebanga lomnqopho wekulumopendulwano yethu le, sizokunqopha kumayunivesithi wombusu khudlwana ukudlula amayunivesithi azijameleko nanyana wangeqadi. Eenhlokwaneni ezilandelako sizokutjheja bonyana kuyini iyunivesithi begodu umsebenzayo yini. === Kuyini iyunivesithi? === Ngokuya kuka-Alemu (2018)<ref name=":0">Alemu, S. K. 2018. The meaning, idea and history of university/higher education in Africa: a brief literature review. ''Forum for International Research in Education'', 4(3):210-227.</ref> ne-[[:en:University|Wikipedia (2025)]]<ref name=":1">Wikipedia. 2025. ''University''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University</nowiki>>. Lifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 9 kuTjhirhweni 2025].</ref> [[Yunivesithi yempulanga|iyunivesithi]] kuyingcenye yomkhakha wezefundo ophakemeko. Ngamanye amagama, iyunivesithi nezinye iinhlangano nasele zibuthelelwe zoke zibizwa bona mikhakha yezefundo ephakemeko ngombana ukuze ufinyelele kiyo kufanele uthome ifundweni yamabanga aphasi naphazulu. Kodwana akupheleli lapho, kufanele imiphumela yakho godu ikhambisane nemiphumela nanyana ibe sezingeni elibekwe yiyunivesithi leyo ofuna ukufunda kiyo. U-Alemu (2018)<ref name=":0" /> asekelwa ngu-Boulton akhambisana no-Lucas (2008)<ref>Boutlon, G. & Lucas, C. 2008. ''What are universities for?'' League of European Research University: Leuven.</ref> bangezelele bathi, iyunivesithi kuyindawo lapho abafundi bafunyana khona ilwazi elahlukeneko begodu bakhulisa nobuhlakani babo ukuze bazokwazi ukuthuthukisa nokusiza umphakathi ngemiraro yepilo. Iyunivesithi yakhiwe minyango eyahlukeneko yelwazi leyo efaka hlangana zesayensi, zokutjala, zobuntu, ithekhnoloji kanye nezengqondo ezikhambisana nezehlalakuhle (Alemu, 2018<ref name=":0" />; Wikipedia 2025<ref name=":1" />). Kweminye iminyango sifunyana iingungu zerhubhululo elithize, njengezerhubhululo eliphathelene nokutlhoriswa kabentwana, ituthuko yabomma nabentwana kanye nelimi lomphakathi. Amayunivesithi nakaphelele woke eSewula Afrika wombuso ama-26, kuthi ama-21 kumayunivesithi ngokupheleleko, bese ama-5 kube mayunivesithi wethekhnoloji (UmNyango wezeFundo esiSekelo, 2025<ref>UmNyango wezeFundo esiSekelo. 2025. ''List of South African Universities''. UmNyango wezeFundo esiSekelo: Pretoria.</ref>). Nasitjheja ihlathululo esinikelwe yona mayelana neyunivesithi singatjho bonyana kuyindawo ehlangahlanganeko begodu edlala indima eqakathekileko eemphakathini. Esihlokwaneni esilandelako sizokutjheja imisebenzi yeyunivesithi. === Imisebenzi yeyunivesithi. === Iyunivesithi inemisebenzi eminengi leyo ekufanele iyiphakele umphakathi nenarha zombelele. Ngokuya kuka-Denman (2005)<ref>Denman, B. D. 2005. What is a University in the 21^st Century? ''Higher Education Management and Policy'', 17(2):9-28.</ref> iyunivesithi idlala indima ekusabaliseni kanye nokuthuthukiseni ilwazi ngefundo nangerhubhululo. Iyunivesithi irhubhulula ilwazi elitjha lelo elikhambelana neendingo zanamhlanje bese iliphakele nanyana ilisebenzise eemphakathi ukuthuthukisa ipilo yomphakathi. Iyunivesithi ibuye isize umbuso ngokuthi yenze amarhubhululo lawo umbuso ozowasebenzisa ukwenza imithetho engcono kanye nokuthatha iinqunto ezingcono. Ngamanye amagama, iyunivesithi ithuthukisa ubuhlakani bombuso ukuze umbuso ukwazi ukuqalana neendingo zomphakathi ngcono begodu ubuse ngcono abantu bawo. === Isiphetho === Amayunivesithi adlala indima eqakathileko ekwenzeni isiqiniseko sokuthi siqalana nemiraro evelako yepilo efaka hlangana amagulo, ithekhnoloji nebhoduluko ngendlela efaneleko. Nanyana amayunivesithi asebenza ngendlela ezahlukeneko, kodwana umnqopho wawo munye kukusiza nokuthuthukisa umphakathi nenarha ngokunabileko. === Umthombolwazi === <references /> rrwmj6tkrk8dkxe1vnpvq1wmfj602tz 0 455 2388 2372 2025-01-28T06:18:24Z Owaziwako 24 2388 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ukufudukela emadorobheni nanyana ifuduko lemadorobheni. == === Isingeniso === Ukufudukela emadorobheni ngelinye ihlelo esele lande khulu eemphakathini wekhethu. Abantu abanengi bathi nabakhulako nanyana ngebanga lemisebenzi neminye iimbandela, bazithola basuka emakhaya bayokuhlala emadorobheni. Nanyana kunjalo, kukhona indlazana elingafudukiko begodu elikhulele emakhaya belakha emakhaya. Eenhlokwaneni ezilandelako sizokutjheja bonyana kuyinini ukufudukela emadorobhen nanyana ifuduko lemadorobheni kanye neembangela zakhona. === Kuyini ifunduko lemadorobheni nanyana ukufudekela emadorobheni? === [[Isimumathi:Ukufuduka.jpg|thumb|299x299px|Abantu bayafuduka]] Ngokuya kuka-Malik (2015)<ref>Malik, A. S. 2015. Rural urban migration; socio-cultural changes in Pakistan preventive measures taken by government and civil society to control it. ''Professional Med J'', 22(6):674-682.</ref> ifuduko lemadorobheni kulifuduko lelo elenzeka ephasini loke, khulukhulu nasiqala iinarha ezisathuthukako. UBabi, u-Gaugping, no-Ladu (2017) <ref>Babi, M. L. A., Guogping, Z., & Ladu, J. L. C. 2017. Causes and consequences of rural-urban migration: The case of Juba Metropolitan, Republic of South Sudan. OP Conf. ''Series: Earth and Environmental Science'', 81:1-9.</ref>basekelwa [[:en:Urbanization|Wikipedia (2025)]]<ref>Wikipedia. 2025. ''Urbanization''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanization</nowiki>>. Lifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 9 kuTjhirhweni 2025].</ref> baveze bona ifuduko lemadorobheni nanyana ukufudukela emadorhobeni kulihlelo lelo elifaka hlangana umsikinyeko womuntu ukusuka kwesinye isiyingi ukuya kwesinye ngokwesikhatjhana nanyana safuthi. UMthiyane no-Wissink noChiwawa (2022) <ref name=":0">Mthiyane, D. B., Wissink, H. & Chiwawa, N. 2022. The impact of rural–urban migration in South Africa: A case of KwaDukuza municipality’. ''Journal of Local Government Research and Innovation'', 3:1-9.</ref>baveze ukuthi nanyana ukufudukela emadorobheni kulihlelo nanyana umsikinyeko ovamileko, kukhona umsikiyeko wabantu laba abafudukela emkhaya ukusuka emadorobheni ngokupheleleko. Ngamanye amagama, ukufuduka sele kumsikinyeko owenzeka ngokusuka edorobheni ukuya emakhaya nanyana ukusuka emakhaya ukuya edorobheni ngokuya kweemfuneko zomuntu. Esihlokweni esilandelako sizokutjheja iimbangela yefuduko lemadorobheni nanyana ukufudukela emadorobheni. === Iimbangela zokufudukela emadorobheni nanyana zefuduko lemadorobheni. === Kukhona iimbangela ezahlukeneko ngokuya kokuhlakana kwabantu. Ezinye zeembangela ngilezi ezilandelako: ==== Amathuba wemisebenzi: ==== Abantu abanengi bafudukela emadorobheni ngebanga lokuthola amathuba angcono wemisebenzi (Mthiyane ''nabanye'', 2022<ref name=":0" />). Siyazi bonyana amabubululo namakhaphani amanengi begodu amakhulu lawo aqatjha abantu abanengi anzinze ngobunengi emadorobheni. Ngalokho-ke, abantu bafuna ukuzibandameza eduze nawo ukuze bafunyane umsebenzi. ==== Imisebenzi yezamaphilo nezefundo. ==== Emadorobheni esikhanini esinengi banikela ngemisebenzi engcono yezamaphilo kanye nezefundo lokho okwenza bonyana abantu abanengi bakhethe ukufudukela emadorobheni ngombana bafuna ukufunyana imisebenzi leyo (Mthiyane ''nabanye'', 2022<ref name=":0" />). ==== Imirholo engcono. ==== Emadorobheni kunamathuba nobujamo obungcono bezomnotho begodu imisebenzi yakhona eminengi ibhadala ngcono ukudlula imisebenzi yemakhaya (Mthiyane ''nabanye'', 2022<ref name=":0" />). Ngakho-ke, abantu basuke babona kuhle ukuthi ukuze bakwazi ukuphila ngcono kuncono bafudukele emadorobheni ukuze bathole imisebenzi yemirholo engcono. Nanyana kunjalo, kukhona iinzunzo yokufudukela emadorobheni, begodu kukhona nobumbi. Esohlokwaneni esilandelako sizokutjheja ubumbi bokufudukela emadorobheni. === Ubumbi bokufudukela emadorobheni. === Kukhona ubumbi obunengi obubangelwa kufudukela emadorobheni ebufaka hlangana obulandelako: ==== Ukugcwala nokuminyana kwabantu. ==== Abantu nabafudukela emadorobheni babanga ukugcwala nokuminyana lokho okwenza bonyana imikhambo nemisikinyeko ibe budisi ukwenzeka ngezinye iinkathi (Mthiyane ''nabanye'', 2022<ref name=":0" />). Esikhathi esinengi ekuseni nangemva kwamadina lokha abantu nabaphuma emsebenzini kuyagcwala khulu begodu ekukhambeki lula. ==== Izinga elikhulu lobulelesi. ==== Ukufudukela emadorobheni kwabantu abanengi nebabuya eendaweni ezahlukeneko kubanga izinga elikhulu lobulelesi, emadorobheni kanye neengoga zakhona (Mthiyane ''nabanye'', 2022<ref name=":0" />). Ngalokho-ke, kugcine kwenza madorobha kube ziindawo ezingakaphephi. ==== Ukutlhogeka kwezindlu. ==== Umbuso kanye nemiphakathi yemadorobheni izithola iseemrarweni omkhulu tle wokubhalelwa kokutholela woke umuntu indlu ngebanga lenomboro eliphezulu labantu abasemadorobheni kanye nokutlhogeka kwenarha (Mthiyane ''nabanye'', 2022<ref name=":0" />). Ngalokho-ke, abantu abanengi bazithola bahlala eendaweni ezingakaphephi kanye nemitlhatlhaneni ebazifakele yona ngokungalandeli imithetho. === Isiphetho. === Ifuduko lemadorobheni nanyana ukufudukela emadorobheni kwenzeka ngamabanga ahlukeneko kanye neendingo zabantu ezihlukeneko. Nanyana, abantu abanengi bangafudukela emadorobheni ngebanga lokuphila ipilo engcono; kodwana kukhona ubungozi nakho le edorobheni obuza nokufudukela khona. === Umthombolwazi === <references /> dalsc6pki5qs23bk46axj7ktpjpdhc9 0 456 2389 2373 2025-01-28T06:19:12Z Owaziwako 24 2389 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ikoloyi yegezi. == === Isingeniso. === Ipilo nayithuthukako neminyaka nayikhambako kubanetuthuko etja leyo eza namatjhugululo lawo anomthintela ekusebenziseni izinto. Ezinye zezinto zitjhuguluka ngokupheleleko kanti ezinye zitjhuguluke kancani. Iinkoloyi nazo ngezinye zezinto ezibongazimbi betuthuko yepilo namatjhuguluko wethekhnoloji. Elinye itjhuguluko netuthuko elinesithintela esikhulu [[Iinthuthi|eenkoloyini]], yigezi. Sekukhona iinkoloyi zegezi lezo ezisetjenziswako ephasi esiphila kilo leli. Eenhlokwaneni ezilandelako zizokutjheja bonyana yini iinkoloyi zegezi begodu imihlobo yeenkoloyi zegezi ngiyiphi. === Yini iinkoloyi zegezi? === [[Isimumathi:Ikoloyi yegezi.jpg|thumb|510x510px|Ikoloyi yegezi iyatjhaja/ifaka umlilo (amandla)]] Ngokuya kuka-Iulia no-Lorand (2022<ref name=":0">Iulia, V., & Lorand, S. 2022. A Brief History of Electric Vehicles. ''Journal of Computer Science and Control Systems'', 15(1):19-26.</ref>) basekelwa yi-U.S Department of Energy (2008<ref name=":1">U.S. Department of Energy. 2008. ''Electric Vehicle Basics''. U.S. Department of Energy.</ref>) [[Iinthuthi|iinkoloyi]] zegezi kuziinkoloyi lezo ezisebenzisa igezi bonyana zikhambe nanyana zisebenze. U-Helmers no-Marx (2012) <ref name=":2">Helmers, E., & Maxr, P. 2012. Electric cars: technical characteristics and environmental impacts. ''Environmental Science Europe'', 24 (14):1-15.</ref>basekelwa yi-[[:en:Electric_car|Wikipedia (2025]])<ref>Wikipedia. 2025. ''Electric car.'' Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_car</nowiki>>. Lifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 10 kuTjhirhweni 2025].</ref> bangezelele bathi, iinkoloyi zegezi zitshwaye njengegadango eliqakathekileko lethekhnoloji ngombana zisebenzisa amandla nanyana umlilo omncani begodu azikhiqizi irhazi eyingozi ngezinga eliphezulu. Leli kuliphuzulu eliqakathekileko njengoba sazi bonyana iinkoloyi zinengi khulu tle eendleleni begodu kungakho zinesandla esikhulu mayelana nokukhiqizwa kwerhasi embi esilaphaza ibhoduluko. Nanyana kunjalo, kufanele siyelele bonyana iinkoloyi zegezi lezi azifaki iinthuthi ezikhulu njengamathraga, kodwana kufakwa iinkoloyi ezincani kanye namalori amancani (Helmers no-Marx, 2012<ref name=":2" />; [https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/electric-cars-comparison-fossil-fuels-transport/?gad_source=1&gclid=CjwKCAiA-Oi7BhA1EiwA2rIu2ywCLOhMccThE1FgyyseIWIz1NI75VI0_GwT50EjTq4jJtn_-9hl5BoCxt4QAvD_BwE Global Citizen, 2025]<ref>Global Citizen. 2025. ''Electric Cars ‘Hundreds of Times’ More Efficient Than Fossil Fuel Cars''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/electric-cars-comparison-fossil-fuels-transport/?gad_source=1&gclid=CjwKCAiA-Oi7BhA1EiwA2rIu2ywCLOhMccThE1FgyyseIWIz1NI75VI0_GwT50EjTq4jJtn_-9hl5BoCxt4QAvD_BwE</nowiki>>. Lifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 10 kuTjhirhweni 2025]. </ref>). Iinkoloyi zegezi lezi ngaso soke isikhathi kufanelwe zifakwe umlilo ngegezi ngaphambi kokuthi zikhambe begodu zinamambanga ezingawakhambi ngokuya kwamandla nanyana umlilo ezinawo (U.S Department of Energy, 2008<ref name=":1" />). Ngamanye amagama, lokha nawusebenzisa ikoloyi yegezi le kufanele wazi ukuthi nomlilo wayo uyaphela njalo nayiloko ikhamba. Esihlokweni esilandelako sizokutjheja imihlobo yeenkoloyi zegezi. === Imihlobo yeenkoloyi zegezi. === Imihlobo yeenkoloyi zegezi minengi; kodwana, ngebanga lekulumopendulwano yethu sizokutjheja nasi elandelako: ==== Ikoloyi esebenzisa igezi kwaphela ==== Ikoloyi esebenzisa igezi kwaphela, mhlobo wekoloyi loya ongathelwa ipetroli (Iulia and Lorand, 2022<ref name=":0" />; Joshi no-Gokhale-Welch, 2022<ref>Joshi, P., & Gokhale-Welch, C. 2022''. Fundamentals of Electric Vehicles (EVs)''. USAID.</ref>). Kodwana, umhlobo lo kufanele ufakwe umlilo ngegezi ngendlela yokuwutjhaja njengalokha nasitjhaja nanyana sifakela ufunjathwako umlilo. Ukungezelela, umhlobo lo ufuna utjhajwe isikhathi esithize ngaphandle kokuthi ungawutjhayela (Helmers no-Marx, 2012<ref name=":2" />). ==== Ikoloyi esebenzis igezi ne[[Ipetroli nedizili.|petroli]] ngesikhathi sinye. ==== Umhlobo wekoloyi osebenzisa igezi nepetroli ngesikhathi sinye, kuyikoloyi leyo ekufanelwe itjhajwe namkha ithelelwe ipetroli ukuze ikhambe (U.S Department of Energy, 2008<ref name=":1" />). Nakungenzeka bonyana awukhatheli ipetroli, kodwana ibhetri lona linomlilo iyakwazi ukukhamba ngokusebenzisa amandla webhetri wodwa (U.S Department of Energy, 2008). Ukungezelela, nakungenzeka bonyana umlilo webhetri mncani kodwana uneprtroli, lokha nawutjhayelako, ikoloyi le ngokwayo izokugcwalisa ibhetri leli (U.S Department of Energy, 2008<ref name=":1" />). ==== Ubuhle nobumbi beenkoloyi zegezi ==== Iinkoloyi zegezi zikhiqiza irhasi embi kancani khulu nanyana aziyikhiqizi nangabe yikoloyi ikhambe ngegezi kwaphela (Helmers no-Marx, 2012<ref name=":2" />; U.S Department of Energy, 2008). Ukungezelela, iinkoloyi zegezi zitjhiphile ukuzifaka umlilo ukuze zitjhayelwe ukudlula iinkoloyi zee[[Iimbaseli|mbaseli]] (U.S Department of Energy, 2008). Nanyana kunjalo, iinkoloyi zegezi zibiza khulu ukuzithenga lokha nawuziqathanisa neenkoloyi zeembaseli (U.S Department of Energy, 2008<ref name=":1" />). Ukungezelela, azikhambi amabanga amade khulu ngaphandle kokuthi zifunwe ukufakwa umlilo nanyana ukutjhajwa (U.S Department of Energy, 2008<ref name=":1" />). Ngamanye amagama, zinemikhawulo yamabanga ezingawakhamba lokha ibhetri naligcweleko, nakungenzeka zidlule amabanga lawo umlilo webhetri uzokuphela. === Isiphetho === Iinkoloyi zegezi ziletha amatjhuguluko amahle lokha nasitjheja ukuhlwengeka kwezebhodululo nezamaphilo. Kodwana, akusibo boke abantu abangakghona ukuzifinyelela ngombana zibiza khudlwana kuneenkoloyi zeembaseli. Nanyana kunjalo, kuhle bonyana sizwisise bonyana ziyini iinkoloyi zegezi lezi. === Umthombolwazi === <references /> 7xoincmey7c34705px4mri8l72lzlkz 0 457 2390 2374 2025-01-28T06:20:13Z Owaziwako 24 2390 wikitext text/x-wiki == Umvuzo wokulala ngokwaneleko. == === Isingeniso. === Ukulala ngezinye zezinto eziqakathekileko bonyana umuntu azenze qobe ngamalanga. Ngamanye amagama, ukulala kusisenzo leso esikatelelekileko bonyana umuntu asenze ngamalanga. Nanyana kunjalo, ngebanga leminqopho neembangela ezahlukeneko, abantu abanengi balala ngeenkathi ezahlukileko begodu balala ama-iri ahlukileko. Kodwana, ukulala kuyakhonjelwa basebenzi bezamaphilo kanye nabahlengi bezengqondo. Esihlokwaneni esilandelako sizokutjheja imivuzo yokulala ngokwaneleko. === Imivuzo yokulala ngokwaneleko. === [[Isimumathi:Ukulala.jpg|thumb|290x290px|Umuntu ulele.]] Minengi imivuzo nanyana iinzunzo yokulala ngokwaneleko. Eminye yemivuzo nanyana iinzunzo yokulala ngokwaneleko ifaka hlangana elandelako: ==== Kunciphisa izinga lokugula ==== Ngokuya kwe-University of Oxford (2023)<ref>University of Oxford. 2023. ''Waking up to the health benefits of sleep''. Royal Society for Public Health: Vision, Voice and Practice. </ref> ukulala ngokwaneleko kwehlisa amazinga wokubanjwa bulwele behliziyo, itjhukela kanye nobulwele bokufa ihlangothi lomzimba. I-American Heart Association (2024) <ref name=":0">American Heart Association. 2024. ''How does sleep affect my health?.'' Answers by heart.</ref>ingezelele yathi, ukungalali kuhle kungabanomthintela omumbi kwezamaphilo zakho ngokuthi kukhuphule amazinga wokubanjwa lizinga eliphezulu leengazi, ukunona ngokudluleleko kanye nokugandeleleka ngomkhumbulo. ==== Izinga elihle lokucabanga. ==== Ngokuya kwe-American Heart Association (2024)<ref name=":0" /> ukulala ngokwaneleko kwenza bonyana umuntu acabange kuhle begodu nezinga lakhe lobuhlakani nokurhumutjha izinto liyanda. Ngamanye amagama, lokha nawungakalali ngokwaneleko, ingqondo yakho ayisebenzi kuhle nengizinga elifunekako nakuza ekuzwisiseni izinto nekuthatheni iinqunto ezizwakalo alikho. ==== Ukwandiswa kwamalanga wokuphila. ==== Lokha nawulala ama-iri ali-7 ukuya kwabu-8 qobe ngobusuku, kwandisa amalanga nanyana isikhathi sakho sokuphila ([https://studenthealth.studentaffairs.miami.edu/health-education/health-ed-services/ra-resource-page/benefits-of-sleep.pdf Student Health] [https://studenthealth.studentaffairs.miami.edu/health-education/health-ed-services/ra-resource-page/benefits-of-sleep.pdf of Miami, 2023]<ref name=":1">Student Health of Miami. 2023. ''Benefits of sleep''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://studenthealth.studentaffairs.miami.edu/health-education/health-ed-services/ra-resource-page/benefits-of-sleep.pdf</nowiki>>. Lifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 10 kuTjhirhweni 2025]. </ref>). I-Student Health of Miami (2024<ref name=":1" />) ingezelele yathi, kufanele wazi bonyana ukulala ama-iri asithantathu ukuya phasi nanyana ukulala ama-iri adlula kwabu-8, akukalungi begodu kungaba nomthelela oyingozi. ==== Ukukhuphuka kwezinga lokusebenza. ==== Ukulala ngokwaneleko kusiza khulu bonyana umuntu akwazi ukusebenza kuhle nangezinga eliphezulu ([https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/10-reasons-why-good-sleep-is-important#The-bottom-line Health Line, 2023]<ref name=":2">Health Line. 2023. ''10 Reasons to Get More Sleep''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/10-reasons-why-good-sleep-is-important#The-bottom-line</nowiki>>. </ref>). I-Health Line (2023)<ref name=":2" /> ingezelele yathi, lokha nawulele ngokwanelelo nengqondo yakho ikwazi ukunzinza begodu iqalane nalokho okwenzako ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka. ==== Kusiza ukwehlisa umzimba ==== Ukulala ngokwaneleko kuqakatheke khulu ngombana kudlala indima ekulu ekukhuleni nokwehleni komzimba. Ngokuya kwe-[https://health.ucdavis.edu/blog/cultivating-health/better-sleep-why-its-important-for-your-health-and-tips-to-sleep-soundly/2023/03 Cultivating Health (2023)]<ref>Cultivating Health. 2023. ''Better sleep: Why it’s important for your health and tips to sleep soundly. Litholakala'' ku:< <nowiki>https://health.ucdavis.edu/blog/cultivating-health/better-sleep-why-its-important-for-your-health-and-tips-to-sleep-soundly/2023/03</nowiki>>. Lifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 10 kuTjhirhweni 2025].</ref> ukulala ngokwaneleko kungakusiza lokha nawufuna ukwehlisa umzimba nanyana ufuna ukuwukhulisa ngombana ukukhamba kweengazi nokusebenza komzimba kusuke kusebenza kuhle. === Isiphetho === Ukulala ngokwaneleko kuqakathekile emntwini ngombana kuneenzunzo efana nokwehlisa izinga lokubanjwa kugula nokugandlelela ngomkhumbulo. Nanyana kunjalo, kufanele sikhumbule bonyana  ukulala kusisenzo esikathelelekileko bonyana sisenze sibabantu begodu sisenze kuhle ngombana nasingasenzi kuhle, singazithola ebujameni obungasi buhle. === Umthombolwazi === <references /> nzv0pgq8974zpah4ab20qovenks1bv4 0 458 3084 2979 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Janabaevazizbek|Janabaevazizbek]] 2569 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Itheku'''; Itheku ngezinye zeendawo ezithandwa khulu babantu. Abantu abanengi bayathanda ukuziphumela, ukuzikhuphela nanyana ukuvakatjhela khona nanyana baphumuze ingqondo khona. Nanyana kunjalo, amatheku la akatholakali koke inarheni. Kukhona iimfunda ezinganawo. Eenhlokweni ezilandelako sizokutjheja bonyana itheku liyini begodu litholakala eendaweni ezinjani. == Kuyini itheku? == Ngokuya kwe-[[:en:Bay|Wikipedia (2025]])<ref>Wikipedia. 2025. ''Bay''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay</nowiki>>. Lifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 11 kuTjhirhweni 2025].</ref> isekelwa yi-[https://www.alsharqi.co/glossary/what-is-bay/ Alsharqi (2025)] <ref>Alsharqi. 2025. ''Bay''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://www.alsharqi.co/glossary/what-is-bay/</nowiki>>. Lifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 11 kuTjhirhweni 2025].</ref>itheku kulibala elikhulu lamanzi lelo elihlangana bunqopha namanzi welwandle. I-[https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/bay/ National Geographic (2025])<ref name=":0">National Geographic. 2025. ''Bay''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/bay/</nowiki>>. Lifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 11 kuTjhirhweni 2025].</ref> ingezelele yathi, itheku kulibala lamanzi lelo elizonjelelwe ihlabathi ukuze abantu bakwazi ukukhamba benze nezinye izinto. Ngamanye amagama, itheku kulibala lamanzi lawo ayingcenye yelwandle asekuthomeni kwelwandle lapho kuhlangene khona nehlabathi nanyana indawo eyomileko ukuze abantu bakwazi ukukhamba begodu baye emanzini badude. Kwesinye isikhathi uthola ukuthi amanzi la kumamanzi abuya elwandle nemlanjenikazi  (National Geographic, 2025)<ref name=":0" />. Itheku alisiyindawo ethandwa babantu kwaphela; kodwana, liyikhaya leenlwani ezinengi zemanzini  ezifaka hlangana iimfesi, ikghuru neenkalakala (National Geographic. 2025)<ref name=":0" />. Itheku libuye lisize khulu mayelana nemithwalo neempahla evela kwezinye iinarha nanyana ethunyelwa kwezinye iinarha ngemikhumbi ngombana idoyelo lemikhumbi litholakala khulu emathekwini ([https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/bay/633561 Kids Britannica, 2025])<ref>Kids Britannica. 2025. ''Bay''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/bay/633561</nowiki>>. Lifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 11 kuTjhirhweni 2025].</ref>. Kufanele sikhumbule bonyana lokha iimpahla nazithunyelwa ngaphandle nanyana zamukelwa la eSewula Afrika, kufanele kube nendawo la imikhumbi izakwazi ukujama khona lula ukuze iimpahla lezo zilayitjhwe nanyana zihliswe begodu ukghone ukusuka lula, iindawo lezo matheku. == Iindawo nanyana iimfunda la amatheku atholakala khona == ESewula Afrika amatheku akatholakali kizo zoke iimfunda ngebanga lokuthi ezinye zeemfunda ziimfunda ezingaphakathi kwenarha njengeGauteng neMpumalanga ([https://www.britannica.com/science/estuary Britannica, 2025]<ref>Britannica. 2025. ''Bay''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://www.britannica.com/science/estuary</nowiki>>. Lifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 11 kuTjhirhweni 2025].</ref>). Kodwana iimfunda ezilandelako zinamatheku: IKwaZulu Natala, iTlhagwini Kapa, iPumalanga Kapa neTjhingalanga Kapa. Iimfunda ezine lezi zinemithetho leyo elawula ukusetjenziswa kwamatheku babantu, imiphakathi kanye namabubululo ngokusebenzisana neenhlangano ezifana nesiGungu seSewula Afrika somThelo leso esitjheje bona yoke ipahla eza eSewula Afrika kufanele bonyana ibhadele umthetho ogunyazwako. == Isiphetho == Itheku linemisebenzi eminengi eempilweni zabantu ngaphandle kokuba yindawo yokunandisa nalapho abantu baditjha khona. Kodwana, lidlala indima eqakathekileko mayela nokunikela enye indlela yokuthuthwa kweempahla lezo eziya ngaphandle kwezinye iinarha nanyana ezivela kwezinye iinarha eziza ngekhaya. Ngalokho-ke, kuqakathekile bona sizijwayeze bonyana itheku liyini begodu lisetjenziswa njani ukuze sikhambelane nemithetho yawo. == Umthombolwazi == <references /> qpk02gwh3omzjflcmphfqo1dw3pk36u 0 459 3118 2990 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Owaziwako|Owaziwako]] 2376 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ukuvakatjha nanyana ivakatjhobukelo. == === Isingeniso === Kukhona ezinye izinto esele zidlange khudlwana nakukhamba isikhathi begodu izinto lezo zidlala indima ekulu eempilweni zethu kanye nemnothweni. Ezinye zezinto lezo kuvakatjha. Ukuvatjha lokhu esikhuluma ngakho la, ngilokho abanye abakubiza bonyana ibakatjhobukelo ingasi ukukweriya okwabona ngugogo. Eenhlokwaneni ezilandelako sizokutjheja bonyana ukuyini ukuvakatjha, nanyana ivakatjhobukelo, kanye nemihlobo ekhona yevakatjho (ivakatjhobukelo). === Kuyini ukuvakatjha nanyana ivakatjhobukelo na? === [[Isimumathi:Ivakatjhobukelo.jpg|thumb|353x353px|Ubaba uthwebula inyoni isithombe]] Ngokuya kwe-Britannica (2025) <ref name=":0">Britanicca. 2025. ''Tourism''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://www.britannica.com/topic/tourism/Day-trippers-and-domestic-tourism</nowiki>>. Lifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 13 kuTjhirhweni 2025].</ref>ukuvakatjha nanyana ivakatjhobukelo kusisenzo nehlelo lokuqeda isikhathi sakho kude nekhaya ngomnqopho wokuthola ukuphumula nobumnandi. I-Britannica (2025)<ref name=":0" /> ingezelele yathi, isenzo leso sokuqeda isikhathi kude nekhenu esikhathini esinengi senzeka ngokusebenzisa imisebenzi yezamabubulo ngaphasi komkhakha loyo. Ngamanye amagama, ukuvakatjha nanyana ivakatjhobukelo kusisenzo esifaka hlangana ukusebenzisa amabubulo bonyana akusize ngevakatjho lakho eendaweni ezahlukeneko, ingasi wena uzenzele zoke izinto. Nanyana kunjalo, i-Wikipedia (2025)<ref name=":1">Wikipedia. 2025. ''Tourism''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism</nowiki>>. Lifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 13 kuTjhirhweni 2025].</ref> iveze bonyana ukuvakatjha nanyana ivakatjhobukelo kusisenzo esidlula ukuvakatjha kwamalanga wokuphumula; kodwana, kusisenzo sokufunda okutjha ngeendawo, ibhoduluko, amasiko nepilo yabantu beendawo lapho uvakatjhele khona. U-Tureac no-Anca (2008)<ref>Tureac, C. E., & Anca, T. 2008. Types and Forms of Tourism. ''ACTA UNIVERSITATIS DANUBIUS: OECONOMICA:''92-103.</ref> bangezelele ngokuthi, ukuvatjha lokhu akufani, okunye kwenzeka ngeenthuthi zomphakathi, ehlobo nanyana ebusika, ngokwemidlalo nanyana ukuziphumulela nje. Ngamanye amagama, ukuvakatjha kuya ngomuntu bonyana uthanda okunjani nanyana uthanda ukukwenza ngasiphi isikhathi nesidingo siphi. === Imihlobo yokuvakatjha. === Kukhona imihlobo eminengi yokuvakatjha nanyana yevakatjhobukelo; kodwana, ngaphasi kwekulumopendulwano yethu sizonqopha kile elandelako: ==== Ukuvakatjha nanyana ivakatjhobukelo lesikhathi eside. ==== Ngokuya kuka-Robinson, u-LUck no-Smith (2020)<ref name=":2">Robinson, P.,  Lück, M., & Smith, S. 2020. ''Tourism''. 2nd Edition.</ref> ivakatjhobukelo nanyana ukuvakatjha kwesikhathi eside kulevakatjho lelo eleqa isikhathi somnyaka, umuntu akwenye indawo. Ngamanye amagama, leli livakatjho umuntu angalithatha ehlobo, ahlale lapho kuphele ihlobo nesiruthwani bese uyabuya nakungena ubusika. ==== Ukuvakatjha nanyana ivakatjhobukelo lesikhatjhana. ==== Ukuvakatjha nanyana ivakatjhobukelo lesikhatjhana livakatjho lelo elingathathi isikhathi eside begodu lingathatha ilanga ukuya kwamalanga amatjhumi amathathu (Robinson ''nabanye'', 2020)<ref name=":2" />. Ngamanye amagama, ivakatjho lesikhatjhana livakatjho lelo umuntu alithatha ngomqopho wokuthi akafuni ukuhlala isikhathi endaweni leyo avakatjhele kiyo. === Imibandela yokuthatha ivakatjhobukelo nanyana ivakatjho. === Ngokuya kwe-Wikipedia (2025)<ref name=":1" /> isekelwa yi-Britannica (2025)<ref name=":0" /> abantu bathatha ivakatjhobukelo nanyana ivakatjho ngebanga lokufuna ukuphola nanyana ibanga lezamaphilo. Laba babantu abasuke bazi bonyana isizo elingabasiza bonyana baphole bangalithola kwindawo leyo kwaphela. Kube khona abantu abathatha ivakatjho nanyana ivakatjhobukelo ngomnqopho wezamabubululo (Wikipedia 2025<ref name=":1" />; ne-Britannica, 2025). Laba kusuke kubosomabubulo abafuna ukwandisa nokufunda kwabanye abosomabubulo abaphumeleleko kwezinye iindawo (Wikipedia, 2025<ref name=":1" />). Kokugcina, kube khona abantu abathatha ivakatjho nanyana ivakatjhobukelo ngebanga lokubethwa moya, ukuthola ubumnandi nanyana ukuledlha nokuphumula (Britanicca, 2025<ref name=":0" />; ne-Wikipedia, 2025<ref name=":1" />). Laba babantu abadinwe ngomkhumbulo nanyana ngomzimba bafuna ukuphumula nemoyeni ukuze babuyele emakhabo bangcono (Wikipedia, 2025<ref name=":1" />). === Isiphetho === Ukuvakatjha nanyana ivakatjhobukelo yinto leyo engasiza khulu umuntu lokha neentjhijilo ezifaka hlangana ukudinwa ngokomkhumbulo nanyana ngomzimba, imitjhoga nanyana intatha yobuguli obuthize kanye nokukhulisa ilwazi lakho elimayelana namasiko, indlela yabantu yokuphila neenkolelo zabo. Ngalokho-ke, kuqakathekile bonyana umuntu azijwayeze ukuthatha ivakatjho nanyana ivakatjhobukelo. === Umthombolwazi === <references /> g7nh38rjj5i96y7hib0cvcursevjxxj 0 460 2391 2025-01-28T09:02:21Z Owaziwako 24 Created page with "== Ukuziphatha kuhle. == === Isingeniso === Kukhona ezinye izinto lezo ezenza bonyana sihlalisane kuhle nabantu begodu kube nokuthula nanyana sihlanganyele ini. Enye yezinto lezo kuziphatha ngendlela ehle. Ukuziphatha ngendlela ehle kuyindlela eyenza isiqiniseko sokuthi sibabantu sikhombisa ubuntu kanye nokusebenzisana. Eenhlokwaneni ezilandelako sizokutjheja bonyana nasikhululuma ngokuziphatha kuhle sikhuluma ngani begodu yini ububhadekelo bakhona. === Kuyini ukuzipha..." 2391 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ukuziphatha kuhle. == === Isingeniso === Kukhona ezinye izinto lezo ezenza bonyana sihlalisane kuhle nabantu begodu kube nokuthula nanyana sihlanganyele ini. Enye yezinto lezo kuziphatha ngendlela ehle. Ukuziphatha ngendlela ehle kuyindlela eyenza isiqiniseko sokuthi sibabantu sikhombisa ubuntu kanye nokusebenzisana. Eenhlokwaneni ezilandelako sizokutjheja bonyana nasikhululuma ngokuziphatha kuhle sikhuluma ngani begodu yini ububhadekelo bakhona. === Kuyini ukuziphatha kuhle === [[Isimumathi:Ihlonipho.jpg|thumb|403x403px|Ukulotjhisana ngehlonipho.]] Ngokuya kuka-Lazzeri (2014)<ref>Lazzeri, F. 2014. On defining behavior: Some notes. ''Behavior and Philosophy'', 42:65-82.</ref> ukuziphatha lihlelo lelo lomuntu langaphakathi kwakhe lokuthi ezikhambisna nezenzo lezo ezithintela umsikinyeko nanyana imiphumela yobujamo bakhe. I-[https://f.hubspotusercontent30.net/hubfs/2366135/What%20is%20good%20behaviour%20and%20how%20can%20teachers%20encourage%20it%3F.pdf Evidence Based Education (2025)]<ref>Evidence Based Education. 2025.    ''What is 'good' behaviour and how can teachers encourage it: reflecting on great teaching?'' Litholakala ku:<<nowiki>https://f.hubspotusercontent30.net/hubfs/2366135/What%20is%20good%20behaviour%20and%20how%20can%20teachers%20encourage%20it%3F.pdf</nowiki>>. Lifunyenwe [Ngomhlaka 13 kuTjhirhweni 2025].</ref> ngokusekelwa yi-[[:en:Behavior|Wikipedia (2025)]]<ref name=":0">Wikipedia. ''Behavior''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavior</nowiki>>. Lifunyenwe [Ngomhlaka 13 kuTjhirhweni 2025].</ref> ingezelele yathi ukuziphatha kuhle kunqophe kuzenzo nanyana yini okuphilako lokho okwezenza bonyana sikghone ukuhlalisana nabantu nanyana sikhombise ukulunga. Ngamanye amagama, ukuziphatha kuhle kulihlelo lezenzo kanye nomukghwa onganamthintela omumbi nanyana ongakorholi omunye umuntu, kodwana, owakha itjhebiswano nokusebenzisana. Iinhlathululo esinikelwe zona lezi ngehla ziyasitjengisa bonyana kubudisi kangangani ukuhlathulula ukuziphatha okuhle, ngombana ukuziphatha okuhle kuthembele bonyana umuntu usibona njani isenzo sakhe leso begodu umqopho wakhe kuyini. Ngalokho-ke, lokho okucabanga bona sisenzo sokuziphatha kuhle ongathola bonyana akusibo boke abasamukelako njengesenzo sokuziphatha kuhle. Esihlokwaneni esilandelako sizokutjheja imihlobo yokuziphatha kuhle. === Imihlobo yokuziphatha kuhle === Kungenzeka bonyana kunemihlobo eminengi leyo ewela ngaphasi kokuziphatha kuhle; kodwana, ngomnqopho wekulumopendulwano yethu le sizokunqopha kumihlobo elandelako: ==== ukuziphatha kwangaphandle. ==== Ngokuya kwe[https://www.noldus.com/blog/what-is-behavior -Noldus (2023)]<ref name=":1">Noldus. 2023. ''Wha is behavior?'' Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://www.noldus.com/blog/what-is-behavior</nowiki>>. Lifunyenwe [Ngomhlaka 13 kuTjhirhweni 2025].</ref> ukuziphatha kwangaphandle kuziphatha lokho okubonwako nanyana ngubani begodu kumadaniswe ubuhle bakhona bonyana bungangani. I-Noldus (2024)<ref name=":1" /> ingezelele yathi ukuziphatha lokhu kufaka hlangana imisikinyeko yabantu, ukusebenzisa amatshwayo womzimba, iphimbo kanye nezinye izenzo ezibonwa ngabaye abantu. ==== Ukuziphatha kwangaphakathi ==== Ukuziphatha kwangaphakathi ngilokho esingathi kumumukghwa womuntu owenzeka ngaphathi kwakhe (Noldus, 2023)<ref name=":1" />. Imikghwa leyo, omunye umuntu angeze ayibona ngombana yenzeka engqondweni yomuntu nanyana emoyeni wakhe ngaphakathi. Esihlokwaneni esilandelako sizokutjheja bona kuyini umvuzo nanyana ububhadekelo bekuziphatha kuhle na. === Kuyini umvuzo nanyana ububhadekelo bokuziphatha kuhle === Ukuziphatha kuhle kunemivuzo nanyana ububhadekelo obunengi lobo obufaka hlangana okulandelako: ==== Kusiza ukuledlhisa umzimba ==== Ngokuya kwe-[https://www.strong4life.com/en/emotional-wellness/behavior-and-discipline/10-ways-to-encourage-positive-behavior Strong 4 Life (2025])<ref name=":2">Strong 4 Life. 2025. 10 ''Ways to Encourage Positive Behavior''. Litholakala ku:< <nowiki>https://www.strong4life.com/en/emotional-wellness/behavior-and-discipline/10-ways-to-encourage-positive-behavior</nowiki>>. Lifunyenwe [Ngomhlaka 13 kuTjhirhweni 2025].</ref> ukuziphatha kuhle kusungula indlela elula nekhulula ingqondo nomzimba egandelelweni lokucabanga khulu mayelana nokungahle kwenze okungakalungi komunye umuntu mayelana nesenzo sakho. Ngalokho-ke, umzinga nengqondo uyaledlha begodu awuqabangi khulu njengalokha nawuziphethe kumbi begodu kwabanomthintela komunye umuntu. ==== Kuyindlela ehle yomukghwa ==== Ukuziphatha kuhle kuyindlela ehle yokumukghwa leyo engalandelwa nanyana ngubani begodu yenza bonyana abantu babe nekambiso ephilileko nanyana enganabungozi (Strong 4 Life, 2025)<ref name=":2" />. Yeke-ke, lokha umuntu nakaziphatha kuhle, akusisenzo nje kwaphela; kodwana, kusisenzo esidlala indlima ngokwezamaphilo. ==== Kusiza ekukhuliseni abentwana ==== Ukuziphatha kuhle kusiza ekukhuliseni abentwana ngombana kuhlahla abentwana bonyana babalekele izenzo ezimbi kanye nemikghwa engakalungu (Wikipedia, 2025)<ref name=":0" />. Ngamanye amagama, nawungumzali kufanele uziphathe kuhle ngombana abentwana nabakubona wenza into enye nabo bayakulandela ngokwenza into leyo; Kodwana, nangabe wenza into embi nabo bayakulandela ngokwenza into embi begodu ezinye babelethwa nazo ngebanga lefuzo. === Isiphetho === Ukuziphatha kuhle kuqakathekile begodu kungaba nesithintela esihle nesimbi komunye umuntu. Nanyana kunjalo, kufanele silinge ngaso soke isikhathi ukuziphatha kuhle ngokwezenzo begodu nangemikghwa leyo ebonakala ngengaphakathi lethu. === Umthombolwazi === <references /> bka0w6crwzglu5edjl5wtrejqmj3ejd 0 461 2395 2025-01-28T12:25:54Z Jfblanc 328 Jfblanc moved page [[Iflaga yeSewula Africa]] to [[Iflaga yeSewula Afrika]] 2395 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Iflaga yeSewula Afrika]] au8gx5tsxgvfykgtmmejka4vfgtvo1w 8 462 2397 2025-01-31T00:03:52Z Maintenance script 1 Migrating server configuration to an on-wiki JSON file ([[phab:T374348]]) 2397 json application/json { "$version": "1.0.0", "BabelAutoCreate": true, "BabelCategoryNames": { "0": "", "1": "", "2": "", "3": "", "4": "", "5": "", "N": "" }, "BabelMainCategory": "", "BabelUseUserLanguage": false } 54hmctnlaawatl26wopa0v29fbhc0mb 0 464 3038 3029 2025-06-07T03:05:22Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Nqobile69|Nqobile69]] 2401 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ukubulunga imali''' kukulokha umuntu athatha ingcenye yemali yakhe ayitholako njengomrholo bese ayibekele isikhathi esizako angayisebenzisi ngeholoso yokuthi ikhone ikumsiza ngesikhathi esizako. Ukubulunga imali kusisenzo esiqakathekileko begodu senza bona umuntu abenemali nokuthi ahlale ngaphandle kokusaba ukutlhoga imali<ref>Furnham, A., 1985. Why do people save? Attitudes to, and habits of saving money in Britain. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 15(5), pp.354-373. </ref>. == Kuqakatheke ngani ukubulunga imali? == ===== Kukusiza ukuthi okhone ukwenza izinto ozifisako ===== Ukubulunga [[imali]] kulekelela umuntu bona akghone ukufeza izinto azifisako ezihle ezifana nokuthi ukghone ukuthenga imodere, wakhe indlu ehle kanokutjho begodu ungakghona ukubhadalela abantwana ifundo yabo yamazinga aphezulu<ref>Salikin, N., Wahab, N.A., Zakaria, N., Masruki, R. and Nordin, S.N., 2012. Students’ saving attitude: does parents’ background matter. International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance, 3(6), p.479. </ref>. Zinengi izinto umuntu angazenza ngokuthi abulunge imali omunye umuntu angathatha imali ayibulungileko ayisebenzise bona athome ibubulo elizomakhela umnotho. === Kukukhipha ehlathini lokha nakunekinga === Nawumumuntu obulunga imali, nawuvelelwa sisiga obewu ngakasicabangi esifana nokuthi uphelelwe msebenzi, ingozi, nanyana ugulelwe sihlobo sakho uyakghona ukuthi uthathe imali oyibulungileko ukuthi bonyana ikulekelele bona ukhone ukuthi uphume emirarweni oqalane nayo. === Kusiza ukubalekela iinkolodo === Ukubulunga imali kurhelebha bona umuntu abalekele ukwenza iinkolodo lokha nasele avelelwa miraro ebakangakayilindeli. Kuvikela nokuthi umuntu angasebenzisi imali ngendlela engakhombisi ukuhlakanipha. === Ukwakha umnotho === Ukubulunga imali kulekelela umuntu bona akhone ukwakha umnotho ngombana umuntu angakghona ukuthi athathe imali ayibulungileko ayoyitjala ibuye sele imenzele inzuzo, lokhu kuyawukhulisa umnotho womuntu<ref><ref></ref></ref> oehb9m45r1fzspfgsj9ulre0c5a02x3 0 465 2535 2403 2025-03-19T10:15:46Z Nqobile69 190 2535 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ilanga lethando''' kulilanga elaziwa ngelimi lesiNgisi bona Yi Valantine's day. ilanga leli ligidingwa cobe nyaka ngenyanga kaMhlolanja amalanga nakali-14. ngokwesiko kulilanga lapho abantu baveza khona [[ithando]] labo abanalo emindenini, ebanganinni begodu nebantwini abahlekisana nabo. == kwenziwani ngelanga lethando? == === Abantu baphana izipho === [[Iinthandani]] ngelanga leli zithengelana izipho ezifana namathuthumbo, amatjhokoledi, namakhadi njengendlela yokukhombisana uthando nokuthabelana. abanye baba namakhambo njengendlela yokuzikhipha<ref>Lau, P.H., 2001. Valentine’s Day.</ref>. === Bapheka amadina === Abanye bakhetha ukupheka amadina akhethekileko bakhanyise namakhandlela bese badle bobali, leyo into bayenza ngehloso yokuceda isikhathi ndawo yinye begodu babelane ngothando. Idina le bangayidlela ekhaya nanyana esitolo sokudla esisecophelweni. Abanye bayakhamba bayokubukela ama movie nanyana baye lapho kuno mgidi khona wokumvumo bazithabise. === batlolelana iincwadi namakhadi === Abanye bathanda ukutlolela imilayezo emnandi yethando, baveze indlela ebazizwa ngayo ngabalingni babo, abanani nanyana ababelethi babo. Le yindlela yakade yokwenza izinto kodwana iyakhona ukwenza bona abantu batjhidelane khulu ngombana amezwi kuyindlela enamandla yokuveza imizwa. == liqakatheke ngani ilanga leli? == Ilanga lethando liqakatheke ngokuthi likhuthaza abantu abathandanako bonyana bakhone ukuceda [[isikhathi]] ndawonye, begodu bakhone nokuvezelana indlela abathandana ngayo.Kuyindlela yokukhulisa ithando, [[ubungani]] nokuzwana emindenini. kulilanga lokuletha injabulo ebantwini nokukhulisa ubudlelwane. 1yy009si6p5oo7w4gxjumzq7qw0tpoq 0 466 3536 3535 2025-08-04T17:27:49Z Nqobile69 190 3536 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ikolo''' kuyinto ephathelelne nomoya, kukulapo abantu bakholelwa khona into ebakholelwa kiyo le kufuze kube yinto ebayibona bonyana inamandla ngokomoya begodu ikhethekile. isibonelo sezinto abantu abangakholelwa kizo kugaba nguZimu,sithombe sento ethileko, nofana abezimu. ikolo kuyinto eyenza abantu bona bakhone ukuzwsisa uphasi ebaphila kilo. kuyinto eyeza bona abantu baphile ngokwesiko , neminyanya ethileko njengendlela yokuveza ikholo labo. Imihlobo yeenkolo esezikhona esewula Afrika ngilezi: yikolo yobu[[khrestu]], ikolo ye [[Islam]], ikolo yama Hindu,ikolo yama Juda, ikolo yama Bhuda kanye nekolo yabaphasi.<ref>Riesebrodt, M., 2010. ''The promise of salvation: A theory of religion''. University of Chicago Press. Vancouver</ref> === IMIHLOBO YEKOLO === ==== Ikolo yobukhrestu ==== Leyokolo yabantu abakholelwa kuZimu begodu abakholwa bonyana uJesu yindodana kaZimu ezelwe iyodwa eyasuka ezulwini yeza ephasini ukuzofela izono zabanto begodu yahlongakala yavuka ngemva kwamalanga amathathu. Abantu abokholelwa kile kolo bathanda ukusebenzisa isiphambano njengethswayo lekolo yabo. le ngenye yeenkolo elandewa babantu abanengi ephasini<ref>Schmidt, A.J., 2009. ''How Christianity changed the world''. Zondervan.</ref>. Ikolo yamakhreste kuyikolo ekholelwa embhabhadisweni wabantu njengethswayo lokobana umuntu uzelwe kabutjha sele aphila ipiloo yakhe anoZimu. ==== ikolo ye-Islam ==== Le yikolo yabantu ababizwa bona ma Muslim, bakholwa ku zimu obizwa bona ngu Allah begodu nakumphrofidi obizwa bona nguMuhammad. Bafunda iincwadi i Quran, Amarhubo, ne Torah lezi bakholwa bona ziincwadi ezathunyelwa kibo ngu zimu wabo u Allah. <ref>Donner, F.M., 2010. ''Muhammad and the believers: At the origins of Islam''. Harvard University Press. Vancouver</ref> ==== Ikolo yamaHindu ==== Amahindu akholelwa ku zimu wabo obizw bona nguBrahman. Bakholelwa bona yoke into umuntu ayenzako inemphumela yakhona efanel bona umuntu aqalane nayo epilweni nanyana lokha sele adlulile ephasini. AmaHindu anabozimu abathathu uBrama(ngumdali) Vishnu (mgcini wabo) Shiva (mbhubhisi) ==== ikolo yamaJuda ==== AmaJuda akholwa bona kunoZimu oyedwa ephasini loke begodu nguye odale izulu nomhlaba. AmaJuda afunda itorah njenge ncwadi yabo ebafundisa ngozimu, iTorah le ineencwadi ezihlanu zokuthoma ezatlowa ngu Mose ebhayibhilini. ==== ikolo yabaphasi ==== Le yikolo yaantu abanzima abakholelwa ebezimini. abezimu kubabantu abebaphila ephasini kodwana bahlongakala nje imimoya yabo sele isebenza ukubapha inhlanhla nokubavikela. == Iinkomba == 528v7evvq4h4hiwek70ivgdm7ll8vtd 0 467 2509 2508 2025-03-06T16:17:31Z Nqobile69 190 2509 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ithiyori''' ka Vygotsky kuyithoyori ehlathulula bona abantwana bakhulisa ilwazi labo ngokuthi bahlangane nabanye abantwana, nemvelo, nangokuthi bathole ifundiso ngesiko pilo lebhoduluko ebahlala kilo.Ukukhula nofana ukuthuthuka emntwaneni kuthoma ngaphandle emntwaneni, kubhoduluko leli ahlala kilo bese litjhinge ngaphakatho komntwana.Ithoyori le iveza bona ibhoduluko lizadlala indima ekulu ekukhuleni komntwana. Ukukhula komkhumbulo emtwaneni kuvela lokha umuntu afunda izinto ebanganini bakhe , ebabelethini, kubafundisi nakwabanye abantu bomphakathi. UVygotsky ukholwa bona umuntu nakafuna ukwenza into enzima kufanele athole irhelebho lomuntu onelwazi elikhulu lokwenza into leyo. Lokhu kuzokulekelela bona umuntu agcine sele anekghono lokwenza into leyo<ref>Vygotsky, L., 2018. Lev Vygotsky. ''La psicología en la Revolución Rusa. Colombia: Ediciones desde abajo''.</ref>. == Iscaffolding == Leli ligama lesiNgisi elitjho izinga lesekelo mntwana alidingako ukuze abe nekghono lokwenza into ethileko ebekangakhoni ukuyenza ngokwakhe<ref>Rahimi, A. and Tahmasebi, S., 2011. Mediating Iranian EFL learners: Private speech and scaffolding in reading comprehension. LiBRI. Linguistic and Literary Broad Research and Innovation, 1(2), pp.56-71.</ref>. Into enje yenzeka lokha umuntu anekghono lokwenza into ethileko afundisa Umntwana ongana lwazi bona akghone ukwenza into leyo bekufike lapho umntwana ongenalwazi sele athola naye ikghono lokwenza into afundiswe yona ngokwakhe. Isibonelo: kulokha utitjhere afundisa umntwana ukufunda. Utitjhere uthoma ngokukhombisa umntwana bona kufundwa njani, kuthi ngokuya kwesikhathi umntwana azithole sele afunda ngokwakhe kodwana utitjhere amlekelele bona afunde lawo magama asogola ukuwafunda, bese kuthi ngokukhamba kwesikhathi umntwana agcine sele akghona ukufunda ngokwakhe.ngaphandle werhelebho lokatitjhere. == Ukukhuluma ngaphakathi (private speech) == Ithiyori ka Vygotsky iveza bona ilimi liqakathekile ukusiza bona umuntu akhule emkhumbulweni. Ilimi ngilo elenza bona umuntu akghone ukucabanga<ref>Stanley, F., 2011. Vygotsky–From public to private: learning from personal speech. ''Making sense of theory and practice in early childhood: The power of ideas'', pp.11-25.</ref>. Abantwana bakhuluma bodwa ukuze bakghone ukulawula izenzo zabo lokha nabadlalako isenzo lesibizwa bona yi private speech.Isenzo lesi ngiso esenza bona umntwana akghone ukulawula indlela yache yokuziphatha, nemicaango yakhe ngokuthi aphimise lokhu akucabangako. 01ajklwm4bddg541wm5cd5wz667efby 0 468 3499 3498 2025-07-30T07:55:05Z Nqobile69 190 3499 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Iinyanga zonyaka''' Iinyanga zonyaka zilitjhumi nambili enyakeni.Zikghona ukusivezela [[isikhathi]] sonyaka esikiso. Lawa mabizo wakhona ngelimi lesiNdebele. 1. Tjhirhweni 2. Mhlolanja 3. Ntaka 4. Sihlabantangani 5. Mrhayili 6. UNgwengweni 7. Velabahlinze 8. URhoboyi 9. Ukhukhulamungu 10. USewula 11. USinyikhaba 12. UNobayeni gcf4nj8bbmkw67w5kuestw74ix28lxm 0 469 3094 2955 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Nqobile69|Nqobile69]] 2410 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Inomboro''' lithswayo lezembalo elisetjenziswa ukubala inani lezinto ezibalwako, ezimedwako nofana izikhonjwako nemalni. Inomboro isisekelo sesisfundo seembalo ngombana sisebenzisa iinomboro ukuveza ubukhulu bento, isisindo begodu nobukhulu bayo.Lokha inomboro nayingekho ngekhe sakghona ukuba nesifundo seembalo. Iinomboro sikhona ukuziveza ngeendlela ezinengi ezifana nama fraktjhini, ama-inthija, amadesimali. Ukubala ngelimi lesiNdebele 1- kunye, 2- kubili,3- kuthathu, 4- kune, 5- kuhlanu, 6- sithandathu,7- Likhomba, 8-bunane, 9- Lithoba, 10- litjhumi… 100- Likhulu 1000- Ikulungwane 1 000 000- Isigidi Imihlobo yeenomboro Inomboro zemvelo 1, 2, 3,4,5,6,7,8,9 Ama- iinthija Ziimnomboto kusuka ku 0 ukukhuphuka begodu zifake nalezo nomboro ezibizwa bona ziinomboro ezinegethivu. -3,-2,-1, 0,1,2,3 Iinomboro eziretjhinali Ngilezo nomboro umuntu angakhona ukuzibhala zibe amafraktjhini. Kungaba ziinomboro ezimadesimali nalezo ezima-iinthija Isibonelo: ½, ¾ , 5, 10… Iinomboro ezi-iretjhinali Lezi ziinomboro umuntu angeze ukhona ukuzitlola nofaze aziveze njemagama fraktjhini. Isibonelo:, π… Iiinomboro ezi complex Lo mhlobo weenomborolo ohlanganisa inomboro ezikhona ezibalekako nalezi ezingabalekiko. Isibonelo 4:+2i tvcs7ao4a1yjnj64weggmgl9bfccnvm 0 471 2435 2416 2025-02-18T21:25:30Z Nqobile69 190 2435 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ngomnyaka''' we 2010 ISewula AFrika yabamba imidlalo yeFIFA, Iphaliswano lephasi lomdlalo webholo erarhwako. Iphaliliswano leli labe kungele-19 emaphaliswaneni wephasi ekhakabakhona. Lathoma ngelanga -11 ku Ngwengweni bekwaba ngelanga le11 kuVelabahlinze. Liinqhema zephasi zeza lapha ukuzokuphalisana ukulwela Ukuthumba ibhegere yephasi ebeyidlalelwa ziinarha ezikhethiweko. Iinqheema ezabe zizibandakanye ephaliswaneni leli zabe zima-32. == Isiqheema esathumba iphaliswano leli == Isiqhema esathumba iphaliswani leli lathunjwa yinarha yeSpain. Isiqheema senarha ye Spain yahlula isiqheema seNetherlands nge 1-0 ngegondelo elafakwa ngesikhathi esingezelelweko.Umdlalo wokugcina wephaliswano wadlalelwa etatawini le Soccer city elisedorobheni le Johannesburg. Imidlalo eyadlalwako yabe ima-64 nayipheleleko. Umdlali obekaphuma phambili kwabe ngu Diego Forlan<ref>2010 FIFA World Cup - Wikipedia</ref>. == Amatatawu asetjenziswako == Abalandeli abaziingidi bavakatjhela amatatawu. alitjhumi ukuyobukela imidlalo. :Amatatawu ebekasetjenziswa nge phaliswano lephasi: {| class="wikitable" |+ !Idorobha lapho itatawu likhona !Ibizo letatawu |- |1.Ekapa |Green point |- |2.EBloemfontein |free state |- |3.Durban |moses mabhida |- |4. Johannesurg |ellis park |- |5. Johannnesburg |soccer city |- |6.ENelspruit |Mbombela |- |7. ePolokwane |Peter Mokaba |- |8. EPort elizabeth |Nelson mandela bay |- |9. EPretoria |loftus versveld |- |10. ERusternburg |Eroyala bafokeng |} 0vzx6bcleiz7dcdbhiav9xy05tfqtzk 0 472 3557 3556 2025-08-05T15:42:57Z Nqobile69 190 3557 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Bees making honey.jpg|thumb|Iinyosi zihleli phezulu kweluju]] '''Iinyosi''' ziinunwana ezibubulako ezinzima nokusarulani ngokombala. Inyosi inemilemze esithandathu begodu inomzimba ohlukaniswe kathathu. inyosi zithanda ukuhlala emathuthumbeni kanye nalapho kuneenthelo ezisudu khona<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bee#cite_note-Michener2000-3</ref>. === Ukuqakatheka kweenyosi === Nanyana zizincani ngokomzimba kodwana zidlala indima eqakathekileko emphakathini. Inyosizidlala iindima emaphilweni wabantu. Zikhamba emathuthumbeni zifuna I nektha ezizoyisebenzisa ukwenza iluju. Begodu zithatha I pollen eentjalweni zenze bone iintjalo zikhone ukuzalana. Iinyosi zihlala eenhlakaneni. Inyosi zidume khulu ngowenza iluju. Zilenza ngokuthi zibuthelele inektha emathuthumbeni bese ziyenze ibeliluju nge phrosesi ebizwa bona yi-''regurgitation'' and evaporation. Ijuzi esudu ayibi kukudalal kwaphela kodwana ina yi antibacterial ne antifungal esiza ukwenza imitjhoga yeemvelo. == Iinkomba == mgkfm9lio75zpkvs7md6a8gv1mvhpka 0 473 2451 2450 2025-02-21T11:52:03Z Nqobile69 190 2451 wikitext text/x-wiki == khuyini ikamela? == '''Silwana''' esihlala endaweni eyome khulu begodu enganamanzi. Navene bayithethe bakhambe nayo baye endaweni enamanzi vane isele amanzi akghanorho iwabeke phezu kwengongoma engaphezulu kwetamo yayo ngehloso yokuwasororha. Nababuyel nayo la ihlala khona vane seyiselile amanzi bese ithi nayomile idose amanzi. Ikamaela ikhogona ukusela ama litha ama-100 ngasikhathi sinye.bese iwabeke emzimbeni. engongomeni yayo begodu ikhoa ukuhlala amalanga ingaseli amanzi. == Ukuqakatheka kwayo == Ekadeni ikamela kade isetjenziswa njengesithuthi ngombana iyakghona ukukhamba isikhati eside ingaphelelwa mdlandla wokukhamba lokha nayingakadli nanyana ingakaseli amanzi. Amehlo wayo anenkophe ezide neempumulo zayo zenza bona ikghone ukujamelana nomoya osendaweni enehlabathi eyomileko. Isikhumba sayo senza bona isilwane lesi sikhone ukujamelana nomtjhiso ongaphezu kwe 49 yamdigrizi Amakamela endaweni ezifana ne middle east ne North yeAfrica amakela ayaba wokudla. Ibisi lekamela lizele ngomsoqo owaziwa bona unepilo begodu wehlisa nezingalokuba sengozini yokuthola isifo setjhukela nesifo sehliziyo. d0aafck9k2dv7apbr1xw9wq7pt9fue9 0 474 5140 3037 2025-08-10T18:25:08Z Nqobile69 190 5140 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kunobufakazi''' bokobana abantwana beSewula Afrika banesitjhijilo sokufunda. Abantwana abenza igreyidi 3 ubunengi babo abakhoni ukufunda ngokuzwisisa lokho ebakufundako, kokubili ngelimi lekhaya begodu khulu nangelimi lesiNgisi. Lokhu kubonakala ngokobana lokha utitjhere nakaba buza umbuzo ngalokhu ebebakufunda bahluleke ukuphendula.Unobangela walokhu kungaba yindlela abotitjhere abayisebenzisako ukufundisa abafundi ukufunda. Abotitjhere basenzisa indlela yokufundisa umdumo wamatjhada kwaphela ukufundisa abantwana ukufunda bangahlanganisi nezinye indlela ezifana ne whole language approach. Lezi ezinye indlela ezihlukileko kunendlela yokufundisa ngomdumo ziyarhelebha khulu ekutheni umtwana akwazi ukufunda ngokuzwisisa ngombana zenza umntwana angazi umdumo wamatjhada kwaphela kodwa akwazi ukuhlathulula bona amagama atjho ukuthini begodu asetjenziswa bunjani. === Ubudisi bokwakha amagama === Etlasini le greyidi 3 kunabafundi ababa nobudisi bokwakha amagama. Lokhu utitjhere nakenzisa abafundi isibizelo, abafundi abanengi bayahluleka ukwakha amagama khulu khulu lawa anamatjhada amathathu njengo tjh- no dlh-.IsisombululoImiraro ephethelene nokufunda ngaphandle kokuzwisisa utitjhere angayilungisa ngokuthi lokha nakafundisa abafundi ukufunda asebenzise indlela ezifana ne whole language approach ukufundisa abentwana ukufunda. Indlela le ibasiza ekutheni bakhone ukuzwisa amagama, begodu bakhone ukuzwisisa lokhu ebakafundako. Utitjhere kufuze afundele abafundi indatjana ngemva kwalokho abuze abafundi imibuzo emayelana nendatjana ukuze akazi ukuthuthukisa izinga labo lokuzwisisa umtlolo. === Imiraro ephathelene nokufunda nokutlola esifundweni sesiNgisi. === Imiraro yokuphimisa amatjhada enemidumo efanekoIsiNgisi lilimi elinamagama nemidumo ephinyiswa ngokufana. Abafundi be greyidi-3 betjengisa ukubha esitjhijilo esikulu naziza ekuphimiseni umidumo yamatjhada aphinyiswa pheze ngokufana Matchet (2002:24). Isibonelo itjhada u ch- no sh- abafundi baphimisa amatjhada ngendlela efanako abakghoni ukuhlukanisa bona u ch umphimisa ngendlela yokuvuthela ngokugandela begodu leli laka sh- uliphimisa ngendlela yokuvuthela ngomoya opholileko.Isisombululo sokurarulula umraro kukuthi abotitjhere kufuze barhubhulule indlela ezilula zokufundisa amatjhada la ukuze abantwana bakwazi ukuwahlukanisa ngokwemidumo yakhona.Abititjhere bangasenza indlela yetheknoloji bafundise abantwana basebenzise amavidiyo ukusiza abafundi bona babe nendlela zokuhlukanisa amatjhada apheze abe nomdumo ofanako. == Iinkomba == 9mxu69xdtp9u5xkkybu1eo775zrjjhp 0 475 2426 2425 2025-02-18T12:25:24Z Nqobile69 190 2426 wikitext text/x-wiki == Amabizo == === Khuyini ibizo? === Ibizo ligama lento esingakghona ukuyibona nokuyighwatha, nebizo nelento engekhe sakghona ukuyibona nokuyighwatha<ref>Kihm, A., 2002. What's in a noun: Noun classes, gender, and nounness. ''Ms. Université Paris'', ''7''.</ref>. == Imihlobo yamabizo == ==== Amabizo mvelo ==== Ihlathululo: Amabizo-mvelo mabizo wokuthoma evala endabukweni yabantu. Amabizo la akakenziwa ngamanye amabizo, nanyana ngeenkhekhe zekulumo angakasuselwa ==== Amabizo mvango ==== Ihlathululo: mabizo lawa akhiwe ngekhekhe ezimbili zekulumo Isibonelo: Isenzo+ ibizo(vula + umlomo)= ivulamlomo ==== Amabizo mbala ==== Ihlathululo : Mhlobo wamabizo esithi nasiwatlolako sitlole elidere lokuthoma ngegabhadlhela. Amabizo la afaka amabizo wabantu, weendawo nokhunye. Isibonelo: Mpumalanga, Themba, Mahlangu ==== Amabizo vama ==== Ihlathululo: Lawa mabizo wezinto ezijwayelekileko esizibona mihla namalanga Isibonelo: itafula, ilitje ==== Amabizo nyamela ==== Ihlathululo: Lawa mabizo wezinto engekhe sakghona ukuziphatha nokuzibona Isibonelo: ithando, inzondo, umona ==== Amabizo bethelela ==== Ihlathululo: Lawa mabizo asikhiphela umnqondo wokobana lokho esikhuluma ngakho kunengi begodu singakhona ukukubala nanyana singakhoni. Isibonelo: Inyaka, iwoma, idwendwe ==== Amabizo thathela ==== Ambizo-thathela akhiwa ngokuthi unciphise nanyana ukhulise elinye ibizo elikhona elimini lesiNdebele. * amabizo-rhunyezo (afakwe isakhi sokunciphisa u-nyana) Isibonelo umntazanyana * Amabizo-khulisa (afakwe isakhi sokukhulisa ukazi) Isbonelo: umukhwakazi 7gxxaitlzbksdnvy7ubbkydez1grabw 0 476 2633 2428 2025-04-03T19:10:03Z Rachmat04 32 2633 wikitext text/x-wiki Iingaba zamabizo Isigaba esisebunyeni Isigaba esisebunengini 1a : u- (isib:ugogo) 1:um (u)- (Isib: umlusi) 2a abo- (Isib. Abogogo) 2:aba- (isib: abelusi) 3:um (u) (isb umhlathi) 4 imi- ( Isib; imihlathi) 5: I (li)-ili- isib. (ilimi) 6. ama- (isib:amalimi) 7: is(i) (isib isilonda) 8. izi-/iin-/im/ii-/iz - (iinlonda ) 9: i(N)-( Isibn: ikomo, inkukhu) 10: iin/iim/zi isib.(iinkomo, iinkukhu njll)1 4. Ub(U) : Ubuntu, ubumnandi 15: uk(u)- isb: ukulala) 16: pha-/ phe- isb: (phambili/phezulu) 2dqmijll1z06unicsqrez66iz8xbppr 0 477 3115 2989 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:TheDragonFire|TheDragonFire]] 2526 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Abaphasi''' babantu egade baphila emhlabeni bahlongakala nje sele bahloweka bona baphila ngomoya ukutlhogomela abantu bemakhabo abaphilako. babizwa bona ngabaphasi ngombana bagujelwe balele phasi emalibeni. bzmcxms9yem1lmmiqenzs0d9rukzray 0 478 3305 3187 2025-07-02T20:47:08Z Thuvack 106 Undo revision [[Special:Diff/3187|3187]] by [[Special:Contributions/85.97.84.231|85.97.84.231]] ([[User talk:85.97.84.231|talk]]) 3305 wikitext text/x-wiki == ilungelo lokulingana == '''Ukulingana''' kulilungelo lawo woke umuntu eSewula Afrika, ilungelo leli liqakathekile ukwakha indawo lapho kungekho khona ukubandlululana ngesibanga sumbala, [[umnotho]] [[ikolo]],ubulili nokhunye<ref>Bolton, P., 2006. Government procurement as a policy tool in South Africa. ''Journal of public procurement'', ''6''(3), pp.193-217.</ref>. Ukulingana kutjho bona woke umuntu unamalangelo alingananko begodu kufanele athole izinto ngikufana nanbanye kurhulumende == Imihlobo yokulingana == === Ukulingana ngobuhlobo === Kutjhona bona woke umuntu kufanele aphathwe kuhle ngokulingana nabanye abantu ngaphandle kokuthi bacalwe bona babonani begodu babuyaphi === Ukulingana ngokomnotho, === Kutjhona bona woke umuntu kufuze athole umnotho ngokulingana nabanye begodu athole ilwazi lamathuba njengawo woke umuntu. === Ukulingana kwezepolitki, === kutjho bona kufanele woke umuntu ongaphezulu kweminyaka ema-18 kufanele athole ithuba lokuzibandakanya nokujanywelwa ezintweni zepolotiki ezifana nokuvowuda. === Ukulingana ngokobulili === lokhu kutjho bona abantu bengubo nebembaji kufanele bathole amathuba alinganako nofana afanako wokubhadelwa, womsebenzi, wekufuda Kanye newepilo == Iintjhijilo eziphathelene nokulingana == === 1.Ukubandlululana ngokobuhlanga === Kwezinye indawo kunzima ukuthola ukulingana ngombana abanye abantu bathanda ukubandlulana ngobuhlanga okukhunye<ref>KC, S.F.F., 2022. ''Discrimination law''. Oxford University Press.</ref>. === 2.Isikhala esikhona phakathi kwabantu abaregileko nabadopha phasi. === Isikhala esikhona phakathi kwabantu abaregileko nalabo abadopha phasi singenza bona abantu labo abadobha phasi bangakhoni ukuthi bathole amathuba wokufunda, wezepilo nokunye angafani newalabo abaregileko<ref>Dass, S. and Rinquest, A., 2017. School fees. ''Basic education rights handbook: Education rights in South Africa. Johannesburg, South Africa: SECTION27. Available at <nowiki>http://section27</nowiki>. org. za/wpcontent/uploads/2017/02''.</ref>. === 3. ukungabi nabajameli === Abantu abangakaregi bagcina sele bangabi nabajameli kwezepolitiki begodu bagcine selel bahlulwa kuthatha iqunto ezemza bona kunciphe ikghono labo lokujamela amalungelo nekareko labo. Ukulingana lilungelo lawo woke umuntu eewula afrika begodu kufanele bona sisebenzele ukukhuthazenni ukulingana ngokuthi sehlise kubandlulula, nokungalingani kwezomnotho, sikhulise ukujwanyelwa kwabantu. Ngokwenza njalo kuzoba nomkhulu umehluko. sbp1zg3e9i9tulyxpegr4edsfoi5xzy 0 479 2455 2454 2025-02-22T20:24:03Z Nqobile69 190 2455 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ukurhuphula''' kuyinto yekadeni lapho bekuthatha khona ubulongwe bekomo bese bubhiqwe n[[amanzi]] ukwenza bona buthambe. Kuthi bungathamba ubulongwe lobu bese buthwelwa phasi bese basinde ngabo. == ihlathululo yobulongwe == Ubulongwe yinto bethuvu bekomo, ekubutjani obuphuma endenini yekomo batjhiswa yinyongo. Ubulongwe buhlaza ngokubukeka. Abanye abantu ubulongwe bayabuthatha babomise bese babusebenzise njengamalahle babase ngabo umlilo. == Bobani abarhuphulako? == Umsebenzi wokurhuphula wenziwa bomma, nabantazana == Kurhutjhulwa kuphi? == Ekadeni kwabe kurhutjhulwa phasi njengendlela yokuhlwengisa ngendlini ngombana ngaleso skhathi kwabe kungekho izinto ezifana nama thalesi, nefluru.Yeke ukwenzela bona kubutheke beba rhuphula ngobulongwe. [[Abantazana]] nalokha nakunequde ngibo abarhuphula irhodlo ukwenzela bona kube kuhle. Emnyanyeni wabantu abamNdebele kuyarhutjhulwa ngaphambi kobana umnyanya uthome btec7xz5a5he1vd30c2vpfv9b9tnp7z 0 480 3408 3407 2025-07-12T13:23:32Z Nqobile69 190 3408 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Amakhetho,''' kuvowuda kutjho ukuzibandakanya esenzweni sombuso wentando yenengi sokukhetha abadosi phambilibenarha, bomphakathi nofana behlangano. Ukukhetha kulilungelo lawo woke umuntu ohlala enarheni yeSewula Afrika ongaphezulu kweminyaka ema-18.<ref>Kersting, N., 2009. Voting behaviour in the 2009 South African election. ''Africa Spectrum'', ''44''(2), pp.125-133.</ref> Ilungelo lokukhetha livumela izakhamuzi bona ziveze ukuthi zifuna ukuphathwa njani ngabantu ebabakhethileko.<ref>De Kadt, D., 2017. Voting then, voting now: The long-term consequences of participation in South Africa’s first democratic election. ''The Journal of Politics'', ''79''(2), pp.670-687.</ref>[[Umazisi]] uyafuneka lokha nawuya emakhethweni ukuqinisekisa bonya umuntu loyo unalo ngokweqiniso ilungelo lokukhetha ihlangano afuna bona ibuse inarha. Ngamanye amagama ukukhetha kutjho ukuveza umbono wakho kwezepolitiki. Kulithuba lokubumba ikusasa lomphakathi, [[inarha]] ngokukhetha abajameli bezepolitiki labo ababelana nawe imbono nofana isithombe esifanako nawe kwezepolitiki. === Kwenziwani ngaphambi kobana izibandakanye emakhethweni? === Ngaphambi kobana abantu bavowude kufuze bona bazitlolisele ukukhetha esititjhini sokuzitlolisa esiseduze nalapho bahlala khona.<ref>Schulz-Herzenberg, C., 2020. The South African non-voter: An analysis. ''The Midpoint Paper Series'', (2).</ref> abanye basuke bahlulwe kuzibandakanya emakhathweni ngombana bangakazitlolisi. Abosopolitiki bayazikhangisa ngokuthi baveze lokho ebazokwenzela abantu nofana inarha lokha nakungaba yiinhlangano zabo ezikhethwako bona zidose phambili nofana kube ngizo ezibusako. Abanye abosopolitiki bayakhamba bayokuvakatjhela iindawo ukukhuthaza abantu abahlala endaweni lezo bona bazibandakanye emakhethweni. === Inhlangano zepolotiki ezikulu ezikhona eSewula Afrika evane ziphalisane emakhethweni. === 1. ANC- African National Congress 2. EFF- Economic Freedom Fighters 3. DA- Democratic Alliance 4. MK- Mkhonto Wesizwe Abantu abatjha kufanele bakhuthazwe ukuthi bazidakanye emakhethweni ngesibanga sokabona lokhu kuzabasiza boan bajanywele babantu labo abazikhethele bona. == Iinkomba == owdik8jq6jaxs4rtbus5bvlr4u9r5uk 0 481 3085 2976 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Nqobile69|Nqobile69]] 2461 wikitext text/x-wiki == Umqondophika == '''Umqondophika''' kulokha nawuphikisana nento. Amagama amqondo phika asetjenzisa lokha nawuveza umehluko phakathi kwezinto ezimbili. Nawufaka igama elimqondo phika nelinye emutjhweni, umutjho loyo uzokutjhuguluka utjho into ephikisa leyo ebeyikhuluma ekuthomeni<ref>Scheible, S., Im Walde, S.S. and Springorum, S., 2013, October. Uncovering distributional differences between synonyms and antonyms in a word space model. In ''Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing'' (pp. 489-497).</ref> === '''Iimbonelo''' === Lala-vuka Khamba-jama Isikhukhukazi-umqude Ifa-phila Hlala-sukuma Hleka-lila Khwela-Hlika Vala- vula Phezulu – phasi Thanda- zonda == Umqondofana == Umqondofana kulokha nawubiza into ngelinye igama. Kumagama ahlukileko ngokubhalawa kodwana atjho into yinye nofana efanako ngokwehlathululo. Amagama la kutjho bona ungafaka elinye endaweni yelinye emutjhweni bese umutjho ugalahlekelwa ngilokho okutjhoko.<ref>Gay, E., Ma, S. and Yadi, K.B., 2022. Evaluating Vocabulary Proficiency: A Synonym and Antonym Analysis of English Education Department Students at Muhammadiyah University of North Maluku. ''EDU Journal-English Department of UMMU Journal'', ''2''(2), pp.81-90.</ref> === '''Iimbonelo''' === Umnyango-umbadi. Indlela-yipati. Umseme-umjadeko. Amehlo-amandiya. Inja-umgodoyi. Isihlahla- umuthi Amanzi- Amawethe Uburotho- umgadango c3vdqhcaktrj6xo9j0n7jolt8e66w59 0 482 2507 2489 2025-03-06T16:15:40Z Nqobile69 190 2507 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Itregere esetjenziswa emaplasini.jpg|thumb|Itregere esetjenziswa emaplasini ukuthutha izinto ezibudisi, ukutjala, ukulima nokuvuna.]] == Itregere == '''Itregere''' Kusithuthi esimtjhini esibonkala ngamavilo amabili makhulu nomzimbaa omncani ngombana ikhwenza umuntu munye ekunguye otjhayelako. Isithuthi lesi sisetjenziswa kwezokulima, ngombana sithuthukisa imisebenzi yabalimi, ikhuphula izinga lomsebenzi ebawenzako ngelanga nelenzuzo yabo.Itregere ilekelela abalimi bona bacede msinya imisebenzi yabo ukudlula lokha nabasenzisa izandla nofana iinlwana. Isibonelo: itregere ikghona ikupeta iplasi gama iri amancani ekubeni abantu bangathatha amalanga ukwenza umsebenzi lo owenziwa yitregere<ref>Renius, K.T., 2020. ''Fundamentals of tractor design'' (pp. 32-35). Cham, Switzerland: Springer.</ref>. == Umsebenzi wetregere == Amatregere alekelela abasomplasi nofana abalimi bona babe nesivuno esinengi kwezokulima ngombana itregere ikghona ukwenza umsebenzi eminengi efana nokupeta , ukutjala, nokuvuna. Lokhu kutjho bona abalimi nabasebenzisa itregere bangakghona ukuthola isivuno isinengi ngesikhathi esincani. Lokhu kusidosela ekutheni kube nokudla okunengi ekuyinto ehle ngombana kuba lula ukondla isitjhaba sabantu abakhona ephasini<ref>Vorozhtsov, O.V., Plaksin, I.E. and Trifanov, A.V., 2022, February. The use of small-sized tractors in agriculture. In ''IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science'' (Vol. 979, No. 1, p. 012034). IOP Publishing.</ref> === Ukwehlisa izinga leendleko zemali emaplasini === Amatregere alekelela abalimi bona behlise indleko babulunge imali ngombana lokha navane une tregere akufuneki inani eliphezulu labantu abazokusebenza eplasini kunalokha unganayo itregere. Abalimi nabasenzisa itregere bakghona ukusebenza esikhundleni esikhulu ngesikhathi esincani okutjho bona bazokhona ukukhipha Ukudla okunengi benze nenzuzo enengi<ref>Vorozhtsov, O.V., Plaksin, I.E. and Trifanov, A.V., 2022, February. The use of small-sized tractors in agriculture. In ''IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science'' (Vol. 979, No. 1, p. 012034). IOP Publishing.</ref>. === Iphatha kuhle ibhoduluko === Itregere iphatha kulhe ibhoduloko ngombana ayisebenzisi isibaseli esinengi lokho nabayisebenzisako begodu lawa enziwe esikhathi sanje awakhiphi intuthu enengi okutjho bona awasilaphsi umoya khulu<ref>Lee, J.W., Kim, S.C., Oh, J., Chung, W.J., Han, H.W., Kim, J.T. and Park, Y.J., 2019. Engine speed control system for improving the fuel efficiency of agricultural tractors for plowing operations. ''Applied Sciences'', ''9''(18), p.3898.</ref> == Isiphetho == Itregere iqakathekile kwezokulima begodu kuyinto eltha itjhuguloko kwezokulima begodu kuyinto eletha itjhuguluko kwezokulima ngombana ilekelela abalimi bona bangabi neendleko ezinengi begodu bakghone ukwenz aumsebenzi omkhulu ngesikhathi esincani. Kuyinto ehle bona abosamaplasi babe nayo. 75vdd8ke4jbowp19vnmh5ql62raxz5p 0 483 5153 5152 2025-08-13T17:23:54Z Nqobile69 190 5153 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ibhudango''' kuyinto ehle esemkhumbulweni womuntu afuna ukuba ngiyo nofana afuna ukuyifeza. Ibhudango kungaba sithombe sento umuntu afuna ukuzibona angiyo esikhathini esizako okungaba ngokwesikhathi eminyakeni esezako<ref>Tutu, D., 2011. ''God has a dream: A vision of hope for our times''. Random House.</ref>. Woku umuntu ophilako unamabhudango wakhe afuna ukuwafeza.Umuntu angaba nebhudango lokuzibona asebenza umsebenzi othileko ofana nokuthi abe ngudorhodere. Omunye angaba nebhudango lokuhlala esithabathabeni sendlu esise dorobheni. Amabhudango ayahluka ngokuya kwabantu begodu nangokuya kwezinto abanekareko kizo. === Izinto ongazenza ukufezekisa ibhudango lakho === Umuntu nakanebhudango kufuze ahlele bona yini azoyenza begodu ngiziphi izinto azozenza ukufezekisa ibhudango lakhe. Izinto lezo kufanele aqinisekise bona kuzizinto eziliqiniso begodu ezikghonakalako ukuthi zitholakale.Amanye amabhudango athatha isikhathi eside ukuthi afezakale begodu amanye wakhona athathe isikhathi iesifitjhani ngokuya kobukhulu nofana ngobuncani bebhudango. Isibonelo libhudago lokuba ngudorhodere lingathatha isikhathi ukufezekala kunaleli lokuba ngusomabhizinisi<ref>McPherson, K.M., Kayes, N.M. and Kersten, P., 2014. MEANING as a smarter approach to goals in rehabilitation. ''Rehabilitation goal setting: theory, practice and evidence. Taylor & Francis Group, London''.</ref>. Ukufezekisa amabhudango akusiyo into elula ngombana lokha abantu nabafuna ukufezekisa amabhudango wabo bangahlangana neentjhijilo ezinengi ezingamenza athikamezeke.Ezinye zeentjhijilo kungaba sitjhijilo sokuthola imali yokufezekisa amabhudango ngombana esikhathini sanje ukwenza izinto kufuna imali. === Iitjhijilo umuntu ongahlangabezana nazo ukufezekisa ibhudango lakhe === Abanye abantu lokha nabangatholi isekelo bazithola sele balahlekelwe lithemba lokuragela phambili bazithola sele batjhuguluka bangasalandeli amabhudango wabo kodwana bagcina sele benza okhunye okulula.Ukuhluleka nakho kuyenza bona abantu balahle ithemba ngombana abanye abantu abakghoni ukubekezela.Lokha nabahlulekako bafikelwa mkhumbulo wokuthi mhlamunye ibhudango leli alikabafaneli kodwana Isitjho sesindebele sithi akulahlwa mbeleko ngakufelwa. Begodu inengi labantu abadumileko nanyana abaphumeleleko baveza bona ngaphambi kobana baphumelele ukufeza amabhudango wabo bathoma ngokuhluleka kanengi ngaphambi akhange balahle ithemba ngokho bagcina selek baphumulele. == Iinkomba == [[Category:Ibhudango]] mugsmm3b7ssvec4n39jm4jnpzhz5zk0 0 484 5065 3410 2025-08-07T18:26:01Z Nqobile69 190 5065 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Piece of coal in front of a coal firing power plant.jpg|thumb|ilahle liphethwe mumuntu[[Isimumathi:Anthracite (coal).jpg|thumb|umhlobo welahle obizwa nge- ''Antracite'']]]] '''Amalahle''' mamatje anzima aqinileko asetjenziswa ukubasa [[umlilo]]. Ilahle lenzeka ngeensalelo zeentjalo ezife iminyaka eziingidi eyadlulako sabulungeka ngaphasi kwehlabathi. Ilahle lenzeka ngoma compounds we-organic ekuyi nitrogen, I carbon, i-oxygen ne sulfur. Ilahle lenzeka ngokuthi isitjalo sife sibulungeke kude ngaphasi kwehlabathi lapho kutjhisa khona khulu begodu kuminyezekile, iiintjalo lezi zihlala iingidii zeminyaka bekufike lapho isitijalo lesi siqina khona siphenduke sibe lilahle. Kunemihlobo emine yamalahle begodu into eyanza bona amalahle ahluke kukuthi aqine kangangani<ref>O'Keefe, J.M., Bechtel, A., Christanis, K., Dai, S., DiMichele, W.A., Eble, C.F., Esterle, J.S., Mastalerz, M., Raymond, A.L., Valentim, B.V. and Wagner, N.J., 2013. On the fundamental difference between coal rank and coal type. ''International Journal of Coal Geology'', ''118'', pp.58-87.</ref>. === Umhlobo yamalahle === 1. Ilahle I Lignite Lilahle elingakaqini lithambile. Laziwa ngelahle elinzotho, litjhiphile ukudlula woke umhlobo wamalahle ngombana alivuthi isikhathi eside. Lokho nabalithengako abantu kufanele balithenge ngobunengi ngombana liphela msinyana lokha nalibasiweko. Liyasetjenziswa lokha nakuphehlwa [[igezi]]<ref>Heydari, M., Rahman, M. and Gupta, R., 2015. Kinetic study and thermal decomposition behavior of lignite coal. ''International Journal of Chemical Engineering'', ''2015''(1), p.481739.</ref>. 2. Ilahle I sub-bituminous Lilahle eliphakathi ngokwenzinga lamalahle. Liphakathi kwe lahle I lignite ne lahle I-bituminous. Lilahle elingakaqini khulu,nalo liyasetjenziswa ukuphehla igezi Kanye nemafemini amanye. 3. Ilahle I Bituminous Lilahle eliqinileko, elizele nge -''carbon'' lisetjenziswa ukwenza iinsimbi nokutjhisa ezinye izinto zemakhaya. Ilahle leli aliduri khulu ukudlula i-Antracite. Lisetjenziswa khulu emafemini lapho kwenziwa khona isamende, namaphepha. Liyasetjenziswa nokususa ukusilaphazeka kwe iron- ore. 4. Antracite Lilahle eliqine khulu ukuwadlula woke, lizele nge carbon. Lisetjenziswe emafemini. Ilahle likhipha umtjhiso omkhulu ukudlula amalahle woke. Lithatha isikhathi ukubamba umlilo kodwana kodwana nasele liwubambile livutha kabuthaka beliyokuphela<ref>O'Keefe, J.M., Bechtel, A., Christanis, K., Dai, S., DiMichele, W.A., Eble, C.F., Esterle, J.S., Mastalerz, M., Raymond, A.L., Valentim, B.V. and Wagner, N.J., 2013. On the fundamental difference between coal rank and coal type. ''International Journal of Coal Geology'', ''118'', pp.58-87.</ref>. === Umsebenzi wamalahle ovamileko === Lisetjenziswa emakhaya ukubasela intovu nalokha kubaswa inyama. Isetjenziswa njengesibaseli emafemini lapho kwenziwa khona iinsimbi. Liqakatheke khulu ngokuthi liyasetjenziswa ukuphehla igezi.Nanyana amalahle aqakathekile kodwan intuthu yawo isilaqphaza ibhoduloko.Kufanele abantu bangawa sebenzisi khulu nofana kufuze batjale imithi eminengi ukuze idose I carbon ekhutjhwa malahle == Iinkomba == [[Category:Amalahle]] [[Category:Ukuphehla igezi]] [[Category:Umlilo]] i6sykxac7g8cyso6avp0irzto9ahjim 0 485 3054 3024 2025-06-07T03:05:22Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Nqobile69|Nqobile69]] 2474 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ukukhukhuleka kwehlabathi == '''Ukukhukhuleka kwehlabathi''' kukulokha ihlabathi isuka endaweni yinye iye kwenye indawo ngesibanga sezenzo zabantu nofana ngenca yezenzo zemvelo. Ukukhukhuleka kwehlabati kumraro webhoduluko enganamthelela phezu kwehlabathi kwaphela kodwana naphezu kwazo zoke izinto ezikhona ephasini<ref>Nearing, M.A., Lane, L.J. and Lopes, V.L., 2017. Modeling soil erosion. In ''Soil erosion research methods'' (pp. 127-158). Routledge.</ref>. == Izinto ezibangela ukukhukhuleka kwehlabathi? == === 1.Inkhukhula zamanzi === [[Isimumathi:Umgodi osendleleni obangwe lizulu elinamandla ezikhukhule ihlabathi endleleni kwagcina kunomgodi njenganje iimodere zibanobudisi bokudlula endleleni le.jpg|thumb|Umgodi osendleleni obangwe lizulu elinamandla lakhukhula ihlabathi endleleni kwagcina kunomgodi njenganje iimodere zibanobudisi bokudlula endleleni le.]] Lokha izulu naline khulu ngeenkhukhula lingabangela bona ihlabathi igcine ikhukhula mamanzi amanengi iyokujama kwenye indawo. === 2.Umoya omkhulu === Umoya onamandla ugcina sele udobha ingcetjhana zehlabathi uzikhukhulele kwenye indawo. Ukusikwa kwemithi Ukusikwa kwemithi neentjalo kungabangela ukukhuleka kwehlabathi njengombana imiraho yemithi ibamba ihlabathi. === 3.Ukwakhiwa kwemizi nokusikwa kweenhlahla === Ukwakhiwa kwezindlu neminye imakhiwo efana neendlela yeemodere ingabangela ukukhukhuleka kwehlabathi ngombana kuyagujwa kukhitjhwa ihlabathi begodu neetjalo zemvelo ezimile lapho ezibambe ihlabathi ziyasuswa<ref>Kavian, A., Azmoodeh, A. and Solaimani, K., 2014. Deforestation effects on soil properties, runoff and erosion in northern Iran. ''Arabian Journal of Geosciences'', ''7'', pp.1941-1950.</ref>. == Imiphumela yokukhukhuleka kwehlabathi == Ukukhukhuleka kwehlabathi kungaba nemiphumela emimbi phezu kwebhoduluko === 1. ukulahlekelwa yihlabathi enothileko === Lokha ihlabathi nayikhukhulekako kungakhamba ihlabathi enothileko esetjenziswela ukutjala inthelo nemirorho. Intjalo lezi ngekhe zisa khula ngendlela afanelo lokha ihlabathi le nayikhukhulekileko<ref>Pimentel, D. and Burgess, M., 2013. Soil erosion threatens food production. ''Agriculture'', ''3''(3), pp.443-463.</ref><ref>Jiao, J., Zou, H., Jia, Y. and Wang, N., 2009. Research progress on the effects of soil erosion on vegetation. ''Acta Ecologica Sinica'', ''29''(2), pp.85-91.</ref>. === 2. Ukusilaphazeka kwamanzi === Enye ihlabathi ekhukhulekako ikhamba iyokujama endaweni ezinamanzi ezifana nemlanjeni, bese ifike izale lapho kusilaphazeke amanzi ebawalanzekile azale ngebathi nofana idaka. === 3. ukulahlekelwa kuhlukahlukana kweenlwana === Nakukhukhuleka ihlabathi indawo ezinengi zokuhlala zeenlwana zingamotjheka. Lokhu nakho kuzokwenza bona iinlwana lezo zife ngombana zabe zingasenazo indawo zokuzifihla nofana zokuhlala. Isibonelo: Ezinye iinlwan zihlala ngpahasi kwehlathi emgodini lokha ihlabathi akhukhulekako imigodi le ingamtjheka bese inlwana zingabi nedawo yokuzifihla. == Singehlisa njani ukukhukhulekak kwehlabathi? == Kufanele siphinde sitjale endaweni lapho kukhukhuleke khona ihlabathi ukwenzela bona lena eseleko ibambe imirabho ingasakhukhuleki ukuya phambili. Kufanele abantu behlise izinga lokusika imithi ngombana lokho kuzokulekelela ihlabathi ingakhukhuleki ngesibanga sokuthi izabe ibanjwe mirabho yeenhlahla. == Isiphetho == Ukukhukhuleka kwehlabathi kumraro omkhulu webhoduluko, begodu kufuze bona ucalelelwe usese nekhathi ngombana nangabe awuka tjhejwa singalahlekelwa yihlabathi enothileko, amanzi ahlanzekileko nokwahlukahlukana kweenlwana ezihlala kubhoduluko yekhethu. Kufanele bona abantu babalekele ukwenza imisebenzi eyenza bona ihlabathi ikhukhuleke. mwnilyiy5ufya0cvvyysxg1johuv0yq 0 486 2471 2025-02-26T10:01:32Z Nqobile69 190 Created page with "== Umazisi == '''Umazisi''' kuyincwaddi encani nofana ikhadi elincani elisebenza njengobufakazi bokuthi ungubani. Leli ikhadi kulikhadi eliqakathekileko ngombana liphethe imininingwana ngomuntu ekumabizo wakhe apheleleko, isibongo sakhe, ilanga nonyaka abelethwa ngawo, inomboro yakhe kamazisi, inarha asisakhamuzi kiyo begodu ne-adresi yakhe<ref>Van der Straaten, J., 2019. South Africa ID Case Study. ''World Bank Group''.</ref> == Ukuqakatheka kuka mazisi == Umazisi uqa..." 2471 wikitext text/x-wiki == Umazisi == '''Umazisi''' kuyincwaddi encani nofana ikhadi elincani elisebenza njengobufakazi bokuthi ungubani. Leli ikhadi kulikhadi eliqakathekileko ngombana liphethe imininingwana ngomuntu ekumabizo wakhe apheleleko, isibongo sakhe, ilanga nonyaka abelethwa ngawo, inomboro yakhe kamazisi, inarha asisakhamuzi kiyo begodu ne-adresi yakhe<ref>Van der Straaten, J., 2019. South Africa ID Case Study. ''World Bank Group''.</ref> == Ukuqakatheka kuka mazisi == Umazisi uqakatheke mgombana ukhombisa boan umuntu uyaphila, ungubani begodu sisakaha muzi sakuyiphi indawo nofana sakuyiphi inarha Ukulekelela umuntu bona akghone ukuthola izinto zasimahla ezisemalungelweni wakhe njesakhamuzi senarha ehlala kiyo. Isbonelo ifundo, umthola pilo karhulumende begodu akghone nokuthola iimbonelelo zemali ezivela kurhulumende ukusiza labo abatlhogako.Ilekelela umuntu bona akghone ukuvakatjhela amanye amazwe nofana iiinarha ngombana lokha nawuno mazisi ukghona ukwenza iphepha lokungena kwamanye amazwe nofana inarha. == Imisebenzi kamazisi == === Ukuthola msebenzi === Lokha nawufaka isibawo sokufuna umsebenzi into yokuthoma efanele ube nayo ngumazisi. Nalokha uthole umsebenzi kufuze bona ulethe umazisi ukuze lapho bakucasitjhe khona bakghone ukuqinisekisa bona uguye ngokweqiniso umutu ebamqatjhileko na. === Amakhetho === Enarheni ezinengi umazisi kuyincwadi efunekako ukze umuntu akghone ukusebebzisa ilungelo lakhe lokuzibandakanya emakhethweni. Lokhu kuletha isithunzi emakhethweni wenye nenye inarha<ref>Yavuz, E., Koç, A.K., Çabuk, U.C. and Dalkılıç, G., 2018, March. Towards secure e-voting using ethereum blockchain. In ''2018 6th International Symposium on Digital Forensic and Security (ISDFS)'' (pp. 1-7). IEEE.</ref>. == Imihlobo kamazisi == 1. Ikhadi 2. I-Passport 3. Iphepha lokutjhayela 4. isitifikedi samabeletho lp7st4ye6fcgd2d4kbz0lkigk5qbtvc 0 487 2472 2025-02-26T10:13:34Z Nqobile69 190 Created page with "== Ukulova kwabafundi esikolweni == '''Ukulova kwabafundi''' kukulokha abafundi becisa amalanga abangayi esikolweni bahlale emakhabo ngeenzathu ezahlukahlukeneko. Isenzo lesi sinomthelela omumbi eemfundweni zabafundi<ref>Kearney, C.A., 2008. School absenteeism and school refusal behavior in youth: A contemporary review. ''Clinical psychology review'', ''28''(3), pp.451-471.</ref>. === Izinto ezibangela ukulova kwabafundi === === Ukugula === Ukugula kuyinto ejwayelekile..." 2472 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ukulova kwabafundi esikolweni == '''Ukulova kwabafundi''' kukulokha abafundi becisa amalanga abangayi esikolweni bahlale emakhabo ngeenzathu ezahlukahlukeneko. Isenzo lesi sinomthelela omumbi eemfundweni zabafundi<ref>Kearney, C.A., 2008. School absenteeism and school refusal behavior in youth: A contemporary review. ''Clinical psychology review'', ''28''(3), pp.451-471.</ref>. === Izinto ezibangela ukulova kwabafundi === === Ukugula === Ukugula kuyinto ejwayelekileko eyenza bona abafundi balove amalanga esikolweni, begodu kusizathu esizwakalako. Lokhu kungesibanga sokuthi lokha nawugulako angekhe wafunda kamnandi nawungazizwa kuhle emzimbeni. === Ukuhlunyezwa === Ukuhlukunyezwa bafundi ofunda naba ngekumbeni yokufundela kungenza bona umfundi agandeleleke ngokomkhumbulo agcine sele azizwa angakamukelelki esikolweni bese agcine sele alova. === Ukungathandi isikolo === Abanye abafundi baphuma emakhayeni lapho ifundo ingathathelwa phezulu khona begodu lokhu kungenza bona bangakuboni ukuqakatheka kwefundo begodu balove ngesibanga sokuthi nanoma bangayi esikolweni akekho umuntu ozobakhuza. Abanye abatholi irhelebho ngomsebenzi wekhaya abawunikelwa matitjhere wabo bese bagcine basaba bona aatitjhere wabo azabakhalima kabuhlungu ngokungabhali bese bagcine balova. === Imiraro yomndeni === Abanye abantwana bayalova esikolweni lokha nakumoraro ekhaya ngombana imraro le ingabenza bona bangabi sebujamei obuhle ngokomkhumbulo. Isibinelo ukuhlongakalelwa babalethi ekungibo abakulingisela izinto zokuza esikolweni<ref>Sahin, S., Arseven, Z. and Kiliç, A., 2016. Causes of Student Absenteeism and School Dropouts. ''International Journal of Instruction'', ''9''(1), pp.195-210.</ref> == Imiphumela yokulova esikolweni == === Ukuthola imiphumela emimbi === Lokha umfundi nakalova khulu esikolweni ugcina alahlekelwa mathuba amanengi wokufunda bese lokhu kugcine kwenza bona athole imiphumela emimbi. Isenzo lesi sibangelwa kukuthi kunengi lokhu umfundi asuke angakakufundi lokha nakalovako<ref>Garcia, E. and Weiss, E., 2018. Student absenteeism: who misses school and how missing school matters for performance. ''Economic Policy Institute''.</ref>. === Ukuzikhupha hlangana nabanye abafundi === Umfundi lovako esikolweni ugcina see azikhetha nofana azikhupha hlangana nabanye abafandi ngombana azizwe angafani nabo. Umfundi olovako uba nobidisi lokwenza abudlelwano nabafundi afunda nabo. === Ukulisa isikolo === Abanye abafundi nabalova khuku begodu kunganamuntu obakhuzako nofana obakhuthazako bona baye esikolweni bagcina sele balisa isikolo unomphela bagcine bangafundi. == Iindlela zokwehlisa ukulova eenkolweni == === Ukwenza bona abantwana bathabele ukufunda === Kumsebenzi katitjhere ukwenza bona umfundi athabele ukufunda. Lokhu kwenza umfundi akhuthalele ukuza esikolweni ngombana uzabe athabela ukufunda etlasini leli afunda kilo. === Ukuba nobudlelwana abantwana === Utitjhere kubafanele abe nobuldlellwana nabafundi bakhe lokhu kuzokusiza boina abafundi bakhone ukukhuluma naye naye lokha nakuzinto ezingabaphathi kuhle ngetlasini. Izinto ezifana nokuth kunofundi obahlukumezako mgetlasini begodu bakhone nokukhuluma lokha nakuneno eyenza bona babe nesitjhijilo sokuza esikolweni. === Ungenelela lokha Umntwana nakalova khulu === Utitjhere atjheje iphetheni umfundi alova ngayo, nangabe sele iyimb khulu kufuze bona utitjhere enze irhubhululo lokobana kubangelwa yini lokho bese eze neensobululo zokulekelela umfundi ukuthi angasalova khulu. Kufanele utitjhere akwenze lokhu ngokusebenzisana nababelethi bomntwana. oin2v3w56yzz1g642mbliyzt733fumi 0 488 2475 2025-03-03T09:31:26Z Nqobile69 190 Created page with "== Ukutlola == '''Ukutlola''' kuyinto eqakathekileko ngombana kungenye yeendlela abantu abayisebenzisako ukuveza imicabango wabo<ref>Hyland, K., 2015. ''Teaching and researching writing''. Routledge.</ref>. Ukutlola kuyinto eyathoma ekadeni. Ukutlola kufaka ukusebenzisa amathswayo afana namaledere neemboro ukuveza imibono, nemilayeza. Ukutlola kulikghono elenza bakghone ukuthintana babelane imibono nemazizo yabo emphakathini nephasini loke. == Iingaba zokutlola == Iinga..." 2475 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ukutlola == '''Ukutlola''' kuyinto eqakathekileko ngombana kungenye yeendlela abantu abayisebenzisako ukuveza imicabango wabo<ref>Hyland, K., 2015. ''Teaching and researching writing''. Routledge.</ref>. Ukutlola kuyinto eyathoma ekadeni. Ukutlola kufaka ukusebenzisa amathswayo afana namaledere neemboro ukuveza imibono, nemilayeza. Ukutlola kulikghono elenza bakghone ukuthintana babelane imibono nemazizo yabo emphakathini nephasini loke. == Iingaba zokutlola == Iingaba zokutlola: Ukuhlela, ukutlhatlhabeja,Ukubuyekeza nokulungisa iimphoso. === '''Ukuhlela''' === Kufaka ukuveza izahu sokutloa, abantu abatlolelako, Ukuzwakala komtlolo wakho. === '''Ukutlhatlhabeja''' === Kuveza izinto eziqakathekileko ozokutlola ngazo nofana amaphuzu aqakathekileko lawo endaba enzize kiwo<ref>Faraj, A.K.A., 2015. Scaffolding EFL Students' Writing through the Writing Process Approach. ''Journal of Education and Practice'', ''6''(13), pp.131-141.</ref>. === '''Ukubuyekeza''' === Kutho ukubuyelela utjhege bona umsebenzi wakho utloleke kuhle na nofana imitjho ihleli ngendlela enikela umqondo nofana awa. === '''Ukulungisa iimphoso''' === Ukulinga iimphose kukhambelana nokubuyekeza ngombana lokha nawubuyekekzako kufanele ulungise iimphose ezifana nokuthi ufake amatshwayo lapho kufanele khona begodu  ulingise imitjho engabumbeki begodu naleyo ensthuli umqondo wendaba kuhle<ref>Deni, A.R.M. and Zainal, Z.I., 2011. Peer-Editing Practice in the Writing Classroom: Benefits and Drawbacks. ''Advances in language and literary studies'', ''2''(1), pp.92-107.</ref><ref>Evmenova, A.S. and Regan, K., 2019. Supporting the writing process with technology for students with disabilities. ''Intervention in School and Clinic'', ''55''(2), pp.78-85.</ref>. == '''Ubuhle bokutlola''' == Ukutlola kwenza bona umuntu afunde ngombana lokha nakatlolako kufunze akhiphe begodu abambe imininingwane.Ukutlola kulekelela umuntu bona aveze ilwazi elidephieko ngendlela ehlelekileko begodu enembako. Ukutlola kukhuphula izinga lokucabanga mokuthintana ebantwini<ref>Deni, A.R.M. and Zainal, Z.I., 2011. Peer-Editing Practice in the Writing Classroom: Benefits and Drawbacks. ''Advances in language and literary studies'', ''2''(1), pp.92-107.</ref>. == '''Isiphetho''' == Ukutlola kuyinto eqakathekileko yokuveza imicabango, amazizo   nokwabelana ngelwazi. Kufuze abantu bazijwayeze ukutlola  ngombana lokho kuzokwenza bona bajwayele ukwethula ilwazi labo. kvd2x07s1ynpdn7nw557ee1fg0y02ev 0 489 2576 2477 2025-03-22T05:49:04Z Janabaevazizbek 341 2576 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Umaliledinini''' kuyinto esentjenziswa ukuthintana. Umaliledinini esikhathini sanke uyinto eqakatheke khulu ngombana usetjenziswa ukwenza izinto ezinengi ngapnandle kokudoselana umrhala nokuthumelana imilayezo. Absntu bakhona ukwenza thumelana imali basebenzisa umaliledinini, bakhona ukubamba imihlangan yabo yomsebenzi basebenzisa umaliledini. Esikhathini sanje ababelethi sele bthengela abantwana babo abomaliledii ngesibangasokobana bafuna ukhona ukuthintana nabo begodu bakghone nokudlala imidlalo ngebomaliledinini.Umaliledinini uyafana nomtjhiningcondo<ref>Prensky, M., 2005. What can you learn from a cell phone? Almost anything!. ''Innovate: Journal of Online Education'', ''1''(5).</ref>. == Ubuhle == === Ikghono lokusebenzisa izinto zebutheknikghe === Kuyinto ehle bonyana abantwana babe nabomaliledinini ngesibanga sokobana bafanele bazijwayeze ukuphila ephasini letjhuguluko lesine lezamabubulo bajwayele ukusebenza ngezinto zedijithali. Abantwana lokha basebenzisa abomaliledinini bakghona nokuthola ilwazi lokusebenzisa ama-AI, lokhu kungenza bona bathole umphumela omuhle esikolweni<ref>Valk, J.H., Rashid, A.T. and Elder, L., 2010. Using mobile phones to improve educational outcomes: An analysis of evidence from Asia. ''International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning'', ''11''(1), pp.117-140.</ref> === Ukubulungeka === Umntwana okghona ukusebenzisa umaliledinini ukhona ukubulungeka ngombana lokho nakungenzeka bona avelelwe mraro uzokghona ukudosela ababelethi bakhe umrhala nofana adosele iinomboro zesizo eliphambili, amapholisa Kanye neencimamlilo. == Ubumbi == === Ilwazi elingaphezulu kwabo === Nanyana ukusebenzisa umaliledinini komntwana kuyinto ehle kodwana bukhona nobumbi obuveleleko engekhe babethiswa ngommoya. Ubumbi bakhona kukuthi abantwana bangagcina basebenzisa iinkundla zokuthintana bese kube kulapho bapthola khona ilwazi lepilo elingaphazulu kwabo libalimaze umkhumbulo<ref>O'Keeffe, G.S., Clarke-Pearson, K. and Council on Communications and Media, 2011. The impact of social media on children, adolescents, and families. ''Pediatrics'', ''127''(4), pp.800-804.</ref>. === Ukungalali === Okhunye kukuthi lokha nasele bajwayele ukusebenzisa umaliledinini bangagcina sele bangasalawuleki badlale ngawo bekube sebusuku, bagcine baphathwa buthongo esikolweni ngesibanga sokuthi abalali ubuthongo obulingeneko. Isenzo esifana nalesi singabonomthelela omumbi phezu kweemfundo zomntwana agcine sele athola imiphumela emimbi<ref>Hale, L. and Guan, S., 2015. Screen time and sleep among school-aged children and adolescents: a systematic literature review. ''Sleep medicine reviews'', ''21'', pp.50-58.</ref>. === Isiphetho === Umaliledinini kuyinto qakathekileko esikhathini sanamhlanje ngombana izinto ezinengi zenziwa ngawo. Abantu bakghona ukubamba imihlangano yabo ngayo, bathumelelane nemali, benze nerhubhululo ngayo. Ababelethi kuyinto ehlel bona bathengele abantwana abomaliledinini ngombana lokho kuzobenza bona bebenelwazi lokusebenzisa izinto se thekinoloji. Nalokha babathengelile kufuze bona batjheje bona abantwana babo aphumili elawulweni  njengokokuthi basebenzise abamaliledinini ngesikhathi sokulala. == Isithasiselo == {{Reflist}} qvjikv8g6dg06ry3xo6vz0wxu7we3wh 0 490 5206 5205 2025-08-16T11:11:01Z Nqobile69 190 5206 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ukubhabhadiswa''' kisesenzo esiqakathekileko ekolweni yama khrestu. Kukhombisa ukuzalwa kabutjha nokuhlanzwa.<ref>Whitaker, E.C. and Johnson, M.E., 2017. ''Documents of the baptismal liturgy''. Liturgical Press.</ref> Kukulokha umuntu akhamba nabafundisi baye endaweni lapho kunamanzi khona akhambako nofana edamini bese afakwe khona ngokuthandazelwa mfundisi. Ukungena emanzini kukhombisa ukuzinikela kukhrestu ikosi.Umbhabhadiso kuyinto eyathoma esikweni nofana ekolweni yaba juda. Wa ngoUmbhabhadiso lo bewubizwa ngombhabhadisa ka Johana. Ngeskikhathi siskajohana umbhabhadisi, ukubhabhadiswa kwabe kutjho ukuphenduka ezonweni uphile ipilo ecwengileko.<ref>Reynolds, H., 2023. ''John the Baptist''. BoD–Books on Demand.</ref> === Imihlobo yombhabhadiso === ==== '''1. umbhabhadiso womntwana''' ==== Umbhabhadiso lo wezelwa abatwana njengetshwayo lababelethi ukukhombisa ukuthi bayathembisa ukukhulisa umntwana wabo ngaphasi kwekolo nomthetho wamakhrestu.<ref>van Beelen, J., 2012. One Lord, One Faith, One Baptism. Baptism of Children in the Letter to the Ephesians. In ''Strangers and Pilgrims on Earth'' (pp. 471-482). Brill.</ref>Umbhabhadiso lo wenziwa lokha umntwana nakasesemcani ukwenzela bonya umntwana akhulele ngapbhasi kwesandla saka Zimu. Ibhayibhili iyavulwa kufundwe ivesi ngaphambi kobana umntwana athome abhabhadiswe. ==== '''2. umbhabhadiso wekholwa''' ==== Lo wenzelwa abantu esele bathethe isiqunto ngamaphilo wabo ukuthi sele balandela ukhrestu bahlala kuye ngako koke kwabo. Lombhabhadiso wenzelwa umuntu osathoma ukusonta egade engasondi ngaphambilini.Lapha umuntu ufakwa emanzini ngomzimba wakhe woke ngombana lokhu kulitshwayo lokuthi sel afile ezonweni begodu sele avukele epilweni etjha yokusindiswa<ref>Mantey, J.R., 2019. Repentance and conversion. ''Basics of the Faith: An Evangelical Introduction to Christian Doctrine'', p.29.</ref>. eskhathini esinengi wenziwa lokha nakukhathi sephasika mihla namalanga ngombana abantu abanengi vane baye emasontweni ukuyokulotjha uZimu. ==== '''3. umbhabhadiso kaMoya ocwengileko''' ==== Lo mbhabhadiso owabakhona lokha uJesu nakasuka ephasini abuyela ezulwini. Kilo mbhabhadiso awungeni emanzini kodwana wenzeka lokha nawuthandazako bese wehlelwe mamandla kaZimu ngommoya uzizwe ukhuluma ngamanye amalimi ongawaziko begodu ongawazwisisi kodwana uZimu akuphe ukuphimisela.<ref>Torrey, R.A., 2019. ''Baptism of the Holy Spirit: How to Receive This Promised Gift''. Aneko Press.</ref><ref>Surburg, M.P., 2024. The Holy Spirit and Baptism in the Book of Acts. ''Concordia Theological Quarterly'', ''88''(1), pp.27-54.</ref>Lombhabhadisa owathoma ukwenzeka encwadini yezenzo yebhayibhili lapho gade kulilanga lephenthekoste khona kwehla amandla lapho gade abantu bakaZimu gade bahlangene khona. Umbhabhadiso uqakathekile ngombana ulitshwayo lokuthi umuntu sele amukele uJesu bona abe yikosi nomsindisi wepilo yakhe. Ukhombisa bona umuntu sele ahlukene nezono begodu sele aphila ipilo ocwengileko. Umbhabhadiso yinto yamakkhrestu eveza ukuzinikela kuzimu nokutjhuguluka ezonweni uphile ipilo ehle begodu enomthetho kaZimu. Abantu babhabhadiswa ngeenzathu ezihlukileko. Le kuyinto engathomi ngesikhathi sanje kodwana yathoma ekadeni ngaphambi kobana kufike uJesu Khreste. == Iinkomba == [[Category:Ukubhabhadiswa]] [[Category:Ubukresite]] [[Category:Amasonto]] 3lnicke67x1fmz1vt2y1d4vvyy62wv0 0 491 2479 2025-03-03T09:57:26Z Napangela 406 Created page with "== '''Imitlolo yendabuko yesiNdebeleIe''' == '''Imitlolo yendabuko''' mitlolo yeendaba ezidluliselwa esizukulwaneni, ezivela esikhathini sakade, ebegade zikhulunywa ngomlomo zingakatlolwa phasi. Imitlolo le iveza umlando wamasiko wesikhathi sakade. === Izinto ezitholakala phakathi kwemitlolo yendabuko === # Zivela emlandwini wokukhuluma # Ziveza amasiko, iimilo, izenzo zabantu, ukutlhaga, ubuloyi, uthando, izondo kanye neenkolo ezihlukahlukeneko # Ziveza iimfundo ezah..." 2479 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''Imitlolo yendabuko yesiNdebeleIe''' == '''Imitlolo yendabuko''' mitlolo yeendaba ezidluliselwa esizukulwaneni, ezivela esikhathini sakade, ebegade zikhulunywa ngomlomo zingakatlolwa phasi. Imitlolo le iveza umlando wamasiko wesikhathi sakade. === Izinto ezitholakala phakathi kwemitlolo yendabuko === # Zivela emlandwini wokukhuluma # Ziveza amasiko, iimilo, izenzo zabantu, ukutlhaga, ubuloyi, uthando, izondo kanye neenkolo ezihlukahlukeneko # Ziveza iimfundo ezahlukahlukeno ezifundisa abantu begodu zikhulisa umkhumbulo waloyo ofundako # Ofundako angaba namazizo ahlukahlukeno ngomlingisi nanyana umdlali othileko ==== <big>Imihlobo yemitlolo yendabuko</big> ==== # Amanovela # Imidlalo # Iindatjana ezifitjhani # Izaga # Izitjho # Iinrarejo # Iinganekwana/Iinolwana d3oay329gp7nlukjs9mx210icezzr6n 0 492 5642 3420 2025-09-04T10:54:43Z Mannroy 879 /* Isikopilo leMapungubwe */ 5642 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Mapungubwe National Park sign in 2005.jpg|left|thumb|556x556px|Isithombe sendawo i-Mapungubwe national park and heritage site]] '''IMapungubwe''' yindawo yokuthoma eSewula Africa. Indawo le isesiphandeni seLimpopo eduze nomlambo weshashe. Bekuyindawo ezele iindlovu ezinengi abantu bebasuka la bahlala khona beze bazokuzingela iindlovu bafuna iimpondo zeendlovu ezibizwa bona yi-ivory ngelimi lesiNgisi. Bazithathe bayozithengisa kwamanye amazwe begodu bebahlala emaplasini ahlukahlukeneko begodu asemaduzelana.<ref>Meskell, L., 2016. Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape. ''World Heritage on the Ground: Ethnographic Perspectives'', ''28'', p.273.</ref> === Isikopilo leMapungubwe === Ikosi yakhona beyihlala phezulu kwesicongolwana esibizwa bona yiMapungubwe hill ngombana lapho bekuhlala imimoya yabaphasi begodu beyikghona ukukhuluma nabo. Amadoda bekanamandla ukudlula abafazi begodu umuntu omncani bekangaphathwa njengomuntu omkhulu. Bekunabantu abafunda ilikade ababizwa bona Archeologist bebakhamba baya eMapungubwe bayokugubha bathola bona le bekuyindawo yabantu abanothileko ngombana kwatholakala khona ubuhlalo begolide, izitja zobumba n[[amathambo]] weenlwana.<ref>Ashley, C. and Antonites, A., 2020. Art and the everyday: gold, ceramics and meaning in thirteenth-century Mapungubwe.</ref>Izinto ezitholakala eMapungubwe kwabe kuziimpoto zakade nomncamo werhalasi. Bebathatha izinto lezi bese bakhambe nazo bayozithengisa. [[Intaba]] yeMapungubwe bewuyikhwelwa uqale emuva, bewuthi nawuyicalako uyicala Kanye bese ucala emuva. Bekungayiwa ebusuku entabeni le.Bekungakhanjiwa kiyo ngombana kunomoya wabaphasi. Intaba yakhona bekuyindawo yobukhosi nendawo lapho kubekwa khona ezinye izinto eziqakathekileko.<ref>Ramji, H., 2020. Producing the Precolonial: Professional and Popular Lives of Mapungubwe, 1937-2017.</ref> == Imithombo lwazi == ind5lezkoo5l02nzp9p8296jd57m4fc 0 493 2546 2545 2025-03-19T11:57:26Z Nqobile69 190 2546 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ukuthaba == Ukuthaba kukulokha uzizwa kamnandi emphefumulweni, wanelisekile begodu unganasidingo esikutlhorisako. Ukuthaba yinto yangaphakathi komuntu kodwana ithelelwa zizinto ezenzeka ebhodulukweni lomuntu. Isibonelo lokha umuntu nasele azuza umnotho, ukuhlonipheka nobudlelwano obuhle ngabantu uzithola athabile ngokwemvelo<ref>Veenhoven, R., 2016. Quality of life and happiness: Concepts and measures. In ''Handbook of research methods and applications in happiness and quality of life'' (pp. 309-333). Edward Elgar Publishing.</ref>. == Ubuhle bokuhlala uthabile == Umuntu ohlala athabile akusilula bona angenwe magulo, begodu negazi lakhe likhamba kuhle emzimbeni lingaphazamiseki, amosotja womzimba ahlala wakhe ahlala qinile anamandla. Abantu abahlala bathabile bagcine baphile iskhathi eside bangagugi msinyanaAbantu abalala bathabile bakghona ukwenza ubudlelalwane nabanye abantu lula begodu bakghona nokuthuthukisa mphakathi wabo ebahlala kiwo<ref>Diener, Ed, and Louis Tay. "A scientific review of the remarkable benefits of happiness for successful and healthy living." ''Happiness: Transforming the development landscape'' 6 (2017): 90-117.</ref>. == Izinto ezingavimbela abantu bona bangathabi == Ukusaba, ukungazithembi kungenza bona umuntu abe nobudisi bokuhlala athabile. Ukucabanga izinto eziceda ithemba nakho kuyamenza bona umuntu aphelelwe lithabo bese agcine adanile ngombana ugcina sele azizwa ngathi akukho okuhle angakwenza. Indlala nayo iyamenza umuntu bona angathabi ngombana akekho umuntu ongathaba lokha nakaswelileko nofana nakanganayo imali yokufeza iindingo zakhe. Woke umuntu isidingo sakhe sokuthoma kukudla nasele angatholi imali ezomlekela bona adle nofana ageze angekhe kube lula bona ahlale athabile<ref>Harrison, C., 2019. ''Anti-diet: Reclaim your time, money, well-being, and happiness through intuitive eating''. Hachette UK.</ref>. Inkundla zokuthintana zingenza bona umuntu angathabi ngombana abantu bafaka okuhle ukubenzakalelako kwaphela, bese umunye umuntu onganalwazi angathi nakatjheje lokho eenkundleni zokuthintana azibone ngathi nguye yedwa onemiraro agcine see aphelelwa lithabo<ref>Freitas, D., 2017. ''The happiness effect: How social media is driving a generation to appear perfect at any cost''. Oxford University Press.</ref>. == Izinto ongazenza ukuhlala uthabile == === Ukuzithabulula === Ukuzithabulula nokudla Ukudla okunepilo kuyasiza bona umuntu ahlale athabile ngombana ukuzithsbulula kwehlisa izinga lokukhathazeka emuntwini. Ukulala esikhathi esaneleko esilingana ama-iri ali-8 khona umzimba uzokutholaisikhathi sokuphumula kuhle<ref>Li, C., Ning, G. and Xia, Y., 2023. Does exercise participation promote happiness?: Mediations and heterogeneities. ''Frontiers in Public Health'', ''11'', p.1033157.</ref>. === Ukuzinakekela === Umuntu ukuze ahlale athabile kufuze bona enze izinto zokuledlha, azikhiphile endaweni zokuzithabisa, enze ne-yoga ukuze alekelele umizwa yakhe bona ijabule<ref>Butler, L.D., Mercer, K.A., McClain-Meeder, K., Horne, D.M. and Dudley, M., 2019. Six domains of self-care: Attending to the whole person. ''Journal of human behavior in the social environment'', ''29''(1), pp.107-124.</ref> pbbtcorisf2mf8wtght25c0k2gnz4dg 0 494 2484 2025-03-03T11:03:13Z Nqobile69 190 Created page with "== Ukukhubazeka == '''Kukulokha''' umuntu aphila angaguli kodwana kube khona isitho sakhe somzimba esingekho, esingasebenziko nofana esingakakheki kuhle njengasabanye ngokwemvelo. Ukukhubazeka akutjho bona umuntu uyahluleka nofana kufanale aphathwe ngokuhluka kunabanye abantu. Ukukhubazeka kungaba yinto umuntu azalwa nayo nofana kuyinto engehlela umuntu lokha aphile bese ehlelwe kugula nofana ingozi ezomtjhiya akhubazikile<ref>Retief, M. and Letšosa, R., 2018. Models o..." 2484 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ukukhubazeka == '''Kukulokha''' umuntu aphila angaguli kodwana kube khona isitho sakhe somzimba esingekho, esingasebenziko nofana esingakakheki kuhle njengasabanye ngokwemvelo. Ukukhubazeka akutjho bona umuntu uyahluleka nofana kufanale aphathwe ngokuhluka kunabanye abantu. Ukukhubazeka kungaba yinto umuntu azalwa nayo nofana kuyinto engehlela umuntu lokha aphile bese ehlelwe kugula nofana ingozi ezomtjhiya akhubazikile<ref>Retief, M. and Letšosa, R., 2018. Models of disability: A brief overview. ''HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies'', ''74''(1).</ref>. Abantu abakhubazekileko eSewula Afrika banesibonelelo semali abasitholako esivela kurhulamnde. Isibonelelo lesi sibalekela bona bakghone ukufeza iindingo zabo begodu bakgone ukuba nemali yokudla ngombana abanye babo abakghoni ukusebenza. == Izinto ezingabangela ukukhubazaka == === Iindakamizwa === Umuntu wengubo lokha nakasidisi bese asebenzise iindakamizwa kungabangela bona Umntwana akhubazele ngombana iindakamizwa zizothikameza bona Umntwana akhule ngesibelthweni bese Umntwana agcine sele akhubazekile. Umntwana angakhubazeka emzimbeni nofana emkhumbulweni<ref>Viteri, O.A., Soto, E.E., Bahado-Singh, R.O., Christensen, C.W., Chauhan, S.P. and Sibai, B.M., 2015. Fetal anomalies and long-term effects associated with substance abuse in pregnancy: a literature review. ''American journal of perinatology'', ''32''(05), pp.405-416.</ref>. === Ukulimala === Umuntu nakasidisi nakungenzeka bona awe kabuhlungu nofanaavelelwe yingozi lokhu kungenza bona Umntwana asidisi yena avele akhubazekile. Okhunye kungenzeak bona kwenzakale iimphoso lokha umma nakabelathako lokhu kungenza bona avele akhubazekile<ref>Wilkinson, D., Shepherd, E. and Wallace, E.M., 2016. Melatonin for women in pregnancy for neuroprotection of the fetus. ''Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews'', (3).</ref>. === Isotja lomndeni === Okhunye ukukhubazeka komntwana kungabangelwa lisotja lomndeni bese isotja leli lidlulele emntwaneni. Isibonelo nangabe Umntwana ubelethwa emndenini wabantu abangakaphili kuhle engcondweni kunamathuba wokobana nomntwana wakhona angpvela angakaphili engcondweni ngombana kuzabe kudlulele isotja lomndeni lokukhubazeka emntwaneni<ref>Vasudevan, P. and Suri, M., 2017. A clinical approach to developmental delay and intellectual disability. ''Clinical Medicine'', ''17''(6), pp.558-561.</ref>. == Imihlobo yokukhubazeka == === Ukukhubazeka komzimba === Lokhu kukhubazeka ngilokhu ekwenza bona umuntu angakhoni ukukhamba. Lokhu kubangelwa kukobana aquntwe inyawo, isifo samathambo nokhunye. Omunye angahlala angabi nesandla ngesibanga sengozi angina kiyo nofana isandla singasebenzi ngesibanga sokuthi alimele imisipha bese imisipha le yenza bona isandla singakghoni ukusebenza. Abanye babelethwa banganazo<ref>Retief, M. and Letšosa, R., 2018. Models of disability: A brief overview. ''HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies'', ''74''(1).</ref> inyawo nofana izandla. Laba abanganazo inyawo basebenzisa isitulo samavilo ukukhamba. === Ukukhubazeka zithozombiza(Sensory) === Abanye abantu babanokukhubazeka bokungaboni emehlweni, nofana babone ngokufifiyela. Ukukhubazela lokhu kungabangelwa kugula okufana nama-Cataracts, glaucoma nokhunye.Ananye abantu bazalwa bangezwa nofaa banobudisi bokuzwa nesibanga sokubana kulimele I cochlear ngaphakathi kwendlebe zabo. Icochelear kuyinto engaphakthi kwendlebe egobeke ngathi litjhongololo lokha nalileleko<ref>Sorgini, F., Caliò, R., Carrozza, M.C. and Oddo, C.M., 2018. Haptic-assistive technologies for audition and vision sensory disabilities. ''Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology'', ''13''(4), pp.394-421.</ref>. === Ukukhubazeka ngokokhumbulo nofana engcondweni === Ukukhubazeka lokhu kwenza bona umumntu ingcondo yakhe ingasebenzi kuhle<ref>Nevison, C.D. and Blaxill, M., 2017. Diagnostic substitution for intellectual disability: A flawed explanation for the rise in autism. ''Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders'', ''47'', pp.2733-2742.</ref>. Okhunye ukukhubazeka kungavela ngokuthi Umntwana abe ne autism ekuyinto eyenza bona Umntwana abenobudisi bokukhuluma nokuzibandakanya abantu athande ukuba yedwa. Umuntu oone autism akafuni abantu basenzise izinto zakhe begodu akazwani namatjhuguluko enzeka yena akangakatjelwa. == Isiphetho == Ukuphila nokukhubazeka akutjho ukwahluleka ngombana abantu abakhubazekilo bayokghona ukuphila njengabanye abantu benze izinto ezikulu ezitjengisako bona baphelele begodu bahlakaniphile. jfe4fhlf87a1up47tv0gp8se1hqeqoy 0 495 5122 5121 2025-08-10T15:16:41Z Nqobile69 190 5122 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ephasini''' kuneenarhakazi ezilikhomba, enye nenye inarhakazi inamasiko wayo, amatshwayo wayo neenarha ezingaphakthi kwayo Iinarhakazi zephasi<ref>Yearwood, P.J., 2014. Continents and consequences: the history of a concept. ''Journal of Global History'', ''9''(3), pp.329-356.</ref>. === Amagama weenarhakazi zephasi nehlathululo yazo === I-Africa Yinarhakazi yesibili ekulu begodu ngaphakathi iphethe inarha ezima-55 ezifaka hlangana i-Sewula Africa, i-gibhithe neZimbabwe<ref>Khapoya, V., 2015. ''The African Experience''. Routledge.</ref> I-Antarctica Yinarhakazi encani begodu emakhaza ukuzidlula zoke. Enarhakazini le akuhlali abantu kodwana kuhlala iinlwana zemangweni kwaphela. I-Asia Lapha kuneenarha ezima-49, ezifaka hlagana I inarha ye China, India Kanye ne Russia ekuyinarha ekulu ukuzidlula zoke ephasini. Inarhakazi le ngekulu ukuzidlula zoke ephasini<ref>Prange, C., 2019. Asia: The continent of superlatives and contradictions. In ''Management Practices in Asia: Case Studies on Market Entry, CSR, and Coaching'' (pp. 3-9). Cham: Springer International Publishing.</ref> I-Australia Le yinarhakazi encani ehlalwa babantu ephasini, ngaphakathi iineenarha ezi-6 ezine zazo yi- New Zealad, Papua New Guiea ne Australia. I-Europe Kulenarhakazi kunenarha ezima-50 ezifaka I- Germany, iFrance, ne-United kingdom.Inarhakazi le ngeyesithandathu ekulu I-North America Inarhakazi le ilikhaya leenarha ezima-23 begodu ingeyesithathu ekulu. I-South America Inarhakazi le ineenarha ezili-12 begodu ingee ingeyesine ekule eenarhakazini == Iinkomba == [[Category:Iinarhakazi zephasi]] [[Category:Inarha]] [[Category:Iphasi]] h2d4mi32wr1jacer9knysigziwv0llx 0 496 3548 3547 2025-08-05T14:53:26Z Nqobile69 190 Added a picture to the article 3548 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Friends (Bright-Kauffman-Crane Productions sitcom) official logo.svg|thumb|Abangani]] '''Abangani''' kubabantu ophila nabo ngamalanga begodu obathembako bonyana ungabelana nabo indaba zakho ongazitjeli abanye abantu. Kungilabo bantu abalunikela isekelo olidingako epilweni bakwenze uzizwe wamukelekile begodu uthandwa.Abangani kungilabo bantu abaphila boke bogodu abathanda izinto izifanako begodu abakhona ukucoca babonisane ngepilo. Kubabantu abazanako bonyana umunye uthanda ini begodu akathandi ini, kungilabo bantu abakghona ukukujamela nalokha wena ungekho<ref>Hartup, W.W., 2022. Friendships and their developmental significance. In ''Childhood social development'' (pp. 175-205). Psychology Press.</ref> === '''Ubuhle bokubamngani''' === Abangani kubabantu abangasikhuthaza bonyana silinge nofana sense izinto ezitja epilweni ezizosenza bona sikhule nanyana siphumelele. Abangani bangakukhuthaza bona ulandele izinto ongaba nekareko kizo. Abangani basihlanganisa nabanye abangani babo nofana basise kwezinye indawo lapho sizokwazana khona nabanye abantu abangasilekelela ukuthuthuka nofana ukufezekisa amaphupho wethu<ref>McCabe, J.M., 2019. ''Connecting in college: How friendship networks matter for academic and social success''. University of Chicago Press.</ref>. Abangani bangalekela ngezinye izinto zemakhaya ezifana nokuthutha, ukugada abantwana nangemali.Ngesinye isikhathi lokha nawusemrarweni nofana nawudanileko abangani basinikeza ihlombe esizokulilela kilo sethule imiraro yethu bese umngani akuphe isiluleko nofana akududuze. === '''Izinto ongazicala ukubona umngani omuhle''' === Umngani omuhle ujama nawe ngeenkhathi zoke  akusekele. Akakhulumi ngokuhluleka kwakho kwabanye abantu abangakuthandiko nofana aveze indaba zakho omthembe ngazo. Kumumuntu okutjela amaqiniso nanyana akangazwisa ubuhlungu kangangani, begodu ukghona ukuthembela kuye lokha nawufuna isekelo<ref>Sinaga, J., Woran, R. and Sinambela, J.L., 2022. The Role Of Friendship In Character Development: Lessons From The Biblical Story Of David And Jonathan. ''Berumpun: International Journal of Social, Politics, and Humanities'', ''5''(1), pp.1-8.</ref>.Kumumuntu okhuluma naye khulu nanyana angekho eduze niyathintana ngomaliledinini. Kumumuntu okghona ukukulalela lokha nawukhulumako angakupheleli ihliziyo. Nalokha nasele ucedile ukhuluma ukuphendula ngependulo ezokwakha<ref>Rawlins, W., 2017. ''Friendship matters: Communication, dialectics and the life course''. Routledge.</ref>.Umngani omuhle lokha nawehlelwe zizimo nofana iintjhijio ezinzima kuba okukhombisa ukuzwelana nawe. Uzifaka enyathelweni zakho  azisise amazizo wakho  nombona wakho ngesikhathi leso<ref>Gokalp, A. and Inel, Y., 2021. The Mediating Role of Responsibility and Friendship between Empathy Skill and Benevolence. ''Journal of Education and Learning (EduLearn)'', ''15''(2), pp.202-212.</ref>Ubungani kuyinto kuyinto ehle eletha ithabo, ukududuzeka  emaphilweni wabantu umuntu lokha anakathole umngani omuhle kufuze bona ache ubudlelwane bakhe nomngani loyo bukhule buhlale iminyaka. == Iinkomba == o41uma3shteitpyynj1m6i5pgc8fesf 0 501 2547 2525 2025-03-19T14:07:24Z Nomsa Skosana 123 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1280869872|Piracy]]" 2547 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ukuphanga''' sisenzo sokuphanga nofana ubudlwangudlwangu bobulelesi ngabantu abahlasela ngemikhumbi nofana ngesikepe abahlasela omunye umkhumbi nofana indawo eseduze nelwandle, ngokujayelekileko ngomnqopho wokweba imithwalo nezinye izinto ezibizako. Labo abenza izenzo zokuphanga babizwa ngokuthi '''ma-pirates''' ngelimi lesiNgisi, begodu imikhumbi esetjenziselwa ubugebengu ibizwa ngokuthi '''mikhumbi yama-pirates''' . Izehlakalo zokuthoma ezitlolwe phasi zokukhwabanisa bezikhona ngekhulu le-14 BC, lokha abantu beLwandle, isiqhema sabahlaseli belwandle, nabahlasela imikhumbi ye- Aegean ne-Mediterranean. Iindlela ezincani ezidosela ukuthunyelwa kwemikhumbi eendleleni eziqagelekako sele zidale amathuba wobugebengu, kanye nokuhlasela kwezokurhweba . Iimbonelo zomlando zeendawo ezinjalo zifaka hlangana amanzi we- Gibraltar, i- Strait of Malacca, i-Madagascar, i -Gulf of Aden, kanye ne- English Channel, lapho izakhiwo zendawo zasiza ukuhlaselwa kwamapirate. Ibizo elithi ''ubugebengu'' ngokuvamileko litjho ubugebengu belwandle, nanyana ibizo leli sele litjho izenzo ezenziwa ephasini, emoyeni, emanethiwekhini wamakhomphyutha, kanye (ngeendaba zesayensi) emkhathini. Ubulelesi buvame ukungafaki ubulelesi obenziwe mthengisi emkhunjini wakhe (isib. ukweba), kanye nokuthengisa ngasese, okutjho ukugunyazwa ngurhulumende wombuso . 5rr2akrqimyn89m2tij5y2icab8ylj5 4 502 3281 3128 2025-07-02T20:22:02Z Thuvack 106 3281 wikitext text/x-wiki == An improved dashboard for the Content Translation tool == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{Int:hello}} Wikipedians, Apologies as this message is not in your language, {{Int:please-translate}}. The [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization|Language and Product Localization team]] has improved the [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=es Content Translation dashboard] to create a consistent experience for all contributors using mobile and desktop devices. The improved translation dashboard allows all logged-in users of the tool to enjoy a consistent experience regardless of their type of device. With a harmonized experience, logged-in desktop users now have access to the capabilities shown in the image below. [[file:Content_Translation_new-dashboard.png|alt=|center|thumb|576x576px|Notice that in this screenshot, the new dashboard allows: Users to adjust suggestions with the "For you" and "...More" buttons to select general topics or community-created collections (like the example of Climate topic).  Also, users can use translation to create new articles (as before) and expand existing articles section by section. You can see how suggestions are provided in the new dashboard  in two groups ("Create new pages" and "Expand with new sections")-one for each activity.]] [[File:Content_Translation_dashboard_on_desktop.png|alt=|center|thumb|577x577px|In the current dashboard, you will notice that you can't adjust suggestions to select topics or community-created collections. Also, you can't expand on existing articles by translating new sections.]] We will implement [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation#Improved translation experience|this improvement]] on your wiki '''on Monday, March 17th, 2025''' and remove the current dashboard '''by May 2025'''. Please reach out with any questions concerning the dashboard in this thread. Thank you! On behalf of the Language and Product Localization team. </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> 04:56, 13 Mbimbitho 2025 (SAST) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/sandbox_CX_Unified_dashboard_announcement_list_1&oldid=28382282 --> ==Proposal to enable the "Contribute" entry point in isiNdebele Wikipedia== {{Int:Hello}} isiNdebele Wikipedians, Apologies as this message is not in your language. {{Int:please-translate}}. The [[mediawikiwiki:Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization|WMF Language and Product Localization]] team proposes enabling an entry point called "Contribute" to your Wikipedia. The [[:bn:বিশেষ:Contribute|Contribute]] entry point is based on collaborative work with other product teams in the Wikimedia Foundation on [[mediawikiwiki:Edit_Discovery|Edit discovery]], which validated the entry point as a persistent and constant path that contributors took to discover ways to contribute content in Wikipedia. Therefore, enabling this entry point in your Wikipedia will help contributors quickly discover available tools and immediately click to start using them. This entry point is designed to be a central point for discovering contribution tools in isiNdebele Wikipedia. '''Who can access it''' Once it is enabled in your Wikipedia, newcomers can access the entry point automatically by just logging into their account, click on the User drop-down menu and choose the "Contribute" icon, which takes you to another menu where you will find a self-guided description of what you can do to contribute content, as shown in the image below. An option to "view contributions" is also available to access the list of your contributions. [[File:Mobile_Contribute_Page.png|Mobile Contribute Page]] [[File:Mobile_contribute_menu_(detailed).png|Mobile contribute menu (detailed)]] For experienced contributors, the Contribute icon is not automatically shown in their User drop-down menu. They will still see the "Contributions" option unless they change it to the "Contribute" manually. We have gotten valuable feedback that helped us improve its discoverability. Now, it is ready to be enabled in other Wikis. One major improvement was to [[phab:T369041|make the entry point optional for experienced contributors]] who still want to have the "Contributions" entry point as default.           We plan to enable it '''on mobile''' for Wikis, where the Section translation tool is enabled. In this way, we will provide a main entry point to the mobile translation dashboard, and the exposure can still be limited by targeting only the mobile platform for now. If there are no objections to having the entry point for mobile users from your community, we will enable it by 10th June 2025. We welcome your feedback and questions in this thread on our proposal to enable it here. Suppose there are no objections, we will deploy the "Contribute" entry point in your Wikipedia. We look forward to your response soon. Thank you! On behalf of the WMF Language and Product Localization team. [[Umsebenzisi:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Umsebenzisi asiqongelane:UOzurumba (WMF)|talk]]) 01:46, 28 Nkwenkwezi 2025 (SAST) == Request for Adminship to support this Wikipedia == I request support for Admin rights to this Wikipedia, so I can assist with fighting Vandalism. I have undone a couple acts of vandalism but without sysop tools, it is very tideous to do this efficiently and consistently. I am currently an Admin for my homewiki ts.Wikipedia and I currently patroll South African language wikipedias. --[[Umsebenzisi:Thuvack|Thuvack]] ([[Umsebenzisi asiqongelane:Thuvack|talk]]) 22:21, 2 Ntulikazi 2025 (SAST) 12c4836kr771kg70ynac1p2f50uvrtt 0 503 2530 2025-03-19T08:58:21Z Nqobile69 190 Created page with "== Ukubulala == '''Ukubulala''' kusisenzo sokuthatha ipilo yomuntu umuntu<ref>Ewin, R.E., 1972. What is wrong with killing people?. ''The Philosophical Quarterly (1950-)'', ''22''(87), pp.126-139.</ref>. Abantu babulala ngenzathu ezinengi abanye babulala ngesizathu sokuzivikela nofana sokuvikela abanye abantu. Elinye lamalungelo wabantu kulilungelo lokuphila ngikho isigwebo sentambo sasuswa. Ikolo ifundisa bona akukafaneli bona abantu babulalane. Isibonelo ibhayibheli em..." 2530 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ukubulala == '''Ukubulala''' kusisenzo sokuthatha ipilo yomuntu umuntu<ref>Ewin, R.E., 1972. What is wrong with killing people?. ''The Philosophical Quarterly (1950-)'', ''22''(87), pp.126-139.</ref>. Abantu babulala ngenzathu ezinengi abanye babulala ngesizathu sokuzivikela nofana sokuvikela abanye abantu. Elinye lamalungelo wabantu kulilungelo lokuphila ngikho isigwebo sentambo sasuswa. Ikolo ifundisa bona akukafaneli bona abantu babulalane. Isibonelo ibhayibheli emthethweni elitjhumi kuno mthetho oyala abantu bona bangabulali. == Imihlobo yokubulala == === Ukubulala ngehloso === Lokhu kubulala umuntu uhlelile bona uzombulala njani beodu nini. Umuntu ngaphasi kwamhlobo angabulawa ngesigidi, nomukhwa nofana ngetjhefu.<ref>Pitt, J.C., 2013. “Guns don’t kill, people kill”; values in and/or around technologies. In ''The moral status of technical artefacts'' (pp. 89-101). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.</ref> === Ukubulala ngaphandle kwehloso === Lapha umuntu angabulala omunye umuntu angakahleli. Umuntu angathi uazivikela emuntwini omhlukumezako agcine sele abululelel umuntu loyo angakahlosi<ref>Welch, J.I., 2021. The right to self-defence: Part 1: The killing or injuring of an attacker. ''Servamus Community-based Safety and Security Magazine'', ''114''(12), pp.41-43.</ref>. === I-Euthanasia === Lokhu nakho kukubulala ngehloso kodwana kwenzeka ebantwini abagulako abasele baphila ngemitjhini nengcondo zabo sele zingasasebenzi. Abantu bekhabomuntu loyo ogulako bayavumelana bona bazokucima [[imitjhini]] bese umuntu ahlongakale ukuze akghone ukuphumula eenhlungwini azizwako lokha nakaleleko<ref>Fontalis, A., Prousali, E. and Kulkarni, K., 2018. Euthanasia and assisted dying: what is the current position and what are the key arguments informing the debate?. ''Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine'', ''111''(11), pp.407-413.</ref>. === Ukuzikhunga === Abanye abantu lokha nabacalanga nobunzima bephasi bagcina sele babona ngathi asisekho isidingo sokuphila bese bagcine bathaha amaphilo wabo. Abantu abazibulalako bayazilengisa, abanye basela itjhefu nofana bazidumuze<ref>Berman, A.L., 2011. Estimating the population of survivors of suicide: Seeking an evidence base. ''Suicide and Life‐Threatening Behavior'', ''41''(1), pp.110-116.</ref>. == Izinto ezingabangela ukubulala == === Ipi === Abantu bangabulalana ngesibanga sepi. Lokha abantu nabalwako bagcina selel badumuzanan nofana bagwane bese umuntu ophe igaze bekagcine ahlongakale. Namasotja lokha nakasepini ayodumuzana bese amanye agcine abulewe. === Ukugula === Abanye abantu nabugule khulu bagcina bababulele ngokuthi bacime imitjhini ebalekelela ukuphila bese abantu bagcie sele bahlongakele. Abanye bagandeleleka ngomkhumbulo bagcine bathatha amaphilo wabo<ref>Kierkegaard, S. and Marino, G., 2013. ''Fear and trembling and the sickness unto death''. Princeton University Press.</ref>. === Iingozi === Ukungea engozini kungokhunye okubangela abantu bona bahlongakale. Abantu bangenza ingozi bakutuke ngekoloyi nofana ngebhesi balimale, nangabe abatholi isizo msinyana bangagcina sele bahlongakele. Kubangellwa kukuthi abanye balimele endaweni ezibucayi nofana balahlekelwe ziingazi ezinengi emzimbeni<ref>Heron, M.P., 2018. Deaths: leading causes for 2016.</ref>. === Ukweba nobulelesi === Ukweba nokho kungenza bona abantu bagcine babulawa. Umuntu lokha nakayokweba nofana ayokulelesa nakabona ukuthi kunabantu abambonileko abangafuna ukumveza emapholiseni angacina sele ababulala ngehloso yokutjhabalalisa ubufakazi. == Isiphetho == Ukubulala kuyinto embi ethaths amaphilo wabantu. Abantu bangabulawa ngesbanga sepi, iingozi, ubulelesi nofana ukugula. Ukubulala kuyinto embi nanyana kungasiyo ihloso ngombana woke umuntu unelungelo lokuphila. qo4dvtdynfkpcgfmg2n9sbght6gihx2 0 504 3098 2932 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Nqobile69|Nqobile69]] 2555 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Iwatjhi yesikhathi.jpg|thumb|Iwatjhi yesikhathi]] == Isikhathi == Isikhathi kuyindlela yokumeda ubude bekwenzeka kwezinto. Kukuragela phambili kusukela ekadeni ukuya esikhathini sanamhlanje nofana esizako. Isikhathi simedwa ngendlela ezinengi ukuya ngobude baso. Ukumeda nofana ukubala isikhathi kusetjenziswa amakhalenda, namawatjhi wesikhathi<ref>What Is Time? A Simple Explanation</ref><ref>Peters, J.D., 2013. Calendar, clock, tower. ''Deus in machina: Religion and technology in historical perspective'', pp.25-42. Vancouver</ref>. == Iindlela zakade zokumeda isikhathi == Ekadeni abantu bebameda isikhathi ngelanga bona likuyiphi indawo emafini. Ngamasa bamede ngokulila kweenkukhu nofana ngenyezi.Ukutjhuguluka kweenkhathi zonyaka khabe bakumeda ngokuvela nokunyamalala kweenlwana ezithileko nofana ngokumila kweenthelo ezithileko. Isibonelo ama-orentji amila lokha nakungena ubusika<ref>Holford-Strevens, L., 2005. ''The history of time: a very short introduction'' (Vol. 133). Oxford University Press.</ref> == Ukuqakatheka kwesikhathi == Isikhathi uyinto eqakathekileko emaphilweni wabantu begou sakhamba sikhambile angekhe sabuyela emuve. kufuze abantu basisebenzise ngendlela efaneleko ukuze babalekele ukuzisola. Isikhathi sisisiza bona sikghone ukuzwisisa izolo, inamanhle ne kusasa. Ngaphandle kwesikhathi amaphilo wabantu angatjharagana ngombana angekhe bazi lapho basuka khona begodu nalapho bayakhona == Ukubala isikhathi<ref>Time - Wikipedia</ref> == === Unyaka neenyanga === Unyaka munye unamalanga ama-365 begodu unenyanga ezili-12. === Iveke namalanga === Iveke yinye inamalanga alikhomba begodu ilanga linye linama iri-ama-24 === Ama-iri === Iri linye linamaminithi ama-60, begodu neminithi linye linemizuzu ema-60. == Isiphetho == Isikhathi ngiso esenza bona amaphilo wabantu aragele phambili, abatu bakghone ukuzazi bona babuya kuphi noma bayaphi. Kufuze sibulunge isikhathi begodu sisisebenzise kuhle ukubalekela ukuzisola ngombana isikhathi angeze sabiselwa emuva. 95x808mhx10sgnz6fu9mjx1dlzvbsg8 0 505 2532 2025-03-19T09:52:27Z Nqobile69 190 Created page with "== Ukuhlukumezana eenkundleni zokuthintana == '''Iinkundla''' zokuthintana kuyindawo lapho lapho abantu babelana khona ngelwazi, bakghona khona ukucoca begodu benze nesitjhomi. Ukuzwana nokusebezisa iinkundla zokuthintana sele kuvuse enye into engayisiyihle ekukuhlukumenzana okungenzeka gokusabisana, ukuhlazisana ngemilayezo<ref>Giumetti, G.W. and Kowalski, R.M., 2022. Cyberbullying via social media and well-being. ''Current opinion in psychology'', ''45'', p.101314.</r..." 2532 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ukuhlukumezana eenkundleni zokuthintana == '''Iinkundla''' zokuthintana kuyindawo lapho lapho abantu babelana khona ngelwazi, bakghona khona ukucoca begodu benze nesitjhomi. Ukuzwana nokusebezisa iinkundla zokuthintana sele kuvuse enye into engayisiyihle ekukuhlukumenzana okungenzeka gokusabisana, ukuhlazisana ngemilayezo<ref>Giumetti, G.W. and Kowalski, R.M., 2022. Cyberbullying via social media and well-being. ''Current opinion in psychology'', ''45'', p.101314.</ref>. == Iindlela ezahlukileko zokuhlukumezana eenkundleni zokuthintana == Ukusabisana Abantu bangathumelela amanaba wabo imilayezo yokubasabisa ukwenza bona amanaba wabo agcine sele asaba begodu angasakhululeki eenkundleni zokuthinana<ref>Englander, E., Donnerstein, E., Kowalski, R., Lin, C.A. and Parti, K., 2017. Defining cyberbullying. ''Pediatrics'', ''140''(Supplement_2), pp.S148-S151.</ref>. Ukulandelela izinto ezenziwa mumuntu Abanye abantu bakghona ukulandelela into eyenziwa mumuntu eenkundleni zokuthintana. Balandelela bona ufaka ziphi izinto nofana ubhala ini, balandelela bobana ucoca nabobani nokuthi sele umuntu loyo akuphi<ref>Stevens, F., Nurse, J.R. and Arief, B., 2021. Cyber stalking, cyber harassment, and adult mental health: A systematic review. ''Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking'', ''24''(6), pp.367-376.</ref>. Ukuphikisana Ukuphikisana kuyinto evamileko eenkundleni zokuthintana. Abantu bakghona ukuthukana, ukuphisana basebenzisa ilimi elilumelako lokuthukana. Lokhu kungenziwa babantu abangazwaniko babaga into ethileko<ref>Englander, E., Donnerstein, E., Kowalski, R., Lin, C.A. and Parti, K., 2017. Defining cyberbullying. ''Pediatrics'', ''140''(Supplement_2), pp.S148-S151.</ref>. Ukuzenza umuntu ongasuye ukuhlukumeza Abanye abantu basuku benze ama-akhantu bowutsotsi bazenze abantu abangasibo ukuhlupha banye abanye abantu. Lokhui bakweza ngehloso yokuhlupha abanye abantu. Ukukhiphana Ukukhiphaa kutjho loha umuntu akhipha umuntu angamthandiko nofana alwa naye esiqhemeni sokucoca seenkundleni zokuthintana kungaba ku facebook, ku whatsapp nofana kokunye. == Imiphumela yokuhlukumezana eenkundleni zokuthintana == Ukudana nokugandeleleka komkhumbulo Ukuhlukumezeka eenkundleni zokuthintana kungagcina sele kubangela bona umuntu ahlele adanile, azikhiphe abantwini begodu nasele kudlange khulu umuntu anggcina sele agandeleleke ngokomkhumbulo<ref>Martínez-Monteagudo, M.C., Delgado, B., Díaz-Herrero, Á. and García-Fernández, J.M., 2020. Relationship between suicidal thinking, anxiety, depression and stress in university students who are victims of cyberbullying. ''Psychiatry Research'', ''286'', p.112856.</ref>. Ukuzibandlulula ebantwini Lokha umunu athola ukuhlukumezeka eenkundleni zokuthintana uthola ubudisis bokuhlangana ngabantu azibone sele amumuntu ophasi nofana anganasithunzi bese agcine azikhipha ebantwini azifune ayedwa<ref>Ademiluyi, A., Li, C. and Park, A., 2022. Implications and preventions of cyberbullying and social exclusion in social media: systematic review. ''JMIR formative research'', ''6''(1), p.e30286.</ref><ref>Nixon, C.L., 2014. Current perspectives: the impact of cyberbullying on adolescent health. ''Adolescent health, medicine and therapeutics'', pp.143-158.</ref>. Ukwehla kwemiphumela esikolweni Umuntu ohlukumezwako nangabe usese mntwana wesikolo angagcina sele angasabenzi kuhle esikolweni ngesibanga sokuthi into le ingamphazamisa abe nobudisi bokubeka umkhumbulo wakhe entweni ayenzako. Uyokugcina sele athola imiphumela ephasi esikolweni ngesibanga sokuhlukumezeka. Ukungabi nepilo emzimbeni Ipilo yomuntu ohlukumezekileko eenkundleni zokuthintana iyaphazamiseka. Ngathola umntu loyo agcina sele aphatha ihloko, amathumbu nofana agcine sele angasakghoni ukulala<ref>Nixon, C.L., 2014. Current perspectives: the impact of cyberbullying on adolescent health. ''Adolescent health, medicine and therapeutics'', pp.143-158.</ref>. == Indlela zokuvikela ukuhlukumezana eeenkundleni zokuthintana == Ukuzibandakanya kwababelethi Ukuvikela ukuhlukumezana eenkundlelni zokuthintana kufanele ababelethi bazibandakanye ngokuthi batjheje lokho Umntwana wabo akwenzako eenkundleni zokuthintana. Bese kuthi nangabe babone into ekhombisa ukuhlukumezeka nofana ukuhlukumeza abanye bayakhuze kuseses nesikhathi<ref>Robinson, E., 2013. Parental involvement in preventing and responding to cyberbullying. ''Family Matters'', (92), pp.68-76.</ref>. Ukufundisa ngokusebenzisa inkundla lezi Abantu nofana abantwana kufanelwe bafundiswe indlela ekungiyo yokusebezisa iinkundla zokuthintana. Isibonelo kufanele bafundiswe bona babalekele ukubhala imilayezo ethika abatu nofana ebasabisako. == Isiphetho == Ukuhlukumezana eeenkundleni zokuthintana kuyinto ekhulako amalanga la begodu kufanale ibekwe ilihlo. Kufanale abantu bakghone ukubona ukuhlukumezeka lokhu nokuthi ibanomthelela onjani kibongazimbi bayo. Kufanele sizifundise thina na banye abantu ukuyibalekela begodu abongazimbi bayo bathole isekelo abalidingako ukululama kiyo. hz978gg0f3xdaeyuctlie5u1dlco4ue 0 506 2534 2533 2025-03-19T10:13:25Z Nqobile69 190 2534 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Iinhlobo''' kubabantu abaphuma emndenini munye bahlobene ngengazi nofana ngomtjhado<ref>Relative - Definition, Meaning & Synonyms | Vocabulary.com</ref>. Abantu abazinhlobo bangaba neembongo ezifanako nanyana bangabi nazo.Iinhlobo zingabonakala nangesotja elifanako lomzimba isibonelo: ubude nofana [[ukunona]]. Iinhlobo kubabantu abadlali indima eqakathekilo epilweni yomuntu ngombana ngizo oba nobudlelwane obuseduze nobunamandla nabo. Iinhlobo ziqakathekile ngombana zikghona ukukwenza uzizwe wamukelekile, uzazi ukuthi ungubani nokuthi wazi amasiko nemvelaphi yakho.Abantu abadala abazinhlobo zakho bakghona ukukunikela iinluleko nokuhlakanipha ekuzokwenza bona ukghone ukuthatha inqunto ezihle zepilo<ref>Sefa Dei, G.J., 2020. Elders’ cultural knowledges and African indigeneity. ''The Palgrave handbook of African education and Indigenous knowledge'', pp.279-301.</ref>. Iinhlobo zingilabo bantu abangakwenza bona ukghone ukubona ukuthi [[imikghwa]] ethileko uyithethephi begodu ukghone ukwazi ukuthi izinto ozenzako uzenza ngombana ufuze ubani emndenini wekhenu.Iinhlobo zikghona ukukunikela isekelo olidingako ngombana abantu abazinhlobo kungilabo bantu engekhe abakulahlela ithemba nanyana sewuhluleka. kungizo ezizwelalana nawe zikunikeze ithando elinganambadela<ref>Malär, L., Krohmer, H., Hoyer, W.D. and Nyffenegger, B., 2011. Emotional brand attachment and brand personality: The relative importance of the actual and the ideal self. ''Journal of marketing'', ''75''(4), pp.35-52.</ref>. == Iimbonelo zeenhlobo == [[Umama]]-Mumuntu wengubo okubelethako [[Ubaba]] -Mumuntu wembaji okubelethako Ugogo-Ngumma kamamakho nofana kababakho Umkhulu- Ngubaba obelethe umamakh nofana ubabakho Ukhokho- ngumma obelethe ugogo Umani- Ngudadwabo kamma omnani URhulu- Ngudadwabo kamma omkhulu Umalume- Ngu bhuthi kamma Usonghwana- Ngubhuti wakhe likababa omncani Usorhulu-Ngubhuti kababa omkhulu Ukhgari- Ngudadwabo kababa Umntamama-mtwana kamalume, kamani nofana karhulwakho. Umzala- Umtwana kakghari nofana kasonghwana wakho jv3n1cgne7y2gjy14yxg5ela83dkgfm 0 507 5705 5704 2025-09-07T11:36:31Z Nqobile69 190 5705 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Blood Test (15575812743).jpg|thumb|Umuno ophuma igazi]] '''Igazi''' kumamanzi abovu akhamba umzimba woke ngaphakathi komuntu. Kuyinto eqakatheke khulu eyenza bona umuntu akghone ukuphila. Ngaphandle kwegazi akekho umuntu ongakghona ukuphila. [[Ihliziyo]] limpompa igazi elizele i-oksijini lisuke ehliziyweni bese likhambe umzimba woke. Igazi lenza bona [[umzimba]] usebenze kuhle. Lokha nawunganagazi kuhle nofana igazi lakho lingakhambi kuhle emzimbeni kungab namagula athileko ongawathola nawumumuntu.<ref>Scudellari, M., 2015. Blood to blood. ''Nature'', ''517''(7535), p.426.</ref> === Izinto ezitholakala ngaphakathi kwegazi === Iplazima, Le kuyungcenye yegazi emamanzi eyanza amaphesende ama-55. Ingcenye le iphethe amanzi, itswayi, iswigiri, amafutha Kanye nama phrotheyini.Amaseli abovu wegazi, wona Sebenza ukuthwala i-oksijini esuka emaphaphini uyise emzimbeni phezu kwesikhumba nofana enyameni. Amaseli lawa anephrotheyini ebizwa bona yi- haemoglobin, ekungiyo eyenza bona igazi libe nombala obovu.<ref>Litvinov, R.I. and Weisel, J.W., 2017. Role of red blood cells in haemostasis and thrombosis. ''ISBT science series'', ''12''(1), pp.176-183.</ref>Amaseli amhlophe wegazi, ngelimi lesingisi abizwa bona ma- luecytes ngiwo asiza amasotja womzimba bona akghone ukulwisana namagulo.<ref>Nicholson, L.B., 2016. The immune system. ''Essays in biochemistry'', ''60''(3), pp.275-301.</ref>Amaplatileti, awanabumbeko begodu mancani kodwana adlala indima ekulu ekwenzeni bona igazi likghone ukwenza amatlothi.<ref>Fogelson, A.L. and Neeves, K.B., 2015. Fluid mechanics of blood clot formation. ''Annual review of fluid mechanics'', ''47''(1), pp.377-403.</ref> === Ukukhamba kwegazi emzimbeni === Ama-Arteries, kumisipha ekhambisa igazi elizele i-oksijini lisuka ehliziyweni bese alikhambe lisuke ehliziyweni likhambe umzimba woke.<ref>Tucker, W.D., Arora, Y. and Mahajan, K., 2017. Anatomy, blood vessels.</ref>Amaveyini, kumithambo ephatha igazi eliphelelwe yi-oksijini emzimbeni ilibuyisele ehliziyweni ukuthi ihloziyo iyolipompa.<ref>Mitchell, R.N. and Schoen, F.J., 2010. Blood vessels. ''Robbins and Cotran: Pathologic Basis of Disease.(8th edition) Saunders Elsevier, Philadelphia, US'', pp.516-17.</ref>Amakhaphilari, kumithambo emincani eyamukela esenyameni eyamukela I-oksijini nemisoco. Ingazi ziqakathekile emaphilweni wabantu ngombana umuntu angeze aphila ngaphandle kwegazi. Igazi ngilo elenza bona umuntu aphile kuhle, likusuka ehliziyweni likhambe umzimba woke bese likhambisa i-oksijini ngama atheri bese liphinde libuye ngomsipha wamaveyini sele linganayo i-oksijini libuyele ehliziyweni. == Iinkomba == [[category:igazi]] [[category:umzimba]] 6qnjj2qzum3b679oj3r3xd7uzehh4na 0 508 5061 3533 2025-08-07T18:14:32Z Nqobile69 190 5061 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Isikolodo''' kukulokha uboleka inani elithileko lemali emuntwini nofana ebulungelweni lemali bese uzibophe bona uzoyibuyisa nini begodu bunjani. Esikhathini esiphila kiso ukwenza isikolodo sele kuyinto ejwayelekileko begodu kuyindlela yokuphila<ref>Debt: What It Is, How It Works, Types, and Ways to Pay Back</ref>. === Imihlobo yeenkolodo === ==== Isikolodo seentolo ==== Isikolodo seentolo ngilesi osenza lokha nawenza ikharada lesitolo esithileko bese uthatha ngalo izambatho ngesikolodo bese ubhadele kancani kancani imali oyikolodako njalo ngenyanga. Nawubhadela kuhle eentolo lezi bakukhuphulela Amandla wokuthuthenga okutjho bona bakhuphula inani lesikolodo ongasenza lokha ngokuthenga izambatho isikolodo<ref>https://legaladvice.org.za/what-happens-if-you-don-t-pay-your-clothing-account-in-south-africa/</ref>.Isikolodo sepahla sigenziwa ngunynana ngubani umuntu ongakghona ukuthi abuyisele imali yepahlal ayithetheko esitolo athenge kiso. Isitolo esinye nesinye siyasivuma bonyana abantu bathenge ipahla ngesikolodo. ==== Isikolodo sepahla ==== Lokha nawufuna ukuthenga ipahla yangendlini unganamali yokuthenga ngasikhathi sinye, uyakghona ukupha I diphozidi bese [[imali]] eseleko uyikhiphe kancani kancani ngenyanga. Isilokodo lesi basifaka amakonyana ngombana bakwenzele umusa bokuthi ukghone ukubhadela ngengcezu. Okumbi ngesikolodo lesi kukuthi lokha nawubhalelwa kubhadela kuhle [[ipahla]] oyithetheko abantu besitolo leso bayabuya bazokuthatha ipahla yabo. ==== Isikolodo sebulungelweni lemali ==== Ebulungelweni lemali ukghona ukwenza silokodo semali oyifunako ukuya ngokokuthi wena ukghola [[imali]] engangani lapho usebenza khona.Lokha nawenza isikolodo lesi kubanephepha lesivumelwano olitlikitlako elitjho bona uzokubhadela njani. Ungenza isikolodo semali ufuna ukwakha indlu, ufuna ukuthenga imodere, ufuna ukuyokubhadela iindleko zokufunda, nokwenza okhunye okuqakathekileko. Ebulungelweni lemali, imali obakoloda yona ugcina sele uyibuyisela nakonyana ngombana kibo ukuboleka umuntu imali kuyirhwebo<ref>Hollander, S. and Verriest, A., 2016. Bridging the gap: the design of bank loan contracts and distance. ''Journal of Financial Economics'', ''119''(2), pp.399-419.</ref>. === Ubuhle bokwenza isikolodo === Isikolodo siyakghona ukukulekelela ukghone ukufeza iindingo zakho msinya nanyana unganamali. Isikolodo singakukhupha emrarweni wemali oqalana nawo lokha nawufuna ukwenza into. Isibonelo umuntu angaboleka imali ebulungelweni lemali ukuyokubhadela ifundo yamaziko aphezulu ukuthi akghone ukuthola iziqu zakhe<ref>Pros and cons of debt - Economics Help</ref>. Abantu bakghona ukwenza iikolodo ukuze kuze bakghone ukuthuthukisa amaphilo wabo bese kuthi sele bacedile ukwenza njalo bese bavala iinkolodo zabo. Ukwenza isikodo kugenye yeendlela zokulekelela abantu bakghone ukuphila nanyana banganayo imali === Ubumbi bokwenza isikolodo === Lokha nawenza isikolodo ungangcina sele ubhadela imali edlula leyo gade uyibolekile. Ebulungelweni lemali bafaka amakonyana phezu kwemali leyo oyibolekileko ugcine sele ubhadala imali enengi<ref>Blanchard, O., 2019. Public debt and low interest rates. ''American Economic Review'', ''109''(4), pp.1197-1229.</ref>. Abanye bagcina sele benza iiinkolodo ezinengi khulu bese bahlulwe kuzibhadela bazithole sele banegama elimbi lokungabhadeli iinkolodo.Lokha nawubuyisela imali oyiboleke ebulungelweni lemali ungagcina sele uhlala unganamali ungakghoni nokondla umndeni wakho kuhle nangebe unganabo ubuhlakani bokusebenzisa imali. Ubumbi bokuboleka imali kukuthi lokha nawuhlulwa kusibhadela ngesikhathi isikolodo ungavela njengomuntu ongakathembeki bese bakufake encwadini enzima ugcine sele ungasakghoni nokuboleka imali kwezinye indawo ngombana kuzokuvela kizo zoke indawo bona wena umumuntu ongakghoni ukubhadela isikolodo<ref>Opwaka, R.P. and Wanyoike, D., An Assessment of the Attitudes of Blacklisted Bank Clients on Their Bank Use: A Case of Blacklisted National Bank Clients in Nakuru. Vancouver</ref>.Isikolodo kuyinto engamsiza omunye umuntu. Kufanele lokha anwenza isikolodo usenze wazi bona uzosibhadela njani begodu uqinisekeise bona ukghona ukuphila nasele ubhadela isikolodo. Nawenze isikolodo kufanele ubalekele ukuba negama elimbi lokungabhadeli ngokuthi ubhadele kuhle ngesikhathi isikolodo sakho. == Iinkomba == [[Category:Isikolodo]] [[Category:Imali]] [[Category:Ibulungelo lemali]] 9bp8y9t2b9j0klygtbmcevqx31tje35 0 509 5094 5062 2025-08-08T09:28:45Z SimphiweMcawe 845 5094 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Imali.jpg|thumb|Imali]] '''Imali''' kuyinto yokuthenga,<ref>Money - Wikipedia</ref> iqakathekile emaphilweni wabantu.Imali yenza bona abantu bakghone ukuba ukuthola amathuba, ubudlelwano nokhunye. Imali kuyinto eyenza bona abantu bakghone [[ukutjala imali]] bebathole inzuzo. Imali imali isika mahlongothi womabili ngombana inobuhle nombumbi ebulethako emphakathini nephasini loke.Kunemali Yephepha nemali yamaseende. Imali yeSewula Afrika ibalwa ngamaranda. === Amatjhuguluko obulethwa yimali === Imali kungaba yinto enamandla wokutjhaphulula umuntu imnikele izinto ezihle ezinengi. Umuntu nakanemali ukghona ukubulunga imali ngokwaneleko abe nokuthula emphefumulweni wakhe ngombana uyazi unemali ayibulungileko akghona ukuhlela ikusasa lakhe ngayo. Ukuba nemali kunikela umuntu ikululeko yokuthi akghone ukulandela amabhudango wakhe, akghone ukuvakatjhela indawo afuna ukuzivakatjhela. Umuntu nakane mali ukghona ukuphila ipilo yakhe ngendlela afuna ngayo angabi nesithiyo.Umuntu onemali uthola amathuba aneleko kwezefundo,kwezepilo nakweminye imikhakha eqakathekileko ngombana akghona ukubhadela. Umuntu lo ukghona ukuthoma irhwebo, ukuzithuthukisa nokukhula, bese athuthukise izinga lakhe lokuphila.<ref>Mood, C., 2017. More than money: social class, income, and the intergenerational persistence of advantage. ''Sociological Science'', ''4'', pp.263-287.</ref> === Ubumbi bemali === Imali iletha ukungalingani phakathi kwabantu ngombana umuntu onemali uyahluka kilabo abanganayo. Kuthiwa boke abantu bayalingana ngaphasi komthetho kodwana imali iyakghona ukuphula umthetho ngasikhathi, ngombana umuntu onemali uyakghona ukubhadela ibheyili aphume ejele lokha nagade avalelwe<ref>Why Celebrities and the Wealthy Think They Are Above the Law | Psychology Today</ref>.Imali iyakghona ukwenzisa umuntu izinto zobutsotsi nobukhohlakali njengokuthi umuntu athengise iindakamizwa ukuze akghone ukuba yinjinga. Abanye abantu abanemali bayakghona ukuthenga abantu ukuze bakghone ukuthola isizo ngaphambi kwabanye abantu.<ref>Where South Africans are paying the most bribes | Freight News</ref> === Ukusebenzisa imali === Kuqakathekile bona abantu bafundiswe ngokusebenzisa imali ngokuhlakanipha.<ref>Lusardi, A. and Mitchell, O.S., 2014. The economic importance of financial literacy: Theory and evidence. ''American Economic Journal: Journal of Economic Literature'', ''52''(1), pp.5-44.</ref>Bafundiswe ukusebenzisa ukuthatha inqunto ezihle zemali ukubalekela ukuphelelwa yimali bangakatjheji. Abantu kufanele bakwazi ukusebenzisa imali kuhle ngokuthi bathenge lokho abakudingako kwaphela bese bathathe imali eseleko bayoyibulunga. Abantu nafundiswa ngokusenzisa imali bakhona ukuhlela ukuthi bazoyisebenzisa bunjani begodu bayibulunge bunjani, benze lokho baqale iindingo abazokuba nazo ekusaseni labo. == Iinkomba == [[category:Imali]] [[category:Ibulungelo lemali]] dkm3h7ivmvlrg4eze627502towij7pg 0 510 3056 3035 2025-06-07T03:05:22Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Nqobile69|Nqobile69]] 2554 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Umlilo waphasi wokupheka.jpg|thumb|umlilo wokupheka phasi]] '''Umlilo''' kuyinto ebaswako, ivuthe bese isenzela umtjhiso<ref>Fire - Wikipedia</ref>. Kuyinto eqakathekileko emaphilweni wabantu. == Umsebenzi womlilo == === Ukufuthumala === Umlilo ukghona ukuletha ukufuthumala emakhayeni. Isibonelo lokha abantu nabezwa amakhaza bayakghona ukubasa umlilo bawothele bese bazizwe bafuthumele.Abanye bakghona ukubasa amahitha ukuthola ukufuthumala<ref>Is Fire Conduction, Convection, or Radiation? Understanding Heat Transfer in Fire - Fire Carry</ref>. [[Isimumathi:Umlilo wembawula wokuzifuthumeza.jpg|thumb|umlilo wokufuthumala embawuleni]] === Ukukhanya === Umlilo ukghona ukuletha ukhanyana ngombana lokha nawungawubasa lapho kumnyama khona kugcina sele kuba nokhunya okuba khona abantu abawubasileko bagcina sele bakghona ukubonana ebumnyameni<ref>Is Fire Conduction, Convection, or Radiation? Understanding Heat Transfer in Fire - Fire Carry</ref>. === Ukupheka === Umsebenzi omunye womlilo kukuthi usetjenziselwa ukupheka [[Ukudla]]. Emakhaya sipheka Ukudla esitofini samahle, emlilweni waphasi nofana esitofini segezi sisebenzisa umlilo okungiwo owenza bona Ukudla kuvuthwe kudleke. Lokhu kutjho bona umlilo kuyinto esiitlhogako ngamalanga ukuphila amaphilo wethu. Umlilo uyasetjenziswa emafemini ekuncibilikisa iinsimbi nokwenza Amandla wesitimu == Ubungozi bomlilo == Umlilo nanyana uqakathekile kodwana lokho nawungasetjenziswa ngokwefanelo ungaba yingozi khulu, ubulale nofana umotjhe khulu. Umlilo lokha nawungawutjhiya uvutha uwodwa ugagcina sele utjhisa ibhoduluko nepahla yabantu<ref>bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=4965b2c67fef0572f9c40f3a42ee9255515edae522e69a2eef457803e3a474d1JmltdHM9MTc0MjQyODgwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=3d4e0e62-479c-632c-2cc9-05ba469c62c6&psq=dangers+of+fire&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuaHNlYmxvZy5jb20vY29tbW9uLWNhdXNlcy1vZi1maXJlLWFuZC1jb25zZXF1ZW5jZXMv&ntb=1</ref>. == Ukuphepha lokha nawusebenzisa umlilo. == Umlilo kuyinto engakafaneli bona idlale ngabantwana ngombana ungabatjhisa kabuhlungu nofana bagcine batjhisa imizi yemakhabo. Endaweni lapho kusetjenziswa khona umlilo khulu kufanele bona kube neengubhe zokuqima umlilo ovutha ngendlela engakafaneleki. Emakhaya kungafakwa ama alamu azwelela intuthu ukulekelela abantu bona bakghone ukuzwa lokha nakunalapho kutjha khona. Abantu akukafaneli batjhiye amakhandlela, nofana incephu zegway zivutha zodwa ngombana lokho kungadala umlilo ongakalindeleki. Kufanele abantu bangalisi iintambo zegezi ezingasebenzi kuhle zingakalungiswa ngombana nakho lokho kuyakghona ukudala umlilo ongatjhisa indawo nofana umuzi<ref>bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=4965b2c67fef0572f9c40f3a42ee9255515edae522e69a2eef457803e3a474d1JmltdHM9MTc0MjQyODgwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=3d4e0e62-479c-632c-2cc9-05ba469c62c6&psq=dangers+of+fire&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuaHNlYmxvZy5jb20vY29tbW9uLWNhdXNlcy1vZi1maXJlLWFuZC1jb25zZXF1ZW5jZXMv&ntb=1</ref>. == Isiphetho == Umlilo kuyinto eqakathekilo emaphilweni wabantu ngombana Usilethela ukukhanya, ukufuthumala begodu sikghona ukupheka Ukudla. Umlilo Kuyinto eyenza bona ipilo ibelula kodwana lokha nawusebenzisa ngaphandle kokutlhogomela ungagcina utjhisa ipahla yabantu nofana ubabulala. Kufanele abantu batlhogomele ukuthi bawusebenzisa njani. ftac0lahnn5xd3xbfc8w9brtolgrti7 0 511 3415 3414 2025-07-12T13:44:26Z Nqobile69 190 3415 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Human skeleton front en.svg|thumb|Amathambo womuntu wengubo]] '''Amathambo''' kuyinto ethekgha [[umzimba]] bona ukghone ukujama begodu ubenejamo.Amathambo womzimba nakapheleleko ama-206. Amathambo la woke anikela umzimba isekelo lokujama begodu nevikeleko<ref>Bone | Definition, Anatomy, & Composition | Britannica</ref>. ayinto eqinileko begodi enziwe maphrotheyini,i- ''collagen'' kanye nama minerali khulu i ''calcuim.'' === Imihlobo yamathambo === Amathambo amade, lawa mathambo amade atholakala ezandleni neenyaweni<ref>Long Bones – Anatomy, Examples, Function, & Labeled Diagram</ref>.Amathambo amafitjhani kumathambo abumbeke njengebhoksi atholakala endololwaneni nasemkantjeni. Amathambo apataleleko abonakala ngokuthi amhlobo owondileko begodu opatalele. Atholakala ehloko, ethambeni elihlukanisa imbambo, Kanye nakizo [[imbambo]]<ref>Long Bones – Anatomy, Examples, Function, & Labeled Diagram</ref>.Amathambo angakabumbeki, kumathambo angaweli ndawo kweminye imihlobo yamathambo kodwana nawo kumathambo womzimba. Isibonelo ithambo lomgogodhla, lehlolo neledinini.Amathambo ''wesesamoid'' wona mathambo amancani ahlangana nemisipha. Isibonelo lithambo elihlanganisa idolo. === Umsebenzi wamathambo === Amathambo asebenza ukunikela umzimba isekelo, akwenza bona ukghone ukujama njengomuntu begodu ukghone nokukhamba.Amathambo avikela izitho zomzimba eziqakathekileko zanga phakathi ezifana nehliziyo, amaphaphu. Amathambo avalela izitho lezi ukuze zingalimamali lula<ref>Florencio-Silva, R., Sasso, G.R.D.S., Sasso-Cerri, E., Simões, M.J. and Cerri, P.S., 2015. Biology of bone tissue: structure, function, and factors that influence bone cells. ''BioMed research international'', ''2015''(1), p.421746.</ref>. Amathambo enza bona sikghone ukukhamba ngombana abambene nemisipha bese kube lula ukuthi umuntu asuke endawen yinye aye kwenye ngaphandle kobudisi. Amathambo ngiwo enza amaseli amhlophe nabovu weengazi kanye amaplatelets. Amathambo afaka amaminerali afana ne-Calcium,phosphorus ekungiwo enza bona amathambo ahlale aqinile.Kuqakathekile bona umuntu anakelele amathambo wakhe bona ahle anepilo ukuze azokukghona ukubalekela amalwele wamathambo afana ne arthritis, nofana i-osteoporosis<ref>Weatherholt, A.M., Fuchs, R.K. and Warden, S.J., 2012. Specialized connective tissue: bone, the structural framework of the upper extremity. ''Journal of Hand Therapy'', ''25''(2), pp.123-132.</ref>. Amathambo adlala indima ekulu emzimbeni womuntu ngomba aletha ivikeleko ezithweni zangaphakathi zomzimba. Enza bona umuntu akghone ukukhamba begodu enza umzimba ubumbeke. Kuqakathekile bona siwanakekele amathambo ukubalekela izifo eziphathelene nemathambo emzimbeni. == Iinkomba == abpfjm8327h4qzauhcnxjc0qkoy8vky 0 512 5188 5187 2025-08-16T07:50:13Z Nqobile69 190 5188 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Umlomo''' kusisitho somzimba umuntu asisebenzisa ukukhuluma nokudla.<ref>MOUTH | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary</ref> Kusisitho esenza bona umuntu abenepilo. Umlomo wenziwe ngeendebe ezimbili zangaphasi nangaphezulu ekungizo ezenza bona umlomo ukghone ukuvaleka. Umlomo unemihlathi esemahlangothini wawo. Ngaphezulu ngaphakathi emlomeni kunolwangeni bese ngaphasi kunelimu. Umlomo un[[amazinyo]] ama-32 ngaphakathi kwawo Kanye n[[amathe|amathe.]]<ref>Mouth: Anatomy, Function & Care</ref> === Umsebenzi womlomo === ==== Ukudla, ukugaya Ukudla, nokunambitha ==== Umlomo Sebenza ukuwamukela Ukudla umuntu akudlako bese uthome ugaye Ukudla lokho ngamazinyo ekusisitho esihlala gaphakathi komlomo. [[Ukudla]] kuthoma ukugayeka emlomeni ngaphambi kukuthi kudlulele emathumbini. Ukudla kuyeka umlomeni ukunzela bona kukghone ukwehla ngomphimbo kuye emathumbini.<ref>Escudier, M.P., 2014. Physiology and function of the mouth. ''Advanced Nutrition and Dietetics in Gastroenterology'', pp.1-7.</ref>Umlomo unezinto ezenza bona umuntu akghone ukunambitha lokho akudlako okutjho bona akghone ukuzwa into ebabako, esudu, emuncu nofana eduma. Umuntu ukghona ukuzwa bona ukudla kumnandi nofana kumbi ngomlomo.<ref>Boesveldt, S. and de Graaf, K., 2017. The differential role of smell and taste for eating behavior. ''Perception'', ''46''(3-4), pp.307-319.</ref> ==== Ukukhuluma ==== Umlomo udlala indima ekulu ekutheni umuntu akghone [[ukukhuluma]] ngombana ngiwo owenza bona umuntu akghone ukwakha amagama begodu akghone nokuthi awaphimise.<ref>Bock, K. and Griffin, Z.M., 2013. Producing words: How mind meets mouth. In ''Aspects of language production'' (pp. 7-47). Psychology Press.</ref> === Ukutlhogomela umlomo === Kufanele umlomo utlhogomelwe ngombana lokho kuzokuvikela bona umuntu angatholi amagcikwane emlomeni. Nawutlhogomela umlomo uzokwenza bona amazinyo ahlale ahlanzekile angaboli. Ukuba nomlomo ahlanzekile kwenza bona umlomo ungabi nephunga elimbi begodu ungatholi ukugula kweensini. Kwenza bona ube nokuzithemba lokha momothekako ngombana kuzokuvela amazinyo amahle ahlanzekileko.<ref>The Benefits of Good Oral Hygiene - Oral-B</ref>Umlomo usisitho somzimba esenza bona umuntu akghone ukukhuluma, ukunambitha Kanye nokudla. Kufanelwe unakekelwe ukuze ungabi namagcikwane nofana amazinyo angaphakathi kwawo angaboli. Ukutlhogomela umlomo kufanele ubhratjhe amazinyo begodu utlubhe upule umlomo ukususa amagcikwane angaba ngemlomeni. Kufuze ubalekele Ukudla okunesigwiri enengi nofana Ukudla okune aside ngombana ngikho okukhuthaza [[ukubola]] kwamazinyo neminye imiraro emlomeni. Kufanale uvakatjhele udorhodere wamazinyo ngasikhathi ukwenzela bona ukghone ukuthola imiraro yomlomo kusesenesikhathi bese uyilungise kusese nesikhathi.<ref>Oral Hygiene: Best Practices & Instructions for Good Routine</ref> == Iinkomba == g94ixu4c87i6up0f8e1gy6f2ho9ubp9 0 513 2561 2557 2025-03-21T09:53:07Z Nqobile69 190 2561 wikitext text/x-wiki Umzimba '''Umzimba''' kuyinto ehlala umphefumulo womuntu. Kuyinto umuntu ayisebenzisa ukuphila, ukunyakaza. Umzimba ngiwo osenza bona sikghone ukuhlathulula bona umuntu unjani ngokubukeka<ref>https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/body</ref>. Ngaphandle komzimba umuntu angeze akghona ukuphila nanyana ukubonakala. Umzimba kuyinto eyenziwe ngarherho(systems) amanengi asebenzisanako ukwenza bona umuntu aphile begodu abe epilo. Amarherho womzimba manengi begodu ahlukule ngokomsebenzi<ref>List of systems of the human body - Wikipedia</ref>. Amarherho womzimba Irherho lokugayakudla Le isebenza ukwenza Ukudla bona kugayeke emathumbuni bese umzimba udosa izakha mzimba ezitlhogaka ngaphakathi kokudla okugayekileko. Lokha okuzinsalelo kuyakhamba kuphume sele kumadede<ref>List of systems of the human body - Wikipedia</ref>. Irherho lamathambo Amathambo kileli rherho ayasebenzisa ukuthi akghone ukunikela umuntu isekelo alitlhogako ukuthi enze imisebenzi yakhe yoke. Avikela izitho zangaphakathi komuntu ezenza bona ipilo yomuntu iragele phambili<ref>Thomson, J.R. and Friendship, R.M., 2019. Digestive system. ''Diseases of swine'', pp.234-263.</ref>. Irherho leengazi Irherho leli yenza isiqiniseko sokuthi igazi liyakhamba umzimba woke womuntu lingathikamezeki. Ithumela igazi ehliziyweni Bese [[ihliziyo]] iyalimpopa ilizalise i-oksijini. Igazi elizele i-oksijini lisuka ehliziyweni lizale umzimba woke lifike nenyameni yomuntu. Leli esele liphelelwe yi-oksijini liyajika eskhumbeni nenyameni libuyele ehliziyweni njalo njalo<ref>Saladin, K.S. and Miller, L., 2023. ''Anatomy & physiology'' (p. 1248). McGraw-Hill US Higher Ed ISE.</ref>. Irherho lamasotja womzimba Irherho leli isebenzisa izakhamzimba bonyana ukuqinisa [[amasotja womziba]] ukuthi akghone ukulwisana namagulo angafuna ukuhlasela umzimba womuntu uwenze ube buthakathaka<ref>Sattler, S., 2017. The role of the immune system beyond the fight against infection. ''The immunology of cardiovascular homeostasis and pathology'', pp.3-14.</ref>. Irherho lommoya Lapha irherho leli iqinisekilsa bona umuntu udosa umoya ohlanzekileko i-oksijini uwuse emaphapheni bese umuntu akhiphe loyo osilaphazekileko obizwa bona yi khaboni dayoksayidi<ref>Peate, I., 2018. Anatomy and physiology, 10. The respiratory system. ''British Journal of Healthcare Assistants'', ''12''(4), pp.178-181.</ref> Irherho yelwazi Iapha Ingcondo yomuntu yenza bona umuntu akghone ukuphendula nofana ukwenza izenzo aphendula imininigwane [[ibhoduluko]] ahlala kilo eliyithumela engcondweni yakhe. Isibonelo lokha nangabe ubone inyoka, ingcondo yakho izokutjela bona ubaleke ngombana into oyibonako iyingozi ingakulimaza<ref>Mai, J.K. and Paxinos, G. eds., 2011. ''The human nervous system''. Academic press.</ref>. Irherho lokuzala Leli lirherho eyenza bona umuntu akghone ukubeletha. Iqinisekisa bona abomma bakghone ukuya emalangeni cobe nyanga begodu bakghone ukuthwala abantwana lokha nabasidisi. Kibobaba iqinisekisa bona bahlale banembewu yokukwenza abamma babe sidisi<ref>List of systems of the human body - Wikipedia</ref>. Isiphetho Umzimba kuyinto ehlanganeko kodwana enamasistimu amanengi ngaphakathi ekungiwo akghona ukwenza bona umuntu abe nepilo. Umnntu angeze aphila ngaphandle komzimba. Kufanele unakekelwe umzimba 9xrym1q360xv2nd4crjab4n7ypyy5ob 0 515 3581 3580 2025-08-06T16:40:07Z Nqobile69 190 3581 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Amehlo''' kusisitho somzimba esisebusweni esenza bona umuntu akghone ukubona.<ref>Nischler, C., Michael, R., Wintersteller, C., Marvan, P., Van Rijn, L.J., Coppens, J.E., Van Den Berg, T.J., Emesz, M. and Grabner, G., 2013. Iris color and visual functions. ''Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology'', ''251'', pp.195-202.</ref> Ilihlo lenza bona umuntu akghone ukubona [[umkhanyo]] bese athathe lokhu akubonako akuse engcondweni bonyana ingcondo iyokuhlaziya. Amehlo kumafesidiri wommoya ngombana akghona ukuveza umizwa yomuntu, ihloso nofana imicabango yangaphakathi.Amehlo enenkophe begodu ngaphezulu kwawo kunamatjhiya.Inkophe zivikela bona kungangeni iinsila emehlweni enzingenza bona umnutu aphandlwe. === Ukkwakheka kwelihlo === Amehlo akheke ngamalarha nangezakhiwo ezinengi, esinye nesinye sinomsebenzi wawo. Ilarha lelihlo elingaphandle khulu yi khoniya. Isakhiwo sakhona sisandulungu begodu ngiyo evale ilihlo ngaphambili. Ngaphasi kwekhoniya kune-iris, ekuyimembreni enombala. Ilawula inani lomkhanyo ongena ngelihlweni. IPhuphili yimbobo encani ngaphakathi kwe- iris eyehlisa inani lomkhanyo engena ngelihlweni<ref>Irsch, K. and Guyton, D.L., 2009. Anatomy of Eyes. ''Encyclopedia of Biometrics'', ''1''.</ref> [[Isimumathi:Eye orbit anatomy anterior2.jpg|thumb|Ilihlo]] Ngemuva kwe- iris kune-lens, lesi sisakhiwo esibonakalako esikghon ukutjhugulula ibumbeko bese sise umkhanyo ku retina. Iretina lilarha elitjhulula umkhanyo ube siyelelisi segezi esiya engcondweni bese ingcondo ikghone ukuhlathulula lokho umuntu akubonileko.<ref>Iris: Anatomy, Function, and Associated Conditions</ref>Amehlo aqakathekile ngombana enza bona umuntu akghone ukubona yoke into esephasini. Ngaphandle kwamehlo umuntu angekhe akghone ukuzwa ubumnandi bokuphila ngokupheleko. == Iinkomba == [[Category: Amehlo]] [[Category: Izitho zomzimba]] [[Category: Ukubona]] 2p82k4lyotb2b3di79eeeuzvp7cf895 0 516 5708 5185 2025-09-07T11:45:32Z Nqobile69 190 5708 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Close-up photograph of a calf's head looking at the viewer in Don Det Laos.jpg|thumb|Ihloko yekonyana]] '''Ihloko''' sisitho somzimba esin[[amehlo]], [[iindlebe]], [[ipumulo]],[[umlomo]], ubucopho Kanye nokhunye. Ihloko idlala indima ekulu ekutheni umuntu akghone ukucabanga, afunde, akhulume nabanye abantu begodu akghone ukuphila kubhoduluko yakhe<ref>Head - Overview, Function and Examples | Biology Dictionary</ref>. === Ukwakheka kwehloko === Ihloko yakheke ngethambo elibizwa bona yikhakhayi. Ithambo leli lihlukaniseke kabili nge-Cranium. I-cranium le ngiyo evalela ubucopho nobuso.<ref>What Does the Cranium (Skull) Do? Anatomy, Function, Conditions</ref> Ihloko iphethe nezinye izakhiwo.Amehlo ngiwo enza bona umuntu kghone ukubona abantu, ibhoduluko nokhunye okusephasini. Amehlo athatha isithombe salokhu umuntu akubona bese akuse engcondweni ukuthi ingcondo ikghone ukuhlathulula ukuthi yini le umuntu ayibonako.Ilekelela umuntu akghone ukuzwa [[umdumo]] begodu udlulise imininingwana uyise engcondweni. Indlebe iyarhelebha umuntu bona akghone ukudzimelela.Ipumulo sisitho esenza bona umuntu akghone ukudosa begodu akiphe nommoya wokuphefumula. Umuntu ngepumulo ukghona ukurhogela iphunga elihle nelimnandi.Umlomo-Kuyisitho somzimba esenza bona umuntu akghone Ukudla nokusela amanzi ukuze asuthe begodu angomi. === Umsebenzi wehloko === Ihloko ngengcondo isebenza ukulawula ukunyakaza komuntu, begodu yehlisa nofana ilawula imisebenzi eyenziwamzimba. Emehlweni, endlebeni, epumulweni nemlomeni isebenza ukuthatha lokha umuntu akuzwako ezithweni lezi bese ikuse engcondweni bona ingcondo ikghone ukuhlathulula bona Khuyini, nofana kunjani.<ref>Head - Overview, Function and Examples | Biology Dictionary</ref>Ihloko isebenza ukwenza umuntu akghone ukhuluma nabanye abanye abantu akhulume ngamagama nangokubukeka kwabuso bakhe ngombana nobuso buyakhuluma ngaphandle kwamagama. Ubuso bukghona ukuveza bona umuntu uzizwa ngesikhathi leso umbona.Ihloko kufuze inakekelwe ngombana lokha umuntu nangakangalimala kumbi ihloko angagcina sele abanjwa magulo angalaphekiko afana nesifo sokuwa nofana aphathwa yihloko ebuhlungu engalaphekiko.<ref>Schacter, D.L. and Crovitz, H.F., 1977. Memory function after closed head injury: A review of the quantitative research. ''Cortex'', ''13''(2), pp.150-176.</ref>Ihloko kusisitho smzimba esiqakathekileko esenza bona umuntu akgho ukukhuluma nokuthintana nabantu. == Iinkomba == [[Category:Ihloko]] [[Category:amehlo]] [[Category:iindlebe]] 9tgckd5lhz95qb2rehz6kpasqri97nh 0 517 5707 5706 2025-09-07T11:42:24Z Nqobile69 190 5707 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Myocardial infarction.jpg|thumb|Ihliziyo]] '''Ihliziy'''o sisitho somzimba esisebenza ukupompa igazi elisemzimbeni. Ihliziyo iqakathekeko erherhweni legazi ngombana ngaphandle kwayo igazi angekhe lakghona ukukhamba emzimbeni. Ihliziyo ngiyo eyenza bona umzimba ube nepilo begodu usebenze. Umzimba angekhe wasebenza lokha ihliziyo nayingekho<ref>Katz, A.M., 2010. ''Physiology of the Heart''. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.</ref>. === Ukwakheka kwehliziyo === Ihliziyo inamakamero amane ngaphakathi ekuyi-atria yangesinceleni nayange sidleni. Bese kube nama ventricle, yesinceleni neyangesidleni. Wowkke amakamero la asebenza ukwamukelwa iingazi ezivela emzibeni ngmama veyini. Ama ventricle makamero angaphasi ehliziyweni asebenza ukupompa igazi liphume ezimbeni ngama ngemisipha yama-artery<ref>Human Heart- Location, Anatomy, Structure, Functions</ref>. === Umsebenzi wehliziyo === Uhliziyo isebenza ukupompa igazi ilizalise nge-oksijini nezakha mzimba bese igazi lko liya ezithweni zomzimba nenyameni. Iqinisekisa bona igazi ligeleza umzimba woke ngaphandle kokujama nofana ngaphandle koku thikamezeka<ref>Fung, Y.C., 2013. ''Biomechanics: circulation''. Springer Science & Business Media.</ref>. === Ukukhamba kwegazi ehliziyweni === Igazi eliphelelwe yi-oksijini lisuka emzimbeni ngamaveyini bese libuyela ehliziyweni. Igazi leli lingena ehliziyweni lingena ngomsipha we superior ne inferior vena cava ungene ngaku-atria yangesidleni. [[Igazi]] likhamba liyokufika ku ventricle yangesidleni nge-tricuspid valve. Igazi liyampopeka lisuke ku ventricle yangesidleni bese liye emaphaphini lidluliswa yi-pulmonary artery. Igazi nalifika emaphaphini lithola nofana lizala nge-oksijini bese libuyela ehliziyweni lingene nge-atria yangesinceleni.Igazi leli bese liyadlula liyaphuma godu liyokungena ngaku ventricle yangesinceleni lisebenzisa I mitral valve<ref>How Blood Flows Through the Heart & Body</ref>. I-ventricle yangesinceleni ipompa igazi ilise ku aorta ekungiyo ebuyisela igazi emuva liye ezithweni zomzimba nenyameni <ref>Saladin, K.S. and Miller, L., 2023. ''Anatomy & physiology'' (p. 1248). McGraw-Hill US Higher Ed ISE.</ref>.Ihliziyo isisitho somzimba umuntu angekhe akghona ukuphila ngaphandle kwaso. Sisebenza khulu ekukhambiseni iingazi umzimba woke ngaphandle kokujama. == Iinkomba == <references /> [[Category: Ihliziyo]] [[Category:Igazi]] r2v8fqmn69zop8fgybvg6v1tor2exfu 0 518 3045 3017 2025-06-07T03:05:22Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Nqobile69|Nqobile69]] 2583 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Iinyawo''' zomzimba zimbili ngilezi umuntu azisebenzisa ukukhamba<ref>Human leg - Wikipedia</ref>. Inyawo lin[[amathambo]], imisipha kanye nenyama. == Ukwakheka kweenyawo == Inyawo zinamathambo amanengi.Ithambo lesirubhini nofana ethangeni ngilo elide khulu enyamweni libizwa bona yi fumur. Bese kube nethambo ledolo elihlanganisa umlenze nethango. Mlenzeni kunethambo itibia ne fibula. Amathambo lawa athome edolweni ayokuphelela amkantjeni<ref>Herman, I.P., 2016. ''Physics of the human body''. Springer.</ref>. == Umsebenzi weenyawo == inyawo zisebenza ukulekelela umuntu bona akghone ukukhamba, nokudzimelela.Zikghona ukuthwala [[ubudisi]] bomzimba nokumsiza umuntu bona akhgone ukujama ngendlela afuna ngayo. Zikghona [[ukugijima]] nokuthi umuntu azisebenzise ukudlala [[umdlalo]] uyahlukahlukeneko<ref>https://anatomy.co.uk/leg/</ref>. Ukungabi neenyawo akutjho bona umuntu angeze akghona ukuphila nofana ukwenza ezinye izinto. Banengi abantu abaphilako abanganazo iinyawo bakhamba ngesitulo samavilo. == Imisipha esenyaweni == AmaQuadriceps Lemisipha emine etholakala emathangeni eyenza bona idolo linqophe. AmaHamstrings Siqheema semisipha emithathu esesirubhini esenza bona idolo likghone ukugoba nofana ukugobeka. Imisipha emaCalf Siqheema semisipha emibili esembaleni eyenza bona inyawo linyakaze lula. Imisipha i-Gluteal Siqheema semisipha emithathu esesidunwini eyandisa isirubhi. g6gyniy2nf61reu8pogidlih2bysclq 0 519 3559 3558 2025-08-05T15:47:46Z Nqobile69 190 3559 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Canine Nose Macro Photo.png|thumb|Ipumulo yenja]] '''Ipumulo''' isehloko ngaphezulu komlomo begodu ngaphasi kwamehlo. Inembobo ezimbili zokudosa [[ummoya]]. Ipumulo ngeyokuphefumula nokunukelela<ref>https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/nose</ref>.Upumulo isebenza ukukghogela iphunga elingaba khona ngaphakathi kwebhoduluko. Ikghona ukusefa ummoya esiwuphefumulako ngaphambi kokuthi ungene ngaphakathi emzimbeni. Yenza ummoya bona bona ufuthumale ngaphambi kokuthi ufike emaphaphini<ref>What Are the 6 Functions of the Nose? Conditions & Symptoms</ref> === Ukwakheka kwepumulo === Ipumulo inembobo ezimbili ekuthomeni kwayo, ngizo ezidosa ummoya ziwungenise nofana ziwukhiphe. Bese kubemsipha ohlukanisa imbobo ezimbili zepumulo. Umsipha lo ubizwa bona yi''-cartilage''. Besekube namathambo we ''turbinate,'' made ngokudaleka begodu awondile. Amathambo lawa ngiwo asebenza ukwenza bona ummoya ongena ngepumulweni ufuthumale. Okhunye kune olfactory epithelium ekuyimembreni yamafinyila ehlala ngaphakathi komgodi wepumulo. Into le inamaseli akhethekileko asebenza ukuzwelela iphunga nofana umnuko ongabakhona<ref>Patel, R.G., 2017. Nasal anatomy and function. ''Facial plastic surgery'', ''33''(01), pp.003-008.</ref>. === Umsebenzi wepumulo === Ipumulo isebenza ukwenza amafinyila ekumamanzi adege aregako. Amafinyila akghona uku udosa [[ithuli,]] amagcikwane nokhunye okungazama ukungena ngepumulweni. Ikghona ukwenza bona umuntu akghone [[ukukghogela]] iphunga elingaba khona eduze kwakhe. Isibonelo umuntu angakghona ukuzwa iphunga lentuthu bese abone nofana alemuke bona kunento etjhako eduze nalapha akhona. Ikhona ukuphefumula, yenza ummoya bona ufuthumale ngaphambi kokuthi uye emaphatjhini. Ikghona nokuthi ivimbe amagcikwane bona angakghoni ukungena ngemaphatjhini. Ipumulo iyakghona ukulwisana namagulo. == Iinkomba == bhqajtlnx67falgbh88j8l9gr69lg8f 0 520 2572 2025-03-22T05:40:48Z Janabaevazizbek 341 Janabaevazizbek moved page [[Amakhotho wethu.]] to [[Amakhotho wethu]] 2572 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Amakhotho wethu]] op1h64ob81y7334c44dbnzb87v8wclu 0 521 2804 2803 2025-05-06T12:41:27Z Nqobile69 190 2804 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Isandla''' sisebenza ukulekelela umuntu bona akghone ukubamba izinto nofana ukwenza eminye yemisebenzi efana nokubetha izinto zomvumo, ukuluka,ukubamba into yokutlola<ref>HAND | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary</ref>. Izandla zomzimba zimbili ngilezi umuntu abamba ngazo izinto. Isandla esinye nesinye sinemino emihlanu. Isandla sinamathambo, imisipha Kanye nenyama.Isandla siyakghona ukusikinyeka ngendlela esifuna ngayo. == Ukwakheka kwezandla == Isandla sinamathambo ama-27 nakapheleleko, ekufaka phakathi [[amathambo]] abizwa bona ma-carpal, metacarpals Kanye nama phalanges ngelimi lesiNgisi. Ama-Carpals abu-8, amathambo amancani. Ama metacarpals mathambo amahlanu. Ama-Phalanges wona mathambo ama-14 lawa enza imino nesithupha. Isandla sinemisipha engaphakathi nengaphandle<ref>Tang, A. and Varacallo, M., 2018. Anatomy, shoulder and upper limb, hand carpal bones.</ref>. == Umsebenzi wezandla. == Zilekelela umuntu akghone ukuzwelela into bona ibutjhelela, iyahlaba, nofana iyakghwara. Sikghona ukwenz umuntu akgone ukuzwelela izinto zebhoduluko yakhe zinjani lokha nakazibambako.Izandla ziyakghona ukusebenza nekukhulumeni ngombana abantu abangezwako bayakghona ukusebenzisa izandla ukukhuluma baveze imizwa yabo, imibono kanye nemicabango yabo ngaphandle kokuthi bakhiphe iphimbo labo<ref>Maw, J., Wong, K.Y. and Gillespie, P., 2016. Hand anatomy. ''British Journal of Hospital Medicine'', ''77''(3), pp.C34-C40.</ref>. Izandla zilekelela amathulusi wetheknoloji bona akghone ukuwasebenza isibonelo Umuntu usebenzisa izandla ukubetha ihamura begodu nokusebenzia abomaliledini namakhomphyutha sisebeniza izandla ukuwenza asebenze. Umuntu angakghona ukuphila anganazo izandla ngombana akusiso esithi nasikhutjhwako emzimbeni bese ipilo yomuntu ithikamezeke nofana iphele. Banengi abantu abanganazo izandla ngokwemvelo nofana ngokwenziwa ziintjhijilo abahlangana nazo epilweni bagcina banganazo kodwana basaphila begodu bsakghona ukwenza izinto abafuna ukuzenza. == Isiphetho == Isandla siqakathekile emzimbeni womuntu ngomba sirhelebha umuntu bona akghona ukwenza imisebenzi yakhe yangemihla begodu akghone ukubamba ezwe izinto zinjani ngokuthi ziyahlaba nofana zibutjhelela 932yblhehisgauqvhwsu4f3uiyqkz28 0 522 2582 2581 2025-03-24T09:47:09Z Nqobile69 190 2582 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ukuba mdosi phambil'''i kutjho ukuba nekghona lokukhuthaza, nokukhombisa abantu indlela ebafanele abayithathe ukuze bakghone ukufeza nonyana ukufinyelela amabhudango wabo. Abadosi phambili bayabokala ngamatshwayo nangamakghono athileko ekungiwo abanza bona ukuba nomthelela phezu kwabantu babarhelebhe bakghone ukuzuza okukhulu<ref>LEADER | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary</ref>. Ukubonakala ngani umdosi phambili Umdosi phambili ubanebhudango nofana isithombe ngekusasa.Ukghona ukugcugcuzela bekenze nabanye abantu bona basesenze Kanye naye ukuze bakghone ukuzuza lokho akubonako ebhudangweni lakhe.Ukghona ukukhuluma nabantu ngendlela ezwakalako, uyakghono ukuveza umbono wakhe, begodu anikeze abantu umphumela walokho esele kwenziweko.Ukghona ukulalela iinlilo zabantu abasesiqhemeni sakhe<ref>Dewan, T. and Myatt, D.P., 2008. The qualities of leadership: Direction, communication, and obfuscation. ''American Political science review'', ''102''(3), pp.351-368.</ref> Unekghono lokulawula imizwa yakhe, akadoswa kukwata okungalethwa kungavumelani emsebenzini. Uzwisisiwa woke umuntu ukuthi umhlobo onjani ngombana abanye abantu bathanda ukuvusa [[inturhu]] nalapho ingekho khona. Ikghono leli lenza bona umdosi phambi akghone ukuthaha inqunto ezihle begodu abe nobudlelwane obuhle nabantu.Umdosi phambili uyathembeka, unamaqiniso. Umdosi phambili akanayo ifihlo wena yoke into yakhe ekukhanyeni.Uyabekezela nalokha sele kunzima emsebenzini awenzako kodwana uhlala anethemba lokobana uzinto zizokulunga<ref>Liu, C.H., 2010. Leadership: Qualities, Skills, and Efforts. ''Interbeing'', ''4''(2).</ref>. == Imihlobo yabadosi phambili == === Umdosi phambili ongatjelwako === Lomhlobo womdosi phmbili othatha inqunto ayedwa angakhulumisani nesiqheema sakhe. Isenzo lesi siba sihle lokha nangabe kunto efuneka msinya kodwana lokha nayingekho isiqhema nofana abasebenzi bangagcina bangaka khuthali ngombana imibona yabo ayithathwa<ref>Chukwusa, J., 2018. Autocratic leadership style: Obstacle to success in academic libraries. ''Library Philosophy and Practice'', p.1.</ref>. === Umdosi phambili wentando yenengi === Lo mdosi phambili othi ngaphambi kobana athathe inqunto abize isiqhema sakhe nofana abasebenzi bese ezwe imibono yabo bese bavumelane bona bathatha isiqunto siphi. Lo mhlobo wenza abasebenzi bazizwe bakhuthele ukusebenza bagodu bamthembe umdosi phambili wabo. Kwesinye iskhathi isezo lesi singenza bona kugcine kungana siqunto esithathwako begodu abantu bangazazi bona bayaphi<ref>Bhatti, N., Maitlo, G.M., Shaikh, N., Hashmi, M.A. and Shaikh, F.M., 2012. The impact of autocratic and democratic leadership style on job satisfaction. ''International business research'', ''5''(2), p.192.</ref>. === Umdosi phambili ovumela koke === Lo mdosi phambili ngegama kwaphela ngombana uvumela isiqheema sakhe nofana abasebenzi benze ngendlela abafuna ngayo. Bakghona ukuthatha iqunto ngokwabo yena angekho begodu angaboni ikinga. Isenzo lesi singenza bona kube nokutjharagana kwezinto abantu bagcine sele bamotjha izinto ezinengi<ref>Chaudhry, A.Q. and Javed, H., 2012. Impact of transactional and laissez faire leadership style on motivation. ''International Journal of Business and social science'', ''3''(7).</ref>. == Isiphetho == Ukuba mdosi phambili akusiyo into elula mgombana kufanele ubenamkghona,namathwayo athileko azokuphumelelisa njengo mdosi phambili afana nokuthi ukghone ukukhuluma nabanye abantu uveze nofana wethule umbono wakho kuhle ukuze abantu bakghone ukulandela. 5kcwegobgbp3yhv494dnjojdbijalaw 0 523 5191 5190 2025-08-16T08:06:20Z Nqobile69 190 5191 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Inturhu yobulili''' kukulokha abantu bembaji bahlukumeza abantu bengubo. Kuyenzeka nokuthu umuntu weembaji ahlukumeze umuntu wengubo.Ukuhlukumeza kuthoma ngokuthi omunye ebantwini ababili laba azibone anamandla uukudlula omunye agcine sele ahlukumeza.<ref>John, N., Casey, S.E., Carino, G. and McGovern, T., 2020. Lessons never learned: crisis and gender‐based violence. ''Developing world bioethics'', ''20''(2), pp.65-68.</ref> === Izinto ezibangela inturhu yobulili === ==== Ukukwata ==== Abanye abanantu lokha nabakwatileko abakghoni ukuzilawula abagcine bavusa inturhu nalapho kungekho isidingo khona. Umuntu wakhona nakungenzeka ningavumelani ngekulumo nofana kwaba khona ukuphikisana yena ugcina sele avusa inturhu. ==== Ukuhlukumezeka nokuba ngaphasi kwegandelelo lotjwala ==== Umuntu okhululele lapho kuhlala kuliwa khona nofana kunenturhu into ingahlukumeza engcondweni agcine sele abona ngathi ngiyo into ererhe yokuphila. Lokha kuzomenza bona naye agcine sele ahlukumeza umuntu athandana ngokuthu ahlale athoma inturhu ukuthi alungise imiraro abacalana nayo banomuntu athandana naye.<ref>John, N., Casey, S.E., Carino, G. and McGovern, T., 2020. Lessons never learned: crisis and gender‐based violence. ''Developing world bioethics'', ''20''(2), pp.65-68.</ref> Abanye abantu lokha nasebesele utjwala bazithola selel babanga inturhu ngombana vane badikiwe begodu umkhumbulo wabo ungasebenzi kuhle.<ref>Ndlovu, S., Mulondo, M., Tsoka-Gwegweni, J. and Ndirangu, J., 2022. COVID-19 impact on gender-based violence among women in South Africa during lockdown: A narrative review. ''African Journal of Reproductive Health'', ''26''(7), pp.59-71.</ref> ==== Ukudopha phasi ==== Ukudopha phasi kugabangela ukuthi umuntu agcine azithola sele angungazimbi wenturhu yobulili. Lokhu kwenzeka ngokuthi umuntu azithole athandana nomuntu omhlukumezako kodwana angakghoni ukuhlukana naye ngesibanga sokuthi umuntu ohlukumezako lo ngunye omthengela Ukudla, izambatho nokunye. Abanye abayahlala ngokuthI sele babe nabantwana ngabantu labo lokho kwenza bona bangalekeleleki.<ref>Onyejekwe, C.J., 2013. The interrelationship between gender-based violence and HIV/AIDS in South Africa. ''Journal of International Women's Studies'', ''6''(1), pp.34-40.</ref> ==== Ukubandlulula ngokobulili ==== Amanye amadoda akholwa bona umfazi nofana umuntu wengubbo ungaphasi kwendoda bese ngasikhathi nabafuna ukuveza ubudoda babo bagcina babanga inturhu ngendlini. Amanye amadoda akafuni ukuthi umuntu wengubo aveze umbono wakhe nofana indlela azizwa ngayo ngoba babona ukuthi ufazi ugaphasi kwendoda, bese nakathi uveza indlela azizwa ngayo agcine abethwa. Into le yenzeka khulu endaweni lapho kugcwele khona bantu bamasiko ngombana ngokwesiko umfazi ungaphasi kwendoda begodu indaba yelungelo lokulingana ayikho. === Imiphumela yenturhu yobulili === [[Category:Inturhu yobulili]] [[category:Inturhu]] [[Category:Ukutlhoriswa]] ==== Ukugandeleleka komkhumbulo ==== Umuntu ongungazimbi wenturhu yobulili angacina sele agandelelekile ngokomkhumbulo.Lokho kuzabe kumiphumela yokuthi into le imphatha kumbi begodu abanye babaneenhloni zokukhuluma ngayo, ngombana basaba abantu bona bazaba hleka khulu khulu nangabe mumuntu wembaji obethwa mumuntu wengubo. Umuntu wengubo nakangatholo irhelebho emndenini, ebanganini nofana emapholiseni, kunganamuntu akhuluma naye aba manengi amathuba wokuthi agandeleleke nokomkhumbulo.<ref>Rees, S., Silove, D., Chey, T., Ivancic, L., Steel, Z., Creamer, M., Teesson, M., Bryant, R., McFarlane, A.C., Mills, K.L. and Slade, T., 2011. Lifetime prevalence of gender-based violence in women and the relationship with mental disorders and psychosocial function. ''Jama'', ''306''(5), pp.513-521. Vancouver</ref> ==== Ukuzikhipha hlangana nabantu nokulinga ukuzikhunga ==== Omunye umuntu nangabe ubanjwe yinturhu yobulili ugcina sele azikhipha hlangana ngabantu ngombana agcina sele anganakho [[ukuzithemba]] abane ngathi abantu bayamhleka ngesimo sakhe. Ubona ngathi abantu bahleba ngayo nofana ngathi bayamahlulela. Lokho kugcina kumenza bona abalekele ukuhlangana ngabantu ahlale azivalele ngendlini. Ngesinye isikhathi umuntu angagcina sele angasasiboni usidingo sokuthi aragele phambili aphile nakukuthi uzokuphila ngenturhu ngamalanga. Ugcina sele abona ukuthi kungcono bona athathe ipilo yakhe ukuze aziphumuze enturhwini aphila ngayo ngamalanga ekhaya. === Iindlela yokulwisana nenturhu yobulili === ==== Ukufundisa ngobumbi benturhu yokubulili ==== Ukulwisana nenturhu yobulili kufanele abantu bafundiswe ngobumbi benurhu yobulili. Lokhu kungenziwa khulu khulu eneenkundleni zokuthintana ngombana kukulaho abantu baphila babelana khona ngelwazi baveze khona [[imicabango]] yabo Kanye nemibono<ref>Olaitan, Z.M., 2024. Using digital technology to address gender-based violence in South Africa. In ''African women in the fourth industrial revolution'' (pp. 226-240). Routledge.</ref>. ==== Ukurhelebha labo abanza isenzo lesi ngombana nabo bakhe bababongazimbi ==== Kufanalwe kusizwe labo bantu abahlukumeza abalingani babo ngesibanga sokuthi nabo bakhe bahlala endaweni lapho kuphilwa khona ngenturhu yobulili. Kufanele abatholelwe umuntu abazokucoca naye ukuze bakghone ukukhipha [[ubuhlungu]] ebakhe babuzwa ekubenza bona bagcine sele nabo babanga inturhu.<ref>Oparinde, K. and Matsha, R.M., 2021. Powerful discourse: Gender-based violence and counter-discourses in South Africa. ''Cogent Arts & Humanities'', ''8''(1), p.1911035.</ref>Inturhu yobulili kuyonto engakalungi emphakathini ngombaa yenza abantu wengubo bazizwe bangakavikeleki ebhodulukweni abahlala kilo. Labo bantu ababongazimbi besenzo lesi bagcina sele bazithola bagandelelelkile ngokomkhumbulo nofana bangasafuni ukuba hlangana nabantu. == Iinkomba == 9ne21wo61j5xlpox6copldg976hwxyb 0 524 3449 3448 2025-07-15T15:00:15Z Nqobile69 190 3449 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Teenage girl with gap teeth and dimples.jpg|thumb|Amazinyo]] '''Amazinyo''' amhlophe, ahlala ngaphakathi komlomo ngiwo enza bona umuntu akghone ukuluma izinto. Amazinyo womuntu nakapheleleko ama-32.<ref>TOOTH | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary</ref>Amazinyo abangaphasi nangaphezulu ngaphakathi komlomo. [[Umlomo]] ukghona ukwamukela ukudla bese amazinyo agaye ukudla lokho kughone ukwehla emphinjeni umuntu angarhameki. Amazinyo zizinto eziqinileko ngemlomeni ezenziwe nge ''calcium''.<ref>Ungar, P., 2020. The Trouble with Teeth. ''Scientific American'', ''322''(4), pp.44-9.</ref> Amazinyo ayingcenye yerherho lokugaya Ukudla. Anamathele phezulu kwensini begodu ayahluka ngokubumbeka, nangokusebenza. Kuna manzinyo wangaphambili asebenza ukuluma nokurathula, bese kube namazinyo wehlangothini ahlabako wowna  ngewokudabula Ukudla, kwalowo bese kube namazinyo wemhlathinini adage wokugaya Ukudla. === Ukwakheka kwamazinyo === Amazinyo akhiwa yi- enameli ekulilarha elimhlophe eliqinileko elanza bona amazinyo angaboli nofana amotjheke. Bese kube ne-''Dentin'' ekulilarha elithambileko elingaphakathi elakha izinyo ngokupheleleko. I-c''ementum'' yona lilarha elivala umrabho wezinyo bese lirhelebhe ukulisekela ethambeni elimbane nala. Kube ne-''pulp'' ekungiyo engaphakathi khulu ezinyweni.Yona iphethe amanevu nemithambo yeengazi.<ref>Zimmerman, B., Shumway, K.R. and Jenzer, A.C., 2019. Physiology, tooth.</ref> === Umsebenzi wamazinyo === Amazinyo umuntu uwasebenzisela ukuluma nokuhlafunya izinto lezo azidlako. Amazinyo enza lokho ukuze umuntu akghone ukugwinya nokuthi ukudla kukhone ukugayeka emathumbini. Okhunye godu kukuthi amazinyo enza bona umuntu akghone ukukhuluma lokha nakunento afuna ukuyikhuluma. Amanye amagama akaphimiseki lula lokha nawunganawo amazinyo, nofana angeze wazwakala bona uthini nawuwakhulumako. Amazinyo enza bona ukghone ukuba muhle lokha nawuhlekako begodu uhleke ngokuzithemba.<ref>Teeth - Structure, Anatomy, Function, Diagram, Significance</ref> === Ukutlhogomela amazinyo === Kuqakathekile ukutlhogomela amazinyo ngombana lokho kuzokuvikela bona amazinyo angabi nomgodi ngaphakathi nokuthi amazinyo angaboli<ref>Heng, C.C., 2016. Tooth decay is the most prevalent disease. ''Federal Practitioner'', ''33''(10), p.31.</ref>. Kufanale umuntu ahlanze amazinyo cobe lokha nakaceda Ukudla ukuze ahlale ahlanzekile. Umuntu lokha nakabona bonyana unomraro wamazinyo kufuze bona avakatjhele kudorhodere wamazinyo bona amrhelebhe ukuze akwazi ukuthi abe nazinyo anepilo. Amazinyo kuyinto kufanele anakelelwe ngombana arhelebha umuntu bona akghone ukudla, ukuhlafunyana kade nokuzithemba. Umuntu kufuze ahlale atlhogomela amazinyo wakhe ngokuthi awa bhrashe, begodu atlubhe nangezinto zokuhlalnza amazinyo khona azokuhlala ahlanzekile. == Iinkomba == jy57cseub1ceu39q3jxef4e1145ktlp 0 525 5167 5166 2025-08-14T14:56:47Z Nqobile69 190 5167 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Iqanda''' kuyinto eyindulungu nofana i-ovali ebekelwa ziinyoni ezisikazi nofana ezinye iinlwana, kukhombisa bona sele zizokuba nabantwana.<ref>EGG | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary</ref> Abantwana beenlwana lezi bakhula ngeengaba ngaphakathi kweqanda bekufike lapho iqephe llqanda ligamuka khona bese kuvele idzinyani nofana umntwana wesilwane leso. Iqanda kuyinto ebekelwa z[[iinyoni]]. === Ukwakhekha kweqanda === ==== 1. Iqephe lingaphandle ==== [[Isimumathi:Eggs in basket 2020 G1.jpg|thumb|Amaqanda]] leqanda elivikela bona lokhu okungaphakathi kweqanda kungakhubazeki bese kumotjheke. Esikhathini esinengi ingaphandle leqanda libanzotho nofana mhlophe ngokombala. ==== 2 Ubumhlophe beqanda ==== busebenza bonya buvikele iyogu qanda bese iyinikele nazakhamzimba. Ubumhlophe beqanda buthambile bunjengamazi adege aregako. Ubumhlophe lobu abuanwo amafutha amanengi. ==== 3. Ubuthumbu beqanda ==== ==== 4. Iyogu ==== Siqephu seqanda esisarulani ngombala. Sizele ngama fat begodu sinikela udzinyani elisakhulako izakha mzimba nokudla ukuze lokghone ukukhula izele ngama protheni, amaminerali kanye namavithamini.<ref>Odd Eggs, Double Yolks, No Yolks, etc.</ref> === Umsebenzi weqanda === Iqanda lisebenza njengesibeletho ukuthwala isilwane nofana esilwane esikhulako esingakabelethwa bekufike isikhathi lapho sibelethwa khona. Iqanda lezinye iinlwana lisebenza njengesitjhebo.<ref>Yang, S.C. and Baldwin, R.E., 2017. Functional properties of eggs in foods. In ''Egg science and technology'' (pp. 405-463). CRC Press.</ref> Isibonelo lokha ikukhu ibekelileko abantu bayakghona ukuthatha amaqanda lawa bayowadla nangabe ikukhu ayikathomi ukufukama. Abanye bayawasebenzisa amaqanda njesizeso sokwenza ubuso bona bube buhle bathathe ubumhlophe beqanda babuzese ebusweni njenge maskhi.iqanda liyasetjenziswa lokha nakubhagwako amakhekhe nofana ezinye izinto.<ref>What Are The Functions of Eggs In Cooking and Baking?</ref>Iqanda lukuthoma kwepilo yeenyoni nofana ezinye iinlwana, yeke iqanda libalulekile ngombana liletha ipilo eenlwaneni begodu liyakghona nokuba sitjhebo ebantwini. == Iinkomba == [[Category:iqanda]] [[category:iinyoni]] 2lyf2jk6f9efk4bitr3swcrn8esvahp 0 526 5060 5059 2025-08-07T18:10:34Z Nqobile69 190 5060 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Human right ear (cropped).jpg|thumb|Indlebe yomuntu]] '''Indlebe''' sisitho somzimba esisehloko yomuntu emahlangothini womabili esisebenza ukuzwa. Woke umuntu uba neendlebe ezimbili ezwa ngazo ikulumo, umvumo namanye amatjhada<ref>EAR | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary</ref>.Indlebe kuyisitho somzimba esincani kodwana esenza umsebenzi umsebenzi aqakathekileko emzimbeni, ngombana ikghona ukwenza bona [[umzimba]] umuntu akghone ukudzimela lokha nakajamileko begodu umuntu ukghona ukuthola ilwazi asebenzisa yona. Indlebe ikghona ukwenza umuntu bona akghone ukuphendula lokho atjelwe khona wakuzwa begodu ikghona ukuthi zwe loke ihlobo lamatjhada enzekako begodu. === Ukwakheka kwendlebe === ==== Indlebe inesakhiwo sangaphandle nesangaphakathi. ==== Indlebe ihlukaniseke ngengaba esithathu kunendlebe yangaphandle, indlebe ephakathi kanye nendlebe yangaphakathi.Ithatha umdumo umunntu awuzwako bese iwufakae ngemgodini wendleni bona umdumo loyo ungene ngaphakathi.<ref>[https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=middle%2c+inner+and+outer+ear+anatomy&&view=detail&mid=674857878D4784501B0D674857878D4784501B0D&mmscn=mtsc&aps=6&FORM=VMSOVR Bing Videos]</ref> umgodi weendlebe unenhluthu ezincani ezenza bona ezivikela bona iindlebe ingangenwa ziinsila namagcinakwana.Indlebe ephakathi, le yindlebe encani enomgodi. Umgodi lo unanthambo amathathu abizwa bona ma-ossicles. Amathambi la ngiwo adlulisela umdumo esedromini yendlelbe ukuthi uye-endlebeni yangaphakathiIndlebe yangaphakathi,indlebe yangaphakathi inesakhiwo esimazombe esneza bona umdumo omavabhretjhini utjhuguluke bese ube yisiginali yegezi ezokuya engcondweni. === Umsebenzi weendlebe === Iindlebe zisebenza ukwenza bona umuntu akghone ukuza itjhada elenzeka eduze naye nofane kude. Zithatha itjhada nofana umdumo umuntu awuzwako kubhoduluko lakhe bese zilise engcondweni lapho ingcono izokuhlathula khona bona yini umuntu ayizwako begodu kufanele ayiphendule bunjani. Zisiza umuntu bona akghone ukudzimelela lokha nakajamileko. Indlebe isebenza nokuthi umuntu akghone ukukhuluma ngombana lokha umuntu ufunda ukukhuluma ngokuthi ezwa kukhulunywa<ref>Human ear | Structure, Function, & Parts | Britannica</ref>.Indlebe kusisitho esinqani somziba kodwana siqakathekile ukwenza ukuthi umuntu akghone ukuzwa nokuthi akghone ukukhuluma. == Iinkomba == [[Category:Indlebe]] [[Category:Umzimba]] 0vcp8wdcdz32abrexh2jf5qxyjhdka3 0 527 3308 3190 2025-07-02T20:48:14Z Thuvack 106 Undo revision [[Special:Diff/3190|3190]] by [[Special:Contributions/85.97.84.231|85.97.84.231]] ([[User talk:85.97.84.231|talk]]) 3308 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ukugijima == '''Ukugijima''' kungeminye yemidlalo edlala eSewula Afrika. Ukuze umuntu akwazi ukugijima ibanga elide kufuze bona azibandule bekufike lapho sele azizwa khona ukuthi huyakghona ukukghodlhelela lokha nakagijimako<ref>Galloway, J., 2023. ''Cross-country running: The best training plans for peak performance in the 5K, 1500M, 2000M, and 10K''. Meyer & Meyer Sport.</ref>. Ukugijima kuyinto engenziwa nanoma kungubani. Esikathini esinengi abantu bagijima lokha nabanjarhileko isibonelo umuntu angagijima nakatjhiywa yibhesi. == Ubuhle bokokugijima == === 1. Ukuba nepilo === Umuntu ogikimako umzimba kwakhe uba nepilo, ngombana iingazi zakhe zikghona ukukhamba kuhle emzimbeni ngaphandle kokuthikamezeka. Ukugijima kwenza bona nokuthi [[ihliziyo]] ibethe kuhle begodu ingabi semafutheni. Umuntu ogijimako akusilula bona abe nomzimba omkhulu nofana asahlwe magulu emzimbeni. [[Imisipha]] iyaluleka lokha nawugijimako bese ikghona ukugobeka ngendlela efuna ngayo<ref>15 Benefits of Running That Will Make You Want to Log Some Miles | SELF</ref>. === 2. Ukukghodlhelela === Lokha nawuzijayeza ukugijima [[umzimba]] wakho ugcina sele uba nekghono lokukghodlhelela ungapheli ummoya lokha nawugijimako ugcine sele ujama. Umzimba uyajwayela ukuthi wena ngamalanga uhlala ugijima. Lokho kuyinto ehle khulu ngombana umzimba wakho ubanepilo<ref>Greenfield, B., 2014. ''Beyond training: Mastering endurance, health & life''. Simon and Schuster.</ref>. === 3. Ukuphumelela kwezemidlalo === Lokha nawukwazi ukugijima ibanga elide ungadinwa ungakghona ukugcina ungenela amaphaliswano wokugijima bese uthumbe ngombana uzabe usebenzisa ikghono lakho lokugijima. Lokhu kutjho bona ungagcina sele wenza [[imali]] ngokwazi ukugijima kwaphela. == Isiphetho == Ukugijima kuyinto enepilo abantu kufanele bazifundise ukugijima njengendlela yokuzithabulula, Lokhu kuzokqenza bona umzimba womuntu ubenepilo, akghone ukukghodlhelela angaphelelwa mummoya msinya. rt5yfaxn4xlp2a1klbu24qsaob1rri9 0 528 2600 2025-03-27T07:42:23Z Nomsa Skosana 123 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1282574200|North-West University]]" 2600 wikitext text/x-wiki '''IYunivesithi ye-North-West''' ( '''NWU''' ) yiyunivesithi yomphakathi yokwenza irhubhululo etholakala emakhempasini amathathu e -Potchefstroom, Mahikeng ne-Vanderbijlpark [[Isewula Afrika|eSewula Afrika]] . Iyunivesithi le yaba khona ngokuhlanganiswa ngomnyaka wee-2004 hlangana kwe- Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, iyiyunivesithi ekulu, enomlando eyasungulwa ngomnyaka we-1869, nayo ebegade inegatja e-Vanderbijlpark ne-University of North-West (egade iyi- University of Bophuthatswana ). Ngobujamo bayo obuhlanganisiweko, iYunivesithi ye-North-West yaba ngenye yamayunivesithi amakhulu khulu eSewula Afrika enenani lesithathu ngobukhulu babafundi ( ifundo yesikhathi esizeleko neyebanga ) enarheni. I-NWU ihlangana namayunivesithi aphambili ekhayapha, e [[I-Afrika|-Afrika]] nephasini loke. 4a55mf7fhblwppt89rcf4m2nvbornpk 0 529 5739 5735 2025-09-18T11:35:50Z Derek J Moore 148 Databox 5739 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''IYunivesithi ye-North-West''' ( '''NWU''' ) yiyunivesithi yomphakathi yokwenza irhubhululo etholakala emakhempasini amathathu e -Potchefstroom, Mahikeng ne-Vanderbijlpark [[Isewula Afrika|eSewula Afrika]] . Iyunivesithi le yaba khona ngokuhlanganiswa ngomnyaka wee-2004 hlangana kwe- Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, iyiyunivesithi ekulu, enomlando eyasungulwa ngomnyaka we-1869, nayo ebegade inegatja e-Vanderbijlpark ne-University of North-West (egade iyi- University of Bophuthatswana ). Ngobujamo bayo obuhlanganisiweko, iYunivesithi ye-North-West yaba ngenye yamayunivesithi amakhulu khulu eSewula Afrika enenani lesithathu ngobukhulu babafundi ( ifundo yesikhathi esizeleko neyebanga ) enarheni. I-NWU ihlangana namayunivesithi aphambili ekhayapha, e [[I-Afrika|-Afrika]] nephasini loke. * Ikhampasi ye-Mahikeng * Ikhampasi ye-Potchefstroom (ikhampasi ekulu) * Ikhampasi ye-Vanderbijlpark 0wj7ymx91ciq0ydqoqsgyq2w8iuo0zo 0 530 2602 2025-03-27T10:23:39Z Nomsa Skosana 123 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1277727545|University of KwaZulu-Natal]]" 2602 wikitext text/x-wiki '''IYunivesithi yaKwaZulu-Natal''' ('''UKZN'''; Zulu, Afrikaans) yiyunivesithi yokurhubhulula yomphakathi enamakhampasi amahlanu esifundeni saKwaZulu-Natal [[Isewula Afrika|eSewula Afrika]] . Yasungulwa mhlazana ilanga lili-1 kuTjhirhweni 2004 ngemva kokuhlanganiswa kweYunivesithi ye-Natal neYunivesithi ye-Durban-Westville . 87bdrnk94um1qgei9c33f4na2l1zaut 0 531 2603 2025-03-27T12:18:34Z Nomsa Skosana 123 New testing article 2603 wikitext text/x-wiki Isibongo sakwaSkhosana ngezinye iimbongo ezikhona elimi lesiNdebele.<ref>[https://www.baala.org.za/conference/]</ref> 3yxascgtj3s1aqdqpu1drjf163fshtf 0 532 3092 2964 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Nomsa Skosana|Nomsa Skosana]] 2604 wikitext text/x-wiki I-BAALA yihlangano ezinikeleko ekukhangiseni, ekuthuthukiseni nekubulungeni amalimi weSewula Afrika nephasini mazombe. Lo mzamo osemthethweni wesigungu esilawula zamaLimi nomNyango wezobuNtu: IsiKolo sezamaLimi. [https://www.baala.org.za/] 9v9nt59n8196y32telz2plc4nqm7kpi 0 537 5165 5164 2025-08-14T14:53:13Z Nqobile69 190 5165 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Red Salvia and Celosia in the flower garden of the Tumuli Park at sunset in Gyeongju South Korea.jpg|thumb|Isivande samathuthumbo]] '''Isivande''' kukulapho umuntu atjalo khona ubuthelo leentjalo, iinthelo, [[amathuthumbo]] awathandako bese ayinakelele bona izinto azitjalileko zikghone ukumila.<ref>GARDEN | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary</ref> Isivande kuyinto eyathoma ekadeni begodu ngaleso skhathi beyikhombisa ukunotha, ubuhle, Kanye nokuba phezulu. kuyindawo enepilo abantu bakghona ukweza isivande ngehloso yokwenza imali nofana ngehloso yokuthi basenze. kuyindawo yemvelo lapho ezinye iinlwana ziphila khona. === Imihlobo yeemvande === ==== Isivande seentjalo ==== Isivande lesi kukulapho abantu batjala khona iintjalo ezifana nesiphila nezinye intjalo eziqakathekileko ezidliwa babantu. Lesi sivande esiqakathekileko ebantwini ngombana bakghona ukuthola Ukudla okunepilo kiso. Zoke iinthelo neentjalo eziseentolo zivela esivandeni. Kuyindawa lapho iintjalo zikhuliselwa khona. Singababa sincani sibengaphakathi kwezinto zkutjala nofana sibe sikhulu sivuleke ngaphandle ukuthi  sithole isimo sezulu esitlhogekako. Sinikela Ukudla okunepilo.sifuna ukutlhogonyelwa ukuze  iintjalo zakhona zikhule kuhle, zingotlhogonyelwa ngokuthi zithelelelwe nofana umuntu asuse iinsila ezimila ehlabathini. ==== Isivande samathuthumbo ==== Iapho kutholakala amathuthumbo amahle Kanye nemithi. Le kuba yindawo ehle begodu ekghona ukuvakatjhelwa babantu abafuna ukuledlha nokuzithabisa.<ref>Majewska, A.A. and Altizer, S., 2020. Planting gardens to support insect pollinators. ''Conservation Biology'', ''34''(1), pp.15-25.</ref>Kusikhala esihleliweko ngaphandle kwendlu sihlelelwe ukukhulisa nokuza amathuthumbo ahlukahlukenoko, itjalo nokhunye. Kuyindawo yemvelo, begodu kuba yinndawo ebonakala iyihle ebantwini abathanda imvelo.Isivande lesi singaba yinto ethekgha ipilo yezinye iinlwanya ezifana neenyosi, amaviyaviyani Kanye neenyoni Ungathola amathuthumbo wemibala ehlukahlukeneko begodu esikwe ngendlela yokurhabisa. ==== Isivande samanzi ==== Isivande samanzi sizele ngezinto zamanzi ezifana namafowuntheni, amaphondi nokunye. Esivandeni lesi kuba yindawo enokuthula. Esivandeni lesi kuba nemihlobo yeentjalo zemanzini ezahlukahlukeneko.<ref>Water Gardens: Everything You Need to Know</ref>Kumhlobo wesivande owenziwe ngezinto ezifuna amanzi ezifana namadamu amancani nofana amafawuntheni, nokhunye. Amanzi wesivandelesi angatheka ipilo yeenlwana eziphila ngamanzi nofana ngemanzini njengemfesi, iinrhwarhwa neenyoni. Abanye abantu bakghona ukwenzela iimphathi zabo endaweni lezi. Ukuzwakala kwetjhada lamanzi kungenza bona umuntu azizwe anokuthula emmoyeni wakhe kwehlise nokugandeleleka. ==== Isivande somphakathi ==== Lapho kuba yindawo yomphakathi lapho abantu babelana ngeenqephu esivandeni bese omunye nomunye umuntu womphakathi atjele izinto azifunako esiqephini sakhe asabelwe mphakathi. Lo mhlobo wesivande uyawuthuthukisa umphakathi khulu khulu lapho kuhlala khona abantu abadopha phasi.<ref name=":0">Carney, P.A., Hamada, J.L., Rdesinski, R., Sprager, L., Nichols, K.R., Liu, B.Y., Pelayo, J., Sanchez, M.A. and Shannon, J., 2012. Impact of a community gardening project on vegetable intake, food security and family relationships: a community-based participatory research study. ''Journal of community health'', ''37'', pp.874-881.</ref>Isivande somphakathi  Sakha ukuzwana nokusebenzisana phakathi kwabantu abatjalako.Abantu basikelana iikhundla nofana amaplot lapho omunye nomunye nomunye azokutjala khona begodu atjale izinto ezithandwa nguye. === Ukuqakatheka kwesivande === Isivande siqakatheikile ngombana abantu esivandeni bakghona ukutjhala Ukudla okunepilo njengesiphila, amatapula nokhunye. Lokhu kutjho bona isivande singabalwa njemgomthombo wepilo yabantu lokha nakutjaliweko kiso.<ref name=":0" />Isivande kuba yindawo ehle enokuthu lapho abantu bangaledlha khona bazicocele ngandaba zabo badle nokudla ebeze nakho esivandeni. Abanye abantu bakghona ukuthi nabavakatjhele isivande bakhiphe ukugandeleka nokudindwa bese bazithole bathabileIsivande zikghoa ukuthi sibe yindawo yemvelo lapho kuhlala khona iinlwana zemangweni ezifana neenyoni. Esivandeni ngoba kuneentjalo ihlabathi yakhna iyabulungeka ingakhukhuleki namanzi lokha nakune nkhukhula ngombana ihlabathi ibamba imirabho. Okhunye kukuthi yenza ummoya uhlale uhlanzekile ngombana iintjalo zesivandeni zizokudosa ummoya osiphazekileko.<ref>Soga, M., Gaston, K.J. and Yamaura, Y., 2017. Gardening is beneficial for health: A meta-analysis. ''Preventive medicine reports'', ''5'', pp.92-99.</ref>Isivande kuyinto eqakathekilo emaphilweni wabantu ngombana sithola khona ukudla, ukuthula begodu umuntu angehlisa khona ukugandeleleka. Imihlobo yemvande minengi kodwana yoke iqakathekile ngombana yenza abantu babe nepilo nokuhlala kuhle. == Iinkomba == [[category:isivande]] [[Category:amathuthumbo]] [[category:iintjalo]] 0faxyient58vazvtoe38gr12dz92m2o 0 538 3423 3422 2025-07-12T14:11:35Z Nqobile69 190 3423 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Capitec 0.png|thumb|Elinye lebungelo lemali eSewula Afrika]] '''Ibulungelo lemali''' kuyindawo lapho abantu babeka khona [[imali]] yabo ngehloso yokuthi ihlale ibulungekile ingebiwa botsotsi. Indawo lezi abantu bakghona ukuya kizo bayokuboleka imali nafana bayokufaka kizo imali zabo<ref>BANK | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary</ref>. === Umsebenzi webulungelo lemali === ==== Ukuboleka imali ==== Abantu lokha nabaneedingo zemali enengi, bayakghona ukuthi baye ebulungelweni lemali bayokuboleka iami yokuthi bafez iindingo zabe bese babhadele ibulungelo leamli kancani kancani. Lokha baboleka imali kufuze bayibuyisele inamakonyana wakhona phezulu, ngombana lokho kumthetho wokuboleka imali.<ref>Schwert, M., 2020. Does borrowing from banks cost more than borrowing from the market?. ''The Journal of Finance'', ''75''(2), pp.905-947.</ref> ==== Ukufaka imali ==== Umuntu lokha nakazibona ukuth unemali enengi ayiphethe kuye uyakghona ukuthi ayiathathe ayoyifaka ebulungweni lemali ngehloso yokuthi ihlale ibulungekile ingetjiwa botsotsi. Abantu abanamabubulo bayakghona nabo ukuthi bathathe inzuzo ebayenze amabubulweni wabo bese bayoyibulunga ukuze bangalingeki bayidle nofana betjelwe yona.<ref>Sharman, J.C., 2011. ''The money laundry: Regulating criminal finance in the global economy''. Cornell University Press.</ref> ==== Ukutjala imali ==== Abanye abantu abanemali bayakghona ukuthatha iimali zabo bayozitjala ebulungelweni lemali bese bazokukghona ukuthola inzuzo. Le into yenziwa babantu ebanemali enengi ngombana lokha nawubuke imali ebulungweli lemali ngehloso yokuyitjala, imali yakho uyikhipha ngemva kwesikhathi eside esibekiweko nakungenzeka bona uyikhiphe ngaphambi kobana isikhathi leso sifike kungagcina sele kudliwa wena imali kunokuthi wenze inzuzo.<ref name=":0">Finke, M.S., Huston, S.J. and Winchester, D.D., 2011. Financial Advice: Who Pays. ''Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning'', ''22''(1), pp.18-26.</ref> ==== Ukuthumelelana imali lula ==== Esikhathini sanje amabulungelo wemali sele anama-aplikhetjhini enza bona abantu bakghone ukuthumelela imali lula ngaphandle kokuthi baye ebulungelweni lemali. Lokhu kutjho bona abantu bakghona ukuthumelela imali ngananyana kungisiphi isikhathi selanga begodu imali leyi ingathathi isikhathi eside ukufika.<ref>Gill, A., 2018. Developing a real-time electronic funds transfer system for credit unions. ''International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET)'', ''9''(01), pp.162-184.</ref> ==== Ukunikela abantu iinluleko ngemali ==== Ebulungelweni lemali abasenzi bayakhona eminye yemisebenzi ebayenzako ukuthi banikele abantu iinluleko zokuthi bayisebenzise njani imali yabo. Lokhu bangakwenza ngokuthi babonise abantu ukuthi bakghona ukuthenga ukufikela kuphi begodu nokuthi bangenzi iinkolodo ezidlula imali ebayitholako ngombana lokho kungenza bona badose emuhlweni lokha nasele babuyisela imali yebhanka.<ref name=":0" /> == Inkomba == 34oqimzzfg3m3cd6x0n1lv2gwh5hx93 0 539 3437 3436 2025-07-15T11:42:19Z Nqobile69 190 3437 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Amapholisa''' kubabantu bomthetho abasebenza ukulwisana nobugebengu obukhona emphakathini esihlala kiwo. [[Amapholisa]] weSewula Afrika agcoka ijinifomu ehlaza kwesibhakabhaka.<ref>POLICE | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary</ref> === Umsebenzi wamapholisa === ==== Akubopha iingebengu ==== [[Isimumathi:South african police may 2010.jpg|thumb|Amapholisa asemsebenzini aphethe iingidi]] Amapholisa asebenza ukubopha iingebengu ngokuhluhlukana kwazo. Lokha nakungenzeka bona kunomuntu akghona ongena emzini yabantu nofana eentolo ebe izinto ubizelwa amapholisa ukuthi azomthatha ayomvalela ejele nezinye imbotjhwa. Amanye amapholisa asebenza ukugadangisa imino ukuthi kuyokuhlolwa bona ukuthi umuntu akanawo amacala esele awenzile enarheni aphila kiyo<ref>Telep, C.W. and Weisburd, D., 2012. What is known about the effectiveness of police practices in reducing crime and disorder?. ''Police quarterly'', ''15''(4), pp.331-357.</ref>. Amapholisa asebenza imisebenzi eminengi ezintweni eziphathelene nokuqinisa umthetho enarheni le. ==== Ukuphenya ==== Abanye basebenza ngokuthi lokha nangabe kunomlandu owenzekileko emphakathini begodu akwaziwa bonyana wenziwe ngubani, amapholisa la ayaphenya akahambe afuna abantu abanga basolwa ekwenzini umlando loyo. Bayaphenyisisa bekufuke lapho bathola khona isigebengu leso. Amapholisa lokha nakenza irhubhulula athatha amagadango amanengi ukukwenza ukuthi bakghone ukuthi bahlanganise ubufakazi ababutlhogako nokuthi bararulule abamacala alethiweko. Lokho bakweza ngokuthi baye endaweni lapho kwenzeke khona umlando batjhege ukuthi bathola ini engabarheleba ukuthola iinlelesi, babuze abofakazi imibuzo, bese bakhe iqala phezulu kwabasolwa.<ref>Smith, J. and Horne, J.S., 2024. The processing of forensic investigative leads in criminal investigations conducted by the South African police service. ''JH Smith & JS Horne'', pp.284-303.</ref> Nabathole ubufakakzi obaneleko bangabopha abasolwa. ==== Ukubhalela abantu ama-afidavidi nokuqinisekisa amaphepha ==== Amanye amapholisa ahlala esitetjhini bese agcwalisele abantu amafidivi ngokwendlela abafuna ngayo. Okhunye baqinisekisa amaphepha akopiweko ngokuwamadanisa nalawo weqiniso bese bawabethe isitempu esitjhoko bona amaphepha akopiweko la ngewiqiniso. Ukuqinisekisa amaphepha kukulokha umuntu athathe iphela elisithombe salelo eliliqiniso alise emapholiseni bonyana liyokugadangiswa istempu semapholiseni esiqinisekisa bonyana iphela leli ngeleqiniso alisilo lokuzenzela. Amapholisa asebenza ukuqinisekisa amaphepha, loho akwenzela bonyana akghone ukuthi aveze aqinisekise bonyana kumaphepha weqiniso angakenziwa ngobutsosti.<ref>Marković, D.M., 2021. The role and importance of border police in detecting forged documents. ''Nauka idruštvo'', ''8''(1), pp.212-227.</ref>i-fidavidi kumamezwi wokufunga atlolwe phasi asetjenziswa ukusela into etjhiweko ebantwini bomthetho. Kuyinto engenziwa mapholisa ukuthi bakghone ukuthi bakghone ukuthi bathole ilungelo lokuthi bayoku zuma enzini ingto abayifunako, ingenzelwa nezinye godu iinzathu === Iindima edlalwa ampholisa emphakathini === Amapholisa adlala indima ekulu emphakathini esiphila kiwo ngombana asenza sisizwe sivikelekile emphakathini esiphila kiwo. Abanye abantu bayabulisa ubulelesi ngesibanga sokuthi basaba amapholisa angabafaka ejele lokha nabalelesileko.<ref>Cain, M.E., 2015. ''Society and the Policeman's Role''. Routledge.</ref> Uyarhelabha nokuthi abathu bakghone ukuthola ubulungiswa lokha nangebe betjelwe izinto nofana nangabe abantu babulawele ilunga labo lomndeni libulawe mumuntu ebangamaziko. Amapholisa ayarhelebha ukuthi umuntu loyo atholakale bese ayobotjhwa. == Iinkomba == hafucrzvaz7l45fthc40w2e84djj7f2 0 540 2616 2615 2025-03-31T09:43:59Z Nqobile69 190 2616 wikitext text/x-wiki == Itatawu == '''Itatawu''' kuyindawo lapho kudlalelwa khona umdlalo<ref>STADIUM | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary</ref>. Itatawu kuyindawo yomphakathi ngombana kilo kuhlangana iinkulwangwane zabantu zizokugidinag into yinye bezitjengise nethabo. Itatawu kuyinto eyayikhona ekadeni kodwana nje sele itjengisa ukuthuthuka ngokokwenziwa nangobuhle. == Imihlobo yama tatawu == === Itatawu lomdlalo webholo === Litatawu elenzelwe ukuthi abadlali bakghone ukdala umdlalo webholo, begodu nababukeli nabo bakghone ukubukela [[ibholo]] khona. Amatatawu lawa aba makhulu, abangu ncazine ngokubumbeka bese azingezwe zihlalo zababukeli. === Itatawu lemisebenzi eminengi === Itatawi lemisebenzi eminengi ngileli elikghona ukuthi kwenzeka imisebenzi nofana imidlalo eyahlukahluneko kilo. Isibonelo kungenzela amakhonseti, amafestivali nofana imdlalo kilo. Itatawu leli liba nehlalo ezihlaliseka ngeendlela ezinengi ukuze zikghone ukwamukela ababukeli bento ezabe yenzeka ngesikhathi leso<ref name=":0">Hock, C., Ringle, C.M. and Sarstedt, M., 2010. Management of multi-purpose stadiums: Importance and performance measurement of service interfaces. ''International journal of services technology and management'', ''14''(2-3), pp.188-207.</ref>. === Itatawu lomdlalo wama-olympic === LItatwu elakhwelwe kuthi kudlalelwe kilo imidlalo yama-olympic. Amatatawu la nawo makhu begodu ngokubumbeka ayindulungu nofana I-ovali, abhodwe ziintulo<ref>Kiuri, M. and Teller, J., 2012. Olympic stadiums in their urban environment: A question of design and cultural significance. ''Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development'', ''2''(2), pp.115-129.</ref>. == Ukuqakatheka kwatatawu == Amatatawu aqakathekile kwezomnotho nemphakathini. Amatatawu akghona ukwakha amathuba womsebenzi lokha nawasakhiwako bogodu nalokha nasele akhiwe asetjenziswa. Lokho kutjho bona umnotho wendawo wabantu balapho lakhiwa khona uyathuthuka ngombana abantu bathoila imisebenzi.Abantu bomphakathi bakghona ukuzibandakanyan lapho ngokuthi babambele khona imigidi yabo ukuthuthukisa ukuzwana phakathi kwabantu bendawo<ref name=":0" />. cmpb0kxos3e12incmp18beksdv9zq44 0 541 2621 2025-04-03T12:57:15Z Nomsa Skosana 123 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1283489504|JusticeForCwecwe]]" 2621 wikitext text/x-wiki '''#UbulungiswaKwakaCwecwe''' mkhankaso weendaba zomphakathi weSewula Afrika kanye nomnyakazo womphakathi owavela ngemva kokuhlaselwa komntazanyana oneminyaka elikhomba, owaziwa ngegama lakaCwecwe, e-Bergview College, isikolo sangeqadi e- Matatiele, e-Eastern Cape, [[Isewula Afrika|eSewula Afrika]] . Ijimeli lifuna ubulungiswa kumhlukunyezwa, lifuna ukuziphendulela esikolweni neemphathisweni ezibandakanyekako. 1zidxaxp6pkvy0vdwoanvewgc22o3y7 0 542 5650 3307 2025-09-04T11:06:06Z 2003.Ma 882 spelling and authography 5650 wikitext text/x-wiki Ukurhulula umbungu Ukurhulula umbungu kukulokha umuntu wengubo nakazithweleko bese athathe isiqunto sokabana akafuni ukuba nomntwana bese akhuphe umtwana amthweleko ngokusebenzisa imitjhoga.<ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/abortion</ref>. Ukurhulula umbungu kuyinto esemthethweni enarheni yeSewula Afrika, ngombana umuntu unelungelo lokuzikhethela bona wenzakalani emzimbeni wakhe. Imibono eyahlukileko ngokurhulula umbungu Ukurhululula umbungu kuyisihloko esingabanga ukuphikisana phakathi kwabantu ngombana abantu banemibono eminengi eyahlukeneko. Abanye babona kuyinto ehle efanele yenziwe babantu. Kuthi abanye abantu babone kuyinto embi enesihlungu engenziwako. Omunye nomunye umuntu wengubo wenza okubonwa nguye nakafika kulobujamo ngombana ukurhulula umbungu kuyinto esemthethweni eSewula [[I-Afrika|Afrika.]] Abavumelana nakho Abavumelana nokurhulula umbungu bathi kuyinto ehle khulu khulu lokha nangabe umma ukatiwe wagcina sele azithwele [[umntwana]] ngokatwa, nofana kilabo bantu abanokugula ukungabafaka engozini yokufa lokha nabasidisi. Ngalezi iinzathu eziveziweko babona ukuthi ukurhulula umbungu akusiyo into embi ngombana umuntu akukafaneli abe nomtwana angafuni nofana amthole ngesibanga sesehlakalo esimbi esifana nokukatwa<ref name=":0">https://www.britannica.com/procon/abortion-debate</ref>. Abaphikisana nakho [[Isimumathi:A One Medical clinic in Bethesda, Maryland 01.jpg|thumb|isthomb<ref name=":1" />e semtholampilo]] Abanye abantu bayaphikisa bathi ukurhulula umbungu yinto embi ngombana lokha wenza into le ukhipha umphefumulo womntwana ongana cala. Godu baphikisa ngokuthi ukurhulula umbungu akusikuhle ngombana lokha nawukwenzileko ipilo yakho ingakhubazeka njengokuthu umma angasakghoni ukuba nabanye abantwana. Umunye agcine sele ehla emzimbeni ngombana ahlala angakajabuli anokuzisola<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zhbqf4j/revision/4</ref>. Imiphumela yokurhulula umbungu Umuntu orhulule umbungu angagcina ahlulwa kuzilibalela ngesenzo asenzileko lokha nakabona abantu bona bayamahlulela ngesenzo lesi asenzileko. Angazibona alihlazo emphakathini aphila kiwo ngombana kwamanye amasiko namakhaya ayenziwa into leyo. Ukurhulula umbungu kungaletha ukwahlukana phakathi kwabantu abathandanako lokha nangabe into le yenzeke bangaka vumelani njengeenthandani<ref>https://www.worldpulse.org/es/story/the-impact-of-abortion-bans-on-womens-mental-health-61476?gad_source=1&gclid=EAIaIQobChMIg4TQx_-9jAMVOIBQBh3PljsEEAAYASAAEgLgYvD_BwE</ref>. Isiphetho Ukurhulula umbungu kuyinto abantu abayicala ngeendlela ezinengi ezahlukileko. Abanye bayakwamukela abanye baphihikisana nakho. Woke umuntu wengubo kufanele enze lokhu ekuzomenza bona akghone ukuragela phambili kuhle nepilo yakhe. hrmeeo66ngutcc7cthh3px013o2c9fd 0 543 5068 3555 2025-08-07T18:32:55Z Nqobile69 190 5068 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Eichhörnchen Düsseldorf Hofgarten edit.jpg|thumb|Isibandana isinomsila onoboya obunengi]] '''Umsila''' kuyinto ede nofana efitjhani elengako emva edinini lesibandandana<ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/tail#:~:text=Synonyms%20of%20tail-,1,shape%20or%20position%3A%20such%20as</ref>. Imisila iyahluka ngokwakheka kwesinye nesinye isibandana. Imisila isebenza ngokwahlukana kwesinye nesinye isilwane ngokuya kwendlela isibandana sikghona ukuwusebenzisa ngakhona. Imisila ifana nento eyodwa ekukuthi ilekelela abanikazi ukuthi bakghone ukococisana, [[ukudzimelela]]<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11574348</ref> naye nokuphila. === Umsebenzi womsila === ==== Ukudzimelela ==== Iinlwana ezinengi ezifana nezinja anabokatsu zisebenzisa imisila yazo ukudzimelala lokha nazijamileko. Imisila yenza bona zikghone ukujika msinya begodu zikghone nokutjhugulula indlela ezikhamba ngayo<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tail</ref>. Umsila wenza bona isibandana sikghone ukuzwizwa bonyana sijame kuphi ngesikhathii isibandana sisafuna indlela yokukhamba. Urhelelbha nokuthi imbandana zikghone ukugijima khulu lokha nasizingelwa ngesinye isibandana. ==== Ukukhulumisana ==== Iinlwana zikghona ukukhuluma ngemisila, zisebenzisa umsila ukuveza bona zikwatile nofana zithabile ngemisila zingaka khiphi iphimbo<ref>https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-use-their-tails-more-for-communication-than-movement/</ref>. Kwezinye iimbandana umsila onyakazako ukhombisa ithabo, ogebekileko ukhombisa ukusaba, onganyakaziko ukhombisa ukuzifihla nofana ukwaneliseka. Inja ikghona ukudlalisa umsila wayo ukukhombisa boyana ithabile, nanyana ifake umsile hlangana neenyawo ukukhombisa ukuswaba nokusaba. ==== Ukuzivikela ==== Ezinye iinlwana ezifana neembhadwa nabofezelwa zisebenzisa umsila wazo ukuthi zikghone ukuzivikela ebungozini ebungazivelela. Imisila yakhona esikhathini esinengi ibanetjhefu ethela abantu nofana ezinye iinlwana ezingalinga ukuzihlukumeza<ref>Hickman, G.C., 1979. The mammalian tail: a review of functions. ''Mammal review'', ''9''(4), pp.143-157.</ref>. ==== Ukududa nokunyakaza ==== Iinlwana ezinengi ezihlala emanzini ezifana nefesi zisebenzisa  imisila yazo ukududa bese zikghone ukududa nokunyakaza emanzini. Umsila uzinikeza Amandla wokuthi zikghone ukududa kuhle ngemanzini ngaphandle kokuthi ziphelelwe mamandla<ref>Dao, A.H. and Netsky, M.G., 1984. Human tails and pseudotails. ''Human pathology'', ''15''(5), pp.449-453.</ref>. === Imihlobo yemisila === ==== Imisila ebambelelako ==== Imisila itholakala enlwaneni ezifana nefene. Imisila yakhona ikghona ukubamba izinto nofana ibambelele ezintweni njengesihlahleni. Lokhu kutjho bona iinlwana ezinomsila lo ziyakghona ukuwusebenzisa njengesandla. Imisila le inikeza iinlwana lezi isekelo nokudzimelela okuzeleko<ref>Youlatos, D., 1999. Tail-use in capuchin monkeys. ''Neotropical Primates'', ''7''(1), pp.16-20.</ref>. ==== Imisila enoboya obunengi ==== Iinlwana ezinengi ezifana ne nemiqasa zinoboya obunengi emsileni eyenza bona zivikeleke ezintweni. Umsila lo inlwana zakhona ziyawusebenzisa ukuveza imizwa yaso nofana ukunikelana amatshwayo nehloso ezinayo<ref>Hare, T., 2018. ''Animal Fact File: Head to tail profiles of more than 90 mammals''. Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd.</ref>. Iimbandana ziyawusebenzisa ukuthi zikghone ukuzivikela emakhazeni lokha nakumakhaza. zikghonna nokusebenzisa imisila bonyana zikghone ukudzimelela lokha nazeqa endaweni efana nesihlahleni. ==== Imisila eqinileko ==== Ezinye iinlwana zinemisila eqinileko enikeza iinlwana ezinomsila ivikeleko enlwaneni lezi ezizingelako. Imisila iqakathekile eenlwaneni ngombana uzenza bona zihlale zivikelekile bogodu zikghone nokuthi ziveze imizwa yazo ngaphandle kokuthi zikhulume. Imihlobo yemisila iyahluka ngokuya ngokomhlobo wesilwane begodu yenza nemisebenzi ehlukileko. == Iinkomba == fkbn2xjtydyljt42w91ik9im5qw9179 0 544 3421 3372 2025-07-12T14:04:56Z Nqobile69 190 3421 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Library Image.jpg|thumb|Isibonelo sebulungelo leencwadi]] '''Ibulungelo leencwadi''' kuyindawo yomphakathi lapho kubekwa khona [[iincwadi]] ngokwahlukahlukana kwazo ukuthi abantu bakghone ukuzifunda begodu bathole ilwazi ngeenhloko ezahlukahlukeneko abazithandako. Ibulungelo leencwadi lenza bona abantu bakghone ukuthola ilwazi lezinto zakade nezakhathesu. Lithuthukisa izinga lefundo yabantu ngombana bakghona ukuthola imithombo yelwazi eminengi efaka hlangana neencwadi, amajenali, ne inthaneti lapho bazokufuna khona ilwazi.<ref>Searing, Susan E.; Greenlee, Alison M. (2011). "Faculty Responses to Library Service Innovations: A Case Study". ''Journal of Education for Library and Information Science'',https://www.jstor.org/stable/41308904</ref> Amabulungelo weencwadi ahluke khulu ngobukhulu, itlhogonyelwa yihlangano yomphakathi efana norhulumende, isikolo, nofana umuntu ozijameleko. Ibulungelo leli linikela ngamahlelo wabasebenzi belungelo leencwadi ekutholeni, ukukhetha, nokuhlela ilwazi lokha nabahlathulula abakufunako ngelwazi basebenzisa iinsetjenziswa ezahlukahlukeneko. Indawo le yaziwa ngokuthi iyi iyisayensi yebulungelo leenwadi nelwazi nofana iimfundo.<ref>Fleming-May, Rachel A. (2011)[https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/660133 ''The Library Quarterly: Information, Community, Policy''. '''81''' (3): 297–320.,https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/660133]</ref> === Umlando === Umlando webulungelo leencwadi wathoma ngemizamo yokuthoma yokuhlela amaphepha abalulekileko. Iinhloko ezidosa amehlo ezifaka hlangana ukurhweba kweencwadi, ukusabalaliswa kwelimi, indima emfundweni, izakhiwo, amazinga wokufunda nokutlola, ukusebenziswa kwamabulungelo weencwadi zamagugu wamasiko wesitjhaba, kanye nendima karhulumende, isondo nofana ukusejelwa kwangesese. Ukusetjenziswa kwamakhomphyutha nokudijithali kwavela ngeminyaka yabo-1960, begodu kwatjhugulula izinto ezinengi zamabulungelo weencwadi.<ref>''Wikipedia'', 2025-06-20, retrieved 2025-07-09,https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_libraries&oldid=1296583094</ref> == Iinkomba == <references /> [[Mkhakha:Ibulungelo leencwadi]] [[Mkhakha:Iinsetjenziswa zebulungelo leencwadi]] tcn3pqsmjqsnjkzr76dk75u53pn21c9 0 545 2642 2641 2025-04-04T09:27:21Z Nqobile69 190 2642 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ukubumba == '''Ukubumba''' kukulokha umuntu athathe idaka elithileko ngemlanjeni elibizwa ngobumba bese alisebenzise ukwakha into ethileko<ref>https://www.dictionary.com/browse/pottery</ref>. Umuntu nakabumbako uthatha idaka leli aleze libe manzi alibhice, aligobe nofana alimbumbe ukuze akhone ukukhipha into ahlose ukuyenza. Bese kuthi sele abumbile alibeke alindele bona lome bese lingaphuki.Umuntu angakha ikomo, ikukhu, nofana okunye ngobumba. Ukubumba kungobunye bobukghwari babantu abanzima bekadeni. [[Amasokana]] lokha nakaweleko nakufika [[isikhathi]] seenthalelo bapha abantwana izipho ebazenze ngobumba lokha nabeze eenthalelweni. Ekadeni ukubumba bekuyinto eqakathekileko ngombana bekubunjwa imijeka uzokufaka Ukudla, amanzi nofana ezinye izinto zangendlini. Abanye bebabumba izinto abazokurhabisa ngazo. == Ukuqakatheka kokubumba == Ukubumba kuyinto ehle khulu ngombana kukhombisa ikghono lobukghwari. Ekadeni beyinto eqakatheke khulu elekelela abantu bona babe nezinto zokufaka begodu bebakghona nokukhangisa inzinto ebazibumbuleko benze imali<ref>Jones, R.F.J., 2016. Why Pottery?. In ''Pottery and the Archaeologist'' (pp. 1-5). Routledge.</ref>. Kuyinto elekelela abarhubhululi bezinto zakade bona bakghone ukuthola isikhathi somlando wezinto zakade ukuze bakghone ukubulunga amasiko nobunjalo bawo<ref>Skibo, J.M. and Skibo, J.M., 2013. ''Understanding pottery function'' (pp. 1-25). Springer New York.</ref>. Ukubumba kuyinto etholakale bona kuyakhona ukwenza bona umuntu aledlhe akhone ukwehlisa ukucabanga khulu nokuhlubayejeka emkhumbulweni. Ukubumba kulekelela umuntu bona ukuthuthukisa ikghono lokukhambelana kwesandla nelihlo. Ukubumba kusiza bona umuntu athuthukise ikghono lokusebenza kwemisipha emincani esesandleni. == Iindlela zokubumba == Ukubumba ngemithi nofana ngeengodo Ukubumba ngeengodo kukolokha umuntu athatha isigodo esiphuma esihlahleni bese asibaze ache nofana abumbe into ayifunako. Isibonelo umuntu angathatha isigodo bese asibaze akhiphe iphini nofana iphehlo lokhupheka ngendlini. Ukubumba ngomdaka Ukubumba ngomdaka kukulokha umuntu athatha [[idaka]] lokubumba akha into ayifunako kungaba yinto ehle yokuhlobisa ngendlini. Zikhona nezinye iindlela zokubumba zesikhathi zanamhlanjesi ekungasizo ezivela ekadeni qlv7fft5hzwmm5r9jmt4zsgaeqlcm28 10 547 2653 2025-04-07T18:36:03Z Derek J Moore 148 Template:Page tabs/styles.css 2653 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Template:Page tabs/styles.css" /> gywqy631fvfadn84e8og9rj4w5iug9k 10 548 2654 2025-04-07T18:37:06Z Derek J Moore 148 CSS 2654 sanitized-css text/css /* {{pp-template}} */ .template-page-tabs { background: #F8FCFF; color:black; width: 100%; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom: -4px; } .template-page-tabs > span { padding: 0.5em; line-height: 0.95em; border: solid 2px #a3b1bf; white-space: nowrap; margin-bottom: 4px; } .template-page-tabs > span.spacer { display: flex; /* hides any whitespace we put inside */ padding: 0; flex: 9px; border-width: 0 0 2px 0; } .template-page-tabs > span.spacer:last-child { /* We want this to get first priority, which flexbox doesn't really understand but hopefully this will do. */ flex: 1000 1 0; } 4edst2rgpx0mooekbnykep8cev6rest 10 549 2655 2025-04-07T18:43:44Z Derek J Moore 148 tabs 2655 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Page tabs | NOTOC = true | [[User:Example]] | [[User:Example/Subpage 1]] | [[User:Example/Subpage 2|Second subpage]] | [[User:Example/Subpage 3]] | This = 2 }} lpkjdoubcwsb6rtx4f11r76lb4ux7ml 0 551 5703 5702 2025-09-06T14:44:00Z Nqobile69 190 5703 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ibisi''' kuyinto kumamanzi amhlophe aphuma ekomeni esikazi lokha nayiceda ukuba nekonyana<ref>MILK | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary</ref>. Ibisi leli kukukudla kwekonyana bekufike lapho ikonyana leli lithoma khona Ukudla utjani ngokupheleleko.Abantu bathatha iinkomo lezi bazisenge bese bakhiphe ibisi ngombana linepilo. Ibisi liqakatheke ngombana alisikukudla kwekonyana kwaphela kodwana likukudla nebantwini abaphilako. Liqinisa [[amathambo]] ngombana linama phrotheyini<ref>Fox, P.F., Uniacke-Lowe, T., McSweeney, P.L.H., O'Mahony, J.A., Fox, P.F., Uniacke-Lowe, T., McSweeney, P.L.H. and O’Mahony, J.A., 2015. Milk proteins. ''Dairy chemistry and biochemistry'', pp.145-239.</ref>. Lenza bona umuntu angaphuki lula amathambo nofana angatholi amagulo aphathelene namathambo afana ne-''osteoporosis''. Ibisi liyasetjenziswa nokubhaga nokwenza okunye Ukudla okufana netjhizi, iyogadi, amasi, nokhunye. === Ubungozi bebisi === [[Isimumathi:Milk 001.JPG|thumb|Irhalasi elizele ibisi]] Abanye abantu abanonalo i-enzamu eliphula iswigiri yemvelo engaphakathi kwebisi abizwa bona yi lactose ngelimi lesiNgisi<ref>Rangel, A.H.D.N., Sales, D.C., Urbano, S.A., GALVÃO, J.G.B., ANDRADE, J.C.D. and Macêdo, C.D.S., 2016. Lactose intolerance and cow's milk protein allergy. ''Food Science and Technology (Campinas)'', ''36''(2), pp.179-187.</ref><ref>Heine, R.G., AlRefaee, F., Bachina, P., De Leon, J.C., Geng, L., Gong, S., Madrazo, J.A., Ngamphaiboon, J., Ong, C. and Rogacion, J.M., 2017. Lactose intolerance and gastrointestinal cow’s milk allergy in infants and children–common misconceptions revisited. ''World Allergy Organization Journal'', ''10'', pp.1-8.</ref>.Umuntu ukuze akghone ukubona ukuthi unomraro lo uzibona ngokuthi azale umoya ngemathumbini,begodu azithole athulula. Ibisi alidliwa babantu boke ngombana line lactose, begodu abanye abantu bane allergy ye lactogen le engaphakathi kwebisi. == Iinkomba == [[category:ibisi]] [[Category:Ikomo]] [[Category:Amathambo]] 1051eafu5ekpz1w11p6uu6b9pycz3m9 0 552 5125 5124 2025-08-10T15:25:02Z Nqobile69 190 5125 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Incwadi''' kulibuthelelo lamaphepha ahlanganisweko<ref>BOOK | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary</ref>. Ingasetjenziselwa ukuutlolela nofana Ukufunda, begodu lokha nayenzelwe ukufunda iba nomtloli nofana abatloli. Kuyinto etholakala ebulungweni leencwadi.Ingezinye zeensetjenziswa ezenza bona [[ifundo]] iragele phambili begodu abantu bakghone ukwabelana ngelwazi. === Imihlobo yeencwadi === ==== Incwadi yokubukela ==== [[Isimumathi:Latin dictionary.jpg|thumb|Isihlathululi magama, ekungomunye umhlobo wencwadi]] Incwadi yokubukela kuyincwadi esikhathini esinengi esetjenziselwa [[ukukhangi]]<nowiki/>sa ngombana kiyo abantu bakghona ukuthi babukele izinto ebangazithanda bese bathi nabazithandileko bakhambe bayozithenga. Isibonelo kungaba mamegazini wefetjheni<ref>Caniato, M., 2015. Fashion magazines in the digital era. ''J fashion mark and Manag inte J''.</ref>. ==== Incwadi yokufunda ==== Incwadi lezi ngilezo ezitlolwe indaba ezithileko abantu abangathanda ukuzifunda. Isibonelo seencwadi lezi kungaba yibhayibhili, amanoveli ndaba nokhunye. Abantu abafunda iincwadi lezi baba nelwazi lwamagama elenza bona babe nelwazi lelimi abafunda ngalo<ref>Porter, N., 2023. ''Books and reading''. BoD–Books on Demand.</ref>. ==== Incwadi yokutlolela ==== Kuzincwadi lezi ezinaphepha amhlophe ngaphakathi, begodu sidetjelwa imida ukuthi umuntu akghone ukutlola kuhle. Zisetjenziswa khulu eenkolweni ngombana abafundi batlolela kizo umsebenzi wesikolo. ==== Incwadi yeenthaga ==== Lezi zisetjenziswa khulu babantu abathanda ukupheka nofana abafundele ukupheka. Incwadi lezi ziphatha nofana zitlowe iintaga zokupheka nokubhaga<ref>Lehmann, G., 2018. Reading recipe books and culinary history: opening a new field. In ''Reading and writing recipe books, 1550–1800'' (pp. 93-113). Manchester University Press.</ref>. == Iinkomba == [[Category:Iincwadi]] [[Category:Ibulungelo leencwadi]] [[Category:UKufunda]] c437u8orvu3az88xupywuf350hodpki 0 553 5168 3579 2025-08-14T14:58:59Z Nqobile69 190 5168 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Teacher teaching mathematics.png|thumb|Utitjhere afundisa abafundi iimbalo]] '''Abotitjhere''' bafundisi babentwana kuze bangatholakali izintweni namkha ezindleleni eziphuma endleleni.[[Isikolo]] ngeze saba khona ngaphandle kotitjhere Barhelebha abentwana bona babenelwazi mayelana nefundo, bafundisa bona umntwana abenokuzithemba azazi bona yini akghona kuyenza nento angakghoni ukuyenza.<ref>TEACHER | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary</ref> Abotitjhere abafundisa amabanga aphasi,bafundisa abentwana bona bakghone ukutlola ,nokufunda nokhunye. Barhelebha umntwana bona akghone ukufunda incwadi nokutlola imitjho emide , begodu bakghone ukutlola kuhle imisebenzi yabo. === Ukuqakatheka kukatitjhere === Abotitjhere baqakathekile ngombana basisekelo sefundo. Lokha abotitjhere nabangekho [[ifundo]] ngekhe yabalula. Abotitjhere bafundisa aabantwana bona bakghona ukufunda nokutlolwa. Banikelwa abantwana ilwazi elizeleko ngepilo babasize bonyana bakghone ukufezikisa amabhudango wabo ngokuthi babe ngilokho abafuna ukuba ngikho nabakhulako.Woke amabizelo abawalandeko abantu abelethwa botitjhere ngombana bengekhe kube lula ukuthi bawalandele kube azange abotitjhere babekhona ukubafundisa babe nelwazi lokuthi kufuze benzene ukuthi balandele amabizelo lawo.<ref>Gore, V. and Begum, S., 2012. Role of a Teacher in 21st Century. ''The Criterion: An International Journal in English'', ''3''(3), pp.2-7.</ref> === Umsebenzi katitjhere === ==== Ukulawula itlasi ==== Utitjhere usebenza ukuthi alawule [[itlasi]] lakhe liba njani. Lokhu angakwenza ngokuthi enze immithetho yangetlasini abafundi abazoyilandela. Okhunye godu uhle indlela itlasi lakhe lizokuqaleka ngakhona isibonelo iindlela abantwana abazokuhlala ngayo nokuthi yena uzokuhlala kuphi.<ref>Ibrahim, M.H.A.R., 2016. Classroom management: The effectiveness of teacher’s roles. ''Education and Linguistics Research'', ''2''(1), pp.69-84.</ref> Nokuthi uzokusebenzisa yiphi ikambiso ukuthi abafundi bafunde kamnandi bathabele ukufunda.Ukulawula kumsebenzi katitjhere wangangamalanga awenzako ngombana lokho kulawula bonyana kuyafundeka ngetasini nofana akufundeki. ==== Ukufundisa ==== Ukufundisa msebenzi ovamilleko katitijhere ngombana ngombana woke umuntu uyazi ukuthi abotitjhere basebenza ukufundisa. Ukutjho bona banikela abafundi babo ilwazi leli egade banganalo nofana bathuthukise lelilwazi abafundi asele baliphethe. Utitjhere lokha nakafundisako wenza bonyana abantwana bakghone ukuzwisisa iinhloko ezithileko egade bangazizwisisi ekuthomeni bakhulume ngelwazi lokuphila amaphilo wabo begodu bafundu ukuthi bajamele. Utitjhere ufundisa abafundi izint ezinengi kungaba kukuthi bathole amakghono wepilo, ilimi nofana ukubala. Omunye nomunye utitjhere ufundisa isifundo esithwaselko efundweni yamaziko aphezulu, ==== Ukwenza insiza zokufundisa ==== Lokha utitjhere nakafundisako akamane akhulume kwaphela kodwana kube neensiza zokufundisa ezifana namatjhadi, iinthombe nokhunye ekuzokwenza bona abafundi bakghone ukuzwisisa isifundo lula ngaphandle kokuthi bararane ihloko. Utitjhwere wenza iinsiza zokufundisa ngombana abanye abafundi kungenzeka bonyana bangamuzwa lokha nakafundisako kodwana kuthi lokha nabaqala isisiza sokufundisa bese bakghone ukubona bonyana kufundwa ngani nofana bakghone ukuzwisisa isifundo leso abafundosswa sona. ==== Ukwenza iinhlahlubo ==== Umsebenzi katitjhere kukuthi athathe koke lokhu akufundise abafundi bakhe bese ahlele isihlahlubo sakhe sethemu nofana sonyaka ahlole bonyana lokhu abekakufundisa abafundi bakhe sele bakuzwisisile nofana awa.<ref>Doyle, A., Johnson, M.C., Donlon, E., McDonald, E. and Sexton, P.J., 2021. The role of the teacher as assessor: Developing student teacher's assessment identity. ''Australian Journal of Teacher Education (Online)'', ''46''(12), pp.52-68.</ref>Uhlola bonyana khuyini leyo ebatlhaga ukuyibamba nokuzwisisa nokuthi yini esele bayazi khulu kilezi zinto abazifundileko. Omunye nomunye utitjhere ukghona ukubona abafundi abanekghono lokubamba begodu nabafundi abathatheloa kude. abaotitjhere bakghona ukuhlela imihlohlobo yeenhlahlubo. === Iintjhijilo zokuba ngutitjhere === Abotitjhere lokha nabasebenzako baqaalana neetjhijilo ezinengi ezahlukahlukeno.Uthole abotitjhere badelelwa bafundi ngesibanga sokuthi abafundi abasabethwa eenkolweni bese bagcine sele babona abotitjhere njebantu abadelelekileko.<ref>Flores, M.A., 2017. The complexities and challenges of be (com) ing a teacher and a teacher educator. ''European journal of teacher education'', ''40''(1), pp.2-5.</ref> Obunye ubudisi kukuthi abantu babona ngathi umsebenzi wabo titjhere bamabanga aphasi ngathi ulula khulu begodu babona kanti ngibo ebenza umsebenzi omkhulu.Abantu bacabanga bona utitjhere usebenza ukufundisa kwaphela abazi ukuthi minengi imisebenzi ebayenzako lokha nabange tlasini efana nokuthi baqinisekile ukuthi amafayili wabo ahleleke kuhle begodu kufanele benze neensiza zokufundisa. == Iinkomba == [[Category:Abotitjhere]] [[Category:Ifundo]] [[Category:Isikolo]] 8iju9nx7ok9pg01qliavk00885cre85 0 554 3069 2983 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Nqobile69|Nqobile69]] 2661 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ukuphefumula == '''Ukuphefumula''' kukulokha ipumulo ingenisa nofana ikhipha ummoya<ref>BREATHING | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary</ref>. Ukuphefumula ngikho okukhombisa ukuthi umuntu uyaphila. Nawufuna ukuhlukanisa izinto eziphilako nezingaphiliko kufuze utjheje bonyana into leyo iyaphefumula nofana awa. Umuntu lokha nakaphefumulako udosa ummoya ocwengileko obizwa nge oksijini awungenise ngaphakathi uye emaphaphini. Ukhipha ummoya osilaphazekileko obizwa bona nge khabhoni dayoksayidi. Yoke into ephilako iyaphefumula. Iintjalo ziyaphefumula ngokuphikisana nabantu ngombana zona zikhupha i-oksijini bese zidose ikhabhoni dayoksayidi. 8y9qwo01zs1nxgyes1a95v1m4c9jtq0 0 555 5209 5208 2025-08-16T11:15:31Z Nqobile69 190 5209 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Isikolo.jpg|thumb|Isikolo]] '''Isikolo''' kuyindawo lapho kuhlangana abantwana abanengi bendawo bazokufunda begodu bafundiswa botitjhere<ref>SCHOOL | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary</ref>. Isikolo yindawo ekulu ematlasi amanengi lapho kufundela khona abantwana ngokwesigaba abakiso ngefundo.Esikolweni kunama ofisi wabo titjhere nelaka hlokokulu. Esikolweni kuyindawo lapho abantwana baceda khona iskhathi sabo esinengi ngelanga, lokhu kuhle ngombana kwenza bona bahlale babulungekile. Abantwana bathola ilwazi elibenza bona ukujamelana nepillo esikolweni. Isikolo kuyindawo yomphakathi ngombana ngaphandle komphakathi isikolo ngekhe sabo khona nehlelo lokufunda nokufundisa emphakathini angeze libe khona<ref>Smith, G.A. and Sobel, D., 2014. ''Place-and community-based education in schools''. Routledge.</ref>. == Iinkomba == [[Category:Isikolo]] [[Category:Ifundo]] [[Category:Abotitjhere]] 7j048o4qzwictlekynzsri9jqbgt986 0 556 2663 2025-04-15T16:50:28Z Nqobile69 190 Created page with "== Umlando wombuso wegandelelo enarheni yeSewula Afrika == '''Umbuso''' wegandelelo eSewula Afrika wathoma ngonyaka we-1948 ukuya enyakeni we-1994. Umbuso lo bewenza bona kube nokuhlukana phakathi kwabantu ngesibanga sombalal wabo. Umbuso lo wathoma yihlangano ebeyidoswa phambili ngu-Daniel Francois Malan ekunguye oweza nomthetho wokugandelela abantu abanzima. == Imithetho eyabekwako == Ukuzitlolisa ngokuya kombala Kwabekwa umthetho wokuthi woke umuntu kufanele ayozit..." 2663 wikitext text/x-wiki == Umlando wombuso wegandelelo enarheni yeSewula Afrika == '''Umbuso''' wegandelelo eSewula Afrika wathoma ngonyaka we-1948 ukuya enyakeni we-1994. Umbuso lo bewenza bona kube nokuhlukana phakathi kwabantu ngesibanga sombalal wabo. Umbuso lo wathoma yihlangano ebeyidoswa phambili ngu-Daniel Francois Malan ekunguye oweza nomthetho wokugandelela abantu abanzima. == Imithetho eyabekwako == Ukuzitlolisa ngokuya kombala Kwabekwa umthetho wokuthi woke umuntu kufanele ayozitlosa ngokuya kombala wakhe lokhu bekwenzelwa ukuthi kwaziwe ukuthi umuntu uzokupohatha njani ngouya kombala wakhe<ref name=":0">Mhlauli, M.B., Salani, E. and Mokotedi, R., 2015. Understanding apartheid in South Africa through the racial contract. ''International Journal of Asian Social Science'', ''5''(4), pp.203-219.</ref>. Ukuhlukanisa abantu ngeenqhema Kwahlukaniswa abantu ngendlela ebabehlala ngayo, abantu abamhlophe bebahlalaendaweni ezihle eziphezulu bese kuthi abantu abanzima banikelwe indawo lezo ezingakathuthuki. Abantu abanzima bebangaka vunyelwa bona ukuya amabhitjhi,emaphageni nakwenzinye indawo zokuledlha. Lokha nagade umuntu atholakala endaweni yabantu abamhlophe begade amapholisa ambopha<ref name=":0" />. Ukwala imitjhado yabantu abahlukileko ngombalaAbantu abanzima bebangaka vunyelwa bona bangathandana nofana batjhadane nabantu abamhlophe. Abantu bakufanele bona bathandane ngokombala ofanako<ref>Dalmage, H.M., 2018. Mixed race families in South Africa: Naming and claiming a location. ''Journal of Intercultural Studies'', ''39''(4), pp.399-413.</ref>. Umthetho umthetho wokuphatha umazisi Abantu abanzima bekufanele bahlale baphethe umazisi koke lapho bakhamba khona ukwenzela bona bagabotjhwa. Nanyana bebekhamba baphethe umazisi kodwana bebangangeni nanoma kukuphi<ref>Du Bruyn, D., 2024. Memories and testimonies of passbooks, permits and platkeps in apartheid-era Batho, Mangaung.</ref>. Ifundo yabantu abanzima Abantu abanzima bebathola ifundo ephasi kuneyabantu abamhlophe ngokwezinga lokho bekwenziwa ngilezi inzathu Ukufunda umsebenzi ovamileko Abafundi abanzima ngalesi iskhathi bebafunda ikharikhulamu enciphisiweko eyenza bona bona benze imisebenzi evamileko njengokuthuga, ukutjala esivandeni nokhunye. Lokhu bekwenziwa mthetho obizwa bona yi bantu act yango 1953, ekungiyo ebeyehlisa izinga lefundo yabantu abanzima ukubagandelela bona bahlale baphasi kwabamhlophe<ref>Wills, I.R., 2011. ''The history of Bantu education: 1948-1994'' (Doctoral dissertation, Australian Catholic University).</ref>. Inkolo ezingabhadelelwa ngurhulumende Inkolo lapho kufunda khona abantu abanzima beziphasi ngokwezinga lokufundisa ngombana abotitjhere bakhona kade bangakabandulwa bonyana bazokufundisa. Inkolo bezitloga iinsetjenziswa neensiza zokufundisa<ref>Ndimande, B.S., 2013. From Bantu education to the fight for socially just education. ''Equity & Excellence in Education'', ''46''(1), pp.20-35.</ref>. Ukuphela kombuso wegandelelo Ihlangano ye african national congress eyabe idoswa phambili ngubaba u-Nelson Mandela yadlala indima ekulu ekulwisana nebandlululo. Ihlangano yasungula isiqhema esingana nturhu Umkhonto wesizwe ukulwisana negandelelo<ref>Clark, N.L. and Worger, W.H., 2016. ''South Africa: The rise and fall of apartheid''. Routledge.</ref>. Kwathi ngonyaka we-1994 abantu amekhathweni bakhetha uNelson Mandela bona abe ngu Mongameli wesitjhaba. Kukulapho kwathoma khona ikululeko. 676cc5f5hc3i4s8vf1d5q6adi5nmxk8 0 557 2664 2025-04-15T16:57:13Z Nqobile69 190 Created page with "== Isihlahlubo == '''Isihlahlubo''' kuyinto oyitlolako ukuze kughona ukuvelwa ilwazi onalo ngezinto obuzwa zona<ref>TEST | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary</ref>. == Inzathu ezenza bona abantu batlole iinhlahlubo == Abantu batlola iinhlahlubo ukuze abotitjhere bakghone ukubona ukuthi abanfundi babo Khuyini ebayizwisisako kilokho abakufundako begodu Khuyini abanobudisi bokuyizwisisa. Isihlahlubo sikghona ukunikela umuntu osenzako impendulo zokuthi Khuyini umuntu a..." 2664 wikitext text/x-wiki == Isihlahlubo == '''Isihlahlubo''' kuyinto oyitlolako ukuze kughona ukuvelwa ilwazi onalo ngezinto obuzwa zona<ref>TEST | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary</ref>. == Inzathu ezenza bona abantu batlole iinhlahlubo == Abantu batlola iinhlahlubo ukuze abotitjhere bakghone ukubona ukuthi abanfundi babo Khuyini ebayizwisisako kilokho abakufundako begodu Khuyini abanobudisi bokuyizwisisa. Isihlahlubo sikghona ukunikela umuntu osenzako impendulo zokuthi Khuyini umuntu ayikghona khulu begodu Khuyini umuntu abuthaka ngakiyo. Sikghona ukuveza indawo ezidinga ukuthuthukiswa<ref>Knoch, U., 2011. Rating scales for diagnostic assessment of writing: What should they look like and where should the criteria come from?. ''Assessing Writing'', ''16''(2), pp.81-96.</ref><ref>Al-Shammari, Z., 2011. Assessment of student learning outcomes: Indicators of strengths and weaknesses. In ''ICERI2011 Proceedings'' (pp. 4228-4230). IATED.</ref>. Isihlahlubo esikhathi esinengi sifuna bona abafundi bakghone ukucabanga ngobukhali begodu basenzise ilwazi labo ukurarulula imiraro. Lokhu kurhelebha umunti bona akghone ukukhula emkhumbulweni<ref>Gelerstein, D., Del Rio, R., Nussbaum, M., Chiuminatto, P. and López, X., 2016. Designing and implementing a test for measuring critical thinking in primary school. ''Thinking Skills and Creativity'', ''20'', pp.40-49.</ref>. Isihlahlubo sirhelebha umfundi bona akghone ukuziphendulela ngofundo yakhe ngombana isihlahlubo sizomenza akhuthalele ukufunda nokuthi ahlale athola imiphumela ephezulu. == Isiphetho == Isihlahlubo abanye siqakathekile emuntwini ofunako ngombana umuntu loyo ukgona ukubona ukuthi unelwazi elingangani entweni ayifundako begodu akghone nokuthi akhuphule izinga lakhe lokufunda ezintweni angazaziko. Isihlahlubo siveza bona umuntu sele abufunde kangangani. dzvqvlpaf2youz08e88ezizp2pniydu 0 558 3585 3584 2025-08-06T16:55:08Z Nqobile69 190 3585 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Iimunyisi''' kusiqhema seenlwana esinegazi elitjhisako. Iinlwana lezi zihlala endaweni zazo zemvelo ezahlukahlukeneko ngombana nazo zihlukile ngokwakheka<ref>MAMMAL | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary</ref>. Iimunyisi kuzimbandana ezibahlakaniphileko ngombana zikghona ukuhlla eendaweni ezihlukahlukeneko ezifana nelwandle, entabeni,nalapho kumakhaza khona khulu, zikghona ukuhlala ngeenqhema nangokuphilisana. Ezinye zazo ziyazingelwa ukuze zithole ukudla begodu ezinye ngokuhlukileko zid;a utjani. Iimunyisi ziyasetjenziswa ukwenza ukudla, izambatho nokhunye abantu abakusebenzisa mihla namalanga ukuphila. === Sibinakala njani isimunyisi? === Zoke iimunyisi zinoboya nofana iinhluthu emzibeni wazo. Uboya lobu benza bona inlwana lezi zivikele ezintweni ezingazilimaza. Begodu zikghona nokuthi zingangenwa makhaza. Igazi lesimunyisi lihlala litjhisa nanyana isimo sezulu singaba njani<ref>Sokolov, V.E., 2023. ''Mammal skin''. Univ of California Press.</ref>.Iimunyisi zoke zikghone ukwenza ibisi emzimbeni wazo lokha nazizithweleko<ref>Skibiel, A.L., Downing, L.M., Orr, T.J. and Hood, W.R., 2013. The evolution of the nutrient composition of mammalian milks. ''Journal of Animal Ecology'', pp.1254-1264.</ref>. Lokhu zikwenzela ukuthi ngesikhathi isimunyisi siceda ukuba nomtwana sikghone ukumunyisa umntwana waso ibisi. Umtwana waso uthoma ukukhula akhuliswa yibisi bese agcine adla Ukudla lokhu akudliwa ngunina nasele akhulileko. Isimunyisi sinamthambo amathathu endlebeni ephakathi<ref>Fleischer, G., 2013. ''Evolutionary principles of the mammalian middle ear'' (Vol. 55). Springer Science & Business Media.</ref>.Isimunyisi asibekeli abamaqanda ukuthi sikghone ukuba nabantwana. Isimunyisi siyamthwala Umntwana waso emzimbeni waso bese nakufika iskhathi siyamubeletha. Iinkhathi zokuthwala abantwana zeemunyisi azifani esibonelo iindlovu ithwala Umntwana waso imiyaka emibili, umuntu uthwala umntwana iinyanga ezilithoba. === Ukuqakatheka kwesimunyisi === Iimunyisi zidlala indima eqakathekileko ephasini ngombana ziimthombo wokudla ebantwini, isibonelo iinkomo zikhipha ibisi elidliwa babantu. Iinyama yeemunyisi ezinye iyadliwa, begodu nesikhumba sazo abantu bakghone ukuwenza izambatho ngazo. Ziphila nabantu iimunyisi ziyakghona ukuthi zibe yifuyo sithandwa yabantu, ezinye ziyakghona ukuthi abantu bazi sebenzise njenge nthuthi zabe zibase lapho bafuna ukuya khona. Isibonelo: inja nomqasa ziyakghona ukuba yifuyo sithandwa, ipera iyasebenza njenge njengesithuthi.Isimunyisi siyasetjenziswa lokha abasosayensi naba rhubhulula ngemithi engasetjenziswa ukuthi ilaphe abantu amagulo abangaba nawo.Iimunyisi ezinye ziyadla inyama ekutjho bona ziphila ngokuthi zizingele ezinye inlwana. Ezinye zakhona ziphila ngokudla utjani. Ezinye zilahla imbewu. Iinlwana lezi ngokwenza njalo zinza bona kube nokudzimelela kwerherho yepilo yeenlwana<ref>Lacher Jr, T.E., Davidson, A.D., Fleming, T.H., Gómez-Ruiz, E.P., McCracken, G.F., Owen-Smith, N., Peres, C.A. and Vander Wall, S.B., 2019. The functional roles of mammals in ecosystems. ''Journal of Mammalogy'', ''100''(3), pp.942-964.</ref>.isimunyisi siqakathekile ngombana senza abantu bona bakghone ukuphila. Abasosayensi bakghone ukwenza amarhubhululo wabo. Isimunyisi sibonakala ngokuthi sibe noboya mezimbeni, sithwale abantwana emzibeni begodu nalokha sele bavelile abantwana sibamunyise ibisi ukuze bakghone ukukhula. == Iinkomba == <references /> [[category: Iimunyisi]] [[Category: Iimbandana]] 0q2bkguztq11794eubfdgvsbf2jdqpl 0 559 5126 5064 2025-08-10T15:28:32Z Nqobile69 190 5126 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Female house sparrow at Kodai.jpg|thumb|Iinyoni]] '''Iinyoni''' kuzinlwana ezinamaphiko begodu zinensiba ezinengi emzimbeni wazo ukuvala isikhumba sazo<ref>BIRD | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary</ref>. Iinsiba zenyoni zilula begodu ziqinile zikghona ukulekelela iinyoni bona zikghone ukuphapha emoyeni bezizivikele. Iinyoni ziimhlobo omnengi ohluka ngemibala,ngokubumbeka, nangobukhulu. Ukubumbeka kwazo kulawulwa kukuthi zizifihla kangangani,ziphaphela phezulu kangangani nokhunye. === Uyibona ngani inyoni? === ==== Umlomo wenyoni ==== Umlomo wenyoni ubizwa bona yibhigi. Imilomo le iyahluka ngokuqina nangokubumbeka ihlukaniswa kukuthi inyoni idla ukudla okunjani, ibamba ini<ref>Bright, J.A., Marugán-Lobón, J., Cobb, S.N. and Rayfield, E.J., 2016. The shapes of bird beaks are highly controlled by nondietary factors. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'', ''113''(19), pp.5352-5357.</ref>. Ezinye iinyoni zinomlomo oqinileko ohagako ngombana zikghona ukudabula inyama. Ezinye zinomlomo owondileko okghona ukungena ehlabathini nokuthi udle emathuthumbeni. Iinyoni ziyakghona ukusebenzisa umilomo yazo ukwakha iindleke ekuzizindlu zazo. Umlomo wenyoni wenziwe nge phrotheyini ebizwa ngokuthi yi-Keratin<ref>Shah, A., Tyagi, S., Bharagava, R.N., Belhaj, D., Kumar, A., Saxena, G., Saratale, G.D. and Mulla, S.I., 2019. Keratin production and its applications: current and future perspective. ''Keratin as a protein biopolymer: Extraction from waste biomass and applications'', pp.19-34.</ref>. ==== Amaphiko wenyoni ==== [[Isimumathi:Carpodacus erythrinus erythrinus MHNT.ZOO.2010.11 Vyborg.jpg|thumb|Amaqanada weenyoni]] Inyoni yaziwa ngamaphiko wayo. Amaphiko enziwe ngamathambo imisipha, nangasiba ethileko asebenzisanako ukuze amaphiko akghone ukusebenza<ref>Kaiser, G.W., 2010. ''The inner bird: anatomy and evolution''. UBC Press.</ref>. Amaphiko akghona ukuthi alekelele inyoni ukuthi ikghone ukuphapha, akhambe emoyeni iskhathi eside. Ezinye iinyoni zikghona ukuphapha ibanga elide unyaka nonyaka zifuna Ukudla nokubalekela isimo sezulu esimbi. Akusizo zoke iinyoni ezikghona ukuphapha ngamaphiko wazo, isibonelo ikukhu nenqiliba azikghoni ukuphapha emoyeni. ==== Ukubekela amaqanda ==== [[Isimumathi:Common ostrich (Struthio camelus australis) male running composite.jpg|thumb|inciliba mhlobo wenyoni engakwazi ukuphapha emmoyeni]] Iinyoni ukuthi zikghone ukwanda zibekela amaqanda beze ziwafukamele bese nakufika isikhathi amaqanda aqhume kuvele amadzinyani wakhona. Inyoni lokha nayingathi isabekela ithole bona [[iqanda]] layo libanjwe mumuntu iyawanghala bese ingasawafukamela<ref>Stadelman, W.J., 2017. Egg-production practices. In ''Egg science and technology'' (pp. 9-37). CRC Press.</ref>Isibonelo seenyoni: likhozi, idlanga, ikukhu. Iinyoni zilwana ezinaphiko emzibeni namisiba amanengi angasibudisi. Zibekela amaqanda ukuba nabantwana. Zinomlomo obizwa ngebhigi obukhali ngombana zisebenzisa wona Ukudla, ukuzingela nokwakha iindleke zawo. Iiinyoni ezinengi zisebenzisa amaphiko wazo ukuphapha kodwana ezinye azikghoni ukuphapha. == Iinkomba == [[Category:Iinyoni]] [[Category:Amaqanda]] klu16x0dmjuhh1qe81kk6vxtynitfyz 0 560 2669 2668 2025-04-15T17:23:40Z Nqobile69 190 2669 wikitext text/x-wiki == Isibaya == '''Isibaya''' kuyindawo kuhlala khona iinlwana. Kuyindlu yeenlwana lapho zivalelwa khona lokha nazise khaya zingakayi emadlelweni ukuyokudla. Isibaya senza bona iinlwana zihlale zivikelekile begodu zingagcwali [[inarha]] yoke zifuna indawo yokulala<ref>Kraal - Wikipedia</ref>. Kwezinye indawo isibaya kuyindawo eqakathekileko y[[amasiko]] ngombana abanye abantu basebenzisa isibaya ukwenza ezinye izinto zamasiko njengokuphahla. <references /> q27lcykqelxnjbhfk2rxvoxz1pet9vy 0 561 3047 3034 2025-06-07T03:05:22Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Nomsa Skosana|Nomsa Skosana]] 2671 wikitext text/x-wiki '''#JusticeForCwecwe''' mkhankaso weendaba zomphakathi [[Isewula Afrika|weSewula Afrika]] kanye nomkhankaso womphakathi owavela ngemva kokuhlukunyezwa ngokomseme komntazinyana eneminyaka elikhomba, eyaziwa ngoCwecwe, e-Bergview College, isikolo sangasese e- Matatiele, e-Eastern Cape, [[Isewula Afrika|e-South Africa]] . Ijima lifuna ubulungiswa kumhlukunyezwa, lifuna ukuziphendulela esikolweni neemphathisweni ezibandakanyekako. hy6it003fbr2f3fmy037b1pjwr9re21 0 562 2684 2683 2025-04-23T04:49:52Z Nqobile69 190 2684 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ilwande == '''Ilwande''' yindawo enamanzi amanengi khulu enetswayi<ref>OCEAN | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary</ref>. Amanzi welwandle athathe isikhundla esima-70% wephasi. [[Ilwandle]] liqakathekile ngombana kuyindawo lapho kuhlala khona ezinye zeenlwana, likhupha isiqunto se-oksijini ephufumulwa babantu. Ephasini sinemhlobo emine wamalwandle ekuyi lwandle ipacific, ilwandle I indian, ilwandle I-atlantic, ilwandle i-arctic ne ilwandle IeSewula. == Umhlobo wamalwandle == '''1. ilwandle i-Pacific''' Leli kulilwandle elikhulu ukuwadlula woke amalwandle ephasini. Ubukhulu belwandle leli budlula ubukhulu beenarhakazi zoke zephasi selel zihlanganisiwe. Ilikhaya le-Marian Trench ekuyindawo edibhelako ukudlula zoke phasini<ref>Stewart, H.A. and Jamieson, A.J., 2019. The five deeps: The location and depth of the deepest place in each of the world's oceans. ''Earth-Science Reviews'', ''197'', p.102896.</ref>. Elwandle leli kunamahlengethwa, namatjhagi ahlala khona ngombana ilwandle leli kuyikhaya lawo. 2. I lwandle I- indian Linamanzi apholileko Ukudla woke amalwande, lizele ngeenlwana zemanzini ezihlukahlukeneko. '''3.Ilwandle i-Arctic''' Lilwanndle elincani ukwadlula woke ephasini begodu ngilo elimakhaza nofana elimanzi amakhaza khulu. Libonakala ngamanzi agubuzeswe lirhwaba.Ilwandle leli linamanzi afretjhibegodi amanzi la ngiwo elawula ubujamo bezulu ephasini loke<ref>Solomon, A., Heuzé, C., Rabe, B., Bacon, S., Bertino, L., Heimbach, P., Inoue, J., Iovino, D., Mottram, R., Zhang, X. and Aksenov, Y., 2021. Freshwater in the arctic ocean 2010–2019. ''Ocean Science'', ''17''(4), pp.1081-1102.</ref>. Linenlwana zakhona ezihlala khona elwandle leli. '''4.  ilwandle i-Atlantic''' Leli lilwandle lesibili elikulu, laziwa ngamagagasi walo  anamandla<ref>Anfuso, G., Rangel‐Buitrago, N., Cortés‐Useche, C., Iglesias Castillo, B. and Gracia, F.J., 2016. Characterization of storm events along the Gulf of Cadiz (eastern central Atlantic Ocean). ''International Journal of Climatology'', ''36''(11), pp.3690-3707.</ref> '''5. ilwandle IeSewula''' Yaziwa bona yi lwandle i-Antarctic  ngombana indulungele ikhontinenti I-Antarctica. Linamanzi emakhaza . == Ukuqakatheka kwelwandle == Amalwandle aqakatheke ngendlela ezinengi okhonye kukuthi enza bona abantu bona bakghone ukuphila kuhle. === Ukudla === Ilwandle lenza bona abantu bakghone ukuthola Ukudla ngombana abantu bakghona ukuthiya iimfesi bayozidla nofana  bazithengize<ref>Ferreira, B., Rice, J. and Rosenberg, A., 2016. The oceans as a source of food. ''The First Global Integrated Marine Assessment (World Ocean Assessment I). United Nations, USA''.</ref>.. Lokhu kutjho bona ilwandle likhona ukondla iingidi zabantu ephasini. Abantu nbakghona ukukwakha ukwakha umnotho ngezinto ngenlwana abazithola elwandle, omunye umuntu angathatha iinlwana ezitholakala elwandle azathengise Ukuze akghone ukwenza imali. === Umoya === Ilwandle likhipha umoya ophefumulwa babantu obizwa bona yi-oksijini. Isiqunto se-oksijini esiyiphefumulako sivela elwandle<ref>Sigman, D.M. and Hain, M.P., 2012. The biological productivity of the ocean. ''Nature Education Knowledge'', ''3''(10), p.21.</ref>. Ilwandle lingeminye yemithombo lapho abantu bathoma khona ummoya ohlanzekileko abawutlhogako. === Isimo sezulu === Ilwandle lilawula isimo seZulu ngombana lidosa ikhabhoni dioksayidi nomtjhiso emoyeni == Isiphetho == Ilwandle liqakathekile begodu lidlala indima ekulu emaphilweni wabantu ngombana abantu bathola Ukudla kilo, bakghona ukuthola nomoya wokuphefumula  ovela kilo. Kufuze abantu bavikele ilwandle bangalisilaphazi ukuze neenzukulwana ezizako zikghone ukuphile kuhle ngenzuzo abayithola elwandle. aorwvkgg567wl2t8ymcfay3wk4vxvw9 0 563 2838 2837 2025-05-22T15:49:49Z Lungile M. Mabhena 585 2838 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''SWiP''' == '''I-SWiP''' yiphrojekthi ehloselwe ukuthuthukisa amalimi wendabuko weSewula Afrika ebuthelelwenilwazi, khulu khulu ilimi lesiNdebele ku-Wikipedia. Ilimi lesiNdebele lisetjenziswa njengelimi lokuhlola ngebanga lokuthi alikajanyelwa khulu ku-Wikipedia njengamanye amalimi weSewul Afrika begodu iphrojekthi le ihlose ukunikela abantu abakhuluma IsiNdebele amandla nomdlandla wokutlola ama-athikili ku-wikipedia simahla. Kanti-ke, i-SWiP yi-akhronimu ejamele iinhlangano ezintathu ekungizo ezakhe iphrojekthi le, iinhlangano lezo yi: SADiLaR begodu ngokuzeleko yi-South African Centre for for Digital Language Resources, ne-Wikipedia kanye nehlangano ye-PanSALB ekuyi-Pan South African Language Board ngokuzeleko. I-SADiLaR yatlanywa ngomnyaka wee-2016 begodu kuligadango lokwakha nokuphatha iintlabagelo zebuthelelolwazi nemitjhini yokurhubhulula edijithali kanye nokuthuthukisa iintlabagelo zamalimi adijithali eSewula Afrika. Igadango leli linikelwa isekele mNyango weSayentsi nokwakha eSewula Afrika. I-Wikipedia yatlanywa ngomnyaka we-2001 begodu yi-ensatlophidiya yasimahla etholakala ebuthelelwenilwazi, itlolwa beyibuye iphathwe mphakathi wabantu abazinikela simahla. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-05-13|title=Wikipedia {{!}} Definition, Encyclopedia, History, & Facts {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wikipedia|access-date=2025-05-22|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> Kanti-ke, i-PanSALB yihlangano yeSewula Afrika eyakhwa ngesizathu sokukhuthaza ubuliminengi ukuze ithuthukise beyinzinzise amalimi woke weSewula Afrika alitjhumi nambili ngenani begodu ivikele amalungelo wamalimi eSewula Afrika, le ihlangano yatlanywa ngomnyaka we-1995. I-SWiP yona yatlanywa ngomnyaka wee-2023. <ref>{{Cite web|title=SADiLaR-Wikipedia-PanSALB (SWiP) – SADiLaR|url=https://sadilar.org/en/swip/|access-date=2025-05-22|website=sadilar.org}}</ref> Iminqopho ye-SWiP kukhulisa ubukhona bebuthelelolwazi bamalimi we-Sewula Afrika, ngokutjheja amalimi wendabuko, ngokukghonakalisa imiphakathi yendawo bona yenze begodu yabelane ngelwazi le-Wikipedia emalimini wabo. Iphrojekthi le ihlose ukuvikela amalimi wendabuko ngokukhuthaza ukusetjenziswa kwawo, ukubulunga amagugu wawo, nokukhuthaza ukusebenzisana hlangana nabathintekako bamalimi. Igadango leli lifuna ukuvuselela nokuvikela amalimi wendabuko, ukuqinisekisa ukuphila kwawo nokukhuthaza ukuzibandakanya okuhlukahlukeneko wokulondolozwa kwelimi. Iphrojekthi le ikhuthaza ukulondolozwa nokugidingwa kwamalimi wendabuko, isebenzela ukukhandela ukuwohloka kwawo begodu ikhuthaze ukuzibandakanya okusebenzako kwabasebenzi bamalimi nemiphakathi. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Wayback Machine|url=https://www.dst.gov.za/index.php/media-room/latest-news/2885-government-establishes-a-new-digital-centre-to-promote-indigenous-languages%5B%5D|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240212210914/https://www.dst.gov.za/index.php/media-room/latest-news/2885-government-establishes-a-new-digital-centre-to-promote-indigenous-languages%5B%5D|archive-date=2024-02-12|access-date=2025-05-22|website=www.dst.gov.za}}</ref> Iphrojekthi ye-SWiP yenze amagadango soloko yasangulwa, yaqeda ngepumelelo isigaba sayo sokuthoma, esakha umfutho wokujanyelwa kwelimi le-Afrika ku-Wikipedia begodu yakhulisa umphakathi wabafaki-galelo abanekghono. Ipumelelo eqakathekileko ifaka hlangana ukusingatha imihlangano yokuqoqisana ngokutlola emalangeni amabili eendaweni ezisithandathu, ukubandula abahlanganyeli abama-483 abavela emayunivesithi ali-10, nokuhlela umnyanya oseqadi e-Sayensi Forum South Africa 2024, owakhuthaza ilwazi elivulekileko nelifinyelelekako kibo boke abantu. Iphaliswano lokutlola nalo lihlanganyelwe nabahleli abama-56, baqakathekisa abafaki-galelo abaphezulu nabaphumeleleko ngelimi ngalinye elitloliweko leSewula Afrika. Ukwakha phezu kwesisekelo lesi, iSigaba sesibili sathoma ngoSinyikhaba 2024 begodu sizokuragela phambili bekube nguMgwengweni 2027, sizokwethula amagadango amatjha wokuthuthukisa imiphakathi yamalimi nokuthuthukisa amalimi weSewula Afrika. <ref>{{Cite web|title=SADiLaR-Wikipedia-PanSALB (SWiP) – SADiLaR|url=https://sadilar.org/en/swip/|access-date=2025-05-22|website=sadilar.org}}</ref> === UMTHOMBO WELWAZI === adsac26rjcx79ma4no8kixtmb3mv51o 0 565 2790 2678 2025-04-30T06:02:34Z KeMang?? 604 maphutha 2790 wikitext text/x-wiki USteffans Mahlangu njenganje sele ayikosi etjha ye Charl Cilliers. [[Isimumathi:Steffanns5 88732.jpg|thumb|Chief Steffans Mahlangu.]] uBafana Mahlangu obegade kunguye omdosi phambili webutho elithunyelwe yiNgwenyama yama Ndzundza uMabhoko III,unikele ngokusemthethweni incwadi yesitifiketi ku Mahlangu Steffans.<ref>https://ridgetimes.co.za</ref> Ubaba u Steffans Mahlangu nje sele ayikosi ye Charl Cilliers ngemva komnyanya wokubekwa kwakhe mhlana amalanga alitjhumi nekhomba kuRhoboyi 2024. Uthweswe isikhundla lesi endaweni ye Charl Cilliers multi purpose centre ngebe Ndzundza Mabhoko Traditional Council.Nakakhuluma nababiki beendaba uBafana Mahlangu uthe ikosi etja ekungu Steffans Mahlangu uvumelekile bonyana akhalime eendabeni ezifaka hlangana zomphakathi ngokubambisana nesipholisa kunye neendabeni ezifaka isigodlo sakhe.Ubuyele watjho bonyana unelungelo lokungenelela abuye abonelele zesintu kunye neminyanya ekhona njengokutjho komthetho wezokubusa namasiko. UMahlangu Bafana ubuye wayelelisa ikosi etja bonyana ingathathi hlangothi lokha nayithatha iinqundo eziphathelene nokutjhutjhiswa kwabantu abatholakala bamlandu. "Kufuze bonyana uphathe boke abantu ngendlela elinganako ungathi hlangothi.Usebenze ngokuthembeka kunye nomphakathi ukusize." "Kufuze bonyana utjheje khulu amasiko wethu angathathelwa phasi.Usebenze namanye amakhosi nabanye abantu abasemphakathini njengombana siphila emphakathini onabantu abanamasiko ahlukeneko.Wenze isiciniseko sokobana isithuzi sobukhosi bethu namasiko wethu akathathelwa phasi begodu ayahlonitjhwa." Ikosi uMahlangu uthembisile bonyana uzokulandela yoke imithetho kunye nemigomo begodu wathembisa bonyana uzokusebenza nabo boke abantu be Charl Cilliers ngokuthembeka nangeqiniso. == Imikhombo == <references /> bv7ewr221uz8oisj5wqk8tlt42sv03x 0 567 3234 3228 2025-06-26T12:59:57Z Mosakaruka 586 spelling fix 3234 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Depressione.jpg|thumb|Ukugandeleleka komkhumbulo kufana nokuba sejele lomkhumbulo]] '''UkuGandeleleka komKhumbulo''' (''Depression'', namkha ''Depressive Disorder'' ngesiNgisi) kugula kwengqondo okwenza umuntu ahlale adanile, angabi nekareko namkha alahlekelwe lithemba isikhathi eside. Woke umuntu uba neenkhathi zokudana nokungathabi, kodwana ukuGandeleleka komKhumbulo kuhlukile ngombana kuthatha isikhathi eside. Ingathinta ipilo yomuntu, itjhebiswano lakhe nomndenakhe, abangani bakhe, nomphakathi ahlala kiwo. Kungabanga imiraro esikolweni nakamfundi, namkha abe nemiraro emsebenzini.<ref name=":0">World Health Organisation Website - [https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression Depressive Disorder]</ref> Kungathinta indlela acabanga ngayo, azizwa ngayo nenza ngayo izinto, njengokulala, ukudla nemisebenzi ayenza namalanga. Umhlobo lo wokugula awukhethi ukuthi umhlobo bani, ubulili bani, usebenza kuphi, urhola malini, wenza isiko bani nokuthi ufunde kangangani. <ref>[https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/depression#hts-intro National Institute of Mental Health - Depression]</ref> Okumbi khulu kukuthi ukuGandeleleka komKhumbulo kungenza umuntu azibulale. Ngokwewebhusayidi ye-''World Health Organization,'' abantu abama-700 000 bayazibulala qobe mnyaka ngebanga lokugandeleleka ngokomkhumbulo. Nayiragako ithi pheze abantu abaziingidi ezima-280 ephasini mazombe kubaphethe ukugulokhu begodu kubonakala kubamba khulu abantu abasikazi kunabaduna, okumaphesente amane wabembaji, nasithandathu wabengubo. <ref name=":0" /> == UkuGandeleleka KomKhumbulo ESewula Afrika == Kuthiwani ngokuGandeleleka komKhumbulo eSewula Afrika? Kunerhubhululo elitjengisa bona abantu beSewula Afrika basemathubeni amanengi wokuphathwa kugandeleleka komkhumbulo nokutshwenyeka ukudlula kwezinye iinarha. Irhubhululwelo lenziwe yi-''Wits/Medical Research Council Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit (DPHRU).'' UDorhodere u-Ashleigh Craig, ongumrhubhululi we-(DPHRU) uthi imininingwana yerhubhululweli iveza bona inani labantu abaphethwe kugandeleleka nokutshwenyeka eSewula Afrika lidlula inani le-USA, le-Germany nele-Australia. <ref>University of Witwatersrand Johannesburg - [https://www.wits.ac.za/news/latest-news/research-news/2022/2022-11/mental-health-in-sa-is-at-shocking-levels-but-people-are-not-seeking-help-.html Mental Health in South Africa] </ref> == Amatshwayo WokuGandeleleka KomKhumbulo == [[Isimumathi:Depression-loss of loved one.jpg|thumb|Ukugandeleleka komkhumbulo kukwenza uhlangahlangane]] Kunamatshwayo atjengisa bona umuntu uphethwe kugulokhu. Umuntu angabonakala * Ngokutjhugutjhuguluka kwemizwa msinyana * Ngokuhlala adanile isikhathi eside, * Nokuzizwa angasililitho, aphelelwe lithemba * ngokukwata nangokusilingwa zizinto ezincani ezingatjho litho, namkha ahlangahlangane. * Ngokungasabi nekareko emsebenzini yangamalanga * Ngokuphilelwa ubusuku boke, abanye balale isikhathi eside. * Ngokuhlala udiniwe nokuphelelwa namdlandla wokusebenza bese kuthathe isikhathi eside ukwenza umsetjenzana omncani. * Abanye abakuthandi ukudla abanye bayafobela. * Abanye bazibetha khulu nabenze iimphoso, bazizwe bangasililitho. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-02 |title=How to cope with depression |url=https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/self-help/tips-and-support/cope-with-depression/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=nhs.uk |language=en}}</ref> == Lokho Kufuze Umuntu Akwenze Nakagandelelekileko == Kunezinto umuntu nakazizwa agandelelekile okufuze azenze ngokuya ngokwewebhusayidi ye-NHS ye-UK: * Kufuze athintane nabodorhodere bengqondo ngokurhabako bona afumane isizo * Kufuze adle ukudla okunepilo * Angaseli khulu utjwala * Kufuze kube nemisetjenzana ayenzako * Ahlale akhuluma nabantu * Aqalane nalokho okumlethela ukwesaba <ref>NHS - [https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/self-help/tips-and-support/cope-with-depression/ How to cope with depression]</ref> == Iinkhombo == 8ju5i78yp4axd0pv9pxjagf1mn8t5bu 0 569 2692 2025-04-23T09:10:45Z Orrora 587 Created page with "= UKUGULA KOKUKHOHLWA - ''DEMENTIA'' = [[Isimumathi:Old zacatecas lady.jpg|thumb|Isifo sokukhohlwa siphatha abantu abalupheleko]] Ukugula kokukholwa ngesikhuwa okubizwa ngokobana yi-''Dementia'' sisifo esitsatsela abantu abalupheleko nasele bayile ngeminyaka. Sibenza balahlekelwe mkhumbulo, balahlekelwe lilimi abalikhulumako, bangakghoni ukurarulula imiraro ebebayirarulula nabasaphile kuhle, bangakghoni ukuzicabangela.<ref>ALZHEIMER'S ASSOCIATION, [https://www.alz.org/a..." 2692 wikitext text/x-wiki = UKUGULA KOKUKHOHLWA - ''DEMENTIA'' = [[Isimumathi:Old zacatecas lady.jpg|thumb|Isifo sokukhohlwa siphatha abantu abalupheleko]] Ukugula kokukholwa ngesikhuwa okubizwa ngokobana yi-''Dementia'' sisifo esitsatsela abantu abalupheleko nasele bayile ngeminyaka. Sibenza balahlekelwe mkhumbulo, balahlekelwe lilimi abalikhulumako, bangakghoni ukurarulula imiraro ebebayirarulula nabasaphile kuhle, bangakghoni ukuzicabangela.<ref>ALZHEIMER'S ASSOCIATION, [https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/what-is-dementia what is dementia?]</ref> Abantwaba bakhohlwa nabantu abahlala nabo ngendlina bangasabazi nokubazi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu ababatlhogomelako bayathinteka ngokomkhumbulo nangokwamazizo ngebanga lokugula okuphethe amalungu wemindenabo. Nanyana amalunga womndeni angalinga ngamandla ukubaphatha ngethando labo abanesifo sokukhohlwa, angazizwa adiniwe, atjharagene namkha azizwe amlandu. Yeke amalunga womndeni akuthola kubudisi ukutlhogomela abanesifo sokukhohlwa.<ref>National Institute of Medicine, [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3181916/ The caregivers of people with dementia]</ref> == NGABANJANI ABAPHATHWA SISIFO SOKUKHOHLWA? == I-''World Health Organization'' iveza bona abantu abasengozini yokuphathwa kugulokhu babantu: * Abanokugandeleleka nokutshwenyeka * Abasela khulu * Abanomzimba omkhulu * Abanetjhukela * Abanomfutho weengazi ophezulu * Ababhemako * Abangawusebenzisi khulu umzimbabo * Abagegedwako emphakathini * Nabalupheleko<ref name=":0">World Health Organization, [[Dementia]]</ref> == INDLELA ONGALEMUKA NGAYO UMUNTU ONESIFO SOKUKHOHLWA == Kunezinto abantu abanesifo sokukhohwa abazenzako. Irhubhululo le-WHO liveze nanzi ezilandelako: * Ukukhohlwa izinto eziqeda ukwenzeka * Ukubeka into bese ungasazi bona uyibekephi * Ukulahleka nawukhamba endleleni oyijayeleko * Ukungasakghoni ukulungisa imiraro * Ukuthola kubudisi ukukhuluma nabantu * Ukutjhuguluka kwemizwa Iintjengiswezi azibi khona zoke kibo boke abantu abaphethwe bulwele bokukhohlwa, kodwana ziyatjhiyatjhiyana. Okudanisako kukuthi abulapheki ubulwelobu kodwana kuneendlela ezingasiza umuntu ophethwe bulwelobu. Kokuthoma kufuze adle ukudla okunepilo. Okwesibili athabulule umzimba qobe, arage nokuzihlanganisa nabantu akhulume nabo. Okokugcina kufuze aye kwadorhodere asele namapilisi nemitjhoga anikelwa yona.<ref name=":0" /> ttqmg22igkc1gji1g0rzm35r0gplt58 0 587 5683 5681 2025-09-04T11:35:37Z Xikombiso1 898 5683 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Olifants River at Dusk (2393448250).jpg|thumb|Isithombe somalmbo we-Olifants eMpumalanga]] Umlambo i-Olifants (begodu laziwa nge Lepelle)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kruger Park Times - Olifants River now called Lepelle |url=https://www.krugerpark.co.za/krugerpark-times-2-15-olifants-river-lepelle-20557.html |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=www.krugerpark.co.za}}</ref> uthoma phakathi kweendawo i-Breyten ne-Bethal, [[Isifunda seMpumalanga|esifundeni se-Mpumalanga]]. === Umlando womlambo === Umlambo lo ugelezela tjhuba langetlhagwini ukuya [[Limpopo|esifundeni seLimpopo]] ngokudlula e-Witbank Dam, begodu idlule nase Loskop Dam.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kruger Park Times - Olifants River now called Lepelle|url=https://www.krugerpark.co.za/krugerpark-times-2-15-olifants-river-lepelle-20557.html|access-date=2025-09-04|website=www.krugerpark.co.za}}</ref> Kusukela lapho, ikatelelwa ziintaba ze Transvaal Drankensberg bonyana itjhinge ngepumalanga yeLimpopo. Sele useLimpopo, udlula e-Abel Erasmus Pass bese ugelezela ngepumalanga uyokudlula i-Lowveld (esehleni) lapha uyokuhlangana khona nomlambo i-Letaba. Nawusuka lapho, umlambo lo ukhamba utjhinge esifundeni se-Gaza, [[Mozambique|ese-Mozambique]]. ngemva kokuba namajikajika ngonobangela weentaba ze-Lebombo ngendlela ye-Olifants Gorge. Lapha ke, umlambo lo sewubizwa ngokuthi yi ''-Rio dos Elefantes'', ngelimi lesi Portuguese. Ekugcineni kwayo ihlangana nomlambo i-Limpopo eselelwe makhilomitha ama-40km bonyana ingene elwandle i-Indian Ocean e-Xai-Xai etlhagwini ye-Maputo. === Imithombo lwazi === <references /> pmy55kgg1vzu4uuldlzcozmug0q75yz 0 588 5227 2759 2025-08-24T23:41:15Z Mojonom 593 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1305292120|University of Pretoria]]" 5227 wikitext text/x-wiki '''IYunivesithi ye-Pitori''' kuyiyunivesithi eyathonywa ngo-1908 njengekhampasi yePitori engaphasi kwe Transvaal University College ese- [[Johannesburg|Jwanashege]]. Iyunivesithi yathoma ngokuba nabafundi abama-32 ngomnyaka we 1908 kufikela ebafundini abama-53 000 ngo-2025. Nje, iyunivesithi leinamakhampasi alikhomba akhona hlangana nedorobha lePitori. Iyunivesithi ivamise ukubizwa ngokuthi yi-UP, i-Tuks namkha i-Tukkies. [[File:University_of_Pretoria_Old_Arts_building.jpg|left|thumb|Umakhiwo we Old Arts Building{{center|The [[Old Arts Building (University of Pretoria)|Old Arts Building]] in 1910, now a [[Provincial heritage site (South Africa)|provincial heritage site]]}}]] [[Isimumathi:University_of_Pretoria_Campus_plan_1930.jpg|left|thumb|Umebhe we Yunivesithi ngomnyaka ka 1930{{center|University of Pretoria Main Campus master plan in 1930}}]] == Ama Faculty we Yunivesity == {| class="toccolours" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; font-size:90%; line-height:1.4em; width:300px;" ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |Ukusungulwa kwefakhalthi |- | '''I-Fakhalthi''' | '''Umnyaka owasungulwa''' |- | colspan="2" | ---- |- |I-Fakhalthi yezeSayensi yezomNotho neyokuPhatha | 1920 |- | I-Fakhalthi yezeFundo | 1902 |- | Ubunjiniyela, iBhoduluko elakhiweko kanye neThekhnoloji yeLwazi | 1908 |- | I-Faculty yezeSayensi yezamaPhilo | 1943 |- | I-Faculty of Humanities | 1908 |- | I-Faculty yezomThetho | 1908 |- | I-Faculty yezeSayensi yezeMvelo neyezokuLima | 1917 |- | I-Faculty yezekolo | 1919 |- | I-Fakhalthi yeSayensi yeenlwana | 1920 |- | I-Gordon Institute of Business Science | 2000 |} == Ikhampasi ekulu == [[Isimumathi:Ou_Lettere,_d,_Tuks.jpg|left|thumb| {{center|The Old Arts building now contains several museums}}]] 4cz3wj3h91or0k6zejdcrr3fz917f9c 0 589 2763 2760 2025-04-24T13:47:33Z Inno06 594 added a reference 2763 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''[[Isayensi yengqondo]]''' kusifundo sengqondo nokuziphatha. Indaba yayo ifaka hlangana ukuziphatha kwabantu nokhunye okungaphili njengabantu, kokubili izinto ezizwakalako nezingezwakaliko, kanye neenkambo zengqondo ezifana nemicabango, imizwa, kanye neenhloso. Isayikholoji mkhakha wezefundo omkhulu khulu, owela hlangana nesayensi yemvelo neyehlalakuhle. [[Abasazi bengqondo zezinto eziphilako]] bafuna ukuzwisisa izakhiwo ezivelako zobuchopho, zihlanganisa umkhakha lo nesayensi yezinzwa. Njengabososayensi bezehlalakuhle, izazi zengqondo zihlose ukuzwisisa ukuziphatha kwabantu namaqembu.<ref>Psychology: Definitions, branches, history, and how to become one</ref> Izazi zengqondo zibandakanyeka ekurhubhululeni ukubona, ukuqabanga, ukutjheja, imizwa, ubuhlakani, amava wokuzikhethela, ukukhuthazeka, ukusebenza kwengqondo kanye nobuntu. Iinrhuluphelo zabososayensi bezeengqondo zikhula zifinyelele ebudlelwaneni phakathi kwabantu, ukuqina kwengqondo, ukujamelana nomndeni, nezinye iindawo ngaphakathi kwesayensi yezehlalakuhle. Baphinde bacabangele ingqondo engazi lutho. Izazi zengqondo zisebenzisa iindlela ezihlolisisako ukuthola ubudlelwane phakathi kwezinto ezihlukahlukeneko zengqondo. Abanye, kodwana ingasi boke, izazi zengqondo zezokwelapha nezeluleko zithembele ekuhlathululeni okufanako . ga6ece1joumcy5z6mcht2bim16r4g4o 0 590 2780 2775 2025-04-25T10:22:11Z Inno06 594 added a picture 2780 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[Isindebele|IsiNdebele]]''' ngelinye lamalimi wabaNguni asemthethweni eSewula Afrika elisetjenziswa nakukhulunywako, eenkolweni, emisebenzini kanye nezinye iindawo. Ilimi lesiNdebele likhulunywa sitjhaba esibizwa bona maNdebele esitholakala eendaweni ezihlukahlukeneko zangeSewula Afrika. Kunemihlobo emibili eyaziwako yamaNdebele ekhuluma isiNdebele esihlukileko ingasi khulu godu. SinamaNdebele abizwa bona maNala kanye namaNzunza.<ref>Ndebele Language in South Africa | SouthAfrica.com</ref> AmaNala kanye namaNzunza akakhulumi ngendlela efanako. AmaNala ayaliliza bese amaNzunza ayandrondroza. Ngokuya ngokomthetho lilodwa ilimi elisetjenziswako ukutlola okulilimi elilinganisiwe kwavumelwana ngelilodwa. Ilimi liyindlela yokuthintana kungaba kukhuluma, kufunda kanye nokutlola. Ilimi lidosa phambili ekwakheni indlela esenza ngayo izinto ngombana bengeke sakghona ukuthintana nokuzwana ngabe bekungasilo. [[Isimumathi:Mapoch.- Femmes Ndebele in Cultural Village (2).jpg|thumb|242x242px|Ndebele woman attire]] == Indlela ezingasetjenziswa ukuthuthukisa isiNdebele == Iimi elinye nelinye kufanele bona lithuthukiswe ngendlela ezifaneleko nezisemthethweni. Ukuthuthukisa ilimi lesiNdebele kuqakathekile ngombana kwenza bona ilimi lekhethu lingatjhabalali. Isikhethu singathuthukiswa ngokobana sikhulunywe njalo mihla namalanga bakhulumi baso begodu bazikhakhazise ekusikhulumeni. Angeke kwaba nabantu abanetjisakalo ngokwazi kabanzi ngelimi leli, abantu bakhona banganayo itjisakalo yokulithuthukisa ngombana kufanele kuthome kibo. Ukuze ilimi lesikhethu lifike eendaweni eziphakemeko kuqakathekile bona lithuthukiswe ngendlela ezihlukahlukeneko ingasi ngokukhuluma kwaphela. Enye indlela engasetjenziswa kukobana kutlolwe phasi ngalo ilimi leli ukuze abanetjisakalo bazokghona ukufunda okutloliweko ngalo. Lapho kuzokuvela amarhubhululo ahlukahlukeneko mayelana nelimi lesiNdebele nangendlela ilimi lihlangana ngakhona nesiko ngombana ziyakhambisana.<ref>ISINDEBELE CLA SELF STUDY GUIDE 2018 FINAL.pdf</ref> == Amareferensi == d3g2p4y7fjbn3hk5h23uuat32e45v9t 0 591 3130 2942 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Mojonom|Mojonom]] 2781 wikitext text/x-wiki I St John's apostolic faith mission lingelinye lamasondo amakhulu atholakala enarheni yeSewula Africa Kanye neenarheni eziyizombelezileko ekufana ne Botswana, lesotho, Namibia kune ne-eSwatini. Indlukulu yesondo leli isendaweni ye Katlehong, eduze ne dorobha le Germiston esifundeni seGauteng. Esikhathini Sanje,isondo leli lirholwa ngu ladyarchbishop GL Maragu kusukela ngomnyaka ka 2005 ngemva kokubhubha kwaka archbishop B Maragu obekangu sobentwabakhe. Kulisondo elikhule laze laqgina sele linamagaja andlula alikhulu eenarheni ezisesewula yeAfrikha. [[Isimumathi:Warsaw 2023 112 Jesus Holy Cross Sculpture.jpg|center|thumb|Ujesu uphethe isiphambano]] == Umlando Wesondo == Isondo le St John's Apostolic Faith Mission linomlando osuka kumma obizwa ngoChristina Nku okunguye ongumthomi wekonzo ye St John's Apostolic Faith Mission.<ref>A remarkable woman in African Independent Churches: Examining Christina Nku's leadership in St John's Apostolic Faith Mission</ref> u Christinah Nku khabe asonda esondweni le Apostolic Faith Mission. Ekuphumeni kwakhe e Apostolic Faith Mission waphuma ngebanga lokobana ahlutjhwa mumoya, ekwamkatelela bona aphume ayokuvuka lakhe isondo elitjha. ekuphumeni kwakhe, waphuma wayokusebenzisana nabobaba ababili ababizwa ngo Petros Moloi kunye nobaba uRamoipone. bobathathu baya endaweni yase Evaton lapha bebanesebenzo yokusiza abantu nesitjhaba ebaphila kiso ngokubasebenzela ukuze bathole ipilo.<ref>https://journals.co.za/doi/epdf/10.7833/117-1-1386</ref> ekusebenzeleni abantu kwabo, bebasebenza ngaphasi kwakababa obekanesibongo sakwa Nkitsing. Ekhambeni labo lokuphilisa abantu, omunye wabantu abeza bazokulatjhwa ngu Mama uChristinah Nku ngubaba obizwa ngokuthi ngu Petros John Masango. Ekufikweni kwaka baba uMasango ku mama Christinah Nku kwakhombisa nokho bona kufike umuntu onomoya begodu ngokwekolelo yabo ekungumuntu othandwe nguZimu bona azoba ngomunye ozokusebenzela abantu ngokomoya. UBaba uMasango waqgina angomunye wamalunga wesondo abhajadisiweko begodu kwakhamba khamba kwaze kwafika isikhathi lapha aba ngumfundisi khona. Sele angumfundisi, wayokuthoma lakhe isondo naye endaweni ebeyibuzwa ngokobana yi Dukathole ekungelinye lamalokishi amadala eendaweni ezinqa nge Germiston. Ngeminyaka yabo 1970, kwaba sikhathi lapha ubujamo besondo kuba budisi khona, ekwaqgina sekurholela bona uBaba UMasango aphethe ngokobana ayokuzijamela ngaphandle kokuba ngaphasi kwesondo leli. Ubaba uMasango ngebanga le Grou Areas Act ebeyikhona ngesikhatheso, kwafanele basuke eDukathole bafudukele endaweni yase Katlehong Zuma Section la isondo lakhe lisese khona. Ubaba Ukhambe ephasini ngomnyaka ka 1984 sele asebenze kangangokuthi aqgine avule amasondo amakhulu asenanini elingu 38. Ngemva kokukhamba kwakababa uMasango, isondo liqgine lifumene umphathi omutjha ekungu baba u Archbishop Maragu oqgine anyuk == Imithombo Yelwazi == 2rxyxujssq9xauqk0u2wozwjv4pzh8r 0 592 2769 2025-04-25T08:16:54Z Masombukaunathi 595 Created a article 2769 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kuqakathekile''' bona woke amalimi wendabuko athuthukiswe begodu asetjenziswe eenkundleni zokuthintana, njengaku WhatsAPP, Facebook, Tiktok nakezinye iinkundla zokuthintana. Lokhu kuzokwenza bona ilutjha nabantwana abasakhulako bangalahli amalimi wabo. kuqakathekile bona nakutlolwa ngamalimi wendabuko kusetjenziswa imithetho yokutlola nokupeleda ngombana lokho kuzokwenza bona ilimi lihleleke begodu lihlonipheke. Abasebenzisi bamalimi wendabuko kuqakathekile bona basebenzise amalimi lokha nabatlola imibono, babelana ngemilandu ethizi, batlola iinkondlo namkha batlola amahlaya. == Iinkudla zokuthinthana == Ukuhlangana namkha ukuhlanganyela kwama-Influencers bathuthukise amalimi ngokuthi benze amavidiyo bafundise amalimi. Iinhlangano ezithuthukisa amalimi kufanele zikhuthaze abantu bona basebenzise amalimi wabo ngokutlomelisa labo abathuthukisa amalimi khulu khulu eekundleni zokuthintana. 39u1sc0q81fpjnr11ty4w0cuvj5qpk0 0 593 3068 2991 2025-06-07T03:05:23Z DreamRimmer 460 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/169.204.151.247|169.204.151.247]] ([[User talk:169.204.151.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Inno06|Inno06]] 2786 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[Ifundo]]''' iqakathekile kiwo woke umuntu ngombana isilodlhelo seminyango enengi ekhona emhlabenapha. Ukuze uzokwazi okhunye kufanele ube nolwazi ngokuthileko bewufunde ngakho ukuze uzokuzwisisa ncono. Ukufunda kwenza umuntu ahlakaniphe ngombana usuke athwele ilwazi elinengi mayelana nalokho asuke akufunda. Ukufunda kwenza umuntu bona ahlakaniphe ngokudluleleko begodu azwisise ncono.<ref>Why Is Learning Important? (20 Reasons)</ref> [[Isimumathi:Four Types of Learning Styles.jpg|thumb|Iindlela ezine 4 zokufunda]] == Iindlela zokufunda == Zinengi iindlela ezisetjenziswako ukufumana ilwazi nanyana ukufunda ngokuthileko. Omunye nomunye umuntu ufunda ngendlela afuna ukufunda ngayo okungaba kufumana ilwazi ngemitjhiningqcondo, ngokufunda iincwadi, ngokuya esikolweni == Amareferensi == nyvkog5n7cj6aebe5qcbkk1kykyyj5v 0 595 2829 2812 2025-05-20T18:24:09Z Jetro mahlangu 588 i changed the images. 2829 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Umrhayili''' yinyanga yesihlanu ku https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_calendar ne https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar.Inyanga ka Mrhayili inamalanga amatjhumi amathathu nanye.eSewula Afrika kilenyanga kuthoma umoya omakhaza orhayila nofana obulala yoke into emilileko namkha ebeyihlaza ehlobo.Inyanga kaMrhayili ise sizinini ye kwindla nalapho kuthoma khona isikhathi sobusika.Ibizo lenyanga lihlathulula bonyana kusikhathi sokobana izinto ezinengi ezifana neentjalo ziyarhayileka nofana ziyafa. [[Isimumathi:Africa Month Logo web(1).jpg|thumb|Africa Month Logo]] Inyanga ye Afrika igidingwa qobe mnyaka ngoMrhayili,ukukhumbula ukusungulwa kwe https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity#:~:text=The%20OAU%20was%20founded%20in,May%201963%20in%20Addis%20Ababa I edishini yetjhumi yenyanga ye Afrika igidingwa ngaphasi kewsiqubulo esithi:"SIGIDINGA IMINYAKA EMATJHUMI AMATHATHU NANYE YE TJHAPHULUKO",sakha iAfrika encono nephasi elincono. eSewula Afrika inyanga kaMrhayili qobe mnyaka itshwaywa njenge nyanga yeAfrika begodu ithungelene nokhu sekela nokuqinisa ilanga le Afrika.Ngomnyaka ka 2024 i https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union yahloma ilanga leAfika ngokurhabisa ukutlanywa kwe https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Continental_Free_Trade_Area.Ibuye isekele amahlelo asekela i International Decade Of Indigenous Languages njengo kutjho kwe UNESCO ukutjengisa ukuqakatheka kokuthuthukisa ukusetjenziswa kwamalimi wendabuko we Afrika. Iyunivesithi ye Mpumalanga https://www.ump.ac.za/ igidinga ilanga le Afrika solo kwango 2015.U vice chancellor we univesithi ye Mpumalanga uProfessor Thoko Mayekiso wathi iziko lezefundo ligidinga beliyazikhakhazisa ngoutjhidelana nenarhakazi yeAfrika. " ngokwehloso yethu sirhuluphela ukuba yi univesithi ye Afrika ekhamba phambili ekuletheni amathuba wokuthuthuka ngokusungula nokhu sungula.sikholwa bonyana kusinikela ithuba elihle ukuthuthukisa umqopho wethu ngamalanga.sisungule isiko lokugidinga iAfrika day solo kwango 2015.sibe netjhudu lokumema aboqwephetjhe bazositlhadlhula ngenarhakazi ye Afrika. [[Isimumathi:Stratimage.jpg|thumb|Zanex foundation.]] I Zanex Foundation African languages literarcy project eyaziwa bonyana yi Ulwazi Lwethu ihlanganisa iinhlangano ezine zeengweli esikhaleni semitlolo yabantwana begodu isebenzisa ubucwephetjhe babo ukukhiqiza izinga eliphezulu lelimi le Afrika lokuzigedla kunye nabafundi abalinganisiweko besigaba sesisekelo. I Zanex Foundation ithome begodu yasekela ngeemali i Ulwazi lwethu African language reading materials project ngomqopho wokuthuthukisa ukufunda kweencwadi zamalimi we Afrika nokusekela abotitjhere ngensetjenziswa zokufundisa ukufunda kwabentwana abasemazingeni aphasi wefundo ukufunda ngelimi lekhaya. IINKOMBA. 1.https://ienabler.ump.ac.za/pls/prodi41/w99pkg.mi_login 2.https://www.dsac.gov.za/ 3.https://www.zenexfoundation.org.za/ 4.https://www.googleadservices.com/pagead/aclk?sa=L&ai=DChcSEwjFqoiInqGNAxWOmFAGHfFjAIUYABABGgJkZw&co=1&gclid=EAIaIQobChMIxaqIiJ6hjQMVjphQBh3xYwCFEAAYASAAEgL_XvD_BwE&ohost=&cid=CAASAuRo&category=acrcp_v1_0&sig=AOD64_3drcTFHUq-fKd8NUbc2q4_SQeLNQ&adurl=https://expatexplore.com/blog/interesting-facts-south-africa/%3Futm_source%3Dgoogle%26utm_medium%3Dcpc%26utm_campaign%3D%7Bcampaignname%7D%26utm_term%3D%26utm_content%3D%26gad_source%3D5%26gad_campaignid%3D22453287344&q=&nb=1&rurl=https%3A%2F%2Fsyndicatedsearch.goog%2F&nm=5&nx=50&ny=7&is=530x806 ahqpbvah42xrgylnvxgq6iewut0kb4y 0 600 5759 5758 2025-09-21T09:36:41Z Nqobile69 190 5759 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Flag of South Africa.svg|thumb]] '''ISewula''' Afrika kuyinarha enamalimi esemthethweni akhulunywako. Amalimi la nakapheleleko kumalimi amatjhumi amabili nasifaka nelimi lamatshwayo.<ref>Hlengwa-Selepe, B.B., 2020. ''A critical analysis of South Africa’s contemporary language policies with specific reference to the Use of Official Languages Act No. 12 of 2012 for government purposes'' (Doctoral dissertation, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (South Africa)).</ref><ref>Butler, A., 2017. ''Contemporary South Africa''. Bloomsbury Publishing.</ref>Ilimi kuyinto eqakathekileko ngombana lilekelela umuntu bonyana akghone ukuveza imicabango nemibono yakhe ngendlela epheleleko nenqophileko. Kuqakathekile bona amalimi woke weSewula Afrika abulungwe ukuze akghone ukuthi angatjhabalali. === Ukuqakatheka kokubulunga amalimi === ==== Ukuveza imicabango ==== Umuntu lokha nakacabanga into, ukuze akghone ukuveza bona ucabangani kufuze bona asebenzise ilimi ukuthi akghone ukudlulisa bona ucabangani ngendlela ezokuzwiwa babantu boke abamlaleleko.<ref>van der Veer, R. and Zavershneva, E., 2018. The final chapter of Vygotsky's Thinking and Speech: A reader's guide. ''Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences'', ''54''(2), pp.101-116.</ref> Umuntu lokha nakadlulisa imicabango yakhe ngelimi ekungasilo lakhe angagcina sele akhuluma into angafuni ukuyikhuluma kodwana akhulume into efana naleyo afuna ukuyitjho, ngombana lokha umuntu nakakhuluma ilimi elingasilo lakhe kulula bonyana aphelelwe lilwazi lamagama afuna ukuwasenzisa bese asebenzise lawo aseduze nalelo ebakafuna ukulisebenzisa. Yeke ngokubulunga amalimi nango kuwagadangisa kweze dijithali kuzokwenza bona kube lula bonyana abantu bakghone ukuveza [[imicabango]] yabo nokuthi bakghone ukuveza imibona yabo. ==== Ukulingana ==== Lokha amalimi weSewula Afrika nawabulungwe woke ngokwedijithali azokhona ukuthi agcine alingana kungabi nokuthi elinye ilimi liqakatheke khulu ukudlula elinye, ngombana kunelimi elingaziwako bonyana nawufuna ilwazi ngalo uzolitholaphi. Amalimi nawabulungwe woke kuzokuba nokulingana ekuzokuvela ngokuthi woke umuntu afunde esikolweni ngelimi likanina akhuliswe ngalo begodu nalikhulumako. Lokhu kuzokuba nomphumela omuhle khulu emfundweni zabafundi, ngombana nje enarheni yeSewula Afrika abafundi abakghona ukufunda ngelimi labo eenkolweni zamaziko aphakemeko bafundi abakhuluma [[ilimi]] lesiNgisi nelesiBhuru. Nakungenzeka bona amalimi alingane ngokuthuthuka, kuzokwenza bona nabantu abakhuluma amalimi ahlukileko enarheni le bamukelane, kungaba nokuthi umuntu ukhuluma into engekho nofana ukhuluma ilimi elingaziwako. ==== Ifundo ==== Umnyango wezefundo uhlele bewaphasisa umthetho wokuthi kufanele abafundi be greyidi-4 bafunde ngamalimi wabo isifundo seembalo Kanye nesesayensi yemvelo.<ref>Veriava, F., 2024. The Basic Education Laws Amendment Bill: A case study in transformative constitutionalism beyond the courts. ''African Human Rights Law Journal'', ''24''(1), pp.153-178.</ref>Ukubulungwa kwalimi kuzokwenza bona umsebenzi lo ubeyipumelelo, ngombana kuzokwenza bona kugcine sele kufundwa ngamalimi asemthethweni ama-12 weSewula afrika efundweni yamazika aphakemeko.Kuzokuba netjhuguluko efundweni yeSewula afrika.Woke amalimi we Sewula Afrika nakabulungwe ngokulingana kuzoku kghonakala bonyana woke umfundi enarheni le afunde [[isikolo]] ngelimi lakhe ukusukela e greyidini-R bekuyokufika e greyidinI ye-12 kurage godu kuyokufika efundweni yamazika aphakemeko.Ihlelo elifakwe eenkolweni le-MTBEE elifakwe eeenkolweni lizokuba yipumelelo ngombana elikho ilimi elizokubandlululwa.<ref>Khetoa, S., Aiseng, K., Theledi, K. and Motinyane, M., 2024. The centralization and racialization of language policy: implications for the ‘below'. ''Frontiers in Communication'', ''9'', p.1472674.</ref> ==== Ubunjalo babantu ==== Woke amalimi wabantu akhulunywa eSewula Afrika kufuze abulungwe ngombana ngokwenza njalo kuzokuba nokuthuthuka kwesitjhaba nokuthi abantu abakhuluma lelo limi bakghone ukuthi bobonakale nokuthi bamukelwe enarheni yeSewula Afrika, nanyana baye kwezinye inarha bazokukghona ukubonakala ukuthi bakhuluma amanye wamalimi akhulunywa eSewula Afrika. Ilimi lenza bona umuntu azazi ukuthi ukuthi ungubani ngombana usebenzisa lona ukuzethula ahlathulule imvelaphi yakhe, begodu akghone nokuthi enze amasiko wakhe asebenzisa ilimi lakhe.<ref>Parajuli, B., 2021. Role of language in shaping cultural identity. ''Marsyangdi journal'', pp.112-118.</ref><ref>Doke, C.M., 2017. ''The Southern Bantu Languages: Handbook of African Languages''. Routledge.</ref>Lokhu kungombana umuntu ngelimi akakhulumi kwaphela kodwana ukghona nokuthi enze nomvumo ngelimi. ==== Ilwazi lomthetho nokupeledwa kwamalimi ==== Lokha nakubulungwa amalimi abantu bakghona nokuthi bathole ukuthola ilwazi lokuthi bafunde ukuthi ilimi likhunywa njani nokuthi lipeledwa bunjani. Iokho kuthuthukisa izinga lokuthi woke amalimi akhulunywa eSewula Afrika angatjhugululwa enziwe amalimi angaziwako begodu kusiza nokuthi umthetho wokusetjenziswa kwelimi ulandelwe kungathokali ilimi IsiNdebele sele sikhulunywa ngokuvangwa nelimi lesiSwati ngombana lokho kungenza bonyana ilimi limotjhakale. Abantu bazokukghona ukufunda izinto ezifana nokuthi kokhunye akukhonakali bonyana utjhugulule umutjho wesiNgisi ngendlela enqophileko uwuse elimini lesiNdebele. Ilwazi lomthetho welimi lizokwenza bona abantu balahle namagama welimi labo wemvelo bese basenzise wokubolekwa elimini lesiNgisi nofana kwamanye amalimi. Isibonelo igama ejamale uburotho ngesiNdebele mgadango kodwana sele kusetjenziswa leli loburotho ekungilo lokubolekwa elimini lesiBhuru. ==== Ukusebenzisa ilimi elinothileko ==== Lokha nawukhuluma ngokusebenzisa izaga nezitjho zelimi lemvelo lazo zikghona ukuthi zivele ngendlela enothisa ilimi nofana enembako. Nakungenzeka bonyana izaga nofana izitjho zelimi elithileko zisetjenziswe sele zitjhugululwe kwelimi zigcina sele zilahlekelwe ngilokho ezikumumetheko ngokobuhlaniphi nofana ngokwefundiso. Amalimi nakabulungiweko imvelo yelimi ngekhe itheleleke Begodu abantu bazokukghona ukusebenzisa ilimi ngokulandela imithetho yalo nangendela enembako. ==== Umsebenzi wokutjhugulula ==== Ukutlola ngelimi elingasilo lakho lemvelo utlole ngokutjhugulula ilimi, kumsebenzi omkhulu engqcondweni ngombana ingqondo kufanele isebenze khulu ukwenza umsebenzi loyo<ref>wa Thiong'o, N., 2009. Translated by the author: My life in between languages. ''Translation Studies'', ''2''(1), pp.17-20.</ref>. Ngesikhathi umuntu atjhugulula asebenzisa nobukghwari, ugcina sele alahlekelwa magama wemvelo afanele awasebenzise bese athathe lawo akungasiwo adlulisa umlayezo ngendlela enamandla. Lokha nawutjhugula inoveli nofana umdlalo ilimi lemvelo ekutlolwe ngalo lingagcina sele lingenelela kileli otjhugululela kilo ngaphandle kokuthi uhlele ukuthi lingenelele. Nalibulungiweko ilimi lizokuthuthuka bese abantu bazokukhona ukuthi bathole iinsetjenziswa ezikhghona ukutjhugulula msinya ilimi. Lokho kuzokwehlisa umsebenzi omkhulu owenzeka engqcondweni lokha nawutjhugululako. ==== Ukuzithemba ==== Lokha ilimi nalibulungiweko lenza bona abantu abalikhulumako bagcine sele baba nokuzithemba ngombana bazabe bakhuluma ilimi elaziwako nelilingana namanye amalimi wenarheni. Isibonelo nangabe umuntu akhuluma IsiNdebele endaweni yamaPedi angekhe agcine abenevalo lokuthi bazomnyaza nofana bangamamukeli ngombana naye lakhe ilimi kuzobe kulilimi elaziwako enarheni yeSewula Afrika begodu nakwezinye iiinarha zephasini. ==== Ukuthutha ==== Ukubulunga amalimi kuzokwenza bona amalimi woke azeke endaweni zoke zenarha YeSewula Afrika. Lokho kuzokwenza ukuthi nanoma umuntu athutha endaweni yekhabo ayokwakha endaweni lapho bakhuluma elinye ilimi elingafani nelakhe, angalahlekelwa kuzithemba bese agcine atjhugulula ilimi lakhe athathe labantu labo esele aphila nabo ngaleso skhathi. ==== Ukwanela kweensetjenziswa zefundo ==== Lokha amalimi nakabulungeke woke, kuzokuba lula bona woke amalimi abe neensetjenziswa zokufunda ezifana neencwadi zabantwana zokufunda nokhunye okungenza bona ifundo yabantwana ibe lula. Abantu abanye abanzima sele bathanda bona abantwana babo bafunde ngelimi lesiNgisi ngombana bobona ngathi isiNgisi lilimi eliphambili ngesibanga sokuthi lineensetjenziswa ezinengi zokufunda begodu kulilimi elikhulunywa iphasi loke.Ilimi kuyinto eyenza abantu bona bakghone ukuthi ukuveza imicabango yabo, begodu baphendule lokho abakuzwako ngokwendlela yabo. Amalimi akhona eSewula Afrika kufanele abulungwe woke ukuze akghone ukuthi alingane, begodu kungabi nomehluko lokha abantu abakhuluma. == Iinkomba == [[Category: Ilimi]] [[Category: ukubulunga amalimi]] [[Category: Ukubulunga amagugu]] 9o2018bhl1duy4musxermm4bv1v4kcc 0 601 2832 2830 2025-05-22T09:05:54Z Hugo.arg 37 Hugo.arg moved page [[Umsebenzisi:Mr. Ibrahem/Isifo se-Lyme]] to [[Isifo se-Lyme]] 2830 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition | name = Lyme disease | synonym = Lyme borreliosis | image = Adult deer tick.jpg | image_size = | image_thumbtime = | alt = | caption = An adult [[Ixodes scapularis|deer tick]] (most cases of Lyme are caused by nymphal rather than adult ticks) | pronounce = | field = [[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]] | symptoms = Expanding area of redness at the site of a [[tick]] bite, [[fever]], [[headache]], [[fatigue (medical)|tiredness]]<ref name=CDC2013S/> | complications = [[Facial nerve paralysis]], [[arthritis]], [[meningitis]]<ref name=CDC2013S/> | onset = A week after a bite<ref name=CDC2013S/> | duration = | types = | causes = ''[[Borrelia]]'' spread by ticks<ref name=NEJM2014/> | risks = | diagnosis = Based on symptoms, tick exposure, blood tests<ref name=CDC2013Diag/> | differential = | prevention = Prevention of tick bites (clothing the limbs, [[DEET]]), [[doxycycline]]<ref name=NEJM2014/> | treatment = | medication = [[Doxycycline]], [[amoxicillin]], [[azithromycin]], [[ceftriaxone]], [[cefuroxime]]<ref name=BNF2022/> | prognosis = | frequency = 365,000 per year<ref name=NEJM2014/><ref name=Berg2014/> | deaths = | video1 = [[File:Lyme disease.webm|frameless|upright=1.36|Video explanation]] | named after = }} '''Isifo se-Lyme''', esaziwa nangokuthi '''yi-Lyme borreliosis''', bulwelwe obuthathelwanako obubangwa yi- ''Borrelia'' bacterium esabalaliswa mikhaza . Itshwayo elivame khulu lokutheleleka yindawo ekhulako yokubomvu esikhumbeni, eyaziwa nge -erythema migrans, ebonakala endaweni lapho umkhaza ulunywe khona ngemva kweveke kwenzeke. <ref name="CDC2013S" /> Iratjhi kanengi ayilunywa namkha ibe buhlungu. <ref name="CDC2013S" /> Pheze ama-70 ukuya kwama-80% wabantu abathelelekileko baba ne-rash. <ref name="CDC2013S" /> Ezinye iimpawu zokuthoma zingafakahlangana umkhuhlane, ihloko, ukudinwa kanye namadlala avuvukileko . Ivamise ukurarulula ngesigaba lesi. <ref name="Kumar2020" /> Nakungalatjhwa, abanye abantu bangathoma ukulahlekelwa likghono lokunyakazisa ihlangothi elilodwa nofana zombili zobuso, ubuhlungu emalungwini, ukuphathwa yihloko okukhulu nokuqina kwentamo, nofana ukubetha kwehliziyo, hlangana nezinye. <ref name="CDC2013S" /> Ngemva kweenyanga ukuya eminyakeni, kungenzeka iinkhathi eziphindaphindiweko zobuhlungu bamalunga nokuvuvuka. <ref name="CDC2013S" /> <ref name="Kumar2020" /> Ngezinye iinkhathi, abantu baba nobuhlungu bokudubula nofana ukuvuvuka emikhonweni nemilenzeni yabo. <ref name="CDC2013S" /> Nanyana kunikelwa ukwelatjhwa okufaneleko, abantu abangaba li-10 ukuya kweli-20% baba nobuhlungu bamalunga, imiraro yokukhumbula, nokudinwa okungenani iinyanga ezisithandathu. Ubulwelwe be-Lyme budluliselwa ebantwini ngokulunywa mikhaza enesifo somhlobo we- ''Ixodes'' . E-United States, imikhaza ekhathazako ivamise ukuba mhlobo we ''-Ixodes scapularis'', begodu kufuze inamathele okungenani ama-awa ama-36 ngaphambi kobana ibhaktheriya isabalale. E-Europe, imikhaza yomhlobo we ''-Ixodes ricinus'' ingasabalalisa ibhaktheriya msinyana. <ref name="Ste2016" /> E-North America, ibhaktheriya ''i-Borrelia burgdorferi'' kanye ''ne-Borrelia mayonii'' ibanga isifo se-Lyme. <ref name="NEJM2014">{{cite journal|vauthors=Shapiro ED|date=May 2014|title=Clinical practice. Lyme disease|url=http://portal.mah.harvard.edu/templatesnew/departments/MTA/Lyme/uploaded_documents/NEJMcp1314325.pdf|journal=[[The New England Journal of Medicine]]|volume=370|issue=18|pages=1724–1731|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1314325|pmc=4487875|pmid=24785207|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821071927/http://portal.mah.harvard.edu/templatesnew/departments/MTA/Lyme/uploaded_documents/NEJMcp1314325.pdf|archive-date=21 August 2016|via=|access-date=5 July 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> E-Europe ne-Asia, ''i-Borrelia afzelii'' kanye ''ne-Borrelia garinii'' nazo zibangela ubulwele. Ubulwelwe lobu abubonakali butheleleka hlangana nabantu, ngezinye iinlwana, nofana ngokudla. <ref name="CDC2013T" /> Ukuhlolwa kusekelwe ekuhlanganisweni kweempawu, umlando wokuvezwa kwemikhaza, begodu mhlamunye nokuhlolwa kwama -antibodies athileko egazini. Ukuhlolwa kweengazi kuvamise ukuba kumbi ekuthomeni kwesifo. <ref name="NEJM2014" /> Ukuhlolwa kwemikhaza ngayinye akusizi ngalitho. Ukukhandela kufaka hlangana imizamo yokukhandela ukulunywa mikhaza njengokugqoka izambatho ezivala imikhono nemilenze, nokusebenzisa iinhlahla eziqotjha iinambuzane ezisekelwe ku -DEET . Ukusebenzisa imithi yokubulala iintwala ukwehlisa inani lemikhaza nakho kungaba kuhle. <ref name="NEJM2014" /> Imikhaza ingasuswa ngokusebenzisa i-tweezers . Nangabe umkhaza okhutjhweko bewuzele iingazi, umthamo munye we -doxycycline ungasetjenziswa ukukhandela ukukhula kokutheleleka, kodwana akukhuthazwa ngombana ukukhula kokutheleleka akukavami. <ref name="NEJM2014" /> Nangabe kuvela ukutheleleka, ama-antibiotics amanengi ayasebenza, kufaka hlangana i-doxycycline, i-amoxicillin, i-azithromycin, i-ceftriaxone, kanye ne -cefuroxime . Ukwelatjhwa okujayelekileko kuvamise ukuthatha amaviki amabili nofana amathathu. <ref name="NEJM2014" /> Abanye abantu baba nomkhuhlane kanye nobuhlungu bemisipha namalunga ngemva kokwelatjhwa okungathatha ilanga elilodwa nofana amabili. <ref name="NEJM2014" /> Kilabo abathola amatshwayo angapheliko, ukwelatjhwa ngama-antibiotic wesikhathi eside akukatholakali bona kuyasiza. <ref name="NEJM2014" /> Ubulwelwe be-Lyme bulwelwe obuvame ukusabalaliswa mikhaza e -Northern Hemisphere . Kulinganiselwa bona ithinta abantu abama-300,000 ngomnyaka e-United States kanye nabantu abama-65,000 ngomnyaka e-Europe. Ukutheleleka kuvame khulu entwasahlobo nasekuthomeni kwehlobo. <ref name="NEJM2014" /> Ubulwelwe be-Lyme batholwa njengobujamo obuhlukileko kokuthoma ngo-1975 e- Old Lyme, e-Connecticut . <ref name="Car2007" /> Ekuthomeni bekuthathwa njenge -rheumatoid arthritis yabantwana . Ibhaktheriya ebandakanyekako yathoma ukuchazwa ngo-1981 ngu -Willy Burgdorfer . Amatshwayo angapheliko alandela ukwelatjhwa ahlathululwe kuhle begodu aziwa ngokuthi "isifo se-Lyme ngemva kokwelatjhwa" (i-PTLDS). <ref name="CDC2017PT">{{cite web|title=Post-Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome|url=https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/postLDS/index.html|website=cdc.gov|access-date=20 June 2018|date=1 December 2017|df=dmy-all|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227054926/http://www.cdc.gov/lyme/postLDS/index.html|archive-date=27 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> I-PTLDS ihlukile ebulwelweni be-Lyme obungapheliko ; ibizo elingasasekelwa mphakathi wezesayensi begodu lisetjenziswa ngeendlela ezihlukileko ziinqhema ezihlukileko. Abanye abasebenzi bezamaphilo bathi i-PTLDS ibangelwa kutheleleka okungapheliko, kodwana lokhu akukholelwa bona kuliqiniso ngombana abukho ubufakazi bokutheleleka okuhlalako okungatholakala ngemva kokwelatjhwa okujayelekileko. Umjovo wesifo se-Lyme wathengiswa e-United States hlangana nomnyaka ka-1998 ukuya ku-2002, kodwana wahoxiswa emakethe ngebanga lokuthengisa okumbi. <ref name="NEJM2014" /> Irhubhululo liyaragela phambili ukwenza imijovo etja. <ref name="NEJM2014" /> == Iinkomba == <references /> [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] j0aakqmmvsdo3zi0wx4ppctyjuww4yy 0 604 3206 3156 2025-06-23T12:01:22Z Mosakaruka 586 3206 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Flag of South Africa.svg|thumb|Iflarha leSewula Afrika]] '''Inarha yeSewula Afrika''' yinarha enabantu abanamasiko nabaneenzinda ezihlukahlukeneko, nabakhuluma amalimi ahlukahlukeneko. Inengi labantu enarheni le lisesiqhemeni sokuthoma sabantu abakhuluma amalimi angaphasi kwesiNguni, okusiZulu, isiXhosa, [[Isindebele|isiNdebele]] nesiSwati. Bese isiqhema sesibili ngobukhulu ngesikhuluma amalimi we-Sesotho, Setswana, Sepedi. Bese kunesiqhema esikhuluma i-Xitsonga nesiqhema esikhuluma i-Tshivenda.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-05-14|title=South Africa - Languages, Dialects, Afrikaans {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/South-Africa/Languages|access-date=2025-05-15|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> Ngaphezu kwamalimi abaliweko la kunamalimi ahlobene nawo. Ngokwesibonelo, esiNdebeleni kunesiNala, nesiNdebele seMoletlane.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Ndebele people, traditions culture|url=https://www.africancraftsmarket.com/african-tribes/ndebele-people.html|access-date=2025-05-15|website=www.africancraftsmarket.com}}</ref> EsiXhoseni kube nesiNgqika, isiThembu, isiBhaca, isiGcaleka, isiMpondo, isiMpondomise, isiMfengu nesiBomvana.<ref>{{Cite web|title=XHOSA - South African Language Xhosa|url=https://www.sa-venues.com/language-xhosa.htm#:~:text=Xhosa%20has%20been%20grouped%20into,yet%20pretty-sounding,%20language.|access-date=2025-05-15|website=www.sa-venues.com}}</ref> Kusese nelimi lesiThwa elibandaka isi-Khoe, isi-Tu isi-Kx'a, namanye amalimi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=AFRICA {{!}} 101 Last Tribes - San people|url=https://www.101lasttribes.com/tribes/san.html|access-date=2025-05-15|website=www.101lasttribes.com}}</ref> Bese isiSwati kunesikhulunywa eManzini, esikhulunywa eShiselweni, nesikhulunywa eHhoho.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=web-lingo|date=2013-01-07|title=SA’s Eleven Official Languages: SiSwati|url=https://web-lingo.com/sas-eleven-official-languages-siswati/#:~:text=Swazi%20is%20most%20closely%20related,considered%20closer%20to%20standard%20Swazi.|access-date=2025-05-15|website=Web-lingo|language=en-ZA}}</ref> IsiPedi naso sinamalinyana angaphasi kwaso anjengesiTlokwa nesiLobedu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=free online course|url=https://www.unisa.ac.za/static/corporate_web/Content/UnisaOpen/freeOnlineCourse/nSotho/nSotho.html#:~:text=Northern%20Sotho%20is%20based%20mainly,(Cf.|access-date=2025-05-15|website=www.unisa.ac.za}}</ref> Bese kube namalimi angasiwo wendabuko, namkha amalimi wesikhuwa akhulunywako njengesiNgisi nesiBhuru. Woke amalimi la namanye angakabalwa lapha malimi akhulunywa babantu beSewula Afrika. == Amalimi Asemthethweni == Amalimi aseMthethweni eSewula Afrika siNdebele, isiZulu, isiSwati, isiXhosa, i-Sepedi, i-Sesotho, i-Setswana, i-Tshivenda, ne-Xitsonga okumalimi wendabuko, bese kuba siBhuru nesiNgisi. Ithebula elingenzasi litjengisa isibalo sabantu abakhuluma amalimi asemthethweni eSewula Afrika namaphesente wabalikhulumako esibalweni sabo boke abantu abahlala eSewula Afrika ngokweembalobalo zango-2022.<ref name=":1">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_South_Africa#cite_note-EthnologueZA-7</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+ ! rowspan="2" |Ilimi ! colspan="2" |Ilimi lebele<ref name=":1" /> ! colspan="2" |Ilimi lesibili<ref name=":1" /> ! colspan="2" |Ilimi lesithathu<ref name=":1" /> |- !Isibalo !Amaphesente !Isibalo !Amaphesente !Isibalo !Amaphesente |- |IsiZulu |11,587,374 |22.7% |15,700,000 |30.8% |27,300,000 |46% |- |IsiXhosa |8,154,258 |16.0% |11,000,000 |21.6% |19,150,000 |33% |- |Tshivenda |1,209,388 |2.4% |1,700,000 |3.3% |2,910,000 |5% |- |Setswana |4,067,248 |8.0% |7,700,000 |15.1% |11,770,000 |20% |- |Xitsonga |2,277,148 |4.5% |3,400,000 |6.6% |5,680,000 |10% |- |IsiSwati |1,297,046 |2.5% |2,400,000 |4.7% |3,700,000 |6% |- |Sesotho |3,849,563 |7.6% |7,900,000 |15.5% |11,750,000 |20% |- |Sepedi |4,618,576 |9.1% |9,100,000 |17.8% |13,720,000 |23% |- |IsiNdebele |1,090,223 |2.1% |1,400,000 |2.7% |2,490,000 |4% |- |IsiNgisi |4,892,623 |9.6% |14,000,000 |27.4% |19,640,000 |33% |- |IsiBhuru |6,855,082 |13.5% |10,300,000 |20.2% |17,160,000 |29% |- |Ilimi Lezandla le-SA |234,655 |0.5% |500,000 |1.0% |834,655 |1.5% |- |Amanye Amalimi |828,258 |1.6% | | | | |- |'''Isibalo Sisoke''' |'''50,961,443''' |'''100.0%''' | | | | |} == IsiNdebele == [[Isimumathi:Ndebele_women-1.jpg|thumb|Abomma bamaNdebele]] IsiNdebele seSewula Afrika ngelinye lamalimi akhulunywa enarheni le. Isizathu sokuthi kuthiwe siNdebele seSewula Afrika kukuthi kunesiNdebele seZimbabwe.<ref>{{Cite web|last=web-lingo|date=2012-10-19|title=Ndebele: What is Ndebele?|url=https://web-lingo.com/ndebele-what-is-ndebele/#:~:text=Northern%20Ndebele,%20or%20Matabele,%20or,nineteenth%20century%20during%20the%20Mfecane.|access-date=2025-05-15|website=Web-lingo|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Ngokwethebula elingehla, abantu abakhuluma isiNdebele - abasimunyileko, okulilimi lesibili nalabo okulilimi lesithathu kibo - bangaphezu kweengidi ezine. Ilimeli likhulunywa khulukhulu esifundeni seMpumalanga eendaweni ezinjengaKwaNdebele, eMalahleni, e-Middleburg, e-Belfast, kwaDlawulale nakezinye iindawo njengesiFunda seLimpopo.I siNdebele esisemthethweni siNzunza, kodwana kusese nesiNdebele sakwaManala nesiNdebele seMoletlane.<ref name=":0" /> AmaNdebele aziwa njengesitjhaba esithanda imibala emihle nekhanyako ongayibona endleleni abambatha ngayo nabenza ngayo imigwalo yabo. AmaNdebele bekangaphasi kwesiqhema sabaMbo ngaphambi kobana sizijamele ngaphasi kweNgwenyama uNdebele. Ngikho namhlanjesi kunezici ezifanako phakathi kwelimi lesiNdebele nelimi lesiHlubi, isiBhaca, isiMpondo nesiMpondomise. Ngemva kwesikhathi uNdebele wabeletha uMkhalangana owabeletha umNtungwa. Ngemva kwesikhathi umNtungwa wabeletha uNjonono. UNjonono wabeletha uNanasi, uNanasi wabeletha uMafana. UMafana wabeletha uMhlanga owabeletha uMusi. Kusesikhathini seNgwenyama uMusi lapha amaNdebele ahlukana khona waba maNzunza namaNala. AmaNdebele akheka ngaleyondlela sele ahlala eSewula Afrika nje.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Ndebele_language</ref> == IsiSwati == [[Isimumathi:Indoni_Parade_2018._Swati_Kingdom_by_Sizwe_Sibiya_(10).jpg|thumb|AmaSwati]] IsiSwati sikhulunywa eenarheni ezimbili, eSewula Afrika neSwatini. Ngokwethebula elingehla abantu abakhuluma isiSwati eSewula Afrika bangaphezu kweengidi ezilikhomba.<ref name=":1" /> KunesiSwati esikhulunywa eSwatini kwaManzini, eShiselweni neHhoho.<ref name=":2" /> Abantu abakhuluma isiSwati eSwatini babalelwa eengidini ezine.<ref name=":3">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulu_language</ref> AmaSwati bewasiqhenyana esincani sabeNguni ebesaziwa bona Mangwane. Ngokukhamba kwesikhathi isiqhemesi sahlangana nesiqhenyana sabeSuthu ebesihlala endaweni namhlanjesi ebizwa bona kuseSwatini. Ngemva kwalokho bakhula baba sisizwe ngaphasi kweNgwenyama uDlamini III eyathatha iintambo eNgwenyameni uMaseko, yathatha isitjhaba yayosinzinzisa ngasemlanjeni iPongola bahlala eduze namaNdwandwe ngo-1750. UDlamini III walandelwa yiNgwenyama uNgwane III okukholelwa bona nguye owaba yiNgwenyama yokuthoma eyabusa indawo namhlanjesi ebizwa bona kuseSwatini.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swazi_people</ref> == IsiZulu == [[Isimumathi:Zulu_Krieger.jpg|thumb|Abobaba bamaZulu bayagida]] IsiZulu ngelinye lamalimi adumileko asemthethweni eSewula Afrika elikhulunywa babantu ababgaogezu kweengidi ezimatjhumi amahlanu, kuthi labo abalimunyileko bangaphezu kweengidi ezilitjhumi nanye.<ref name=":1" /> IsiZulu sikhulunywa khulu KwaZulu Natal, esiFundeni se-Gauteng nakezinye iimfunda. Umuntu owadlala indima ekulu ekwakhekeni kwesitjhaba samaZulu yiNgwenyama uShaka. UShaka walwa neentjhaba ezincani nezikulu zabeNguni kuhlanganise namaNdwandwe wazihlula. Ngemva kwalokho wazibiza ngoZulu obekangukhokho omkhulu wesitjhaba abelethelwa kiso. Iintjhabezi zahlangana kwavela ilimi lesiZulu.<ref name=":3" /> == IsiXhosa == [[Isimumathi:Xhosa_traditionally_dressed_women.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Abomma bamaXhosa]] IsiXhosa naso singelinye lamalimi weSewula Afrika asemthethweni. IsiXhosa sikhulunywa babantu abangaphezu kweengidi ezimatjhumi amathathu nobunane, kuthi labo okulilimi labo lokubelethwa bangaphezu kweengidi ezibunane.<ref name=":1" /> IsiXhosa sikhulunywa khulukhulu esiFundeni seTjingalanga Kapa, eTlhagwini Kapa nesiFundeni se-Gauteng.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Alexander|first=Mary|date=2025-04-06|title=The languages of South Africa|url=https://southafrica-info.com/arts-culture/11-languages-south-africa/#:~:text=Among%20South%20Africa's%20population%20groups,),%20based%20on%20Census%202022.|access-date=2025-05-23|website=South Africa Gateway|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ekadeni bekuneenqhema zabeNguni ezakha ubuhlobo neentjhaba zabaThwa nabaKhwe (ama-''Khoekhoe''). Ngokukhamba kwesikhathi iintjhabezi zahlangana zaba sisizwe sinye ngaphasi kokubusa kweNgwenyama u-Tshawe owahlula isitjhaba sama-Cirha nama-Jwarha. Ngemva kwalokho wahlanganisa zoke iintjhaba ezincani kuhlanganise nesabaKhwe. Labeletheka njalo-ke ilimi lesiXhosa.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhosa_people</ref> == I-Sesotho == [[Isimumathi:Sotho_regalia.jpg|thumb|Abobaba babeSuthu]] I-Sesotho lilimi elisemthethweni eSewula Afrika elikhunywa babantu abangaphezu kweengidi ezimatjhumi amabili nambili. Okulilmi labo abalimunyileko bangaphezu kweengidi ezintathu.<ref name=":1" /> I-Sesotho sikhulunywa khulu enarheni ye-Lesotho, kanti eSewula Afrikapha sikhulunywa khulukhulu esiFundeni se-Freestate, se-Gauteng. Umhlobo lo we-Sesotho ubizwa ngokobana yi-Sesotho seSewula ngombana uhlukaniswa ne-Sesotho seTlhagwini - i-Sepedi, ne-Sesotho seTjingalanga - i-Setwana. Emandulo abantwaba beza eSewula Afrika bavela etlhagwini njengezinye iintjhaba bafika bahlala etlhagwini yeSewula Afrika. Bafika baba ziinqhenyana ezinjengaba-Taung, aba-Sia, aba-Fokeng, ama-Kgolokoe nabaKwena nezinye iinqenyana. Kuhlekuhle umndeni webukhosini be-Lesotho mndeni wabaKwena. AbeSuthwaba ngibo-ke ababanikazi belimi le-Sesotho esikhulunywa eSewula Afrika ne-Lesotho.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SOUTHERN SESOTHO - South African Language Southern Sesotho|url=https://www.sa-venues.com/language-southern-sesotho.htm|access-date=2025-05-26|website=www.sa-venues.com}}</ref> == Setswana == [[Isimumathi:Tswana_Dancers_3.jpg|thumb|Isiqhema esigidako sabaTswana]] I-Setswana nalo ngelinye lamalimi asesiqhemeni se-Sesotho seTjingalanga esikhulunywa eSewula Afrika ne-Botswana. Abantu abasikhulumako eSewula Afrika bangaphezu kweengidi ezimatjhumi amabili nantathu, abalimunyileko bangaphezu kweengidi ezine.<ref name=":1" /> I-Setswana sikhulunywa khulu enarheni ye-Botswana kanti eSewula Afrika sikhulunywa khulu esiFundeni seTlhagwini-Tjhingalanga, ne-Gauteng. Emandulo abeTswana bebangaphasi kwesiqhema sabeSuthu nabazakufika eSewula Afrika bavela eTlhagwini ne-Afrika. Bafika baba ziinqhenyana ezinjengaba-Taung, aba-Sia, aba-Fokeng, ama-Kgolokoe nabaKwena kunye nezinye iinqhenyana. Bafika endaweni ebizwa ngokobana yi-Botswana namhlanjesi, balwa nabaThwa babahlula, bese bakha umbuso wabaTswana. Ngibo-ke namhlanjesi ababanikazi belimi le-Setswana.<ref>{{Cite web|title=AFRICA {{!}} 101 Last Tribes - Tswana people|url=http://www.101lasttribes.com/tribes/tswana.html|access-date=2025-05-26|website=www.101lasttribes.com}}</ref> == Sepedi == [[Isimumathi:Pedi_Living_Culture_Route,_Limpopo,_South_Africa_(2417712111).jpg|thumb|Umuzi wesiPedi]] I-Sepedi ([https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/pedi Sepedi]) nalo ngelinye lamalimi angaphasi kwe-Sesotho atloliswe ngokomthetho eSewula Afrika, begodu saziwa ngokuthi yi-Sesotho seTlhagwini. Ilimeli likhulunywa khulukhulu esiFundeni se-Limpopo nese-Gauteng babantu abalinganiswela eengidini ezimatjhumi amabili nekhomba.<ref name=":1" /> Ekadeni isiqhemesi besiyingcenye yesiqhema sabeSuthu, kwathi nakukhamba ezinye iinqhema sona sasala ngetlhagwini yeSewula Afrika. Sineenqhenyana ezinengana okucatjangelwa bona sikhuluma amalinyana amatjhumi amathathu. Abanye bathi i-Sesotho seTlhagwini akusiso i-Sepedi kodwana lilimi elihlukileko.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=AFRICA {{!}} 101 Last Tribes - Pedi people|url=http://www.101lasttribes.com/tribes/pedi.html|access-date=2025-05-26|website=www.101lasttribes.com}}</ref> == Tshivenda == [[Isimumathi:Venda_culture,_Limpopo,_South_Africa_(8714283418).jpg|thumb|251x251px|Izindlu zamaVenda]] Elinye lamalimi atloliswe ngokomthetho eSewula Afrika yi-Tshivenda. Abantu abakhuluma i-Tshivenda balinganiselwa eengidini ezihlanu.<ref name=":1" /> I-Tshivenda sikhulunywa khulu esiFundeni seLimpopo ngetlhagwini ngitjho nesiFundeni seGauteng. Nawulilemukisisa kuhle ilimeli linezici ezivela elimini lesiShona nelesiTokwa. Ekadeni isiqhemesi kukholelwa bona sathoma ukuba khona nakusabusa uMpuso we-Mapungubwe, kwathi nakuwa umbuso lo kuvuka umbuso we-Zimbabwe sathutha sayokuhlala endaweni namhlanjesi ebizwa ngokobana kuse-Zimbabwe. Sakhamba isikhathi, isiqhemesi sathutha e-Zimbabwe sehla seyama umlambo we-Zambezi sazitholela indawo sayithiya ngokuthi yi-D'zata. Kusukela ngalesosikhathi umbuso wabo uye wanzinza kwabusa amakhosi wawo ngokulandelana kwawo. Namhlanjesi ngibo ababanikazi belimi le-Tshivenda.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Venda - African Tribe - Venda Culture|url=https://www.krugerpark.co.za/africa_venda.html|access-date=2025-05-26|website=www.krugerpark.co.za}}</ref> == Xitsonga == [[Isimumathi:Tsonga_women_in_South_Africa.jpg|thumb|Abomma bambethe isiTsonga]] I-Xitsonga ngelinye lamalimi akhulunywa eSewula Afrika atloliswe ngokomthetho. Ilimeli likhulunywa babantu abangaphezu kweengidi ezilitjhumi nanye. I-Xitsonga sikhulunywa khulukhulu esifundeni seLimpopo neseGauteng, bese kube ne-Xitsonga esikhulunywa e-Mozambique.<ref name=":1" /> Abantwaba bebasiqhema sabeNguni abathoma lokha uSoshangane ebekuyinduna kaShaka abalekela enarheni yangepumalanga. Bathi nabafika lapho bazakhela umbuso omkhulu nedorhobho elibizwa bona yi-Gaza. Bafika bahlula izizwe ezinengi abazithola lapho njengesizwe samaNdawu, amaTonga, amaTjopi amaSena nezinye. Ilimi labo lesiNguni lahlangana nesiTonga namalimi walapho laba yi-Xitsonga. Ngokukhamba kwesikhathi umbuso lo wahlukana, amanye amaTsonga asuka e-Mozambique athuthela eSewula Afrika.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shangaan Tsonga - Nguni People, Tribe - South Africa...|url=https://www.krugerpark.co.za/africa_shangaan_tsonga.html|access-date=2025-05-26|website=www.krugerpark.co.za}}</ref> == IsiBhuru == [[Isimumathi:Boer_Family_with_a_wagon_-_false_colour_image.jpg|thumb|AmaBhuru wakade]] I-''Afrikaans'' namkha isiBhuru mhlobo welimi lamakhuwa angasiwo wendabuko weSewula Afrika. Nalo litlolisiwe ngokomthetho begodu likhulunywa babantu abangaphezu kweengidi ezimatjhumi amathathu nane.<ref name=":1" /> I-Afrikaans ikhulunywa khulu eemfundeni zangeTjingalanga Kapa, eGauteng nakezinye iimfunda. Ilimi le-Afrikaans livela elimini lesiDatjhi. AmaDatjhi afika eSewula Afrika lokha uJan Van Riebeeck obekasebenzela i-VOC (''[https://www.worldhistory.org/Dutch_East_India_Company/ Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie]'') afika nabantu bekhabo ngo-1652, bafika bahlala endaweni abayibiza bona yi-''Cape of Good Hope''. Bafika lapho bahlangana nesitjhaba sabaKhoekhoe. Ngokukhamba kwesikhathi ilimi lesiDatjhi lahlangana nelesiKhoe kunye namanye amalimi kwakheka ilimi namhlanjesi elibizwa ngokuthi yi-''Afrikaans'' namkha isiBhuru, okulilimi elisemthethweni bekube njenganje eSewula Afrika.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Dutch Settlement {{!}} South African History Online|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/dutch-settlement|access-date=2025-05-26|website=www.sahistory.org.za}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-10-13|title=‘The language we know as Afrikaans today owes much to the enslaved people who spoke it’—Read an excerpt from Coloured: How Classification Became Culture|url=https://johannesburgreviewofbooks.com/2023/10/13/the-language-we-know-as-afrikaans-today-owes-much-to-the-enslaved-people-who-spoke-it-read-an-excerpt-from-coloured-how-classification-became-culture/|access-date=2025-05-26|website=The Johannesburg Review of Books|language=en-US}}</ref> == IsiNgisi == [[Isimumathi:English_settlers_landing_in_Virginia_1607_Image_from_page_42_of_A_junior_class_history_of_the_United_States;_to_which_are_added_the_Declaration_of_independence,_and_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States_(1899).jpg|thumb|AmaNgisi bokufika]] IsiNgisi kuphela kwelimi elikhulunywa khulu ukudlula woke eSewula Afrika. Sikhulunywa babantu abangaphezu kweengidi ezimatjhumi amathathu nekhomba. Ilimeli ngilo elisetjenziswa khulu emazikweni wezefundo, wezepolotiki, wezeemali, wezamaphilo namanye. Safika njani isiNgisi eSewula Afrika? IsiNgisi besele sikhona nakufika amaBhuru ngo-1652 ngombana nakufika amaDatjhi athola u-Atjhumato obekayikosi yabaKhoekhoe besele abuya eBantam ngo-1630, akghona ukukhuluma isiNgisi nesiDatjhi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Autshumao (Herry the Strandloper) {{!}} South African History Online|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/autshumao-herry-strandloper#:~:text=Autshumao%20also%20known%20as%20Herry%20the%20strandloper,who%20were%20engaged%20in%20a%20trading%20relationship.|access-date=2025-05-26|website=www.sahistory.org.za}}</ref> Nanyana isiNgisi besele sikhulunywa eSewula Afrika, amaNgisi wokufika nokuhlala eza mva kwamaDatjhi. Kwathoma mhlokho bona isiNgisi sikhulunywe eSewula Afrika. == Ilimi Lezandla == Ilimi lezandla ngelinye lamalimi akhulunywa eSewula Afrika. Likhulunywa babantu abangaphezu kwesigidi sinye, begodu kunabantu abama-234,655 okulilimi labo lokuthoma. == Iinkhombo == <references /> aahaysyp5j6jxjc0luwbp7cby95nkom 0 606 3158 3157 2025-06-17T09:50:09Z Mosakaruka 586 3158 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:New_South_African_flag_unveiling.jpg|thumb|Iflarha leSewula Afrika]] '''Ukuhlalisana''' kwabantu abanesikopilo engafani kutjho ukuthatha abantu abavela eenzindeni namasikopilo ahlukahlukeneko bese ubahlalise ngobunye nangokuzwana, bangaqali kwaphela bona baneenzinda namasiko angafaniko, kodwana bakwamukele bebakuthabele lokho. Lokhu kunikela woke umuntu ilungelo lokuphila ngokwalokho angikho ingasi ngokwalokho abanye abafuna abe ngikho.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What is Cultural Diversity and Why Does it Matter? - Hourly, Inc.|url=https://www.hourly.io/post/cultural-diversity|access-date=2025-05-28|website=www.hourly.io|language=en}}</ref> Ngamanye amagama ukuhlalisana kwabantu abanesikopilo engafaniko kukwamukela bona umphakathi wethu wakhiwa babantu abafuna izinto ezingafaniko, abanamakghono namatalende angafaniko neendingo ezingafaniko. Begodu kutjho bona nawumumuntu kufuze utjheje bona uphila nabantu abanekolo engafani neyakho, nabanobulili obungafani nebakho, nokuthi lokho kufuze ukwamukele.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-10-03|title=What is Cultural Diversity?|url=https://young.scot/get-informed/what-is-cultural-diversity/|access-date=2025-05-28|website=Young Scot|language=en-US}}</ref> Ukuba nombono onjalo kwenza abantu bahlalisane ngobunye nokusebenzisana kunokuthi baninane. == Ukuqakatheka Kokuhluka Kwesikopilo == Ukuhlukahluka kwesikopilo kuletha ukwabelana ngelwazi emazikweni ahlukahlukeneko njengakwezobukghwari, ukwenziwa kwemikhiqizo emitjha, nemazikweni wezemvelo. Ukuthuthukiswa kwelwazeli elabelwanako kuqakathekile esitjhabeni ngombana kuthuthukisa zefundo, zomnotho nendlela yokuhlalisana ngobunye enarheni le.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=lesadmin|date=2021-07-26|title=What Are the Benefits of Understanding Different Cultures?|url=https://www.leselfes.com/understanding-different-cultures/|access-date=2025-05-28|website=Les Elfes International Camps Switzerland|language=en-US}}</ref> Ukulemuka nokwamukela abanye nendlela abaphila ngayo kwenza umuntu azwisise amasiko neenkolelo zabanye. Izinto umuntu ebekangaziqala njengezingasizihle namkha ezithusako ngamasiko womunye zingazwisiseka nange omunye angazifaka emanyathelweni womunye. Izazi zezokuhlalisana zithi umuntu ozwisisa isikopilo labanye: * kumenza alemuke bekatjheje bona iinzinda namasiko akufani, * kumenza ahloniphe izici ezingafaniko esikweni lakhe nelomunye, * kumenza anganyazi nanyana yini omunye ayibeka etafuleni ngokwesiko lakhe, * kumenza akghone nokweluleka abanye abangafuni ukwamukela amasiko angafani newabo, * begodu kumenze akuthabele ukungafani esikhundleni sokukunina.<ref name=":0" /> Yeke ngokuya ngokwamaphuzu la kuba bulula ukuhlalisana nomuntu nangabe uyalizwisisa isiko nendlelakhe yokuphila, kuba bulula ukusebenza naye emsebenzini, kuba lula nokwakha ubungani nokwabelana naye amakghono nangabe uyasizwisisa isizinda avela kiso, amasiko awenzako nelimi alikhulumako. == Ukungafani Kwesikopilo ESewula Afrika == UmThethosisekelo weSewula Afrika uthi woke umuntu unelungelo lokukhuluma ilimi alimunyako begodu azikhakhazise ngalo, unelungelo lokwenza amasiko wekhabo, nelokukhetha ikolo afuna ukuba ngaphasi kwayo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cultural, Religious and Language Diversity|url=https://fwdeklerk.org/reconciliation-and-unity-in-diversity/cultural-religious-and-language-diversity/|access-date=2025-05-29|website=FW de Klerk Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> Yeke ngokomthethosisekelo lo woke umuntu nanyana anelungelo lokwenza amasiko wekhabo kufuze atjheje amalungelo wabanye wokwenza amasiko wemakhabo. Lokho kwenza abantu bahlalisane ngobunye nokwamukelana. Iimbalobalo zango-2024 ze-Statistic South Africa (''Stats SA'') zilinganisela bona isibalo sabantu baboke eSewula Afrika ziingidi ezima-63,02. Bese amalimi atloliswe ngokomthetho akhulunywa babantwaba ali-12, isiNgisi, isiBhuru, isiZulu, isiXhosa, isiSwati, Sesotho, Setswana, Xitsonga, Tshivenda nelimi lezandla leSewula Afrika. Woke amalimi la anamalungelo wokusetjenziswa ngendlela elinganako. Ngikho inengi labantu eSewula Afrika likhuluma amalimi amabili asemthethweni umuntu ngamunye.<ref>{{Cite web|title=People of South Africa {{!}} South African Government|url=https://www.gov.za/about-sa/south-africas-people|access-date=2025-05-29|website=www.gov.za}}</ref> Ukuhlukahluka kwamalimi, isizinda namasiko kuyithuthukisile iSewula Afrika emikhakheni ehlukahlukeneko njengakwezokuthibisa, kezomnotho nakezefundo. === Kwezokuzithabisa === Ukuhluka okukhulu kwesikopilo eSewula Afrika kuvela kuhle ezikweni lokuzithabisa lenarha le. Kuneenqhema ezinengi zabantu bendabuko abahlukahlukeneko begodu boke banamasiko, amalimi neendlela zokwenza imitlamo emitjha. Lokho ukubona emafilimini, ekugideni nembhinweni weSewula Afrika begodu abantwaba bahlanganisa isikopilwabo emazwikweni la bawenze abe mahle. Ngaphezu kwalokhko kuba namajima nezenzakalo ezifana ne-''Cape Town International Jazz Festival'' ne-''National Arts Festival in Grahams Town'' edosa iinthekeli ezivela ephasini loke ezifuna ukubona ukuhlukahluka kwesikopilo lenarha le. Lokho kulithuthukisile iziko lokuzithabisa.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mukhari|first=Vutlhari|date=2024-08-28|title=Why is South Africa’s entertainment industry a gold mine to boost local tourism? - Etela Africa|url=https://etela.africa/why-is-south-africas-entertainment-industry-a-gold-mine-to-boost-local-tourism/|access-date=2025-05-29|language=en-US}}</ref> === Kwezomnotho === Ukuhluka kwesikopilo eSewula Afrika kube nesandla ekukhuleni komnotho wenarha le ngokuza nendlela yokwenza imikhiqizo emitjha - njengezokuzithabisa - nokurherha amathalente amatjha. Abantu abahlukahlukeneko abasemabubulweni la beza nemibono emitjha eyenza kuthathwe iinqunto ezingcono, kukhuphule indlela yokurarulula imiraro neyokuza neendlela ezitjha zokwenza imikhiqizo. Ngaphezu kwalokho inarha le ikghona ukuletha inzuzo ekulu ngamaziko wezokuvakatjha newokwenza imitlamo emitjha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=how cultural diversity improves economic growth in south africa - Google Search|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=how+cultural+diversity+improves+economic+growth+in+south+africa&sca_esv=595de8d130c61221&rlz=1C1JJTC_enZA1159ZA1159&sxsrf=AE3TifPbzq6OPF4689gtEIaG4WfdKVsDrg:1748523734674&ei=1lo4aPb8KO6zhbIP7ZzH8Qk&oq=how+cultural+diversity+improves+econo+in+south+africa&gs_lp=Egxnd3Mtd2l6LXNlcnAiNWhvdyBjdWx0dXJhbCBkaXZlcnNpdHkgaW1wcm92ZXMgZWNvbm8gaW4gc291dGggYWZyaWNhKgIIADIKECEYoAEYwwQYCjIKECEYoAEYwwQYCjIKECEYoAEYwwQYCjIKECEYoAEYwwQYCkj8O1D2Dli8H3ACeAGQAQCYAYMDoAHsDaoBAzMtNbgBAcgBAPgBAZgCBKAC1gbCAgoQABiwAxjWBBhHwgIIEAAYgAQYogTCAgUQABjvBcICCBAAGKIEGIkFmAMAiAYBkAYIkgcFMi40LTKgB8sqsgcDNC0yuAevBsIHBTMtMy4xyAc-&sclient=gws-wiz-serp|access-date=2025-05-29|website=www.google.com}}</ref> === Kwezefundo === Ukuhluka kwesikopilo eSewula Afrika kuyithuthukisile ifundo ngokwenza abafundi bafunde ukuhlalisana nokusebenzisana emsebenzinabo yesikolo ngitjho nanyana bavela eenzindeni ezingafaniko. Lokho kubafundisa ukusebenzisana ngitjho nanyana sele baqedile isikolo basebenza. Kubenze baba nomqondo ovulekileko, bazithemba khudlwana begodu kwabasiza bakghona ukuzwisisa amasiko ahlukahlukeneko. Yeke ngokwamukela ifundo ngokuhlukahluka kwesikopilo, iinkolo zikghona ukuba nendawo engcono yokufundela khona amakghono wokucabanga azokuthuthuke, kwehlise nebandlululo.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-05-14|title=The Importance of Multicultural Education|url=https://drexel.edu/soe/resources/student-teaching/advice/importance-of-cultural-diversity-in-classroom/|access-date=2025-05-29|website=School of Education|language=en}}</ref> == Iinkhombo == <references /> 7itoknjvahwdmtx99blkcl1hwnup0gh 0 607 3227 2871 2025-06-25T19:07:52Z Mosakaruka 586 spelling 3227 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Ndebele women-1.jpg|thumb|233x233px|Abomma bamaNdebele]] '''ESewula''' Afrika kunamalimi ali-12 akhulunywako, amalimi la yisiNgisi, i-Afrikaans, isiZulu, isiXhosa, iSepedi, isiTsonga, isiTshivenda, isiSwati, isiNdebele, isiTswana, isiSotho seSewula Afrika nelimi lezandla leSewula Afrika. Kodwana kunamanye amalimi angakatloliswa ngokomthetho njengesiLobedu, isi-Korana, isi-Nluu, isi-Xiri namanye.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Alexander|first=Mary|date=2025-04-06|title=The languages of South Africa|url=https://southafrica-info.com/arts-culture/11-languages-south-africa/|access-date=2025-05-22|website=South Africa Gateway|language=en-GB}}</ref> UmThethosisekelo uthi amalimi la, khulukhulu wendabuko kufuze alondolozwe namkha abulungwe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The SA Constitution|url=https://www.justice.gov.za/constitution/chp01.html|access-date=2025-05-22|website=www.justice.gov.za}}</ref> Amalimi la ahlukaniswe ngokuya ngokwemihlobo emine. Ahlukaniswe ngendlela ahlobene begodu afana ngakho. * amalimi wesiNguni * amalimi we-Sesotho * amailimi wesikhuwa * eminye imihlobo yamalimi<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2025-05-25|title=South Africa - Languages, Dialects, Afrikaans {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/South-Africa/Languages|access-date=2025-05-29|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> [[Isimumathi:Zulu Culture.jpg|thumb|234x234px|Abentazana bamaZulu]] === '''Amalimi wesiNguni:''' === * isiZulu- ilimi leli likhulunywa maZulu * isiXhoza- ilimi leli likhulunywa maXhoza * isiNdebele- ilimi leli likhulinywa maNdebele * isiSwati- ilimi leli likhulunywa maSwati<ref name=":0" /> === '''Amalimi wesiSotho:''' === * Sepedi (seSotho sa Leboa) -ilimi leli likhulunywa ba-Pedi * Sesotho- Leli ilimi likhulunywa beSuthu * Setswana- ilimi leli likhulunywa be-Tswana === '''Omunye Umhlobo Wamalimi''' === * Tshivenda- ilimi leli likhulunywa ma-Venda * Xitsonga- ilimi leli likhulunywa ma-Tsonga<ref name=":0" /> === '''Amalimi wesiKhuwa:''' === * IsiNgisi - ilimi leli likhulunywa maNgisi * IsiBhuru - ilimi leli likhulunywa maBhuru<ref name=":0" /> == Isizathu Sokulondolozwa Kwamalimi La == Ukulondolozwa kwamalimi wendabuko eSewula Afrika kuqakatheke khulu ngombana kwenza abantu bakghone ukukhulumisana kuhle bebazwisisane kuhle ngamalimi abawamunyileko bese lokho kwenza ilimi lingafi kodwana lithuthuke. Ukulondolozwa kwelimi kusiza ukundlulisela isizukulwane esiza ngemva ilwazi lelimi lendabuko namasiko wendabuko, kwenza kube nokuzwana nokubekezelelana nanokuhloniphana emphakathini. Godu kuthuthukisa nezomnotho zeSewula Afrika.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Baker|first=Abigail|date=2024-10-11|title=PRESERVING SOUTH AFRICA'S INDIGENOUS LANGUAGES: A LIVING LEGACY FOR FUTURE GENERATIONS|url=https://fwdeklerk.org/preserving-south-africas-indigenous-languages-a-living-legacy-for-future-generations/|access-date=2025-05-29|website=FW de Klerk Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> Ihlathululo yaloku okubalwe ngaphezulu: '''Ukufa kwelimi''' Ukufa kwelimi nofana ukungasebenzisi ilimi lendabuko kungabangela ukulahleka kwesiko, kuphazamise nokuhlalisana kuhle emphakathini. Loke ilwazi elimayelana nobukghwari, amasiko, imikghwa yokuphatha abantu ngehlonipho, neemfundo eziqakathekileko epilweni kuyafa kuphele lokha ilimi nalifako. Bona kubabalele ilwazelo ilimi kufuze lilondolozwe bona lingafi. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Google Search|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=reasons+for+preserving+languages+in+south+africa&rlz=1C1JJTC_enZA1156ZA1159&oq=reasons+for+preserving+languages+in+south+africa&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUyBggAEEUYOTIKCAEQABiiBBiJBTIHCAIQABjvBTIHCAMQABjvBTIKCAQQABiABBiiBDIGCAUQRRg8MgYIBhBFGDwyBggHEEUYPNIBCTE2MTE1ajBqNKgCALACAQ&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8|access-date=2025-05-29|website=www.google.com}}</ref> '''Ukudlulisela ilwazi lwelimi namasiko wendabuko''' Ukulondoloza ilimi nesikopilo lendabuko kusiza ukuthi loke ilwazi lidluliselwe kusizukulwana esiza ngemva lokho kuzokwenza ilimi liragele phambili likhulunywa namasiko nawo aragele phambile.<ref name=":1" /> Ngokwesibonelo, kunemithi yesintu esetjenziswa sitjhaba esithileko kodwana engekho kesinye isitjhaba. Lokha iintjhaba ezimbili nazikhulumisanako zikghona ukwabelana ngelwazi lezokwelapha, nemiithi yendabuko nalokho ekulaphako. '''Ukubambisana komphakathi''' Ukulondolozwa kwelimi kuthuthukisa ukubambisana emphakathini, ukuhloniphana nokuthula. Kwenza umphakathi uhloniphe amanye amalimi begodu uwaqale njengaqakathekileko.<ref name=":1" /> Ngokwesibonelo, kuba nokubambisana emalungwini womphakathi azwisisanako, begodu kuvula ithuba lokuveza imibono, ukuze kuthathwe iinqunto ezivuthiweko ezingasiza umphakathi. '''Ukuthuthuka komnotho''' Ukulondolozwa kwelimi kungavula amathuba amanengi womsebenzi khulukhulu kilaba abanekareko yokusebenza ngamalimi wendabuko.<ref name=":1" /> Ngokwesibonelo, abantu abakghona ukukhuluma amalimi amanengana banamathuba amanengi wokuqatjhwa emisebenzini nemabubulweni asebenza ngabantu beenzinda ezihlukahlukeneko. Ukuqatjhwa kwabantwaba kuthuthukisa umnotho wenarha. == Angalondolozwa njani amalimi wendabuko == Ukulondolozwa kwamalimi wendabuko weSewula Afrika kutlhoga iindlela ezihlukahlukeneko zokurarulula umraro wokulondolozwa kwawo. Kuneendlela ezimbalwa ezingasetjenziselwa ukulondoloza amalimi wendabuko. Kokuthoma kufundisa nofana ukudlulisela ilwazi ngamalimi wendabuko. Kwesibili ukusebenzisa itheknoloji ekufundiseni nekuthuthukiseni ilimi. Kwesithathu ukutlola phasi nokuzihlanganisa nomphakathi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Google Search|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=how+do+we+preserve+south+african+indigenous+languages&rlz=1C1JJTC_enZA1156ZA1159&oq=how+do+we+preserve+south+african+indigenous+lan&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUqBggDECEYFTIGCAAQRRg5MgkIARAhGAoYoAEyCQgCECEYChigATIGCAMQIRgVMgcIBBAhGJ8FMgcIBRAhGI8C0gEJNDY4MjJqMGo5qAIAsAIB&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8|access-date=2025-05-29|website=www.google.com}}</ref> '''Fundisa ngelimi leNdabuko''' Ukufundisa ngelimi lendabuko eenkolweni zamabanga aphasi naphezulu kungasiza ukuthi ilimi lilondolozwe. Irhubhullulo likhombisa ukuthi abantwana abaningi baphasa kuhle khulu nabafundiswa ngamalimi abawamunyileko. Kutlhogeka iincwadi zamalimi wendabuko nezinye izinto ezingasetjenziswa bona kufundiswe abanye bunqopha nofana nge-inthanedi.<ref name=":2" /> '''Ukusetjenziswa kwetheknoloji''' Ukutjhugululwa kwezincwadi zamalimi wendabuko zenziwe ihlelo elilalelwako, lokho kungenye yezindlela ezisebenzako zokulondoloza amalimi begodu kwenza kube lula ukuthi zihlale isikhathi eside bezitholakale lula. Ukwenza isihlathululi magama (''online dictionary'') namanye amahlelo wetheknoloji ngamalimi wendabuko kungasiza ukuthuthukisa nokulondoloza begodu kuba lula ukuthi zitholakale kiwo woke umuntu osebenzisa itheknoloji.<ref name=":2" /> Ukutjhugulula, amaziko welimi wetheknoloji nama-''software'' asetjenziswa khudlwana emalimini wendabuko godu asiza amalimi bona alondolozwe bulula godu nabantu bazokujwayelana khulu netheknoloji.<ref name=":2" /> '''Ukuzibandakanya komphakathi ekuthuthukiseni ilimi''' Ukukhuthaza nokusekela igadango lokurhatjha ngamalimi wendabuko kumabona kude nasemrhatjhweni lokho kudlala indima ekulu ekulondolozeni amalimi wendabuko. Ukusekela umphakathi nawenza iminyanya ethuthukisa amasiko namalimi wendabuko kungaba nomthelela omuhle.<ref name=":2" /> Ukutholakala kwabatjhugululi bamalimi wendabuko kusiza amalunga womphakathi ukuthi athole ilwazi begodu azwisise kuhle ezinye zezinto ezitlolwe ngesikhuwa. Ukusebenzisa iinkundla zokuthintana (''social media'') ngamalimi wendabuko nokuzihlanganisa neeqhema zabantu abakhuluma amalimi wendabuko lokho nakho kuthuthukisa bekulondoloze ilimi.<ref name=":2" /> == Iinkhombo == <references /> twddpmke68kfxg53xncwh4c35ga6m7m 0 608 2867 2025-05-29T22:18:40Z Bigbrianbrain 668 Ngifake ikhasi lomlingisi odumileko ephasini loke u-Corbin Bleu. Usema-Wikis amanengi. Ngiyasazi isiNdebele esincani, ngilibalele. 2867 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Corbin Bleu (Headshot).jpg|thumb|Bleu ngo-2012]] U-Corbin Bleus mlingisi we-America owadlala indima ka-Chad emamuvini we-High School Musical. bqipj3k7dolunlw4t51gbss3ewrdbmq 0 609 2868 2025-05-30T09:32:52Z Lungile M. Mabhena 585 Added refences 2868 wikitext text/x-wiki ''[[Esther Mahlangu]]'' omgwali obuya '''''[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ndebele-South-African-people esizweni samaNdebele weSewula Afrika]''''' ube nomqaliso wezobukghwari ebizwa bona yi '''-''' ''<nowiki/>'then I knew I was good at painting''' elethwe yi-[https://www.getyourguide.com/-l10476/?cmp=bing&ad_id=78202963710359&adgroup_id=1251244854683240&bid_match_type=bb&campaign_id=434111534&device=c&feed_item_id=&keyword=www.getyourguide.com&loc_interest_ms=&loc_physical_ms=136830&match_type=b&msclkid=d65a70a8cc4e1d1378f2189d722a4aed&network=o&partner_id=CD951&target_id=dat-2330002578451845&utm_adgroup=ct%3Ddsa%7Cfn%3Df1&utm_campaign=ct%3Ddsa%7Cln%3D29%3Aen%7Ctc%3Dall&utm_keyword=www.getyourguide.com&utm_medium=paid_search&utm_query=iziko%20art%20gallery&utm_source=bing Iziko South African Museums]. U-Esther Mahlangu wabelethwa mhlana amalanga ali-11 kuSinyikhaba ngomnyaka we-1935 endaweni yange-Middleburg ePumalanga, ngokubelethwa ungu-Esther Ntuli bese wendela kwaMahlangu, kanti-ke wathoma ukugwala aneminyaka elitjhumi ngobudala. Imisebenzi yakhe ayithathelwa phasi, wanikelwa ubudorhodere mayunivesithi amane okuyi - [https://www.news24.com/citypress/News/its-dr-esther-mahlangu-uj-honours-renowned-sa-artist-with-honorary-doctorate-20180409 University of Johannesburg] ne[https://www.dut.ac.za/dr-esther-mahlangu-to-host-a-retrospective-exhibition-to-celebrate-over-50-years-in-the-arts/ -Durban University of Technology] ngomnyaka wee-2018, [https://www.bona.co.za/celebrity-news/tut-honours-esther-mahlangu-and-david-tlale-with-honorary-doctorates/ Tshwane University of Technology] ngomnyaka wee-2022 kanye ne - [https://www.bing.com/search?q=unisa+honors+esther+mahlangu&form=WSBEDG&qs=SW&cvid=8b979d91361a45ddabfc026c8650c924&pq=unisa+honors+esther+mahlangu&cc=ZA&setlang=en-US&PC=NMTS&nclid=225FE419E1A8A46D5834F8A8971FEAF4&ts=1748354091602&wsso=Moderate University of South Africa] ngomnyaka wee-2024. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Esther Mahlangu {{!}} About |url=https://www.esthermahlangu.com/ |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=Esther Mahlangu |language=en}}</ref> [[Isimumathi:ESTHER MAHLANGU.jpg|thumb|Esther Mahlangu]] Iziko South African Museums yavulela abantu bona bazokubona umsebenzi ka-Esther Mahlangu obukghwari bokugwala ukuthoma mhlana amalanga ama-18 Mhlolanja ukuya mhlana ama-11 Rhoboyi kumnya wee-2024. Umqaliso lo utjengisa umnikelo omangalisako ka-Esther Mahlangu weminyaka ematjhumi alikhomba ebukghwarini besimanjemanje ngemibala namafomu aphilako. Ifaka imisebenzi yobukghwari engaphezu kwe-100 evela emaqoqweni weentjhabatjhaba, iinthombe zomlando, kanye nefilimu emfitjhani, umqaliso lo unikela ngokudephileko emsebenzini wakhe. Okuqakathekileko yi-BMW 525i Art Car ka-Esther Mahlangu, ebuyela eSewula Afrika kokuthoma eminyakeni engaphezu kwama-30. Ngo-1991, wenza umlando njengomfazi wokuthoma nomgwalii we-Afrika obe ngomunye wabakghwari ku-BMW's Art Car Collection. Lokhu kubuyela emuva kunikela umbono ohlukileko womsebenzi ka-Mahlangu omkhulu nonamandla. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Art |title=AT FEATURE: Iziko Museums of South Africa Presents: Then I Knew I Was Good At Painting: Esther Mahlangu, A Retrospective |url=https://arttimes.co.za/at-feature-iziko-museums-of-south-africa-presents-then-i-knew-i-was-good-at-painting-esther-mahlangu-a-retrospective/ |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=South African Art Times: |language=en-GB}}</ref> Akupheleli lapho, ubukghwarobo ngitjho nayo ikoloyi ye-BMW ayigwalako ibuye yalethwa godu e-[https://www.esthermahlangu.com/retrospective-projects/wits-art-museum Wits Arts Gallery] bona izokubonwa babantu mhlana amalanga ama-20 kuSinyikhaba 2024 ukuya mhlana amalanga ali-17 kuSihlabantangana kiwo umnyaka lo bese yabuyela emva. Okungaphezu kwalokho umqiniseki womqaliso lo uNontobeko Ntombela uyahlathulula bona “Umqaliso lo uletha ithuba elitjha lokuthi sibone umsebenzi wobukghwari omuhle ka-Esther Mahlangu. Umsebenzakhe ube nomthelela omkhulu emkhakheni wezobukghwari eSewula Afrika begodu umqaliso lo bufakazi bomnikelo omuhle.” <ref>{{Cite web |title=Wits Art Museum {{!}} Esther Mahlangu |url=https://www.esthermahlangu.com/retrospective-projects/wits-art-museum |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=Esther Mahlangu |language=en}}</ref> <!-- EDIT BELOW THIS LINE --> === UMTHOMBO WELWAZI === de0hmgpjyehvrn9g860iwtw7xafthaz 0 610 3288 3165 2025-07-02T20:41:10Z Thuvack 106 Undo revision [[Special:Diff/3165|3165]] by [[Special:Contributions/85.97.84.231|85.97.84.231]] ([[User talk:85.97.84.231|talk]]) 3288 wikitext text/x-wiki == IMITLOMELO KADAKAMELA == [https://bulawayo24.com/news/local/251778#:~:text=Chief%20Mbusi%20Bekithemba%20Dakamela%20of%20Nkayi%2C%20KoDakamela%2C%20is,contributions%20to%20society%20while%20they%20are%20still%20alive. Imiklomelo kaDakamela] mnyanya ogidinga isintu namasiko wamaNguni begodu ubuye unikele abantu imitlomelo wokubathokozisa emisebenzini emihle abayenzako emphakathini. Umnyanya lo wathoma ukwenzeka ngomnyaka wee-2023 eNkayi eZimbabwe, wenziwa yiKosi uMbusi Bekithemba Dakamela ngendlini yobuKhosi bakwaDakamela. Umnyaka lo wenzeke mhlana amalanga ama-5 kuSinyikhaba kiwo wona umnyaka lo begodu wenzeke amalanga amabili woke ukusukela mhlana amalanga ama-4 ukuya nakama-5. <ref>{{Cite web |title=LIVE - Chief Dakamela host Imiklomelo KaDakamela |url=https://bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-local-byo-251778.html |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=Bulawayo24 News}}</ref> Nanoma kumnyanya osezweni leZimbabwe, akusibabantu beZimbabwe kwaphela abawukhambelako, ukhanjelwa babantu ababuya kwezinye iinarha njengeSewula Afrika, Tanzaniya, neZambiya. Akupheleli lapho, ezinye zeenkhambeli lezi zibuya ebuKhosini ngokwahlahlahlukana. Ekutlonyelisweni, akukaqalwa abantu beZimbabwe kwaphela, akhona amanye amalunga wemindeni wobuKhosi wezinye iinarha kanye nabanye abantu abenza kuhle emiphakathini abatlonyelisiweko. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mrewa |first=Tanaka |last2=Mrewa |first2=Tanaka |date=2025-04-05 |title=Chief Dakamela’s Nkayi Achievers’ Awards continue to win praise - CITEZW |url=https://cite.org.zw/chief-dakamelas-nkayi-achievers-awards-continue-to-win-praise/,%20https://cite.org.zw/chief-dakamelas-nkayi-achievers-awards-continue-to-win-praise/ |access-date=2025-05-30 |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[File:IKosi uDakamela.jpg|thumb|376x376px|IKosi uDakamela]] Umnyanya lo nanoma usungulwe buKhosi bakwaDakamela usuke wasekelwa nanguRhulumende wesifundeni seMatebeleland North. URhulumende ube wenza nesithembiso bona umnyanya lo uzowubeka phambili begodu noNgqongqotjhe wakhona uNicholas Moyo ubize boke abathintekako nabasebenzisani bona basebenzisane ekukhuphuleni umnyanya lo nokuqinisekisa ukunzinza kwawo esikhathini eside nesizako. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ncube |first=Senzeni |date=2025-04-07 |title=Imiklomelo kaDakamela gets government backing - CITEZW |url=https://cite.org.zw/imiklomelo-kadakamela-gets-government-backing/,%20https://cite.org.zw/imiklomelo-kadakamela-gets-government-backing/ |access-date=2025-05-30 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Iinkhambeli zomnyanya ziwuthabela umnyanya lo ngamabanga amanengi, elinye lakhona kukuthi umnyanya lo usekela abakghwari bendawo ngokubanikela ithuba lokuthi baveze tjhatjhalazi amakghono wabo kanye nokuvezwa kwevunulo yesintu, liyatjho nelunga lepalamende uDesire Moyo bona uthatjiswe yivunulo yesintu kanye namakghono wabantu aveziweko. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mrewa |first=Tanaka |last2=Mrewa |first2=Tanaka |date=2025-04-05 |title=Chief Dakamela’s Nkayi Achievers’ Awards continue to win praise - CITEZW |url=https://cite.org.zw/chief-dakamelas-nkayi-achievers-awards-continue-to-win-praise/,%20https://cite.org.zw/chief-dakamelas-nkayi-achievers-awards-continue-to-win-praise/ |access-date=2025-05-30 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Kanti-ke, koke lokhu njengombana kusungulwa yiKosi uDakamela, okuvelako kukuthi ulililutjha ngokwakhe. UMbusi Dakamela wabelethwa mhlana amalanga ama-3 kuNtaka ngomnyaka we-1995 bese wahlaliswa esihlalweni sobuKhosi ngomnyaka wee-2019. Uhlaliswa nje uthatha iintambo kuKghari yakhe uHleziphi Dlodlo obekamjaphethe nakuzakuqima ilanga elinguyise likaMbusi. Umnqopho weKosi uDakamela kubuyisa nokuvuselela isintu namasiko, kuthi nakunjalo kwasungulwa nekulumo ethi #ubuntuyisintusethu enamethele umnyanya lo obizwa ngmiklomelo kaDakamela. <ref>{{Cite web |title=24 year old installed as Chief Dakamela of Nkayi |url=https://bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-national-byo-160037.html |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=Bulawayo24 News}}</ref> == IMITHOMBO YELWAZI == 4e7hiu6v0ocf7uspeef3vbdx6fldtum 0 611 2870 2025-05-30T14:31:50Z Jetro mahlangu 588 ivunulo yesitjhaba sama NDEBELE ngokwahluka kwayo hlangana ngobulili 2870 wikitext text/x-wiki Ivunulo yama https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Ndebele_language ikhamba ihluka kusukela ebantwini beengubo kunye nebantwini bembaji.Kujayelekile ukubona ama Afrika amanengi ahlotjiswe ngeendlela ezihlukahlukeneko zomncamo,yincenye yamasiko wethu.Isiko elingatjhugulukiko elidluliselwa ukusukela esizukulwaneni ukuya kwesinye.Iinarha ezinengi ze Afrika zinendlela yazo ekhethekileko yokutlama begodu kuyakarisa ukubona iinarha ze Afrika ezahlukahlukeneko zisebenzisa ivunulo ukurhatjha imilayezo ehlukeneko. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amandebele sitjhaba sama Nguni esise Sewula Afrika.Isitjhaba lesi saziwa ngobuciko ne vunulo yaso.Umsebenzi wevunulo udlala indima ekulu ekumbaheni kwabo kusukela besebancani njengombana bayisebenzisa ukutshwaya amazinga ahlukileko wamasiko wepilo.Into eqakatheke khulu ekumbatheni kwabo mma bama Ndebele yi tjorholo encani.Abentazana abasebancane bahlobisa itjorholo encani enomncamo.Isiketi esihlukileko lesi sakhiwe ngokuqinileko mtjhini we khanvani ogoqiweko ubotjhwa edinini uhlotjiswe ngqo phezu kwalokhu.Okulenga ebhandeni eliphezulu kulitjhila elifana ne lace ehlanganiswe emabhandeni womncamo.Lokhu kwakhiwe bona kuwele phambi komjeje oqinileko weentambo zekoteni ezifakwe umncamo wembewu emhlophe ephazamiswa isikeli ukwandisa ubukhulu be https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/garmet begodu kukhuthaze ukudlala kokukhanya lokha nakubonwa kusikinyeka ukutjengisa ukuthaba. Abentazana abadala esele balenzile isiko bambatha i phephethu ngokunikelwa bomma babo.Iphephethu yenziwe ngesikhumba esikhulu esibunjwe njenge oval esihlanganiswe ngomjeje wemicu emide yomncamo omhlophe begodu sihlotjiswe ngaphezulu ngephetheni yejometri enemibala eminengi kunye neendima ezintathu yamasongo wethusi.Iphephethu ivamise ukubotjhwa edinini belimbathwe phezu kwedini ukuya enzasi.Isikhumba sesikhumba sihloselwe kudosa amehlo ngokugona iinqulo neenyanga begodu ukutjhinga komncamo kungezelela umthelela lokha umntazana nanyakazako. Ngesikhathi somtjhado nomnyanya wokuthomba umlobokazi umbatha isiyaya ukufihla ubuso lesi kusikhathi sokutjhuguluka ukusuka kwesinye isigaba ukuya kwesinye.Ngaphandle kwesiyaya abomalukazana bama Ndebele bambatha inyonga eyenziwe ngomncamo omhlophe olukwe ngentambo bomma abazinhlobo.Ubude bephetheni nesakhiwo se nyonga kutjho ukuveza izinto ezifana nokobana inga kghani umalukazana uzokuba mfazi wokuthoma womkhwenyana nofana useyintombi. Umfazi otjhadileko umbatha ingubo phezu kwamahlombe wakhe eneenhluthu ezinengi ezidephileko ezitjhugulweko ezibizwa ngeenrholwani okumincamo eqinileko efakwa entanyeni,eenyaweni,emilenzeni kunye nekhalweni.Babuye bambathe ithusi nethusi emikhonweni entanyeni nemilenzeni.Ingubo abayimbathako yingubo wombhalo unoKhethwako.Abafazi abatjhadileko bahlobisa amabhande wehloko namkha ikepisi elukiweko ukwenza iinhloko ezihle.Umcamo osetjenziselwa ababfazi bama Ndebele abatjhadileko bewune palate ehlengiweko begodu bawusebenzisela umbala izinto kunye namaphetheni ahlotjiswa nokubeletha ne pumelelo. Imincamo bayifaka imibala ukwenzela bona badlulise ilwazi ngobujamo bezulu,izinga lakhe lokuhlobana nabanye abafazi emphakathini wakhe nofana emdenini wakhe abenza isambatho kunye nekareko yakhe emtjhadweni nomndeni. Emadodeni wama Ndebele ivunulo yawo ayinamibalabala,ngokwesiko amadoda wama Ndebele ambatha i puleli yesifuba nofana i poriyana elenga entanyeni.Ivamise ukuhlotjiswa ngemincamo phezulu begodu yenziwa ngeenkhumba iporiyana litshwayo lobudoda begodu isokana linikelwa nguyise ngemva kobana lithathe umfazi.Amadoda wama Ndebele amabatha imihlobiso abayenzelwe bafazi babo. Ngokwesiko amaNdebele esebenzisa izinto ezitholakala ekhaya ezifana namagobolonda,iinsimbi kunye namathambo weenlwana neenkhumba ukwenza izambatho ezineenhluthu kunye nemihlobiso.Bakhetha izinto ezithileko malungana nokuhlobana kwazo nemvelo engomkomfanekiso nofana engokomoya nofana amakghono wabo wokuvikela umgqoki nokuthuthukisa ubujamo babo emphakathini.Umcamo omnengi wamaNdebele wenziwa ngengilazi nofana umncamo weplastiki. Ukuqakatheka okukhulu kokwenza umncamo epilweni yabantu abasikazi nendlela ihlathulula ivezwa ngemibala ,amaphetheni we goemetric begodu ukusikinyeka kuragela phambili ngokutjhuguluka kwesikhathi.Umsebenzi wemncamo yihlathululo ebonakalako yokuveza isiqhema sobuhlanga namagugu nobufakazi kunye nokudlulisa ubujamo nokhudluliswa kwama siko. Hlangana neentjhaba ze Afrika umncamo uhlanganisa ubuhle besiko nofana ubujamo bomtjhado.Esiqhemeni sendabuko samaNdebele abafazi baba mbatha iingubo ezineenhluthu njengetshwayo lepilo yomnotho begodu nokutjengisa inani labentwana abanalo.e-Arika yesimanje manje ihlathululo namatshwayo wokwenza ivunulo sele itjhugulukile kodwana isasetjenziswa ukuzikhakhazisa kwethu ngobu Afrika bethu. iinkomba. 1.https://www.vukuzenzele.gov.za/employment 2.https://www.nomadafricamag.com/welcome-mobile/ 3.https://www.bona.co.za/ jq96d990skl9f0gghhbb7ij7os064di 0 612 5177 5176 2025-08-14T16:24:51Z Nqobile69 190 5177 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ilimi''' kuyindlela abantu abakhuluma ngayo ngokuthi benze imidumo nofana amathswayo ukuthi bakghone ukudluliselana ilwazi,imininingwane. Abantu basenzisa ilimi ukuthi bakghone ukuveza imicabango Kanye nemizwa yabo.<ref>Bonvillain N. Language, culture, and communication: The meaning of messages. Rowman & Littlefield; 2019 Mar 20.</ref> Ilimi kuyinto eqakathekileko emasikweni wabantu abanzima begodu neemphakathini ngombana arhelebha abantu bonyana bokghone ukuzwana, benze amasiko namasiko wabo basebenzisa ilimi. Ilimi linendlela elibonaka ngayo, ekukuthi ilinemidumo nofana amatjhada athileko enziwako ukuze likghone ukukhulunywa.<ref>Diamond AS. The history and origin of language. Routledge; 2023 Dec 30.</ref> Lokho kutjho bona elinye nelinyelimi ilimi kunendlela efanele liphinyiswe ngakhona ukuze kuthiwe ulikhuluma kuhle. [[Ilimi]] linemithetho ebusa ukukhulunywa nokutlolwa kwalo. Ilimi libonakala ngokuthi likghona ukwakha ubudlelwano phakathi kwabantu, ukuzazi nokuba munye emphakathini. Amalimi abasengozini yokutjhabala nangabe awakhulunywa, ngesibanga seenzathu ezinengi ezifana nokuthutha endaweni ohlala kiyo bese uye kwenye lapho kungakhulunywa khona ilimi lakho. === Ukutlhogeka kokubulunga amalimi wenarha yeSewula afrika === ==== Ukudluliswa kwamasiko. ==== Ilimi lidlala indima ekulu ekudlulisweni kwamasiko, ukusuka esizukulwaneni ukuya kwesinye isizukulwane. Lokhu kwenziwa kukobana [[isiko]] lidluliswa ngomlomo kusetjenziswe ilimi.<ref name=":0">Kramsch, C., 2014. Language and culture. ''AILA review'', ''27''(1), pp.30-55.</ref> Ilimi lisetjenziswa ukufundisa, ukudlulisa ilwazi lamasiko Kanye nekambiso yawo.Ukubulunga amalimi eSewula Afrika kukhambisana nokubulunga amasiko wabantu abanzima, ngombana ilimi nesiko akuhlukaniseki. ==== Ukukhulunywa kwamalimi amanengi nokuthuthukisa izinga lefundo ==== ISewula Afrika kuyinarha enothe ngamalimi ngombana inamalimi adlula kwamathathu akhulunywako nasemthethweni ngokukhulunywa.<ref>Van Niekerk, D.R., van Heerden, C.J., Davel, M.H., Kleynhans, N., Kjartansson, O., Jansche, M. and Ha, L., 2017, August. Rapid Development of TTS Corpora for Four South African Languages. In ''Interspeech'' (pp. 2178-2182).</ref>Amalimi weSewula Afrika nakubulungiweko, kuzokukhuthaza Abantu ukuthi bakghone ukukhuluma amalimi adlula kwamabili begodu ngendlela efaneleko.<ref>Noge, K.M., The Preservation of Culture and Indigenous Languages in a Multiculturalism Context. ''educational review'', ''82''(3), pp.381-402.</ref>Isenzo lesi sizokwandisa ukwamukelana kwabantu ngokuhlukana abanakho ngokwamalimi wabo.Ukubulunga amalimi esewula afrika kunekghono lokuthuthukisa izinga lefundo enarheni; khulu nasiqalise endaweni ezisemakhaya ezisathuthukako kilezi ndawo kusafundwa ngamalimi wabantu abanzima abu-9 lokho kutjho bona bafunda ngamalimi angakathuthuki ngokwedijithali. Ilimi nalibulungiweko lizokwenza bonyana indawo zibe neesetjenziswa ezinengi zokufundisa ezizitlhogako ukwenza abafundi bazo bonyana bathole imiphumela emihle.<ref>Mudau, P.P., Mandende, I.P. and Mushaathoni, M., 2024. Indigenous language preservation: A study of the Tshivenḓa speech community in South Africa. ''Journal of Intercultural Communication'', ''24''(4), pp.1-12.</ref>Woke umuntu nakakhulunyiswa ngelimi likanina khuliswe ngalo kuba lula bonyana azwisise begodu angararani. Kuqakathekile bonyana amalimi weSewula Afrika wendabuko abulungwe khona kuzokukghonakala bonyana afakwe erherhweni lefundo etholakala ngamalimi amanengi nofana amabili eenkolweni zoke ZeSewula Afrika. ==== Ukufaka umphakathi ekukhulunyweni kwelimi ==== Amanye wamalimi wendabuko weSewula Afrika asengozini yokutjhabalala. Imiphakathi kufanele ifakwe ekubulungelweni kwemalimi ngokuthi omunye nomunye umphakathi kufanele ukhuthaze bonyana abantu bakhulume ilimi lendabuko lalalelo ndawo nofana kukhulunywe amalimi wendabuko khulu khulu. Imiphakathi nayizibandakanya ekutheni ikhuthaze abantu bonyana bakhulume ilimi lendabuko, kuzokukhuthaza bonyana amalimi asengozini yokutjhabalala agcine sele aphumele engozini.<ref>Rajagukguk, R., Malems, T. and Ginting, M., 2022. Preserving linguistic diversity: Strategies for language preservation and cultural heritage safeguarding. ''Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan dan Humaniora'', ''11''(3), pp.221-236.</ref> Imiphakathi ingazibandakanya ngokuthi yenze imsebenzi nofana imigidi ethuthukisa ilimi. ==== Ukwenziwa kweensiza zokufundisa ==== Ukubulunga kwelimi kuzokwenza bona kube lula nofana kube neensiza zokufundisa ezinengi ezitholakala ngamalimi wendabuko weSewula afrika. Loku kuzokuthuthukisa izinga lokufunda eeenkolweeeni ngombana umuntu izwisisa msinya lokha nakafuda ngeimi lakhe.<ref>Mlambo, R. and Matfunjwa, M., 2024. The use of technology to preserve indigenous languages of South Africa. ''Literator-Journal of Literary Criticism, Comparative Linguistics and Literary Studies'', ''45''(1), p.2007.</ref> Nabo titjhere kufuze bonyana bathole ukubandulwa nesekelo lokufundisa amalimi wendabuko ngendlela abafundi ezokwenza bona abafundi bathande begodu bazikhakhazise ngelimi labo. Ilimi kuyinto eyenza bonyana abantu bezwane badluliselane ilwazi nokuthi baveze baveze amazizo wabo. Ilimi kuqakathekile bonyana libulungwe ngombana lisetjenziswa ukwenza amasiko begodu kukhuthaza bonyana umuntu munye akghone ukukhuluma amalimi amanengi ayedwa. Ifundo izokghona ukuthuthuka ngombana kuzokuba neensiza zokufundisa ezinengi ezizokwenza bonyana abafundi bakghone ukuthuma imiphumela emihle. Umphakathi nawo unekghono lokuthi izabankanye ekubulungeni amalimi asengozini yokutjhabalala. == Iinkomba == [[category:ilimi lesiNdebele]] [[Category:Amalimi eSewla afrika]] izp0etytx5ooy9uxp48pa8rwo13ux2d 0 613 3229 3155 2025-06-25T20:00:47Z Mosakaruka 586 /* Isisusa Serarano Phakathi KukaNyabela NamaBhuru */ spelling six 3229 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:King Nyabela of the Ndebele Tribe South Africa 1893.jpg|thumb|Ilitje Lesikhumbuzo leNgwenyama uNyabela]] '''UNyabela''' yiNgwenyama yamaNdebele wakwaNzunza eyabusa kusukela ngenyanga kaVelabahlinze 1879 nakukhothama iNgwenyama uRhobongo, walwa ipi namaBhuru eyathoma ngomhlaka-07 kaSinyikhaba 1882 eyaphela ngomhlaka-08 kaVelabahlinze 1883 mhla anikela uMampuru emaBhurwini, kwaba kubotjhwa kwakhe nokuhluleka kwepi yamaNdebele emaBhurwini.<ref name=":0">Iziko Lamakhosi - C. J Mahlangu, K. N Mahlangu, M. A Mahlangu, no-S. M Mtshweni</ref> Ngokwencwadi ethi '''Iziko lamaKhosi''', uNyabela - uGijamphezeni kaMabhoko - yindodana yesithathu yeNgwenyama uMabhoko ebelethwa endlukulu. Kwathi bona kukhothame iNgwenyama uRhobongo ebeyibambele uFene, uNyabela wathatha isihlalo waraga nokubambela uFene indodana kaMkhephuli ngombana bekasesemncani bona angabusa. Nayiragako ithi ekuthomeni kokubusa kwakhe uNyabela wayenganayo ingubo yobukhosi. Yeke wakhupha intanga yamaDlaza bona iyokufuna ingwe khona kuzokutholakala isikhumba esizokuba yingubo yobukhosi. Owayethwele intanga yamaDlaza ibizo lakhe kwakunguNomacwayi. Bagcina Bayifumene ingwe entabeni yakwaCabha, bayibulala beza nayo ekosini. <ref name=":0" /> === Amadodana weNgwenyama uNyabela === * UMtjongweni (uSomphezeni) oliDugu noyindondana ekulu * UMofu (uSoSenzeni) oliPhogo * UNgobe oliDuba * UMpepe (uSovelemu) oliDlowu * UMzitha (uSoMene) oliSinya * UMakhabakhubu (uSovusani) oliPhogo * UPama (uSoMvumazoke) liRhorha * UZalabo (uSoMlingo) oliDuba * UMarhagi (uSoZilani) oliRhorha<ref name=":0" /> == Isisusa Serarano Phakathi KukaNyabela NamaBhuru == [[Isimumathi:LL1882 pg008 SIKUKUNI.jpg|thumb|USekhukhune]] Ngesikhathi sokubusa kukaNyabela amaBhuru besele athomile ukuzibusa ngombana bebangasekho ngaphasi kokubuswa maNgisi. Yeke, besele kuphethe bona, begodu bebenza koke okusemandlenabo bona balawule iintjhaba zabantu abanzima enarheni khona bazokubusa ngendlela ephumelelako.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=South African Military History Society - Journal - AN AFRICAN MASADA: Nyabela, Mampuru and the Defence of Mapochstad|url=http://samilitaryhistory.org/vol144ds.html|access-date=2025-05-31|website=samilitaryhistory.org}}</ref> Soke isikhathesi amaBhuru namaNdebele wakwaNzunza bekanetjhebiswano elihle elathonywa yiNgwenyama uMabhoko. Kodwana kwathi bona amaBhuru athome ukuzibusa itjhebiswano laya lancipha. Isizathu kungaba kukuthi amaNdebele nawo besele afuna ukuzibusa, UNyabela ubesele angasawubhadeli umthelo emaBhurwini, begodu wala nokuletha isibalo sabantu baboke esitjhabeni.begodu lokho kwawasilinga amaBhuru ngaphasi kombuso we-ZAR.<ref name=":1" /> Isisusa esikhulu serarano phakathi kwamaNdebele namaBhuru kwaba nguMampuru. UMampuru bekayikosana yabaPedi eyabelethwa ngo-1824, ayindodana yomnakwabo weKosi uSikwati. USikwati wahlongakala ngo-1861. Lokho kwabanga umraro yokuthi ngubani okufuze alandele ekubeni yiKosi yabaPedi. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Kgoŝi Mampuru II – King of the Pedi people {{!}} Ditsong Museums of South Africa|url=https://ditsong.org.za/en/kgosi-mampuru-ii-king-of-the-pedi-people/|access-date=2025-05-31|website=https://ditsong.org.za/en/|language=en-US}}</ref> UMampuru wathi uSikwati ukhethe yena bona abe yiKosi ngombana ubelethwa mfazi obeletha ubukhosi, abaPedi abambiza bona yi-''timamollo.'' U-Sekhukhune oyindodana ekulu kaSikwati wathi lokho angekhe kwenzeke njengombana unina kaMampuru omfazi obeletha ubukhosi ukakakhuleliswa yiKosi uSikwati, kodwana mumuntu wangaphandle. Ngaphezu kwalokho wathi uSikwati ubengakaphethi koke okufuze akuphethe nakathatha umfazi oyi-''timamollo''. Yeke isihlalo kufuze sithathwe nguye.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mampuru_II</ref> U-Sekhukhune wathoma wathatha amandla wobukhosi bewabulala nabeluleki bakaMampuru. UMampuru wagcina sele abalekile kelekhabo. Kwathi ngemva kwesikhathi u-Sekhukhune sele alwe ipi namaBhuru, nenye ipi namaSwati, wahlaselwa esigodlweni sakhe wahlatjwa ngomukhwa wafa ngomhlaka-13 kaRhoboyi 1882. UMampuru nguye owasolwa ngokubulawa kuka-Sekhukhune, wasolwa nangokubanga umguruguru esitjhabeni sabaPedi. Yeke amaBhuru akhipha isiqunto sokuthi uMampuru akabotjhwe khona umguruguru lo uzokuphela.<ref name=":2" />[[Isimumathi:Stephanus Johannes Roos.jpg|thumb|UJohannes Roos]]Kuthe bona uMampuru ezwe bona uyafuneka wabaleka esitjhabeni sekhabo wayokukhosela ebantwini bakwaMasimula. AbaPedi bamlandelela nalapho babawa ikosi yakwaMasimula bona ibanikele yena, kodwana yona yala. Kwaba nepi, abakwaMasimula bahlulwa epini leyo. UMampuru nakabona bonyana bakwaMasimula bahluliwe, wabalekela kwaNomtjharhelo eNgwenyameni uNyabela. <ref name=":0" /> AbaPedi bafika nakoNomtjharhelo bambawa eNgwenyameni uNyabela. Kuthiwa iKosi uNyabela yathi nayibaphendulako: "UMampuru ngimginyile. Nanimfunako izani ningihlinze isisu nimkhuphe." Okutjho bona nangabe abaPedi bafuna uMampuru kuzokufuze kuliwe ipi bona atholakale. AbaPedi bakhamba batjhinga emBhurwini babawa isizo lokuthola uMampuru. U-Paul Kruger obekamungameli we-ZAR, wathumela u-Roos noSenekal bona basize abaPedi ngendaba le. AmaBhuru amabili la afika esitjhabeni samaNdebele abawa uMampuru, kodwana uNyabela wala, wathi umginyile, nabamfunako abamkhuphe ngemathunjinakhe. Ekugcineni uNyabela wasilingeka wabulala u-Roos no-Senekal, wathatha iinhloko zabo wazihloma eengodweni. Kuthiwa bekavuka qobe ekuseni akhambe ayokulotjhisa iinhloko zabo aziphulule neendevu zazo.<ref name=":0" /> AmaBhuru asilingeka khulu ngesenzwesi athumela u-Piet Joubert namasotja amanengi. Naye wafika warabhela uNyabela amahlandla ambalwa bona akhuphe uMaMpuru kodwana uNyabela wabhala naye, kwaba kusuka kwepi phakathi kwamaNdebele namaBhuru.<ref name=":1" /> == Ukuthoma Kwepi YamaNdebele NamaBhuru == [[Isimumathi:Pjjoubert.jpg|thumb|UPiet Joubert]] Ipi yathoma ngomhlaka-7 kuSinyikhaba 1882. Ipi yamaNdebele yayihlome ngeengidi zomsizi nemikhonto, bese yamaBhuru ihlome ngeengidi zeenhlamvu idoswa phambili nguPiet Joubert. Iingidi zeenhlamvu bezidumuza msinya kunalezo zomsizi, yeke inengi lamabutho wamaNdebele lafa ngelangelo, kwathi ngemva kwalokho amaNdebele ahlehla abalekela erholweni. AmaBhuru athi ayangena erholweni abuyela emva ngombana irholo awalazi, yeke atjhida entabeni ayokuhlala emasimini. <ref name=":0" /> Emalangeni alandelako bebasolo basilwa, kesinye isikhathi amaNdebele afike kungakalindeleki agadle abaleke. Kesinye isikhathi bekafika ebe iinkomo zamakhuwa, kesinye isikhathi babanjwe babulawe. Kwakhe kwaba nesahlakalo lapha amaNdebele athumba iinkomo zamaBhuru, kanti amaBhuru awakalali, abagijimisa abulala amaNdebele ali-150, babuya neenkomo zabo.<ref name=":1" /> Isikhathi nasikhambako yahlasela indlala emaNdebeleni. Ukudla ebebakubulungile kwaphela, bathoma ukudla iimphalo eenkhunjeni, kodwana ngokukhamba kwesikhathi iimphalo nazo zaphela. Bathoma bafikelwa mcabango wokuzinikela emaBhurwini, ngapha amaBhuru sebacabanga ukukhamba babuyele emakhaya ngombana sebafikelwa kudinwa. AmaNdebele eza namano wokuthola ukudla.<ref name=":0" /> Kwakhitjhwa intanga yamaThula bona iyokuthumba iinkomo zabaPedi. Ngebanga lokuthi bebanganamandla ngebanga lokulamba bahlulwa epini leyo. Kunesikhathi lapha amaNdebele athi akhukhuthisa abafazi bona bayokweba ukudla, kodwana amaBhuru wababulala abafazabo. Kuthiwa abafazaba bakwaMatsitsi, uNoMtjhatjhana noNoMgiyelwa. Ngesikhatheso bekusolo kuliwa. Kokhunye amaBhuru alinge ukwemba amadwala afuna indlela yokungena erholweni, kodwana amaNzunza afike abahlasele abaliye, nabo bagcine sele bawunghalile umsebenzi loyo. <ref name=":1" /> Kwafika isikhathi lapha amaBhuru abuyela khona emva. Athe angakayi nokuyaphi, asemlanjeni iMangwana kwafika indoda yakwaNdala yatjela amaBhuru bona amaNdebele aphelile yindlala, neemphalo nazo ziphelile. AmaBhuru wajika wabuyela emva kwaNomtjharhelo. Bafika batjela iNgwenyama bona ayikhuphe uMampuru. Nangambala yamkhupha yamnikela emaBhurwini ngomhlaka-08 kaVelabahlinze 1883. Ipi le yathatha iinyanga ezibunane zoke. Babotjhwa bobabili uNyabela noMampuru.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> == Ukubotjhwa Nokuhlongakala KukaNyabela == Kwathi ngemva kobana uNyabela anikele uMampuru kuJoubert nebutho lakhe naye wabotjhwa ngebanga lokujamelana nebutho likaRhulumende wangesikhatheso nokufihla isilelesi. Ngemva kokubotjhwa kwabo isitjhaba sakhutjhwa ngerholweni, satjelwa bona uNyabela akasese yikosi noNyengelele ikosikazakhe akasese yindlovukazi, kunalokho uPiet Joubert uzokuba yikosi yamaNdebele wakwaNzunza bese ikosikazakhe ibe yindlovukazi. Abavumako baphadlhalajwa bahlukaniswa bona bayokuhlala emaplasini wamaBhuru basebenze khona, labo abangavumiko njengoMatsitsi, uPinda, uSigidi, uNdungulu noMhlangula babotjhwa. Abomma basetjenziselwa ukuhlanza iimpahla zamakhuwa, kwathi abobaba belusa ifuyo yamaBhuru, abanye basebenza emasimini. <ref name=":0" /> == Iinkhombo == <references /> 4qeex6542r2auax5qkex5lb9al1vrz0 0 614 3310 3192 2025-07-02T20:48:39Z Thuvack 106 Undo revision [[Special:Diff/3192|3192]] by [[Special:Contributions/85.97.84.231|85.97.84.231]] ([[User talk:85.97.84.231|talk]]) 3310 wikitext text/x-wiki '''The United States of America''', elaziwa njalo ngegama elithi '''The United States''', kumbe '''America''', liyizwe elikhulu kakhulu. Inengi lalo litholakala eNorth America, kodwana ezinye izingcenye zakhona ziseAsia kanye leCaribbean. America liyizwe elinothile kunawo wonke emhlabeni. Liphinde libe labantu abangaphezu kwe-300 million. America inabantu abanhlanga ngeenhlanga, abamasiko leenkolo ezihlukile.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/place/United-States</ref> 3ed9khbnnegs71opnavrcrf9z6w0tsh 0 632 3253 3217 2025-06-29T09:36:20Z Jetro mahlangu 588 3253 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Hector pieterson.jpg|thumb|Mbuyisa Makhubo]] '''UMbuyisa Makhubo''' (wabelethwa ngo-1957 nofana ngo-1958) mlweli weSewula Afrika olwa nebandlululo owanyamalala ngo-1979. Wakhula waduma ngemva kobana abonakale athwele u-Hector Pieterson esithombeni esithathwe ngu-Sam Nzima ngemva kobana u-Pieterson adunyuzwe ngesikhathi se[[16 JUNE 1976|''-Soweto Uprising'']] ngo-1976. Nanyana isithombe sibekezele, kuncani okwaziwako ngoMakhubo.<ref>Kwanele Sosibo, (12 June 2014), ''Finding Mbuyisa Makhubu, the June 16 1976 hero,'' Mail Guardian. Retrieved from: https://mg.co.za/article/2014-06-12-red-herrings-plague-search-for-mbuyisa-makhubu/ Retrieved on 24-06-2025.</ref> Ngemva kobana isithombe sisabalale enarheni yoke nangaphetjheya, uMakhubo watlhoriswa bonogada, bekwamkatelela bonyana abaleke eSewula Afrika. Unina uNombulelo Makhubo watjela i-''Truth and Reconciliation Commission'' bonyana uthole incwadi esuka kuye ase-Nigeria ngomnyaka ka-1978, kodwana solo kwamhlokho khange athole litho elibuya kuye. Umma lo wahlongakala ngomnyaka ka-2004, ngaphandle kokwazi bonyana kwenzakalani ngendodanakhe.<ref name=":0">Eric Itzkin (June 4, 2020), ''Disappeared June 16 victim Mbuyisa Makhubu to be honoured.'' Retrieved from: https://www.theheritageportal.co.za/article/disappeared-june-16-victim-mbuyisa-makhubu-be-honoured Retrieved on 24-06-2025.</ref> UMbuyisa bekangomunye wabatjhotjhozeli beSewula Afrika abanikelwa indawo e-Nigeria ngemva kwesehlakalo se-Soweto . Waye angomunye kwabathathu abafakwa e boarding high school e-''South-Western Nigeria-Federal Government College'' ngomnyaka ka-1976 kuya ku-1977, kodwana boke babhalelwa kufunda kwabakatelela bonyana bafuduswe kungakapheli umnyaka.<ref name=":0" /> Ngomnyaka ka-2013, kwavela iinsolo zokuthi indoda, u-Victor Vinnetou, ebegade ivalelwe ejele le-Canada iminyaka ebunane edlulileko ngamacala wokufuduka bekunguMakhubo. Kwenziwa iimhloliso zezakhi zofuzo ukuthola bona bekanguMbuyisa Makhubo kwamambala na. Kwabikwa ngokukhamba kwesikhathi bona iimhloliso ze-DNA akhange ziqinisekise isimangalo sendoda le sokuthi nguMakhubo, okudanisako emndenini kaMakhubo, nanyana ukuhlolwa kwe-DNA kwabikwa bona kwenziwa elungwini lomndeni elingenabudlelwano begazi nababelethi bobabili. Ukusukela ngomnyaka ka-2020, akwaziwa bona ukuphi.<ref>U-Davie, u-Lucille. "U-Hector Pieterson Ufumana Isikhumbuzo Sakhe." [https://web.archive.org/web/20070519061318/http://www.joburg.org.za/october/hector.stm Iwebhusayithi esemthethweni yedorobha le-Johannesburg]</ref> Ngomnyaka wona loyo, idokhumentari eneziqephu ezine ebizwa nge- ''Through The Cracks'', eyakhutjhwa ngeminyaka ema-44 yokuvukela umbuso mhlana ali-16 kuMgwengweni wango-2020, yanikela ngemininingwana engakakhulunywa ngaphambilini ngepilo kaMakhubo. Kwabikwa nokuthi iphosta yamagugu ekhumbula uMakhubo izokufakwa mhlana ali-16 kuMgwengweni wee-2020. == Iinkhombo == {{Reflist}}  e26gh90jtegn38b8pirakfyos45h1u6 0 633 3204 3185 2025-06-23T07:34:24Z Owaziwako 24 3204 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Usiphathi sesitifikeyidi sefundo.jpg|thumb|353x353px|Usiphathi sesitifikeyidi sefundo_Unisa]] == Umtlolo wezefundo ephakemeko: Isifundo mayelana nehlobanolwazi (reference) == === '''1. Isingeniso''' === Amanye namanye amazinga wemikhakha anamatshwayo lawo akhethekileko awenza ahluke kwamanye. Ngokufanako [[ifundo]] ephakemeko nayo inamatshwayo lawo ayenza ihluke kunefundo esisekelo. Elinye lamatshwayo aqakathekileko mtlolo wezefundo ephakemeko. Umtlolo wezefundo ephakemeko lo unendlela kanye nezinto ezilandelwako ngesikhathi usetjenziswa nanyana utlolwa. Eenhlokwaneni ezilandelako zizokutjheja bonyana kuyini umtlolo wezefundo ephakemeko begodu ukuqakatheka kwawo kuyini. === '''2. Kuyini umtlolo wezefundo ephakemeko?''' === Ngokuya kwe-[https://www.eapfoundation.com/writing/what/#google_vignette EAP Foundation] (2025) <ref>'''EAP Foundation'''. 2025. Academic writing. Litholaka ku: <nowiki>https://www.eapfoundation.com/writing/what/#google_vignette</nowiki>. Lifunnyenwe [ngomhlaka 16 kuMgwengweni 2025].</ref>umtlolo wezefundo ephakemeko kuyindlela yokuveza amaqhinga, ilwazi nerhubhululo eemphakathini wezefundo ephakemeko. Umtlolo wezefundo ephakemeko lo uyikambiso nezinga lefundo ephakemeko ekufanele lilandelwe ngesikhathi kutlolwa nanyana kurhutjululwa ([[:en:Academic_writing|Wikipedia]] 2025)<ref name=":0">'''Wikipedia.''' 2025. ''Academic writing''. Litholaka ku: <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_writing</nowiki>. Lifunnyenwe [ngomhlaka 16 kuMgwengweni 2025]. </ref>. Woke umuntu ozibandakanya efundweni ephakemeko ekufaka hlangana abafundi nabafundisi nanyana abosofundokghono kufanele balandele ikambiso nezinga lokutlola lelo elibekiweko ngesikhathi batlola ngaphasi kwesigugu nanyana iziko elithize lefundo ephakemeko (Akkaya no-Aydin 2018)<ref name=":1">'''Akkaya, A. & Aydin, G.''' 2018. Academics' Views on the Characteristics of Academic Writing. ''Educational Policy Analysis and Strategic Research'', 13(2), 128-160. doi: 10.29329/epasr.2018.143.7</ref>. Nanyana kunjalo, umtlolo wezefundo ephakemeko lo uyahluka ngokuya kweziko nanyana kwesigungu sezefundo ephakemeko. Ngalokho-ke, kuqakathekile bonyana lokha nawuzibandaka neziko elithize lezefundo ephakemeko wazi ukuthi basebenzisa muphi umhlobo womtlolo wezefundo ephakemeko. ==== 2.1. Ezinye zezinto eziqakathekileko ngaphasi komtlolo wezefundo ephakemeko ngilezi ezilandelako: ==== 1.     Ukuhlonipha ubuhlakani bomuntu ngokwenza ireference nanyana ihlobanolwazi. Ihlobanolwazi lihlukene Kabili, kukhona ihlobano lwazi langaphakathi komtlolo kanye nerhelo lawo loke liphelele, lelo elaziwa ngomthombolwazi nanyana isilululwazi (Akkaya no-Aydin 2018)<ref name=":1" />. Asitjheje iimbonelo ezilandelako zehlobanolwazi langaphakathi komtlolo: -         Ngokuya kukaMtsweni (2025) kumakhaza la. -         Kumakhaza la (Mtsweni 2025).                '''''Isitjengiso 1''''' Iimbonelo ezimbili lezi kusitjengiso 1 kumhlobo wehlobanolwazi lokuhlonipha ubuhlakani babanye abantu. Umhlobo lo usetjenziswa ngaphakathi komtlolo nanyana lokha nawusatlolako (Akkaya no-Aydin 2018)<ref name=":1" />. Umhlobo olandelako wehlobanolwazi usetjenziswa ekugcineni komtlolo. Ngamanye amagama, uwuthola ekugcineni lapho sele umtloli nanyana usofundokghono aqede ikulumopendulwano nanyana irhubhululo lakhe. Asitjhejeni isibonelo esilandelako: 2.      '''Mtsweni, B. R.''' 2025. Ukuqakatheka kwelimi. ''Mtsweni Journal of African Languages'', 13(2):13-33. 3.     '''Sibanyoni, A. J.''' 2025. ''Ukudla kwesikhethu.'' IsiKhethu Publishers. ESewula Afrika: Etshwane.       ''''' Isitjengiso 2''''' Isibonelo 2 kusitjengiso 2, sisitjengisa bonyana ilwazi elinye lithethwe kujenali. iJenali leyo imthombolwazi nanyana lapho umtlolo osetjenziswe kurhubhululo uthethwe khona mayelana nerhubhululo. Ukungezelela, isibonelo 2 lesi ngaphasi kwesitjengiso 2 sitjengisa bonyana ilwazi elithethwe kujenali litlolwa njani  kurhelo lomthombolwazi. Ngokufanako kusibonelo 3, kusitjengisa bonyana incwadi itlolwa njani kusilululwazi nanyana kurhelo lomtholwazi nangabe isetjenziswe ngaphasi kwerhubhululo. Yelela, ngaphathi kwerhelo lomthombolwazi nanyana lesilululwazi kutlolwa imithombo leyo esetjenziswe ngaphakathi emtlolweni werhubhululo kwaphela (Education and Training Boards Ireland 2019)<ref name=":2">'''Education and Training Boards Ireland.''' 2019. ''Academic writing handbook for leaners: In the Further Education and Training (FET) Sector''. Further Education Support Service. Ireland: Dublin. </ref>. Begodu, imithombolwazi leyo kufanele itholakale ngaphasi komtlolo werhubhululo nanyana wekulumopendulo. Esihlokweni esilandelako sizokutjheja ukuqakatheka komtlolo wezefundo ephakemeko. === '''3. Ukuqakatheka komtlolo wezefundo ephakemeko.''' === Umtlolo wezefundo ephakemeko uqakatheke ngendlela ezinengi emphakathini, enarheni kanye nefundweni ephakemeko. Ezinye zizo oqakatheke ngazo ngezilandelako: 1.     Umtlolo wezefundo ephakemeko wenza isiqiniseko sokuthi ubuhlakani bomunye umuntu buyahlonitjhwa (Wikipedia 2025)<ref name=":0" />. Loke ilwazi elifakwe ngaphasi kwerhelo lomthombolwazi nanyana isilululwazi, abanikazi balo bazokwaziwa begodu bahlonitjhwe ngokuthi ilwazi labo lisetjenziswe kuhle. 2.     Umtlolo wezefundo ephakemeko udlala indima ekuthuthukiseni ilwazi, ukwabelana ngelwazi kanye nokufundisana (Education and Training Boards Ireland 2019)<ref name=":2" />. Loke ilwazi elifakwe ngophasi kwehlobanolwazi, liyafundwa bese lirhunyutjhwe ukuze kuzwisise bonyana balinga ukusilemukisa ngani. 3.     Umtlolo wezefundo ephakemeko wenza isiqiniseko sokuthi ukwethulwa kwelwazi lerhubhululo kufane.  Boke abafundi nabafundisi bamaziko wefundo ephakameko athize, balandela indlela nanyana umhlobo othize womtlolo wezefundo ephakemeko ukuze baphumelele ukudlulisa umlayezo wabo. === '''4. Isiphetho''' === Umtlolo wezefundo ephekemeko uqakathekile ekwenzeni isiqiniseko sokuthi ilwazi liragela phambili begodu liyabelwana. Kodwana, ukukhulu kukuthi wenza isiqiniseko sokuthi abantu balandele imigomo neendlela ezifanako ngesikhathi batlola nanyana benza amarhubhululo wabo. === '''5. Umthombolwazi''' === <references /> 3gq1cavesu85ysrgzreeym3wtoo7fmp 0 648 3473 3203 2025-07-29T00:21:49Z Dcljr 20 use normal level-2 (==) section headings 3473 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Le Grand-Chef Ndébélé en Avril 2017.jpg|thumb|Ivunulo yama Ndebele]] '''Ivunulo''' yama '''Ndebele''' ikhamba ihluka kusukela ebantwini beengubo kunye nebantwini bembaji.Kujayelekile ukubona ama Afrika amanengi ahlotjiswe ngeendlela ezihlukahlukeneko zomncamo,yincenye yamasiko wethu.Isiko elingatjhugulukiko elidluliselwa ukusukela esizukulwaneni ukuya kwesinye.Iinarha ezinengi ze Afrika zinendlela yazo ekhethekileko yokutlama begodu kuyakarisa ukubona iinarha ze Afrika ezahlukahlukeneko zisebenzisa ivunulo ukurhatjha imilayezo ehlukeneko. == Isitjhaba sama Ndebele == AmaNDEBELE sitjhaba sama Nguni esise Sewula Afrika.Isitjhaba lesi saziwa ngobuciko ne vunulo yaso.Umsebenzi wevunulo udlala indima ekulu ekumbaheni kwabo kusukela besebancani njengombana bayisebenzisa ukutshwaya amazinga ahlukileko wamasiko wepilo.Into eqakatheke khulu ekumbatheni kwabo mma bama Ndebele yi tjorholo encani.Abentazana abasebancane bahlobisa itjorholo encani enomncamo.Isiketi esihlukileko lesi sakhiwe ngokuqinileko mtjhini we khanvani ogoqiweko ubotjhwa edinini uhlotjiswe ngqo phezu kwalokhu.Okulenga ebhandeni eliphezulu kulitjhila elifana nentambo ehlanganiswe emabhandeni womncamo.Lokhu kwakhiwe bona kuwele phambi komjeje oqinileko weentambo zekoteni ezifakwe umncamo wembewu emhlophe ephazamiswa isikeli ukwandisa ubukhulu besembatho begodu kukhuthaze ukudlala kokukhanya lokha nakubonwa kusikinyeka ukutjengisa ukuthaba. == Abentazana bamaNdebele == Abentazana abadala esele balenzile isiko bambatha i phephethu ngokunikelwa bomma babo.Iphephethu yenziwe ngesikhumba esikhulu esibunjwe njenge oval esihlanganiswe ngomjeje wemicu emide yomncamo omhlophe begodu sihlotjiswe ngaphezulu ngephetheni yejometri enemibala eminengi kunye neendima ezintathu yamasongo wethusi.Iphephethu ivamise ukubotjhwa edinini belimbathwe phezu kwedini ukuya enzasi.Isikhumba sesikhumba sihloselwe kudosa amehlo ngokugona iinqulo neenyanga begodu ukutjhinga komncamo kungezelela umthelela lokha umntazana nanyakazako. Ngesikhathi somtjhado nomnyanya wokuthomba umlobokazi umbatha isiyaya ukufihla ubuso lesi kusikhathi sokutjhuguluka ukusuka kwesinye isigaba ukuya kwesinye.Ngaphandle kwesiyaya abomalukazana bama Ndebele bambatha inyonga eyenziwe ngomncamo omhlophe olukwe ngentambo bomma abazinhlobo.Ubude bephetheni nesakhiwo se nyonga kutjho ukuveza izinto ezifana nokobana inga kghani umalukazana uzokuba mfazi wokuthoma womkhwenyana nofana useyintombi. == Abomma bamaNdebele == Umfazi otjhadileko umbatha ingubo phezu kwamahlombe wakhe eneenhluthu ezinengi ezidephileko ezitjhugulweko ezibizwa ngeenrholwani okumincamo eqinileko efakwa entanyeni,eenyaweni,emilenzeni kunye nekhalweni.Babuye bambathe ithusi nethusi emikhonweni entanyeni nemilenzeni.Ingubo abayimbathako yingubo wombhalo unoKhethwako.Abafazi abatjhadileko bahlobisa amabhande wehloko namkha ikepisi elukiweko ukwenza iinhloko ezihle.Umcamo osetjenziselwa ababfazi bama Ndebele abatjhadileko bewune palate ehlengiweko begodu bawusebenzisela umbala izinto kunye namaphetheni ahlotjiswa nokubeletha ne pumelelo. Imincamo bayifaka imibala ukwenzela bona badlulise ilwazi ngobujamo bezulu,izinga lakhe lokuhlobana nabanye abafazi emphakathini wakhe nofana emdenini wakhe abenza isambatho kunye nekareko yakhe emtjhadweni nomndeni. [[Isimumathi:Ndebele Zimbabwe.jpg|thumb|Amadoda wamaNdebele]] == Amadoda wamaNdebele == Emadodeni wama Ndebele ivunulo yawo ayinamibalabala,ngokwesiko amadoda wama Ndebele ambatha i puleli yesifuba nofana i poriyana elenga entanyeni.Ivamise ukuhlotjiswa ngemincamo phezulu begodu yenziwa ngeenkhumba iporiyana litshwayo lobudoda begodu isokana linikelwa nguyise ngemva kobana lithathe umfazi.Amadoda wama Ndebele amabatha imihlobiso abayenzelwe bafazi babo. Ngokwesiko amaNdebele esebenzisa izinto ezitholakala ekhaya ezifana namagobolonda,iinsimbi kunye namathambo weenlwana neenkhumba ukwenza izambatho ezineenhluthu kunye nemihlobiso.Bakhetha izinto ezithileko malungana nokuhlobana kwazo nemvelo engomkomfanekiso nofana engokomoya nofana amakghono wabo wokuvikela umgqoki nokuthuthukisa ubujamo babo emphakathini.Umcamo omnengi wamaNdebele wenziwa ngengilazi nofana umncamo weplastiki. Ukuqakatheka okukhulu kokwenza umncamo epilweni yabantu abasikazi nendlela ihlathulula ivezwa ngemibala ,amaphetheni we goemetric begodu ukusikinyeka kuragela phambili ngokutjhuguluka kwesikhathi.Umsebenzi wemncamo yihlathululo ebonakalako yokuveza isiqhema sobuhlanga namagugu nobufakazi kunye nokudlulisa ubujamo nokhudluliswa kwama siko. Hlangana neentjhaba ze Afrika umncamo uhlanganisa ubuhle besiko nofana ubujamo bomtjhado.Esiqhemeni sendabuko samaNdebele abafazi baba mbatha iingubo ezineenhluthu njengetshwayo lepilo yomnotho begodu nokutjengisa inani labentwana abanalo.e-Arika yesimanje manje ihlathululo namatshwayo wokwenza ivunulo sele itjhugulukile kodwana isasetjenziswa ukuzikhakhazisa kwethu ngobu Afrika bethu. ==Iinkomba== https://www.vukuzenzele.gov.za/employment https://www.nomadafricamag.com/welcome-mobile/ https://www.bona.co.za/ 7gr146t5k0qeaddnt1m0tapg4r6rv9o 0 649 3205 2025-06-23T07:34:40Z Owaziwako 24 Created page with "== '''Iziqu''' '''Zefundo Ephakemeko''' == === '''1.   Isingeniso''' === Amaziko wefundo ephakemeko adlala indima ekulu eemphakathini ngokuthuthukisa ilwazi layo ngeziqu ezahlukeneko. Iziqu ezahlukeneko zihlukana ngokwamazinga, imikhakha kanye nelwazi nebandlulo lazo. Kwesinye isikhathi zisetjenziswa ukuveza izinga lobuhlakani behlangano nanyana abantu abathile. Eengatjeni zekulumopendulwano elandelako sizokutjheja bona kuyini iziqu zamaziko aphakemeko nanyana zefundo..." 3205 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''Iziqu''' '''Zefundo Ephakemeko''' == === '''1.   Isingeniso''' === Amaziko wefundo ephakemeko adlala indima ekulu eemphakathini ngokuthuthukisa ilwazi layo ngeziqu ezahlukeneko. Iziqu ezahlukeneko zihlukana ngokwamazinga, imikhakha kanye nelwazi nebandlulo lazo. Kwesinye isikhathi zisetjenziswa ukuveza izinga lobuhlakani behlangano nanyana abantu abathile. Eengatjeni zekulumopendulwano elandelako sizokutjheja bona kuyini iziqu zamaziko aphakemeko nanyana zefundo ephakemeko begodu zihluka njani. === '''2.   Kuyini iziqu zefundo ephakemeko (yamaziko aphakemeko)?''' === Izuqu ze[[Umtlolo wezefundo ephakemeko: Isifundo mayelana nehlobanolwazi (reference)|fundo ephakemeko]] nanyana yamaziko aphamekeko wezefundo kuziziqu lezo ezinikelwa begodu kutlonyeliswe umfundi nanyana umuntu ezikweni lefundo ephakemeko njengekholiji, iyunivesithi yethekhnoloji neyunivesithi yenarha ngemva kokuqeda ibanga elithile leemfundo zomkhakha ethize ([[:en:Academic_degree|Wikipedia]] 2025<ref>'''Wikipedia'''. 2025. ''Academic degree''. Itholaka ku: '''<nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_degree</nowiki>.''' Ifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 11 kuMgwengweni 2025].</ref>). Iziqu lezi zihlukaniswa ngamazinga athize. Kukhona iimfundo zokuthoma efundweni ephakemeko ezaziwa nge-undergraduate, lezo kanengi zenziwa mumunto ozange abe neziqu ze-degree ngaphasi komkhakha loyo ([https://www.canterbury.ac.nz/study/getting-started/about-our-qualifications/university-terms-explained Canterbury Academic] 2025<ref name=":0">'''Canterbury Academy.''' 2024. ''University terms explain''. Itholaka ku: '''<nowiki>https://www.canterbury.ac.nz/study/getting-started/about-our-qualifications/university-terms-explained</nowiki>'''. Ifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 11 kuMgwengweni 2025].</ref>). Kube neemfundo eziphakemeko lezo ezaziwa nge-postgraduate, ezenziwa mumuntu oneziqu ze-degree kumkhakha loyo (Canterbury Academic 2025<ref name=":0" />). Iziqu lezi esikhathini esinengi ukuze umuntu amukelwe ukuthi azifunde nanyana azenze kunimbandela neendingo ezifunekako, ezifana nezinga elithize lokuphumelela kanye neziqu ezithize zefundo. Izinga neziqu ezifunekako kuzingalinye, ziyahlathulula egatjeni elilandelako lekulumopendulwano. === '''3.   Umhlobo weziqu zefundo ephakemeko''' === Minengi imihlobo yeziqu zefundo ephakemeko; kodwana, ngaphasi kwelumopendulwano sizokutjheja elandelako: ==== '''1.   Isetifikeyidi esiphakemeko''' ==== Isetifikeyidi esiphakemeko kulizinga leziqu elilandelwa ibanga letjhumi nanyana igreyidi le-12. Iimfundo zesitifikeyidi zefundo ephakemeko zitholakala kumakholiji nemayunivesithi wethekhnoloji. Ama-credit wesetifikeyidi esiphakameko ali-120 (Minishi-Majanja 2009<ref name=":1">'''Minishi-Majanja,''' M. K. The Higher Education Qualifications Framework and the changing environment of LIS education and training in South Africa: some observations. ''SA Jnl Libs & Info Sci'' 2009, 75(2):148-158</ref>; no mKhandlu wezeFundo ePhakemeko 2013<ref name=":2">'''Council on Higher Education.''' 2013. ''Framework for Qualification Standards in Higher Education''. Council on Higher Education. South Africa: Pretoria.</ref>). ==== '''2.   Idiploma ne-degree''' ==== [[Isimumathi:Diploma Social Work.jpg|thumb|160x160px|Ibhande leDiploma ngaphasi komkhakha wabahlengi bezehlalakuhle]] Iziqu zediploma kulizinga zefundo elilandelwa ziziqu zesetifikeyidi esiphakemeko. Iimfundo zediploma zitholakala ekholiji, eyunivesithi yethekhnoloji neyunivesithi (Minishi-Majanja<ref name=":1" /> 2009). Ama-credit weemfundo zeziqu zediploma ama-360 (UmKhandlu wezeFundo ePhakemeko 2013<ref name=":2" />). Iziqu ze-degree kulizinga lefundo elilandelwa ziziqu zediploma (Minishi-Majanja 2009). Iimfundo lezi zitholakala kumayunivesithi wethekhnoloji namayunivesithi wenarha. Ama-credit weemfundo zeziqu zedegree ama-360 (Minishi-Majanja 2009<ref name=":1" />; nomKhandlu wezeFundo ePhakemeko 2013<ref name=":2" />). ==== '''3.  I-MA ne-PhD''' ==== [[Isimumathi:MA belt Humanities.jpg|left|thumb|159x159px|Ibhande leMA ngaphasi komkhakha wezobuntu]] [[Isimumathi:PhD belt African Languages Humanites.jpg|thumb|159x159px|Ibhande lePhD ngaphasi komkhakha wezobuntu]] Iziqu ze-MA ziimfundo zezinga ezilandelwa ziziqu ze-Honours (Minishi-Majanja 2009). Iimfundo zeziqu ze-MA zitholakala kumayunivesithi wethekhnoloji nemayunivesithi wenarha. Ama-credit weemfundo zeziqu ze-MA ama-480  (UmKhandlu wezeFundo ePhakemeko 2013). Iziqu ze-PhD ziimfundo zezinga ezilandelwa ziziqu ze-MA (Minishi-Majanja 2009<ref name=":1" />). Iimfundo zeziqu ze-PhD zitholakala kumayunivesithi wethekhnoloji nemayunivesithi wenarha. Ama-credit weemfundo zeziqu ze-PhD ama-360 (UmKhandlu wezeFundo ePhakemeko 2013<ref name=":2" />). === '''4.   Ubuhle beziqu zefundo ephakemeko''' === Ngokuya komKhandlu wezeFundo ePhakemeko<ref name=":2" /> (2013) iziqu zefundo ephakemeko zidlala indima ekulu ekuthuthukiseni amaphilo wabantu nemiphakathi ngokuthi kusetjenziswe ilwazi lawo. Zibuye zenze isiqiniseko sokuthi inarha ifinyelela iindingo zayo nemiphakathi kanye namaqhinga wokurarulula imiraro yayo (UmKhandlu wezeFundo ePhakemeko 2013<ref name=":2" />). Kokugcina, zenza isiqiniseko sokuthi abantu bayasebenzisana begodu kuba netjhebiswano elingcono (UmKhandlu wezeFundo ePhakemeko 2013<ref name=":2" />). === '''5.   Isiphetho''' === Iziqu zezinga ephakeme lezefundo azitjengisi ubuhlakani obuthize kwaphela; kodwana, zidlala indima eqakathekileko eemphakathini nenarheni njengokuthi kuthuthukiswe amaphilo wabantu. Ukungezelela, zibuye zidlale indima eqakathekileko ekwenzeni isiqiniseko sokuthi imiraro yabantu iyararululwa begodu kuba nokusebenzisana hlangana nabantu babuya eendaweni ezakuhlikileko. === '''Umthombolwazi''' === <references /> d7jbit7szy171mnx7zlvtojik0lpk1p 0 650 3209 2025-06-24T07:18:02Z Owaziwako 24 Created page with "== '''Iinkathi Ezine Zomnyaka''' == === '''1. Isingeniso''' === Iinkathi zomnyaka ngezinye izinto eziqakathekileko tle eemphakathini esiphila kiwo. Iinkathi zomnyaka zidlala indima ekulu okuyeleliseni iimphakathi ngalokho okungakulindela esikhathini ekiso nanyana esizako. Ezinye zezinto iinkathi zomnyaka eziyelelisa ngazo iimphakathi, kukudla ekufanelwe kutjalwe ngaleso skhathi. Eenhlokwaneni ezilandelako sizokutjheja imihlobo yeenkathi zomnyaka esinazo kanye nemisebenz..." 3209 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''Iinkathi Ezine Zomnyaka''' == === '''1. Isingeniso''' === Iinkathi zomnyaka ngezinye izinto eziqakathekileko tle eemphakathini esiphila kiwo. Iinkathi zomnyaka zidlala indima ekulu okuyeleliseni iimphakathi ngalokho okungakulindela esikhathini ekiso nanyana esizako. Ezinye zezinto iinkathi zomnyaka eziyelelisa ngazo iimphakathi, kukudla ekufanelwe kutjalwe ngaleso skhathi. Eenhlokwaneni ezilandelako sizokutjheja imihlobo yeenkathi zomnyaka esinazo kanye nemisebenzi nanyana iinzuzo zazo. === '''2. Imihlobo yeenkathi zomnyaka:''' === Ngokuya kweNational Geographic (2025)<ref name=":0">'''National Geographic.''' 2025. ''Season''. Itholakala ku: <nowiki>https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/season/</nowiki>. Ifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 12 kumGwengweni 2025].</ref> isekelwa yiWikipedia (2025)<ref>'''Wikipedia.''' 2025. S''eason''. Itholakala ku:<nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Season</nowiki>. Ifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 12 kumGwengweni 2025].</ref>, zine (4) iinkathi zomnyaka. [[Iinkathi zomnyaka]] lezi yihlobo, isiruthwani, ubusika nesilimela. ==== '''2.1.    Ingabe kuyini ihlobo na?''' ==== [[Isimumathi:Ihlobo.jpg|thumb|192x192px|Umuthi notjani ehlobo]] Ihlobo kusikhathi somnyaka lapho ubujamo bezulu butjhisa khulu begodu kunezulu elinengi. Ngokuya kwe[https://www.livescience.com/25202-seasons.html Live Science (2025])<ref name=":1">'''Live Science.''' 2025. ''Seasons''. Itholakala ku:<nowiki>https://www.livescience.com/25202-seasons.html</nowiki>. Ifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 12 kumGwengweni 2025].</ref> isekelwa nguTrenberth (1983) <ref name=":2">'''Trenberth, K. E.''' 1983. What are the Seasons?. ''Bulletin American Meteorological Society'', 64(11):1276-1282. </ref>ihlobo esikhathini esinengi libonakala ngemithi notjani obuhlaza khulu begodu iintjalo zakhona zibazihle. Ukungezelela, kanti nefuyo nayo iyanona ngombana amadlelo anokudla okunengi tle. Nasitjheja bonyana ihlobo lingena beliphume nini na, sifunyana bona lingena ngoNobayeni begodu liphuma ekupheleni kukaMhlolanja (National Geographic 2025<ref name=":0" />). ==== '''2.2.    Kuyini isiruthwani na?''' ==== [[Isimumathi:Isiruthwani.jpg|left|thumb|225x225px|Umuthi notjani ngesiruthwani]] Isiruthwani kusikhathi somnyaka lapho amazinga wobujamo bezulu ehla khona begodu nemithi sele ithoma ukulahlekelwa mbala yawo ehlaza iba zotho ([https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/season/ National Geographic 2025]<ref name=":0" />; noTrenberth 1983<ref name=":2" />). Ukungezelela, namakari wemithi athoma ukusuka nanyana ukuwa. Ngalesi isikhathi, ifuyo ithoma ukuzilungiselela isikhathi somnyana esibudisi, ubusika, njengombana nokudla nakho kuthoma ukuncipha (Live Science 2024<ref name=":1" />). Isiruthwani sona sikhathi somnyaka esilandelwa busika, ekutjho bonyana sithoma ngoNtaka kuphikela ekupheleni kukaSihlabantakana (National Geographic 2025). ==== '''2.3.    Kuyini ubusika na?''' ==== [[Isimumathi:Ubusika.jpg|thumb|217x217px|Umuthi notjani ebusika]] Ubusika kusikhathi somnyaka esibudisi khulu, lokha nasiqala ifuyo neentjalo. Ngokuya kweLive Science (2025) ubusika sikhathi somnyaka lapho amazinga wobujamo bezulu aphasi khulu begodu kumakhaza. Ukungezelela, kwezinye iindawo ebusika akuni izulu kodwana kuba negabhogo. INational Geographic (2025) isekelwa yi[https://www.twinkl.co.za/teaching-wiki/the-four-seasons Twinkl (2025)]<ref name=":3">'''Twinkl'''. 2025. ''The Four Seasons''. Itholakala ku:<nowiki>https://www.twinkl.co.za/teaching-wiki/the-four-seasons</nowiki>. Ifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 12 kumGwengweni 2025]. </ref> iveze bonyana ebusika ifuyo iyonda, kanti iintjalo ezinye ziyafa ngebanga lokutlhogeka kokudla namanzi. Ukungezelela, nabantu bezwa abakhaza khulu bagcine bagawula imithi eminengi ukuphemba umlilo. Ubusika kusikhathi somnyaka leso esilandela isiruthwani, ekutjho bona sithoma ekuthomeni kukaMrhayili kufikela ekupheleni kukaVelabahlinze (National Geographic 2025). ==== '''2.4.    Kuyini isilimela na?''' ==== [[Isimumathi:Isilimela.jpg|left|thumb|233x233px|Umuthi notjani ngesiruthwani]] Isilimela kusikhathi somnyaka leso esingatjho bona sikhathi esiletha ithemba eentjalweni, ebantwini nefuyweni. ITwinkl (2025)<ref name=":3" /> isekele iphuzulu leli lokha nayiveza bonyana isilimela kusikhathi somnyaka lapho amazinga wobujamo bezulu athoma ukukhuphuka begodu neentjalo zithoma ukutlhurha. Kodwana, kubuye kube nemililo eminengi yommango ezenzakalekako ngesikhathi lesi somnyaka. Ngokuya kweNational geographic (2025) isilimela kusikhathi somnyaka leso esilandela ubusika begodu sitjengisa bonyana ubusika buphelile. Ngamanye amagama, isikhathi lesi sithoma ekuthomeni kukaRhoboyi kufikela ekupheleni kukaKhukhulamungu. === '''3. Ingabe iinkathi zomnyaka ziletha ini eemphakathini na?''' === 1.    Iinkathi zomnyaka zibikela imiphakathi, iintjalo nefuyo mayelana nobujamo bebhoduluko ebangalilindela. Ngokuya kweTwinkl (2025) iikhathi zomnyaka zilitshwayo lokuthi abantu neentjalo nefuyo kufanele baphile njani ngaleso skhathi njengokuthi ebusika kufanele abantu bambathe ngokufudumeleko ngombana kunamakhaza, igabhogo nerhwaba imbala. 2.    Zilethela imiphakathi nefuyo ukudla okuhlukileko nekghonakalo yokutjala. Ngokuya kweLive Science (2025) iintjalo nokudla okutholakala ehlobo kuhlukileko nalokho okutholakala ebusika; isibonelo, amakhabe atholakala ehlobo kodwana ebusika akatholakali. 3.    Iinkathi zomnyaka zidlala indima ekulu ngaphasi kwezamaphilo womphakathi. Ngokuya kweNational Geographic (2025) ehlobo kutholakala iinhlahla ezinengi zokwelapha njengoba namagulo ayanda; kodwana, ebusika amagula ayancipha njengombana kumakhaza khulu. === '''4. Isiphetho''' === Iinkhathi zomnyaka ziqaketheke khulu eemphakathini begodu zidlala iindima ezikulu efana nokuyelelisa abantu ngokudla ekufanele bakudle, ukulawuleka kwamagulo kanye namazinga wokutjhisa. Ngalokho-ke, kuqakathekile bonyana ilwazi lazo silazi begodu sihlale siziyelelile ukuze sizuze kizo. === '''5. Umthombolwazi''' === <references /> d9vh9w495rky0f4ypxt3cz460mfhm8w 0 651 3238 3214 2025-06-26T14:11:47Z Mosakaruka 586 putting references 3238 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Hector Pieterson Memorial, Soweto.jpg|thumb|264x264px|Ilitje lesikhumbuzo sika-Hector Pieterson]] '''UZolile Hector Pieterson''' bekaneminyaka eli-12 lokha nakazakubulawa mapholisa womBuso weBandlululo ngomhlaka-16 kuMgwengweni 1976. Lokhu kwenzeke ngesikhathi abantwana babantu abanzima ababafundi benza umtjhagalo e-Soweto, balwela ukukhitjhwa kwemithethokambiso enganabulungisa yomBuso weBandlululo, balwela nokuthi isiBhuru kufuze singasabi lilimi okufundiswa ngalo ingcenye yeemfundo esikolweni sabanzima. Isithombe sokufa kwakhe esidumileko esathwetjulwa nguSam Nzima senza iphasi loke lawuqala ngamanye amehlo umBuso weBandlululo. U-Hector Pieterson naye [[u-Hastings Ndlovu]], obekamfundi wesikolo samabanga aphezulu, baba bantwana bokuthoma ukubulawa emTjhagalweni we-Soweto.<ref>Ernest Leong, J.E. Luebering (2025), ''Hector Pieterson'', Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hector-Pieterson Retrieved on 23-06-2025.</ref> == Umlando Ka-Hector Pieterson == UZolile Hector Pieterson wabelethwa ngo-1963, abelethwa ngu-Dorothy Molefi unina, noyise u-Vivian Pieterson. Wabelethelwa bewakhuliselwa e-Soweto eSewula Afrika. Nanyana bekunguye omsana kunina, bekanabodadwabo abane, u-Antoinette Sithole no-Sina Molefi abeze nonina, bese u-Lulu Pieterson angudadwabo kubabelethi bobabili. Ngokwalokho unina akutjhoko ngaye, uthi u-Hector bekamsanyana othandekako othanda ukumomotheka, amsana ohlakaniphileko othanda amahlaya . Yena nodadwabo u-Antoinette bebangena isikolo sinye. Nanyana ngiliphi ibhudango ebekanalo ngengomuso lakhe latjhabalala mhla kuhlelwa ijima lomtjhagalo ngo-1976.<ref>Briefly Website, (2025), Hector Pieterson: The untold truth of the 1976 Soweto Uprising - Written on 17-06-2021, Retrieved from: https://briefly.co.za/31902-hector-pieterson-untold-truth-symbol-1976-soweto-uprising.html Retrieved on 23-06-2025.</ref> == Ibanga Lomtjhagalo We-Soweto == Umtjhagalo we-Soweto ngesikhuwa owaziwa ngokuthi yi-''Soweto Uprising'' wathoma ngomhlaka-16 kaMgwengweni 1976. Isizathu sokuba khona komtjhagalo lo kukwethulwa kwesiBhuru njengelimi okuzokufundwa ngalo ingcenye yeemfundo eenkolweni zabantu abanzima. Abantwana abaziinkulungwana ezimatjhumi amabili bahlanganyela emtjhagalweni lo. U-Hector nodadwabo u-Antoinette Sithole bebahlangana nesibalweso. Kuthiwa [[U-Teboho MacDonald Mashinini (Tsietsi)|u-Teboho MacDonald Mashinini]] owaziwa ngelika-Tsietsi ungomunye wabadosiphambili bomtjhagalo lo.<ref>Mecoamere, Victor (27 May 2013). "Naledi High turns 50". S''owetan Live''. Retrieved from: https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/2013-05-27-naledi-high-turns-50/ 23 July 2013.</ref> Amapholisa womBuso webandlululo athuthumbisa iinkule nama-''teargas,'' kwafa isibalo sabantwana esingaba likhulu namatjhumi alikhomba nesithandathu. Kusolelwa bona abantwana abafa mhlokho bangaphezu kwesibalwesi.<ref>Zinn Education Project (2025), ''June 16, 1976: Soweto Uprising,'' Retrieved at: https://www.zinnedproject.org/news/tdih/soweto-uprising/ Retreived on 23-06-2025.</ref> Nasizokuzwisisa bona izenzakalo zango-1976 zenzeka njani, kufuze sizwisise bona umsuka wazo uza njani. Ekuthomeni kwabo-1970, umnotho enarheni le bewusezingeni eliphasi, amanani wokuthenga izinto ezitlhogekako bekaphezulu, ngapha imisebenzi iyindlala. Ngaphezu kwalokho bekunabantu abanengi abasuka eendaweni zemakhaya abeza bazokuhlala emalokitjhini ngebanga lokufuna lokuthuthukisa ipilwabo. Ngebanga lalokho amalokitjhi besele anesibalo esikhulu sabantu abavela eendaweni ezinengi, bese lokho kwenza neensetjenziswa zaba zincani. Lokhu kwabangela abantu bona bahlangahlangane bebathukuthele njengombana izinga lokuphila sele lehle khulu. Kodwana lokho khenge kube semtarini bekwaba kulapho kuthoma umtjhagalo wabantwana besikolo.<ref name=":0">South African History Archive (SAHA), (2025), ''The Youth take charge: the Soweto Uprising of June 1976'', Retrieved from: https://www.saha.org.za/youth/bantu_education.htm Retrived on 23-06-2025.</ref> Abantwana besikolo bangesikhatheso besele bangasanalo ithemba ngengomuso. Iinkumba zokufundela bezizele swi ngabangafundi, zinganazo iintlabagelo ezaneleko zokufunda, begodu abotitjhere nabazakulawula kuhle abantwana bekufuze babakhalime budisi ngokubabetha nangokubajezisa ngezinye iindlela ezibudisi. Kuncani khulu ebekufundwa esikolweni ngesikhatheso. Ngaphezu kwalokho ngo-1975, urhulumende wangezelela ebudisini ebebaqalene nabo ngokuthatha isiqunto sokuthi isiBhuru kube lilimi okuzokufundwa ngalo iimfundo esikolweni, okutjho bona ingcenye yeemfundo ezifundwako eenkolweni kufuze zifundiswe ngesiBhuru.<ref name=":0" /> Ukufundiswa kweemfundo ngesiBhuru kwaletha umraro okabili. Kokuthoma abotitjhere bebangakghoni ukufundisa ngesiBhuru, ngapha nabafundi bangakghoni ukulikhuluma kuhle ilimeli, okutjho bona abafundi bebazokufeyila iimvivinyo zabo, bese babe bomahlalela bangawufumani umsebenzi. Okwesibili isiBhuru besiqalwa njengelimi labagqilazi, okwenza abantwana banyanya ukulisebenzisa. Ngaphezu kobana kuthethe iinyanga abazali bafake iimbawo neenghonghoyilo ngendaba le, umBuso waragela phambili nesiqunto sawo. Kwathi ekuthomeni kwango-1976 abafundi bathoma ukuhlela amajima wokulwisana nesiBhuru, nanyana kunjalo urhulumende waqinisa ihloko, wala ukulalela iinghonghoyilo zabo. Ngebanga lalokho, iinkulungwana zabafundi e-Soweto zamatjhela e-Orlando Stadium ngomhlaka-16 kaMgwengweni 1976, okukulapho baletha khona iinghonghoyilo zabo.<ref name=":0" /> Kunokuthi kulalelwe iinghonghoyilo zabafundaba abatjhagala ngokuthula, amapholisa womBuso weBandlululo athoma ukuvulela ngeenkule ebafundini. U-Hector Pieterson waba ngewokuthoma ukudumuzeka bewafa. abanye bathi ngu-Hestings Ndlovu owadunyuzwa kokuthoma.<ref>South African.Info (18 November 2016), ''Hastings: forgotten hero of 1976,'' Web Archive (2016). Retrieved from: https://web.archive.org/web/20161118053520if_/http://www.southafrica.info/about/history/hastings-ndlovu-150605.htm#.WC6TI-j7Q2w Retrieved on 26-06-2025.</ref> Amapholisa araga nokudumuza abafundi, kodwana lokho khenge kubajamise abafundi ekutjhagaleni. Kunalokho, ukubulawa kuka-Hector kwabenza baqunga isibindi sokuraga nomtjhagalo. Baqalana namapholisa, bebatjhisa nama-ofisi we-''West Rand Administration Board (WRAB),'' ebebayiqala njengetshwayo lokugqilazwa nokugandelelwa. Batjhisa bebatjhisa neengodiphola, okuziindawo ebeziqalwa njengamahlelo karhulumende wokuqeda isimilo sabantu abanzima.<ref name=":0" /> Nanyana urhulumende webandlululo athumela amasotja e-Soweto bona ayokujamisa umtjhagalo lo, abantu baraga nawo iinyanga ezintathu zoke. Izenzo zabo zabasela abanye abantu abatjha kiyo yoke inarha, kwaqubuka imitjhagalo ngemitjhagalo emalokitjhini enarheni yoke. Abantu abatjha abangaba makhulu amathathu babhubha, abaziinkulungwana ezimbili balimala. Boke abafundaba - kuhlanganise no-Hector Pietersen babhadela ngepilwabo ekuthuthukiseni ifundo yabantu abanzima.<ref name=":0" /> == Indima Edlalwe Kukufa Kuka-Hector Pieterson == [[Isimumathi:Hector Pieterson Museum, Soweto.jpg|thumb|312x312px|Imiziyamu ka-Hector Pieterson]] Ukuhlongakala kuka-Hector Pieterson kudlale indima ekulu ekulwelweni kwamalungelo wobuntu nomBuso webandlululo kangangobana ilanga langomhlaka-16 kaMgwengweni lilanga labantu abatjha eligidingwa enarheni yoke. Isithombe sika-Hector athwelwe ngu[[Mbuyisa Makhubu|Mbuyisa Makhubo]], nodadwabo ka-Hector agijima hlanu kwabo, ngiso esithathwa njengesilitshwayo lelangeli. Isithombesi singezinye zeenthombe eziveza isehlakalwesi ezithwetjulwe nguSam Nzima.<ref name=":1">Lucille Davie, (14 June 2002), ''Hector: the famous child'' ''whose face is unknown,'' Web Archive website (2023). Retrieved from: https://web.archive.org/web/20030327052242/https://joburg.org.za/june_2002/hector.stm Retrieved on 24-06-2025.</ref> Ngaphezu kwalokho, bekwavulwa nemiziyamu ebizwa ngegama lakhe - ''Hector Pieterson Museum'' - e-Orlando West e-Soweto. Imiziyamu le isesitaradeni sesibili ukusukela lapha u-Hector adunyuzelwa khona. Indawo le inamafilimu, amaphephandaba, ukulandisa kwabantu abazibonele ngewabo nakwenzeka isenzakalwesi, neenthombe, nalesi esidume khulu esathwetjulwa nguSam Nzima. i-''Hector Peterson Museum'' yimiziyamu yokuthoma e-Soweto eyavulwa ngomhlaka-16 kaMgwengweni 2002. Kuthethe imali engange-R23 200 000 ukuyakha begodu i-R16 000 000 yimali enikelwe ngokuzithandela mNyango wezeBhoduluko nezokuVakatjha, bese i-R7 200 000 yanikelwa Mkhandlu weDorobho le-Johannesburg. Yeke imiziyamu le iyokuhlala isikhumbuzo sokufa kuka-Hector Pieterson nokulwela kwabantu abatjha itjhaphuluko.<ref name=":1" /> == Iinkhombo == <references /> ieq4mfv6vgz8k71nzbdci08m787x8zl 0 652 3315 3314 2025-07-04T16:57:25Z Nqobile69 190 3315 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Hector pieterson.jpg|thumb|Ngelanga lokuphakama kweSoweto, uMbuyisa Makhubo athwele u-Hector Peterson]] '''Umzabalazo wekululeko''' ngilokha abantu bavusa ipi nofana baba nenturhu ukulwisana nombuso webandlululo.<ref>Houston, G.F., 2019. ''The National Liberation Struggle in South Africa: A Case Study of the United Democratic Front, 1983-87''. Routledge.</ref> Umzabalazo wekululeko bewudoswa phambili ziinqhema ezinengi zabantu ekungaba misikinyeko nofana iinhlangano ezabe zenziwe ngaleso sikhathi. Iinqhema lezi zabe zihlose ukuthola ikululeko, ukulingana Kanye nombuso wentando yenengi ebantwini boke abahlala eSewula Afrika. Ilutjha ebelodosa phambili umzabalazo wekululeko labe linekghuphelo lokwakha inarha encono kunaleyo ebeba phila kiyo, labe lifuna ukuletha amatjhuguluko emphakathini wabo nanyana lokho kwabe kubeka amaphilo wabo engozini. === Indima eyadlwa yilutjha ekuletheni ekuletheni ikululeko === ==== Ukuhlela ukubhenyoga ==== Lokha abantu abatjha bekuba ngiba ngobo abadosa phambili ukubhenyoga kwesitjhaba bebasebenzisa iindlela ezithileko ukulwisana nabaphathi nofana abadosi phambili bombuso loyo. Isibonelo sokubhenyoga ngelesi sokuphakama kweSoweto ngonyaka we-1976 lapho ilutjha khabe lilwisana khona nokufundiswa khona kwelimi lesibhuru ngekatelelo eenkolweni.<ref>Ndlovu, S., 2017. ''The Soweto Uprisings: Counter Memories of June 1976''. Pan Macmillan South africa.</ref> Omunye welutjha elabe lidosa phambili ukubhenyoga lokhu kwabe kungu Tsietsi Mashinini. Abanye abafundi bahlongakala lokha nakubhenyogwako ngombana badutjulwa. UHector peterson owabe eneminyaka eli-12, no Hastings Ndlovu owabe eneminyaka eli-15.<ref>Krog, A., 2022. Some new perspectives on the Soweto uprising: HML Lentsoane’s poem “Black Wednesday”(“Laboraro le lesoleso”). ''Tydskrif vir letterkunde'', ''59''(3), pp.113-130.</ref> ==== Ukutjhukumisa imiphakathi         ==== Ilutjha ladlala indima yokuthi litjhukumise imiphakathi begodu liwazise ngokuthi liphala lapho bangatholi khona ubulungiswa begodu sikhombise umphakathi ukuthi sitlhoga umbuso wentando yenengi khona woke umuntu azokutjhaphuluka. Okhunye kukuthi ihlagano ye-ANC yathoma yenza amaphetjhana atlolwe ukuthi “tjhaphululani uMandela bese nilengise u Vorster” lokhu kwenziwa kokuthi nelutjha lisuse inturhu eSoweto. Abasebenzi abanzima nabo bagcina babanga imguruguru ngombana basikinywa yinto eyenziwa mbuso, ukuthi babulale abafundi. ==== Ukwakha ubudlelwano benhlangano, nemisikinyeko ==== Ilutjha lasiza ukwakha ukuhlangana nofana ukwenza ukuthi kube khona ubudlelwana phakathi kwenhlangano, imisikinyeko nekukhuliseni imiphakhathi iqinise ukubumbana kwabantu. Imisikinyeko yelutjha efana neCOSAS ejamele ukuthi ''congress of south african students, ne-''SASCO ejamele ukuthi ''South African student congress'' zasungulwa ukuthi zikhone ukuthi zilwisane ukuthi zikghone ukulwisana nebandlululo elabe likhona ngaleso skhathi.<ref>Ngwane, T., 2017. Learning in struggle: an activist’s view of the transition from apartheid to democracy in South Africa. In ''Reflections on Knowledge, Learning and Social Movements'' (pp. 168-185). Routledge.</ref> iSASCO yona yavela ngaphasi kwehlangano ye-ANC. Nanyana umzabalazo wekululeko waphela kwangena [[umbuso wentando yenengi]] kodwa uphethe ubunjalo benarha begodu uyaraga ukubumba inarha ngokuzama ukuthi kungasabi nokubandlululana kwakade begodu kwakhiwe inarha eyamukela woke umuntu ngendlela angayo ngokombala, ukukhuluma nokhunye. == '''Iikhomba''' == f5tl3ye9abbkg7xo9vzr7xhr95umy8s 0 653 3252 3251 2025-06-28T18:24:22Z Mosakaruka 586 /* Umlando Wakhe */ spelling fix 3252 wikitext text/x-wiki '''U-Teboho "Tsietsi" MacDonald Mashinini''' (wabelethwa ngomhlaka-27 kuTjhirhweni 1957 wahlongakala ngo-1990) bekamlweli wetjhaphuluko emBusweni weBandlululo weSewula Afrika nomdosiphambili wabafundi odumileko ngesikhathi se-[[:en:Soweto_Uprising|''Soweto Uprising'']].<ref name=":0">South African History Online (2022), ''Teboho “Tsietsi” Mashinini'' (Published February 17, 2011). Retrieved from: https://sahistory.org.za/people/teboho-tsietsi-mashinini Retrieved on 25-06-2025.</ref> == Umlando Wakhe == U-Teboho Tsietsi Mashinini owaziwa ngebizo lakhe elithi "Mcdonald" wabelethwa ngo-1957, ngomhlaka-27 kuTjhirhweni. Bekangowesibili ebantwaneni abali-13 baka-Ramothibe (ubaba) no-Nomkhitha Virginia (umma) bakwaMashinini. Bekamfundi okhaliphileko, odumileko nophumelelako e-''Morris Isaacson High School'' <ref name=":1">Mecoamere, Victor (27 May 2013). "Naledi High turns 50". S''owetan Live''. Retrieved from: https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/2013-05-27-naledi-high-turns-50/ 23 July 2013.</ref> e-Soweto, lapho bekamdosiphambili wesiqhema sekulumo pikiswano begodu angumongameli we-''Methodist Wesley Guild''. Igadango lombuso webandlululo weSewula Afrika lokwenza ilimi lesiBhuru libe lilimi okufundiswa ngalo eenkolweni zoke zeSewula Afrika ngokuhlanganyela nesiNgisi belingathandwa bafundi beSewula Afrika abanzima [[Ilimi lesiNgisi|nabakhuluma isiNgisi]].<ref name=":0" /> Amfundi ngokwakhe, uMashinini nguye owahlela umtjhagalo omkhulu wabafundi ngomhlaka-16 kuMgwengweni 1976.<ref name=":1" /> Umtjhagalo lo waziwa ngokuthi yi-[[16 JUNE 1976|''Soweto Uprising'']], okwathatha amalanga amathathu, lapho kwabulawa khona abantwana abamakhulu ambalwa.<ref name=":1" /> Njengombana avele njengomdosiphambili wokuvukela umbuso weSewula Afrika, uMashinini wabaleka eSewula Afrika wabalekela ngaphetjheya, kokuthoma wabalekela e-London bese wabalekela nakezinye iinarha ze-Afrika, njenge-Liberia, lapho atjhade khona no-''Miss Liberia 1977'', [[Welma Campbell|u-Welma Campbell]].<ref name=":0" /> UMashinini wahlongakala ngaphasi kobujamo obungazwisisekiko, mhlamunye ngokubulawa namkha ngobulwele, ngehlobo lika-1990 ngesikhathi asendaweni yokubalekela e-Guinea.<ref>Ali Mphaki (11/07/2004), ''<nowiki/>'Tsietsi died of Aids' ,'' Wayback Machine internet archive. Retrieved from: https://web.archive.org/web/20070930211226/http://www.news24.com/News24/South_Africa/News/0,,2-7-1442_1555941,00.html Retreived on the 30th September 2007.</ref> Ngomhlaka-4 kuRhoboyi 1990, isidumbu sakhe sabuyiselwa eSewula Afrika, lapho angcwatjwa khona emaThuneni we-Avalon. Ithuna lakhe linesihloko esithi ''"Black Power"''.<ref>Joburg website (2018) ''The homecoming that wasn't.'' Retrieved from: https://joburg.org.za/play_/Pages/Play%20in%20Joburg/Culture%20and%20Heritage/Links/The-homecoming-that-wasn't.aspx Retrieved on 25-06-2025.</ref> == Ilitje Lesikhumbuzo == Kunelitje lesikhumbuzo sika-Teboho Mashinini esenziwe ngu-Johannes Phokela emasangweni wesikolo ebekangena kiso kade esavulwa ngomhlaka-1 kuMrhayili 2010 ngu-Amos Masondo, iMeyara ye-Johannesburg.<ref>Arts, Culture & Heritage website (November 6, 2023), ''Tsietsi Mashinini.'' Retrieved from: https://arts-culture-heritage.joburg/public-art-inventory/tsietsi-mashinini/ Retrieved on 25-06-2025. </ref> == Qala godu == * U-[[Khotso Seatlholo]] * [[U-Hastings Ndlovu]] * [[U-Hector Pieterson]] * U-Murphy Morobe * U-Seth Mazibuko == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} == Amalinki wangaphandle == * Iwebhusayithi ye-''African Activist Archive Project'' ifaka hlangana isitatimende seendaba [http://africanactivist.msu.edu/document_metadata.php?objectid=32-130-C2F i-''Lider of Soweto (South Africa) Uprising to Speak''] (''New York: American Committee on Africa, December 1976''). * Iphrofayili ka-Teboho "Tsietsi" Mashinini ku-''SA History Online'' https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/teboho-tsietsi-mashinini sks9e6kyejtn8hjn8ywvd6oymexxcz9 0 655 3233 3232 2025-06-26T07:43:08Z Owaziwako 24 3233 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''Umthethomlingwa nomthetho.''' == === '''1. Isingeniso''' === Umthethomlingwa nomthetho ngamanye wamathulusi nanyana [[Amakhotho wethu|iinsetjenziswa ezisiza khulu]] eemphakathini nenarheni mayelana nokwenza isiqiniseko bonyana kuba nokulawuleka. Ukungezelela, umthethomlingwa nomthetho magadango lawo enza isiqiniseko sokuthi abantu baphilisana kuhle begodu balandela ikambiso yomthetho. Nanyana kunjalo-ke, umthethomlingwa nomthetho kuzizinto ezimbili ezingafaniko. Eenhlokwaneni ezilandelako sizokutjheja bonyana kuyini umthethomlinga begodu kuyini umthetho. === '''2. Kuyini umthethomlingwa na?''' === [[Isimumathi:Umthethomlingwa.png|thumb|250x250px|Isikhangiso somthethomlingwa]] Ngokuya kweSouth African National Legislation Service (iNetLaw) [2025]<ref name=":0">'''South African National Legislation Service (NetLaw).''' 2025. ''Navigating the Legislative Landscape''. SabinetSA: Pretoria</ref> umthethomlingwa litlhatlha lomthetho lelo elisesigabeni sokuthi lithunyelwe eBandleni leNarha nomKhandlu weNarha owAngamele iimFunda ngaphasi kwePalamende yenarha. Itlhatlha leli lomthetho (umthethomlingwa) ukuze libe mthetho ngokusemthethweni kufanelwe liphasiswe yiPalamende yenarha ngemva kukuphasiswa iBandla leNarha nomKhandlu weNarha owAngamele iimFunda. Nanyana kunjalo, akutjho bonyana yoke imithethomlingwa etlanywako izokuphasiswa ePalamende yenarha, eminye yemithethomlingwa iyararhwa ([https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/publications/bills-acts/ Parliament of United Kingdom 2025]<ref>'''Parliament of United Kingdom'''. 2024. ''Bills vs Acts''.  Itholakala ku: <nowiki>https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/publications/bills-acts/</nowiki>. Ifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 13 kuMgwengweni 2025].</ref>). Ngalokho singatjho bona umthethomlingwa kulingelelo lomthetho lelo elilethwa ngaphambili kwePalamende yenarha ukuze liqalwe bonyana nalingaba mthetho lingasiza inarha ekuphemeleliseni iindingo zayo na. === '''3. Kuyini umthetho na?''' === [[Isimumathi:Umthetho.png|left|thumb|250x250px|Umthetho ngelimi lesiNdebele]] PMG (2025)<ref name=":1">'''PMG.''' 2025. ''Legislative Process''. Itholakala ku: <nowiki>https://pmg.org.za/page/legislative-process</nowiki>. Ifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 13 kuMgwengweni 2025].</ref> ngokusekelwa yi[[:en:Bill_(law)|Wikipedia (2025)]]<ref>'''Wikipedia.''' 2025. ''Bill (law).'' Itholakala ku: <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_(law)</nowiki>. Ifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 13 kuMgwengweni 2025].</ref> iveze bonyana umthetho kuziinkambiso lezo ezenzelwe ukulawula nokuphilisana kwabantu ngokulinganako. Ukungezelela, u[[Umthethosisekelo|mthetho]] yikambiso, umhlahlandlela nesisetjenziswa sangakomthetho esisetjeziselwa ukurarulula izipi zangaphandle nangaphakathi eemphakathini ukuze kube nokuthula nanyana nokukhalima isenzo esingakalungi (South African National Legislation Service 2025<ref name=":0" />). Umehluko hlangana komthethomlingwa nomthetho kukuthi umthethomlingwa usalingelelwa bonyana ungasebenza na, begodu usengakabi mthetho ongasetjenziswa ([https://pmg.org.za/page/legislative-process PMG 2025]<ref name=":1" />). Kodwana, umthetho kusisetjenziswa isisemthethweni leso esele sisetjenziswa ngokomthetho ukurarulula imiraro ephathelene nemiphakathi (South African National Legislation Service 2025<ref name=":0" />). === '''4. Isiphetho''' === Umthetholingwa nomthetho kuzizinto ezihlukileko begodu ezisetjenziswa ngendlela ehlukileko. Nanyana kunjalo, ziyingcenye eqakathekileko ekwenzeni isiqiniseko sokuthi inarha iyakhula mayelana nokurarulula imiraro kanye nokwenza isiqiniseko sokuthi abantu abagadangani iinzwani. Ukungezelela, kuqakathekile bonyana sizijayezwe ngelwazi elimayelana nomthethomlingwa nomthetho ukuze sikwazi ukuzibandakanya ekuthathweni kweenqunto eziqakatheileko lezo ezithintela iimpilo zethu. '''Imithombolwazi''' <references /> 1hmv85qhix1mszym1f669fp2r9fr8hh 0 656 3237 3235 2025-06-26T13:42:51Z Mosakaruka 586 putting refrences 3237 wikitext text/x-wiki '''U-Hastings Ndlovu''' (2 kuMhlolanja 1961 - 16 kuMgwengweni 1976) bekamfundi wesikolo samabanga aphezulu weSewula Afrika owabulawa mapholisa emtjhagalweni [[16 JUNE 1976|we-''Soweto Uprising'']] ngebanga lokujamelana nombuso webandlululo [[Isewula Afrika|eSewula Afrika]]. == Ukuhlongakala Kwakhe == UNdlovu wabulawa ngomhlaka-16 kuMgwengweni 1976 ngesikhathi [[16 JUNE 1976|somtjhagalo we-Soweto]] lokha amapholisa we-Orlando nakadumuza abafundi ebegade batjhagalela indaba yokukatelelwa kokusetjenziswa kwesiBhuru eenkolweni zabo. Ukuhlongakala kwakhe akhenge kuvezwe khulu njengaye [[u-Hector Pieterson]] ngombana akunamuntu owamthwebula isithombe. Umlawuli wamapholisa u-Colonel Kleingeld utjele i-''Cillié Commission'' ukuthi u-Ndlovu nguye "obekaphehla isiqubuthu bona sibhenyoge."<ref>Blue Plaques of South Africa (2013), ''Home of Hastings Ndlovu (2012),'' Wayback Machine Internet Archive (2024). Retrieved from: https://web.archive.org/web/20160407230442/http://blueplaques.co.za/content/home-hastings-ndlovu Retrieved on 26-06-2025.</ref> UNdlovu bekanabodadwabo abathathu nomfowabo. Odadewabo batjhiya inarha msinyana ngemva komhlaka-16 kuMgwengweni, kodwana babuyela [[Johannesburg|e-Johannesburg]] ngemva kweminyaka embalwa.<ref>South African.Info (18 November 2016), ''Hastings: forgotten hero of 1976,'' Web Archive (2016). Retrieved from: https://web.archive.org/web/20161118053520if_/http://www.southafrica.info/about/history/hastings-ndlovu-150605.htm#.WC6TI-j7Q2w Retrieved on 26-06-2025.</ref> == Ithuna Lakhe == UNdlovu wangcwatjwa noPieterson emathuneni we-Avalon e-Johannesburg. Indlu yekhabo e-Soweto beyinanyathiselwe iphosta ehlaza satjani ngomhlaka-16 kuMgwengweni 2012 njengesikhumbuzo sokuhlongakala kwakhe. == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} h60yn8y9fza3puc8jgt83fxjkzzecfq 0 657 3245 3244 2025-06-27T09:55:32Z Mosakaruka 586 3245 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Child reading at Brookline Booksmith.jpg|thumb|364x364px|Umntwana uyafunda]] '''ISewula Afrika''' inomphakathi wabantu abatjha abanetalente lokutlola abazakhela ibizo emkhakheni wezokutlola. Abatlolaba abasesebatjha abakhiqizi iincwadi kwaphela kodwana baba sikhuthazo nakwabanye bona bakuthande ukutlola. Badlale indima ekulu ekucocweni kweendatjana kusukela basesebancani.<ref>News24 (30 August 2017) ''Meet these SA kids who published books before they were 16,'' News24 website (2025). Retrieved from: https://www.news24.com/life/south-africas-youngest-authors-20170830 Retrieved on 24-06-2025.</ref> == U-Michelle Nkamankeng == U-Michelle Nkamankeng owaziwa ngencwadakhe yokuthoma ayitlolileko i-''"Waiting for the Waves"'' wathoma ukutlola aneminyaka elikhomba. Wabelethwa ngo-2008 ngunina u-Laurentine (Lolo) Nkamankeng oyimeneja yakhe, noyise uPaul Nkamankeng. Abentwana bakwabo ngu-Shawn, u-Sheena no-Marion. UMichelle ube hlangana nabantu abatjha abalitjhumi ephasini ababa batloli basesebancani. Kusukela mhlokho sekatlole umlandelande weencwadi ezine:<ref name=":0">Mbali Kgame (August 31, 2018), ''Meet Michelle Nkamankeng, Africa’s Famous School-Age Author,'' Global Citizen website. Retrieved from: https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/michelle-nkamankeng-south-africa-author-education/ Retrieved on 24-06-2025.</ref> # ''Waiting for the Waves'' # ''The little girl who believes on herself'' # ''The little mouse'' # ''The Golden Ring''<ref name=":0" /> == U-Stacey Fru == [[Isimumathi:Stacey Ready to do a book reading for children of the Stacey Fru Foundation.jpg|thumb|U-Stacey Fru aphethe incwadi ayitlolileko]] U-Stacey Fru mtloli osele athumbe abonongorwana ngencwadi yakhe yokuthoma ethi, ''"Smelly Cats"'' aneminyaka ebunane kwaphela. Wabelethwa ngo-2007 amntwana wesibili ebantwaneni abane ekhabo. Waziwa njengomntwana onamatalende amanengi nezinto ezinengi azenzileko.<ref name=":1">Stacey Fru (2025), Meet Stacey, Stacey Fru website (2025). Retrieved from: https://staceyfru.co.za/ Retrieved on 24-06-2025.</ref> Ekulumenakhe ayethula ngesikhathi athumba unongorwana, uthi: "Lokhu kungikhuthaze bona ngifune ukwenzela abantu okwengeziweko begodu ngibasize, khulukhulu labo abakhule batlhaga, ngokuthi ngibe nelami iziko namkha i-''foundation'' engingabasiza ngayo.''"'' U-Stacey usikhulumi, uyagida begodu ungumlweli wamalungelo wabantwana. Nanzi iincwadi zakhe:<ref name=":3" /> # ''Smelly Cats'' # ''Bob and the Snake'' # ''Tim's Answer''<ref name=":1" /> == Hallelujah Khumalo == U-Hallelujah Khumalo ngomunye walabo abathoma ukutlola basesebancani. Wabelethwa ngo-2016 abelethwa nguSkhona no-Theodora Khumalo. Waziwa ngencwadakhe edumileko ethi "''Where I Fit''" ekhuthaza abantwana bona bamukele bonyana abafani nabanye abantwana. Naye unamatalenta amanengana njengokudlala ipiyano, ukudansa umjido we-''ballet'' nokhunye. Nanzi iincwadi azitlolileko:<ref name=":2">Reitumetse Makwea (20 May 2023), ''Young author Hallelujah Khumalo wants other children to know it's okay not to fit,'' The Citizen (2025). Retrieved from: https://www.citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/special-features/young-author-hallelujah-khumalo-where-i-fit/ Retrieved on 26-06-2025.</ref> # ''Where I Fit'' # ''How Halle and Liesl became friends''<ref name=":2" /> == Reabetswe Kungwane == U-Reabetswe Kungwane besele athoma ukufeza ibhudango lakhe ngokuthoma ukutlola aneminyaka elikhomba. Waziwa ngencwadakhe enesihloko esithi ''‘Stories you’ve never heard before’'' emlandelande weendatjana ezilitjhumi ezikhuluma ngalokho okwenzeke epilwenakhe, ngasinye sinesifundo esiqakathekileko epilweni uReabetswe acabanga bona singahlohlozela abantwana abalingana naye. Incwadi le ineenthombe ezigwalwe nguye.<ref>Rudzani Matshili (2018), ''How a 9-year-old pupil became a published author,'' IOL website (2025). Retrieved from: https://iol.co.za/news/south-africa/gauteng/2018-02-19-how-a-9-year-old-pupil-became-a-published-author/ Retrieved on 26-06-2025.</ref> # ''Stories you’ve never heard before'' == U-Metu Ngcali == U-Metu Ngcali oneminyaka elitjhumi nanye wazithola anetalente lokutlola ngemva kokungenela isifundobandulo sokutlola. Lokhu kwamenza wakhupha incwadakhe yokuthoma enesihloko esithi "''The Clever Twins"'' ngoVelabahlinze 2019. Uthe nakayethulako incwadi le kwathengwa amakhophi ama-300 ngelangelo. Incwadi le wayitlola acabanga ngomkhulwakhe. U-Metu uthi: "Ngithabe khulu ngokutlola incwadi le. Bengingakuthandi ukutlola ekuthomeni, kodwana ngithe ukungenela isifundobandulo sokutlola esihlelwe yi-''Bala Books'' ngathoma ukuthanda ukutlola.<ref name=":3">Lerato Mogoatlhe, (August 2, 2019), ''These 8 Young Authors Want Every Child in South Africa to Have Access to Books,'' Global Citizen website. Retrieved from: https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/child-authors-turn-the-page-campaign-south-africa/ Retrieved on 26-06-2025.</ref> # ''The Clever Twins'' == Isiphetho == Lezi ziimbonelo ezimbalwa kwezinengi zabantu abatjha abanetalende lokutlola abahlala eSewula Afrika. Abantwanaba banikele ngokuthileko okungahlohlozela abanye bona bafune ukutlola nokucoca iindaba. == Iinkhombo == noo3ettwhi53fa5cen2m75rss148vxv 0 659 3570 3569 2025-08-06T08:56:37Z Nomsa Skosana 123 3570 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Marcus Bai with PNG youth (10698164975).jpg|thumb|321x321px|Abantu abatjha bayalima]] '''ESewula Afrika,''' abantu abatjha abakavami ukutholakala khulu kwezokulima, yeke sibalo esincani khulu sabantu abatjha abathuthukisa zokulima. Nanyana kunjalo kunomnyakazo owenzekako kwezokulima, njengokukhiqizwa kokudla, ukuthengiswa kokudla nokwehla komtlhago ezikweneli ngebanga lendima edlalwa babantu abatjha abambalwa, khulukhulu eendaweni zemakhaya. Kodwana kusesenesitjhijilo sokukara abantu abatjha ezikweneli, kuhlanganise nokungatholakali kuhle kwenarha yokutjala, iimali namakghono atlhogekako.<ref>Ongama Giwu, Lelethu Mdoda, Samuel S. Ntlanga, Olwethu Loki ( 08 Nov. 2024), ''Evaluating factors influencing youth participation in agricultural enterprises: Implications for food security and agribusiness,'' SAJEBSM website. Retrieved from: https://sajesbm.co.za/index.php/sajesbm/article/view/903/1130 Retrieved 28-06-2025.</ref> Irhubululo litjengisa bona kunamaphesente ama-24 wabantu abatjha ababandakanyeke kezokulima, begodu bambalwa khulu abenza imali ngakho. Abatjha abamaphesente ama-23 nama-21 benza imali ngamaplasi begodu banamabubulo wabo. Abatjha abatjhadileko nalabo ababondlako emizinabo nabo baba nethando lokulima ngombana ekhaya kuyalinywa.<ref>The Water Wheel pamphlet (January-February 2022) ''Youth and Agriculture.''</ref> == Iintjhijilo Abatjha Abaqalana Nazo Kezokulima == Nanzi iintjhijilo abantu abatjha abaqalene nazo ezikweni lezokulima: # Ukungatholakali lula kwelwazi nefundo yezokulima. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ifundo namakghono wezokulima asezingeni eliphasi okungilo elinomthelela omkhulu ekungabini khona kwemikhiqizo yezokulima, bese lokhu kubangele ukungalingani nomtlhago enarheni. # Ukungatholakali kwenarha. Lokhu kumraro khulukhulu kabengubo abasesebatjha ngokwesiko labanzima abanganikelwa ilifa lenarha. Ngaphezu kwalokho bambalwa khulu abantu abatjha abakghona ukufumana imali-mbonelelo etholakalako yokuthenga inarha. # Ukungatholakali lula kwemali nezenzelwa, kuhlanganise nemali-mboleko, imali ebulungwako netjhorensi etlhogekako bona kuthonyiswe ibubulo lokulima bekuthuthukise nemikhiqizo yakhona. # Ubudisi bokutholakala kwemisebenzi ephathelene nezokulima engondla amaphilo wabantu abatjha isikhathi eside. # Ukungatholakali lula kwamamakethe okungathengiswa kiwo imikhiqizo yezokulima okumthelela weentolo ezikulu ezithengisa imikhiqizo yezokulima, ukungabibikho kwefundo, ibandulo nelwazi elaneleko ngokuthengisa imikhiqizo yokulima. # Ukungatholakali lula kwamathuba wokubandakanyeka nakucociswana ngepholisi yezokulima. Lokho kutjho bona kunabantu imibono yabo engekhe izwakale, bese lokho kwenze abantu abatjha abathanda ukulima bangakutholi abakutlhogako.<ref name=":0">UNAI Hub for SDG2 News, (June 16, 2022) ''The youth are the future of the agricultural sector'', University of Pretoria website. Retrieved from: https://www.up.ac.za/unai-hub-for-sdg2/news/post_3082769-the-youth-are-the-future-of-the-agricultural-sector Retrieved on 28-06-2025.</ref> == Indlela Iintjhijilwezi Ezingararululwa Ngayo == # Urhulumende kufuze wandise amahlelo wokwabelana ngelwazi nefundo yezokulima ukuze kutholakale ilwazi elaneleko ngezokulima. Amahlelo la angenziwa bese afundiswe abantu abatjha kusukela ebuncanini babo, okungasiza ekwakheni ithando lezokulima eenhliziyweni zabo. Kufuze kube namahlelo wokubandula abafundisi begodu eze neentlabagelo zokufundisa abantu abatjha ngezokulima nangendlela ukudla okukhiqizwa ngayo.<ref name=":0" /> # Urhulumende namabubulo azijameleko kufuze bafake imali ekuthuthukiseni ezokulima begodu bathuthukise nethekhnoloji yezokulima, bebasekele abantu abatjha abangenela umkhakha lo. Amaziko wezeemali nawo kufuze avulele abantu abatjha amathuba aneleko begodu kube bulula bona bawafumane.<ref name=":0" /> # Kunamahlelo nemithethokambiso eminengana kwarhulumende emalungana nokunikelwa kwenarha namkha ngemali yokuyithenga, kodwana amahlelo lawo akusibulula ukuwafumana. Yeke kufuze uthuthukise imithethokambiso yokutholakala kwenarha yokulima eSewula Afrika. Nanyana kunamahlelo nemithethokambiso eminengi emalungana nokwabiwa kwenarha yokulima, kusafuze enze kube bulula ukufumana amathuba lawo.<ref>South African Government website (2025), ''Land and agriculture.'' Retrieve from: https://www.gov.za/issues/land-and-agriculture Retrieved on 28-06-2025.</ref> == Abatjha Abaphumelelako Kwezokulima == * '''Phikolomzi Qinisa Dlamini:''' Umphathi kwezokulima ekhamphanini i-''Ndela Farming'', wathola iziqu zakhe e-''Cedara College of Agriculture'' begodu ukhuthaza abantu abatjha bona balandelele khulu ifundo yezokulima.<ref name=":1">Nicole Ludolph (21st June 2022) ''Watch out, these young farmers are on fire!'', foodformzansi.co.za, Retrieved from: https://www.foodformzansi.co.za/watch-out-these-young-farmers-are-on-fire/ Retrieved on 28-08-2025.</ref> * '''Keneilwe Raphesu:''' Uphethe ibubulo i-''Runs Mogalemone Farm'' banoyise begodu ukhuthaza nabanye bona bangenele zokulima.<ref name=":1" /> * '''Thabo Herman Dithakgwe:''' Wathoma ibubulo elibizwa bona yi-''Ditha Farming, Wildlife and Projects'' aneminyaka eli-19.<ref>More Matshediso (2019)''Teen farmer makes dad proud'', Vuk'uzenzele website (2025).Retrieved from: https://www.vukuzenzele.gov.za/teen-farmer-makes-dad-proud Retrieved on 28-06-2025.</ref> * '''Sabelo Mdlalose:''' Nguye odosa phambili i-''Iqabungelihle Primary Cooperative'', utjala imirorho neenungo.<ref>Food and Trees for Africa (2021) ''Youth are the future of SA agriculture''. Retrieved from: https://trees.org.za/youth-are-the-future-of-sa-agriculture Retrieve on 28-06-2025.</ref> * '''Stanley Ntshangase:''' Umlimi onesivuno esincani ophumelele khulu ukutjala ikhabitjhi, amabhatata nesiphila begodu imikhiqizo yakhe uyithumela e-SPAR.<ref>Timbali Technologies (28 Nov 2023) ''Southern Africa small-scale farming success featuring individual success story'', PROAGRIMEDIA Retrieved from: https://www.proagrimedia.com/people/southern-africa-small-scale-farming-success-featuring-individual-success-story Retrieved on 28-06-2025.</ref> == Iinkhombo == <references /> [[Category:Abalimi]] [[Category:Abantu abatjha]] [[Category:Umkhakha wezokulima]] jwxaiwy7zf9gmcs0zwnjft7544wlmkx 0 660 3275 3254 2025-07-01T21:46:22Z Mosakaruka 586 /* Ipilo yakhe mathupha */ 3275 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|honorific-prefix=|name=Naledi Chirwa|native_name=|native_name_lang=|honorific-suffix=[[Parliament of South Africa|MP]]|image=Naledi Chirwa, 2024 (cropped).jpg|image_size=|smallimage=<!--If this is specified, "image" should not be.-->|alt=|caption=Chirwa in 2024|office=[[National Council of Provinces|Permanent Delegate to the National Council of Provinces]]|status=|term_start=15 June 2024|term_end=|predecessor=|successor=|birthname=Naledi Nokukhanya Chirwa|birth_date={{birth date and age|1993|07|22|df=y}}|birth_place=[[Vosloorus]], [[East Rand]]<br /> [[Transvaal Province|Transvaal]], [[South Africa]]|death_date=|death_place=|citizenship=|nationality=[[South Africa]]n|party=[[Economic Freedom Fighters]] {{small|(2015–present)}}|otherparty=|spouse=|partner=<!--For those with a domestic partner and not married-->|relations=|children=2|residence=|education=|alma_mater=[[University of Pretoria]]|occupation=Member of Parliament|profession=Politician|known_for=|committees=|portfolio=|awards=|website=|honorific_prefix=[[The Honourable]]|termend1=21 May 2024|termstart1=22 May 2019|office1=[[National Assembly of South Africa|Member of the National Assembly]]|constituency_AM=}} '''UNaledi Nokukhanya Chirwa-Mpungose''' wabelethwa mhlana amalanga ama-22 kuNtaka ngomnyaka we-1993. Ungusopolotiki weSewula Afrika begodu gade amlweli wabafundi wesifunda se -Gauteng . Ujamele i -Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF) e- National Assembly . UChirwa bekalilunga le- National Assembly ukusukela ngenyanga kaMrhayili ngomnyaka wee-2019 ukuya enyangeni kaMgwengweni ngomnyaka wee-2024. Uhlale isikhathi esifitjhani eKhanseleni yeNarha yamaPhrovinsi ngaphambi kobana athunyelwe e -National Assembly ukuze athathe isikhundla sakaMbuyiseni Ndlozi . Ukukhula nokuduma kwakhe kubangwe kuzibandakanya nabafundi be-#FeesMustFall e- University of Pretoria ukusukela ngomnyaka wee-2015 ukuya emnyakeni wee-2016. == Ipilo yokuthoma nefundo == U-Chirwa wabelethwa mhlana amalanga ama-22 kuNtaka emnyakeni we-1993 e- [[Vosloorus]], e-East Rand, e- Gauteng . <ref name="SunWorld">https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/sundayworld/news/2019-06-04-naledi-chirwa-voice-of-the-voiceless/</ref> Ekukhuleni kwakhe ukhuliswa ngugogwakhe e -Mamelodi, e-Pitoli . <ref name="SunWorld" /> phezu komnyaka wee-2009, uthe lokha nakaneminyaka ema-15, wasebenza njengomsekeli kamongameli we-Tshwane North College (TNC) Further Education & Training (FET), manje i-TNC TVET. <ref name="SunWorld" /> U-Chirwa wafunyana iziqu ze -Bachelor of Arts kanye neziqu ze- Honors degree kuDrama and Film Studies e- University of Pretoria . Ukusukela ngomnyaka wee-2019 bekafunda i -Master of Arts ku-Theatre and Performance e- University of the Witwatersrand . <ref>{{cite web|title=Ms Naledi Nokukhanya Chirwa|url=https://www.parliament.gov.za/person-details/36|website=Parliament of South Africa|access-date=19 June 2021}}https://www.parliament.gov.za/person-details/36</ref> == Umlweli wabafundi == U-Chirwa waba lilunga le -Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF) ngomnyaka wee-2015 begodu waba godu lilunga le-Student Command yehlangano e-University of Pretoria. Wabuya wakhethwa bewabekwa njengesikhulu sezokuthintana somlawuli. <ref name="SunWorld">{{cite news|last1=Zwane|first1=Nokuthula|title=Naledi Chirwa: Voice of the voiceless|url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/sundayworld/news/2019-06-04-naledi-chirwa-voice-of-the-voiceless/|access-date=13 April 2020|newspaper=Sunday World|date=4 June 2019}}https://nr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?from=en&to=nr&page=Naledi+Chirwa</ref> Ngenyanga kaRhoboyi ngomnyaka wee-2016, ngesikhathi umongameli wenarha wangaphambilini u-Jacob Zuma akhuluma esikhungweni sekhetho se-IEC ngemva kokhetho lukamasipala wango-2016, u-Chirwa nabanye abafundi ababe babathathu baphazamisa ikulumo kamongameli ngesikhathi baphakamise amatshwayo athi "Khanga", "Khumbula u-Khwezi ", "Ngingu-1 kwaba-3" kanye nokuthi "emva kweminyaka ema-10 ", ngokukhamba kwesikhathi ngokutjho uZuma ukudlwengula phakathi kwabo-2000. <ref>{{cite news|last1=Makhubu|first1=Ntando|title=Woman in Zuma #Khwezi protest speaks out|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/woman-in-zuma-khwezi-protest-speaks-out-2054518|access-date=13 April 2020|newspaper=IOL|date=8 Aug 2016}}https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/woman-in-zuma-khwezi-protest-speaks-out-2054518</ref> <ref>{{cite news|last1=Ngoepe|first1=Karabo|title=Anti-rape protesters disrupt Zuma's speech|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/elections/news/anti-rape-protesters-disrupt-zumas-speech-20160806|access-date=10 September 2020|newspaper=News24|date=6 August 2016|location=Pretoria}}https://www.news24.com/news24/elections/news/anti-rape-protesters-disrupt-zumas-speech-20160806</ref> Godu ngomnyaka wee-2016, u-Chirwa bekabandakanyeka emigurugurwini wabafundi ephathelene nomnyakazo we- #FeesMustFall . Ekukhambeni kwesikhathi wabotjhwa begodu wajanyiswa ekhampasini njengomunye wemibandela webheyili yakhe. <ref>{{cite news|last1=Madibogo|first1=Julia|title=Who is Naledi Chirwa - Drama student‚ Zuma tormentor‚ EFF student leader and fees must fall campaigner|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2016-10-19-who-is-naledi-chirwa-drama-student-zuma-tormentor-eff-student-leader-and-fees-must-fall-campaigner/|access-date=13 April 2020|newspaper=TimesLIVE|date=19 October 2016}}https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2016-10-19-who-is-naledi-chirwa-drama-student-zuma-tormentor-eff-student-leader-and-fees-must-fall-campaigner/</ref> Ngomnyaka wee-2017, bekangomunye wabantu abatjha abama-200 be-Mail &amp;amp; Guardian . <ref>{{cite news|last1=Maputla|first1=Tswelopele|title=#BlackGirlMagic: These female parliamentarians are only in their 20s|url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/s-mag/2019-05-23-blackgirlmagic-these-female-parliamentarians-are-only-in-their-20s/|access-date=10 September 2020|newspaper=SowetanLIVE|date=23 May 2019}}https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/s-mag/2019-05-23-blackgirlmagic-these-female-parliamentarians-are-only-in-their-20s/</ref> == Umsebenzi wePalamende == === UmHlangano weNarha: 2019–2024 === Ngokhetho lukaMeyi 2019, wakhethelwa i -National Assembly of South Africa begodu waba lilunga lePalamende elincani khulu le-EFF. Wafungiswa kanye nabanye abafundi abalwelako, okufakahlangana u-Peter Keetse, u-Nompendulo Mkhatshwa no -Vuyani Pambo . <ref>{{cite news|last1=Bhengu|first1=Cebelihle|title=Power to the new generation: three young MPs you need to know|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2019-05-22-power-to-the-new-generation-three-young-mps-you-need-to-know/|access-date=13 April 2020|newspaper=TimesLIVE|date=22 May 2019}}https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/sundayworld/news/2019-06-04-naledi-chirwa-voice-of-the-voiceless/</ref> Bekalilunga leKomidi yePhothifoliyo yePalamende yezePilo . <ref>{{cite web|title=Portfolio Committee on Health - Parliament of South Africa|url=https://www.parliament.gov.za/committee-details/147|access-date=6 December 2020|website=Parliament of South Africa}}https://www.parliament.gov.za/committee-details/147</ref> Mhlazana amalanga ama-25 kuMgwengweni ngomnyaka wee-2019, wethula ikulumo yakhe yokuthoma ngesikhathi sokuphikisana ngeKulumo yeNarha . Wakatelelwa bona arhoqise ukuphawula kwakhe malungana nokuthi urhulumende ubandakanyeka ekubulaweni kwabasekeli be-#FeesMustFall. <ref>{{cite news|last1=Gerber|first1=Jan|title=EFF's Chirwa forced to withdraw remark that government was complicit in 'brutal murders' of Fees Must Fall activists|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/effs-chirwa-forced-to-withdraw-remark-that-government-was-complicit-in-brutal-murders-of-fees-must-fall-activists-20190625|access-date=6 December 2020|newspaper=News24|date=25 June 2019}}https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/effs-chirwa-forced-to-withdraw-remark-that-government-was-complicit-in-brutal-murders-of-fees-must-fall-activists-20190625</ref> <ref>{{cite news|last1=Davis|first1=Gaye|title=Sona debate: EFF's Chirwa forced to withdraw Ramaphosa comments in maiden speech|url=https://ewn.co.za/2019/06/25/sona-debate-eff-s-chirwa-forced-to-withdraw-ramaphosa-comments-in-maiden-speech|access-date=6 December 2020|newspaper=Eyewitness News|date=25 June 2019|location=Cape Town}}https://ewn.co.za/2019/06/25/sona-debate-eff-s-chirwa-forced-to-withdraw-ramaphosa-comments-in-maiden-speech</ref> NgoTjhirhweni 2022, waduma ekundleni yokuthintana eyayibizwa bona yi-Twitter ngokubiza uMongameli u-Cyril Ramaphosa ngokuthi "akanamazinyo" begodu "msana omncani obuthakathaka". <ref>{{Cite web|date=18 January 2022|title=The EFF’s 28-year-old Naledi Chirwa called Cyril Ramaphosa a ‘weak little boy’ and now Twitter is divided|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/gauteng/the-effs-28-year-old-naledi-chirwa-called-cyril-ramaphosa-a-weak-little-boy-and-now-twitter-is-divided-a82c6721-1b4e-4291-a36f-204b69e810ba|access-date=2022-01-19|website=IOL|language=en}}https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/gauteng/the-effs-28-year-old-naledi-chirwa-called-cyril-ramaphosa-a-weak-little-boy-and-now-twitter-is-divided-a82c6721-1b4e-4291-a36f-204b69e810ba</ref> Ukusukela lapha ngomnyaka wee-2020, u-Chirwa wahlaselwa eenkundleni zokuthintana basebenzisi abangaziwako ebebatjho ngaphandle kobufakazi ukuthi usisakhamuzi se [[Malawi|-Malawi]] begodu umndenakhe ufumene ubuzwe beSewula Afrika ngokukhohlisa. <ref>{{Cite news|date=9 March 2020|title=Twitter storm after EFF MP Naledi Chirwa's nationality questioned|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/twitter-storm-after-eff-mp-naledi-chirwas-nationality-questioned-44418095|access-date=16 June 2024|work=IOL}}https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/twitter-storm-after-eff-mp-naledi-chirwas-nationality-questioned-44418095</ref> NgoTjhirhweni 2022, waphendula iinsolwezo ngokuthumela ku-Twitter wathi : "Ningaleya amala ngobuzwe bami bekube kulapho niphenduka nibe hlaza amahlalo. Angeze amala wenu aba liqiniso begodu angeze kwangenza ngithule. Azange ngilithenge iphimbo lami. Angiliqatjhisi. Ngizokuhlala ngikhuluma begodu ayikho into eningayenza ngalokho." <ref>{{Cite web|date=19 January 2022|title=Naledi Chirwa hits back at critics: ‘You can lie about my nationality until you turn green in the buttocks’|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2022-01-19-naledi-chirwa-hits-back-at-critics-you-can-lie-about-my-nationality-until-you-turn-green-in-the-buttocks/|access-date=2022-01-19|website=Sunday Times|language=en-ZA}}https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2022-01-19-naledi-chirwa-hits-back-at-critics-you-can-lie-about-my-nationality-until-you-turn-green-in-the-buttocks/</ref> Ngenyanga kaNtaka 2024, u-Chirwa bekangekho emakhethweni wepalamende ukwenzela bona atlhogomele umntwanakhe ogolako. I-EFF yamhlawulisa begodu yamyalela bona aqolise. <ref>{{Cite web|date=5 March 2024|title=Stir as EFF MP Naledi Chirwa fined and made to apologise for missing parliament due to sick baby|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2024-03-05-stir-as-eff-mp-naledi-chirwa-fined-and-made-to-apologise-for-missing-parliament-due-to-sick-baby/|access-date=2024-06-16|website=Sunday Times|language=en-ZA}}https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2024-03-05-stir-as-eff-mp-naledi-chirwa-fined-and-made-to-apologise-for-missing-parliament-due-to-sick-baby/</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|last=Ntombela|first=Nomzamo Portia|date=11 March 2024|title=Naledi Chirwa's apology a disturbing reminder of patriarchy in politics|url=https://www.ewn.co.za/2024/03/11/nomzamo-ntombela-naledi-chirwas-apology-a-disturbing-reminder-of-patriarchy-in-politics|access-date=2024-03-27|website=EWN|language=en}}https://www.ewn.co.za/2024/03/11/nomzamo-ntombela-naledi-chirwas-apology-a-disturbing-reminder-of-patriarchy-in-politics</ref> Msinyana ngemva kwalokho, i-EFF yakhupha irhelo layo labakhethiweko bekhetho elizako, ebelibeka u-Chirwa endaweni yokugcina. <ref>{{Cite web|date=27 March 2024|title=From 30 to 200: Naledi Chirwa last on EFF list after Malema’s cold shoulder to her apology letter|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2024-03-27-from-30-to-200-naledi-chirwa-last-on-eff-list-after-malemas-cold-shoulder-to-her-apology-letter/|access-date=2024-06-16|website=Sunday Times|language=en-ZA}}https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2024-03-27-from-30-to-200-naledi-chirwa-last-on-eff-list-after-malemas-cold-shoulder-to-her-apology-letter/</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|last=Macupe|first=Bongekile|date=26 March 2024|title=Out with the old, in with the new: Carl Niehaus sitting pretty at number 27 on EFF's list for Parliament|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/politics/out-with-the-old-in-with-the-old-carl-niehaus-sitting-pretty-at-number-27-on-effs-list-for-parliament-20240326|access-date=2024-03-27|website=News24|language=en-US}}https://www.news24.com/news24/politics/out-with-the-old-in-with-the-old-carl-niehaus-sitting-pretty-at-number-27-on-effs-list-for-parliament-20240326</ref> Umdosiphambili we-EFF u-Julius Malema wathi ukwehliswa kwakhe esikhundleni bekumphumela wehlelo lehlangano yentando yenengi. <ref>{{Cite web|date=5 April 2024|title='A democratic outcome': Malema on Naledi Chirwa being last on EFF's parliament list|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2024-04-05-a-democratic-outcome-malema-on-naledi-chirwa-being-last-on-effs-parliament-list/|access-date=2024-06-16|website=Sunday Times|language=en-ZA}}https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2024-04-05-a-democratic-outcome-malema-on-naledi-chirwa-being-last-on-effs-parliament-list/</ref> === UmKhandlu weNarha weemFunda: uMgwengweni 2024–Tjhirhweni 2025 === Ngamakhetho kaSihlabantangana 2024, u-Chirwa wakhethwa bona ajamele i-EFF esithunyweni se-Gauteng e- National Council of Provinces, ekuyindlu ephezulu yePalamende yeSewula Afrika. Wafungiswa esihlalweni sakhe mhlana amalanga ama-15 kuMgwengweni ngomnyaka wee-2024. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Merten|first=Marianne|date=2024-06-15|title=Uncontested National Council of Provinces shows national unity government agreements’ impact on matters provincial|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2024-06-15-uncontested-ncop-shows-national-unity-government-agreements-impact-on-matters-provincial/|access-date=2024-06-16|website=Daily Maverick|language=en}}https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2024-06-15-uncontested-ncop-shows-national-unity-government-agreements-impact-on-matters-provincial/</ref> == Ipilo yakhe mathupha == U-Chirwa wenda ukusukela ngoNobayeni ngomnyaka wee-2022. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Kahla|first=Cheryl|date=2022-11-03|title='Getting married for haters' – EFF's Naledi Chirwa ties the knot [PICS]|url=https://www.citizen.co.za/news/eff-naledi-chirwa-married-2022/|access-date=2023-01-03|website=The Citizen|language=en}}https://www.citizen.co.za/news/eff-naledi-chirwa-married-2022/</ref> Unabantwana ababili, omunye wabantwana wabelethwa ngomnyaka wee-2021 kuthi lo omunye wabelethwa ngomnyaka wee-2023. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Goba|first=Thabiso|date=1 May 2024|title=Chirwa decided to work throughout pregnancy, it's not reflective of EFF policies: Malema|url=https://www.ewn.co.za/2024/05/01/chirwa-decided-to-work-throughout-pregnancy-its-not-reflective-of-eff-policies-malema|access-date=2024-06-16|website=EWN|language=en}}https://www.ewn.co.za/2024/05/01/chirwa-decided-to-work-throughout-pregnancy-its-not-reflective-of-eff-policies-malema</ref> == Iinkomba == <references /> {{Reflist}} == Amalinki wangaphandle == {{DEFAULTSORT:Chirwa, Naledi}} [[Mkhakha:Members of the National Assembly of South Africa 2019–2024]] [[Mkhakha:Women members of the National Council of Provinces]] [[Mkhakha:Women members of the National Assembly of South Africa]] [[Mkhakha:University of Pretoria alumni]] [[Mkhakha:South African feminists]] [[Mkhakha:Politicians from Gauteng]] [[Mkhakha:People from Vosloorus]] [[Mkhakha:Members of the National Council of Provinces]] [[Mkhakha:FeesMustFall activists]] [[Mkhakha:Economic Freedom Fighters politicians]] [[Mkhakha:21st-century South African women politicians]] [[Mkhakha:1993 births]] [[Mkhakha:Living people]] e9vfmj1m00zfvmhi7gpc3x2wtwi8oqz 0 661 3256 2025-06-29T15:27:06Z Jetro mahlangu 588 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1289855927|Karabo Poppy]]" 3256 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Undisclosed paid|date=November 2021}} {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="fn">u-Karabo Poppy</div> |- class="infobox-data" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | wabelethwa | class="infobox-data" |<div class="nickname" style="display:inline"> Karabo Poppy Moletsane</div> <br /><br /><br /><br />1992 (iminyaka&nbsp;32 &#x2013; 33)<br /><br /><br /><br /><div class="birthplace" style="display:inline"> [[Vereeniging]], eSewula Afrika</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Ubutjhaba | class="infobox-data category" | [[South African citizenship|ISewula Afrika]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Ifundo | class="infobox-data" | [[Open Window Institute|Ifasitela elivulekileko]] <span style="font-size: 85%;">( [[Bachelor of Arts|i-BA]] ekukhulumisaneni [[Visual Communication|okubonwako]] )</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Imisebenzi | class="infobox-data role" | |} '''U-Karabo Poppy Moletsane''' (wabelethwa ngo-1992) mdwebi weenthombe weSewula Afrika, umtlami wemifanekiso, kanye nomdwebi wemigwaqo. == Ipilo yokuthoma == U-Poppy wabelethelwa e- Vereeniging . Wafunda e -Open Window Institute e -Pitori begodu unedigri ku -Visual Communication . == Ibizelo == U-Poppy wenze umsebenzi we -Wall Street Journal, Google, Coca-Cola, kanye ne -Nike, okufaka hlangana ukutlama amanyathelo ambathwa ngu -LeBron James . Wakha iinthombe zomdlalo wokuthoma we-Afrika ku -Netflix, ''i-Queen Sono'', kanye ''ne-When They See Us'' . Wasebenzisana ne-RICH MNISI ngeqoqo lezambatho zabobulili obufanako, ebizwa nge-Running Errands, ngo-2020. Umfanekiso wakhe we-Utah Jazz ufakwe e -Salt Lake City, e-Utah. Ngomnyaka ka-2021, wathunyelwa yi -Wikipedia, kanye no-Jasmina El Bouamraoui, ukuklama amatshwayo ali-101 wokugidinga iminyaka ema-20 ye-Wikipedia. Iinthombe zakhe ezibotjhiweko zitjengiswa njengezinto ezifakwe emadorobheni e -Johannesburg kunye nase-Soweto Towers. == abonongorwana yobungcweti == Wafakwa erhelweni le ''-Forbes'' “30 Ngaphasi kwama-30” emkhakheni we-2019 wokutlama. Imitlamo yakhe ka-2019 ye-Nike yathumba i-BASA Beyond Border Partnership Award. Ngomnyaka ka-2020 wabizwa ngokuthi "nguMsunguli womnyaka" ngu- ''Between 10and5'' . == [https://www.itsnicethat.com/news/karabo-poppy-moletsane-jasmina-el-bouamraoui-wikipedia-20-anniversary-190221 Iinkhomba] == [https://www.bbc.com/news/av/business-46922184] https://www.itsnicethat.com/features/ones-to-watch-2020-karabo-poppy-moletsane-illustration-240220 https://www.cnn.com/style/article/karabo-poppy-south-africa-illustrator-nike-sneakers-spc-intl/index.html [https://web.archive.org/web/20210125193953/https://10and5.com/2020/03/06/karabo-poppy-teams-up-with-netflix-strong-black-lead-for-new-queen-sono-illustration/] [https://visi.co.za/rich-mnisi-x-karabo-poppy-capsule-collection-running-errands/] {{Reflist}} 09urk0mfqznuh9jir6pjfqco4493osn 0 662 3470 3469 2025-07-29T00:16:11Z Dcljr 20 fix (?) section nesting 3470 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Latin dictionary.jpg|thumb|ABATLOLI ABATJHA]] '''Abatloli abatjha''' babantu abathoma ikhambo labo lezemitlolo eminyakeni ephasi yobudala,kungaba kugadangisa umsebenzi wabo nofana ukuzitlolela ukuzithabisa.Ukuba mtloli omncane e'''Sewula Afrika''' kutlhoga ukuzimisela okukhulu nokungapheli ihliziyo.I'''Sewula Afrika''' ilikhaya kubatloli abasebatjha abenza itjhuguluko kezemitlolo ingasi enarheni le kwaphela kodwana neenarheni ezingaphetjheya. == Iphaliswano labatloli abatjha == Ngokuhlonywa ngomnyaka ka2022,i'''young writer's competition''' kubingwe ngayo ukhwakha isizukulwana esitjha sabatloli abasebatjha '''eSewula Afrika'''. Iphaliswano leli likhombela abatloli abasebatjha bonyana bathumele umsebenzi wabo ongakagadangiswa bonyana bazibeke ethubeni lokobana bagadangiselwe wona ngokwehluka kwesiqubulo qobe mnyaka. Lokhu kuqakathekile ukudlula ngaphambili ngemibiko yamhlapha nje ebonisa bonyana ilutjha le'''Sewula Afrika''' lisemrarweni naziza kwezokutlola.Ingogwana le yesule umsebenzi weminyaka wezotlolo. == Indima yabatloli abasebatjha == Abatloli abatjha badlala indima eqakathekileko ekwakheni umbono,ukuvuselela ukulandisa nokufaka isandla emasikweni.Baletha ukuzwisisa okutjha namaphimbo ahlukileko ekulandiseni iindaba kanengi zikhuluma ngeendaba zesimanjemanje ngombono welutjha.Babuye balethe ithemba nokhu katelela bonyana isiko lokufunda libuye ngamandla emiphakathini ehlukahlukeneko.Indima abayidlala khulu kuletha itjhuguluko lokobana ezinye izinto zenziwe ngendlela elula yamalanga wanamhlanjesi nokhu dlulisa umlayezo mayelana nezinto ezitinta umphakathi. == Amahlelo wabatloli abatjha == I<nowiki/>https://www.fundza.co.za/our-programmes/writing/<nowiki/>irhelebha ukukhulisa nokwandisa ithalente le'''Sewula Afrika'''. Abatloli abasebatjha bangathumela umsebenzi wabo bona ubuyekezwe siqhema begodu ukhutjhwe nge-mobisite yabo yasimahla yedatha i'''fundza.mobi'''.I-'''fundza''' iraga iintjhijilo zokutlola namaphaliswano ibuye inikele abatloli abafuna ukutlola ngendlela ethileko yokutlola.Njengengcenye yokuzibophezela kwe-'''funzda''' ekukhuliseni abatloli abatjha i-'''fundza''' iraga ihlelo lokutlola le-inthanethi elithatha isikhathi esithileko seenyanga ezili-10 lapho abatloli abasebatjha abanethalenta abalinani eliyi-20 e'''Sewula Afrika''' bathoma ikhambo elikhona lokuthuthukisa amakghono wabo. Ekupheleni kobudlelwano abatloli bazabe bakhe iphothifoliyo yokutlola ehlaba imizwa nehlukahlukeneko begodu bazabe sele igadangisiwe kanengi ku-live '''fundza''' mobi app. == Umtloli osemutjha owenza umehluko == [[Isimumathi:Umtloli u-Mafika Jetro Mahlangu.jpg|thumb|umtloli u-Mafika Jetro Mahlangu]] U-'''Mafika Jetro Mahlangu''' ungumtloli osemutjha ovela endaweni ye'''Mpumalanga'''.Ithando lakhe lokutlola lathoma lokha asese mncani asemabangeni aphasi wezefundo. Utlola ngelimi lesi'''Ndebele''' begodu utlola ngendlela ezinengi,ukufaka hlangana ama-noveli,imidlalo etjhatjhalazi,imidlalo yemirhatjhweni kunye neenkondlo. Incwadi yakhe yesihloko esithi '''uMrhayili''' yagadangiswa ngomnyaka ka 2023 begodu yenza kuhle.Uthumbe abonongorwana abathathu ngayo incwadi ka'''Mrhayili.''' Wathumba unongorwana kwi https://sala.org.za/<nowiki/>ngaphasi kwe ''best first time published author award'' ngomnyaka ka2024.Wabuye wathumba ku'''Mbokodo publishers literary awards awards''' ngaphasi kwe ''best book in isiNdebele nakhu readers choice award ngomnyaka ka 2024.'' == Inkhombo == https://sala.org.za/ https://www.panmacmillan.co.za/ https://www.fundza.co.za/ https://nalibali.org/ ny862eokvbns6zqp2mlrs57ans4vnpd 0 663 3472 3258 2025-07-29T00:20:13Z Dcljr 20 remove redundant section heading and use normal level-2 sections (==) 3472 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Youth, a narrative, and two other stories (IA youthnarrativetw00conrrich).pdf|thumb|abantu abatjha kwezokutlama nefetjheni]] '''Ilutjha''' le'''Sewula Afrika''' lidlala indima ekulu ekubumbeni ubujamo befetjhini nokutlama.Bamukela amagugu wabo,baveza ubuntu babo begodu bakhuthaza ukusimama ngokusebenzisa imitlamo yabo ngesikhathi baqhuba imikhuba ezwakala ebantwini bephasi loke.Ilutjha le'''Sewula Afrika''' lifaka hlangana amaphrinti wesintu we-'''Afrika''',amatjhila kunye nezinto zokusebenza emiklameni yazo lisuka emikhubeni yefetjhini yesetjhingalanga kwaphela. Ukutjheja amagugu lokhu kuyingcenye yomnyakazo omkhulu wokuqeda ubukoloni befetjhini ukugidinga imiklamo yendawo nokhutjhijilela umthelela wamakoloni. == Ukulwela ifetjhini kunye nomthelela emphakathini == Abatlami abatjha basebenzisa ifetjhini ukutjheja iindaba zehlala kuhle nezepolotiki bafaka imilayezo engabonakaliko kodwana enamandla emitlameni yabo.Abatlami abanengi abasebatjha babeka phambili imikghwa esimemeko emsebenzini wabo,badzimelele ekutholeni izinto ezihle,izinto eziphathelene nemvelo kunye nemikghwa yokusebenza efaneleko.Ifetjhini nayo isentjenziselwa ukukhuthaza ukufaka woke umuntu nokhutjhijilela imithetho yobulili,lapho abatlami benza izembatho ezigubha imizimba ehlukileko kunye nobunjalo. == Amahlelo athuthukisa ilutjha keze fetjhini nedizayini == Mhlana ama-23 kuSewula 2024,i-Inhlanyelo hub yethula ihlelo lokuthoma lokutlama i-fetjhini le-Bosadi elihlanganisa ukutlanywa kwefetjheni nokuthoma amabhizinisi.Ihlelo lokuthoma lokutlama ifetjhini le-'''Bosadi''' lenzelwe ukuqalana nesidingo lesi ngokuhlanganisa ifundo epheleleko yokutlama ifetjhini nokhubandulwa kubosomabhizinisi,okwenza bona abahlanganyeli bangakhi izambatho ezihlukileko zefetjheni kwaphela kodwana bakhe namabhizinisi asimemeko. Nnanyana ihlelo leli lifaka hlangana abahlanganyeli beengubo nebe mbaji,liqale khulu abafundi abasesebatjha abamnyama abasikazi befetjheni,abatlami abafisako kunye nabantu abanelwazi eliyisisekelo abafisa ukwandisa amakghono wabo ekwakheni izambatho nokusungula.Isiqhema sokuthoma sehlelo lokuthoma lokhutlanywa kwefetjheni ye-'''Bosadi''' libunjwa babantu abali-15 abakhethwe ngokuveza imibono yabo yamabhizinisi ephanelini yokukhetha yebubulo le-fetjhini. == Abatlami be'''Sewula Afrika''' abenza kuhle ekwakheni amabhrendi wabo == [[Isimumathi:Thabo Makhetha - Kwinana.jpg|thumb|Thabo Mkhetha eFree State fashion week.]] 1.'''GUGU BY GUGU'''. Ephethwe ngu-'''Gugu Peteni''' we-'''Eastern Cape''',i-'''GUGU BY GUGU''' mhlobo ozikhakhazisa ngemitlamo eyenziwe ngamunye.Umtlami owathoma umhlobo lo ngo-2020 wathoma ikhambo lakhe lefetjheni nakaneminyaka ebunane. Njengewele bekafuna okuthileko okuzomsiza bona athole ubuntu bakhe begodu lokho lokha nakufika ifetjhini. 2.'''Fikile Sokhulu''' Ephethwe ngu-'''Fikile Sokhulu''' umhlobo obizwa ngebizo elifanako wangena ekukhanyeni ngo-2018 ngemva kokukhethwa njengomunye wabantu abafika emaphethelweni wokufunwa kwamathalenta amatjha. 3.'''The Bam Collective''' Yasungulwa ngu-'''Jacquaes Bam''' obegade atlama kusukela aneminyaka eli-9,isiqhema se-'''Bam''' sidzimelele ethandweni elijulileko lokhuphila kwe-'''Sewula Afrika''' nokhuthaba kwabantu bayo. 4.'''Mekhukhu''' lisuselwa egameni lesi-'''Sotho''' elitjho bona imithlathlana '''Mekhukhu''' iphethwe ngu-'''Botshabelo Molete''' owaziwa ngemitlamo yokuphrinta engakajayeleki kunye nethando lakhe ngamaphrojekthi we-'''DIY''' afana nokusebenzisa amatjhila alahliweko ukwenza imininingwana ekhethekileko emitlameni yakhe. == Inkhombo == https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/lifestyle/fashion-and-beauty/2023-05-24-native-gennext-talks-how-the-youth-have-shaped-sas-fashion-evolution/ https://www.unisa.ac.za/sites/myunisa/default/News/Articles/Inhlanyelo-Hub-launches-fashion-design-startup-programme https://iol.co.za/sunday-tribune/lifestyle/2024-06-05-these-16-young-designers-are-sewing-their-success-in-mzansi-with-their-fashion-labels/ https://www.thefashiondesigninstitute.com/za/en/ lyjnthcxkw8zgbhyqdvflkgrzj1ome8 0 664 3260 3259 2025-06-30T01:17:40Z Lungile M. Mabhena 585 Fixed reference list 3260 wikitext text/x-wiki [https://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/anc-pays-tribute-to-solomon-mahlangu-who-was-he/ USolomon Kalushi Mahlangu] wabelethwa mhlana amalanga ama-10 kuVelabahlinze ngomnyaka we-1956, ngobuhlanga ubuya esizweni [[:en:Southern_Ndebele_people|samaNsebele weSewula Afrika]]. Begade amlweli wekululeko yabantu begodu alilunga lehlangano ye-[[:en:History_of_the_African_National_Congress|ANC]], [[:en:UMkhonto_weSizwe|uMkhonto wesizwe]]. UMahlangu wabelethelwa endaweni yange-Doronkop e[[:en:Mpumalanga|Pumalanga]] begodu ungewesithandathu ngakwabo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-07-21 |title=Rhodes University hall residences renamed after Solomon Mahlangu and Hugh Masekela |url=https://www.ru.ac.za/latestnews/rhodesuniversityhallresidencesrenamedaftersolomonmahlanguandhughmaseke-1.html |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=www.ru.ac.za |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Solomon Kalushi Mahlangu {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://sahistory.org.za/people/solomon-kalushi-mahlangu |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=sahistory.org.za}}</ref>Ekufundeni kwakhe ungene isikolo semazingeni aphezulu esikolweni esibizwa bona yi-[https://wikisouthafrica.co.za/mamelodi-high-school/ Mamelodi High School] begodu isikolwesi savalwa ngebanga lemiguruguru eyayikhona ngomnyaka we-1976 ethinta i-[https://www.britannica.com/event/Soweto-uprising Soweto uprisings.] Kanti-ke ngebanga lokulwa nombuso obewukhahlumeza abantu wagwetjwa isigwebo sentambo bewabulawa mhlana amalanga asi-6 kuSihlabantangana ngomnyaka we-1979 aneminyaka ema-22 kwaphela.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Solomon Kalushi Mahlangu {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://sahistory.org.za/people/solomon-kalushi-mahlangu |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=sahistory.org.za}}</ref> [[Isimumathi:SOLOMON1jpg.jpg|thumb|Solomon Kalushi Mahlangu]] UMahlangu waya enarheni ye-[[:en:Angola|Angola]] wayokulungiselelwa ukuba lijoni begodu bekalilunga lesiqhema esibizwa bona yi-June 16 Detachment ngaphasi kwehlangano yeMK. Unobangela waleli gama kukuthi yena nabanye bebayingcenye yabafundi ebegade basemgurugurwini womnyaka we-1976. Lokhu kwenzeka ngemva kokuthi ayokubhaqa iinyanga ezisithandathu zoke e-[[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=uMkhonto weSizwe (MK) Timeline 1961-1990 {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://sahistory.org.za/article/umkhonto-wesizwe-mk-timeline-1961-1990 |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=sahistory.org.za}}</ref> Ukubotjhwa nokugwetjwa kwakhe kulandela isiga esenzeka mhlana amalanga ali-13 kuMgwengweni ngomnyaka we-1967 la begade ano-George Mahlangu no-Mondy Motaung eJwanasibhege, bebeze ngesibanga sokuzokuhanganyela nenengi ukuzokukhunjulwa khona okwenzeka mhlana amalanga ali-16 kuMgwengweni bese kwathi kunjalo kwadubuleka abasebenzi ababili, badutjulwa ngu-Motaung lokha nabazama ukubalekela amapholisa nase amapholisa abasolela ngokuthile ngombana bebaphethe amabhege. Kanti enye yamabhege la yawa yaphuma isigidi se-AK47.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Solomon Kalushi Mahlangu {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://sahistory.org.za/people/solomon-kalushi-mahlangu |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=sahistory.org.za}}</ref> Kwathi mhlana amalanga ali-7 kuSinyikhaba ngomnyaka we-1977 kulapho uMahlangu wathoma ukukhamba khona ikhotho, wabendwa ngamaqala wokubulala abantu ababili nanoma begade kungasuye owabadubulako begodu akhange ikhotho ivume bona uMahlangu afake isibawo seenlilo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Solomon Kalushi Mahlangu (1956 - 1979) {{!}} South African Government |url=https://www.gov.za/about-government/solomon-kalushi-mahlangu-1956-1979 |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=www.gov.za}}</ref> Bathi lokha nabazomlengisa uMahlangu wakhuluma amagama wakhe wokugcina asithi, <nowiki>''Nitjele abantu bami ngiyabahanda. Baragele phambili balwe. Iingazi zami ziyokondla umuthi ozokuthela iinthelo zekululeko.''</nowiki><ref>{{Cite web |title=Solomon Kalushi Mahlangu (1956 - 1979) {{!}} South African Government |url=https://www.gov.za/about-government/solomon-kalushi-mahlangu-1956-1979 |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=www.gov.za}}</ref> Kanti ke wangcwatjwa emalibeni we-Mamelodi bewafakelwa ilitje elitlowe amagama wakhe wokugcina.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Makhafola |first=Getrude |date=2009-02-19 |title=LOOK: Solomon Mhlangu tombstone unveiled in Mamelodi |url=https://iol.co.za/news/south-africa/gauteng/2018-07-10-look-solomon-mhlangu-tombstone-unveiled-in-mamelodi/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=IOL |language=en}}</ref> Ilifa likaMahlangu alithathelwa phasi, kunelitje elakhiweko njengesikhumbuzo lapha elibizwa bona yi-Solomon Mahlangu Freedom Square e-Mamelodi .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Solomon Mahlangu Statue details |url=https://www.artefacts.co.za/main/Buildings/bldgframes.php?bldgid=10357 |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=www.artefacts.co.za}}</ref> Indlela yePitori eyayaziwa ngokuthi yi-Hans Strijdom Drive yatlanywa ngobutjha yathiwa yi-Solomon Mahlangu Drive.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Content |first=Print |date=2015-08-12 |title=City loses battle over street names |url=https://www.citizen.co.za/rekord/news-headlines/2015/08/12/city-loses-battle-over-street-names/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Rekord |language=en-GB}}</ref> Eyunivesithi ye-Witwatersrand umakhiwo we-ofisi lokubuza nokuphatha libizwa bona yi-Solomon Mahlangu House.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Solomon Mahlangu House, Wits University {{!}} 011 717 1000 {{!}} Johannesburg |url=https://www.africabizinfo.com/ZA/solomon-mahlangu-house-wits-university-011-717-1000 |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=AfricaBizInfo |language=en}}</ref> Kanti-ke, kunefilimu elibizwa bona yiKalushi eveza umlando wakhe nokhunye okunengi, okufaka hlangana i-Solomon Kalushi Mahlangu Scholarship Fund ebhadalela abantwana bona bafunde emayunivesithi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Solomon Kalushi Mahlangu Scholarship Fund |url=https://nydawebsite.azurewebsites.net/Products-Services/Solomon-Kalushi-Mahlangu-Scholarship-Fund.html |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=nydawebsite.azurewebsites.net}}</ref> 8ny3ukrapoo1h1pviagwywhai161ftk 0 665 5054 5053 2025-08-07T12:59:57Z Nomsa Skosana 123 removed [[Category:South Africa]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 5054 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:AUDREY KOZWANA SKHOSANA.jpg|thumb|Audrey Kozwana Skhosana]] [https://audreykozwana.co.za/About/ Audrey Kozwana Skhosana] owabelethwa mhlana kulilanga lokuthoma enyangeni kaRhoboyi ngomnyaka wee-2000 obuya [[:en:Southern_Ndebele_people|esizweni samaNdebele]] ungumma wakwaMahlangu. Ngamakghono nokusebenza uyimbongikazi, umlingisi, umvumi begodu ngomunye wabantu abathuthukisa ilimi nesizwe samaNdebele weSewula Afrika eenkundleni zokuthintana.<ref>a {{Cite web |title=About – Audrey Kozwana |url=https://audreykozwana.co.za/About/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=audreykozwana.co.za |language=en}}</ref> USkhosana ngokubelethwa wabelethwa bewakhulela eLuthuli ekuyindawo engaphasi kukamasipala we[https://www.thembisilehanilm.gov.za/ Thembisile Hani], e[[:en:Mpumalanga|Pumalanga.]] USkhosana wajamela isizwe samaNdebele ku[https://indoni.net/missculture.html Ndoni Miss Cultural] ngomnyaka wee-2017 begodu wavela tjhatjhalazi nakazakuba yindlovukazi yeNdoni yeSewula Afrika ngawo wona umnyaka loyo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anita |date=2018-04-18 |title=Audrey Skhosana 17, Crowned Indoni Miss Cultural 2017/18 ?? - Clipkulture |url=https://clipkulture.com/audrey-skhosana-17-crowned-indoni-miss-cultural-2017-18-%f0%9f%87%bf%f0%9f%87%a6/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=clipkulture.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Uthe ngomnyaka wee-2020 wathumba ingoma ehlukanisa umnyaka, ngelimi lesiyeni kuthiwa yi-Song Of The Year emrhatjhweni we[https://www.radio-south-africa.co.za/ikwekwezi-fm Kwekwezi FM] ngengoma yakhe ethi-Ganu ganu lapha abelana khona umbhobho no-[https://slikouronlife.co.za/artist/42674 King Cube] noMega.<ref>{{Cite web |title=INGOMA - IKWEKWEZIFM |url=http://www.ikwekwezifm.co.za/sabc/home/ikwekwezifm/noticeboard/details?id=c1f142d8-e6eb-4dbd-a3bb-010b6921095a&title=INGOMA |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20220527070610/http://www.ikwekwezifm.co.za/sabc/home/ikwekwezifm/noticeboard/details?id=c1f142d8-e6eb-4dbd-a3bb-010b6921095a&title=INGOMA |archive-date=2022-05-27 |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=www.ikwekwezifm.co.za |language=en}}</ref> Kanti ngakho lokhu bekangathomi ukuvela emkhakheni womvumo, kodwana phambilini ukhe wasebenza no[https://slikouronlife.co.za/artist/8816 Lilow NTK] engomeni ebizwa bona yipumelelo. Kanti-ke akhange agcine lapho, ubuye waba ngomunye otsonyulwako kuma-[[:en:South_African_Traditional_Music_Awards|SATMA]] ngaphasi komkhakha wabantu abathuthukisa amalimi wabo eenkundleni zokuthintana ngomnyaka wee-2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Artist Profile {{!}} Slikouronlife |url=https://slikouronlife.co.za/artist/135254 |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=slikouronlife.co.za}}</ref> Kuthe nakunjalo waba ngabanye wabavumi abafaka isandla ekwenzeni ingoma no[https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2021-04-19-had-i-known-i-wouldve-acted-differently-mall-manager-who-humiliated-activist-thando-mahlangu/ Thando Mahlangu] ethi Vuka Ndebele ekuyingoma eyenziwe maNdebele begodu umlayezo wengoma leyo uya emaNdebebeleni. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mthimunye |first=By Bongani |title=THANDO’S SONG FOR HIS PEOPLE |url=https://www.snl24.com/dailysun/celebs/thandos-song-for-his-people-20210916 |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Daily Sun |language=en-US}}</ref> Hlangana namanye amaphojekthi asekelwe ngeemali yi-[https://www.nac.org.za/ NAC], iSiyarhaya yiphrojekthi kaSkhosana. Umnqopho wakhona kukuthi ikhuthaza, ilondoloza beyethula isiNdebele eenkundleni zokuthintana. Yakha amathuba walaba abanekarareko ekurhayeni iinkondlo, ikhulisa umthelela weenkondlo ngokusebenzisa amahlelo wokufunda ngokutlama begodu inikela ngomkhakha wemitlolo ohlanganiswe ngcono begodu ongatjhugulukiko eenkolweni. Kanti-ke, iphrojekthi le isungulwe ngomnyaka wee-2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Siyarhaya – We recite |url=https://siyarhaya.co.za/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=siyarhaya.co.za |language=en}}</ref> Okungaphezu kwalokho, uSkhosana unedokhumentari ayigadangise ku-YouTube esele ukubukelwa kwakhona sekungaphezulu kweengidi ezine. Idokhumentari le ibizwa bona yituthuko yethelerina begodu ikhuluma ngokukhula komntwana omntazana oliNdebele. Iveza ukuthi umntazana udlula kiziphi iingaba zokukhula ukusukela lapha amncani khona ukuya la sekalungele khona ukuthi angenda. Iphothulula khulu ivunulo, umlando kanye nelimi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Documentaries – Audrey Kozwana |url=https://audreykozwana.co.za/Documentaries/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=audreykozwana.co.za |language=en}}</ref> == IINKOMBA == [[Mkhakha:ISewula Afrika]] s4g5azb9yqai2yoe2w2iro9jsyih3p9 0 666 3265 3264 2025-06-30T04:34:03Z Lungile M. Mabhena 585 3265 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Michaela Mycroft|other_names=Chaeli Mycroft|birth_date={{birth date and age|1994|08|30|df=y}}|occupation=Disability rights activist}} '''U-Michaela "Chaeli" Mycroft''' owabelethwa mhlana amalanga ama-30 kuRhoboyi we-1994 umlweli wekghono weSewula Afrika ophila nokukhubazeka kobuchopho othumbe i- International Children's Peace Prize ngo-2011. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kidsrights.org/longread/my-life-disability-has-never-been-seen-problem-or-burden-it-part-my-life-and-opportunity|title=In my life, disability has never been seen as a problem or a burden. It is part of my life and an opportunity to do things differently.|website=KidsRights|access-date=2019-06-23}}https://kidsrights.org/longread/my-life-disability-has-never-been-seen-problem-or-burden-it-part-my-life-and-opportunity</ref> <ref>https://www.unicef.org/education/index_61792.html</ref> Unongorwana lo yimedali unikelwa ngu-Nobel Peace Laureate u-Mairead Maguire . <ref>https://www.kidsrights.org/News/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/61/Winner-of-International-Childrens-Peace-Prize-2011-awarded-at-World-Summit-of-Nobel-Peace-Laureates</ref>{{Failed verification|date=June 2019}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (June 2019)">ukuqinisekiswa okuhlulekileko</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Ngomnyaka wee-2004 u-Mycroft oneminyaka eli-9, udadwabo u-Erin (11), u-Tarryn Terry (12), u-Justine Terry (9), no-Chelsea Terry (6) basungula ijima ebalibizwa ngokuthi yi-The Chaeli Campaign eKapa ukuze babuthelele imali yesihlalo esikhambako sika-Mycroft. <ref>http://chaelicampaign.co.za/</ref>{{Failed verification|date=June 2019}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (June 2019)">ukuqinisekiswa okuhlulekileko</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup>{{Primary source inline|date=June 2019}} Ijimeli sele seliphethe amahlelo alikhomba athinta ipilo yabazuzi abangaphezu kwe-7,000 qobe mnyaka.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">ukudzubhula kuyatlhogeka</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Kuthi lokha ngomnyaka wee-2012, eMhlanganweni wePhasi we-Nobel Peace Laureates e-Chicago, wanikelwa iMedali ye-Peace Summit for Social Activism ngu-Nobel Peace Laureate u-FW de Klerk, egameni labo boke abavunyelwe i-Nobel Peace Laureate . <ref>http://www.nobelpeacesummit.com/portfolio/2012-peace-summit-medal-for-social-activism-michaela-mycroft/</ref> Bese kuthi ngomnyaka wee-2013 u-Mycroft watlonyeliswa nge-World of Children (isigaba selutjha) <ref>https://worldofchildren.org/honoree/michaela-chaeli-mycroft/</ref> ehlonipha umuntu omncani ongaphasi kweminyaka ema-21 owenze igalelo elikhulu empilweni zabanye abantwana. Lokha mhlana amalanga ama-3 kuNobayeni ngomnyaka wee-2015, nakaneminyaka ema-21, u-Mycroft waba mumuntu omsikazi wokuthoma okhubazekileko ukukhwela [[Intaba iKilimanjaro|i-Mount Kilimanjaro]] ephasini le-Tanzania, ekuyintaba ephakeme khulu e-Afrika. Wagidinga ilanga lakhe lokubelethwa entabeni leyo. <ref>https://www.discoverafrica.com/teamwork/</ref>{{Failed verification|date=June 2019|reason=The link goes to a section with various videos. There is no clue as to which video contains the info being cited, if any have it at all. It is not reasonable to send a reader to check 9 different videos for one citation. A better source is needed.}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="The link goes to a section with various videos. There is no clue as to which video contains the info being cited, if any have it at all. It is not reasonable to send a reader to check 9 different videos for one citation. A better source is needed. (June 2019)">ukuqinisekiswa okuhlulekileko</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> <ref>https://www.cnn.com/2015/08/26/africa/chaeli-mycroft-kilimanjaro-climb/index.html</ref> U-Mycroft wenza umlando mhlana amalanga ama-29 kuMrhayili ngomnyaka wee-2016, kanye bano-Anita Engelbrecht, ngokuba badlali bokuthoma abakhamba ngeenhlalo ezinamavili ukuqeda i -Comrades Marathon, umgijimo we-ultramarathon wamakhilomitha ama-89 hlangana ne-Pietermaritzburg ne-Durban. <ref>https://www.sport24.co.za/OtherSport/Athletics/South-Africa/first-wheelchair-athletes-complete-comrades-20160530</ref> Lokhu bekukokuthoma emlandwini weminyaka ema-95 womnyanya lo ukuthi mdlali wesihlalo sabakhubazekileko aphumelele okwenza bona abahleli bakhuthazeke boma batjhuhulule imithetho. Abagijimi abakhamba ngeenhlalo zabakhubazekileko bebakhandelwa bona bazibandakanye. <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20170222111021/http://news.comrades.com/media-releases/563-wheelchair-assisted-participants-at-2016-comrades</ref> == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} == Amalinki wangaphandle == * {{YouTube|channel=UC7LpGqhuzS_k57SuQXAgVCg}} * {{IMDb name|nm12006961}} [[Mkhakha:White South African people]] [[Mkhakha:South African women activists]] [[Mkhakha:People with cerebral palsy]] [[Mkhakha:South African activists with disabilities]] [[Mkhakha:University of Cape Town alumni]] [[Mkhakha:South African disability rights activists]] [[Mkhakha:Living people]] [[Mkhakha:1994 births]] 3tedpt86xsa2rczb4c6dsnevvjdxbty 0 667 3268 2025-06-30T12:50:20Z Orrora 587 New article 3268 wikitext text/x-wiki '''IsiNdebele''' seSewula Afrika sinabantu abatjha abanetalende lokutlola. Abatjhaba sele kuneencwadi abazikhuphileko abantu abangathabela ukuzifunda. Indima yokutlola edlalwa babantu abatjha ithuthukisa ilimi. Nakunabantu abatlolako nabafunda iincwadi ezitloliweko, nesiNdebele naso siyathuthuka.Ngikho nje urhulumende weSewula Afrika ufuna abantu abatjha bakuthande ukutlola nokufunda iincwadi ezitloliweko. Yeke iincwadi ezilandelako ngezitlolwe babantu abatjha ngelimi lesiNdebele. == Vukani Kusile! == [[Isimumathi:Vukani.png|thumb|298x298px|Incwadi ethi, "Vukani! Sekusile"]] '''Incwadi''': Vukani Kusile! '''Abatloli''': Ntando Mtshweni, Dr Lungile Mabhena, Thobile Skhosana, Given Lungile '''Okumunyethwe yincwadi le:''' Incwadi-le libuthelelo leenkondlo, eziveza ubudisi esizithola siqalana nabo sima-Sewula Afrika. Khumbula bona ukuhlunguphazwa kwabantu bengubo kudlange komlilo wesikhotha lapha enarheni yekhethu, kanti abobaba nabo bavela barhabile bathi nathi silila sona leso isililo sokuhlunguphazwa bomma. Nanyana kunjalo, incwadi le imumethe umlayezo wokubuyisana, ithando nokuzwelana ubuhlungu. Iimbongi nofana abatloli bencwadi le, benze okusemandleni wabo bona umamukelilwazi osebujameni nanyana ngabe ngibuphi azithole sele athobekile nofana akhandeleka. Khulu khulu incwadi le, ithoba nofana ikhandela laba abalandelako: Ababhujelweko, abalahle ithemba, abagulako, abasebenzisa iindakamizwa ngokweqileko.<ref name=":0">Epubhlishing and Digital Displays (2025) Books, Retrieved from: https://epublishing.store/product Retrieved 30-06-2025</ref> == Ongathandwa Ngunina == [[Isimumathi:Ongathandwa_Ngunina.jpg|thumb|287x287px|Incwadi "Ongathandwa Ngunina"]] '''Incwadi''': Thabi Mahamba '''Abatloli''': Ongathandwa Ngunina '''Okumunyethwe yincwadi le:''' Inoveli Ongathandwa Ngunina ikhuluma ngomntazanyana onganabudlelwano obuhle nababelethi bakhe ngebanga lemali ebhadelele iimfundo zakhe esikolweni samaziko aphakamileko esingakatloliswa emnyangweni wezefundo. Unina umkatelela bona athole umsebenzi abuyise imali enyamalele nesikolo sakhe esingasi semthethweni. Kwafika lapha umraro ukhwela intaba nababelethi bakhe nakangafumani umsebenzi.<ref name=":0" /> Ukuqothwa ekhabo kwasusa igodo elihlweni wafunda ukuzijamela ngezakhe zombili ngaphandle kokusunduzwa mumuntu ngamandla namkha amenzise angakufuniko. Kwafika lapha ikghono lakhe aliphiwe nguSomnini lokutlola incwadi likhanyisa umkhanyo orhelebhileko wabuyisana nomndeni wakhe khulu unina, ozange amsekele ekuthomeni bona abhadelelwe esikolweni sefundo ephakamileko.<ref name=":0" /> == Aziyokujama Elitjeni == [[Isimumathi:Aziyokujama_Elitjeni.jpg|thumb|285x285px|Incwadi ethi "Aziyokujama Elitjeni"]] '''Incwadi''': Aziyokujama Elitjeni '''Abatloli''': Nomajoni O Mahlangu '''Okumunyethwe yincwadi le:''' Inovela le isivezela ipilo ngemva kwebanga letjhumi nambili. Kusetjenziswe umlingiswa onguThuba, umntazanyana ohlakaniphileko. Akhange aphumelele kuhle ebangeni lakhe letjhumi nambili.  Wazifumana angaphasi kwegandelelo lokuya ekholiji njengombana boke abangani bakhe baphumelele kuhle begodu baya emayunivesithi ahlukileko. Uzifumene afunda iimfundo angazithandiko ngombana begade angafuni ukubuyela esikolweni ayokubuyekeza ibanga letjhumi nambili. Okubuhlungu kukobana uzithole sele azifake emrarweni wokubhema iindakamizwa, athengisa umzimba, bewazithwala. Walinga ukurarulula umraro loyo ngokurhulula umbungu kanti ubeka ipilo yakhe engozini.<ref name=":0" /> == Unjengabo == [[Isimumathi:UNJENGABO.jpg|thumb|280x280px|Incwadi ethi, "Unjengabo"]] '''Incwadi''': Unjengabo '''Abatloli''': Sabelo Mthombeni '''Okumunyethwe yincwadi le:''' Incwadi le, iqaliswe ebantwini abakhulu nelutjha. Nawumumuntu omkhulu, ngokufunda inwadi le, uzokuthola isifundo sokobana ufanele ubayelelise njani abasakhulako ngendlela yokuziphatha. Uthi bewunelemuko lokobana  sifanele siphilisane njani nabantu abaphila nobujamo be-''Albinism?'' Athini amalungelo wabo? '' ''Ingabe abantu abavela eenarheni zangaphandle beze lapha enarheni yeSewula Afrika bezele ukuzosakhisa nofana bezele ukutjala umonyani? Koke kumumethwe yincwadi le. Inabela  ilutjha ngobungozi elingahlangabezana nabo lokha nalisemazikweni wefundo ephakemeko kanye nokukhetha abangani. Ngikuphi okuqakathekileko phakathi kwendlela kaZimu, iindakamizwa? Namalungelo? Naku umthombo welwazi ziselele mfundi.<ref name=":0" /> == Iinkhombo == <references /> r38utq6rrzr0ci2y3v0mrvzvrbzntnk 0 668 3329 3274 2025-07-08T11:37:37Z Orrora 587 /* Indaba Ye-Pretoria Girls' High School */ 3329 wikitext text/x-wiki '''U-Zulaikha Patel''' (wabelethwa ngo-2002)<ref name=":2">"''BBC 100 Women 2016: Who is on the list?''". ''BBC News''. 21 November 2016. Reteived from: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-38012048 Retrieved 28 July 2019.</ref> mlweli wamalungelo wobuntu weSewula Afrika olwa nokubandlululwa ngokobuhlanga . Waba litshwayo lokulwa nomthethomgomo we-''Pretoria Girls High School'' malungana neenhluthu zabantazana abanzima ngo-2016, nakaneminyaka eli-13. Yena nalabo afunda nabo benza umtjhagalo ongabangeli ukutjhuguluka komthethomgomo wesikolo kwaphela, kodwana ohlohlozela nephenyo ngeensolo zokubandlulula ngokobuhlanga esikolweni. Nakadzujulwako uthi: "Ukungibawa bona ngitjhugulule iinhluthu zami kufana nokungibawa bona ngisule ibala lami elinzima."<ref>"Four South Africa women make it on BBC's 100 Women List 2016". ''YOU''. Retrieved 8 December 2016.</ref> == Indaba Ye-''Pretoria Girls' High School'' == I-''Pretoria Girls' High School'', itholakala e-Pitori, eRiphabhliki yeSewula Afrika. Isikolo lesi sathonywa ngo-1902, begodu bekusolo kungena abantwana babamhlophe kwaphela soloko sasungulwa bekwaba ngu-1990, njengombana iimfunda zeSewula Afrika bezihlukaniswe ngaphambi kwebandlululo, kodwana kusukela ngo-1990, isikolo lesi sivulekele yoke imihlobo. Ngokuya kwe-CNN, umthetho wokuziphatha kwabentazana we-''Piretoria Girls' High'' awukhulumi ngokukhethekileko ngesihluthu esikhulu sabantu abanzima, kodwana ubeka imithetho yokuqaleka zombelele, bewuyatjho nokobana zoke iintayela zeenhluthu "kufanele zibe zihle, zihlanzeke begodu zikhambisane neyunifomu yesikolo." Abotitjhere batjele abafundi bona iinhluthu zabo ze-afro "azikajayeleki" begodu kufuze ziphungulwe.<ref name=":0">Thabile Vilakazi, for CNN (2016) ''South African students protest against school’s alleged racist hair policy''. Retrieved from: https://edition.cnn.com/2016/08/31/africa/south-africa-school-racism/index.html Retreived on 30-06-2025</ref> Lokho bekutjho bona iinhluthu zabantazana kufuze zi-ayinwe ziluleke namkha zibotjhwe ngemva, kodwana zingabi yi-afro. U-Zulaikha Patel bekaphakathi kwabafundi ebebadosa phambili umtjhagalo ngokujamelana ne-''Pretoria Girls High'', ngokujamelana nomthethomgomo weenhluthu wesikolo sabantazana boke.<ref name=":1">Malgas, Natalie. "Four South Africans make it on BBC's '100 Women List for 2016'". Retrieved 8 December 2016.</ref> Abantwana abasesebatjha ebegade batjhagala basongelwa ngokubotjhwa njengombana u-Zulaikha Patel arhola umtjhagalo ngokuthula. Ividiyo ethunyelwe ku-inthanethi itjengisa u-Zulaikha Patel njengombana aqalene nonogada abathathu abahlomileko ebegade baqatjhwe baphathi besikolo ukobana baqede umtjhagalo. Ividiyo le yabanga ukuphikiswa okukhulu kwesikolwesi. == Imiphumela Yomtjhagalo Ka-Zulaikha == Izenzo zaka-Zulaikha Patel zakhuthaza eminye imitjhagalo eSewula Afrika, e-''Lawson Brown High School'' e-Eastern Cape, kunye ne-''St. Michael's School for Girls'' e-Bloemfontein lapho ababelethi nabo bamatjha khona. Abantu ephasini loke bathoma ukwabelana ngeenthombe zama-afro wabo eenkundleni zokuthintana, ngokubambisana nabafundi bengubo be-Pretoria High School. Ukuvezwa kwabeendaba beentjhabatjhaba kwalandela. Imitjhagalo le itjengise bona ukwahlukana ngokobuhlanga kuragela phambili, nanyana ibandlululo laphela ngo-1991.<ref name=":0" /> Ukuphikisa kwaka-Patel kwathoma eminye imitjhagalo namatjhuguluko. UNgqongqotjhe wezeFundo we-Gauteng, u-Panyaza Lesufi uvakatjhele i-''Pretoria Girls' High School'' ukuzokuzwa iinghonghoyilo zabafundi abanzima, ingasi ngomthethomgomo weenhluthu kwaphela, kodwana nangebandlululo esikolweni. Ukwenza isibonelo, abantazana abavunyelwa ukukhuluma amalimi we-Afrika esikolweni, kwaphela isiNgisi nofana isiBhuru. U-Patrick Gaspard, ummeli we-US eSewula Afrika, wathumela ku-Twitter wathi: "Yoke imiphakathi inemithetho. Begodu kesinye isikhathi imithetho leyo inebandlululo begodu idinga ukuvezwa ihlatjwe." Isibawo se-inthanethi besinemitlikitlo engaba ma-25,000 ngelanga elilodwa. UmNyango wezeFundo we-Gauteng uuwujamisile umthethomgomo weenhluthu.<ref name=":1" /> == Ukutatanyiswa == U-Zulaikha Patel watatanyiswa njengomunye wabafazi abali-100 abafakwa ku--BBC ngo-2016, ngokuba nomthelela ekulwelweni kwamalungelo wobuntu.<ref name=":2" /> == Iincwadi == * {{cite book|last=Patel|first=Zulaikha|title=My Coily Crowny Hair|date=July 2021|publisher=Lingua Franca|isbn=1928535909}} * {{cite book|last=Patel|first=Zulaikha|title=Brave Like Me!|publisher=Pan Macmillan South africa|date=2025-03-03|isbn=978-1-77999-087-7}} == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} fwjyyl0kotr0jazq4k470ge8x676h83 0 669 3324 3276 2025-07-05T16:26:11Z MrNinja 747 Ukulinganisa 3324 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ikhaya nendlu''' ngezinye zezinto eziqakathekileko epilweni yomuntu. Ukungezelela, ukuqakatheka kwazo kuyahluka ebantwini ebahlukeneko. Nanyana kunjalo, abanye abantu bazithatha kwangathi zizinto ezifanako; kodwana, azifani. Ekulumenipendulwano elandeko zizokutjheja bonyana kuyini ikhaya begodu kuyini indlu. == Kuyini ikhaya? == Ngokuya kwe[https://www.grammarly.com/commonly-confused-words/house-vs-home Grammarly] (2025)<ref>'''Grammarly'''. 2025. House vs. Home: What’s the Difference? Itholakala ku: <nowiki>https://www.grammarly.com/commonly-confused-words/house-vs-home</nowiki>. Ifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 11 kuMgwengweni 2025].</ref>, ikhaya kuyindlu leyo ehlala abantu abamndeni begodu eyenza iinkathi zekhumbulo. Iinkathi zekhumbulo lezi zifaka hlangana ubuhle nombi umndeni ohlangabenzana nakho. Ukungezelela, ikhaya linokufudumala, ithabo, ukutjhaphuluka kanye nevileko lomkhumbulo (Karjalainen 1993<ref name=":0">'''Karjalainen, P. T.''' 1993. House, home and the place of dwelling. ''Scandinavian Housing and Planning Research'',10(2):65-74.</ref>; [https://meaningofhome.ca/entries/49272 Habitat for Humanity: Canada 2025]<ref>'''Habitat for Humanity: Canada.''' 2025. House vs Home. Itholakala ku: <nowiki>https://meaningofhome.ca/entries/49272</nowiki>. Ifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 11 kuMgwengweni 2025].</ref>). Ikhaya lenza abantu bonyana bajayelane begodu babumbane ngomnqopho wokuphila ngeendlela ezifanako kanye neemfundiso ezifanako (Karjalainen 1993<ref name=":0" />). Ezinye zeemfundiso lezi kungenzeka bonyana zisuka kibokhokho begodu zinomthelela wesiko. == Kuyini indlu? == Ngokuya kwe[https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/eb/qa/-House-and-Home- Britannica Dictionary] (2025)<ref>'''Britannica'''. 2025. House and Home. Itholakala ku: <nowiki>https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/eb/qa/-House-and-Home-</nowiki>. Ifunyenwe [ngomhlaka 11 kuMgwengweni 2025].</ref> indlu kumakhiwo loyo ohlala abantu nanyana umndeni othize. Ukungezelela, indlu ingahlala abantu abahlukileko abangasimndeni begodu ababuya eendaweni ezahlukileko (Perkins, uThorns noWinstanley 2008<ref>'''Perkins, H. C., Thorns, D. C., & Winstanley, A.''' 2008. House and Home: Methodology and Methods for Exploring Meaning and Structure. Studies in Qulitative Methodology,:1-32</ref>). Esikhathini esinengi, abantu abahlala lapho kungafunyaniseka bonyana baqatjhile. == Isintu sithini ngekhaya nendlu. == Ngokuya ngokwesintu, ikhaya kuyindawo ehlala abazali labo abathetheneko nanyana abatjhadileko nomndeni wabo. Kanti ngakwelinye ihlangothi, indlu kumakhiwo lapho kuhlala khona abantu abangakathathani nanyana abangakatjhadi nofana abantu abazihlaleleko. Esikhathini esinengi, imisebenzi yesintu, ayenziwa endlini, yenziwa ekhaya ngombana kuyindawo ekungenwe bekwahlala ngokomthetho wesintu. == Isiphetho. == Ikhaya nendlu kungenzeka bonyana kuthathwa njengento yinye kodwana azifani. Nanyana imisebenzi yazo ipheze ifanele nje, kukhona la zihluka khona. Begodu, isikhathi sekhumbulo, ukufudumala nevikeleko langakomkhumbulo lekhaya alifani nelendlu. == Izithenjwa == {{Reflist}} deys4d1kbdqec2mmev5ml6cp29wehrw 0 670 3432 3431 2025-07-14T00:22:49Z Dcljr 20 Dcljr moved page [[Amakhotho weNdabuko.]] to [[Amakhotho weNdabuko]]: I don't see why title should end with a "." 3431 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Amakhotho wethu|Amakhotho]] wendabuko adlala indima ekulu emphakathini mayelana nokulawulwa kwabantu kanye nokulandelwa komthetho. Amakhotho wendabuko nanyana ikambiso yawo ingafani patsi namakhotho wesikhuwa; kodwana, iminqopho yona iyafana. Eenhlokwaneni ezilandelako sizokutjheja bona lokha nakukhulunywa ngamakhotho wendabuko kukhulunywa ngani begodu imisebenzi yawo iyini. == Khuyini ikhotho yendabuko na? == Ngokuya kukaSomaru noRautenbach (2020)<ref>'''Somaru, N. & Rautenbach, C'''. 2020. The Indian Approach to Criminal Justice: The Role of Traditional Courts as Alternative Dispute Resolution Mechanisms''. Comparative and International Law Journal of Southern Africa'', 53(2):1-40.</ref> ikhotho yendabuko yindawo leyo egunyazwe ngokomthetho wesiko lesitjhaba esithize ukuze izokuqalana nemiraro ekhona ephakathini wesitjhaba leso. Ukungezelela, amakhotho wendabuko alawulwa nanyana adoswa phambili badosiphambili bendabuko njengenduna, ikosana, iKosi nanyana iNgwenyama (Demographic Governance and Right Unit 2020<ref name=":0">'''Democratic Governance and Rights Unit'''. 2020. ''Assessing the Functioning of Urban Traditional Courts in South Africa''. University of Cape Town: Cape Town. </ref>). Ikhotho yendabuko yaziwa khulu ngokuthi yiBandla. Amakhotho wendabuko atholakala koke la kubusa khona abadosiphambili bendabuko ngokungakhathaleleki bonyana kusemakhaya, eengoga nanyana emadobheni (Demographic Governance and Right Unit 2020<ref name=":0" />). UVan Rooyen (2023)<ref>'''Van Rooyen, M-G.''' 2023. Legal Talk: Legislative Developments. ''Just Africa,'' 2: 8-10</ref> waveza bonyana umkhandlu nanyana abalawuli bekambiso yekhotho yendabuko bangafaka hlangana induna, umdosiphambili wendabuko omkhulu, ikosi, indlovukazi kanye nengwenyama lapho kukghonakalako. Ngamanye amagama, umkhandlu olawula ikambiso nanyana ukuhlala kwamakhotho wendabuko, kufanele ufake amalunga ahlukileko nabadlalindima abahlukileko ukuze kube nokujameleka kwawo woke amahlangothi wabantu nomphakathi. Amalunga womkhandlu wekhotho yendabuko labo alawula ukuhlala kwayo akukateleleki bonyana abe neziqu njengoba kwenziwa kumakhotho wesikhuwa (Himoga noManjoo 2009<ref>'''Himonga, C. & Manjoo, R.''' 2009''. The Challenges of Formalisation, Regulation, and Reform of Traditional Courts in South Africa''. MLI, 3(2):157-181.</ref>). Kodwana, kufanele kube babantu abanelwazi tle mayelana namasiko, ilimi, imiraro eyahlukeneko yabantu nemiphakathi (UmThetho wamaKhotho weNdabuko 2022<ref name=":1">'''The Presidency Department'''. 2022. ''UmTheth WamaKhotho WeNdabuko, Nom 9 ween-2022''. Ipalamende yeSewula Afrika: EKapa. </ref>). Esihlokweni esilandelako sizokutjheja umsebenzi yamakhotho wendabuko. == Imisebenzi yeBandla == Imisebenzi yeBandla nanyana ikhotho yendabuko ifaka hlangana le elandelako: # Ukurarulula iindaba eziphathelene nokutlhala hlangana kwemindeni embili nanyana abantu ababili (Demographic Governance and Right Unit 2020<ref name=":0" />) # Ukulalela nokugweba endabeni nanyana iqala lobulelesi (UmThetho wamaKhotho weNdabuko 2022<ref name=":1" />). # Ukuqalela nokuthatha isiqunto mayelana neqala eliphathelene nemali engadluli ku-R15 000.00 (Demographic Governance and Right Unit 2020). # Ukulalela nokurarulula iindaba eziphathelene nokubandlululana (UmThetho wamaKhotho weNdabuko 2022<ref name=":1" />). # Ukuletha ukuthula eemphakathini. == Isiphetho == Ikhotho yendabuko nanyana iBandla liqakatheke khulu eemphakathini esiphila kiwo ngombana lenza isiqiniseko sokuthi abantu bahlalisana kuhle begodu akugadangwana iinzwani. Ukungezelela, lenza isiqiniseko sokuthi abantu baphathwa ngokulingana. Kuqakathekile bonyana sizwisise ukuthi liyini iBandla nanyana ikhotho yendabuko begodu isebenza ini. == Umthombolwazi == <references /> fk5xxii0mmj0wh090srf1crch0xuxnq 0 671 3317 2025-07-05T08:51:05Z Andre Engels 480 Andre Engels moved page [[Portal:Amasonto]] to [[Amasonto]] 3317 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Amasonto]] joo5qp5s8ctaq4rxe4k97su03c63bd8 0 672 3328 3327 2025-07-07T18:29:46Z Nqobile69 190 3328 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Lasizwe Dambuza on MacG.jpg|thumb|ULasizwe Dambuza ngomunye welutjha elinetjhaneli ye-youtube]] '''Ukucoca iindaba''' kukulokha umuntu acocela abalaleli indaba ayitlolileko nofana azitlamele yona ngehloko yakhe. Kuyinto eyabe isetjenziswa ekadeni ukufundosa abantu ngombana lokha nawulalele iindaba ukghona ukuthola isifundo.<ref>Palacios, J., 2012. Traditional storytelling in the digital era. ''Fourth World Journal'', ''11''(2), pp.41-56.</ref> Abantu bakghona ukucoca indaba ngekhambo labo lepilo, nofana ngeenhloko ezingaba mraro nofana iintjhijilo abantu abahlangana nazo emphakathini. Esikhathini sanje, ithekonoloji sele ithuthukile, abantu bakghona ukucoca indaba ngediithali. Ilutjha lisebenzisa abomaliledinini banje abahlakaniphileko, amakhamera, nokhunye ukucoca indaba ngedijithali bakghone ukwabelana nabanye abantu abakude indaba. Ilutjha lizibandakanya ekucoceni indaba ngedijithali ngombana likghona ukusebenzisa itheknoloji. === Iindlela zokucoca iiindaba ngedijithali === Ukucoca iindaba ngedijithali kungenzeka ngendlela ezinengi, njengokuthi kwenziwe amavidiyo, amabhlogo ekukulapho kutlolwa khona indaba nofana okumunyethweko kwelanga, abanye batlola eenkundleni zokuthintana ukulekelela ilutjha bona likghone ukuziveza ngendlela ezihlukahluneko ezingakghona ngazo.<ref>Shahid, M. and Khan, M.R., 2022. Use of digital storytelling in classrooms and beyond. ''Journal of Educational Technology Systems'', ''51''(1), pp.63-77.</ref> Amaphodkhasti wona asebenza khulu lapho kucocwa khona indaba ngamaphimbo ngehloso yokufundisa, ukucocisana ngesihloko esithize nofana ukuhlunga.<ref>Ferrer, I., Shaw, J. and Lorenzetti, L., 2021. Ethical storytelling and digital narratives: Lessons learned in student-led podcasts and community radio partnerships. ''Journal of Social Work Values and Ethics'', ''18''(1), pp.90-104.</ref>Omunye welutjha owenza i phodkhasti ngu MacG, yena owathoma i phodkhasti le ngehloso yokufundisa, ukuthabisa nokuhlekisa abantu.<ref>Motsaathebe, G., 2023. Evolving Trends in Radio Broadcasting in South Africa: The Case of Podcast and Chill with macg. In ''100 Years of Radio in South Africa, Volume 2: Community Radio, Digital Radio and the Future of Radio in South Africa'' (pp. 161-177). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.</ref> Ubiza abantu beSewula Afrika abaziwako ngokuvela kumabonakude nokhunye bese bacocisane nabo bakhulume ngamaphilo wabo. === Umsebenzi wokusebenzisa udijithali ukucoca iindaba === ==== Ukufundisa umphakathi ==== Ilutjha lisebenzisa ukucoca iindaba ngedijithali njengo msikinyeko wokubonisa umphakathi ngemiraro yawo, ithuthukise ubulungiswa emphakathini. Okhunye godu ilutjha likhuluma ngemibono yalo, nezinto ekhezahlangana nazo ezingasiza abanye abantu nofana zibaphe isaluleko. Ukucoca indaba ngedijithali kulekelela abantu abangaka dumi emphakathini bonyana bakghone ukukhuluma bezwiwe babanu abanengi. Ukucoca indaba ngedijithali kukhuthaza nokuhluka okukhamba nokwamukelana kwabantu boke. Lokha nawusebenzisa idijithali ukucoca indaba ukghona ukunikela amalunga womphakathi indawo yokuthi bakghone ukucoca indaba zabo, ekungaba ziintjhijilo abahlangana nazo nofana lokhu abakufundileko. Abantu bacoca ngeenhloko ezikhona kodwana ezingekho etjhatjhalazini isibonelo ukuthwala, ukunikela abantu ilwazi ngazo ukuthi bazi bonyana zikhona izinto ezinjalo emphakathini.<ref>Greene, S., Burke, K.J. and McKenna, M.K., 2018. A review of research connecting digital storytelling, photovoice, and civic engagement. ''Review of Educational Research'', ''88''(6), pp.844-878.</ref> Abantu bangakghona ukuzibandakanya ekucoceni indaba ngedijithali ngokuthi bakhulume iindaba ezimraro emphakathini ezifana nalesi zeenhloko zokungatholi ubulungiswa, ukuphela kwebhoduluko, ubulelesi nezinye iiinhloko. ==== Amakhampheyini wokulungisa imiraro yomphakathi ==== [[Ilutjha]] lisebenzisa iinkundla zokuthintana ukuthoma amakhapheyini alungisa imiraro yomphakathi isibonelo amakhapheyini afana ne ''# black lives matter, ne # ME TOO. i- # black lives matter'' yona ihlose ukuthi ilwisane nokubandlululana ngokombala, nokungaphathwa kuhle kwabantu abanzima emphakathini .Abanye abavula amatjhaneli we''-youtube'' bese benze ikhonthenti ephikisa ukucoca kwabantu, begodu ikhuthaze ukwahlukana kwabantu ngemibono yabo. Isibonelo selutjha elinamatjhaneli we- youtube ngu Lasizwe Dambuza onabalandeli abangaphezulu kwe- 738 000 etjhanelini yakhe.<ref>[https://www.news24.com/truelove/celebrity/lasizwe-hits-1-million-subs-10-memorable-a-list-guests-from-awkward-dates-20241216 Lasizwe hits 1 million subs! 10 memorable A-list guests from Awkward Dates | News24]</ref> I-Facebook nayo iyasetjenziswa ukucoca indaba ngokuthi abantu bafake amavidiyo, batlole indaba nokuthi baveze into eyenzeka ngaleso skhathi buncopha. == Iinkomba == mtnn8gjosm8y3cmjtigjgqsyrtkugxn 10 679 3349 3346 2025-07-09T10:06:50Z Thuvack 106 3349 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=citation }}</includeonly> 7hds7xb1279e5ykpqdo113g5h4zsbv7 828 680 3347 2025-07-09T10:04:24Z Thuvack 106 Created page with "-- Function allowing for consistent treatment of boolean-like wikitext input. -- It works similarly to the template {{yesno}}. return function (val, default) -- If your wiki uses non-ascii characters for any of "yes", "no", etc., you -- should replace "val:lower()" with "mw.ustring.lower(val)" in the -- following line. val = type(val) == 'string' and val:lower() or val if val == nil then return nil elseif val == true or val == 'yes' or val == 'y' or val =..." 3347 Scribunto text/plain -- Function allowing for consistent treatment of boolean-like wikitext input. -- It works similarly to the template {{yesno}}. return function (val, default) -- If your wiki uses non-ascii characters for any of "yes", "no", etc., you -- should replace "val:lower()" with "mw.ustring.lower(val)" in the -- following line. val = type(val) == 'string' and val:lower() or val if val == nil then return nil elseif val == true or val == 'yes' or val == 'y' or val == 'true' or val == 't' or val == 'on' or tonumber(val) == 1 then return true elseif val == false or val == 'no' or val == 'n' or val == 'false' or val == 'f' or val == 'off' or tonumber(val) == 0 then return false else return default end end swdskn7svew8i9wuydn9uj5l3r2ghcs 828 681 3348 2025-07-09T10:05:29Z Thuvack 106 Created page with "---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- -- Configuration for Module:Documentation -- -- Here you can set the values of the parameters and messages used in Module:Documentation to -- localise it to your wiki and your language. Unless specified otherwise, values given here -- should be string values. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------..." 3348 Scribunto text/plain ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- -- Configuration for Module:Documentation -- -- Here you can set the values of the parameters and messages used in Module:Documentation to -- localise it to your wiki and your language. Unless specified otherwise, values given here -- should be string values. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local cfg = {} -- Do not edit this line. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Protection template configuration ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- cfg['protection-reason-edit'] -- The protection reason for edit-protected templates to pass to -- [[Module:Protection banner]]. cfg['protection-reason-edit'] = 'template' --[[ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Sandbox notice configuration -- -- On sandbox pages the module can display a template notifying users that the current page is a -- sandbox, and the location of test cases pages, etc. The module decides whether the page is a -- sandbox or not based on the value of cfg['sandbox-subpage']. The following settings configure the -- messages that the notices contains. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --]] -- cfg['sandbox-notice-image'] -- The image displayed in the sandbox notice. cfg['sandbox-notice-image'] = '[[File:Sandbox.svg|50px|alt=|link=]]' --[[ -- cfg['sandbox-notice-pagetype-template'] -- cfg['sandbox-notice-pagetype-module'] -- cfg['sandbox-notice-pagetype-other'] -- The page type of the sandbox page. The message that is displayed depends on the current subject -- namespace. This message is used in either cfg['sandbox-notice-blurb'] or -- cfg['sandbox-notice-diff-blurb']. --]] cfg['sandbox-notice-pagetype-template'] = '[[Wikipedia:Template test cases|template sandbox]] page' cfg['sandbox-notice-pagetype-module'] = '[[Wikipedia:Template test cases|module sandbox]] page' cfg['sandbox-notice-pagetype-other'] = 'sandbox page' --[[ -- cfg['sandbox-notice-blurb'] -- cfg['sandbox-notice-diff-blurb'] -- cfg['sandbox-notice-diff-display'] -- Either cfg['sandbox-notice-blurb'] or cfg['sandbox-notice-diff-blurb'] is the opening sentence -- of the sandbox notice. The latter has a diff link, but the former does not. $1 is the page -- type, which is either cfg['sandbox-notice-pagetype-template'], -- cfg['sandbox-notice-pagetype-module'] or cfg['sandbox-notice-pagetype-other'] depending what -- namespace we are in. $2 is a link to the main template page, and $3 is a diff link between -- the sandbox and the main template. The display value of the diff link is set by -- cfg['sandbox-notice-compare-link-display']. --]] cfg['sandbox-notice-blurb'] = 'This is the $1 for $2.' cfg['sandbox-notice-diff-blurb'] = 'This is the $1 for $2 ($3).' cfg['sandbox-notice-compare-link-display'] = 'diff' --[[ -- cfg['sandbox-notice-testcases-blurb'] -- cfg['sandbox-notice-testcases-link-display'] -- cfg['sandbox-notice-testcases-run-blurb'] -- cfg['sandbox-notice-testcases-run-link-display'] -- cfg['sandbox-notice-testcases-blurb'] is a sentence notifying the user that there is a test cases page -- corresponding to this sandbox that they can edit. $1 is a link to the test cases page. -- cfg['sandbox-notice-testcases-link-display'] is the display value for that link. -- cfg['sandbox-notice-testcases-run-blurb'] is a sentence notifying the user that there is a test cases page -- corresponding to this sandbox that they can edit, along with a link to run it. $1 is a link to the test -- cases page, and $2 is a link to the page to run it. -- cfg['sandbox-notice-testcases-run-link-display'] is the display value for the link to run the test -- cases. --]] cfg['sandbox-notice-testcases-blurb'] = 'See also the companion subpage for $1.' cfg['sandbox-notice-testcases-link-display'] = 'test cases' cfg['sandbox-notice-testcases-run-blurb'] = 'See also the companion subpage for $1 ($2).' cfg['sandbox-notice-testcases-run-link-display'] = 'run' -- cfg['sandbox-category'] - A category to add to all template sandboxes. -- cfg['module-sandbox-category'] - A category to add to all module sandboxes. -- cfg['module-sandbox-category'] - A category to add to all sandboxe not in templates or modules. cfg['sandbox-category'] = 'Template sandboxes' cfg['module-sandbox-category'] = 'Module sandboxes' cfg['other-sandbox-category'] = 'Sandboxes outside of template or module namespace' ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Start box configuration ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- cfg['documentation-icon-wikitext'] -- The wikitext for the icon shown at the top of the template. cfg['documentation-icon-wikitext'] = '[[File:Test Template Info-Icon - Version (2).svg|50px|link=|alt=]]' -- cfg['template-namespace-heading'] -- The heading shown in the template namespace. cfg['template-namespace-heading'] = 'Template documentation' -- cfg['module-namespace-heading'] -- The heading shown in the module namespace. cfg['module-namespace-heading'] = 'Module documentation' -- cfg['file-namespace-heading'] -- The heading shown in the file namespace. cfg['file-namespace-heading'] = 'Summary' -- cfg['other-namespaces-heading'] -- The heading shown in other namespaces. cfg['other-namespaces-heading'] = 'Documentation' -- cfg['view-link-display'] -- The text to display for "view" links. cfg['view-link-display'] = 'view' -- cfg['edit-link-display'] -- The text to display for "edit" links. cfg['edit-link-display'] = 'edit' -- cfg['history-link-display'] -- The text to display for "history" links. cfg['history-link-display'] = 'history' -- cfg['purge-link-display'] -- The text to display for "purge" links. cfg['purge-link-display'] = 'purge' -- cfg['create-link-display'] -- The text to display for "create" links. cfg['create-link-display'] = 'create' ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link box (end box) configuration ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- cfg['transcluded-from-blurb'] -- Notice displayed when the docs are transcluded from another page. $1 is a wikilink to that page. cfg['transcluded-from-blurb'] = 'The above [[Wikipedia:Template documentation|documentation]] is [[Help:Transclusion|transcluded]] from $1.' --[[ -- cfg['create-module-doc-blurb'] -- Notice displayed in the module namespace when the documentation subpage does not exist. -- $1 is a link to create the documentation page with the preload cfg['module-preload'] and the -- display cfg['create-link-display']. --]] cfg['create-module-doc-blurb'] = 'You might want to $1 a documentation page for this [[Wikipedia:Lua|Scribunto module]].' ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Experiment blurb configuration ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --[[ -- cfg['experiment-blurb-template'] -- cfg['experiment-blurb-module'] -- The experiment blurb is the text inviting editors to experiment in sandbox and test cases pages. -- It is only shown in the template and module namespaces. With the default English settings, it -- might look like this: -- -- Editors can experiment in this template's sandbox (edit | diff) and testcases (edit) pages. -- -- In this example, "sandbox", "edit", "diff", "testcases", and "edit" would all be links. -- -- There are two versions, cfg['experiment-blurb-template'] and cfg['experiment-blurb-module'], depending -- on what namespace we are in. -- -- Parameters: -- -- $1 is a link to the sandbox page. If the sandbox exists, it is in the following format: -- -- cfg['sandbox-link-display'] (cfg['sandbox-edit-link-display'] | cfg['compare-link-display']) -- -- If the sandbox doesn't exist, it is in the format: -- -- cfg['sandbox-link-display'] (cfg['sandbox-create-link-display'] | cfg['mirror-link-display']) -- -- The link for cfg['sandbox-create-link-display'] link preloads the page with cfg['template-sandbox-preload'] -- or cfg['module-sandbox-preload'], depending on the current namespace. The link for cfg['mirror-link-display'] -- loads a default edit summary of cfg['mirror-edit-summary']. -- -- $2 is a link to the test cases page. If the test cases page exists, it is in the following format: -- -- cfg['testcases-link-display'] (cfg['testcases-edit-link-display'] | cfg['testcases-run-link-display']) -- -- If the test cases page doesn't exist, it is in the format: -- -- cfg['testcases-link-display'] (cfg['testcases-create-link-display']) -- -- If the test cases page doesn't exist, the link for cfg['testcases-create-link-display'] preloads the -- page with cfg['template-testcases-preload'] or cfg['module-testcases-preload'], depending on the current -- namespace. --]] cfg['experiment-blurb-template'] = "Editors can experiment in this template's $1 and $2 pages." cfg['experiment-blurb-module'] = "Editors can experiment in this module's $1 and $2 pages." ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Sandbox link configuration ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- cfg['sandbox-subpage'] -- The name of the template subpage typically used for sandboxes. cfg['sandbox-subpage'] = 'sandbox' -- cfg['template-sandbox-preload'] -- Preload file for template sandbox pages. cfg['template-sandbox-preload'] = 'Template:Documentation/preload-sandbox' -- cfg['module-sandbox-preload'] -- Preload file for Lua module sandbox pages. cfg['module-sandbox-preload'] = 'Template:Documentation/preload-module-sandbox' -- cfg['sandbox-link-display'] -- The text to display for "sandbox" links. cfg['sandbox-link-display'] = 'sandbox' -- cfg['sandbox-edit-link-display'] -- The text to display for sandbox "edit" links. cfg['sandbox-edit-link-display'] = 'edit' -- cfg['sandbox-create-link-display'] -- The text to display for sandbox "create" links. cfg['sandbox-create-link-display'] = 'create' -- cfg['compare-link-display'] -- The text to display for "compare" links. cfg['compare-link-display'] = 'diff' -- cfg['mirror-edit-summary'] -- The default edit summary to use when a user clicks the "mirror" link. $1 is a wikilink to the -- template page. cfg['mirror-edit-summary'] = 'Create sandbox version of $1' -- cfg['mirror-link-display'] -- The text to display for "mirror" links. cfg['mirror-link-display'] = 'mirror' -- cfg['mirror-link-preload'] -- The page to preload when a user clicks the "mirror" link. cfg['mirror-link-preload'] = 'Template:Documentation/mirror' ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Test cases link configuration ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- cfg['testcases-subpage'] -- The name of the template subpage typically used for test cases. cfg['testcases-subpage'] = 'testcases' -- cfg['template-testcases-preload'] -- Preload file for template test cases pages. cfg['template-testcases-preload'] = 'Template:Documentation/preload-testcases' -- cfg['module-testcases-preload'] -- Preload file for Lua module test cases pages. cfg['module-testcases-preload'] = 'Template:Documentation/preload-module-testcases' -- cfg['testcases-link-display'] -- The text to display for "testcases" links. cfg['testcases-link-display'] = 'testcases' -- cfg['testcases-edit-link-display'] -- The text to display for test cases "edit" links. cfg['testcases-edit-link-display'] = 'edit' -- cfg['testcases-run-link-display'] -- The text to display for test cases "run" links. cfg['testcases-run-link-display'] = 'run' -- cfg['testcases-create-link-display'] -- The text to display for test cases "create" links. cfg['testcases-create-link-display'] = 'create' ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Add categories blurb configuration ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --[[ -- cfg['add-categories-blurb'] -- Text to direct users to add categories to the /doc subpage. Not used if the "content" or -- "docname fed" arguments are set, as then it is not clear where to add the categories. $1 is a -- link to the /doc subpage with a display value of cfg['doc-link-display']. --]] cfg['add-categories-blurb'] = 'Add categories to the $1 subpage.' -- cfg['doc-link-display'] -- The text to display when linking to the /doc subpage. cfg['doc-link-display'] = '/doc' ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Subpages link configuration ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --[[ -- cfg['subpages-blurb'] -- The "Subpages of this template" blurb. $1 is a link to the main template's subpages with a -- display value of cfg['subpages-link-display']. In the English version this blurb is simply -- the link followed by a period, and the link display provides the actual text. --]] cfg['subpages-blurb'] = '$1.' --[[ -- cfg['subpages-link-display'] -- The text to display for the "subpages of this page" link. $1 is cfg['template-pagetype'], -- cfg['module-pagetype'] or cfg['default-pagetype'], depending on whether the current page is in -- the template namespace, the module namespace, or another namespace. --]] cfg['subpages-link-display'] = 'Subpages of this $1' -- cfg['template-pagetype'] -- The pagetype to display for template pages. cfg['template-pagetype'] = 'template' -- cfg['module-pagetype'] -- The pagetype to display for Lua module pages. cfg['module-pagetype'] = 'module' -- cfg['default-pagetype'] -- The pagetype to display for pages other than templates or Lua modules. cfg['default-pagetype'] = 'page' ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Doc link configuration ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- cfg['doc-subpage'] -- The name of the subpage typically used for documentation pages. cfg['doc-subpage'] = 'doc' -- cfg['docpage-preload'] -- Preload file for template documentation pages in all namespaces. cfg['docpage-preload'] = 'Template:Documentation/preload' -- cfg['module-preload'] -- Preload file for Lua module documentation pages. cfg['module-preload'] = 'Template:Documentation/preload-module-doc' ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- HTML and CSS configuration ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- cfg['templatestyles'] -- The name of the TemplateStyles page where CSS is kept. -- Sandbox CSS will be at Module:Documentation/sandbox/styles.css when needed. cfg['templatestyles'] = 'Module:Documentation/styles.css' -- cfg['container'] -- Class which can be used to set flex or grid CSS on the -- two child divs documentation and documentation-metadata cfg['container'] = 'documentation-container' -- cfg['main-div-classes'] -- Classes added to the main HTML "div" tag. cfg['main-div-classes'] = 'documentation' -- cfg['main-div-heading-class'] -- Class for the main heading for templates and modules and assoc. talk spaces cfg['main-div-heading-class'] = 'documentation-heading' -- cfg['start-box-class'] -- Class for the start box cfg['start-box-class'] = 'documentation-startbox' -- cfg['start-box-link-classes'] -- Classes used for the [view][edit][history] or [create] links in the start box. -- mw-editsection-like is per [[Wikipedia:Village pump (technical)/Archive 117]] cfg['start-box-link-classes'] = 'mw-editsection-like plainlinks' -- cfg['end-box-class'] -- Class for the end box. cfg['end-box-class'] = 'documentation-metadata' -- cfg['end-box-plainlinks'] -- Plainlinks cfg['end-box-plainlinks'] = 'plainlinks' -- cfg['toolbar-class'] -- Class added for toolbar links. cfg['toolbar-class'] = 'documentation-toolbar' -- cfg['clear'] -- Just used to clear things. cfg['clear'] = 'documentation-clear' ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Tracking category configuration ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- cfg['display-strange-usage-category'] -- Set to true to enable output of cfg['strange-usage-category'] if the module is used on a /doc subpage -- or a /testcases subpage. This should be a boolean value (either true or false). cfg['display-strange-usage-category'] = true -- cfg['strange-usage-category'] -- Category to output if cfg['display-strange-usage-category'] is set to true and the module is used on a -- /doc subpage or a /testcases subpage. cfg['strange-usage-category'] = 'Wikipedia pages with strange ((documentation)) usage' --[[ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- End configuration -- -- Don't edit anything below this line. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --]] return cfg a4mz1srhm8rh02cxt53a9azlcc4hx9f 828 682 5044 3350 2025-08-07T07:56:23Z Nomsa Skosana 123 5044 Scribunto text/plain local lang_obj = mw.language.getContentLanguage(); -- make a language object for the local language; used here for languages and dates --[[--------------------------< S E T T I N G S >-------------------------------------------------------------- boolean settings used to control various things. these setting located here to make them easy to find ]] -- these settings local to this module only local local_digits_from_mediawiki = false; -- for i18n; when true, module fills date_names['local_digits'] from MediaWiki; manual fill required else; always false at en.wiki local local_date_names_from_mediawiki = false; -- for i18n; when true, module fills date_names['local']['long'] and date_names['local']['short'] from MediaWiki; -- manual translation required else; ; always false at en.wiki -- these settings exported to other modules local use_identifier_redirects = true; -- when true use redirect name for identifier label links; always true at en.wiki local local_lang_cat_enable = false; -- when true categorizes pages where |language=<local wiki's language>; always false at en.wiki local date_name_auto_xlate_enable = false; -- when true translates English month-names to the local-wiki's language month names; always false at en.wiki local date_digit_auto_xlate_enable = false; -- when true translates Western date digit to the local-wiki's language digits (date_names['local_digits']); always false at en.wiki local enable_sort_keys = true; -- when true module adds namespace sort keys to error and maintenance category links --[[--------------------------< U N C A T E G O R I Z E D _ N A M E S P A C E S >------------------------------ List of namespaces identifiers for namespaces that will not be included in citation error categories. Same as setting notracking = true by default. For wikis that have a current version of Module:cs1 documentation support, this #invoke will return an unordered list of namespace names and their associated identifiers: {{#invoke:cs1 documentation support|uncategorized_namespace_lister|all=<anything>}} ]] local uncategorized_namespaces_t = {[2]=true}; -- init with user namespace id for k, _ in pairs (mw.site.talkNamespaces) do -- add all talk namespace ids uncategorized_namespaces_t[k] = true; end local uncategorized_subpages = {'/[Ss]andbox', '/[Tt]estcases', '/[^/]*[Ll]og', '/[Aa]rchive'}; -- list of Lua patterns found in page names of pages we should not categorize --[[ at en.wiki Greek characters are used as sort keys for certain items in a category so that those items are placed at the end of a category page. See Wikipedia:Categorization#Sort_keys. That works well for en.wiki because English is written using the Latn script. This may not work well for other languages. At en.wiki it is desireable to place content from certain namespaces at the end of a category listing so the module adds sort keys to error and maintenance category links when rendering a cs1|2 template on a page in that namespace. i18n: if this does not work well for your language, set <enable_sort_keys> to false. ]] local name_space_sort_keys = { -- sort keys to be used with these namespaces: [4] = 'ω', -- wikipedia; omega [10] = 'τ', -- template; tau [118] = 'Δ', -- draft; delta ['other'] = 'ο', -- all other non-talk namespaces except main (article); omicron } --[[--------------------------< M E S S A G E S >-------------------------------------------------------------- Translation table The following contains fixed text that may be output as part of a citation. This is separated from the main body to aid in future translations of this module. ]] local messages = { ['agency'] = '$1 $2', -- $1 is sepc, $2 is agency ['archived-dead'] = 'Ithethwe ku $1 ngomhlaka $2', ['archived-live'] = '$1 from the original on $2', ['archived-unfit'] = 'Archived from the original on ', ['archived'] = 'Archived', ['by'] = 'By', -- contributions to authored works: introduction, foreword, afterword ['cartography'] = 'Cartography by $1', ['editor'] = 'ed.', ['editors'] = 'eds.', ['edition'] = '($1&nbsp;ed.)', ['episode'] = 'Episode $1', ['et al'] = 'et&nbsp;al.', ['in'] = 'In', -- edited works ['inactive'] = 'inactive', ['inset'] = '$1 inset', ['interview'] = 'Interviewed by $1', ['mismatch'] = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code> / <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$2=</code> mismatch', -- $1 is year param name; $2 is date param name ['newsgroup'] = '[[Usenet newsgroup|Newsgroup]]:&nbsp;$1', ['notitle'] = 'No title', -- for |title=(()) and (in the future) |title=none ['original'] = 'the original', ['origdate'] = ' [$1]', ['published'] = ' (published $1)', ['retrieved'] = 'Retrieved $1', ['season'] = 'Season $1', ['section'] = '§&nbsp;$1', ['sections'] = '§§&nbsp;$1', ['series'] = '$1 $2', -- $1 is sepc, $2 is series ['seriesnum'] = 'Series $1', ['translated'] = 'Translated by $1', ['type'] = ' ($1)', -- for titletype ['written'] = 'Written at $1', ['vol'] = '$1 Vol.&nbsp;$2', -- $1 is sepc; bold journal style volume is in presentation{} ['vol-no'] = '$1 Vol.&nbsp;$2, no.&nbsp;$3', -- sepc, volume, issue (alternatively insert $1 after $2, but then we'd also have to change capitalization) ['issue'] = '$1 No.&nbsp;$2', -- $1 is sepc ['art'] = '$1 Art.&nbsp;$2', -- $1 is sepc; for {{cite conference}} only ['vol-art'] = '$1 Vol.&nbsp;$2, art.&nbsp;$3', -- sepc, volume, article-number; for {{cite conference}} only ['j-vol'] = '$1 $2', -- sepc, volume; bold journal volume is in presentation{} ['j-issue'] = ' ($1)', ['j-article-num'] = ' $1', -- TODO: any punctuation here? static text? ['nopp'] = '$1 $2'; -- page(s) without prefix; $1 is sepc ['p-prefix'] = "$1 p.&nbsp;$2", -- $1 is sepc ['pp-prefix'] = "$1 pp.&nbsp;$2", -- $1 is sepc ['j-page(s)'] = ': $1', -- same for page and pages ['sheet'] = '$1 Sheet&nbsp;$2', -- $1 is sepc ['sheets'] = '$1 Sheets&nbsp;$2', -- $1 is sepc ['j-sheet'] = ': Sheet&nbsp;$1', ['j-sheets'] = ': Sheets&nbsp;$1', ['language'] = '(in $1)', ['via'] = " &ndash; via $1", ['event'] = 'Event occurs at', ['minutes'] = 'minutes in', -- Determines the location of the help page ['help page link'] = 'Help:CS1 errors', ['help page label'] = 'help', -- categories ['cat wikilink'] = '[[Category:$1]]', -- $1 is the category name ['cat wikilink sk'] = '[[Category:$1|$2]]', -- $1 is the category name; $2 is namespace sort key [':cat wikilink'] = '[[:Category:$1|link]]', -- category name as maintenance message wikilink; $1 is the category name -- Internal errors (should only occur if configuration is bad) ['undefined_error'] = 'Called with an undefined error condition', ['unknown_ID_key'] = 'Unrecognized ID key: ', -- an ID key in id_handlers not found in ~/Identifiers func_map{} ['unknown_ID_access'] = 'Unrecognized ID access keyword: ', -- an ID access keyword in id_handlers not found in keywords_lists['id-access']{} ['unknown_argument_map'] = 'Argument map not defined for this variable', ['bare_url_no_origin'] = 'Bare URL found but origin indicator is nil or empty', ['warning_msg_e'] = '<span style="color:#d33">One or more <code style="color: inherit; background: inherit; border: none; padding: inherit;">&#123;{$1}}</code> templates have errors</span>; messages may be hidden ([[Help:CS1_errors#Controlling_error_message_display|help]]).'; -- $1 is template link ['warning_msg_m'] = '<span style="color:#3a3">One or more <code style="color: inherit; background: inherit; border: none; padding: inherit;">&#123;{$1}}</code> templates have maintenance messages</span>; messages may be hidden ([[Help:CS1_errors#Controlling_error_message_display|help]]).'; -- $1 is template link } --[[--------------------------< C I T A T I O N _ C L A S S _ M A P >------------------------------------------ this table maps the value assigned to |CitationClass= in the cs1|2 templates to the canonical template name when the value assigned to |CitationClass= is different from the canonical template name. |CitationClass= values are used as class attributes in the <cite> tag that encloses the citation so these names may not contain spaces while the canonical template name may. These names are used in warning_msg_e and warning_msg_m to create links to the template's documentation when an article is displayed in preview mode. Most cs1|2 template |CitationClass= values at en.wiki match their canonical template names so are not listed here. ]] local citation_class_map_t = { -- TODO: if kept, these and all other config.CitationClass 'names' require some sort of i18n ['arxiv'] = 'arXiv', ['audio-visual'] = 'AV media', ['AV-media-notes'] = 'AV media notes', ['biorxiv'] = 'bioRxiv', ['citeseerx'] = 'CiteSeerX', ['encyclopaedia'] = 'encyclopedia', ['mailinglist'] = 'mailing list', ['medrxiv'] = 'medRxiv', ['pressrelease'] = 'press release', ['ssrn'] = 'SSRN', ['techreport'] = 'tech report', } --[=[-------------------------< E T _ A L _ P A T T E R N S >-------------------------------------------------- This table provides Lua patterns for the phrase "et al" and variants in name text (author, editor, etc.). The main module uses these to identify and emit the 'etal' message. ]=] local et_al_patterns = { "[;,]? *[\"']*%f[%a][Ee][Tt]%.? *[Aa][Ll][%.;,\"']*$", -- variations on the 'et al' theme "[;,]? *[\"']*%f[%a][Ee][Tt]%.? *[Aa][Ll][Ii][AaIi][Ee]?[%.;,\"']*$", -- variations on the 'et alia', 'et alii' and 'et aliae' themes (false positive 'et aliie' unlikely to match) "[;,]? *%f[%a]and [Oo]thers", -- an alternative to et al. "%[%[ *[Ee][Tt]%.? *[Aa][Ll]%.? *%]%]", -- a wikilinked form "%(%( *[Ee][Tt]%.? *[Aa][Ll]%.? *%)%)", -- a double-bracketed form (to counter partial removal of ((...)) syntax) "[%(%[] *[Ee][Tt]%.? *[Aa][Ll]%.? *[%)%]]", -- a bracketed form } --[[--------------------------< P R E S E N T A T I O N >------------------------ Fixed presentation markup. Originally part of citation_config.messages it has been moved into its own, more semantically correct place. ]] local presentation = { -- .citation-comment class is specified at Help:CS1_errors#Controlling_error_message_display ['hidden-error'] = '<span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment">$1</span>', ['visible-error'] = '<span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">$1</span>', ['hidden-maint'] = '<span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">$1</span>', ['accessdate'] = '<span class="reference-accessdate">$1$2</span>', -- to allow editors to hide accessdate using personal CSS ['bdi'] = '<bdi$1>$2</bdi>', -- bidirectional isolation used with |script-title= and the like ['cite'] = '<cite class="$1">$2</cite>'; -- for use when citation does not have a namelist and |ref= not set so no id="..." attribute ['cite-id'] = '<cite id="$1" class="$2">$3</cite>'; -- for use when when |ref= is set or when citation has a namelist ['format'] = ' <span class="cs1-format">($1)</span>', -- for |format=, |chapter-format=, etc. ['interwiki'] = ' <span class="cs1-format">[in $1]</span>', -- for interwiki-language-linked author, editor, etc ['interproj'] = ' <span class="cs1-format">[at $1]</span>', -- for interwiki-project-linked author, editor, etc (:d: and :s: supported; :w: ignored) -- various access levels, for |access=, |doi-access=, |arxiv=, ... -- narrow no-break space &#8239; may work better than nowrap CSS. Or not? Browser support? ['ext-link-access-signal'] = '<span class="$1" title="$2">$3</span>', -- external link with appropriate lock icon ['free'] = {class='id-lock-free', title='Freely accessible'}, -- classes defined in Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css ['registration'] = {class='id-lock-registration', title='Free registration required'}, ['limited'] = {class='id-lock-limited', title='Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required'}, ['subscription'] = {class='id-lock-subscription', title='Paid subscription required'}, ['interwiki-icon'] = '<span class="$1" title="$2">$3</span>', ['class-wikisource'] = 'cs1-ws-icon', ['italic-title'] = "''$1''", ['kern-left'] = '<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>$1', -- spacing to use when title contains leading single or double quote mark ['kern-right'] = '$1<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>', -- spacing to use when title contains trailing single or double quote mark ['nowrap1'] = '<span class="nowrap">$1</span>', -- for nowrapping an item: <span ...>yyyy-mm-dd</span> ['nowrap2'] = '<span class="nowrap">$1</span> $2', -- for nowrapping portions of an item: <span ...>dd mmmm</span> yyyy (note white space) ['ocins'] = '<span title="$1" class="Z3988"></span>', ['parameter'] = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code>', ['ps_cs1'] = '.'; -- CS1 style postscript (terminal) character ['ps_cs2'] = ''; -- CS2 style postscript (terminal) character (empty string) ['quoted-text'] = '<q>$1</q>', -- for wrapping |quote= content ['quoted-title'] = '"$1"', ['sep_cs1'] = '.', -- CS1 element separator ['sep_cs2'] = ',', -- CS2 separator ['sep_nl'] = ';', -- CS1|2 style name-list separator between names is a semicolon ['sep_nl_and'] = ' and ', -- used as last nl sep when |name-list-style=and and list has 2 items ['sep_nl_end'] = '; and ', -- used as last nl sep when |name-list-style=and and list has 3+ names ['sep_name'] = ', ', -- CS1|2 style last/first separator is <comma><space> ['sep_nl_vanc'] = ',', -- Vancouver style name-list separator between authors is a comma ['sep_name_vanc'] = ' ', -- Vancouver style last/first separator is a space ['sep_list'] = ', ', -- used for |language= when list has 3+ items except for last sep which uses sep_list_end ['sep_list_pair'] = ' and ', -- used for |language= when list has 2 items ['sep_list_end'] = ', and ', -- used as last list sep for |language= when list has 3+ items ['trans-italic-title'] = "&#91;''$1''&#93;", ['trans-quoted-title'] = "&#91;$1&#93;", -- for |trans-title= and |trans-quote= ['vol-bold'] = '$1 <b>$2</b>', -- sepc, volume; for bold journal cites; for other cites ['vol'] in messages{} } --[[--------------------------< A L I A S E S >--------------------------------- Aliases table for commonly passed parameters. Parameter names on the right side in the assignments in this table must have been defined in the Whitelist before they will be recognized as valid parameter names ]] local aliases = { ['AccessDate'] = {'access-date', 'accessdate'}, -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['Agency'] = 'agency', ['ArchiveDate'] = {'archive-date', 'archivedate'}, -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['ArchiveFormat'] = 'archive-format', ['ArchiveURL'] = {'archive-url', 'archiveurl'}, -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['ArticleNumber'] = 'article-number', ['ASINTLD'] = 'asin-tld', ['At'] = 'at', -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['Authors'] = {'people', 'credits'}, ['BookTitle'] = {'book-title', 'booktitle'}, ['Cartography'] = 'cartography', ['Chapter'] = {'chapter', 'contribution', 'entry', 'article', 'section'}, ['ChapterFormat'] = {'chapter-format', 'contribution-format', 'entry-format', 'article-format', 'section-format'}; ['ChapterURL'] = {'chapter-url', 'contribution-url', 'entry-url', 'article-url', 'section-url'}, -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['ChapterUrlAccess'] = {'chapter-url-access', 'contribution-url-access', 'entry-url-access', 'article-url-access', 'section-url-access'}, -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['Class'] = 'class', -- cite arxiv and arxiv identifier ['Collaboration'] = 'collaboration', ['Conference'] = {'conference', 'event'}, ['ConferenceFormat'] = 'conference-format', ['ConferenceURL'] = 'conference-url', -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['Date'] = {'date', 'air-date', 'airdate'}, -- air-date and airdate for cite episode and cite serial only ['Degree'] = 'degree', ['DF'] = 'df', ['DisplayAuthors'] = {'display-authors', 'display-subjects'}, ['DisplayContributors'] = 'display-contributors', ['DisplayEditors'] = 'display-editors', ['DisplayInterviewers'] = 'display-interviewers', ['DisplayTranslators'] = 'display-translators', ['Docket'] = 'docket', ['DoiBroken'] = 'doi-broken-date', ['Edition'] = 'edition', ['Embargo'] = 'pmc-embargo-date', ['Encyclopedia'] = {'encyclopedia', 'encyclopaedia', 'dictionary'}, -- cite encyclopedia only ['Episode'] = 'episode', -- cite serial only TODO: make available to cite episode? ['Format'] = 'format', ['ID'] = {'id', 'ID'}, ['Inset'] = 'inset', ['Issue'] = {'issue', 'number'}, ['Language'] = {'language', 'lang'}, ['MailingList'] = {'mailing-list', 'mailinglist'}, -- cite mailing list only ['Map'] = 'map', -- cite map only ['MapFormat'] = 'map-format', -- cite map only ['MapURL'] = {'map-url', 'mapurl'}, -- cite map only -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['MapUrlAccess'] = 'map-url-access', -- cite map only -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['Minutes'] = 'minutes', ['Mode'] = 'mode', ['NameListStyle'] = 'name-list-style', ['Network'] = 'network', ['Newsgroup'] = 'newsgroup', -- cite newsgroup only ['NoPP'] = {'no-pp', 'nopp'}, ['NoTracking'] = {'no-tracking', 'template-doc-demo'}, ['Number'] = 'number', -- this case only for cite techreport ['OrigDate'] = {'orig-date', 'orig-year', 'origyear'}, ['Others'] = 'others', ['Page'] = {'page', 'p'}, -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['Pages'] = {'pages', 'pp'}, -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['Periodical'] = {'journal', 'magazine', 'newspaper', 'periodical', 'website', 'work'}, ['Place'] = {'place', 'location'}, ['PostScript'] = 'postscript', ['PublicationDate'] = {'publication-date', 'publicationdate'}, ['PublicationPlace'] = {'publication-place', 'publicationplace'}, ['PublisherName'] = {'publisher', 'institution'}, ['Quote'] = {'quote', 'quotation'}, ['QuotePage'] = 'quote-page', ['QuotePages'] = 'quote-pages', ['Ref'] = 'ref', ['Scale'] = 'scale', ['ScriptChapter'] = {'script-chapter', 'script-contribution', 'script-entry', 'script-article', 'script-section'}, ['ScriptEncyclopedia'] = {'script-encyclopedia', 'script-encyclopaedia'}, -- cite encyclopedia only ['ScriptMap'] = 'script-map', ['ScriptPeriodical'] = {'script-journal', 'script-magazine', 'script-newspaper', 'script-periodical', 'script-website', 'script-work'}, ['ScriptQuote'] = 'script-quote', ['ScriptTitle'] = 'script-title', -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['Season'] = 'season', ['Sections'] = 'sections', -- cite map only ['Series'] = {'series', 'version'}, ['SeriesLink'] = {'series-link', 'serieslink'}, ['SeriesNumber'] = {'series-number', 'series-no'}, ['Sheet'] = 'sheet', -- cite map only ['Sheets'] = 'sheets', -- cite map only ['Station'] = 'station', ['Time'] = 'time', ['TimeCaption'] = 'time-caption', ['Title'] = 'title', -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['TitleLink'] = {'title-link', 'episode-link', 'episodelink'}, -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['TitleNote'] = {'title-note', 'department'}, ['TitleType'] = {'type', 'medium'}, ['TransChapter'] = {'trans-article', 'trans-chapter', 'trans-contribution', 'trans-entry', 'trans-section'}, ['Transcript'] = 'transcript', ['TranscriptFormat'] = 'transcript-format', ['TranscriptURL'] = 'transcript-url', -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['TransEncyclopedia'] = {'trans-encyclopedia', 'trans-encyclopaedia'}, -- cite encyclopedia only ['TransMap'] = 'trans-map', -- cite map only ['TransPeriodical'] = {'trans-journal', 'trans-magazine', 'trans-newspaper', 'trans-periodical', 'trans-website', 'trans-work'}, ['TransQuote'] = 'trans-quote', ['TransTitle'] = 'trans-title', -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['URL'] = {'url', 'URL'}, -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['UrlAccess'] = 'url-access', -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['UrlStatus'] = 'url-status', -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['Vauthors'] = 'vauthors', ['Veditors'] = 'veditors', ['Via'] = 'via', ['Volume'] = 'volume', ['Year'] = 'year', ['AuthorList-First'] = {"first#", "author-first#", "author#-first", "author-given#", "author#-given", "subject-first#", "subject#-first", "subject-given#", "subject#-given", "given#"}, ['AuthorList-Last'] = {"last#", "author-last#", "author#-last", "author-surname#", "author#-surname", "subject-last#", "subject#-last", "subject-surname#", "subject#-surname", "author#", 'host#', "subject#", "surname#"}, ['AuthorList-Link'] = {"author-link#", "author#-link", "subject-link#", "subject#-link", "authorlink#", "author#link"}, ['AuthorList-Mask'] = {"author-mask#", "author#-mask", "subject-mask#", "subject#-mask"}, ['ContributorList-First'] = {'contributor-first#', 'contributor#-first', 'contributor-given#', 'contributor#-given'}, ['ContributorList-Last'] = {'contributor-last#', 'contributor#-last', 'contributor-surname#', 'contributor#-surname', 'contributor#'}, ['ContributorList-Link'] = {'contributor-link#', 'contributor#-link'}, ['ContributorList-Mask'] = {'contributor-mask#', 'contributor#-mask'}, ['EditorList-First'] = {"editor-first#", "editor#-first", "editor-given#", "editor#-given"}, ['EditorList-Last'] = {"editor-last#", "editor#-last", "editor-surname#", "editor#-surname", "editor#"}, ['EditorList-Link'] = {"editor-link#", "editor#-link"}, ['EditorList-Mask'] = {"editor-mask#", "editor#-mask"}, ['InterviewerList-First'] = {'interviewer-first#', 'interviewer#-first', 'interviewer-given#', 'interviewer#-given'}, ['InterviewerList-Last'] = {'interviewer-last#', 'interviewer#-last', 'interviewer-surname#', 'interviewer#-surname', 'interviewer#'}, ['InterviewerList-Link'] = {'interviewer-link#', 'interviewer#-link'}, ['InterviewerList-Mask'] = {'interviewer-mask#', 'interviewer#-mask'}, ['TranslatorList-First'] = {'translator-first#', 'translator#-first', 'translator-given#', 'translator#-given'}, ['TranslatorList-Last'] = {'translator-last#', 'translator#-last', 'translator-surname#', 'translator#-surname', 'translator#'}, ['TranslatorList-Link'] = {'translator-link#', 'translator#-link'}, ['TranslatorList-Mask'] = {'translator-mask#', 'translator#-mask'}, } --[[--------------------------< P U N C T _ S K I P >--------------------------- builds a table of parameter names that the extraneous terminal punctuation check should not check. ]] local punct_meta_params = { -- table of aliases[] keys (meta parameters); each key has a table of parameter names for a value 'BookTitle', 'Chapter', 'ScriptChapter', 'ScriptTitle', 'Title', 'TransChapter', 'Transcript', 'TransMap', 'TransTitle', -- title-holding parameters 'AuthorList-Mask', 'ContributorList-Mask', 'EditorList-Mask', 'InterviewerList-Mask', 'TranslatorList-Mask', -- name-list mask may have name separators 'PostScript', 'Quote', 'ScriptQuote', 'TransQuote', 'Ref', -- miscellaneous 'ArchiveURL', 'ChapterURL', 'ConferenceURL', 'MapURL', 'TranscriptURL', 'URL', -- URL-holding parameters } local url_meta_params = { -- table of aliases[] keys (meta parameters); each key has a table of parameter names for a value 'ArchiveURL', 'ChapterURL', 'ConferenceURL', 'ID', 'MapURL', 'TranscriptURL', 'URL', -- parameters allowed to hold urls 'Page', 'Pages', 'At', 'QuotePage', 'QuotePages', -- insource locators allowed to hold urls } local function build_skip_table (skip_t, meta_params) for _, meta_param in ipairs (meta_params) do -- for each meta parameter key local params = aliases[meta_param]; -- get the parameter or the table of parameters associated with the meta parameter name if 'string' == type (params) then skip_t[params] = 1; -- just a single parameter else for _, param in ipairs (params) do -- get the parameter name skip_t[param] = 1; -- add the parameter name to the skip table local count; param, count = param:gsub ('#', ''); -- remove enumerator marker from enumerated parameters if 0 ~= count then -- if removed skip_t[param] = 1; -- add param name without enumerator marker end end end end return skip_t; end local punct_skip = {}; local url_skip = {}; --[[--------------------------< S I N G L E - L E T T E R S E C O N D - L E V E L D O M A I N S >---------- this is a list of tlds that are known to have single-letter second-level domain names. This list does not include ccTLDs which are accepted in is_domain_name(). ]] local single_letter_2nd_lvl_domains_t = {'cash', 'company', 'foundation', 'media', 'org', 'today'}; --[[-----------< S P E C I A L C A S E T R A N S L A T I O N S >------------ This table is primarily here to support internationalization. Translations in this table are used, for example, when an error message, category name, etc., is extracted from the English alias key. There may be other cases where this translation table may be useful. ]] local is_Latn = 'A-Za-z\195\128-\195\150\195\152-\195\182\195\184-\198\191\199\132-\201\143\225\184\128-\225\187\191'; local special_case_translation = { ['AuthorList'] = 'authors list', -- used to assemble maintenance category names ['ContributorList'] = 'contributors list', -- translation of these names plus translation of the base maintenance category names in maint_cats{} table below ['EditorList'] = 'editors list', -- must match the names of the actual categories ['InterviewerList'] = 'interviewers list', -- this group or translations used by name_has_ed_markup() and name_has_mult_names() ['TranslatorList'] = 'translators list', -- Lua patterns to match pseudo-titles used by InternetArchiveBot and others as placeholder for unknown |title= value ['archived_copy'] = { -- used with CS1 maint: Archive[d] copy as title ['en'] = '^archived?%s+copy$', -- for English; translators: keep this because templates imported from en.wiki ['local'] = nil, -- translators: replace ['local'] = nil with lowercase translation only when bots or tools create generic titles in your language }, -- Lua patterns to match generic titles; usually created by bots or reference filling tools -- translators: replace ['local'] = nil with lowercase translation only when bots or tools create generic titles in your language -- generic titles and patterns in this table should be lowercase only -- leave ['local'] nil except when there is a matching generic title in your language -- boolean 'true' for plain-text searches; 'false' for pattern searches ['generic_titles'] = { ['accept'] = { }, ['reject'] = { {['en'] = {'^wayback%s+machine$', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'are you a robot', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'hugedomains', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'^[%(%[{<]?no +title[>}%]%)]?$', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'page not found', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'subscribe to read', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'^[%(%[{<]?unknown[>}%]%)]?$', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'website is for sale', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'^404', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'error[ %-]404', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'internet archive wayback machine', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'log into facebook', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'login • instagram', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'redirecting...', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'usurped title', true}, ['local'] = nil}, -- added by a GreenC bot {['en'] = {'webcite query result', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'wikiwix\'s cache', true}, ['local'] = nil}, } }, -- boolean 'true' for plain-text searches, search string must be lowercase only -- boolean 'false' for pattern searches -- leave ['local'] nil except when there is a matching generic name in your language ['generic_names'] = { ['accept'] = { {['en'] = {'%[%[[^|]*%(author%) *|[^%]]*%]%]', false}, ['local'] = nil}, }, ['reject'] = { {['en'] = {'about us', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'%f[%a][Aa]dvisor%f[%A]', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'allmusic', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'%f[%a][Aa]uthor%f[%A]', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'^[Bb]ureau$', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'business', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'cnn', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'collaborator', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'^[Cc]ompany$', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'contributor', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'contact us', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'correspondent', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'^[Dd]esk$', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'directory', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'%f[%(%[][%(%[]%s*eds?%.?%s*[%)%]]?$', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'[,%.%s]%f[e]eds?%.?$', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'^eds?[%.,;]', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'^[%(%[]%s*[Ee][Dd][Ss]?%.?%s*[%)%]]', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'%f[%a][Ee]dited%f[%A]', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'%f[%a][Ee]ditors?%f[%A]', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'%f[%a][Ee]mail%f[%A]', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'facebook', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'google', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'^[Gg]roup$', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'home page', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'^[Ii]nc%.?$', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'instagram', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'interviewer', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'^[Ll]imited$', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'linkedIn', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'^[Nn]ews$', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'[Nn]ews[ %-]?[Rr]oom', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'pinterest', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'policy', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'privacy', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'reuters', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'translator', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'tumblr', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'twitter', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'site name', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'statement', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'submitted', true}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'super.?user', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'%f['..is_Latn..'][Uu]ser%f[^'..is_Latn..']', false}, ['local'] = nil}, {['en'] = {'verfasser', true}, ['local'] = nil}, } } } --[[--------------------------< D A T E _ N A M E S >---------------------------------------------------------- This table of tables lists local language date names and fallback English date names. The code in Date_validation will look first in the local table for valid date names. If date names are not found in the local table, the code will look in the English table. Because citations can be copied to the local wiki from en.wiki, the English is required when the date-name translation function date_name_xlate() is used. In these tables, season numbering is defined by Extended Date/Time Format (EDTF) Specification (https://www.loc.gov/standards/datetime/) which became part of ISO 8601 in 2019. See '§Sub-year groupings'. The standard defines various divisions using numbers 21-41. CS1|2 only supports generic seasons. EDTF does support the distinction between north and south hemisphere seasons but CS1|2 has no way to make that distinction. 33-36 = Quarter 1, Quarter 2, Quarter 3, Quarter 4 (3 months each) The standard does not address 'named' dates so, for the purposes of CS1|2, Easter and Christmas are defined here as 98 and 99, which should be out of the ISO 8601 (EDTF) range of uses for a while. local_date_names_from_mediawiki is a boolean. When set to: true – module will fetch local month names from MediaWiki for both date_names['local']['long'] and date_names['local']['short']; this will unconditionally overwrite manual translations false – module will *not* fetch local month names from MediaWiki Caveat lector: There is no guarantee that MediaWiki will provide short month names. At your wiki you can test the results of the MediaWiki fetch in the debug console with this command (the result is alpha sorted): =mw.dumpObject (p.date_names['local']) While the module can fetch month names from MediaWiki, it cannot fetch the quarter, season, and named date names from MediaWiki. Those must be translated manually. ]] local local_date_names_from_mediawiki = true; -- when false, manual translation required for date_names['local']['long'] and date_names['local']['short']; overwrites manual translations -- when true, module fetches long and short month names from MediaWiki local date_names = { ['en'] = { -- English ['long'] = {['January'] = 1, ['February'] = 2, ['March'] = 3, ['April'] = 4, ['May'] = 5, ['June'] = 6, ['July'] = 7, ['August'] = 8, ['September'] = 9, ['October'] = 10, ['November'] = 11, ['December'] = 12}, ['short'] = {['Jan'] = 1, ['Feb'] = 2, ['Mar'] = 3, ['Apr'] = 4, ['May'] = 5, ['Jun'] = 6, ['Jul'] = 7, ['Aug'] = 8, ['Sep'] = 9, ['Oct'] = 10, ['Nov'] = 11, ['Dec'] = 12}, ['quarter'] = {['First Quarter'] = 33, ['Second Quarter'] = 34, ['Third Quarter'] = 35, ['Fourth Quarter'] = 36}, ['season'] = {['Winter'] = 24, ['Spring'] = 21, ['Summer'] = 22, ['Fall'] = 23, ['Autumn'] = 23}, ['named'] = {['Easter'] = 98, ['Christmas'] = 99}, }, -- when local_date_names_from_mediawiki = false ['local'] = { -- replace these English date names with the local language equivalents ['long'] = {['January'] = 1, ['February'] = 2, ['March'] = 3, ['April'] = 4, ['May'] = 5, ['June'] = 6, ['July'] = 7, ['August'] = 8, ['September'] = 9, ['October'] = 10, ['November'] = 11, ['December'] = 12}, ['short'] = {['Jan'] = 1, ['Feb'] = 2, ['Mar'] = 3, ['Apr'] = 4, ['May'] = 5, ['Jun'] = 6, ['Jul'] = 7, ['Aug'] = 8, ['Sep'] = 9, ['Oct'] = 10, ['Nov'] = 11, ['Dec'] = 12}, ['quarter'] = {['First Quarter'] = 33, ['Second Quarter'] = 34, ['Third Quarter'] = 35, ['Fourth Quarter'] = 36}, ['season'] = {['Winter'] = 24, ['Spring'] = 21, ['Summer'] = 22, ['Fall'] = 23, ['Autumn'] = 23}, ['named'] = {['Easter'] = 98, ['Christmas'] = 99}, }, ['inv_local_long'] = {}, -- used in date reformatting & translation; copy of date_names['local'].long where k/v are inverted: [1]='<local name>' etc. ['inv_local_short'] = {}, -- used in date reformatting & translation; copy of date_names['local'].short where k/v are inverted: [1]='<local name>' etc. ['inv_local_quarter'] = {}, -- used in date translation; copy of date_names['local'].quarter where k/v are inverted: [1]='<local name>' etc. ['inv_local_season'] = {}, -- used in date translation; copy of date_names['local'].season where k/v are inverted: [1]='<local name>' etc. ['inv_local_named'] = {}, -- used in date translation; copy of date_names['local'].named where k/v are inverted: [1]='<local name>' etc. ['local_digits'] = {['0'] = '0', ['1'] = '1', ['2'] = '2', ['3'] = '3', ['4'] = '4', ['5'] = '5', ['6'] = '6', ['7'] = '7', ['8'] = '8', ['9'] = '9'}, -- used to convert local language digits to Western 0-9 ['xlate_digits'] = {}, } if local_date_names_from_mediawiki then -- if fetching local month names from MediaWiki is enabled local long_t = {}; local short_t = {}; for i=1, 12 do -- loop 12x and local name = lang_obj:formatDate('F', '2022-' .. i .. '-1'); -- get long month name for each i long_t[name] = i; -- save it name = lang_obj:formatDate('M', '2022-' .. i .. '-1'); -- get short month name for each i short_t[name] = i; -- save it end date_names['local']['long'] = long_t; -- write the long table – overwrites manual translation date_names['local']['short'] = short_t; -- write the short table – overwrites manual translation end -- create inverted date-name tables for reformatting and/or translation for _, invert_t in pairs {{'long', 'inv_local_long'}, {'short', 'inv_local_short'}, {'quarter', 'inv_local_quarter'}, {'season', 'inv_local_season'}, {'named', 'inv_local_named'}} do for name, i in pairs (date_names['local'][invert_t[1]]) do -- this table is ['name'] = i date_names[invert_t[2]][i] = name; -- invert to get [i] = 'name' for conversions from ymd end end if local_digits_from_mediawiki then -- if fetching local digits from MediaWiki is enabled local digits_t = {}; for i=0, 9 do -- loop 10x and digits_t [lang_obj:formatNum (i)] = tostring (i); -- format the loop indexer as local lang table index and assign loop indexer (a string) as the value end date_names['local_digits'] = digits_t; end for ld, ed in pairs (date_names.local_digits) do -- make a digit translation table for simple date translation from en to local language using local_digits table date_names.xlate_digits [ed] = ld; -- en digit becomes index with local digit as the value end local df_template_patterns = { -- table of redirects to {{Use dmy dates}} and {{Use mdy dates}} '{{ *[Uu]se +(dmy) +dates *[|}]', -- 1159k -- sorted by approximate transclusion count '{{ *[Uu]se +(mdy) +dates *[|}]', -- 212k '{{ *[Uu]se +(MDY) +dates *[|}]', -- 788 '{{ *[Uu]se +(DMY) +dates *[|}]', -- 343 '{{ *([Mm]dy) *[|}]', -- 176 '{{ *[Uu]se *(dmy) *[|}]', -- 156 + 18 '{{ *[Uu]se *(mdy) *[|}]', -- 149 + 11 '{{ *([Dd]my) *[|}]', -- 56 '{{ *[Uu]se +(MDY) *[|}]', -- 5 '{{ *([Dd]MY) *[|}]', -- 3 '{{ *[Uu]se(mdy)dates *[|}]', -- 1 '{{ *[Uu]se +(DMY) *[|}]', -- 0 '{{ *([Mm]DY) *[|}]', -- 0 } local title_object = mw.title.getCurrentTitle(); local content; -- done this way so that unused templates appear in unused-template-reports; self-transcluded makes them look like they are used if 10 ~= title_object.namespace then -- all namespaces except Template content = title_object:getContent() or ''; -- get the content of the article or ''; new pages edited w/ve do not have 'content' until saved; ve does not preview; phab:T221625 end local function get_date_format () if not content then -- nil content when we're in template return nil; -- auto-formatting does not work in Template space so don't set global_df end for _, pattern in ipairs (df_template_patterns) do -- loop through the patterns looking for {{Use dmy dates}} or {{Use mdy dates}} or any of their redirects local start, _, match = content:find(pattern); -- match is the three letters indicating desired date format if match then local use_dates_template = content:match ('%b{}', start); -- get the whole template if use_dates_template:match ('| *cs1%-dates *= *[lsy][sy]?') then -- look for |cs1-dates=publication date length access-/archive-date length return match:lower() .. '-' .. use_dates_template:match ('| *cs1%-dates *= *([lsy][sy]?)'); else return match:lower() .. '-all'; -- no |cs1-dates= k/v pair; return value appropriate for use in |df= end end end end local global_df; -- TODO: add this to <global_cs1_config_t>? --[[-----------------< V O L U M E , I S S U E , P A G E S >------------------ These tables hold cite class values (from the template invocation) and identify those templates that support |volume=, |issue=, and |page(s)= parameters. Cite conference and cite map require further qualification which is handled in the main module. ]] local templates_using_volume = {'citation', 'audio-visual', 'book', 'conference', 'encyclopaedia', 'interview', 'journal', 'magazine', 'map', 'news', 'report', 'techreport', 'thesis'} local templates_using_issue = {'citation', 'conference', 'episode', 'interview', 'journal', 'magazine', 'map', 'news', 'podcast'} local templates_not_using_page = {'audio-visual', 'episode', 'mailinglist', 'newsgroup', 'podcast', 'serial', 'sign', 'speech'} --[[ These tables control when it is appropriate for {{citation}} to render |volume= and/or |issue=. The parameter names in the tables constrain {{citation}} so that its renderings match the renderings of the equivalent cs1 templates. For example, {{cite web}} does not support |volume= so the equivalent {{citation |website=...}} must not support |volume=. ]] local citation_no_volume_t = { -- {{citation}} does not render |volume= when these parameters are used 'website', 'mailinglist', 'script-website', } local citation_issue_t = { -- {{citation}} may render |issue= when these parameters are used 'journal', 'magazine', 'newspaper', 'periodical', 'work', 'script-journal', 'script-magazine', 'script-newspaper', 'script-periodical', 'script-work', } --[[ Patterns for finding extra text in |volume=, |issue=, |page=, |pages= ]] local vol_iss_pg_patterns = { good_ppattern = '^P[^%.PpGg]', -- OK to begin with uppercase P: P7 (page 7 of section P), but not p123 (page 123); TODO: this allows 'Pages' which it should not bad_ppatterns = { -- patterns for |page= and |pages= '^[Pp][PpGg]?%.?[ %d]', '^[Pp][Pp]?%.&nbsp;', -- from {{p.}} and {{pp.}} templates '^[Pp]ages?', '^[Pp]gs.?', }, vi_patterns_t = { -- combined to catch volume-like text in |issue= and issue-like text in |volume= '^volumes?', -- volume-like text '^vols?[%.:=]?', '^issues?', --issue-like text '^iss[%.:=]?', '^numbers?', '^nos?%A', -- don't match 'november' or 'nostradamus' '^nr[%.:=]?', '^n[%.:= ]', -- might be a valid issue without separator (space char is sep char here) '^n°', -- 'n' with degree sign (U+00B0) '^№', -- precomposed unicode numero character (U+2116) }, } --[[--------------------------< K E Y W O R D S >------------------------------- These tables hold keywords for those parameters that have defined sets of acceptable keywords. ]] --[[-------------------< K E Y W O R D S T A B L E >-------------------------- this is a list of keywords; each key in the list is associated with a table of synonymous keywords possibly from different languages. for I18N: add local-language keywords to value table; do not change the key. For example, adding the German keyword 'ja': ['affirmative'] = {'yes', 'true', 'y', 'ja'}, Because CS1|2 templates from en.wiki articles are often copied to other local wikis, it is recommended that the English keywords remain in these tables. ]] local keywords = { ['amp'] = {'&', 'amp', 'ampersand'}, -- |name-list-style= ['and'] = {'and', 'serial'}, -- |name-list-style= ['affirmative'] = {'yes', 'true', 'y'}, -- |no-tracking=, |no-pp= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['afterword'] = {'afterword'}, -- |contribution= ['bot: unknown'] = {'bot: unknown'}, -- |url-status= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['cs1'] = {'cs1'}, -- |mode= ['cs2'] = {'cs2'}, -- |mode= ['dead'] = {'dead', 'deviated'}, -- |url-status= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['dmy'] = {'dmy'}, -- |df= ['dmy-all'] = {'dmy-all'}, -- |df= ['foreword'] = {'foreword'}, -- |contribution= ['free'] = {'free'}, -- |<id>-access= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['harv'] = {'harv'}, -- |ref=; this no longer supported; is_valid_parameter_value() called with <invert> = true ['introduction'] = {'introduction'}, -- |contribution= ['limited'] = {'limited'}, -- |url-access= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['live'] = {'live'}, -- |url-status= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['mdy'] = {'mdy'}, -- |df= ['mdy-all'] = {'mdy-all'}, -- |df= ['none'] = {'none'}, -- |postscript=, |ref=, |title=, |type= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['off'] = {'off'}, -- |title= (potentially also: |title-link=, |postscript=, |ref=, |type=) ['preface'] = {'preface'}, -- |contribution= ['registration'] = {'registration'}, -- |url-access= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['subscription'] = {'subscription'}, -- |url-access= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['unfit'] = {'unfit'}, -- |url-status= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['usurped'] = {'usurped'}, -- |url-status= -- Used by InternetArchiveBot ['vanc'] = {'vanc'}, -- |name-list-style= ['ymd'] = {'ymd'}, -- |df= ['ymd-all'] = {'ymd-all'}, -- |df= -- ['yMd'] = {'yMd'}, -- |df=; not supported at en.wiki -- ['yMd-all'] = {'yMd-all'}, -- |df=; not supported at en.wiki } --[[------------------------< X L A T E _ K E Y W O R D S >--------------------- this function builds a list, keywords_xlate{}, of the keywords found in keywords{} where the values from keywords{} become the keys in keywords_xlate{} and the keys from keywords{} become the values in keywords_xlate{}: ['affirmative'] = {'yes', 'true', 'y'}, -- in keywords{} becomes ['yes'] = 'affirmative', -- in keywords_xlate{} ['true'] = 'affirmative', ['y'] = 'affirmative', the purpose of this function is to act as a translator between a non-English keyword and its English equivalent that may be used in other modules of this suite ]] local function xlate_keywords () local out_table = {}; -- output goes here for k, keywords_t in pairs (keywords) do -- spin through the keywords table for _, keyword in ipairs (keywords_t) do -- for each keyword out_table[keyword] = k; -- create an entry in the output table where keyword is the key end end return out_table; end local keywords_xlate = xlate_keywords (); -- the list of translated keywords --[[----------------< M A K E _ K E Y W O R D S _ L I S T >--------------------- this function assembles, for parameter-value validation, the list of keywords appropriate to that parameter. keywords_lists{}, is a table of tables from keywords{} ]] local function make_keywords_list (keywords_lists) local out_table = {}; -- output goes here for _, keyword_list in ipairs (keywords_lists) do -- spin through keywords_lists{} and get a table of keywords for _, keyword in ipairs (keyword_list) do -- spin through keyword_list{} and add each keyword, ... table.insert (out_table, keyword); -- ... as plain text, to the output list end end return out_table; end --[[----------------< K E Y W O R D S _ L I S T S >----------------------------- this is a list of lists of valid keywords for the various parameters in [key]. Generally the keys in this table are the canonical en.wiki parameter names though some are contrived because of use in multiple differently named parameters: ['yes_true_y'], ['id-access']. The function make_keywords_list() extracts the individual keywords from the appropriate list in keywords{}. The lists in this table are used to validate the keyword assignment for the parameters named in this table's keys. ]] local keywords_lists = { ['yes_true_y'] = make_keywords_list ({keywords.affirmative}), ['contribution'] = make_keywords_list ({keywords.afterword, keywords.foreword, keywords.introduction, keywords.preface}), ['df'] = make_keywords_list ({keywords.dmy, keywords['dmy-all'], keywords.mdy, keywords['mdy-all'], keywords.ymd, keywords['ymd-all']}), -- ['df'] = make_keywords_list ({keywords.dmy, keywords['dmy-all'], keywords.mdy, keywords['mdy-all'], keywords.ymd, keywords['ymd-all'], keywords.yMd, keywords['yMd-all']}), -- not supported at en.wiki ['mode'] = make_keywords_list ({keywords.cs1, keywords.cs2}), ['name-list-style'] = make_keywords_list ({keywords.amp, keywords['and'], keywords.vanc}), ['ref'] = make_keywords_list ({keywords.harv}), -- inverted check; |ref=harv no longer supported ['url-access'] = make_keywords_list ({keywords.subscription, keywords.limited, keywords.registration}), ['url-status'] = make_keywords_list ({keywords.dead, keywords.live, keywords.unfit, keywords.usurped, keywords['bot: unknown']}), ['id-access'] = make_keywords_list ({keywords.free}), } --[[--------------------------< C S 1 _ C O N F I G _ G E T >-------------------------------------------------- fetch and validate values from {{cs1 config}} template to fill <global_cs1_config_t> no error messages; when errors are detected, the parameter value from {{cs1 config}} is blanked. Supports all parameters and aliases associated with the metaparameters: DisplayAuthors, DisplayContributors, DisplayEditors, DisplayInterviewers, DisplayTranslators, NameListStyle, and Mode. The DisplayWhatever metaparameters accept numeric values only (|display-authors=etal and the like is not supported). ]] local global_cs1_config_t = {}; -- TODO: add value returned from get_date_format() to this table? local function get_cs1_config () if not content then -- nil content when we're in template return nil; -- auto-formatting does not work in Template space so don't set global_df end local start = content:find('{{ *[Cc][Ss]1 config *[|}]'); -- <start> is offset into <content> when {{cs1 config}} found; nil else if start then local cs1_config_template = content:match ('%b{}', start); -- get the whole template if not cs1_config_template then return nil; end local params_t = mw.text.split (cs1_config_template:gsub ('^{{%s*', ''):gsub ('%s*}}$', ''), '%s*|%s*'); -- remove '{{' and '}}'; make a sequence of parameter/value pairs (split on the pipe) table.remove (params_t, 1); -- remove the template name because it isn't a parameter/value pair local config_meta_params_t = {'DisplayAuthors', 'DisplayContributors', 'DisplayEditors', 'DisplayInterviewers', 'DisplayTranslators', 'NameListStyle', 'Mode'}; local meta_param_map_t = {}; -- list of accepted parameter names usable in {{cs1 config}} goes here for _, meta_param in ipairs (config_meta_params_t) do -- for i18n using <config_meta_params_t>, map template parameter names to their metaparameter equivalents if 'table' == type (aliases[meta_param]) then -- if <meta_param> is a sequence, for _, param in ipairs (aliases[meta_param]) do -- extract its contents meta_param_map_t[param] = meta_param; -- and add to <meta_param_map_t> end else meta_param_map_t[aliases[meta_param]] = meta_param; -- not a sequence so just add the parameter to <meta_param_map_t> end end local keywords_t = {}; -- map valid keywords to their associate metaparameter; reverse form of <keyword_lists[key] for these metaparameters for _, metaparam_t in ipairs ({{'NameListStyle', 'name-list-style'}, {'Mode', 'mode'}}) do -- only these metaparameter / keywords_lists key pairs for _, keyword in ipairs (keywords_lists[metaparam_t[2]]) do -- spin through the list of keywords keywords_t[keyword] = metaparam_t[1]; -- add [keyword] = metaparameter to the map end end for _, param in ipairs (params_t) do -- spin through the {{cs1 config}} parameters and fill <global_cs1_config_t> local k, v = param:match ('([^=]-)%s*=%s*(.+)'); -- <k> is the parameter name; <v> is parameter's assigned value if k then if k:find ('^display') then -- if <k> is one of the |display-<namelist>= parameters if v:match ('%d+') then -- the assigned value must be digits; doesn't accept 'etal' global_cs1_config_t[meta_param_map_t[k]]=v; -- add the display param and its value to globals table end else if keywords_t[v] == meta_param_map_t[k] then -- keywords_t[v] returns nil or the metaparam name; these must be the same global_cs1_config_t[meta_param_map_t[k]]=v; -- add the parameter and its value to globals table end end end end end end get_cs1_config (); -- fill <global_cs1_config_t> --[[---------------------< S T R I P M A R K E R S >---------------------------- Common pattern definition location for stripmarkers so that we don't have to go hunting for them if (when) MediaWiki changes their form. ]] local stripmarkers = { ['any'] = '\127[^\127]*UNIQ%-%-(%a+)%-[%a%d]+%-QINU[^\127]*\127', -- capture returns name of stripmarker ['math'] = '\127[^\127]*UNIQ%-%-math%-[%a%d]+%-QINU[^\127]*\127' -- math stripmarkers used in coins_cleanup() and coins_replace_math_stripmarker() } --[[------------< I N V I S I B L E _ C H A R A C T E R S >--------------------- This table holds non-printing or invisible characters indexed either by name or by Unicode group. Values are decimal representations of UTF-8 codes. The table is organized as a table of tables because the Lua pairs keyword returns table data in an arbitrary order. Here, we want to process the table from top to bottom because the entries at the top of the table are also found in the ranges specified by the entries at the bottom of the table. Also here is a pattern that recognizes stripmarkers that begin and end with the delete characters. The nowiki stripmarker is not an error but some others are because the parameter values that include them become part of the template's metadata before stripmarker replacement. ]] local invisible_defs = { del = '\127', -- used to distinguish between stripmarker and del char zwj = '\226\128\141', -- used with capture because zwj may be allowed } local invisible_chars = { {'replacement', '\239\191\189'}, -- U+FFFD, EF BF BD {'zero width joiner', '('.. invisible_defs.zwj .. ')'}, -- U+200D, E2 80 8D; capture because zwj may be allowed {'zero width space', '\226\128\139'}, -- U+200B, E2 80 8B {'hair space', '\226\128\138'}, -- U+200A, E2 80 8A {'soft hyphen', '\194\173'}, -- U+00AD, C2 AD {'horizontal tab', '\009'}, -- U+0009 (HT), 09 {'line feed', '\010'}, -- U+000A (LF), 0A {'no-break space', '\194\160'}, -- U+00A0 (NBSP), C2 A0 {'carriage return', '\013'}, -- U+000D (CR), 0D {'stripmarker', stripmarkers.any}, -- stripmarker; may or may not be an error; capture returns the stripmaker type {'delete', '('.. invisible_defs.del .. ')'}, -- U+007F (DEL), 7F; must be done after stripmarker test; capture to distinguish isolated del chars not part of stripmarker {'C0 control', '[\000-\008\011\012\014-\031]'}, -- U+0000–U+001F (NULL–US), 00–1F (except HT, LF, CR (09, 0A, 0D)) {'C1 control', '[\194\128-\194\159]'}, -- U+0080–U+009F (XXX–APC), C2 80 – C2 9F -- {'Specials', '[\239\191\185-\239\191\191]'}, -- U+FFF9-U+FFFF, EF BF B9 – EF BF BF -- {'Private use area', '[\238\128\128-\239\163\191]'}, -- U+E000–U+F8FF, EE 80 80 – EF A3 BF -- {'Supplementary Private Use Area-A', '[\243\176\128\128-\243\191\191\189]'}, -- U+F0000–U+FFFFD, F3 B0 80 80 – F3 BF BF BD -- {'Supplementary Private Use Area-B', '[\244\128\128\128-\244\143\191\189]'}, -- U+100000–U+10FFFD, F4 80 80 80 – F4 8F BF BD } --[[ Indic script makes use of zero width joiner as a character modifier so zwj characters must be left in. This pattern covers all of the unicode characters for these languages: Devanagari 0900–097F – https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0900.pdf Devanagari extended A8E0–A8FF – https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/UA8E0.pdf Bengali 0980–09FF – https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0980.pdf Gurmukhi 0A00–0A7F – https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0A00.pdf Gujarati 0A80–0AFF – https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0A80.pdf Oriya 0B00–0B7F – https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0B00.pdf Tamil 0B80–0BFF – https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0B80.pdf Telugu 0C00–0C7F – https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0C00.pdf Kannada 0C80–0CFF – https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0C80.pdf Malayalam 0D00–0D7F – https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0D00.pdf plus the not-necessarily Indic scripts for Sinhala and Burmese: Sinhala 0D80-0DFF - https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0D80.pdf Myanmar 1000-109F - https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1000.pdf Myanmar extended A AA60-AA7F - https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/UAA60.pdf Myanmar extended B A9E0-A9FF - https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/UA9E0.pdf the pattern is used by has_invisible_chars() and coins_cleanup() ]] local indic_script = '[\224\164\128-\224\181\191\224\163\160-\224\183\191\225\128\128-\225\130\159\234\167\160-\234\167\191\234\169\160-\234\169\191]'; -- list of emoji that use a zwj character (U+200D) to combine with another emoji -- from: https://unicode.org/Public/emoji/16.0/emoji-zwj-sequences.txt; version: 16.0; 2024-08-14 -- table created by: [[:en:Module:Make emoji zwj table]] local emoji_t = { -- indexes are decimal forms of the hex values in U+xxxx [8596] = true, -- U+2194 ↔ left right arrow [8597] = true, -- U+2195 ↕ up down arrow [9760] = true, -- U+2620 ☠ skull and crossbones [9792] = true, -- U+2640 ♀ female sign [9794] = true, -- U+2642 ♂ male sign [9877] = true, -- U+2695 ⚕ staff of aesculapius [9878] = true, -- U+2696 ⚖ scales [9895] = true, -- U+26A7 ⚧ male with stroke and male and female sign [9992] = true, -- U+2708 ✈ airplane [10052] = true, -- U+2744 ❄ snowflake [10084] = true, -- U+2764 ❤ heavy black heart [10145] = true, -- U+27A1 ➡ black rightwards arrow [11035] = true, -- U+2B1B ⬛ black large square [127752] = true, -- U+1F308 🌈 rainbow [127787] = true, -- U+1F32B 🌫 fog [127806] = true, -- U+1F33E 🌾 ear of rice [127859] = true, -- U+1F373 🍳 cooking [127868] = true, -- U+1F37C 🍼 baby bottle [127876] = true, -- U+1F384 🎄 christmas tree [127891] = true, -- U+1F393 🎓 graduation cap [127908] = true, -- U+1F3A4 🎤 microphone [127912] = true, -- U+1F3A8 🎨 artist palette [127979] = true, -- U+1F3EB 🏫 school [127981] = true, -- U+1F3ED 🏭 factory [128102] = true, -- U+1F466 👦 boy [128103] = true, -- U+1F467 👧 girl [128104] = true, -- U+1F468 👨 man [128105] = true, -- U+1F469 👩 woman [128139] = true, -- U+1F48B 💋 kiss mark [128165] = true, -- U+1F4A5 💥 collision symbol [128168] = true, -- U+1F4A8 💨 dash symbol [128171] = true, -- U+1F4AB 💫 dizzy symbol [128187] = true, -- U+1F4BB 💻 personal computer [128188] = true, -- U+1F4BC 💼 brief case [128293] = true, -- U+1F525 🔥 fire [128295] = true, -- U+1F527 🔧 wrench [128300] = true, -- U+1F52C 🔬 microscope [128488] = true, -- U+1F5E8 🗨 left speech bubble [128640] = true, -- U+1F680 🚀 rocket [128658] = true, -- U+1F692 🚒 fire engine [129001] = true, -- U+1F7E9 🟩 large green square [129003] = true, -- U+1F7EB 🟫 large brown square [129309] = true, -- U+1F91D 🤝 handshake [129455] = true, -- U+1F9AF 🦯 probing cane [129456] = true, -- U+1F9B0 🦰 emoji component red hair [129457] = true, -- U+1F9B1 🦱 emoji component curly hair [129458] = true, -- U+1F9B2 🦲 emoji component bald [129459] = true, -- U+1F9B3 🦳 emoji component white hair [129466] = true, -- U+1F9BA 🦺 safety vest [129468] = true, -- U+1F9BC 🦼 motorized wheelchair [129469] = true, -- U+1F9BD 🦽 manual wheelchair [129489] = true, -- U+1F9D1 🧑 adult [129490] = true, -- U+1F9D2 🧒 child [129657] = true, -- U+1FA79 🩹 adhesive bandage [129778] = true, -- U+1FAF2 🫲 leftwards hand } --[[----------------------< L A N G U A G E S U P P O R T >------------------- These tables and constants support various language-specific functionality. ]] --local this_wiki_code = mw.getContentLanguage():getCode(); -- get this wiki's language code local this_wiki_code = lang_obj:getCode(); -- get this wiki's language code if string.match (mw.site.server, 'wikidata') then this_wiki_code = mw.getCurrentFrame():callParserFunction('int', {'lang'}); -- on Wikidata so use interface language setting instead end local mw_languages_by_tag_t = mw.language.fetchLanguageNames (this_wiki_code, 'all'); -- get a table of language tag/name pairs known to Wikimedia; used for interwiki tests local mw_languages_by_name_t = {}; for k, v in pairs (mw_languages_by_tag_t) do -- build a 'reversed' table name/tag language pairs know to MediaWiki; used for |language= v = mw.ustring.lower (v); -- lowercase for tag fetch; get name's proper case from mw_languages_by_tag_t[<tag>] if mw_languages_by_name_t[v] then -- when name already in the table if 2 == #k or 3 == #k then -- if tag does not have subtags mw_languages_by_name_t[v] = k; -- prefer the shortest tag for this name end else -- here when name not in the table mw_languages_by_name_t[v] = k; -- so add name and matching tag end end local inter_wiki_map = {}; -- map of interwiki prefixes that are language-code prefixes for k, v in pairs (mw.site.interwikiMap ('local')) do -- spin through the base interwiki map (limited to local) if mw_languages_by_tag_t[v["prefix"]] then -- if the prefix matches a known language tag inter_wiki_map[v["prefix"]] = true; -- add it to our local map end end --[[--------------------< S C R I P T _ L A N G _ C O D E S >------------------- This table is used to hold ISO 639-1 two-character and ISO 639-3 three-character language codes that apply only to |script-title= and |script-chapter= ]] local script_lang_codes = { 'ab', 'am', 'ar', 'az', 'be', 'bg', 'bn', 'bo', 'bs', 'ce', 'chr', 'dv', 'dz', 'el', 'fa', 'grc', 'gu', 'he', 'hi', 'hy', 'ja', 'ka', 'kk', 'km', 'kn', 'ko', 'ku', 'ky', 'lo', 'mk', 'ml', 'mn', 'mni', 'mr', 'my', 'ne', 'or', 'ota', 'pa', 'ps', 'ru', 'sd', 'si', 'sr', 'syc', 'ta', 'te', 'tg', 'th', 'ti', 'tt', 'ug', 'uk', 'ur', 'uz', 'yi', 'yue', 'zh', 'zgh' }; --[[---------------< L A N G U A G E R E M A P P I N G >---------------------- These tables hold language information that is different (correct) from MediaWiki's definitions For each ['<tag>'] = 'language name' in lang_code_remap{} there must be a matching ['language name'] = {'language name', '<tag>'} in lang_name_remap{} lang_tag_remap{}: key is always lowercase ISO 639-1, -2, -3 language tag or a valid lowercase IETF language tag value is properly spelled and capitalized language name associated with <tag> only one language name per <tag>; key/value pair must have matching entry in lang_name_remap{} lang_name_remap{}: key is always lowercase language name value is a table the holds correctly spelled and capitalized language name [1] and associated tag [2] (tag must match a tag key in lang_tag_remap{}) may have multiple keys referring to a common preferred name and tag; For example: ['kolsch'] and ['kölsch'] both refer to 'Kölsch' and 'ksh' ]] local lang_tag_remap = { -- used for |language= and |script-title= / |script-chapter= ['als'] = 'Tosk Albanian', -- MediaWiki returns Alemannisch ['bh'] = 'Bihari', -- MediaWiki uses 'bh' as a subdomain name for Bhojpuri Wikipedia: bh.wikipedia.org ['bla'] = 'Blackfoot', -- MediaWiki/IANA/ISO 639: Siksika; use en.wiki preferred name ['bn'] = 'Bengali', -- MediaWiki returns Bangla ['ca-valencia'] = 'Valencian', -- IETF variant of Catalan ['fkv'] = 'Kven', -- MediaWiki returns Kvensk ['gsw'] = 'Swiss German', ['ilo'] = 'Ilocano', -- MediaWiki/IANA/ISO 639: Iloko; use en.wiki preferred name ['ksh'] = 'Kölsch', -- MediaWiki: Colognian; use IANA/ISO 639 preferred name ['ksh-x-colog'] = 'Colognian', -- override MediaWiki ksh; no IANA/ISO 639 code for Colognian; IETF private code created at Module:Lang/data ['mis-x-ripuar'] = 'Ripuarian', -- override MediaWiki ksh; no IANA/ISO 639 code for Ripuarian; IETF private code created at Module:Lang/data ['nan-tw'] = 'Taiwanese Hokkien', -- make room for MediaWiki/IANA/ISO 639 nan: Min Nan Chinese and support en.wiki preferred name ['sr-ec'] = 'Serbian (Cyrillic script)', -- MediaWiki returns српски (ћирилица) ['sr-el'] = 'Serbian (Latin script)', -- MediaWiki returns srpski (latinica) } local lang_name_remap = { -- used for |language=; names require proper capitalization; tags must be lowercase ['alemannic'] = {'Swiss German', 'gsw'}, -- ISO 639-2, -3 alternate for Swiss German; MediaWiki mediawiki returns Alemannic for gsw; en.wiki preferred name ['alemannisch'] = {'Swiss German', 'gsw'}, -- not an ISO or IANA language name; MediaWiki uses 'als' as a subdomain name for Alemannic Wikipedia: als.wikipedia.org ['bangla'] = {'Bengali', 'bn'}, -- MediaWiki returns Bangla (the endonym) but we want Bengali (the exonym); here we remap ['bengali'] = {'Bengali', 'bn'}, -- MediaWiki doesn't use exonym so here we provide correct language name and 639-1 code ['bhojpuri'] = {'Bhojpuri', 'bho'}, -- MediaWiki uses 'bh' as a subdomain name for Bhojpuri Wikipedia: bh.wikipedia.org ['bihari'] = {'Bihari', 'bh'}, -- MediaWiki replaces 'Bihari' with 'Bhojpuri' so 'Bihari' cannot be found ['blackfoot'] = {'Blackfoot', 'bla'}, -- MediaWiki/IANA/ISO 639: Siksika; use en.wiki preferred name ['colognian'] = {'Colognian', 'ksh-x-colog'}, -- MediaWiki preferred name for ksh ['ilocano'] = {'Ilocano', 'ilo'}, -- MediaWiki/IANA/ISO 639: Iloko; use en.wiki preferred name ['kolsch'] = {'Kölsch', 'ksh'}, -- use IANA/ISO 639 preferred name (use non-diacritical o instead of umlaut ö) ['kölsch'] = {'Kölsch', 'ksh'}, -- use IANA/ISO 639 preferred name ['kven'] = {'Kven', 'fkv'}, -- Unicode CLDR have decided not to support English language name for these two... ['kvensk'] = {'Kven', 'fkv'}, -- ...they say to refer to IANA registry for English names ['ripuarian'] = {'Ripuarian', 'mis-x-ripuar'}, -- group of dialects; no code in MediaWiki or in IANA/ISO 639 ['serbian (cyrillic script)'] = {'Serbian (Cyrillic script)', 'sr-cyrl'}, -- special case to get correct tag when |language=sr-ec ['serbian (latin script)'] = {'Serbian (Latin script)', 'sr-latn'}, -- special case to get correct tag when |language=sr-el ['swiss german'] = {'Swiss German', 'gsw'}, ['taiwanese hokkien'] = {'Taiwanese Hokkien', 'nan-tw'}, -- make room for MediaWiki/IANA/ISO 639 nan: Min Nan Chinese ['tosk albanian'] = {'Tosk Albanian', 'als'}, -- MediaWiki replaces 'Tosk Albanian' with 'Alemannisch' so 'Tosk Albanian' cannot be found ['valencian'] = {'Valencian', 'ca-valencia'}, -- variant of Catalan; categorizes as Valencian } --[[---------------< P R O P E R T I E S _ C A T E G O R I E S >---------------- Properties categories. These are used for investigating qualities of citations. ]] local prop_cats = { ['foreign-lang-source'] = 'CS1 $1-language sources ($2)', -- |language= categories; $1 is foreign-language name, $2 is ISO639-1 code ['foreign-lang-source-2'] = 'CS1 foreign language sources (ISO 639-2)|$1', -- |language= category; a cat for ISO639-2 languages; $1 is the ISO 639-2 code used as a sort key ['interproj-linked-name'] = 'CS1 interproject-linked names|$1', -- any author, editor, etc that has an interproject link; $1 is interproject tag used as a sort key ['interwiki-linked-name'] = 'CS1 interwiki-linked names|$1', -- any author, editor, etc that has an interwiki link; $1 is interwiki tag used as a sort key; yeilds to interproject ['local-lang-source'] = 'CS1 $1-language sources ($2)', -- |language= categories; $1 is local-language name, $2 is ISO639-1 code; not emitted when local_lang_cat_enable is false ['location-test'] = 'CS1 location test', ['long-vol'] = 'CS1: long volume value', -- probably temporary cat to identify scope of |volume= values longer than 4 characters ['script'] = 'CS1 uses $1-language script ($2)', -- |script-title=xx: has matching category; $1 is language name, $2 is language tag ['tracked-param'] = 'CS1 tracked parameter: $1', -- $1 is base (enumerators removed) parameter name ['unfit'] = 'CS1: unfit URL', -- |url-status=unfit or |url-status=usurped; used to be a maint cat ['vanc-accept'] = 'CS1:Vancouver names with accept markup', -- for |vauthors=/|veditors= with accept-as-written markup ['year-range-abbreviated'] = 'CS1: abbreviated year range', -- probably temporary cat to identify scope of |date=, |year= values using YYYY–YY form } --[[-------------------< T I T L E _ T Y P E S >-------------------------------- Here we map a template's CitationClass to TitleType (default values for |type= parameter) ]] local title_types = { ['AV-media-notes'] = 'Media notes', ['document'] = 'Document', ['interview'] = 'Interview', ['mailinglist'] = 'Mailing list', ['map'] = 'Map', ['podcast'] = 'Podcast', ['pressrelease'] = 'Press release', ['report'] = 'Report', ['speech'] = 'Speech', ['techreport'] = 'Technical report', ['thesis'] = 'Thesis', } --[[--------------------------< B U I L D _ K N O W N _ F R E E _ D O I _ R E G I S T R A N T S _ T A B L E >-- build a table of doi registrants known to be free-to-read In a doi, the registrant ID is the series of digits between the '10.' and the first '/': in doi 10.1100/sommat, 1100 is the registrant ID see §3.2.2 DOI prefix of the Doi Handbook p. 43 https://www.doi.org/doi-handbook/DOI_Handbook_Final.pdf#page=43 ]] local function build_free_doi_registrants_table() local registrants_t = {}; for _, v in ipairs ({ '1045', '1074', '1096', '1100', '1155', '1186', '1194', '1371', '1629', '1989', '1999', '2147', '2196', '3285', '3389', '3390', '3748', '3814', '3847', '3897', '4061', '4089', '4103', '4172', '4175', '4230', '4236', '4239', '4240', '4249', '4251', '4252', '4253', '4254', '4291', '4292', '4329', '4330', '4331', '5194', '5210', '5306', '5312', '5313', '5314', '5315', '5316', '5317', '5318', '5319', '5320', '5321', '5334', '5402', '5409', '5410', '5411', '5412', '5492', '5493', '5494', '5495', '5496', '5497', '5498', '5499', '5500', '5501', '5527', '5528', '5662', '6064', '6219', '7167', '7217', '7287', '7482', '7490', '7554', '7717', '7759', '7766', '11131', '11569', '11647', '11648', '12688', '12703', '12715', '12942', '12998', '13105', '14256', '14293', '14303', '15215', '15347', '15412', '15560', '16995', '17645', '18637', '19080', '19173', '20944', '21037', '21468', '21767', '22261', '22323', '22459', '24105', '24196', '24966', '26775', '30845', '32545', '35711', '35712', '35713', '35995', '36648', '37126', '37532', '37871', '47128', '47622', '47959', '52437', '52975', '53288', '54081', '54947', '55667', '55914', '57009', '58647', '59081', }) do registrants_t[v] = true; -- build a k/v table of known free-to-read doi registrants end return registrants_t; end local extended_registrants_t = { -- known free registrants identifiable by the doi suffix incipit ['1002'] = {'aelm', 'leap'}, -- Advanced Electronic Materials, Learned Publishing ['1016'] = {'j.heliyon', 'j.nlp', 'j.proche'}, -- Heliyon, Natural Language Processing, Procedia Chemistry ['1017'] = {'nlp'}, -- Natural Language Processing Journal ['1046'] = {'j.1365-8711', 'j.1365-246x'}, -- MNRAS, GJI ['1093'] = {'mnras', 'mnrasl', 'gji', 'rasti'}, -- MNRAS, MNRAS Letters, GJI, RASTI ['1099'] = {'acmi', 'mic', '00221287', 'mgen'}, -- Access Microbiology, Microbiology, Journal of General Microbiology, Microbial Genomics ['1111'] = {'j.1365-2966', 'j.1745-3933', 'j.1365-246X'}, -- MNRAS, MNRAS Letters, GJI ['1210'] = {'jendso','jcemcr'}, -- Journal of the Endocrine Society, JCEM Case Reports ['4171'] = {'dm','mag'}, -- Documenta Mathematica, EMS Magazine ['14231'] = {'ag'}, -- Algebraic Geometry } --[[===================<< E R R O R M E S S A G I N G >>====================== ]] --[[----------< E R R O R M E S S A G E S U P P L I M E N T S >------------- I18N for those messages that are supplemented with additional specific text that describes the reason for the error TODO: merge this with special_case_translations{}? ]] local err_msg_supl = { ['char'] = 'invalid character', -- |isbn=, |sbn= ['check'] = 'checksum', -- |isbn=, |sbn= ['flag'] = 'flag', -- |archive-url= ['form'] = 'invalid form', -- |isbn=, |sbn= ['group'] = 'invalid group id', -- |isbn= ['initials'] = 'initials', -- Vancouver ['invalid language code'] = 'invalid language code', -- |script-<param>= ['journal'] = 'journal', -- |bibcode= ['length'] = 'length', -- |isbn=, |bibcode=, |sbn= ['liveweb'] = 'liveweb', -- |archive-url= ['missing comma'] = 'missing comma', -- Vancouver ['missing prefix'] = 'missing prefix', -- |script-<param>= ['missing title part'] = 'missing title part', -- |script-<param>= ['name'] = 'name', -- Vancouver ['non-Latin char'] = 'non-Latin character', -- Vancouver ['path'] = 'path', -- |archive-url= ['prefix'] = 'invalid prefix', -- |isbn= ['punctuation'] = 'punctuation', -- Vancouver ['save'] = 'save command', -- |archive-url= ['suffix'] = 'suffix', -- Vancouver ['timestamp'] = 'timestamp', -- |archive-url= ['unknown language code'] = 'unknown language code', -- |script-<param>= ['value'] = 'value', -- |bibcode= ['year'] = 'year', -- |bibcode= } --[[--------------< E R R O R _ C O N D I T I O N S >--------------------------- Error condition table. This table has two sections: errors at the top, maintenance at the bottom. Maint 'messaging' does not have a 'message' (message=nil) The following contains a list of IDs for various error conditions defined in the code. For each ID, we specify a text message to display, an error category to include, and whether the error message should be wrapped as a hidden comment. Anchor changes require identical changes to matching anchor in Help:CS1 errors TODO: rename error_conditions{} to something more generic; create separate error and maint tables inside that? ]] local error_conditions = { err_accessdate_missing_url = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;access-date=</code> requires <code class="cs1-code">&#124;url=</code>', anchor = 'accessdate_missing_url', category = 'CS1 errors: access-date without URL', hidden = false }, err_apostrophe_markup = { message = 'Italic or bold markup not allowed in: <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code>', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'apostrophe_markup', category = 'CS1 errors: markup', hidden = false }, err_archive_date_missing_url = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;archive-date=</code> requires <code class="cs1-code">&#124;archive-url=</code>', anchor = 'archive_date_missing_url', category = 'CS1 errors: archive-url', hidden = false }, err_archive_date_url_ts_mismatch = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;archive-date=</code> / <code class="cs1-code">&#124;archive-url=</code> timestamp mismatch; $1 suggested', anchor = 'archive_date_url_ts_mismatch', category = 'CS1 errors: archive-url', hidden = false }, err_archive_missing_date = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;archive-url=</code> requires <code class="cs1-code">&#124;archive-date=</code>', anchor = 'archive_missing_date', category = 'CS1 errors: archive-url', hidden = false }, err_archive_missing_url = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;archive-url=</code> requires <code class="cs1-code">&#124;url=</code>', anchor = 'archive_missing_url', category = 'CS1 errors: archive-url', hidden = false }, err_archive_url = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;archive-url=</code> is malformed: $1', -- $1 is error message detail anchor = 'archive_url', category = 'CS1 errors: archive-url', hidden = false }, err_arxiv_missing = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;arxiv=</code> required', anchor = 'arxiv_missing', category = 'CS1 errors: arXiv', -- same as bad arxiv hidden = false }, err_asintld_missing_asin = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code> requires <code class="cs1-code">&#124;asin=</code>', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'asintld_missing_asin', category = 'CS1 errors: ASIN TLD', hidden = false }, err_bad_arxiv = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;arxiv=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_arxiv', category = 'CS1 errors: arXiv', hidden = false }, err_bad_asin = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;asin=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_asin', category ='CS1 errors: ASIN', hidden = false }, err_bad_asin_tld = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;asin-tld=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_asin_tld', category ='CS1 errors: ASIN TLD', hidden = false }, err_bad_bibcode = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;bibcode=</code> $1', -- $1 is error message detail anchor = 'bad_bibcode', category = 'CS1 errors: bibcode', hidden = false }, err_bad_biorxiv = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;biorxiv=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_biorxiv', category = 'CS1 errors: bioRxiv', hidden = false }, err_bad_citeseerx = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;citeseerx=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_citeseerx', category = 'CS1 errors: citeseerx', hidden = false }, err_bad_date = { message = 'Check date values in: $1', -- $1 is a parameter name list anchor = 'bad_date', category = 'CS1 errors: dates', hidden = false }, err_bad_doi = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;doi=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_doi', category = 'CS1 errors: DOI', hidden = false }, err_bad_hdl = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;hdl=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_hdl', category = 'CS1 errors: HDL', hidden = false }, err_bad_isbn = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;isbn=</code> value: $1', -- $1 is error message detail anchor = 'bad_isbn', category = 'CS1 errors: ISBN', hidden = false }, err_bad_ismn = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;ismn=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_ismn', category = 'CS1 errors: ISMN', hidden = false }, err_bad_issn = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1issn=</code> value', -- $1 is 'e' or '' for eissn or issn anchor = 'bad_issn', category = 'CS1 errors: ISSN', hidden = false }, err_bad_jfm = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;jfm=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_jfm', category = 'CS1 errors: JFM', hidden = false }, err_bad_jstor = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;jstor=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_jstor', category = 'CS1 errors: JSTOR', hidden = false }, err_bad_lccn = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;lccn=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_lccn', category = 'CS1 errors: LCCN', hidden = false }, err_bad_medrxiv = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;medrxiv=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_medrxiv', category = 'CS1 errors: medRxiv', hidden = false }, err_bad_mr = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;mr=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_mr', category = 'CS1 errors: MR', hidden = false }, err_bad_oclc = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;oclc=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_oclc', category = 'CS1 errors: OCLC', hidden = false }, err_bad_ol = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;ol=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_ol', category = 'CS1 errors: OL', hidden = false }, err_bad_osti = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;osti=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_osti', category = 'CS1 errors: OSTI', hidden = false }, err_bad_paramlink = { -- for |title-link=, |author/editor/translator-link=, |series-link=, |episode-link= message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code> value', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'bad_paramlink', category = 'CS1 errors: parameter link', hidden = false }, err_bad_pmc = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;pmc=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_pmc', category = 'CS1 errors: PMC', hidden = false }, err_bad_pmid = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;pmid=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_pmid', category = 'CS1 errors: PMID', hidden = false }, err_bad_rfc = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;rfc=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_rfc', category = 'CS1 errors: RFC', hidden = false }, err_bad_s2cid = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;s2cid=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_s2cid', category = 'CS1 errors: S2CID', hidden = false }, err_bad_sbn = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;sbn=</code> value: $1', -- $1 is error message detail anchor = 'bad_sbn', category = 'CS1 errors: SBN', hidden = false }, err_bad_ssrn = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;ssrn=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_ssrn', category = 'CS1 errors: SSRN', hidden = false }, err_bad_url = { message = 'Check $1 value', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'bad_url', category = 'CS1 errors: URL', hidden = false }, err_bad_usenet_id = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;message-id=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_message_id', category = 'CS1 errors: message-id', hidden = false }, err_bad_zbl = { message = 'Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;zbl=</code> value', anchor = 'bad_zbl', category = 'CS1 errors: Zbl', hidden = false }, err_bare_url_missing_title = { message = '$1 missing title', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'bare_url_missing_title', category = 'CS1 errors: bare URL', hidden = false }, err_biorxiv_missing = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;biorxiv=</code> required', anchor = 'biorxiv_missing', category = 'CS1 errors: bioRxiv', -- same as bad bioRxiv hidden = false }, err_chapter_ignored = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code> ignored', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'chapter_ignored', category = 'CS1 errors: chapter ignored', hidden = false }, err_citation_missing_title = { message = 'Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code>', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'citation_missing_title', category = 'CS1 errors: missing title', hidden = false }, err_citeseerx_missing = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;citeseerx=</code> required', anchor = 'citeseerx_missing', category = 'CS1 errors: citeseerx', -- same as bad citeseerx hidden = false }, err_cite_web_url = { -- this error applies to cite web and to cite podcast message = 'Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">&#124;url=</code>', anchor = 'cite_web_url', category = 'CS1 errors: requires URL', hidden = false }, err_class_ignored = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;class=</code> ignored', anchor = 'class_ignored', category = 'CS1 errors: class', hidden = false }, err_contributor_ignored = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;contributor=</code> ignored', anchor = 'contributor_ignored', category = 'CS1 errors: contributor', hidden = false }, err_contributor_missing_required_param = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;contributor=</code> requires <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code>', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'contributor_missing_required_param', category = 'CS1 errors: contributor', hidden = false }, err_deprecated_params = { message = 'Cite uses deprecated parameter <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code>', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'deprecated_params', category = 'CS1 errors: deprecated parameters', hidden = false }, err_disp_name = { message = 'Invalid <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=$2</code>', -- $1 is parameter name; $2 is the assigned value anchor = 'disp_name', category = 'CS1 errors: display-names', hidden = false, }, err_doibroken_missing_doi = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code> requires <code class="cs1-code">&#124;doi=</code>', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'doibroken_missing_doi', category = 'CS1 errors: DOI', hidden = false }, err_embargo_missing_pmc = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code> requires <code class="cs1-code">&#124;pmc=</code>', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'embargo_missing_pmc', category = 'CS1 errors: PMC embargo', hidden = false }, err_empty_citation = { message = 'Empty citation', anchor = 'empty_citation', category = 'CS1 errors: empty citation', hidden = false }, err_etal = { message = 'Explicit use of et al. in: <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code>', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'explicit_et_al', category = 'CS1 errors: explicit use of et al.', hidden = false }, err_extra_text_edition = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;edition=</code> has extra text', anchor = 'extra_text_edition', category = 'CS1 errors: extra text: edition', hidden = false, }, err_extra_text_issue = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code> has extra text', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'extra_text_issue', category = 'CS1 errors: extra text: issue', hidden = false, }, err_extra_text_pages = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code> has extra text', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'extra_text_pages', category = 'CS1 errors: extra text: pages', hidden = false, }, err_extra_text_volume = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code> has extra text', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'extra_text_volume', category = 'CS1 errors: extra text: volume', hidden = false, }, err_first_missing_last = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code> missing <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$2=</code>', -- $1 is first alias, $2 is matching last alias anchor = 'first_missing_last', category = 'CS1 errors: missing name', -- author, contributor, editor, interviewer, translator hidden = false }, err_format_missing_url = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code> requires <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$2=</code>', -- $1 is format parameter $2 is url parameter anchor = 'format_missing_url', category = 'CS1 errors: format without URL', hidden = false }, err_generic_name = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code> has generic name', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'generic_name', category = 'CS1 errors: generic name', hidden = false, }, err_generic_title = { message = 'Cite uses generic title', anchor = 'generic_title', category = 'CS1 errors: generic title', hidden = false, }, err_invalid_isbn_date = { message = 'ISBN / Date incompatibility', anchor = 'invalid_isbn_date', category = 'CS1 errors: ISBN date', hidden = true }, err_invalid_param_val = { message = 'Invalid <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=$2</code>', -- $1 is parameter name $2 is parameter value anchor = 'invalid_param_val', category = 'CS1 errors: invalid parameter value', hidden = false }, err_invisible_char = { message = '$1 in $2 at position $3', -- $1 is invisible char $2 is parameter name $3 is position number anchor = 'invisible_char', category = 'CS1 errors: invisible characters', hidden = false }, err_medrxiv_missing = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;medrxiv=</code> required', anchor = 'medrxiv_missing', category = 'CS1 errors: medRxiv', -- same as bad medRxiv hidden = false }, err_missing_name = { message = 'Missing <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1$2=</code>', -- $1 is modified NameList; $2 is enumerator anchor = 'missing_name', category = 'CS1 errors: missing name', -- author, contributor, editor, interviewer, translator hidden = false }, err_missing_periodical = { message = 'Cite $1 requires <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$2=</code>', -- $1 is cs1 template name; $2 is canonical periodical parameter name for cite $1 anchor = 'missing_periodical', category = 'CS1 errors: missing periodical', hidden = false }, err_missing_pipe = { message = 'Missing pipe in: <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code>', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'missing_pipe', category = 'CS1 errors: missing pipe', hidden = false }, err_missing_publisher = { message = 'Cite $1 requires <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$2=</code>', -- $1 is cs1 template name; $2 is canonical publisher parameter name for cite $1 anchor = 'missing_publisher', category = 'CS1 errors: missing publisher', hidden = false }, err_numeric_names = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code> has numeric name', -- $1 is parameter name', anchor = 'numeric_names', category = 'CS1 errors: numeric name', hidden = false, }, err_param_access_requires_param = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1-access=</code> requires <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code>', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'param_access_requires_param', category = 'CS1 errors: param-access', hidden = false }, err_param_has_ext_link = { message = 'External link in <code class="cs1-code">$1</code>', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'param_has_ext_link', category = 'CS1 errors: external links', hidden = false }, err_param_has_twl_url = { message = 'Wikipedia Library link in <code class="cs1-code">$1</code>', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'param_has_twl_url', category = 'CS1 errors: URL', hidden = false }, err_parameter_ignored = { message = 'Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code> ignored', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'parameter_ignored', category = 'CS1 errors: unsupported parameter', hidden = false }, err_parameter_ignored_suggest = { message = 'Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$2=</code> suggested)', -- $1 is unknown parameter $2 is suggested parameter name anchor = 'parameter_ignored_suggest', category = 'CS1 errors: unsupported parameter', hidden = false }, err_periodical_ignored = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code> ignored', -- $1 is parameter name anchor = 'periodical_ignored', category = 'CS1 errors: periodical ignored', hidden = false }, err_redundant_parameters = { message = 'More than one of $1 specified', -- $1 is error message detail anchor = 'redundant_parameters', category = 'CS1 errors: redundant parameter', hidden = false }, err_script_parameter = { message = 'Invalid <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code>: $2', -- $1 is parameter name $2 is script language code or error detail anchor = 'script_parameter', category = 'CS1 errors: script parameters', hidden = false }, err_ssrn_missing = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;ssrn=</code> required', anchor = 'ssrn_missing', category = 'CS1 errors: SSRN', hidden = false }, err_text_ignored = { message = 'Text "$1" ignored', -- $1 is ignored text anchor = 'text_ignored', category = 'CS1 errors: unrecognized parameter', hidden = false }, err_trans_missing_title = { message = '<code class="cs1-code">&#124;trans-$1=</code> requires <code class="cs1-code">&#124;$1=</code> or <code class="cs1-code">&#124;script-$1=</code>', -- $1 is base parameter name anchor = 'trans_missing_title', category = 'CS1 errors: translated title', hidden = false }, err_param_unknown_empty = { message = 'Cite has empty unknown parameter$1: $2', -- $1 is 's' or empty space; $2 is emty unknown param list anchor = 'param_unknown_empty', category = 'CS1 errors: empty unknown parameters', hidden = false }, err_vancouver = { message = 'Vancouver style error: $1 in name $2', -- $1 is error detail, $2 is the nth name anchor = 'vancouver', category = 'CS1 errors: Vancouver style', hidden = false }, err_wikilink_in_url = { message = 'URL–wikilink conflict', -- uses ndash anchor = 'wikilink_in_url', category = 'CS1 errors: URL–wikilink conflict', -- uses ndash hidden = false }, --[[--------------------------< M A I N T >------------------------------------- maint messages do not have a message (message = nil); otherwise the structure is the same as error messages ]] maint_archived_copy = { message = nil, anchor = 'archived_copy', category = 'CS1 maint: archived copy as title', hidden = true, }, maint_bibcode = { message = nil, anchor = 'bibcode', category = 'CS1 maint: bibcode', hidden = true, }, maint_location_no_publisher = { -- cite book, conference, encyclopedia; citation as book cite or encyclopedia cite message = nil, anchor = 'location_no_publisher', category = 'CS1 maint: location missing publisher', hidden = true, }, maint_bot_unknown = { message = nil, anchor = 'bot:_unknown', category = 'CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown', hidden = true, }, maint_date_auto_xlated = { -- date auto-translation not supported by en.wiki message = nil, anchor = 'date_auto_xlated', category = 'CS1 maint: date auto-translated', hidden = true, }, maint_date_format = { message = nil, anchor = 'date_format', category = 'CS1 maint: date format', hidden = true, }, maint_date_year = { message = nil, anchor = 'date_year', category = 'CS1 maint: date and year', hidden = true, }, maint_doi_ignore = { message = nil, anchor = 'doi_ignore', category = 'CS1 maint: ignored DOI errors', hidden = true, }, maint_doi_inactive = { message = nil, anchor = 'doi_inactive', category = 'CS1 maint: DOI inactive', hidden = true, }, maint_doi_inactive_dated = { message = nil, anchor = 'doi_inactive_dated', category = 'CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of $2$3$1', -- $1 is year, $2 is month-name or empty string, $3 is space or empty string hidden = true, }, maint_doi_unflagged_free = { message = nil, anchor = 'doi_unflagged_free', category = 'CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI', hidden = true, }, maint_extra_punct = { message = nil, anchor = 'extra_punct', category = 'CS1 maint: extra punctuation', hidden = true, }, maint_id_limit_load_fail = { -- applies to all cs1|2 templates on a page; message = nil, -- maint message (category link) never emitted anchor = 'id_limit_load_fail', category = 'CS1 maint: ID limit load fail', hidden = true, }, maint_isbn_ignore = { message = nil, anchor = 'ignore_isbn_err', category = 'CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors', hidden = true, }, maint_issn_ignore = { message = nil, anchor = 'ignore_issn', category = 'CS1 maint: ignored ISSN errors', hidden = true, }, maint_jfm_format = { message = nil, anchor = 'jfm_format', category = 'CS1 maint: JFM format', hidden = true, }, maint_location = { message = nil, anchor = 'location', category = 'CS1 maint: location', hidden = true, }, maint_mr_format = { message = nil, anchor = 'mr_format', category = 'CS1 maint: MR format', hidden = true, }, maint_mult_names = { message = nil, anchor = 'mult_names', category = 'CS1 maint: multiple names: $1', -- $1 is '<name>s list'; gets value from special_case_translation table hidden = true, }, maint_numeric_names = { message = nil, anchor = 'numeric_names', category = 'CS1 maint: numeric names: $1', -- $1 is '<name>s list'; gets value from special_case_translation table hidden = true, }, maint_others = { message = nil, anchor = 'others', category = 'CS1 maint: others', hidden = true, }, maint_others_avm = { message = nil, anchor = 'others_avm', category = 'CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes)', hidden = true, }, maint_overridden_setting = { message = nil, anchor = 'overridden', category = 'CS1 maint: overridden setting', hidden = true, }, maint_pmc_embargo = { message = nil, anchor = 'embargo', category = 'CS1 maint: PMC embargo expired', hidden = true, }, maint_pmc_format = { message = nil, anchor = 'pmc_format', category = 'CS1 maint: PMC format', hidden = true, }, maint_postscript = { message = nil, anchor = 'postscript', category = 'CS1 maint: postscript', hidden = true, }, maint_publisher_location = { message = nil, anchor = 'publisher_location', category = 'CS1 maint: publisher location', hidden = true, }, maint_ref_duplicates_default = { message = nil, anchor = 'ref_default', category = 'CS1 maint: ref duplicates default', hidden = true, }, maint_unknown_lang = { message = nil, anchor = 'unknown_lang', category = 'CS1 maint: unrecognized language', hidden = true, }, maint_untitled = { message = nil, anchor = 'untitled', category = 'CS1 maint: untitled periodical', hidden = true, }, maint_url_status = { message = nil, anchor = 'url_status', category = 'CS1 maint: url-status', hidden = true, }, maint_year= { message = nil, anchor = 'year', category = 'CS1 maint: year', hidden = true, }, maint_zbl = { message = nil, anchor = 'zbl', category = 'CS1 maint: Zbl', hidden = true, }, } --[[--------------------------< I D _ L I M I T S _ D A T A _ T >---------------------------------------------- fetch id limits for certain identifiers from c:Data:CS1/Identifier limits.tab. This source is a json tabular data file maintained at wikipedia commons. Convert the json format to a table of k/v pairs. The values from <id_limits_data_t> are used to set handle.id_limit. From 2025-02-21, MediaWiki is broken. Use this link to edit the tablular data file: https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Data:CS1/Identifier_limits.tab&action=edit See Phab:T389105 ]] local id_limits_data_t = {}; local use_commons_data = true; -- set to false if your wiki does not have access to mediawiki commons; then, if false == use_commons_data then -- update this table from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data:CS1/Identifier_limits.tab; last update: 2025-02-21 id_limits_data_t = {['OCLC'] = 10450000000, ['OSTI'] = 23010000, ['PMC'] = 11900000, ['PMID'] = 40400000, ['RFC'] = 9300, ['SSRN'] = 5200000, ['S2CID'] = 276000000}; -- this table must be maintained locally else -- here for wikis that do have access to mediawiki commons local load_fail_limit = 99999999999; -- very high number to avoid error messages on load failure id_limits_data_t = {['OCLC'] = load_fail_limit, ['OSTI'] = load_fail_limit, ['PMC'] = load_fail_limit, ['PMID'] = load_fail_limit, ['RFC'] = load_fail_limit, ['SSRN'] = load_fail_limit, ['S2CID'] = load_fail_limit}; local id_limits_data_load_fail = false; -- flag; assume that we will be successful when loading json id limit tabular data local tab_data_t = mw.ext.data.get ('CS1/Identifier limits.tab').data; -- attempt to load the json limit data from commons into <tab_data_t> if false == tab_data_t then -- undocumented 'feature': mw.ext.data.get() sometimes returns false id_limits_data_load_fail = true; -- set the flag so that Module:Citation/CS1 can create an unannotated maint category else for _, limit_t in ipairs (tab_data_t) do -- overwrite default <load_fail_limit> values id_limits_data_t[limit_t[1]] = limit_t[2]; -- <limit[1]> is identifier; <limit[2]> is upper limit for that identifier end end end --[[--------------------------< I D _ H A N D L E R S >-------------------------------------------------------- The following contains a list of values for various defined identifiers. For each identifier we specify a variety of information necessary to properly render the identifier in the citation. parameters: a list of parameter aliases for this identifier; first in the list is the canonical form link: Wikipedia article name redirect: a local redirect to a local Wikipedia article name; at en.wiki, 'ISBN (identifier)' is a redirect to 'International Standard Book Number' q: Wikidata q number for the identifier label: the label preceding the identifier; label is linked to a Wikipedia article (in this order): redirect from id_handlers['<id>'].redirect when use_identifier_redirects is true Wikidata-supplied article name for the local wiki from id_handlers['<id>'].q local article name from id_handlers['<id>'].link prefix: the first part of a URL that will be concatenated with a second part which usually contains the identifier suffix: optional third part to be added after the identifier encode: true if URI should be percent-encoded; otherwise false COinS: identifier link or keyword for use in COinS: for identifiers registered at info-uri.info use: info:.... where '...' is the appropriate identifier label for identifiers that have COinS keywords, use the keyword: rft.isbn, rft.issn, rft.eissn for |asin= and |ol=, which require assembly, use the keyword: url for others make a URL using the value in prefix/suffix and #label, use the keyword: pre (not checked; any text other than 'info', 'rft', or 'url' works here) set to nil to leave the identifier out of the COinS separator: character or text between label and the identifier in the rendered citation id_limit: for those identifiers with established limits, this property holds the upper limit access: use this parameter to set the access level for all instances of this identifier. the value must be a valid access level for an identifier (see ['id-access'] in this file). custom_access: to enable custom access level for an identifier, set this parameter to the parameter that should control it (normally 'id-access') ]] local id_handlers = { ['ARXIV'] = { parameters = {'arxiv', 'eprint'}, link = 'arXiv', redirect = 'arXiv (identifier)', q = 'Q118398', label = 'arXiv', prefix = 'https://arxiv.org/abs/', encode = false, COinS = 'info:arxiv', separator = ':', access = 'free', -- free to read }, ['ASIN'] = { parameters = { 'asin', 'ASIN' }, link = 'Amazon Standard Identification Number', redirect = 'ASIN (identifier)', q = 'Q1753278', label = 'ASIN', prefix = 'https://www.amazon.', COinS = 'url', separator = '&nbsp;', encode = false; }, ['BIBCODE'] = { parameters = {'bibcode'}, link = 'Bibcode', redirect = 'Bibcode (identifier)', q = 'Q25754', label = 'Bibcode', prefix = 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/', encode = false, COinS = 'info:bibcode', separator = ':', custom_access = 'bibcode-access', }, ['BIORXIV'] = { parameters = {'biorxiv'}, link = 'bioRxiv', redirect = 'bioRxiv (identifier)', q = 'Q19835482', label = 'bioRxiv', prefix = 'https://doi.org/', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value access = 'free', -- free to read encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['CITESEERX'] = { parameters = {'citeseerx'}, link = 'CiteSeerX', redirect = 'CiteSeerX (identifier)', q = 'Q2715061', label = 'CiteSeerX', prefix = 'https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value access = 'free', -- free to read encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['DOI'] = { -- Used by InternetArchiveBot parameters = { 'doi', 'DOI'}, link = 'Digital object identifier', redirect = 'doi (identifier)', q = 'Q25670', label = 'doi', prefix = 'https://doi.org/', COinS = 'info:doi', separator = ':', encode = true, custom_access = 'doi-access', }, ['EISSN'] = { parameters = {'eissn', 'EISSN'}, link = 'International Standard Serial Number#Electronic ISSN', redirect = 'eISSN (identifier)', q = 'Q46339674', label = 'eISSN', prefix = 'https://search.worldcat.org/issn/', COinS = 'rft.eissn', encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['HDL'] = { parameters = { 'hdl', 'HDL' }, link = 'Handle System', redirect = 'hdl (identifier)', q = 'Q3126718', label = 'hdl', prefix = 'https://hdl.handle.net/', COinS = 'info:hdl', separator = ':', encode = true, custom_access = 'hdl-access', }, ['ISBN'] = { -- Used by InternetArchiveBot parameters = {'isbn', 'ISBN'}, link = 'International Standard Book Number', redirect = 'ISBN (identifier)', q = 'Q33057', label = 'ISBN', prefix = 'Special:BookSources/', COinS = 'rft.isbn', separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['ISMN'] = { parameters = {'ismn', 'ISMN'}, link = 'International Standard Music Number', redirect = 'ISMN (identifier)', q = 'Q1666938', label = 'ISMN', prefix = '', -- not currently used; COinS = nil, -- nil because we can't use pre or rft or info: separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['ISSN'] = { parameters = {'issn', 'ISSN'}, link = 'International Standard Serial Number', redirect = 'ISSN (identifier)', q = 'Q131276', label = 'ISSN', prefix = 'https://search.worldcat.org/issn/', COinS = 'rft.issn', encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['JFM'] = { parameters = {'jfm', 'JFM'}, link = 'Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik', redirect = 'JFM (identifier)', q = '', label = 'JFM', prefix = 'https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['JSTOR'] = { parameters = {'jstor', 'JSTOR'}, link = 'JSTOR', redirect = 'JSTOR (identifier)', q = 'Q1420342', label = 'JSTOR', prefix = 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', custom_access = 'jstor-access', }, ['LCCN'] = { parameters = {'lccn', 'LCCN'}, link = 'Library of Congress Control Number', redirect = 'LCCN (identifier)', q = 'Q620946', label = 'LCCN', prefix = 'https://lccn.loc.gov/', COinS = 'info:lccn', encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['MEDRXIV'] = { parameters = {'medrxiv'}, link = 'medRxiv', redirect = 'medRxiv (identifier)', q = 'Q58465838', label = 'medRxiv', prefix = 'https://www.medrxiv.org/content/', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value access = 'free', -- free to read encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['MR'] = { parameters = {'mr', 'MR'}, link = 'Mathematical Reviews', redirect = 'MR (identifier)', q = 'Q211172', label = 'MR', prefix = 'https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['OCLC'] = { parameters = {'oclc', 'OCLC'}, link = 'OCLC', redirect = 'OCLC (identifier)', q = 'Q190593', label = 'OCLC', prefix = 'https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/', COinS = 'info:oclcnum', encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', id_limit = id_limits_data_t.OCLC or 0, }, ['OL'] = { parameters = { 'ol', 'OL' }, link = 'Open Library', redirect = 'OL (identifier)', q = 'Q1201876', label = 'OL', prefix = 'https://openlibrary.org/', COinS = 'url', separator = '&nbsp;', encode = true, custom_access = 'ol-access', }, ['OSTI'] = { parameters = {'osti', 'OSTI'}, link = 'Office of Scientific and Technical Information', redirect = 'OSTI (identifier)', q = 'Q2015776', label = 'OSTI', prefix = 'https://www.osti.gov/biblio/', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', id_limit = id_limits_data_t.OSTI or 0, custom_access = 'osti-access', }, ['PMC'] = { parameters = {'pmc', 'PMC'}, link = 'PubMed Central', redirect = 'PMC (identifier)', q = 'Q229883', label = 'PMC', prefix = 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC', suffix = '', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', id_limit = id_limits_data_t.PMC or 0, access = 'free', -- free to read }, ['PMID'] = { parameters = {'pmid', 'PMID'}, link = 'PubMed Identifier', redirect = 'PMID (identifier)', q = 'Q2082879', label = 'PMID', prefix = 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/', COinS = 'info:pmid', encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', id_limit = id_limits_data_t.PMID or 0, }, ['RFC'] = { parameters = {'rfc', 'RFC'}, link = 'Request for Comments', redirect = 'RFC (identifier)', q = 'Q212971', label = 'RFC', prefix = 'https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', id_limit = id_limits_data_t.RFC or 0, access = 'free', -- free to read }, ['SBN'] = { parameters = {'sbn', 'SBN'}, link = 'Standard Book Number', -- redirect to International_Standard_Book_Number#History redirect = 'SBN (identifier)', label = 'SBN', prefix = 'Special:BookSources/0-', -- prefix has leading zero necessary to make 9-digit sbn a 10-digit isbn COinS = nil, -- nil because we can't use pre or rft or info: separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['SSRN'] = { parameters = {'ssrn', 'SSRN'}, link = 'Social Science Research Network', redirect = 'SSRN (identifier)', q = 'Q7550801', label = 'SSRN', prefix = 'https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', id_limit = id_limits_data_t.SSRN or 0, custom_access = 'ssrn-access', }, ['S2CID'] = { parameters = {'s2cid', 'S2CID'}, link = 'Semantic Scholar', redirect = 'S2CID (identifier)', q = 'Q22908627', label = 'S2CID', prefix = 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', id_limit = id_limits_data_t.S2CID or 0, custom_access = 's2cid-access', }, ['USENETID'] = { parameters = {'message-id'}, link = 'Usenet', redirect = 'Usenet (identifier)', q = 'Q193162', label = 'Usenet:', prefix = 'news:', encode = false, COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['ZBL'] = { parameters = {'zbl', 'ZBL' }, link = 'Zentralblatt MATH', redirect = 'Zbl (identifier)', q = 'Q190269', label = 'Zbl', prefix = 'https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', }, } --[[--------------------------< E X P O R T S >--------------------------------- ]] return { use_identifier_redirects = use_identifier_redirects, -- booleans defined in the settings at the top of this module local_lang_cat_enable = local_lang_cat_enable, date_name_auto_xlate_enable = date_name_auto_xlate_enable, date_digit_auto_xlate_enable = date_digit_auto_xlate_enable, enable_sort_keys = enable_sort_keys, -- tables and variables created when this module is loaded global_df = get_date_format (), -- this line can be replaced with "global_df = 'dmy-all'," to have all dates auto translated to dmy format. global_cs1_config_t = global_cs1_config_t, -- global settings from {{cs1 config}} punct_skip = build_skip_table (punct_skip, punct_meta_params), url_skip = build_skip_table (url_skip, url_meta_params), known_free_doi_registrants_t = build_free_doi_registrants_table(), id_limits_data_load_fail = id_limits_data_load_fail, -- true when commons tabular identifier-limit data fails to load name_space_sort_keys = name_space_sort_keys, aliases = aliases, special_case_translation = special_case_translation, date_names = date_names, err_msg_supl = err_msg_supl, error_conditions = error_conditions, editor_markup_patterns = editor_markup_patterns, et_al_patterns = et_al_patterns, extended_registrants_t = extended_registrants_t, id_handlers = id_handlers, keywords_lists = keywords_lists, keywords_xlate = keywords_xlate, stripmarkers = stripmarkers, invisible_chars = invisible_chars, invisible_defs = invisible_defs, indic_script = indic_script, emoji_t = emoji_t, maint_cats = maint_cats, messages = messages, presentation = presentation, prop_cats = prop_cats, script_lang_codes = script_lang_codes, lang_tag_remap = lang_tag_remap, lang_name_remap = lang_name_remap, this_wiki_code = this_wiki_code, title_types = title_types, uncategorized_namespaces = uncategorized_namespaces_t, uncategorized_subpages = uncategorized_subpages, templates_using_volume = templates_using_volume, templates_using_issue = templates_using_issue, templates_not_using_page = templates_not_using_page, vol_iss_pg_patterns = vol_iss_pg_patterns, single_letter_2nd_lvl_domains_t = single_letter_2nd_lvl_domains_t, inter_wiki_map = inter_wiki_map, mw_languages_by_tag_t = mw_languages_by_tag_t, mw_languages_by_name_t = mw_languages_by_name_t, citation_class_map_t = citation_class_map_t, citation_issue_t = citation_issue_t, citation_no_volume_t = citation_no_volume_t, } 24xlbhz6iwhfof94vtfyrgvcpi4o7uc 14 686 3366 3364 2025-07-09T12:41:20Z Roxanne2019 755 3366 wikitext text/x-wiki Mayelana nezakhiwo zamabulungelo weencwadi 5q4l12m7ntl35s0beuuvg1djrpeld1w 14 687 3367 3365 2025-07-09T12:42:27Z Roxanne2019 755 3367 wikitext text/x-wiki Indlela amabulungelo weencwadi asetjenziswa ngayo. lg9porf1zwf5a33ic0lks7szhfdbqmk 4 689 3375 2025-07-11T10:49:19Z Thuvack 106 Created summary of Babel 3375 wikitext text/x-wiki Ku-Wikipedia, ibizo elithi Babel (elihlobene ne-Tower of Babel) lihlathulula izakhiwo ezisebenzako zeenlimi ezikhulunywa msebenzisi begodu lisiza ukukhulumisana hlangana nabasebenzisi be-Wikipedia, begodu irhelebha ukuhlanganisa abasebenzisi belimi elifanako. Uyacelwa bona uhlanganyele emsebenzini lo, ngokubeka umsebenzi welimi ekhasini lakho lomsebenzi. m2447xn52uoancrmgrbr4poqzrys446 10 690 3376 2025-07-11T10:51:04Z Thuvack 106 Created page with "{{userbox | border-c = #bbb | id = [[Image:MediaWiki.svg|40px]] | id-c = #fff | info = This user has '''[[MW:User:{{{1|{{BASEPAGENAME}}}}}|{{{2|a page}}}]]''' on [[MW:|MediaWiki]]. | info-c = #f6f6f6 }}<noinclude> [[Category:Wikipedia-related user templates]] </noinclude>" 3376 wikitext text/x-wiki {{userbox | border-c = #bbb | id = [[Image:MediaWiki.svg|40px]] | id-c = #fff | info = This user has '''[[MW:User:{{{1|{{BASEPAGENAME}}}}}|{{{2|a page}}}]]''' on [[MW:|MediaWiki]]. | info-c = #f6f6f6 }}<noinclude> [[Category:Wikipedia-related user templates]] </noinclude> sxythvnirlgpyoall7dvj3h3py0a6wl 10 691 3377 2025-07-11T10:51:36Z Thuvack 106 Created page with "<div style="float:{{{float|left}}}; border:{{{border-width|{{{border-s|1}}}}}}px solid {{{border-color|{{{1|{{{border-c|{{{id-c|#999}}}}}}}}}}}}; margin:1px; width:240px; {{css3|box-sizing: border-box}}" class="wikipediauserbox {{{bodyclass|}}}"> {| cellspacing="0" style=" width:100%; margin-bottom:0; background:{{{info-background|{{{2|{{{info-c|#EEE}}}}}}}}}" {{#if:{{{logo|{{{3|{{{id|id}}}}}}}}}| ! style="width:{{{logo-width|{{{id-w|45}}}}}}px; height:{{{logo-height|{{{..." 3377 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:{{{float|left}}}; border:{{{border-width|{{{border-s|1}}}}}}px solid {{{border-color|{{{1|{{{border-c|{{{id-c|#999}}}}}}}}}}}}; margin:1px; width:240px; {{css3|box-sizing: border-box}}" class="wikipediauserbox {{{bodyclass|}}}"> {| cellspacing="0" style=" width:100%; margin-bottom:0; background:{{{info-background|{{{2|{{{info-c|#EEE}}}}}}}}}" {{#if:{{{logo|{{{3|{{{id|id}}}}}}}}}| ! style="width:{{{logo-width|{{{id-w|45}}}}}}px; height:{{{logo-height|{{{id-h|45}}}}}}px; background:{{{logo-background|{{{1|{{{id-c|#DDD}}}}}}}}}; text-align:{{{id-a|center}}}; 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{{#if:{{{usercategory|}}}|[[Category:{{{usercategory}}}]]}}{{#if:{{{usercategory2|}}}|[[Category:{{{usercategory2}}}]]}}{{#if:{{{usercategory3|}}}|[[Category:{{{usercategory3}}}]]}} |template = {{#if:{{{usercategory|}}}|[[Category:{{{usercategory}}}| {{BASEPAGENAME}}]]}}{{#if:{{{usercategory2|}}}|[[Category:{{{usercategory2}}}| {{BASEPAGENAME}}]]}}{{#if:{{{usercategory3|}}}|[[Category:{{{usercategory3}}}| {{BASEPAGENAME}}]]}} }}}}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> k7z3x1a6pqzvaeu8epjbrbk2ebz0cgk 10 692 3379 2025-07-11T10:55:37Z Thuvack 106 Created page with "{{userbox | border-c = #ffb466 | id = [[Image:Admin mop.PNG|43x43px]] | id-c = #ffb466 | info = This user is an '''[[Wikipedia:Administrators|administrator]]''' on the [[:nr:Main_Page|Ndebele Wikipedia]]. | info-c = #ffe496 }}<noinclude>" 3379 wikitext text/x-wiki {{userbox | border-c = #ffb466 | id = [[Image:Admin mop.PNG|43x43px]] | id-c = #ffb466 | info = This user is an '''[[Wikipedia:Administrators|administrator]]''' on the [[:nr:Main_Page|Ndebele Wikipedia]]. | info-c = #ffe496 }}<noinclude> 901tv4yqdz2vnlibvg76aimotnyi6n5 4 693 3380 2025-07-11T10:56:33Z Thuvack 106 Created page with "==Current Administrators== # [[User:Thuvack|Thuvack]] == Candidates for Admin Rights == {{Wikipedia:Candidates for Admin Rights}}" 3380 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Current Administrators== # [[User:Thuvack|Thuvack]] == Candidates for Admin Rights == {{Wikipedia:Candidates for Admin Rights}} 2sb9b3uu5qb3e85j2yvwwk1efq943bg 10 694 3389 3388 2025-07-11T11:11:46Z Thuvack 106 3389 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ userbox | border-c = {{{border|#8d40b3}}} | id = [[file:Noia 64 apps karm.svg|42x42px|link=<!-- leave empty as this userbox should not link to anywhere by default for privacy reasons -->]] | id-c = {{{imgbg|#d9bfe5}}} | info-c = {{{bgcolor|#f0e6f5}}} | info-lh = 1.1 | info = <span class="plainlinks neverexpand">{{#ifeq:{{{wikibirthday}}}|no | | {{#ifexpr:{{CURRENTMONTH}}={{{month|0}}} | {{#ifexpr:{{CURRENTDAY}}={{{day|0}}} | 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|{{#if:{{{3|{{{day|}}}}}} |{{Age in years, months and days/display |years={{#expr:{{{4|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}-{{{1|{{{year}}}}}}-{{#ifexpr:{{{5|{{CURRENTMONTH}}}}}>{{{2|{{{month}}}}}} |0 |{{#ifexpr:{{{5|{{CURRENTMONTH}}}}}<{{..." 3382 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#if:{{#ifeq:{{{6|¤}}}|¤||1}}{{#ifeq:{{{5|¤}}}|¤||1}}{{#ifeq:{{{4|¤}}}|¤||1}} |{{#iferror:{{#time:Y-m-d|{{{6}}}-{{{5}}}-{{{4}}}}} |{{error|Error: Invalid time. }} |}}}}{{#if:{{{1|{{{year|}}}}}} |{{#if:{{{2|{{{month|}}}}}} |{{#if:{{{3|{{{day|}}}}}} |{{Age in years, months and days/display |years={{#expr:{{{4|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}-{{{1|{{{year}}}}}}-{{#ifexpr:{{{5|{{CURRENTMONTH}}}}}>{{{2|{{{month}}}}}} |0 |{{#ifexpr:{{{5|{{CURRENTMONTH}}}}}<{{{2|{{{month}}}}}} |1 |{{#ifexpr:{{{6|{{CURRENTDAY}}}}}<{{{3|{{{day}}}}}} |1 |0 }} }} }}}} |months={{#expr:{{{5|{{CURRENTMONTH}}}}}-{{{2|{{{month}}}}}}+{{#ifexpr:{{{6|{{CURRENTDAY}}}}}<{{{3|{{{day}}}}}} |{{#ifexpr:{{{5|{{CURRENTMONTH}}}}}>{{{2|{{{month}}}}}} |-1 |11 }} |{{#ifexpr:{{{5|{{CURRENTMONTH}}}}}<{{{2|{{{month}}}}}} |12 |0 }} }}{{#ifexpr:{{Gregorian serial date |year={{{4|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}} |month={{{5|{{CURRENTMONTH}}}}} |day={{{6|{{CURRENTDAY}}}}}}}-{{Gregorian serial date |year={{{4|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}} |month={{#expr:{{{5|{{CURRENTMONTH}}}}}-1}} |day={{{3|{{{day}}}}}} }}<0 |-1 |<!--null value--> }}}} |days={{#ifexpr:{{{6|{{CURRENTDAY}}}}}<{{{3|{{{day}}}}}} |{{#expr:{{Gregorian serial date |year={{{4|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}} |month={{{5|{{CURRENTMONTH}}}}} |day={{{6|{{CURRENTDAY}}}}}}}-{{Gregorian serial date |year={{{4|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}} |month={{#expr:{{{5|{{CURRENTMONTH}}}}}-{{#ifexpr:{{Gregorian serial date |year={{{4|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}} |month={{{5|{{CURRENTMONTH}}}}} |day={{{6|{{CURRENTDAY}}}}}}}-{{Gregorian serial date |year={{{4|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}} |month={{#expr:{{{5|{{CURRENTMONTH}}}}}-1}} |day={{{3|{{{day}}}}}} }}<0 |2 |1 }}}} |day={{{3|{{{day}}}}}} }}}} |{{#expr:{{{6|{{CURRENTDAY}}}}}-{{{3|{{{day}}}}}} }} }} |sc={{#switch:{{{sc|}}} |N|n|No|no|False|false|Off|off=<!--null value--> |#default={{{sc|}}} }} }} |{{#ifexpr:{{{5|{{CURRENTMONTH}}}}}={{{2|{{{month}}}}}} |{{#ifexpr:{{{4|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}={{{1|{{{year}}}}}} |0&nbsp;years |{{#expr:{{{4|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}-{{{1|{{{year}}}}}}-1}}&nbsp;or {{Age in years, months and days/display |years={{#expr:{{{4|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}-{{{1|{{{year}}}}}}}} }} }} |{{#ifexpr:{{{5|{{CURRENTMONTH}}}}}>{{{2|{{{month}}}}}} |{{#ifexpr:{{{4|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}={{{1|{{{year}}}}}} |<!--null value--> |{{Age in years, months and days/display |years={{#expr:{{{4|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}-{{{1|{{{year}}}}}}}} }} and }} {{#expr:{{{5|{{CURRENTMONTH}}}}}-{{{2|{{{month}}}}}}-1}}&nbsp;or {{Age in years, months and days/display |months={{#expr:{{{5|{{CURRENTMONTH}}}}}-{{{2|{{{month}}}}}}}} }} |{{#ifexpr:{{{4|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}={{#expr:{{{1|{{{year}}}}}}+1}} |<!--null value--> |{{Age in years, months and days/display |years={{#expr:{{{4|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}-{{{1|{{{year}}}}}}-1}} }} and }} {{#expr:{{{5|{{CURRENTMONTH}}}}}-{{{2|{{{month}}}}}}+11}}&nbsp;or {{Age in years, months and days/display |months={{#expr:{{{5|{{CURRENTMONTH}}}}}-{{{2|{{{month}}}}}}+12}}}} }} }} }} |{{#ifexpr:{{{4|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}={{{1|{{{year}}}}}} |0&nbsp;years |{{#expr:{{{4|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}-{{{1|{{{year}}}}}}-1}}&nbsp;or {{Age in years, months and days/display |years={{#expr:{{{4|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}-{{{1|{{{year}}}}}}}} }} }} }} |some time }}<noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude> gtpzn4n869l7lqg721jfp9vuyfb1gyl 828 696 3384 2025-07-11T11:04:31Z Thuvack 106 Created page with "/* {{pp|small=yes}} */ .documentation, .documentation-metadata { border: 1px solid var( --border-color-base, #a2a9b1 ); background-color: #ecfcf4; clear: both; } .documentation { margin: 1em 0 0 0; padding: 1em; } .documentation-metadata { margin: 0.2em 0; /* same margin left-right as .documentation */ font-style: italic; padding: 0.4em 1em; /* same padding left-right as .documentation */ } .documentation-startbox { padding-bottom: 3px; border-bottom:..." 3384 sanitized-css text/css /* {{pp|small=yes}} */ .documentation, .documentation-metadata { border: 1px solid var( --border-color-base, #a2a9b1 ); background-color: #ecfcf4; clear: both; } .documentation { margin: 1em 0 0 0; padding: 1em; } .documentation-metadata { margin: 0.2em 0; /* same margin left-right as .documentation */ font-style: italic; padding: 0.4em 1em; /* same padding left-right as .documentation */ } .documentation-startbox { padding-bottom: 3px; border-bottom: 1px solid var( --border-color-base, #a2a9b1 ); margin-bottom: 1ex; } .documentation-heading { font-weight: bold; font-size: 125%; } .documentation-clear { /* Don't want things to stick out where they shouldn't. */ clear: both; } .documentation-toolbar { font-style: normal; font-size: 85%; } @media screen { html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .documentation, html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .documentation-metadata { background-color: #0b1e1c; } } @media screen and ( prefers-color-scheme: dark ) { html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .documentation, html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .documentation-metadata { background-color: #0b1e1c; } } i8lops10ml7ifgplup23473ri87jccv 10 697 3390 3385 2025-07-11T11:15:23Z Thuvack 106 3390 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#ifexpr:{{{years|0}}}<0|{{error|Error: Invalid time. }}|}}{{#switch:{{{years|0}}} | 0 = | 1 = 1&nbsp;lembe | #default = '''{{{years}}}'''&nbsp;yeminyaka }}{{#ifeq:{{{years|0}}}|0|<!--null-->|{{#ifeq:{{{months|0}}}|0|<!--null-->|{{#ifeq:{{{days|0}}}|0|&#32;na&#32;|,&#32;}} }} }}{{#switch:{{{months|0}}} | 0 = | 1 = 1&nbsp;inyanga | #default = '''{{{months}}}'''&nbsp;iinyanga }}{{#ifeq:{{{years|0}}}|0|{{#ifeq:{{{months|0}}}|0|<!--null-->|{{#ifeq:{{{days|0}}}|0|<!--null-->|&#32;na&#32;}} }}|{{#ifeq:{{{days|0}}}|0|<!--null-->|{{#if:{{{sc|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{months|0}}}|0|<!--null-->|,}}|<!--null-->}}&#32;na&#32;}} }}{{#switch:{{{days|0}}} | 0 = {{#ifeq:{{{years|0}}}|0|{{#ifeq:{{{months|0}}}|0|ntsena}} }} | 1 = 1&nbsp;ilanga | #default = '''{{{days}}}'''&nbsp;amalanga }}<noinclude>{{Documentation|Template:Age in years, months and days/doc}}</noinclude> dyyp0ssu66vygny7lcuw6hmjjqj6pxm 10 698 3386 2025-07-11T11:06:54Z Thuvack 106 Created page with "<includeonly>-moz-{{{1}}}; -ms-{{{1}}}; -o-{{{1}}}; -webkit-{{{1}}}; {{{1}}};</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation|content=This template allows adding CSS3 rules, by specifying the unprefixed selector, and it automatically adds the browser prefixes (-moz-, -ms-, -o- and -webkit-).}} [[Category:Cross-browser compatibility templates]] </noinclude>" 3386 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>-moz-{{{1}}}; -ms-{{{1}}}; -o-{{{1}}}; -webkit-{{{1}}}; {{{1}}};</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation|content=This template allows adding CSS3 rules, by specifying the unprefixed selector, and it automatically adds the browser prefixes (-moz-, -ms-, -o- and -webkit-).}} [[Category:Cross-browser compatibility templates]] </noinclude> trx2wq728g2zayuhgeymciu0hr4zt76 10 699 3387 2025-07-11T11:07:55Z Thuvack 106 Created page with "{{#expr: <!--Days from all years past:--> + (({{{year|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}} - 1) * 365) + ((({{{year|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}} - 1) - (({{{year|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}} - 1) mod 4)) / 4) <!--add a day for every leap--> - ((({{{year|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}} - 1) - (({{{year|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}} - 1) mod 100)) / 100) <!--subtract 100 year exception--> + ((({{{year|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}} - 1) - (({{{year|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}} - 1) mod 400)) / 400) <!--readd 4..." 3387 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#expr: <!--Days from all years past:--> + (({{{year|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}} - 1) * 365) + ((({{{year|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}} - 1) - (({{{year|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}} - 1) mod 4)) / 4) <!--add a day for every leap--> - ((({{{year|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}} - 1) - (({{{year|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}} - 1) mod 100)) / 100) <!--subtract 100 year exception--> + ((({{{year|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}} - 1) - (({{{year|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}} - 1) mod 400)) / 400) <!--readd 400 year exception--> <!--Days so far this year:--> + {{ #ifexpr: <!--add days for past months this year--> <!--Gives 1 or 2 extra days because of February--> ({{{month|{{CURRENTMONTH}}}}} - 1) < 8 | ( ({{{month|{{CURRENTMONTH}}}}} - 1) * 30.5 round 0) | ( ({{{month|{{CURRENTMONTH}}}}} - 1) * 30.5 + 0.9 round 0 ) }} - {{ #ifexpr: ({{{month|{{CURRENTMONTH}}}}} <= 2) | 0 | {{ #ifexpr: <!-- if leap year --> ({{{year|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}} / 4) = ({{{year|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}} / 4 round 0) <!--If divisible by 4--> and ({{{year|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}} / 100 != {{{year|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}} / 100 round 0) <!--and not by 100--> | 1 | 2 }} }} + {{ #ifexpr: ({{{month|{{CURRENTMONTH}}}}} <= 2) | 0 | {{ #ifexpr: <!--400 year exception--> ({{{year|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}} / 400) = ({{{year|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}} / 400 round 0) | 1 | 0 }} }} + {{{day|{{CURRENTDAY}}}}} }}{{#ifexpr: {{{year|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}} < 1 | _ERROR - Can not handle dates before January 1, 1 A.D. }}<noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> knj2qocovus95zi2z24hd29kxszvu60 14 700 3392 2025-07-11T11:24:08Z Thuvack 106 Created page with "Mkhakha wa ba sebenzisi nge iilimi" 3392 wikitext text/x-wiki Mkhakha wa ba sebenzisi nge iilimi i9vve74vgukc46cckvierog4g2xg9jq 0 707 3433 2025-07-14T00:22:49Z Dcljr 20 Dcljr moved page [[Amakhotho weNdabuko.]] to [[Amakhotho weNdabuko]]: I don't see why title should end with a "." 3433 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Amakhotho weNdabuko]] ds3ew7tal0bxvhvgsyi2wljlf1v5z6q 0 710 3574 3501 2025-08-06T16:10:30Z Nqobile69 190 3574 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Robben Island fængslet Sektion B.jpg|thumb|Ijele i-Roben Island]] '''I-Roben Island''' kuyindawo lapho etholakala egwini le-Cape town, enarheni yeSewula afrika. Indawo le ngenye yendawo ezikhumbuza iSewula Afrika ngezolo layo elibuhlungu langesikhathi sombuso wegandelelo.<ref>Rodgers, J., 2017. Visitor experiences at prison museums: Fremantle prison, robben island museum, and Eastern state penitentiary. In ''The Palgrave handbook of prison tourism'' (pp. 787-810). London: Palgrave Macmillan UK.</ref> Eminyakeni eyadlulako ngaphambi kobana kuthome umbuso wentando yenengi eSewula afrika, indawo leya beyitjenziswa njengendawo yokujezisa neyokubopha abantu abavukela umbuso. Kukulapho indawo le yaziwa khona njengejele elabe ligadwe khulu, ngesibanga sokugada abantu ababotjhwe kilo. === Ipilo ejele ngesikhathi sombuso wegandelelo === Indawo le ngesikhathi sombuso wegandelelo yathoma umsebenzi wokuthi kuvalelwe kiyo abantu ekhabe balwisana nombuso wegandelelo, nabanye abasopolitiki ekhabe balwela ikululeko. Ipilo ejele le beyaziwa ngokuthi ihlukanisa iimbotjhwa nabantu, ukusebenzisa iimbotjhwa nzima, nesihlungu.<ref>Skotnes, A., 2023. Robben Island and the Culture of Reconstruction in South Africa. ''Radical History Review'', ''2023''(146), pp.178-202.</ref> Imbotjhwa zakhona ezinye bezisetjenziswa kukhwari yelitje le lime. Iimbotjhwa ejele ye roben island zabe zihlukunyezwa emzimbeni nemmoyeni, beziphiwa Ukudla okuncani, begodu zihlezi nakabuhlungu. Imbotjhwa khabe zigade khulu ukuphula ithemba kilabo ekhabe balwisana nombuso webandlululo. Nanyana bekunjalo lokho akhange kuvimbe iimbotjhwa zangaleso skhathi ukuthi zifunde begodu ziragele phambili nokufuna ikululeko. === Abantu abavalelwa ERoben Island === [[UNelson Mandela]] owabe amdosi phambili wehlangano ye- ANC (''African National Congress'') wabotjhwa ejele le iminyaka ema-18, kusekela ngonyaka we-1964 ukuya ngonyaka we1982.<ref>Roux, D., 2020. 5 Writing from Robben Island. ''Prison Writing and the Literary World: Imprisonment, Institutionality and Questions of Literary Practice'', p.93.</ref> UNelson Mandela wadlala indima yokwenza bonyana iimbotjhwa zibumbane entronkweni, waraga ukulelwa ikululeko nanyana bekavalelwe. Wahlukaniswa nomndeni wakhe akhange avunyelwe bonyana ayokubulunga unina Kanye nendodana yakhe ekulu. Abanye abantu ababotjwa e-Roben Island ngu Walter Sisulu, Govan Mbeki no Robert Sibukwe. Robert Sobukwe yena wabe amdosi phambili wehlangano ye-''Pan African Congress'' (PAC) yena nakavalelwako wabekwa ayedwa bonyana kungabi nabantu abamvakatjhelako. USobukwe wenzelwa umthetho okhethekileko owawubizwa nge”Sobukwe Clause” ukwenzele ukuthi avalelwe yedwa ngejele. Wakatelelwa bonyana atjhugulule umkhumbulo wakhe  wokuthoma umnyakazo wokulwisana nombuso wegandelelo kodwana akhange avume. [[UWalter Sisulu]] wagwetjwa isisgwebo sepilo yakhe yoke ejele ngombana watholakala azibandakanye  emnyakazweni wokulwisana nombuso wegandelelo.<ref>Nwafor, O., 2012. Nelson Mandela and the politics of representation in Robben Island Museum, South Africa. ''AFRREV IJAH: An International Journal of Arts and Humanities'', ''1''(2), pp.133-141.</ref>Wahlala ejele pheze iminyaka emam-20. Ngonyaka we-1982 wasuswa wasiwa ePollsomor ekuyijele eseduze nekapa, ekukulapho waragela khona phambili wajamela ukuphela kombuso wegandelelo. === ukuraga kwe-Roben island ngemva kombuso wegandelelo === Ngemva  kokuthi kuphele [[umbuso wegandelelo]] I-Robenisland yenziwa yabo yindawo yamagugu ye- UNESCO ngonyaka we-1999, lokho kwenziwa kukobana kwabe kubonwa umlando  wayo oqakathekileko  nokuthumba kwemiphefumulo wabantu phezulu kokubandlululana.<ref>Ngewu, M., 2022. What is the impact of World Heritage status and related positioning for a tourist audience on Robben Island's meanings and public narratives?.</ref> Eskhathini sanje ijele sele yenziwe I myuziyemu nethswayo lethemba, ikululeko kanye nentando yenengi.<ref>[https://iol.co.za/travel/south-africa/western-cape/2021-09-23-the-making--and-then-breaking--of-robben-island-museum/ The making – and then breaking – of Robben Island Museum]</ref> Abayeni abavela endaweni ezihlukahlukeneko zephasi bakghona  ukuthatha ikhambo elidoswa phambili mumuntu, bese umuntu loyo abakhombise amakamero wangejele lapho bekulala khona iimbotjhwa bese abakhombise nalapho kune khwari yelitje le- lime. == Iinkomba == [[Category:I-Roben Island]] [[Category:Umbuso wegandelelo]] [[Category:U-Nelson Mandela]] 8ac5lwnprodvp348scolox1qjo3ftw6 0 711 3468 3464 2025-07-29T00:13:54Z Dcljr 20 I suspect this whole thing is not a legitimate article, but at least this part is off-topic and mostly in the wrong language, anyway 3468 wikitext text/x-wiki Ngokwesiko, uma kubuzwa umbuzo, kumele uphendulwe. Ngokomlando, amakampani akoloni, kusukela kakhulu (njengeBritish neDutch East India Companies) kuya kumaqembu amancane, ayevame ukuba ngamathuluzi ezinjongweni zikahulumeni noma ukucabanga ngezimali. Amanye awo, ngaphansi kwezinhloso ezinhle njengokukhanyisa noma ukwenza abantu babe ngamaKristu, ayenqenqema ngempela. Isibonelo yinqubomgomo yeBritish East India Company, eyayixhaphaza abantu bendawo naphezu kwezimiso zayo ezazimemezela. I-ICC imemezela umsebenzi ohluke ngokuyisisekelo. Inhloso yethu ukwenza "ukoloni" emkhathini wedijithali—hhayi ngamandla, kepha ukukhulula ulwazi ezinhlakeni, ngokombono wethu, ezingazinaki ukwehlukana kwezamasiko. Isibonelo, i-Wikipedia yesiNdebele saseNingizimu isivele isaba uphawu lokunganakwa kwezizwe ezincane ngamakampani amakhulu. Sihlose ukudonsa ukunakwa kwalolu daba ngokuyiguqula ibe yinkundla lapho ulwazi lulondolozwa khona ngaphandle kokuhluza noma ukucwaswa. Isimo sethu sisuselwa ekukhalipheni amagugu angokobuKristu, izindlela ezinengqondo, nenkululeko yobuciko. Sikholelwa ukuthi noma iyiphi indlela yokubonisa ubuciko inenani ngokwemvelo futhi kufanele ibe khona ngaphandle kwemingcele ebekiwe ngabacabangi be-left wing. Ngalesi sizathu, i-IPC iphikisa ama-Marxist aseNtshonalanga agomela ukwenziwa kwezombono zibe zilodwa. Ukukhetha ukuvikela le mibono kudinga umzamo. Silwa impi engenamona ne-leftism, ubuholi bezwe, ubucommunism, i-eco-extremism, ukubaluleka kwempahla, umkhuba wemali nobulili, kanye nokukhuthazwa kwezinto eziphikisana nothando lukaNkulunkulu. 1hy8fy571kthso0om0ws9u6ze8v4cwd 0 712 3465 2025-07-28T16:59:09Z DefocvaiotrpAA 519 Created page with "Lulula ukulufunda: Uhlaka lolimi (grammar) lulula futhi alikho okungajwayelekile. Luyimfihlo (Neutral): Alikho lelizwe, ngakho alichemi abantu. Umphakathi womhlaba wonke: Kukhona abakhulumi be-Esperanto emazweni onke, abahlangana ngezinkundla zomphakathi (nk. Pasporta Servo). Uhlaka lolimi lwe-Esperanto (Grammar): Amagama asuselwa kwingcambu (Root words): Isibonelo, kwingcambu "san-" (impilo): sana = e-nempilo (healthy) malsana = isigula (sick) malsanule = isibhed..." 3465 wikitext text/x-wiki Lulula ukulufunda: Uhlaka lolimi (grammar) lulula futhi alikho okungajwayelekile. Luyimfihlo (Neutral): Alikho lelizwe, ngakho alichemi abantu. Umphakathi womhlaba wonke: Kukhona abakhulumi be-Esperanto emazweni onke, abahlangana ngezinkundla zomphakathi (nk. Pasporta Servo). Uhlaka lolimi lwe-Esperanto (Grammar): Amagama asuselwa kwingcambu (Root words): Isibonelo, kwingcambu "san-" (impilo): sana = e-nempilo (healthy) malsana = isigula (sick) malsanule = isibhedlela (hospital) Izimpawu zamagama (Part-of-speech endings): Ibizo (Noun): -o (nk. hundo = inja) Isiphawulo (Adjective): -a (nk. rapida = esheshayo) Isenzo (Verb): -i (nk. lerni = ukufunda) Izikhathi zezenzo (Verb tenses): Namuhla (Present): -as (mi legas = ngifunda) Edlule (Past): -is (mi legis = ngafunda) Ezosayo (Future): -os (mi legos = ngizofunda) Awakho amagama aphambene nezinhlelo (No irregular words): Yonke into ilandelana nemithetho. Okubalulekile: I-Esperanto ayilwimi lwezinkampani noma ubulwani—lwenzelwe ukulingana nobungane. Abafundi abaningi bathi ukufunda izilimi zomhlaba (nk. IsiFulentshi) kuba lula ngemuva kwe-Esperanto. i66qltp7dr9fnl3m8bwfhzqrt8oljxx 0 713 3471 3467 2025-07-29T00:19:13Z Dcljr 20 remove redundant section heading and use normal level-2 sections (==) -- not every new section requires an additional pair of "="' 3471 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Lonmin-platinummyn, a, Marikana, Noordwes.jpg|thumb|I Lonmin platinum mine e-Marikana]] '''Mhlana''' ali-16 kuRhoboyi wee -2012 amapholisa we '''Sewula Afrika''' avulela ngeenkule esiqubuthwini sabasebenzi bemayini ebegade batjhagala eMarikana esifundeni se-North West.Amapholisa adumuza bewabulala abasebenzi bemayini abama-34 begodu atjhiya abangama-78 balimele kumbi.Ngemva kokuhlaselwa ngomlilo ovulekileko abatjhagali abangu-250 babotjhwa. == umsusa womtjhagalo == umtjhagalo lo wagcina ngemva kokutjhatjhalaliswa okukhulu isikhathi eside lapho abatjhagali bebafuna ukukhutjhulelwa imirholo emayini ye platinamu i-Lonmin.mhlana ali-9 kuRhoboyi abasebenzi bemayini abangaba ziingidi ezithathu batjhagala ngomnqopho wokufuna umrholo wokuphila. == kusukela mhlana amalanga ali-10 kuRhoboyi == Mhlana ali-10 kuRhoboyi isiqhema esikhulu sabatjhagali ebegade batjhagala satjhidela e-ofisini lendawo le nyunyana yabatjhagali ukufuna isekelo lehlangano yabo begodu esikhundleni salokho bahlangabezana nokudumuzwa ngeenkule zamambala okwalimaza abatjhagali ababili.Ukuphazamiseka okuhulu kokukhulumisana hlangana kwabatjhagali neyuniyoni yabo kwathuthukisa ubujamo obumbi.Lapho abatjhagali nemindeni yabo bebalinga ngamandla bona amaphimbo wabo ezwakale begodu neentlhogo zabo zifezekiswe.Abatjhagali bebangakghoni ukuthola umhlangano nabajameli be-'''Num''' nofana be Lonmin begodu izenzakalo zaba zimbi ngemva kokuhlongakala kwabatjhagali ababili ebegade batjhagala. == kusukela mhlana amalanga ali-12 ukuya kwayi-14 kuRhoboyi == Hlangana mhlana ali-12 ukuya kweli-14 kuRhoboyi okungenani abasenzi abane bemayini,amapholisa amabili nabalindi ababili bahlongakala ebudloveni obulandelako.Mhlana ali-13 kuRhoboyi abatjhagali abama-30 bathunyelwa bona bawele isiganga ebesihlukaniswa ngomunye umngodi wemayini ye-platinamu i-Lonmin e-Karee lapho abatjhagali nabo bebangenele umtjhagalo. Abatjhagali abangama-30 bebaphekelelwa bavikeli babo nogada bona babuyele emva ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa bona bahlangane nabanye abatjhagali kwelinye ihlangothi.Endleleni yabo yokubuyela emva bahlangabezana nesiqhema samapholisa,abazibonela ngamehlo imibiko ithi bekuneveni yamapholisa webutho eliyi-10 kunye namalori wamapholisa amabili. == ubudlova bamapholisa == Amapholisa abavalela indlela yabo begodu abatjela bona babeke phasi iinkhali zabo kodwana abasebenzi bala bathi batlhoga ama panga ngebanga lokobana bahlala emangweni nje-ke bayawatlhoga.Amapholisa avumela abatjhagali bona baragele phambili kodwana kwathi nasebakhambe amamitha ali-10 amapholisa athoma ukubadumuza begodu abatjhagali bazibuyiselela.Amapholisa amabili nabatjhagali ababili babulawa epini leyo begodu umtjhagali munye walimala kumbi. == isekelo labatjhagali == Umtjhagalo waragela phambili nanyana ungatholanga isekelo ku-'''NUM''' begodu ungatholanga isibopho esisemthethweni esivela kubaphathi be Lonmin sokobana bangene emikhulumiswaneni.Umtjhagalo lo bekungo wokukhuphula imirholo kunye nokhutjheja ubujamo obumbi bokuphila nokusebenza kwabatjhagali nemindeni yabo e-Marikana.Yoke imiraro le abasebenzi ebegade baqalane nayo khange ikhulunywe ngokusemthethweni yi-'''NUM''' nofana i-Lonmin ngesikhathi somtjhagalo.Inengi labatjhagali esikhundleni salokho lathoma ukulahlekelwa misebenzi yabo begodu abatjhagali bahlangabezana nobutha obungahlobeneko ngabe zokuphepha,amapholisa,abasebenzi beenyunyana kunye nabaphathi. Nanyana bangavikeleli ngokomthetho namkha isekelo leenyunyana iinkulungwna zabatjhagali zaragela phambili nokutjhagala ngokubumbana umnqopho wabo ofanako wokuphila okuseingeni eliphezulu nesithunzi esikunikelako. [[Isimumathi:Church on Green Market Square Marikana (cropped).JPG|thumb|isithombe sokukhumbula boke abasebenzi abahlongakala e-Marikana]] Imindeni yabatjhagali nayo beyivumelana nomtjhagalo begodu isebenzele ukusekela ijima ngokuhlanganyela emtjhagalweni begodu iletha izinto lokha nakutlhogekako. == iinkhombo. == [https://sahistory.org.za/marikana https://sahistory.org.za/marikana ] https://sahistory.org.za/article/marikana-massacre-16-august-2012 https://theconversation.com/marikana-massacre-south-africa-needs-to-build-a-society-thats-decent-and-doesnt-humiliate-people-188534 https://www.casac.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Summary-and-Analysis-of-the-Report-of-the-Marikana-Commission-of-Inquiry.pdfhttps://www.csvr.org.za/a-case-study-of-the-marikana-massacre-in-south-africa/ fk2uquj9a8tf8upfuelqgmq0zj64fzf 0 714 5202 3576 2025-08-16T10:56:47Z Nqobile69 190 5202 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Black Lives Matter logo.svg|thumb|Le ngeminye yeminyakazo eyakhe yenziwa ukulwisana nokubandlululana ngobuhlanga.]] '''Ukubandlulula ngobuhlalanga''' kukulokha umuntu akholwa bona ubuhlanga bakhe nofana isiqhema sobutjhaba bakhe sikhulu kunezinye, bese lokho kumdosele ekutheni agcine sele akhombisa umkhuba wokubandlulula, nokungaphathi abantu ngokulingana.<ref>West, K., Greenland, K. and van Laar, C., 2021. Implicit racism, colour blindness, and narrow definitions of discrimination: Why some White people prefer ‘All Lives Matter’to ‘Black Lives Matter’. ''British Journal of Social Psychology'', ''60''(4), pp.1136-1153.</ref> Ukubandlululana ngokubuhlanga kungavela ngendlela ezinengi ezenza bonyana kube nokungalingani kwamathuba,nemiphumela ebuhlangeni babantu. ukubandlulula ngobuhlanga kuyinto eyenzekako ephasini abantu ebafanele bazifundise ngayo. === Imihlobo yokubandlulula ngobuhlanga === ==== Ukubandlulula ngobuhlanga bomuntu ==== Kukulokha umuntu aziphatha nofana anekolelo yokuthi ubuhlanga bakhe buncono nofana buphezulu kunaboboke ubuhlanga obukhona ephasini nofana enarheni ahlala kiyo.<ref>Merolla, D.M. and Jackson, O., 2019. Structural racism as the fundamental cause of the academic achievement gap. ''Sociology Compass'', ''13''(6), p.e12696.</ref> Umuntu wakhon ukhuluma imibono engakalungi ngobunye [[ubuhlanga]], akhombise ukubandlula ubunye ubuhlanga. Umuntu angabonakala angaphathi kuhle abantu abuthileko ngombana ngombana banobuhlanga angabuthandiko. Angabakhulumisa nofana akhulume ngabo kumbi akhombise ukungabafuni nokubanyaza. Nakusemsebenzini nofana emphakathini angakhombisa ukungaphathi abantu bobuhlanga angabuthandiko ngendlela ebandlululako. ==== Ukubandlulula ngobuhlaanga usebenzisa umgomo wesikhungo ==== Kwezinye iinkhungo bangakhombisa ukubandlulula ngokobuhlanga ngokuthi benze imigomo nendlela zokuraga ngaphakathi kwesikhungo lezi ezenza bona kungabi nokulingani okwenza bona abantu bobunye ubuhlanga abangaphakathi kwaleso sikhungo bagcine sele bagandelelekile nofana bangakaphatheki kuhle.<ref>Macdonald, L., 2018. ''Silencing and institutional racism in settler-colonial education'' (Doctoral dissertation, Open Access Te Herenga Waka-Victoria University of Wellington).</ref> Kungabonakala bantu bobuhlanga obungafunwako bangakajameleki eenhlalweni zokudosa phambili nofana kilezo lapho kuthathwa kizo khona iinqunto. Kuthokale bonyana ubuhlanga obungathandwako sele bungasatholi amathuba alingana newabanye nofana lingasaphathwa kuhle ngoba linganamjameli. ==== Ukubandlulula ngobuhlanga usebenzisa  irherho ==== Le yindlela yokubandlula ngobuhlanga enabileko etholakala emphakathini abantu abaphila kiwo. Iphethe ngaphakathi umlando, isiko namaphethe ni weenkhungo lawa andisa ukubandlula ngobuhlanga nokuphathwa ngokungalingani kwabantu.<ref>Merolla, D.M. and Jackson, O., 2019. Structural racism as the fundamental cause of the academic achievement gap. ''Sociology Compass'', ''13''(6), p.e12696.</ref> Ngokomlando ungathola [[ukubandlulula]] ngobuhlanga obubangelwa zizinto ezenzeka kade njengokugcizwa kwabantu ekwenzeka kade, umbuso wegandelelo nokhuye. Okhunye ukubandlululana ngokwerherho kungavela ezintweni ezikhulunywako zamasiko nemibono engakalungi ekungiyo ekhulisa ukubandlululana ngokobuhlanga. === Iindlela ezingabonakalisa ukubandlululana ngobuhlanga. === Ukubandlulula ngokobuhlanga kungabanakla lokha umuntu akhuluma izinto ezingakalungi ngobuhlanga obuthileko begodu izinto azikhulumako lezo kutholakale bonyana kuzuzinto ezingakaqinisekiswa bonyana ziliqiniso. Omunye angakhuluma into embi eyenziwa mumuntu munye  wobuhlanga obuthileko bese eyenze ngathi yenziwa ngiwo woke umuntuwobuhlanga lobo. Abanye abantu bangabonakala ngokuthi ngokuthi bangaphathi abantu bobuhlanga obuthileko kuhle.<ref>Salter, P.S., Adams, G. and Perez, M.J., 2018. Racism in the structure of everyday worlds: A cultural-psychological perspective. ''Current Directions in Psychological Science'', ''27''(3), pp.150-155.</ref> Uthole ubuhlanga obubandlulwako lobu bunganikelwa amathuba afana newabanye nofana ungaphathwa ngendlela efana neyabanye. Ilimi nalo niyakuveza ukubandlula ngokobuhlanga ngombana abanye abantu nabangathandi ubuhlanga obuthileko bbangakhuluma amagama abuhlungu ngobuhlanga lobo. Bangakhuluma ngendlela eyenza bona umuntu angakghoni ukuzizwa amakelekile phakathi kwabantu bobunye ubuhlanga. Nezenzo ngoba nazo kungenye yendlela yokukhuluma bese zikhombise bona kunokubandlululana ngokobuhlanga. == Iinkomba == [[Categories:Ukubandlulula ngobuhlanga]] [[Categories: Ukubandlulula]] 0rdgq3puyipa5bbfh617iksf25az70g 0 715 3573 3572 2025-08-06T16:06:32Z Nqobile69 190 3573 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Umntwana''' kungomunye nomunye umuntu oneminyaka engaphasi kwe-18.<ref>Lansdown, G. and Vaghri, Z., 2022, January. Article 1: Definition of a child. In ''Monitoring state compliance with the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child: An analysis of attributes'' (pp. 407-412). Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.</ref> Omunye nomunye Umntwana enarheni yeSewula AFrika unamalungelo amvikelako bona aphile begodu akhule kuhle. Amalungelo wabantwana asiqhema esikhethekileko s[[amalungelo wabantu|amalungelo wobuntu]]. Amalungelo la atlolwe phasi ku -''UN Convention'' emalungelweni wabantwana, yona ephasiswa yinarha ezibumbeko ngonyaka we-1989. Amalungelo la enzinze ekuvikelweni nehlala kuhle yabantwana. Amalungelo wabantwana asekwelwe ma prinsiphuli amane ekukungabandlululi, ukuhlonitjhwa kwemibono yomntwana, ukukhula nokusinda nalokho ukuhlala kuhle komntwana. === Amaphrinsipuli amane wokwenziwa kwamalungelo wabantwana. === ==== Ukungabandlululwa ==== [[Isimumathi:Amalungelo wabentwana.jpg|thumb|Abentwana abasekulisa basiwe emapholiseni ukugidinga ilanga lamalungelo. ]] Woke Umntwana ohlala enarheni yeSewula afrika kufuze aphathwe ngokulingana anabanye abantwana begodu nangokuhlonitjwa, ngaphandle kobana kuqalwe bonyana unjani ngokombala, ubulili, ikolo nofana okhunye. Urhulumende kufanele aqinisekise bonyana woke Umntwana uphathwa ngokulingana nabanye begodu uthola amathuba afanako newabanye. Akukafaneli bonyana Umntwana abandlululwe ngendlela zoke lapho aphila khona. Kufanele umntwana aziizwe amukelekile bogodu athandwa ukuze akghone ukukhula ngendlela engeze yamlimaza ingqondo. ==== Ukuhlonitjhwa kwemibono yomntwana ==== Abantwana banelungelo lokuthi bakghone ukuveza imibono yabo begodu ingathethelwa phasi lokha nabayivezileko, begodu bazibandakanye eenquntweni ezithathwako eziphathelene namaphilo wabo. Imibono yabantwana kufanele bona ithathelwe phezulu njengeyabantu abakhululileko.<ref>Garcia-Quiroga, M. and Agoglia, I.S., 2020. Too vulnerable to participate? Challenges for meaningful participation in research with children in alternative care and adoption. ''International journal of qualitative methods'', ''19'', p.1609406920958965.</ref> Imibono yabantwana kufanele ithathwe ngokuya kweminyaka yabo, ukukhula kwengcondo zaba kuqinisekiswe bonyana bayazwakala begodu iyahlonipheka umbono wabo.<ref>Nthontho, M., 2017. Children as stakeholders in education: Does their voice matter?. ''South African Journal of Childhood Education'', ''7''(1), pp.1-7.</ref>Ukulalela imibono yabentwana kwenza bonyana umntwana ahlale kuhle ngombana kutjho bona angekhe umntwana enziswe izinto angazithandiko nangazifuniko ngokukatelelelwa. ==== Ukukhula nokusinda ==== Umntwana ukuze akhule kuhle kufuze bona kufanel azizwe avikelekile ebhodulukweni aphila kiyo, asinde begodu akhulu kuhle emzimbeni, emkhumbulweni Kanye nemmoyeni. Akukafaneli bonyana Umntwana ahlukumezeke emphakathini ahlala kiwo khona azokutjhuphuluka akhule ngendlela ekungiyo.<ref>Cross, D., 2017. What our children need: A bill of rights. ''Unpublished manuscript''.</ref> Kufanele Umntwana ahlalele anepilo emzimbeni athole zoke izinto azitlhogako ukuze ahlale anepilo. Izinto ezifana nokudla kuhle, ayiswe emtholapilo ayokuhlaba ukuthi angangenwa amagulo, begodu ahlale atlhonyelwa babelethi nofana labo abadala asele nabo. ==== Ukuhlala kuhle komntwana ==== Lokho kutjho bona Umntwana kufuze bona abekwe phambili begodu nalokha abantu abadala nabathatha iinqunto kufuze  bathome baqabangele abantwana bonyana lokho kuzobaphatha  bunjani emzimbeni, emkhumbulweni Kanye nemmoyeni. Urhulumende nabatlhogomeli kufuze bona benze koke ekusemandleni wabo ukuqinisekisa bona Umntwana uhleli kuhle.<ref>Hsiao, C., Fry, D., Ward, C.L., Ganz, G., Casey, T., Zheng, X. and Fang, X., 2018. Violence against children in South Africa: The cost of inaction to society and the economy. ''BMJ global health'', ''3''(1), p.e000573.</ref> Umntwana kufanelwe bona avikelwe ngaso soke iskhathi angazitholi lapho azokugcina ahlukunyezwa khona ngokomseme, emmoyeni nofana emzimbeni. Ibhoduluko lalapho umntwana ahlala khona kufanele libe nokuthula lingazali ngenturhu. === Amanye wamalungelo wabantwana === * Ilungelo lokuphila, lokusinda Kanye nokukhula- Umntwana unelipngelo lokuthi aphile angabulawa begodu asinde ezintweni ezingaba yingozi epilweni yakhe akhule kuhle. * Ilungelo lokuvikelwa enturhwini nekuhlunkunyezweni-Abantwana bafanele bavikelwe bonyanaa bangazitholi sele bahlukunyenzwa nofana bafakwe enturhiwini bangatlhogonywela ngombana bangazithola balimala. * Ilungelo lokuthola ipilo- Umntwana kufanele ahlale lapho ibhoduluko lakhe linepilo khona begodu akghone ukuthi ayiswe emtholapilo lokha nakanganapilo kuhle emzimbeni. * Ilungelo lokufunda- Umntwana kufuze athole ifundo yasimahla ezomlekela bonyana akghone ukuthi athuthukise nofana akhulise amakghono nelwazi lakhe.<ref>Marishane, R.N., 2017. The right to basic education for all in South Africa: Implications for school principals. ''Koers'', ''82''(3), pp.1-8.</ref> == Iinkomba == [[Category:Amalungelo]] [[Category:Amalungelo wabantwana]] [[category: Amalungelo wobuntu]] c4r2ugcaks1ja9d9ontkzanf6h0u40b 0 716 3510 3508 2025-07-30T13:27:20Z Mosakaruka 586 3510 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Ndebele Zimbabwe.jpg|thumb|Abanumzana bamaNdebele]] '''INgwenyama uMagodongo''' (1811-1827) yingwenyama eyabusa [[amaNdebele]] wakwaNzunza kusukela ngomnyaka wango-1814 ukuya ngo-1827. UMagodongo uyindodana yeNgwenyama uMgwezani. Welama uGembe, godu abe mnakwabo kaMrabheli. Nanyana kunezenzakalo ezinengi ezenzeke ngokubusa kwakhe, uMagodongo waziwa ngokulwa nebutho likaMzilikazi wesitjhaba samaZulu wakwaKhumalo, okukulapho alahlekelwa khona yipwakhe ngo-1827. Namhlanjesi iNgwenyama uMagodongo kaMgwezani yaziwa njengekosi eyatjengisa isibindi ekudoseni phambili isitjhaba samaNdebele wakwaNzunza.<ref name=":0">South African History Online. (2011, April 3). ''The Ndebele in history''. South African History Online. Retrieved from:https://sahistory.org.za/article/ndebele-history. Retrieved on 30/07/2025.</ref><ref name=":1">C.J. Mahlangu, K.N. Mahlangu, M. A. Mahlangu, S. M. Mtshweni, (2011) ''Iziko Lamakhosi''. Shutter & Shooter.</ref> == Umlando KaMagodongo Angakabusi == UMagodongo wabelethwa ngomnyaka ka-1811 kwaSimkhulu, abelethwa nguyise iNgwenyama uMgwezani. Ubelethwa nomnakwabo uGembe oliNghana (1791), nomtanabo uMrabheli oliDlhari (1803) yena aliDlowu (1799). Isikhathi sokubelethwa kwakhe bekusikhathi sokuthula ngombana uMgwezani ekubuseni kwakhe akhenge alwe ipi. Kwathi nakuhlongakala uMgwezani, uGembe ebekunguye obekufuze athathe isihlalo sobukhosi ngokomthetho bekasesemncani ngalesosikhathi. Yeke uDzela umfowabo kayise uMgwezani wabambela uGembe isihlalo sobukhosi.<ref name=":1" /> === Nakubusa UDzela === Kwathi bona iNgwenyama uDzela ithwale isiba, yafuduka kwaSimkhulu nesitjhaba sayo yayokwakha eMlotheni kwaMaza hlanu komlambo iSakazana. Kwathi ngelinye ilanga iNgwenyama uDzela yakhamba yayokuhlasela isitjhaba sabaNguni ebesisendaweni yangemaTjhitjhini. Bafika lapho kwalwiwa, amaNdebele ehlulwa abaleka, kanti nababalekako nje uDzela uyokuwela ngemgodini. Amanaba amlandela afika amthola ngemgodini loyo ambulalela khona, umgodi loyo waba lithuna lakhe uDzela. Kodwana ngebanga lokuthi uGembe bekasesemncani ngesikhatheso kwafuze abanjelwe isihlalo. Yeke omunye umfowabo kayise, uMrhabuli kwaba nguye obambela uGembe.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">M.H. Schoeman (1998), Excavating Ndzudza Ndebele Identity at KwaMaza, Southern African Field Archaeology. Retrieved from: https://journals.uj.ac.za/pdf/safa/1998_1%20UJ%20FIELD%20Archive/07_42-52%20Schoeman%201998%20Excavating%20Ndzundza%20identity.pdf. Retrieved on 30/07/2025.</ref> === Nakubusa UMrhabuli === UMrhabuli (uSirudla) wathwala isiba ngo-1797 wabusa isitjhaba samaNdebele kwaMaza eMlotheni. Ngesikhathi sokubusa kwakhe, uMrhabuli nguye owathumela uMagodongo nomnakwabo uGembe bona bayokuhlasela esinye isitjhaba sabeNguni. UGembe wadosa intangakhe amaNghana phambili, uMagodongo yena warhola amaDlowu, kwatjhingwa ePumalanga. Kwathi bona uGembe abone ibutho labeNguni warhidlwa livalo waze waphathwa namathumbu, kwafuze bona abhace khona angazukubonakala. UMagodongo yena wathatha ibutho likamnakwabo walihlanganisa nelakhe wathathana phezulu namanaba. AbeNguni bahlulwa epini leyo. UMagodongo nebutho lakhe bathumba iinkomo neembuzi zabeNguni wabuya ekhaya.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Ngebanga lokuthi uGembe abe litjhatjha epini amadoda athi akakafaneli ukuba yikosi, kodwana benyula uMagodongo. Lokho kwenza bona uGembe noMagodongo bangasathelelani amanzi. Amadoda athi nakalemuka lokho, athatha uMagodongo ayomfihla ekhabomkhulu kwaMahlaza.<ref name=":1" /> === Ipi KaMagodongo NoKhunwana === Ikosi uMrhabuli njengombana beyilibambela nje ithe nayilemukako bona amadodanayo sele akhulile yafisa ngathana uMagodongo angabuya athathe iintambo. Kodwana amadodanayo ala. Alibeka emtarini bona uyise nakakhothamako indodanakhe ekulu uKhunwana nguye ozokuthatha isihlalo. UMrhabuli wathumela bona kuyokulandwa uMagodongo azokuzwa indaba le. Uthe nakafikako, uMrhabuli wamthatha wamfihla endaweni lapho bekuzokubanjelwa khona umhlangano. Emhlanganweni uMrhabuli wathoma indaba emadodeni, indaba yadenjwa, kwaphikiswana, kwathi nakuphela umhlangano, wakhambisa amadoda, ngemva kwalokho wavumbulula uMagodongo wambuza bona uzwile na. UMagodongo wathi uzwile, watjho nokuthi nakunjalo-ke uzokuthatha ubukhosi ngepi. Bese athathe isitjhaba kwaMahlaza azokwakha kwaMaza.<ref name=":2" /> Kwaba nepi phakathi kukaMagodongo noKhunwana. Ipi leyo yalwiwa beyayokufika kwaPondo, yabuya yayokulwelwa ekhaya kwaMaza. UMrhabuli wayetjele uMagodongo bona nakazokuthatha ubukhosi ngepi, kufuze angayibulali indodana yekosi, uMavula, ngombana nguye okufuze ambambele ikapho kanaselako. Kodwana kwathi nakulwiwako nje uMavula nguye okhabe aqeda ibutho likaMagodongo, okwenza bona ekugcineni uMagodongo abulale uMavula. Kwathi bona uMagodongo ahlule ipi, uMrhabuli wambuza bona uphi uMavula. UMagodongo wathi umbulele. UMrhabuli wathi ngombana abulele uMavula angekhe abe yikosi. Bewaqalekisa nangokuthi nangabe uzokubusa "napo ubunyonyo obunzima phezu kwakho." Kodwana uMagodongo wabulala uMrhabuli nenye yamakhosikazakhe. Ekugcineni uMagodongo wayihlula ipi. UKhunwana nabanye bakwaMrhabuli bafuduka bayokuhlala nabaTswana eBurolong. Ekugcineni uMagodongo wathatha isihlalo ngo-1814, wabusa isitjhaba samaNdebele.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> == Umlando KaMagodongo Nasele Abusa == Ekubuseni kwakhe uMagodongo wathatha amakhosikazi. Naka amagamawo: * UNaMahena onguNoBharhuza * UNaMabhena oyihlanzi onguNoMtshabi * UNaMatjhaba onguNoSibogo * UNaMdluli uNoMagogo onguNoMabhoko * UNaNtuli onguNoGwalimba <ref name=":1" /> Naka amadodana kaMagodongo: * UBharhuza (liGawu - 1815) * UMloyi (liDzibha - 1819) * UMtshabi (liThula - 1823) * UBengwabo (liDlaza - 1827) * USomdeyi - 1831 * UMgwayana (liDugu - 1835) * USibogo - 1831 * UMabhoko (liSinya - 1839) * UNdaweni (liRhorha - 1847) * UGwalimba (liPhogo - 1843)<ref name=":1" /> == Ipi KaMagodongo NoMzilikazi == Ngo-1831 kwafika uMzilikazi kaMashobane wesitjhaba sakwaKhumalo asuka kwelabeNguni eSewula abalekela uShaka. Kwathi bona uMzilikazi afike esigodlweni sikaMagodongo esiKhunjini kwaMaza, wafika wabawa amabutho wokulwa nekosi uShaka. UMagodongo wavuma angakabonisani namadoda. Bavumelana, ngemva kwalokho uMzilikazi wathi usaya kwaManala uyokubawa amanye amabutho. UMagodongo wathi akakhambe uzawathatha nakabuyako. Wakhamba uMzilikazi waya ekosini yaManala uSibindi.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Uthe nakasakhambileko uMzilikazi, uMagodongo wabiza amadoda bona bazokubonisana ngendaba le. Kwathi nakucociswanako amadoda wala ukunikela uMzilikazi amabutho. Isizathu salokho kukuthi uShaka kubudisi ukumehlula ngombana udlondlobele. Yeke bavumelana ngokuthi bazokukhambisa boke abantu abatjha okufuze babe libutho baye ebuzimbeni bomqedantonga ukwenzela bona uMzilikazi nakafikako abathole bangekho. Nangambala kwaba njalo.<ref name=":1" /> UMzilikazi wafika kwaManala wabawa uSibindi, uSibindi naye wavuma. Ngemva kwalokho uMzilikazi wabuyela emva kwaMagodongo bona ayokulanda ibutho athenjiswe lona. Enye indoda yatjela uSibindi namadoda wakwaManala bona uzwe ngamahlebezana bona uMzilikazi ufuna ukuthatha amabutho wabo nakaqeda abaleke nawo. Kodwana uSibindi namadoda wakwaManala khenge bayilalele.<ref name=":1" /> UMzilikazi wabuya kwaNzunza wabawa lokho athenjiswe khona, kodwana uMagodongo namadoda wamaNzunza bala baphetha ngokumnikela ibutho. Batjho nokuthi nanyana bangamnikela amabutho angekhe akghone ukulwa noShaka. UMzilikazi waqunta ukuhlasela uMagodongo nesitjhaba. Kuthiwa ibutho lakhe lehla livela entabeni yesiKhunjini, elinye lavela ncazoke ngakaMaza. Kodwana nanyana arogelelekile amaNdebele alwa. Ekugcineni ahluleka. UMzilikazi wathatha uMagodongo nendodanakhe uMloyi, nenduna uMthimunye wababophelela ngamatje entanyeni wabaphosela ngesizibeni. Kwaba kuhlongakala kweNgwenyama uMagodongo. Kwathi bona abantu abatjha sele babuyile balandela iinthunjwa basindisa ezinye zazo. Isitjhaba samaNdebele sasinda ngobunjalo.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> == Iinkhombo == <references /> n7crcs8pa1b5jh24fpmh2uyddqapir1 0 717 3511 2025-07-30T15:38:24Z Jetro mahlangu 588 i added a new article 3511 wikitext text/x-wiki == Isitjhaba samaNdzundza == [[Isimumathi:King Nyabela of the Ndebele Tribe South Africa 1893.jpg|thumb|Ingwenyama uNyabela yesitjhaba sama Ndzundza.]] Ama-'''Ndzundza''' siqhema sama'''Ndebele''' asesewula yeTransvaal anomlando onothileko ophawulwa ngokufuduka,ukurarana nokujamelana namandla wama-Koloni.Badzimelela esigodini somlambo we-Steelpoort ngabo-AD700,baqalene nokufuduswa ngebanga lokulwa nezinye iinqhema begodu ngoku khamba kwesikhathi nama-'''Boers'''. === Ingwenyama u-Mabhoko. === Ingwenyama u-'''Mabhoko''' umrholi odumileko warhola ama-'''Ndzundza''' ngesikhathi sokunwebeka namandla ngeminyaka yabo-1860 ukuya ku-1870,wabe wakha ubudlelwane neenqhema ezibomakhelwane. Ingwenyama u-'''Mabhoko''' bekungumrholi oqakathekileko wesitjhaba sama-'''Ndzundza''' e'''Sewula ye-Afrika''',owaziwa ngesibindi sakhe nokujamelana no-'''Sekhukhune''' nama'''Boers'''.Wabusa ukusukela ngabo-1840 begodu waqalana neentjhijilo ezinengi eifaka hlangana ukurarana nama-'''Pedi''' nama-'''Boers'''.Wathathelwa indawo yindodanakhe u-'''Mkhephuli''' owabusa iminyaka elitjhumi ngaphambi kobana athathelwe indawo ngu-'''Rhobongo''' kwathi ngokukhamba kwesikhathi u-'''Nyabela'''. Umlando wabo ubonakala ngesiko elinamandla lobuciko khulu ekwenzeni ubuhlalo nokudweba izindlu okuhlotjaniswa nobunjalo obubanzi bama-'''Ndebele'''. ==== Ipi ye-'''Zar''' nokujamelana nesitjhaba sama-Ndzundza. ==== Uburholi beNgwenyamau-'''Nyabela''' baphawula isikhathi sokugcina sokuzijamela kwesitjhaba sama-'''Ndzundza'''.Mhlana ali-13 kuRhoboyi wee-1882 iNgwenyama yama-'''Pedi''' u-'''Sekhukhune''' wabulawa kunye nabaluleki bakhe abalitjhumi nane.Abarhayili begade besebenza ngokulayelwa ngumfowabo u-'''Mampuru''' obegade aphikisana bama-'''Pedi'''.Ngo-1861 ngaphasi kokulawulwa kwama-'''British''' we-Transvaal ubegade asebenza njengesikhulu ngesikhathi sokubotjhwa kuka-'''Sekhukhune''' e-'''Pitori''' kusukela ngo-1879 ukuya ku-1881. ===== uRhulumende we-'''Zar'''. ===== URhulumende we-'''zar''' obegade uqophele ukuzijamela kwayo okutjha e-'''Brithani''' bewuzimisele ukusebenzisa igunya lawo phezu kwama-'''Pedi''',begodu wafuna bona u-'''Mampuru''' alethwe ngaphambili ngomlandu wakhe.U-'''Mampuru''' wabe sele uyabaleka wayokuphepha esitjhabeni sama-'''Ndzundza''' ebegade bamsekela ngaphambilini ngo-1861 ekufuneni kwakhe ubukhosi esitjhabeni sama-'''Pedi.'''I'''Volksraad''' ye-'''Zar''' yafuna bona abotjhwe kodwana u-'''Nyabela''' wala ukunikela ngo-'''Mampuru''' .Wabuye wala nokubhadela umthelo wendlu yamasiko kuRhulumende omutjha we-Transvaal.Nanyana kunjalo ===== Ukuhlaselwa kwama-'''Ndzundza''' kwa-'''Nomtjharhelo'''. ===== Njengombana bebanamandla phezu kwabantu babo bemvelo,lokhu bekungasimthelela i-'''Zar''' ethoma ukusungulwa ebeyingawenza ukuyitjhiya,ngalokho ke mhlana ayi-30 kuMgwengweni we-1882 i-'''Burgler Commando''' ngaphasi koburholi baka Gen-'''Piet Joubert''' yasuka e-'''Middleburg''' yatjhinga entabeni yama-'''Ndzundza''' eduze nako-'''Nomtjharhelo'''.Eqinisweni lokhu bekungaphezu nokulandelana kwemihume lapho u-'''Nyabela''' nabantu bakhe bebacabanga ukubuyela emva.Akhukho ukuphuma kwamarekhodi wenani elinqophileko lama-'''Boers''' abandameka ejimeni leli,kodwana ngokuya ngeencwadi zaka-'''Joubert''' kubonakala ingasuthi bekungakabi namadoda angaphezu kwe-1000 ukuya ku-2000 ebegade asesigabeni ngasinye isikhathi.Ngokuqinisekileko ama-'''Boers''' abonakala bona bekanganamandla wokulwa okwenza u-'''Joubert''' bona akhononde ku-'''Volksraad''' ngokuthi amajoni abonakala aketha ukuphanga iinkomo ngebanga lawo. [[Isimumathi:Boer War; in the aftermath of an explosion in Buluwayo the i Wellcome V0015619.jpg|thumb|IpI yama-Boer ngemva kokuthuthumba kwa-Bulawayo]] ====== Ukuthunjwa kwesitjhaba sama-'''Ndzunzda''' ====== Ngemva kwejima elide leenyanga ezipheze zibe lithoba ama-'''Ndzunzda''' abulawa yindlala kwabakatelela bona bazinikele begodu banikele u-'''Mampuru'''.Bobabili u-'''Mampuru''' no'''Nyabela''' bathunjwa babotjhwa baya e-'''Pitori''' lapha bagwetjwa khona umlando wokuvukela umbuso begodu bagwetjwa isigwebo seentambo.Ama-'''Brithani''' ebegade asekela iinkolodo zika-'''Mampuru''' esitjhabeni sama-'''Pedi''' alinga ukulamulela i-'''Zar''' kodwana imizamo yabo yaphumelela kancani ngombana isigwebo saka-'''Nyabela''' satjhugululwa saba ngese jele ipilo yakhe yoke.U-'''Mampuru''' walengiswa ejele le-'''Pitori''' mhlana kuzi-22 kuSinyikhaba 1883. Ngesikhathi esifanako i-'''Volksraad''' yamemezela bona inarha yabokhokho yesitjhaba sama-'''Ndzunzda''' izokuthathwa nguRhukumende we-'''Zar''',owabesele uragela phambili ngokuwunikela amalunga we-'''Joubert''' commando.Ama-'''Nzdunzda''' aphilako anikelwa isivumelwano seminyaka emihlanu njengeensebenzi ebalimini esifundeni begodu lokho kwaphula amandla wabo njengesitjhaba iminyaka eminengi. ====== Iinkhombo ====== https://sahistory.org.za/article/ndebele-history https://www.krugerpark.co.za/africa_ndebele.html https://ndebelekingdom.org/history https://repository.up.ac.za/handle/2263/14373 https://journals.uj.ac.za/pdf/safa/1998_1%20UJ%20FIELD%20Archive/07_42-52%20Schoeman%201998%20Excavating%20Ndzundza%20identity.pdf 9sp1pdej2ey9btiw1qw57vfzu3uv6g1 0 718 3512 2025-07-31T13:17:05Z Jetro mahlangu 588 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1290898345|Nelson Mandela Children's Fund]]" 3512 wikitext text/x-wiki   I-'''Nelson Mandela Children's Fund'''( '''NMCF''')yihlangano yokusiza abatlhagako eyasungulwa ngu-Nelson Mandela, eseSewula Afrika.Umnqopho wayo kusiza abantu kusukela ekubelethweni ukuya eminyakeni ema-22. == Umlando == Ngo-1995,u-Mandela wajama wakhuluma nabantwana be ndeleni e-Cape Town,begodu waphefumulelwa bona asungule ihlangano. Wathi:<blockquote>"Besitjhayela sibuyela emva e-Cape Town ngobunye ubusuku obumakhaza bebusika, lokha nangibona isiqhema sabantwana bendleleni begodu ngajama ngakhuluma nabo ecadi kwendlela "Abantwana bangibuza bona kubayini ngibathanda.Lokhu kwangimangalisa,ngababuza bona kubayini babuza lokhu, bathi ngombana ngasosoke isikhathi nangithola imali evela ngaphetjheya,ngiyabelana nabo." </blockquote>Lokha nakasungula ihlangano,wathembisa ukunikela ngengcenye eyodwa kwezintathu yomrholo wakhe ku-NMCF, begodu wathoma ukubuthelela imali. I-Nelson Mandela Children's Fund ilwela ukutjhugulula indlela umphakathi ophatha ngayo abantwana nelutjha.Umbono wesikhathi eside lo uthatha indima eqakathekileko edlalwa mphakathi ekubumbeni amaphilo wabantwana begodu umnqopho kukunikela ilizwi nesithunzi emntwaneni we-Afrika ngokwakha ihlangano esekelwe emalungelweni. == Amahlelo == === Isibhedlela sabantwana saka-Nelson Mandela === I-Nelson Mandela Children's Hospital yiphrojekthi ephambili ye-Nelson Mandela Children's Fund.Isibhedlela sabantwana se-Nelson Mandela sisibhedlela sezinga eliphezulu, esinemibhede ema-200 esinikela ngendawo etlhogomelako, edzimelele ebantwaneni nemindeni ukwelapha nokusekela abantwana abagula khulu.I-Nelson Mandela Children's Hospital Trust yasungulwa begodu yanikelwa umsebenzi wokubuthelela i-R1bhiliyoni ukuvuselela isibhedlela sabantwana esikhethekileko. === Ukuphepha nokuVikelwa kwabantwana === Ihlangano yokuPhepha nokuVikelwa kwaBantwana (i-CSP) ihlose ukwenza indawo ephephileko yabantwana nelutjha eenkolweni nemiphakathini.Umnqopho omkhulu wehlelo leli kukwehlisa ukujeziswa ngemizimba eenkolweni,ukwehlisa ukuhlukunyezwa ngokomseme nangobulili hlangana nabantu abasikazi nabantazana kanye nokuqeda ukutlhoriswa ngaphakathi kweenkolo.Ihlelo njenganje lisebenza eemfundeni ezilandelako i-Limpopo, i-Gauteng, i-Kwa-Zulu Natal, i-Eastern Cape kunye ne-Western Cape. === Ukuphila kwabantwana, ukuthuthuka nokuphumelela === Njengombana ukuhlongakala kwabantwana kubizwa njengendaba eqakathekileko yezamaphilo ngebanga lokungondleki kuhle,ukutlhogeka kokugoma nokufikelela kwabomma nabantwana eenkonzweni zezokwelapha nokutlhogonyelwa kwezamaphilo,amalanga wokuthoma ayi-1000 wokuphila aba yindawo eqakathekileko isikhwama ekufuze itjheje kiyo.Ipendulo yesikhwama itholwa ngokuhlaziywa kobukhulu bomraro,iinsombululo ezikhona kunye namagebe angakapheleli. Umnqopho wokungenelela lokhu kukwenza isiqiniseko sokuthi ihlelo lokutlhogomela liphendula iindingo zabantwana abangaphasi kweminyaka emithathu ukuqinisekisa ngcono ukuphila kwabo,ukuthuthuka nokuphumelela.Umsebenzi wesikhwama kukwenza ngokutjheja okukhulu ekuvaleni iinkhala ngokusebenzisa ukugonywa,ukwelatjhwa kwe-HIV/AIDS nofana ukuvimbela kunye nokulwisana nokungadli kuhle. Indlela yesikhwama imayelana nokuthuthukisa ihlelo lokuphumelelisa elisekelwe emsebenzini ngokucabangela iinkhala ezikhona kulelo zinga ngebanga lokuncipha kwemithombo.Ihlelo leli lenziwe ziingcenye ezintathu ezihlobeneko ukurarulula inengi lezikhala ezifundeni ezihlanu ezithinteke khulu ze-OR Tambo, u-Alfred Nzo no-Joe Gqabi e-Eastern Cape, i-Zululand kwa-Kwazulu Natal kunye ne-John Taolo e-Northern Cape. === Ihlelo loburholi lelutjha === Ihlelo loburholi lelutjha belidzimelele ekukhuthazeni nokukhuthaza,ngokugandelela ekuhlanganiseni abantwana nelutjha ekuthuthukiseni amatjhuguluko amahle emphakathini.Ngaphasi kwehlelo loburholi lelutjha kunamaphrojekthi amane asebenzako.Amaphrojekthi la ngu-Efeng Bacha, i-Children's Parliament, i-Legacy Academy kunye ne-YLP Alumni. ==== Efeng Bacha ==== Iminqopho yeHlelo leLutjha le-NMCF Efeng Bacha kukunikela amathuba,amakghono nokufundisa ilutjha.Iklabhu ikhuthaza ukuzibandakanya komphakathi begodu isekela ukuhlonipha ukuhlukahluka kanye nehlelo lamagugu elisekelwe ekukholweni.Imisebenzi ifakahlangana amasemina afana nesemina yokuphepha kweenkolo eyaba yingcenye yamalanga ali-16 wokulwa ngokudzimelela ekuhlukunyezweni kwabomma ngo-2006.NgoNtaka 2007 u-Efeng Bacha ne-NMCF benza isemina yokuzithwala kwabatjha njengesithomo sephrojekthi yokurhubhulula ngomnqopho wokugcina wokurarulula isitjhijilo sokhu khulelwa kwabatjha. I-Efeng Bacha Youth Club nayo ibandakanyeka nge-Reading Initiative kunye ne-Youth Parliament. '''Iphalamende yabantwana ka-Nelson Mandela''' Ihlelo le-Nelson Mandela Children's Parliament (i-NMCP) lasungulwa ukugidinga amagugu,iinkambisolawulo nokuzibophelela kwaka- Nelson Mandela ebantwaneni beSewula Afrika,ngokunikela abantwana amathuba aqakathekileko wokubamba iqhaza,ukunqophisa nokuthonya iinqunto ezenziwa egameni labo namkha ezizuzisa bona. Eminyakeni elitjhumi edlulileko, ukusingathwa kwe-NMCP bekutjhuguluka kizo zoke iimfunda ukwenza ithuba lokuthi abantwana beSewula Afrika bahlanganyele ngokulinganako. === Iindlela zokuziphilisa ezisimemeko === Iphrojekthi yeendlela zokuziphilisa ezisimemeko zesikhwama (i-SLP)yethulwa ngo-2009 ukuqalana nobuphofu obuhlangabezana nayo imindeni,khulukhulu eendaweni ezikhonjwe ngurhulumende njengeendawo eziqakathekileko. Lezi ziindawo ezinezinga eliphezulu lokutlhogeka kwemisebenzi,ukukhiqiza okuphasi ngebanga lezizathu ezihlukahlukeneko begodu kesinye isikhathi zihlukaniswe malungana nokuthola iinkonzo ezisisekelo.I -SLP ihlose ukuqinisa imindeni nemiphakathi ukujamelana nobujamo bokuba sengozini ngesikhathi kudala ipilo engcono nengomuso elihle labantwana. I-SLP yenzelwe ukusiza imiphakathi bona iphume ebuphofini ngokukhuthaza amalunga womphakathi bona akhe iinqhema zokuzisiza (ama-SHG).Ama-SHG abandakanyeka emahlelweni wokulondoloza imali nemisebenzi yokwenza imali,godu enza imihlangano ejayelekileko ukuqalana neentjhijilo abaqalene nazo emakhaya nemiphakathini yabo. == Iinkomba == http://www.southafrica.info/mandela/mandelachildrensfund.htm http://www.sowetogospelfans.com/2009/07/14/sgc-to-perform-at-mandela-day-gala-dinner-and-auction-in-nyc/<nowiki/>http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a1/eee8755de5631310VgnVCM10000077d4ea9bRCRD/Mandela-legacy-canvas-auctioned-off-for-R2.5-million-20110717<nowiki/>http://fab.sa-people.com/2010/08/19/nelson-mandela-childrens-fund-uk-annual-gala-dinner/<nowiki/>http://thephoenix.com/boston/events/85735-nelson-mandela-childrens-fun-benefit/<nowiki/>{{Reflist}} oonu4bwer952fjkoulepqo9gk3m79uy 0 719 3545 3525 2025-08-05T12:21:46Z Mosakaruka 586 speliing fix 3545 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:ISITHOMBE.jpg|thumb|303x303px|ULungile Mabhena]] '''ULungile Monica Mabhena''' ngomunye wabantu abatjha abadlala indima emphakathini wamaNdebele. Umtloli, imbongi, umeluleki wendabuko nonamatalente amanengana kwezobukghwari. Ngaphezu kwalokho ungutitjhere oneziqu ze-''Bachelors of Education,'' begodu wahlonitjhwa nge-''Honorary Doctorate'' ngebanga lendima ayidlalileko emphakathini. Mtloli wokuthoma wemitlolo yesiNdebele ukutjhejwa yi-''Afrika Digital'', bewakhethwa njengembongi ekhamba phambili ku-''Mzansi Art’s and Media Awards'' (MAMA). Wathola isitifiketi seZimbabwe ngebanga lokukhuluma eenkundleni zokuthintana ngesiNdebele.<ref name=":0">Precious Mashiane (October 16, 2024), ''Tweefontein poet Lungile Mabhena recognised by iArika digital, nominated for best poet at MAMA.'' Highveld Chronicle website. Retreived from: https://hconline.co.za/tweefontein-poet-lungile-mabhena-recognised-by-iarika-digital-nominated-for-best-poet-at-mama/ Retrieved on 31/07/2025.</ref> ULungile Mabhena wabelethelwa endaweni ye-Tweefontein C kwaNdebele, abelethwa nguSamuel Mabhena noJosephine Masombuka ngomhla ka-28 December 1999. Wathoma ukufunda esikolweni samabanga aphasi i-''Hlobisa Primary School,'' nakaqeda waya e-''Sifunda Khona Primary School,'' ngemva kwalokho wayokufunda kwesamabanga aphakathi i-Siphiwe Combined School, bese waqedelela ngokufunda kwesamabanga aphezulu e-''Vukuzame Secondary School'' okukulapho aqeda khona ukufunda. Ithando lakhe ngokuba yimbongi.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">Linkedin (2025) Dr Lungile Mabhena. Retrieved from: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lungile-mabena-4812aa214/?originalSubdomain=za. Retrieved on 31/07/2025.</ref> == Iindima Ayidlalako == [[Isimumathi:Vukani.png|thumb|318x318px|Incwadi ethi "Vukani Kusile"]] UDorh. Lungile Mabhena unamatjhaneli eenkundleni zokuthintana aluleka abantu abatjha nabantu baboke ngendlela efaneleko yokwenza amasiko nekambiso yesiNdebele neyesintu, okumkhakha abantu abatjha abangakavami ukutholakali. Abuye eluleke nangendlela yokuziphatha kwabantu abatjha esikweni. Lokho ukwenza ngitjho nemrhatjhweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho sekunemitlolo abandakanyeke kiyo ethuthukisa ilimi lesiNdebele. Uneenkondlo azitlolileko ezitholakala encwadini ethi Vukani Kusile.<ref name=":1" /> Incwadi ethi Vukani Kusile libuthelelo leenkondlo, eziveza ubudisi esizithola siqalana nabo sima-Sewula Afrika. Khumbula bona ukuhlunguphazwa kwabantu bengubo kudlange komlilo wesikhotha lapha enarheni yekhethu, kanti abobaba nabo bavela barhabile bathi nathi silila sona leso isililo sokuhlunguphazwa bomma. Nanyana kunjalo, incwadi le imumethe umlayezo wokubuyisana, ithando nokuzwelana ubuhlungu. Iimbongi nofana abatloli bencwadi le, benze okusemandleni wabo bona umamukelilwazi osebujameni nanyana ngabe ngibuphi azithole sele athobekile nofana akhandeleka.<ref>Epubhlishing and Digital Displays (2025) Books, Retrieved from: https://epublishing.store/products/ Retrieved 30-06-2025.</ref> == Nasi imitlomelo atlonyeliswe ngayo == [[Isimumathi:Ikhambi Literary Journal.jpg|thumb|Iinkondlo zakhe ezimbili zitholakala kilencwadi ethi Ikhambi|279x279px]] * 2008 - Umtlomelo Wokubeka Ikulumo Ekhamba Phambili - ''Award for Best Speech'' * 2011 - Umtlomelo Wokubeka Ikulumo Ekhamba Phambili - ''Award for Best Speech'' * 2024 - ''IsiNdebele Content Writer for Afrika Digital'' * 2024 - Wafunama i-''Honorary Doctorate'' ULungile Mabhena usibonelo ebantwini abatjha sokudlala indima ekuthuthukiseni umphakathi ngamakghono ahlukahlukeneko. Nakazikhulumelako uthi: "Ngiyakuthabela ukutlola ngomlando, ilimi, ikolo yesintu namasiko bona ngifundise abantu, ngombana njengama-Afrika sathathelwa ubuthina bethu. Kuqakathekile kimi ukwenza abantu bazi bona bangaphila ngesiko lesi-Afrika, bazihlanganise nekolo yesi-Afrika kunokuthi balahleke emasikweni wakosobani angabasizi ngalitho."<ref name=":0" /> == Iinkhombo == <references /> ok1qi1cc5q8uz751ryr6q259jkbwr75 0 720 3519 2025-07-31T21:19:45Z Orrora 587 Created page with "[[Isimumathi:Depression-loss of loved one.jpg|thumb|Ukugula Kwengqondo]] '''Ukugula kwengqondo''' (''Mental Disoder'') libuthelelo lokugula kwengqondo okuhlukahlukeneko, okungaba kuhlangahlangana emcabangweni, emizweni, endleleni umutu aqala ngayo izinto nekuziphatheni kwakhe. Ukugula komkhumbulo kungabangela umuntu bona agandeleleke namkha atshwenyeke ngokudluleleko, abone, ezwe izinto ezingekho bese lokho kuthinte nomsebenzi wakhe wokuziphilisa kuhlanganise nomdenakhe...." 3519 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Depression-loss of loved one.jpg|thumb|Ukugula Kwengqondo]] '''Ukugula kwengqondo''' (''Mental Disoder'') libuthelelo lokugula kwengqondo okuhlukahlukeneko, okungaba kuhlangahlangana emcabangweni, emizweni, endleleni umutu aqala ngayo izinto nekuziphatheni kwakhe. Ukugula komkhumbulo kungabangela umuntu bona agandeleleke namkha atshwenyeke ngokudluleleko, abone, ezwe izinto ezingekho bese lokho kuthinte nomsebenzi wakhe wokuziphilisa kuhlanganise nomdenakhe. Ukugulokhu kujayeleke khulu begodu kungaphatha nanyana ngubani, kungakhathaliseki bona umumuntu wengubo nofana omduna. Akukhethi bona unemali nofana awa.<ref name=":0">American Psychiatry Association (2025) What is mental illness? Retrieved from: https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/what-is-mental-illness. Retrieved on 31/07/2025.</ref> == Imihlobo Yokugula Kwengqondo == Ukugula kwengqondo kuhlukaniswe nganasi indlela: * Ukutshwenyeka Ngokudluleleko. Ukugula lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuthukwa khulu nanokutshwenyeka khulu ngezinto ezizokwenzeka namkha ngezinto afuna zenzeke. * Ukugandeleleka. Ukugula lokhu kwenza umuntu agandeleleke khulu, khulukhulu ngezinto ezenzeke esikhathini esidlulileko, azizwe angakathabi, angakhanuki ukwenza litho, bekuthinte nendlela alala nadla ngayo. * Ukutjhugutjhuguluka kwemizwa. Ukugula lokhu kwenza umuntu atjhugulule imizwa yakhe qobe sikhathi. Angathaba khulu godu ngokuphazima kwelihlo azizwe adane khulu. * Ukuhlanya. Ukukhubazeka kwengqondo okubangela umuntu abone izinto ezibonwa nguye yedwa, bekezwa nemidumo ezwiwa nguye yedwa, namkha abe nomuzwa wokuthinta izinto ezingekho. * Ukungadli ngendlela efaneleko. Ukuthikaziseka kwengqondo okubangela umuntu angadli ngendlela efaneleko bese kuthinte indlela umuntu aqaleka ngayo. * Ukusebenzisa kumbi iindakamizwa. Ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo okukwenza ungasakhoni ukuphila ngaphandle kotshwala neendakamizwa.<ref name=":1">World Health Organisation (8 June 2022) ''Mental Disoders.'' Retrieved from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-disorders. Retrieved on 31/07/2025</ref> == Ongakwenza nange uqalene Nokhunye Kokugula Okubaliweko == * ''Rhaba ufune isizo zisuka'': Kuqakatheke khulu ukurhaba ufune isizo nange ubona amatshwayo wokugula nofana kungeze kwakuqeda ukugula lokho kodwana kungenza uthole imitjhoga etlhogekako msinyana. * ''Thola imitjhoga ekhambelana nawe'': Amagulo la awafani yeke kuqakatheke khulu ukuthola imitjhoga ekhambelana nokugula okuphethe wena mathupha. * ''Thola isekelo'': Kuqakatheke khulu ukuba nesekelo kungathaliseki bone livela kubangani nofana emdenini. Ukuthola ilwazi elinengi ngendlela ongakghona ngayo ngokugulokhu kungaba lirhelebho elikhulu.<ref>Mayo Clinic (2025) Mental Illness - Symptoms-causes. Retrieved from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mental-illness/symptoms-causes/syc-20374968. Retrieved on 31/07/2025.</ref> == Okufuze Ukwazi Ngokugula Kwengqondo == Okokuthona okufuze ukwazi ngabantu abaqalene nokugula kwengqondo ukuthi bakuthola kubudisi ukuqalana nezinto ekufuze zenziwe ilanga nelanga. Abanye bakuthola kubudisi ukubulunga ubudlelwane obuhle nabangani nofana umndeni. Abanye bakuthola kubudisi ukwenza umsebenzi wabo wokuziphilisa nofana ukwenza umsebenzi wesikolo nange bafunda. Ukugula loku kwenza ukuphila kwaqobe langa kube budisi.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Okwesibili kukuthi ukugula lokhu abe akusilo ihlazo kungaphatha nanyana ngubani, yeke akukafuzi uzizwe unamahloni bewusabe nokufuna irhelebho. Ukufuna kwakho irhelebho kuzobe kutjengisa ukuhlakanipha nokuhluzeka. Akukafuzi uphathwe ziinhloni, banengi tle abantu abaphila nokugula kwengqondo.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Okwamaswaphela ukuthi ikhona imitjhoga namapilisi ongayisebenzisa begodu bakhona nabodorhodera abasebenza ngokugula kwengqondo. Kuqakatheke khulu ukuba nabantu abazokusekela bebazwisise ukugula oqalane nakho.<ref name=":1" /> == Iinkhombo == <references /> 7e8esa7p49ghttvhnqx710dcs2vkh68 0 721 3522 3521 2025-07-31T22:12:30Z Orrora 587 3522 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Reflection3.jpg|thumb|Ukutshwenyeka Ngokudluleleko kungakuthathela ithabo]] '''Ukutshwenyeka''' mumuzwa ovamileko wokutshwenyeka, ukuhlangahlangana nokungahlaliseki. Umuzwa lo ungaba lisizo kobunye ubujamo, njengokusiyelelisa engozini. Nanyana kunjalo ukutshwenyeka ngokudluleleko (anxiety) kukwesaba okudluleleko namkha ukutshwenyeka khulu okungaliya ipilwakho. Ukugulokhu kuyalapheka ngeteraphi nangemitjhoga. Ukutshwenyeka ngokudluleleko kungaziveza ngamatshwayo abonakalako, njengalokha ihliziyo nayibetha khulu, ukujuluka, ukuqhaqhazela, kunye nemizwa ekhambisana nokutshwenyeka khulu, nobudisi bokudzimelela kilokho okwenzako.<ref>Cleveland Clinic (2025) Anxiety Disorders. Retrieved from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9536-anxiety-disorders. Retrieved on 31/07/2025.</ref> == Amatshwayo Wokutshwenyeka Ngokudluleleko == Amatshwayo avamileko wokutshwenyeka okudluleleko abandakanya naku okulandelako: * Ukuzizwa uhlangahlangene, ungakahlaliseki namkha ungakatjhaphuluki. * Ukuzizwa ngasuthi kunengozi ezako, ukutjharagana. * Ukubethela phezulu kwehliziyo. * Ukuphefumula msinya. * Ukujuluka. * Ukuqhaqhazela. * Ukuzizwa udiniwe ungenamdlandla. * Ukungakghoni ukudzimelela kilokho okwenzako ngaphandle kokutshwenyeka. * Ukungakghoni kuhle ukulala. * Ukukhanjiswa yisisu nokuluma emathunjini. * Ukuba budisi ukulawula ukutshwenyeka kwakho. * Ukuba omuzwa wokufuna ukubalekela izinto ezikutshwenyako.<ref>Adam Felman (June, 24, 2025) ''What to know about anxiety.'' Retrieved from: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323454. Retreived on 31/07/2025.</ref> == Ongakwenza Nawutshwenyeke Ngokudluleleko == Ngokwewebhusayidi ye-Mayo Clinic, kunezinto ongazenza nawuqalene nokugulokhu. # Balekela utjwala neendakamizwa. Izintwezi zingabhebhedlhisa ubujamo kunokuthi zibenze bube ngcono. Nangabe awukghoni ukuzilisa izintwezi tjhinga kezamaphilo namkha uthole isiqhema esisekela abantu abafuna ukulisa utjwala needakamizwa. # Idla ukudla okunepilo. Ukudla okunepilo okungaba mirorho, iinthelo, ukudla okuziinthoro nefesi kungehlisa ukutshwenyeka khulu. # Zazi izinto ezingakwenza utshwenyeke khulu. Funda ngobujamo nangezenzo ezingakwenza ugandeleleke namkha zikhuphule ukutshwenyeka kwakho ngokudluleleko. Zifundise iindledlana zokuthuthukisa ipilwehle yengqondo etjhiwe ngudorhoderakho wengqondo khona uzokukghona ukuqalana nemizwa le. # Hlala uzibandula emzimbeni. Zibekele ihlelo lokuzibandula emzimbeni amalanga amanengana evekeni. Ukuzibandula kunamandla ekwehliseni ukutshwenyeka ngokudluleleko, kukwenze uzizwe kamnandi uhlale uphilile. # Funda ngokugula kwakho kwengqondo Khuluma nesiqhema sezamaphilo uthole bona yini le ekubangela bona utshwenyeke ngokudluleleko nemitjhoga neteraphi engakusebenzela.<ref name=":0">Mayo Clinic (October 4, 2024) ''11 tips for coping with an anxiety disorder.'' Retrieved from: https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/speaking-of-health/11-tips-for-coping-with-an-anxiety-disorder. Retrieved 31/07/2025.</ref> Ukutshwenyeka kungenzeka kungakhambi khona ngokwako begodu kungathuwelela isikhathi nasikhambako nangabe umuntu akalifuni isizo. Yeke kungaba kuhle bona umuntu abone abodorhodere bengqondo ngaphambi kobana ukutshwenyeka ngokudluleleko kuthuwelele.<ref name=":0" /> g03oo0hht8lcasii5eqmrho3ysdzrtk 0 723 3527 3526 2025-08-02T09:07:50Z Lungile M. Mabhena 585 3527 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:MABHOKOIII.jpg|thumb|328x328px|INGWENYAMA UMABHOKO III]] U[https://ndebelekingdom.org/history#:~:text=On%20the%205th%20November%202010,a%20vis%20the%20new%20Act Mbusi Mahlangu] yiNgwenyama yamaNdebele wakwaNzunza. Wabelethwa mhlana amalanga ama-4 kuMrhayili ngomnyaka we-1985 e[https://www.southafricapostcode.com/mpumalanga-nkangala-mthambothini-0462.html Mthambothini] e[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpumalanga Pumalanga]. Ubelethwa ngumma u[https://web.archive.org/web/20090330174035/http://uqconnect.net/~zzhsoszy/states/southafrica/ndzundzandebele.html Siphila Dlamini] we[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eswatini Swazini] ebukhosini bakwaNgwane, uyikosazana ebelethwa yiNgwenyama u[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobhuza_II Sobhuza Dlamini]. Ungomunye wabogogo besizwe hlangana kilaba abakhona, kanti-ke ngenani abogogo besizwe sakwaNzunza bahlanu begodu u[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayitjha_II Nyumbabo Cornelias Mahlangu] oyiNgwenayma u[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayitjha_II Mayitjha II] nguye uyise likaMbusi Mahlangu. <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20090330174035/http://uqconnect.net/~zzhsoszy/states/southafrica/ndzundzandebele.html</ref>UMahlangu ubelethwa bewulanywa bantwana abapheze bamatjhumi amabili, kubalwa hlangana ikosazana u[https://live.fundza.mobi/home/library/non-fiction-articles-profiles/mbali-mahlungu-an-entrepreneur-with-a-passion-for-life/comment-page-1/ Mbali Mahlangu] ongusomarhwebo.<ref>https://live.fundza.mobi/home/library/non-fiction-articles-profiles/mbali-mahlungu-an-entrepreneur-with-a-passion-for-life/comment-page-1/</ref> UMahlangu wahlala esihlalweni sakhe sobukhosi aba yiNgwenyama uMabhoko wesithathu ngomnyaka wee-2005, ubukhosobu ubuthatha kuyise lokha nakazakubhubha ngawo wona umnyaka lo.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20090330174035/http://uqconnect.net/~zzhsoszy/states/southafrica/ndzundzandebele.html</ref> INgwenyama uMabhoko III uhlobana nesizwe nobobukhosi beSwazini njengombana kusekhabomkhulu, nakabona i[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mswati_III Ngwenyama uMswati III] uthi malume bese abuye ahlobane nesizwe kanye nobukhosi bakwaZulu njengombana yena neNgwenyama u[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misuzulu_Sinqobile Misizulu] babomntamama okutjho ukuthi abomma babo babelethwa ngubaba munye. Okukhona kukuthi ngomnyaka wee-2005 ikomitjhi yobudosiphambili ngobukhosi bendabuko elawula ubukhosi e[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa Sewula Afrika] ebizwa bona yi[https://pmg.org.za/committee-meeting/13659/ Nhlapho Commision] yathatha isiqunto sokobana ubungwenyama ngakwaNzunza bungasaba khona buphethe ngeNgwenyama uMabhoko III bese ama[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Ndebele_people Ndebele] woke weSewula Afrika wakwaNzunza newakwa[https://manalambhongo.com Manala] abuswe yingwenyama yinye ekuyi[https://manalambhongo.com Ngwenyama uMakhosoke II]. <ref>https://www.news24.com/citypress/news/court-rules-on-amandebele-kingship-20161001</ref> Qobe mnyaka ngenyanga kaNobayeni mhlana malanga ama-19 kuba nesikhumbuzo se[https://longmarchtofreedom.co.za/BronzeStatues/Statue/68 Ngwenyama uNyabela] e[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapoch%27s_Caves rholweni lakwaNzunza] lapho ubukhosi bakwa[https://www.mpg.gov.za/departments/COGTA/HTL/ndzundza-mabhoko-royal-kraal Nzunza Mabhoko] bumema isizwe soke bona sizokugidinga ilangeli, kulapho iNgwenyama uMabhoko III ikhuluma khona nesizwe sakhe. Irholo lakwaNzunza Mabhoko kulapho ipi yamaNdebele namabhunu yenzeka khona. [[Isimumathi:INGWENYAMA UMABHOKO III.jpg|thumb|456x456px|INGWENYAMA UMABHOKO III]] INgwenyama uMabhoko III uragela phambili ngokubusa isizwe sakhe, ukhe wavakatjhelwa nguMongameli wenarha u-[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa Cyril Ramaphosa] ngomnyaka wee-2024 lapha kwaba khona nekulumo yangemsithelweni phakathi kwesigodlo sakwaNzunza Mabhoko nomongameli wenarha. <ref>https://www.moroka.gov.za/?page_id=4542</ref> Kanti namanye amarhwebo azuza ngenarha yamaNdebele ayavakatjhelwa njengayo-[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasol SASOL]. lj09z1wbh2spwhjnnq1s85waushvf8n 8 726 3586 2025-08-06T20:30:34Z Ameisenigel 61 per [[m:Special:PermaLink/29091322#Request to enable HotCat on nr.wikipedia|request]] ([[m:GS|global sysop]] action) 3586 javascript text/javascript window.hotcat_translations_from_commons = true; /* This imports the latest version of HotCat from Commons. HotCat is a gadget to make changes to categories much easier. Full documentation can be found at http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Gadget-HotCat */ mw.loader.load( '//commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Gadget-HotCat.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript' ); 050rn29344h01x3e9o7x0k5vcs4cj2v 0 727 3587 2025-08-07T01:52:18Z Bobbyshabangu 66 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1304599011|Tebogo Malaka]]" 3587 wikitext text/x-wiki '''U-Tebogo Malaka''' mphathiswa womkhakha womphakathi [[Isewula Afrika|weSewula Afrika]] owasebenza njengoMphathi Omkhulu (CEO) noSihlalo weBhodo ye-Independent Development Trust (IDT), ihlangano karhulumende ye-schedule-2 enesibopho samaphrojekthi womthangalasiseko wezenhlalakahle eSewula Afrika. Waqothwa esikhundleni sakhe ngemva kweensolo zokukhwabanisa amathenda avela ku-IDT. <ref>https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2025-08-06-exclusive-video-suspended-idt-ceo-spokesperson-offer-daily-maverick-journalist-r60k-in-cash-to-quash-investigation/</ref> == Izinsolo zokukhwabanisa == Uburholi bakhe e-IDT buqalene nokuhlolisiswa ngebanga leensolo zokuthenga okungakalungi nokungqubuzana kwemibono. Umbiko we-forensic ohlotjaniswa nethenda yesitjalo se-oksijini esiyi-R836 yezigidi uveze iindaba eziqakathekileko, begodu iimphenyo ziveze bona iinkontileka ezingaphezu kwe-R33 yezigidi zanikelwa inkampani ehlotjaniswa nodadewabo. Ngenyanga kaRhoboyi 2025, uMalaka wamiswa ngemva kokusolwa kokufumbathisa okubandakanya intathelizindaba begodu hlangana nokugandeleleka okwandako ngendima yakhe eenquntwini zamathenda zangaphambilini. Ibhodo ye-IDT igcizelele bona ukumiswa kwayo kungenxa yokuzivikela, begodu iimphenyo ezisemthethweni ziragela phambili <ref>https://www.news24.com/southafrica/news/amabhungane-idt-mistrust-r33m-paid-to-company-belonging-to-ceos-family-member-20250415 </ref> <ref>https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2025-08-06-exclusive-video-suspended-idt-ceo-spokesperson-offer-daily-maverick-journalist-r60k-in-cash-to-quash-investigation/ </ref> == Iinkomba == 7okqn0fuiv5eqajjq81bsvyy0gcxu97 828 730 4758 4757 2025-08-07T07:37:15Z Martin Urbanec 803 443 revisions imported from [[:en:Module:Citation/CS1]]: updating from enwiki 4757 Scribunto text/plain require ('strict'); --[[--------------------------< F O R W A R D D E C L A R A T I O N S >-------------------------------------- each of these counts against the Lua upvalue limit ]] local validation; -- functions in Module:Citation/CS1/Date_validation local utilities; -- functions in Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities local z = {}; -- table of tables in Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities local identifiers; -- functions and tables in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers local metadata; -- functions in Module:Citation/CS1/COinS local cfg = {}; -- table of configuration tables that are defined in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration local whitelist = {}; -- table of tables listing valid template parameter names; defined in Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist --[[------------------< P A G E S C O P E V A R I A B L E S >--------------- declare variables here that have page-wide scope that are not brought in from other modules; that are created here and used here ]] local added_deprecated_cat; -- Boolean flag so that the category is added only once local added_vanc_errs; -- Boolean flag so we only emit one Vancouver error / category local added_generic_name_errs; -- Boolean flag so we only emit one generic name error / category and stop testing names once an error is encountered local added_numeric_name_errs; -- Boolean flag so we only emit one numeric name error / category and stop testing names once an error is encountered local added_numeric_name_maint; -- Boolean flag so we only emit one numeric name maint category and stop testing names once a category has been emitted local is_preview_mode; -- true when article is in preview mode; false when using 'Preview page with this template' (previewing the module) local is_sandbox; -- true when using sandbox modules to render citation --[[--------------------------< F I R S T _ S E T >------------------------------------------------------------ Locates and returns the first set value in a table of values where the order established in the table, left-to-right (or top-to-bottom), is the order in which the values are evaluated. Returns nil if none are set. This version replaces the original 'for _, val in pairs do' and a similar version that used ipairs. With the pairs version the order of evaluation could not be guaranteed. With the ipairs version, a nil value would terminate the for-loop before it reached the actual end of the list. ]] local function first_set (list, count) local i = 1; while i <= count do -- loop through all items in list if utilities.is_set( list[i] ) then return list[i]; -- return the first set list member end i = i + 1; -- point to next end end --[[--------------------------< A D D _ V A N C _ E R R O R >---------------------------------------------------- Adds a single Vancouver system error message to the template's output regardless of how many error actually exist. To prevent duplication, added_vanc_errs is nil until an error message is emitted. added_vanc_errs is a Boolean declared in page scope variables above ]] local function add_vanc_error (source, position) if added_vanc_errs then return end added_vanc_errs = true; -- note that we've added this category utilities.set_message ('err_vancouver', {source, position}); end --[[--------------------------< I S _ S C H E M E >------------------------------------------------------------ does this thing that purports to be a URI scheme seem to be a valid scheme? The scheme is checked to see if it is in agreement with http://tools.ietf.org/html/std66#section-3.1 which says: Scheme names consist of a sequence of characters beginning with a letter and followed by any combination of letters, digits, plus ("+"), period ("."), or hyphen ("-"). returns true if it does, else false ]] local function is_scheme (scheme) return scheme and scheme:match ('^%a[%a%d%+%.%-]*:'); -- true if scheme is set and matches the pattern end --[=[-------------------------< I S _ D O M A I N _ N A M E >-------------------------------------------------- Does this thing that purports to be a domain name seem to be a valid domain name? Syntax defined here: http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1034#section-3.5 BNF defined here: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4234 Single character names are generally reserved; see https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-dnsind-iana-dns-01#page-15; see also [[Single-letter second-level domain]] list of TLDs: https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db RFC 952 (modified by RFC 1123) requires the first and last character of a hostname to be a letter or a digit. Between the first and last characters the name may use letters, digits, and the hyphen. Also allowed are IPv4 addresses. IPv6 not supported domain is expected to be stripped of any path so that the last character in the last character of the TLD. tld is two or more alpha characters. Any preceding '//' (from splitting a URL with a scheme) will be stripped here. Perhaps not necessary but retained in case it is necessary for IPv4 dot decimal. There are several tests: the first character of the whole domain name including subdomains must be a letter or a digit internationalized domain name (ASCII characters with .xn-- ASCII Compatible Encoding (ACE) prefix xn-- in the TLD) see https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3490 single-letter/digit second-level domains in the .org, .cash, and .today TLDs q, x, and z SL domains in the .com TLD i and q SL domains in the .net TLD single-letter SL domains in the ccTLDs (where the ccTLD is two letters) two-character SL domains in gTLDs (where the gTLD is two or more letters) three-plus-character SL domains in gTLDs (where the gTLD is two or more letters) IPv4 dot-decimal address format; TLD not allowed returns true if domain appears to be a proper name and TLD or IPv4 address, else false ]=] local function is_domain_name (domain) if not domain then return false; -- if not set, abandon end domain = domain:gsub ('^//', ''); -- strip '//' from domain name if present; done here so we only have to do it once if not domain:match ('^[%w]') then -- first character must be letter or digit return false; end if domain:match ('^%a+:') then -- hack to detect things that look like s:Page:Title where Page: is namespace at Wikisource return false; end local patterns = { -- patterns that look like URLs '%f[%w][%w][%w%-]+[%w]%.%a%a+$', -- three or more character hostname.hostname or hostname.tld '%f[%w][%w][%w%-]+[%w]%.xn%-%-[%w]+$', -- internationalized domain name with ACE prefix '%f[%a][qxz]%.com$', -- assigned one character .com hostname (x.com times out 2015-12-10) '%f[%a][iq]%.net$', -- assigned one character .net hostname (q.net registered but not active 2015-12-10) '%f[%w][%w]%.%a%a$', -- one character hostname and ccTLD (2 chars) '%f[%w][%w][%w]%.%a%a+$', -- two character hostname and TLD '^%d%d?%d?%.%d%d?%d?%.%d%d?%d?%.%d%d?%d?', -- IPv4 address '[%a%d]+%:?' -- IPv6 address } for _, pattern in ipairs (patterns) do -- loop through the patterns list if domain:match (pattern) then return true; -- if a match then we think that this thing that purports to be a URL is a URL end end for _, d in ipairs (cfg.single_letter_2nd_lvl_domains_t) do -- look for single letter second level domain names for these top level domains if domain:match ('%f[%w][%w]%.' .. d) then return true end end return false; -- no matches, we don't know what this thing is end --[[--------------------------< I S _ U R L >------------------------------------------------------------------ returns true if the scheme and domain parts of a URL appear to be a valid URL; else false. This function is the last step in the validation process. This function is separate because there are cases that are not covered by split_url(), for example is_parameter_ext_wikilink() which is looking for bracketted external wikilinks. ]] local function is_url (scheme, domain) if utilities.is_set (scheme) then -- if scheme is set check it and domain return is_scheme (scheme) and is_domain_name (domain); else return is_domain_name (domain); -- scheme not set when URL is protocol-relative end end --[[--------------------------< S P L I T _ U R L >------------------------------------------------------------ Split a URL into a scheme, authority indicator, and domain. First remove Fully Qualified Domain Name terminator (a dot following TLD) (if any) and any path(/), query(?) or fragment(#). If protocol-relative URL, return nil scheme and domain else return nil for both scheme and domain. When not protocol-relative, get scheme, authority indicator, and domain. If there is an authority indicator (one or more '/' characters immediately following the scheme's colon), make sure that there are only 2. Any URL that does not have news: scheme must have authority indicator (//). TODO: are there other common schemes like news: that don't use authority indicator? Strip off any port and path; ]] local function split_url (url_str) local scheme, authority, domain; url_str = url_str:gsub ('([%a%d])%.?[/%?#].*$', '%1'); -- strip FQDN terminator and path(/), query(?), fragment (#) (the capture prevents false replacement of '//') if url_str:match ('^//%S*') then -- if there is what appears to be a protocol-relative URL domain = url_str:match ('^//(%S*)') elseif url_str:match ('%S-:/*%S+') then -- if there is what appears to be a scheme, optional authority indicator, and domain name scheme, authority, domain = url_str:match ('(%S-:)(/*)(%S+)'); -- extract the scheme, authority indicator, and domain portions if utilities.is_set (authority) then authority = authority:gsub ('//', '', 1); -- replace place 1 pair of '/' with nothing; if utilities.is_set(authority) then -- if anything left (1 or 3+ '/' where authority should be) then return scheme; -- return scheme only making domain nil which will cause an error message end else if not scheme:match ('^news:') then -- except for news:..., MediaWiki won't link URLs that do not have authority indicator; TODO: a better way to do this test? return scheme; -- return scheme only making domain nil which will cause an error message end end domain = domain:gsub ('(%a):%d+', '%1'); -- strip port number if present end return scheme, domain; end --[[--------------------------< L I N K _ P A R A M _ O K >--------------------------------------------------- checks the content of |title-link=, |series-link=, |author-link=, etc. for properly formatted content: no wikilinks, no URLs Link parameters are to hold the title of a Wikipedia article, so none of the WP:TITLESPECIALCHARACTERS are allowed: # < > [ ] | { } _ except the underscore which is used as a space in wiki URLs and # which is used for section links returns false when the value contains any of these characters. When there are no illegal characters, this function returns TRUE if value DOES NOT appear to be a valid URL (the |<param>-link= parameter is ok); else false when value appears to be a valid URL (the |<param>-link= parameter is NOT ok). ]] local function link_param_ok (value) local scheme, domain; if value:find ('[<>%[%]|{}]') then -- if any prohibited characters return false; end scheme, domain = split_url (value); -- get scheme or nil and domain or nil from URL; return not is_url (scheme, domain); -- return true if value DOES NOT appear to be a valid URL end --[[--------------------------< L I N K _ T I T L E _ O K >--------------------------------------------------- Use link_param_ok() to validate |<param>-link= value and its matching |<title>= value. |<title>= may be wiki-linked but not when |<param>-link= has a value. This function emits an error message when that condition exists check <link> for inter-language interwiki-link prefix. prefix must be a MediaWiki-recognized language code and must begin with a colon. ]] local function link_title_ok (link, lorig, title, torig) local orig; if utilities.is_set (link) then -- don't bother if <param>-link doesn't have a value if not link_param_ok (link) then -- check |<param>-link= markup orig = lorig; -- identify the failing link parameter elseif title:find ('%[%[') then -- check |title= for wikilink markup orig = torig; -- identify the failing |title= parameter elseif link:match ('^%a+:') then -- if the link is what looks like an interwiki local prefix = link:match ('^(%a+):'):lower(); -- get the interwiki prefix if cfg.inter_wiki_map[prefix] then -- if prefix is in the map, must have preceding colon orig = lorig; -- flag as error end end end if utilities.is_set (orig) then link = ''; -- unset utilities.set_message ('err_bad_paramlink', orig); -- URL or wikilink in |title= with |title-link=; end return link; -- link if ok, empty string else end --[[--------------------------< C H E C K _ U R L >------------------------------------------------------------ Determines whether a URL string appears to be valid. First we test for space characters. If any are found, return false. Then split the URL into scheme and domain portions, or for protocol-relative (//example.com) URLs, just the domain. Use is_url() to validate the two portions of the URL. If both are valid, or for protocol-relative if domain is valid, return true, else false. Because it is different from a standard URL, and because this module used external_link() to make external links that work for standard and news: links, we validate newsgroup names here. The specification for a newsgroup name is at https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5536#section-3.1.4 ]] local function check_url( url_str ) if nil == url_str:match ("^%S+$") then -- if there are any spaces in |url=value it can't be a proper URL return false; end local scheme, domain; scheme, domain = split_url (url_str); -- get scheme or nil and domain or nil from URL; if 'news:' == scheme then -- special case for newsgroups return domain:match('^[%a%d%+%-_]+%.[%a%d%+%-_%.]*[%a%d%+%-_]$'); end return is_url (scheme, domain); -- return true if value appears to be a valid URL end --[=[-------------------------< I S _ P A R A M E T E R _ E X T _ W I K I L I N K >---------------------------- Return true if a parameter value has a string that begins and ends with square brackets [ and ] and the first non-space characters following the opening bracket appear to be a URL. The test will also find external wikilinks that use protocol-relative URLs. Also finds bare URLs. The frontier pattern prevents a match on interwiki-links which are similar to scheme:path URLs. The tests that find bracketed URLs are required because the parameters that call this test (currently |title=, |chapter=, |work=, and |publisher=) may have wikilinks and there are articles or redirects like '//Hus' so, while uncommon, |title=[[//Hus]] is possible as might be [[en://Hus]]. ]=] local function is_parameter_ext_wikilink (value) local scheme, domain; if value:match ('%f[%[]%[%a%S*:%S+.*%]') then -- if ext. wikilink with scheme and domain: [xxxx://yyyyy.zzz] scheme, domain = split_url (value:match ('%f[%[]%[(%a%S*:%S+).*%]')); elseif value:match ('%f[%[]%[//%S+.*%]') then -- if protocol-relative ext. wikilink: [//yyyyy.zzz] scheme, domain = split_url (value:match ('%f[%[]%[(//%S+).*%]')); elseif value:match ('%a%S*:%S+') then -- if bare URL with scheme; may have leading or trailing plain text scheme, domain = split_url (value:match ('(%a%S*:%S+)')); elseif value:match ('^//%S+') or value:match ('%s//%S+') then -- if protocol-relative bare URL: //yyyyy.zzz; authority indicator (//) must be be preceded nothing or by whitespace scheme, domain = split_url (value:match ('(//%S+)')); -- what is left should be the domain else return false; -- didn't find anything that is obviously a URL end return is_url (scheme, domain); -- return true if value appears to be a valid URL end --[[-------------------------< C H E C K _ F O R _ U R L >----------------------------------------------------- loop through a list of parameters and their values. Look at the value and if it has an external link, emit an error message. ]] local function check_for_url (parameter_list, error_list) for k, v in pairs (parameter_list) do -- for each parameter in the list if is_parameter_ext_wikilink (v) then -- look at the value; if there is a URL add an error message table.insert (error_list, utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', k)); end end end --[[--------------------------< S A F E _ F O R _ U R L >------------------------------------------------------ Escape sequences for content that will be used for URL descriptions ]] local function safe_for_url( str ) if str:match( "%[%[.-%]%]" ) ~= nil then utilities.set_message ('err_wikilink_in_url', {}); end return str:gsub( '[%[%]\n]', { ['['] = '&#91;', [']'] = '&#93;', ['\n'] = ' ' } ); end --[[--------------------------< E X T E R N A L _ L I N K >---------------------------------------------------- Format an external link with error checking ]] local function external_link (URL, label, source, access) local err_msg = ''; local domain; local path; local base_url; if not utilities.is_set (label) then label = URL; if utilities.is_set (source) then utilities.set_message ('err_bare_url_missing_title', {utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', source)}); else error (cfg.messages["bare_url_no_origin"]); -- programmer error; valid parameter name does not have matching meta-parameter end end if not check_url (URL) then utilities.set_message ('err_bad_url', {utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', source)}); end domain, path = URL:match ('^([/%.%-%+:%a%d]+)([/%?#].*)$'); -- split the URL into scheme plus domain and path if path then -- if there is a path portion path = path:gsub ('[%[%]]', {['['] = '%5b', [']'] = '%5d'}); -- replace '[' and ']' with their percent-encoded values URL = table.concat ({domain, path}); -- and reassemble end base_url = table.concat ({ "[", URL, " ", safe_for_url (label), "]" }); -- assemble a wiki-markup URL if utilities.is_set (access) then -- access level (subscription, registration, limited) base_url = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['ext-link-access-signal'], {cfg.presentation[access].class, cfg.presentation[access].title, base_url}); -- add the appropriate icon end return base_url; end --[[--------------------------< D E P R E C A T E D _ P A R A M E T E R >-------------------------------------- Categorize and emit an error message when the citation contains one or more deprecated parameters. The function includes the offending parameter name to the error message. Only one error message is emitted regardless of the number of deprecated parameters in the citation. added_deprecated_cat is a Boolean declared in page scope variables above ]] local function deprecated_parameter(name) if not added_deprecated_cat then added_deprecated_cat = true; -- note that we've added this category utilities.set_message ('err_deprecated_params', {name}); -- add error message end end --[=[-------------------------< K E R N _ Q U O T E S >-------------------------------------------------------- Apply kerning to open the space between the quote mark provided by the module and a leading or trailing quote mark contained in a |title= or |chapter= parameter's value. This function will positive kern either single or double quotes: "'Unkerned title with leading and trailing single quote marks'" " 'Kerned title with leading and trailing single quote marks' " (in real life the kerning isn't as wide as this example) Double single quotes (italic or bold wiki-markup) are not kerned. Replaces Unicode quote marks in plain text or in the label portion of a [[L|D]] style wikilink with typewriter quote marks regardless of the need for kerning. Unicode quote marks are not replaced in simple [[D]] wikilinks. Call this function for chapter titles, for website titles, etc.; not for book titles. ]=] local function kern_quotes (str) local cap = ''; local wl_type, label, link; wl_type, label, link = utilities.is_wikilink (str); -- wl_type is: 0, no wl (text in label variable); 1, [[D]]; 2, [[L|D]] if 1 == wl_type then -- [[D]] simple wikilink with or without quote marks if mw.ustring.match (str, '%[%[[\"“”\'‘’].+[\"“”\'‘’]%]%]') then -- leading and trailing quote marks str = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['kern-left'], str); str = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['kern-right'], str); elseif mw.ustring.match (str, '%[%[[\"“”\'‘’].+%]%]') then -- leading quote marks str = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['kern-left'], str); elseif mw.ustring.match (str, '%[%[.+[\"“”\'‘’]%]%]') then -- trailing quote marks str = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['kern-right'], str); end else -- plain text or [[L|D]]; text in label variable label = mw.ustring.gsub (label, '[“”]', '\"'); -- replace “” (U+201C & U+201D) with " (typewriter double quote mark) label = mw.ustring.gsub (label, '[‘’]', '\''); -- replace ‘’ (U+2018 & U+2019) with ' (typewriter single quote mark) cap = mw.ustring.match (label, "^([\"\'][^\'].+)"); -- match leading double or single quote but not doubled single quotes (italic markup) if utilities.is_set (cap) then label = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['kern-left'], cap); end cap = mw.ustring.match (label, "^(.+[^\'][\"\'])$") -- match trailing double or single quote but not doubled single quotes (italic markup) if utilities.is_set (cap) then label = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['kern-right'], cap); end if 2 == wl_type then str = utilities.make_wikilink (link, label); -- reassemble the wikilink else str = label; end end return str; end --[[--------------------------< F O R M A T _ S C R I P T _ V A L U E >---------------------------------------- |script-title= holds title parameters that are not written in Latin-based scripts: Chinese, Japanese, Arabic, Hebrew, etc. These scripts should not be italicized and may be written right-to-left. The value supplied by |script-title= is concatenated onto Title after Title has been wrapped in italic markup. Regardless of language, all values provided by |script-title= are wrapped in <bdi>...</bdi> tags to isolate RTL languages from the English left to right. |script-title= provides a unique feature. The value in |script-title= may be prefixed with a two-character ISO 639-1 language code and a colon: |script-title=ja:*** *** (where * represents a Japanese character) Spaces between the two-character code and the colon and the colon and the first script character are allowed: |script-title=ja : *** *** |script-title=ja: *** *** |script-title=ja :*** *** Spaces preceding the prefix are allowed: |script-title = ja:*** *** The prefix is checked for validity. If it is a valid ISO 639-1 language code, the lang attribute (lang="ja") is added to the <bdi> tag so that browsers can know the language the tag contains. This may help the browser render the script more correctly. If the prefix is invalid, the lang attribute is not added. At this time there is no error message for this condition. Supports |script-title=, |script-chapter=, |script-<periodical>= ]] local function format_script_value (script_value, script_param) local lang=''; -- initialize to empty string local name; if script_value:match('^%l%l%l?%s*:') then -- if first 3 or 4 non-space characters are script language prefix lang = script_value:match('^(%l%l%l?)%s*:%s*%S.*'); -- get the language prefix or nil if there is no script if not utilities.is_set (lang) then utilities.set_message ('err_script_parameter', {script_param, cfg.err_msg_supl['missing title part']}); -- prefix without 'title'; add error message return ''; -- script_value was just the prefix so return empty string end -- if we get this far we have prefix and script name = cfg.lang_tag_remap[lang] or mw.language.fetchLanguageName( lang, cfg.this_wiki_code ); -- get language name so that we can use it to categorize if utilities.is_set (name) then -- is prefix a proper ISO 639-1 language code? script_value = script_value:gsub ('^%l+%s*:%s*', ''); -- strip prefix from script -- is prefix one of these language codes? if utilities.in_array (lang, cfg.script_lang_codes) then utilities.add_prop_cat ('script', {name, lang}) else utilities.set_message ('err_script_parameter', {script_param, cfg.err_msg_supl['unknown language code']}); -- unknown script-language; add error message end lang = ' lang="' .. lang .. '" '; -- convert prefix into a lang attribute else utilities.set_message ('err_script_parameter', {script_param, cfg.err_msg_supl['invalid language code']}); -- invalid language code; add error message lang = ''; -- invalid so set lang to empty string end else utilities.set_message ('err_script_parameter', {script_param, cfg.err_msg_supl['missing prefix']}); -- no language code prefix; add error message end script_value = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['bdi'], {lang, script_value}); -- isolate in case script is RTL return script_value; end --[[--------------------------< S C R I P T _ C O N C A T E N A T E >------------------------------------------ Initially for |title= and |script-title=, this function concatenates those two parameter values after the script value has been wrapped in <bdi> tags. ]] local function script_concatenate (title, script, script_param) if utilities.is_set (script) then script = format_script_value (script, script_param); -- <bdi> tags, lang attribute, categorization, etc.; returns empty string on error if utilities.is_set (script) then title = title .. ' ' .. script; -- concatenate title and script title end end return title; end --[[--------------------------< W R A P _ M S G >-------------------------------------------------------------- Applies additional message text to various parameter values. Supplied string is wrapped using a message_list configuration taking one argument. Supports lower case text for {{citation}} templates. Additional text taken from citation_config.messages - the reason this function is similar to but separate from wrap_style(). ]] local function wrap_msg (key, str, lower) if not utilities.is_set ( str ) then return ""; end if true == lower then local msg; msg = cfg.messages[key]:lower(); -- set the message to lower case before return utilities.substitute ( msg, str ); -- including template text else return utilities.substitute ( cfg.messages[key], str ); end end --[[----------------< W I K I S O U R C E _ U R L _ M A K E >------------------- Makes a Wikisource URL from Wikisource interwiki-link. Returns the URL and appropriate label; nil else. str is the value assigned to |chapter= (or aliases) or |title= or |title-link= ]] local function wikisource_url_make (str) local wl_type, D, L; local ws_url, ws_label; local wikisource_prefix = table.concat ({'https://', cfg.this_wiki_code, '.wikisource.org/wiki/'}); wl_type, D, L = utilities.is_wikilink (str); -- wl_type is 0 (not a wikilink), 1 (simple wikilink), 2 (complex wikilink) if 0 == wl_type then -- not a wikilink; might be from |title-link= str = D:match ('^[Ww]ikisource:(.+)') or D:match ('^[Ss]:(.+)'); -- article title from interwiki link with long-form or short-form namespace if utilities.is_set (str) then ws_url = table.concat ({ -- build a Wikisource URL wikisource_prefix, -- prefix str, -- article title }); ws_label = str; -- label for the URL end elseif 1 == wl_type then -- simple wikilink: [[Wikisource:ws article]] str = D:match ('^[Ww]ikisource:(.+)') or D:match ('^[Ss]:(.+)'); -- article title from interwiki link with long-form or short-form namespace if utilities.is_set (str) then ws_url = table.concat ({ -- build a Wikisource URL wikisource_prefix, -- prefix str, -- article title }); ws_label = str; -- label for the URL end elseif 2 == wl_type then -- non-so-simple wikilink: [[Wikisource:ws article|displayed text]] ([[L|D]]) str = L:match ('^[Ww]ikisource:(.+)') or L:match ('^[Ss]:(.+)'); -- article title from interwiki link with long-form or short-form namespace if utilities.is_set (str) then ws_label = D; -- get ws article name from display portion of interwiki link ws_url = table.concat ({ -- build a Wikisource URL wikisource_prefix, -- prefix str, -- article title without namespace from link portion of wikilink }); end end if ws_url then ws_url = mw.uri.encode (ws_url, 'WIKI'); -- make a usable URL ws_url = ws_url:gsub ('%%23', '#'); -- undo percent-encoding of fragment marker end return ws_url, ws_label, L or D; -- return proper URL or nil and a label or nil end --[[----------------< F O R M A T _ P E R I O D I C A L >----------------------- Format the three periodical parameters: |script-<periodical>=, |<periodical>=, and |trans-<periodical>= into a single Periodical meta-parameter. ]] local function format_periodical (script_periodical, script_periodical_source, periodical, trans_periodical) if not utilities.is_set (periodical) then periodical = ''; -- to be safe for concatenation else periodical = utilities.wrap_style ('italic-title', periodical); -- style end periodical = script_concatenate (periodical, script_periodical, script_periodical_source); -- <bdi> tags, lang attribute, categorization, etc.; must be done after title is wrapped if utilities.is_set (trans_periodical) then trans_periodical = utilities.wrap_style ('trans-italic-title', trans_periodical); if utilities.is_set (periodical) then periodical = periodical .. ' ' .. trans_periodical; else -- here when trans-periodical without periodical or script-periodical periodical = trans_periodical; utilities.set_message ('err_trans_missing_title', {'periodical'}); end end return periodical; end --[[------------------< F O R M A T _ C H A P T E R _ T I T L E >--------------- Format the four chapter parameters: |script-chapter=, |chapter=, |trans-chapter=, and |chapter-url= into a single chapter meta- parameter (chapter_url_source used for error messages). ]] local function format_chapter_title (script_chapter, script_chapter_source, chapter, chapter_source, trans_chapter, trans_chapter_source, chapter_url, chapter_url_source, no_quotes, access) local ws_url, ws_label, L = wikisource_url_make (chapter); -- make a wikisource URL and label from a wikisource interwiki link if ws_url then ws_label = ws_label:gsub ('_', ' '); -- replace underscore separators with space characters chapter = ws_label; end if not utilities.is_set (chapter) then chapter = ''; -- to be safe for concatenation else if false == no_quotes then chapter = kern_quotes (chapter); -- if necessary, separate chapter title's leading and trailing quote marks from module provided quote marks chapter = utilities.wrap_style ('quoted-title', chapter); end end chapter = script_concatenate (chapter, script_chapter, script_chapter_source); -- <bdi> tags, lang attribute, categorization, etc.; must be done after title is wrapped if utilities.is_set (chapter_url) then chapter = external_link (chapter_url, chapter, chapter_url_source, access); -- adds bare_url_missing_title error if appropriate elseif ws_url then chapter = external_link (ws_url, chapter .. '&nbsp;', 'ws link in chapter'); -- adds bare_url_missing_title error if appropriate; space char to move icon away from chap text; TODO: better way to do this? chapter = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['interwiki-icon'], {cfg.presentation['class-wikisource'], L, chapter}); end if utilities.is_set (trans_chapter) then trans_chapter = utilities.wrap_style ('trans-quoted-title', trans_chapter); if utilities.is_set (chapter) then chapter = chapter .. ' ' .. trans_chapter; else -- here when trans_chapter without chapter or script-chapter chapter = trans_chapter; chapter_source = trans_chapter_source:match ('trans%-?(.+)'); -- when no chapter, get matching name from trans-<param> utilities.set_message ('err_trans_missing_title', {chapter_source}); end end return chapter; end --[[----------------< H A S _ I N V I S I B L E _ C H A R S >------------------- This function searches a parameter's value for non-printable or invisible characters. The search stops at the first match. This function will detect the visible replacement character when it is part of the Wikisource. Detects but ignores nowiki and math stripmarkers. Also detects other named stripmarkers (gallery, math, pre, ref) and identifies them with a slightly different error message. See also coins_cleanup(). Output of this function is an error message that identifies the character or the Unicode group, or the stripmarker that was detected along with its position (or, for multi-byte characters, the position of its first byte) in the parameter value. ]] local function has_invisible_chars (param, v) local position = ''; -- position of invisible char or starting position of stripmarker local capture; -- used by stripmarker detection to hold name of the stripmarker local stripmarker; -- boolean set true when a stripmarker is found capture = string.match (v, '[%w%p ]*'); -- test for values that are simple ASCII text and bypass other tests if true if capture == v then -- if same there are no Unicode characters return; end for _, invisible_char in ipairs (cfg.invisible_chars) do local char_name = invisible_char[1]; -- the character or group name local pattern = invisible_char[2]; -- the pattern used to find it position, _, capture = mw.ustring.find (v, pattern); -- see if the parameter value contains characters that match the pattern if position and (cfg.invisible_defs.zwj == capture) then -- if we found a zero-width joiner character if mw.ustring.find (v, cfg.indic_script) then -- it's ok if one of the Indic scripts position = nil; -- unset position elseif cfg.emoji_t[mw.ustring.codepoint (v, position+1)] then -- is zwj followed by a character listed in emoji{}? position = nil; -- unset position end end if position then if 'nowiki' == capture or 'math' == capture or -- nowiki and math stripmarkers (not an error condition) ('templatestyles' == capture and utilities.in_array (param, {'id', 'quote'})) then -- templatestyles stripmarker allowed in these parameters stripmarker = true; -- set a flag elseif true == stripmarker and cfg.invisible_defs.del == capture then -- because stripmakers begin and end with the delete char, assume that we've found one end of a stripmarker position = nil; -- unset else local err_msg; if capture and not (cfg.invisible_defs.del == capture or cfg.invisible_defs.zwj == capture) then err_msg = capture .. ' ' .. char_name; else err_msg = char_name .. ' ' .. 'character'; end utilities.set_message ('err_invisible_char', {err_msg, utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', param), position}); -- add error message return; -- and done with this parameter end end end end --[[-------------------< A R G U M E N T _ W R A P P E R >---------------------- Argument wrapper. This function provides support for argument mapping defined in the configuration file so that multiple names can be transparently aliased to single internal variable. ]] local function argument_wrapper ( args ) local origin = {}; return setmetatable({ ORIGIN = function ( self, k ) local dummy = self[k]; -- force the variable to be loaded. return origin[k]; end }, { __index = function ( tbl, k ) if origin[k] ~= nil then return nil; end local args, list, v = args, cfg.aliases[k]; if type( list ) == 'table' then v, origin[k] = utilities.select_one ( args, list, 'err_redundant_parameters' ); if origin[k] == nil then origin[k] = ''; -- Empty string, not nil end elseif list ~= nil then v, origin[k] = args[list], list; else -- maybe let through instead of raising an error? -- v, origin[k] = args[k], k; error( cfg.messages['unknown_argument_map'] .. ': ' .. k); end -- Empty strings, not nil; if v == nil then v = ''; origin[k] = ''; end tbl = rawset( tbl, k, v ); return v; end, }); end --[[--------------------------< N O W R A P _ D A T E >------------------------- When date is YYYY-MM-DD format wrap in nowrap span: <span ...>YYYY-MM-DD</span>. When date is DD MMMM YYYY or is MMMM DD, YYYY then wrap in nowrap span: <span ...>DD MMMM</span> YYYY or <span ...>MMMM DD,</span> YYYY DOES NOT yet support MMMM YYYY or any of the date ranges. ]] local function nowrap_date (date) local cap = ''; local cap2 = ''; if date:match("^%d%d%d%d%-%d%d%-%d%d$") then date = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['nowrap1'], date); elseif date:match("^%a+%s*%d%d?,%s+%d%d%d%d$") or date:match ("^%d%d?%s*%a+%s+%d%d%d%d$") then cap, cap2 = string.match (date, "^(.*)%s+(%d%d%d%d)$"); date = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['nowrap2'], {cap, cap2}); end return date; end --[[--------------------------< S E T _ T I T L E T Y P E >--------------------- This function sets default title types (equivalent to the citation including |type=<default value>) for those templates that have defaults. Also handles the special case where it is desirable to omit the title type from the rendered citation (|type=none). ]] local function set_titletype (cite_class, title_type) if utilities.is_set (title_type) then if 'none' == cfg.keywords_xlate[title_type] then title_type = ''; -- if |type=none then type parameter not displayed end return title_type; -- if |type= has been set to any other value use that value end return cfg.title_types [cite_class] or ''; -- set template's default title type; else empty string for concatenation end --[[--------------------------< S A F E _ J O I N >----------------------------- Joins a sequence of strings together while checking for duplicate separation characters. ]] local function safe_join( tbl, duplicate_char ) local f = {}; -- create a function table appropriate to type of 'duplicate character' if 1 == #duplicate_char then -- for single byte ASCII characters use the string library functions f.gsub = string.gsub f.match = string.match f.sub = string.sub else -- for multi-byte characters use the ustring library functions f.gsub = mw.ustring.gsub f.match = mw.ustring.match f.sub = mw.ustring.sub end local str = ''; -- the output string local comp = ''; -- what does 'comp' mean? local end_chr = ''; local trim; for _, value in ipairs( tbl ) do if value == nil then value = ''; end if str == '' then -- if output string is empty str = value; -- assign value to it (first time through the loop) elseif value ~= '' then if value:sub(1, 1) == '<' then -- special case of values enclosed in spans and other markup. comp = value:gsub( "%b<>", "" ); -- remove HTML markup (<span>string</span> -> string) else comp = value; end -- typically duplicate_char is sepc if f.sub(comp, 1, 1) == duplicate_char then -- is first character same as duplicate_char? why test first character? -- Because individual string segments often (always?) begin with terminal punct for the -- preceding segment: 'First element' .. 'sepc next element' .. etc.? trim = false; end_chr = f.sub(str, -1, -1); -- get the last character of the output string -- str = str .. "<HERE(enchr=" .. end_chr .. ")" -- debug stuff? if end_chr == duplicate_char then -- if same as separator str = f.sub(str, 1, -2); -- remove it elseif end_chr == "'" then -- if it might be wiki-markup if f.sub(str, -3, -1) == duplicate_char .. "''" then -- if last three chars of str are sepc'' str = f.sub(str, 1, -4) .. "''"; -- remove them and add back '' elseif f.sub(str, -5, -1) == duplicate_char .. "]]''" then -- if last five chars of str are sepc]]'' trim = true; -- why? why do this and next differently from previous? elseif f.sub(str, -4, -1) == duplicate_char .. "]''" then -- if last four chars of str are sepc]'' trim = true; -- same question end elseif end_chr == "]" then -- if it might be wiki-markup if f.sub(str, -3, -1) == duplicate_char .. "]]" then -- if last three chars of str are sepc]] wikilink trim = true; elseif f.sub(str, -3, -1) == duplicate_char .. '"]' then -- if last three chars of str are sepc"] quoted external link trim = true; elseif f.sub(str, -2, -1) == duplicate_char .. "]" then -- if last two chars of str are sepc] external link trim = true; elseif f.sub(str, -4, -1) == duplicate_char .. "'']" then -- normal case when |url=something & |title=Title. trim = true; end elseif end_chr == " " then -- if last char of output string is a space if f.sub(str, -2, -1) == duplicate_char .. " " then -- if last two chars of str are <sepc><space> str = f.sub(str, 1, -3); -- remove them both end end if trim then if value ~= comp then -- value does not equal comp when value contains HTML markup local dup2 = duplicate_char; if f.match(dup2, "%A" ) then dup2 = "%" .. dup2; end -- if duplicate_char not a letter then escape it value = f.gsub(value, "(%b<>)" .. dup2, "%1", 1 ) -- remove duplicate_char if it follows HTML markup else value = f.sub(value, 2, -1 ); -- remove duplicate_char when it is first character end end end str = str .. value; -- add it to the output string end end return str; end --[[--------------------------< I S _ S U F F I X >----------------------------- returns true if suffix is properly formed Jr, Sr, or ordinal in the range 1–9. Puncutation not allowed. ]] local function is_suffix (suffix) if utilities.in_array (suffix, {'Jr', 'Sr', 'Jnr', 'Snr', '1st', '2nd', '3rd'}) or suffix:match ('^%dth$') then return true; end return false; end --[[--------------------< I S _ G O O D _ V A N C _ N A M E >------------------- For Vancouver style, author/editor names are supposed to be rendered in Latin (read ASCII) characters. When a name uses characters that contain diacritical marks, those characters are to be converted to the corresponding Latin character. When a name is written using a non-Latin alphabet or logogram, that name is to be transliterated into Latin characters. The module doesn't do this so editors may/must. This test allows |first= and |last= names to contain any of the letters defined in the four Unicode Latin character sets [http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0000.pdf C0 Controls and Basic Latin] 0041–005A, 0061–007A [http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0080.pdf C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement] 00C0–00D6, 00D8–00F6, 00F8–00FF [http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0100.pdf Latin Extended-A] 0100–017F [http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0180.pdf Latin Extended-B] 0180–01BF, 01C4–024F |lastn= also allowed to contain hyphens, spaces, and apostrophes. (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7271/box/A35029/) |firstn= also allowed to contain hyphens, spaces, apostrophes, and periods This original test: if nil == mw.ustring.find (last, "^[A-Za-zÀ-ÖØ-öø-ƿDŽ-ɏ%-%s%']*$") or nil == mw.ustring.find (first, "^[A-Za-zÀ-ÖØ-öø-ƿDŽ-ɏ%-%s%'%.]+[2-6%a]*$") then was written outside of the code editor and pasted here because the code editor gets confused between character insertion point and cursor position. The test has been rewritten to use decimal character escape sequence for the individual bytes of the Unicode characters so that it is not necessary to use an external editor to maintain this code. \195\128-\195\150 – À-Ö (U+00C0–U+00D6 – C0 controls) \195\152-\195\182 – Ø-ö (U+00D8-U+00F6 – C0 controls) \195\184-\198\191 – ø-ƿ (U+00F8-U+01BF – C0 controls, Latin extended A & B) \199\132-\201\143 – DŽ-ɏ (U+01C4-U+024F – Latin extended B) ]] local function is_good_vanc_name (last, first, suffix, position) if not suffix then if first:find ('[,%s]') then -- when there is a space or comma, might be first name/initials + generational suffix first = first:match ('(.-)[,%s]+'); -- get name/initials suffix = first:match ('[,%s]+(.+)$'); -- get generational suffix end end if utilities.is_set (suffix) then if not is_suffix (suffix) then add_vanc_error (cfg.err_msg_supl.suffix, position); return false; -- not a name with an appropriate suffix end end if nil == mw.ustring.find (last, "^[A-Za-z\195\128-\195\150\195\152-\195\182\195\184-\198\191\199\132-\201\143\225\184\128-\225\187\191%-%s%']*$") or nil == mw.ustring.find (first, "^[A-Za-z\195\128-\195\150\195\152-\195\182\195\184-\198\191\199\132-\201\143\225\184\128-\225\187\191%-%s%'%.]*$") then add_vanc_error (cfg.err_msg_supl['non-Latin char'], position); return false; -- not a string of Latin characters; Vancouver requires Romanization end; return true; end --[[--------------------------< R E D U C E _ T O _ I N I T I A L S >------------------------------------------ Attempts to convert names to initials in support of |name-list-style=vanc. Names in |firstn= may be separated by spaces or hyphens, or for initials, a period. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7271/box/A35062/. Vancouver style requires family rank designations (Jr, II, III, etc.) to be rendered as Jr, 2nd, 3rd, etc. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7271/box/A35085/. This code only accepts and understands generational suffix in the Vancouver format because Roman numerals look like, and can be mistaken for, initials. This function uses ustring functions because firstname initials may be any of the Unicode Latin characters accepted by is_good_vanc_name (). ]] local function reduce_to_initials (first, position) if first:find (',', 1, true) then return first; -- commas not allowed; abandon end local name, suffix = mw.ustring.match (first, "^(%u+) ([%dJS][%drndth]+)$"); if not name then -- if not initials and a suffix name = mw.ustring.match (first, "^(%u+)$"); -- is it just initials? end if name then -- if first is initials with or without suffix if 3 > mw.ustring.len (name) then -- if one or two initials if suffix then -- if there is a suffix if is_suffix (suffix) then -- is it legitimate? return first; -- one or two initials and a valid suffix so nothing to do else add_vanc_error (cfg.err_msg_supl.suffix, position); -- one or two initials with invalid suffix so error message return first; -- and return first unmolested end else return first; -- one or two initials without suffix; nothing to do end end end -- if here then name has 3 or more uppercase letters so treat them as a word local initials_t, names_t = {}, {}; -- tables to hold name parts and initials local i = 1; -- counter for number of initials names_t = mw.text.split (first, '[%s%-]+'); -- split into a sequence of names and possible suffix while names_t[i] do -- loop through the sequence if 1 < i and names_t[i]:match ('[%dJS][%drndth]+%.?$') then -- if not the first name, and looks like a suffix (may have trailing dot) names_t[i] = names_t[i]:gsub ('%.', ''); -- remove terminal dot if present if is_suffix (names_t[i]) then -- if a legitimate suffix table.insert (initials_t, ' ' .. names_t[i]); -- add a separator space, insert at end of initials sequence break; -- and done because suffix must fall at the end of a name end -- no error message if not a suffix; possibly because of Romanization end if 3 > i then table.insert (initials_t, mw.ustring.sub (names_t[i], 1, 1)); -- insert the initial at end of initials sequence end i = i + 1; -- bump the counter end return table.concat (initials_t); -- Vancouver format does not include spaces. end --[[--------------------------< I N T E R W I K I _ P R E F I X E N _ G E T >---------------------------------- extract interwiki prefixen from <value>. Returns two one or two values: false – no prefixen nil – prefix exists but not recognized project prefix, language prefix – when value has either of: :<project>:<language>:<article> :<language>:<project>:<article> project prefix, nil – when <value> has only a known single-letter prefix nil, language prefix – when <value> has only a known language prefix accepts single-letter project prefixen: 'd' (wikidata), 's' (wikisource), and 'w' (wikipedia) prefixes; at this writing, the other single-letter prefixen (b (wikibook), c (commons), m (meta), n (wikinews), q (wikiquote), and v (wikiversity)) are not supported. ]] local function interwiki_prefixen_get (value, is_link) if not value:find (':%l+:') then -- if no prefix return false; -- abandon; boolean here to distinguish from nil fail returns later end local prefix_patterns_linked_t = { -- sequence of valid interwiki and inter project prefixen '^%[%[:([dsw]):(%l%l+):', -- wikilinked; project and language prefixes '^%[%[:(%l%l+):([dsw]):', -- wikilinked; language and project prefixes '^%[%[:([dsw]):', -- wikilinked; project prefix '^%[%[:(%l%l+):', -- wikilinked; language prefix } local prefix_patterns_unlinked_t = { -- sequence of valid interwiki and inter project prefixen '^:([dsw]):(%l%l+):', -- project and language prefixes '^:(%l%l+):([dsw]):', -- language and project prefixes '^:([dsw]):', -- project prefix '^:(%l%l+):', -- language prefix } local cap1, cap2; for _, pattern in ipairs ((is_link and prefix_patterns_linked_t) or prefix_patterns_unlinked_t) do cap1, cap2 = value:match (pattern); if cap1 then break; -- found a match so stop looking end end if cap1 and cap2 then -- when both then :project:language: or :language:project: (both forms allowed) if 1 == #cap1 then -- length == 1 then :project:language: if cfg.inter_wiki_map[cap2] then -- is language prefix in the interwiki map? return cap1, cap2; -- return interwiki project and interwiki language end else -- here when :language:project: if cfg.inter_wiki_map[cap1] then -- is language prefix in the interwiki map? return cap2, cap1; -- return interwiki project and interwiki language end end return nil; -- unknown interwiki language elseif not (cap1 or cap2) then -- both are nil? return nil; -- we got something that looks like a project prefix but isn't; return fail elseif 1 == #cap1 then -- here when one capture return cap1, nil; -- length is 1 so return project, nil language else -- here when one capture and its length it more than 1 if cfg.inter_wiki_map[cap1] then -- is language prefix in the interwiki map? return nil, cap1; -- return nil project, language end end end --[[--------------------------< L I S T _ P E O P L E >-------------------------- Formats a list of people (authors, contributors, editors, interviewers, translators) names in the list will be linked when |<name>-link= has a value |<name>-mask- does NOT have a value; masked names are presumed to have been rendered previously so should have been linked there when |<name>-mask=0, the associated name is not rendered ]] local function list_people (control, people, etal) local sep; local namesep; local format = control.format; local maximum = control.maximum; local name_list = {}; if 'vanc' == format then -- Vancouver-like name styling? sep = cfg.presentation['sep_nl_vanc']; -- name-list separator between names is a comma namesep = cfg.presentation['sep_name_vanc']; -- last/first separator is a space else sep = cfg.presentation['sep_nl']; -- name-list separator between names is a semicolon namesep = cfg.presentation['sep_name']; -- last/first separator is <comma><space> end if sep:sub (-1, -1) ~= " " then sep = sep .. " " end if utilities.is_set (maximum) and maximum < 1 then return "", 0; end -- returned 0 is for EditorCount; not used for other names for i, person in ipairs (people) do if utilities.is_set (person.last) then local mask = person.mask; local one; local sep_one = sep; if utilities.is_set (maximum) and i > maximum then etal = true; break; end if mask then local n = tonumber (mask); -- convert to a number if it can be converted; nil else if n then one = 0 ~= n and string.rep("&mdash;", n) or nil; -- make a string of (n > 0) mdashes, nil else, to replace name person.link = nil; -- don't create link to name if name is replaces with mdash string or has been set nil else one = mask; -- replace name with mask text (must include name-list separator) sep_one = " "; -- modify name-list separator end else one = person.last; -- get surname local first = person.first -- get given name if utilities.is_set (first) then if ("vanc" == format) then -- if Vancouver format one = one:gsub ('%.', ''); -- remove periods from surnames (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7271/box/A35029/) if not person.corporate and is_good_vanc_name (one, first, nil, i) then -- and name is all Latin characters; corporate authors not tested first = reduce_to_initials (first, i); -- attempt to convert first name(s) to initials end end one = one .. namesep .. first; end end if utilities.is_set (person.link) then one = utilities.make_wikilink (person.link, one); -- link author/editor end if one then -- if <one> has a value (name, mdash replacement, or mask text replacement) local proj, tag = interwiki_prefixen_get (one, true); -- get the interwiki prefixen if present if 'w' == proj and ('Wikipedia' == mw.site.namespaces.Project['name']) then proj = nil; -- for stuff like :w:de:<article>, :w is unnecessary TODO: maint cat? end if proj then local proj_name = ({['d'] = 'Wikidata', ['s'] = 'Wikisource', ['w'] = 'Wikipedia'})[proj]; -- :w (wikipedia) for linking from a non-wikipedia project if proj_name then one = one .. utilities.wrap_style ('interproj', proj_name); -- add resized leading space, brackets, static text, language name utilities.add_prop_cat ('interproj-linked-name', proj); -- categorize it; <proj> is sort key tag = nil; -- unset; don't do both project and language end end if tag == cfg.this_wiki_code then tag = nil; -- stuff like :en:<article> at en.wiki is pointless TODO: maint cat? end if tag then local lang = cfg.lang_tag_remap[tag] or cfg.mw_languages_by_tag_t[tag]; if lang then -- error messaging done in extract_names() where we know parameter names one = one .. utilities.wrap_style ('interwiki', lang); -- add resized leading space, brackets, static text, language name utilities.add_prop_cat ('interwiki-linked-name', tag); -- categorize it; <tag> is sort key end end table.insert (name_list, one); -- add it to the list of names table.insert (name_list, sep_one); -- add the proper name-list separator end end end local count = #name_list / 2; -- (number of names + number of separators) divided by 2 if 0 < count then if 1 < count and not etal then if 'amp' == format then name_list[#name_list-2] = " & "; -- replace last separator with ampersand text elseif 'and' == format then if 2 == count then name_list[#name_list-2] = cfg.presentation.sep_nl_and; -- replace last separator with 'and' text else name_list[#name_list-2] = cfg.presentation.sep_nl_end; -- replace last separator with '(sep) and' text end end end name_list[#name_list] = nil; -- erase the last separator end local result = table.concat (name_list); -- construct list if etal and utilities.is_set (result) then -- etal may be set by |display-authors=etal but we might not have a last-first list result = result .. sep .. cfg.messages['et al']; -- we've got a last-first list and etal so add et al. end return result, count; -- return name-list string and count of number of names (count used for editor names only) end --[[--------------------< M A K E _ C I T E R E F _ I D >----------------------- Generates a CITEREF anchor ID if we have at least one name or a date. Otherwise returns an empty string. namelist is one of the contributor-, author-, or editor-name lists chosen in that order. year is Year or anchor_year. ]] local function make_citeref_id (namelist, year) local names={}; -- a table for the one to four names and year for i,v in ipairs (namelist) do -- loop through the list and take up to the first four last names names[i] = v.last if i == 4 then break end -- if four then done end table.insert (names, year); -- add the year at the end local id = table.concat(names); -- concatenate names and year for CITEREF id if utilities.is_set (id) then -- if concatenation is not an empty string return "CITEREF" .. id; -- add the CITEREF portion else return ''; -- return an empty string; no reason to include CITEREF id in this citation end end --[[--------------------------< C I T E _ C L A S S _A T T R I B U T E _M A K E >------------------------------ construct <cite> tag class attribute for this citation. <cite_class> – config.CitationClass from calling template <mode> – value from |mode= parameter ]] local function cite_class_attribute_make (cite_class, mode) local class_t = {}; table.insert (class_t, 'citation'); -- required for blue highlight if 'citation' ~= cite_class then table.insert (class_t, cite_class); -- identify this template for user css table.insert (class_t, utilities.is_set (mode) and mode or 'cs1'); -- identify the citation style for user css or javascript else table.insert (class_t, utilities.is_set (mode) and mode or 'cs2'); -- identify the citation style for user css or javascript end for _, prop_key in ipairs (z.prop_keys_t) do table.insert (class_t, prop_key); -- identify various properties for user css or javascript end return table.concat (class_t, ' '); -- make a big string and done end --[[---------------------< N A M E _ H A S _ E T A L >-------------------------- Evaluates the content of name parameters (author, editor, etc.) for variations on the theme of et al. If found, the et al. is removed, a flag is set to true and the function returns the modified name and the flag. This function never sets the flag to false but returns its previous state because it may have been set by previous passes through this function or by the associated |display-<names>=etal parameter ]] local function name_has_etal (name, etal, nocat, param) if utilities.is_set (name) then -- name can be nil in which case just return local patterns = cfg.et_al_patterns; -- get patterns from configuration for _, pattern in ipairs (patterns) do -- loop through all of the patterns if name:match (pattern) then -- if this 'et al' pattern is found in name name = name:gsub (pattern, ''); -- remove the offending text etal = true; -- set flag (may have been set previously here or by |display-<names>=etal) if not nocat then -- no categorization for |vauthors= utilities.set_message ('err_etal', {param}); -- and set an error if not added end end end end return name, etal; end --[[---------------------< N A M E _ I S _ N U M E R I C >---------------------- Add an error message and category when <name> parameter value does not contain letters. Add a maintenance category when <name> parameter value has numeric characters mixed with characters that are not numeric characters; could be letters and/or punctuation characters. This function will only emit one error and one maint message for the current template. Does not emit both error and maint messages/categories for the same parameter value. returns nothing ]] local function name_is_numeric (name, name_alias, list_name) local patterns = { '^%D+%d', -- <name> must have digits preceded by other characters '^%D*%d+%D+', -- <name> must have digits followed by other characters } if not added_numeric_name_errs and mw.ustring.match (name, '^[%A]+$') then -- if we have not already set an error message and <name> does not have any alpha characters utilities.set_message ('err_numeric_names', name_alias); -- add an error message added_numeric_name_errs = true; -- set the flag so we emit only one error message return; -- when here no point in further testing; abandon end if not added_numeric_name_maint then -- if we have already set a maint message for _, pattern in ipairs (patterns) do -- spin through list of patterns if mw.ustring.match (name, pattern) then -- digits preceded or followed by anything but digits; %D+ includes punctuation utilities.set_message ('maint_numeric_names', cfg.special_case_translation [list_name]); -- add a maint cat for this template added_numeric_name_maint = true; -- set the flag so we emit only one maint message return; -- when here no point in further testing; abandon end end end end --[[-----------------< N A M E _ H A S _ M U L T _ N A M E S >------------------ Evaluates the content of last/surname (authors etc.) parameters for multiple names. Multiple names are indicated if there is more than one comma or any "unescaped" semicolons. Escaped semicolons are ones used as part of selected HTML entities. If the condition is met, the function adds the multiple name maintenance category. Same test for first except that commas should not appear in given names (MOS:JR says that the generational suffix does not take a separator character). Titles, degrees, postnominals, affiliations, all normally comma separated don't belong in a citation. <name> – name parameter value <list_name> – AuthorList, EditorList, etc <limit> – number of allowed commas; 1 (default) for surnames; 0 for given names returns nothing ]] local function name_has_mult_names (name, list_name, limit) local _, commas, semicolons, nbsps; limit = limit and limit or 1; if utilities.is_set (name) then _, commas = name:gsub (',', ''); -- count the number of commas _, semicolons = name:gsub (';', ''); -- count the number of semicolons -- nbsps probably should be its own separate count rather than merged in -- some way with semicolons because Lua patterns do not support the -- grouping operator that regex does, which means there is no way to add -- more entities to escape except by adding more counts with the new -- entities _, nbsps = name:gsub ('&nbsp;',''); -- count nbsps -- There is exactly 1 semicolon per &nbsp; entity, so subtract nbsps -- from semicolons to 'escape' them. If additional entities are added, -- they also can be subtracted. if limit < commas or 0 < (semicolons - nbsps) then utilities.set_message ('maint_mult_names', cfg.special_case_translation [list_name]); -- add a maint message end end end --[=[-------------------------< I S _ G E N E R I C >---------------------------------------------------------- Compares values assigned to various parameters according to the string provided as <item> in the function call. <item> can have on of two values: 'generic_names' – for name-holding parameters: |last=, |first=, |editor-last=, etc 'generic_titles' – for |title= There are two types of generic tests. The 'accept' tests look for a pattern that should not be rejected by the 'reject' test. For example, |author=[[John Smith (author)|Smith, John]] would be rejected by the 'author' reject test. But piped wikilinks with 'author' disambiguation should not be rejected so the 'accept' test prevents that from happening. Accept tests are always performed before reject tests. Each of the 'accept' and 'reject' sequence tables hold tables for en.wiki (['en']) and local.wiki (['local']) that each can hold a test sequence table The sequence table holds, at index [1], a test pattern, and, at index [2], a boolean control value. The control value tells string.find() or mw.ustring.find() to do plain-text search (true) or a pattern search (false). The intent of all this complexity is to make these searches as fast as possible so that we don't run out of processing time on very large articles. Returns true when a reject test finds the pattern or string false when an accept test finds the pattern or string nil else ]=] local function is_generic (item, value, wiki) local test_val; local str_lower = { -- use string.lower() for en.wiki (['en']) and use mw.ustring.lower() or local.wiki (['local']) ['en'] = string.lower, ['local'] = mw.ustring.lower, } local str_find = { -- use string.find() for en.wiki (['en']) and use mw.ustring.find() or local.wiki (['local']) ['en'] = string.find, ['local'] = mw.ustring.find, } local function test (val, test_t, wiki) -- local function to do the testing; <wiki> selects lower() and find() functions val = test_t[2] and str_lower[wiki](value) or val; -- when <test_t[2]> set to 'true', plaintext search using lowercase value return str_find[wiki] (val, test_t[1], 1, test_t[2]); -- return nil when not found or matched end local test_types_t = {'accept', 'reject'}; -- test accept patterns first, then reject patterns local wikis_t = {'en', 'local'}; -- do tests for each of these keys; en.wiki first, local.wiki second for _, test_type in ipairs (test_types_t) do -- for each test type for _, generic_value in pairs (cfg.special_case_translation[item][test_type]) do -- spin through the list of generic value fragments to accept or reject for _, wiki in ipairs (wikis_t) do if generic_value[wiki] then if test (value, generic_value[wiki], wiki) then -- go do the test return ('reject' == test_type); -- param value rejected, return true; false else end end end end end end --[[--------------------------< N A M E _ I S _ G E N E R I C >------------------------------------------------ calls is_generic() to determine if <name> is a 'generic name' listed in cfg.generic_names; <name_alias> is the parameter name used in error messaging ]] local function name_is_generic (name, name_alias) if not added_generic_name_errs and is_generic ('generic_names', name) then utilities.set_message ('err_generic_name', name_alias); -- set an error message added_generic_name_errs = true; end end --[[--------------------------< N A M E _ C H E C K S >-------------------------------------------------------- This function calls various name checking functions used to validate the content of the various name-holding parameters. ]] local function name_checks (last, first, list_name, last_alias, first_alias) local accept_name; if utilities.is_set (last) then last, accept_name = utilities.has_accept_as_written (last); -- remove accept-this-as-written markup when it wraps all of <last> if not accept_name then -- <last> not wrapped in accept-as-written markup name_has_mult_names (last, list_name); -- check for multiple names in the parameter name_is_numeric (last, last_alias, list_name); -- check for names that have no letters or are a mix of digits and other characters name_is_generic (last, last_alias); -- check for names found in the generic names list end end if utilities.is_set (first) then first, accept_name = utilities.has_accept_as_written (first); -- remove accept-this-as-written markup when it wraps all of <first> if not accept_name then -- <first> not wrapped in accept-as-written markup name_has_mult_names (first, list_name, 0); -- check for multiple names in the parameter; 0 is number of allowed commas in a given name name_is_numeric (first, first_alias, list_name); -- check for names that have no letters or are a mix of digits and other characters name_is_generic (first, first_alias); -- check for names found in the generic names list end local wl_type, D = utilities.is_wikilink (first); if 0 ~= wl_type then first = D; utilities.set_message ('err_bad_paramlink', first_alias); end end return last, first; -- done end --[[----------------------< E X T R A C T _ N A M E S >------------------------- Gets name list from the input arguments Searches through args in sequential order to find |lastn= and |firstn= parameters (or their aliases), and their matching link and mask parameters. Stops searching when both |lastn= and |firstn= are not found in args after two sequential attempts: found |last1=, |last2=, and |last3= but doesn't find |last4= and |last5= then the search is done. This function emits an error message when there is a |firstn= without a matching |lastn=. When there are 'holes' in the list of last names, |last1= and |last3= are present but |last2= is missing, an error message is emitted. |lastn= is not required to have a matching |firstn=. When an author or editor parameter contains some form of 'et al.', the 'et al.' is stripped from the parameter and a flag (etal) returned that will cause list_people() to add the static 'et al.' text from Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration. This keeps 'et al.' out of the template's metadata. When this occurs, an error is emitted. ]] local function extract_names(args, list_name) local names = {}; -- table of names local last; -- individual name components local first; local link; local mask; local i = 1; -- loop counter/indexer local n = 1; -- output table indexer local count = 0; -- used to count the number of times we haven't found a |last= (or alias for authors, |editor-last or alias for editors) local etal = false; -- return value set to true when we find some form of et al. in an author parameter local last_alias, first_alias, link_alias; -- selected parameter aliases used in error messaging while true do last, last_alias = utilities.select_one ( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-Last'], 'err_redundant_parameters', i ); -- search through args for name components beginning at 1 first, first_alias = utilities.select_one ( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-First'], 'err_redundant_parameters', i ); link, link_alias = utilities.select_one ( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-Link'], 'err_redundant_parameters', i ); mask = utilities.select_one ( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-Mask'], 'err_redundant_parameters', i ); if last then -- error check |lastn= alias for unknown interwiki link prefix; done here because this is where we have the parameter name local project, language = interwiki_prefixen_get (last, true); -- true because we expect interwiki links in |lastn= to be wikilinked if nil == project and nil == language then -- when both are nil utilities.set_message ('err_bad_paramlink', last_alias); -- not known, emit an error message -- TODO: err_bad_interwiki? last = utilities.remove_wiki_link (last); -- remove wikilink markup; show display value only end end if link then -- error check |linkn= alias for unknown interwiki link prefix local project, language = interwiki_prefixen_get (link, false); -- false because wiki links in |author-linkn= is an error if nil == project and nil == language then -- when both are nil utilities.set_message ('err_bad_paramlink', link_alias); -- not known, emit an error message -- TODO: err_bad_interwiki? link = nil; -- unset so we don't link link_alias = nil; end end last, etal = name_has_etal (last, etal, false, last_alias); -- find and remove variations on et al. first, etal = name_has_etal (first, etal, false, first_alias); -- find and remove variations on et al. last, first = name_checks (last, first, list_name, last_alias, first_alias); -- multiple names, extraneous annotation, etc. checks if first and not last then -- if there is a firstn without a matching lastn local alias = first_alias:find ('given', 1, true) and 'given' or 'first'; -- get first or given form of the alias utilities.set_message ('err_first_missing_last', { first_alias, -- param name of alias missing its mate first_alias:gsub (alias, {['first'] = 'last', ['given'] = 'surname'}), -- make param name appropriate to the alias form }); -- add this error message elseif not first and not last then -- if both firstn and lastn aren't found, are we done? count = count + 1; -- number of times we haven't found last and first if 2 <= count then -- two missing names and we give up break; -- normal exit or there is a two-name hole in the list; can't tell which end else -- we have last with or without a first local result; link = link_title_ok (link, link_alias, last, last_alias); -- check for improper wiki-markup if first then link = link_title_ok (link, link_alias, first, first_alias); -- check for improper wiki-markup end names[n] = {last = last, first = first, link = link, mask = mask, corporate = false}; -- add this name to our names list (corporate for |vauthors= only) n = n + 1; -- point to next location in the names table if 1 == count then -- if the previous name was missing utilities.set_message ('err_missing_name', {list_name:match ("(%w+)List"):lower(), i - 1}); -- add this error message end count = 0; -- reset the counter, we're looking for two consecutive missing names end i = i + 1; -- point to next args location end return names, etal; -- all done, return our list of names and the etal flag end --[[--------------------------< N A M E _ T A G _ G E T >------------------------------------------------------ attempt to decode |language=<lang_param> and return language name and matching tag; nil else. This function looks for: <lang_param> as a tag in cfg.lang_tag_remap{} <lang_param> as a name in cfg.lang_name_remap{} <lang_param> as a name in cfg.mw_languages_by_name_t <lang_param> as a tag in cfg.mw_languages_by_tag_t when those fail, presume that <lang_param> is an IETF-like tag that MediaWiki does not recognize. Strip all script, region, variant, whatever subtags from <lang_param> to leave just a two or three character language tag and look for the new <lang_param> in cfg.mw_languages_by_tag_t{} on success, returns name (in properly capitalized form) and matching tag (in lowercase); on failure returns nil ]] local function name_tag_get (lang_param) local lang_param_lc = mw.ustring.lower (lang_param); -- use lowercase as an index into the various tables local name; local tag; name = cfg.lang_tag_remap[lang_param_lc]; -- assume <lang_param_lc> is a tag; attempt to get remapped language name if name then -- when <name>, <lang_param> is a tag for a remapped language name if cfg.lang_name_remap[name:lower()][2] ~= lang_param_lc then utilities.set_message ('maint_unknown_lang'); -- add maint category if not already added return name, cfg.lang_name_remap[name:lower()][2]; -- so return name and tag from lang_name_remap[name]; special case to xlate sr-ec and sr-el to sr-cyrl and sr-latn end return name, lang_param_lc; -- so return <name> from remap and <lang_param_lc> end tag = lang_param_lc:match ('^(%a%a%a?)%-.*'); -- still assuming that <lang_param_lc> is a tag; strip script, region, variant subtags name = cfg.lang_tag_remap[tag]; -- attempt to get remapped language name with language subtag only if name then -- when <name>, <tag> is a tag for a remapped language name return name, tag; -- so return <name> from remap and <tag> end if cfg.lang_name_remap[lang_param_lc] then -- not a remapped tag, assume <lang_param_lc> is a name; attempt to get remapped language tag return cfg.lang_name_remap[lang_param_lc][1], cfg.lang_name_remap[lang_param_lc][2]; -- for this <lang_param_lc>, return a (possibly) new name and appropriate tag end name = cfg.mw_languages_by_tag_t[lang_param_lc]; -- assume that <lang_param_lc> is a tag; attempt to get its matching language name if name then return name, lang_param_lc; -- <lang_param_lc> is a tag so return it and <name> end tag = cfg.mw_languages_by_name_t[lang_param_lc]; -- assume that <lang_param_lc> is a language name; attempt to get its matching tag if tag then return cfg.mw_languages_by_tag_t[tag], tag; -- <lang_param_lc> is a name so return the name from the table and <tag> end tag = lang_param_lc:match ('^(%a%a%a?)%-.*'); -- is <lang_param_lc> an IETF-like tag that MediaWiki doesn't recognize? <tag> gets the language subtag; nil else if tag then name = cfg.mw_languages_by_tag_t[tag]; -- attempt to get a language name using the shortened <tag> if name then return name, tag; -- <lang_param_lc> is an unrecognized IETF-like tag so return <name> and language subtag end end end --[[-------------------< L A N G U A G E _ P A R A M E T E R >------------------ Gets language name from a provided two- or three-character ISO 639 code. If a code is recognized by MediaWiki, use the returned name; if not, then use the value that was provided with the language parameter. When |language= contains a recognized language (either code or name), the page is assigned to the category for that code: Category:Norwegian-language sources (no). For valid three-character code languages, the page is assigned to the single category for '639-2' codes: Category:CS1 ISO 639-2 language sources. Languages that are the same as the local wiki are not categorized. MediaWiki does not recognize three-character equivalents of two-character codes: code 'ar' is recognized but code 'ara' is not. This function supports multiple languages in the form |language=nb, French, th where the language names or codes are separated from each other by commas with optional space characters. ]] local function language_parameter (lang) local tag; -- some form of IETF-like language tag; language subtag with optional region, sript, vatiant, etc subtags local lang_subtag; -- ve populates |language= with mostly unecessary region subtags the MediaWiki does not recognize; this is the base language subtag local name; -- the language name local language_list = {}; -- table of language names to be rendered local names_t = {}; -- table made from the value assigned to |language= local this_wiki_name = mw.language.fetchLanguageName (cfg.this_wiki_code, cfg.this_wiki_code); -- get this wiki's language name names_t = mw.text.split (lang, '%s*,%s*'); -- names should be a comma separated list for _, lang in ipairs (names_t) do -- reuse lang here because we don't yet know if lang is a language name or a language tag name, tag = name_tag_get (lang); -- attempt to get name/tag pair for <lang>; <name> has proper capitalization; <tag> is lowercase if utilities.is_set (tag) then lang_subtag = tag:gsub ('^(%a%a%a?)%-.*', '%1'); -- for categorization, strip any IETF-like tags from language tag if cfg.this_wiki_code ~= lang_subtag then -- when the language is not the same as this wiki's language if 2 == lang_subtag:len() then -- and is a two-character tag utilities.add_prop_cat ('foreign-lang-source', {name, tag}, lang_subtag); -- categorize it; tag appended to allow for multiple language categorization else -- or is a recognized language (but has a three-character tag) utilities.add_prop_cat ('foreign-lang-source-2', {lang_subtag}, lang_subtag); -- categorize it differently TODO: support multiple three-character tag categories per cs1|2 template? end elseif cfg.local_lang_cat_enable then -- when the language and this wiki's language are the same and categorization is enabled utilities.add_prop_cat ('local-lang-source', {name, lang_subtag}); -- categorize it end else name = lang; -- return whatever <lang> has so that we show something utilities.set_message ('maint_unknown_lang'); -- add maint category if not already added end table.insert (language_list, name); name = ''; -- so we can reuse it end name = utilities.make_sep_list (#language_list, language_list); if (1 == #language_list) and (lang_subtag == cfg.this_wiki_code) then -- when only one language, find lang name in this wiki lang name; for |language=en-us, 'English' in 'American English' return ''; -- if one language and that language is this wiki's return an empty string (no annotation) end return (" " .. wrap_msg ('language', name)); -- otherwise wrap with '(in ...)' --[[ TODO: should only return blank or name rather than full list so we can clean up the bunched parenthetical elements Language, Type, Format ]] end --[[-----------------------< S E T _ C S _ S T Y L E >-------------------------- Gets the default CS style configuration for the given mode. Returns default separator and either postscript as passed in or the default. In CS1, the default postscript and separator are '.'. In CS2, the default postscript is the empty string and the default separator is ','. ]] local function set_cs_style (postscript, mode) if utilities.is_set(postscript) then -- emit a maintenance message if user postscript is the default cs1 postscript -- we catch the opposite case for cs2 in set_style if mode == 'cs1' and postscript == cfg.presentation['ps_' .. mode] then utilities.set_message ('maint_postscript'); end else postscript = cfg.presentation['ps_' .. mode]; end return cfg.presentation['sep_' .. mode], postscript; end --[[--------------------------< S E T _ S T Y L E >----------------------------- Sets the separator and postscript styles. Checks the |mode= first and the #invoke CitationClass second. Removes the postscript if postscript == none. ]] local function set_style (mode, postscript, cite_class) local sep; if 'cs2' == mode then sep, postscript = set_cs_style (postscript, 'cs2'); elseif 'cs1' == mode then sep, postscript = set_cs_style (postscript, 'cs1'); elseif 'citation' == cite_class then sep, postscript = set_cs_style (postscript, 'cs2'); else sep, postscript = set_cs_style (postscript, 'cs1'); end if cfg.keywords_xlate[postscript:lower()] == 'none' then -- emit a maintenance message if user postscript is the default cs2 postscript -- we catch the opposite case for cs1 in set_cs_style if 'cs2' == mode or ('cs1' ~= mode and 'citation' == cite_class) then -- {{citation |title=Title |mode=cs1 |postscript=none}} should not emit maint message utilities.set_message ('maint_postscript'); end postscript = ''; end return sep, postscript end --[=[-------------------------< I S _ P D F >----------------------------------- Determines if a URL has the file extension that is one of the PDF file extensions used by [[MediaWiki:Common.css]] when applying the PDF icon to external links. returns true if file extension is one of the recognized extensions, else false ]=] local function is_pdf (url) return url:match ('%.pdf$') or url:match ('%.PDF$') or url:match ('%.pdf[%?#]') or url:match ('%.PDF[%?#]') or url:match ('%.PDF&#035') or url:match ('%.pdf&#035'); end --[[--------------------------< S T Y L E _ F O R M A T >----------------------- Applies CSS style to |format=, |chapter-format=, etc. Also emits an error message if the format parameter does not have a matching URL parameter. If the format parameter is not set and the URL contains a file extension that is recognized as a PDF document by MediaWiki's commons.css, this code will set the format parameter to (PDF) with the appropriate styling. ]] local function style_format (format, url, fmt_param, url_param) if utilities.is_set (format) then format = utilities.wrap_style ('format', format); -- add leading space, parentheses, resize if not utilities.is_set (url) then utilities.set_message ('err_format_missing_url', {fmt_param, url_param}); -- add an error message end elseif is_pdf (url) then -- format is not set so if URL is a PDF file then format = utilities.wrap_style ('format', 'PDF'); -- set format to PDF else format = ''; -- empty string for concatenation end return format; end --[[---------------------< G E T _ D I S P L A Y _ N A M E S >------------------ Returns a number that defines the number of names displayed for author and editor name lists and a Boolean flag to indicate when et al. should be appended to the name list. When the value assigned to |display-xxxxors= is a number greater than or equal to zero, return the number and the previous state of the 'etal' flag (false by default but may have been set to true if the name list contains some variant of the text 'et al.'). When the value assigned to |display-xxxxors= is the keyword 'etal', return a number that is one greater than the number of authors in the list and set the 'etal' flag true. This will cause the list_people() to display all of the names in the name list followed by 'et al.' In all other cases, returns nil and the previous state of the 'etal' flag. inputs: max: A['DisplayAuthors'] or A['DisplayEditors'], etc; a number or some flavor of etal count: #a or #e list_name: 'authors' or 'editors' etal: author_etal or editor_etal This function sets an error message when |display-xxxxors= value greater than or equal to number of names but not when <max> comes from {{cs1 config}} global settings. When using global settings, <param> is set to the keyword 'cs1 config' which is used to supress the normal error. Error is suppressed because it is to be expected that some citations in an article will have the same or fewer names that the limit specified in {{cs1 config}}. ]] local function get_display_names (max, count, list_name, etal, param) if utilities.is_set (max) then if 'etal' == max:lower():gsub("[ '%.]", '') then -- the :gsub() portion makes 'etal' from a variety of 'et al.' spellings and stylings max = count + 1; -- number of authors + 1 so display all author name plus et al. etal = true; -- overrides value set by extract_names() elseif max:match ('^%d+$') then -- if is a string of numbers max = tonumber (max); -- make it a number if (max >= count) and ('cs1 config' ~= param) then -- error when local |display-xxxxors= value greater than or equal to number of names; not an error when using global setting utilities.set_message ('err_disp_name', {param, max}); -- add error message max = nil; end else -- not a valid keyword or number utilities.set_message ('err_disp_name', {param, max}); -- add error message max = nil; -- unset; as if |display-xxxxors= had not been set end end return max, etal; end --[[----------< E X T R A _ T E X T _ I N _ P A G E _ C H E C K >--------------- Adds error if |page=, |pages=, |quote-page=, |quote-pages= has what appears to be some form of p. or pp. abbreviation in the first characters of the parameter content. check page for extraneous p, p., pp, pp., pg, pg. at start of parameter value: good pattern: '^P[^%.P%l]' matches when page begins PX or P# but not Px where x and X are letters and # is a digit bad pattern: '^[Pp][PpGg]' matches when page begins pp, pP, Pp, PP, pg, pG, Pg, PG ]] local function extra_text_in_page_check (val, name) if not val:match (cfg.vol_iss_pg_patterns.good_ppattern) then for _, pattern in ipairs (cfg.vol_iss_pg_patterns.bad_ppatterns) do -- spin through the selected sequence table of patterns if val:match (pattern) then -- when a match, error so utilities.set_message ('err_extra_text_pages', name); -- add error message return; -- and done end end end end --[[--------------------------< E X T R A _ T E X T _ I N _ V O L _ I S S _ C H E C K >------------------------ Adds error if |volume= or |issue= has what appears to be some form of redundant 'type' indicator. Applies to both; this function looks for issue text in both |issue= and |volume= and looks for volume-like text in |voluem= and |issue=. For |volume=: 'V.', or 'Vol.' (with or without the dot) abbreviations or 'Volume' in the first characters of the parameter content (all case insensitive). 'V' and 'v' (without the dot) are presumed to be roman numerals so are allowed. For |issue=: 'No.', 'I.', 'Iss.' (with or without the dot) abbreviations, or 'Issue' in the first characters of the parameter content (all case insensitive); numero styling: 'n°' with degree sign U+00B0, and № precomposed numero sign U+2116. Single character values ('v', 'i', 'n') allowed when not followed by separator character ('.', ':', '=', or whitespace character) – param values are trimmed of whitespace by MediaWiki before delivered to the module. <val> is |volume= or |issue= parameter value <name> is |volume= or |issue= parameter name for error message <selector> is 'v' for |volume=, 'i' for |issue= sets error message on failure; returns nothing ]] local function extra_text_in_vol_iss_check (val, name, selector) if not utilities.is_set (val) then return; end local handler = 'v' == selector and 'err_extra_text_volume' or 'err_extra_text_issue'; val = val:lower(); -- force parameter value to lower case for _, pattern in ipairs (cfg.vol_iss_pg_patterns.vi_patterns_t) do -- spin through the sequence table of patterns if val:match (pattern) then -- when a match, error so utilities.set_message (handler, name); -- add error message return; -- and done end end end --[=[-------------------------< G E T _ V _ N A M E _ T A B L E >---------------------------------------------- split apart a |vauthors= or |veditors= parameter. This function allows for corporate names, wrapped in doubled parentheses to also have commas; in the old version of the code, the doubled parentheses were included in the rendered citation and in the metadata. Individual author names may be wikilinked |vauthors=Jones AB, [[E. B. White|White EB]], ((Black, Brown, and Co.)) ]=] local function get_v_name_table (vparam, output_table, output_link_table) local _, accept = utilities.has_accept_as_written (vparam); if accept then utilities.add_prop_cat ('vanc-accept'); -- add properties category end local name_table = mw.text.split(vparam, "%s*,%s*"); -- names are separated by commas local wl_type, label, link; -- wl_type not used here; just a placeholder local i = 1; while name_table[i] do if name_table[i]:match ('^%(%(.*[^%)][^%)]$') then -- first segment of corporate with one or more commas; this segment has the opening doubled parentheses local name = name_table[i]; i = i + 1; -- bump indexer to next segment while name_table[i] do name = name .. ', ' .. name_table[i]; -- concatenate with previous segments if name_table[i]:match ('^.*%)%)$') then -- if this table member has the closing doubled parentheses break; -- and done reassembling so end i = i + 1; -- bump indexer end table.insert (output_table, name); -- and add corporate name to the output table table.insert (output_link_table, ''); -- no wikilink else wl_type, label, link = utilities.is_wikilink (name_table[i]); -- wl_type is: 0, no wl (text in label variable); 1, [[D]]; 2, [[L|D]] table.insert (output_table, label); -- add this name if 1 == wl_type then table.insert (output_link_table, label); -- simple wikilink [[D]] else table.insert (output_link_table, link); -- no wikilink or [[L|D]]; add this link if there is one, else empty string end end i = i + 1; end return output_table; end --[[--------------------------< P A R S E _ V A U T H O R S _ V E D I T O R S >-------------------------------- This function extracts author / editor names from |vauthors= or |veditors= and finds matching |xxxxor-maskn= and |xxxxor-linkn= in args. It then returns a table of assembled names just as extract_names() does. Author / editor names in |vauthors= or |veditors= must be in Vancouver system style. Corporate or institutional names may sometimes be required and because such names will often fail the is_good_vanc_name() and other format compliance tests, are wrapped in doubled parentheses ((corporate name)) to suppress the format tests. Supports generational suffixes Jr, 2nd, 3rd, 4th–6th. This function sets the Vancouver error when a required comma is missing and when there is a space between an author's initials. ]] local function parse_vauthors_veditors (args, vparam, list_name) local names = {}; -- table of names assembled from |vauthors=, |author-maskn=, |author-linkn= local v_name_table = {}; local v_link_table = {}; -- when name is wikilinked, targets go in this table local etal = false; -- return value set to true when we find some form of et al. vauthors parameter local last, first, link, mask, suffix; local corporate = false; vparam, etal = name_has_etal (vparam, etal, true); -- find and remove variations on et al. do not categorize (do it here because et al. might have a period) v_name_table = get_v_name_table (vparam, v_name_table, v_link_table); -- names are separated by commas for i, v_name in ipairs(v_name_table) do first = ''; -- set to empty string for concatenation and because it may have been set for previous author/editor local accept_name; v_name, accept_name = utilities.has_accept_as_written (v_name); -- remove accept-this-as-written markup when it wraps all of <v_name> if accept_name then last = v_name; corporate = true; -- flag used in list_people() elseif string.find(v_name, "%s") then if v_name:find('[;%.]') then -- look for commonly occurring punctuation characters; add_vanc_error (cfg.err_msg_supl.punctuation, i); end local lastfirstTable = {} lastfirstTable = mw.text.split(v_name, "%s+") first = table.remove(lastfirstTable); -- removes and returns value of last element in table which should be initials or generational suffix if not mw.ustring.match (first, '^%u+$') then -- mw.ustring here so that later we will catch non-Latin characters suffix = first; -- not initials so assume that whatever we got is a generational suffix first = table.remove(lastfirstTable); -- get what should be the initials from the table end last = table.concat(lastfirstTable, ' ') -- returns a string that is the concatenation of all other names that are not initials and generational suffix if not utilities.is_set (last) then first = ''; -- unset last = v_name; -- last empty because something wrong with first add_vanc_error (cfg.err_msg_supl.name, i); end if mw.ustring.match (last, '%a+%s+%u+%s+%a+') then add_vanc_error (cfg.err_msg_supl['missing comma'], i); -- matches last II last; the case when a comma is missing end if mw.ustring.match (v_name, ' %u %u$') then -- this test is in the wrong place TODO: move or replace with a more appropriate test add_vanc_error (cfg.err_msg_supl.initials, i); -- matches a space between two initials end else last = v_name; -- last name or single corporate name? Doesn't support multiword corporate names? do we need this? end if utilities.is_set (first) then if not mw.ustring.match (first, "^%u?%u$") then -- first shall contain one or two upper-case letters, nothing else add_vanc_error (cfg.err_msg_supl.initials, i); -- too many initials; mixed case initials (which may be ok Romanization); hyphenated initials end is_good_vanc_name (last, first, suffix, i); -- check first and last before restoring the suffix which may have a non-Latin digit if utilities.is_set (suffix) then first = first .. ' ' .. suffix; -- if there was a suffix concatenate with the initials suffix = ''; -- unset so we don't add this suffix to all subsequent names end else if not corporate then is_good_vanc_name (last, '', nil, i); end end link = utilities.select_one ( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-Link'], 'err_redundant_parameters', i ) or v_link_table[i]; mask = utilities.select_one ( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-Mask'], 'err_redundant_parameters', i ); names[i] = {last = last, first = first, link = link, mask = mask, corporate = corporate}; -- add this assembled name to our names list end return names, etal; -- all done, return our list of names end --[[--------------------------< S E L E C T _ A U T H O R _ E D I T O R _ S O U R C E >------------------------ Select one of |authors=, |authorn= / |lastn / firstn=, or |vauthors= as the source of the author name list or select one of |editorn= / editor-lastn= / |editor-firstn= or |veditors= as the source of the editor name list. Only one of these appropriate three will be used. The hierarchy is: |authorn= (and aliases) highest and |authors= lowest; |editorn= (and aliases) highest and |veditors= lowest (support for |editors= withdrawn) When looking for |authorn= / |editorn= parameters, test |xxxxor1= and |xxxxor2= (and all of their aliases); stops after the second test which mimicks the test used in extract_names() when looking for a hole in the author name list. There may be a better way to do this, I just haven't discovered what that way is. Emits an error message when more than one xxxxor name source is provided. In this function, vxxxxors = vauthors or veditors; xxxxors = authors as appropriate. ]] local function select_author_editor_source (vxxxxors, xxxxors, args, list_name) local lastfirst = false; if utilities.select_one ( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-Last'], 'none', 1 ) or -- do this twice in case we have a |first1= without a |last1=; this ... utilities.select_one ( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-First'], 'none', 1 ) or -- ... also catches the case where |first= is used with |vauthors= utilities.select_one ( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-Last'], 'none', 2 ) or utilities.select_one ( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-First'], 'none', 2 ) then lastfirst = true; end if (utilities.is_set (vxxxxors) and true == lastfirst) or -- these are the three error conditions (utilities.is_set (vxxxxors) and utilities.is_set (xxxxors)) or (true == lastfirst and utilities.is_set (xxxxors)) then local err_name; if 'AuthorList' == list_name then -- figure out which name should be used in error message err_name = 'author'; else err_name = 'editor'; end utilities.set_message ('err_redundant_parameters', err_name .. '-name-list parameters'); -- add error message end if true == lastfirst then return 1 end; -- return a number indicating which author name source to use if utilities.is_set (vxxxxors) then return 2 end; if utilities.is_set (xxxxors) then return 3 end; return 1; -- no authors so return 1; this allows missing author name test to run in case there is a first without last end --[[--------------------------< I S _ V A L I D _ P A R A M E T E R _ V A L U E >------------------------------ This function is used to validate a parameter's assigned value for those parameters that have only a limited number of allowable values (yes, y, true, live, dead, etc.). When the parameter value has not been assigned a value (missing or empty in the source template) the function returns the value specified by ret_val. If the parameter value is one of the list of allowed values returns the translated value; else, emits an error message and returns the value specified by ret_val. TODO: explain <invert> ]] local function is_valid_parameter_value (value, name, possible, ret_val, invert) if not utilities.is_set (value) then return ret_val; -- an empty parameter is ok end if (not invert and utilities.in_array (value, possible)) then -- normal; <value> is in <possible> table return cfg.keywords_xlate[value]; -- return translation of parameter keyword elseif invert and not utilities.in_array (value, possible) then -- invert; <value> is not in <possible> table return value; -- return <value> as it is else utilities.set_message ('err_invalid_param_val', {name, value}); -- not an allowed value so add error message return ret_val; end end --[[--------------------------< T E R M I N A T E _ N A M E _ L I S T >---------------------------------------- This function terminates a name list (author, contributor, editor) with a separator character (sepc) and a space when the last character is not a sepc character or when the last three characters are not sepc followed by two closing square brackets (close of a wikilink). When either of these is true, the name_list is terminated with a single space character. ]] local function terminate_name_list (name_list, sepc) if (string.sub (name_list, -3, -1) == sepc .. '. ') then -- if already properly terminated return name_list; -- just return the name list elseif (string.sub (name_list, -1, -1) == sepc) or (string.sub (name_list, -3, -1) == sepc .. ']]') then -- if last name in list ends with sepc char return name_list .. " "; -- don't add another else return name_list .. sepc .. ' '; -- otherwise terminate the name list end end --[[-------------------------< F O R M A T _ V O L U M E _ I S S U E >----------------------------------------- returns the concatenation of the formatted volume and issue (or journal article number) parameters as a single string; or formatted volume or formatted issue, or an empty string if neither are set. ]] local function format_volume_issue (volume, issue, article, cite_class, origin, sepc, lower) if not utilities.is_set (volume) and not utilities.is_set (issue) and not utilities.is_set (article) then return ''; end -- same condition as in format_pages_sheets() local is_journal = 'journal' == cite_class or (utilities.in_array (cite_class, {'citation', 'map', 'interview'}) and 'journal' == origin); local is_numeric_vol = volume and (volume:match ('^[MDCLXVI]+$') or volume:match ('^%d+$')); -- is only uppercase roman numerals or only digits? local is_long_vol = volume and (4 < mw.ustring.len(volume)); -- is |volume= value longer than 4 characters? if volume and (not is_numeric_vol and is_long_vol) then -- when not all digits or Roman numerals, is |volume= longer than 4 characters? utilities.add_prop_cat ('long-vol'); -- yes, add properties cat end if is_journal then -- journal-style formatting local vol = ''; if utilities.is_set (volume) then if is_numeric_vol then -- |volume= value all digits or all uppercase Roman numerals? vol = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['vol-bold'], {sepc, volume}); -- render in bold face elseif is_long_vol then -- not all digits or Roman numerals; longer than 4 characters? vol = utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['j-vol'], {sepc, utilities.hyphen_to_dash (volume)}); -- not bold else -- four or fewer characters vol = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['vol-bold'], {sepc, utilities.hyphen_to_dash (volume)}); -- bold end end vol = vol .. (utilities.is_set (issue) and utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['j-issue'], issue) or '') vol = vol .. (utilities.is_set (article) and utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['j-article-num'], article) or '') return vol; end if 'podcast' == cite_class and utilities.is_set (issue) then return wrap_msg ('issue', {sepc, issue}, lower); end if 'conference' == cite_class and utilities.is_set (article) then -- |article-number= supported only in journal and conference cites if utilities.is_set (volume) and utilities.is_set (article) then -- both volume and article number return wrap_msg ('vol-art', {sepc, utilities.hyphen_to_dash (volume), article}, lower); elseif utilities.is_set (article) then -- article number alone; when volume alone, handled below return wrap_msg ('art', {sepc, article}, lower); end end -- all other types of citation if utilities.is_set (volume) and utilities.is_set (issue) then return wrap_msg ('vol-no', {sepc, utilities.hyphen_to_dash (volume), issue}, lower); elseif utilities.is_set (volume) then return wrap_msg ('vol', {sepc, utilities.hyphen_to_dash (volume)}, lower); else return wrap_msg ('issue', {sepc, issue}, lower); end end --[[-------------------------< F O R M A T _ P A G E S _ S H E E T S >----------------------------------------- adds static text to one of |page(s)= or |sheet(s)= values and returns it with all of the others set to empty strings. The return order is: page, pages, sheet, sheets Singular has priority over plural when both are provided. ]] local function format_pages_sheets (page, pages, sheet, sheets, cite_class, origin, sepc, nopp, lower) if 'map' == cite_class then -- only cite map supports sheet(s) as in-source locators if utilities.is_set (sheet) then if 'journal' == origin then return '', '', wrap_msg ('j-sheet', sheet, lower), ''; else return '', '', wrap_msg ('sheet', {sepc, sheet}, lower), ''; end elseif utilities.is_set (sheets) then if 'journal' == origin then return '', '', '', wrap_msg ('j-sheets', sheets, lower); else return '', '', '', wrap_msg ('sheets', {sepc, sheets}, lower); end end end local is_journal = 'journal' == cite_class or (utilities.in_array (cite_class, {'citation', 'map', 'interview'}) and 'journal' == origin); if utilities.is_set (page) then if is_journal then return utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['j-page(s)'], page), '', '', ''; elseif not nopp then return utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['p-prefix'], {sepc, page}), '', '', ''; else return utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['nopp'], {sepc, page}), '', '', ''; end elseif utilities.is_set (pages) then if is_journal then return utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['j-page(s)'], pages), '', '', ''; elseif tonumber(pages) ~= nil and not nopp then -- if pages is only digits, assume a single page number return '', utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['p-prefix'], {sepc, pages}), '', ''; elseif not nopp then return '', utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['pp-prefix'], {sepc, pages}), '', ''; else return '', utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['nopp'], {sepc, pages}), '', ''; end end return '', '', '', ''; -- return empty strings end --[[--------------------------< I N S O U R C E _ L O C _ G E T >---------------------------------------------- returns one of the in-source locators: page, pages, or at. If any of these are interwiki links to Wikisource, returns the label portion of the interwiki-link as plain text for use in COinS. This COinS thing is done because here we convert an interwiki-link to an external link and add an icon span around that; get_coins_pages() doesn't know about the span. TODO: should it? TODO: add support for sheet and sheets?; streamline; TODO: make it so that this function returns only one of the three as the single in-source (the return value assigned to a new name)? ]] local function insource_loc_get (page, page_orig, pages, pages_orig, at) local ws_url, ws_label, coins_pages, L; -- for Wikisource interwiki-links; TODO: this corrupts page metadata (span remains in place after cleanup; fix there?) if utilities.is_set (page) then if utilities.is_set (pages) or utilities.is_set (at) then pages = ''; -- unset the others at = ''; end extra_text_in_page_check (page, page_orig); -- emit error message when |page= value begins with what looks like p., pp., etc. ws_url, ws_label, L = wikisource_url_make (page); -- make ws URL from |page= interwiki link; link portion L becomes tooltip label if ws_url then page = external_link (ws_url, ws_label .. '&nbsp;', 'ws link in page'); -- space char after label to move icon away from in-source text; TODO: a better way to do this? page = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['interwiki-icon'], {cfg.presentation['class-wikisource'], L, page}); coins_pages = ws_label; end elseif utilities.is_set (pages) then if utilities.is_set (at) then at = ''; -- unset end extra_text_in_page_check (pages, pages_orig); -- emit error message when |page= value begins with what looks like p., pp., etc. ws_url, ws_label, L = wikisource_url_make (pages); -- make ws URL from |pages= interwiki link; link portion L becomes tooltip label if ws_url then pages = external_link (ws_url, ws_label .. '&nbsp;', 'ws link in pages'); -- space char after label to move icon away from in-source text; TODO: a better way to do this? pages = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['interwiki-icon'], {cfg.presentation['class-wikisource'], L, pages}); coins_pages = ws_label; end elseif utilities.is_set (at) then ws_url, ws_label, L = wikisource_url_make (at); -- make ws URL from |at= interwiki link; link portion L becomes tooltip label if ws_url then at = external_link (ws_url, ws_label .. '&nbsp;', 'ws link in at'); -- space char after label to move icon away from in-source text; TODO: a better way to do this? at = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['interwiki-icon'], {cfg.presentation['class-wikisource'], L, at}); coins_pages = ws_label; end end return page, pages, at, coins_pages; end --[[--------------------------< I S _ U N I Q U E _ A R C H I V E _ U R L >------------------------------------ add error message when |archive-url= value is same as |url= or chapter-url= (or alias...) value ]] local function is_unique_archive_url (archive, url, c_url, source, date) if utilities.is_set (archive) then if archive == url or archive == c_url then utilities.set_message ('err_bad_url', {utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', source)}); -- add error message return '', ''; -- unset |archive-url= and |archive-date= because same as |url= or |chapter-url= end end return archive, date; end --[=[-------------------------< A R C H I V E _ U R L _ C H E C K >-------------------------------------------- Check archive.org URLs to make sure they at least look like they are pointing at valid archives and not to the save snapshot URL or to calendar pages. When the archive URL is 'https://web.archive.org/save/' (or http://...) archive.org saves a snapshot of the target page in the URL. That is something that Wikipedia should not allow unwitting readers to do. When the archive.org URL does not have a complete timestamp, archive.org chooses a snapshot according to its own algorithm or provides a calendar 'search' result. [[WP:ELNO]] discourages links to search results. This function looks at the value assigned to |archive-url= and returns empty strings for |archive-url= and |archive-date= and an error message when: |archive-url= holds an archive.org save command URL |archive-url= is an archive.org URL that does not have a complete timestamp (YYYYMMDDhhmmss 14 digits) in the correct place otherwise returns |archive-url= and |archive-date= There are two mostly compatible archive.org URLs: //web.archive.org/<timestamp>... -- the old form //web.archive.org/web/<timestamp>... -- the new form The old form does not support or map to the new form when it contains a display flag. There are four identified flags ('id_', 'js_', 'cs_', 'im_') but since archive.org ignores others following the same form (two letters and an underscore) we don't check for these specific flags but we do check the form. This function supports a preview mode. When the article is rendered in preview mode, this function may return a modified archive URL: for save command errors, return undated wildcard (/*/) for timestamp errors when the timestamp has a wildcard, return the URL unmodified for timestamp errors when the timestamp does not have a wildcard, return with timestamp limited to six digits plus wildcard (/yyyymm*/) A secondary function is to return an archive-url timestamp from those urls that have them (archive.org and archive.today). The timestamp is used by validation.archive_date_check() to see if the value in |archive-date= matches the timestamp in the archive url. ]=] local function archive_url_check (url, date) local err_msg = ''; -- start with the error message empty local path, timestamp, flag; -- portions of the archive.org URL timestamp = url:match ('//archive.today/(%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d)/') or -- get timestamp from archive.today urls url:match ('//archive.today/(%d%d%d%d%.%d%d%.%d%d%-%d%d%d%d%d%d)/'); -- this timestamp needs cleanup if timestamp then -- if this was an archive.today url ... return url, date, timestamp:gsub ('[%.%-]', ''); -- return ArchiveURL, ArchiveDate, and timestamp (dots and dashes removed) from |archive-url=, and done end -- here for archive.org urls if (not url:match('//web%.archive%.org/')) and (not url:match('//liveweb%.archive%.org/')) then -- also deprecated liveweb Wayback machine URL return url, date; -- not an archive.org archive, return ArchiveURL and ArchiveDate end if url:match('//web%.archive%.org/save/') then -- if a save command URL, we don't want to allow saving of the target page err_msg = cfg.err_msg_supl.save; url = url:gsub ('(//web%.archive%.org)/save/', '%1/*/', 1); -- for preview mode: modify ArchiveURL elseif url:match('//liveweb%.archive%.org/') then err_msg = cfg.err_msg_supl.liveweb; else path, timestamp, flag = url:match('//web%.archive%.org/([^%d]*)(%d+)([^/]*)/'); -- split out some of the URL parts for evaluation if not path then -- malformed in some way; pattern did not match err_msg = cfg.err_msg_supl.timestamp; elseif 14 ~= timestamp:len() then -- path and flag optional, must have 14-digit timestamp here err_msg = cfg.err_msg_supl.timestamp; if '*' ~= flag then local replacement = timestamp:match ('^%d%d%d%d%d%d') or timestamp:match ('^%d%d%d%d'); -- get the first 6 (YYYYMM) or first 4 digits (YYYY) if replacement then -- nil if there aren't at least 4 digits (year) replacement = replacement .. string.rep ('0', 14 - replacement:len()); -- year or yearmo (4 or 6 digits) zero-fill to make 14-digit timestamp url=url:gsub ('(//web%.archive%.org/[^%d]*)%d[^/]*', '%1' .. replacement .. '*', 1) -- for preview, modify ts to 14 digits plus splat for calendar display end end elseif utilities.is_set (path) and 'web/' ~= path then -- older archive URLs do not have the extra 'web/' path element err_msg = cfg.err_msg_supl.path; elseif utilities.is_set (flag) and not utilities.is_set (path) then -- flag not allowed with the old form URL (without the 'web/' path element) err_msg = cfg.err_msg_supl.flag; elseif utilities.is_set (flag) and not flag:match ('%a%a_') then -- flag if present must be two alpha characters and underscore (requires 'web/' path element) err_msg = cfg.err_msg_supl.flag; else return url, date, timestamp; -- return ArchiveURL, ArchiveDate, and timestamp from |archive-url= end end -- if here, something not right so utilities.set_message ('err_archive_url', {err_msg}); -- add error message and if is_preview_mode then return url, date, timestamp; -- preview mode so return ArchiveURL, ArchiveDate, and timestamp from |archive-url= else return '', ''; -- return empty strings for ArchiveURL and ArchiveDate end end --[[--------------------------< P L A C E _ C H E C K >-------------------------------------------------------- check |place=, |publication-place=, |location= to see if these params include digits. This function added because many editors misuse location to specify the in-source location (|page(s)= and |at= are supposed to do that) returns the original parameter value without modification; added maint cat when parameter value contains digits ]] local function place_check (param_val) if not utilities.is_set (param_val) then -- parameter empty or omitted return param_val; -- return that empty state end if mw.ustring.find (param_val, '%d') then -- not empty, are there digits in the parameter value utilities.set_message ('maint_location'); -- yep, add maint cat end return param_val; -- and done end --[[--------------------------< I S _ A R C H I V E D _ C O P Y >---------------------------------------------- compares |title= to 'Archived copy' (placeholder added by bots that can't find proper title); if matches, return true; nil else ]] local function is_archived_copy (title) title = mw.ustring.lower(title); -- switch title to lower case if title:find (cfg.special_case_translation.archived_copy.en) then -- if title is 'Archived copy' return true; elseif cfg.special_case_translation.archived_copy['local'] then if mw.ustring.find (title, cfg.special_case_translation.archived_copy['local']) then -- mw.ustring() because might not be Latin script return true; end end end --[[--------------------------< D I S P L A Y _ N A M E S _ S E L E C T >-------------------------------------- for any of the |display-authors=, |display-editors=, etc parameters, select either the local or global setting. When both are present, look at <local_display_names> value. When the value is some sort of 'et al.'string, special handling is required. When {{cs1 config}} has |display-<namelist>= AND this template has |display-<namelist>=etal AND: the number of names specified by <number_of_names> is: greater than the number specified in the global |display-<namelist>= parameter (<global_display_names>) use global |display-<namelist>= parameter value set overridden maint category less than or equal to the number specified in the global |display-<namelist>= parameter use local |display-<namelist>= parameter value The purpose of this function is to prevent categorizing a template that has fewer names than the global setting to keep the etal annotation specified by <local_display_names>. ]] local function display_names_select (global_display_names, local_display_names, param_name, number_of_names, test) if global_display_names and utilities.is_set (local_display_names) then -- when both if 'etal' == local_display_names:lower():gsub("[ '%.]", '') then -- the :gsub() portion makes 'etal' from a variety of 'et al.' spellings and stylings number_of_names = tonumber (number_of_names); -- convert these to numbers for comparison local global_display_names_num = tonumber (global_display_names); -- <global_display_names> not set when parameter value is not digits if number_of_names > global_display_names_num then -- template has more names than global config allows to be displayed? utilities.set_message ('maint_overridden_setting'); -- set a maint message because global is overriding local |display-<namelist>=etal return global_display_names, 'cs1 config'; -- return global with spoof parameter name (for get_display_names()) else return local_display_names, param_name; -- return local because fewer names so let <local_display_names> control end end -- here when <global_display_names> and <local_display_names> both numbers; <global_display_names> controls utilities.set_message ('maint_overridden_setting'); -- set a maint message return global_display_names, 'cs1 config'; -- return global with spoof parameter name (for get_display_names()) end -- here when only one of <global_display_names> or <local_display_names> set if global_display_names then return global_display_names, 'cs1 config'; -- return global with spoof parameter name (for get_display_names()) else return local_display_names, param_name; -- return local end end --[[--------------------------< M O D E _ S E T >-------------------------------------------------------------- fetch global mode setting from {{cs1 config}} (if present) or from |mode= (if present); global setting overrides local |mode= parameter value. When both are present, emit maintenance message ]] local function mode_set (Mode, Mode_origin) local mode; if cfg.global_cs1_config_t['Mode'] then -- global setting in {{cs1 config}}; nil when empty or assigned value invalid mode = is_valid_parameter_value (cfg.global_cs1_config_t['Mode'], 'cs1 config: mode', cfg.keywords_lists['mode'], ''); -- error messaging 'param' here is a hoax else mode = is_valid_parameter_value (Mode, Mode_origin, cfg.keywords_lists['mode'], ''); end if cfg.global_cs1_config_t['Mode'] and utilities.is_set (Mode) then -- when template has |mode=<something> which global setting has overridden utilities.set_message ('maint_overridden_setting'); -- set a maint message end return mode; end --[[--------------------------< Q U O T E _ M A K E >---------------------------------------------------------- create quotation from |quote=, |trans-quote=, and/or script-quote= with or without |quote-page= or |quote-pages= when any of those three quote parameters are set, this function unsets <PostScript>. When none of those parameters are set, |quote-page= and |quote-pages= are unset to nil so that they are not included in the template's metadata ]] local function quote_make (quote, trans_quote, script_quote, quote_page, quote_pages, nopp, sepc, postscript) if utilities.is_set (quote) or utilities.is_set (trans_quote) or utilities.is_set (script_quote) then if utilities.is_set (quote) then if quote:sub(1, 1) == '"' and quote:sub(-1, -1) == '"' then -- if first and last characters of quote are quote marks quote = quote:sub(2, -2); -- strip them off end end quote = kern_quotes (quote); -- kern if needed quote = utilities.wrap_style ('quoted-text', quote ); -- wrap in <q>...</q> tags if utilities.is_set (script_quote) then quote = script_concatenate (quote, script_quote, 'script-quote'); -- <bdi> tags, lang attribute, categorization, etc.; must be done after quote is wrapped end if utilities.is_set (trans_quote) then if trans_quote:sub(1, 1) == '"' and trans_quote:sub(-1, -1) == '"' then -- if first and last characters of |trans-quote are quote marks trans_quote = trans_quote:sub(2, -2); -- strip them off end quote = quote .. " " .. utilities.wrap_style ('trans-quoted-title', trans_quote ); end if utilities.is_set (quote_page) or utilities.is_set (quote_pages) then -- add page prefix local quote_prefix = ''; if utilities.is_set (quote_page) then extra_text_in_page_check (quote_page, 'quote-page'); -- add to maint cat if |quote-page= value begins with what looks like p., pp., etc. if not nopp then quote_prefix = utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['p-prefix'], {sepc, quote_page}), '', '', ''; else quote_prefix = utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['nopp'], {sepc, quote_page}), '', '', ''; end elseif utilities.is_set (quote_pages) then extra_text_in_page_check (quote_pages, 'quote-pages'); -- add to maint cat if |quote-pages= value begins with what looks like p., pp., etc. if tonumber(quote_pages) ~= nil and not nopp then -- if only digits, assume single page quote_prefix = utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['p-prefix'], {sepc, quote_pages}), '', ''; elseif not nopp then quote_prefix = utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['pp-prefix'], {sepc, quote_pages}), '', ''; else quote_prefix = utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['nopp'], {sepc, quote_pages}), '', ''; end end quote = quote_prefix .. ": " .. quote; else quote = sepc .. " " .. quote; end postscript = ""; -- cs1|2 does not supply terminal punctuation when |quote= is set elseif utilities.is_set (quote_page) or utilities.is_set (quote_pages) then quote_page = nil; -- unset; these require |quote=; TODO: error message? quote_pages = nil; end return quote, quote_page, quote_pages, postscript; end --[[--------------------------< C H E C K _ P U B L I S H E R _ N A M E >-------------------------------------- look for variations of '<text>: <text>' that might be '<location>: <publisher>' in |publisher= parameter value. when found, emit a maintenance message; return nil else <publisher> is the value assigned to |publisher= or |institution= ]] local function check_publisher_name (publisher) local patterns_t = { '^[%w%s]+%s*:%s*[%w%s]+$', -- plain text <location>: <publisher> '^%[+[%w%s:|]+%]+%s*:%s*[%w%s]+$', -- partially wikilinked [[<location>]]: <publisher> '^[%w%s]+%s*:%s*%[+[%w%s:|]+%]+$', -- partially wikilinked <location>: [[<publisher>]] '^%[+[%w%s:|]+%]+%s*:%s*%[+[%w%s:|]+%]+$', -- wikilinked [[<location>]]: [[<publisher>]] } for _, pattern in ipairs (patterns_t) do -- spin through the patterns_t sequence if mw.ustring.match (publisher, pattern) then -- does this pattern match? utilities.set_message ('maint_publisher_location'); -- set a maint message return; -- and done end end end --[[--------------------------< C I T A T I O N 0 >------------------------------------------------------------ This is the main function doing the majority of the citation formatting. ]] local function citation0( config, args ) --[[ Load Input Parameters The argument_wrapper facilitates the mapping of multiple aliases to single internal variable. ]] local A = argument_wrapper ( args ); local i -- Pick out the relevant fields from the arguments. Different citation templates -- define different field names for the same underlying things. local author_etal; local a = {}; -- authors list from |lastn= / |firstn= pairs or |vauthors= local Authors; local NameListStyle; if cfg.global_cs1_config_t['NameListStyle'] then -- global setting in {{cs1 config}} overrides local |name-list-style= parameter value; nil when empty or assigned value invalid NameListStyle = is_valid_parameter_value (cfg.global_cs1_config_t['NameListStyle'], 'cs1 config: name-list-style', cfg.keywords_lists['name-list-style'], ''); -- error messaging 'param' here is a hoax else NameListStyle = is_valid_parameter_value (A['NameListStyle'], A:ORIGIN('NameListStyle'), cfg.keywords_lists['name-list-style'], ''); end if cfg.global_cs1_config_t['NameListStyle'] and utilities.is_set (A['NameListStyle']) then -- when template has |name-list-style=<something> which global setting has overridden utilities.set_message ('maint_overridden_setting'); -- set a maint message end local Collaboration = A['Collaboration']; do -- to limit scope of selected local selected = select_author_editor_source (A['Vauthors'], A['Authors'], args, 'AuthorList'); if 1 == selected then a, author_etal = extract_names (args, 'AuthorList'); -- fetch author list from |authorn= / |lastn= / |firstn=, |author-linkn=, and |author-maskn= elseif 2 == selected then NameListStyle = 'vanc'; -- override whatever |name-list-style= might be a, author_etal = parse_vauthors_veditors (args, A['Vauthors'], 'AuthorList'); -- fetch author list from |vauthors=, |author-linkn=, and |author-maskn= elseif 3 == selected then Authors = A['Authors']; -- use content of |people= or |credits=; |authors= is deprecated; TODO: constrain |people= and |credits= to cite av media, episode, serial? end if utilities.is_set (Collaboration) then author_etal = true; -- so that |display-authors=etal not required end end local editor_etal; local e = {}; -- editors list from |editor-lastn= / |editor-firstn= pairs or |veditors= do -- to limit scope of selected local selected = select_author_editor_source (A['Veditors'], nil, args, 'EditorList'); -- support for |editors= withdrawn if 1 == selected then e, editor_etal = extract_names (args, 'EditorList'); -- fetch editor list from |editorn= / |editor-lastn= / |editor-firstn=, |editor-linkn=, and |editor-maskn= elseif 2 == selected then NameListStyle = 'vanc'; -- override whatever |name-list-style= might be e, editor_etal = parse_vauthors_veditors (args, args.veditors, 'EditorList'); -- fetch editor list from |veditors=, |editor-linkn=, and |editor-maskn= end end local Chapter = A['Chapter']; -- done here so that we have access to |contribution= from |chapter= aliases local Chapter_origin = A:ORIGIN ('Chapter'); local Contribution; -- because contribution is required for contributor(s) if 'contribution' == Chapter_origin then Contribution = Chapter; -- get the name of the contribution end local c = {}; -- contributors list from |contributor-lastn= / contributor-firstn= pairs if utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {"book", "citation"}) and not utilities.is_set (A['Periodical']) then -- |contributor= and |contribution= only supported in book cites c = extract_names (args, 'ContributorList'); -- fetch contributor list from |contributorn= / |contributor-lastn=, -firstn=, -linkn=, -maskn= if 0 < #c then if not utilities.is_set (Contribution) then -- |contributor= requires |contribution= utilities.set_message ('err_contributor_missing_required_param', 'contribution'); -- add missing contribution error message c = {}; -- blank the contributors' table; it is used as a flag later end if 0 == #a then -- |contributor= requires |author= utilities.set_message ('err_contributor_missing_required_param', 'author'); -- add missing author error message c = {}; -- blank the contributors' table; it is used as a flag later end end else -- if not a book cite if utilities.select_one (args, cfg.aliases['ContributorList-Last'], 'err_redundant_parameters', 1 ) then -- are there contributor name list parameters? utilities.set_message ('err_contributor_ignored'); -- add contributor ignored error message end Contribution = nil; -- unset end local Title = A['Title']; local TitleLink = A['TitleLink']; local auto_select = ''; -- default is auto local accept_link; TitleLink, accept_link = utilities.has_accept_as_written (TitleLink, true); -- test for accept-this-as-written markup if (not accept_link) and utilities.in_array (TitleLink, {'none', 'pmc', 'doi'}) then -- check for special keywords auto_select = TitleLink; -- remember selection for later TitleLink = ''; -- treat as if |title-link= would have been empty end TitleLink = link_title_ok (TitleLink, A:ORIGIN ('TitleLink'), Title, 'title'); -- check for wiki-markup in |title-link= or wiki-markup in |title= when |title-link= is set local Section = ''; -- {{cite map}} only; preset to empty string for concatenation if not used if 'map' == config.CitationClass and 'section' == Chapter_origin then Section = A['Chapter']; -- get |section= from |chapter= alias list; |chapter= and the other aliases not supported in {{cite map}} Chapter = ''; -- unset for now; will be reset later from |map= if present end local Periodical = A['Periodical']; local Periodical_origin = A:ORIGIN('Periodical'); local ScriptPeriodical = A['ScriptPeriodical']; local ScriptPeriodical_origin = A:ORIGIN('ScriptPeriodical'); local TransPeriodical = A['TransPeriodical']; local TransPeriodical_origin = A:ORIGIN ('TransPeriodical'); if (utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {'book', 'encyclopaedia'}) and (utilities.is_set (Periodical) or utilities.is_set (ScriptPeriodical) or utilities.is_set (TransPeriodical))) then local param; if utilities.is_set (Periodical) then -- get a parameter name from one of these periodical related meta-parameters Periodical = ''; -- unset because not valid {{cite book}} or {{cite encyclopedia}} parameters param = Periodical_origin -- get parameter name for error messaging elseif utilities.is_set (TransPeriodical) then TransPeriodical = ''; -- unset because not valid {{cite book}} or {{cite encyclopedia}} parameters param = TransPeriodical_origin; -- get parameter name for error messaging elseif utilities.is_set (ScriptPeriodical) then ScriptPeriodical = ''; -- unset because not valid {{cite book}} or {{cite encyclopedia}} parameters param = ScriptPeriodical_origin; -- get parameter name for error messaging end if utilities.is_set (param) then -- if we found one utilities.set_message ('err_periodical_ignored', {param}); -- emit an error message end end if utilities.is_set (Periodical) then local i; Periodical, i = utilities.strip_apostrophe_markup (Periodical); -- strip apostrophe markup so that metadata isn't contaminated if i then -- non-zero when markup was stripped so emit an error message utilities.set_message ('err_apostrophe_markup', {Periodical_origin}); end end if 'mailinglist' == config.CitationClass then -- special case for {{cite mailing list}} if utilities.is_set (Periodical) and utilities.is_set (A ['MailingList']) then -- both set emit an error TODO: make a function for this and similar? utilities.set_message ('err_redundant_parameters', {utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', Periodical_origin) .. cfg.presentation['sep_list_pair'] .. utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', 'mailinglist')}); end Periodical = A ['MailingList']; -- error or no, set Periodical to |mailinglist= value because this template is {{cite mailing list}} Periodical_origin = A:ORIGIN('MailingList'); end -- web and news not tested for now because of -- Wikipedia:Administrators%27_noticeboard#Is_there_a_semi-automated_tool_that_could_fix_these_annoying_"Cite_Web"_errors? if not (utilities.is_set (Periodical) or utilities.is_set (ScriptPeriodical)) then -- 'periodical' templates require periodical parameter -- local p = {['journal'] = 'journal', ['magazine'] = 'magazine', ['news'] = 'newspaper', ['web'] = 'website'}; -- for error message local p = {['journal'] = 'journal', ['magazine'] = 'magazine'}; -- for error message if p[config.CitationClass] then utilities.set_message ('err_missing_periodical', {config.CitationClass, p[config.CitationClass]}); end end local Volume; if 'citation' == config.CitationClass then if utilities.is_set (Periodical) then if not utilities.in_array (Periodical_origin, cfg.citation_no_volume_t) then -- {{citation}} does not render |volume= when these parameters are used Volume = A['Volume']; -- but does for all other 'periodicals' end elseif utilities.is_set (ScriptPeriodical) then if 'script-website' ~= ScriptPeriodical_origin then -- {{citation}} does not render volume for |script-website= Volume = A['Volume']; -- but does for all other 'periodicals' end else Volume = A['Volume']; -- and does for non-'periodical' cites end elseif utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, cfg.templates_using_volume) then -- render |volume= for cs1 according to the configuration settings Volume = A['Volume']; end extra_text_in_vol_iss_check (Volume, A:ORIGIN ('Volume'), 'v'); local Issue; if 'citation' == config.CitationClass then if utilities.is_set (Periodical) and utilities.in_array (Periodical_origin, cfg.citation_issue_t) then -- {{citation}} may render |issue= when these parameters are used Issue = utilities.hyphen_to_dash (A['Issue']); end elseif utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, cfg.templates_using_issue) then -- conference & map books do not support issue; {{citation}} listed here because included in settings table if not (utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {'conference', 'map', 'citation'}) and not (utilities.is_set (Periodical) or utilities.is_set (ScriptPeriodical))) then Issue = utilities.hyphen_to_dash (A['Issue']); end end local ArticleNumber; if utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {'journal', 'conference'}) or ('citation' == config.CitationClass and utilities.is_set (Periodical) and 'journal' == Periodical_origin) then ArticleNumber = A['ArticleNumber']; end extra_text_in_vol_iss_check (Issue, A:ORIGIN ('Issue'), 'i'); local Page; local Pages; local At; local QuotePage; local QuotePages; if not utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, cfg.templates_not_using_page) then -- TODO: rewrite to emit ignored parameter error message? Page = A['Page']; Pages = utilities.hyphen_to_dash (A['Pages']); At = A['At']; QuotePage = A['QuotePage']; QuotePages = utilities.hyphen_to_dash (A['QuotePages']); end local NoPP = is_valid_parameter_value (A['NoPP'], A:ORIGIN('NoPP'), cfg.keywords_lists['yes_true_y'], nil); local Mode = mode_set (A['Mode'], A:ORIGIN('Mode')); -- separator character and postscript local sepc, PostScript = set_style (Mode:lower(), A['PostScript'], config.CitationClass); local Quote; Quote, QuotePage, QuotePages, PostScript = quote_make (A['Quote'], A['TransQuote'], A['ScriptQuote'], QuotePage, QuotePages, NoPP, sepc, PostScript); local Edition = A['Edition']; local PublicationPlace = place_check (A['PublicationPlace'], A:ORIGIN('PublicationPlace')); local Place = place_check (A['Place'], A:ORIGIN('Place')); local PublisherName = A['PublisherName']; local PublisherName_origin = A:ORIGIN('PublisherName'); if utilities.is_set (PublisherName) and (cfg.keywords_xlate['none'] ~= PublisherName) then local i = 0; PublisherName, i = utilities.strip_apostrophe_markup (PublisherName); -- strip apostrophe markup so that metadata isn't contaminated; publisher is never italicized if i and (0 < i) then -- non-zero when markup was stripped so emit an error message utilities.set_message ('err_apostrophe_markup', {PublisherName_origin}); end end if ('document' == config.CitationClass) and not utilities.is_set (PublisherName) then utilities.set_message ('err_missing_publisher', {config.CitationClass, 'publisher'}); end local Newsgroup = A['Newsgroup']; -- TODO: strip apostrophe markup? local Newsgroup_origin = A:ORIGIN('Newsgroup'); if 'newsgroup' == config.CitationClass then if utilities.is_set (PublisherName) and (cfg.keywords_xlate['none'] ~= PublisherName) then -- general use parameter |publisher= not allowed in cite newsgroup utilities.set_message ('err_parameter_ignored', {PublisherName_origin}); end PublisherName = nil; -- ensure that this parameter is unset for the time being; will be used again after COinS end if 'book' == config.CitationClass or 'encyclopaedia' == config.CitationClass or ('citation' == config.CitationClass and not utilities.is_set (Periodical)) then local accept; PublisherName, accept = utilities.has_accept_as_written (PublisherName); -- check for and remove accept-as-written markup from |publisher= wrapped if not accept then -- when no accept-as-written markup check_publisher_name (PublisherName); -- emit maint message when |publisher= might be prefixed with publisher's location end end local URL = A['URL']; -- TODO: better way to do this for URL, ChapterURL, and MapURL? local UrlAccess = is_valid_parameter_value (A['UrlAccess'], A:ORIGIN('UrlAccess'), cfg.keywords_lists['url-access'], nil); if not utilities.is_set (URL) and utilities.is_set (UrlAccess) then UrlAccess = nil; utilities.set_message ('err_param_access_requires_param', 'url'); end local ChapterURL = A['ChapterURL']; local ChapterUrlAccess = is_valid_parameter_value (A['ChapterUrlAccess'], A:ORIGIN('ChapterUrlAccess'), cfg.keywords_lists['url-access'], nil); if not utilities.is_set (ChapterURL) and utilities.is_set (ChapterUrlAccess) then ChapterUrlAccess = nil; utilities.set_message ('err_param_access_requires_param', {A:ORIGIN('ChapterUrlAccess'):gsub ('%-access', '')}); end local MapUrlAccess = is_valid_parameter_value (A['MapUrlAccess'], A:ORIGIN('MapUrlAccess'), cfg.keywords_lists['url-access'], nil); if not utilities.is_set (A['MapURL']) and utilities.is_set (MapUrlAccess) then MapUrlAccess = nil; utilities.set_message ('err_param_access_requires_param', {'map-url'}); end local this_page = mw.title.getCurrentTitle(); -- also used for COinS and for language local no_tracking_cats = is_valid_parameter_value (A['NoTracking'], A:ORIGIN('NoTracking'), cfg.keywords_lists['yes_true_y'], nil); -- check this page to see if it is in one of the namespaces that cs1 is not supposed to add to the error categories if not utilities.is_set (no_tracking_cats) then -- ignore if we are already not going to categorize this page if cfg.uncategorized_namespaces[this_page.namespace] then -- is this page's namespace id one of the uncategorized namespace ids? no_tracking_cats = "true"; -- set no_tracking_cats end for _, v in ipairs (cfg.uncategorized_subpages) do -- cycle through page name patterns if this_page.text:match (v) then -- test page name against each pattern no_tracking_cats = "true"; -- set no_tracking_cats break; -- bail out if one is found end end end -- check for extra |page=, |pages= or |at= parameters. (also sheet and sheets while we're at it) utilities.select_one (args, {'page', 'p', 'pp', 'pages', 'at', 'sheet', 'sheets'}, 'err_redundant_parameters'); -- this is a dummy call simply to get the error message and category local coins_pages; Page, Pages, At, coins_pages = insource_loc_get (Page, A:ORIGIN('Page'), Pages, A:ORIGIN('Pages'), At); if utilities.is_set (PublicationPlace) and utilities.is_set (Place) then -- both |publication-place= and |place= (|location=) allowed if different utilities.add_prop_cat ('location-test'); -- add property cat to evaluate how often PublicationPlace and Place are used together if PublicationPlace == Place then Place = ''; -- unset; don't need both if they are the same end elseif not utilities.is_set (PublicationPlace) and utilities.is_set (Place) then -- when only |place= (|location=) is set ... PublicationPlace = Place; -- promote |place= (|location=) to |publication-place end if PublicationPlace == Place then Place = ''; end -- don't need both if they are the same local URL_origin = A:ORIGIN('URL'); -- get name of parameter that holds URL local ChapterURL_origin = A:ORIGIN('ChapterURL'); -- get name of parameter that holds ChapterURL local ScriptChapter = A['ScriptChapter']; local ScriptChapter_origin = A:ORIGIN ('ScriptChapter'); local Format = A['Format']; local ChapterFormat = A['ChapterFormat']; local TransChapter = A['TransChapter']; local TransChapter_origin = A:ORIGIN ('TransChapter'); local TransTitle = A['TransTitle']; local ScriptTitle = A['ScriptTitle']; --[[ Parameter remapping for cite encyclopedia: When the citation has these parameters: |encyclopedia= and |title= then map |title= to |article= and |encyclopedia= to |title= for rendering |encyclopedia= and |article= then map |encyclopedia= to |title= for rendering |trans-title= maps to |trans-chapter= when |title= is re-mapped |url= maps to |chapter-url= when |title= is remapped All other combinations of |encyclopedia=, |title=, and |article= are not modified ]] local Encyclopedia = A['Encyclopedia']; -- used as a flag by this module and by ~/COinS local ScriptEncyclopedia = A['ScriptEncyclopedia']; local TransEncyclopedia = A['TransEncyclopedia']; if utilities.is_set (Encyclopedia) or utilities.is_set (ScriptEncyclopedia) then -- emit error message when Encyclopedia set but template is other than {{cite encyclopedia}} or {{citation}} if 'encyclopaedia' ~= config.CitationClass and 'citation' ~= config.CitationClass then if utilities.is_set (Encyclopedia) then utilities.set_message ('err_parameter_ignored', {A:ORIGIN ('Encyclopedia')}); else utilities.set_message ('err_parameter_ignored', {A:ORIGIN ('ScriptEncyclopedia')}); end Encyclopedia = nil; -- unset these because not supported by this template ScriptEncyclopedia = nil; TransEncyclopedia = nil; end elseif utilities.is_set (TransEncyclopedia) then utilities.set_message ('err_trans_missing_title', {'encyclopedia'}); end if ('encyclopaedia' == config.CitationClass) or ('citation' == config.CitationClass and utilities.is_set (Encyclopedia)) then if utilities.is_set (Periodical) and utilities.is_set (Encyclopedia) then -- when both parameters set emit an error message; {{citation}} only; Periodical not allowed in {{cite encyclopedia}} utilities.set_message ('err_periodical_ignored', {Periodical_origin}); end if utilities.is_set (Encyclopedia) or utilities.is_set (ScriptEncyclopedia) then Periodical = Encyclopedia; -- error or no, set Periodical to Encyclopedia for rendering; {{citation}} could (not legitimately) have both; use Encyclopedia Periodical_origin = A:ORIGIN ('Encyclopedia'); ScriptPeriodical = ScriptEncyclopedia; ScriptPeriodical_origin = A:ORIGIN ('ScriptEncyclopedia'); if utilities.is_set (Title) or utilities.is_set (ScriptTitle) then if not utilities.is_set (Chapter) then Chapter = Title; -- |encyclopedia= and |title= are set so map |title= params to |article= params for rendering ScriptChapter = ScriptTitle; ScriptChapter_origin = A:ORIGIN('ScriptTitle') TransChapter = TransTitle; ChapterURL = URL; ChapterURL_origin = URL_origin; ChapterUrlAccess = UrlAccess; ChapterFormat = Format; if not utilities.is_set (ChapterURL) and utilities.is_set (TitleLink) then Chapter = utilities.make_wikilink (TitleLink, Chapter); end Title = Periodical; -- now map |encyclopedia= params to |title= params for rendering ScriptTitle = ScriptPeriodical or ''; TransTitle = TransEncyclopedia or ''; Periodical = ''; -- redundant so unset ScriptPeriodical = ''; URL = ''; Format = ''; TitleLink = ''; end elseif utilities.is_set (Chapter) or utilities.is_set (ScriptChapter) then -- |title= not set Title = Periodical; -- |encyclopedia= set and |article= set so map |encyclopedia= to |title= for rendering ScriptTitle = ScriptPeriodical or ''; TransTitle = TransEncyclopedia or ''; Periodical = ''; -- redundant so unset ScriptPeriodical = ''; end end end -- special case for cite techreport. local ID = A['ID']; if (config.CitationClass == "techreport") then -- special case for cite techreport if utilities.is_set (A['Number']) then -- cite techreport uses 'number', which other citations alias to 'issue' if not utilities.is_set (ID) then -- can we use ID for the "number"? ID = A['Number']; -- yes, use it else -- ID has a value so emit error message utilities.set_message ('err_redundant_parameters', {utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', 'id') .. cfg.presentation['sep_list_pair'] .. utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', 'number')}); end end end -- Account for the oddity that is {{cite conference}}, before generation of COinS data. local ChapterLink -- = A['ChapterLink']; -- deprecated as a parameter but still used internally by cite episode local Conference = A['Conference']; local BookTitle = A['BookTitle']; local TransTitle_origin = A:ORIGIN ('TransTitle'); if 'conference' == config.CitationClass then if utilities.is_set (BookTitle) then Chapter = Title; Chapter_origin = 'title'; -- ChapterLink = TitleLink; -- |chapter-link= is deprecated ChapterURL = URL; ChapterUrlAccess = UrlAccess; ChapterURL_origin = URL_origin; URL_origin = ''; ChapterFormat = Format; TransChapter = TransTitle; TransChapter_origin = TransTitle_origin; Title = BookTitle; Format = ''; -- TitleLink = ''; TransTitle = ''; URL = ''; end elseif 'speech' ~= config.CitationClass then Conference = ''; -- not cite conference or cite speech so make sure this is empty string end local use_lowercase = ( sepc == ',' ); -- controls capitalization of certain static text -- cite map oddities local Cartography = ""; local Scale = ""; local Sheet = A['Sheet'] or ''; local Sheets = A['Sheets'] or ''; if config.CitationClass == "map" then if utilities.is_set (Chapter) then --TODO: make a function for this and similar? utilities.set_message ('err_redundant_parameters', {utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', 'map') .. cfg.presentation['sep_list_pair'] .. utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', Chapter_origin)}); -- add error message end Chapter = A['Map']; Chapter_origin = A:ORIGIN('Map'); ChapterURL = A['MapURL']; ChapterURL_origin = A:ORIGIN('MapURL'); TransChapter = A['TransMap']; ScriptChapter = A['ScriptMap'] ScriptChapter_origin = A:ORIGIN('ScriptMap') ChapterUrlAccess = MapUrlAccess; ChapterFormat = A['MapFormat']; Cartography = A['Cartography']; if utilities.is_set ( Cartography ) then Cartography = sepc .. " " .. wrap_msg ('cartography', Cartography, use_lowercase); end Scale = A['Scale']; if utilities.is_set ( Scale ) then Scale = sepc .. " " .. Scale; end end -- Account for the oddities that are {{cite episode}} and {{cite serial}}, before generation of COinS data. local Series = A['Series']; if 'episode' == config.CitationClass or 'serial' == config.CitationClass then local SeriesLink = A['SeriesLink']; SeriesLink = link_title_ok (SeriesLink, A:ORIGIN ('SeriesLink'), Series, 'series'); -- check for wiki-markup in |series-link= or wiki-markup in |series= when |series-link= is set local Network = A['Network']; local Station = A['Station']; local s, n = {}, {}; -- do common parameters first if utilities.is_set (Network) then table.insert(n, Network); end if utilities.is_set (Station) then table.insert(n, Station); end ID = table.concat(n, sepc .. ' '); if 'episode' == config.CitationClass then -- handle the oddities that are strictly {{cite episode}} local Season = A['Season']; local SeriesNumber = A['SeriesNumber']; if utilities.is_set (Season) and utilities.is_set (SeriesNumber) then -- these are mutually exclusive so if both are set TODO: make a function for this and similar? utilities.set_message ('err_redundant_parameters', {utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', 'season') .. cfg.presentation['sep_list_pair'] .. utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', 'seriesno')}); -- add error message SeriesNumber = ''; -- unset; prefer |season= over |seriesno= end -- assemble a table of parts concatenated later into Series if utilities.is_set (Season) then table.insert(s, wrap_msg ('season', Season, use_lowercase)); end if utilities.is_set (SeriesNumber) then table.insert(s, wrap_msg ('seriesnum', SeriesNumber, use_lowercase)); end if utilities.is_set (Issue) then table.insert(s, wrap_msg ('episode', Issue, use_lowercase)); end Issue = ''; -- unset because this is not a unique parameter Chapter = Title; -- promote title parameters to chapter ScriptChapter = ScriptTitle; ScriptChapter_origin = A:ORIGIN('ScriptTitle'); ChapterLink = TitleLink; -- alias |episode-link= TransChapter = TransTitle; ChapterURL = URL; ChapterUrlAccess = UrlAccess; ChapterURL_origin = URL_origin; ChapterFormat = Format; Title = Series; -- promote series to title TitleLink = SeriesLink; Series = table.concat(s, sepc .. ' '); -- this is concatenation of season, seriesno, episode number if utilities.is_set (ChapterLink) and not utilities.is_set (ChapterURL) then -- link but not URL Chapter = utilities.make_wikilink (ChapterLink, Chapter); elseif utilities.is_set (ChapterLink) and utilities.is_set (ChapterURL) then -- if both are set, URL links episode; Series = utilities.make_wikilink (ChapterLink, Series); end URL = ''; -- unset TransTitle = ''; ScriptTitle = ''; Format = ''; else -- now oddities that are cite serial Issue = ''; -- unset because this parameter no longer supported by the citation/core version of cite serial Chapter = A['Episode']; -- TODO: make |episode= available to cite episode someday? if utilities.is_set (Series) and utilities.is_set (SeriesLink) then Series = utilities.make_wikilink (SeriesLink, Series); end Series = utilities.wrap_style ('italic-title', Series); -- series is italicized end end -- end of {{cite episode}} stuff -- handle type parameter for those CS1 citations that have default values local TitleType = A['TitleType']; local Degree = A['Degree']; if utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {'AV-media-notes', 'document', 'interview', 'mailinglist', 'map', 'podcast', 'pressrelease', 'report', 'speech', 'techreport', 'thesis'}) then TitleType = set_titletype (config.CitationClass, TitleType); if utilities.is_set (Degree) and "Thesis" == TitleType then -- special case for cite thesis TitleType = Degree .. ' ' .. cfg.title_types ['thesis']:lower(); end end if utilities.is_set (TitleType) then -- if type parameter is specified TitleType = utilities.substitute ( cfg.messages['type'], TitleType); -- display it in parentheses -- TODO: Hack on TitleType to fix bunched parentheses problem end -- legacy: promote PublicationDate to Date if neither Date nor Year are set. local Date = A['Date']; local Date_origin; -- to hold the name of parameter promoted to Date; required for date error messaging local PublicationDate = A['PublicationDate']; local Year = A['Year']; if utilities.is_set (Year) then validation.year_check (Year); -- returns nothing; emits maint message when |year= doesn't hold a 'year' value end if not utilities.is_set (Date) then Date = Year; -- promote Year to Date Year = nil; -- make nil so Year as empty string isn't used for CITEREF if not utilities.is_set (Date) and utilities.is_set (PublicationDate) then -- use PublicationDate when |date= and |year= are not set Date = PublicationDate; -- promote PublicationDate to Date PublicationDate = ''; -- unset, no longer needed Date_origin = A:ORIGIN('PublicationDate'); -- save the name of the promoted parameter else Date_origin = A:ORIGIN('Year'); -- save the name of the promoted parameter end else Date_origin = A:ORIGIN('Date'); -- not a promotion; name required for error messaging end if PublicationDate == Date then PublicationDate = ''; end -- if PublicationDate is same as Date, don't display in rendered citation --[[ Go test all of the date-holding parameters for valid MOS:DATE format and make sure that dates are real dates. This must be done before we do COinS because here is where we get the date used in the metadata. Date validation supporting code is in Module:Citation/CS1/Date_validation ]] local DF = is_valid_parameter_value (A['DF'], A:ORIGIN('DF'), cfg.keywords_lists['df'], ''); if not utilities.is_set (DF) then DF = cfg.global_df; -- local |df= if present overrides global df set by {{use xxx date}} template end local ArchiveURL; local ArchiveDate; local ArchiveFormat = A['ArchiveFormat']; local archive_url_timestamp; -- timestamp from wayback machine url ArchiveURL, ArchiveDate, archive_url_timestamp = archive_url_check (A['ArchiveURL'], A['ArchiveDate']) ArchiveFormat = style_format (ArchiveFormat, ArchiveURL, 'archive-format', 'archive-url'); ArchiveURL, ArchiveDate = is_unique_archive_url (ArchiveURL, URL, ChapterURL, A:ORIGIN('ArchiveURL'), ArchiveDate); -- add error message when URL or ChapterURL == ArchiveURL local AccessDate = A['AccessDate']; local COinS_date = {}; -- holds date info extracted from |date= for the COinS metadata by Module:Date verification local DoiBroken = A['DoiBroken']; local Embargo = A['Embargo']; local anchor_year; -- used in the CITEREF identifier do -- create defined block to contain local variables error_message, date_parameters_list, mismatch local error_message = ''; -- AirDate has been promoted to Date so not necessary to check it local date_parameters_list = { ['access-date'] = {val = AccessDate, name = A:ORIGIN ('AccessDate')}, ['archive-date'] = {val = ArchiveDate, name = A:ORIGIN ('ArchiveDate')}, ['date'] = {val = Date, name = Date_origin}, ['doi-broken-date'] = {val = DoiBroken, name = A:ORIGIN ('DoiBroken')}, ['pmc-embargo-date'] = {val = Embargo, name = A:ORIGIN ('Embargo')}, ['publication-date'] = {val = PublicationDate, name = A:ORIGIN ('PublicationDate')}, ['year'] = {val = Year, name = A:ORIGIN ('Year')}, }; local error_list = {}; anchor_year, Embargo = validation.dates(date_parameters_list, COinS_date, error_list); if utilities.is_set (Year) and utilities.is_set (Date) then -- both |date= and |year= not normally needed; validation.year_date_check (Year, A:ORIGIN ('Year'), Date, A:ORIGIN ('Date'), error_list); end if 0 == #error_list then -- error free dates only; 0 when error_list is empty local modified = false; -- flag if utilities.is_set (DF) then -- if we need to reformat dates modified = validation.reformat_dates (date_parameters_list, DF); -- reformat to DF format, use long month names if appropriate end if true == validation.date_hyphen_to_dash (date_parameters_list) then -- convert hyphens to dashes where appropriate modified = true; utilities.set_message ('maint_date_format'); -- hyphens were converted so add maint category end -- for those wikis that can and want to have English date names translated to the local language; not supported at en.wiki if cfg.date_name_auto_xlate_enable and validation.date_name_xlate (date_parameters_list, cfg.date_digit_auto_xlate_enable ) then utilities.set_message ('maint_date_auto_xlated'); -- add maint cat modified = true; end if modified then -- if the date_parameters_list values were modified AccessDate = date_parameters_list['access-date'].val; -- overwrite date holding parameters with modified values ArchiveDate = date_parameters_list['archive-date'].val; Date = date_parameters_list['date'].val; DoiBroken = date_parameters_list['doi-broken-date'].val; PublicationDate = date_parameters_list['publication-date'].val; end if archive_url_timestamp and utilities.is_set (ArchiveDate) then validation.archive_date_check (ArchiveDate, archive_url_timestamp, DF); -- does YYYYMMDD in archive_url_timestamp match date in ArchiveDate end else utilities.set_message ('err_bad_date', {utilities.make_sep_list (#error_list, error_list)}); -- add this error message end end -- end of do if utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {'book', 'encyclopaedia'}) or -- {{cite book}}, {{cite encyclopedia}}; TODO: {{cite conference}} and others? ('citation' == config.CitationClass and utilities.is_set (Encyclopedia)) or -- {{citation}} as an encylopedia citation ('citation' == config.CitationClass and not utilities.is_set (Periodical)) then -- {{citation}} as a book citation if utilities.is_set (PublicationPlace) then if not utilities.is_set (PublisherName) then local date = COinS_date.rftdate and tonumber (COinS_date.rftdate:match ('%d%d%d%d')); -- get year portion of COinS date (because in Arabic numerals); convert string to number if date and (1850 <= date) then -- location has no publisher; if date is 1850 or later utilities.set_message ('maint_location_no_publisher'); -- add maint cat end else -- PublisherName has a value if cfg.keywords_xlate['none'] == PublisherName then -- if that value is 'none' (only for book and encyclopedia citations) PublisherName = ''; -- unset end end end end local ID_list = {}; -- sequence table of rendered identifiers local ID_list_coins = {}; -- table of identifiers and their values from args; key is same as cfg.id_handlers's key local Class = A['Class']; -- arxiv class identifier local ID_support = { {A['ASINTLD'], 'ASIN', 'err_asintld_missing_asin', A:ORIGIN ('ASINTLD')}, {DoiBroken, 'DOI', 'err_doibroken_missing_doi', A:ORIGIN ('DoiBroken')}, {Embargo, 'PMC', 'err_embargo_missing_pmc', A:ORIGIN ('Embargo')}, } ID_list, ID_list_coins = identifiers.identifier_lists_get (args, {DoiBroken = DoiBroken, ASINTLD = A['ASINTLD'], Embargo = Embargo, Class = Class, Year=anchor_year}, ID_support); -- Account for the oddities that are {{cite arxiv}}, {{cite biorxiv}}, {{cite citeseerx}}, {{cite medrxiv}}, {{cite ssrn}}, before generation of COinS data. if utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, whitelist.preprint_template_list_t) then -- |arxiv= or |eprint= required for cite arxiv; |biorxiv=, |citeseerx=, |medrxiv=, |ssrn= required for their templates if not (args[cfg.id_handlers[config.CitationClass:upper()].parameters[1]] or -- can't use ID_list_coins k/v table here because invalid parameters omitted args[cfg.id_handlers[config.CitationClass:upper()].parameters[2]]) then -- which causes unexpected parameter missing error message utilities.set_message ('err_' .. config.CitationClass .. '_missing'); -- add error message end Periodical = ({['arxiv'] = 'arXiv', ['biorxiv'] = 'bioRxiv', ['citeseerx'] = 'CiteSeerX', ['medrxiv'] = 'medRxiv', ['ssrn'] = 'Social Science Research Network'})[config.CitationClass]; end -- Link the title of the work if no |url= was provided, but we have a |pmc= or a |doi= with |doi-access=free if config.CitationClass == "journal" and not utilities.is_set (URL) and not utilities.is_set (TitleLink) and not utilities.in_array (cfg.keywords_xlate[Title], {'off', 'none'}) then -- TODO: remove 'none' once existing citations have been switched to 'off', so 'none' can be used as token for "no title" instead if 'none' ~= cfg.keywords_xlate[auto_select] then -- if auto-linking not disabled if identifiers.auto_link_urls[auto_select] then -- manual selection URL = identifiers.auto_link_urls[auto_select]; -- set URL to be the same as identifier's external link URL_origin = cfg.id_handlers[auto_select:upper()].parameters[1]; -- set URL_origin to parameter name for use in error message if citation is missing a |title= elseif identifiers.auto_link_urls['pmc'] then -- auto-select PMC URL = identifiers.auto_link_urls['pmc']; -- set URL to be the same as the PMC external link if not embargoed URL_origin = cfg.id_handlers['PMC'].parameters[1]; -- set URL_origin to parameter name for use in error message if citation is missing a |title= elseif identifiers.auto_link_urls['doi'] then -- auto-select DOI URL = identifiers.auto_link_urls['doi']; URL_origin = cfg.id_handlers['DOI'].parameters[1]; end end if utilities.is_set (URL) then -- set when using an identifier-created URL if utilities.is_set (AccessDate) then -- |access-date= requires |url=; identifier-created URL is not |url= utilities.set_message ('err_accessdate_missing_url'); -- add an error message AccessDate = ''; -- unset end if utilities.is_set (ArchiveURL) then -- |archive-url= requires |url=; identifier-created URL is not |url= utilities.set_message ('err_archive_missing_url'); -- add an error message ArchiveURL = ''; -- unset end end end -- At this point fields may be nil if they weren't specified in the template use. We can use that fact. -- Test if citation has no title if not utilities.is_set (Title) and not utilities.is_set (TransTitle) and not utilities.is_set (ScriptTitle) then -- has special case for cite episode utilities.set_message ('err_citation_missing_title', {'episode' == config.CitationClass and 'series' or 'title'}); end if utilities.in_array (cfg.keywords_xlate[Title], {'off', 'none'}) and utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {'journal', 'citation'}) and (utilities.is_set (Periodical) or utilities.is_set (ScriptPeriodical)) and ('journal' == Periodical_origin or 'script-journal' == ScriptPeriodical_origin) then -- special case for journal cites Title = ''; -- set title to empty string utilities.set_message ('maint_untitled'); -- add maint cat end -- COinS metadata (see <http://ocoins.info/>) for automated parsing of citation information. -- handle the oddity that is cite encyclopedia and {{citation |encyclopedia=something}}. Here we presume that -- when Periodical, Title, and Chapter are all set, then Periodical is the book (encyclopedia) title, Title -- is the article title, and Chapter is a section within the article. So, we remap local coins_chapter = Chapter; -- default assuming that remapping not required local coins_title = Title; -- et tu if 'encyclopaedia' == config.CitationClass or ('citation' == config.CitationClass and utilities.is_set (Encyclopedia)) then if utilities.is_set (Chapter) and utilities.is_set (Title) and utilities.is_set (Periodical) then -- if all are used then coins_chapter = Title; -- remap coins_title = Periodical; end end local coins_author = a; -- default for coins rft.au if 0 < #c then -- but if contributor list coins_author = c; -- use that instead end -- this is the function call to COinS() local OCinSoutput = metadata.COinS({ ['Periodical'] = utilities.strip_apostrophe_markup (Periodical), -- no markup in the metadata ['Encyclopedia'] = Encyclopedia, -- just a flag; content ignored by ~/COinS ['Chapter'] = metadata.make_coins_title (coins_chapter, ScriptChapter), -- Chapter and ScriptChapter stripped of bold / italic / accept-as-written markup ['Degree'] = Degree; -- cite thesis only ['Title'] = metadata.make_coins_title (coins_title, ScriptTitle), -- Title and ScriptTitle stripped of bold / italic / accept-as-written markup ['PublicationPlace'] = PublicationPlace, ['Date'] = COinS_date.rftdate, -- COinS_date.* has correctly formatted date values if Date is valid; ['Season'] = COinS_date.rftssn, ['Quarter'] = COinS_date.rftquarter, ['Chron'] = COinS_date.rftchron, ['Series'] = Series, ['Volume'] = Volume, ['Issue'] = Issue, ['ArticleNumber'] = ArticleNumber, ['Pages'] = coins_pages or metadata.get_coins_pages (first_set ({Sheet, Sheets, Page, Pages, At, QuotePage, QuotePages}, 7)), -- pages stripped of external links ['Edition'] = Edition, ['PublisherName'] = PublisherName or Newsgroup, -- any apostrophe markup already removed from PublisherName ['URL'] = first_set ({ChapterURL, URL}, 2), ['Authors'] = coins_author, ['ID_list'] = ID_list_coins, ['RawPage'] = this_page.prefixedText, }, config.CitationClass); -- Account for the oddities that are {{cite arxiv}}, {{cite biorxiv}}, {{cite citeseerx}}, {{cite medrxiv}}, and {{cite ssrn}} AFTER generation of COinS data. if utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, whitelist.preprint_template_list_t) then -- we have set rft.jtitle in COinS to arXiv, bioRxiv, CiteSeerX, medRxiv, or ssrn now unset so it isn't displayed Periodical = ''; -- periodical not allowed in these templates; if article has been published, use cite journal end -- special case for cite newsgroup. Do this after COinS because we are modifying Publishername to include some static text if 'newsgroup' == config.CitationClass and utilities.is_set (Newsgroup) then PublisherName = utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['newsgroup'], external_link( 'news:' .. Newsgroup, Newsgroup, Newsgroup_origin, nil )); end local Editors; local EditorCount; -- used only for choosing {ed.) or (eds.) annotation at end of editor name-list local Contributors; -- assembled contributors name list local contributor_etal; local Translators; -- assembled translators name list local translator_etal; local t = {}; -- translators list from |translator-lastn= / translator-firstn= pairs t = extract_names (args, 'TranslatorList'); -- fetch translator list from |translatorn= / |translator-lastn=, -firstn=, -linkn=, -maskn= local Interviewers; local interviewers_list = {}; interviewers_list = extract_names (args, 'InterviewerList'); -- process preferred interviewers parameters local interviewer_etal; -- Now perform various field substitutions. -- We also add leading spaces and surrounding markup and punctuation to the -- various parts of the citation, but only when they are non-nil. do local last_first_list; local control = { format = NameListStyle, -- empty string, '&', 'amp', 'and', or 'vanc' maximum = nil, -- as if display-authors or display-editors not set mode = Mode }; do -- do editor name list first because the now unsupported coauthors used to modify control table local display_names, param = display_names_select (cfg.global_cs1_config_t['DisplayEditors'], A['DisplayEditors'], A:ORIGIN ('DisplayEditors'), #e); control.maximum, editor_etal = get_display_names (display_names, #e, 'editors', editor_etal, param); Editors, EditorCount = list_people (control, e, editor_etal); if 1 == EditorCount and (true == editor_etal or 1 < #e) then -- only one editor displayed but includes etal then EditorCount = 2; -- spoof to display (eds.) annotation end end do -- now do interviewers local display_names, param = display_names_select (cfg.global_cs1_config_t['DisplayInterviewers'], A['DisplayInterviewers'], A:ORIGIN ('DisplayInterviewers'), #interviewers_list); control.maximum, interviewer_etal = get_display_names (display_names, #interviewers_list, 'interviewers', interviewer_etal, param); Interviewers = list_people (control, interviewers_list, interviewer_etal); end do -- now do translators local display_names, param = display_names_select (cfg.global_cs1_config_t['DisplayTranslators'], A['DisplayTranslators'], A:ORIGIN ('DisplayTranslators'), #t); control.maximum, translator_etal = get_display_names (display_names, #t, 'translators', translator_etal, param); Translators = list_people (control, t, translator_etal); end do -- now do contributors local display_names, param = display_names_select (cfg.global_cs1_config_t['DisplayContributors'], A['DisplayContributors'], A:ORIGIN ('DisplayContributors'), #c); control.maximum, contributor_etal = get_display_names (display_names, #c, 'contributors', contributor_etal, param); Contributors = list_people (control, c, contributor_etal); end do -- now do authors local display_names, param = display_names_select (cfg.global_cs1_config_t['DisplayAuthors'], A['DisplayAuthors'], A:ORIGIN ('DisplayAuthors'), #a, author_etal); control.maximum, author_etal = get_display_names (display_names, #a, 'authors', author_etal, param); last_first_list = list_people (control, a, author_etal); if utilities.is_set (Authors) then Authors, author_etal = name_has_etal (Authors, author_etal, false, 'authors'); -- find and remove variations on et al. if author_etal then Authors = Authors .. ' ' .. cfg.messages['et al']; -- add et al. to authors parameter end else Authors = last_first_list; -- either an author name list or an empty string end end -- end of do if utilities.is_set (Authors) and utilities.is_set (Collaboration) then Authors = Authors .. ' (' .. Collaboration .. ')'; -- add collaboration after et al. end end local ConferenceFormat = A['ConferenceFormat']; local ConferenceURL = A['ConferenceURL']; ConferenceFormat = style_format (ConferenceFormat, ConferenceURL, 'conference-format', 'conference-url'); Format = style_format (Format, URL, 'format', 'url'); -- special case for chapter format so no error message or cat when chapter not supported if not (utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {'web', 'news', 'journal', 'magazine', 'pressrelease', 'podcast', 'newsgroup', 'arxiv', 'biorxiv', 'citeseerx', 'medrxiv', 'ssrn'}) or ('citation' == config.CitationClass and (utilities.is_set (Periodical) or utilities.is_set (ScriptPeriodical)) and not utilities.is_set (Encyclopedia))) then ChapterFormat = style_format (ChapterFormat, ChapterURL, 'chapter-format', 'chapter-url'); end if not utilities.is_set (URL) then if utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {"web", "podcast", "mailinglist"}) or -- |url= required for cite web, cite podcast, and cite mailinglist ('citation' == config.CitationClass and ('website' == Periodical_origin or 'script-website' == ScriptPeriodical_origin)) then -- and required for {{citation}} with |website= or |script-website= utilities.set_message ('err_cite_web_url'); end -- do we have |accessdate= without either |url= or |chapter-url=? if utilities.is_set (AccessDate) and not utilities.is_set (ChapterURL) then -- ChapterURL may be set when URL is not set; utilities.set_message ('err_accessdate_missing_url'); AccessDate = ''; end end local UrlStatus = is_valid_parameter_value (A['UrlStatus'], A:ORIGIN('UrlStatus'), cfg.keywords_lists['url-status'], ''); local OriginalURL local OriginalURL_origin local OriginalFormat local OriginalAccess; UrlStatus = UrlStatus:lower(); -- used later when assembling archived text if utilities.is_set ( ArchiveURL ) then if utilities.is_set (ChapterURL) then -- if chapter-url= is set apply archive url to it OriginalURL = ChapterURL; -- save copy of source chapter's url for archive text OriginalURL_origin = ChapterURL_origin; -- name of |chapter-url= parameter for error messages OriginalFormat = ChapterFormat; -- and original |chapter-format= if 'live' ~= UrlStatus then ChapterURL = ArchiveURL -- swap-in the archive's URL ChapterURL_origin = A:ORIGIN('ArchiveURL') -- name of |archive-url= parameter for error messages ChapterFormat = ArchiveFormat or ''; -- swap in archive's format ChapterUrlAccess = nil; -- restricted access levels do not make sense for archived URLs end elseif utilities.is_set (URL) then OriginalURL = URL; -- save copy of original source URL OriginalURL_origin = URL_origin; -- name of URL parameter for error messages OriginalFormat = Format; -- and original |format= OriginalAccess = UrlAccess; if 'live' ~= UrlStatus then -- if URL set then |archive-url= applies to it URL = ArchiveURL -- swap-in the archive's URL URL_origin = A:ORIGIN('ArchiveURL') -- name of archive URL parameter for error messages Format = ArchiveFormat or ''; -- swap in archive's format UrlAccess = nil; -- restricted access levels do not make sense for archived URLs end end elseif utilities.is_set (UrlStatus) then -- if |url-status= is set when |archive-url= is not set utilities.set_message ('maint_url_status'); -- add maint cat end if utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {'web', 'news', 'journal', 'magazine', 'pressrelease', 'podcast', 'newsgroup', 'arxiv', 'biorxiv', 'citeseerx', 'medrxiv', 'ssrn'}) or -- if any of the 'periodical' cites except encyclopedia ('citation' == config.CitationClass and (utilities.is_set (Periodical) or utilities.is_set (ScriptPeriodical)) and not utilities.is_set (Encyclopedia)) then local chap_param; if utilities.is_set (Chapter) then -- get a parameter name from one of these chapter related meta-parameters chap_param = A:ORIGIN ('Chapter') elseif utilities.is_set (TransChapter) then chap_param = A:ORIGIN ('TransChapter') elseif utilities.is_set (ChapterURL) then chap_param = A:ORIGIN ('ChapterURL') elseif utilities.is_set (ScriptChapter) then chap_param = ScriptChapter_origin; else utilities.is_set (ChapterFormat) chap_param = A:ORIGIN ('ChapterFormat') end if utilities.is_set (chap_param) then -- if we found one utilities.set_message ('err_chapter_ignored', {chap_param}); -- add error message Chapter = ''; -- and set them to empty string to be safe with concatenation TransChapter = ''; ChapterURL = ''; ScriptChapter = ''; ChapterFormat = ''; end else -- otherwise, format chapter / article title local no_quotes = false; -- default assume that we will be quoting the chapter parameter value if utilities.is_set (Contribution) and 0 < #c then -- if this is a contribution with contributor(s) if utilities.in_array (Contribution:lower(), cfg.keywords_lists.contribution) then -- and a generic contribution title no_quotes = true; -- then render it unquoted end end Chapter = format_chapter_title (ScriptChapter, ScriptChapter_origin, Chapter, Chapter_origin, TransChapter, TransChapter_origin, ChapterURL, ChapterURL_origin, no_quotes, ChapterUrlAccess); -- Contribution is also in Chapter if utilities.is_set (Chapter) then Chapter = Chapter .. ChapterFormat ; if 'map' == config.CitationClass and utilities.is_set (TitleType) then Chapter = Chapter .. ' ' .. TitleType; -- map annotation here; not after title end Chapter = Chapter .. sepc .. ' '; elseif utilities.is_set (ChapterFormat) then -- |chapter= not set but |chapter-format= is so ... Chapter = ChapterFormat .. sepc .. ' '; -- ... ChapterFormat has error message, we want to see it end end -- Format main title local plain_title = false; local accept_title; Title, accept_title = utilities.has_accept_as_written (Title, true); -- remove accept-this-as-written markup when it wraps all of <Title> if accept_title and ('' == Title) then -- only support forced empty for now "(())" Title = cfg.messages['notitle']; -- replace by predefined "No title" message -- TODO: utilities.set_message ( 'err_redundant_parameters', ...); -- issue proper error message instead of muting ScriptTitle = ''; -- just mute for now TransTitle = ''; -- just mute for now plain_title = true; -- suppress text decoration for descriptive title utilities.set_message ('maint_untitled'); -- add maint cat end if not accept_title then -- <Title> not wrapped in accept-as-written markup if '...' == Title:sub (-3) then -- if ellipsis is the last three characters of |title= Title = Title:gsub ('(%.%.%.)%.+$', '%1'); -- limit the number of dots to three elseif not mw.ustring.find (Title, '%.%s*%a%.$') and -- end of title is not a 'dot-(optional space-)letter-dot' initialism ... not mw.ustring.find (Title, '%s+%a%.$') then -- ...and not a 'space-letter-dot' initial (''Allium canadense'' L.) Title = mw.ustring.gsub(Title, '%' .. sepc .. '$', ''); -- remove any trailing separator character; sepc and ms.ustring() here for languages that use multibyte separator characters end if utilities.is_set (ArchiveURL) and is_archived_copy (Title) then utilities.set_message ('maint_archived_copy'); -- add maintenance category before we modify the content of Title end if is_generic ('generic_titles', Title) then utilities.set_message ('err_generic_title'); -- set an error message end end if (not plain_title) and (utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {'web', 'news', 'journal', 'magazine', 'document', 'pressrelease', 'podcast', 'newsgroup', 'mailinglist', 'interview', 'arxiv', 'biorxiv', 'citeseerx', 'medrxiv', 'ssrn'}) or ('citation' == config.CitationClass and (utilities.is_set (Periodical) or utilities.is_set (ScriptPeriodical)) and not utilities.is_set (Encyclopedia)) or ('map' == config.CitationClass and (utilities.is_set (Periodical) or utilities.is_set (ScriptPeriodical)))) then -- special case for cite map when the map is in a periodical treat as an article Title = kern_quotes (Title); -- if necessary, separate title's leading and trailing quote marks from module provided quote marks Title = utilities.wrap_style ('quoted-title', Title); Title = script_concatenate (Title, ScriptTitle, 'script-title'); -- <bdi> tags, lang attribute, categorization, etc.; must be done after title is wrapped TransTitle = utilities.wrap_style ('trans-quoted-title', TransTitle ); elseif plain_title or ('report' == config.CitationClass) then -- no styling for cite report and descriptive titles (otherwise same as above) Title = script_concatenate (Title, ScriptTitle, 'script-title'); -- <bdi> tags, lang attribute, categorization, etc.; must be done after title is wrapped TransTitle = utilities.wrap_style ('trans-quoted-title', TransTitle ); -- for cite report, use this form for trans-title else Title = utilities.wrap_style ('italic-title', Title); Title = script_concatenate (Title, ScriptTitle, 'script-title'); -- <bdi> tags, lang attribute, categorization, etc.; must be done after title is wrapped TransTitle = utilities.wrap_style ('trans-italic-title', TransTitle); end if utilities.is_set (TransTitle) then if utilities.is_set (Title) then TransTitle = " " .. TransTitle; else utilities.set_message ('err_trans_missing_title', {'title'}); end end if utilities.is_set (Title) then -- TODO: is this the right place to be making Wikisource URLs? if utilities.is_set (TitleLink) and utilities.is_set (URL) then utilities.set_message ('err_wikilink_in_url'); -- set an error message because we can't have both TitleLink = ''; -- unset end if not utilities.is_set (TitleLink) and utilities.is_set (URL) then Title = external_link (URL, Title, URL_origin, UrlAccess) .. TransTitle .. Format; URL = ''; -- unset these because no longer needed Format = ""; elseif utilities.is_set (TitleLink) and not utilities.is_set (URL) then local ws_url; ws_url = wikisource_url_make (TitleLink); -- ignore ws_label return; not used here if ws_url then Title = external_link (ws_url, Title .. '&nbsp;', 'ws link in title-link'); -- space char after Title to move icon away from italic text; TODO: a better way to do this? Title = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['interwiki-icon'], {cfg.presentation['class-wikisource'], TitleLink, Title}); Title = Title .. TransTitle; else Title = utilities.make_wikilink (TitleLink, Title) .. TransTitle; end else local ws_url, ws_label, L; -- Title has italic or quote markup by the time we get here which causes is_wikilink() to return 0 (not a wikilink) ws_url, ws_label, L = wikisource_url_make (Title:gsub('^[\'"]*(.-)[\'"]*$', '%1')); -- make ws URL from |title= interwiki link (strip italic or quote markup); link portion L becomes tooltip label if ws_url then Title = Title:gsub ('%b[]', ws_label); -- replace interwiki link with ws_label to retain markup Title = external_link (ws_url, Title .. '&nbsp;', 'ws link in title'); -- space char after Title to move icon away from italic text; TODO: a better way to do this? Title = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['interwiki-icon'], {cfg.presentation['class-wikisource'], L, Title}); Title = Title .. TransTitle; else Title = Title .. TransTitle; end end else Title = TransTitle; end if utilities.is_set (Place) then Place = " " .. wrap_msg ('written', Place, use_lowercase) .. sepc .. " "; end local ConferenceURL_origin = A:ORIGIN('ConferenceURL'); -- get name of parameter that holds ConferenceURL if utilities.is_set (Conference) then if utilities.is_set (ConferenceURL) then Conference = external_link( ConferenceURL, Conference, ConferenceURL_origin, nil ); end Conference = sepc .. " " .. Conference .. ConferenceFormat; elseif utilities.is_set (ConferenceURL) then Conference = sepc .. " " .. external_link( ConferenceURL, nil, ConferenceURL_origin, nil ); end local Position = ''; if not utilities.is_set (Position) then local Minutes = A['Minutes']; local Time = A['Time']; if utilities.is_set (Minutes) then if utilities.is_set (Time) then --TODO: make a function for this and similar? utilities.set_message ('err_redundant_parameters', {utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', 'minutes') .. cfg.presentation['sep_list_pair'] .. utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', 'time')}); end Position = " " .. Minutes .. " " .. cfg.messages['minutes']; else if utilities.is_set (Time) then local TimeCaption = A['TimeCaption'] if not utilities.is_set (TimeCaption) then TimeCaption = cfg.messages['event']; if sepc ~= '.' then TimeCaption = TimeCaption:lower(); end end Position = " " .. TimeCaption .. " " .. Time; end end else Position = " " .. Position; At = ''; end Page, Pages, Sheet, Sheets = format_pages_sheets (Page, Pages, Sheet, Sheets, config.CitationClass, Periodical_origin, sepc, NoPP, use_lowercase); At = utilities.is_set (At) and (sepc .. " " .. At) or ""; Position = utilities.is_set (Position) and (sepc .. " " .. Position) or ""; if config.CitationClass == 'map' then local Sections = A['Sections']; -- Section (singular) is an alias of Chapter so set earlier local Inset = A['Inset']; if utilities.is_set ( Inset ) then Inset = sepc .. " " .. wrap_msg ('inset', Inset, use_lowercase); end if utilities.is_set ( Sections ) then Section = sepc .. " " .. wrap_msg ('sections', Sections, use_lowercase); elseif utilities.is_set ( Section ) then Section = sepc .. " " .. wrap_msg ('section', Section, use_lowercase); end At = At .. Inset .. Section; end local Others = A['Others']; if utilities.is_set (Others) and 0 == #a and 0 == #e then -- add maint cat when |others= has value and used without |author=, |editor= if config.CitationClass == "AV-media-notes" or config.CitationClass == "audio-visual" then -- special maint for AV/M which has a lot of 'false' positives right now utilities.set_message ('maint_others_avm') else utilities.set_message ('maint_others'); end end Others = utilities.is_set (Others) and (sepc .. " " .. Others) or ""; if utilities.is_set (Translators) then Others = safe_join ({sepc .. ' ', wrap_msg ('translated', Translators, use_lowercase), Others}, sepc); end if utilities.is_set (Interviewers) then Others = safe_join ({sepc .. ' ', wrap_msg ('interview', Interviewers, use_lowercase), Others}, sepc); end local TitleNote = A['TitleNote']; TitleNote = utilities.is_set (TitleNote) and (sepc .. " " .. TitleNote) or ""; if utilities.is_set (Edition) then if Edition:match ('%f[%a][Ee]d%n?%.?$') or Edition:match ('%f[%a][Ee]dition$') then -- Ed, ed, Ed., ed., Edn, edn, Edn., edn. utilities.set_message ('err_extra_text_edition'); -- add error message end Edition = " " .. wrap_msg ('edition', Edition); else Edition = ''; end Series = utilities.is_set (Series) and wrap_msg ('series', {sepc, Series}) or ""; -- not the same as SeriesNum local Agency = A['Agency'] or ''; -- |agency= is supported by {{cite magazine}}, {{cite news}}, {{cite press release}}, {{cite web}}, and certain {{citation}} templates if utilities.is_set (Agency) then -- this testing done here because {{citation}} supports 'news' citations if utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {'magazine', 'news', 'pressrelease', 'web'}) or ('citation' == config.CitationClass and utilities.in_array (Periodical_origin, {"magazine", "newspaper", "work"})) then Agency = wrap_msg ('agency', {sepc, Agency}); -- format for rendering else Agency = ''; -- unset; not supported utilities.set_message ('err_parameter_ignored', {'agency'}); -- add error message end end Volume = format_volume_issue (Volume, Issue, ArticleNumber, config.CitationClass, Periodical_origin, sepc, use_lowercase); if utilities.is_set (AccessDate) then local retrv_text = " " .. cfg.messages['retrieved'] AccessDate = nowrap_date (AccessDate); -- wrap in nowrap span if date in appropriate format if (sepc ~= ".") then retrv_text = retrv_text:lower() end -- if mode is cs2, lower case AccessDate = utilities.substitute (retrv_text, AccessDate); -- add retrieved text AccessDate = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['accessdate'], {sepc, AccessDate}); -- allow editors to hide accessdates end if utilities.is_set (ID) then ID = sepc .. " " .. ID; end local Docket = A['Docket']; if "thesis" == config.CitationClass and utilities.is_set (Docket) then ID = sepc .. " Docket " .. Docket .. ID; end if "report" == config.CitationClass and utilities.is_set (Docket) then -- for cite report when |docket= is set ID = sepc .. ' ' .. Docket; -- overwrite ID even if |id= is set end if utilities.is_set (URL) then URL = " " .. external_link( URL, nil, URL_origin, UrlAccess ); end -- We check length of PostScript here because it will have been nuked by -- the quote parameters. We'd otherwise emit a message even if there wasn't -- a displayed postscript. -- TODO: Should the max size (1) be configurable? -- TODO: Should we check a specific pattern? if utilities.is_set(PostScript) and mw.ustring.len(PostScript) > 1 then utilities.set_message ('maint_postscript') end local Archived; if utilities.is_set (ArchiveURL) then if not utilities.is_set (ArchiveDate) then -- ArchiveURL set but ArchiveDate not set utilities.set_message ('err_archive_missing_date'); -- emit an error message ArchiveURL = ''; -- empty string for concatenation ArchiveDate = ''; -- empty string for concatenation end else if utilities.is_set (ArchiveDate) then -- ArchiveURL not set but ArchiveDate is set utilities.set_message ('err_archive_date_missing_url'); -- emit an error message ArchiveURL = ''; -- empty string for concatenation ArchiveDate = ''; -- empty string for concatenation end end if utilities.is_set (ArchiveURL) then local arch_text; if "live" == UrlStatus then arch_text = cfg.messages['archived']; if sepc ~= "." then arch_text = arch_text:lower() end if utilities.is_set (ArchiveDate) then Archived = sepc .. ' ' .. utilities.substitute ( cfg.messages['archived-live'], {external_link( ArchiveURL, arch_text, A:ORIGIN('ArchiveURL'), nil) .. ArchiveFormat, ArchiveDate } ); else Archived = ''; end if not utilities.is_set (OriginalURL) then utilities.set_message ('err_archive_missing_url'); Archived = ''; -- empty string for concatenation end elseif utilities.is_set (OriginalURL) then -- UrlStatus is empty, 'dead', 'unfit', 'usurped', 'bot: unknown' if utilities.in_array (UrlStatus, {'unfit', 'usurped', 'bot: unknown'}) then arch_text = cfg.messages['archived-unfit']; if sepc ~= "." then arch_text = arch_text:lower() end Archived = sepc .. ' ' .. arch_text .. ArchiveDate; -- format already styled if 'bot: unknown' == UrlStatus then utilities.set_message ('maint_bot_unknown'); -- and add a category if not already added else utilities.add_prop_cat ('unfit'); -- and add a category if not already added end else -- UrlStatus is empty, 'dead' arch_text = cfg.messages['archived-dead']; if sepc ~= "." then arch_text = arch_text:lower() end if utilities.is_set (ArchiveDate) then Archived = sepc .. " " .. utilities.substitute ( arch_text, { external_link( OriginalURL, cfg.messages['original'], OriginalURL_origin, OriginalAccess ) .. OriginalFormat, ArchiveDate } ); -- format already styled else Archived = ''; -- unset for concatenation end end else -- OriginalUrl not set utilities.set_message ('err_archive_missing_url'); Archived = ''; -- empty string for concatenation end elseif utilities.is_set (ArchiveFormat) then Archived = ArchiveFormat; -- if set and ArchiveURL not set ArchiveFormat has error message else Archived = ''; end local TranscriptURL = A['TranscriptURL'] local TranscriptFormat = A['TranscriptFormat']; TranscriptFormat = style_format (TranscriptFormat, TranscriptURL, 'transcript-format', 'transcripturl'); local Transcript = A['Transcript']; local TranscriptURL_origin = A:ORIGIN('TranscriptURL'); -- get name of parameter that holds TranscriptURL if utilities.is_set (Transcript) then if utilities.is_set (TranscriptURL) then Transcript = external_link( TranscriptURL, Transcript, TranscriptURL_origin, nil ); end Transcript = sepc .. ' ' .. Transcript .. TranscriptFormat; elseif utilities.is_set (TranscriptURL) then Transcript = external_link( TranscriptURL, nil, TranscriptURL_origin, nil ); end local Publisher; if utilities.is_set (PublicationDate) then PublicationDate = wrap_msg ('published', PublicationDate); end if utilities.is_set (PublisherName) then if utilities.is_set (PublicationPlace) then Publisher = sepc .. " " .. PublicationPlace .. ": " .. PublisherName .. PublicationDate; else Publisher = sepc .. " " .. PublisherName .. PublicationDate; end elseif utilities.is_set (PublicationPlace) then Publisher= sepc .. " " .. PublicationPlace .. PublicationDate; else Publisher = PublicationDate; end -- Several of the above rely upon detecting this as nil, so do it last. if (utilities.is_set (Periodical) or utilities.is_set (ScriptPeriodical) or utilities.is_set (TransPeriodical)) then if utilities.is_set (Title) or utilities.is_set (TitleNote) then Periodical = sepc .. " " .. format_periodical (ScriptPeriodical, ScriptPeriodical_origin, Periodical, TransPeriodical, TransPeriodical_origin); else Periodical = format_periodical (ScriptPeriodical, ScriptPeriodical_origin, Periodical, TransPeriodical, TransPeriodical_origin); end end local Language = A['Language']; if utilities.is_set (Language) then Language = language_parameter (Language); -- format, categories, name from ISO639-1, etc. else Language=''; -- language not specified so make sure this is an empty string; --[[ TODO: need to extract the wrap_msg from language_parameter so that we can solve parentheses bunching problem with Format/Language/TitleType ]] end --[[ Handle the oddity that is cite speech. This code overrides whatever may be the value assigned to TitleNote (through |department=) and forces it to be " (Speech)" so that the annotation directly follows the |title= parameter value in the citation rather than the |event= parameter value (if provided). ]] if "speech" == config.CitationClass then -- cite speech only TitleNote = TitleType; -- move TitleType to TitleNote so that it renders ahead of |event= TitleType = ''; -- and unset if utilities.is_set (Periodical) then -- if Periodical, perhaps because of an included |website= or |journal= parameter if utilities.is_set (Conference) then -- and if |event= is set Conference = Conference .. sepc .. " "; -- then add appropriate punctuation to the end of the Conference variable before rendering end end end -- Piece all bits together at last. Here, all should be non-nil. -- We build things this way because it is more efficient in LUA -- not to keep reassigning to the same string variable over and over. local tcommon; local tcommon2; -- used for book cite when |contributor= is set if utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {"book", "citation"}) and not utilities.is_set (Periodical) then -- special cases for book cites if utilities.is_set (Contributors) then -- when we are citing foreword, preface, introduction, etc. tcommon = safe_join ({Title, TitleNote}, sepc); -- author and other stuff will come after this and before tcommon2 tcommon2 = safe_join ({TitleType, Series, Language, Volume, Others, Edition, Publisher}, sepc); else tcommon = safe_join ({Title, TitleNote, TitleType, Series, Language, Volume, Others, Edition, Publisher}, sepc); end elseif 'map' == config.CitationClass then -- special cases for cite map if utilities.is_set (Chapter) then -- map in a book; TitleType is part of Chapter tcommon = safe_join ({Title, Edition, Scale, Series, Language, Cartography, Others, Publisher, Volume}, sepc); elseif utilities.is_set (Periodical) then -- map in a periodical tcommon = safe_join ({Title, TitleType, Periodical, Scale, Series, Language, Cartography, Others, Publisher, Volume}, sepc); else -- a sheet or stand-alone map tcommon = safe_join ({Title, TitleType, Edition, Scale, Series, Language, Cartography, Others, Publisher}, sepc); end elseif 'episode' == config.CitationClass then -- special case for cite episode tcommon = safe_join ({Title, TitleNote, TitleType, Series, Language, Edition, Publisher}, sepc); else -- all other CS1 templates tcommon = safe_join ({Title, TitleNote, Conference, Periodical, TitleType, Series, Language, Volume, Others, Edition, Publisher, Agency}, sepc); end if #ID_list > 0 then ID_list = safe_join( { sepc .. " ", table.concat( ID_list, sepc .. " " ), ID }, sepc ); else ID_list = ID; end local Via = A['Via']; Via = utilities.is_set (Via) and wrap_msg ('via', Via) or ''; local idcommon; if 'audio-visual' == config.CitationClass or 'episode' == config.CitationClass then -- special case for cite AV media & cite episode position transcript idcommon = safe_join( { ID_list, URL, Archived, Transcript, AccessDate, Via, Quote }, sepc ); else idcommon = safe_join( { ID_list, URL, Archived, AccessDate, Via, Quote }, sepc ); end local text; local pgtext = Position .. Sheet .. Sheets .. Page .. Pages .. At; local OrigDate = A['OrigDate']; OrigDate = utilities.is_set (OrigDate) and wrap_msg ('origdate', OrigDate) or ''; if utilities.is_set (Date) then if utilities.is_set (Authors) or utilities.is_set (Editors) then -- date follows authors or editors when authors not set Date = " (" .. Date .. ")" .. OrigDate .. sepc .. " "; -- in parentheses else -- neither of authors and editors set if (string.sub(tcommon, -1, -1) == sepc) then -- if the last character of tcommon is sepc Date = " " .. Date .. OrigDate; -- Date does not begin with sepc else Date = sepc .. " " .. Date .. OrigDate; -- Date begins with sepc end end end if utilities.is_set (Authors) then if (not utilities.is_set (Date)) then -- when date is set it's in parentheses; no Authors termination Authors = terminate_name_list (Authors, sepc); -- when no date, terminate with 0 or 1 sepc and a space end if utilities.is_set (Editors) then local in_text = ''; local post_text = ''; if utilities.is_set (Chapter) and 0 == #c then in_text = cfg.messages['in'] .. ' '; if (sepc ~= '.') then in_text = in_text:lower(); -- lowercase for cs2 end end if EditorCount <= 1 then post_text = ' (' .. cfg.messages['editor'] .. ')'; -- be consistent with no-author, no-date case else post_text = ' (' .. cfg.messages['editors'] .. ')'; end Editors = terminate_name_list (in_text .. Editors .. post_text, sepc); -- terminate with 0 or 1 sepc and a space end if utilities.is_set (Contributors) then -- book cite and we're citing the intro, preface, etc. local by_text = sepc .. ' ' .. cfg.messages['by'] .. ' '; if (sepc ~= '.') then by_text = by_text:lower() end -- lowercase for cs2 Authors = by_text .. Authors; -- author follows title so tweak it here if utilities.is_set (Editors) and utilities.is_set (Date) then -- when Editors make sure that Authors gets terminated Authors = terminate_name_list (Authors, sepc); -- terminate with 0 or 1 sepc and a space end if (not utilities.is_set (Date)) then -- when date is set it's in parentheses; no Contributors termination Contributors = terminate_name_list (Contributors, sepc); -- terminate with 0 or 1 sepc and a space end text = safe_join( {Contributors, Date, Chapter, tcommon, Authors, Place, Editors, tcommon2, pgtext, idcommon }, sepc ); else text = safe_join( {Authors, Date, Chapter, Place, Editors, tcommon, pgtext, idcommon }, sepc ); end elseif utilities.is_set (Editors) then if utilities.is_set (Date) then if EditorCount <= 1 then Editors = Editors .. cfg.presentation['sep_name'] .. cfg.messages['editor']; else Editors = Editors .. cfg.presentation['sep_name'] .. cfg.messages['editors']; end else if EditorCount <= 1 then Editors = Editors .. " (" .. cfg.messages['editor'] .. ")" .. sepc .. " " else Editors = Editors .. " (" .. cfg.messages['editors'] .. ")" .. sepc .. " " end end text = safe_join( {Editors, Date, Chapter, Place, tcommon, pgtext, idcommon}, sepc ); else if utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {"journal", "citation"}) and utilities.is_set (Periodical) then text = safe_join( {Chapter, Place, tcommon, pgtext, Date, idcommon}, sepc ); else text = safe_join( {Chapter, Place, tcommon, Date, pgtext, idcommon}, sepc ); end end if utilities.is_set (PostScript) and PostScript ~= sepc then text = safe_join( {text, sepc}, sepc ); -- Deals with italics, spaces, etc. if '.' == sepc then -- remove final seperator if present text = text:gsub ('%' .. sepc .. '$', ''); -- dot must be escaped here else text = mw.ustring.gsub (text, sepc .. '$', ''); -- using ustring for non-dot sepc (likely a non-Latin character) end end text = safe_join( {text, PostScript}, sepc ); -- Now enclose the whole thing in a <cite> element local options_t = {}; options_t.class = cite_class_attribute_make (config.CitationClass, Mode); local Ref = is_valid_parameter_value (A['Ref'], A:ORIGIN('Ref'), cfg.keywords_lists['ref'], nil, true); -- nil when |ref=harv; A['Ref'] else if 'none' ~= cfg.keywords_xlate[(Ref and Ref:lower()) or ''] then local namelist_t = {}; -- holds selected contributor, author, editor name list local year = first_set ({Year, anchor_year}, 2); -- Year first for legacy citations and for YMD dates that require disambiguation if #c > 0 then -- if there is a contributor list namelist_t = c; -- select it elseif #a > 0 then -- or an author list namelist_t = a; elseif #e > 0 then -- or an editor list namelist_t = e; end local citeref_id; if #namelist_t > 0 then -- if there are names in namelist_t citeref_id = make_citeref_id (namelist_t, year); -- go make the CITEREF anchor if mw.uri.anchorEncode (citeref_id) == ((Ref and mw.uri.anchorEncode (Ref)) or '') then -- Ref may already be encoded (by {{sfnref}}) so citeref_id must be encoded before comparison utilities.set_message ('maint_ref_duplicates_default'); end else citeref_id = ''; -- unset end options_t.id = Ref or citeref_id; end if string.len (text:gsub('%b<>', '')) <= 2 then -- remove html and html-like tags; then get length of what remains; z.error_cats_t = {}; -- blank the categories list z.error_msgs_t = {}; -- blank the error messages list OCinSoutput = nil; -- blank the metadata string text = ''; -- blank the the citation utilities.set_message ('err_empty_citation'); -- set empty citation message and category end local render_t = {}; -- here we collect the final bits for concatenation into the rendered citation if utilities.is_set (options_t.id) then -- here we wrap the rendered citation in <cite ...>...</cite> tags table.insert (render_t, utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['cite-id'], {mw.uri.anchorEncode(options_t.id), mw.text.nowiki(options_t.class), text})); -- when |ref= is set or when there is a namelist else table.insert (render_t, utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['cite'], {mw.text.nowiki(options_t.class), text})); -- when |ref=none or when namelist_t empty and |ref= is missing or is empty end if OCinSoutput then -- blanked when citation is 'empty' so don't bother to add boilerplate metadata span table.insert (render_t, utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['ocins'], OCinSoutput)); -- format and append metadata to the citation end local template_name = ('citation' == config.CitationClass) and 'citation' or 'cite ' .. (cfg.citation_class_map_t[config.CitationClass] or config.CitationClass); local template_link = '[[Template:' .. template_name .. '|' .. template_name .. ']]'; local msg_prefix = '<code class="cs1-code">{{' .. template_link .. '}}</code>: '; if 0 ~= #z.error_msgs_t then mw.addWarning (utilities.substitute (cfg.messages.warning_msg_e, template_link)); table.insert (render_t, ' '); -- insert a space between citation and its error messages table.sort (z.error_msgs_t); -- sort the error messages list; sorting includes wrapping <span> and <code> tags; hidden-error sorts ahead of visible-error local hidden = true; -- presume that the only error messages emited by this template are hidden for _, v in ipairs (z.error_msgs_t) do -- spin through the list of error messages if v:find ('cs1-visible-error', 1, true) then -- look for the visible error class name hidden = false; -- found one; so don't hide the error message prefix break; -- and done because no need to look further end end z.error_msgs_t[1] = table.concat ({utilities.error_comment (msg_prefix, hidden), z.error_msgs_t[1]}); -- add error message prefix to first error message to prevent extraneous punctuation table.insert (render_t, table.concat (z.error_msgs_t, '; ')); -- make a big string of error messages and add it to the rendering end if 0 ~= #z.maint_cats_t then mw.addWarning (utilities.substitute (cfg.messages.warning_msg_m, template_link)); table.sort (z.maint_cats_t); -- sort the maintenance messages list local maint_msgs_t = {}; -- here we collect all of the maint messages if 0 == #z.error_msgs_t then -- if no error messages table.insert (maint_msgs_t, msg_prefix); -- insert message prefix in maint message livery end for _, v in ipairs( z.maint_cats_t ) do -- append maintenance categories table.insert (maint_msgs_t, -- assemble new maint message and add it to the maint_msgs_t table table.concat ({v, ' (', utilities.substitute (cfg.messages[':cat wikilink'], v), ')'}) ); end table.insert (render_t, utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['hidden-maint'], table.concat (maint_msgs_t, ' '))); -- wrap the group of maint messages with proper presentation and save end if not no_tracking_cats then local sort_key; local cat_wikilink = 'cat wikilink'; if cfg.enable_sort_keys then -- when namespace sort keys enabled local namespace_number = mw.title.getCurrentTitle().namespace; -- get namespace number for this wikitext sort_key = (0 ~= namespace_number and (cfg.name_space_sort_keys[namespace_number] or cfg.name_space_sort_keys.other)) or nil; -- get sort key character; nil for mainspace cat_wikilink = (not sort_key and 'cat wikilink') or 'cat wikilink sk'; -- make <cfg.messages> key end for _, v in ipairs (z.error_cats_t) do -- append error categories table.insert (render_t, utilities.substitute (cfg.messages[cat_wikilink], {v, sort_key})); end if cfg.id_limits_data_load_fail then -- boolean true when load failed utilities.set_message ('maint_id_limit_load_fail'); -- done here because this maint cat emits no message end for _, v in ipairs (z.maint_cats_t) do -- append maintenance categories table.insert (render_t, utilities.substitute (cfg.messages[cat_wikilink], {v, sort_key})); end for _, v in ipairs (z.prop_cats_t) do -- append properties categories table.insert (render_t, utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['cat wikilink'], v)); -- no sort keys end end return table.concat (render_t); -- make a big string and done end --[[--------------------------< V A L I D A T E >-------------------------------------------------------------- Looks for a parameter's name in one of several whitelists. Parameters in the whitelist can have three values: true - active, supported parameters false - deprecated, supported parameters nil - unsupported parameters ]] local function validate (name, cite_class, empty) local name = tostring (name); local enum_name; -- parameter name with enumerator (if any) replaced with '#' local state; local function state_test (state, name) -- local function to do testing of state values if true == state then return true; end -- valid actively supported parameter if false == state then if empty then return nil; end -- empty deprecated parameters are treated as unknowns deprecated_parameter (name); -- parameter is deprecated but still supported return true; end if 'tracked' == state then local base_name = name:gsub ('%d', ''); -- strip enumerators from parameter names that have them to get the base name utilities.add_prop_cat ('tracked-param', {base_name}, base_name); -- add a properties category; <base_name> modifies <key> return true; end return nil; end if name:find ('#') then -- # is a cs1|2 reserved character so parameters with # not permitted return nil; end -- replace enumerator digit(s) with # (|last25= becomes |last#=) (mw.ustring because non-Western 'local' digits) enum_name = mw.ustring.gsub (name, '%d+$', '#'); -- where enumerator is last charaters in parameter name (these to protect |s2cid=) enum_name = mw.ustring.gsub (enum_name, '%d+([%-l])', '#%1'); -- where enumerator is in the middle of the parameter name; |author#link= is the oddity if 'document' == cite_class then -- special case for {{cite document}} state = whitelist.document_parameters_t[enum_name]; -- this list holds enumerated and nonenumerated parameters if true == state_test (state, name) then return true; end return false; end if utilities.in_array (cite_class, whitelist.preprint_template_list_t) then -- limited parameter sets allowed for these templates state = whitelist.limited_parameters_t[enum_name]; -- this list holds enumerated and nonenumerated parameters if true == state_test (state, name) then return true; end state = whitelist.preprint_arguments_t[cite_class][name]; -- look in the parameter-list for the template identified by cite_class if true == state_test (state, name) then return true; end return false; -- not supported because not found or name is set to nil end -- end limited parameter-set templates if utilities.in_array (cite_class, whitelist.unique_param_template_list_t) then -- template-specific parameters for templates that accept parameters from the basic argument list state = whitelist.unique_arguments_t[cite_class][name]; -- look in the template-specific parameter-lists for the template identified by cite_class if true == state_test (state, name) then return true; end end -- if here, fall into general validation state = whitelist.common_parameters_t[enum_name]; -- all other templates; all normal parameters allowed; this list holds enumerated and nonenumerated parameters if true == state_test (state, name) then return true; end return false; -- not supported because not found or name is set to nil end --[=[-------------------------< I N T E R _ W I K I _ C H E C K >---------------------------------------------- check <value> for inter-language interwiki-link markup. <prefix> must be a MediaWiki-recognized language code. when these values have the form (without leading colon): [[<prefix>:link|label]] return label as plain-text [[<prefix>:link]] return <prefix>:link as plain-text return value as is else ]=] local function inter_wiki_check (parameter, value) local prefix = value:match ('%[%[(%a+):'); -- get an interwiki prefix if one exists local _; if prefix and cfg.inter_wiki_map[prefix:lower()] then -- if prefix is in the map, needs preceding colon so utilities.set_message ('err_bad_paramlink', parameter); -- emit an error message _, value, _ = utilities.is_wikilink (value); -- extract label portion from wikilink end return value; end --[[--------------------------< M I S S I N G _ P I P E _ C H E C K >------------------------------------------ Look at the contents of a parameter. If the content has a string of characters and digits followed by an equal sign, compare the alphanumeric string to the list of cs1|2 parameters. If found, then the string is possibly a parameter that is missing its pipe. There are two tests made: {{cite ... |title=Title access-date=2016-03-17}} -- the first parameter has a value and whitespace separates that value from the missing pipe parameter name {{cite ... |title=access-date=2016-03-17}} -- the first parameter has no value (whitespace after the first = is trimmed by MediaWiki) cs1|2 shares some parameter names with XML/HTML attributes: class=, title=, etc. To prevent false positives XML/HTML tags are removed before the search. If a missing pipe is detected, this function adds the missing pipe maintenance category. ]] local function missing_pipe_check (parameter, value) local capture; value = value:gsub ('%b<>', ''); -- remove XML/HTML tags because attributes: class=, title=, etc. capture = value:match ('%s+(%a[%w%-]+)%s*=') or value:match ('^(%a[%w%-]+)%s*='); -- find and categorize parameters with possible missing pipes if capture and validate (capture) then -- if the capture is a valid parameter name utilities.set_message ('err_missing_pipe', parameter); end end --[[--------------------------< H A S _ E X T R A N E O U S _ P U N C T >-------------------------------------- look for extraneous terminal punctuation in most parameter values; parameters listed in skip table are not checked ]] local function has_extraneous_punc (param, value) if 'number' == type (param) then return; end param = param:gsub ('%d+', '#'); -- enumerated name-list mask params allow terminal punct; normalize if cfg.punct_skip[param] then return; -- parameter name found in the skip table so done end if value:match ('[,;:]$') then utilities.set_message ('maint_extra_punct'); -- has extraneous punctuation; add maint cat end if value:match ('^=') then -- sometimes an extraneous '=' character appears ... utilities.set_message ('maint_extra_punct'); -- has extraneous punctuation; add maint cat end end --[[--------------------------< H A S _ T W L _ U R L >-------------------------------------------------------- look for The Wikipedia Library urls in url-holding parameters. TWL urls are accessible for readers who are not active extended confirmed Wikipedia editors. This function emits an error message when such urls are discovered. looks for: '.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org' ]] local function has_twl_url (url_params_t) local url_error_t = {}; -- sequence of url-holding parameters that have a TWL url for param, value in pairs (url_params_t) do if value:find ('%.wikipedialibrary%.idm%.oclc%.org') then -- has the TWL base url? table.insert (url_error_t, utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', param)); -- add parameter name to the list end end if 0 ~= #url_error_t then -- non-zero when there are errors table.sort (url_error_t); utilities.set_message ('err_param_has_twl_url', {utilities.make_sep_list (#url_error_t, url_error_t)}); -- add this error message return true; end end --[[--------------------------< H A S _ E X T R A N E O U S _ U R L >------------------------------------------ look for extraneous url parameter values; parameters listed in skip table are not checked ]] local function has_extraneous_url (non_url_param_t) local url_error_t = {}; check_for_url (non_url_param_t, url_error_t); -- extraneous url check if 0 ~= #url_error_t then -- non-zero when there are errors table.sort (url_error_t); utilities.set_message ('err_param_has_ext_link', {utilities.make_sep_list (#url_error_t, url_error_t)}); -- add this error message end end --[[--------------------------< _ C I T A T I O N >------------------------------------------------------------ Module entry point frame – from template call (citation()); may be nil when called from another module args – table of all cs1|2 parameters in the template (the template frame) config – table of template-supplied parameter (the #invoke frame) ]] local function _citation (frame, args, config) -- save a copy in case we need to display an error message in preview mode if not frame then frame = mw.getCurrentFrame(); -- if called from another module, get a frame for frame-provided functions end -- i18n: set the name that your wiki uses to identify sandbox subpages from sandbox template invoke (or can be set here) local sandbox = ((config.SandboxPath and '' ~= config.SandboxPath) and config.SandboxPath) or '/sandbox'; -- sandbox path from {{#invoke:Citation/CS1/sandbox|citation|SandboxPath=/...}} is_sandbox = nil ~= string.find (frame:getTitle(), sandbox, 1, true); -- is this invoke the sandbox module? sandbox = is_sandbox and sandbox or ''; -- use i18n sandbox to load sandbox modules when this module is the sandox; live modules else cfg = mw.loadData ('Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration' .. sandbox); -- load sandbox versions of support modules when {{#invoke:Citation/CS1/sandbox|...}}; live modules else whitelist = mw.loadData ('Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist' .. sandbox); utilities = require ('Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities' .. sandbox); validation = require ('Module:Citation/CS1/Date_validation' .. sandbox); identifiers = require ('Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers' .. sandbox); metadata = require ('Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' .. sandbox); utilities.set_selected_modules (cfg); -- so that functions in Utilities can see the selected cfg tables identifiers.set_selected_modules (cfg, utilities); -- so that functions in Identifiers can see the selected cfg tables and selected Utilities module validation.set_selected_modules (cfg, utilities); -- so that functions in Date validataion can see selected cfg tables and the selected Utilities module metadata.set_selected_modules (cfg, utilities); -- so that functions in COinS can see the selected cfg tables and selected Utilities module z = utilities.z; -- table of error and category tables in Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities is_preview_mode = not utilities.is_set (frame:preprocess ('{{REVISIONID}}')); local suggestions = {}; -- table where we store suggestions if we need to loadData them local error_text; -- used as a flag local capture; -- the single supported capture when matching unknown parameters using patterns local empty_unknowns = {}; -- sequence table to hold empty unknown params for error message listing for k, v in pairs( args ) do -- get parameters from the parent (template) frame v = mw.ustring.gsub (v, '^%s*(.-)%s*$', '%1'); -- trim leading/trailing whitespace; when v is only whitespace, becomes empty string if v ~= '' then if ('string' == type (k)) then k = mw.ustring.gsub (k, '%d', cfg.date_names.local_digits); -- for enumerated parameters, translate 'local' digits to Western 0-9 end if not validate( k, config.CitationClass ) then if type (k) ~= 'string' then -- exclude empty numbered parameters if v:match("%S+") ~= nil then error_text = utilities.set_message ('err_text_ignored', {v}); end elseif validate (k:lower(), config.CitationClass) then error_text = utilities.set_message ('err_parameter_ignored_suggest', {k, k:lower()}); -- suggest the lowercase version of the parameter else if nil == suggestions.suggestions then -- if this table is nil then we need to load it suggestions = mw.loadData ('Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' .. sandbox); --load sandbox version of suggestion module when {{#invoke:Citation/CS1/sandbox|...}}; live module else end for pattern, param in pairs (suggestions.patterns) do -- loop through the patterns to see if we can suggest a proper parameter capture = k:match (pattern); -- the whole match if no capture in pattern else the capture if a match if capture then -- if the pattern matches param = utilities.substitute (param, capture); -- add the capture to the suggested parameter (typically the enumerator) if validate (param, config.CitationClass) then -- validate the suggestion to make sure that the suggestion is supported by this template (necessary for limited parameter lists) error_text = utilities.set_message ('err_parameter_ignored_suggest', {k, param}); -- set the suggestion error message else error_text = utilities.set_message ('err_parameter_ignored', {k}); -- suggested param not supported by this template v = ''; -- unset end end end if not utilities.is_set (error_text) then -- couldn't match with a pattern, is there an explicit suggestion? if (suggestions.suggestions[ k:lower() ] ~= nil) and validate (suggestions.suggestions[ k:lower() ], config.CitationClass) then utilities.set_message ('err_parameter_ignored_suggest', {k, suggestions.suggestions[ k:lower() ]}); else utilities.set_message ('err_parameter_ignored', {k}); v = ''; -- unset value assigned to unrecognized parameters (this for the limited parameter lists) end end end end args[k] = v; -- save this parameter and its value elseif not utilities.is_set (v) then -- for empty parameters if not validate (k, config.CitationClass, true) then -- is this empty parameter a valid parameter k = ('' == k) and '(empty string)' or k; -- when k is empty string (or was space(s) trimmed to empty string), replace with descriptive text table.insert (empty_unknowns, utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', k)); -- format for error message and add to the list end -- crude debug support that allows us to render a citation from module {{#invoke:}} TODO: keep? -- elseif args[k] ~= nil or (k == 'postscript') then -- when args[k] has a value from {{#invoke}} frame (we don't normally do that) -- args[k] = v; -- overwrite args[k] with empty string from pframe.args[k] (template frame); v is empty string here end -- not sure about the postscript bit; that gets handled in parameter validation; historical artifact? end if 0 ~= #empty_unknowns then -- create empty unknown error message utilities.set_message ('err_param_unknown_empty', { 1 == #empty_unknowns and '' or 's', utilities.make_sep_list (#empty_unknowns, empty_unknowns) }); end local non_url_param_t = {}; -- table of parameters and values that are not url-holding parameters local url_param_t = {}; -- table of url-holding paramters and their values for k, v in pairs( args ) do if 'string' == type (k) then -- don't evaluate positional parameters has_invisible_chars (k, v); -- look for invisible characters end has_extraneous_punc (k, v); -- look for extraneous terminal punctuation in parameter values missing_pipe_check (k, v); -- do we think that there is a parameter that is missing a pipe? args[k] = inter_wiki_check (k, v); -- when language interwiki-linked parameter missing leading colon replace with wiki-link label if 'string' == type (k) then -- when parameter k is not positional if not cfg.url_skip[k] then -- and not in url skip table non_url_param_t[k] = v; -- make a parameter/value list for extraneous url check else -- and is in url skip table (a url-holding parameter) url_param_t[k] = v; -- make a parameter/value list to check for values that are The Wikipedia Library url end end end has_extraneous_url (non_url_param_t); -- look for url in parameter values where a url does not belong if has_twl_url (url_param_t) then -- look for url-holding parameters that hold a The Wikipedia Library url args['url-access'] = 'subscription'; end return table.concat ({ frame:extensionTag ('templatestyles', '', {src='Module:Citation/CS1' .. sandbox .. '/styles.css'}), citation0( config, args) }); end --[[--------------------------< C I T A T I O N >-------------------------------------------------------------- Template entry point ]] local function citation (frame) local config_t = {}; -- table to store parameters from the module {{#invoke:}} local args_t = frame:getParent().args; -- get template's preset parameters for k, v in pairs (frame.args) do -- get parameters from the {{#invoke}} frame config_t[k] = v; -- args_t[k] = v; -- crude debug support that allows us to render a citation from module {{#invoke:}}; skips parameter validation; TODO: keep? end return _citation (frame, args_t, config_t) end --[[--------------------------< E X P O R T E D F U N C T I O N S >------------------------------------------ ]] return { citation = citation, -- template entry point _citation = _citation, -- module entry point } swdh50lofyqq0wmp3o2c259fg8s2nxi 828 732 4816 4815 2025-08-07T07:38:17Z Martin Urbanec 803 55 revisions imported from [[:en:Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist]]: updating from enwiki 4815 Scribunto text/plain --[[--------------------------< S U P P O R T E D P A R A M E T E R S >-------------------------------------- Because a steady-state signal conveys no useful information, whitelist.basic_arguments[] list items can have three values: true - these parameters are valid and supported parameters false - these parameters are deprecated but still supported tracked - these parameters are valid and supported parameters tracked in an eponymous properties category nil - these parameters are no longer supported. remove entirely ]] local basic_arguments_t = { ['accessdate'] = true, ['access-date'] = true, ['agency'] = true, ['archivedate'] = true, ['archive-date'] = true, ['archive-format'] = true, ['archiveurl'] = true, ['archive-url'] = true, ['article'] = true, ['article-format'] = true, ['article-number'] = true, -- {{cite journal}}, {{cite conference}}; {{citation}} when |journal= has a value ['article-url'] = true, ['article-url-access'] = true, ['arxiv'] = true, -- cite arxiv; here because allowed in cite ... as identifier ['asin'] = true, ['ASIN'] = true, ['asin-tld'] = true, ['at'] = true, ['author'] = true, ['author-first'] = true, ['author-given'] = true, ['author-last'] = true, ['author-surname'] = true, ['authorlink'] = true, ['author-link'] = true, ['author-mask'] = true, ['bibcode'] = true, ['bibcode-access'] = true, ['biorxiv'] = true, -- cite biorxiv; here because allowed in cite ... as identifier ['chapter'] = true, ['chapter-format'] = true, ['chapter-url'] = true, ['chapter-url-access'] = true, ['citeseerx'] = true, -- cite citeseerx; here because allowed in cite ... as identifier ['collaboration'] = true, ['contribution'] = true, ['contribution-format'] = true, ['contribution-url'] = true, ['contribution-url-access'] = true, ['contributor'] = true, ['contributor-first'] = true, ['contributor-given'] = true, ['contributor-last'] = true, ['contributor-surname'] = true, ['contributor-link'] = true, ['contributor-mask'] = true, ['date'] = true, ['department'] = true, ['df'] = true, ['dictionary'] = true, ['display-authors'] = true, ['display-contributors'] = true, ['display-editors'] = true, ['display-interviewers'] = true, ['display-subjects'] = true, ['display-translators'] = true, ['doi'] = true, ['DOI'] = true, ['doi-access'] = true, ['doi-broken-date'] = true, ['edition'] = true, ['editor'] = true, ['editor-first'] = true, ['editor-given'] = true, ['editor-last'] = true, ['editor-surname'] = true, ['editor-link'] = true, ['editor-mask'] = true, ['eissn'] = true, ['EISSN'] = true, ['encyclopaedia'] = true, ['encyclopedia'] = true, ['entry'] = true, ['entry-format'] = true, ['entry-url'] = true, ['entry-url-access'] = true, ['eprint'] = true, -- cite arxiv; here because allowed in cite ... as identifier ['first'] = true, ['format'] = true, ['given'] = true, ['hdl'] = true, ['HDL'] = true, ['hdl-access'] = true, ['host'] = true, -- unique to certain templates? ['id'] = true, ['ID'] = true, ['institution'] = true, -- constrain to cite thesis? ['interviewer'] = true, ['interviewer-first'] = true, ['interviewer-given'] = true, ['interviewer-last'] = true, ['interviewer-surname'] = true, ['interviewer-link'] = true, ['interviewer-mask'] = true, ['isbn'] = true, ['ISBN'] = true, ['ismn'] = true, ['ISMN'] = true, ['issn'] = true, ['ISSN'] = true, ['issue'] = true, ['jfm'] = true, ['JFM'] = true, ['journal'] = true, ['jstor'] = true, ['JSTOR'] = true, ['jstor-access'] = true, ['lang'] = true, ['language'] = true, ['last'] = true, ['lccn'] = true, ['LCCN'] = true, ['location'] = true, ['magazine'] = true, ['medium'] = true, ['medrxiv'] = true, -- cite medrxiv; here because allowed in cite ... as identifier ['minutes'] = true, -- constrain to cite AV media and podcast? ['mode'] = true, ['mr'] = true, ['MR'] = true, ['name-list-style'] = true, ['newspaper'] = true, ['no-pp'] = true, ['no-tracking'] = true, ['number'] = true, ['oclc'] = true, ['OCLC'] = true, ['ol'] = true, ['OL'] = true, ['ol-access'] = true, ['orig-date'] = true, ['origyear'] = true, ['orig-year'] = true, ['osti'] = true, ['OSTI'] = true, ['osti-access'] = true, ['others'] = true, ['p'] = true, ['page'] = true, ['pages'] = true, ['periodical'] = true, ['place'] = true, ['pmc'] = true, ['PMC'] = true, ['pmc-embargo-date'] = true, ['pmid'] = true, ['PMID'] = true, ['postscript'] = true, ['pp'] = true, ['publication-date'] = true, ['publication-place'] = true, ['publisher'] = true, ['quotation'] = true, ['quote'] = true, ['quote-page'] = true, ['quote-pages'] = true, ['ref'] = true, ['rfc'] = true, ['RFC'] = true, ['sbn'] = true, ['SBN'] = true, ['scale'] = true, ['script-article'] = true, ['script-chapter'] = true, ['script-contribution'] = true, ['script-encyclopaedia'] = true, ['script-encyclopedia'] = true, ['script-entry'] = true, ['script-journal'] = true, ['script-magazine'] = true, ['script-newspaper'] = true, ['script-periodical'] = true, ['script-quote'] = true, ['script-section'] = true, ['script-title'] = true, ['script-website'] = true, ['script-work'] = true, ['section'] = true, ['section-format'] = true, ['section-url'] = true, ['section-url-access'] = true, ['series'] = true, ['ssrn'] = true, -- cite ssrn; these three here because allowed in cite ... as identifier ['SSRN'] = true, ['ssrn-access'] = true, ['subject'] = true, ['subject-first'] = true, ['subject-given'] = true, ['subject-last'] = true, ['subject-link'] = true, ['subject-mask'] = true, ['subject-surname'] = true, ['surname'] = true, ['s2cid'] = true, ['S2CID'] = true, ['s2cid-access'] = true, ['template-doc-demo'] = true, ['time'] = true, -- constrain to cite av media and podcast? ['time-caption'] = true, -- constrain to cite av media and podcast? ['title'] = true, ['title-link'] = true, ['title-note'] = true, ['translator'] = true, ['translator-first'] = true, ['translator-given'] = true, ['translator-last'] = true, ['translator-surname'] = true, ['translator-link'] = true, ['translator-mask'] = true, ['trans-article'] = true, ['trans-chapter'] = true, ['trans-contribution'] = true, ['trans-encyclopaedia'] = true, ['trans-encyclopedia'] = true, ['trans-entry'] = true, ['trans-journal'] = true, ['trans-magazine'] = true, ['trans-newspaper'] = true, ['trans-periodical'] = true, ['trans-quote'] = true, ['trans-section'] = true, ['trans-title'] = true, ['trans-website'] = true, ['trans-work'] = true, ['type'] = true, ['url'] = true, ['URL'] = true, ['url-access'] = true, ['url-status'] = true, ['vauthors'] = true, ['veditors'] = true, ['version'] = true, ['via'] = true, ['volume'] = true, ['website'] = true, ['work'] = true, ['year'] = true, ['zbl'] = true, ['ZBL'] = true, } local numbered_arguments_t = { ['author#'] = true, ['author-first#'] = true, ['author#-first'] = true, ['author-given#'] = true, ['author#-given'] = true, ['author-last#'] = true, ['author#-last'] = true, ['author-surname#'] = true, ['author#-surname'] = true, ['author-link#'] = true, ['author#-link'] = true, ['authorlink#'] = true, ['author#link'] = true, ['author-mask#'] = true, ['author#-mask'] = true, ['contributor#'] = true, ['contributor-first#'] = true, ['contributor#-first'] = true, ['contributor-given#'] = true, ['contributor#-given'] = true, ['contributor-last#'] = true, ['contributor#-last'] = true, ['contributor-surname#'] = true, ['contributor#-surname'] = true, ['contributor-link#'] = true, ['contributor#-link'] = true, ['contributor-mask#'] = true, ['contributor#-mask'] = true, ['editor#'] = true, ['editor-first#'] = true, ['editor#-first'] = true, ['editor-given#'] = true, ['editor#-given'] = true, ['editor-last#'] = true, ['editor#-last'] = true, ['editor-surname#'] = true, ['editor#-surname'] = true, ['editor-link#'] = true, ['editor#-link'] = true, ['editor-mask#'] = true, ['editor#-mask'] = true, ['first#'] = true, ['given#'] = true, ['host#'] = true, ['interviewer#'] = true, ['interviewer-first#'] = true, ['interviewer#-first'] = true, ['interviewer-given#'] = true, ['interviewer#-given'] = true, ['interviewer-last#'] = true, ['interviewer#-last'] = true, ['interviewer-surname#'] = true, ['interviewer#-surname'] = true, ['interviewer-link#'] = true, ['interviewer#-link'] = true, ['interviewer-mask#'] = true, ['interviewer#-mask'] = true, ['last#'] = true, ['subject#'] = true, ['subject-first#'] = true, ['subject#-first'] = true, ['subject-given#'] = true, ['subject#-given'] = true, ['subject-last#'] = true, ['subject#-last'] = true, ['subject-link#'] = true, ['subject#-link'] = true, ['subject-mask#'] = true, ['subject#-mask'] = true, ['subject-surname#'] = true, ['subject#-surname'] = true, ['surname#'] = true, ['translator#'] = true, ['translator-first#'] = true, ['translator#-first'] = true, ['translator-given#'] = true, ['translator#-given'] = true, ['translator-last#'] = true, ['translator#-last'] = true, ['translator-surname#'] = true, ['translator#-surname'] = true, ['translator-link#'] = true, ['translator#-link'] = true, ['translator-mask#'] = true, ['translator#-mask'] = true, } --[[--------------------------< P R E P R I N T S U P P O R T E D P A R A M E T E R S >-------------------- Cite arXiv, cite biorxiv, cite citeseerx, cite medrxiv, and cite ssrn are preprint templates that use the limited set of parameters defined in the limited_basic_arguments and limited_numbered_arguments tables. Those lists are supplemented with a template-specific list of parameters that are required by the particular template and may be exclusive to one of the preprint templates. Some of these parameters may also be available to the general cs1|2 templates. Same conventions for true/false/tracked/nil as above. ]] local preprint_arguments_t = { arxiv = { ['arxiv'] = true, -- cite arxiv and arxiv identifiers ['class'] = true, ['eprint'] = true, -- cite arxiv and arxiv identifiers }, biorxiv = { ['biorxiv'] = true, }, citeseerx = { ['citeseerx'] = true, }, medrxiv = { ['medrxiv'] = true, }, ssrn = { ['ssrn'] = true, ['SSRN'] = true, ['ssrn-access'] = true, }, } --[[--------------------------< L I M I T E D S U P P O R T E D P A R A M E T E R S >---------------------- cite arxiv, cite biorxiv, cite citeseerx, cite medrxiv, and cite ssrn templates are preprint templates so are allowed only a limited subset of parameters allowed to all other cs1|2 templates. The limited subset is defined here. This list of parameters also used by {{cite document}} Same conventions for true/false/tracked/nil as above. ]] local limited_basic_arguments_t = { ['at'] = true, ['author'] = true, ['author-first'] = true, ['author-given'] = true, ['author-last'] = true, ['author-surname'] = true, ['author-link'] = true, ['authorlink'] = true, ['author-mask'] = true, ['collaboration'] = true, ['date'] = true, ['df'] = true, ['display-authors'] = true, ['first'] = true, ['given'] = true, ['language'] = true, ['last'] = true, ['mode'] = true, ['name-list-style'] = true, ['no-tracking'] = true, ['p'] = true, ['page'] = true, ['pages'] = true, ['postscript'] = true, ['pp'] = true, ['quotation'] = true, ['quote'] = true, ['ref'] = true, ['surname'] = true, ['template-doc-demo'] = true, ['title'] = true, ['trans-title'] = true, ['vauthors'] = true, ['year'] = true, } local limited_numbered_arguments_t = { ['author#'] = true, ['author-first#'] = true, ['author#-first'] = true, ['author-given#'] = true, ['author#-given'] = true, ['author-last#'] = true, ['author#-last'] = true, ['author-surname#'] = true, ['author#-surname'] = true, ['author-link#'] = true, ['author#-link'] = true, ['authorlink#'] = true, ['author#link'] = true, ['author-mask#'] = true, ['author#-mask'] = true, ['first#'] = true, ['given#'] = true, ['last#'] = true, ['surname#'] = true, } --[[--------------------------< U N I Q U E _ A R G U M E N T S >---------------------------------------------- Some templates have unique parameters. Those templates and their unique parameters are listed here. Keys in this table are the template's CitationClass parameter value Same conventions for true/false/tracked/nil as above. ]] local unique_arguments_t = { ['audio-visual'] = { ['people'] = true, ['transcript'] = true, ['transcript-format'] = true, ['transcript-url'] = true, }, conference = { ['book-title'] = true, ['conference'] = true, ['conference-format'] = true, ['conference-url'] = true, ['event'] = true, }, episode = { ['airdate'] = true, ['air-date'] = true, ['credits'] = true, ['episode-link'] = true, -- alias of |title-link= ['network'] = true, ['people'] = true, ['season'] = true, ['series-link'] = true, ['series-no'] = true, ['series-number'] = true, ['station'] = true, ['transcript'] = true, ['transcript-format'] = true, ['transcript-url'] = true, }, mailinglist = { ['mailing-list'] = true, }, map = { ['cartography'] = true, ['inset'] = true, ['map'] = true, ['map-format'] = true, ['map-url'] = true, ['map-url-access'] = true, ['script-map'] = true, ['sections'] = true, ['sheet'] = true, ['sheets'] = true, ['trans-map'] = true, }, newsgroup = { ['message-id'] = true, ['newsgroup'] = true, }, report = { ['docket'] = true, }, serial = { ['airdate'] = true, ['air-date'] = true, ['credits'] = true, ['episode'] = true, -- cite serial only TODO: make available to cite episode? ['episode-link'] = true, -- alias of |title-link= ['network'] = true, ['people'] = true, ['series-link'] = true, ['station'] = true, }, speech = { ['conference'] = true, ['conference-format'] = true, ['conference-url'] = true, ['event'] = true, }, thesis = { ['degree'] = true, ['docket'] = true, }, } --[[--------------------------< C I T E _ D O C U M E N T >---------------------------------------------------- Special case for cite document. This template takes the limited basic and limited enumerated parameters plus others that are apply only to standalone published sources that cannot be cited any other way; no url, book, periodical, etc parameters; limited support for name lists and named identifiers. when validating parameters in {{cite document}} templates, the basic and ]] local document_arguments_t = { ['bibcode'] = true, ['bibcode-access'] = true, ['doi'] = true, ['DOI'] = true, ['doi-access'] = true, ['doi-broken-date'] = true, ['hdl'] = true, ['HDL'] = true, ['hdl-access'] = true, ['id'] = true, ['ID'] = true, ['jfm'] = true, ['JFM'] = true, ['lang'] = true, ['location'] = true, ['mr'] = true, ['MR'] = true, ['no-pp'] = true, ['orig-date'] = true, ['origyear'] = true, ['orig-year'] = true, ['osti'] = true, ['OSTI'] = true, ['osti-access'] = true, ['place'] = true, ['publisher'] = true, ['quote-page'] = true, ['quote-pages'] = true, ['script-quote'] = true, ['script-title'] = true, ['title-link'] = true, ['translator'] = true, ['translator-first'] = true, ['translator-given'] = true, ['translator-last'] = true, ['translator-surname'] = true, ['translator-link'] = true, ['translator-mask'] = true, ['trans-quote'] = true, ['type'] = true, ['zbl'] = true, ['ZBL'] = true, } local document_numbered_arguments_t = { ['translator#'] = true, ['translator-first#'] = true, ['translator#-first'] = true, ['translator-given#'] = true, ['translator#-given'] = true, ['translator-last#'] = true, ['translator#-last'] = true, ['translator-surname#'] = true, ['translator#-surname'] = true, ['translator-link#'] = true, ['translator#-link'] = true, ['translator-mask#'] = true, ['translator#-mask'] = true, } --[[--------------------------< L I S T _ C O M B I N E >------------------------------------------------------ makes one table from a list of tables. <lists_t> is a sequence of tables to be combined ]] local function list_combine (lists_t) local out_t = {}; for _, list_t in ipairs (lists_t) do -- for each list in <lists_t> for k, v in pairs (list_t) do -- extract each k/v pair out_t[k] = v; -- add to <out_t> end end return out_t; -- and done end --[[--------------------------< T E M P L A T E _ L I S T _ G E T >-------------------------------------------- gets a list of the templates from table t ]] local function template_list_get (t) local out_t = {}; -- a table for output for k, _ in pairs (t) do -- spin through the table and collect the keys table.insert (out_t, k) -- add each key to the output table end return out_t; -- and done end --[[--------------------------< E X P O R T E D T A B L E S >------------------------------------------------ ]] return { preprint_arguments_t = preprint_arguments_t, preprint_template_list_t = template_list_get (preprint_arguments_t), -- make a template list from preprint_arguments{} table unique_arguments_t = unique_arguments_t, unique_param_template_list_t = template_list_get (unique_arguments_t), -- make a template list from unique_arguments{} table document_parameters_t = list_combine ({limited_basic_arguments_t, limited_numbered_arguments_t, document_arguments_t, document_numbered_arguments_t}); common_parameters_t = list_combine ({basic_arguments_t, numbered_arguments_t}); limited_parameters_t = list_combine ({limited_basic_arguments_t, limited_numbered_arguments_t}); }; baub5v4d976tff8ebf3konhoua4ojgu 828 733 4861 4860 2025-08-07T07:38:35Z Martin Urbanec 803 44 revisions imported from [[:en:Module:Citation/CS1/Date_validation]]: updating from enwiki 4860 Scribunto text/plain --[[--------------------------< F O R W A R D D E C L A R A T I O N S >-------------------------------------- ]] local add_prop_cat, is_set, in_array, set_message, substitute, wrap_style; -- imported functions from selected Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities local cfg; -- table of tables imported from selected Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration --[[--------------------------< F I L E - S C O P E D E C L A R A T I O N S >-------------------------------- File-scope variables are declared here ]] local lang_object = mw.getContentLanguage(); -- used by is_valid_accessdate(), is_valid_year(), date_name_xlate(); TODO: move to ~/Configuration? local year_limit; -- used by is_valid_year() --[=[-------------------------< I S _ V A L I D _ A C C E S S D A T E >---------------------------------------- returns true if: Wikipedia start date <= accessdate < today + 2 days Wikipedia start date is 2001-01-15T00:00:00 UTC which is 979516800 seconds after 1970-01-01T00:00:00 UTC (the start of Unix time) accessdate is the date provided in |access-date= at time 00:00:00 UTC today is the current date at time 00:00:00 UTC plus 48 hours if today is 2015-01-01T00:00:00 then adding 24 hours gives 2015-01-02T00:00:00 – one second more than today adding 24 hours gives 2015-01-03T00:00:00 – one second more than tomorrow This function does not work if it is fed month names for languages other than English. Wikimedia #time: parser apparently doesn't understand non-English date month names. This function will always return false when the date contains a non-English month name because good1 is false after the call to lang.formatDate(). To get around that call this function with YYYY-MM-DD format dates. ]=] local function is_valid_accessdate (accessdate) local good1, good2; local access_ts, tomorrow_ts; -- to hold Unix time stamps representing the dates good1, access_ts = pcall (lang_object.formatDate, lang_object, 'U', accessdate ); -- convert accessdate value to Unix timestamp good2, tomorrow_ts = pcall (lang_object.formatDate, lang_object, 'U', 'today + 2 days' ); -- today midnight + 2 days is one second more than all day tomorrow if good1 and good2 then -- lang.formatDate() returns a timestamp in the local script which which tonumber() may not understand access_ts = tonumber (access_ts) or lang_object:parseFormattedNumber (access_ts); -- convert to numbers for the comparison; tomorrow_ts = tonumber (tomorrow_ts) or lang_object:parseFormattedNumber (tomorrow_ts); else return false; -- one or both failed to convert to Unix time stamp end if 979516800 <= access_ts and access_ts < tomorrow_ts then -- Wikipedia start date <= accessdate < tomorrow's date return true; else return false; -- accessdate out of range end end --[[--------------------------< G E T _ M O N T H _ N U M B E R >---------------------------------------------- returns a number according to the month in a date: 1 for January, etc. Capitalization and spelling must be correct. If not a valid month, returns 0 ]] local function get_month_number (month) return cfg.date_names['local'].long[month] or cfg.date_names['local'].short[month] or -- look for local names first cfg.date_names['en'].long[month] or cfg.date_names['en'].short[month] or -- failing that, look for English names 0; -- not a recognized month name end --[[--------------------------< G E T _ S E A S O N _ N U M B E R >-------------------------------------------- returns a number according to the sequence of seasons in a year: 21 for Spring, etc. Capitalization and spelling must be correct. If not a valid season, returns 0. 21-24 = Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter, independent of “Hemisphere” returns 0 when <param> is not |date= Season numbering is defined by Extended Date/Time Format (EDTF) specification (https://www.loc.gov/standards/datetime/) which became part of ISO 8601 in 2019. See '§Sub-year groupings'. The standard defines various divisions using numbers 21-41. cs1|2 only supports generic seasons. EDTF does support the distinction between north and south hemisphere seasons but cs1|2 has no way to make that distinction. These additional divisions not currently supported: 25-28 = Spring - Northern Hemisphere, Summer- Northern Hemisphere, Autumn - Northern Hemisphere, Winter - Northern Hemisphere 29-32 = Spring – Southern Hemisphere, Summer– Southern Hemisphere, Autumn – Southern Hemisphere, Winter - Southern Hemisphere 33-36 = Quarter 1, Quarter 2, Quarter 3, Quarter 4 (3 months each) 37-39 = Quadrimester 1, Quadrimester 2, Quadrimester 3 (4 months each) 40-41 = Semestral 1, Semestral-2 (6 months each) ]] local function get_season_number (season, param) if 'date' ~= param then return 0; -- season dates only supported by |date= end return cfg.date_names['local'].season[season] or -- look for local names first cfg.date_names['en'].season[season] or -- failing that, look for English names 0; -- not a recognized season name end --[[--------------------------< G E T _ Q U A R T E R _ N U M B E R >------------------------------------------ returns a number according to the sequence of quarters in a year: 33 for first quarter, etc. Capitalization and spelling must be correct. If not a valid quarter, returns 0. 33-36 = Quarter 1, Quarter 2, Quarter 3, Quarter 4 (3 months each) returns 0 when <param> is not |date= Quarter numbering is defined by Extended Date/Time Format (EDTF) specification (https://www.loc.gov/standards/datetime/) which became part of ISO 8601 in 2019. See '§Sub-year groupings'. The standard defines various divisions using numbers 21-41. cs1|2 only supports generic seasons and quarters. These additional divisions not currently supported: 37-39 = Quadrimester 1, Quadrimester 2, Quadrimester 3 (4 months each) 40-41 = Semestral 1, Semestral-2 (6 months each) ]] local function get_quarter_number (quarter, param) if 'date' ~= param then return 0; -- quarter dates only supported by |date= end quarter = mw.ustring.gsub (quarter, ' +', ' '); -- special case replace multiple space chars with a single space char return cfg.date_names['local'].quarter[quarter] or -- look for local names first cfg.date_names['en'].quarter[quarter] or -- failing that, look for English names 0; -- not a recognized quarter name end --[[--------------------------< G E T _ P R O P E R _ N A M E _ N U M B E R >---------------------------------- returns a non-zero number if date contains a recognized proper-name. Capitalization and spelling must be correct. returns 0 when <param> is not |date= ]] local function get_proper_name_number (name, param) if 'date' ~= param then return 0; -- proper-name dates only supported by |date= end return cfg.date_names['local'].named[name] or -- look for local names dates first cfg.date_names['en'].named[name] or -- failing that, look for English names 0; -- not a recognized named date end --[[--------------------------< G E T _ E L E M E N T _ N U M B E R <------------------------------------------ returns true if month or season or quarter or proper name is valid (properly spelled, capitalized, abbreviated) ]] local function get_element_number (element, param) local num; local funcs = {get_month_number, get_season_number, get_quarter_number, get_proper_name_number}; -- list of functions to execute in order for _, func in ipairs (funcs) do -- spin through the function list num = func (element, param); -- call the function and get the returned number if 0 ~= num then -- non-zero when valid month season quarter return num; -- return that number end end return nil; -- not valid end --[[--------------------------< I S _ V A L I D _ Y E A R >---------------------------------------------------- Function gets current year from the server and compares it to year from a citation parameter. Years more than one year in the future are not acceptable. Special case for |pmc-embargo-date=: years more than two years in the future are not acceptable ]] local function is_valid_year (year, param) if not is_set (year_limit) then year_limit = tonumber(os.date("%Y"))+1; -- global variable so we only have to fetch it once end year = tonumber (year) or lang_object:parseFormattedNumber (year); -- convert to number for the comparison if year and (100 > year) then -- years less than 100 not supported return false; end if 'pmc-embargo-date' == param then -- special case for |pmc-embargo-date= return year and (year <= tonumber(os.date("%Y"))+2) or false; -- years more than two years in the future are not accepted end return year and (year <= year_limit) or false; end --[[--------------------------< I S _ V A L I D _ D A T E >---------------------------------------------------- Returns true if day is less than or equal to the number of days in month and year is no farther into the future than next year; else returns false. Assumes Julian calendar prior to year 1582 and Gregorian calendar thereafter. Accounts for Julian calendar leap years before 1582 and Gregorian leap years after 1582. Where the two calendars overlap (1582 to approximately 1923) dates are assumed to be Gregorian. ]] local function is_valid_date (year, month, day, param) local days_in_month = {31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31}; local month_length; if not is_valid_year (year, param) then -- no farther into the future than next year except |pmc-embargo-date= no more than two years in the future return false; end month = tonumber (month); -- required for YYYY-MM-DD dates if (2 == month) then -- if February month_length = 28; -- then 28 days unless if 1582 > tonumber(year) then -- Julian calendar if 0 == (year%4) then -- is a leap year? month_length = 29; -- if leap year then 29 days in February end else -- Gregorian calendar if (0 == (year%4) and (0 ~= (year%100) or 0 == (year%400))) then -- is a leap year? month_length = 29; -- if leap year then 29 days in February end end else month_length = days_in_month[month]; end if tonumber (day) > month_length then return false; end return true; end --[[--------------------------< I S _ V A L I D _ M O N T H _ R A N G E _ S T Y L E >-------------------------- Months in a range are expected to have the same style: Jan–Mar or October–December but not February–Mar or Jul–August. This function looks in cfg.date_names{} to see if both month names are listed in the long subtable or both are listed in the short subtable. When both have the same style (both are listed in the same table), returns true; false else ]] local function is_valid_month_range_style (month1, month2) if (cfg.date_names.en.long[month1] and cfg.date_names.en.long[month2]) or -- are both English names listed in the long subtable? (cfg.date_names.en.short[month1] and cfg.date_names.en.short[month2]) or -- are both English names listed in the short subtable? (cfg.date_names['local'].long[month1] and cfg.date_names['local'].long[month2]) or -- are both local names listed in the long subtable? (cfg.date_names['local'].short[month1] and cfg.date_names['local'].short[month2]) then -- are both local names listed in the short subtable? return true; end return false; -- names are mixed end --[[--------------------------< I S _ V A L I D _ M O N T H _ S E A S O N _ R A N G E >------------------------ Check a pair of months or seasons to see if both are valid members of a month or season pair. Month pairs are expected to be left to right, earliest to latest in time. All season ranges are accepted as valid because there are publishers out there who have published a Summer–Spring YYYY issue, hence treat as ok ]] local function is_valid_month_season_range(range_start, range_end, param) local range_start_number = get_month_number (range_start); local range_end_number; if 0 == range_start_number then -- is this a month range? range_start_number = get_season_number (range_start, param); -- not a month; is it a season? get start season number range_end_number = get_season_number (range_end, param); -- get end season number if (0 ~= range_start_number) and (0 ~= range_end_number) and (range_start_number ~= range_end_number) then return true; -- any season pairing is accepted except when both are the same end return false; -- range_start and/or range_end is not a season end -- here when range_start is a month range_end_number = get_month_number (range_end); -- get end month number if range_start_number < range_end_number and -- range_start is a month; does range_start precede range_end? is_valid_month_range_style (range_start, range_end) then -- do months have the same style? return true; -- proper order and same style end return false; -- range_start month number is greater than or equal to range end number; or range end isn't a month end --[[--------------------------< M A K E _ C O I N S _ D A T E >------------------------------------------------ This function receives a table of date parts for one or two dates and an empty table reference declared in Module:Citation/CS1. The function is called only for |date= parameters and only if the |date=<value> is determined to be a valid date format. The question of what to do with invalid date formats is not answered here. The date parts in the input table are converted to an ISO 8601 conforming date string: single whole dates: yyyy-mm-dd month and year dates: yyyy-mm year dates: yyyy ranges: yyyy-mm-dd/yyyy-mm-dd yyyy-mm/yyyy-mm yyyy/yyyy Dates in the Julian calendar are reduced to year or year/year so that we don't have to do calendar conversion from Julian to Proleptic Gregorian. The input table has: year, year2 – always present; if before 1582, ignore months and days if present month, month2 – 0 if not provided, 1-12 for months, 21-24 for seasons; 99 Christmas day, day2 – 0 if not provided, 1-31 for days the output table receives: rftdate: an ISO 8601 formatted date rftchron: a free-form version of the date, usually without year which is in rftdate (season ranges and proper-name dates) rftssn: one of four season keywords: winter, spring, summer, fall (lowercase) rftquarter: one of four values: 1, 2, 3, 4 ]] local function make_COinS_date (input, tCOinS_date) local date; -- one date or first date in a range local date2 = ''; -- end of range date input.year = tonumber (input.year) or lang_object:parseFormattedNumber (input.year); -- language-aware tonumber() input.year2 = tonumber (input.year2) or lang_object:parseFormattedNumber (input.year2); -- COinS dates are pseudo-ISO 8601 so convert to Arabic numerals if ((1582 == input.year) and (10 > tonumber(input.month))) or (1582 > input.year) then -- if a Julian calendar date tCOinS_date.rftdate = tostring (input.year); -- &rft.date gets year only return; -- done end -- here for all forms of Gregorian dates if 20 < tonumber (input.month) then -- if season, quarter, or proper-name date date = input.year; -- &rft.date gets year only if 0 ~= input.year2 and input.year ~= input.year2 then -- if a range, only the second year portion when not the same as range start year date = string.format ('%.4d/%.4d', input.year, input.year2) -- assemble the date range end local season = {[24] = 'winter', [21] = 'spring', [22] = 'summer', [23] = 'fall', [33] = '1', [34] = '2', [35] = '3', [36] = '4', [98] = 'Easter', [99] = 'Christmas'}; -- seasons lowercase, no autumn; proper-names use title case if 0 == input.month2 then -- single season, quarter, or proper-name date if 40 < tonumber(input.month) then tCOinS_date.rftchron = season[input.month]; -- proper-name date; used in journal metadata only elseif 30 < tonumber(input.month) then tCOinS_date.rftquarter = season[input.month]; -- quarter date; used in journal metadata only else tCOinS_date.rftssn = season[input.month]; -- season date; used in journal metadata only end else -- season ranges are lumped into &rft.chron; &rft.ssn and &rft.quarter are left blank if input.year ~= input.year2 then -- season year – season year range or season year–year if 0 ~= input.month2 then tCOinS_date.rftchron = string.format ('%s %s – %s %s', season[input.month], input.year, season[input.month2], input.year2); -- used in journal metadata only end else -- season–season year range tCOinS_date.rftchron = season[input.month] .. '–' .. season[input.month2]; -- season–season year range; used in journal metadata only end end tCOinS_date.rftdate = tostring (date); return; -- done end -- here for gregorian calendar dates if 0 ~= input.day then date = string.format ('%s-%.2d-%.2d', input.year, tonumber(input.month), tonumber(input.day)); -- whole date elseif 0 ~= input.month then date = string.format ('%s-%.2d', input.year, tonumber(input.month)); -- year and month else date = string.format ('%s', input.year); -- just year end if 0 ~= input.year2 then if 0 ~= input.day2 then date2 = string.format ('/%s-%.2d-%.2d', input.year2, tonumber(input.month2), tonumber(input.day2)); -- whole date elseif 0 ~= input.month2 then date2 = string.format ('/%s-%.2d', input.year2, tonumber(input.month2)); -- year and month else date2 = string.format ('/%s', input.year2); -- just year end end tCOinS_date.rftdate = date .. date2; -- date2 has the '/' separator return; end --[[--------------------------< P A T T E R N S _ T >---------------------------------------------------------- this is the list of patterns for date formats that this module recognizes. Approximately the first half of these patterns represent formats that might be reformatted into another format. Those that might be reformatted have 'indicator' letters that identify the content of the matching capture: 'd' (day), 'm' (month), 'a' (anchor year), 'y' (year); second day, month, year have a '2' suffix. These patterns are used for both date validation and for reformatting. This table should not be moved to ~/Configuration because changes to this table require changes to check_date() and to reformatter() and reformat_date() ]] local patterns_t = { -- year-initial numerical year-month-day ['ymd'] = {'^(%d%d%d%d)%-(%d%d)%-(%d%d)$', 'y', 'm', 'd'}, -- month-initial: month day, year ['Mdy'] = {'^(%D-) +([1-9]%d?), +((%d%d%d%d?)%a?)$', 'm', 'd', 'a', 'y'}, -- month-initial day range: month day–day, year; days are separated by endash ['Md-dy'] = {'^(%D-) +([1-9]%d?)[%-–]([1-9]%d?), +((%d%d%d%d)%a?)$', 'm', 'd', 'd2', 'a', 'y'}, -- day-initial: day month year ['dMy'] = {'^([1-9]%d?) +(%D-) +((%d%d%d%d?)%a?)$', 'd', 'm', 'a', 'y'}, -- year-initial: year month day; day: 1 or 2 two digits, leading zero allowed; not supported at en.wiki -- ['yMd'] = {'^((%d%d%d%d?)%a?) +(%D-) +(%d%d?)$', 'a', 'y', 'm', 'd'}, -- day-range-initial: day–day month year; days are separated by endash ['d-dMy'] = {'^([1-9]%d?)[%-–]([1-9]%d?) +(%D-) +((%d%d%d%d)%a?)$', 'd', 'd2', 'm', 'a', 'y'}, -- day initial month-day-range: day month - day month year; uses spaced endash ['dM-dMy'] = {'^([1-9]%d?) +(%D-) +[%-–] +([1-9]%d?) +(%D-) +((%d%d%d%d)%a?)$', 'd', 'm', 'd2', 'm2', 'a', 'y'}, -- month initial month-day-range: month day – month day, year; uses spaced endash ['Md-Mdy'] = {'^(%D-) +([1-9]%d?) +[%-–] +(%D-) +([1-9]%d?), +((%d%d%d%d)%a?)$','m', 'd', 'm2', 'd2', 'a', 'y'}, -- day initial month-day-year-range: day month year - day month year; uses spaced endash ['dMy-dMy'] = {'^([1-9]%d?) +(%D-) +(%d%d%d%d) +[%-–] +([1-9]%d?) +(%D-) +((%d%d%d%d)%a?)$', 'd', 'm', 'y', 'd2', 'm2', 'a', 'y2'}, -- month initial month-day-year-range: month day, year – month day, year; uses spaced endash ['Mdy-Mdy'] = {'^(%D-) +([1-9]%d?), +(%d%d%d%d) +[%-–] +(%D-) +([1-9]%d?), +((%d%d%d%d)%a?)$', 'm', 'd', 'y', 'm2', 'd2', 'a', 'y2'}, -- these date formats cannot be converted, per se, but month name can be rendered short or long -- month/season year - month/season year; separated by spaced endash ['My-My'] = {'^(%D-) +(%d%d%d%d) +[%-–] +(%D-) +((%d%d%d%d)%a?)$', 'm', 'y', 'm2', 'a', 'y2'}, -- month/season range year; months separated by endash ['M-My'] = {'^(%D-)[%-–](%D-) +((%d%d%d%d)%a?)$', 'm', 'm2', 'a', 'y'}, -- month/season year or proper-name year; quarter year when First Quarter YYYY etc. ['My'] = {'^([^%d–]-) +((%d%d%d%d)%a?)$', 'm', 'a', 'y'}, -- this way because endash is a member of %D; %D- will match January–March 2019 when it shouldn't -- these date formats cannot be converted ['Sy4-y2'] = {'^(%D-) +((%d%d)%d%d)[%-–]((%d%d)%a?)$'}, -- special case Winter/Summer year-year (YYYY-YY); year separated with unspaced endash ['Sy-y'] = {'^(%D-) +(%d%d%d%d)[%-–]((%d%d%d%d)%a?)$'}, -- special case Winter/Summer year-year; year separated with unspaced endash ['y-y'] = {'^(%d%d%d%d?)[%-–]((%d%d%d%d?)%a?)$'}, -- year range: YYY-YYY or YYY-YYYY or YYYY–YYYY; separated by unspaced endash; 100-9999 ['y4-y2'] = {'^((%d%d)%d%d)[%-–]((%d%d)%a?)$'}, -- year range: YYYY–YY; separated by unspaced endash ['y'] = {'^((%d%d%d%d?)%a?)$'}, -- year; here accept either YYY or YYYY } --[[--------------------------< I S _ V A L I D _ E M B A R G O _ D A T E >------------------------------------ returns true and date value if that value has proper dmy, mdy, ymd format. returns false and 9999 (embargoed forever) when date value is not proper format; assumes that when |pmc-embargo-date= is set, the editor intended to embargo a PMC but |pmc-embargo-date= does not hold a single date. ]] local function is_valid_embargo_date (v) if v:match (patterns_t['ymd'][1]) or -- ymd v:match (patterns_t['Mdy'][1]) or -- dmy v:match (patterns_t['dMy'][1]) then -- mdy return true, v; end return false, '9999'; -- if here not good date so return false and set embargo date to long time in future end --[[--------------------------< C H E C K _ D A T E >---------------------------------------------------------- Check date format to see that it is one of the formats approved by WP:DATESNO or WP:DATERANGE. Exception: only allowed range separator is endash. Additionally, check the date to see that it is a real date: no 31 in 30-day months; no 29 February when not a leap year. Months, both long-form and three character abbreviations, and seasons must be spelled correctly. Future years beyond next year are not allowed. If the date fails the format tests, this function returns false and does not return values for anchor_year and COinS_date. When this happens, the date parameter is (DEBUG: not?) used in the COinS metadata and the CITEREF identifier gets its year from the year parameter if present otherwise CITEREF does not get a date value. Inputs: date_string - date string from date-holding parameters (date, year, publication-date, access-date, pmc-embargo-date, archive-date, lay-date) Returns: false if date string is not a real date; else true, anchor_year, COinS_date anchor_year can be used in CITEREF anchors COinS_date is ISO 8601 format date; see make_COInS_date() ]] local function check_date (date_string, param, tCOinS_date) local year; -- assume that year2, months, and days are not used; local year2 = 0; -- second year in a year range local month = 0; local month2 = 0; -- second month in a month range local day = 0; local day2 = 0; -- second day in a day range local anchor_year; local coins_date; if date_string:match (patterns_t['ymd'][1]) then -- year-initial numerical year month day format year, month, day = date_string:match (patterns_t['ymd'][1]); if 12 < tonumber(month) or 1 > tonumber(month) or 1582 > tonumber(year) or 0 == tonumber(day) then return false; end -- month or day number not valid or not Gregorian calendar anchor_year = year; elseif mw.ustring.match(date_string, patterns_t['Mdy'][1]) then -- month-initial: month day, year month, day, anchor_year, year = mw.ustring.match(date_string, patterns_t['Mdy'][1]); month = get_month_number (month); if 0 == month then return false; end -- return false if month text isn't one of the twelve months elseif mw.ustring.match(date_string, patterns_t['Md-dy'][1]) then -- month-initial day range: month day–day, year; days are separated by endash month, day, day2, anchor_year, year = mw.ustring.match(date_string, patterns_t['Md-dy'][1]); if tonumber(day) >= tonumber(day2) then return false; end -- date range order is left to right: earlier to later; dates may not be the same; month = get_month_number (month); if 0 == month then return false; end -- return false if month text isn't one of the twelve months month2=month; -- for metadata year2 = year; elseif mw.ustring.match(date_string, patterns_t['dMy'][1]) then -- day-initial: day month year day, month, anchor_year, year = mw.ustring.match(date_string, patterns_t['dMy'][1]); month = get_month_number (month); if 0 == month then return false; end -- return false if month text isn't one of the twelve months --[[ NOT supported at en.wiki elseif mw.ustring.match(date_string, patterns_t['yMd'][1]) then -- year-initial: year month day; day: 1 or 2 two digits, leading zero allowed anchor_year, year, month, day = mw.ustring.match(date_string, patterns_t['yMd'][1]); month = get_month_number (month); if 0 == month then return false; end -- return false if month text isn't one of the twelve months -- end NOT supported at en.wiki ]] elseif mw.ustring.match(date_string, patterns_t['d-dMy'][1]) then -- day-range-initial: day–day month year; days are separated by endash day, day2, month, anchor_year, year = mw.ustring.match(date_string, patterns_t['d-dMy'][1]); if tonumber(day) >= tonumber(day2) then return false; end -- date range order is left to right: earlier to later; dates may not be the same; month = get_month_number (month); if 0 == month then return false; end -- return false if month text isn't one of the twelve months month2 = month; -- for metadata year2 = year; elseif mw.ustring.match(date_string, patterns_t['dM-dMy'][1]) then -- day initial month-day-range: day month - day month year; uses spaced endash day, month, day2, month2, anchor_year, year = mw.ustring.match(date_string, patterns_t['dM-dMy'][1]); if (not is_valid_month_season_range(month, month2)) or not is_valid_year(year) then return false; end -- date range order is left to right: earlier to later; month = get_month_number (month); -- for metadata month2 = get_month_number (month2); year2 = year; elseif mw.ustring.match(date_string, patterns_t['Md-Mdy'][1]) then -- month initial month-day-range: month day – month day, year; uses spaced endash month, day, month2, day2, anchor_year, year = mw.ustring.match(date_string, patterns_t['Md-Mdy'][1]); if (not is_valid_month_season_range(month, month2, param)) or not is_valid_year(year) then return false; end month = get_month_number (month); -- for metadata month2 = get_month_number (month2); year2 = year; elseif mw.ustring.match(date_string, patterns_t['dMy-dMy'][1]) then -- day initial month-day-year-range: day month year - day month year; uses spaced endash day, month, year, day2, month2, anchor_year, year2 = mw.ustring.match(date_string, patterns_t['dMy-dMy'][1]); if tonumber(year2) <= tonumber(year) then return false; end -- must be sequential years, left to right, earlier to later if not is_valid_year(year2) or not is_valid_month_range_style(month, month2) then return false; end -- year2 no more than one year in the future; months same style month = get_month_number (month); -- for metadata month2 = get_month_number (month2); if 0 == month or 0 == month2 then return false; end -- both must be valid elseif mw.ustring.match(date_string, patterns_t['Mdy-Mdy'][1]) then -- month initial month-day-year-range: month day, year – month day, year; uses spaced endash month, day, year, month2, day2, anchor_year, year2 = mw.ustring.match(date_string, patterns_t['Mdy-Mdy'][1]); if tonumber(year2) <= tonumber(year) then return false; end -- must be sequential years, left to right, earlier to later if not is_valid_year(year2) or not is_valid_month_range_style(month, month2) then return false; end -- year2 no more than one year in the future; months same style month = get_month_number (month); -- for metadata month2 = get_month_number(month2); if 0 == month or 0 == month2 then return false; end -- both must be valid elseif mw.ustring.match(date_string, patterns_t['Sy4-y2'][1]) then -- special case Winter/Summer year-year (YYYY-YY); year separated with unspaced endash local century; month, year, century, anchor_year, year2 = mw.ustring.match(date_string, patterns_t['Sy4-y2'][1]); if 'Winter' ~= month and 'Summer' ~= month then return false end; -- 'month' can only be Winter or Summer anchor_year = year .. '–' .. anchor_year; -- assemble anchor_year from both years year2 = century..year2; -- add the century to year2 for comparisons if 1 ~= tonumber(year2) - tonumber(year) then return false; end -- must be sequential years, left to right, earlier to later if not is_valid_year(year2) then return false; end -- no year farther in the future than next year month = get_season_number(month, param); elseif mw.ustring.match(date_string, patterns_t['Sy-y'][1]) then -- special case Winter/Summer year-year; year separated with unspaced endash month, year, anchor_year, year2 = mw.ustring.match(date_string, patterns_t['Sy-y'][1]); month = get_season_number (month, param); -- <month> can only be winter or summer; also for metadata if (month ~= cfg.date_names['en'].season['Winter']) and (month ~= cfg.date_names['en'].season['Summer']) then return false; -- not Summer or Winter; abandon end anchor_year = year .. '–' .. anchor_year; -- assemble anchor_year from both years if 1 ~= tonumber(year2) - tonumber(year) then return false; end -- must be sequential years, left to right, earlier to later if not is_valid_year(year2) then return false; end -- no year farther in the future than next year elseif mw.ustring.match(date_string, patterns_t['My-My'][1]) then -- month/season year - month/season year; separated by spaced endash month, year, month2, anchor_year, year2 = mw.ustring.match(date_string, patterns_t['My-My'][1]); anchor_year = year .. '–' .. anchor_year; -- assemble anchor_year from both years if tonumber(year) >= tonumber(year2) then return false; end -- left to right, earlier to later, not the same if not is_valid_year(year2) then return false; end -- no year farther in the future than next year if 0 ~= get_month_number(month) and 0 ~= get_month_number(month2) and is_valid_month_range_style(month, month2) then -- both must be month year, same month style month = get_month_number(month); month2 = get_month_number(month2); elseif 0 ~= get_season_number(month, param) and 0 ~= get_season_number(month2, param) then -- both must be season year, not mixed month = get_season_number(month, param); month2 = get_season_number(month2, param); else return false; end elseif mw.ustring.match(date_string, patterns_t['M-My'][1]) then -- month/season range year; months separated by endash month, month2, anchor_year, year = mw.ustring.match(date_string, patterns_t['M-My'][1]); if (not is_valid_month_season_range(month, month2, param)) or (not is_valid_year(year)) then return false; end if 0 ~= get_month_number(month) then -- determined to be a valid range so just check this one to know if month or season month = get_month_number(month); month2 = get_month_number(month2); if 0 == month or 0 == month2 then return false; end else month = get_season_number(month, param); month2 = get_season_number(month2, param); end year2 = year; elseif mw.ustring.match(date_string, patterns_t['My'][1]) then -- month/season/quarter/proper-name year month, anchor_year, year = mw.ustring.match(date_string, patterns_t['My'][1]); if not is_valid_year(year) then return false; end month = get_element_number(month, param); -- get month season quarter proper-name number or nil if not month then return false; end -- not valid whatever it is elseif mw.ustring.match(date_string, patterns_t['y-y'][1]) then -- Year range: YYY-YYY or YYY-YYYY or YYYY–YYYY; separated by unspaced endash; 100-9999 year, anchor_year, year2 = mw.ustring.match(date_string, patterns_t['y-y'][1]); anchor_year = year .. '–' .. anchor_year; -- assemble anchor year from both years if tonumber(year) >= tonumber(year2) then return false; end -- left to right, earlier to later, not the same if not is_valid_year(year2) then return false; end -- no year farther in the future than next year elseif mw.ustring.match(date_string, patterns_t['y4-y2'][1]) then -- Year range: YYYY–YY; separated by unspaced endash local century; year, century, anchor_year, year2 = mw.ustring.match(date_string, patterns_t['y4-y2'][1]); anchor_year = year .. '–' .. anchor_year; -- assemble anchor year from both years if 13 > tonumber(year2) then return false; end -- don't allow 2003-05 which might be May 2003 year2 = century .. year2; -- add the century to year2 for comparisons if tonumber(year) >= tonumber(year2) then return false; end -- left to right, earlier to later, not the same if not is_valid_year(year2) then return false; end -- no year farther in the future than next year if in_array (param, {'date', 'publication-date', 'year'}) then -- here when 'valid' abbreviated year range; if one of these parameters add_prop_cat ('year-range-abbreviated'); -- add properties cat end elseif mw.ustring.match(date_string, patterns_t['y'][1]) then -- year; here accept either YYY or YYYY anchor_year, year = mw.ustring.match(date_string, patterns_t['y'][1]); if false == is_valid_year(year) then return false; end else return false; -- date format not one of the MOS:DATE approved formats end if param ~= 'date' then -- CITEREF disambiguation only allowed in |date=; |year= & |publication-date= promote to date if anchor_year:match ('%l$') then return false; end end if 'access-date' == param then -- test access-date here because we have numerical date parts if 0 ~= year and 0 ~= month and 0 ~= day and -- all parts of a single date required 0 == year2 and 0 == month2 and 0 == day2 then -- none of these; access-date must not be a range if not is_valid_accessdate(year .. '-' .. month .. '-' .. day) then return false; -- return false when access-date out of bounds end else return false; -- return false when access-date is a range of two dates end end if 'archive-date' == param then -- test archive-date here because we have numerical date parts if not (0 ~= year and 0 ~= month and 0 ~= day and -- all parts of a single date required 0 == year2 and 0 == month2 and 0 == day2) then -- none of these; archive-date must not be a range return false; -- return false when archive-date is a range of two dates end end local result=true; -- check whole dates for validity; assume true because not all dates will go through this test if 0 ~= year and 0 ~= month and 0 ~= day and 0 == year2 and 0 == month2 and 0 == day2 then -- YMD (simple whole date) result = is_valid_date (year, month, day, param); -- <param> for |pmc-embargo-date= elseif 0 ~= year and 0 ~= month and 0 ~= day and 0 == year2 and 0 == month2 and 0 ~= day2 then -- YMD-d (day range) result = is_valid_date (year, month, day); result = result and is_valid_date (year, month, day2); elseif 0 ~= year and 0 ~= month and 0 ~= day and 0 == year2 and 0 ~= month2 and 0 ~= day2 then -- YMD-md (day month range) result = is_valid_date (year, month, day); result = result and is_valid_date (year, month2, day2); elseif 0 ~= year and 0 ~= month and 0 ~= day and 0 ~= year2 and 0 ~= month2 and 0 ~= day2 then -- YMD-ymd (day month year range) result = is_valid_date(year, month, day); result = result and is_valid_date(year2, month2, day2); end if false == result then return false; end if nil ~= tCOinS_date then -- this table only passed into this function when testing |date= parameter values make_COinS_date ({year = year, month = month, day = day, year2 = year2, month2 = month2, day2 = day2}, tCOinS_date); -- make an ISO 8601 date string for COinS end return true, anchor_year; -- format is good and date string represents a real date end --[[--------------------------< D A T E S >-------------------------------------------------------------------- Cycle the date-holding parameters in passed table date_parameters_list through check_date() to check compliance with MOS:DATE. For all valid dates, check_date() returns true. The |date= parameter test is unique, it is the only date holding parameter from which values for anchor_year (used in CITEREF identifiers) and COinS_date (used in the COinS metadata) are derived. The |date= parameter is the only date-holding parameter that is allowed to contain the no-date keywords "n.d." or "nd" (without quotes). Unlike most error messages created in this module, only one error message is created by this function. Because all of the date holding parameters are processed serially, parameters with errors are added to the <error_list> sequence table as the dates are tested. ]] local function dates(date_parameters_list, tCOinS_date, error_list) local anchor_year; -- will return as nil if the date being tested is not |date= local COinS_date; -- will return as nil if the date being tested is not |date= local embargo_date; -- if embargo date is a good dmy, mdy, ymd date then holds original value else reset to 9999 local good_date = false; for k, v in pairs(date_parameters_list) do -- for each date-holding parameter in the list if is_set(v.val) then -- if the parameter has a value v.val = mw.ustring.gsub(v.val, '%d', cfg.date_names.local_digits); -- translate 'local' digits to Western 0-9 if v.val:match("^c%. [1-9]%d%d%d?%a?$") then -- special case for c. year or with or without CITEREF disambiguator - only |date= and |year= local year = v.val:match("c%. ([1-9]%d%d%d?)%a?"); -- get the year portion so it can be tested if 'date' == k then anchor_year, COinS_date = v.val:match("((c%. [1-9]%d%d%d?)%a?)"); -- anchor year and COinS_date only from |date= parameter good_date = is_valid_year(year); elseif 'year' == k then good_date = is_valid_year(year); end elseif 'date' == k then -- if the parameter is |date= if v.val:match("^n%.d%.%a?$") then -- ToDo: I18N -- if |date=n.d. with or without a CITEREF disambiguator good_date, anchor_year, COinS_date = true, v.val:match("((n%.d%.)%a?)"); -- ToDo: I18N -- "n.d."; no error when date parameter is set to no date elseif v.val:match("^nd%a?$") then -- ToDo: I18N -- if |date=nd with or without a CITEREF disambiguator good_date, anchor_year, COinS_date = true, v.val:match("((nd)%a?)"); -- ToDo: I18N -- "nd"; no error when date parameter is set to no date else good_date, anchor_year, COinS_date = check_date (v.val, k, tCOinS_date); -- go test the date end elseif 'year' == k then -- if the parameter is |year= it should hold only a year value if v.val:match("^[1-9]%d%d%d?%a?$") then -- if |year = 3 or 4 digits only with or without a CITEREF disambiguator good_date, anchor_year, COinS_date = true, v.val:match("((%d+)%a?)"); end elseif 'pmc-embargo-date' == k then -- if the parameter is |pmc-embargo-date= good_date = check_date (v.val, k); -- go test the date if true == good_date then -- if the date is a valid date good_date, embargo_date = is_valid_embargo_date (v.val); -- is |pmc-embargo-date= date a single dmy, mdy, or ymd formatted date? yes: returns embargo date; no: returns 9999 end else -- any other date-holding parameter good_date = check_date (v.val, k); -- go test the date end if false == good_date then -- assemble one error message so we don't add the tracking category multiple times table.insert (error_list, wrap_style ('parameter', v.name)); -- make parameter name suitable for error message list end end end return anchor_year, embargo_date; -- and done end --[[--------------------------< Y E A R _ C H E C K >---------------------------------------------------------- Temporary function to test |year= for acceptable values: YYY, YYYY, year-only ranges, their circa forms, with or without CITEREF disambiguators. When |year= holds some form of date that is not one of these year-only dates, emit a maintenance message. This function necessary because many non-cs1|2 templates have a |year= parameter so cirrus searches are more-or- less useless ]] local function year_check (year) year = year:gsub ('c%. *', ''); -- remove circa annotation (if present) before testing <year> for _, index in ipairs ({'y-y', 'y4-y2', 'y'}) do -- spin through these indexes into patterns_t if mw.ustring.match (year, patterns_t[index][1]) then return; -- if a match then |year= holds a valid 'year' end end set_message ('maint_year'); -- if here, |year= value is not an accepted value; add a maint cat end --[[--------------------------< Y E A R _ D A T E _ C H E C K >------------------------------------------------ Compare the value provided in |year= with the year value(s) provided in |date=. This function sets a local numeric value: 0 - year value does not match the year value in date 1 - (default) year value matches the year value in date or one of the year values when date contains two years 2 - year value matches the year value in date when date is in the form YYYY-MM-DD and year is disambiguated (|year=YYYYx) the numeric value in <result> determines the 'output' if any from this function: 0 – adds error message to error_list sequence table 1 – adds maint cat 2 – does nothing ]] local function year_date_check (year_string, year_origin, date_string, date_origin, error_list) local year; local date1; local date2; local result = 1; -- result of the test; assume that the test passes year = year_string:match ('(%d%d%d%d?)'); if date_string:match ('%d%d%d%d%-%d%d%-%d%d') and year_string:match ('%d%d%d%d%a') then --special case where both date and year are required YYYY-MM-DD and YYYYx date1 = date_string:match ('(%d%d%d%d)'); year = year_string:match ('(%d%d%d%d)'); if year ~= date1 then result = 0; -- years don't match else result = 2; -- years match; but because disambiguated, don't add to maint cat end elseif date_string:match ("%d%d%d%d?.-%d%d%d%d?") then -- any of the standard range formats of date with two three- or four-digit years date1, date2 = date_string:match ("(%d%d%d%d?).-(%d%d%d%d?)"); if year ~= date1 and year ~= date2 then result = 0; end elseif mw.ustring.match(date_string, "%d%d%d%d[%-–]%d%d") then -- YYYY-YY date ranges local century; date1, century, date2 = mw.ustring.match(date_string, "((%d%d)%d%d)[%-–]+(%d%d)"); date2 = century..date2; -- convert YY to YYYY if year ~= date1 and year ~= date2 then result = 0; end elseif date_string:match ("%d%d%d%d?") then -- any of the standard formats of date with one year date1 = date_string:match ("(%d%d%d%d?)"); if year ~= date1 then result = 0; end else -- should never get here; this function called only when no other date errors result = 0; -- no recognizable year in date end if 0 == result then -- year / date mismatch table.insert (error_list, substitute (cfg.messages['mismatch'], {year_origin, date_origin})); -- add error message to error_list sequence table elseif 1 == result then -- redundant year / date set_message ('maint_date_year'); -- add a maint cat end end --[[--------------------------< R E F O R M A T T E R >-------------------------------------------------------- reformat 'date' into new format specified by format_param if pattern_idx (the current format of 'date') can be reformatted. Does the grunt work for reformat_dates(). The table re_formats maps pattern_idx (current format) and format_param (desired format) to a table that holds: format string used by string.format() identifier letters ('d', 'm', 'y', 'd2', 'm2', 'y2') that serve as indexes into a table t{} that holds captures from mw.ustring.match() for the various date parts specified by patterns_t[pattern_idx][1] Items in patterns_t{} have the general form: ['ymd'] = {'^(%d%d%d%d)%-(%d%d)%-(%d%d)$', 'y', 'm', 'd'}, where: ['ymd'] is pattern_idx patterns_t['ymd'][1] is the match pattern with captures for mw.ustring.match() patterns_t['ymd'][2] is an indicator letter identifying the content of the first capture patterns_t['ymd'][3] ... the second capture etc. when a pattern matches a date, the captures are loaded into table t{} in capture order using the idemtifier characters as indexes into t{} For the above, a ymd date is in t{} as: t.y = first capture (year), t.m = second capture (month), t.d = third capture (day) To reformat, this function is called with the pattern_idx that matches the current format of the date and with format_param set to the desired format. This function loads table t{} as described and then calls string.format() with the format string specified by re_format[pattern_idx][format_param][1] using values taken from t{} according to the capture identifier letters specified by patterns_t[pattern_idx][format_param][n] where n is 2.. ]] local re_formats = { ['ymd'] = { -- date format is ymd; reformat to: ['mdy'] = {'%s %s, %s', 'm', 'd', 'y'}, -- |df=mdy ['dmy'] = {'%s %s %s', 'd', 'm', 'y'}, -- |df=dmy -- ['yMd'] = {'%s %s %s', 'y', 'm', 'd'}, -- |df=yMd; not supported at en.wiki }, ['Mdy'] = { -- date format is Mdy; reformat to: ['mdy'] = {'%s %s, %s', 'm', 'd', 'y'}, -- for long/short reformatting ['dmy'] = {'%s %s %s', 'd', 'm', 'y'}, -- |df=dmy ['ymd'] = {'%s-%s-%s', 'y', 'm', 'd'}, -- |df=ymd -- ['yMd'] = {'%s %s %s', 'y', 'm', 'd'}, -- |df=yMd; not supported at en.wiki }, ['dMy'] = { -- date format is dMy; reformat to: ['dmy'] = {'%s %s %s', 'd', 'm', 'y'}, -- for long/short reformatting ['mdy'] = {'%s %s, %s', 'm', 'd', 'y'}, -- |df=mdy ['ymd'] = {'%s-%s-%s', 'y', 'm', 'd'}, -- |df=ymd -- ['yMd'] = {'%s %s %s', 'y', 'm', 'd'}, -- |df=yMd; not supported at en.wiki }, ['Md-dy'] = { -- date format is Md-dy; reformat to: ['mdy'] = {'%s %s–%s, %s', 'm', 'd', 'd2', 'y'}, -- for long/short reformatting ['dmy'] = {'%s–%s %s %s', 'd', 'd2', 'm', 'y'}, -- |df=dmy -> d-dMy }, ['d-dMy'] = { -- date format is d-d>y; reformat to: ['dmy'] = {'%s–%s %s %s', 'd', 'd2', 'm', 'y'}, -- for long/short reformatting ['mdy'] = {'%s %s–%s, %s', 'm', 'd', 'd2', 'y'}, -- |df=mdy -> Md-dy }, ['dM-dMy'] = { -- date format is dM-dMy; reformat to: ['dmy'] = {'%s %s – %s %s %s', 'd', 'm', 'd2', 'm2', 'y'}, -- for long/short reformatting ['mdy'] = {'%s %s – %s %s, %s', 'm', 'd', 'm2', 'd2', 'y'}, -- |df=mdy -> Md-Mdy }, ['Md-Mdy'] = { -- date format is Md-Mdy; reformat to: ['mdy'] = {'%s %s – %s %s, %s', 'm', 'd', 'm2', 'd2', 'y'}, -- for long/short reformatting ['dmy'] = {'%s %s – %s %s %s', 'd', 'm', 'd2', 'm2', 'y'}, -- |df=dmy -> dM-dMy }, ['dMy-dMy'] = { -- date format is dMy-dMy; reformat to: ['dmy'] = {'%s %s %s – %s %s %s', 'd', 'm', 'y', 'd2', 'm2', 'y2'}, -- for long/short reformatting ['mdy'] = {'%s %s, %s – %s %s, %s', 'm', 'd', 'y', 'm2', 'd2', 'y2'}, -- |df=mdy -> Mdy-Mdy }, ['Mdy-Mdy'] = { -- date format is Mdy-Mdy; reformat to: ['mdy'] = {'%s %s, %s – %s %s, %s', 'm', 'd', 'y', 'm2', 'd2', 'y2'}, -- for long/short reformatting ['dmy'] = {'%s %s %s – %s %s %s', 'd', 'm', 'y', 'd2', 'm2', 'y2'}, -- |df=dmy -> dMy-dMy }, ['My-My'] = { -- these for long/short reformatting ['any'] = {'%s %s – %s %s', 'm', 'y', 'm2', 'y2'}, -- dmy/mdy agnostic }, ['M-My'] = { -- these for long/short reformatting ['any'] = {'%s–%s %s', 'm', 'm2', 'y'}, -- dmy/mdy agnostic }, ['My'] = { -- these for long/short reformatting ['any'] = {'%s %s', 'm', 'y'}, -- dmy/mdy agnostic }, -- ['yMd'] = { -- not supported at en.wiki -- ['mdy'] = {'%s %s, %s', 'm', 'd', 'y'}, -- |df=mdy -- ['dmy'] = {'%s %s %s', 'd', 'm', 'y'}, -- |df=dmy -- ['ymd'] = {'%s-%s-%s', 'y', 'm', 'd'}, -- |df=ymd -- }, } local function reformatter (date, pattern_idx, format_param, mon_len) if not in_array (pattern_idx, {'ymd', 'Mdy', 'Md-dy', 'dMy', 'yMd', 'd-dMy', 'dM-dMy', 'Md-Mdy', 'dMy-dMy', 'Mdy-Mdy', 'My-My', 'M-My', 'My'}) then return; -- not in this set of date format patterns_t then not a reformattable date end if 'ymd' == format_param and in_array (pattern_idx, {'ymd', 'Md-dy', 'd-dMy', 'dM-dMy', 'Md-Mdy', 'dMy-dMy', 'Mdy-Mdy', 'My-My', 'M-My', 'My'}) then return; -- ymd date ranges not supported at en.wiki; no point in reformatting ymd to ymd end if in_array (pattern_idx, {'My', 'M-My', 'My-My'}) then -- these are not dmy/mdy so can't be 'reformatted' into either format_param = 'any'; -- so format-agnostic end -- yMd is not supported at en.wiki; when yMd is supported at your wiki, uncomment the next line -- if 'yMd' == format_param and in_array (pattern_idx, {'yMd', 'Md-dy', 'd-dMy', 'dM-dMy', 'Md-Mdy', 'dMy-dMy', 'Mdy-Mdy'}) then -- these formats not convertable; yMd not supported at en.wiki if 'yMd' == format_param then -- yMd not supported at en.wiki; when yMd is supported at your wiki, remove or comment-out this line return; -- not a reformattable date end local c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7; -- these hold the captures specified in patterns_t[pattern_idx][1] c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7 = mw.ustring.match (date, patterns_t[pattern_idx][1]); -- get the captures local t = { -- table that holds k/v pairs of date parts from the captures and patterns_t[pattern_idx][2..] [patterns_t[pattern_idx][2]] = c1; -- at minimum there is always one capture with a matching indicator letter [patterns_t[pattern_idx][3] or 'x'] = c2; -- patterns_t can have a variable number of captures; each capture requires an indicator letter; [patterns_t[pattern_idx][4] or 'x'] = c3; -- where there is no capture, there is no indicator letter so n in patterns_t[pattern_idx][n] will be nil; [patterns_t[pattern_idx][5] or 'x'] = c4; -- the 'x' here spoofs an indicator letter to prevent 'table index is nil' error [patterns_t[pattern_idx][6] or 'x'] = c5; [patterns_t[pattern_idx][7] or 'x'] = c6; [patterns_t[pattern_idx][8] or 'x'] = c7; }; if t.a then -- if this date has an anchor year capture (all convertable date formats except ymd) if t.y2 then -- for year range date formats t.y2 = t.a; -- use the anchor year capture when reassembling the date else -- here for single date formats (except ymd) t.y = t.a; -- use the anchor year capture when reassembling the date end end if tonumber(t.m) then -- if raw month is a number (converting from ymd) if 's' == mon_len then -- if we are to use abbreviated month names t.m = cfg.date_names['inv_local_short'][tonumber(t.m)]; -- convert it to a month name else t.m = cfg.date_names['inv_local_long'][tonumber(t.m)]; -- convert it to a month name end t.d = t.d:gsub ('0(%d)', '%1'); -- strip leading '0' from day if present elseif 'ymd' == format_param then -- when converting to ymd t.y = t.y:gsub ('%a', ''); -- strip CITREF disambiguator if present; anchor year already known so process can proceed; TODO: maint message? if 1582 > tonumber (t.y) then -- ymd format dates not allowed before 1582 return; end t.m = string.format ('%02d', get_month_number (t.m)); -- make sure that month and day are two digits t.d = string.format ('%02d', t.d); elseif mon_len then -- if mon_len is set to either 'short' or 'long' for _, mon in ipairs ({'m', 'm2'}) do -- because there can be two month names, check both if t[mon] then t[mon] = get_month_number (t[mon]); -- get the month number for this month (is length agnostic) if 0 == t[mon] then return; end -- seasons and named dates can't be converted t[mon] = (('s' == mon_len) and cfg.date_names['inv_local_short'][t[mon]]) or cfg.date_names['inv_local_long'][t[mon]]; -- fetch month name according to length end end end local new_date = string.format (re_formats[pattern_idx][format_param][1], -- format string t[re_formats[pattern_idx][format_param][2]], -- named captures from t{} t[re_formats[pattern_idx][format_param][3]], t[re_formats[pattern_idx][format_param][4]], t[re_formats[pattern_idx][format_param][5]], t[re_formats[pattern_idx][format_param][6]], t[re_formats[pattern_idx][format_param][7]], t[re_formats[pattern_idx][format_param][8]] ); return new_date; end --[[-------------------------< R E F O R M A T _ D A T E S >-------------------------------------------------- Reformats existing dates into the format specified by format. format is one of several manual keywords: dmy, dmy-all, mdy, mdy-all, ymd, ymd-all. The -all version includes access- and archive-dates; otherwise these dates are not reformatted. This function allows automatic date formatting. In ~/Configuration, the article source is searched for one of the {{use xxx dates}} templates. If found, xxx becomes the global date format as xxx-all. If |cs1-dates= in {{use xxx dates}} has legitimate value then that value determines how cs1|2 dates will be rendered. Legitimate values for |cs1-dates= are: l - all dates are rendered with long month names ls - publication dates use long month names; access-/archive-dates use abbreviated month names ly - publication dates use long month names; access-/archive-dates rendered in ymd format s - all dates are rendered with abbreviated (short) month names sy - publication dates use abbreviated month names; access-/archive-dates rendered in ymd format y - all dates are rendered in ymd format the format argument for automatic date formatting will be the format specified by {{use xxx dates}} with the value supplied by |cs1-dates so one of: xxx-l, xxx-ls, xxx-ly, xxx-s, xxx-sy, xxx-y, or simply xxx (|cs1-dates= empty, omitted, or invalid) where xxx shall be either of dmy or mdy. dates are extracted from date_parameters_list, reformatted (if appropriate), and then written back into the list in the new format. Dates in date_parameters_list are presumed here to be valid (no errors). This function returns true when a date has been reformatted, false else. Actual reformatting is done by reformatter(). ]] local function reformat_dates (date_parameters_list, format) local all = false; -- set to false to skip access- and archive-dates local len_p = 'l'; -- default publication date length shall be long local len_a = 'l'; -- default access-/archive-date length shall be long local result = false; local new_date; if format:match('%a+%-all') then -- manual df keyword; auto df keyword when length not specified in {{use xxx dates}}; format = format:match('(%a+)%-all'); -- extract the format all = true; -- all dates are long format dates because this keyword doesn't specify length elseif format:match('%a+%-[lsy][sy]?') then -- auto df keywords; internal only all = true; -- auto df applies to all dates; use length specified by capture len_p for all dates format, len_p, len_a = format:match('(%a+)%-([lsy])([sy]?)'); -- extract the format and length keywords if 'y' == len_p then -- because allowed by MOS:DATEUNIFY (sort of) range dates and My dates not reformatted format = 'ymd'; -- override {{use xxx dates}} elseif (not is_set(len_a)) or (len_p == len_a) then -- no access-/archive-date length specified or same length as publication dates then len_a = len_p; -- in case len_a not set end end -- else only publication dates and they are long for param_name, param_val in pairs (date_parameters_list) do -- for each date-holding parameter in the list if is_set (param_val.val) then -- if the parameter has a value if not (not all and in_array (param_name, {'access-date', 'archive-date'})) then -- skip access- or archive-date unless format is xxx-all; yeah, ugly; TODO: find a better way for pattern_idx, pattern in pairs (patterns_t) do if mw.ustring.match (param_val.val, pattern[1]) then if all and in_array (param_name, {'access-date', 'archive-date'}) then -- if this date is an access- or archive-date new_date = reformatter (param_val.val, pattern_idx, (('y' == len_a) and 'ymd') or format, len_a); -- choose ymd or dmy/mdy according to len_a setting else -- all other dates new_date = reformatter (param_val.val, pattern_idx, format, len_p); end if new_date then -- set when date was reformatted date_parameters_list[param_name].val = new_date; -- update date in date list result = true; -- and announce that changes have been made break; end end -- if end -- for end -- if end -- if end -- for return result; -- declare boolean result and done end --[[--------------------------< D A T E _ H Y P H E N _ T O _ D A S H >---------------------------------------- Loops through the list of date-holding parameters and converts any hyphen to an ndash. Not called if the cs1|2 template has any date errors. Modifies the date_parameters_list and returns true if hyphens are replaced, else returns false. ]] local function date_hyphen_to_dash (date_parameters_list) local result = false; local n; for param_name, param_val in pairs(date_parameters_list) do -- for each date-holding parameter in the list if is_set (param_val.val) and not mw.ustring.match (param_val.val, patterns_t.ymd[1]) then -- for those that are not ymd dates (ustring because here digits may not be Western) param_val.val, n = param_val.val:gsub ('%-', '–'); -- replace any hyphen with ndash if 0 ~= n then date_parameters_list[param_name].val = param_val.val; -- update the list result = true; end end end return result; -- so we know if any hyphens were replaced end --[[-------------------------< D A T E _ N A M E _ X L A T E >------------------------------------------------ Attempts to translate English date names to local-language date names using names supplied by MediaWiki's date parser function. This is simple name-for-name replacement and may not work for all languages. if xlat_dig is true, this function will also translate Western (English) digits to the local language's digits. This will also translate ymd dates. ]] local function date_name_xlate (date_parameters_list, xlt_dig) local xlate; local mode; -- long or short month names local modified = false; local date; local sources_t = { {cfg.date_names.en.long, cfg.date_names.inv_local_long}, -- for translating long English month names to long local month names {cfg.date_names.en.short, cfg.date_names.inv_local_short}, -- short month names {cfg.date_names.en.quarter, cfg.date_names.inv_local_quarter}, -- quarter date names {cfg.date_names.en.season, cfg.date_names.inv_local_season}, -- season date nam {cfg.date_names.en.named, cfg.date_names.inv_local_named}, -- named dates } local function is_xlateable (month) -- local function to get local date name that replaces existing English-language date name for _, date_names_t in ipairs (sources_t) do -- for each sequence table in date_names_t if date_names_t[1][month] then -- if date name is English month (long or short), quarter, season or named and if date_names_t[2][date_names_t[1][month]] then -- if there is a matching local date name return date_names_t[2][date_names_t[1][month]]; -- return the local date name end end end end for param_name, param_val in pairs(date_parameters_list) do -- for each date-holding parameter in the list if is_set(param_val.val) then -- if the parameter has a value date = param_val.val; for month in mw.ustring.gmatch (date, '[%a ]+') do -- iterate through all date names in the date (single date or date range) month = mw.text.trim (month); -- this because quarterly dates contain whitespace xlate = is_xlateable (month); -- get translate <month>; returns translation or nil if xlate then date = mw.ustring.gsub (date, month, xlate); -- replace the English with the translation date_parameters_list[param_name].val = date; -- save the translated date modified = true; end end if xlt_dig then -- shall we also translate digits? date = date:gsub ('%d', cfg.date_names.xlate_digits); -- translate digits from Western to 'local digits' date_parameters_list[param_name].val = date; -- save the translated date modified = true; end end end return modified; end --[[--------------------------< S E T _ S E L E C T E D _ M O D U L E S >-------------------------------------- Sets local imported functions table to same (live or sandbox) as that used by the other modules. ]] local function set_selected_modules (cfg_table_ptr, utilities_page_ptr) add_prop_cat = utilities_page_ptr.add_prop_cat ; -- import functions from selected Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities module is_set = utilities_page_ptr.is_set; in_array = utilities_page_ptr.in_array; set_message = utilities_page_ptr.set_message; substitute = utilities_page_ptr.substitute; wrap_style = utilities_page_ptr.wrap_style; cfg = cfg_table_ptr; -- import tables from selected Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration end --[[--------------------------< A R C H I V E _ D A T E _ C H E C K >------------------------------------------ Compare value in |archive-date= with the timestamp in Wayback machine urls. Emits an error message with suggested date from the |archive-url= timestamp in an appropriate format when the value in |archive-date= does not match the timestamp. this function never called when any date in a cs1|2 template has errors error message suggests new |archive-date= value in an appropriate format specified by <df>. <df> is either |df= or cfg.global_df in that order. If <df> is nil, suggested date has format from |archive-date=. There is a caveat: when |df=dmy or |df=mdy, the reformatter leaves |access-date= and |archive-date= formats as they are. The error message suggested date is passed to the formatter as YYYY-MM-DD so when |df=dmy or |df=mdy, the format is not changed. ]] local function archive_date_check (archive_date, archive_url_timestamp, df) local archive_date_format = 'dmy-y'; -- holds the date format of date in |archive-date; default to ymd; 'dmy' used here to spoof reformat_dates() for _, v_t in ipairs ({{'dMy', 'dmy-all'}, {'Mdy', 'mdy-all'}}) do -- is |archive-date= format dmy or mdy? if archive_date:match (patterns_t[v_t[1]][1]) then -- does the pattern match? archive_date_format = cfg.keywords_xlate[v_t[2]]; -- get appropriate |df= supported keyword from the i18n translator table break; end end local dates_t = {}; dates_t['archive-date'] = {val=archive_date, name=''}; -- setup to call reformat_dates(); never called when errors so <name> unset as not needed reformat_dates (dates_t, 'dmy-y'); -- reformat |archive-date= to ymd; 'dmy' used here to spoof reformat_dates() local archive_url_date = archive_url_timestamp:gsub ('(%d%d%d%d)(%d%d)(%d%d)%d*', '%1-%2-%3'); -- make ymd format date from timestamp if dates_t['archive-date'].val == archive_url_date then -- are the two dates the same return; -- yes, done else dates_t['archive-date'] = {val=archive_url_date, name=''}; -- setup to call reformat_dates() with the timestamp date reformat_dates (dates_t, df or archive_date_format); -- reformat timestamp to format specified by <df> or format used in |archive-date= archive_url_date = dates_t['archive-date'].val; set_message ('err_archive_date_url_ts_mismatch', archive_url_date); -- emit an error message end end --[[--------------------------< E X P O R T E D F U N C T I O N S >------------------------------------------ ]] return { -- return exported functions archive_date_check = archive_date_check, date_hyphen_to_dash = date_hyphen_to_dash, date_name_xlate = date_name_xlate, dates = dates, reformat_dates = reformat_dates, set_selected_modules = set_selected_modules, year_check = year_check, year_date_check = year_date_check, } h37xf2hxsrjgq13ms7lozl3uiigkklr 828 734 4931 4930 2025-08-07T07:38:57Z Martin Urbanec 803 69 revisions imported from [[:en:Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers]]: updating from enwiki 4930 Scribunto text/plain --[[--------------------------< F O R W A R D D E C L A R A T I O N S >-------------------------------------- ]] local has_accept_as_written, is_set, in_array, set_message, select_one, -- functions in Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities substitute, make_wikilink; local z; -- table of tables defined in Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities local cfg; -- table of configuration tables that are defined in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration --[[--------------------------< P A G E S C O P E V A R I A B L E S >-------------------------------------- declare variables here that have page-wide scope that are not brought in from other modules; that are created here and used here ]] local auto_link_urls = {}; -- holds identifier URLs for those identifiers that can auto-link |title= --============================<< H E L P E R F U N C T I O N S >>============================================ --[[--------------------------< W I K I D A T A _ A R T I C L E _ N A M E _ G E T >---------------------------- as an aid to internationalizing identifier-label wikilinks, gets identifier article names from Wikidata. returns :<lang code>:<article title> when <q> has an <article title> for <lang code>; nil else for identifiers that do not have q, returns nil for wikis that do not have mw.wikibase installed, returns nil ]] local function wikidata_article_name_get (q) if not is_set (q) or (q and not mw.wikibase) then -- when no q number or when a q number but mw.wikibase not installed on this wiki return nil; -- abandon end local wd_article; local this_wiki_code = cfg.this_wiki_code; -- Wikipedia subdomain; 'en' for en.wikipedia.org wd_article = mw.wikibase.getSitelink (q, this_wiki_code .. 'wiki'); -- fetch article title from WD; nil when no title available at this wiki if wd_article then wd_article = table.concat ({':', this_wiki_code, ':', wd_article}); -- interwiki-style link without brackets if taken from WD; leading colon required end return wd_article; -- article title from WD; nil else end --[[--------------------------< L I N K _ L A B E L _ M A K E >------------------------------------------------ common function to create identifier link label from handler table or from Wikidata returns the first available of 1. redirect from local wiki's handler table (if enabled) 2. Wikidata (if there is a Wikidata entry for this identifier in the local wiki's language) 3. label specified in the local wiki's handler table ]] local function link_label_make (handler) local wd_article; if not (cfg.use_identifier_redirects and is_set (handler.redirect)) then -- redirect has priority so if enabled and available don't fetch from Wikidata because expensive wd_article = wikidata_article_name_get (handler.q); -- if Wikidata has an article title for this wiki, get it; end return (cfg.use_identifier_redirects and is_set (handler.redirect) and handler.redirect) or wd_article or handler.link; end --[[--------------------------< E X T E R N A L _ L I N K _ I D >---------------------------------------------- Formats a wiki-style external link ]] local function external_link_id (options) local url_string = options.id; local ext_link; local this_wiki_code = cfg.this_wiki_code; -- Wikipedia subdomain; 'en' for en.wikipedia.org local wd_article; -- article title from Wikidata if options.encode == true or options.encode == nil then url_string = mw.uri.encode (url_string, 'PATH'); end if options.auto_link and is_set (options.access) then auto_link_urls[options.auto_link] = table.concat ({options.prefix, url_string, options.suffix}); end ext_link = mw.ustring.format ('[%s%s%s %s]', options.prefix, url_string, options.suffix or "", mw.text.nowiki (options.id)); if is_set (options.access) then ext_link = substitute (cfg.presentation['ext-link-access-signal'], {cfg.presentation[options.access].class, cfg.presentation[options.access].title, ext_link}); -- add the free-to-read / paywall lock end return table.concat ({ make_wikilink (link_label_make (options), options.label), -- redirect, Wikidata link, or locally specified link (in that order) options.separator or '&nbsp;', ext_link }); end --[[--------------------------< I N T E R N A L _ L I N K _ I D >---------------------------------------------- Formats a wiki-style internal link TODO: Does not currently need to support options.access, options.encode, auto-linking and COinS (as in external_link_id), but may be needed in the future for :m:Interwiki_map custom-prefixes like :arxiv:, :bibcode:, :DOI:, :hdl:, :ISSN:, :JSTOR:, :Openlibrary:, :PMID:, :RFC:. ]] local function internal_link_id (options) local id = mw.ustring.gsub (options.id, '%d', cfg.date_names.local_digits); -- translate 'local' digits to Western 0-9 return table.concat ( { make_wikilink (link_label_make (options), options.label), -- wiki-link the identifier label options.separator or '&nbsp;', -- add the separator make_wikilink ( table.concat ( { options.prefix, id, -- translated to Western digits options.suffix or '' }), substitute (cfg.presentation['bdi'], {'', mw.text.nowiki (options.id)}) -- bdi tags to prevent Latin script identifiers from being reversed at RTL language wikis ); -- nowiki because MediaWiki still has magic links for ISBN and the like; TODO: is it really required? }); end --[[--------------------------< I S _ E M B A R G O E D >------------------------------------------------------ Determines if a PMC identifier's online version is embargoed. Compares the date in |pmc-embargo-date= against today's date. If embargo date is in the future, returns the content of |pmc-embargo-date=; otherwise, returns an empty string because the embargo has expired or because |pmc-embargo-date= was not set in this cite. ]] local function is_embargoed (embargo) if is_set (embargo) then local lang = mw.getContentLanguage(); local good1, embargo_date, todays_date; good1, embargo_date = pcall (lang.formatDate, lang, 'U', embargo); todays_date = lang:formatDate ('U'); if good1 then -- if embargo date is a good date if tonumber (embargo_date) >= tonumber (todays_date) then -- is embargo date is in the future? return embargo; -- still embargoed else set_message ('maint_pmc_embargo'); -- embargo has expired; add main cat return ''; -- unset because embargo has expired end end end return ''; -- |pmc-embargo-date= not set return empty string end --[=[-------------------------< I S _ V A L I D _ R X I V _ D A T E >------------------------------------------ for biorxiv, returns true if: 2019-12-11T00:00Z <= biorxiv_date < today + 2 days for medrxiv, returns true if: 2020-01-01T00:00Z <= medrxiv_date < today + 2 days The dated form of biorxiv identifier has a start date of 2019-12-11. The Unix timestamp for that date is {{#time:U|2019-12-11}} = 1576022400 The medrxiv identifier has a start date of 2020-01-01. The Unix timestamp for that date is {{#time:U|2020-01-01}} = 1577836800 <rxiv_date> is the date provided in those |biorxiv= parameter values that are dated and in |medrxiv= parameter values at time 00:00:00 UTC <today> is the current date at time 00:00:00 UTC plus 48 hours if today's date is 2023-01-01T00:00:00 then adding 24 hours gives 2023-01-02T00:00:00 – one second more than today adding 24 hours gives 2023-01-03T00:00:00 – one second more than tomorrow inputs: <y>, <m>, <d> – year, month, day parts of the date from the birxiv or medrxiv identifier <select> 'b' for biorxiv, 'm' for medrxiv; defaults to 'b' ]=] local function is_valid_rxiv_date (y, m, d, select) if 0 == tonumber (m) and 12 < tonumber (m) then -- <m> must be a number 1–12 return false; end if 0 == tonumber (d) and 31 < tonumber (d) then -- <d> must be a number 1–31; TODO: account for month length and leap yer? return false; end local rxiv_date = table.concat ({y, m, d}, '-'); -- make ymd date string local good1, good2; local rxiv_ts, tomorrow_ts; -- to hold Unix timestamps representing the dates local lang_object = mw.getContentLanguage(); good1, rxiv_ts = pcall (lang_object.formatDate, lang_object, 'U', rxiv_date); -- convert rxiv_date value to Unix timestamp good2, tomorrow_ts = pcall (lang_object.formatDate, lang_object, 'U', 'today + 2 days' ); -- today midnight + 2 days is one second more than all day tomorrow if good1 and good2 then -- lang.formatDate() returns a timestamp in the local script which tonumber() may not understand rxiv_ts = tonumber (rxiv_ts) or lang_object:parseFormattedNumber (rxiv_ts); -- convert to numbers for the comparison; tomorrow_ts = tonumber (tomorrow_ts) or lang_object:parseFormattedNumber (tomorrow_ts); else return false; -- one or both failed to convert to Unix timestamp end local limit_ts = ((select and ('m' == select)) and 1577836800) or 1576022400; -- choose the appropriate limit timesatmp return ((limit_ts <= rxiv_ts) and (rxiv_ts < tomorrow_ts)) -- limit_ts <= rxiv_date < tomorrow's date end --[[--------------------------< IS _ V A L I D _ I S X N >----------------------------------------------------- ISBN-10 and ISSN validator code calculates checksum across all ISBN/ISSN digits including the check digit. ISBN-13 is checked in isbn(). If the number is valid the result will be 0. Before calling this function, ISBN/ISSN must be checked for length and stripped of dashes, spaces and other non-ISxN characters. ]] local function is_valid_isxn (isxn_str, len) local temp = 0; isxn_str = { isxn_str:byte(1, len) }; -- make a table of byte values '0' → 0x30 .. '9' → 0x39, 'X' → 0x58 len = len + 1; -- adjust to be a loop counter for i, v in ipairs (isxn_str) do -- loop through all of the bytes and calculate the checksum if v == string.byte ("X" ) then -- if checkdigit is X (compares the byte value of 'X' which is 0x58) temp = temp + 10 * (len - i); -- it represents 10 decimal else temp = temp + tonumber (string.char (v) )*(len-i); end end return temp % 11 == 0; -- returns true if calculation result is zero end --[[--------------------------< IS _ V A L I D _ I S X N _ 1 3 >----------------------------------------------- ISBN-13 and ISMN validator code calculates checksum across all 13 ISBN/ISMN digits including the check digit. If the number is valid, the result will be 0. Before calling this function, ISBN-13/ISMN must be checked for length and stripped of dashes, spaces and other non-ISxN-13 characters. ]] local function is_valid_isxn_13 (isxn_str) local temp=0; isxn_str = { isxn_str:byte(1, 13) }; -- make a table of byte values '0' → 0x30 .. '9' → 0x39 for i, v in ipairs (isxn_str) do temp = temp + (3 - 2*(i % 2)) * tonumber (string.char (v) ); -- multiply odd index digits by 1, even index digits by 3 and sum; includes check digit end return temp % 10 == 0; -- sum modulo 10 is zero when ISBN-13/ISMN is correct end --[[--------------------------< N O R M A L I Z E _ L C C N >-------------------------------------------------- LCCN normalization (https://www.loc.gov/marc/lccn-namespace.html#normalization) 1. Remove all blanks. 2. If there is a forward slash (/) in the string, remove it, and remove all characters to the right of the forward slash. 3. If there is a hyphen in the string: a. Remove it. b. Inspect the substring following (to the right of) the (removed) hyphen. Then (and assuming that steps 1 and 2 have been carried out): 1. All these characters should be digits, and there should be six or less. (not done in this function) 2. If the length of the substring is less than 6, left-fill the substring with zeroes until the length is six. Returns a normalized LCCN for lccn() to validate. There is no error checking (step 3.b.1) performed in this function. ]] local function normalize_lccn (lccn) lccn = lccn:gsub ("%s", ""); -- 1. strip whitespace if nil ~= string.find (lccn, '/') then lccn = lccn:match ("(.-)/"); -- 2. remove forward slash and all character to the right of it end local prefix local suffix prefix, suffix = lccn:match ("(.+)%-(.+)"); -- 3.a remove hyphen by splitting the string into prefix and suffix if nil ~= suffix then -- if there was a hyphen suffix = string.rep("0", 6-string.len (suffix)) .. suffix; -- 3.b.2 left fill the suffix with 0s if suffix length less than 6 lccn = prefix..suffix; -- reassemble the LCCN end return lccn; end --============================<< I D E N T I F I E R F U N C T I O N S >>==================================== --[[--------------------------< A R X I V >-------------------------------------------------------------------- See: https://arxiv.org/help/arxiv_identifier format and error check arXiv identifier. There are three valid forms of the identifier: the first form, valid only between date codes 9107 and 0703, is: arXiv:<archive>.<class>/<date code><number><version> where: <archive> is a string of alpha characters - may be hyphenated; no other punctuation <class> is a string of alpha characters - may be hyphenated; no other punctuation; not the same as |class= parameter which is not supported in this form <date code> is four digits in the form YYMM where YY is the last two digits of the four-digit year and MM is the month number January = 01 first digit of YY for this form can only 9 and 0 <number> is a three-digit number <version> is a 1 or more digit number preceded with a lowercase v; no spaces (undocumented) the second form, valid from April 2007 through December 2014 is: arXiv:<date code>.<number><version> where: <date code> is four digits in the form YYMM where YY is the last two digits of the four-digit year and MM is the month number January = 01 <number> is a four-digit number <version> is a 1 or more digit number preceded with a lowercase v; no spaces the third form, valid from January 2015 is: arXiv:<date code>.<number><version> where: <date code> and <version> are as defined for 0704-1412 <number> is a five-digit number ]] local function arxiv (options) local id = options.id; local class = options.Class; -- TODO: lowercase? local handler = options.handler; local year, month, version; local err_msg = false; -- assume no error message local text; -- output text if id:match("^%a[%a%.%-]+/[90]%d[01]%d%d%d%d$") or id:match("^%a[%a%.%-]+/[90]%d[01]%d%d%d%dv%d+$") then -- test for the 9107-0703 format with or without version year, month = id:match("^%a[%a%.%-]+/([90]%d)([01]%d)%d%d%d[v%d]*$"); year = tonumber (year); month = tonumber (month); if ((not (90 < year or 8 > year)) or (1 > month or 12 < month)) or -- if invalid year or invalid month ((91 == year and 7 > month) or (7 == year and 3 < month)) then -- if years ok, are starting and ending months ok? err_msg = true; -- flag for error message end elseif id:match("^%d%d[01]%d%.%d%d%d%d$") or id:match("^%d%d[01]%d%.%d%d%d%dv%d+$") then -- test for the 0704-1412 with or without version year, month = id:match("^(%d%d)([01]%d)%.%d%d%d%d[v%d]*$"); year = tonumber (year); month = tonumber (month); if ((7 > year) or (14 < year) or (1 > month or 12 < month)) or -- is year invalid or is month invalid? (doesn't test for future years) ((7 == year) and (4 > month)) then -- when year is 07, is month invalid (before April)? err_msg = true; -- flag for error message end elseif id:match("^%d%d[01]%d%.%d%d%d%d%d$") or id:match("^%d%d[01]%d%.%d%d%d%d%dv%d+$") then -- test for the 1501- format with or without version year, month = id:match("^(%d%d)([01]%d)%.%d%d%d%d%d[v%d]*$"); year = tonumber (year); month = tonumber (month); if ((15 > year) or (1 > month or 12 < month)) then -- is year invalid or is month invalid? (doesn't test for future years) err_msg = true; -- flag for error message end else err_msg = true; -- not a recognized format; flag for error message end if err_msg then options.coins_list_t['ARXIV'] = nil; -- when error, unset so not included in COinS end local err_msg_t = {}; if err_msg then set_message ('err_bad_arxiv'); end text = external_link_id ({link = handler.link, label = handler.label, q = handler.q, redirect = handler.redirect, prefix = handler.prefix, id = id, separator = handler.separator, encode = handler.encode, access = handler.access}); if is_set (class) then if id:match ('^%d+') then text = table.concat ({text, ' [[https://arxiv.org/archive/', class, ' ', class, ']]'}); -- external link within square brackets, not wikilink else set_message ('err_class_ignored'); end end return text; end --[[--------------------------< B I B C O D E >-------------------------------------------------------------------- Validates (sort of) and formats a bibcode ID. Format for bibcodes is specified here: https://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs_doc/help_pages/data.html#bibcodes But, this: 2015arXiv151206696F is apparently valid so apparently, the only things that really matter are length, 19 characters and first four digits must be a year. This function makes these tests: length must be 19 characters characters in position 1–4 must be digits and must represent a year in the range of 1000 – next year 5 must be a letter 6–8 must be letter, digit, ampersand, or dot (ampersand cannot directly precede a dot; &. ) 9–18 must be letter, digit, or dot 19 must be a letter or dot ]] local function bibcode (options) local id = options.id; local access = options.access; local handler = options.handler; local ignore_invalid = options.accept; local err_type; local err_msg = ''; local year; local text = external_link_id ({link = handler.link, label = handler.label, q = handler.q, redirect = handler.redirect, prefix = handler.prefix, id = id, separator = handler.separator, encode = handler.encode, access = access}); if 19 ~= id:len() then err_type = cfg.err_msg_supl.length; else year = id:match ("^(%d%d%d%d)[%a][%w&%.][%w&%.][%w&%.][%w.]+[%a%.]$"); if not year then -- if nil then no pattern match err_type = cfg.err_msg_supl.value; -- so value error else local next_year = tonumber (os.date ('%Y')) + 1; -- get the current year as a number and add one for next year year = tonumber (year); -- convert year portion of bibcode to a number if (1000 > year) or (year > next_year) then err_type = cfg.err_msg_supl.year; -- year out of bounds end if id:find('&%.') then err_type = cfg.err_msg_supl.journal; -- journal abbreviation must not have '&.' (if it does it's missing a letter) end if id:match ('.........%.tmp%.') then -- temporary bibcodes when positions 10–14 are '.tmp.' set_message ('maint_bibcode'); end end end if is_set (err_type) and not ignore_invalid then -- if there was an error detected and accept-as-written markup not used set_message ('err_bad_bibcode', {err_type}); options.coins_list_t['BIBCODE'] = nil; -- when error, unset so not included in COinS end return text; end --[[--------------------------< B I O R X I V >----------------------------------------------------------------- Format bioRxiv ID and do simple error checking. Before 2019-12-11, biorXiv IDs were 10.1101/ followed by exactly 6 digits. After 2019-12-11, biorXiv IDs retained the six-digit identifier but prefixed that with a yyyy.mm.dd. date and suffixed with an optional version identifier. The bioRxiv ID is the string of characters: https://doi.org/10.1101/078733 -> 10.1101/078733 or a date followed by a six-digit number followed by an optional version indicator 'v' and one or more digits: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.11.123456v2 -> 10.1101/2019.12.11.123456v2 see https://www.biorxiv.org/about-biorxiv ]] local function biorxiv (options) local id = options.id; local handler = options.handler; local err_msg = true; -- flag; assume that there will be an error local patterns = { '^10%.1101/%d%d%d%d%d%d$', -- simple 6-digit identifier (before 2019-12-11) '^10%.1101/(20%d%d)%.(%d%d)%.(%d%d)%.%d%d%d%d%d%dv%d+$', -- y.m.d. date + 6-digit identifier + version (after 2019-12-11) '^10%.1101/(20%d%d)%.(%d%d)%.(%d%d)%.%d%d%d%d%d%d$', -- y.m.d. date + 6-digit identifier (after 2019-12-11) } for _, pattern in ipairs (patterns) do -- spin through the patterns looking for a match if id:match (pattern) then local y, m, d = id:match (pattern); -- found a match, attempt to get year, month and date from the identifier if m then -- m is nil when id is the six-digit form if not is_valid_rxiv_date (y, m, d, 'b') then -- validate the encoded date; 'b' for biorxiv limit break; -- date fail; break out early so we don't unset the error message end end err_msg = nil; -- we found a match so unset the error message break; -- and done end end -- err_cat remains set here when no match if err_msg then options.coins_list_t['BIORXIV'] = nil; -- when error, unset so not included in COinS set_message ('err_bad_biorxiv'); -- and set the error message end return external_link_id ({link = handler.link, label = handler.label, q = handler.q, redirect = handler.redirect, prefix = handler.prefix, id = id, separator = handler.separator, encode = handler.encode, access = handler.access}); end --[[--------------------------< C I T E S E E R X >------------------------------------------------------------ CiteSeerX use their own notion of "doi" (not to be confused with the identifiers resolved via doi.org). The description of the structure of this identifier can be found at Help_talk:Citation_Style_1/Archive_26#CiteSeerX_id_structure ]] local function citeseerx (options) local id = options.id; local handler = options.handler; local matched; local text = external_link_id ({link = handler.link, label = handler.label, q = handler.q, redirect = handler.redirect, prefix = handler.prefix, id = id, separator = handler.separator, encode = handler.encode, access = handler.access}); matched = id:match ("^10%.1%.1%.[1-9]%d?%d?%d?%.[1-9]%d?%d?%d?$"); if not matched then set_message ('err_bad_citeseerx' ); options.coins_list_t['CITESEERX'] = nil; -- when error, unset so not included in COinS end return text; end --[[--------------------------< D O I >------------------------------------------------------------------------ Formats a DOI and checks for DOI errors. DOI names contain two parts: prefix and suffix separated by a forward slash. Prefix: directory indicator '10.' followed by a registrant code Suffix: character string of any length chosen by the registrant This function checks a DOI name for: prefix/suffix. If the DOI name contains spaces or endashes, or, if it ends with a period or a comma, this function will emit a bad_doi error message. DOI names are case-insensitive and can incorporate any printable Unicode characters so the test for spaces, endash, and terminal punctuation may not be technically correct but it appears, that in practice these characters are rarely if ever used in DOI names. https://www.doi.org/doi_handbook/2_Numbering.html -- 2.2 Syntax of a DOI name https://www.doi.org/doi_handbook/2_Numbering.html#2.2.2 -- 2.2.2 DOI prefix ]] local function doi (options) local id = options.id; local inactive = options.DoiBroken local access = options.access; local ignore_invalid = options.accept; local handler = options.handler; local err_flag; local function is_extended_free (registrant, suffix) -- local function to check those few registrants that are mixed; identifiable by the doi suffix <incipit> if cfg.extended_registrants_t[registrant] then -- if this registrant has known free-to-read extentions for _, incipit in ipairs (cfg.extended_registrants_t[registrant]) do -- loop through the registrant's incipits if mw.ustring.find (suffix, '^' .. incipit) then -- if found return true; end end end end local text; if is_set (inactive) then local inactive_year = inactive:match("%d%d%d%d"); -- try to get the year portion from the inactive date local inactive_month, good; if is_set (inactive_year) then if 4 < inactive:len() then -- inactive date has more than just a year (could be anything) local lang_obj = mw.getContentLanguage(); -- get a language object for this wiki good, inactive_month = pcall (lang_obj.formatDate, lang_obj, 'F', inactive); -- try to get the month name from the inactive date if not good then inactive_month = nil; -- something went wrong so make sure this is unset end end end -- otherwise, |doi-broken-date= has something but it isn't a date if is_set (inactive_year) and is_set (inactive_month) then set_message ('maint_doi_inactive_dated', {inactive_year, inactive_month, ' '}); elseif is_set (inactive_year) then set_message ('maint_doi_inactive_dated', {inactive_year, '', ''}); else set_message ('maint_doi_inactive'); end inactive = " (" .. cfg.messages['inactive'] .. ' ' .. inactive .. ')'; end local suffix; local registrant, suffix = mw.ustring.match (id, '^10%.([^/]+)/([^%s–]-[^%.,])$'); -- registrant and suffix set when DOI has the proper basic form local registrant_err_patterns = { -- these patterns are for code ranges that are not supported '^[^1-3]%d%d%d%d%.%d+$', -- 5 digits with subcode (0xxxx, 40000+); accepts: 10000–39999 '^[^1-7]%d%d%d%d$', -- 5 digits without subcode (0xxxx, 60000+); accepts: 10000–69999 '^[^1-9]%d%d%d%.%d+$', -- 4 digits with subcode (0xxx); accepts: 1000–9999 '^[^1-9]%d%d%d$', -- 4 digits without subcode (0xxx); accepts: 1000–9999 '^%d%d%d%d%d%d+', -- 6 or more digits '^%d%d?%d?$', -- less than 4 digits without subcode (3 digits with subcode is legitimate) '^%d%d?%.[%d%.]+', -- 1 or 2 digits with subcode '^5555$', -- test registrant will never resolve '[^%d%.]', -- any character that isn't a digit or a dot } if not ignore_invalid then if registrant then -- when DOI has proper form for i, pattern in ipairs (registrant_err_patterns) do -- spin through error patterns if registrant:match (pattern) then -- to validate registrant codes err_flag = set_message ('err_bad_doi'); -- when found, mark this DOI as bad break; -- and done end end else err_flag = set_message ('err_bad_doi'); -- invalid directory or malformed end else set_message ('maint_doi_ignore'); end if err_flag then options.coins_list_t['DOI'] = nil; -- when error, unset so not included in COinS else if not access and (cfg.known_free_doi_registrants_t[registrant] or is_extended_free (registrant, suffix)) then -- |doi-access=free not set and <registrant> is known to be free set_message ('maint_doi_unflagged_free'); -- set a maint cat end end text = external_link_id ({link = handler.link, label = handler.label, q = handler.q, redirect = handler.redirect, prefix = handler.prefix, id = id, separator = handler.separator, encode = handler.encode, access = access, auto_link = not (err_flag or is_set (inactive) or ignore_invalid) and 'doi' or nil -- do not auto-link when |doi-broken-date= has a value or when there is a DOI error or (to play it safe, after all, auto-linking is not essential) when invalid DOIs are ignored }) .. (inactive or ''); return text; end --[[--------------------------< H D L >------------------------------------------------------------------------ Formats an HDL with minor error checking. HDL names contain two parts: prefix and suffix separated by a forward slash. Prefix: character string using any character in the UCS-2 character set except '/' Suffix: character string of any length using any character in the UCS-2 character set chosen by the registrant This function checks a HDL name for: prefix/suffix. If the HDL name contains spaces, endashes, or, if it ends with a period or a comma, this function will emit a bad_hdl error message. HDL names are case-insensitive and can incorporate any printable Unicode characters so the test for endashes and terminal punctuation may not be technically correct but it appears, that in practice these characters are rarely if ever used in HDLs. Query string parameters are named here: https://www.handle.net/proxy_servlet.html. query strings are not displayed but since '?' is an allowed character in an HDL, '?' followed by one of the query parameters is the only way we have to detect the query string so that it isn't URL-encoded with the rest of the identifier. ]] local function hdl (options) local id = options.id; local access = options.access; local handler = options.handler; local query_params = { -- list of known query parameters from https://www.handle.net/proxy_servlet.html 'noredirect', 'ignore_aliases', 'auth', 'cert', 'index', 'type', 'urlappend', 'locatt', 'action', } local hdl, suffix, param = id:match ('(.-)(%?(%a+).+)$'); -- look for query string local found; if hdl then -- when there are query strings, this is the handle identifier portion for _, q in ipairs (query_params) do -- spin through the list of query parameters if param:match ('^' .. q) then -- if the query string begins with one of the parameters found = true; -- announce a find break; -- and stop looking end end end if found then id = hdl; -- found so replace id with the handle portion; this will be URL-encoded, suffix will not else suffix = ''; -- make sure suffix is empty string for concatenation else end local text = external_link_id ({link = handler.link, label = handler.label, q = handler.q, redirect = handler.redirect, prefix = handler.prefix, id = id, suffix = suffix, separator = handler.separator, encode = handler.encode, access = access}) if nil == id:match("^[^%s–]-/[^%s–]-[^%.,]$") then -- HDL must contain a forward slash, must not contain spaces, endashes, and must not end with period or comma set_message ('err_bad_hdl' ); options.coins_list_t['HDL'] = nil; -- when error, unset so not included in COinS end return text; end --[[--------------------------< I S B N >---------------------------------------------------------------------- Determines whether an ISBN string is valid ]] local function isbn (options_t) local isbn_str = options_t.id; local ignore_invalid = options_t.accept; local handler = options_t.handler; local year = options_t.Year; -- when set, valid anchor_year; may have a disambiguator which must be removed local function return_result (check, err_type) -- local function to handle the various returns local ISBN = internal_link_id ({link = handler.link, label = handler.label, redirect = handler.redirect, prefix = handler.prefix, id = isbn_str, separator = handler.separator}); if ignore_invalid then -- if ignoring ISBN errors set_message ('maint_isbn_ignore'); -- add a maint category even when there is no error else -- here when not ignoring if not check then -- and there is an error options_t.coins_list_t['ISBN'] = nil; -- when error, unset so not included in COinS set_message ('err_bad_isbn', err_type); -- set an error message return ISBN; -- return id text end end return ISBN; -- return id text end if year and not ignore_invalid then -- year = year:match ('%d%d%d%d?'); -- strip disambiguator if present if year and (1965 > tonumber(year)) then set_message ('err_invalid_isbn_date'); -- set an error message return internal_link_id ({link = handler.link, label = handler.label, redirect = handler.redirect, prefix = handler.prefix, id = isbn_str, separator = handler.separator}); end end if nil ~= isbn_str:match ('[^%s-0-9X]') then return return_result (false, cfg.err_msg_supl.char); -- fail if isbn_str contains anything but digits, hyphens, or the uppercase X end local id = isbn_str:gsub ('[%s-]', ''); -- remove hyphens and whitespace local len = id:len(); if len ~= 10 and len ~= 13 then return return_result (false, cfg.err_msg_supl.length); -- fail if incorrect length end if len == 10 then if id:match ('^%d*X?$') == nil then -- fail if isbn_str has 'X' anywhere but last position return return_result (false, cfg.err_msg_supl.form); end if not is_valid_isxn (id, 10) then -- test isbn-10 for numerical validity return return_result (false, cfg.err_msg_supl.check); -- fail if isbn-10 is not numerically valid end if id:find ('^63[01]') then -- 630xxxxxxx and 631xxxxxxx are (apparently) not valid isbn group ids but are used by amazon as numeric identifiers (asin) return return_result (false, cfg.err_msg_supl.group); -- fail if isbn-10 begins with 630/1 end return return_result (true, cfg.err_msg_supl.check); -- pass if isbn-10 is numerically valid else if id:match ('^%d+$') == nil then return return_result (false, cfg.err_msg_supl.char); -- fail if ISBN-13 is not all digits end if id:match ('^97[89]%d*$') == nil then return return_result (false, cfg.err_msg_supl.prefix); -- fail when ISBN-13 does not begin with 978 or 979 end if id:match ('^9790') then return return_result (false, cfg.err_msg_supl.group); -- group identifier '0' is reserved to ISMN end return return_result (is_valid_isxn_13 (id), cfg.err_msg_supl.check); end end --[[--------------------------< A S I N >---------------------------------------------------------------------- Formats a link to Amazon. Do simple error checking: ASIN must be mix of 10 numeric or uppercase alpha characters. If a mix, first character must be uppercase alpha; if all numeric, ASINs must be 10-digit ISBN. If 10-digit ISBN, add a maintenance category so a bot or AWB script can replace |asin= with |isbn=. Error message if not 10 characters, if not ISBN-10, if mixed and first character is a digit. |asin=630....... and |asin=631....... are (apparently) not a legitimate ISBN though it checksums as one; these do not cause this function to emit the maint_asin message This function is positioned here because it calls isbn() ]] local function asin (options) local id = options.id; local domain = options.ASINTLD; local err_flag; if not id:match("^[%d%u][%d%u][%d%u][%d%u][%d%u][%d%u][%d%u][%d%u][%d%u][%d%u]$") then err_flag = set_message ('err_bad_asin'); -- ASIN is not a mix of 10 uppercase alpha and numeric characters else if id:match("^%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d[%dX]$") then -- if 10-digit numeric (or 9 digits with terminal X) if is_valid_isxn (id, 10) then -- see if ASIN value is or validates as ISBN-10 if not id:find ('^63[01]') then -- 630xxxxxxx and 631xxxxxxx are (apparently) not a valid isbn prefixes but are used by amazon as a numeric identifier err_flag = set_message ('err_bad_asin'); -- ASIN has ISBN-10 form but begins with something other than 630/1 so probably an isbn end elseif not is_set (err_flag) then err_flag = set_message ('err_bad_asin'); -- ASIN is not ISBN-10 end elseif not id:match("^%u[%d%u]+$") then err_flag = set_message ('err_bad_asin'); -- asin doesn't begin with uppercase alpha end end if (not is_set (domain)) or in_array (domain, {'us'}) then -- default: United States domain = "com"; elseif in_array (domain, {'jp', 'uk'}) then -- Japan, United Kingdom domain = "co." .. domain; elseif in_array (domain, {'z.cn'}) then -- China domain = "cn"; elseif in_array (domain, {'au', 'br', 'mx', 'sg', 'tr'}) then -- Australia, Brazil, Mexico, Singapore, Turkey domain = "com." .. domain; elseif not in_array (domain, {'ae', 'ca', 'cn', 'de', 'es', 'fr', 'in', 'it', 'nl', 'pl', 'sa', 'se', 'co.jp', 'co.uk', 'com', 'com.au', 'com.br', 'com.mx', 'com.sg', 'com.tr'}) then -- Arabic Emirates, Canada, China, Germany, Spain, France, Indonesia, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Saudi Arabia, Sweden (as of 2021-03 Austria (.at), Liechtenstein (.li) and Switzerland (.ch) still redirect to the German site (.de) with special settings, so don't maintain local ASINs for them) err_flag = set_message ('err_bad_asin_tld'); -- unsupported asin-tld value end local handler = options.handler; if not is_set (err_flag) then options.coins_list_t['ASIN'] = handler.prefix .. domain .. "/dp/" .. id; -- asin for coins else options.coins_list_t['ASIN'] = nil; -- when error, unset so not included in COinS end return external_link_id ({link = handler.link, label = handler.label, q = handler.q, redirect = handler.redirect, prefix = handler.prefix .. domain .. "/dp/", id = id, encode = handler.encode, separator = handler.separator}) end --[[--------------------------< I S M N >---------------------------------------------------------------------- Determines whether an ISMN string is valid. Similar to ISBN-13, ISMN is 13 digits beginning 979-0-... and uses the same check digit calculations. See https://www.ismn-international.org/download/Web_ISMN_Users_Manual_2008-6.pdf section 2, pages 9–12. ismn value not made part of COinS metadata because we don't have a url or isn't a COinS-defined identifier (rft.xxx) or an identifier registered at info-uri.info (info:) ]] local function ismn (options) local id = options.id; local handler = options.handler; local text; local valid_ismn = true; local id_copy; id_copy = id; -- save a copy because this testing is destructive id = id:gsub ('[%s-]', ''); -- remove hyphens and white space if 13 ~= id:len() or id:match ("^9790%d*$" ) == nil then -- ISMN must be 13 digits and begin with 9790 valid_ismn = false; else valid_ismn=is_valid_isxn_13 (id); -- validate ISMN end -- text = internal_link_id ({link = handler.link, label = handler.label, q = handler.q, redirect = handler.redirect, -- use this (or external version) when there is some place to link to -- prefix = handler.prefix, id = id_copy, separator = handler.separator, encode = handler.encode}) text = table.concat ( -- because no place to link to yet { make_wikilink (link_label_make (handler), handler.label), handler.separator, id_copy }); if false == valid_ismn then options.coins_list_t['ISMN'] = nil; -- when error, unset so not included in COinS; not really necessary here because ismn not made part of COinS set_message ('err_bad_ismn'); -- create an error message if the ISMN is invalid end return text; end --[[--------------------------< I S S N >---------------------------------------------------------------------- Validate and format an ISSN. This code fixes the case where an editor has included an ISSN in the citation but has separated the two groups of four digits with a space. When that condition occurred, the resulting link looked like this: |issn=0819 4327 gives: [https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0819 4327 0819 4327] -- can't have spaces in an external link This code now prevents that by inserting a hyphen at the ISSN midpoint. It also validates the ISSN for length and makes sure that the checkdigit agrees with the calculated value. Incorrect length (8 digits), characters other than 0-9 and X, or checkdigit / calculated value mismatch will all cause a check ISSN error message. The ISSN is always displayed with a hyphen, even if the ISSN was given as a single group of 8 digits. ]] local function issn (options) local id = options.id; local handler = options.handler; local ignore_invalid = options.accept; local issn_copy = id; -- save a copy of unadulterated ISSN; use this version for display if ISSN does not validate local text; local valid_issn = true; id = id:gsub ('[%s-]', ''); -- remove hyphens and whitespace if 8 ~= id:len() or nil == id:match ("^%d*X?$" ) then -- validate the ISSN: 8 digits long, containing only 0-9 or X in the last position valid_issn = false; -- wrong length or improper character else valid_issn = is_valid_isxn (id, 8); -- validate ISSN end if true == valid_issn then id = string.sub (id, 1, 4 ) .. "-" .. string.sub (id, 5 ); -- if valid, display correctly formatted version else id = issn_copy; -- if not valid, show the invalid ISSN with error message end text = external_link_id ({link = handler.link, label = handler.label, q = handler.q, redirect = handler.redirect, prefix = handler.prefix, id = id, separator = handler.separator, encode = handler.encode}) if ignore_invalid then set_message ('maint_issn_ignore'); else if false == valid_issn then options.coins_list_t['ISSN'] = nil; -- when error, unset so not included in COinS set_message ('err_bad_issn', (options.hkey == 'EISSN') and 'e' or ''); -- create an error message if the ISSN is invalid end end return text; end --[[--------------------------< J F M >----------------------------------------------------------------------- A numerical identifier in the form nn.nnnn.nn ]] local function jfm (options) local id = options.id; local handler = options.handler; local id_num; id_num = id:match ('^[Jj][Ff][Mm](.*)$'); -- identifier with jfm prefix; extract identifier if is_set (id_num) then set_message ('maint_jfm_format'); else -- plain number without JFM prefix id_num = id; -- if here id does not have prefix end if id_num and id_num:match('^%d%d%.%d%d%d%d%.%d%d$') then id = id_num; -- jfm matches pattern else set_message ('err_bad_jfm' ); -- set an error message options.coins_list_t['JFM'] = nil; -- when error, unset so not included in COinS end return external_link_id ({link = handler.link, label = handler.label, q = handler.q, redirect = handler.redirect, prefix = handler.prefix, id = id, separator = handler.separator, encode = handler.encode}); end --[[--------------------------< J S T O R >-------------------------------------------------------------------- Format a JSTOR with some error checking ]] local function jstor (options) local id = options.id; local access = options.access; local handler = options.handler; if id:find ('[Jj][Ss][Tt][Oo][Rr]') or id:find ('^https?://') or id:find ('%s') then set_message ('err_bad_jstor'); -- set an error message options.coins_list_t['JSTOR'] = nil; -- when error, unset so not included in COinS end return external_link_id ({link = handler.link, label = handler.label, q = handler.q, redirect = handler.redirect, prefix = handler.prefix, id = id, separator = handler.separator, encode = handler.encode, access = access}); end --[[--------------------------< L C C N >---------------------------------------------------------------------- Format LCCN link and do simple error checking. LCCN is a character string 8-12 characters long. The length of the LCCN dictates the character type of the first 1-3 characters; the rightmost eight are always digits. https://oclc-research.github.io/infoURI-Frozen/info-uri.info/info:lccn/reg.html length = 8 then all digits length = 9 then lccn[1] is lowercase alpha length = 10 then lccn[1] and lccn[2] are both lowercase alpha or both digits length = 11 then lccn[1] is lower case alpha, lccn[2] and lccn[3] are both lowercase alpha or both digits length = 12 then lccn[1] and lccn[2] are both lowercase alpha ]] local function lccn (options) local lccn = options.id; local handler = options.handler; local err_flag; -- presume that LCCN is valid local id = lccn; -- local copy of the LCCN id = normalize_lccn (id); -- get canonical form (no whitespace, hyphens, forward slashes) local len = id:len(); -- get the length of the LCCN if 8 == len then if id:match("[^%d]") then -- if LCCN has anything but digits (nil if only digits) err_flag = set_message ('err_bad_lccn'); -- set an error message end elseif 9 == len then -- LCCN should be adddddddd if nil == id:match("%l%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d") then -- does it match our pattern? err_flag = set_message ('err_bad_lccn'); -- set an error message end elseif 10 == len then -- LCCN should be aadddddddd or dddddddddd if id:match("[^%d]") then -- if LCCN has anything but digits (nil if only digits) ... if nil == id:match("^%l%l%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d") then -- ... see if it matches our pattern err_flag = set_message ('err_bad_lccn'); -- no match, set an error message end end elseif 11 == len then -- LCCN should be aaadddddddd or adddddddddd if not (id:match("^%l%l%l%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d") or id:match("^%l%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d")) then -- see if it matches one of our patterns err_flag = set_message ('err_bad_lccn'); -- no match, set an error message end elseif 12 == len then -- LCCN should be aadddddddddd if not id:match("^%l%l%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d") then -- see if it matches our pattern err_flag = set_message ('err_bad_lccn'); -- no match, set an error message end else err_flag = set_message ('err_bad_lccn'); -- wrong length, set an error message end if not is_set (err_flag) and nil ~= lccn:find ('%s') then err_flag = set_message ('err_bad_lccn'); -- lccn contains a space, set an error message end if is_set (err_flag) then options.coins_list_t['LCCN'] = nil; -- when error, unset so not included in COinS end return external_link_id ({link = handler.link, label = handler.label, q = handler.q, redirect = handler.redirect, prefix = handler.prefix, id = lccn, separator = handler.separator, encode = handler.encode}); end --[[--------------------------< M E D R X I V >----------------------------------------------------------------- Format medRxiv ID and do simple error checking. Similar to later bioRxiv IDs, medRxiv IDs are prefixed with a yyyy.mm.dd. date and suffixed with an optional version identifier. Ealiest date accepted is 2020.01.01 The medRxiv ID is a date followed by an eight-digit number followed by an optional version indicator 'v' and one or more digits: https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.16.20232009v2 -> 10.1101/2020.11.16.20232009v2 ]] local function medrxiv (options) local id = options.id; local handler = options.handler; local err_msg_flag = true; -- flag; assume that there will be an error local patterns = { '%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d$', -- simple 8-digit identifier; these should be relatively rare '^10%.1101/(20%d%d)%.(%d%d)%.(%d%d)%.%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%dv%d+$', -- y.m.d. date + 8-digit identifier + version (2020-01-01 and later) '^10%.1101/(20%d%d)%.(%d%d)%.(%d%d)%.%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d$', -- y.m.d. date + 8-digit identifier (2020-01-01 and later) } for _, pattern in ipairs (patterns) do -- spin through the patterns looking for a match if id:match (pattern) then local y, m, d = id:match (pattern); -- found a match, attempt to get year, month and date from the identifier if m then -- m is nil when id is the 8-digit form if not is_valid_rxiv_date (y, m, d, 'b') then -- validate the encoded date; 'b' for medrxiv limit break; -- date fail; break out early so we don't unset the error message end end err_msg_flag = nil; -- we found a match so unset the error message break; -- and done end end -- <err_msg_flag> remains set here when no match if err_msg_flag then options.coins_list_t['MEDRXIV'] = nil; -- when error, unset so not included in COinS set_message ('err_bad_medrxiv'); -- and set the error message end return external_link_id ({link = handler.link, label = handler.label, q = handler.q, redirect = handler.redirect, prefix = handler.prefix, id = id, separator = handler.separator, encode = handler.encode, access = handler.access}); end --[[--------------------------< M R >-------------------------------------------------------------------------- A seven digit number; if not seven digits, zero-fill leading digits to make seven digits. ]] local function mr (options) local id = options.id; local handler = options.handler; local id_num; local id_len; id_num = id:match ('^[Mm][Rr](%d+)$'); -- identifier with mr prefix if is_set (id_num) then set_message ('maint_mr_format'); -- add maint cat else -- plain number without mr prefix id_num = id:match ('^%d+$'); -- if here id is all digits end id_len = id_num and id_num:len() or 0; if (7 >= id_len) and (0 ~= id_len) then id = string.rep ('0', 7-id_len) .. id_num; -- zero-fill leading digits else set_message ('err_bad_mr'); -- set an error message options.coins_list_t['MR'] = nil; -- when error, unset so not included in COinS end return external_link_id ({link = handler.link, label = handler.label, q = handler.q, redirect = handler.redirect, prefix = handler.prefix, id = id, separator = handler.separator, encode = handler.encode}); end --[[--------------------------< O C L C >---------------------------------------------------------------------- Validate and format an OCLC ID. https://www.oclc.org/batchload/controlnumber.en.html {{dead link}} archived at: https://web.archive.org/web/20161228233804/https://www.oclc.org/batchload/controlnumber.en.html ]] local function oclc (options) local id = options.id; local handler = options.handler; local number; if id:match('^ocm%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d$') then -- ocm prefix and 8 digits; 001 field (12 characters) number = id:match('ocm(%d+)'); -- get the number elseif id:match('^ocn%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d$') then -- ocn prefix and 9 digits; 001 field (12 characters) number = id:match('ocn(%d+)'); -- get the number elseif id:match('^on%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d+$') then -- on prefix and 10 or more digits; 001 field (12 characters) number = id:match('^on(%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d+)$'); -- get the number elseif id:match('^%(OCoLC%)[1-9]%d*$') then -- (OCoLC) prefix and variable number digits; no leading zeros; 035 field number = id:match('%(OCoLC%)([1-9]%d*)'); -- get the number if 9 < number:len() then number = nil; -- constrain to 1 to 9 digits; change this when OCLC issues 10-digit numbers end elseif id:match('^%d+$') then -- no prefix number = id; -- get the number if tonumber (id) > handler.id_limit then number = nil; -- unset when id value exceeds the limit end end if number then -- proper format id = number; -- exclude prefix, if any, from external link else set_message ('err_bad_oclc') -- add an error message if the id is malformed options.coins_list_t['OCLC'] = nil; -- when error, unset so not included in COinS end return external_link_id ({link = handler.link, label = handler.label, q = handler.q, redirect = handler.redirect, prefix = handler.prefix, id = id, separator = handler.separator, encode = handler.encode}); end --[[--------------------------< O P E N L I B R A R Y >-------------------------------------------------------- Formats an OpenLibrary link, and checks for associated errors. ]] local function openlibrary (options) local id = options.id; local access = options.access; local handler = options.handler; local ident, code = id:gsub('^OL', ''):match("^(%d+([AMW]))$"); -- strip optional OL prefix followed immediately by digits followed by 'A', 'M', or 'W'; local err_flag; local prefix = { -- these are appended to the handler.prefix according to code ['A']='authors/OL', ['M']='books/OL', ['W']='works/OL', ['X']='OL' -- not a code; spoof when 'code' in id is invalid }; if not ident then code = 'X'; -- no code or id completely invalid ident = id; -- copy id to ident so that we display the flawed identifier err_flag = set_message ('err_bad_ol'); end if not is_set (err_flag) then options.coins_list_t['OL'] = handler.prefix .. prefix[code] .. ident; -- experiment for ol coins else options.coins_list_t['OL'] = nil; -- when error, unset so not included in COinS end return external_link_id ({link = handler.link, label = handler.label, q = handler.q, redirect = handler.redirect, prefix = handler.prefix .. prefix[code], id = ident, separator = handler.separator, encode = handler.encode, access = access}); end --[[--------------------------< O S T I >---------------------------------------------------------------------- Format OSTI and do simple error checking. OSTIs are sequential numbers beginning at 1 and counting up. This code checks the OSTI to see that it contains only digits and is less than test_limit specified in the configuration; the value in test_limit will need to be updated periodically as more OSTIs are issued. NB. 1018 is the lowest OSTI number found in the wild (so far) and resolving OK on the OSTI site ]] local function osti (options) local id = options.id; local access = options.access; local handler = options.handler; if id:match("[^%d]") then -- if OSTI has anything but digits set_message ('err_bad_osti'); -- set an error message options.coins_list_t['OSTI'] = nil; -- when error, unset so not included in COinS else -- OSTI is only digits local id_num = tonumber (id); -- convert id to a number for range testing if 1018 > id_num or handler.id_limit < id_num then -- if OSTI is outside test limit boundaries set_message ('err_bad_osti'); -- set an error message options.coins_list_t['OSTI'] = nil; -- when error, unset so not included in COinS end end return external_link_id ({link = handler.link, label = handler.label, q = handler.q, redirect = handler.redirect, prefix = handler.prefix, id = id, separator = handler.separator, encode = handler.encode, access = access}); end --[[--------------------------< P M C >------------------------------------------------------------------------ Format a PMC, do simple error checking, and check for embargoed articles. The embargo parameter takes a date for a value. If the embargo date is in the future the PMC identifier will not be linked to the article. If the embargo date is today or in the past, or if it is empty or omitted, then the PMC identifier is linked to the article through the link at cfg.id_handlers['PMC'].prefix. PMC embargo date testing is done in function is_embargoed () which is called earlier because when the citation has |pmc=<value> but does not have a |url= then |title= is linked with the PMC link. Function is_embargoed () returns the embargo date if the PMC article is still embargoed, otherwise it returns an empty string. PMCs are sequential numbers beginning at 1 and counting up. This code checks the PMC to see that it contains only digits and is less than test_limit; the value in local variable test_limit will need to be updated periodically as more PMCs are issued. ]] local function pmc (options) local id = options.id; local embargo = options.Embargo; -- TODO: lowercase? local handler = options.handler; local err_flag; local id_num; local text; id_num = id:match ('^[Pp][Mm][Cc](%d+)$'); -- identifier with PMC prefix if is_set (id_num) then set_message ('maint_pmc_format'); else -- plain number without PMC prefix id_num = id:match ('^%d+$'); -- if here id is all digits end if is_set (id_num) then -- id_num has a value so test it id_num = tonumber (id_num); -- convert id_num to a number for range testing if 1 > id_num or handler.id_limit < id_num then -- if PMC is outside test limit boundaries err_flag = set_message ('err_bad_pmc'); -- set an error message else id = tostring (id_num); -- make sure id is a string end else -- when id format incorrect err_flag = set_message ('err_bad_pmc'); -- set an error message end if is_set (embargo) and is_set (is_embargoed (embargo)) then -- is PMC is still embargoed? text = table.concat ( -- still embargoed so no external link { make_wikilink (link_label_make (handler), handler.label), handler.separator, id, }); else text = external_link_id ({link = handler.link, label = handler.label, q = handler.q, redirect = handler.redirect, -- no embargo date or embargo has expired, ok to link to article prefix = handler.prefix, id = id, separator = handler.separator, encode = handler.encode, access = handler.access, auto_link = not err_flag and 'pmc' or nil -- do not auto-link when PMC has error }); end if err_flag then options.coins_list_t['PMC'] = nil; -- when error, unset so not included in COinS end return text; end --[[--------------------------< P M I D >---------------------------------------------------------------------- Format PMID and do simple error checking. PMIDs are sequential numbers beginning at 1 and counting up. This code checks the PMID to see that it contains only digits and is less than test_limit; the value in local variable test_limit will need to be updated periodically as more PMIDs are issued. ]] local function pmid (options) local id = options.id; local handler = options.handler; if id:match("[^%d]") then -- if PMID has anything but digits set_message ('err_bad_pmid'); -- set an error message options.coins_list_t['PMID'] = nil; -- when error, unset so not included in COinS else -- PMID is only digits local id_num = tonumber (id); -- convert id to a number for range testing if 1 > id_num or handler.id_limit < id_num then -- if PMID is outside test limit boundaries set_message ('err_bad_pmid'); -- set an error message options.coins_list_t['PMID'] = nil; -- when error, unset so not included in COinS end end return external_link_id ({link = handler.link, label = handler.label, q = handler.q, redirect = handler.redirect, prefix = handler.prefix, id = id, separator = handler.separator, encode = handler.encode}); end --[[--------------------------< R F C >------------------------------------------------------------------------ Format RFC and do simple error checking. RFCs are sequential numbers beginning at 1 and counting up. This code checks the RFC to see that it contains only digits and is less than test_limit specified in the configuration; the value in test_limit will need to be updated periodically as more RFCs are issued. An index of all RFCs is here: https://tools.ietf.org/rfc/ ]] local function rfc (options) local id = options.id; local handler = options.handler; if id:match("[^%d]") then -- if RFC has anything but digits set_message ('err_bad_rfc'); -- set an error message options.coins_list_t['RFC'] = nil; -- when error, unset so not included in COinS else -- RFC is only digits local id_num = tonumber (id); -- convert id to a number for range testing if 1 > id_num or handler.id_limit < id_num then -- if RFC is outside test limit boundaries set_message ('err_bad_rfc'); -- set an error message options.coins_list_t['RFC'] = nil; -- when error, unset so not included in COinS end end return external_link_id ({link = handler.link, label = handler.label, q = handler.q, redirect = handler.redirect, prefix = handler.prefix, id = id, separator = handler.separator, encode = handler.encode, access = handler.access}); end --[[--------------------------< S 2 C I D >-------------------------------------------------------------------- Format an S2CID, do simple error checking S2CIDs are sequential numbers beginning at 1 and counting up. This code checks the S2CID to see that it is only digits and is less than test_limit; the value in local variable test_limit will need to be updated periodically as more S2CIDs are issued. ]] local function s2cid (options) local id = options.id; local access = options.access; local handler = options.handler; local id_num; local text; id_num = id:match ('^[1-9]%d*$'); -- id must be all digits; must not begin with 0; no open access flag if is_set (id_num) then -- id_num has a value so test it id_num = tonumber (id_num); -- convert id_num to a number for range testing if handler.id_limit < id_num then -- if S2CID is outside test limit boundaries set_message ('err_bad_s2cid'); -- set an error message options.coins_list_t['S2CID'] = nil; -- when error, unset so not included in COinS end else -- when id format incorrect set_message ('err_bad_s2cid'); -- set an error message options.coins_list_t['S2CID'] = nil; -- when error, unset so not included in COinS end text = external_link_id ({link = handler.link, label = handler.label, q = handler.q, redirect = handler.redirect, prefix = handler.prefix, id = id, separator = handler.separator, encode = handler.encode, access = access}); return text; end --[[--------------------------< S B N >------------------------------------------------------------------------ 9-digit form of ISBN-10; uses same check-digit validation when SBN is prefixed with an additional '0' to make 10 digits sbn value not made part of COinS metadata because we don't have a url or isn't a COinS-defined identifier (rft.xxx) or an identifier registered at info-uri.info (info:) ]] local function sbn (options) local id = options.id; local ignore_invalid = options.accept; local handler = options.handler; local function return_result (check, err_type) -- local function to handle the various returns local SBN = internal_link_id ({link = handler.link, label = handler.label, redirect = handler.redirect, prefix = handler.prefix, id = id, separator = handler.separator}); if not ignore_invalid then -- if not ignoring SBN errors if not check then options.coins_list_t['SBN'] = nil; -- when error, unset so not included in COinS; not really necessary here because sbn not made part of COinS set_message ('err_bad_sbn', {err_type}); -- display an error message return SBN; end else set_message ('maint_isbn_ignore'); -- add a maint category even when there is no error (ToDo: Possibly switch to separate message for SBNs only) end return SBN; end if id:match ('[^%s-0-9X]') then return return_result (false, cfg.err_msg_supl.char); -- fail if SBN contains anything but digits, hyphens, or the uppercase X end local ident = id:gsub ('[%s-]', ''); -- remove hyphens and whitespace; they interfere with the rest of the tests if 9 ~= ident:len() then return return_result (false, cfg.err_msg_supl.length); -- fail if incorrect length end if ident:match ('^%d*X?$') == nil then return return_result (false, cfg.err_msg_supl.form); -- fail if SBN has 'X' anywhere but last position end return return_result (is_valid_isxn ('0' .. ident, 10), cfg.err_msg_supl.check); end --[[--------------------------< S S R N >---------------------------------------------------------------------- Format an SSRN, do simple error checking SSRNs are sequential numbers beginning at 100? and counting up. This code checks the SSRN to see that it is only digits and is greater than 99 and less than test_limit; the value in local variable test_limit will need to be updated periodically as more SSRNs are issued. ]] local function ssrn (options) local id = options.id; local handler = options.handler; local id_num; local text; id_num = id:match ('^%d+$'); -- id must be all digits if is_set (id_num) then -- id_num has a value so test it id_num = tonumber (id_num); -- convert id_num to a number for range testing if 100 > id_num or handler.id_limit < id_num then -- if SSRN is outside test limit boundaries set_message ('err_bad_ssrn'); -- set an error message options.coins_list_t['SSRN'] = nil; -- when error, unset so not included in COinS end else -- when id format incorrect set_message ('err_bad_ssrn'); -- set an error message options.coins_list_t['SSRN'] = nil; -- when error, unset so not included in COinS end text = external_link_id ({link = handler.link, label = handler.label, q = handler.q, redirect = handler.redirect, prefix = handler.prefix, id = id, separator = handler.separator, encode = handler.encode, access = options.access}); return text; end --[[--------------------------< U S E N E T _ I D >------------------------------------------------------------ Validate and format a usenet message id. Simple error checking, looks for 'id-left@id-right' not enclosed in '<' and/or '>' angle brackets. ]] local function usenet_id (options) local id = options.id; local handler = options.handler; local text = external_link_id ({link = handler.link, label = handler.label, q = handler.q, redirect = handler.redirect, prefix = handler.prefix, id = id, separator = handler.separator, encode = handler.encode}) if not id:match('^.+@.+$') or not id:match('^[^<].*[^>]$') then -- doesn't have '@' or has one or first or last character is '< or '>' set_message ('err_bad_usenet_id') -- add an error message if the message id is invalid options.coins_list_t['USENETID'] = nil; -- when error, unset so not included in COinS end return text; end --[[--------------------------< Z B L >----------------------------------------------------------------------- A numerical identifier in the form nnnn.nnnnn - leading zeros in the first quartet optional format described here: http://emis.mi.sanu.ac.rs/ZMATH/zmath/en/help/search/ temporary format is apparently eight digits. Anything else is an error ]] local function zbl (options) local id = options.id; local handler = options.handler; if id:match('^%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d$') then -- is this identifier using temporary format? set_message ('maint_zbl'); -- yes, add maint cat elseif not id:match('^%d?%d?%d?%d%.%d%d%d%d%d$') then -- not temporary, is it normal format? set_message ('err_bad_zbl'); -- no, set an error message options.coins_list_t['ZBL'] = nil; -- when error, unset so not included in COinS end return external_link_id ({link = handler.link, label = handler.label, q = handler.q, redirect = handler.redirect, prefix = handler.prefix, id = id, separator = handler.separator, encode = handler.encode}); end --============================<< I N T E R F A C E F U N C T I O N S >>========================================== --[[--------------------------< E X T R A C T _ I D S >------------------------------------------------------------ Populates ID table from arguments using configuration settings. Loops through cfg.id_handlers and searches args for any of the parameters listed in each cfg.id_handlers['...'].parameters. If found, adds the parameter and value to the identifier list. Emits redundant error message if more than one alias exists in args ]] local function extract_ids (args) local id_list = {}; -- list of identifiers found in args for k, v in pairs (cfg.id_handlers) do -- k is uppercase identifier name as index to cfg.id_handlers; e.g. cfg.id_handlers['ISBN'], v is a table v = select_one (args, v.parameters, 'err_redundant_parameters' ); -- v.parameters is a table of aliases for k; here we pick one from args if present if is_set (v) then id_list[k] = v; end -- if found in args, add identifier to our list end return id_list; end --[[--------------------------< E X T R A C T _ I D _ A C C E S S _ L E V E L S >-------------------------------------- Fetches custom id access levels from arguments using configuration settings. Parameters which have a predefined access level (e.g. arxiv) do not use this function as they are directly rendered as free without using an additional parameter. returns a table of k/v pairs where k is same as the identifier's key in cfg.id_handlers and v is the assigned (valid) keyword access-level values must match the case used in cfg.keywords_lists['id-access'] (lowercase unless there is some special reason for something else) ]] local function extract_id_access_levels (args, id_list) local id_accesses_list = {}; for k, v in pairs (cfg.id_handlers) do local access_param = v.custom_access; -- name of identifier's access-level parameter if is_set (access_param) then local access_level = args[access_param]; -- get the assigned value if there is one if is_set (access_level) then if not in_array (access_level, cfg.keywords_lists['id-access']) then -- exact match required set_message ('err_invalid_param_val', {access_param, access_level}); access_level = nil; -- invalid so unset end if not is_set (id_list[k]) then -- identifier access-level must have a matching identifier set_message ('err_param_access_requires_param', {k:lower()}); -- parameter name is uppercase in cfg.id_handlers (k); lowercase for error message end id_accesses_list[k] = cfg.keywords_xlate[access_level]; -- get translated keyword end end end return id_accesses_list; end --[[--------------------------< B U I L D _ I D _ L I S T >---------------------------------------------------- render the identifiers into a sorted sequence table <ID_list_coins_t> is a table of k/v pairs where k is same as key in cfg.id_handlers and v is the assigned value <options_t> is a table of various k/v option pairs provided in the call to new_build_id_list(); modified by this function and passed to all identifier rendering functions <access_levels_t> is a table of k/v pairs where k is same as key in cfg.id_handlers and v is the assigned value (if valid) returns a sequence table of sorted (by hkey - 'handler' key) rendered identifier strings ]] local function build_id_list (ID_list_coins_t, options_t, access_levels_t) local ID_list_t = {}; local accept; local func_map = { --function map points to functions associated with hkey identifier ['ARXIV'] = arxiv, ['ASIN'] = asin, ['BIBCODE'] = bibcode, ['BIORXIV'] = biorxiv, ['CITESEERX'] = citeseerx, ['DOI'] = doi, ['EISSN'] = issn, ['HDL'] = hdl, ['ISBN'] = isbn, ['ISMN'] = ismn, ['ISSN'] = issn, ['JFM'] = jfm, ['JSTOR'] = jstor, ['LCCN'] = lccn, ['MEDRXIV'] = medrxiv, ['MR'] = mr, ['OCLC'] = oclc, ['OL'] = openlibrary, ['OSTI'] = osti, ['PMC'] = pmc, ['PMID'] = pmid, ['RFC'] = rfc, ['S2CID'] = s2cid, ['SBN'] = sbn, ['SSRN'] = ssrn, ['USENETID'] = usenet_id, ['ZBL'] = zbl, } for hkey, v in pairs (ID_list_coins_t) do v, accept = has_accept_as_written (v); -- remove accept-as-written markup if present; accept is boolean true when markup removed; false else -- every function gets the options table with value v and accept boolean options_t.hkey = hkey; -- ~/Configuration handler key options_t.id = v; -- add that identifier value to the options table options_t.accept = accept; -- add the accept boolean flag options_t.access = access_levels_t[hkey]; -- add the access level for those that have an |<identifier-access= parameter options_t.handler = cfg.id_handlers[hkey]; options_t.coins_list_t = ID_list_coins_t; -- pointer to ID_list_coins_t; for |asin= and |ol=; also to keep erroneous values out of the citation's metadata options_t.coins_list_t[hkey] = v; -- id value without accept-as-written markup for metadata if options_t.handler.access and not in_array (options_t.handler.access, cfg.keywords_lists['id-access']) then error (cfg.messages['unknown_ID_access'] .. options_t.handler.access); -- here when handler access key set to a value not listed in list of allowed id access keywords end if func_map[hkey] then local id_text = func_map[hkey] (options_t); -- call the function to get identifier text and any error message table.insert (ID_list_t, {hkey, id_text}); -- add identifier text to the output sequence table else error (cfg.messages['unknown_ID_key'] .. hkey); -- here when func_map doesn't have a function for hkey end end local function comp (a, b) -- used by following table.sort() return a[1]:lower() < b[1]:lower(); -- sort by hkey end table.sort (ID_list_t, comp); -- sequence table of tables sort for k, v in ipairs (ID_list_t) do -- convert sequence table of tables to simple sequence table of strings ID_list_t[k] = v[2]; -- v[2] is the identifier rendering from the call to the various functions in func_map{} end return ID_list_t; end --[[--------------------------< O P T I O N S _ C H E C K >---------------------------------------------------- check that certain option parameters have their associated identifier parameters with values <ID_list_coins_t> is a table of k/v pairs where k is same as key in cfg.id_handlers and v is the assigned value <ID_support_t> is a sequence table of tables created in citation0() where each subtable has four elements: [1] is the support parameter's assigned value; empty string if not set [2] is a text string same as key in cfg.id_handlers [3] is cfg.error_conditions key used to create error message [4] is original ID support parameter name used to create error message returns nothing; on error emits an appropriate error message ]] local function options_check (ID_list_coins_t, ID_support_t) for _, v in ipairs (ID_support_t) do if is_set (v[1]) and not ID_list_coins_t[v[2]] then -- when support parameter has a value but matching identifier parameter is missing or empty set_message (v[3], (v[4])); -- emit the appropriate error message end end end --[[--------------------------< I D E N T I F I E R _ L I S T S _ G E T >-------------------------------------- Creates two identifier lists: a k/v table of identifiers and their values to be used locally and for use in the COinS metadata, and a sequence table of the rendered identifier strings that will be included in the rendered citation. ]] local function identifier_lists_get (args_t, options_t, ID_support_t) local ID_list_coins_t = extract_ids (args_t); -- get a table of identifiers and their values for use locally and for use in COinS options_check (ID_list_coins_t, ID_support_t); -- ID support parameters must have matching identifier parameters local ID_access_levels_t = extract_id_access_levels (args_t, ID_list_coins_t); -- get a table of identifier access levels local ID_list_t = build_id_list (ID_list_coins_t, options_t, ID_access_levels_t); -- get a sequence table of rendered identifier strings return ID_list_t, ID_list_coins_t; -- return the tables end --[[--------------------------< S E T _ S E L E C T E D _ M O D U L E S >-------------------------------------- Sets local cfg table and imported functions table to same (live or sandbox) as that used by the other modules. ]] local function set_selected_modules (cfg_table_ptr, utilities_page_ptr) cfg = cfg_table_ptr; has_accept_as_written = utilities_page_ptr.has_accept_as_written; -- import functions from select Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities module is_set = utilities_page_ptr.is_set; in_array = utilities_page_ptr.in_array; set_message = utilities_page_ptr.set_message; select_one = utilities_page_ptr.select_one; substitute = utilities_page_ptr.substitute; make_wikilink = utilities_page_ptr.make_wikilink; z = utilities_page_ptr.z; -- table of tables in Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities end --[[--------------------------< E X P O R T E D F U N C T I O N S >------------------------------------------ ]] return { auto_link_urls = auto_link_urls, -- table of identifier URLs to be used when auto-linking |title= identifier_lists_get = identifier_lists_get, -- experiment to replace individual calls to build_id_list(), extract_ids, extract_id_access_levels is_embargoed = is_embargoed; set_selected_modules = set_selected_modules; } k1dr68mpitw4fjf8xuqkl74nhwowac7 828 735 4961 4960 2025-08-07T07:39:16Z Martin Urbanec 803 29 revisions imported from [[:en:Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities]]: updating from enwiki 4960 Scribunto text/plain local z = { error_cats_t = {}; -- for categorizing citations that contain errors error_ids_t = {}; -- list of error identifiers; used to prevent duplication of certain errors; local to this module error_msgs_t = {}; -- sequence table of error messages maint_cats_t = {}; -- for categorizing citations that aren't erroneous per se, but could use a little work prop_cats_t = {}; -- for categorizing citations based on certain properties, language of source for instance prop_keys_t = {}; -- for adding classes to the citation's <cite> tag }; --[[--------------------------< F O R W A R D D E C L A R A T I O N S >-------------------------------------- ]] local cfg; -- table of tables imported from selected Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration --[[--------------------------< I S _ S E T >------------------------------------------------------------------ Returns true if argument is set; false otherwise. Argument is 'set' when it exists (not nil) or when it is not an empty string. ]] local function is_set (var) return not (var == nil or var == ''); end --[[--------------------------< I N _ A R R A Y >-------------------------------------------------------------- Whether needle is in haystack ]] local function in_array (needle, haystack) if needle == nil then return false; end for n, v in ipairs (haystack) do if v == needle then return n; end end return false; end --[[--------------------------< H A S _ A C C E P T _ A S _ W R I T T E N >------------------------------------ When <str> is wholly wrapped in accept-as-written markup, return <str> without markup and true; return <str> and false else with allow_empty = false, <str> must have at least one character inside the markup with allow_empty = true, <str> the markup frame can be empty like (()) to distinguish an empty template parameter from the specific condition "has no applicable value" in citation-context. After further evaluation the two cases might be merged at a later stage, but should be kept separated for now. ]] local function has_accept_as_written (str, allow_empty) if not is_set (str) then return str, false; end local count; if true == allow_empty then str, count = str:gsub ('^%(%((.*)%)%)$', '%1'); -- allows (()) to be an empty set else str, count = str:gsub ('^%(%((.+)%)%)$', '%1'); end return str, 0 ~= count; end --[[--------------------------< S U B S T I T U T E >---------------------------------------------------------- Populates numbered arguments in a message string using an argument table. <args> may be a single string or a sequence table of multiple strings. ]] local function substitute (msg, args) return args and mw.message.newRawMessage (msg, args):plain() or msg; end --[[--------------------------< E R R O R _ C O M M E N T >---------------------------------------------------- Wraps error messages with CSS markup according to the state of hidden. <content> may be a single string or a sequence table of multiple strings. ]] local function error_comment (content, hidden) return substitute (hidden and cfg.presentation['hidden-error'] or cfg.presentation['visible-error'], content); end --[[--------------------------< H Y P H E N _ T O _ D A S H >-------------------------------------------------- Converts a hyphen, endash, emdash to endash under certain conditions. The hyphen/en/em must separate like items; unlike items are returned unmodified. These forms are modified: letter - letter (A-B) digit - digit (4-5) digit separator digit - digit separator digit (4.1-4.5 or 4-1-4-5) letterdigit - letterdigit (A1-A5) (an optional separator between letter and digit is supported – a.1-a.5 or a-1-a-5) digitletter - digitletter (5a-5d) (an optional separator between letter and digit is supported – 5.a-5.d or 5-a-5-d) any other forms are returned unmodified. str may be a comma- or semicolon-separated list of page ranges with/without single pages ]] local function hyphen_to_dash (str) if not is_set (str) then return str; end str = str:gsub ("(%(%(.-%)%))", function(m) return m:gsub(",", "，"):gsub(";", "；") end) -- replace commas and semicolons in accept-as-written markup with similar unicode characters so they'll be ignored during the split str = str:gsub ('&[nm]dash;', {['&ndash;'] = '–', ['&mdash;'] = '—'}); -- replace &mdash; and &ndash; entities with their characters; semicolon mucks up the text.split str = str:gsub ('&#45;', '-'); -- replace HTML numeric entity with hyphen character str = str:gsub ('&nbsp;', ' '); -- replace &nbsp; entity with generic keyboard space character local out = {}; local list = mw.text.split (str, '%s*[,;]%s*'); -- split str at comma or semicolon separators if there are any local accept; -- boolean for _, item in ipairs (list) do -- for each item in the list item, accept = has_accept_as_written (item); -- remove accept-this-as-written markup when it wraps all of item if not accept and mw.ustring.match (item, '^%w*[%.%-]?%w+%s*[—–-]%s*%w*[%.%-]?%w+$') then -- if a hyphenated range or has endash or emdash separators if mw.ustring.match (item, '^%a+[%.%-]?%d+%s*[—–-]%s*%a+[%.%-]?%d+$') or -- letterdigit hyphen letterdigit (optional separator between letter and digit) mw.ustring.match (item, '^%d+[%.%-]?%a+%s*[—–-]%s*%d+[%.%-]?%a+$') or -- digitletter hyphen digitletter (optional separator between digit and letter) mw.ustring.match (item, '^%d+[%.%-]%d+%s*[—–-]%s*%d+[%.%-]%d+$') then -- digit separator digit hyphen digit separator digit item = mw.ustring.gsub (item, '(%w*[%.%-]?%w+)%s*[—–-]%s*(%w*[%.%-]?%w+)', '<span class="nowrap">%1 –</span> <span class="nowrap">%2</span>'); -- replace hyphen/dash, with spaced endash elseif mw.ustring.match (item, '^%d+%s*[—–-]%s*%d+$') or -- digit hyphen digit mw.ustring.match (item, '^%a+%s*[—–-]%s*%a+$') then -- letter hyphen letter item = mw.ustring.gsub (item, '(%w+)%s*[—–-]%s*(%w+)', '<span class="nowrap">%1–</span>%2'); -- replace hyphen/emdash with endash, remove extraneous space characters else -- item = mw.ustring.gsub (item, '%s*[—–-]%s*', '–'); -- disabled; here when 'unlike' items so return <item> as is end end table.insert (out, item); -- add the (possibly modified) item to the output table end local temp_str = ''; -- concatenate the output table into a comma separated string temp_str, accept = has_accept_as_written (table.concat (out, ', ')); -- remove accept-this-as-written markup when it wraps all of concatenated out if accept then temp_str = has_accept_as_written (str); -- when global markup removed, return original str; do it this way to suppress boolean second return value return temp_str:gsub("，", ","):gsub("；", ";"); else return temp_str:gsub("，", ","):gsub("；", ";"); -- else, return assembled temp_str end end --[=[-------------------------< M A K E _ W I K I L I N K >---------------------------------------------------- Makes a wikilink; when both link and display text is provided, returns a wikilink in the form [[L|D]]; if only link is provided (or link and display are the same), returns a wikilink in the form [[L]]; if neither are provided or link is omitted, returns an empty string. ]=] local function make_wikilink (link, display) if not is_set (link) then return '' end if is_set (display) and link ~= display then return table.concat ({'[[', link, '|', display, ']]'}); else return table.concat ({'[[', link, ']]'}); end end --[[--------------------------< S E T _ M E S S A G E >---------------------------------------------------------- Sets an error message using the ~/Configuration error_conditions{} table along with arguments supplied in the function call, inserts the resulting message in z.error_msgs_t{} sequence table, and returns the error message. <error_id> – key value for appropriate error handler in ~/Configuration error_conditions{} table <arguments> – may be a single string or a sequence table of multiple strings to be subsititued into error_conditions[error_id].message <raw> – boolean true – causes this function to return the error message not wrapped in visible-error, hidden-error span tag; returns error_conditions[error_id].hidden as a second return value does not add message to z.error_msgs_t sequence table false, nil – adds message wrapped in visible-error, hidden-error span tag to z.error_msgs_t returns the error message wrapped in visible-error, hidden-error span tag; there is no second return value <prefix> – string to be prepended to <message> -- TODO: remove support for these unused(?) arguments? <suffix> – string to be appended to <message> TODO: change z.error_cats_t and z.maint_cats_t to have the form cat_name = true? this to avoid dups without having to have an extra table ]] local added_maint_cats = {} -- list of maintenance categories that have been added to z.maint_cats_t; TODO: figure out how to delete this table local function set_message (error_id, arguments, raw, prefix, suffix) local error_state = cfg.error_conditions[error_id]; prefix = prefix or ''; suffix = suffix or ''; if error_state == nil then error (cfg.messages['undefined_error'] .. ': ' .. error_id); -- because missing error handler in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration elseif is_set (error_state.category) then if error_state.message then -- when error_state.message defined, this is an error message table.insert (z.error_cats_t, error_state.category); else if not added_maint_cats[error_id] then added_maint_cats[error_id] = true; -- note that we've added this category table.insert (z.maint_cats_t, substitute (error_state.category, arguments)); -- make cat name then add to table end return; -- because no message, nothing more to do end end local message = substitute (error_state.message, arguments); message = table.concat ( { message, ' (', make_wikilink ( table.concat ( { cfg.messages['help page link'], '#', error_state.anchor }), cfg.messages['help page label']), ')' }); z.error_ids_t[error_id] = true; if z.error_ids_t['err_citation_missing_title'] and -- if missing-title error already noted in_array (error_id, {'err_bare_url_missing_title', 'err_trans_missing_title'}) then -- and this error is one of these return '', false; -- don't bother because one flavor of missing title is sufficient end message = table.concat ({prefix, message, suffix}); if true == raw then return message, error_state.hidden; -- return message not wrapped in visible-error, hidden-error span tag end message = error_comment (message, error_state.hidden); -- wrap message in visible-error, hidden-error span tag table.insert (z.error_msgs_t, message); -- add it to the messages sequence table return message; -- and done; return value generally not used but is used as a flag in various functions of ~/Identifiers end --[[-------------------------< I S _ A L I A S _ U S E D >----------------------------------------------------- This function is used by select_one() to determine if one of a list of alias parameters is in the argument list provided by the template. Input: args – pointer to the arguments table from calling template alias – one of the list of possible aliases in the aliases lists from Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration index – for enumerated parameters, identifies which one enumerated – true/false flag used to choose how enumerated aliases are examined value – value associated with an alias that has previously been selected; nil if not yet selected selected – the alias that has previously been selected; nil if not yet selected error_list – list of aliases that are duplicates of the alias already selected Returns: value – value associated with alias we selected or that was previously selected or nil if an alias not yet selected selected – the alias we selected or the alias that was previously selected or nil if an alias not yet selected ]] local function is_alias_used (args, alias, index, enumerated, value, selected, error_list) if enumerated then -- is this a test for an enumerated parameters? alias = alias:gsub ('#', index); -- replace '#' with the value in index else alias = alias:gsub ('#', ''); -- remove '#' if it exists end if is_set (args[alias]) then -- alias is in the template's argument list if value ~= nil and selected ~= alias then -- if we have already selected one of the aliases local skip; for _, v in ipairs (error_list) do -- spin through the error list to see if we've added this alias if v == alias then skip = true; break; -- has been added so stop looking end end if not skip then -- has not been added so table.insert (error_list, alias); -- add error alias to the error list end else value = args[alias]; -- not yet selected an alias, so select this one selected = alias; end end return value, selected; -- return newly selected alias, or previously selected alias end --[[--------------------------< A D D _ M A I N T _ C A T >------------------------------------------------------ Adds a category to z.maint_cats_t using names from the configuration file with additional text if any. To prevent duplication, the added_maint_cats table lists the categories by key that have been added to z.maint_cats_t. ]] local function add_maint_cat (key, arguments) if not added_maint_cats [key] then added_maint_cats [key] = true; -- note that we've added this category table.insert (z.maint_cats_t, substitute (cfg.maint_cats [key], arguments)); -- make name then add to table end end --[[--------------------------< A D D _ P R O P _ C A T >-------------------------------------------------------- Adds a category to z.prop_cats_t using names from the configuration file with additional text if any. foreign_lang_source and foreign_lang_source_2 keys have a language code appended to them so that multiple languages may be categorized but multiples of the same language are not categorized. added_prop_cats is a table declared in page scope variables above ]] local added_prop_cats = {}; -- list of property categories that have been added to z.prop_cats_t local function add_prop_cat (key, arguments, key_modifier) local key_modified = key .. ((key_modifier and key_modifier) or ''); -- modify <key> with <key_modifier> if present and not nil if not added_prop_cats [key_modified] then added_prop_cats [key_modified] = true; -- note that we've added this category table.insert (z.prop_cats_t, substitute (cfg.prop_cats [key], arguments)); -- make name then add to table table.insert (z.prop_keys_t, 'cs1-prop-' .. key); -- convert key to class for use in the citation's <cite> tag end end --[[--------------------------< S A F E _ F O R _ I T A L I C S >---------------------------------------------- Protects a string that will be wrapped in wiki italic markup '' ... '' Note: We cannot use <i> for italics, as the expected behavior for italics specified by ''...'' in the title is that they will be inverted (i.e. unitalicized) in the resulting references. In addition, <i> and '' tend to interact poorly under Mediawiki's HTML tidy. ]] local function safe_for_italics (str) if not is_set (str) then return str end if str:sub (1, 1) == "'" then str = "<span></span>" .. str; end if str:sub (-1, -1) == "'" then str = str .. "<span></span>"; end return str:gsub ('\n', ' '); -- Remove newlines as they break italics. end --[[--------------------------< W R A P _ S T Y L E >---------------------------------------------------------- Applies styling to various parameters. Supplied string is wrapped using a message_list configuration taking one argument; protects italic styled parameters. Additional text taken from citation_config.presentation - the reason this function is similar to but separate from wrap_msg(). ]] local function wrap_style (key, str) if not is_set (str) then return ""; elseif in_array (key, {'italic-title', 'trans-italic-title'}) then str = safe_for_italics (str); end return substitute (cfg.presentation[key], {str}); end --[[--------------------------< M A K E _ S E P _ L I S T >------------------------------------------------------------ make a separated list of items using provided separators. <sep_list> - typically '<comma><space>' <sep_list_pair> - typically '<space>and<space>' <sep_list_end> - typically '<comma><space>and<space>' or '<comma><space>&<space>' defaults to cfg.presentation['sep_list'], cfg.presentation['sep_list_pair'], and cfg.presentation['sep_list_end'] if <sep_list_end> is specified, <sep_list> and <sep_list_pair> must also be supplied ]] local function make_sep_list (count, list_seq, sep_list, sep_list_pair, sep_list_end) local list = ''; if not sep_list then -- set the defaults sep_list = cfg.presentation['sep_list']; sep_list_pair = cfg.presentation['sep_list_pair']; sep_list_end = cfg.presentation['sep_list_end']; end if 2 >= count then list = table.concat (list_seq, sep_list_pair); -- insert separator between two items; returns list_seq[1] then only one item elseif 2 < count then list = table.concat (list_seq, sep_list, 1, count - 1); -- concatenate all but last item with plain list separator list = table.concat ({list, list_seq[count]}, sep_list_end); -- concatenate last item onto end of <list> with final separator end return list; end --[[--------------------------< S E L E C T _ O N E >---------------------------------------------------------- Chooses one matching parameter from a list of parameters to consider. The list of parameters to consider is just names. For parameters that may be enumerated, the position of the numerator in the parameter name is identified by the '#' so |author-last1= and |author1-last= are represented as 'author-last#' and 'author#-last'. Because enumerated parameter |<param>1= is an alias of |<param>= we must test for both possibilities. Generates an error if more than one match is present. ]] local function select_one (args, aliases_list, error_condition, index) local value = nil; -- the value assigned to the selected parameter local selected = ''; -- the name of the parameter we have chosen local error_list = {}; if index ~= nil then index = tostring(index); end for _, alias in ipairs (aliases_list) do -- for each alias in the aliases list if alias:match ('#') then -- if this alias can be enumerated if '1' == index then -- when index is 1 test for enumerated and non-enumerated aliases value, selected = is_alias_used (args, alias, index, false, value, selected, error_list); -- first test for non-enumerated alias end value, selected = is_alias_used (args, alias, index, true, value, selected, error_list); -- test for enumerated alias else value, selected = is_alias_used (args, alias, index, false, value, selected, error_list); -- test for non-enumerated alias end end if #error_list > 0 and 'none' ~= error_condition then -- for cases where this code is used outside of extract_names() for i, v in ipairs (error_list) do error_list[i] = wrap_style ('parameter', v); end table.insert (error_list, wrap_style ('parameter', selected)); set_message (error_condition, {make_sep_list (#error_list, error_list)}); end return value, selected; end --[=[-------------------------< R E M O V E _ W I K I _ L I N K >---------------------------------------------- Gets the display text from a wikilink like [[A|B]] or [[B]] gives B The str:gsub() returns either A|B froma [[A|B]] or B from [[B]] or B from B (no wikilink markup). In l(), l:gsub() removes the link and pipe (if they exist); the second :gsub() trims whitespace from the label if str was wrapped in wikilink markup. Presumably, this is because without wikimarkup in str, there is no match in the initial gsub, the replacement function l() doesn't get called. ]=] local function remove_wiki_link (str) return (str:gsub ("%[%[([^%[%]]*)%]%]", function(l) return l:gsub ("^[^|]*|(.*)$", "%1" ):gsub ("^%s*(.-)%s*$", "%1"); end)); end --[=[-------------------------< I S _ W I K I L I N K >-------------------------------------------------------- Determines if str is a wikilink, extracts, and returns the wikilink type, link text, and display text parts. If str is a complex wikilink ([[L|D]]): returns wl_type 2 and D and L from [[L|D]]; if str is a simple wikilink ([[D]]) returns wl_type 1 and D from [[D]] and L as empty string; if not a wikilink: returns wl_type 0, str as D, and L as empty string. trims leading and trailing whitespace and pipes from L and D ([[L|]] and [[|D]] are accepted by MediaWiki and treated like [[D]]; while [[|D|]] is not accepted by MediaWiki, here, we accept it and return D without the pipes). ]=] local function is_wikilink (str) local D, L local wl_type = 2; -- assume that str is a complex wikilink [[L|D]] if not str:match ('^%[%[[^%]]+%]%]$') then -- is str some sort of a wikilink (must have some sort of content) return 0, str, ''; -- not a wikilink; return wl_type as 0, str as D, and empty string as L end L, D = str:match ('^%[%[([^|]+)|([^%]]+)%]%]$'); -- get L and D from [[L|D]] if not is_set (D) then -- if no separate display D = str:match ('^%[%[([^%]]*)|*%]%]$'); -- get D from [[D]] or [[D|]] wl_type = 1; end D = mw.text.trim (D, '%s|'); -- trim white space and pipe characters return wl_type, D, L or ''; end --[[--------------------------< S T R I P _ A P O S T R O P H E _ M A R K U P >-------------------------------- Strip wiki italic and bold markup from argument so that it doesn't contaminate COinS metadata. This function strips common patterns of apostrophe markup. We presume that editors who have taken the time to markup a title have, as a result, provided valid markup. When they don't, some single apostrophes are left behind. Returns the argument without wiki markup and a number; the number is more-or-less meaningless except as a flag to indicate that markup was replaced; do not rely on it as an indicator of how many of any kind of markup was removed; returns the argument and nil when no markup removed ]] local function strip_apostrophe_markup (argument) if not is_set (argument) then return argument, nil; -- no argument, nothing to do end if nil == argument:find ( "''", 1, true ) then -- Is there at least one double apostrophe? If not, exit. return argument, nil; end local flag; while true do if argument:find ("'''''", 1, true) then -- bold italic (5) argument, flag = argument:gsub ("%'%'%'%'%'", ""); -- remove all instances of it elseif argument:find ("''''", 1, true) then -- italic start and end without content (4) argument, flag=argument:gsub ("%'%'%'%'", ""); elseif argument:find ("'''", 1, true) then -- bold (3) argument, flag=argument:gsub ("%'%'%'", ""); elseif argument:find ("''", 1, true) then -- italic (2) argument, flag = argument:gsub ("%'%'", ""); else break; end end return argument, flag; -- done end --[[--------------------------< S E T _ S E L E C T E D _ M O D U L E S >-------------------------------------- Sets local cfg table to same (live or sandbox) as that used by the other modules. ]] local function set_selected_modules (cfg_table_ptr) cfg = cfg_table_ptr; end --[[--------------------------< E X P O R T S >---------------------------------------------------------------- ]] return { add_maint_cat = add_maint_cat, -- exported functions add_prop_cat = add_prop_cat, error_comment = error_comment, has_accept_as_written = has_accept_as_written, hyphen_to_dash = hyphen_to_dash, in_array = in_array, is_set = is_set, is_wikilink = is_wikilink, make_sep_list = make_sep_list, make_wikilink = make_wikilink, remove_wiki_link = remove_wiki_link, safe_for_italics = safe_for_italics, select_one = select_one, set_message = set_message, set_selected_modules = set_selected_modules, strip_apostrophe_markup = strip_apostrophe_markup, substitute = substitute, wrap_style = wrap_style, z = z, -- exported table } 1rgyhapxi1dzuxmh3cqix2zrvvro8l2 828 736 4999 4998 2025-08-07T07:39:35Z Martin Urbanec 803 37 revisions imported from [[:en:Module:Citation/CS1/COinS]]: updating from enwiki 4998 Scribunto text/plain --[[--------------------------< F O R W A R D D E C L A R A T I O N S >-------------------------------------- ]] local has_accept_as_written, is_set, in_array, remove_wiki_link, strip_apostrophe_markup; -- functions in Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities local cfg; -- table of configuration tables that are defined in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration --[[--------------------------< M A K E _ C O I N S _ T I T L E >---------------------------------------------- Makes a title for COinS from Title and / or ScriptTitle (or any other name-script pairs) Apostrophe markup (bold, italics) is stripped from each value so that the COinS metadata isn't corrupted with strings of %27%27... ]] local function make_coins_title (title, script) title = has_accept_as_written (title); if is_set (title) then title = strip_apostrophe_markup (title); -- strip any apostrophe markup else title = ''; -- if not set, make sure title is an empty string end if is_set (script) then script = script:gsub ('^%l%l%s*:%s*', ''); -- remove language prefix if present (script value may now be empty string) script = strip_apostrophe_markup (script); -- strip any apostrophe markup else script = ''; -- if not set, make sure script is an empty string end if is_set (title) and is_set (script) then script = ' ' .. script; -- add a space before we concatenate end return title .. script; -- return the concatenation end --[[--------------------------< E S C A P E _ L U A _ M A G I C _ C H A R S >---------------------------------- Returns a string where all of Lua's magic characters have been escaped. This is important because functions like string.gsub() treat their pattern and replace strings as patterns, not literal strings. ]] local function escape_lua_magic_chars (argument) argument = argument:gsub("%%", "%%%%"); -- replace % with %% argument = argument:gsub("([%^%$%(%)%.%[%]%*%+%-%?])", "%%%1"); -- replace all other Lua magic pattern characters return argument; end --[[--------------------------< G E T _ C O I N S _ P A G E S >------------------------------------------------ Extract page numbers from external wikilinks in any of the |page=, |pages=, or |at= parameters for use in COinS. ]] local function get_coins_pages (pages) local pattern; if not is_set (pages) then return pages; end -- if no page numbers then we're done while true do pattern = pages:match("%[(%w*:?//[^ ]+%s+)[%w%d].*%]"); -- pattern is the opening bracket, the URL and following space(s): "[url " if nil == pattern then break; end -- no more URLs pattern = escape_lua_magic_chars (pattern); -- pattern is not a literal string; escape Lua's magic pattern characters pages = pages:gsub(pattern, ""); -- remove as many instances of pattern as possible end pages = pages:gsub("[%[%]]", ""); -- remove the brackets pages = pages:gsub("–", "-" ); -- replace endashes with hyphens pages = pages:gsub("&%w+;", "-" ); -- and replace HTML entities (&ndash; etc.) with hyphens; do we need to replace numerical entities like &#32; and the like? pages = pages:gsub ('%b<>', ''); -- remove html-like tags; spans are added to <Pages> by utilities.hyphen_to_dash() which should not appear in COinS metadata return pages; end --[=[-------------------------< C O I N S _ R E P L A C E _ M A T H _ S T R I P M A R K E R >------------------ There are three options for math markup rendering that depend on the editor's math preference settings. These settings are at [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering]] and are PNG images TeX source MathML with SVG or PNG fallback All three are heavy with HTML and CSS which doesn't belong in the metadata. Without this function, the metadata saved in the raw wikitext contained the rendering determined by the settings of the last editor to save the page. This function gets the rendered form of an equation according to the editor's preference before the page is saved. It then searches the rendering for the text equivalent of the rendered equation and replaces the rendering with that so that the page is saved without extraneous HTML/CSS markup and with a reasonably readable text form of the equation. When a replacement is made, this function returns true and the value with replacement; otherwise false and the initial value. To replace multipe equations it is necessary to call this function from within a loop. ]=] local function coins_replace_math_stripmarker (value) local stripmarker = cfg.stripmarkers['math']; local rendering = value:match (stripmarker); -- is there a math stripmarker if not rendering then -- when value doesn't have a math stripmarker, abandon this test return false, value; end rendering = mw.text.unstripNoWiki (rendering); -- convert stripmarker into rendered value (or nil? ''? when math render error) if rendering:match ('alt="[^"]+"') then -- if PNG math option rendering = rendering:match ('alt="([^"]+)"'); -- extract just the math text elseif rendering:match ('$%s+.+%s+%$') then -- if TeX math option; $ is legit character that is escapes as \$ rendering = rendering:match ('$%s+(.+)%s+%$') -- extract just the math text elseif rendering:match ('<annotation[^>]+>.+</annotation>') then -- if MathML math option rendering = rendering:match ('<annotation[^>]+>(.+)</annotation>') -- extract just the math text else return false, value; -- had math stripmarker but not one of the three defined forms end return true, value:gsub (stripmarker, rendering, 1); end --[[--------------------------< C O I N S _ C L E A N U P >---------------------------------------------------- Cleanup parameter values for the metadata by removing or replacing invisible characters and certain HTML entities. 2015-12-10: there is a bug in mw.text.unstripNoWiki (). It replaces math stripmarkers with the appropriate content when it shouldn't. See https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T121085 and Wikipedia_talk:Lua#stripmarkers_and_mw.text.unstripNoWiki.28.29 TODO: move the replacement patterns and replacement values into a table in /Configuration similar to the invisible characters table? ]] local function coins_cleanup (value) local replaced = true; -- default state to get the do loop running while replaced do -- loop until all math stripmarkers replaced replaced, value = coins_replace_math_stripmarker (value); -- replace math stripmarker with text representation of the equation end value = value:gsub (cfg.stripmarkers['math'], "MATH RENDER ERROR"); -- one or more couldn't be replaced; insert vague error message value = mw.text.unstripNoWiki (value); -- replace nowiki stripmarkers with their content value = value:gsub ('<span class="nowrap" style="padding%-left:0%.1em;">&#39;(s?)</span>', "'%1"); -- replace {{'}} or {{'s}} with simple apostrophe or apostrophe-s value = value:gsub ('&nbsp;', ' '); -- replace &nbsp; entity with plain space value = value:gsub ('\226\128\138', ' '); -- replace hair space with plain space if not mw.ustring.find (value, cfg.indic_script) then -- don't remove zero-width joiner characters from indic script value = value:gsub ('&zwj;', ''); -- remove &zwj; entities value = mw.ustring.gsub (value, '[\226\128\141\226\128\139\194\173]', ''); -- remove zero-width joiner, zero-width space, soft hyphen end value = value:gsub ('[\009\010\013 ]+', ' '); -- replace horizontal tab, line feed, carriage return with plain space return value; end --[[--------------------------< C O I N S >-------------------------------------------------------------------- COinS metadata (see <http://ocoins.info/>) allows automated tools to parse the citation information. ]] local function COinS(data, class) if 'table' ~= type(data) or nil == next(data) then return ''; end for k, v in pairs (data) do -- spin through all of the metadata parameter values if 'ID_list' ~= k and 'Authors' ~= k then -- except the ID_list and Author tables (author nowiki stripmarker done when Author table processed) data[k] = coins_cleanup (v); end end local ctx_ver = "Z39.88-2004"; -- treat table strictly as an array with only set values. local OCinSoutput = setmetatable( {}, { __newindex = function(self, key, value) if is_set(value) then rawset( self, #self+1, table.concat{ key, '=', mw.uri.encode( remove_wiki_link( value ) ) } ); end end }); if in_array (class, {'arxiv', 'biorxiv', 'citeseerx', 'medrxiv', 'ssrn', 'journal', 'news', 'magazine'}) or (in_array (class, {'conference', 'interview', 'map', 'press release', 'web'}) and is_set(data.Periodical)) or ('citation' == class and is_set(data.Periodical) and not is_set (data.Encyclopedia)) then OCinSoutput.rft_val_fmt = "info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal"; -- journal metadata identifier if in_array (class, {'arxiv', 'biorxiv', 'citeseerx', 'medrxiv', 'ssrn'}) then -- set genre according to the type of citation template we are rendering OCinSoutput["rft.genre"] = "preprint"; -- cite arxiv, cite biorxiv, cite citeseerx, cite medrxiv, cite ssrn elseif 'conference' == class then OCinSoutput["rft.genre"] = "conference"; -- cite conference (when Periodical set) elseif 'web' == class then OCinSoutput["rft.genre"] = "unknown"; -- cite web (when Periodical set) else OCinSoutput["rft.genre"] = "article"; -- journal and other 'periodical' articles end OCinSoutput["rft.jtitle"] = data.Periodical; -- journal only OCinSoutput["rft.atitle"] = data.Title; -- 'periodical' article titles -- these used only for periodicals OCinSoutput["rft.ssn"] = data.Season; -- keywords: winter, spring, summer, fall OCinSoutput["rft.quarter"] = data.Quarter; -- single digits 1->first quarter, etc. OCinSoutput["rft.chron"] = data.Chron; -- free-form date components OCinSoutput["rft.volume"] = data.Volume; -- does not apply to books OCinSoutput["rft.issue"] = data.Issue; OCinSoutput['rft.artnum'] = data.ArticleNumber; -- {{cite journal}} only OCinSoutput["rft.pages"] = data.Pages; -- also used in book metadata elseif 'thesis' ~= class then -- all others except cite thesis are treated as 'book' metadata; genre distinguishes OCinSoutput.rft_val_fmt = "info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:book"; -- book metadata identifier if 'report' == class or 'techreport' == class then -- cite report and cite techreport OCinSoutput["rft.genre"] = "report"; elseif 'conference' == class then -- cite conference when Periodical not set OCinSoutput["rft.genre"] = "conference"; OCinSoutput["rft.atitle"] = data.Chapter; -- conference paper as chapter in proceedings (book) elseif in_array (class, {'book', 'citation', 'encyclopaedia', 'interview', 'map'}) then if is_set (data.Chapter) then OCinSoutput["rft.genre"] = "bookitem"; OCinSoutput["rft.atitle"] = data.Chapter; -- book chapter, encyclopedia article, interview in a book, or map title else if 'map' == class or 'interview' == class then OCinSoutput["rft.genre"] = 'unknown'; -- standalone map or interview else OCinSoutput["rft.genre"] = 'book'; -- book and encyclopedia end end else -- {'audio-visual', 'AV-media-notes', 'DVD-notes', 'episode', 'interview', 'mailinglist', 'map', 'newsgroup', 'podcast', 'press release', 'serial', 'sign', 'speech', 'web'} OCinSoutput["rft.genre"] = "unknown"; end OCinSoutput["rft.btitle"] = data.Title; -- book only OCinSoutput["rft.place"] = data.PublicationPlace; -- book only OCinSoutput["rft.series"] = data.Series; -- book only OCinSoutput["rft.pages"] = data.Pages; -- book, journal OCinSoutput["rft.edition"] = data.Edition; -- book only OCinSoutput["rft.pub"] = data.PublisherName; -- book and dissertation else -- cite thesis OCinSoutput.rft_val_fmt = "info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation"; -- dissertation metadata identifier OCinSoutput["rft.title"] = data.Title; -- dissertation (also patent but that is not yet supported) OCinSoutput["rft.degree"] = data.Degree; -- dissertation only OCinSoutput['rft.inst'] = data.PublisherName; -- book and dissertation end -- NB. Not currently supported are "info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:patent", "info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dc", "info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:sch_svc", "info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx" -- and now common parameters (as much as possible) OCinSoutput["rft.date"] = data.Date; -- book, journal, dissertation for k, v in pairs( data.ID_list ) do -- what to do about these? For now assume that they are common to all? if k == 'ISBN' then v = v:gsub( "[^-0-9X]", "" ); end local id = cfg.id_handlers[k].COinS; if string.sub( id or "", 1, 4 ) == 'info' then -- for ids that are in the info:registry OCinSoutput["rft_id"] = table.concat{ id, "/", v }; elseif string.sub (id or "", 1, 3 ) == 'rft' then -- for isbn, issn, eissn, etc. that have defined COinS keywords OCinSoutput[ id ] = v; elseif 'url' == id then -- for urls that are assembled in ~/Identifiers; |asin= and |ol= OCinSoutput["rft_id"] = table.concat ({data.ID_list[k], "#id-name=", cfg.id_handlers[k].label}); elseif id then -- when cfg.id_handlers[k].COinS is not nil so urls created here OCinSoutput["rft_id"] = table.concat{ cfg.id_handlers[k].prefix, v, cfg.id_handlers[k].suffix or '', "#id-name=", cfg.id_handlers[k].label }; -- others; provide a URL and indicate identifier name as #fragment (human-readable, but transparent to browsers) end end local last, first; for k, v in ipairs( data.Authors ) do last, first = coins_cleanup (v.last), coins_cleanup (v.first or ''); -- replace any nowiki stripmarkers, non-printing or invisible characters if k == 1 then -- for the first author name only if is_set(last) and is_set(first) then -- set these COinS values if |first= and |last= specify the first author name OCinSoutput["rft.aulast"] = last; -- book, journal, dissertation OCinSoutput["rft.aufirst"] = first; -- book, journal, dissertation elseif is_set(last) then OCinSoutput["rft.au"] = last; -- book, journal, dissertation -- otherwise use this form for the first name end else -- for all other authors if is_set(last) and is_set(first) then OCinSoutput["rft.au"] = table.concat{ last, ", ", first }; -- book, journal, dissertation elseif is_set(last) then OCinSoutput["rft.au"] = last; -- book, journal, dissertation end -- TODO: At present we do not report "et al.". Add anything special if this condition applies? end end OCinSoutput.rft_id = data.URL; OCinSoutput.rfr_id = table.concat{ "info:sid/", mw.site.server:match( "[^/]*$" ), ":", data.RawPage }; -- TODO: Add optional extra info: -- rfr_dat=#REVISION<version> (referrer private data) -- ctx_id=<data.RawPage>#<ref> (identifier for the context object) -- ctx_tim=<ts> (timestamp in format yyyy-mm-ddThh:mm:ssTZD or yyyy-mm-dd) -- ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8 (character encoding) OCinSoutput = setmetatable( OCinSoutput, nil ); -- sort with version string always first, and combine. -- table.sort( OCinSoutput ); table.insert( OCinSoutput, 1, "ctx_ver=" .. ctx_ver ); -- such as "Z39.88-2004" return table.concat(OCinSoutput, "&"); end --[[--------------------------< S E T _ S E L E C T E D _ M O D U L E S >-------------------------------------- Sets local cfg table and imported functions table to same (live or sandbox) as that used by the other modules. ]] local function set_selected_modules (cfg_table_ptr, utilities_page_ptr) cfg = cfg_table_ptr; has_accept_as_written = utilities_page_ptr.has_accept_as_written; -- import functions from selected Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities module is_set = utilities_page_ptr.is_set; in_array = utilities_page_ptr.in_array; remove_wiki_link = utilities_page_ptr.remove_wiki_link; strip_apostrophe_markup = utilities_page_ptr.strip_apostrophe_markup; end --[[--------------------------< E X P O R T E D F U N C T I O N S >------------------------------------------ ]] return { make_coins_title = make_coins_title, get_coins_pages = get_coins_pages, COinS = COinS, set_selected_modules = set_selected_modules, } 2eba9cn0u4yseyeujt1vmrglxrgcllo 828 737 5041 5040 2025-08-07T07:39:53Z Martin Urbanec 803 41 revisions imported from [[:en:Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css]]: updating from enwiki 5040 sanitized-css text/css /* Protection icon the following line controls the page-protection icon in the upper right corner it must remain within this comment {{sandbox other||{{pp-template}}}} */ /* Overrides Some wikis do not override user agent default styles for HTML <cite> and <q>, unlike en.wp. On en.wp, keep these the same as [[MediaWiki:Common.css]]. The word-wrap and :target styles were moved here from Common.css. On en.wp, keep these the same as [[Template:Citation/styles.css]]. */ cite.citation { font-style: inherit; /* Remove italics for <cite> */ /* Break long urls, etc., rather than overflowing box */ word-wrap: break-word; } .citation q { quotes: '"' '"' "'" "'"; /* Straight quote marks for <q> */ } /* Highlight linked elements (such as clicked references) in blue */ .citation:target { /* ignore the linter - all browsers of interest implement this */ background-color: rgba(0, 127, 255, 0.133); } /* ID and URL access Both core and Common.css have selector .mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf"].external for PDF pages. All TemplateStyles pages are hoisted to .mw-parser-output. We need to have specificity equal to a[href$=".pdf"].external for locks to override PDF icon. That's essentially 2 classes and 1 element. the .id-lock-... selectors are for use by non-citation templates like {{Catalog lookup link}} bg-size `contain` in Minerva and Timeless is too large, so we set a size for them and then exclude them later */ .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a { background: url(//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg) right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat; } .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a, .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a { background: url(//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg) right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat; } .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a { background: url(//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg) right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat; } /* Wikisource Wikisource icon when |chapter= or |title= is wikilinked to Wikisource as in cite wikisource */ .cs1-ws-icon a { background: url(//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg) right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat; } body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .id-lock-free a, body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .id-lock-limited a, body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .id-lock-registration a, body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .id-lock-subscription a, body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .cs1-ws-icon a { background-size: contain; /* Common.css has a padding set for PDF URLs. bg-contain expands to the * size of the padding which makes the icons very large. we "reset" the * padding here. 1em picked out of a hat based on console having a similar * rule from elsewhere */ padding: 0 1em 0 0; } /* Errors and maintenance */ .cs1-code { /* <code>...</code> style override: mediawiki's css definition is specified here: https://git.wikimedia.org/blob/mediawiki%2Fcore.git/ 69cd73811f7aadd093050dbf20ed70ef0b42a713/skins%2Fcommon%2FcommonElements.css#L199 */ color: inherit; background: inherit; border: none; padding: inherit; } .cs1-hidden-error { display: none; color: var(--color-error, #d33); } .cs1-visible-error { color: var(--color-error, #d33); } .cs1-maint { display: none; color: #085; margin-left: 0.3em; } /* kerning */ .cs1-kern-left { padding-left: 0.2em; } .cs1-kern-right { padding-right: 0.2em; } /* selflinks – avoid bold font style when cs1|2 template links to the current page */ .citation .mw-selflink { font-weight: inherit; } @media screen { /* Small text size Set small text size in one place. 0.95 (here) * 0.9 (from references list) is ~0.85, which is the lower bound for size for accessibility. Old styling for this was just 0.85. We could write the rule so that when this template is inside references/reflist, only then does it multiply by 0.95; else multiply by 0.85 */ .cs1-format { font-size: 95%; } html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .cs1-maint { color: #18911f; } } @media screen and (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .cs1-maint { color: #18911f; } } 4vx8grkh20viq5i9qf98wumgw6uva7x 8 738 5045 2025-08-07T08:04:58Z Martin Urbanec 803 enabling HotCat {translation by [[User:Nomsa Skosana]]) 5045 wikitext text/x-wiki HotCat: faka ngobulula, susa, begodu faka amakhathegori ekhasineli, namagama owasikiselako ([[:File:HotCat.png|isibonelo]]) o4ac6hniq18nkjpat4v4un90050laq0 8 739 5047 5046 2025-08-07T08:06:13Z Martin Urbanec 803 remove the section 5047 wikitext text/x-wiki * HotCat[ResourceLoader|rights=edit]|HotCat.js qr300h780fjt5y3oy73caz7q8etmfx1 0 740 5055 2025-08-07T13:50:11Z Zukesto 829 Created page with "isiko pilo yabantu" 5055 wikitext text/x-wiki isiko pilo yabantu 9iytv2qmtqrqpck63s0ywjwozxq9qb1 0 741 5098 5077 2025-08-08T09:40:03Z Mtsweni S 835 5098 wikitext text/x-wiki Ukuzithwala kulokha umuntu wengubo asidisi. Lokhu kwenzeka lokha umuntu wengubo ahlangene nomuntu wembaji ngokomseme begodu singatjho bona ukuzithwala yisikhathi lapho umntwana akhula khona ngemathunjini womuntu wengubo.Kuthatha iimveke ezingaba -40,nofana iinyanga ezilithoba.Zihlukaniswe ngeengaba ezintathu ezibizwa nge-trimester. Umuntu wengubo nakazithweleko ubonakala ngamatshwayo athileko, isibonelo: ukuthulula, abanye batjhuguluka imizimba. h5lr53hp7danglg8rj89s34hv10u1gr 0 742 5078 2025-08-08T08:31:34Z Ayanda TS Mahlangu 834 Created page with "Ukutlhorisa ukuhlukumeza umuntu ngokwenyama, ngokomkhumbulo, kanye nangokommoya." 5078 wikitext text/x-wiki Ukutlhorisa ukuhlukumeza umuntu ngokwenyama, ngokomkhumbulo, kanye nangokommoya. apci7wr0t76qnr8a0kp18y5zu8ke1zc 0 743 5100 5095 2025-08-08T09:40:09Z Ayanda TS Mahlangu 834 5100 wikitext text/x-wiki Ukutlhorisa kuhlukumeza omunye umuntu, ukumenza aphatheke kumbi nofana kabahlungu. Kunemihlobo ehlukahlukeneko yokuhlukumezeka, ukuhlukumezeka ngokwenyama, ngokomkhumbulo, ngokumseme, ngokommoya kunye nangokomseme. Ukutlhoriswa kwabantu bengubo eSewula Afriki kusezingeni eliphezulu begodu kubonakala likhuphuka nyaka nonyaka. Lokhu kungebanga lokobana ubunengi babantu bengubo abatlhoriswako, batlhoriswa ezandleni zabantu abatjhidelene nabo. Abantu bengubo bahlukumezeka ngeendlela ezinengi enarhe yeSewula Africa, njengokutlhoriswa ngokwenyama. Lokhu kutlhoriswa okujayelekile kileli, ekwenzeka khulu khulu hlangana nabantu abaziinthandani. Namhlanje sikhamba phezu kwabantu abanengi bengubo abakhambe emhlabeni babulawa babantu ababathandako ngokubatlhorisa. nvq8lyo3gtmzg5y97y03d20gqg8x9en 0 744 5099 5092 2025-08-08T09:40:04Z 2003.Maureen 839 5099 wikitext text/x-wiki Ukubulawa kwabantu besifazane kuyinto esele Ibhebhetheka ngokweqileko enarheni le.Enyakeni lo uwodwa sele kubulewe abantu abanengi kwamambala iikakhulukazi abezwana nabo Umntazinyana u Olerato Mongale egade aneminyaka ematjhumi amathathu obekafunda eRHODES UNIVERSITY,watholakala abulewe ngemva kokobana ahlangane nomuntu eenkundleni zokuthintana.Kuthiwa umuntu lo wazenza ngathi ufuna ukumkhipha ayomdlisa isidlo sebsuku kanti uze ngokumbi ngokobana ambululale.Nontobeko Cele ebekaneminyaka ematjhumi amabili nahlanu yena ubulawe ngeshlungu mumuntu obekahlekisana naye uSibusiso Lawrence.Okubhlungu kukobana wathi nakambulalako wenza umgadangiso.Kuthiwa amapholisa amthola alenge emthini eduze nalapho enze khona isenzo lezi .Lokhu kwenzeka e Kwazulu Natal.Ku Rhoboyi woyaka lo ePitori kusolwa bonyana kunombulali okhamba athumba bekabulale abafazi.Kuthiwa bahlanu abentazana abatholakele babulawe ngendlela efanako batholakele baphuthelwe nge tjhegasi ,batjhisiwe begodu abanye babo bagujelwe eduze ne Tshwane,basukela eminyakeni ematjhumi amabili ukuya kewamatjhumi amathathu nahlanu. Ekhotho ye Pitor bagwebe ggrcbd2kuve5439kptdxs7pm97yc6xa 0 745 5103 2025-08-08T10:01:56Z Nqobile P Mahlangu 840 Created page with "Ubuntazana ngokwesiko butjho ubujamo bokungakaze uhlanganyele ngokomseme. Ukuqakatheka kwako kuyahluka ngokuya kwam asiko, iinkolo kanye neenkathi. ngokomlando, ubuntazana nofana ubuntombi khulukhulu besifazana bukhambelana nokuzihlonipha nokukuhlanzeka. ngokuya ngo (Gottlieb,2004), eemphakathini eminengi yakade, bekuyimfuneko yomtjhado nokuba semthethweni komndeni. Ngokomoya, ubuntazana buvame ukubonwa njengetshwayo lokuhlanzeka nokuzinikela ku Krestu. Ukuhlonipha oku..." 5103 wikitext text/x-wiki Ubuntazana ngokwesiko butjho ubujamo bokungakaze uhlanganyele ngokomseme. Ukuqakatheka kwako kuyahluka ngokuya kwam asiko, iinkolo kanye neenkathi. ngokomlando, ubuntazana nofana ubuntombi khulukhulu besifazana bukhambelana nokuzihlonipha nokukuhlanzeka. ngokuya ngo (Gottlieb,2004), eemphakathini eminengi yakade, bekuyimfuneko yomtjhado nokuba semthethweni komndeni. Ngokomoya, ubuntazana buvame ukubonwa njengetshwayo lokuhlanzeka nokuzinikela ku Krestu. Ukuhlonipha okufanako kutholakala ekoweni yamaHindu yama bhuda, lapho ukungatjhadi kuthathwa njengendlela eya ekukhanyeni. Ukuzigcina kungakusiza ngendlela ezinengi njengokuzivimbela ukuthola ama STI, ukukhulelwa ngokungakahleleki, kakhulukazi ebantwaneni. Ubuntazana kungahlotjaniswa nokulungela ngokomkhumbulo ngokomkhumbulo nokuphila luhle ngokwngqondo. Esikhathini esizako, umnqondo wobuntazana ungaba womuntu yedwa,(mathupha) fs3gcsj2g61f8p756adqef5nzmezkkp 0 746 5105 2025-08-08T10:40:06Z Nqobile P Mahlangu 840 Created page with " USfiso Ncwane wabelethwa ngomhlaka 1979-ku Sihlabantdangana ngelanga ama-21 wabhubha ngo Nobayeni mhlana amalanga ama-5 ngo- 2016. Ubegade acula nge Sewula afrika. wahlanganyela ne Mlazi based band ebizwa nge new edition, Ngokuhlanganyela u Ntombifuthi no skhumbuzo Gumee lo ebegade abetha iingubhu. U Ncwane waphandinda enye iband ebizwa ngokobana yi " one touch" no Mr Joe gcabashe , sikhona Gumede no Senzao sabela." 5105 wikitext text/x-wiki USfiso Ncwane wabelethwa ngomhlaka 1979-ku Sihlabantdangana ngelanga ama-21 wabhubha ngo Nobayeni mhlana amalanga ama-5 ngo- 2016. Ubegade acula nge Sewula afrika. wahlanganyela ne Mlazi based band ebizwa nge new edition, Ngokuhlanganyela u Ntombifuthi no skhumbuzo Gumee lo ebegade abetha iingubhu. U Ncwane waphandinda enye iband ebizwa ngokobana yi " one touch" no Mr Joe gcabashe , sikhona Gumede no Senzao sabela. i8mq7zcwhnmszrum8xq6jch4qf41i7q 0 747 5106 2025-08-08T11:06:30Z Ayanda TS Mahlangu 834 Created page with "Nomzamo Winifred Zanyiwe Madikizela-Mandela OLS MP ( wabelethwa mahlana amalanga ama26 kuSeptember 1936- 2 April 2018), owaziwa ngo Winnie Mandela, waye ngusopolitiki weSewula Afrika, anti-apartheid activist begodu angukosikazi wesibili ka Nelson Mandela.Ngesikhathi sakhe sepolotiki wayesebenza njengelungu lePalamende ukusukela ngomyaka we-1994 ukuyokyfika enyakeni ka-2003, wasebenza godu ukusuka ngomnyaka we-2009 ukufikela bewahlongakala, wayelisekala likaNqonqoshe w..." 5106 wikitext text/x-wiki Nomzamo Winifred Zanyiwe Madikizela-Mandela OLS MP ( wabelethwa mahlana amalanga ama26 kuSeptember 1936- 2 April 2018), owaziwa ngo Winnie Mandela, waye ngusopolitiki weSewula Afrika, anti-apartheid activist begodu angukosikazi wesibili ka Nelson Mandela.Ngesikhathi sakhe sepolotiki wayesebenza njengelungu lePalamende ukusukela ngomyaka we-1994 ukuyokyfika enyakeni ka-2003, wasebenza godu ukusuka ngomnyaka we-2009 ukufikela bewahlongakala, wayelisekala likaNqonqoshe we Arts and Culture ukusukela ngomnyaka we-1994 ukufikela enyakeni we-1996. Ubegade alilungu le African National Congress (ANC) lapho ebekasebenza ku National Executive Committee ye-ANC bewahola ne-Women's League. Abalandeli baka Madikizela-Mandela babemazi njengo "Mma wesitjhaba". Wabelethelwa ebukhosini bamaXhosa eBizana, amthlogomeli, atjhade noNelson Mandela eJohennesburg ngomnyaka wee-1958; baqeda iminyaka ema-38 emtjhadweni wabo, baba nabentwana ababili. Ngo-1983, ngemva kokubotjhwa kwakaMandela ngokulandela i-Rivonia Trail, waba bubuso bakhe emphathini eminyakeni ema-27 ayiqeda ejele.Ngaleso sikhathi, waduma khulu emphakathini womzabalazo. UMadikizela Mandele wavinjezelwa yi-aphartheid state security services eentweni ezinengi, wahlukunyezwa, wagandelelwa ngemithetho evimbako, bewaqotjhwa emadorobhedini wamaplasi bewahlala iinyanga eziimbalwa e-Solitary Confinement. nedvrlpjw2150bld9n6tjjw96jlqpf3 0 748 5414 5107 2025-09-03T20:56:55Z F.K MAHLANGU 891 added references and a picture of Nelson Mandela. 5414 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Nelson Mandela 1994.jpg|thumb|345x345px|<ref>[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Nelson_Mandela_1994.jpg Nelson_Mandela_1994.jpg (1500×1940)]</ref>Nelson Mandela]] Mandela wabelethwa ngomhlaka 18 kuVelabahlinze 1918, esgodini seMvezo ngendaweni ebizwa ngokuthi yiMtata, eEastern Cape <ref>Mandela, N. (1994). ''Long Walk to Freedom: The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela''. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.</ref>. Wanikelwa igama likaRolihlahla, igama lesiXhosa elitjho ukuthi "troublemaker"<ref>Lodge, T. (2006). ''Mandela: A Critical Life''. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</ref> kwathi emnyakeni elandelako wathoma ukwaziwa ngesithakazelo sakhe, uMadiba. Ukhokhomkhulu wakhe wehlangothini lika yise, uNgubengcuka wayemdosiphambili wesizwe siThembu eTranskeian kwiphrovinsi yeEastern Cape<ref>Meredith, M. (2010). ''Mandela: A Biography''. New York: PublicAffairs.</ref>. Omunye wamadodana kaNgubengcuka, ibizo lakhe ekungu Mandela, umkhulu kaNelson, ekunguye ebamthiyelela ngaye. Ngebanga lokobana uMandela wayebelethwa ngendlini yomfazi obuya esitjhabeni seIxhiba, kwenza bona angarhoni ukuba yikosana elandelako. Ubaba kanelson Mandela, uGadla Henry Mphakanyiswa Mandela, wayeyikosana, wabekwaesihlalweni ngomyaka ka1915, ngemva kokuthi umkhandlo wakhe wakhe uthweswe ngomlandu wokukhwabanisa, uthweswa mkhandlu wabantu abamhlophe<ref>Sampson, A. (1999). ''Mandela: The Authorized Biography''. London: HarperCollins.</ref>. Ngo1926, uGadla waqotjhwa emsebenzini ngonobangela wokukhwabanisa, kodwana uNelson bamtjela ukuthi uyise bamqothele ukujamela amalungelo nobulungiswa emkhandlwini. UGadla wayenesithembu, abafazi abane, amadodana amane kanye namadodakazi alithoba, ebebahlala endaweni ezihlukileko. Unina kaNelson wayemfazi wesithathu, uNosekeni Fanny, indodakazi kaNkedama wendlu yangesidleni, ilunga lesitjhaba samaMpemvu. === Irherho lemithombo. === <references /> 6chdq6gcko39eaxip19b8t49ks8gl0t 0 749 5108 2025-08-08T11:12:25Z Mpho F Mahlangu 838 Created page with " UZenzile Miriam Makeba (4 Ntaka 1932- 9 Sinyikhaba 2008), ogade aziwa ngelaka Mama Afrika, bekamvumi weSewula Afrika, umbhali weengoma, umlingisi nomlweli wezamalungela wabantu. Kwezomvumo bekazibandakanye imihlobeni ye-Afropop, jazz, and world music, bekamjameli ujamele ukugandeleleka kwabantu abanzima nombuso wabantu abanzima eSewula Afrika. Wabelethelwa eJohanesburg, umbelethi wakhe omunye bekamSwati omunye amuXhosa, uMakeba wakateleleka borna ayokufuna umsebenzi as..." 5108 wikitext text/x-wiki UZenzile Miriam Makeba (4 Ntaka 1932- 9 Sinyikhaba 2008), ogade aziwa ngelaka Mama Afrika, bekamvumi weSewula Afrika, umbhali weengoma, umlingisi nomlweli wezamalungela wabantu. Kwezomvumo bekazibandakanye imihlobeni ye-Afropop, jazz, and world music, bekamjameli ujamele ukugandeleleka kwabantu abanzima nombuso wabantu abanzima eSewula Afrika. Wabelethelwa eJohanesburg, umbelethi wakhe omunye bekamSwati omunye amuXhosa, uMakeba wakateleleka borna ayokufuna umsebenzi asesemcani ngemuva kokuhlongakala kukayise. Waba nemshoda weskhatjhana nobegade ahlukumezeka kiwo aneminyaka eli-17, wathola umntwanakhe wokuthoma ngomnyaka we-1950, wahlula nesifo sekankere yamabele. Ikghono lakhe kwezomvumo lavela asesemntwana, waba ngusaziwayo ngo-1950, wahlanganyela nesiqhema se-The Cuban brothers, Manhattan brothers, an all women group, the skylarks,bebadlala imihlobohlobo ye-jazz, traditionala African melodies, neminye imihlobo yezomvumo edumileko yangaphetjheya. ssp66f13lztynvok07qy5cu5e3u4624 0 750 5109 2025-08-08T11:12:46Z Willson2001 841 Bhuda TW(2025) 5109 wikitext text/x-wiki '''UTumelo Manyoni''' owaziwa ngokuthi ngu-Mr Jazziq, ungusonkunupe wama-Piano enarheni yeSewula Afrika, begodu nomkhiqizi wamarekhodi. Waziwa khulu ngebanga lokobana ulilunga lr iJazzi disciplines.<ref name=":0">Bhuda, TW(2025)</ref> == Early life and education == UTumelo Manyoni wabelethwa mhlana amalanga amathathu kuNtaka ngomnyaka we-1995, wabelethwa begodu wakhuliswa endaweni eyaziwa ngokobana yiAlexandra, ukhuliswe ngugogo wakhe ngesikhathi ababelethi bakhe bahlala etlhagwini yeJwanasbhege. Wafunda eHighlands North Boy's High School. Ukuvezwa kwakhe njengomvumi ekuthomeni ngokusebenzisa ukuduma komndeni, okufaka hlangana ukubamamathe nelimi kwakayise, umalume wakhe kanye nabavumi abafana njengo Oskido, Black Coffe, kwavusa ikareko yakhe ekorweni yezomvumi.<ref name=":0" /> Ikhambo lakhe lomvumo lathoma ngokuthi uyise kanye nomalume wakhe bazibandakanye emkhakheni womvumo, koke lokhu kwamenza bona akhiphe amehlo enyameni begodu ahlangane nabanye abavumi abadumileko enarheni mazombe, koke lokhu kwamkhuthaza bona abenekareko ekuvumeni. Wathi nakahlanganisa iminyaka elitjhumi nane besele angusonkunupe, kwathi lokha nakaneminyaka elitjhumi nesithandathu wathoma ukukhiqiza umvumo wasebenzisana noJosiah De Discipline ukwakha ubudlelwano JazziDisciples ngomnyaka wee-2017.<ref name=":0" /> hj2wocfyv0lnba89rf3al57r0x0lwwr 0 751 5110 2025-08-08T11:12:46Z 2003.Maureen 839 Created page with "Challie wesibili mntwana omdala wekosi u Charlse wokuthoma okunguye yedwa oseleko enarheni ye Scotland,Ireland ne Henrietta Maria of France. AfNgemva kukuphumala kuka charles wokuthoma ngonyaka ka-30 January 1649,Ngesikhathi sepi wabantu abamhlophe ekuyi British civil war,ipalamende ye Scotsland ibeke u Charles ikosi yesibili ngomhlaka 5 February 1649,kodwana, England yangena e skathini esiyi interregnum.yabuya yaphathwa ngu Cromwell owahlula u Charles II epini Worceste..." 5110 wikitext text/x-wiki Challie wesibili mntwana omdala wekosi u Charlse wokuthoma okunguye yedwa oseleko enarheni ye Scotland,Ireland ne Henrietta Maria of France. AfNgemva kukuphumala kuka charles wokuthoma ngonyaka ka-30 January 1649,Ngesikhathi sepi wabantu abamhlophe ekuyi British civil war,ipalamende ye Scotsland ibeke u Charles ikosi yesibili ngomhlaka 5 February 1649,kodwana, England yangena e skathini esiyi interregnum.yabuya yaphathwa ngu Cromwell owahlula u Charles II epini Worcester on 3 September 1651, 1o3aa1h4jdq62lfvlpkho1rd1u3he4a 0 752 5111 2025-08-08T11:13:20Z Tjhudu Khanyi 836 Created page with " URefiloe Maela Phoolo (wabelethwa mhla amalanga ali-16 kuNobayeni 1990), owaziwa ngoCasper Nyovest, mvumi weSewula Afrika, mtloli womvumo, usomabhizinisi, umkhiqizi womvumo kanye nosomaguduva. Wabelethelwa begodu bewakhulela eMahikeng, eTjingalanga Kapa, uthathwa njengomunye wabavumi abaphumeleleko eSewula Afrika. Ngomnyaka ka-2014 wasungula umgadangiso womvumo iFamily Tree Records. uNyovest waduma ngokukhutjhwa kwe- albhamu i- Tsholofelo (2014) eyakhiqiza iimvumo edum..." 5111 wikitext text/x-wiki URefiloe Maela Phoolo (wabelethwa mhla amalanga ali-16 kuNobayeni 1990), owaziwa ngoCasper Nyovest, mvumi weSewula Afrika, mtloli womvumo, usomabhizinisi, umkhiqizi womvumo kanye nosomaguduva. Wabelethelwa begodu bewakhulela eMahikeng, eTjingalanga Kapa, uthathwa njengomunye wabavumi abaphumeleleko eSewula Afrika. Ngomnyaka ka-2014 wasungula umgadangiso womvumo iFamily Tree Records. uNyovest waduma ngokukhutjhwa kwe- albhamu i- Tsholofelo (2014) eyakhiqiza iimvumo edumileko ezithi "Gusheshe" kanye ne "Doc Shebeleza" Ngepumelelo yakhe yokuthengisa amathikithi wekhonsethi yakhe, iFill Up the Dome (2015) ebeyibanjwe eTicketpro Dome eJohannesburg. Ipumelelo yomnyanya lo yalandelela uNyovest nge "Fill Up" ukukhuthaza amakhonsethi eenkundleni ezihlukahlukeneko qobe mnyaka, kufaka hlangana iOrlando Stadium (2016) kanye neFNB Stadium (2017), kanye eJohannesburg, Moses Mabhida Stadium (2018) eDurban, kanye neRoyal Bafokeng Stadium eNorth West. UNyovest wakhupha i-albhamu enebizo elifana nelakhe, iRefiloe, eyakhitjhwa mhlazi 31 kuSewula 2025, kukhonsethi yakhe eFill Up The Dome. I-albhamu le isebenzisana nabavumu abanengi abafakanga hlangana no The Game, DJ Drama, Stonebwoy kanye noCasey Veggies. Walandela ipumelelo le nge-albhamu yakhe yesithathu eyadunyiswa khulu i-Thuto (2018), kanye ne-albhamu yakhe yesine ye-Kwaito, i-Sweet and Short (2019). pcychxcid8owsbdsl2si8i94n7jihhi 0 753 5117 5112 2025-08-08T11:25:27Z Mtsweni S 835 5117 wikitext text/x-wiki U-Thuso Nokwanda Mbedu (owabelethwa mhla amalanga abunane ku-Velabahlinze ngonyaka we-1991) ungomunye wabadlali bakumabonwakude be-Sewula Afrika. Waduma khulu ngendima ayidlalako emdlalweni we-Sewula Afrika wabantu abatjha obizwa ngokobana yi-Sthunzi, lapho akhethwa khona ngokulandelana ukuthi athathe unongorwana wangaphetjheya obizwa nge- International Emmy ngonyaka wee-2017 kanye no-2018. U-Mbedu ekukhambeni kwesikhathi wavela ehlanganweni ebizwa ngokuthi yi- Forbes Africa 30 ngaphasi kwabantu abangaphasi kweminyaka ematjhumi amathathu ubudala ngonyaka wee-2018.<ref name=":0">Mtsweni S</ref> Ngonyaka wee-2021, wadlala ehlelweni elibizwa nge-Underground Railroad elitholakala kuAmazon Video, lapho kunamahlelo amanengi nekungilo elamenza bona abemdlali wokuthoma we-Sewula Afrika okhamba phambili kwezamahlelo adlala kumabonwakude we-America. Lokhu kwamenza bona athumbe unongorwana obizwa bona yi-Independent Spirit Award etholwa mumuntu wengubo okhamba phambili ngokuba mdlali wakumabonwakude ehlelweni elitjha. Waragela phambili waba ngomunye wabalingisi ehlelweni elimlando wangaphetjheya e-America obizwa ngokobana yi- The Woman King( 2022) lapho adlala khona iskhundla saka Nawi.<ref name=":0" /> == Ipilo yakhe nefundo == U-Mbedu wabelethelwa eMidlands Medical Centre endaweni ye-Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal. Ubelethwa ngumma okhuluma isiZulu kanye noyise okhuluma isiSotho nesiXhosa. Wakhuliswa e-Pelham ngugogo wakhe , owabamumuntu omtlhogomelako ngemva kokuhlongakalelwa babelethi bakhe bobabili asesemncani.<ref name=":0" /> U-Mbedu wafunda esikolweni esibizwa nge-Pelham Primary School, waragela phambili emabangeni aphezulu e-Pietermaritzburg Girls' High School. Waragela phambili emazingeni aphezulu e-University ye Witwatersrand( Wits), <ref name=":0" /> 90zcltgcak21a6ih49hg55z99ss68bf 0 754 5118 5113 2025-08-08T11:49:56Z Lerato Ruffy 846 5118 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ULindokuhle Mgedezi''' wabelethwa mhla amalanga alikhomba enyangeni kaSewula ngomnyaka we-1995, waziwa ngegama lika '''Mlindo the Vocalist''', ungumvumi we Sewula Africa begodu ungumbhali weengoma. Wathoma ukubonakala kanye nokuduma nofana ukwaziwa ngemva kobana akhiphe ingoma yakhe eyaduma khulu eyayibizwa bonyana yi " Amablesser" ayikhipha e albhamini yakhe ekubizwa bonyana yi ''Emakhaya (2018).''<ref name=":0">Lerato Ruffy</ref> '''IPILO NOMSEBENZI''' 1995-2016: Ipilo yokuthoma ULindokuhle Mgedezi wabelethwa emnyakeni we-1995 e-Port Shepstone, KwaZulu Natal. Wathi nakaneminyaka emine, waba ngomunye welunga lesondo langekhabo lapha athola khona bonyana uyakwazi ukuvuma. UMlindo wafunda ePhathwa High School eGcilima, edorobheni le Margate. Njengoba athatha ikhambo lakhe lokuvuma, ngemva kwesikhathi uMlindo waya eTjhingalanga Kapa lapha azibandakanya khona nesiqhema somvumo wehlobo leHip Hop ekubizwa bonyana yi Flow Riders ngomyaka we-2010. Wathatha ingcenye ekuquleni. Ngomyaka ka-2014, wasungula esiqhema se-Capella esibizwa bona yiWhite Bread, ngemva kokukhamba kwakhe esiqhemeni se Flow Riders. Esiqhema se White Bread saba yipumelelo enye ekulu njengoma bathumba imitlomela eminengi ekufaka hlangana kjwe ''Search for Stars,'' eyabanjelwa eUShaka Marine World eThekwini. Ngomyaka ka-2017, wathumba umncintiswano wamathalente i''Golden Search'' endaweni ye Richards Bay, ekungiyo eyamupha ithuba lokusebenza lapha ekugadangiswa khona umvumo ekubizwa bonyana yi Afrotainment ephethwe ngu DJ Tira. 6op23rpcbud8pv2z480xqbi692tlmt6 0 755 5114 2025-08-08T11:17:52Z N Mabhena 843 Created page with "U-Esther Nikwambi Mahlangu wabelethwa mhla amalanga ali-11 kuSinyikhaba 1935. Wabelethelwa eplasini ngaphandle kwe-Middelburg, e-Mpumalanga, eSewula Afrika. Ulilunga labantu besiNdebele eSewula. UMahlangu mdala ebantwaneni abalithoba, unabafowabo abasithandathu nabodadwabo ababili. Wathoma ukupenda aneminyaka eli-10, afundiswe ngunina nogogo wakhe ngokuya kwesiko lamaNdebele, lapho abentazana abasesebatjha bafunda ukudweba ukulungiselela ukuhlobisa ngaphandle kwemizi yab..." 5114 wikitext text/x-wiki U-Esther Nikwambi Mahlangu wabelethwa mhla amalanga ali-11 kuSinyikhaba 1935. Wabelethelwa eplasini ngaphandle kwe-Middelburg, e-Mpumalanga, eSewula Afrika. Ulilunga labantu besiNdebele eSewula. UMahlangu mdala ebantwaneni abalithoba, unabafowabo abasithandathu nabodadwabo ababili. Wathoma ukupenda aneminyaka eli-10, afundiswe ngunina nogogo wakhe ngokuya kwesiko lamaNdebele, lapho abentazana abasesebatjha bafunda ukudweba ukulungiselela ukuhlobisa ngaphandle kwemizi yabo ngemva komtjhado. UMahlangu waziwa ngokutjhugulula ubucikwa be-Ndebele, obudwetjwa ngokwesiko emabodeni we-adobe, ukuya kezinye iindawo ezifana ne-canvas kanye nama-alloy wensimbi. Imitlamo yakhe etlikitliweko ivamise ukuba nemida emhlophe ehlelelwe ngokulandelana nofana ngamaphetheni we-chevron. Iingoma zakhe ziqhazwe ngokuthi "zithakazelisa khulu begodu zikhulu ukudlula lezo zabantu besikhathi sakhe," ngemitlamo yemingcele emikhulu khulu. Ubukghwari bakaMahlangu buthatha amaphetheni atholakala ezembathweni zesintu kanye nejuwelari yabantu bamaNdebele. Imitlamo yakhe ivamise ukuba nemibalabala nejometri, begodu imidwebo yakhe ivamise ukuba mikhulu, yenziwa ngokusebenzisa ibhrashi yokupenda eyenziwe ngamasiba wekukhu. Utlikitla umncamo wakhe ngokusebenzisa umncamo ukwenza amagama wakhe wokuthoma. Phakathi kuka-1980 no-1991, u-Mahlangu bekahlala e-Botshabelo Historical Village, imnyuziyamu evulekileko enikelwe ukufundisa iimvakatjhi ngamasiko wamaNdebele. UMahlangu wathoma ukuhlonitjhwa ngamazwe ngamazwe ngo-1989 embukisweni we-Magiciens de la terre (Ama-Magicians of the World) e-Center Pompidou e-Paris. Wamenywa bona ahlanganyele ngemva kobana abarhubhululi be-Embassy ye-France bavakatjhele iSewula Afrika ngo-1986 begodu babona imidwebo emzini wakhe. Ngesikhathi sokuhlala kwakhe e-France iinyanga ezimbili, wapenda umfanekiso wendlu yakhe phambi kweenkulungwana zabantu begodu waqeda ukudweba ngaphakathi kwe-Angoulême Museum of Fine Arts. Ngo-1991, wathunyelwa yi-BMW bona enze ikoloyi egwaliweko, wajoyina abafaki-galelo bangaphambilini abafana no-Andy Warhol, u-David Hockney, no-Frank Stella. Idizayini yakhe, ependiwe ku-BMW 525i, beyinemifanekiso yesiko lamaNdebele begodu bekuyi-BMW Art Car yokuthoma eyakhiwe mdwebi ongasi ngeweTjingalanga begodu mumuntu wengubo. Ikoloyi le yavezwa e-National Museum of Women in the Arts e-Washington, D.C., ngo-1994, begodu yavezwa godu embukisweni i-South Africa: The Art of a Nation e-British Museum e-London kusukela ngoNobayeni 2016 ukuya kuMhlolanja 2017. Ngomnyaka ka-2016, u-Mahlangu wapenda ingaphakathi le-BMW 7 Series sedan eyavezwa e-Frizeze Art Fair e-Regent's Park, e-London, njengengcenye elihlelwe hlangana ne-BMW ne-34FineArt. Ngo-1992, uMahlangu wathunyelwa bona agwale umfanekiso we-Johannesburg Civic Theatre. Ngo-1994, wenza umfanekiso ebodeni e-National Museum of Women in the Arts e-Washington, D.C., ukutshwaya ukuvulwa komqaliso wakhe wedwa emnyuziyamu. Ngo-1997, uMahlangu wathunyelwa bona apende amaphiko womsila weemphaphamtjhini ezinengi ze-British Airways. Ngo-2007, wapenda i-Fiat 500 ye-Why Africa? umqaliso e-Turin, e-Italy. Ngomnyaka ka-2014, uMahlangu waqeda ukuhlala kwenyanga eyodwa e-Virginia Museum of Fine Arts e-Richmond, Virginia, lapho akha khona imifanekiso emibili ye-museum ye-African art gallery. Ngomnyaka ka-2016, watlama ibhodlelo le-Product Red le-Belvedere Vodka, ngamaphesente amatjhumi amahlanu wemali etholakalako anikelwa ku-Global Fund ukulwisana ne-HIV/AIDS, imalariya, nesifo sofuba.[23][5] Ngalowo mnyaka, wasebenzisana nomhlobo wefetjheni we-Sweden i-Eytys ukuklama ama-sneaker anemitlamo yesiko lama-Ndebele, okutjho ukusetjenziswa kokuthoma kokufekethisiwe emsebenzini wakhe begodu wasebenzisana nomhlobo wamanyathelo we-Brazil u-Melissa kanye neleyibula yefetjheni ye-Japan i-Comme des Garçons. Ngo-2020, uMahlangu wapenda ingaphakathi le-Rolls-Royce Phantom, elifaka hlangana 'igalari' kudetjhibhodi eyenzelwe ukutjengisa imisebenzi yomgwalo. Waba mdwebi wokuthoma weSewula Afrika owathunyelwa bona enze umsebenzi wekoloyi. Umsebenzi lo bewutjengiswa ngesikhathi seveke yezemigwalo ye-Cape Town 2020 e-The Melrose Gallery. Ngo-2024, uMahlangu wasebenzisana ne-BMW ukwakha i-i5 Flow Nostokana, ikoloyi ehlukileko enombala otjhuguluka ngaphandle ehlotjiswe ngemitlamo yama-Ndebele eyenziwe ngokusebenzisa ithekhnoloji ye-E Ink.[4][28][29] Umsebenzi wakhe utjengiswe emazweni ngamazwe, begodu imisebenzi yakhe ifakwe emkhakheni emikhulu yangasese nekwezikhungo, kufaka hlangana iqoqo le-Contemporary African Art Collection ka-Jean Pigozzi. Ngomnyaka ka-2024, isitudiyo sobuciko esinikelwe emsebenzini ka-Mahlangu savulwa ekhaya lakhe e-Mpumalanga, eSewula Afrika. Ngaphambilini wasungula isikolo sokugwala esizisekela ngemali ngemva kwekhaya lakhe ukufundisa isiNdebele ukudweba namaqhinga wokutlama esizukulwaneni esilandelako sokugwala. n3at33b8boc4urdmrehf54whsq3v6ig 0 756 5116 5115 2025-08-08T11:22:56Z T Ntuli 844 5116 wikitext text/x-wiki U-David Dabede Mabuza wabelethwa mhlazana amalanga ali 25 kuRhoboyi 1960 e Phola eduze ne Hazyview endaweni eyaba sifundazwe se-Mpumalanga. Ababelethi bakhe bebabalimi. Beka ngowesithandathu ebantwaneni abalitjhumi nambili,abentazana ababunane nabesana abane.Wafunda e-Khumbula High School nayo ise Mpumalanga. Wathola idiploma yokufundisa, ekhethekileko yesifundo seembalo, e Mgwenya College of Education ngo-1985.ubenguNobhala we-Black Consciousness-aligned Azania Student Organization (AZASO) kusukela ngo-1984 ukuya ku-1985. Lokha nakafunda eYunivesithi yeSewula Afrika ukuze athole i-Bachelor of Arts ku-psychology ayifumana ngo-1989, wathoma ukusebenza njengotitjhere wesikolo. Wafundisa eMnyangweni wezeFundo we-KaNgwane kusukela ngo-1986 ukuya ku-1988 begodu waba nguHlokokulu we-Lungisani Secondary School, nayo Ese Mpumalanga kusukela ngo-1989 ukuya ku-1993. U-David Dabede Mabuza bekangu sopolotiki weSewula Afrika owasebenza njengesekela likaMongameli weSewula Afrika kusukela ngoMhlolanja 2018 ukuya kuMhlolanja 2023. Bekayisekela likaMongameli we-African National Congress (ANC) kusukela ngoNobayeni 2017 ukuya kuNobayeni 2020 kanti ke ngaphambilini ubenguNdunakulu we-Mpumalanga ukusukela ngo-2009 ukuya ku-2018, kikho ukuphathwa bomlingani wakhe wezepolotiki u-Jacob Zuma. U-Mabuza wasebenza njengeLunga lePalamende ukusukela ngo-2018 bekwaba kulapho atjhiya khona umsebenzi ngo-2023. ukuzibandakanya kwakaMabuza kwezepolotiki kokuthoma kwaba ngomnyakazo we-Black Consciousness ngesikhathi asesemfundi. Bese kuthi nge yuniyoni zabotitjhere bekangumgcinisihlalo we-South African Democratic Teachers Union, ehlangene ne-Congress of South African Trade Unions ukusuka ngo-1988 ukuya ku-1991. Ngemva kokuphela kwebandlululo ngo-1994 wangenela isiBethamthetho sesiFunda se-Mpumalanga njengommeleli we-ANC begodu wathatha iinkhundla ezinengi zobuNgqongqotjhe eKhanseleni le-Executive le-Mpumalanga. Wakhethwa eKomidini ye-ANC National Executive Committee kokuthoma ngo-2007 begodu waba ngusihlalo we-ANC wesifundazwe e-Mpumalanga kusukela ngo-2008 ukuya ku-2017, ngesikhathi sakhe sokuba nguNdunakulu. Ipolotiki ka-Mabuza ngesikhathi somsebenzi wakhe beyihlathululwa njengeyabantu abathanda abantu. wakhuphula ubukhulu nomthelela wesiqhema se-ANC e -Mpumalanga no-Ace Magashule no-Supra Mahumapelo. waba yingcenye ye-Premier League eyasiza ukwakha umphumela we-ANC's 54th National Conference. Emhlanganweni lo owabanjwa ngoNobayeni ku-2017, u-Mabuza wakhethwa njengoSekela likaMongameli we-ANC asebenza ngaphasi kuka-Cyril Ramaphosa. Lokha u-Ramaphosa nakakhuphukela esikhundleni sikamongameli weentjhabatjhaba ngemva kokutjhiya kwaka-Zuma ngoMhlolanja 2018, wabeka u-Mabuza bona athathe isikhundla sakhe njengeSekela likaMongameli weentjhabatjhaba. 59pcybuw1ycgmbeefp1ae79qdjkidn8 0 757 5148 5146 2025-08-11T08:06:34Z Wolverène 97 m. 5148 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Democratic Alliance supporters leaving an election rally in Worcester, WC, May 2019.jpg|thumb|Abantu abambethe iinkipha ze-DA ekuyihlangano ebeyidoswa phambili ngu-Helen Zille]] [[Isimumathi:Helen Zille in Mpumalanga (cropped).jpg|thumb|Helen Zille]] '''UHelen Zille''' umumuntu wengubo ongusopolitiki enarheni yeSewula afrika. Wabelethwa mhlana amalanga ali-9 kuNtaka ngonyama we-1951, wabelethelwa endaweni ye-Johannesburg. Wabe ambikindaba begodu amumuntu olwisana nebandlululo.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Helen-Zille Helen Zille | Biography & Facts | Britannica]</ref> Ukhule iplo yakhe ibunjwa magugu wabaJuda nokusinda kwababelethi bakhe lokha iNazi nayizingela i-Germany. Wafunda e st-Mary isikolo endaweni ye-Waverly begodu ngemva kwalokho wayokufunda efundweni yamaziko aphezulu eyunivesithi ye-Witwatersrand ekukulapho athola khona iziqu zakhe ze-Bachelor of arts. Wathoma umsebenzi wokuba nguSopolitiki nakasebenzela i-Rand daily Mail ekukulapho aveza khona iqiniso ngokuhlongaka kwaka Steve Biko.<ref>Sauter, E.S., 2011. ''Shout Amandla! A rhetorical analysis of Helen Zille'' (Master's thesis, Colorado State University).</ref>ukungasabi kwakhe kuveza iqiniso leli kwenza nokuthi abe ngomunye olwisana negandelelo kwamsiza bonyana akghone ukubayikutani yokukhululeka ukukhuluma neyama lungelo wobuntu. === Imisebenzi kaHelen Zille === Wabalilunga lepalamemde eSewula Afrika ngehlangano ye-[[Democratic alliance]] ngonyaka we-2004, wasebenza njengomkhulumeli wehlangano yenarha.Umsebenzi wakhe epalamdenwabe unzinze khulu kwezfundo, zepilo nakweminye imiraro yokuphatha. Waraga waba ngumeyara weCapetown ngonyaka we-2006ekukulapho wasebenzisa khona imigomo ukuthuthukisa izinga abantu abathola ngalo iinsetjenziswa zakamaspala, begodu walwisana nobugebengu. Ngesikhathi sakhe wenza amatjhuguluko emakhiweni wendawo leya begodu lokho kwamdosela ukwaziwa ngaphetjheya kwezinye iinarha ezingaphandle kweSewula Afrika.<ref>Rivas, G., 2018. The Role of National and State Actors in the Cape Town Water Crisis.</ref> === Ukubonakala kwakhe nokuthumba abonongorwana === Ngonyaka we-2008 u-Helen Zille wanikelwa unongorwana wokuba ngumeyara wephasi ngombana wazama ukuthi alwisane nokusetjenziswa kweendakamizwa wenza nokuthi wenza nokuthi abantu bathole iisetjenziswa zakarhulumende ngesikhathi.<ref>[https://www.capetownmagazine.com/city-news/helen-zille-selected-as-the-worlds-best-mayor/172_22_9497 Helen Zille | Mayor of Cape Town | World Mayor 2008]</ref>Unongorwana lo bekungewokuthi iindlela azisebenzisako ukuphatha edorobheni ziyasebenza begodu ubonakele azimisele ukuzibandakaya njengesakhamuzi. Godu wathumba wabamumenzi weendaba wonyaka ngonyaka we-2006 lapo wabe athunjiswa yi-National press club ngesibanga sokuzibandakanya kwakhe kwezepolitiki inarha. === Umehluko owenziwe ngu-Helen Zille === UHelen Zille ukghonile ukuthi enze umehluko kweze politiki enarheni yeSewula Afrika, ngombana ukhombisile ukuukuzinikela kwakhe ngokuthiekuthuthukiseni amaphilo wezakhamuzi ezivamileko. Indlela yakhe yokudosa phambili ehlanganisa iphrinsipuli yokuzinikela nokurarulula imiraro usebenzisa i-pragmatic approach, ifundwe babantu beyathandwa nabanbanye abosopolitiki banantu abenza imigomo ephasini zombelele. Ukghonile ukwenzela iinzukulwana ezizako zabantu bengubo indlela kwezepolitiki.Ukuzimisela, ukubekezela, kwakhe ukusebenzela kwakhe abantu kukhuthaze ilutjha elinengi ukuthi lenze imsebenzi ekwezepolitiki nakarhulumende. == Iinkomba == [[category:Helen Zille]] [[Category:Ipolotiki]] skm92s0x4mrnkbd6lhlerf3ak2qws78 0 758 5145 2025-08-11T07:50:37Z Wolverène 97 Wolverène moved page [[IVUNULO]] to [[Ivunulo]] 5145 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Ivunulo]] 69bmmhw1gidgempnv6fays7259izipg 0 759 5147 2025-08-11T08:06:03Z Wolverène 97 Wolverène moved page [[Hellen Zille]] to [[Helen Zille]]: single L ! 5147 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Helen Zille]] dsmuc5c66yikak0gu2xowa1u3zh3wj8 0 760 5158 2025-08-14T13:23:37Z Bobbyshabangu 66 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1305819088|Jonathan Ball Publishers]]" 5158 wikitext text/x-wiki '''I-Jonathan Ball Publishers''' yindlu yokugadangisa [[Isewula Afrika|yeSewula Afrika]] eyasungulwa nguJonathan Ball ngomnyaka wa 1976. <ref>https://www.news24.com/opinions/obituaries/obituary-publisher-jonathan-ball-69-challenged-the-establishment-and-oppressive-politics-20210403</ref> Yaziwa ngokugadangisa nokusabalalisa iincwadi ezingezizo zezinganekwane ezisezingeni eliphezulu, okufakahlangana imisebenzi yezepolotiki yeSewula Afrika, umlando, amabiography, kanye neendaba zamanje, kanye neenhloko ezikhethiweko zezinganekwane. Ikhamphani le godu isebenza njengomsabalalisi wendawo wemibhalo eminengi emikhulu yamazwe ngamazwe, iletha iincwadi ezithengiswa khulu ephasini loke emakethe yeSewula Afrika. I-Jonathan Ball Publishers isebenze nabanye babatloli nabahlaziyi abadumileko enarheni, begodu ikhathalogu yayo ifaka hlangana kokubili imisebenzi yokuphenya eqakathekileko nokufundwa okuthandwako. Ihhovisi elikhulu lise [[Johannesburg|-Goli]], neminye imisebenzi e -Cape Town. <ref>https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2021-04-06-jonathan-ball-1951-2021-a-disruptor-who-transformed-south-africas-publishing-industry/</ref> <ref>https://www.thebookseller.com/news/jonathan-ball-publishers-acquires-icon-books-ltd-1198338</ref> == Iinkomba == [[Mkhakha:Sewula Afrika]] sif2giaf6gd6awet5nbbr8nspx7lrwm 14 761 5159 2025-08-14T13:24:07Z Bobbyshabangu 66 Created blank page 5159 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 762 5715 5714 2025-09-07T12:17:40Z Nqobile69 190 5715 wikitext text/x-wiki '''U-Hlengiwe Mhlaba''' wabelethwa mhlana amalanga ali-7  kuMgwengweni ngonyaka we-1973.<ref>[https://thenation.co.za/biography/hlengiwe-mhlaba-biography/ Hlengiwe Mhlaba Biography: Age, Net Worth, Spouse, Songs, Suicide Attempt, Accident - TheNation]</ref>Wabelethelwa endaweni yaKwaMashu esiphandeni seKwaZulu Natal. Umvumi nomtloli womvumo enarheni yeSewula Afrika,yena uvuma umvumo wevangeli.Ikhambo lakhe kwezomvumo lathoma asese mncani nakathoma ukulandela [[ubukresite]]. Wathoma ukuthanda ukuvuma asakhula, ithando lakhe lovuma lakhuliswa  makhreste bewagcina alandela ibizelo lokuba mvumi. Ngaphambi kobana abemvumi obandululiweko u-Hlengiwe Mhlaba wabe angutitjhere afundisa isifundo seembalo nesayensi esikolweni esisemakhaya. Ngemva kwalokho nasele isikhathi sikhambile wathola iziqu zokumhlonipha zokuba ngudorhodere ku-''theology'' azithola ku-''Immanuel University of Theology'', lokho bakwenza baboba ikghono lakhe lokuvuma umvumo wevangeli. Isitayela sakhe sokuvuma sihlukile simenze bonyana abe nabalandeli abangaphezulu kwe-22 000 ku Instagram ngombana wabela abantu ngokukhuthala umvumo wakhe begodu utlola imilayezo ekhuthazako nokubalandeli bakhe.Akanabo abantwana ukungebakhe U-Hlengiwe begodu umumuntu wengubo ongakhange atjhade epilweni.Uyakhuluma ngesiqunto sakhe sokuthi agcoke indandatho emunweni, Uyigcokela bonyana abantu bembaji bangamsomi, kodwana baphazamiseke babone ngathi utjhadile.<ref>https://tidingsinfo.com/hlengiwe-mhlaba/</ref> Wenza lokho ngombana begade bangamfuni lokha nakasese ngutitjhere kodwana nakathoma ukuba mvumi sele bamfuna uthi lokho kutjengisa bona bafuna imali yakhe ingasi yena. === Umsebenzi wakhe kwezokuvuma === Ikghono lakhe lokuvuma latholwa ngomunye wabavumi bomvumo wevangeli u-[[Sipho Makhabane]] ekunguye owamfaka ku-Manxusa productions ekukulapho athoma khona ibizelo lakhe lokuvuma.<ref>[https://audiosure.co.za/hlengiwe-mhlaba/ Hlengiwe Mhlaba | Audiosure]</ref>Ibizelo lakaHlengiwe Mhlaba lathoma ngonyaka we-2005 nakakhipha i-albhamu yakhe yesihloko esithi “dwala lami”ekungiyo eyamenzelabona aziwe njengomvumi womvumo wesonto.”UJesu uyalalela” yi-albhamu yakhe alandela ngayo eyabe ikatelela bona umthandazo ngiwo oyipendulo. Wakhupha enye godu i-albhamu ngo-2007 yona eyabe imumethe ifihlo yokobana umvumo wesonto kufanele uzwakale bunjani, uphethe ukulotjha uzimu, ukudansa Kanye nokubonga.Sele akhiphe ama-albhamu aphezulu kwalikhomba. === Ipilo yakhe neentjhijilo === Uhlengiwe Mhlaba akhange afihle okwenzeke epilweni yakhe waveza kobana ukhe walinga ukuzikhunga ngesibanga sokugandelelwa mndeni begodu nangesinga sokuba nobudisi kwezemali. Nanyana kunjalo wasebenzisa izinto akhe aqalana nazo ukuthi abasele umvumo wakhe akwazi ukuthi alekelele abanye abanobududisi abacalene nabo  epilweni ngomvumo wakhe.Umumuntu ofundisa ngokuthi abantu kufanele bazigcine baphilile emkhumbulweni wabo babalekele ukugandeleleka ngombana ukugandeleleka kungenza umuntu binyana abe nomcabango wokuzikhunga.Ngalokho wagcina azibandakanya  ku-“Ungazibulali depression  and Suicide Campaign”.<ref>[https://www.news24.com/drum/celebs/news/hlengiwe-mhlaba-marks-20-years-in-music-after-conquering-depression-a-car-crash-20250306 ICYMI: Hlengiwe Mhlaba marks 20 years in music after conquering depression & a car crash | News24]</ref>Uthanda ukhuluma nesitjhaba anikele abantu ithemba epilweni. == Iinkomba == [[Category:Abavumi]] [[category:Umvumo wevangeli]] q5gymjspgh032za82fad6fygq936qpr 0 765 5183 2025-08-15T22:41:18Z Jetro mahlangu 588 Ngitlole ikhasi elitjha 5183 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ama-Khoisan == [[Isimumathi:Bushmen hunters (cropped).png|thumb|Umzumi wama-Khoisan ]] Ama-'''Khoisan''' babantu bomdabu be-'''San''' ne-'''Khoekhoe''' be'''Sewula_Afrika.''' Ngaphambilini bebaziwa ngokuthi "banemibala"nje basebenzisa ilungelo labo lokuzazisa begodu baziveza njengama-'''San''' nama-'''Khoekhoe''' nofana ama-'''Khoe-San.''' === Ukwamukelwa kwama-'''Khoisan''' === I'''Sewula Afrika''' ivowudele ukwamukelwa kwesimemezelo se-'''UN''' malungana namalungelo wabantu bendabuko kodwana ayikavumi i-'''ILO''' Convension NO.169.Abantu bendabuko be-'''San''' ne-'''Khoekhoe''' abavunywa ngokusemthethweni ngokuya ngomthetho welizwe njengomphakathi wesintu.Lokhu kuyatjhuguluka ngomthetho woburholi wendabuko nomthethomlingwa we-'''Khoisan''' okuhloswe bona wethulwe e-Palamende.Inani elipheleleko labantu be'''Sewula Afrika''' lingaba ziingidi ezima-50,lapho kulinganiselwa bona isiqhema sabantu bomdabu sijame phezu ku-1%. ==== Iinqhema zama-Khoisan neendawo zawo ==== Iinqhema ezikulu zama '''Khoisan''' zifaka hlangana ama-'''San Khomani''' ahlala khulu esifundeni se-'''Khalahari''' kunye nama-'''Khwe''' nama-'''Xun,'''ahlala khulu e-'''Platfontein''' e-'''Kimberley.'''I'''Khoekhoe''' ibunjwa ma-'''Nama''' ahlala khulu esifundeni se-'''North Cape.'''I'''Koran''' khulukhulu eendaweni ze-'''Kimberley''' ne-'''Free State.'''I'''Griqua''' eendaweni ze-'''Western Cape,Eastern Cape,Northern Cape,Free State''' kunye ne-'''Kwa-Zulu Natal.'''Ama-Cape '''Khoekhoe''' e-'''Western Cape''' ne-'''Eastern Cape''' ngokukhula kwamaphakethe eemfundazweni ze-'''Gauteng''' ne-'''Free State.'''E'''Sewula Afrika''' yanje imiphakathi yama-'''Khoisan''' itjengisa iindlela zokuphila ezahlukahlukeneko zezomnotho namasiko.Amatjhuguluko wezehlalakuhle nezepolotiki alethwe lihlelo lezepolotiki le'''Sewula Afrika''' yanje edale isikhala sokuhlukaniswa kwemikhakha yezehlalakuhle yebandlululo efana nombala. ===== Ilwazi lomdabu nama-prhrojekthi wama-Khoisan ===== Umthetho wokuvikelwa,ukuthuthukiswa nokuphathwa kwamahlelo welwazi lendabuko ka-2014 wasungula ukuvikelwa,ukuthuthukisa nokuphathwa kwenkhungo zelwazi lendabuko yemiphakathi.Umthethomlingwa lo unikela ngokusungulwa nokusebenza kwe-ofisi lenarha leenhlelo zelwazi lendabuko nokuphathwa kwamalungelo wabanikazi belwazi lendabuko.Iphrojekthi womthetho welwazi lomdabu isungula indlela yokuthola ilwazi lomdabu lemiphakathi yendawo.Ukungezelela umthethomlingwa lo uhlathulula ikambiso yokutlolisa,ukugunyaza noku qinisekisa abasebenzi belwazi lomdabu.Inguqulo yesibili womthethomlingwa lo yenziwe ngokuya komjikelezo wokuthoma wokungena,begodu inguqulo etja yesibili yavulwa bona ibonisane nomphakathi ngo-'''Nobayeni''' wee-2016. Ikomidi ye-Palamende ye'''Sewula Afrika''' yokubusa ngokubambisana nezindaba zendabuko yethule umthethomlingwa woburholi bendabuko nama-'''Khoisan''' phambi kwe-Palamende ngo-2016.Iphrojekthi le ifuna ukutjheja bona imiphakathi yama-'''Khoisan''' yomlando sele yamukelwa ngeminye imiphakathi yamasiko ye'''Sewula Afrika.'''Ngokokuthoma eminyakeni ema-300 edlulileko,umthethomlingwa lo unganikela ukuvunywa okusemthethweni begodu uvule amathuba wokufikelela ubulungiswa emiphakathini yomlando wama-'''Khoisan'''.Umthethomlingwa lo uzokuvumela ama-'''Khoisan''' bona afakwe eenkambisweni zokuphatha zika-Rhulumende ngaphakathi kweenkonzo ezihlukahlukeneko begodu uvumele iinkonzo lezi bona zenze amalungiselelo athileko wezinto eziqakathekileko zehlalakuhle,zomnotho nezamasiko wemiphakathi yama-'''Khoisan'''. [[Isimumathi:Khoisan languages.svg|thumb|I-diagramu yama-limi wama-Khoisan]] ====== Imizamo yokubulunga amasiko wama-Khoisan ====== Iinhlelo ezinengi ezihloswe ukubulunga amalimi wama-'''Khoisan''',amasiko kunye namahlelo welwazi zithole ukuthandwa umnyaka woke.I-South African National Editor's Forum (SANEF),i-PanSALB-i-Pan South African Language Board kunye ne-UN bathoma isemina ngendima yabezindaba ekuthuthukisweni nekulondolozweni amalimi wendabuko.Umnyanya lo obanjwe mhlana zi-07 ku'''Rhoboyi''' wee-2024,ukhulume ngomthelela wobuhlakani bokufakelwa eendabeni kunye namaqhinga lapho umkhakha weendaba zamalimi wendabuko ungadosa ngakho ukukhangisa kwedijithali.Isemina le idose ababiki beendaba,iimfundiswa,abahlaziyi kunye nabasebenzi emkhakheni weendaba zamabhizinisi ngokudzimelela ebantwini beendaba zomphakathi. Amaphrojekthi wokusebenzisana neenkhungo zefundo kunye neenhlangano zamasiko ahlonywa ukutlola nokukhuthaza amagugu wendabuko.I-PanSALB ibawe bona kube nendlela epheleleko yokukhuthaza ukuhlonipha amalimi wendabuko nokukhomba iindawo ezitlhogwa ukuvuselelwa.Lokhu kwagandelelwa ngesikhathi se-'''Khoisan''' National Language Indaba,umhlangano owahlanganisa ababambindima begodu okhambisana ne-International Decade of Indigenous Languages 2022-2032.I-'''PanSALB''' ikhuthaze woke amazinga kaRhulumende bona athathe amagadango wokuphendula iincomo ezenziwe ngesikhathi se Indaba. ====== Amanothi neenkhombo ====== 1. The Indigenous Peoples of Africa Co-ordinating Committee. (19 February 2020). Southern Africa - The Indigenous Peoples of Africa Co-ordinating Committee.https://www.ipacc.org.za/southern-africa/#:~:text=The%20indigenous%20peoples%20of%20South,Khoekhoe%2C%20including%20Nama%20and%20Griqua 2. Cassette, J., & Roos, E. (n.d.). Traditional Khoi-San Leadership Act: The importance of meaningful public participation during the law-making process. Cliffe Dekker Hofmeyr.https://www.cliffedekkerhofmeyr.com/news/publications/2023/Practice/ProBono/pro-bono-and-human-rights-alert-9-june-traditional-khoi-san-leadership-act 3. Jansen, Lesle and Horton, Theo. “South Africa”. In The Indigenous World 2024, ed. D. Mamo, IWGIA. April 2024. pp. 116-122.https://iwgia.org/en/south-africa/5358-iw-2024-southafrica.html 4. Zondo, W. B. (19 December 2024). In peril: How the traditional and Khoi-San Leadership Bill 2024 continues to threaten informal land rights and rural democracy — African law matters. African Law Matters.https://www.africanlawmatters.com/blog/in-peril-how-the-traditional-and-khoi-san-leadership-bill-2024-continues-to-threaten-informal-land-rights-and-rural-democracy 5.The Khoisan | South African History Online. (n.d.).https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/khoisan n77yk7l0xn3itfy45ob5p7ei10ki95e 0 766 5201 5200 2025-08-16T10:44:14Z Nqobile69 190 5201 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lillian Masediba Ngoyi''' wabelethwa mhlana amalanga ama-25 kuKhukhulamungu ngonyaka we-1911, endaweni ye –Pretoria esiphandeni se-Gauteng.Wabangomunye wabantwana aba-6 emndenini wakhe.<ref>[https://www.blackhistoryheroes.com/2015/07/lillian-ngoyi-mother-of-black.html Black History Heroes: Lillian Ngoyi: Mother of the Black Resistance in South Africa]</ref> Uyise wabe esebeza emayini begodu unia wabe asebenza ukuhlanza izambatho.Waceda ukufunda isikolo samabanga aphasi ekilneton. Ipilo yakhe ibukafazi bokuzimisela ukulwisana nombuso wegandelelo Kanye nokubandlulula ngokobulili. Wazinikela ukulwela amalungelo, ikuleleko, nokulingana eSewula Afrika. Umndeni wakhe wavela bonyana uhlobene nekosi u-Phatudi ehlala e-Lebowa. Abantu bomndeni wakhe babonakala banekghono lokudosa phambili UNgoyi wathoma ikhambo lakhe kwezepolitiki ngonyaka we-1970 ekukulapho abalilungale-Garment workers’ union lapho gade asebenza khona ngemitjhini efekthrini yezambatho. Ukuba lilunga kwakhe le- union le kwamenza bona agcine sele alilunga le-African National congress ngonyaka we-1950, Ngesi khathi se-defiance campaign. Ukuba nekghono lokudosa phambili kwamlekela bonyana agcine sele athola ezinye iinkhundla ku- ANC women’s legue abeliseka lomengameli naku Federation of South African Women (FEDSAW) abe ngumongameli wakhona.<ref>[https://www.sahra.org.za/lilian-ngoyi/ LILIAN NGOYI - SAHRA 2025]</ref> === Ukumatjha kwabantu bengubo === [[Isimumathi:Lilian Ngoyi.jpg|thumb|Lillian Ngoyi]] U-Lillian Ngoyi, no Helen Joseph, Rahina Mooosa, Sophia Williams de Bruyn bakghona ukuba ngabanye baboma abadosa phambili ekumatjheni kwabomma nofana kwabantu bengubo ekwenzeka ngelanga le-9 kuRhoboyi ngonyaka we-1956 ekukulapho kwaphuma khona abantu bengubo benarheni yoke yeSewula Afrika abadlula ku-20 000. Bakhamba baya e-union building, ePitori ukuyokunghonghoyila ngomthetho wokudlula ebantwini bengubo. Ngukhona ikwakhe ukukhuluma wazilekelela ngombana wakghona boyana atjele isitjhaba samma bonyana sithule amamithi ama-30 amzabalalzweni.<ref>[https://sahistory.org.za/people/lilian-masediba-ngoyi Lilian Masediba Ngoyi | South African History Online]</ref> === Amakhambo wakhe === Bekanande akhamba aye ngaphetjheya ekungeminye yemisikinyeko yakhe yango-1955 waya ku-world Congress of Mothers, eLuasane, Switzerland.<ref>[https://www.blackhistoryheroes.com/2015/07/lillian-ngoyi-mother-of-black.html Black History Heroes: Lillian Ngoyi: Mother of the Black Resistance in South Africa]</ref> Kukulapho akhuluma khona khona ngabantu bephasi ngokugandelelwa abomma beSewula Afrika abacalene nabo. Ukukhamba kwakhe kwakhe godu kwamusa e-Europe, China neRussia ekukulapho ahlangana khona nabanye abantu bengubo wenza nabo ubudlelwane.Lokho kwasiza kobana akghone ukuthi akhulise umsikinyeko wakhe wokulwisana nombuso wegandelelo. === Ukuquntwa kwamakhambo === Kwathi nakubuya eSewula Afrika njalo wazingelwa lijim lamapholisa elabe lijamele [[umbuso wegandelelo]]. Bamlisisa ezinye zezinto, begodu kwaquntwa namakhambo wakhe wokuya emihlanganweni, nokuthi athule ikulumo lapho kuhlangene khona abantu abanengi. Wathoma ukujanyiswa ngonyaka we1960. Waphila iminyaka ema-15 ngaphambi kwemibandela lena. Nanyana kunjalo waragela phambili ukukhuthaza abanye ngesibindi anaso nokubekezela ebunzimeni.Eskhathini sanje ukhunjulwa njengomuntu owadlala indima ekulweni ikululeko yesitjhaba seSewula Afrika. Usakhunjulwa ngombana kuneentrada, imakhiwo namatliniki abizwa ngegama lakhe, ukwenzela bona ahlale akhunjulwa. == Iinkomba == [[Category:Lillian Ngoyi]] [[Category:Ubumso wegandelelo]] [[Category:ilanga labantu bengubo]] m8m795vlgkchc1phktdcgzg1h2gocot 0 767 5214 2025-08-19T16:20:11Z Mojonom 593 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1273565397|KwaNdebele]]" 5214 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''I-KwaNdebele''' bekuyi- Bantustan [[Isewula Afrika|eSewula Afrika]], ebegade ihloswe ngurhulumende webandlululo njengelizwe elizijameleko labantu besitjhaba [[AmaNdebele|sama-Ndebele]] . Indawo le yabunjwa ngemva kokobana urhulumende we[[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika]] wangesikhathi sebandlululo azokuthatha isinqumo sokobanyana ilimi nelimi elikhona ngaphasi kwenarha le kufanele libe nendawo yalo engumazibuse, lapha abantu bakhona bazokukhuluma lelo limi kwaphela. == Umlando == Inarha le yavunyelwa ukuzibusa ngoSihlabantangana (April) emnyakeni wee-1981. [[Siyabuswa|I-Siyabuswa]] yakhethwa njengedorobha elikhulu lenarha le, kodwana ngo-1986, idorobha elikhulu lathuthelwa KwaMhlanga . Isibethamthetho saKwaNdebele saveza ikareko lokufuna ukuzijamela (njengombana kwenzeka eendaweni ezifana ne -Transkei, i-Bophuthatswana, i-Venda kanye ne -Ciskei ) ngoMrhayili (May) 1982. Nokho aba khona amalungiselelo enziwako, kodwana ukutlhayela okukhulu kwezomnotho kanye nokuphikisana ngweendawo kwakuvimbela lokhu. I-KwaNdebele yabuyiselwa enarhei ye [[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika]] ngemva kwekhetho lika-1994 leSewula Afrika . Njenganje inarha enengi yendawo le iyingcenye yesifunda se [[Isifunda seMpumalanga|-Mpumalanga]] . == Iimfunda ngo-1991 == Iimfunda za[[KwaNdebele]] kanye nenani labantu ngesikhathi sokubalwa kwabantu ngo-1991. * [[Mdutjana]]: 125,485 * [[Mkobola]]: 212,771 * Mbibana: 65,989 == Qala godu == * AboNgqongqotjhe abaKhulu baKwaNdebele == Imitlolo ekufunyenwe kiyo ilwazi == * South Africa 1980/81 – Official Yearbook of the Republic of South Africa {{ISBN|0-908393-51-2}}, {{ISSN|0302-0681}} {{Reflist}} ixtehwannjmy6ffkzf2s4npgcvs7vzz 0 768 5217 5216 2025-08-20T12:08:30Z Jetro mahlangu 588 ngifake isithombe esitjha 5217 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Thuli Madonsela April 2014.png|thumb|Umvikeli womphakathi walokha u-Thuli Madonsela]]   '''U-Thulisile Nomkhosi''' "'''Thuli'''"'''Madonsela''' wabelethwa mhlaka-28kuNobayeni 1962.Mmeli weSewula Afrika nophrofesa wezomthetho,ophethe isihlalo sezobulungiswa bezehlalakahle e-Stellenbosch University kusukela ngoTjhirhweni 2018.Wasebenza njengomvikeli womphakathi weSewula Afrika kusukela mhlana ali-19 kuSewula 2009 ukufika mhlaka-14 kuSewula 2016.Ngo-1996,wasiza ngokutlola umthethosisekelo wokugcina weSewula Afrika owamenyezelwa nguMengameli u-Nelson Mandela. == Ipilo yokuthoma nefundo == U-Madonsela wabelethwa e-Goli ngo-1962,indodakazi yabarhwebi abangakahleleki u-Bafana no-Nomasonto, begodu wakhulela e-Soweto.Waya e-Evelyn Baring High School e-Nhlangano e-Swatini,lapho umndenakhe uvela khona.Waphothula nge-BA kwezomthetho e-University of the Swaziland ngo-1987,kunye ne-LLB e-University of the Witwatersrand ngo-1990.NgoNtaka ka-2015,u-Madonsela wanikelwa i-Doctor of Laws degree,''LL.'' ''D.(Honoris causa)'' evela eYunivesithi ye-Stellenbosch,kulandele enye idigri kaDorhodera wezomthetho,i-LL.D.(''honoris causa'')evela e -University of Cape Town ngoMgwengweni ka-2015.Ubuye abe nama-doctorate ahloniphekileko avela e-Rhodes University kunye ne-University of Fort Hare. == Ipolotiki == U-Madonsela,bekube ngu-2007,bekalilunga elivamileko legatja le-Pitori le-African National Congress (ANC). Ngesikhathi sebandlululo u-Madonsela wasebenza ku-ANC kunye nehlangano ye-United Democratic Front elwisana nebandlululo.Ukholelwa bona ukubamba isikhundla sepolotiki angeze kwaba "yigalelo lakhe elihle khulu njengomuntu". Ngo-1994 wala isikhundla se-ANC MP ePalamende yokuthoma yeSewula Afrika ngemva kwebandlululo. NgoTjhirhweni wee-2014 kwabikwa bona amagatja amanengi we-ANC e-Gauteng akhenge aphumelele ukumkhetha njengomuntu ozokujamela i-ANC ku-National Assembly nofana kwenye yeziphathimandla zesifunda ekhethweni mazombe lango-2014.Umkhulumeli wakhe wathi bekangazi ngokuphakanyiswa kwakhe begodu bengeze akwamukele. == Umsebenzi wokuthoma == U-Madonsela bekasebenzela iinyunyana zabasebenzi begodu nasemikhakheni yomphakathi neyangasese kusukela ngeminyaka yabo-1980.Bekalilunga lesiqhema esatlama umthethosisekelo wokugcina weSewula Afrika owamenyezelwa nguMongameli wangaleso sikhathi u-Nelson Mandela ngo-1996.Ngemva kokuhlongakala kwaka-Mandela, u-Madonsela wathi ngokumhlonipha:"Sizokuhlala simhlonipha ngokunikela ngethabo ukuphathwa kwakhe ekuhlolweni okufana neenkhungo ukusekela intando yenengi lokha izenzo zayo nazibuzwako."Ngaphambi kokubekwa njengo mvikeli womphakathi,u-Madonsela bekasebenza njengelunga lesikhathi esizeleko lekhomitjhini yokutjhugulula umthetho weSewula Afrika,wabekwa esikhundleni ngo-2007 nguMongameli wangaleso sikhathi u-Thabo Mbeki. == Umvikeli womphakathi == U-Madonsela wabekwa njengo-mvikeli womphakathi nguMengameli u-Jacob Zuma weminyaka elikhomba engavuselelekiko ethoma mhlana ali-19&nbsp;kuSewula&nbsp;2009, ngokusekelwa ngazwi linye yi-National Assembly yeenqhema ezinengi.Ekumenyezelweni kokuqatjhwa kwakhe,uZuma wathi uMadonsela "uzokutlhoga ukuqinisekisa bona i-ofisi le iragela phambili nokufinyeleleka ebantwini abajayelekileko begodu yenza umsebenzi wayo ngaphandle kokwesaba namkha ukuthandwa".U-Madonsela ufanisa indima yakhe njengomvikeli womphakathi nobabakazi wenduna yama -Venda owaziwa nge-M''akhadzi'',umuntu ongasi wezepolotiki "onikela abantu ilizwi ngesikhathi anikela umrholi wesintu umzwangedwa". Ngomnyaka ka-2012,waphenya "iinhlawulo"ezatholwa ngu -Julius Malema malungana neenkontraga zomnyango weenkoloyi ezinikelwe ikontraga yangaphandle i-On-Point Engineering. Njengomvikeli womPhakathi,u-Madonsela wahlolisisa iinghonghoyilo eziphathelene nokusetjenziswa kwemali yomphakathi emzini kaZuma wangasese edorobheni le -KwaZulu-Natal le-Nkandla.Umbiko wakhe wokugcina malungana nokuthuthukiswa kwezokuphepha ekhaya lakaZuma elibizwa nge-''Secure in Comfort'' wagadangiswa mhlana ali-19 kuNtaka 2014.UMadonsela wathola bona uZuma uzuze ngokungakafaneli emalini engu -R246 yeengidi umbuso ebegade ayisebenzise ekuthuthukisweni.Umbiko wakhe uhlangabezane nokusolwa nokuphikiswa okukhulu ngabajameli behlangano ebusako ye-ANC.Ngaphambi kokuthi umbiko wakhe wokugcina wenziwe emphakathini, unobhala jikelele we-ANC u-Gwede Mantashe noNgqongqotjhe wekhabinethi u-Lindiwe Sisulu benza iintatimende zomphakathi ezibukela phasi u-Madonsela nombiko wakhe,u-Mantashe wawubiza ngokuthi "ngumbiko wezepolotiki".Ngemva kokugadangiswa kwayo,i -African National Congress Youth League (ANCYL) yabawa bona u-Madonsela atjhiye umsebenzi,begodu amalunga we-ANCYL kunye ne-ANC-aligned Congress of South African Students (COSAS)enza amazwi ahlambalazako ngaye.I-COSAS, ebegade ikhutjhwe mphathiswa wekhabinethi wesifazana u-Nosiviwe Mapisa-Nqakula ngekulumo "yokubandlulula ngokobulili",ngemva kwalokho yarhoqisa "ikulumo yomuntu mathupha eya kumngani u-Madonsela".I-ANC chief whip u-Stone Sizani wathi "sikholelwa khulu bona weqe umkhawulo" ngokwenza "amazwi ahlambalazako" "aneenthombe zepolotiki".Isiqhema samagqwetha we-KwaZulu-Natal sathoma ijima lomphakathi wokuhlambalaza umbiko wakhe, begodu wasolwa ngokuba nehlelo lezepolotiki nguNgqongqotjhe weKhabinethi u-Fikile Mbalula.Mhlana ali-4 kuVelabahlinze 2014,amalunga we-ANC ekomidini lephothifoliyo yezobulungiswa aphikisana "nemibono ka-Madonsela enepolotiki" begodu umgcinisihlalo wekomidi u-Mathole Motshekga waphakamisa bona amandla womvikeli womphakathi,alawulwa mthethosisekelo welizwe, abuyekezwe. === "Ubujamo bokuthunjwa kombuso" umbiko === Umbiko wokugcina ka-Madonsela,"Ubujamo Bokuthunjwa", wakhutjhwa ngesikhathi isikhathi sakhe seminyaka eyi-7 se-ofisini siphela ngoSewula wee-2016.Umbiko wakhe bewungumphumela wesikhalazo esathunyelwa mfundisi wamaKatolika ubaba u-Stanslaus Muyebe.Umbiko lo uthole ubufakazi bokuthunjwa kombuso,okufaka hlangana ukuthonya okungakalungi komndeni wakwa-Gupta kuMengameli u-Jacob Zuma.U-Madonsela wayala umengameli bona akhethe ikhomitjhini yokuphenya,edoswa phambili lijaji eliqanjwe lijaji elikhulu.U-Zuma wabiza umbiko lo ngokuthi "yi-propaganda yezepolotiki" begodu wawuphikisa ekhotho,kodwana ikhotho ephakemeko yalahla itjhijilo ngoNobayeni 2017,yathola bona u-Zuma kufuze asebenzise amagadango wokulungisa kungakapheli amalanga ama-30, begodu wenza umyalo weendleko zomuntu mathupha ngokujamelene no-Zuma. == Eminye imisebenzi == Ngomnyaka ka-2018 u-Madonsela wanikelwa i -Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany,ngumengameli we-German u-Frank-Walter Steinmeier ngesikhathi avakatjhele iSewula Afrika.U-Steinmeier wathi "Thuli Madonsela, usifundisa bona intando yenengi iqine kangangani nangabe sivikela iinkambisolawulo zayo ngokuzimisela. Kilokhu, uyisibonelo kithi soke samademokhrasi." Ngo-2023,u-Madonsela wakhethwa ngunobhala zombelele we-United Nations u-António Guterres eBhodini lezeSayensi le-United Nations. == Ipilo yomuntu mathupha == UMadonsela wakhulisa abantwabakhe ababili, umsana uMusawabantu uFidel nentombazana, uWenzile Una njengombelethi oyedwa.Umyeni wakhe wahlongakala lokha abantwana basebancani khulu.Ngo-1980,u-Madonsela wathoma umsebenzi wakhe njengomsizi wathitjhere esikolweni sakhe sangaphambili,i-Evelyn Baring High School, e-Swaziland. Ngo-1982 waba msizi wathitjhere e-Naledi High School e-Soweto,esinye sezikolo ebezisemkhathini we-1976 Soweto Uprising.Ekupheleni kukaVelabahlinze wee-2018, kwavezwa bona u-Madonsela bekathembisene no-Dick Foxton,umcebisi wezokuthintana nomphakathi. == Iinkomba == 1.https://web.archive.org/web/20091129041958/http://www.pprotect.org/about_us/profile_public_protector.asp 2.http://www.whoswho.co.za/thulisile-madonsela-9068 3.https://web.archive.org/web/20091129041958/http://www.pprotect.org/about_us/profile_public_protector.asp<nowiki/>{{Reflist|30em}} 9d9q379i1fizpo6hmg5d0mppsrlkbwi 0 770 5223 2025-08-21T12:55:35Z Jetro mahlangu 588 i added a new article 5223 wikitext text/x-wiki == U-Dorh Nothembi Mkhwebane == [[Isimumathi:Guitar MET DP217185.jpg|thumb|Igatara ]] U-'''Peki Emelia Nothembi Mkhwebane''' wabelethwa e-Carolina e-Mpumalanga mhlana ali-1 kuTjhirhweni 1953.Waba intandani aneminyaka emihlanu,wakhuliswa ngu-gogo nomkhulu ebebangakghoni ukumbhadalela ifundo ehlelekileko.Isikhathi esinengi sepilo yakhe yekukhuleni wasichitha ngokutlhogomela iinkomo nezimvu zika bamkhulu wakhe.Leyo bekungiyo indlela ebegade baziphilisa ngayo ngaleso sikhathi begodu bekungasimsebenzi omumbi khulu kumntazana. === Ukuthanda umvumo nomndeni === Umndeni kaMkhwebane bewuthanda umvumo begodu wakhulisa ithando lakhe lokuthoma ngeengoma zesiNdebele.Ugogo wakhe wamfundisa ukudlala i-reed flute,lokha udadwabo amfundisa isikumero.Umalume wakhe wamfundisa ukudlala igatara eyenziwe ngekhaya,esikhungweni somvumo namasiko wesiNdebele ,uMkhwebane wafunda okunengi ngokunotha kwamasiko wakhe begodu ngokukhamba kwesikhathi wathoma isiqhema somvumo esaziwa ngokuthi ZIizelamani Zako Nomaziyana ebegade zidlala emibuthanweni nemitjhadweni. Ngokukhamba kwesikhathi wathenga ikhibhodi negatari ngomqopho wokutlama iingoma ezazirekhoda.Nanyana gade aphumelele khulu bekasatlhoga ukuthola ikhamphani yokurekhoda,khulukhulu ngombana enye yezinto ebezigade zimliya bekukungaka fundi kwakhe okwaba sithiyo ekufumaneni imali evela ekuphumeleleni kokurekhoda. ==== Ukuba yindlovukazi yomvumo wesiNdebele ==== Bekangakaze aphelelwe lithemba begodu akhuthazwa lithando ne-thalenta lakhe,uMkhwebane wahlula inengi leentjhijilo waba mvumi odumileko ephasini loke ngomvumo wesiNdebele.UKhambe khulu eenarheni zangaphandle adlala eenarheni ezifana ne-United States Of America (USA),Austria,Germany,Portugal kunye ne-France.Ngomnyaka ka-1988 e-New York ne-London begodu wafumana umvuzo wengoma yesiNdebele ehle khulu.Waziwa bonyana yindlovukazi womvumo wesiNdebele phakathi komnyaka ka-1984 ukuya ngomnyaka ka-2001,wakhupha ama-albhamu womvumo abunane.Ukuhlabela kwakhe,ukujida kwakhe nokumbatha kwakhe kwamukela isithombe esinemikhakha eminengi yamasiko wamaNdebele. ===== Ukuthuthukisa ilimi lesiNdebele nabo nongorwana ===== Waphakamisela phezulu isiko lamaNdebele ephasini loke,esikhathini lapho abantu abanengi bebalithatha njengelingaka qakatheki ephasini loke.Nakabona umphumela omumbi wokungafundi emsebenzini wakhe,uMkhwebane waqunta ukubuyela esikolweni ngomqopho omkhulu wokwenza i-digri womvumo.Ngembatho lakhe nangendlela avuma ngayo ukghonile ukuthuthukisa isiNdebele emikhakheni eminengi kunye neenarheni zangaphetjheya ezinengi lapho khona bekangavumi kwaphela kodwana bekakhangisa ngevunulo ehlukahlukeneko eembathwa sitjhaba samaNdebele. UMkhwebane uphiwe imitlomelo eminengi,lokhu kufaka hlangana i-Woza Africa Foundation Award ngo-1988.U -Femina/NNTV owengubo wama-90s ngo-1995,inxusa lezokuvakatjha le-Sewula Afrika ngo-1998 kunye ne-Mpumalanga Sports Recreational Arts and Culture Award ngo-1999.Wabuya godu wafumana i-South African Music Award:Honorary Award:Best Ndebele Music Ikwekwezi fm bgo-1999,kunye ne Bow and Arrow ngo-2001.I-Order Of Ikhamanga in Silver iqakathekisa ukugqugquzela okukhulu kwamaqhawekazi amanengi wamasiko wethu. ====== Ijima lokuthuthukisa umphakathi ====== [[Isimumathi:Ndebele Architecture.jpg|thumb|Indlu egwale ngesiNdebele]] Indlovukazi yomvumo wesiNdebele u-Dorh Nothembi Mkhwebane utjhugulule ikhaya lakhe e-Pitori laba yindawo yobuciko nomvumo ukuhlomisa umphakathi wakhe.UMkhwebane umvumi onelwazi uthe ngesikhungo lesi ubinge ukuthuthukisa amakghono wabantu abatjha nabakhulu.Isikhungo sathoma egaraji lakhe ngo-2019 begodu sikhule eminyakeni emithathu edlulileko. Ngebanga lokutlhogeka kwamakghono anikelwako,u-Mkhwebane wakateleleka bona akhe indawo ekulu ngokusizwa mnyango wezemidlalo,ubukghwari namasiko.Lapha abantu bafundiswa bona bangakha njani imikhiqizo yomncamo,ubuciko nemihlobiso.UMkhwebane godu usebenzisa isikhungo lesi ukwabelana ngesiko lamaNdebele,ukufundisa iinsimbi zomdabu,umvumo kunye nokwabelana ngelwazi lokudla kwesintu nesizukulwana esitjha. ====== Iinkhombo ====== 1.https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/entertainment/2023-07-31-musician-nothembi-turns-her-home-into-museum/ 2.https://www.last.fm/music/Nothembi+Mkhwebane/+wiki 3.https://www.kaya959.co.za/nothembi-mkhwebane-queen-of-ndebele-music/ 4.https://www.thepresidency.gov.za/peki-emelia-nothembi-mkhwebane-1953 5.https://annabellelombard.wordpress.com/tag/dr-nothembi-mkhwebane/ 59i4cq8j4m0t2o2beh622gl3dsfpgcu 0 771 5225 2025-08-24T23:04:19Z Mojonom 593 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1307115169|Middelburg, Mpumalanga]]" 5225 wikitext text/x-wiki '''I-Middelburg''' yidorobha elikhulu elisesifundeni se[[Isifunda seMpumalanga|-Mpumalanga]] [[Isewula Afrika|eSewula Afrika]] . == Umlando == Kokuthoma indawo le yasungulwa njengesitetjhi esiphakathi kwendawo ye-Lydenburg ne-Pitori yi- Republic of Lydenburg ngo-1860. . Iriphabliki leyo yahlangana neRiphabhliki yeSewula Afrika (i-ZAR) ngemva kwesikhathi esingasi side. <ref name="Pan743" /> : 30 Idorobha elahlongozwako lasungulwa hlangana namamaplasi amabili, ''i-Klipfontein'' ne ''-Keerom.'' Kodwana ke, lokha iBandla le-Dutch Reformed nalisungula isondo eliseduze neplasi le ''-Sterkfontein'', idorobha leli lathuthelwa lapho. Ekuthomeni, khabe libizwa njenge-Nasareth ngo -1864, libizwa ma-Voortrekkers emahlangothini [[Umlambo i-Olifants (i-Limpopo)|womlambo i-Klein Olifants]].<ref name="Pan743" /> Ngomnyaka ka-1872 yatjhugululwa ibizo yaba yi-Middelburg ekulibizo elitshwaya bona indawo namkha idorobha leli lihlangana nedorobha elikhulu le- Transvaal i-Pretoria, kunye nedorobha le- Lydenburg ekungelamamayini wegolide . <ref name="Pan743" />isondo le bandla le-Dutch Reformed lakhiwa ngo-1890. <ref name="Pan743" />  AmaNgisi akha ikampa ekulu yokubeka iimbotjhwa e-Middelburg ngesikhathi sePi yesiBili yamaBhunu . <ref name="Pan743" />  Imyuziyamu yeSikhumbuzo yakhiwe endaweni eduze kwamathuna ali-1,381 wabantu abasikazi nabantwana abahlongakala ekampeni leli leembotjhwa. <ref name="Pan743" />.  == I-Geography == === Imiphakathi === * I-Aerorand - Idorojana elitjha eMiddleburg * I-CBD - ingcenye encani khulu yedrobhena * I-Groenkol - izindlu ezilungisiweko ezisezingeni eliphezulu * I-Dennesig - ebizwa ngemithi ye-conifer esakazeke edorojaneni * I-Golfsig - idorojana elisezingeni eliphezulu elinekundla yomdlalo i-golf * I-Clubville - idorojana elizele amakari elinamabala amanengi we golf * Indawo yamabubulo - amabhizinisi ahlukahlukeneko wamabubulo * I-Kanonkop - Indawo lapha kunamathuna wabantu ebebabekwe ekampeni leembotjhwa le-Britain. * Mhluzi - Ngaphambilini bekuyindawo yama- Afrikha ngesikhathi sombuso webandlululo * I-Mineralia - idorojana elithiywe ngemva kwamadiphozithi wamaminerali * I-Nasareth - Idorobha ebegade lingelama Colored elisepumalanga yedorobha * I-Eastdene - Ngaphambilini bekuyidorojana lama-Indian * I-Rockdale - indawo yokuhlala emaphethelweni weplasi i-Rockdale 442 JS * Hlalamnandi- Ngelinye lamadorojana atholakala eMiddleburg. == Iinbalo zabantu ==   Amakhulu wabantu abasuka eenarheni zangaphandle nemindeni yabobathuthela edorobheni leli ngeminyaka yabo-1950, 1960 kunye neyabo 1970. Ngobunengi khabe bavela e-United Kingdom nakwezinye iindawo ze-Europe. Ukuza kwabo kwaba ngebanga lokugwema ukuwohloka kwemikhakha yamabubulo neyokukhiqiza ekwabangelwa yiPi yesi-II yePhasi emazweni lawo. Imindeni le beyikhangwa sidingo sobucwephetjhe kwezebubulo eentjalweni, begodu kanengi bathokozwa ngezindlu ezixhaswe ziinkampani begodu abanye behliselwa imali eemfundweni zabo. Abantwana bemindeni yabafuduki labo bathuthela emadorobheni amakhulu aseduze we-Witbank, i-Pitori kunye ne-Johannesburg, ukuyokufuna umsebenzi, nofana basale baba yingcenye yemisebenzi yezomnotho ekhulako endaweni leyo. Namhlanjesi, idorobha liqalene neendaba ezinengi ezijayelekileko emadorojaneni weSewula Afrika. Lokhu kufaka iintjhijilo ezifana nokukhuluma ngokungalingani kwabantu nasiza ekuletheni insiza ebantwini nemakhiweni khulukhulu emalokitjhini nemadorojaneni aseduze, ebekenzelwe imihlobo yabantu abanzima kunye neyamandiya, ngaphasi kombuso webandlululo. Amasiko wedorobha ahlukile, ukusuka emindenini ekhuluma iAfrikaans, kuya kweminye imihlobo yabantu abanzima. Godu kuphinde kube namasiko wabafuduki abavela e- United Kingdom ne -Europe. Esinye isitjhijilo esikhona kumumukghwa wokufuduka okurhabako kwabantu bedorobheli basuka emadorobheni amancani batjhinge emadorobheni amakhulu ukufuna amathuba kwezomnotho. Ngo-2016, abantu ababaliweko abahlala endaweni le khabe bayi -278,000 begodu izinga lokukhula elingama-4.9%.umnyango wezeembalo kamasipala uveze isilinaniso sokobana inani labantu lizakuba yi-500,000 ngo-2030. Idorobheli linamabutho wamapholisa amakhulu khulu esifundeni, isibhedlela kunye nomtholampilo. kanye neembhedlela ezizijameleko. Godu iinkolo zomphakathi ezinengi. === Ikolo === I-Middelburg inevelaphi yobuKrestu, ngombana isondo le-Dutch Reformed elidala khulu ngelo elikhulunywe ngalo ngehla elaziwa ngcono nge-"Die Witkerk." Amabandla edorobheni: * I-Dutch Reformed (NG Kerk) * I-Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk van Afrika (i-Nederduits Reformed Church of Africa) kusukela mhlazi-01.04.1864 - amapharishi amabili, i-Middelburg ne-Middelburg-Noord mhlana ama-28.08.1977 * I-AFM-AGS Apostolic Faith Mission (Lighuis Gemeente, Corpus Christi, AGS Sentraal) * Ibandla lePentekoste lamaProthestani (i-Lofdal Gesinskerk, e-Woord-en-Kruis Gemeente.) * I-Baptist * I-Baptist etja ezijameleko ye-Fundamentalist * I-Methodist * I-African Methodist Episcopal Church (Nazareth Chapel) * amaKatolika * I-Full Gospel Church (i-VEK Presence Church) * Isonto lamaKrestu leZiyoni * Ibandla le-Holy Trinity Anglican * Amasonto azijameleko * Ibandla le-Evangelical Lutheran * Ibandla le-Lutheran Bapedi * Isonto le-St Peter's Confessional Lutheran of South Africa * I-Presbyterian * I-ECF (Eastdene Christian Fellowship) 1988 * Isonto lamaKrestu le-Shalom * Ibandla le-Solid Ground . == Zomnotho == Amabhizinisi amakhulu atholakala edorobheni leli yi-Columbus Stainless, ifemu ekulu yeensimbi eyakhiwa ngo-1965, kunye ne-Thos Begbie & Co, ekuyikampani eyathonywa ngo-1887 ngu-Thomas Begbie. == Amasiko nepilo yesimanjemanje == === Ivakatjhobukela === [[Isimumathi:Station_Middelburg_MP.JPG|left|thumb|Isitetjhi sesitimela se-Middelburg]] Ezinye iindawo ezikhona hlangana nedorobheli kuyimyuziyamu yesitetjhi se-Botshabelo [https://web.archive.org/web/20090623041241/http://www.places.co.za/html/botshabelo.html] ekuyindawo egwalwe sitjhaba [[AmaNdebele|sama-Ndebele]]. == Abantu Abaziwako. == * * U-Jele othabileko - umdlali webholo. Wake waba ngukaputeni we -Orlando Pirates, begodu omunye wabadlali abadlale isikhathi eside khulu be-Orlando Pirates. * [[Esther Mahlangu]] - isikghwari esivela esitjhabeni [[AmaNdebele|samaNdebele]] . Waziwa ngemigwalo yakhe. * U- Vincent Mahlangu - umlingisi nomvumi * U-Gerhardus Pienaar - umphosi we-javelin * U- Nothando Vilakazi - umdlali wesiqhema sebholo sesitjhaba se -Spain Primera Division neSewula Afrika fmjwgx32h6amtagnsh2nuj5xvp7rv4q 0 772 5226 2025-08-24T23:31:33Z Mojonom 593 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1305292120|University of Pretoria]]" 5226 wikitext text/x-wiki '''IYunivesithi ye-Pitori''' kuyiyunivesithi eyathonywa ngo-1908 njengekhampasi yePitori engaphasi kwe Transvaal University College ese- [[Johannesburg|Jwanashege]]. Iyunivesithi yathoma ngokuba nabafundi abama-32 ngomnyaka we 1908 kufikela ebafundini abama-53 000 ngo-2025. Nje, iyunivesithi leinamakhampasi alikhomba akhona hlangana nedorobha lePitori. Iyunivesithi ivamise ukubizwa ngokuthi yi-UP, i-Tuks namkha i-Tukkies. [[File:University_of_Pretoria_Old_Arts_building.jpg|left|thumb|Umakhiwo we Old Arts Building ofunyaniseka ngaphakathi kweYunivesithi.{{center|The [[Old Arts Building (University of Pretoria)|Old Arts Building]] in 1910, now a [[Provincial heritage site (South Africa)|provincial heritage site]]}}]] [[Isimumathi:University_of_Pretoria_Campus_plan_1930.jpg|left|thumb|uMebhe weYunivesithi ngomnyaka ka 1930{{center|University of Pretoria Main Campus master plan in 1930}}]] == Ukuphathwa nokuhlela == === Ama Faculty Akhona neminyaka yokuthonywa kwawo. === {| class="toccolours" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; font-size:90%; line-height:1.4em; width:300px;" ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |Ukuthonywa kweFaculty |- |iFaculty |Umnyaka Wokuthonywa |- | colspan="2" | ---- |- |I-Fakhalthi yezeSayensi yezomNotho neyokuPhatha | 1920 |- | I-Fakhalthi yezeFundo | 1902 |- |IFaculty yezobunjiniyera, ukwakha kunye nobucwephethe | 1908 |- | I-Faculty yezeSayensi yezamaPhilo | 1943 |- | I-Faculty of Humanities | 1908 |- | I-Faculty yezomThetho | 1908 |- | I-Faculty yezeSayensi yezeMvelo neyezokuLima | 1917 |- | I-Faculty yezekolo | 1919 |- |I Faculty Yezokutjhejwa kweenlwana | 1920 |- | I-Gordon Institute of Business Science | 2000 |} ducwq1o7uz8yv6thxrgndybwz5priqg 0 773 5235 5228 2025-08-26T22:15:47Z Mojonom 593 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1305292120|University of Pretoria]]" 5235 wikitext text/x-wiki iYunivesithi yePretoria kuyiYunivesithi enzinze edorobheni elikhulu lenarha ye[[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrikha]] i [[:en:Pretoria|Pretoria]] (IPitori). iYunivesithi le yatlanywa ngomnyaka we-1908, njengekhampasi esePitori yesikolo ekhabe sibizwa ngokuthi yi Transvaal University College. Njenganje, iYunivesithi le inamakhampasi alikhomba asabalale eendaweni ezihlukileko khona ngaphakathi kwedorobha lePitori. Kokuthoma, iYunivesithi le yaba nabafundi abama-32. Kodwana ngokukhamba kweminyana, inani nokho lakhula kwaze kwafika enanini lapha sele inabantwana abandlula ku 55 000 ngomnyaka ka 2023. Amagama ajwayelekileko weYunivesithi le, ligama le UP namkha i Tuks. [[File:University_of_Pretoria_Old_Arts_building.jpg|left|thumb|Umakhiwo we Old Arts ngaphakathi kweYunivesithi. eKhampasini yase Hatfield{{center|The [[Old Arts Building (University of Pretoria)|Old Arts Building]] in 1910, now a [[Provincial heritage site (South Africa)|provincial heritage site]]}}]] == Ama-Faculty we Yunivesithi == {| class="toccolours" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; font-size:90%; line-height:1.4em; width:300px;" ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |Ama-Faculty Nokuthonywa kwabo |- |I-Faculty |Umnyaka wokuthonywa kwe-Faculty |- | colspan="2" | ---- |- |i-Faculty yobusayensi bomnotho nokuphatha | 1920 |- |i-Faculty yeFundo | 1902 |- |i-Faculty yobunjiniyera, Ukwakha eendaweni neyezobucwephetjhe | 1908 |- |i-Faculty yesayensi nepilo | 1943 |- |i-Faculty yezobuntu | 1908 |- | I-Faculty yezomThetho | 1908 |- |i-Faculty yesayenzi yeMvelo neyokulima | 1917 |- | I-Faculty yezekolo | 1919 |- | I-Fakhalthi yeSayensi yeenlwana | 1920 |- | I-Gordon Institute of Business Science | 2000 |} 6gzyfenu2n43l2zy8rjc131jhn717gh 0 774 5234 2025-08-26T22:00:12Z Mojonom 593 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1274415085|Dr JS Moroka Local Municipality]]" 5234 wikitext text/x-wiki '''uMasipala we Dr JS Moroka''' ngumasipala wemakhaya ongaphasi kukaMasipala wesiFunda se-Nkangala, esifundeni se[[Isifunda seMpumalanga|-Mpumalanga]] [[Isewula Afrika|eSewula Afrika]] . I-Ofisi elikhulu likaMasipala lo linzinze endaweni ye[[Siyabuswa]]. Uthiyelelwe ngobaba u[[:en:James_Moroka|James Moroka]], obekanguMengameli-Jikelele wesi-8 wehlangano i[[:en:African_National_Congress|African National Congress.]] == Iindawo ezikulu == Ngokweembalo balo zomnyaka ka 2001, Iindawo ezikumasipala lo zihlukaniseke ngendlela elandelako. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Indawo !Ikhowudi ! Indawo (km ² ) !Inani labantu ! Ilimi elikhulunywa khulu |- | [[Dr JS Moroka]] | [http://census.adrianfrith.com/place/81301 81301] | 186.37 | 185 | IsiSotho seTlhagwini |- | [[Kameelpoort]] | [http://census.adrianfrith.com/place/81302 81302] | 0.93 | 1,639 | IsiSotho seTlhagwini |- | Mbibana | [http://census.adrianfrith.com/place/81303 81303] | 16.73 | 6,098 | IsiSotho seTlhagwini |- | [[Mdutjana]] | [http://census.adrianfrith.com/place/81304 81304] | 260.44 | 84,756 | [[Isindebele|IsiNdebele seSewula]] |- | [[Moretele, Mpumalanga|Moretele]] | [http://census.adrianfrith.com/place/81305 81305] | 915.02 | 112,330 | IsiTswana |- | [[Moutse 2]] | [http://census.adrianfrith.com/place/81306 81306] | 4.40 | 0 | - |- | [[Siyabuswa]] | [http://census.adrianfrith.com/place/81307 81307] | 13.56 | 26,273 | IsiNdebele seSewula |- | I-Toitskraal | [http://census.adrianfrith.com/place/81308 81308] | 0.47 | 207 | IsiNdebele seSewula |- | [[IVaalbank|I-Libangeni]] | [http://census.adrianfrith.com/place/81309 81309] | 3.85 | 11,818 | IsiSotho seTlhagwini |} p4p4v8ci265ghvconysbpui089iuv79 0 775 5236 2025-08-26T22:30:17Z Mojonom 593 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1250821622|Thembisile Hani Local Municipality]]" 5236 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Umasipala we-Thembisile Hani''' ngumasipala wemakhaya ongaphasi kukaMasipala wesiFunda se-Nkangala, esifunndeni se[[Isifunda seMpumalanga|-Mpumalanga]], [[Isewula Afrika|eSewula Afrika]]. uMasipala lo, uneendawo zemakhaya ezima-57 begodu amalokitjhi akhona malokitjhi amahlanu. Ngesikhathi sebandlululo, iindawo ezinengi ngaphasi komasipala lo khabe kuziindawo ezingsaphasi kombuso ozijameleko waKwaNdebele. Umasipala uthiyelelwe ngobaba uThembisile Chris Hani, ebekangunobhala wehlangano i South African Communist Party, owabulawa mhlazana ali 10 ku Sihlabantangana ngo 1993. Eminye yemirhatjho eyaziwa khulu nerhatjhwa kilendawo, kumrhatjho obizwa ngokobanyana yi Flare Fm SA, ekumrhatjho onzinze endaweni yase Phola. KwaMhlanga. == Iindawo eziku Masipala == Iimbalobalo zangomnyaka ka 2001 ziveza ukubalwa kwabantu ngaphasi komasipala lo ngendlela elandelako. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Indawo !Ikhowudi ! Indawo (km ² ) !Inani labantu ! Ilimi elikhulunywa khulu |- | Ekangala | [http://census.adrianfrith.com/place/81201 81201] | 5.61 | 1,509 | IsiZulu |- | KwaMhlanga Part 1 | [http://census.adrianfrith.com/place/81202 81202] | 254.72 | 71,756 | [[Isindebele|IsiNdebele seSewula]] |- | KwaMhlanga Part 1 | [http://census.adrianfrith.com/place/81215 81215] | 5.91 | 6,085 | IsiNdebele seSewula |- | [[Mabusa National Park|I-Mabusa National Park]] | [http://census.adrianfrith.com/place/81203 81203] | 100.64 | 99 | IsiSuthu |- | [[Mkobola]] | [http://census.adrianfrith.com/place/81204 81204] | 320.15 | 107,560 | IsiNdebele seSewula |- | [[Moutse 3]] | [http://census.adrianfrith.com/place/81205 81205] | 1.68 | 1,788 | IsiSotho seTlhagwini |- | [[Sokhulumi]] | [http://census.adrianfrith.com/place/81206 81206] | 0.33 | 610 | IsiNdebele seSewula |- | [[Thokoza, Mpumalanga|Thokoza]] | [http://census.adrianfrith.com/place/81208 81208] | 2.27 | 4,459 | IsiNdebele seSewula |- | [[Tweefontein North|I-Tweefontein North]] | [http://census.adrianfrith.com/place/81210 81210] | 12.07 | 30000 | IsiNdebele seSewula |- | [[Tweefontein South|I-Tweefontein South]] | [http://census.adrianfrith.com/place/81211 81211] | 13.91 | 24,407 | IsiNdebele seSewula |- | [[Tweefontein]] | [http://census.adrianfrith.com/place/81209 81209] | 23.26 | 45 | IsiSotho seTlhagwini |- | [[Vezubuhle]] | [http://census.adrianfrith.com/place/81212 81212] | 5.26 | 10,399 | IsiNdebele seSewula |- | Vlakfontein | [http://census.adrianfrith.com/place/81213 81213] | 0.76 | 548 | IsiNdebele seSewula |- | Wolvenkop | [http://census.adrianfrith.com/place/81214 81214] | 1.34 | 2,161 | IsiNdebele seSewula |- |Iindawo eziseleleko | [http://census.adrianfrith.com/place/81207 81207] | 1,761.83 | 6,704 |isiNdebele seSewula |} g8jqssjcwh8t35f5pztic33js5we5ff 0 776 5237 2025-08-26T23:12:45Z Mojonom 593 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1278181374|Mayitjha II]]" 5237 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ingwenyama uMayitjha II''' (2 June 1947 – 30 June 2005), owabelethwa angu '''Nyumbabo Cornelius Mahlangu''', khabe ayingwenyama yesitjhaba [[AmaNdebele|samaNdebele wakwaNdzundza]] e [[Isifunda seMpumalanga|-Mpumalanga, eSewula Afrika]]. Wathoma ukubusa ngemva kukayise, Ingwenyama uMabusabesala II. Wathoma ukubusa ngosukela ngomnyaka ka1992 bekwaba kulapha ilanga licima khona ngo-2005. Ngesikhathi sebandlululo, isitjhaba samaNdebele khabe sibuswa ngaphasi kombuso ozijameleko wa[[KwaNdebele]]. Ngaso lesi sikhathi, iNgwenyama u-Mayitjha wasebenza eenkhundleni ezinengi ekhabhinethini yabaphathi bombuso waKwaNdebele, == Ipilo yakhe asesemutjha nemisebenzi == Ingwenyama yabelethwa mhlazana amalanga ama-2 ku Mgwengweni ngomnyaka ka 1947 ibelethelwa eNdaweni yase Mthambothini. uYise khabe kuyiNgwenyama uMabhoko II (uMabusabesala David Mahlangu) obekabelethwa ngu Mayitjha I. Baziinzukulwana zeNgwenyama UMusi kaMhlanga kaMafana. Ngesikhathi asesemutjha, iNgwenyama uMayitjha II wakhombisa ikareko elikhulu kwezamabhizinisi wokwakha kunye nokulima. Ngomnyaka ka 1960, wangenelela zepolotiki khudlwana lapha aba lilunga le Ndzundza Tribal Authority, eyathonywa ngebanga lomthetho we [[:en:Bantu_Authorities_Act,_1951|Bantu Authorities Act]] ekhabe ukhona ngesikhathi sebandlululo. Ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe, uMayitjha waragela phambili namabhizinisi wokwakha nokulima, begodu wathoma umsebenzi wezepolotiki ngo-1969 njengelunga le-Ndzundza Tribal Authority, eyasungulwa ngokuya komThetho weBantu Authorities wesikhathi sebandlululo ukubusa abantu beNdebele beSewula yesifunda. Ngomnyaka ka 1979, Ingwenyama yaba nguNqgongqotjhe wezeFundo kusukela ngomnyaka ka 1984. Kusukela ngo 1984, waba ngu Ngqongqotjhe wezePilo. Kanti ke, kusukela ngomnyaka ka 1990 kufikela ngomnyaka ka 1992, Ingwenyama yaba ngu Ngqongqotjhe wezeMisebenzi yoMphakathi == Ukubusa kwakhe: 1992–2005 == Ngomnyaka ka 1992, ngemva kokuhlongakala kukayise, wabekwa njengeNgwenyama yesitjhaba samaNdebele wakwa Nzunza. Kanti, ke, ngesikhathi sokuhlongakala kwakhe ngomnyaka ka 2005, i Nhlapo Commission on Traditional Leadership Disputes and Claims beyiphakathi nephenyo layo. Begodu INgwenyama uMayitjha bekasakhulumisana neNgwenyama uMakhosoke II wesitjhaba samaNdebele wakwaManala mayelana nokuhlanganisa isitjhaba samaNdebele bonyana sibe ngaphasi kobukhosi bunye. Ilanga lacima nhlazana amalanga ama-20 kuMgwengweni 2005. == IPilo yeNgwenyama == Ngomnyaka ka 1975, Ingwenyama yatjhada nekosazana uSiphila Dlamini ophuma esitjhabeni samaSwati, obeka ngumma wokuthoma. Kusukela lapho, wathatha uLena Masilela njengomfazi wesibili. Umfazi wesithathu khabe kungu Nomsa Sanny-Flora Mtshweni. Kanti ke, wesine kungu Gabisile Elizabeth Mabona. Wesihlanu khabe kungu Nomsa Daphane Mdaka. Abantwana bakhe boke pheze balinganiselwa ematjhumini amabili sele baphelele. 1b5a24dlxdgah2i83mh5lmqoeut0qx1 0 777 5239 5238 2025-08-28T16:24:26Z Mojonom 593 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1294468980|Botshabelo, Mpumalanga]]" 5239 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Reflist}} '''I-Botshabelo''' (Ibizo leli kulibizo lesiSotho elithi :'isibalekelo') kuyindawo eseduze nedorobha le[[E-Middelburg, e-Mpumalanga|-Middelburg]], esifundeni [[Isifunda seMpumalanga|se-Mpumalanga]], e[[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika]]. Indawo ye, yathoma njengesitetjhi samamitjhinari, ekusitetjhi esasungulwa ngu -Alexander Merensky ophuma ehlanganweni ye Berlin Missionary Society (BMS) ngenyanga kaMhlolanja emnyakeni we-1865. Indawo le ngesikhathi leso khabe ingaphasi komkhawulo we-Transvaal Republic (ZAR) . Ngemva komnyaka munye sekle kusungulwe isitetjhi lesi, inani labantu esitetjhini lakhula khulu, pheze lalifika enanini elima -420 yabantu. Ngomnyaka we 1873, omunye wamamitjhinari we BMS, ekungu Johannes Winter, wahlanganyelana no Merensky, kodwana ngemva kwesikhathi, naye watjhinga e Thaba Mosego bonyana ayozitlamela sakhe isitetjhi, ekusitetjhi esadlala indima ekulu ekuthomeni isondo le Lutheran Bapedi Church ngomnyaka we1889. Lapha ke, besele bahlukene nehlangano ye BMS. Esikhathini sanje, i-Botshabelo ingenye yama myuziyamu (museum) ekhombisa izakhiwo ezinemigwalo yesitjhaba sam[[amaNdebele]]. Indawo le ivezwe njengendawo enomlando omuhle tle begodu nenabisa ivakatjhobukelo lesifunda seMpumalanga. Yize kunjalo, kunamatshwayo amanengi akhombisa ukungatjhejisiswa kwendawo le, njengombanyana izakhiwo ezinengi kunye nemigwalo yazo ikhombisa ukungakatjhejwa, eminye imakhiwo seyize iphenduke amarubhi. Unobangela omkhulu ngalokhu ziinkinga eziphathelene nokutlhayela kweensiza zokubulunga indawo le, kunye nemibono ehlukileko ephathelene nokuthi ngubani ekufanele aphathe indawo le. == Iincwadi ezimayelana ne-Botshabelo Mission Station == Indawo ye Botshabelo ifunyaneka emitlolweni eminengi efana nama Journal, ama Article, kunye namaphephandaba. Imitlolo le, iveze indawo le yeBotshabelo njengendawo eqakathekileko kwamambala. Hlangana neminye yemitlolo ekhona, elandelako ngeminye yemitlolo enamakhasi akhuluma ngendawo le. * Delius, P. 1983. ''The land belongs to us: the Pedi polity, the Boers and the British in the nineteenth century Transvaal.'' Ravan Press: Johannesburg. * Rikotso, G, J. 2003. ''Rev. A. Merensky and the Bapedi people of Sekhukhune.'' University of Pretoria: Magister Atrium (Theology) * Delius, P. & Ruther, K. 2013. The King, the missionary and the missionary’s daughter. ''Journal of Southern African Studies.'' Vol. 39 (3) pp. 597 – 614. * Malunga, F. 2003. Sekhukhune II and the Pedi Operations and the Anglo – Boer War, 1899 – 1902. ''Scientia Militaria.'' 31 (1). Pp. 19 – 36. * Pakendorf, G. 1997. “''For there is no power but of God:” The Berlin Mission and the challenges of Colonial South Africa''. Missionalia. (Available online: <nowiki>https://www.oocities.org/missionalia/germiss1.htm</nowiki>) * Pakendorf, G. 2011. A Brief History of the Berlin Mission Society in South Africa. ''History Compass'' Vol 9 (2). Pp.106–118, * Poewe, K.  & v.d. Heyden, U. 1999. The Berlin Mission Society and its Theology: * The Bapedi Mission Church and the Independent Bapedi Lutheran Church. ''South African Historical Journal.'' 40 (May 1999). Pp. 21 – 50 * Ruther, K. 2012. Through the eyes of missionaries and their archives they created. The interwoven histories of power and authority in the 19^th century Transvaal. ''Journal of Southern African Studies.'' Vol. 38 (2). Pp. 369 – 384. * van der Heyden, U. 1996. The archives and library of the Berlin Missionary Society. ''History in Africa.'' Vol 23. Pp. 411 – 427 * == Imithombo yelwazi == 7e44kgmlxvo9mw7l6rphnsg8d3oswgf 0 778 5242 2025-08-30T23:58:50Z Mosakaruka 586 New article 5242 wikitext text/x-wiki '''UMkabayi kaJama''' bekangomunye wabantu besifazana abadlala indima ekulu ebukhosini bakwaZulu. Wabelethwa ngo-1750 wahlongakala ngo-1843. Uyise nguJama kaNdaba, ungudadwabo omdala wekosi uSenzangakhona, begodu bekaliwele nodadwabo uMamma. Bekaziwa njengomfazi webukhosini okghona ukuzijamela. Amagadango awathathako ngesikhathi asaphila bekatjengisa ukukhalipha engqondweni, nokuthanda isitjhaba sekhabo, kangangobana kwafuze athathe iinqunto ezibudisi ukuvikela isitjhaba sakwaZulu.<ref name=":0">ULwazi (2025) ''Princess Mkabayi Kajama, an Early Zulu Feminist.'' Retrieved from: https://www.ulwaziprogramme.org/princess-mkabayi-kajama-an-early-zulu-feminist/ Retrieved on 31/08/2025.</ref><ref name=":1">Maxwel Z Shamase (2014) The royal women of the Zulu monarchy–through the keyhole of oral history: Princess Mkabayi Kajama (c. 1750–c. 1843). Inkanyiso: Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 6(1), pp.15-22. Retrived from: https://uzspace.unizulu.ac.za/server/api/core/bitstreams/a6886ed0-073d-4216-9fd6-63b9b1c17076/content Retrieved on 31/08/2025.</ref> == Umlando Webuncanini Bakhe == UMkabayi wabelethelwa esitjhabeni sakwaZulu nodadwabo uMamma ngo-1750. Emihleni leyo bekukholelwa bona ukubelethwa kwamaphahla kuletha itjhudu elimbi esitjhabeni, mhlamunye bekufe nababelethi babo. Yeke bekuthi qobe nakubelethwa amaphahla elinye libulawe. Kodwana kosi uJama kaNdaba walikhomba libaba wathi nakubantwana bakhe bazokuphila bobabili. Yeke uMkabayi noMamma baphila bobabili. Kodwana lokho khenge kusiphathe kuhle isitjhaba, yeke uMkabayi wakhula ahloyiwe njalo. Kwathi nakaneminyaka emihlanu unina kaMkabayi wahlongakala. Abantu basola yena ngokuhlongakala kukanina. Unina ufa nje angakabeletheli uJama indlalifa yobukhosi.<ref>Manyathi PPP (1997). ''Ucwaningo Ngeqhaza labesifazane esizweni samaZulu, Kubhekiswe kakhulukazi kuMkabayi kaJama''. pp. 86–103.</ref> == Umlando Ekukhuleni Kwakhe == Wakhula njalo uMkabayi uyise anganayo indlalifa. Lokho kwenza bona ngo-1777 uMkabayi ayokufunela uyise umfazi ozomzalela indlalifa, nakuya azamtholela uMthaniya wesitjhaba sakwaSibiya. UMthaniya wambelethela indodana wayithiya ibizo bona nguSenzangakhona, ngombana ikosi ikghonile ukwenza ngakhona ngebanga lendodakazakhe uMkabayi. Lokho kwenza isitjhaba samthanda uMkabayi ngombana ikosi uJama kaNdaba besele athole umfazi wamaThonga ngokungasi seMthethweni, umfazi loyo waba sidisi wabeletha indodana kwathiwa nguSojiyisa. Kusukela ngalesosikhathi uMkabayi wathathwa njengomfazi othatha iinqunto ezihlakaniphileko bona avikele isitjhaba, ngombana ubukhosi bebuzokuwela ezandleni zevezandlebe. UMkabayi kaJama khenge enda, begodu wahlongakala angakendi.<ref name=":1" /> Ngikho abizwa ngokobana nguMkabani kaJama (ekadeni abantu bebathefula nabakhulumako, yeke esikhundleni sokuthi bambize ngoMkabani, bathi nguMkabayi.) === UMkabayi Ngesikhathi Sokubusa KukaSenzangakhona === Ngokukhamba kwesikhathi uyise uJama wahlongakala. UMkabayi wazibeka esihlalweni sobukhosi wabambela uSenzangakhona ngombana bekasesemncani bona angabusa. Emihleni leyo isitjhaba besiphathwa madoda, ngikho nje bekunabantu emkhandlwini ebebangamthandisisi kuhle. Kodwana kwafuze bakubekezelele ukuphathwa mfazi. Lokho kwamenza waba nesithunzi namandla. Kwakuneenkhathi lapha bekufuze avikele khona isitjhaba ngokuthumela amabutho bona ayokulwa noSojiyisa ebekucatjangwa bona angaba yingozi ebukhosini bukaSenzangakhona. Yeke abantu bebamthatha njengomuntu onenturhu.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Wakhula uSenzangakhona, uMkabayi kwafuze ehle esihlalweni ngomnyaka ka-1781. Njengombana uSenzangakhona besele ayikosi nje uMkabayi waba ngumeluleki wakhe. Iindaba ezinengi zobukhosi uSenzangakhona bekazicoca naye uMkabayi. Nakuya uSenzangakhona azokukhulelisa uNandi kaBhebhe bangakatjhadi, bathola indodana bayithiya ngoSigidi. Ngemva kwalokho uNandi nendodanakhe baqothwa esitjhabeni. Kwathi bona uSigidi akhule ayokuhlala esitjhabeni sakwaMthethwa uMkabayi bekasolo amthanda.<ref name=":1" /> === UMkabayi Ngesikhathi Sokubusa KukaShaka === UShaka wagcina abuthethe ubukhosi, wabulala umfowabo uSigujana. UMkabayi wamamukela uShaka njengekosi yesitjhaba sakwaZulu, waraga nokubusa. Kwathi ngokukhamba kwesikhathi uShaka wathoma ukuba yingozi esitjhabeni. Abantu abanengi bafa babulawa yikosi uShaka. UMkabayi kwaba nguye oza neqhinga lokuthi uShaka kufuze abulawe bona kuphephiswe isitjhaba. Iqhingelo walibopha noDingane, uMhlangana noMbopha kaSithayi. Ekugcineni kwathi ngo-1828 bambulala uShaka. Kwathi bona uDingane athathe isihlalo wadingisa uMkabayi kaJama esitjhabeni esibizwa ngokuthi kusebaQulusini. UMkabayi wafela lapho, asilukazi, kunganamuntu omtjhejako.<ref name=":1" /> == Iinkhombo == <references /> 0lpq1ogjofj3s983610rmeson876mo3 0 779 5243 2025-08-31T00:08:08Z Mosakaruka 586 New article 5243 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Women of Ndebele village, Mpumalanga, South Africa (20489604056).jpg|thumb|380x380px|Abomma bamaNdebele]] '''ILanga laboMma''' lilanga eligidingwa qobe mnyaka eSewula Afrika ngomhla ka-9 kuRhoboyi. Ilangeli likhumbula isenzakalo esenzekka ngomnyaka wango-1956 lokha abomma abanzima babamba umtjhagalo omayelana nokuphasiswa kwemiThetho yePasa ebafazini ngesikhathi somBuso weBandlululo. Umthetho lo wawutlanyelwe ukugandelela abomma bona bangakghoni ukuzenzela. Yeke abomma abangaba zii-20 000 bamatjha batjhinga e-''Union Building'' ePitori bona bafake isinghonghoyilo esiphikisana nomThetho i-''Population Registration Act'' bona nabazokukhamba eSewula Afrika kufuze bahlale baphethe ipasa.<ref name=":0">South African Government (9 August 2025) ''Women's Day 2025.'' Retrieved From: https://www.gov.za/WomensDay2025. Retrieved on 25/08/2025.</ref><ref name=":1">South African History (2 August 2012) ''South Africa celebrates the first National Women’s Day.'' Retrieved From: https://sahistory.org.za/dated-event/south-africa-celebrates-first-national-womens-day. Retrieved on 25/08/2025.</ref> ILanga laboMma aligidingi isenzakalweso kwaphela, kodwana ligidinga nezinye izenzakalo lapho kunabomma ababa mavulandlela kilenarha yeSewula Afrika kusukela ngo-1913, lokha abomma abanjengo-Charlotte Maxeke basungula iLigi yaboMma (''Womens League'') ehlanganweni ye-ANC ekhuthaza abomma bona bazibandakanye ekulweleni itjhaphuluko. Amavulandlela la ahlanganisa nabo-Cissy, u-Jaynab no-Amina Gool, ebebaphakathi kwabadosiphambili be-''National Liberation League'' nebe-''Non-European United Front'' yangabo-1930. Ngikho nje inyanga kaRhoboyi yoke nje kuyinyanga ekhethelwe ukugidinga abomma boke beSewula Afrika nokugidinga labo abadlale indima ekulwelweni kwamalungelo wobuntu.<ref name=":0" /> == Ukusungulwa KweLanga LaboMma<ref name=":1" /> == ILanga laboMma lagidingwa kokuthoma ngomhla ka-9 kuRhuboyi 1994 ngesikhathi iSewula Afrika iba yiriphabliki yedemokhrasi. Umhla ka-9 kaRhoboyi wamenyezelwa bona uzokuba yiholideyi lapha amaSewula Afrika azokuhlonipha khona abomma ababa nesibindi sokujamelana nemithetho ebandlulula ngokobulili ebeyikhandela ukutjhaphuluka nokulingana. Kusukela ngeLanga laboMma lokuthoma isikhundla sabomma emphakathini sithuthuke khulu. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-1994, abomma bebakha isibalo esimaphesenthe amathathu epalamende yeSewula Afrika, kodwana namhlanjesi sele bamaphesente ama-40.<ref>Bankmed (2025) ''Women's Month - you strike a woman you strike a rock.'' Retrieved From: https://www.bankmed.co.za/portal/individual/bankmed-article-womens-day. Retrieved on 25/08/2025.</ref> == Umtjhagalo Wabomma Wango-1956 == [[Isimumathi:Mandela burn pass 1960.jpg|thumb|311x311px|UNelson Mandela atjhisa ipasakhe ]] Umnqopho omkhulu womBuso weBandlululo bekukuhlukanisa abantu ngokobutjhaba khona uzokukghona ukubalawula kuhle. Lokho bekwenzelwe bona abantu abanzima basebenze emakhuweni wendaweni yemakhabo. Kodwana amadlelo alihlaza besele atholakala ngaphandle kwendawo ababelwe kiyo, yeke abantu abanzima besele batholakala eendaweni ezingaphandle kwalezo abahlala kizo. Ngikho nje umBuso weBandlululo weza nehlelo lokuthi nangabe umuntu uzokuya namkha asebenze andaweni yangaphandle kweyekhabo kufuze uthole imvumo. Woke umuntu ofuna ukusuka lapha ahlala khona aye kenye indawo ngananyana ngiliphi ibanga bekufuze aphathe ipasa. Yeke imithetho le yathoma ngokusebenza khulukhulu emadodeni. UmBuso wabeka imithetho emayelana nalokho.<ref name=":2">Ntsoxeko Maluleke (6 March 2023) ''Discovery: the 'dompas' – A young person’s perspective,'' Nelson Mandela Foundation website''.'' Retrieved from: https://www.nelsonmandela.org/news/entry/discovery-the-dompas-a-young-persons-perspective. Retrieved on 25/08/2025.</ref><ref name=":3">O' Malley (2025) ''1923. Native Urban Areas Act No 21.'' Retrieved from: https://omalley.nelsonmandela.org/index.php/site/q/03lv01538/04lv01646/05lv01758.htm. Retrieved on 25/08/2025.</ref> UmThetho i-'''''Natives (Urban Areas) Act''''' wango-1923 bewuthi woke umuntu onzima oyindoda otholakala eendaweni zabamhlophe kufuze aphathe ipasa ngaso soke isikhathi. Nanyana ngubani ozokutholakala angakaphathi ipasa uzokubotjhwa athunyelwe ethrestini lekhabo.<ref name=":3" /> Ngo-1955 urhulumende webandlululo waqunta bona amapasa bekungakafuzi aphathwe madoda kwaphela, kodwana nananyana ngimuphi umfazi ongaphezu kweminyaka eli-16 kufuze aphathe ipasa nakaya eendaweni ezihlala abamhlophe. Lokho kwabatshwenya khulu abafazi ngombana bebayibona indlela umthetho wepasa othinta ngayo amadoda abaphila nawo. Kwezinye iikhathi bekungibo abafazi abezako bazokukhupha amadoda ejele ababanjwe ngombana bakhohlwe amapasa ekhaya.<ref name=":2" /> Lokho ngikho okwenza abomma abangaphasi kwehlangano i-''Federation of South African Women (FSAW)'' bathathe igadango lokutjhagala. Ngomhla ka-9 kuRhoboyi 1956 abomma abazii-20 000 bamatjhela e-''Union Building ePitori'' ngesinghonghoyilo sokuthi awuphele umthetho wamapasa. Kodwana kwafana nokuthela amanzi emhlana wedada. Ngikho nje ilangeli ligidingwa eSewula Afrika yoke ngoRhoboyi, iNyanga yaboMma.<ref name=":2" /> == Iinkhombo == m8ux7zs26vnc5ohyun23xye5ezn3c3o 0 898 5415 2025-09-03T21:00:39Z Mtsweni S 835 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1301355356|Thuso Mbedu]]" 5415 wikitext text/x-wiki   U-Thuso Nokwanda Mbedu (owabelethwa mhla amalanga abunane ku-Velabahlinze ngonyaka we-1991) ungomunye wabadlali bakumabonwakude be-Sewula Afrika. Waduma khulu ngendima ayidlalako emdlalweni we-Sewula Afrika wabantu abatjha obizwa ngokobana yi-Sthunzi, lapho akhethwa khona ngokulandelana ukuthi athathe unongorwana wangaphetjheya obizwa nge- International Emmy ngonyaka wee-2017 kanye no-2018. U-Mbedu ekukhambeni kwesikhathi wavela ehlanganweni ebizwa ngokuthi yi- Forbes Africa 30 ngaphasi kwabantu abangaphasi kweminyaka ematjhumi amathathu ubudala ngonyaka wee-2018. Ngonyaka wee-2021, wadlala ehlelweni elibizwa nge-Underground Railroad elitholakala kuAmazon Video, lapho kunamahlelo amanengi nekungilo elamenza bona abemdlali wokuthoma we-Sewula Afrika okhamba phambili kwezamahlelo adlala kumabonwakude we-America. Lokhu kwamenza bona athumbe unongorwana obizwa bona yi-Independent Spirit Award etholwa mumuntu wengubo okhamba phambili ngokuba mdlali wakumabonwakude ehlelweni elitjha. Waragela phambili waba ngomunye wabalingisi ehlelweni elimlando wangaphetjheya e-America obizwa ngokobana yi- The Woman King (2022) lapho adlala khona iskhundla saka Nawi. == Ipilo yebuncanini nefundo == U-Mbedu wabelethelwa e-Midlands Medical Centre endaweni ye-Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal. Ubelethwa ngumma okhuluma isiZulu kanye noyise okhuluma isiSotho nesiXhosa. Wakhuliswa e-Pelham ngugogo wakhe , owabamumuntu omtlhogomelako ngemva kokuhlongakalelwa babelethi bakhe bobabili asesemncani. U-Mbedu wafunda e-Pelham Primary School bese waya e- Pietermaritzburg Girls' High School . Waragela phambili nokufunda i-Physical Theatre kanye ne-Performing Arts Management e- University of the Witwatersrand (Wits), waphothula ngo-2013 ngama-honor, ngemva kokuthatha ikhosi e- Stella Adler Studio of Acting e-New York City ngo-2012. == Ibizelo == Ekupheleni konyaka wee-2014, u-Mbedu waba nendima encani kusizini yesibili ye- Mzansi Magic soapie ''Isibaya'', ngaphambi kokuthi athole indima yakhe njengomfundi wezobuntatheli nomntwana u-Kitso ku ''-Scandal!'' . ''['' ​ kanye nendima ephambili njengo-Boni Khumalo emdlalweni kamabonakude bbizwa kobana yi- ''Saints and Sinners.'' Ngemva kokungasebenzi iinyanga ezisithandathu, u-Mbedu wathola indima yakhe yokuthoma kumabonakude emdlalweni we -Mzansi Magic welutjha ''-Is'Thunzi'', owathoma ngoMgwengweni enyakeni wee-2016. Emdlalweni lo, wadlala indima ka-Winnie, umdlali othanda ukuzikhakhazisa, ofuna ukutjhada nomdlali we-rugby onjingileko nodumileko kodwana ibhudango lakhe liyatjhabalala lokha nakufanele akhambe ayokuhlala nokgharakhe obukhali e-Bergville. Lokha nakalingisa isiqephu sokudlwengulwa emdlalweni, wahlaselwa livalo. NgoNobayeni 2017, waphakanyiswa enongorwaneni we -International Emmy Award esigabeni sokudlala okuhle khulu komlingisi ngendima yakhe njengo-Winnie ku ''-Is'Thunzi'' begodu bekunguye kwaphela umuntu we Sewula-Afrika owaphakanyiswa ngalowo mnyaka. U-Mbedu wenza ukudlala kwakhe kokuthoma njengo-Cora kubemlando ngonyaka wee-2021 we-Amazon Video ''i-The Underground Railroad'', esekelwe enovelini enegama elifanako ka -Colson Whitehead begodu iqondiswe beyakhiqizwa ngomunye owathumba i -Academy Award u-Barry Jenkins . UMbedu wathola i -Hollywood Critics Association Award, i- Independent Spirit Award, kanye ne -Gotham Award yomdlalo. Ngenyanga kaMrhayili 2021, kwamenyezelwa bona uMbedu uzokwenza ifilimu yakhe yokuthoma njengo-Nawi aqalene no -Viola Davis ku- ''The Woman King'', ifilimu yomlando ephefumulelwe ngezehlakalo zamambala ezenzeka eMbusweni we-Dahomey, omunye wemibuso enamandla khulu ye-Afrika ngekhulu le-18 nele-19. Ifilimu le beyiqondiswe ngu -Gina Prince-Bythewood, ukusuka emtlolweni womtloli we- ''Fatherhood'' u-Dana Stevens . Ngo-2023, u-Mbedu waba yinxusa nomkhulumeli we -L'Oréal we-Sub-Saharan Africa. NgoTjhirhweni 2025 <nowiki><i id="mw3w">i-Deadline</i></nowiki> yabika bona u-Mbedu ukhethwe indima ephambili kufilimu ezako ye-Paramount i- ''Children of Blood and Bone'' njengo-Zélie hlangana no -Viola Davis, u-Cynthia Erivo, u-Damson Idris, u-Amandla Stenberg, u- Idris Elba no- Tosin Cole . {{Reflist}} 480phbczihezwlshcyxdg7k0bh6iiyp 0 899 5674 5673 2025-09-04T11:28:12Z Mtsweni S 835 5674 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Thuso Mbedu talking in 2019 02.png|thumb|Isithombe sakaThuso Mbedu]] U-Thuso Nokwanda Mbedu (owabelethwa mhla amalanga abunane ku-Velabahlinze ngonyaka we-1991) ungomunye wabadlali bakumabonwakude be-Sewula Afrika. Waduma khulu ngendima ayidlalako emdlalweni we-Sewula Afrika wabantu abatjha obizwa ngokobana yi-Sthunzi, lapho akhethwa khona ngokulandelana ukuthi athathe unongorwana wangaphetjheya obizwa nge- International Emmy ngonyaka wee-2017 kanye no-2018. U-Mbedu ekukhambeni kwesikhathi wavela ehlanganweni ebizwa ngokuthi yi- Forbes Africa 30 ngaphasi kwabantu abangaphasi kweminyaka ematjhumi amathathu ubudala ngonyaka wee-2018. Ngonyaka wee-2021, wadlala ehlelweni elibizwa nge-Underground Railroad elitholakala kuAmazon Video, lapho kunamahlelo amanengi nekungilo elamenza bona abemdlali wokuthoma we-Sewula Afrika okhamba phambili kwezamahlelo adlala kumabonwakude we-America. Lokhu kwamenza bona athumbe unongorwana obizwa bona yi-Independent Spirit Award etholwa mumuntu wengubo okhamba phambili ngokuba mdlali wakumabonwakude ehlelweni elitjha. Waragela phambili waba ngomunye wabalingisi ehlelweni elimlando wangaphetjheya e-America obizwa ngokobana yi- The Woman King (2022) lapho adlala khona iskhundla saka Nawi. === IPILO YEBUNCANINI NEFUNDO === U-Mbedu wabelethelwa e-Midlands Medical Centre endaweni ye-Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal. Ubelethwa ngumma okhuluma isiZulu kanye noyise okhuluma isiSotho nesiXhosa. Wakhuliswa e-Pelham ngugogo wakhe , owabamumuntu omtlhogomelako ngemva kokuhlongakalelwa babelethi bakhe bobabili asesemncani. U-Mbedu wafunda e-Pelham Primary School bese waya e- Pietermaritzburg Girls' High School . <ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.news24.com/witness/news/from-pmb-to-the-worlds-tvs-20170129|title=From PMB to the world's TVs|journal=The Witness|first=Nompilo|last=Kunene|date=30 January 2017|access-date=21 October 2021}}</ref> Waragela phambili nokufunda i-Physical Theatre kanye ne-Performing Arts Management e- University of the Witwatersrand (Wits), waphothula ngo-2013 ngama-honor, <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goodthingsguy.com/people/thuso-mbedu-underground-railroad/|title=Meet the first South African actress to lead an American series!!!|website=Good Things Guy|date=17 April 2019}}</ref> ngemva kokuthatha ikhosi e- Stella Adler Studio of Acting e-New York City ngo-2012. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youthvillage.co.za/2016/05/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-scandal-actress-thuso-mbedu/|title=10 Things You Didn't Know About Scandal Actress Thuso Mbedu|website=Youth Village|date=16 May 2016}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2020-09-28-i-had-no-clue-what-they-were-saying-thuso-mbedu-on-connecting-with-her-sotho-heritage/|title='I had no clue what they were saying'-Thuso Mbedu on connecting with her Sotho heritage|journal=Times Live|first=Deepika|last=Naidoo|date=28 September 2020|access-date=3 November 2021}}</ref> === IBIZELO === Ekupheleni konyaka wee-2014, u-Mbedu waba nendima encani kusizini yesibili ye- Mzansi Magic soapie ''[[Isibaya]]'', ''<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.channel24.co.za/TV/News/thuso-mbedu-from-out-of-work-to-emmy-nominee-20180211|title=Thuso Mbedu: From out of work to Emmy nominee|work=Channel24|access-date=24 March 2018|language=en}}</ref>'' ngaphambi kokuthi athole indima yakhe njengomfundi wezobuntatheli nomntwana u-Kitso ku ''-Scandal!'' . ''['' ''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news24.com/MoveMag/Archive/thuso-mbedu-on-how-she-made-it-against-all-odds-20170728|title=Thuso Mbedu on how she made it against all odds|date=28 July 2017|work=[[News24 (website)|News24]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.youthvillage.co.za/2016/05/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-scandal-actress-thuso-mbedu/|title=10 Things You Didn't Know About Scandal Actress Thuso Mbedu|date=16 May 2016|work=Youth Village|access-date=24 March 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>''[[SABC 2|​]] kanye nendima ephambili njengo-Boni Khumalo emdlalweni kamabonakude bbizwa kobana yi- ''Saints and Sinners.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Vieira|first=Genevieve|title=Thuso Mbedu is truly blessed|language=en|work=The Citizen|url=https://citizen.co.za/lifestyle/your-life-entertainment-your-life/entertainment-celebrities/316910/thuso-mbedu-is-truly-blessed/|access-date=24 March 2018}}</ref>'' Ngemva kokungasebenzi iinyanga ezisithandathu, u-Mbedu wathola indima yakhe yokuthoma kumabonakude emdlalweni we -Mzansi Magic welutjha ''-Is'Thunzi'', owathoma ngoMgwengweni enyakeni wee-2016. <ref name=":02">{{Cite news|url=https://www.channel24.co.za/TV/News/thuso-mbedu-from-out-of-work-to-emmy-nominee-20180211|title=Thuso Mbedu: From out of work to Emmy nominee|work=Channel24|access-date=24 March 2018|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2017-09-28-heres-5-things-you-need-to-know-about-actress-thuso-mbedu/|title=Here's 5 things you need to know about actress Thuso Mbedu|work=[[TimesLIVE]]|access-date=24 March 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> Emdlalweni lo, wadlala indima ka-Winnie, umdlali othanda ukuzikhakhazisa, ofuna ukutjhada nomdlali we-rugby onjingileko nodumileko kodwana ibhudango lakhe liyatjhabalala lokha nakufanele akhambe ayokuhlala nokgharakhe obukhali e-Bergville. Lokha nakalingisa isiqephu sokudlwengulwa emdlalweni, wahlaselwa livalo. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.za/2017/11/13/thuso-mbedu-is-leaving-for-the-international-emmys-with-hope-for-south-africans_a_23275431/|title=Thuso Mbedu Is Leaving For The International Emmys With Hope For South Africans|date=13 November 2017|work=Huffington Post South Africa|access-date=24 March 2018|language=en-ZA}}</ref> NgoNobayeni 2017, waphakanyiswa enongorwaneni we -International Emmy Award esigabeni sokudlala okuhle khulu komlingisi ngendima yakhe njengo-Winnie ku ''-Is'Thunzi'' <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2018-01-18-thuso-mbedu-on-life-after-emmy-nod-the-truth-is-we-are-very-dispensable/|title=Thuso Mbedu on life after Emmy nod: 'The truth is we are very dispensable'|work=Times LIVE|access-date=24 March 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> begodu bekunguye kwaphela umuntu we Sewula-Afrika owaphakanyiswa ngalowo mnyaka. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.iol.co.za/entertainment/celebrity-news/local/isthunzi-star-thuso-mbedu-nominated-for-emmy-award-11386771|title='Is'thunzi' star Thuso Mbedu nominated for #Emmy Award {{!}} IOL Entertainment|access-date=24 March 2018|language=en}}</ref> U-Mbedu wenza ukudlala kwakhe kokuthoma njengo-Cora kubemlando ngonyaka wee-2021 we-Amazon Video ''i-The Underground Railroad'', esekelwe enovelini enegama elifanako ka -Colson Whitehead begodu iqondiswe beyakhiqizwa ngomunye owathumba i -Academy Award u-Barry Jenkins . <ref>{{Cite web|last=Ramos|first=Dino-Ray|date=21 October 2020|title='The Underground Railroad' Teaser: Barry Jenkins Offers First Glimpse Of Thuso Mbedu As Cora In Amazon Limited Series|url=https://deadline.com/2020/10/the-underground-railroad-teaser-trailer-berry-jenkins-thuso-mbedu-as-cora-amazon-series-1234601236/|access-date=21 October 2020|website=Deadline|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Thuso Mbedu can't wait for viewers to see her new series with Barry Jenkins|url=https://www.news24.com/channel/tv/news/thuso-mbedu-cant-wait-for-viewers-to-see-her-new-series-with-barry-jenkins-20201020-2|access-date=21 October 2020|website=Channel|date=19 October 2020|language=en}}</ref> UMbedu wathola i -Hollywood Critics Association Award, i- Independent Spirit Award, kanye ne -Gotham Award yomdlalo. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Ngwenya|first=Nkhensani|date=30 August 2021|title=Thuso Mbedu Walks Away With An International Award|url=https://surgezirc.co.za/2021-08-30-gossip-thuso-mbedu-walks-away-with-an-international-award/|access-date=30 August 2021|website=Surge Zirc SA|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ngenyanga kaMrhayili 2021, kwamenyezelwa bona uMbedu uzokwenza ifilimu yakhe yokuthoma njengo-Nawi aqalene no -Viola Davis ku- ''The Woman King'', ifilimu yomlando ephefumulelwe ngezehlakalo zamambala ezenzeka eMbusweni we-Dahomey, <ref>{{Cite web|last=Höffele|first=Lerato|title=Thuso Mbedu bags role alongside Viola Davis in 'The Woman King'|url=https://ewn.co.za/2021/04/29/thuso-mbedu-bags-role-alongside-viola-davis-in-the-woman-king|access-date=30 April 2021|website=ewn.co.za|language=en}}</ref> omunye wemibuso enamandla khulu ye-Afrika ngekhulu le-18 nele-19. Ifilimu le beyiqondiswe ngu [[Gina Prince-Bythewood|-Gina Prince-Bythewood]], ukusuka emtlolweni womtloli we- ''Fatherhood'' u-Dana Stevens . <ref name="Kroll">{{Cite web|last=Kroll|first=Justin|date=28 April 2021|title='Underground Railroad's Thuso Mbedu To Star Opposite Viola Davis In 'The Woman King King'|url=https://deadline.com/2021/04/thuso-mbedu-viola-davis-woman-king-1234746073/|access-date=28 April 2021|website=Deadline|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|last=Morkel|first=Graye|title=Thuso Mbedu to star opposite Viola Davis in The Woman King|url=https://www.news24.com/channel/movies/news/thuso-mbedu-to-star-opposite-viola-davis-in-the-woman-king-20210429|access-date=30 April 2021|website=Channel|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Africans making waves in Hollywood|url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/entertainment/2021-04-30-africans-making-waves-in-hollywood/|access-date=30 April 2021|website=SowetanLIVE|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Ngo-2023, u-Mbedu waba yinxusa nomkhulumeli we [[L'Oréal|-L'Oréal]] we-Sub-Saharan Africa. <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Woman King star Thuso Mbedu named L'Oréal Paris Brand Ambassador|url=https://cosmeticsbusiness.com/news/article_page/The_Woman_King_star_Thuso_Mbedu_named_LOreal_Paris_Brand_Ambassador/209187|access-date=23 June 2023|website=Cosmetics Business}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Thuso Mbedu named L'Oréal Paris brand ambassador|url=https://www.news24.com/life/arts-and-entertainment/celebrities/thuso-mbedu-named-loreal-paris-brand-ambassador-20230529|access-date=23 June 2023|website=News24}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title=Thuso Mbedu: The infamous marathon cheats|url=https://curio.io/shows/retold/thuso-mbedu-the-not-quite-redemption-of-south-africas-infamous-ultra-marathon-cheats|website=Curio}}</ref> NgoTjhirhweni 2025 ''i-Deadline'' yabika bona u-Mbedu ukhethwe indima ephambili kufilimu ezako ye-Paramount i- ''Children of Blood and Bone'' njengo-Zélie hlangana no -Viola Davis, u-Cynthia Erivo, u-Damson Idris, u-Amandla Stenberg, u- Idris Elba no- Tosin Cole . <ref>{{Cite web|last=Moorman|first=Taijuan|title=Star-studded 'Children of Blood and Bone' cast revealed: What we know so far|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/movies/2025/01/23/children-of-blood-and-bone-cast-amandla-stenberg/77900352007/#:~:text=Star-studded%20'Children%20of%20Blood,What%20we%20know%20so%20far&text=Anticipation%20is%20growing%20for%20the,those%20powers%20to%20her%20people.|access-date=2025-02-06|website=USA TODAY|language=en-US}}</ref> === Imithombo lwazi === <references /> 7twtdgbdjf1z2vd31p8u8zn0316w1rr 0 903 5424 2025-09-03T22:18:12Z Mojonom 593 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1309335077|Shoprite Holdings Ltd]]" 5424 wikitext text/x-wiki Isitolo '''iShoprite''' (ngokusemthethweni y'''i-Shoprite Holdings Ltd''' ) kusitolo esikulu kunazo zoke iintolo enarhenikazi ye omkhulu [[I-Afrika|we-Afrika]]. Ama Ofisi amakhulu wesitolo lesi atholakala endaweni ye-Cape Town, [[Isewula Afrika|eSewula Afrika]]. Godu ke, indawo ye Cape Town kuyindawo lapha isitolwesi sasungulwa khona ngomnyaka we 1979 Isitolwesi kusitolo esitloliswe ngaphasi Johannesburg Stock Exchange. Kanti ke, itlolisiwe nakwamanye ama-stock exchange, njenge stock exchange senarha ye-Namibia kunye nenarha ye-Lusaka . Njengekampani ekulu kunazo zoke, iShoprite ineentolo ezinengana tle enarheni yeSewula Afrika nakwezinye iinarha. Godu, Iphinde ibe nezinye iintolo, njengesitolo i-USave, iMedrite, Transpharm, House & Home, Computicket, kunye Ne Checkers, ekuziintolo ezingaphasi kweKampani iShoprite. [[Isimumathi:Shoprite_Availability.svg|thumb|Iinarha ezibovu ziinarha ezineentolo zekampani iShoprite]] d5pxi8mpapf4hmlp8tuiddhg77spi1g 0 904 5425 2025-09-03T22:26:59Z Mojonom 593 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1297221407|Bulawayo]]" 5425 wikitext text/x-wiki '''iKwaBulawayo''' kungelinye lamadorobha amakhulu [[Zimbabwe|eZimbabwe]], Begodu kulidorobha elikhulu kunamanye esifundeni se- Matabeleland, ekusifunda lapha idorobha leli linzinze khona . Idorobheli lasungulwa yikosi yamaNdebele weTlhagwini uLobengula, ekhabe ayindodana yekosi uMzilikazi kaMatshobana. Ibizo ledorobheli, elithi "Bulawayo" lisuselwe ebizweni lesiNdebele seTlhagwini elithi 'bulala' dcjoyn6q69zkq3sptipyuzadlaf1ubs 0 905 5426 2025-09-03T22:33:59Z Mojonom 593 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1305341657|University of South Africa]]" 5426 wikitext text/x-wiki I University Of South Africa (Unisa) Kuyiyunivesithi ekulu kunawo woke amayunivesithi eSewula Afrika. IYunivesithi le pheze inabafundi abandlula eenkulungwaneni ezimakhulu amane, ekubala hlangana abafundi abavela eenarheni ezingaphetjheya. Lokhu kwenza bonyana iYunivesithi le ibe sesibalweni samaYunivesithi amakhulu khulu ephasini zombelele. Kanti ke, kungiyo yodwa iyunivesithi ekulu kangaka enarhenikazi ye Afrika. Iyunivesithi le yasungulwa ngomnyaka we 1873 begodu khabe ibizwa ngokobanyana kuyi University Of Good Hope. kju6ajijyw7sjec1752zio4grl7pdoe 0 906 5621 5577 2025-09-04T10:40:36Z NASKHOSANA 884 5621 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Minister Angie Motshekga.jpg|thumb|isithombe saka Angie motshekga]]   '''U-Matsie Angelina "Angie" Motshekga'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Angie Motshekga, Ms {{!}} South African Government |url=https://www.gov.za/about-government/contact-directory/defence-and-military-veterans-ministry/angie-motshekga-ms |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=www.gov.za}}</ref> (wabelethwa mhla amalanga ali-19 kuMgwengweni ngomnyaka we-1955).Ungusopolotiki begodu mfundisi [[Isewula Afrika|weSewula Afrika]] osele aberega njengoNgqongqotjhe wezokuVikela amajoni weButho kusukela mhla amalanga ali-3 kuNtaka ngomnyaka wee-2024.<ref>MOTSHEKGA, M.A. and MINISTER, M., 2022. Department of Basic Education.</ref> Uberege njengomengameli weRiphabhliki yeSewula Afrika kusukela mhla amalanga ali-17 kuRhoboyi ngomnyaka wee-2024, ngesikhathi uMongameli u Cyril Ramaphosa akhambele UmHlangano we-44th weenhloko zombuso noRhulumende we -Southern African angie <ref>{{Cite web |last=website |first=2025 © Department of Military Veterans |title=The Department of Military Veterans |url=http://www.dmv.gov.za/ |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=The official Department of Military Veterans website}}</ref> Development Community e- Harare, e-[[Zimbabwe]] . U-Motshekga godu wasebenza njengoNgqongqotjhe wezeFundo Sisekelo kusukela ngoMeyi ngomnyaka wee-2009 ukuya emnyakeni wee-2024. Ngaphambili, bekalilunga lomKhandlu oPhetheko kurhulumende wesifunda sange-Gauteng . U-Motshekga ulilunga le- [[:en:African_National_Congress|African National Congress]] . Bekangumongameli wangaphambilini weligi yabantu abasikazi behlangano angie<ref>{{Cite web |title=Angie Motshekga |url=http://www.pa.org.za/person/matsie-angelina-motshekga/ |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=People's Assembly |language=en}}</ref> . U-Motshekga wabelethwa mhla amalanga ali-19 ngenyanga ka Mgwengweni ngomnyaka we-1955 eSoweto, nge Transvaal Province .Wafumana ifundo yakhe yamabanga aphasi eenkolweni ezihlukahlukeneko e-Soweto. Waphumelela esikolweni sokuhlala e -Matatiele. U-Motshekga wafunda e- University of the North, lapho athola khona idigri yakhe ye-Bachelor of Arts ku-Education. E- University of the Witwatersrand, u-Motshekga wathola i-Bachelor of Educational Science degree kanye ne-master's degree. Ngomnyaka we-1981, u-Motshekga waqatjhwa njengotitjhere e-Orlando High School. Waberega esikolweni bekwafika umnyaka we-1983, lokha nakatjhiya umsebenzi ngemva kokuqatjhwa njengomfundisi e-Soweto College of Education. U-Motshekga waba mfundisi e-University of the Witwatersrand ngomnyaka we-1985. Wafundisa e-University bekwafika umnyaka we-1994. == '''Imithombo lwazi''' == {{Reflist}} mjk2zkxcve1xupfl4tppwhscu2l1ebw 0 907 5694 5658 2025-09-04T11:48:50Z Tarryn 29 886 5694 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Bonang Matheba.jpg|thumb|Isithombe sakaBonang Dorothy Matheba]] '''U-Bonang Dorothy Matheba''' wabelethwa mhla amalanga ama-25 kuMgwengweni 1987, ngusaziwako wakumabonakude weSewula Afrika, ubuntu bomrhatjho, umtloli kanye nosomarhwebo. Waziwa ngamakghono wakhe wokwethula okuhle kanye nephimbo lakhe eliqakathekileko. Wethula umdlalo womculo we-SABC 1 ''LIVE'' (nje ekuthiwa ''yi-Live Amp'') owakha ukukhanya kwakhe eembonini <ref>{{Cite web|title=Figure 2: Female, 38 years old, squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix, p16 negative.|url=https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.19387/fig-2|access-date=2025-09-04|website=doi.org}}</ref>. Ngo-2006 bekangumsingathi emdlalweni wokubhadela ebusuku. Abahlanganyeli bekufuze badose umtato bese baqagele ipendulo yephazili elula bese bathole imitlomelo yemali. Ngomnyaka ka-2011, waba ngusaziwako wokuthoma weSewula Afrika owathoma umdlalo wamambala weenkundla zokuthintana owaziwa nge ''-B*Dazzled'' <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.l2275249|title=Bonang|date=2015-01-13|publisher=Oxford University Press|series=Oxford Music Online}}</ref>. Ngomnyaka ka-2013, waba lithunywa lokuthoma leentjhabatjhaba lomhlobo wezimonyo i-Revlon, ngaphandle kwe-US. Ngomnyaka ka-2014, waba ngumsingathi we-2014 MTV Europe Music Awards pre-show, okwenza bona abe mSewula Afrika wokuthoma ukusingatha umnyanya wangaphambili. Ngo-2015, waba m-Afrika wokuthoma ukunikelwa i-E! Iindaba ezikhethekileko ze-Afrika ku-E! . UBonang Matheba unabalandeli abangaphezu kweengidi ezihlanu ku-Instagram ne-Twitter. Ngomnyaka ka-2016, wavela kukhava ye-Forbes Woman Africa, eduze nabanye abantu bengubo abathathu boke banikelwe isihloko sokuba yi-Faces of Entrepreneurship. Wakhupha incwadi yakhe ethi ''Kusuka ku-A ukuya ku-B'' begodu waveza umdlalo wakhe we- ''Being Bonang'', kokubili ngo-2017<ref>{{Cite book|last=Matheba|first=Bonang|title=From A to B|date=17 July 2017|publisher=BlackBird Books|year=2017|isbn=9781928337423}}</ref>. Ngo-2018, wavezwa emlandwini wamandla we-GQ SA, we-edishini kaKhukhulamungu. Ngomnyaka ka-2024, waba mthuli wemitlomelo ye- Earthshot Prize ngomnyaka wee-2024 ebanjelwe e-Cape Town, e[[ISewula Afrika ne-Afrika eseSewula (South Africa and Southern Africa).|Sewula Afrika]], othoma ngemitlomelo kinoma ngiyiphi inarha ye-Afrika. == Ipilo yokuthoma == U-Bonang wabelethwa mhla amalanga ama-25 kuMgwengweni emnyakeni we-1987 eMahikeng borough eNorth West. Ubelethwa ngumma uCharlotte Mokoena uSekela-Mongameli oPhetheko we-Human Resource kanye nezeKampanini neSasol. Ubabakhe nguGampi Matheba, umfundisi omkhulu eNorth West University. UBonang ngewesitjhaba esikhuluma isiTswana. Umndeni wakhe wathuthela e-Leondale, eMpumalanga eJwanisbhege, ngesikhathi u-Bonang asafunda esikolweni sikaRhulumede esibiza ngokuthi yi-Fourways High School esise-Fourways eJwanisbhege. == Ibizelo == === Umabonakude kanye nefilimu === Ngomnyaka ka-2002, uBonang wenza ukudlala kwakhe kokuthoma kumabonakude emdlalweni wabantwana weSABC 2, ''i-Manhattan Fantasy Challenge'' nakaneminyaka eli-15. Wabuya wavela keminye imidlalo yabantwana ye-SABC 2. Ngomnyaka ka-2007, uBonang wenza i-audition yesizini yokuthoma yomdlalo womculo weSABC 1 ''LIVE'' ( eyaziwa nge ''-Live Amp'' namhlanje) ngemva kokutjhiya i-varsity. Ngokukhamba kwesikhathi wabekwa umqhele womnqobi womdlalo lo ukuze abe ngumsingathi no-Tbo Touch. Imisebenzi yakhe yokwethula yaba yipumelelo ekulu begodu kulapho ibizo lakhe elithi "Queen B" ladalwa khona. Isiqephu sakhe sokugcina sarhatjhwa mhla amalanga ama-31 kuRhoboyi emnyakeni wee-2012 njengombana amemezela bona utjhiya umdlalo. Ngemva kokusuka kwakhe ku- ''LIVE'', waba neminye imidlalo eminengi efaka hlangana iClash of the Choirs SA, Afternoon Express, Top Billing kanye ne ''-KFC'' Taste Kitchen. UBonang Matheba sele amukele amashowu amanengi wemitlomelo neminyanya eqakathekileko khulu iMTV Africa Music Awards 2016, Miss South Africa 2018 kanye nemidlalo yangaphambi kwe-2014 MTV Europe Music Awards kanye ne- BET Awards 2016. Mhla amalanga ali-2 kuNobayeni ngomnyaka wee-2018, uBonang Matheba wabamba ikhonsathi ye- Global Citizen: Mandela 100 kanye nosomahlaya u-Trevor Noah, i-supermodel uNaomi Campbell, [https://www.newshub360.net/a-reece-net-worth/ i-PistolWhipPapi] nabanye abantu abadumileko. Ngo-2008, uBonang Matheba wenza indima yakhe yokuthoma emdlalweni we-SABC 1, i ''-InterSEXions'' lapho adlala khona indima ka-Nurse Seipati. Kusukela ngo-2019, wadlala begodu wakhiqiza ifilimu yedokhumenthri ''ethi Public Figure'', eyathoma ukuvezwa mhla amalanga ali-9 kuNtaka e-Manchester Film Festival. UBonang wasungula indlu yakhe yokukhiqiza ebizwa nge-Bonang Matheba Entertainment ngo-2017. Iyunithi yokukhiqiza inomdlalo owodwa, okuyi- 1 Magic reality show, ''u-Being Bonang'' ozimiseleko begodu otjengisa ipilo kaBonang Matheba yelanga nelanga. NgoMrhayili 2022, waba msingathi we-Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards. Ngenyanga kaRhoboyi ngomnyaka wee-2023, uBonang wamenyezelwa njengomsingathi wephaliswano le-Miss South Africa 2023. Ngasekupheleni kukaVelabahlinze ngomnyaka wee-2024, uBonang wamemezela umdlalo wakhe weqiniso ''u-B'Dazzled osungulwe nguye'', oqale ku-SABC 3 ngo-18:00 ebusuku SAST, mhla amalanga ama-29 kuNtaka. Ekuthomeni kwakaKhukhulamungu ngomnyaka wee-2024, uBonang wamenyezelwa njengomsingathi we-Miss Universe Pageant. UBonang Matheba, kanye no-Billy Porter, babamba i-Earthshot Prize Awards ebanjelwe e-Cape Town mhla amalanga asi-6 kuNobayeni 2024. === Umrhatjho === Ngomnyaka wee-2009, uBonang wathola umtato ovela esitetjhini somrhatjho i-YFM lapho atjelwa khona bona uzokufakwa emhakheni omutjha wabethuli. Wafumana umdlalo wakhe wangepelaveke wemini obizwa ngokuthi, "I-B* Hive", owaba yipumelelo msinyana ngokudzimelela ebalalelini abatjha. Watjhiya umsebenzi ngomnyaka wee-2014. UBonang Matheba wamenyezelwa njengo-DJ omutjha womrhatjho we-Metro FM ngo-2015. Wathatha isikhundla saka-Siphokazi u-January owaba mtjhayeli we-Metro FM. Umdlalo kaMatheba we-slot ''i-The Front Row'', waba nabalaleli abakhulu nabathabileko bekwaba kulapho kuvela ukungazwani nomphathi wesitetjhi somrhatjho, ngemva kokutjhugululwa komrhatjho, u-Bonang wabamba umdlalo ecadi komphikisi wakhe wesikhathi eside u-Lerato Kganyago ngaphandle kwesaziso sakhe. Ngokukwata kanye nokungakhulumisani kkwabo, u-Bonang watjhiya umsebenzi esitetjhini somrhatjho ngelanga elilandelako. === Imithombo lwazi === <references /> pm232w0x48pi8kdog3nkvveasp40qn6 0 908 5695 5693 2025-09-04T11:50:31Z Mbonani JayJay 892 5695 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club|clubname=Kaizer Chiefs|image=Kaizer Chiefs logo.svg|image_size=180px|short name=Chiefs|nickname={{Plainlist| * ''AmaKhosi'' (Kings) * '' The Phefeni Boys '' * '' Abafana bokuthula noxolo'' (The Boys of Love & Peace) * '' The Glamour Boys '' }}|fullname=Kaizer Chiefs Football Club|founded={{Start date and age|1970|01|07|df=y}}|ground=[[FNB Stadium]]|capacity=94,797|chairman=[[Kaizer Motaung]]|league=[[South African Premiership|Betway Premiership]]|season=[[2024–25 South African Premiership|2024–25]]|current=2025–26 Kaizer Chiefs F.C. season|stadium=[[FNB Stadium]]|position=9th|manager=[[Nasreddine Nabi]]|website={{URL|https://www.kaizerchiefs.com/}}|owner=[[Kaizer Motaung]]|chrtitle=Chairman}}'''I-Kaizer Chiefs Football Club''' (eyaziwa ngokuthi '''yi-Chiefs)''' yisiqhema sebholo ye -Sewula Afrika ese-Naturena, e[[Johannesburg|-Johannesburg]] South, edlala ku- Premiership. Isiqhema sibizwa nge ''-AmaKhosi'', okutjho "amaKhosi" ngesiZulu, kanye nama ''-Phefeni Glamour Boys.'' I-Chiefs sele inqobe iinhlandla ezinengi zeligi kanye namatrophi. Indebe yakamuva yasekhaya bekuyiNdebe ye-Nedbank ka-2024-25. Baphethe iinkezo ezinengi khulu hlangana nazo zoke iinqhema zeSewula Afrika begodu bayisiqhema esiphumelele khulu emlandwini webholo yeSewula Afrika solo kwathoma izinga eliphezulu ngo-1970. [[Isimumathi:Kaizer Chiefs Stand.jpg|thumb|284x284px|Kaizer Chiefs club house]] Isiqhema sinomncintiswano omkhulu wendawo, i -Soweto derby, ne -Orlando Pirates, isiqhema se-Soweto umsunguli we-Chiefs u-Kaizer Motaung adlala kiso ekuthomeni komsebenzi wakhe wokudlala <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaizer Motaung {{!}} The Presidency |url=https://thepresidency.gov.za/kaizer-motaung |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250619184316/https://thepresidency.gov.za/kaizer-motaung |archive-date=2025-06-19 |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=www.thepresidency.gov.za |language=en}}</ref> . Abadlali abadumileko ebegade bambatha ijezi elimnyama negolide esikhathini esidlulileko bafaka hlangana abokapteni besiqhema lesitjhaba [[Neil Tovey|u-Neil Tovey]] no -Lucas Radebe kanye no -Patrick Ntsoelengoe, u-Gary Bailey, u-John "Shoes" Moshoeu, u-Shaun Bartlett, u- Steve Komphela, u-Siyabonga Nomvete, u- Doctor no-Khumalo. Yisiqhema esisekelwa khulu [[Isewula Afrika|eSewula Afrika]]. I-Kaizer Chiefs beyinesisekelo esingaphezu kweengidi ezili-16 ekuthomeni kwekhulu leminyaka. Bathola isilinganiso sabantu abafika ekhaya esingu-16,144 ngesizini ka-2019-20, okuphezulu khulu kuligi. Isiqhema sidlala imidlalo eminengi yangekhaya e- FNB Stadium enabantu abama-94,797.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-02 |title=worldfootball.net |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/ |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=worldfootball.net |language=en}}</ref> NgoTjhirhweni 2025, i-Kaizer Chiefs yagidinga iminyaka ema-55.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaizer Chiefs Reacts To 'Identical' Black / Gold Barcelona Kit |url=https://www.footyheadlines.com/2020/07/twinned-by-design-nike-kaizer-chiefs-50.html |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=Footy Headlines |language=en}}</ref> Imithombo lwazi hzovmdy7owttulhkbbf8ocdamjq13wq 0 909 5436 2025-09-04T07:39:19Z Imkabini 901 Created by translating the opening section from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1303322720|DD Mabuza]]" 5436 wikitext text/x-wiki U-David Dabede Mabuza wabelethwa mhlazi-25 kuRhoboyi wee-1960 e -Phola eduze ne-Hazyview endaweni eyaba [[Isifunda seMpumalanga|sifundazwe se-Mpumalanga]] . Ababelethi bakhe bebabalimi. Bekangowesithandathu ebantwaneni abali-12 - amantombazana abunane nabafana abane. Wafunda e-Khumbula High School, nayo ese-Mpumalanga. Wafumana idiploma yokufundisa, ekhethekileko yefundo yeembalo, e-Mgwenya College of Education ngo-1985; gade angunobhala we- Black Consciousness -aligned Azania Student Organization (AZASO) kusukela ngo-1984 ukuya ku-1985. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name="GovZA" /> Ngesikhathi afunda e -University of South Africa ukuthola i-Bachelor of Arts ku-psychology, ayifumana ngo-1989, wathoma ukusebenza njengotitjhere wesikolo. <ref name="GovZA" /> ] <ref name=":1" />​ <ref name="GovZA" /> Waragela phambili nokuzibandakanya kwakhe kwezepolotiki: waba ngusihlalo we-National Education Union of South Africa kusukela ngo-1986 ukuya ku-1988, umgcinimafa we-Foundation for Education with Production kusukela ngo-1986 ukuya ku-1990, begodu waba mhlanganisi weKomidi yezeFundo yeNarha kusukela ngo-1987 ukuya ku-1988 U-Ferial Haffajee, u-Mathews Phosa waqasha u-Mabuza e- United Democratic Front ngo-1986. Kusukela ngo-1988 ukuya ku-1991, esigabeni sokugcina sebandlululo, waba ngusihlalo we -South African Democratic Teachers Union, ihlangano enethonya ye-Congress of South African Traons Union . <ref name="GovZA" /> <references /> pntre2te12e2lraqop4vk50tvw802bq 0 910 5446 2025-09-04T07:52:25Z Nabungela 885 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1308926292|Simmy]]" 5446 wikitext text/x-wiki == UMTHOMBO-LWAZI == 7hcmi4478ncozv2buoiv1m53uw06xow 0 911 5690 5630 2025-09-04T11:39:53Z Lerato Ruffy 846 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1297625561|Bongiwe Msomi]]" 5690 wikitext text/x-wiki U '''Bongiwe Msomi''' wabelethwa mhla amalanga ali-19 kuTjhirhweni ngomnyaka we-1988 bekangumdlali we-netball weentjhabatjhaba zeSewula Afrika begodu angumbanduli webholo lezandla. Hlangana nomnyaka ka-2011 ukuya ku-2023, u-Msomi wenze imidlalo eli-171 yeSewula Afrika. Ujamele iSewula Afrika emidlalweni ye-Netball World Cups yango-2011, 2015, 2019 kanye ne-2023 kanye naku -2014, 2018 kanye ne -2022 ye-Commonwealth Games. Bekalilunga lamaqembu weSewula Afrika aphumelele iindondo ku -2012 World University Netball Championship kanye ne -2012 Fast5 Netball World Series. Phakathi kuka-2016 ukuya ku-2023 waba ngukaputeni weSewula Afrika. Lokha nakathatha umhlalaphasi bekangumdlali weentjhabatjhaba we-netball odlale khulu eSewula Afrika. U-Msomi gade alilunga lamaqembu amabili we-Netball Superleague athumbe iphaliswano le-Netball Superleague ne Surrey Storm ngo 2015 begodu ngo 2017 ne Wasps Netball. Ngo-2022 waba ngukaputeni we-Gauteng Golden Fireballs lokha nabathumba isicoco se -Telkom Netball League. Kusukela ngo-2019 u-Msomi wasebenza njengomqeqetjhi omkhulu we-netball e- University of Johannesburg. UMsomi wabelethwa begodu wakhulela elokitjhiini le Hammarsdale eduze ne-Durban, e-KwaZulu-Natal. Ngowesihlanu ebantwaneni ababunane. Unina begade asebenza emafemini. Ngomnyaka ka-2008 uyise, umdosiphambili womphakathi wahlongakala. Wafunda e-Chief Luthayi High School. Ngomnyaka ka-2012, uMsomi wathola iziqu e -Durban University of Technology zediploma yesitjhaba yokuPhathwa kwezeMidlalo. Udadwabo omncani ka-Msomi, u-Sinenhlanhla Msomi bekadlala ibholo lesandla ku Gauteng Golden Fireballs. UMsomi wakhula akhuluma isiZulu begodu wafunda isiKhuwa ngemva kokudlala ibholo lesandla waba ngukaputeni wesiqhema == Umsebenzi wokudlala == === Umsebenzi wokuthoma === Ngo-2004, uMsomi wathoma ukudlala ibholo yezandla aneminyaka eli-16 ngesikhathi asesikolweni samabanga aphezulu i-Chief Luthayi. Bekabukela abangani bakhe bahlanganyela lokha nabazilulako nakamenywa bona ahlanganyele ukwenza amanani. Umqeqetjhi wambawa bonyana abuye azokudlala ngesigaba esilandelako. UMsomi uthokoza uSthembiso G. Mncwabe umrhelebhi wakhe wokuthoma webholo yezandla ngokuthoma nokusekela umsebenzi wakhe webholo. UMsomi ukhumbula ukuthi uMncwabe wasebenzisa imali yakhe ukuthenga amabholo, amakhoni kanye neenyathelo ukuze abentazana ebagade abaqeqetjha bakwazi ukudlala. Ngomnyaka ka-2005 uMsomi wakhethwa bona azokujamela i-eThekwini eemphaliswaneni zangekhaya. === Kingdom Stars === Phakathi komnyaka wee-2014 ne-2016 uMsomi wadlalela i Kingdom Stars ku Brutal Fruit Netball Cup. Ngomnyaka ka-2014 uStars wathumba indawo yesibili ku Division Two Shield begodu uMsomi wakhethwa njengomdlali odlale kuhle khulu ukudlula boke abadlali. Ngomnyaka ka-2015 waba ngukaputeni we-Stars njengombana athumba i-Shield begodu wakhethwa njengomvikeli odlale kuhle khulu wephaliswano. Ngomnyaka wee-2016 waba ngukaputeni we-Stars ukuya endaweni yesihlanu isikhundla sabo esihle khulu kuligi. Abalingani bakhe be-Stars bafaka hlangana uPrecious Mthembu. Lokha nakadlalela i-Stars uMsomi wasebenza njengotitjhere nomqeqetjhi webholo lezandla e-Northlands Primary School eDurban North. === Surrey Storm === Ngomnyaka wee- 2015 uMsomi watlikitla ne Surrey Storm ye Netball Superleague . UTamsin Greenway ongumbanduli omkhulu we-Surrey Storm wathoma ukubona uMsomi adlala kumdlalo we Commonwealth ngomnyaka ka 2014. Ngemva kwalokho wathintana naye nge Facebook begodu wammema bona adlalele i-Storm. Mhla amalanga ali-17 kuNtaka 2015 wenza ukuthoma kwakhe kokuthoma ekunqobeni kwe Team Bath ngo-61-39 begodu wakhethwa njengomdlali ophuma phambili kibo boke. Igalelo lakaMsomi lisize isiqhema se Surrey Storm ngomnyaka wee-2015 bona siphumelele eemphaliswaneni. Emdlalweni wokugcina omkhulu bahlula i-Hertfordshire Mavericks ngo-56-39. === Wasps === Ngenyanga kaKhukhulamungu 2016, uMsomi watlikitla i Wasps Netball ye -Netball Superleague wahlangana godu no Tamsin Greenway. Ngemva kwalokho waba lilunga lesiqhema se-Wasps esathumba ku Netball Superleague yango 2017 begodu emdlalweni omkhulu wakhethwa njengomdlali womdlalo. Ngemva kokuphetha isizini ka-2018 ne Adelaide Thunderbirds uMsomi wabuyela ku Wasps ngesizini ye-2019 Netball Superleague begodu bekalilunga lesiqhema sabo esaqeda njengesesibili. === I-Adelaide Thunderbirds === U-Msomi wajoyina i-Adelaide Thunderbirds ngesikhathi se-2018 Suncorp Super Netball. Ngemva kwalokho wenza ukuvela kwe-11 kwabadala kodwana bekungasi yisizini ebaphumelela kiyo. I-Thunderbirds iqede isizini ka-2018 ingathumbi. Lokha nakadlalela i-Thunderbirds waphinda waqeda isikhathi sokubandula e Contax Netball Club. Ngomnyaka wee-2020 UMsomi wabalilunga lesiqhema se Gauteng Golden Fireballs esaqeda endaweni yesithathu ku Telkom Netball League. Abalingani bakhe bangomnyaka ka 2020 eFireballs bafaka hlangana udadwabo omncani uSinenhlanhla Msomi. Ngo-2022,uMsomi waba ngukaputeni wesiqhema se Fireballs lokha nabathumba isicoco se-TNL. Emdlalweni wokugcina bahlula i-Gauteng Jaguars ngo-35-32. === ISewula Afrika === Hlangana nomnyaka ka-2011 no 2023, uMsomi wenze imidlalo eli-171 yeSewula Afrika. Phakathi kuka-2016 ukuya ku-2023 waba ngukaputeni weSewula Afrika. Lokha nakathatha umhlalaphasi bekangumdlali weentjhabatjhaba webholo lezandla odlale kuhle khulu eSewula Afrika. Wenza umdlalo wakhe wokuthoma weSewula Afrika edlala ne Jamaica ku 2011 World Netball Championships. Bekalilunga lamaqembu weSewula Afrika aphumelele iindondo ku- 2012 World University Netball Championship kanye ne -2012 Fast5 Netball World Series. Ngomnyaka ka 2013 waba ngusekela kakaputeni uMaryka Holtzhausen begodu waba ngukaputeni wesiqhema seSewula Afrika esathumba i 2013 Diamond Challenge. Ngemva kwalokho wajamela iSewula Afrika emidlalweni ye-Commonwealth ka-2014 kanye neNdebe yePhasi ye Netball ka-2015. Ngenyanga kaRhoboyi wee-2016, uMsomi wamenyezelwa njengokaputeni weSewula Afrika we -2016 Netball Quad Series athatha isikhundla se-Holtzhausen unomphela. Mhla amalanga ama-3 kuNobayeni 2017 waba ngukaputeni weSewula Afrika ekunqobeni kwabo kokuthoma kwe Netball Quad Series lokha nabahlula i-England ngo-54-51. Ngaphambi kwemidlalo ye-Commonwealth yango-2022, i Netball South Africa yanikela abadlali iinomboro zabadlala ababoqhephetjhe kokuthoma. UMsomi ubengomunye wabadlali abama 24 abathola isivumelwano. Emdlalweni we Commonwealth Games Parade of Nations wangomnyaka wee-2022.uMsomi wakhethwa njengomunye wabathwali beflegi yeSewula Afrika. Ngenyanga kaRhoboyi ngomyaka ka 2022 waba mdlali weentjhabatjhaba webholo lezandla odlale khulu eSewula Afrika lokha nakadlalako umdlalo we-151 ngesikhathi sephaliswano se Netball World Cup ngomnyaka wee-2023. Ngo 2023, uMsomi wenza ukubonakala kwakhe kwesine eNdebeni yePhasi yebholo lezandla. {| class="wikitable collapsible" !Tournaments !Place |- |2011 World Netball Championships |5th |- |2011 World Netball Series |5th |- |2012 World University Netball Championship | |- |2012 Diamond Challenge |1st |- |2012 Netball Quad Series |4th |- |2012 Fast5 Netball World Series | |- |2013 African Netball Championship |1st |- |2013 Diamond Challenge |1st |- |2013 Fast5 Netball World Series |6th |- |2014 Commonwealth Games<ref name="en230916" /><ref name="skysports230916" /> |6th |- |2015 Diamond Challenge |1st |- |2015 Taini Jamison Trophy Series |2nd |- |2015 Netball World Cup<ref name="en230916" /><ref name="skysports230916" /> |5th |- |2016 Netball Quad Series<ref name="nsa190816" /> |4th |- |2016 Diamond Challenge |1st |- |2017 Netball Quad Series (January/February) |4th |- |2017 Netball Quad Series (August/September) |4th |- |2018 Netball Quad Series (January) |4th |- |2018 Commonwealth Games |5th |- |2018 Netball Quad Series (September) |4th |- |2018 Diamond Challenge |1st |- |2019 Netball Quad Series |4th |- |2019 Netball World Cup |4th |- |2019 Africa Netball Cup<ref name="nsa210520" /> |1st |- |2019 South Africa England netball series |2nd |- |2020 Netball Nations Cup |4th |- |2020 South Africa Malawi netball series |1st |- |2021 SPAR Challenge Series |1st |- |2021 Africa Netball Cup |1st |- |2022 Netball Quad Series |4th |- |2022 Commonwealth Games |6th |- |2023 Netball World Cup qualification – Africa |1st |- |2022 SPAR Diamond Challenge |1st |- |2023 Netball Quad Series |4th |- |2023 Netball World Cup |6th |- |} == Umsebenzi wokubandula == === I-UJ Netball === Ngenyanga kaRhoboyi ngomnyaka wee-2019 uMsomi wakhethwa njengombanduli omkhulu we University of Johannesburg Netball Club.Ngo 2023 wadosela i-UJ Netball emdlalweni wabo wokuthoma we-Varsity Netball. Kodwana baqeda njengabalandeli ngemva kokuhlulwa yi UP Tuks ngo-63-61 emdlalweni wokugcina. Ngo-2024, u-Msomi wahola i-UJ Netball ukuya kuma-final ngomnyaka wesibili ngokulandelana. Kodwana, baphinda baqeda njengababili, kulokhu bahlulwa 58-55 ku -UFS Kovsies . == Ukuhlonitjhwa == === Umdlali === * '''INdebe yebholo ye-Afrika''' ** ''Abaphumeleleko'' : 2013, 2019, 2021 * '''Inselelo yedayimani''' ** ''Abaphumeleleko'' : 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016, 2018, 2021, 2022 * '''Umqhudelwano webholo ye-World University''' ** ''Abathatha indawo yesibili'' : 2012 ; Isiqhema se Surrey Storm * '''I-Netball Superleague''' ** ''Abaphumeleleko'' : 2015 ; I-Wasps Netball * '''I-Superleague ye-Netball''' ** ''Abaphumeleleko'' : 2017 ** ''Abathatha indawo yesibili'' : 2019 ; I-Gauteng Golden Fireballs * '''I-Telkom Netball League''' ** ''Abaphumeleleko'' : 2022 ; Kingdom Stars * '''Isihlangu seSigaba sesibili''' ** ''Abaphumeleleko'' : 2015 === Ukubandula === ; I-UJ Netball * '''I-Varsity Netball''' ** ''Abathatha indawo yesibili'' : 2023, 2024 jt60h9o2a7snn2fxpsy4bkuh86s918j 0 912 5689 5635 2025-09-04T11:38:09Z Nothi2003 833 edited 5689 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Isimumathi:Maker Faire, Berlin (BL7C0113).jpg|thumb|indawo lapha u-Mawhoo aqulela khona abantu.]] '''U-Thandeka Nontobeko Ngema''' (wabelethwa mhlana amalanga ali-16 kuNobayeni 1994), owaziwa ngokuthi '''ngu-MaWhoo''', mquli nomtloli weengoma weSewula Afrika.<ref>[https://slikouronlife.co.za/blog/24023/mawhoos-kulula-surpasses-1-million-streams/ MaWhoo's 'Kulula' Surpasses 1 Million Streams | Slikouronlife]</ref> Wathola ukuhlonitjhwa okukhulu ngemva kokukhipha ingoma yakhe yokuthoma ethi "Umshado" leno- Heavy-K.<ref>[https://kingminds.net/mawhoo-nontobeko-thandeka-ngema-biography-early-life-age-career-songs-net-worth/ Mawhoo (Nontobeko Thandeka Ngema) Biography, Early Life, Age, Career, Songs, Net Worth - KingMinds]</ref> U-Ngema uvele godu kumavidiyo womvumo amanengi, okufaka hlangana ukulingisa iindima eziqakathekileko. Ubuye waba yimodeli yamabhrendi ngaphakathi nangaphandle kweSewula Afrika.<ref>[https://www.bona.co.za/entertainment/mawhoos-shocking-revelation-american-a-listers-who-slid-into-her-dms/ Mawhoo's shocking revelation! American A-listers who slid into her DMs | Bona Magazine]</ref> Usebenze ne-Tribe Afrique, House of Supreme, kanye ne-Convoy Clothing South Africa.<ref>[[:en:MaWhoo|MaWhoo - Wikipedia]]</ref> Usebenzisane nabantu abafana no -DJ Maphorisa, u-Master KG, u-Tsisto, u-Kabza De Small no-Vigro Deep. Ngaphandle kwelizwe lakwabo, u-Ngema sele adlale emazweni we-Afrika afana ne [[Botswana|-Botswana]], [[Eswatini|i-Eswatini]], [[Zimbabwe|i-Zimbabwe]] ne [[Mozambique|-Mozambique]]. == Isendlalelo == === Ipilo yokuthoma === U-Thandeka Nontobeko Ngema wabelethwa mhlana amalanga ali-16 kuNobayeni ngo1994 e- Eshowe, KwaZulu-Natal, eSewula Afrika. Wathoma umsebenzi wakhe womvumo asesemncani. Lokha nakaneminyaka elitjhumi nanye, wathatha ingoma yakhe erekhodiweko wayisa emsakazweni wendawo bona idlalwe emoyeni kodwana akhenge bamvumele ngombana bekasesemncani khulu. ==== Amagama wesiteji ==== Engcocweni, wabelane ngokuthi ibizo lakhe lesiteji litjho "umlingo" ngelimi lesiJapan . Watjho bona ibizo lavela ngo-Okmalumkoolcat. === Ifundo === U-Ngema unesiqu asifumene e- University of South Africa (i-UNISA). == Ibizelo == Ingoma yakhe ethi "Bengicela" no-GL_Ceekay, i-Thukuthela ene-Jazzworx yakhutjhwa mhlana amalanga ali-13 kuMgwengweni 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rethabile|first=Thandi|date=2025-06-05|title=MaWhoo, GL_Ceejay & Thukuthela – Bengicela (Tholukuthi ) ft. JazzWorx|url=https://ceemuzic.com/music/mawhoo-gl-ceejay-thukuthela-bengicela-tholukuthi-ft-jazzworx-m66/|access-date=2025-09-04|website=CeeMuzic|language=en}}</ref> Yafika endaweni yokuthoma ematjhadini we-Apple Music, ingoma edumileko ku-YouTube, ingoma ethandwa khulu ku-Shazam begodu yingoma yesihlanu kumatjhadi weengoma eziphezulu ze-Spotify ngokulandelana. == Ukuphikisana == Ngo-2024 ngesikhathi sokukhulumisana no-L-Tido, u-Ngema waveza bona unamadoda amanengi ku-akhawunti yakhe yezokuthintana amthintako, okufaka hlangana umrepha u-Lil Wayne, u-Jay Z no -Rick Ross. Abalandeli bakhe bamgandelela bona afakazele bona lokhu kuliqiniso na, lapho uNgema abelana khona ngesithombe sengcoco no-Lil Wayne. == I-Discography == === Ama-albhamu we-studio === * What a time to be alive (2022) * ''The chosen'' (2023) * ''The sound of magic'' (2024) * Amazwi Okubonga (2025) == Abangakathathi == === Njengomdwebi odosa phambili === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+List of singles as lead artist, with selected chart positions and certifications, showing year released and album name ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Title ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Year ! colspan="1" scope="col" |Peak chart positions ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:12em;" |Certifications ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:100%;" |ZA<br /><br /> |- ! scope="row" |"Umshado" (featuring Heavy-K) |2019 |— | |{{non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" |"Ngiyamthanda" (MaWhoo, Master KG featuring Lowsheen) | rowspan="2" |2021 |— | |{{non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" |"Inkanyezi" (MaWhoo, Master KG featuring Lowsheen) |— | |{{non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" |"Ngithakazele" (MaWhoo, DJ Fanzy featuring Andry K) | rowspan="4" |2022 |— | |{{non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" |"Ngithakazele" |— | |{{non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" |"10k Ye McDonald's" (MaWhoo featuring Mdoovar, 9umba) |— | |{{non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" |"Thokoza" (Sam Deep, MaWhoo) |— |RiSA: 2× Platinum |''Ace of Spades'' |- ! scope="row" |"Umlilo" (DJ Ngwazi, Pouler D’musiq, MaWhoo) | rowspan="5" |2023 |— | | |- ! scope="row" |"Nduma Ndumane" (MaWhoo, Kabza De Small, DJ Maphorisa featuring Da Muziqal Chef) |— | |{{non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" |"Bayangzonda" (Mac Lopez, MaWhoo) |— | |{{non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" |"NgizoWela" (Slade, MaWhoo, Tycoon featuring Marcus MC, Stacy) |— | |{{non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" |"Ngifunani" (Femi Large, MaWhoo) |— | |{{non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" |"Imizi Yobaba" (Soulfreakah, MaWhoo) | rowspan="2" |2024 |— | |{{non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" |"Uthukela" (MaWhoo featuring Harry Cane, Eemoh) |_ | |{{non-album single}} |- !"Gucci" (Mthandeni SK featuring MaWhoo) | |_ | |Non-album single |- !"Ngeke" (Yumbs, Zwayetoven & MaWhoo featuring Mthunzi) | |_ | |Non-album single |- !"Khuluma" (Oskido, Master KG & MaWhoo featuring Lilyfaith, Lowsheen & Theo Kgosinkwe) | |_ | |Non-album single |- !"Uzizwa Kanjan' (Jazzworx, Thukuthela, MaWhoo & GL_Ceejay) |2025 |5 | |Non-album single |- !"Ziphi Nkomo" (Sir Trill, MaWhoo & B33kay SA featuring DJ 2k, Frank Mabeat & Tumisho) | |_ | |Non-album single |- !"Phakade Lami" (Da Capo, Soul Star & MaWhoo) | |_ | |Non-album single |- !"Bengicela" (MaWhoo, GL_ Ceejay & Thukuthela featuring Jazzworx) | |1 | |Amazwi Okubonga |- !"Smomondiya" (Frank Mabeat & MaWhoo featuring B33kay SA) | |_ | |Non-album single |- !"Sono Sam" (TBO, MaWhoo & Ntsika featuring Ngwato & Ave Songsmith) | |_ | |Non-album single |- !"MA AFRIKA" (Deep Sen, MaWhoo & M.J featuring Ntando Yamahlubi) | |_ | |Non-album single |- | colspan="8" style="font-size:90%" |"—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. |} {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+Irhelo lama-single njengabaculi abaveziweko, abanezikhundla ezikhethiweko kanye nezitifiketi, ezitjengisa umnyaka wokukhutjhwa kanye nebizo le-albhamu ! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Ithayitlela ! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Umnyaka ! colspan="1" scope="col" | Iindawo eziphezulu zetjhadi ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:12em;" | Iimtifiketi ! rowspan="2" scope="col" | I-albhamu |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:100%;" | ZA<br /><br /><br /><br /> |- ! scope="row" | "Moya Wami" (u-Oscar Mbo ahlanganisa u-MaWhoo) | rowspan="2" | 2020 | — | Irhawuda | ''Kwama-Groovists'' |- ! scope="row" | "Bambelela" (i-Caltonic SA ehlanganisa u-Sje Konka, u-MaWhoo, u-Thabz Le Madonga) | — || {{Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" | "Uqobo Lwami" (u-DJ Fanzy ohlanganisa u-MaWhoo) | 2021 | — || {{Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" | "Ikhadi le-Indoda Nge" (DJ Moscow, Deepsen, Eddie The Vocalist feat. DJ Moscow, MaWhoo) | rowspan="2" | 2022 | — || {{Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" | "Khumbul' Ekhaya" (u-Knowley-D ohlanganisa u-Busta 929, u-MaWhoo) | — || {{Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" | "Dali Wam" (Pabi Cooper, Yumbs ehlanganisa uMaWhoo, uNkosazana Daughter ) | rowspan="9" | 2023 | — || {{Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" | "Isthutha" (Inkinga Abangan Bam)" (Sam Deep, De Mthuda ehlanganisa uMawhoo, Mkeyz) | — || {{Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" | "Ungiphethe Kahle" (Kabza De Small, DJ Maphorisa ahlanganisa uNokwazi, MaWhoo, Mashudu & LeeArt) | — || {{Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" | "Noma Kanjani" (u-Sino Msolo ohlanganisa u-Kabza De Small, u-MaWhoo, u-Azana) | — || {{Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" | "Uthando" (I-Groovist ehlanganisa u-MaWhoo) | — || {{Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" | "Zibonakalise" (ama-HK ahlanganisa u-MaWhoo) | — || {{Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" | "Wena My Dali" (I-Focalistic featuring Ch'cco, MaWhoo, EeQue, Thama Tee) | — || {{Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" | "Impilo" (u-Marlode no-Owams abahlanganisa ama-2woBunnies, u-MaWhoo, u-Leandra.Vert, u-Toby Franco, u-Gilano, u-Sponge 101) | — || {{Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" | "Kutsa" (u-DJ Sliqe ahlanganisa u-Yanga Chief, u-MaWhoo, u-2woshort, u-Makwa) | — || {{Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" | "Ungithandile" (u-Baby Momo ohlanganisa u-MaWhoo, u-Ceenday, u-Jay Sax, u-Shino Kikai, u-DJ 2K) | rowspan="6" | 2024 | — || {{Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" | "Ngifa Nawe" (MFR Souls, Kabza De Small ene-MaWhoo, Bassie, T-Man SA, Shane907) | — || {{Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" | "Amabhoza" ( Aymos, Mas Musiq featuring MaWhoo) | — | | ''Impilo'' |- ! scope="row" | "Ematshwaleni" ( Kususa, Anatti featuring MaWhoo, Noxolo Ngema, King Deetoy) | — || {{Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" | "Injabulo" (u-Lily Faith ahlanganisa u-Theo Kgosinkwe, u-X-Wise, u-Oskido, u-MaWhoo) | — || {{Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" | "Gucci" (Mthandeni SK, ehlanganisa u-MaWhoo) | 1 ||{{non-album single}} |- | colspan="8" style="font-size:90%" | "—" kutjho ukurekhoda okungazange kushadi namkha okungakakhutjhwa endaweni leyo. |} {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" border="1" style="text-align:center;" |+Irhelo lezinye iingoma ezitjhadiweko, ezineendawo ezikhethiweko kanye nezitifiketi, ezitjengisa umnyaka wokukhutjhwa kanye nebizo le-albhamu ! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Ithayitlela ! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Umnyaka ! colspan="1" scope="col" | Iindawo eziphezulu zetjhadi ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:12em;" | Iimtifiketi ! rowspan="2" scope="col" | I-albhamu |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:100%;" | ZA<br /><br /><br /><br /> |- ! scope="row" | "Kulula" (Mawhoo, DJ Maphorisa, Kabza De Small) | 2022 | — | Igolide | ''Yisikhathi esingangani sokuphila'' |- | colspan="8" style="font-size:90%" | "—" kutjho ukurekhoda okungazange kushadi namkha okungakakhutjhwa endaweni leyo. |} == Ipilo yomuntu mathupha == Kube nemibiko yokuthi uNgema uthandana noHlubi Nkosi. Iinthandani bezibikwe bona zinikelana ngezipho. == Imithombo lwazi == # <ref>[https://www.bona.co.za/entertainment/mawhoos-shocking-revelation-american-a-listers-who-slid-into-her-dms/ Mawhoo's shocking revelation! American A-listers who slid into her DMs | Bona Magazine]</ref> # <ref>[https://slikouronlife.co.za/blog/24023/mawhoos-kulula-surpasses-1-million-streams/ MaWhoo's 'Kulula' Surpasses 1 Million Streams | Slikouronlife]</ref> fr884bxkohywhm5dhklj3ucko6irufd 0 914 5655 5653 2025-09-04T11:07:41Z Enthusiastic Lady 899 removed [[Category:Zimbabwe]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 5655 wikitext text/x-wiki '''KAMO MPHELA''' [[Isimumathi:Kamo Mphela 2021 SAA Awards.jpg|thumb|Isithombe saka Kamo Mphela]] '''U-Kamogelo Matona''' Kamo<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-11 |title=Kamo Mphela Biography: Boyfriend, Father, Pictures, Songs, Age, Net Worth, Husband, Car, House - The History |url=https://www.thehistory.co.za/kamo-mphela-biography/ |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=www.thehistory.co.za |language=en-US}}</ref> (wabelethwa ngomhlaka-29 kuNobayeni 1999), owaziwa ngokomsebenzi ngokuthi ngu '''-Kamo Mphela''', mdansi nomvumi we-amapiano weSewula Afrika. Waba ngusaziwako we-inthanethi ngemva kobana afake ividiyo yakhe yokugida ku-akhawunti yakhe yezokuthintana. == Ipilo yokuthoma nefundo == UMphela wakhulela elokishini le-Emdeni, e-Soweto . Wafunda i-Media e-Boston Media House, umnyaka. == Ibizelo == Ithando lakhe lokudansa lathoma asesemncani, lokha nakakhaphe uyise emsebenzini wakhe e- YFM .Bekathi nakakhambisana noyise asale adlala khona esiteji nekuyinto eyamenza bona abe mumuntu odume khulu. Ngokukhamba kwesikhathi waba mumuntu edumileko ngokufaka amavidiyo ku -Instagram lapho atjengisa khona amakghono wakhe wokuvuma. Ngaphambi kokobana aragele phambili nomsebenzi wakhe wokuvuma bekazame ukulingisa begodu wafumana ithuba lokuba mdlali ongezelelweko ku-TV soap [[Isibaya]], kodwana ngokukhamba kwesikhathi wabona bona bekungasilo ibizelo lakhe ukuba mlingisi wathoma ukudlala njengomdansi emidlalweni. Amakghono wakhe wokudansa agcina wamenze "Ndlovukazi ye-Amapiano". Ngomnyaka ka-2019, watlikitla i-Major League Music bewakhupha i-EP yakhe ebizwa ngokuthi, ''i-Twentee'' ngaphasi kwelebula.Mphela 19<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-29 |title=Kamo Mphela Biography: Age, Career, Songs & Net Worth - Wiki South Africa |url=https://wikisouthafrica.co.za/kamo-mphela/ |access-date=2025-09-04 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ubuye wakhupha iingoma ethi "Suka Emabozen" ne ama-"Menemene" begodu usebenzisane nomvumi weSewula Afrika u-Busiswa ngengoma ethi "Sbwl" begodu uvele engomeni ye-MFR Soulz ethi "Amanikiniki" ebekwe ku-#1 ku- Good Hope FM 's SA House Music Top 10 Chart. Ubuye wadlala begodu wasebenza nabavumi bendawo abafana no -Nadia Nakai no -Killer Kau . Uvele njengomvumi nomdansi eengomeni ze-amapiano ezifana ne-"Sukendleleni" kanye ne-"Labantwana Ama Uber". Ngaphandle kwe -amapiano, sele avume neminye imihlobo yomvumo odumileko weSewula Afrika okufaka hlangana i-gqom, i-kwaito kanye ne-pantsula . I-" Dalie " no -Tyler ICU no-Khalil Harrison ehlanganisa u-Baby SON ekhutjhwe mhlana ali-11 kuNobayeni 2023. Ingoma le yathoma ukuvela endaweni yokuthoma emazweni amathathu i-Malawi, [[Zimbabwe]] kanye neSewula Afrika begodu yafika endaweni ye-11 emashadini we-Shazam wephasi loke. Ukungezelela ingoma le yaba ngedumileko kumadijithali ngeengidi ezimbili emalangeni ama-4 begodu yaqinisekiswa ngegolide eSewula Afrika. Ingoma le ifinyelele isitifiketi se-Platinum. === '''Imithomo lwazi''' === lp9ik5v0n4wkdk3bwu66ub30gcgir3v 0 915 5478 5466 2025-09-04T08:39:29Z Imkabini 901 /* Iminyaka yokuthoma */ 5478 wikitext text/x-wiki Benjamin Dube Wabelethwa 1962(age 62-63) eJohanisibhege, eSewula Africa Ungumvumi wezeKolo Wathoma ngomhlaka 1980 - kufikela namhlanje abentwana: amadodana ama-4 U '''-Benjamin Dube''' (wabelethwa ngo-1962) [[South African gospel recording artist|mculi wevangeli weSewula Afrika]] owakhula waba yidumo ekuthomeni kwabo-80. Eminyakeni edlulileko ukhuphe ama-albhamu amanengi afinyelele esigabeni segolide neplatinamu emazingeni womvumo weSewula Afrika. U-Dube godu [[Vosloorus|mfundisi odosa phambili we-High Praise Center e-Vosloorus]], ngepumalanga ye-Johannesburg. <ref name="AllMusic">{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/pastor-benjamin-dube-mn0000125817/biography|title=Pastor Benjamin Dube Biography|author=Thom Jurek|publisher=AllMusic}}</ref><ref>[https://www.news24.com/citypress/trending/benjamin-dube-to-celebrate-60th-birthday-with-other-sa-music-heavyweights-20221027 Benjamin Dube to celebrate 60th birthday with other SA music heavyweights | News24]</ref> == Iminyaka yokuthoma == Njengombana avela emndenini okholelwako, ikareko [[Dube's music|kaDube]] yomvumo yathoma asesemncani. Wathoma ukuvuma umvumo wevangeli ndawonye nomndenakhe nakaneminyaka elikhomba.<ref name="AllMusic" /><ref>[https://iol.co.za/the-star/news/2023-03-26-gospel-inspired-gala-dinner-ushers-in-easter-at-birchwood-hotel/ Gospel-inspired gala dinner ushers in Easter at Birchwood Hotel]</ref><ref>https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2022-05-21-its-like-she-knew-she-didnt-have-much-time-left-benjamin-dube-reveals-last-phone-call-to-deborah-fraser/</ref> Nakaneminyaka elitjhumi nambili, u-Benjamin wathoma ukuhlabelela nabafowabo abadala esontweni, begodu baziwa ngokuthi bavumi be-Dube Family. Kodwana ngebhadi, izinto bezizokutjhuguluka unomphela emndenini ka-Dube lokha umkhosi wabo noyise nakabulawa kumbi ngo-1976. Umndeni waqunta ukuvuma nokwabelana ngeendaba zokuhlongakala kwakayise. UDkt Tumi ngomunye wabavumi asebenzisana nabo. == I-Discography == * Umnyanya (1994) * Ngiyazizwa ngifuna ukuragela phambili (2000) * Ukudumisa okukhulu (2002) * ngentaba ngayinye...ngiyathokoza (2004) * Uyangibusisa Nanje (2005) * Ebukhoneni bakhe (2007) * Ukukhonza ebukhoneni bakhe (2010) * Ukupholisa ebukhoneni bakhe (2012) * Ukuvuselelwa ebukhoneni bakhe (2014) * Ukucwengiswa ebukhoneni bakhe (2015) * Ukunqoba ebukhoneni bakhe (2017) * Inkazimulo ebukhoneni bakhe (2019) * Odume khulu ebukhoneni bakhe (2023) * Odume khulu ebukhoneni bakhe 2 (2024) * Nasiqala emuva <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.last.fm/music/Benjamin+Dube/+albums|title=Benjamin Dube albums and discography}}</ref> == Iinkomba == <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Dube, Benjamin}} sxtc56y8rjgf4144btew4d226wyjkbk 0 919 5464 2025-09-04T08:16:26Z Pruddy01 895 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1287039970|Enactus]]" 5464 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox award|name=Enactus|awardname=World Cup|former name=Students in Free Enterprise or SIFE World Cup|established=1975|winner=[[Tunisia business school]]|image=Enactus Full Color logo.png|motto=To engage the next generation of entrepreneurial leaders to use innovation and business principles to improve the world.|year2=2024}}I '''-Enactus World Cup''', nofana '''i-Enactus''', yiphaliswano yokwethula amaphrojekthi wezenhlalakahle weentjhabatjhaba wabafundi beyunivesithi ohlelwe yi-Enactus, ihlangano yamazwe ngamazwe engenzi inzuzo esekelwe e -New York City . Umqhudelwano ogade waziwa nge '''-Students in Free Enterprise''' nofana '''i-SIFE''' bewubanjwa qobe mnyaka kusukela ngo-1975. As of 2024 , amazwe ama-33 abambe iqhaza emncintiswaneni. == Umlando == Ihlangano le yasungulwa ngo-1975 e-United States njengephrojekthi ye- [[National Leadership Institute]] ngaphasi kwebizo elithi Students In Free Enterprise nofana i-SIFE. Bekuyiphaliswano wokwethula iphrojekthi yabosomabhizinisi beentjhabatjhaba wabafundi beyunivesithi ebewuhlelwe yi-Enactus, ihlangano engenzi inzuzo yamazwe ngamazwe ese -Springfield, e-Missouri . .Ngomnyaka ka-2021, bekuneenqhema ze-Enactus ezili-1,730 emakholijiini namayunivesithi emazweni ama-35 anabafundi abangaba zi-500,000. Umnqopho wephrojekthi bekukwenza abafundi bathabe ngomnotho wemakethe yamahhala begodu babacwilise endimeni yabosomabhizinisi namakhamphani ngaphakathi komnotho wemakethe. Igadango leli belisebenza e-US kwaphela, lapho inani lamathimu ahlanganyelako nabafundi lakhula khona ngokuthe ngcembe. Ngo-1995, abafundi be- University of Nebraska-Lincoln babeka isisekelo sokukhula kwephasi loke lokha nababuya e-US baya emazweni wabo. NgoNobayeni wee-2012, ihlangano leyo yabizwa ngokuthi yi-Enactus ngemva kokuhlola kwamalunga yibhodi. Mhlana ali-13 kuNtaka 2023, uMongameli no-CEO we-Enactus, u-Robyn Fehrman, wamemezela bona i-Enactus United States ne-Enactus Global bazokuvala imisebenzi yayo yangelanga ekupheleni kukaRhoboyi 2023 ngokuveza iintjhijilo zeezimali. U-Fehrman wathi izehlakalo ze-Enactus nezahluko zingaragela phambili nokusebenza ngokuzijamela. Mhlana ali-15 kuMhlolanja 2024, kwamenyezelwa bona [https://resolutionproject.org/ iPhrojekthi ye-Resolution yeenhlangano] ezingenzi inzuzo yamazwe ngamazwe izakuzibophelela ngemali nabantu ukwakha kabutjha i-Enactus Global begodu yenze enye yeenhlangano ezinkulu khulu ezingenzi inzuzo ekuhlanganisweni koburholi belutjha nobusomabhizinisi bezenhlalakahle – ukuhlanganyela abantu abatjha abangaphezu kwe-40,000 qobe mnyaka pheze emazweni ama-1000. Ngomhlana ali-24 kuNtaka 2025, umsunguli we-Resolution Project kanye nomphathi omkhulu, u-George Tsiatis, watlola i-op-ed ku- Stanford Social Innovation Review acacisa ikambiso yokuhlanganiswa hlangana neenhlangano ezimbili. === Iphaliswano === Iphaliswano lliba khona qobe mnyaka kusukela ngo-1975 ngemva kokusungulwa mmeli we-Texas u-Robert T. Davis, ekuthomeni owabizwa ngokuthi ma-Students in Free Enterprise nofana i-SIFE. kusukela ngomnyaka we-2021 , amazwe ama-33 abambe iqhaza ephgaliswaneni IYunivesithi ye-Al-Azhar ye -Egypt yathumba umncintiswano wango-2020. Ngebanga lomtlhago we-COVID-19, umqhudelwano wango-2021 wabanjelwa nge-inthanethi, umnqobi waba mhlana ali-6 kuNobayeni weYunivesithi ye-Egypt. I-2022 Enactus World Cup yabanjwa mhlazi-30 kuMgwengweni – mhlana ali-2 kuSinyikhaba ngo 2022 e-Puerto Rico, begodu umnqobi bekuyi -Ain Shams University ye Egypt. Umcimbi wango-2023 bewuhlelelwe mhlazi-17 ukuya ku-20 kuNobayeni 2023 e- Utrecht, e-Netherlands. Umnyanya we-2024 bewubanjelwe e -Astana, e-Kazakhstan lapho i-Tunis Business School evela e-Tunisia yathumba umnyanya lo. === Ukuphatha === Ngomnyaka ka-2014, umphathi owayengu-Sam M. Walton SIFE Fellow (njengombana abeluleki be-SIFE bebaziwa ngaleso sikhathi) watlola imemori malungana nesipiliyoni sakhe ne-SIFE. Igama lencwadi elithi, ''How High Is Up'', beyigxeka ukuphathwa kwe-SIFE nemikghwa yokuziphatha. Ngomphumela, ibhodo ye-SIFE yathumela iphenyo elizijameleko elabangela amatjhuguluko amanengi eenlawulweni zangaphakathi kwama nrhwebo. == Iinkomba == {{Reflist}} 3i85dlum9pc5w6dn40jwvmk218et2fm 0 920 5465 2025-09-04T08:17:21Z Sister01 893 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1301911924|Cassper Nyovest]]" 5465 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''U-Refiloe Maele Phoolo''' (wabelethwa mhla amalanga ali-16 kuNobayeni 1990), owaziwa ngomsebenzi ngo- '''Cassper Nyovest''', mrepha weSewula Afrika, umtloli weengoma, usomabhizinisi, umkhiphi wamarekhodi kanye nomdlali wamaguduva. Wabelethwa begodu wakhulela e -Mahikeng, e-North West, uthathwa njengomunye wabavumi abaphumelele khulu eSewula Afrika. Ngo-2014, wasungula ilebula yakhe yokurekhoda, i-Family Tree Records . U-Nyovest waduma ngokukhutjhwa kwe-albhamu yakhe yokuthoma, ''i-Tsholofelo'' (2014) eyakhipha iingoma ezidumileko ezithi " Gusheshe " kanye ne-"Doc Shebeleza". Ngepumelelo yakhe yokuthengisa amathikithi wekhonsathi yakhe, ''i-Fill Up the Dome'' (2015) ebeyibanjwe e- Ticketpro Dome e [[Johannesburg|-Goli]] . Ipumelelo yomnyanya lo yalandelela i-Nyovest ngesihlanganisi esithi "Fill Up" ukukhuthaza amakhonsathi amanengi eenkundleni ezihlukahlukeneko qobe mnyaka, kufaka hlangana i-Orlando Stadium (2016) ne -FNB Stadium (2017), nazo zombili e-Johannesburg, i-Moses Mabhida Stadium (2018) e- Durban, kanye ne -Royal Stadium (2019) e- North West . U-Nyovest wakhipha i-albhamu yakhe enebizo [[wiktionary:eponym|elifanako]], ''i-Refiloe'', eyakhutjhwa mhla amalanga ama-31 kuMgwengweni 2015, ekhonsathini yakhe ''ye-Fill Up The Dome'' . I-albhamu le isebenzisana nabavumi abanengi abafaka hlangana i-The Game, i-DJ Drama, i-Stonebwoy kanye ne -Casey Veggies . Walandela ipumelelo le nge-albhamu yakhe yesithathu eyadunyiswa khulu ''i-Thuto'' (2018), kanye ne-albhamu yakhe yesine ye- Kwaito, ''i-Sweet and Short'' (2019). == Ipilo yokuthoma ==   U-Refiloe Maele Phoolo wabelethwa mhla amalanga ali-16 kuNobayeni 1990 e- Mafikeng, idorobha le- North West, ku-Muzuki no-Letsebela Phoolo. UNyovest unodadwabo okuthiwa ngu-Tsholofelo Phoolo; umfowabo ongasekho, u-Khotso Phoolo, wahlongakala ngo-2003. u-Nyovest waya e-Sol Plaatjie Secondary School lapho bekangumdlali, adlala imidlalo eminengi, begodu wathoma ukurepha aneminyaka eli-12. Ngo-2006, u-Nyovest akhange aphumelela ebangeni lakhe le-10; lokhu kwamenza wathuthela emzini kagogo wakhe e -Potchefstroom . Ngemva kwalokhu, ngo-2007, wathatha umhlal pahsi esikolweni samabanga aphezulu aneminyaka eli-16. Ngomnyaka ka-2008, u-Nyovest wathuthela e-Goli, ukuyokwenza umsebenzi womqulo njengomrepha nomkhiqizi. Wenza igadango ngemva kokutjela ababelethi bakhe bona angakhetha ukulandelela amabhudango wakhe agade abona angakghona ukuwafinyelela kunokuthi adlale "ngokuzitjheja" begodu "azisole" ipilo yakhe yoke. == Umsebenzi wokuvuma == === 2004–2014: Ukuthoma kanye ne ''-Tsholofelo'' ===   Ngo-2004, nakaneminyaka eli-13 kwaphela, u-Nyovest wakha isiqhema se -hip hop esibizwa nge ''-Childhood Gangsta'' nabangani bakhe. Wabe watjhiya ukujoyina isiqhema sakhe esilandelako, ''i-Slow Motion'', ebesinamalunga abunane, kufaka hlangana umkhiqizi wamarekhodi u-Aashish Gangaram we-Ganja Beatz. Eminyakeni eli-16, begodu ngemva kokutjhiya isikolo, u-Nyovest watlikitla ne -motswako record label Impact Sounds, nayo eyatlikitla abavumi abafana no -Tuks Senganga no-Morafe (ngo-2006); ubudlelwano hlangana ne-Nyovest ne-Impact Sounds bagcina buphela ngebanga lokungafuni izinto ezifanako. Ngo-2008, zombili iinhlangano zahlukana, u-Nyovest waba mvumi ozijameleko. U-Nyovest wabuyela ekhaya, wazakhela irekhodi lakhe. Ngaphambi kokobana asungule ilebula yakhe, watholwa mrepha u -Hip Hop Pantsula ngesikhathi adlala, owafaka u-Nyovest engomeni yakhe ethi "Wamo Tseba Mtho". U-Nyovest wakhipha ingoma yakhe yokuthoma, " Gusheshe " (ehlanganisa u-Okmalumkoolkat ), ngo-2013 begodu, ngo-2014, wasungula irekhodi lakhe elibizwa nge -Family Tree Records . Ingoma yakhe yesibili, "Doc Shebeleza", yakhutjhwa ngomnyaka ofanako, begodu yabizwa ngegama lomculi we -kwaito u-Doc Shebeleza . Ingoma le yathola ukubuyekezwa okuhle emphakathini, begodu yadunyiswa babantu abadumileko, njengomvumi u-Yvonne Chaka Chaka . Mhla amalanga ali-18 kuNtaka 2014, u-Nyovest wakhipha i-albhamu yakhe yokuthoma ''i-Tsholofelo'', ebizwa ngodadewabo. I-albhamu le ibe yipumelelo ehle khulu, yafika endaweni yokuthoma ku -iTunes ''SA'' (yeSewula Afrika) ama-albhamu eenyangeni ezimbili ezilandelanako (ngoVelabahlinze kanye noRhoboyi 2014). NgoMgwengweni 2014, u-Nyovest wabekwa njengomvumi ophezulu emdlalweni we -MTV Base i ''-The Hottest MC in Africa'', begodu wabekwa njengonomboro. 2 ku-“ MTV SA’s Hottest MCs ” ngalowo mnyaka. === 2015–2016: ''Refiloe'' ===   Ngepumelelo ye ''-Tsholofelo'', uNyovest wakhipha i-albhamu yeplatinamu lokhu kufaka hlangana iingoma ezitjha nokusebenzisana no- Casey Veggies, u-DJ Drama, u-Wizkid no -Anatii . I-editjhini yeplatinamu yakhutjhwa mhla amalanga-17 kuMrhayili 2015, ngomkhawulo wamakhophi ali-10,000 agadangisiweko. Ekupheleni kwekota yesithathu ka-2015, u-Nyovest wamemezela ihloso yakhe yokudosa phambili ekhonsathini ebizwa nge ''-Fill Up The Dome'' e- Ticketpro Dome, [[Johannesburg|e-Goli]], mhlazi-31 kuMgwengweni wee-2015. umthamo". Wamemezela nokuthi i-albhamu yakhe yesibili, ebizwa nge ''-Refiloe'', izokukhutjhwa ngelanga lomnyanya. Mhla ali-14 kuRhoboyi wee-2015, u-Nyovest wakhipha i-“Mama I Made It” ''(#MIMI)'', ingoma ephambili ye-albhamu yakhe yesibili, kanye nenye yeengoma zokukhangisa zekhonsathi ye- ''Fill Up The Dome'' . U-Nyovest wakghona ukuthengisa woke amathikithi womnyanya wakhe njengombana begade ahlosile mhla ama-25 kuNobayeni 2015, lokhu kwamenyezelwa eenkundleni zokuthintana ekuyi Twitter Ngelanga lomnyanya, abathengi bamathikithi bathola ikhophi yamahhala ye-albhamu ye- ''Refiloe'' . Ukukhuthazwa lokhu kwabangela bona i-albhamu leyo ibe yigolide ngelanga lelo. I-albhamu leyo yaqinisekiswa njengeplatinamu malungana nokuthunyelwa kwamakhophi angaphezu kwama-40,000, ngaphakathi kwelizwe. UNyovest wamemezela umnyanya wesibili, ''i-Fill Up Orlando Stadium'', ozokubanjelwa e- Orlando Stadium, e-Soweto, e-Johannesburg mhla ama-29 kuNobayeni 2016 amalanga amabili ngaphambi komnyanya we-Ticketpro Dome. Umnyanya lo waphumelela, begodu bekunabantu abangama-40,000 (abantu ebegade bangena enkundleni) ebegade bakhona. Inani elihlanganisiweko labantu abangaba zi-80,000 bebakhona emakhonsathini womabili. Kokubili ngo-2015 no-2016, uNyovest beyibekwa ku-no. 1 ku- MTV Base: I-SA's Hottest MCs list. Waphinda waba sesigabeni esingu-1. 1 ku-2016 Hottest Rapper e-Afrika kusukela ngo-2014. === 2017–2019: ''Thuto'' no- ''Sweet no-Short'' === {{Reflist|30em}} Mhlana amalanga ama-4 kuNtaka 2017, u-Nyovest wakhipha ingoma ephambili ethi "Tito Mboweni" evela ku-albhamu yakhe yesithathu ''i-Thuto'' . Ibizwe ngoNgqongqotjhe wezeeMali weSewula Afrika begodu owayengumbusi we-SARB u-Tito Mboweni, ingoma le yathengiswa khulu ngebanga lengoma yayo, "Shaa Shaa" okuyi- onomatopoeia yomdumo wenothi yemali. ''I-Thuto'' yakhutjhwa mhla amalanga ama-5 kuMrhayili 2017. Yaqinisekiswa yigolide ekuyi -RiSA ngelanga lokukhutjhwa kwayo begodu yaqinisekiswa njengeplatinamu ngemveke ezilandelanako. U-Nyovest umemezele umnyanya wakhe wesithathu "we-Fill Up", owabanjwa mhla amalanga ali-17 kuNobayeni 2017, enkundleni ezi-94,736, i-FNB Stadium, e-Goli. Umnyanya lo bewuhlelelwe ukuzalisa abantu aba-75,000 kwaphela ebekuyinselele yakhe ekulu. U-Nyovest waba nobudisi bokubhadela umdlalo lo, kodwana ekugcineni wathola abaxhasi aba-3 abakhulu ukumsiza: i-Cîroc SA, i-SABC 1 kanye ne -Budweiser . Umnyanya lo akhange uthengise woke amathikithi wawo kodwana waba yipumelelo. Ngomnyaka ka-2018, u-Nyovest wakhupha i-albhamu yakhe yesine ''i-Sweet and Short'' . I-albhamu yaqinisekiswa njengeplatinamu ngelanga yayo yokukhutjhwa. Indawo yomcimbi olandelako we-Nyovest "Fill Up" bekuse- Moses Mabhida Stadium, e-Durban ebekuhlelelwe mhlazi-1 kuNobayeni 2018. Wakghona ukuthengisa amathikithi ama-68,000 okwaba mphumela omuhle. Ngelanga elilandelako, u-Nyovest wenza umnyanya emcimbini owethulwe yi-Motsepe Foundation, i-Global Citizen Festival : Mandela 100 ebeyiholwa ba-Carters . E-Mzansi Kwaito kanye ne-House Music Awards, ingoma yakhe ethi "Gets Getsa 2.0" yawina umvuzo we-Best New Age Kwaito Song. Mhlana amalanga ali-15 kuNobayeni 2019, u-Nyovest wenza umnyanya wakhe wesihlanu we-"Fill Up" owabanjelwa e- Royal Bafokeng Stadium e- Rustenburg, idorobha le -North West – isifunda lapho azalelwa khona. Ngemva kokuhlatjwa balandeli be-hip hop ngokutjhiya umhlobo lo, u-Nyovest wabuya ngo-2020 ngengoma ye-hip hop ebizwa nge- [https://hiphopza.com/cassper-nyovest-good-for-that/ Good For That] Archived . === 2020–2022: ''Nanyana ngimuphi umzuzu nje'', ''omnandi nomfitjhani 2.0'' === Mhlana amalanga ali-11 kuNobayeni wee-2020, i-albhamu yakhe yesihlanu ye ''-Any Minute Now'' yakhutjhwa. I-albhamu ifaka hlangana u-Zola 7, u-Samthing Soweto, u-Langa Mavuso, u-Tellaman, u-YoungstaCPT, u-Busiswa, u- Nadia Nakai, u-Khuli Chana, u-Tuks, u-Mo' Molemi, u-Towdee Mac no-DJ Lemonka. Mhlana amalanga ama-30 kuNtaka 2021, u-Cassper wakhupha i-albhamu yakhe yokuthoma ye-Amapiano studio ''Sweet And Short 2.0'', eneengoma ezili-10 ezihlanganisa u-Abidoza, u-Samthing Soweto, u-LuuDadeejay, u-Kammu Dee, u-Lady Du, u-Ma Lemon, u-Semi Tee, u-Boohle, u- [[Oupa John Sefoka (Dj Sumbody)|DJ Sumbody]], u-Zuelisa, u-Zuelisa, no-Zumaz. mhlana amalanga abu-4 kuNobayeni 2021, waya e-United Kingdom ukuya e-AmaFest Tour kanye no-DJ Maphorisa, DBN Gogo kanye ne -Focalistic ukuthuthukisa umhlobo we -Amapiano . U-Cassper wavela emhlanganweni "Umjolo" no-Abidoza no -Boohle okhutjhwe mhlazi-30 kuNobayeni 2021. === 2023-nje: ''u-Solomon'', i-African Throne World Tour === UCassper umemezele i-albhamu yakhe ye-studio ''Solomon'', ngasekupheleni kukaMeyi, ebegade izokhutjhwa mhlazi-28 kuNtaka 2023. NgoMeyi 2023, u-Cassper Nyovest no -Nasty C bamemezela i-African Throne World Tour, efaka hlangana amalanga ali-12. Izokuthoma mhlana ali-18 kuRhoboyi, e-Arusha, e-Tanzania bekube mhlazi-28 kuMgwengweni mhlazi-28, e-Goli, eSewula Afrika. I-albhamu yahlehliswa begodu yamenyezelwa ingoma "018" ene- Maglera Doe Boy . Ingoma le yakhutjhwa mhlazi-15 kuNobayeni 2023, njenge-albhamu ephambili. ''U-Solomon'' wakhutjhwa mhlana ali-15 kuNobayeni 2023. Yaba yinombolo yokuthoma eSewula Afrika. Mhlana amalanga ali-9 kuNobayeni 2021, waba msingathi ''womdlalo we-The Braai no-Cass'' osakazwa ku- SABC 1 . === Ukuvunywa === U-Nyovest ufumene iimvumelwano ezinengi zokuvunywa neenkhamphani ezihlukahlukeneko, khulukhulu nomhlobo we-vodka, ''i-Ciroc'' okungenye yeenvumelwano zakhe ezikulu zokuvunywa emsebenzini wakhe bekube nje. Ukusekelwa kwabo kwathoma ngo-2017, lokha u-Nyovest nakaveza ividiyo yakhe yomvumo, ''u-Tito Mboweni'' amabhodlela amanengi we-Cîroc. I-Ciroc yaveza isivumelwano sayo ne-Nyovest. Ngomnyaka ka-2015, u-Nyovest wavumelana ne -MTN ne ''-AG Mobile'' ekuthomeni i -smartphone ebizwa ngokuthi, ''i-AG Hashtag'' eyaphefumulelwa begodu yakhiwe nguye. Waphinde wasekela amanye amabhrendi afakahlangana, i-Shoprite, i-Samsung ''South Africa'', i-Coca-Cola, i-KFC ''SA'', i-Castle Lite, i-Nike ''SA'' kanye ne-Bitcasino. Njengosomabhizinisi, i-Nyovest isungule i- Family Tree Records . Ilebula yamarekhodi yasungulwa ngo-2014 ngemva kokutjhiya kwakhe ilebula, ''i-Impact Soundz'' . === Umsuka wodumo === NgoJulayi 2021, wasungula ikhamphani yama-sneaker i-Root of Fame, ngaphasi kwe-Drip Footwear. === U-Billiato === == Isibhakela == === Udumo ngokujamelana nomthelela === === Umlingisi nomvumi === Umdlalo wesibhakela onesihloko esithi "Actor vs Musician" wabanjwa e -Sun City Stadium mhlazi-9 kuMrhayili 2022. u-Cassper Nyovest wahlulwa yi- NaakMusiQ ngemva kokumthatha waya emzuliswaneni wesihlanu. NgoJulayi 2015, ngemva kweenyanga ezinengi baphika nanyana ngikuphi ukuzibandakanya ngothando, uNyovest nomlingisi uBoity Thulo ekugcineni baqinisekisa (kumagazini kaJulayi we ''-DRUM'' ) bona bayathandana. Isihloko esisekhava kamagazini besitjho bona abathandanako bebathembisene, kodwana u-Nyovest no-Thulo ngokukhamba kwesikhathi bakuphika lokhu, bathi umagazini wasebenzisa isihloko njengeqhinga lokukhuphula ukuthengisa kwabo. Iinthandani zahlukana ngoNobayeni 2015. === Ukurarana === Ngomnyaka ka-2014, i-Nyovest beyihlangahlangene nembangi yesikhathi eside, i-AKA . Njengoba uNyovest athi ingoma yakhe ethi "Doc Shebeleza" bekuyingoma ekulu kunazo zoke ku-Hip-Hop yeSewula Afrika, AKA obekakhuthaza ingoma yakhe etja ethi " Congratulate ", watjengisa ukuphikisana lokha nakathumela ku-Twitter, "Kunomrepha ogijima athi unengoma ekulu khulu enarheni ... Ngikuphonsela inselelo yokuthi ufumane ingoma yakhe ku-Top 10". Ngemva kwalokho, u-Nyovest waphendula nge-tweet eveza iinzathu zokuthi kubayini ingoma yakhe beyinkulu kune-AKA. Ukuphikisana kwakhula njengombana bobabili abarepha bebaphendulana kanengi. Ngenyanga kaRhoboyi wee-2014, bobabili bebahlelwe bona bobabili badlale emdlalweni womculo we-SABC 1, ''i-Live Amp'' lokha ilunga leqembu le-AKA kuthiwa ladosa isibhamu ku-Cassper nesiqhema sakhe. Kwavela ukuphikisana okunye ngo-2015, lokha u-Cassper nakasola u-AKA ngokumshaya ngempama okwabangela bona bobabili abarepha bakhuphe iingoma ezimbi. Ngomnyaka ka-2018 lokha uNyovest nakabuzwa ngobujamo bokuphikisana kwakhe ne-AKA, wathi bobabili angeze babuyisana, okube kuliqiniso bekube nje. Ngomnyaka ka-2018, umvumi we -Xitsonga, u-Benny Mayengani bekazokwenza ikhonsathi yakhe ebizwa ngokuthi, ''#FillUpGiyaniStadium'' . Njengoba u-Mayengani asebenzise isihlanganisi esifanako ("Fill Up"/"#FillUp") njengo-Nyovest, u-Nyovest wabe esesola u-Mayengani ngokusebenzisa itshwayo lakhe lokurhweba ngendlela yokumthumela incwadi yokujama nokujama . Iphenyo liveze bona i-Nyovest ayikabi nomnikazi wephawu lokuthengisa le-#FillUp begodu angeze yathatha nanyana ngiliphi igadango. == Imiklomelo nokuphakanyiswa == U-Nyovest unikelwe begodu wakhethelwa imiklomelo yomvumo ehlukileko ekhaya neyamazwe ngamazwe. Isethi yakhe yokuthoma yemiklomelo beyingo-2013 lokha nakathola imiklomelo emine emdlalweni wesibili we ''-South Africa Hip Hop Awards'' . Mhlana ali-13 kuMrhayili 2018, wathola ukuphakanyiswa ku-12th Headies Award e-Nigeria emkhakheni we-Best African Artiste eceleni kuka-Nasty C, u-Sarkodie we-Ghana, isiqhema se-Kenya i-Sauti Sol, kanye nomvumi we-Tanzania u-Vanessa Mdee. == I-Discography == * ''Tsholofelo'' (2014) * ''Refiloe'' (2015) * ''Thuto'' (2017) * ''Okumnandi nokufitjhani'' (2018) * ''AMN (Any Minute Now)'' (2020) * ''I-Sweet and Short 2.0'' (2021) * ''USolomon'' (2023) == Umthombo lwazi == {{Reflist|30em}} k7r0wv9kkxzttgmfq18mymm38o8ljt8 0 921 5468 2025-09-04T08:19:10Z CharlotteDineo 908 Created page with "<ref></ref>" 5468 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref></ref> t1c1zbhltc3wnvxy9uikr9b6dljpuyz 0 922 5654 5615 2025-09-04T11:07:40Z 2000Gp01 880 added [[Category:Music]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 5654 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Isimumathi:Justin Timberlake by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|uJustin Timberlake]] U- '''Justin Randall Timberlake''' <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-10 |title=Justin Timberlake {{!}} Songs, Movies, Lyme Disease, Wife, Britney Spears, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Justin-Timberlake |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> (wabelethwa mhlazi-31 kuTjhirhweni 1981) mvumi wenarheni yange-America e-Montana, umtloli weengoma, umlingisi, umkhiqizi wamarekhodi, nomdansi. Ebizwa ngokuthi <nowiki>"</nowiki> yikosana ye-Pop <nowiki>"</nowiki>, ''i-Billboard'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Inc |first=Nielsen Business Media |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bQ8EAAAAMBAJ&q=2003+billboard+music+awards+justin+timberlake&pg=PA20 |title=Billboard |date=2003-12-13 |publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc. |language=en}}</ref> yamhlonipha njengomlingisi omumuntu wembaji odlala yedwa ngcono ku -Pop Airplay begodu omunye wabadlali abakhulu be-Pop abamakhulu ama-21. U-Timberlake uhlala hlangana nabaculi abarekhodako abathengisa khulu, ngokuthengisa amarekhodi angaphezu kweengidi ezima-88 ephasini loke. Imitlomelo yakhe ifakahlangana ama-Grammy Awards<ref>{{Cite web |title=Justin Timberlake {{!}} Artist {{!}} GRAMMY.com |url=https://grammy.com/artists/justin-timberlake/15478 |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=grammy.com}}</ref> alitjhumi, ama-Primetime Emmy amane, ama-Brit amathathu,ama-BMA alithoba, i- Contemporary Icon Award ye- Songwriters Hall of Fame<ref>{{Cite web |title=Justin Timberlake |url=https://memphismusichalloffame.com/inductee/justintimberlake/ |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=Memphis Music Hall of Fame |language=en}}</ref>, kanye ne- MTV 's Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award . Usolo asebenzisana nabakhiqizi abafana ne -The Neptunes kanye ne-Timbaland . == Imithombo lwazi == [[Mkhakha:Music]] eccjpc8jxcjsfqaj4xfzl25n6ww3iuk 0 923 5634 5626 2025-09-04T10:47:16Z Kholeka19721 889 added a link 5634 wikitext text/x-wiki '''BIG ZULU''' [[Isimumathi:Big zulu.jpg|thumb|BIG ZULU|583x583px]] '''IMINININGWANA YANGEMUVA''' '''IBIZO:''' Siyabonga Nene '''UKUBELETHWA:''' 7 KuSihlabantangana 1986 '''UMSEBENZI:''' Umrepha, umtloli weengoma '''UNYAKA WOKUDUMA:''' 2003- njenganje '''AMALEBULA:''' Universal Records(kwangaphambilini), Nkabi Records. '''USiyabonga Nene''' (wabelethwa mhlana amalanga alikhomba, kuMrhayili ngomnyaka we-1986 )<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mag |first=SA Hip Hop |date=2021-04-07 |title=Happy Birthday Big Zulu! A Look Into Big Zulu's Best Selling Records |url=https://sahiphopmag.co.za/2021/04/happy-birthday-big-zulu-a-look-into-big-zulus-best-selling-records/ |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=SA Hip Hop Mag |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Ladson-Billings |first=Gloria |title=From Big Homie the O.G., to GLB |date=2018-03-23 |work=#HipHopEd: The Compilation on Hip-hop Education |pages=21–26 |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004371873_003 |access-date=2025-09-04 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-37187-3}}</ref> , owaziwa ngebizo elibizwa laka '''Big Zulu''', mrepha nomtloli weengoma we[[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika]]. Waphakama ngemva kokukhipha ingoma ethi "Donsa Nkabi" ngomnyaka wee-2016. Watlikitla isivumelwano sokurekhoda ne -Universal Music ngomnyaka wee- 2015 begodu wakhipha i-albhamu yakhe yokuthoma, ''u-Ushun Wenkabi'' (2018) no ''-Ungqongqoshe Wongqongqoshe'' (2019). I-albhamu yesithathu ka Big Zulu ''Ichwane Lenyoka'' (2021), yakhiqiza ama-single amathathu aphuma phambili " Mali Eningi ", "Inhlupheko" kanye no-"Umuzi eSandton". Ingoma yayo ephambili "i-Mali Eningi", yaqinisekiswa yi-double platinum yi- Recording Industry of South Africa (RiSA). [[Big Zulu|UBig Zulu]] wabuye wavela emidlalweni kamabonakude ''i-Isibaya'', ''One Mic'' (2017-2020), ''Uzalo'' (2020), ''Isithembiso'', kanye ''no-Ushuni Womhlaba'' (2024). Imitlomelo yakhe ifaka hlangana imitlomelo ye-Hip Hop yeSewula Afrika elikhomba, umtlomelo owodwa we-South African Music Award kanye ne-Metro FM Music Awards eyodwa. == Ipilo yokuthoma == USiyabonga Nene wabelethwa begodu wakhulela e -Bergville, KwaZulu-Natal. Wakhula alalele umvumo ka -Maskandi no-Isichathamiya, athonywa yi Ladysmith Black Mambazo, Phuzekemisi no-Imithente. Dacre, Richard (2015-05-28), "Worth, Harry [real name Harry Bourlon Illingsworth] (1917–1989), comedian", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8, retrieved 2025-09-04 == IIMVELAPHI YOBUVUMO == === Izithonyo === Uthonywe ngu-Maskandi nesi Scathamiya. Bekahlala e-Vaal endaweni ebizwa nge-Palm Springs. == Ibizelo == === Ukuthoma komsebenzi === UZulu wahlala iminyaka eminengi amtjhayeli wetekisi begodu watjhiya ngomnyaka wee-2008 ukobana aragele phambili nomsebenzi wakhe wezomvumo. Ngomnyaka wee-2009, ngemva kobana atjhiye ibubulo lamathekisi wathoma ukutlola iingoma nokudlala. Ngemva kweminyaka emine ngomnyaka wee-2013, uZulu waphalisana begodu waba ngowokuthoma ukuthumba iphalisano le Red Bull Back to the city. Ingoma yakhe yokuthoma ethi "Donsa Nkabi" yakhutjhwa ngomnyaka wee-2016. === 2014–2019: ''Ushun Wenkabi'', ''Ungqongqoshe Wongqongqoshe'' === Ngemva kweminyaka eminengi njengomvumi ozijameleko, watlikitla isivumelwano sokurekhoda ne-Universal Music Records ngomnyaka wee-2015 begodu wakhupha i-albhamu yakhe yokuthoma ''i-Ushun Wenkabi'' ngenyanga ka Velabahlinze ngomnyaka wee-2018, eneengoma ezifaka hlangana "u-Ang'mazi umama" no-"Home". I-albhamu yakhe yesibili ye-studio ''u-Ungqongqoshe Wongqongqoshe'' yakhutjhwa ngomnyaka wee-2019, ihlanganisa u-Ab Crazy, u-Mnqobi Yazo, u-FiFi Cooper, u-Kwesta, no [[Cassper Nyovest|Caspper Nyovest]], u-Musiholiq no-Truhitz. Ingoma ephambili ethi "Ak'laleki" eno-Kwesta yakhutjhwa. Mhlana amalanga amabili kuRhoboyi ingoma yakhe yesibili ethi "Ama Million" eno- Cassper Nyovest & Musiholiq yakhutjhwa begodu yafika endaweni yesihlanu ku-iTunes Chart. Ingoma le beyiqinisekiswe njengeplatinamu. Mhlana amalanga ali-14 kuRhoboyi, ingoma yakhe yesithathu ethi "Vuma dlozi" ehlanganisa u-Mnqobi Yazo yakhutjhwa begodu yaqinisekiswa yi-platinamu yibubulo lokurekhoda leSewula Afrika (i-RiSA) ngokuthengisa amakhophi ama-50 000. <ref name="ubetoo" /> I-albhamu le yaqinisekiswa njengegolide yi-Recording Industry of South Africa (RiSA) begodu yathola ukukhethwa ku- South African Music Awards (SAMA26) ye-Best Hip Hop Album. Ngomnyaka ofanako, wee-2019, i-albhamu leyo yakhethwa njenge-Best Male Artist of the Year kanye ne-albhamu yomnyaka e -South African Hip Hop Awards. Wasungula ilebula yakhe yamarekhodi i-Nkabi Records. === 2020–2022: ''Ichwane Lenyoka'', ''Nkabi Nation'' === Mhlana amalanga ama-20 kuNobayeni ngomnyaka wee- 2020, ingoma yakhe ethi " Mali Eningi " yakhutjhwa ifaka hlangana umvumi ongu Intaba Yase Dubai no-Ricky Rick njengengoma ephambili ye-albhamu. Ingoma le yavela endaweni yesibili kumatjhadi we ''-Channel 0'' Top 30 begodu yaqinisekiswa njenge-double platinum. Emnyanyeni we -27th annual South African Music Awards,ingoma i "Mali Eningi" yathumba isigaba sokubambisana okuhle khulu. Ekupheleni komnyaka wee-2020 wakhethwa kokuthoma ku -MTV Base: SA's Hottest MCs, endaweni yesihlanu. Ngasekupheleni kukaTjhirhweni ngomnyaka wee-2021, wamemezela ukusebenza kwe-albhamu yakhe yesithathu. Mhlana amalanga ali-11 kuNtaka ngomnyaka wee-2021, wakhupha ingoma "Inhlupheko" eno Mduduzi Ncube njengengoma yesibili. Ingoma le yafika endaweni yokuthoma ematjhadini we-iTunes weSewula Afrika begodu yafika endaweni yesine ematjhadini we-Shazam. Mhlana amalanga amathathu kuNtaka ngomnyaka wee-2021, wamemezela ingoma etja ebizwa ngokuthi "Umuzi eSandton" ehlanganisa u-Lwah Ndlunkulu ku -Twitter. Ingoma le yakhutjhwa mhlana amalanga alithoba kuNtaka ngomnyaka wee-2021; Yavezwa ku-albhamu yakhe ''i-Ichwane Lenyoka'', eyakhutjhwa mhlana amalanga amathathu kuNobayeni 2021. Ingoma ethi "Umuzi eSandton" yafika endaweni yokuthoma ematjhadini we-Shazam. Mhlana amalanga ali-13 kuNobayeni ngomnyaka wee-2021, wenza isizini yetjhumi nane ku- ''Idols South Africa.'' UZulu uthumbe imitlomelo elikhomba efaka hlangana; I-albhamu yomnyaka, ingoma yomnyaka (" Mali Eningi "), ividiyo yomculo ehle khulu, umvuzo we-Best Male and Ubuntu Activism, Best Collaboration, kanye no-Best Digital Sales kuma -2021 South African Hip Hop Awards. Ekupheleni komnyaka wee-2021 wakhethwa godu ku-MTV Base: SA's Hottest MCs, wakhuphukela endaweni yesibili. I-"iVolovolo" eno Xowla yakhutjhwa mhlana amalanga alitjhumi nanye kuMhlolanja ngomnyaka wee-2022. Ingoma le yathoma ukudlala phambili eSewula Afrika. I-"Voicemail" ka-Big Zulu, Mduduzi Ncube, Lwah Ndlunkulu, Siya Ntuli no-Xowla yakhutjhwa njengengoma ephambili ye-albhamu mhlana amalanga ama-24 kuMgwengweni ngonyaka wee-2022. Ingoma le yaqinisekiswa njengegolide begodu yafika endaweni yokuthoma eSewula Afrika. Wakhupha i-"150 Bars (Ke hip hop Dawg)" mhlana amalanga ama-20 kuRhoboyi ngomnyaka wee-2022. Ingoma le yangena ematjhadini we-Local Top 10 Radio endawen"i yesikhombisa. Wamemezela ilanga lokukhutjhwa kwama-albhamu kanye irhelo lokugcina lwengoma ku-Instagram, ekhutjhwe mhlana amalanga alithoba kuNobayeni ngomnyaka wee-2022. "Dear My Love" ehlanganisa u KO, Xowla no-Siya Ntuli ingoma eyodwa ka-Big Zulu ekhutjhwe mhlazi-25 kuNobayeni 2022. === 2023-nje: Inkabi Zezwe, ''Ukhamba'', ''Ngises' Congweni'' === Mhlana amalanga ali-17 kuNtaka 2023, u-Big Zulu no-Sjava bamemezela ukusebenza nge-albhamu yabo ehlangeneko ''i-Ukhamba'' njenge-duo Inkabi Zezwe . " Umbayimbayi " yakhutjhwa mhlana amalanga ama-24 kuNtaka ngomnyaka wee-2023 njengengoma ephambili ye-albhamu. Ingoma le yavela kuyingoma yokuthoma ku-iTunes Top 50 kanye ne-Spotify Top 100 South Africa ngokulandelana. Ingoma le yaqinisekiswa njenge-3× Platinum eSewula Afrika. Kube khona ingoma lapho asebenzisana no [[Mlindo the Vocalist]] kanye no Makhadzi ku albhumi ethi ngises' congweni. Mhlana kuthoma inyanga kaMrhayili, u-Zulu wamemezela i-Inkabi Zezwe Tour eyathoma ngoMgwengweni bekwaba nguNobayeni ngomnyaka wee-2023. I-albhamu le yakhutjhwa mhlana amalanga ali-12 kuMrhayili ngomnyaka wee-2023. Yaba yinto yokuthoma emazweni amabili weSewula Afrika ne-Eswatini ngokulandelana. Ngasekupheleni kukaTjhirhweni ngomnyaka wee-2024, uZulu wamemezela ukusebenza nge-albhamu yakhe yesine ye-studio kanye ne-albhamu yakhe ephambili "Awufuni Ukung' Qoma". ''I-Ngises' Congweni'' yakhutjhwa mhlana amalanga ama-27 kuNtaka ngomnyaka wee- 2023. === Umabonakude === Ngenyanga kaMgwengweni ngomnyaka wee-2024, uZulu wangenela umdlalo wokufuna amathalenta ''u-Ushuni Womhlaba'', njengomahluleli ku-SABC 1 mhlana amalanga alikhomba kuNtaka. === Amanye amabubulo === Ngomnyaka wee-2019, uZulu wasungula ilebula yamarekhodi i-Inkabi Records. UZulu sele asayine uMduduzi Ncube, uLwah Ndlunkulu, uXowla no Siya Ntuli. Mhlana amalanga ama-21 kuNobayeni ngomnyaka wee-2021, uZulu wathoma ukusiza abantu abadla imbuya ngelithi begodu wanikela ngemitjhininqondo namaphrinta e-Obonjaneni Primary School. Kusukela ngoRhoboyi ngomnyaka wee- 2020, wasebenzisana nestolo i Spitz njengomsekeli (ambassador) we-Carvela. == I-Discography == === Ama-albhamu we-studio === * ''Ushun Wenkabi'' (2018) * ''Ungqongqoshe Wongqongqoshe'' (2019) * ''Ichwane Lenyoka'' (2021) * ''Ngises' Congweni'' (2024) * ''Icala Le Mpumelelo'' (2025) === Ama-albhamu wokubambisana === * ''Inkabi Nation'' (2022) * ''Ukhamba'' (2023) === Njengomdosi phambili kwezomvumo === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+Irhelo lama-single njengabaculi abadosa phambili, abanezikhundla ezikhethiweko kanye nezitifiketi, ezitjengisa umnyaka wokukhutjhwa kanye nebizo le-albhamu ! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Ithayitlela ! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Umnyaka ! colspan="1" scope="col" | Iindawo eziphezulu zetjhadi ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:12em;" | Iimtifiketi ! rowspan="2" scope="col" | I-albhamu |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:100%;" | ZA<br /><br /><br /><br /> |- ! scope="row" | "AmaMillion" ene-Musiholiq, Cassper Nyovest | 2019 | | Iplatinamu | rowspan="2" | ''Ngqongqoshe Wongqongqoshe'' |- ! scope="row" | "Vuma Dlozi" ehlanganisa uMnqobi Yazo | 2020 | | Iplatinamu <ref name="DailySUN" /> |- ! scope="row" | " Mali Eningi " ehlanganisa u-Ntaba Yase Dubai, u-Ricky Rick | rowspan="3" | 2021 | 2 | 2× Iplatinamu | rowspan="4" | ''Ichwane Lenyoka'' |- ! scope="row" | "Umuzi eSandton" nge- Lwah Ndlunkulu | — | Iplatinamu |- ! scope="row" | "Inhlupheko" ehlanganisa uMduduzi Ncube | 1 | Iplatinamu |- ! scope="row" | "iVolovolo" ene-Xowla | 2022 | — | Iplatinamu |- ! scope="row" | "Dear My Love" ene-Xowla, KO no -Siya Ntuli | 2022 | — ||{{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" | "Awufuni Ukung' Qoma" | rowspan="3" | 2024 | — | | ''UCongweni kaNgises'' |- ! scope="row" | "200 Bars" | — ||{{non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" | "Ay Ka'Ncane" (Big Zulu, Tony Dayimane) | — ||{{non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" | "Amacala Othando" (Big Zulu, Azana, Malungelo) | rowspan="2" | 2025 | — ||{{non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" | "Abazazi Bafunani" (ehlanganisa u-Emtee ) | 2 | | Icala Le Mpumelelo |- | colspan="8" style="font-size:90%" | "—" kutjho ukurekhoda okungazange kushadi namkha okungakakhutjhwa endaweni leyo. |} {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |+Irhelo lazingoma azihlanganyele nabanye njengabaculi abaveziweko, abanezikhundla ezikhethiweko kanye nezitifiketi, ezitjengisa umnyaka wokukhutjhwa kanye nebizo le-albhamu ! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Ithayitlela ! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Umnyaka ! colspan="1" scope="col" | Iindawo eziphezulu zetjhadi ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:12em;" | Iimtifiketi ! rowspan="2" scope="col" | I-albhamu |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:100%;" | ZA<br /><br /><br /><br /> |- ! scope="row" | "Isigingci" (Mduduzi ehlanganisa uBig Zulu) | 2020 | — | | ''Isitimela'' |- ! scope="row" | "Alusafani" ( Qwabe Twins featuring Big Zulu, Mduduzi, Xowla) | rowspan="2" | 2021 | — | | |- ! scope="row" | "Qoma" ( Blaq Diamond nge-Siya Ntuli, Big Zulu) | — | I-RiSA: Iplatinamu | Ithando lesiZulu |- ! scope="row" | "Amalobolo" ( u-Nomfundo Moh ohlanganisa u-Big Zulu) | 2023 | — | | ''Ugcobo'' |- ! scope="row" | "Beng' dakiwe (u-Xowla ahlanganisa u-Big Zulu, u-DJ Tira ) | rowspan="2" | 2023 | — ||{{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" | "My Ex" (Big Xhosa featuring Big Zulu) | — ||{{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" | "Mfazi Wephepha" (Nkosazana Daughter, Master Kg featuring Big Zulu, Zee Nxumalo ) | 2024 | 4 | | ''Makhelwane'' |} == Imitlomelo nokuphakanyiswa == {| class="wikitable" !Umnyaka ! Umtlomelo ! Umkhakha ! Imiphumela ! Ref. |- | rowspan="3" | 2019 | rowspan="2" | SAHHA | I-albhamu yomnyaka| {{nom}} | rowspan="2" | |- | Umdwebi wesilisa ophuma phambili womnyaka|{{nom}} |- | I-SAMA 26 | I-albhamu ye-Hip Hop ehle khulu| {{nom}} | |- | 2020 | SAHHA | I-Remix ehle khulu| {{Nom}} | |- | 2021 | I-SAMA 27 | Ukusebenzisana okuhle khulu|{{won}} | |- | rowspan="8" | 2021 | rowspan="8" | I-SAHHA 10 | I-albhamu yomnyaka|{{won}} | rowspan="8" | |- | Owesilisa ophuma phambili|{{won}} |- | Ingoma yomnyaka|{{won}} |- | Ukusebenzisana okuhle khulu|{{won}} |- | I-MVP/Umtjhayeli womnyaka|{{nom}} |- | Ividiyo ehle khulu|{{won}} |- | Umvuzo we-Ubuntu Activism|{{won}} |- | Ukuthengisa okuhle khulu kwedijithali|{{won}} |- | rowspan="2" | 2022 | rowspan="2" | DStv MVCA | Ingoma engiyithandako| {{nom}} | rowspan="2" | |- | Umculi womculo othandwako/isiqhema|{{nom}} |- | 2023 | 17th Metro FM Music Awards | I-Duo/Isiqhema esihle khulu |{{Won}} | |} == UMTHOMBO LWAZI == <references responsive="" /> iqqj3sdp6roe39o3vulpqbjevm136ju 0 924 5610 5570 2025-09-04T10:28:50Z Sister01 893 i edited 5610 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''U-Zandile Nxumalo''' (wabelethwa mhlana amalanga ali-6 kuTjhirhweni 2003) owaziwa nge- '''Zee Nxumalo''', mhlabeleli nomtloli weengoma we-Swazi-Sewula Afrika. Ingoma yakhe ethi "Funk 55", eyakhutjhwa ngo-2023, yamenza waba yipumelelo ekulu begodu yaqinisekiswa njenge-5× Platinum eSewula Afrika.<ref>[https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/entertainment/2022-07-22-social-media-puts-zee-nxumalo-on-crest-of-a-wave/ Social media puts Zee Nxumalo on crest of a wave]</ref> == Ipilo yokuthoma == UZandile Nxumalo wabelethwa mhlana amalanga asi-6 kuTjhirhweni ngomnyaka ka 2003 e [[Eswatini|-Eswatini]] . Umndeni wakhe wathuthela e -Alexandra, e-Goli lapho ahlala khona ebuntwaneni bakhe. <ref>[https://www.news24.com/citypress/trending/zee-nxumalo-brings-amapiano-fire-to-mzansi-20240121 Zee Nxumalo brings Amapiano fire to Mzansi | News24]</ref> == Ibizelo == Umdlalo wakhe wokuthoma we ''-KwaNxumalo'', wakhutjhwa mhlazi-28 kuMgwengweni 2022. "U-Funk 55" ka-Shakes & Les, u-DBN Gogo no-Zee Nxumalo ohlanganisa u-Ceeka RSA no-Chley wakhutjhwa mhlana ali-1 kuNobayeni 2023. Wathoma ukuvezwa ku- 2 Local St. Ingoma yakhe ''i-Thula Mabota'' no-Pabi Cooper no-031choppa, ene-Shakes & Les. yakhutjhwa mhlana amalanga ama-29 kuNtaka 2024. Yaqinisekiswa njengeplatinamu eSewula Afrika.<ref>[https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/sa-zee-nxumalo-drops-debut-ep-kwanxumalo SA: Zee Nxumalo drops debut EP KwaNxumalo | Music In Africa]</ref> Wabuye wavela ku-Ama Gear no -Dlala Thukzin kanye ne-Funky QLA, ehlanganisa i-MK Productions, ekhutjhwe mhlazi-5 kuNtaka 2024. Ingoma le yathoma ukuvela endaweni yesi-5 ku-Local Streaming Top 10. Ekuthomeni kwakaMgwengweni 2024, wamemezela umdlalo wakhe we- ''Inja Ye Game'', okhutjhwe mhlana amalanga ali-15 kuNobayeni 2024 "Malume" no-Djy Biza no-031 Choppa, okufaka hlangana u-Springle no- DJ Tira, yakhutjhwa mhlana amalanga ama-26 kuNobayeni 2024, njengengoma ephambili.<ref>[https://iol.co.za/sunday-tribune/entertainment/2024-06-12-amapiano-sensation-zee-nxumalo-on-taking-her-career-to-new-heights/ Amapiano sensation Zee Nxumalo on taking her career to new heights]</ref> == Imivumo ayiqula ayedwa == === Njengomdwebi odosa phambili === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+List of singles as lead artist, with selected chart positions and certifications, showing year released and album name ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Title ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Year ! colspan="1" scope="col" |Peak chart positions ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:12em;" |Certifications ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:100%;" |ZA<br /><br /> |- ! scope="row" |"Siyajola" | rowspan="2" |2022 |— | | rowspan="2" |''KwaNxumalo'' |- ! scope="row" |"Hamba" |— | |- ! scope="row" |"Sobabili" (Zee Nxumalo, Profound, MFR Souls) | rowspan="2" |2023 |— | |''KwaNxumalo (Deluxe)'' |- ! scope="row" |" Funk 55" (Shake & Les, DBN Gogo, Zee Nxumalo featuring Ceeka RSA, Chley) |1 |5× Platinum |''Funk Series'' |- ! scope="row" |"Uyang'user" (Tranquillo, Zee Nxumalo, Khanyisa featuring Chley & Rif effect) | rowspan="9" |2024 |— | |{{non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" |"Thula Mabota" (Zee Nxumalo, Pabi Cooper, 031choppa featuring Shakes & Les) | |Platinum |{{non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" |"Chengu Shesha" (DJ Tshegu, Leemckrazy, Zee Nxumalo featuring Al Xapo, Vyno Keys & QuayR Musiq) |— | | |- ! scope="row" |"Abantu" (Piano City, Marlode & Owams, Zee Nxumalo featuring Leemckrazy, FLUXX) |— | | |- ! scope="row" |"Ama Gear (Edit)" (Dlala Thukzin, Funky Qla, Zee Nxumalo featuring MK Productions) |5 | |{{non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" |"Ngisakuthanda" (featuring PYY Log Drum King, Dj Tearz, Dr Thulz) |1 |RiSA: 3x platinum | rowspan="3" |''Inja Ye Game'' |- ! scope="row" |"Malume" (Zee Nxumalo, Djy Biza, 031 Choppa featuring Springle, DJ Tira) |— | |- ! scope="row" |"Inja Ye Game" |— | |- ! scope="row" |"THE GRIMACE SHAKE" (Grimace, Zee Nxumalo) |— | |{{non-album single}} |- !"Yonke Into" (Reece Madlisa, Zee Nxumalo & M00tion) |2025 |_ | |Everything Is On Me |- !"Balele" (Sjavasdadeejay, DJ Maphorisa & Zee Nxumalo featuring Xduppy, Madumane & Dutch) | |_ | |Non-album single |- !"Ngisakuthanda [3-step Remix]" (Dr Thulz, Zee Nxumalo & TBO) | |_ | |Non-album single |- !"Ngisakuthanda (Edit)" (Zee Nxumalo, TBO & PYY Drum Log King) | | | |Non-album single |- !"Imnandi" (N.I.D Muziq, Zee Nxumalo & RIVALZ) | |_ | |Non-album single |- !"Sajola Kamnandi" (Sminofu & Zee Nxumalo) | |49 | |Non-album single |- !"Hamba" (DJ Obza & Zee Nxumalo) | |_ | | |- !"U'Spongè" (Zee Nxumalo featuring Gino Brown) | |_ | |Non-album single |- !"In & Out" (Raluka, Millforlife & Zee Nxumalo) | |_ | |Non-album single |- !"Bhampa" (Vigro Deep, Zee Nxumalo & Ch'cco) | |30 | |Non-album single |- !"Rato Laka" (Shebeshxt, Naqua SA & Zee Nxumalo featuring Slidoo Man | |23 | |Non-album single |- !"In & Out (ReMan Remix)" (Raluka, Millforlife, Zee Nxumalo & ReMan) | |_ | |Non-album single |- !"Mamma" (Zee Nxumalo, Skillz & Sykes) | |5 | |Non-album single |- | colspan="8" style="font-size:90%" |"—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. |- | | | | | | | | |} {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |+Irhelo lama-single njengabaculi abaveziweko, abanezikhundla ezikhethiweko kanye nezitifiketi, ezitjengisa umnyaka wokukhutjhwa kanye nebizo le-albhamu ! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Ithayitlela ! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Umnyaka ! colspan="1" scope="col" | Iindawo eziphezulu zetjhadi ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:12em;" | Iimtifiketi ! rowspan="2" scope="col" | I-albhamu |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:100%;" | ZA<br /><br /><br /><br /> |- ! scope="row" | "Hai Kabi" (Jovislash ehlanganisa uZee Nxumalo) | rowspan="2" | 2022 | — | | |- ! scope="row" | "Jabula" (i-ProSiRa ehlanganisa u-Zee Nxumalo) | — | | |- ! scope="row" | "Asim'bonanga" (DJ Stresser Given Kanu, Finomol ehlanganisa uZee Nxumalo, Thatohatsi Vocals, Jaz & Csqo) | rowspan="3" | 2023 | — | | |- ! scope="row" | "SHAYIMOTO" (Zulu Makhathini featuring Zee Nxumalo) | — | | |- ! scope="row" | "SHAYIMOTO 2.0" (Zulu Makhathini featuring Zee Nxumalo, PRVIS3, Kweyama Brothers, Triple X Da Ghost) | — | | |- ! scope="row" | "Inkululeko" ( DJ Tira, Heavy-K featuring Makhadzi, Zee Nxumalo, Afro Brothers) | rowspan="10" | 2024 | — | | |- ! scope="row" | "Rise" (u-Faizal ohlanganisa i-The Real Prechly, u-Dj Guti BPM, u-Tega Boi DC, u-Berri-Tiga, u-Carterefe, u-Hotkid, u-Poco Lee, u-Goldie, u-Zee Nxumalo) | — | | |- ! scope="row" | "FOMO" (GildMax, Dlala Thukzin, Funky Qla featuring Zee Nxumalo, Beast Rsa) | — | | |- ! scope="row" | "Propella" (u-Faizal ohlanganisa i-The Real Prechly, u-Dj Guti BPM, u-Tega Boi DC, u-Berri-Tiga, u-Carterefe, u-Zee Nxumalo, u-Poco Lee, u-Ggoldie, u-Hotkid) | — ||{{non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" | "Pholoba" (I-Danger Flex ehlanganisa u-Zee Nxumalo, u-Dj Mpiczah) | — ||{{non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" | "Abo Gogo" (Ziibeats, 031choppa, Shakes & Les nge-Zee Nxumalo) | — ||{{non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" | "Rockstar" (u-Bjørn Vidø ahlanganisa u-Zee Nxumalo, u-Mac J) | — ||{{non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" | "Mfazi Wephepha" (Nkosazana Daughter, Master KG featuring Big Zulu, Zee Nxumalo) | 4 | | ''Makhelwane'' |- ! scope="row" | "Ipilo Yephathi" (U-Nasty C, u-Lekaa Beats, u-Daliwonga ohlanganisa u-Zee Nxumalo, u-Yumbs) | — | | ''Didanisa Isitha'' |- ! scope="row" | "Iskhathi" (I-Danger flex ehlanganisa u-Zee Nxumalo, u-Msongi, u-Ama Grootman, u-SeeZus Beats) | — ||{{non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" | "Samba Sonke 2.0" (Karabo Small, Noxx, Tyler ICU ene-Zee Nxumalo, Kailey Botman, Tyrone Dee, AI Xapo) | | — ||{{non-album single}} |- ! "Amabomu" (u-DJ Maphorisa no-Xduppy bahlanganisa u-Daliwonga, u-Zee Nxumalo, u-CowBoii no-Blxckie) | 2025 | _ | | Umdanso omumbi |- ! "Hlangene" (u-DJ Maphorisa, u-Xduppy no-Zee Nxumalo bahlanganisa u-Daliwonga) | | _ | | Umdanso omumbi |- | colspan="8" style="font-size:90%" | "—" kutjho ukurekhoda okungazange kushadi namkha okungakakhutjhwa endaweni leyo. |} === Imidlalo enabileko === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" ! scope="col" style="width:14em;" |Ithayitlela ! scope="col" | Umnyaka ! scope="col" | Abanye abadwebi ! scope="col" | I-albhamu |- ! scope="row" | "Ipilo yePhathi" | 2024 | U-Leeka Beats, u-Nasty C, u-Daliwonga, u-Yumbs | ''Didanisa Isitha'' |} === Imithombo lwazi === {{Reflist}} 0bv8lgw2hp8dc7giibe8z5hn1q9c72u 0 925 5574 5557 2025-09-04T09:50:28Z Londiwe23 902 created reference section 5574 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Beyoncé Giselle Knowles-Carter''' wabelethwa ngomhlaka-4 kuNobayeni 1981. mvumi we-America, umtloli weengoma, mlingisi, begodu nosomabhizinisi. Waziwa ngekghono lakhe lokukhuluma, ukutjhugulula ubuciko, nokudlala bukhoma, uthathwa njengomunye wabantu abaqakathekileko emasikweni wekhulu lama-21 . Udunyiswa ngokutjhugulula ibubulo lomvumo, u-Beyoncé kanengi uthathwa njengomunye wabathabisi abakhulu begodu abaculi abanomthelela khulu emlandwini. === umthombo lwazi === <references /> iioqpaeofsltx03c7oahhm39x3715d0 0 926 5561 5485 2025-09-04T09:44:32Z Zanokuhle14 897 5561 wikitext text/x-wiki   U Sindiswa Dlathu watjhiya umdlalo wakumabonakude obizwa ngo ''Muvhango'' wayokudlala indima ephambili ku-telenovela i-The River, lapho adlala khona indima ka-Lindiwe Dlamini-Dikana, umfazi obukhali obekangenza nanyana yini ukuvikela umnotho wakhe kanye ne pilo yakhe yokuzikhakhazisa. == Ibizelo == UDlathu wakhethwa njengomdlali oqakathekileko emdlalweni wesiteji ka ''-Sarafina!'' . Ekuvezweni kwakhe kuka mabonakude , wasebenza no -Whoopi Goldberg begodu wathunyelwa njengomsizi we-choreography ku -Michael Peters . Ngo-1988, nesiqhema sesibili esidoswa phambili ngu-Seipati Sothoane u-Sindi bekangakafundi kuhle. Lokha umdlalo lo nawuthoma ukuvakatjhela umabonakude, wasala ngemva begodu wenza omunye umdlalo obizwa Township fever ngo-1989 ukuya ku-1990 avakatjhela i-US ngomdlalo lo isikhathi esingangomnyaka. UDlathu wabuyela esikolweni ngemva kweminyaka emine aneenkghwari ezizinikeleko zikaMbongeni Ngema . Waqeda iimfundo zakhe zebanga letjhumi nambili ngo-1996, bese wabuyela emsebenzini wakhe wezomvumo nokudlala esiteji ngo-1997. Bekasemdlalweni we-FNB Vita Award-winning Game, lapho adlala khona no -Mary Twala, u-Abigail Kubeka, no- Nomhle Nkonyeni ongasekho ephasini. Uthumbe imitlomelo wokuba mlingisi othandwako ephaliswaneni lango-2020 ku-DStv Mzansi Viewers' Choice Awards . uSindiswa Dlathiu, owaziwa ngo Lindiwe Dlamini emdlalweni we The River, uvezwe emdlaweni welizwe odumileko okuyi Thr Queen, lapho uvezwe njongomngani womdosi phambili womdlalo u, Harriet Khoza-Sebata. Ngo-2021, wathumba umvuzo we-SAFTA emkhakheni we-Best Actress ngendima yakhe ka-Lindiwe ku ''-The River'' . === Imithombo lwazi === <references /> 2h65vqn38alhx3q2hsbwbo7uokmc6rq 0 927 5782 5583 2025-09-22T22:48:41Z Mojonom 593 5782 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:KwaMhlanga, R573-R568-kruising, Mpumalanga.jpg|thumb|KwaMhlanga, R573]] == <small>'''[[KwaMhlanga|I-KwaMhlanga]]''' yidorobha elikumasipala wesifunda se -Nkangala esifundeni se [[Isifunda seMpumalanga|-Mpumalanga]] [[Isewula Afrika|eSewula Afrika]] . Yikhaya lomoya lesitjhaba [[AmaNdebele|samaNdebele]] esahlala lapha ekuthomeni kwekhulu le-18.</small> == == <small>KwaMhlanga uneminyaka ema-73&nbsp;Ikhilomitha namkha i-awa ukusuka edolobheni elikhulu lenarha, i-Pitoli emgwaqweni u-R573 .</small> == == <small>Idorobha leli lathuthuka laba yindawo yokuphatha karhulumende wendawo, begodu nje lihlala ukuphatha kwakarhulumende wesifunda seTlhagwini yeTjingalanga yePhrovinsi ye-Mpumalanga.</small> == == <small>Ngasenyakatho ye-KwaMhlanga, emgwaqweni we-R568 eduze nedorobha le -Klipfontein, kune-Manala Royal Kraal; i-Ndzundza Mabhoko Royal Kraal itholakala enyakatho e-Weltevreden. Ngokuhleleka okukhethekileko, womabili ama-kraal la angavakatjhelwa maqembu amancani.</small> == == <small>'''Imidlalo'''</small> == == <small>Isiqhema se -National First Division i-Casric Stars sise-KwaMhlanga, sidlala imidlalo yaso ekhaya e- Solomon Mahlangu Stadium.<ref>[https://www.national-football-teams.com/club/30720/2024_1/Casric_Stars_Kwamhlanga.html Casric Stars KwaMhlanga (2024/25) | National Football Teams]</ref><ref>[https://psl.co.za/ Premier Soccer League - www.psl.co.za - official website]</ref></small> == == <small>'''Izehlakalo'''</small> == == <small>Mhlana ali-18 kuMhlolanja 2025, u-Aserie Ndlovu, intathelizindaba, nomlingani wakhe, u-Zodwa Mdhluli bathunjwa babulawa. Imizimba yabo yatholakala ngoMeyi 2025 ngaphandle kwe-Rust De Winter Nature Reserve.<ref>[https://www.ewn.co.za/2025/05/15/aserie-ndlovu-zodwa-mdhluli-case-three-suspects-due-in-court Aserie Ndlovu, Zodwa Mdhluli case: Three suspects due in court]</ref></small> == == <small>'''Qala godu'''</small> == * <small>[[KwaNdebele]]</small> * <small>[[Siyabuswa]]</small> * [[IVaalbank|<small>I-Vaalbank</small>]] == <small>'''Umthombolwazi'''</small> == rm3lja7cwkg1i8f5fgz5teu5zhs0le5 10 931 5505 2025-09-04T09:10:36Z Mbonani JayJay 892 Created page with "<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kaizer |first=Ted |date=2012-10-26 |title=Dura‐Europos |url=https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah18037 |journal=The Encyclopedia of Ancient History |doi=10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah18037}}</ref>" 5505 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kaizer |first=Ted |date=2012-10-26 |title=Dura‐Europos |url=https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah18037 |journal=The Encyclopedia of Ancient History |doi=10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah18037}}</ref> 7zmh9t07cgddes5mzssxach6iqlivvi 0 932 5696 5616 2025-09-04T12:05:55Z ThembekileSihle29 887 5696 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Isimumathi:Connie Ferguson in 2018.jpg|thumb|Isithombe saka Connie Ferguson]] '''U-Constance Connie Ferguson''' (Masilo; wabelethwa mhla amalanga ali-10 kuMgwengweni 1970). <ref>''@Connie_Ferguson (5 April 2015).'' "birthplace" ''(''Tweet''). Retrieved 24 June 2020 &#x2013; via'' Twitter''.''</ref> <ref>"Ferguson Films"''. b2bhint.''</ref> mlingisi weSewula Afrika we-Motswana, umenzi wamafilimu, umkhiqizi kanye nosomabhizinisi. Waziwa khulu ngendima yakhe engu-Karabo Moroka kwenye yemidlalo eyaduma khulu eSewula Afrika, ''i-Generations''<ref>The South African TV authority. Currently plays Harriet Khoza on the Ferguson Films and M-net original soap The Queen , ''Connie Furguson'', 2014. Retrieved on 4 October 2014.</ref><ref>All4Women "Connie Ferguson" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006095052/http://www.all4women.co.za/entertainment/celebrity-gossip/connie-ferguson-mourns-the-death-of-her-mother|date=6 October 2014}}, ''Connie Ferguson mourns the death of her mother'', Johannesburg, 29 July 2013. Retrieved on 4 October 2014.</ref>. Wadlala emdlalweni lo kusukela ekuthomeni kwawo ngo-1993 bekwaba kulapho aphuma khona ngo-2010. Ngo-2014, waphinda wadlala indima yakhe emdlalweni ngemva kokungabi khona iminyaka emine.<ref>Bernice Maune "Confirmed: Connie Ferguson is coming back to 'Generations'", ''The Times (South Africa)'', Johannesburg, 23 October 2014. Retrieved on 24 October 2014.</ref>U-Ferguson bekasekhava yemagazini ''ye-Forbes Woman Africa'' ngo-2018.<ref>''Selisho, Kaunda.'' "Connie Ferguson stuns on the cover of Forbes Woman"''. The Citizen. Retrieved 2 November 2018.''</ref> == Ibizelo == === ''Umdlalo we-Generations (1993–2010; 2014–2016; 2023)'' === Ngomnyaka ka-1993, wathoma ukudlala indima ekulu ka-Karabo Moroka, umka- Tau Mogale nodadewabo ka-Archie Moroka, kumdlalo odumileko weSewula Afrika, ''i-Generations.'' Wadlala no- Menzi Ngubane, u-Slindile Nodangala no- Sophie Ndaba. Ngomnyaka ka-2010, ngemva kokudlala indima ephambili ka-Karabo Moroka iminyaka eli-16,<ref>"Karabo's clumsy exit from Generations"''. SowetanLIVE. Retrieved 28 May 2024.''</ref> u-Connie wamemezela ukutjhiya kwakhe i-Generations "ukuyokwenza eminye yemisebenzi"<ref>"Connie Ferguson leaves Generations. Again. | News | TVSA"''. www.tvsa.co.za. Retrieved 28 May 2024''</ref>. U-Ferguson watjhiya i-Generations ngobuhle njengombana abuyela emdlalweni lo ngemva kweminyaka emine, ngo-2014, ukusiza ukuthoma kabutjha ''i-Generations: The Legacy''. <ref>"Confirmed: Connie Ferguson is coming back to 'Generations'"''. TimesLIVE. Retrieved 28 May 2024.''</ref> Watjhiya umdlalo lo godu ngomnyaka ka-2016.<ref>"'Till we meet again'- Connie Ferguson leaves the set of Generations: The Legacy"''. TimesLIVE. 29 June 2016. Retrieved 28 May 2024.''</ref> Kwathi ngomnyaka ka-2023, u-Ferguson wabuyela emdlalweni, kanye no-Rapulana Seiphemo ukuyokudlala iindima zabo ezidumileko njengo-Karabo Moroka no-Tau Mogale.<ref>''Tlhoaele, Kgalalelo.'' "Top stars return to Generations: The legacy"''. Daily Sun. Retrieved 28 May 2024.''</ref> === ''I-The Wild (2010–2013)'' === Ngemva kokusuka kwakhe ku ''-Generations'' ngo-2010, waragela phambili nokudlala indima ephambili ye- M-Net telenovela ''The Wild,''<ref>"Watch The Wild - Season 1 | Prime Video"''. www.amazon.com. Retrieved 28 May 2024.''</ref> eyadutjulwa eplasini lenyamazana elingakajayeleki eSewula Afrika. Wadlala ndawonye nomyeni wakhe wamambala, u-Shona Ferguson, bekwaba kulapho ikhanselwa khona ngoRhoboyi ngo-2013.<ref>"Couple set to rock the box"''. Independent Online. 20 May 2013. Retrieved 16 August 2024''</ref><ref>''Ferreira, Thinus.'' "M-Net cancels The Wild"''. Life. Retrieved 28 May 2024.''</ref> === Amafilimu we-Ferguson (2010-nje) === U-Connie nomyeni wakhe, u-Shona, bathoma ikhamphani kamabonakude i-Ferguson Films ngo-2010. Umkhiqizo wabo wokuthoma, ''i-Rockville'',<ref>''Nyhaba, Theo (17 March 2021).'' "Rockville making a comeback to the small screen"''. Sunday World. Retrieved 28 May 2024.''</ref> wathunyelwa yi-M-Net ngemva kweminyaka emithathu<ref>''Morkel, Graye.'' "Connie and Shona Ferguson: Their love story in 11 photos"''. Life. Retrieved 28 May 2024.''</ref>. Eminye imikhiqizo yemidlalo yabo ifaka hlangana, The ''Gift, The Throne,''<ref>"She reigns! - The Throne"''. M-Net - She reigns! - The Throne. Retrieved 28 May 2024.''</ref> ''The Queen''<ref>''Mathobela, Phuti.'' "The Queen actors: Siyabonga, Ferguson Films and Mzansi!"''. Daily Sun. Retrieved 28 May 2024.''</ref> kanye ''ne-The imposter.''<ref>''Marshall, Rhodé.'' "The Imposter presents a new era in storytelling"''. City Press. Retrieved 28 May 2024.''</ref> Iinthandani zivame ukuvela emidlalweni yazo; ngokwesibonelo, u-Connie wadlala indima ka-Harriet Khoza ku ''-The Queen.''<ref>"Connie Ferguson says goodbye to Harriet Khoza as filming on 'The Queen' wraps up"''. Independent Online. 31 October 2022. Retrieved 16 August 2024.''</ref> ''Umdlalo i -The Queen'' yaphakanyiswa emikhakheni eminengi e- South African Film and Television Awards ngomnyaka ka-2018.<ref>''Javan, Melissa (2 October 2018).'' "5 Things You Should Know About Connie and Shona Ferguson's Growing TV and Film Empire - SME"''. SME. Archived from'' the original ''on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 2 November 2018.''</ref> Uvela emdlalweni we-Netflix obizwa nge "Kings of Jo'burg" owangena emlandweni wesibili ngoTjhirhweni 2023.<ref>''Selisho, Kaunda (27 January 2023).'' "Is 'Kings Of Joburg 2' worth the watch?"''. The Citizen. Retrieved 28 May 2024.''</ref> Abalingisi abanye babo bekungu -Cindy Mahlangu, u-Buhle Samuels, u-Zolisa Xaluva kanye nomlingisi we-Nigeria u-Enyinna Nwigwe<ref>''BellaNaija.com (23 January 2023).'' "Red Carpet Glam from Netflix's "Kings of Jo'Burg" Johannesburg Premiere"''. BellaNaija. Retrieved 10 June 2023.''</ref>. === AmaBhizinisi === U-Ferguson wathoma ibhizinisi lokuthengisa izinto zokuhlamba elibizwa nge-True Self ngo-2008, kanye nesizeso somzimba ngo-2014.<ref>^{&#x5B;''permanent dead link''&#x5D;}</ref> == Ipilo yomuntu mathupha == U-Ferguson watjhada nomlingisi omunye u-Neo Matsunyane ngo-1992. NgoNobayeni 1993, babusiswa ngendodakazi. Bahlukana ngo-1998, ngemva kweminyaka emihlanu batjhadile.<ref>"Connie Ferguson's ex-husband Neo Matsunyane to appear in season 2 of Kings of Joburg"''. www.zimoja.co.za. Retrieved 28 May 2024.''</ref> NgoJulayi 2001 e-Matseliso Secondary, u-Ferguson wahlangana nomlingisi u- Shona Ferguson. NgoNovemba 2001, ngemva kweminyaka emithathu ahlukene no-Matsunyane, batjhada.<ref>"Connie Ferguson pens tribute to late husband"''. instagram. 31 July 2021. Archived from the original on 25 December 2021.''</ref> NgoMgwengweni 2002, iinthandani zamukela indodakazi.<ref>"Connie Ferguson: 5 things you didn't know about The Queen's Harriet - My TV News"''. My TV News. 1 March 2018. Retrieved 2 November 2018.''</ref> Ngemva kweminyaka engaba ma-20 yomtjhado, u-Shona Ferguson wahlongakala ntambama mhla amalanga am-30 kuNtaka 2021 ngebanga lemiraro ehlobene ne [[Ingogwana ye covid-19|-COVID-19]].<ref>"Shona Ferguson, 47, has died"''.''</ref> === Imithombolwazi. === {{Reflist|2}} [[Mkhakha:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ldff4gjh3a0luvsh04hgn3nxfogtf89 0 933 5631 5611 2025-09-04T10:46:04Z Mashiloane. N 907 ngifake isthombe 5631 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Mapungubwe, Limpopo, South Africa (20517884676).jpg|thumb|Isithombe se Mapungubwe eLimpopo]] [[Isewula Afrika|ISewula Afrika]] yindawo ekulu yeemvakatjhi ephasini loke, lapho ibubulo lezokuvakatjha libalelwa ku-3.3% we-GDP yelizwe ukusukela ngenyanga kaMrhayili 2025, ngokuya kwe -Statistics South Africa (Stats SA).<ref>[https://www.statssa.gov.za/?m=2024 2024 | Statistics South Africa]</ref> Ngomnyaka ka-2024, [[ISewula Afrika ne-Afrika eseSewula (South Africa and Southern Africa).|iSewula Afrika]] yathola ukukhula kwamanani wezokuvakatjha, lapho ukufika kwabagibeli okuhlanganisiweko ngamachweba ahlukahlukeneko wokungena kwanda kwaba ziingidi ezi-8.92 zabantu. Ngomnyaka ka-2025, [[Isewula Afrika|iSewula Afrika]] yathathwa njengelizwe lesi-4 elihle khulu ephasini abantu abangavakatjhela kilo, kanye nelihle khulu esifundeni se-Afrika ne-Indian Ocean, yi- ''The Telegraph'' . I-World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC), ibubulo lezevakatjhobukela linikele ngokunqophileko nge-R 102 yamabhiliyoni ku -GDP yeSewula Afrika ngo-2012, kungenzeka lisekela i-10.3% yemisebenzi yelizwe.<ref>[https://wttc.org/ World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC)]</ref> Abantu abaziingidi eziyi-1.8 baqatjhwe emkhakheni wezozokuvakatjha weSewula Afrika ekuthomeni konyaka ka-2025, okwenzekako inani leli kulindeleke bona likhule khulu eminyakeni ezako. [2] ISewula Afrika inike abavakatjhi bekhaya iindlela zemvelo, nanyana kunjalo iindawo ezihle zemvelo kanye nendawo yokugcina iinlwana, amagugu wamasiko akhona kanye namawayini ahlonitjha khulu.<ref>Du Plessis, E., Saayman, M. and Van der Merwe, A., 2015. What makes South African tourism competitive?.</ref> Ezinye zeendawo ezithandwa khulu zifaka amapaki weentjhabatjhaba, afana ne -Kruger National Park ebanzi enyakatho yenarha, ama-coastlines namabhishi we- KwaZulu-Natal kanye ne -Western Cape, kanye namadorobha amakhulu we-Cape Town, Durban, kanye ne -Johannesburg. I-United States, i-United Kingdom, i-Germany, i-Netherlands, ne-France. I-Southern African Development Community (SADC).<ref>[https://www.sadc.int/ Home | SADC]</ref> I-Malunga nabavakatjhi abavela emazweni we-SADC, i-Zimbabwe beyiphambili ngama-31%, ilandelwa yi -Lesotho, i-Mozambique, i-Eswatini, ne -Botswana . Ukungezelela, i-Nigeria bekuyinarha ekuvela abavakatjhi abafika eSewula Afrika abama-30%. === Umthombolwazi === orplgqsqenc5f6vaq02a6mh3le7p14b 14 934 5648 2025-09-04T11:05:53Z Xikombiso1 898 created a category 5648 wikitext text/x-wiki . 6t9fg2gmch401ldtk8m7pyzz632ixbb 0 935 5667 2025-09-04T11:18:33Z Pholap 883 new article 5667 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:UMP Enactus.png|thumb|UMP Enactus]] == I-Enactus [[University of Mpumalanga|ye-Yunivesithi ye-Mpumalanga]] mtjhayeli weentjhabatjhaba weSewula Afrika we-2025 ku-Enactus National Competition.<ref>[https://www.ump.ac.za/News-and-Events/News/2025/UMP-WINS-THE-2025-ENACTUS-SA-CHAMPIONSHIP UMP - UMP WINS THE 2025 ENACTUS SA CHAMPIONSHIP]</ref> Isiqhema siyingcenye ye-Enactus [[Isewula Afrika|South Africa]], ihlangano engenzi inzuzo ehlanganisa abafundi beyunivesithi, iimfundiswa, nabadosiphambili bamabhizinisi ngamaphrojekthi asekelwe emabhizinisini ahloselwe ukwenza umthelela omuhle emphakathini. == == '''Isendlalelo''' == == [[I-Enactus]] South Africa isebenza ngaphasi kwenethiwekhi ye-Enactus yephasi loke, esebenza emazweni angaphezu kwama-30. Ihlangano le inikela abafundi indawo yokuklama nokusebenzisa amaphrojekthi womphakathi ahlanganisa ukusungulwa kwebhizinisi nokuziphendulela emphakathini. == == Isiqhema seYunivesithi ye-Mpumalanga sibe mhlanganyeli okhutheleko emncintiswaneni weentjhabatjhaba, sidzimelele eenhlelweni zentuthuko esimemeko kanye namaphrojekthi wobusomabhizinisi akhambisana neendingo zomphakathi wendawo. == == '''2025 Umqhudelwano weNarha''' == == Ngenyanga kaRhoboyi wee-2025, iYunivesithi ye-Mpumalanga yakhethwa njengeTjhugululi yeNarha emncintiswaneni weNarha we-Enactus South Africa. Ipumelelo yabo yagujwa begodu ngokukhamba kwesikhathi yavezwa ku-IsiNdebele News ku-[[SABC|SABC 1]], kuveza amaphrojekthi neminikelo yesiqhema.<ref>[https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/ Official SABC News - SABC News - Breaking news, special reports, world, business, sport coverage of all South African current events. Africa's news leader.]</ref> == == Ihlelo elivezwe kumabonakude ligcizelele indlela yokwenza izinto ezitjha zesiqhema kanye nomnqopho omkhulu we-Enactus wokukhuthaza uburholi bamabhizinisi hlangana nelutjha leSewula Afrika. == == '''Ukuqakatheka''' == == Ukuthumba umncintiswano weentjhabatjhaba kwenza bona isiqhema [[Yunivesithi yempulanga|seYunivesithi ye-Mpumalanga]] sikwazi ukujamela iSewula Afrika eNdebeni yePhasi ye-Enactus, iplatifomu yamazwe ngamazwe lapho amathimu wabafundi aveza khona amaphrojekthi wawo wamabhizinisi ebantwini bephasi loke babadosiphambili bamabhizinisi, abafundisi, nabontanga. == == Ukuhlonitjhwa lokhu kuveza idumela elikhulako leyunivesithi emkhakheni wezamabhizinisi wezenhlalakahle nokuthuthukisa umphakathi. == == '''Qala godu''' == Enactus South Africa Enactus World Cup University of Mpumalanga == '''Umthombo welwazi''' == dix6zy75q0y1fzpbvbeh7cn5qw9nn2f 0 936 5687 5684 2025-09-04T11:37:21Z White Edits 894 5687 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Stock market charts illustration.jpg|thumb]] [[Isimumathi:Market data on display at Taiwan Stock Exchange 20210208.jpg|thumb]] Imakethe nokurhwebelana yizinto ezibaluleke khulu kwezomnotho, zidlala indima ekulu ekwabelaneni kwensenjenziswa kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwepahla eyisizo khulu enarheni mazombe. Imakethe yindawo lapho abathengi nabathengisi bahlangana khona ukuze batjhentjhisane ngepahla neensetjenziswa zemphakathini, bese kuthi ukurhwebelana kube yisenzo sokuthenga nokuthengisa leyo pahla neensetjenziswa. === Imihlobo yemakethe esinayo. === Kukhona imihlobo ehlukeneko yemakethe, efaka hlangana: 1. Iphikiswano ephelele (Perfect Competition): Lomhlobo wemakethe kulapho kunabathengi nabathengisi abanengi, ukungena nokuphuma okulula, kanye nelwazi eliphelele (Smith, 1776). 2. Ukunqoba (Monopoly): Lomhlobo wemakethe kulapho ikhampani eyodwa kwaphela ikhiqiza imikhiqizo nofana iinsetjenziswa ezithileko enikela ngazo kumakethe.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Marshall|first=A|title=Principles of Economics|date=1890|publisher=Macmillan|year=1890}}</ref> 3. Ukubumbana kwamakhampani ambalwa (Oligopoly): Lomhlobo wemakethe kulapho amakhampani ambalwa abusa khona begodu aphikisana ngokunikela kumakethe.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chamberlin|first=E. H|title=The Theory of Monopolistic Competition.|date=1993|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1993}}</ref> ==== Iindlela Zokurhwebelana (Trading Mechanisms) ==== Iindlela zokurhwebelana zifaka hlangana imigomo nemibandela elawula ukuthenga nokuthengisa epahleni neensetjenziswa kumakethe. Lezi iindlela zingaba: 1. Ukurhwebelana Ngokuzwisisana (Auction-based trading): Lomhlobo yindlela lapho abathengi nabathengisi bafaka amanani wabo, iintengo zibekwa ngendlela yokuhlangabezana kwesidingo nokunikelwa ngepahla nanyana iinsetjenziswa ezithize kumakethe..<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Marshall|first=A|title=Principles of Economics|date=1990|publisher=Macmillan|year=1990}}</ref> 2. Ukurwebelana Ngaphandle kokuzwisisana (Quote-driven trading):Lomhlobo yindlela lapho abenzi bemakethe banikeza amanani wokuthenga nokuthengisa, abathengi bangakhetha ukuwamukela nofana ukuwalandula.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Milgrom|first=P|title=Putting Auction Theory to Work|date=2004|publisher=Cambridge University Press.|year=2004}}</ref> ===== Ukusebenza Kwemakethe (Market Efficiency) ===== Ukusebenza kwemakethe kutjho ikghono lemakethe lokubonisa loke ilwazi elokhona eentengweni. Kune mihlobo emithathu yokusebenza kwemakethe: 1. Ifomu Elibuthakathaka (Weak form efficiency): Iintengo zibonisa loke ilwazi lamanani adlulileko.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fama|first=E. F.|date=1970|title=Efficient Capital Markets: A Review of Theory and Empirical Work. Journal of Finance|journal=Journal of Finance}}</ref> 2.Ifomu Eliphakathi (Semi-strong form efficiency): Iintengo zikhombisa loke ilwazi elikhona emphakathini.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fama|first=E. F.|date=1970|title=Efficient Capital Markets: A Review of Theory and Empirical Work. Journal of Finance|journal=Journal of Finance}}</ref> 3. Ifomu Elinamandla (Strong form efficiency): Iintengo zikhombisa loke ilwazi, kungaba ngelikhona emphakathini nofana elifihlakeleko.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fama|first=E. F.|date=1970|title=Efficient Capital Markets: A Review of Theory and Empirical Work. Journal of Finance|journal=Journal of Finance}}</ref> Imakethe bokurhwebelana kuyizinto ezinganakuthembeka begodu ezitjhugulukako mihla namalanga ezidlala indima ekulu ekwabelaneni kweensetjenziswa nekusatshalalisweni kwepahla neensetjensiza. Ukulemula iminhlobo ehlukeneko yemakethe, iindlela zokurhwebelana, nokusebenza kwemakethe kubalulekile ekuthatheni iinqumo ezihlakaniphileko zokwandisa imali nokuzwisisa ubunzima bokwandisa umnotho esikhathini sanje. Chamberlin, E. H. (1933). The Theory of Monopolistic Competition. Harvard University Press. Fama, E. F. (1970). Efficient Capital Markets: A Review of Theory and Empirical Work. Journal of Finance, 25(2), 383-417. Hasbrouck, J. (2007). Empirical Market Microstructure. Oxford University Press. Marshall, A. (1890). Principles of Economics. Macmillan. Milgrom, P. (2004). Putting Auction Theory to Work. Cambridge University Press. Smith, A. (1776). The Wealth of Nations. Penguin Books ====== Imithombo lwazi ====== <references /> afnubzdslzjqwet8bhm1dpjrl5fan6r 0 937 5688 5675 2025-09-04T11:37:30Z Pholap 883 NEW ARTICLE 5688 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mkhombo Nature Reserve''' yindawo evikelweko e [[Isifunda seMpumalanga|-Mpumalanga]], [[Isewula Afrika|eSewula Afrika]]. Yindawo ekulu, eyi-11,223 ha elondoloza ibhoduluko elisempumalanga ye-Kalahari eduze nedamu le-Mkhombo. Indawo yokugcina indawo inendawo ejwayelekileko yotjani ephakemeko enethiwekhi yamaxhaphozi kanye namadwala aphumako.<ref>[https://www.mpumalanga.com/our-provincial-parks/mkhombo-nature-reserve Mkhombo Nature Reserve - Mpumalanga]</ref> Indawo yokugcina imvelo yaziwa ngokuphila kwayo kweenyoni. Hlangana nemihlobo yeenlwana ezivela endaweni le kune- reed cormorant, I-African yellow-billed hornbill, I-African grey hornbill, I-white-breasted cormorant, I-little swift, I- hamerkop, I-red-winged starling, I- pectoral sandpiper, I-grey plover, I -barred wren-warble, ne- wailwarta yellow.<ref>[[:en:Southern_yellow-billed_hornbill|Southern yellow-billed hornbill - Wikipedia]]</ref> Yindawo evame ukuvakatjhelwa ziimvakatjhi ezivela ephasini loke. Imihlobo yeenlwana ezitholakala endaweni le ifakahlangana iindlovu, amabhubezi, iingwe, iindlovu, iinyathi, ubhejane, iimvubu, kanye nemihlobo eminengi yama-antelope. == Umthombolwazi == {{Reflist}} 2beh8r03c41mb3uphtrpdlgvltmsbvj 0 938 5699 2025-09-05T21:34:34Z Mojonom 593 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1058767160|Kungwini Local Municipality]]" 5699 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->|name=Kungwini Local Municipality|settlement_type=[[Local municipality (South Africa)|Local municipality]] <!-- images, nickname --->|image_skyline=|imagesize=|image_caption=|nickname=<!-- maps and coordinates ------>|image_map=Map of Gauteng with Kungwini highlighted.svg|mapsize=|map_alt=Location in Gauteng|map_caption=Location in [[Gauteng]]|image_map1=|mapsize1=|map_alt1=|map_caption1=|coordinates=|coordinates_footnotes=<!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> <!-- location ------------------>|subdivision_type=[[List of sovereign states|Country]]|subdivision_name=[[South Africa]]|subdivision_type1=[[Provinces of South Africa|Province]]|subdivision_name1=[[Gauteng]]|subdivision_type2=[[Districts of South Africa|District]]|subdivision_name2=[[Metsweding District Municipality|Metsweding District]] <!-- seat, smaller parts ------->|seat=[[Bronkhorstspruit]]|parts_type=<!-- e.g., Local municipalities in this district (defaults to: Boroughs) -->|parts=<!-- header for parts list -->|p1=|p2=|p3=|p4=|p5=<!-- etc., up to p50: for parts to be listed--> <!-- government leaders -->|government_footnotes=<!-- for references: use <ref> tags -->|government_type=|leader_party=|leader_title=|leader_name=|leader_title1=|leader_name1=|leader_title2=|leader_name2=<!-- area ---------------------->|area_footnotes=<!-- for references: use <ref> tags -->|area_total_km2=2202|area_total_sq_mi=<!-- population ---------------->|population_footnotes=<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/Publications/P03011/P030112007.pdf |publisher=Statistics South Africa |title=Community Survey, 2007: Basic Results Municipalities |format=PDF |accessdate=2009-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825124835/http://www.statssa.gov.za/Publications/P03011/P030112007.pdf |archive-date=2013-08-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref>|population_total=104149|population_as_of=2007|population_rank=|population_density_km2=auto|population_density_sq_mi=|population_est=|pop_est_as_of=|population_blank1_title=Households|population_blank1=31 665|population_density_blank1_km2=|population_density_blank1_sq_mi=|population_note=<!-- demographics (Racial makeup) -->|demographics_type1=Racial makeup|demographics1_footnotes=<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/community_new/content.asp?link=interactivedata.asp |title=Community Survey 2007 interactive data |publisher=Statistics South Africa |accessdate=19 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120805164522/http://www.statssa.gov.za/community_new/content.asp?link=interactivedata.asp |archivedate=5 August 2012 }}</ref> (2007)|demographics1_title1=[[Black African]]|demographics1_info1=84.03%|demographics1_title2=[[White South African|White]]|demographics1_info2=14.12%|demographics1_title3=[[Coloured]]|demographics1_info3=1.59%|demographics1_title4=[[Indian South African|Indian]] or [[Asian South African|Asian]]|demographics1_info4=0.26% <!-- Other demographics | demographics_type2 = Languages | demographics2_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/census01/html/C2001Interactive.asp |title=Census 2001 interactive data |publisher=Statistics South Africa |accessdate=19 October 2009}}</ref> (2001) | demographics2_title1 = | demographics2_info1 = | demographics2_title2 = | demographics2_info2 = | demographics2_title3 = | demographics2_info3 = --> <!-- time zone(s) -------------->|timezone1=[[South African Standard Time|SAST]]|utc_offset1=+2 <!-- Municipal code -->|blank_name_sec1=Municipal&nbsp;code|blank_info_sec1=GT462 <!-- website, footnotes -->|website=|footnotes=}}'''UMasipala we-Kungwini''' khabe kungumasipala wendawo obewungaphasi kwesiyingi se [[:en:Metsweding_District_Municipality|Metsweding]] ebesingaphasi kwesifunda se [[:en:Gauteng|Gauteng]] e[[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika]]. Idorobha elikhulu likaMasipala lo khabe kulidorobha le [[:en:Bronkhorstspruit|Bronkhorstspruit]]. uMasipala lo, kunye nesiyingi waso iMetsweding wafakwa ngaphasi kukaMasipala omkhulu i[[:en:Tshwane_Metropolitan_Municipality|Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality]] mhlazana ali -18 kuMrhayili ngomnyaka ka 2011. Ibizo elithi "Kungwini" kulibizo lesi[[:en:Southern_Ndebele_language|Ndebele seSewula]] elisuselwe ebizweni elithi iKungu. Lokhu kungombana indawo le kuyindawo ethandwa yikungu ngendlela erarako. == Iindawo ezikulu == Iindawo ezikulu zikaMasipala lo, ekuziimbalo ezifunyenwe nakubalwa abantu ngomnyaka ka 2001: {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" !Ukubeka ! Ikhodi ! Ilimi elikhulunywa khulu |- | I-Bronkhorstspruit | [http://census.adrianfrith.com/place/78201 78201] | IsiBhunu |- | [[Ekandustria]] | [http://census.adrianfrith.com/place/78202 78202] | IsiSotho seTlhagwini |- | Ekangala | [http://census.adrianfrith.com/place/88201 88201] | IsiZulu |- | [[Kungwini|I-Kungwini]] 1 | [http://census.adrianfrith.com/place/88202 88202] | |- | [[Kungwini|I-Kungwini]] 2 | [http://census.adrianfrith.com/place/78203 78203] | [[Isindebele|IsiNdebele seSewula]] |- | I-Pitori | [http://census.adrianfrith.com/place/78204 78204] | I-Setswana |- | [[Rethabiseng|I-Zithabiseni]] | [http://census.adrianfrith.com/place/78205 78205] | IsiZulu |- | [[Sehlakwana]] | [http://census.adrianfrith.com/place/78206 78206] | IsiNdebele seSewula |- | Zithobeni | [http://census.adrianfrith.com/place/78207 78207] | IsiNdebele seSewula |} 317ma3hokdzlddu2qj8ukigiapcm24w 0 939 5713 5712 2025-09-07T12:13:36Z Nqobile69 190 5713 wikitext text/x-wiki '''U-Sipho Makhabane''' wabelethwa mhlana amalaga ama-3 enyangeni kaSinyikhaba ngonyaka we-1965 enarheni yeSewula Afrika eSwaziland.<ref>[https://buzzsouthafrica.com/sipho-makhabane-biography/ Sipho Makhabane Biography and Everything About the Gospel Singer]</ref><ref>[https://africanmusiclibrary.org/artist/Sipho%20Makhabane Sipho Makhabane Profile and Discography | African Music Library]</ref> Elinye igama waziwa ngokuthi ngu ”The Big Fish” okutjho bona ifesi ekulu ngelimi lesiNdebele. Umtloli womvumo wevangeli,umvumi osele akhiphe ama albhamu angaphezulu kwe-5. Ukhulele emndenini edobha phasi bedogu wahlongakalelwa nguyise asese mncani, kwakose bonyana alise isikolo akhambe ayokufuna amatorho ukuze akghone ukondla unina. Ngokunga bambeleli ebudisini lobu waragela phambili ukuthi afezekisa ibhudango lakhe lokuba mvumi. === Ukuthoma kwakhe ukuba mvumi === Wathoma ibezelo lokubamvumi phakathi konyaka wango 1990 ekukulapho akhipha khan i-albhamu yakhe yokuthoma ”ngizinikela kuwe” ngonyaka we-1996, ekungiyo evela ngayo njengomvumi womvumo wevangeli. Walandelelwa ngenye i-albhamu yesihloko esithi”Yek’ intokozo” eyenza wavela njengokuthi sele amvumi okhona kwezomvumo wevangeli. Ukuphumelela ekukhipheni ama albhamu lawa kwmenzela iindlela bona akghone ukwenzela ama albhamu wakhe alandelako estudiyo.<ref>[https://gospelmusic.co.za/sipho-makhabane-the-visionary-behind-south-africas-gospel-music-renaissance/ Sipho Makhabane: The Visionary Behind South Africa’s Gospel Music Renaissance - South African Gospel Music Magazine]</ref> === Ukuthumba kwakhe === Ibizelweni lakhe lezomvumo uMakhabe ukhiphe ama-albhamu amanengi afaka hlangana “uyigugu” “calvary” “hamba nami” namanye. Umvumo wakhe akhange umnikele abalanelii abanengi kwaphela kodwa ukghonile nokuth athumbe abonongorwana nokukhethwa.Ku-Glory awards ngonyaka we-2001 wathola unongorwana wokuba mkhuphi womvumi okhamba phambili nangonyaka we-2007. Ngonyaka we-2008 wathumba ku Mama Beka Community Empowerment Award.<ref>[https://buzzsouthafrica.com/sipho-makhabane-biography/ Sipho Makhabane Biography and Everything About the Gospel Singer]</ref>  Ngokubonakala komsebenzi wakhe emvumeni wevangeli wanikelwa unongorwana wokuhlonitjhwa  ngonyaka we-2024  ku-South African Music Awards. === Abantu abalekeleleko kwezomvumi wevangeli === Ngaphezulu kokuthi kwalokho akuzuzileko mgimvumo wakhe, u-Sipho Makhabane  unekghone lokuthi akhulise italente alibonako ebantwini abasathomako ukuvuma. Nge Big Fish Music ukghonile ukuthi adose phambili abavumi  abafana nabo [[Hlengiwe Mhlaba]], Thobekile Mkhwanazi, Pastor Ncanda,  no Thsepiso Motaung, abanikele isekelo abalitlhogako ukuthi baphumelele emvumeni. Ukuzinikela kwakhe kwavusa ukuthuthukisa ilutjha eMpumalanga wadosa phambili ukuthoma kwekhaya yomvumo wevangeli ebizwa bona yi-Mpumalanga Praise. == Iinkomba == [[Category:Umvumo wevangeli]] [[Category:Abavumi]] r6y17t9r07cm9wkrqa42b58ic5zbb6m 0 940 5793 5792 2025-09-23T18:14:38Z Nqobile69 190 5793 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:AgamaSinaita01 ST 10.jpg|thumb|Isibhadwa]] '''Iinrhurhubi''' kumhlobo eminengi ehlukileko yeembandana ekukade ikhona ephasini.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/animal/reptile Reptile | Definition, Characteristics, Examples, & Facts | Britannica]</ref> Zibonakala ngokuthi zinegazi elimakhaza, okutjho bona ukutjhis akomzimba walo kulawula libhoduluko ezikilo. Iinrhurhubi zikghona ukubekela amaqanda, zinamaqabunga begodu ziyaphefumula. Ziphila iskhathi eside, zinemihlathi enamandla, ezinye zinetjhefu, ezinye zinekghona lokutjhukulula umbala njenge ndlela yokuzifihla nazifika ngaphasi kwebhoduluko elithileko. === Imihlobo yeenrhurhubi === 1. Iinyoka zona zide begodu azinazo iinyawo, zihlala endaweni ehlukahlukeno njengehlabathini enengi, ehlathini, nofana endaweni ezizele ngamanzi. Zidla inyama begodu zinekghono lokunukelele elikhethekileko. Inyoka nakufika ubusika ziyakhamba ziyokubhaca endaweni ezifihlakeleko ngombana azizwani namakhaza. Azinalo ikghono lokukhulisa abantwana bazo, zibeka amaqanda bese ziwatjhiye lapho, ngaphandle kokuthi ziwa nakekele. Inyoka ziyahluka ngobungozi, ezinye ziyingozi ngokuthi zikhufula itjhefu engabulala umuntu, ezinye zingozi ngokuthi yakuthola iyakuntantela kabuhlungu ikubulaler ngokukuvala ummoya. Ezinye inyoka azisiyo ingozi. 2. Iimbadwa kusiqhema seenrhurhubi ezingasizikulu ngokomzimba, zinemisila emide begodu zikghona ukuthi zifihle nofana zitjhuguluke umbala wazo lokha nazingaphasi kwebhoduluko elithileko. Iimbadwa zikghona ukuthi zikhulise imisila yazo kabutjha nangabe kheyahlephuka.<ref>O'Malley, B., 2017. Anatomy and physiology of reptiles. ''Reptile medicine and surgery in clinical practice'', pp.15-32.</ref>Iimbadwa zinamaqephe aqinileko atjhelelelako nofana arhwarako ukwenzela kuthi zikghone ukuvikeleka ebhodulukweni ezihlala kilo. Zinama zipho eziwasebenzisako ukugubha, ukukakarela ezintweni. Amazipho wazo angaba made, ahlabe,abe dege nofana apatalale ngokuya kwendawo lapho sitholakala khona. 3. Amafudu: kuzirhurhubi lezi ezinamaqephe lawa azivikelako emzimbeni bona ungalimali. Zitholakala ebhodulukweni elizele ngamanzi elifana nelwandle, emlanjeni nofana emadamini. Zibuthaka ngokukhamba begodu zikghona ukuphila isikhathi eside. Amanye amafudu adla inyama efana namfesi begodu lawa amanye adla utjani, amanye alde nanoma yini. Iinrhurhubi lezi zikghona ukuphila emabhodulukweni ahlukahlukeneko ngaphandle kokuthikamezeka. Amafudu wemanzini akghona ukukhamba ibanga elide ngaphandle kokudinwa. 4. Iingwenya kuzimbana ezikulu ezidla inyama ezitholakala endaweni ezitjhisako nezingatjhisi khulu. Zinemihlathi enamandla begodu kuzimbana ezinenturhu ngokuphatha. Imisila yengwenya mide begodu inamandla.Ziceda iskhathi zaso esinengi emanzini kodwana ziyakghona nokuphila ngaphandle kwamanzi bese zothele ilanga. ''I-alligator-'' kuzimbandana ezifana neengwenya ngokubukeka kodwna wona atholakala ebhodulukweni elinamanzi akhambako njengemilanjeni. Nawo adla inyama, Anomphimbo obanzi oyindulungu.<ref>Vliet, K.A., 2020. ''Alligators: the illustrated guide to their biology, behavior, and conservation''. JHU Press.</ref> === Amathswayo weenrhurhubi === ==== Isikhumba esiliqephe nokubeka amaqanda ==== Iirhurhubi zibonakala ngokuthi umzimba yazo ivalwe maqephe ngaphandle. Amaqephe wakhona enziwe nge-Keratin ekuyiphrotheyini le eyenza amazipho neenhluthi zabantu zemvelo. Amaqephela la avikela iinrhurhubi begodu ayazilekela bonyana zingalahlekelwa mamanzi emzimbeni. Iirhurhubi ezinengi zikghona ukubeka [[amaqanda]] kodwana kungasi zoke. Amaqanda wakhona aneqephe eliqinilko ngombana livikela  umbungu osakhulako.<ref>Blackburn, D.G., 2018. Reproduction in reptiles. ''Encyclopedia of reproduction'', ''6'', pp.573-578.</ref> ==== Ukuphefumula negazi elimakhaza ==== Iirhurhubi ziphefumula ummoya wazi zisebenzisa umaphaphu, begodu zinendlela  ezinengi ezizisebezisako ukuthi zikghone ukuthi zibulunge i-oksijini Kanye nanzi emzimbeni.  Zinegazi elimakhaza okutjo bona zokghona ukulawula ukutjhisa komzimba wazo zibenzisa izinto ezingaphande ebhodulukweni lazo ezifana nelanga, ilitje elibambe umtjhiso.<ref>[https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rstb.2024.0129 Cold-blooded culture? Assessing cultural behaviour in reptiles and its potential conservation implications | Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences]</ref>Azikghoni ukukhipha umtjhiso ngaphakathi. === Indima edlalwa ziinrhurhubi ebhodulukweni === Inrhurhubi zidlala indima eqakathekileko ehlelweni lemveko ngombana zikghona ukuthi zibe ziinyamzana ezidla ezinye nofana zona zibe ziinyamanzana ezidliwako. Ngokubanjalo zikghona ukuthi zilekelele ukuthi inani leendwa lihla linzinzile begodu nemvelo inzinze. Zimthombo wokudla wezinye imbandana nebantwini. Ziqakathekile emasikweni wabantu ngombana zinamathswayo wamandla, nobude besikhathi. == Iinkomba == [[Category:Iimbadwa]] [[Category: inrhurhubi]] [[Category:Iinlwa ezibeka amaqanda]] f5n5pdhsnqvt1dp995s6tvbmew9kplk 0 941 5801 5725 2025-09-26T18:08:34Z Nqobile69 190 5801 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Ukuhlwengisa.jpg|thumb|Abafundi bahlwengisa isikolo sabo]] '''Rhandza xikolo xa wena''' kuyikhampheyini eyasungulwa ngokuhlanyela hlangana komnynango wezefundo weMpuamalnga Kanye  nomnyango wezokulima.Ikhampheyini le ihlose kobana ukwakha ububana komphakathi ekutheni ukghone ukuthi u bulunge iinkolo, ikhuthaza nokuthi kuhlale kuhlanziwe eenkolweni, begodu abafundi bafundele lapho kuphephe khona.<ref>dardlea.mpg.gov.za/documents/news/Rhandza_Campaign.pdf</ref> Khuthanza  amalunga womphakath kobana ukuthi akhombise ukuba banikazi beenkolo ezisendaweni laphobahlala khona begodu bazibandakanye ekulungiseni esikolo. === Izinto ezenziwako === Bakhuthaza ukutlhogonyelwa kwebhoduluko ngokuthi kutjalwe imithi, kwenziwe iimvande begodu kususwe ukusilaphazeka okungaba khona ebhodulukweni lesikolo. Iletha ukuthi ukuziphedulela  phezulu kwabafundi esikolweni, abotitjhere neemphakathini ngokuphathwa kuhle kwesikolo. Okhunye kukobana ikhandela bona kungabi nokumotjheka kweensetjenziswa zesikolo ngombana kuzokwaziwa bonyana ngezomphakathi.<ref>[https://www.citizen.co.za/mpumalanga-news/news-headlines/local-news/2023/07/31/mpumalanga-department-of-educations-rhandza-xikolo-xa-wena-campaign-activated/ Mpumalanga Department of Education’s Rhandza Xikolo Xa Wena Campaign activated | Mpumalanga News]</ref> Umphakathi uyahlangana bese kuhlwengiswa isikolo. Kungavaswa amafesidere, kuthanyelwe isiskolo nokhunye. Kutjalwa imithi begodu kwenziwe imvande ukuze kuzokuba nomthunzi esikolweni begodu nommoya ungasilaphazeki. Kubuthelelwa izinto ezingabuya zisetjenziswe kabutjha ezifana namaphepha amabhodlelo bese athathe yokwenziswa kabutjha. Kulingiswa izinto ezimotjhakeleko. Ihlelo leli likhuthaza umphakathi bonyana ungahlali phasi uthule lokha ubona iinkolo zimotjhakala nofana zingenelwa botsotsi ngombana iinkolo ziyindawo yokuthola ilwazi, ukukhula, nokuthuthukisa umphakathi.Namapholisa amalunga wokuqinisekisa bonyana iinkolo zihlala zivikelekile. === Umthelela wekhampheyini le === Abafundi bathola ibhoduluko elihle lokufundela lapho bazokufundela khona bathabile begodu kuhlanzekile. Kuba khona ubudlelwane obuhle phakathi komphakathi  nesikolo ngombana umphakathi ufunda ukuthi ukghone ukujamela isikolo lapho abantwana babo baceda khona esikhathi sabo esinengi bazithuthukisa.<ref>[https://www.mpg.gov.za/sites/default/files/resources/Rhandza%20XiKolo%20Xa%20Wena%20Campaign%20Newsletter.pdf Rhandza XiKolo Xa Wena Campaign Newsletter]</ref> Amalunga wompkhathi athola Ifundiso ngokutlhogomela ibhoduluko lelo abaphila kilo nokuthi bafunde ukuthi ngiziphi izinto ezihle efanele zenziwe ukunakekela ibhoduluko. Abomaspala bendawo eziseduze bakghona ukuthi basekele iinkolo ngokuthi banikele iinkolo izinto abangazi sebenzisa ukuhlwengisa isikolo. Old mutual  ikghona ukuthi inikele ngemali ukuze iinkolo zikhone ukuthenga izinto zokwenza umsebenzi lo eenkolweni == Iinkomba == [[Category:Ukuhlwengisa]] [[Category:Isikolo]] tmj3i71l5r8zyioe15woqgnfo9t9yel 0 942 5843 5804 2025-09-30T07:16:16Z ~2025-27165-86 1036 5843 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Mapoch.- Femmes Ndebele in Cultural Village (2).jpg|thumb|Abomma bamaNdebele ]] '''Ilanga lamagugu''' eSewula afrika kulilanga eligidingwa cobe nyaka mhlana amalanga ali-24 kuKhukhulamungu. Ilanga leli lisikhumbuzo somlando wombuso wegandelelo, ukuhlukaniswa ngokobuhlanga Kanye nokutlhagela ikululeko. Ilanga leli likhombisa ukubumbana kwesitjhaba likhuthaze amaSewula Afrika bonyana ahlangane begodu agidinge ukuhlukana ngokobuhlanga nang[[amasiko]].<ref>Drummond, J.H., 2024. Contested heritage in South Africa: Perspectives from mahikeng. ''Modern geográfia'', ''19''(2), pp.91-108.</ref>Nasikhuluma ngamagugu sikhuluma ngamasiko, nomlando odluliselwa ukusuka esizukulwaneni ukuya kwesinye isizukulwane. === '''Imvelaphi yomlando''' === Ilanga lamagugu livela ku ”Shaka Day” ekwabe kulilanga elabe lenzelwe ukuhlonipha ikosi uShaka Zulu, ekungomunye wabantu abomlando oqakathekileko eSewula Afrika.<ref>[https://sahistory.org.za/article/heritage-day-braai-day-or-shaka-day-whose-heritage-it-anyway Heritage day, Braai Day or Shaka Day: Whose Heritage is it Anyway? | South African History Online]</ref>Ngesibanga sokufika kwekululeko ngonyaka we-1994, ilanga leli latjhugulula labizwa bona yilanga lamasiko nofana lamagugu ukuthi kukhuthazwe ukugidingwa kwamasiko wabantu boke abahlala eSewula Afrika. Itjhuguluko leli likhombisa ukubumbana kwesitjhaba nokuzikhkhazisa ngabo amasiko akhona enarheni. Kukhunjulwa bekuhlonitjhwe umlando nendabuko yeenqheema zoke zamasiko. === Ukugidinga nemisebenzi eyenziwako ngelanga leli === [[Isimumathi:Amagugu.jpg|thumb|Abafundi bamabanga aphasi bazokugidinga ilanga lamagugu esikolweni]] Ilanga leli ligidingwa ngeendlela ezinengi eSewula Afrika. Abanye baligidinga ngokuthi bambathe izembatho ezitjengisa bona bangebaliphi isiko. Abanye bagcoka izembatho zemibala ekhanyoko enaphetheni ahlukileko njenga maNdebele. Nofana bagcoke amatjhika aphilako wesishweshwe. Abane bakghona ukuthi bagidinge ngoku benze umnyanyo wougidinga amamsiko ngokuthi balilise umvumo, badanse, benze ubukghwari nofana benze Ukudla kwesintu lokho kumbumba ukuhlangana komphakathi. Abanye bathanda ukubasa inyama bahlale boke kube nommoya wokuzwana. Eminye imiphakathi iyaphuma ivakatjhele indawo eziphethe umlando wamasiko, ezifana nama myuziyamu ukuthi bakghone ukufunda ngamasiko wabo. === '''Ukuqakatheka kwelanga lamagugu''' === [[Isimumathi:Ukugida.jpg|thumb|Abafundi besikolo bagida isiZulu]] Kulilanga elikhuthaza ukubulunga amagugu wamasiko, namalimi kuqinisekiswe bonyana adluliselwa kwezinye inzukulwana ngendlela afaneleko. Inikela amaSewula ithuba lokobana akghone ukufundisana ngomlando wabo, ukuhluka kwamasiko, ukuqakatheka kokubumbana, nentando yenengi. Abantu bakghona ukuhloniphana emphakathini abaphila kiwo. == Iinkomba == [[Category: Ukubulungwa kwamagugu]] [[Category: Isiko]] [[category: Amasiko]] [[Category:Amagugu]] pevan53o8czzxk6wfjmc7kaihfbefe4 0 943 5729 2025-09-10T10:29:24Z Jetro mahlangu 588 ngenze ikhasi elitjha 5729 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ukusitheka kwenyanga == [[Isimumathi:Blood Moon (103843657).jpeg|thumb|Inyanga yeengazi]] '''Inyanga''' yeengazi kukhanya okubomvu okukarisako kwenyanga ngesikhathi sokusitheka kwenyanga ngokupheleleko.Kwenzeka lokha isithunzi sephasi simboza inyanga epheleleko,sihlunga ukukhanya kwenyanga emkhathini wethu begodu senza ubuso benyanga bube bomvu khulu nofana bube nzima njengethusi.Ngombana umjikelezo wenyanga utjhinga kancani,iinyanga ezinengi ezizeleko azikhambisani kuhle.Kodwana lokha nazenza njalo,umphumela kuba kusitheka kwenyanga okukarisako.Into ebegade ithabisa ababukeli bezulu amakhulu weminyaka. === Inyanga yeengazi elandelako izakuba nini? === Inyanga elandelako yeengazi izokwenzeka mhlazi-7kuKhukhulamungu 2025.Izokubonakala ukusuka ekuthomeni ukuya ekugcineni kiyo yoke i-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia ne-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia<nowiki/>.Ukubona ezinye iingaba kuzokukghonakala ukusuka e-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe<nowiki/>,e-https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Afrika<nowiki/>,e-pumalanga ye-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_(continent) ne-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand<nowiki/>.Umnyanya lo angeze wabonwa ukusuka e-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States. ==== Kubayini kuthiwa inyanga yeengazi? ==== Ibizwa ngokuthi yinyanga yeengazi ngombana ngesikhathi sokusitheka kwenyanga,umkhathi wephasi uhlunga ukukhanya bese uratjha ukukhanya okuluhlazana satjani,kutjhiye inyanga ikhanya obomvu nofana ithusi. Pheze ama-29% wokusitheka kwenyanga kusitheka kwenyanga ngokupheleleko.Iphasi lihlangabezana nokusitheka kwenyanga okulinganiselwa kabili ngomnyaka.Iindawo ezinengi ephasini zingalindela ukubona ukusitheka kwenyanga okupheleleko kanye ngemva kweminyaka emibili. ===== Kwenzekani ngesikhathi senyanga yeengazi? ===== [[Isimumathi:Blood Moon Graphic.png|thumb|I-graphu ekhombisa bonyana kubayini inyanga yeengazi ibomvu]] Akusikho koke ukusitheka kwenyanga okwenza inyanga yeengazi.Nangabe iphasi livala ilanga kancani,ingcenye enzima khulu yesithunzi sayo ivala ingcenye yephasi lenyanga okwenza bona kube nokusitheka kwenyanga okunkani.Kubonakala ngasuthi ukulunywa okunzima kukhutjhwe enyangeni.Kwesinye isikhathi inyanga idlula esithunzini sangaphandle esikhanyako esaziwa nge-'''Penumbra''',okwenza bona kube nokusitheka kwelanga okungabonakaliko kangangobana babantu abanolwazi lokuqala umkayi kwaphela ababona ukufiphala okuncani. Ngesikhathi sokusitheka kwenyanga,inyanga ihlala ngaphakathi kwesithunzi sephasi begodu kulapho umphumela wenyanga yeengazi ovule khona.Ukukhanya kwelanga okudlula emkhathini wephasi kuyahlungwa begodu kusabalale,ukukhanya okuhlaza satjani kuyasuswa kutjhiye amagagasi amade abomvu nawowolintshi ukufikela enyangeni.Lokhu kungumphumela ofanako owenza ukuphuma kwelanga nokutjhinga kwelanga kubonakale kubomvu,begodu kugezisa inyanga ngokukhanya kwethusi. Umthunzi onqophileko wenyanga yeengazi ungahluka ngokuya ngobujamo bomkhathi.Umlotha we-'''Volcano''',iintuthu womlilo womango,ithuli nofana ukusilaphazeka kungenza bona kubonakale kunzima nofana kuqinile.Ngokuya kwe-'''NASA''' ukusitheka kwenyanga kabili ukuya kane kwenzeka qobe mnyaka,begodu ngalinye lingabonwa pheze engcenyen i yeplanethi.Nanyana amaplanethi neenyanga ehlelweni lelanga zibeka amathunzi,liphasi kwaphela elikhiqiza ukufiphala kwenyanga okuvala inyanga yayo ngokupheleleko.Ukulungiswa kwe-'''cosmic''' okungekhe kwahlala unomphela njengombana inyanga ikhukhuleka kancani kancani ngamasemntimitha ama-4 qobe mnyaka. ====== isiphetho ====== Nanyana kunamaplanethi neenyanga kilo loke ihlelo lelanga,mhlaba kwaphela onetjhudu lokubona ukusitheka kwenyanga ngombana isithunzi sawo sikhulu ngokwaneleko ukuvala inyanga ngokupheleleko.Inyanga isuka kancani kancani eplanethini yethu ngama sentimitha ayi-1.6 nofana amasenthimitha amane ngomnyaka begodu ubujamo lobu angeze buragele phambili unomphela.Ngokuya kwe-'''NASA''' kunokusitheka okulinganiselwa kabili ukuya kane qobe mnyaka,begodu ngamunye ubonakala phezu kwencgenye yephasi. ====== Inkhombo ====== 1.https://www.space.com/39471-what-is-a-blood-moon.html 2.https://www.space.com/stargazing/lunar-eclipses/blood-moon-best-photos-total-lunar-eclipse-sept-7-2025 3.https://www.shutterstock.com/search/red-moon-tree gc6nd51r9p06a4yf8c7q6l22naph9it 10 944 5738 5737 2025-09-18T11:34:56Z Derek J Moore 148 5738 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:Databox|databox}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude> n9iofqc5lssqju7t1pfjiwh2kui7izb 828 945 5733 5732 2025-09-18T11:18:22Z Derek J Moore 148 5733 Scribunto text/plain -- A more extensive version is stored and documented at the Swedish Wikipedia site, sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modul:Databox -- It is supposed to work for any language. local property_blacklist = { 'P360', --is a list of 'P4224', --category contains 'P935', -- Commons gallery 'P1472', -- Commons Creator page 'P1612', -- Commons Institution page 'P373', -- Commons category 'P3722', -- Commons maps category 'P1151', -- topic's main Wikimedia portal 'P1424', -- topic's main template 'P910', -- topic's main category 'P1200', -- bodies of water basin category 'P1792', -- category of associated people 'P1464', -- category for people born here 'P1465', -- category for people who died here 'P1791', -- category of people buried here 'P1740', -- category for films shot at this location 'P2033', -- Category for pictures taken with camera 'P2517', -- category for recipients of this award 'P4195', -- category for employees of the organization 'P1754', -- category related to list 'P301', -- category's main topic 'P971', -- category combines topics 'P3876', -- category for alumni of educational institution 'P1753', -- list related to category 'P3921', -- Wikidata SPARQL query equivalent 'P1204', -- Wikimedia portal's main topic 'P1423', -- template's main topic 'P1709', -- equivalent class 'P3950', -- narrower external class 'P2888', -- exact match 'P1382', -- coincident with 'P527', -- has part 'P2670', -- has parts of the class 'P3113', -- does not have part 'P2737', -- union of 'P2738', -- disjoint union of 'P2445', -- metasubclass of 'P1963', -- properties for this type 'P3176', -- uses property 'P1889', -- different from 'P460', -- said to be the same as 'P2959', -- permanent duplicated item 'P2860', -- cites 'P5125', -- wikimedia outline 'P5008', -- on focus list of Wikimedia project 'P2559', -- Wikidata usage instructions 'P1343', -- described by source 'P972', -- catalogu 'P1282', -- OSM tag or key 'P4839', -- Wolfram Language entity code 'P6104', -- Maintained by Wikiproject 'P5996' -- Category for films in this language } function valuesToKeys(array) local result = {} for _, v in pairs(array) do result[v] = true end return result end local p = {} function p.databox(frame) local args = frame:getParent().args local itemId = nil if args.item then itemId = args.item end local lang = mw.language.getContentLanguage() local item = mw.wikibase.getEntity(itemId) if item == nil then mw.addWarning("Wikidata item not found") return "" end local databoxRoot = mw.html.create('div') :addClass('infobox') :css({ float = 'right', border = '1px solid #aaa', ['max-width'] = '300px', padding = '0 0.4em', margin = '0 0 0.4em 0.4em', }) --Title databoxRoot:tag('div') :css({ ['text-align'] = 'center', ['background-color'] = '#f5f5f5', padding = '0.5em 0', margin = '0.5em 0', ['font-size'] = '120%', ['font-weight'] = 'bold', }) :wikitext(item:getLabel() or mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text) --Image local images = item:getBestStatements('P18') if #images >= 1 then databoxRoot :tag('div') :wikitext('[[File:' .. images[1].mainsnak.datavalue.value .. '|frameless|300px]]') end --Table local dataTable = databoxRoot :tag('table') :css({ ['text-align'] = 'left', ['font-size'] = '90%', ['word-break'] = 'break-word', ['width'] = '100%', ['table-layout'] = 'fixed', }) dataTable:tag('caption') :css({ ['background-color'] = '#f5f5f5', ['font-weight'] = 'bold', ['margin-top'] = '0.2em', }) :wikitext(item:formatStatements('P31').value) local properties = mw.wikibase.orderProperties(item:getProperties()) local property_blacklist_hash = valuesToKeys(property_blacklist) property_blacklist_hash['P31'] = true --Special property local edit_message = mw.message.new('vector-view-edit'):plain() for _, property in pairs(properties) do local datatype = item.claims[property][1].mainsnak.datatype local valueCount = #item:getBestStatements(property) if datatype ~= 'commonsMedia' and datatype ~= 'external-id' and datatype ~= 'quantity' and datatype ~= 'wikibase-property' and datatype ~= 'geo-shape' and datatype ~= 'tabular-data' and not property_blacklist_hash[property] and valueCount > 0 and valueCount <= 5 then local propertyValue = item:formatStatements(property) dataTable:tag('tr') :tag('th') :attr('scope', 'row') :wikitext(lang:ucfirst(propertyValue.label)):done() :tag('td') :wikitext(frame:preprocess(propertyValue.value)) :wikitext('&nbsp;[[File:OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg|' .. edit_message .. '|12px|baseline|class=noviewer|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/' .. item.id .. '#' .. property .. ']]') end end --Map local coordinates_statements = item:getBestStatements('P625') if #coordinates_statements >= 1 and coordinates_statements[1].mainsnak.datavalue and coordinates_statements[1].mainsnak.datavalue.value.globe == 'http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q2' then --We build the call to mapframe local latitude = coordinates_statements[1].mainsnak.datavalue.value.latitude local longitude = coordinates_statements[1].mainsnak.datavalue.value.longitude local geojson = { type = 'Feature', geometry = { type = 'Point', coordinates = { longitude, latitude } }, properties = { title = item:getLabel() or mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text, ['marker-symbol'] = 'marker', ['marker-color'] = '#224422', } } databoxRoot:wikitext(frame:extensionTag('mapframe', mw.text.jsonEncode(geojson), { height = 300, width = 300, frameless = 'frameless', align = 'center', latitude = latitude, longitude = longitude, zoom = zoom })) end return tostring(databoxRoot) end return p a8ndgx23p8raindqoqqai83soxr7lc9 0 946 5747 5746 2025-09-20T14:36:48Z Nqobile69 190 5747 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Ribs Malope.jpg|thumb|Rebecca Malope]] '''Rebecca Malope''' mvumi enarheni yeSewula Afrika owabelethwa ngenyanga ka Mngwengweni ngonyaka we-1968 endaweni ye Likazi eduze neNelspruit esiphandeni seMpumalanga.<ref>[https://www.rebeccamalope.co.za/rebeccamalope_about.html About REBECCA MALOPE - South African Gospel Music Icon]</ref> Ikhambo lakhe lathoma yena nodadwabo bafuna ukuya e-Johannesburg bayokuzuma umsebenzi nethuba lokulandela ithando lokhe lokubamvumi. Ipilo yakhe yakade ihlangana neentjhijilo ezifaka hlangana nokuthi abodorhodere bakhe bakholwa bona angekhe asakghona ukukhamba ngesibanga sokugula ekwakhe kwambamba. Nanyana kunjalo kunjalo umndeni wakhe wakholwa bonyana uzokuphila. === Ukuthoma kwebizelo lakhe emvumeni === Wathola indawo kwezomvumo wathoma ukuvuma esontweni lakhe, lokho kwenza bona akghone ukuba lilunga kekhwaya. Ithalente lakhe lokuvuma lathoma nguSizwe Zakwe owamlekelela ukuthi akghone ukugadangisa umvumo wakhe. Wathoma ukuphumelela ekuvumeni ngonyaka we -1987 lapho athumba khona iphaliswano le” Road shell to fame” ngengoma yakhe eyabe ithi “shine on”. Ukuthumba kwakhe lokho kwamlekelela bonyana naye abe ngomunye wabavumi abaziwako enarheni yeSewula Afrika.<ref>[https://sahistory.org.za/people/rebecca-malope Rebecca Malope | South African History Online]</ref> Uyivumile imihlobo eminengi yomvumo kodwana ubonakele bonyana uzinikele ekuvumeni umvumo wevangeli. === Umthelelala abe nawo ngokuba mvumi === U-Rebeca Malope uneminyaka engaphezulukwama-30 emvumeni wevangeli begodu sele akhiphe ama- albhamu angaphezulu kwama-20. I-albhamu yakhe yokuthoma yabe ineshloko esithi “umoya wami” kwalandela I ”shwele baba” namanye ama-albhamu alandela ngemva kwalawa. Umthelela ka Rebecca Malope wabonakala ekubulungeni amasikweni womvumo weSewula Afrika. Wahlonitjhwa ngeziqu zobudorhedere esikhngweni samaziko aphakemeko Kwazulu Natal ne-Califonia ngesibanga sokwenza umvumo. Phezulu wakhe wathoma ihlelo lakhe kumabona kude elabe labizwa bona yi “its gospel time” elabe lidlala ku SABC 2.<ref>[https://www.tvsa.co.za/shows/viewshowseasons.aspx?showId=2776&season=2 It's Gospel Time | Season 2 | TVSA]</ref> Begodu waphinda bawa lijaji  ku “clash of the Choirs South Africa” . Ukuvela kwkahe kumabonwa kude kwenza bona akghone ukukhuthaza iinzukulwana ezisakhulako zabavumi bonyana bomvumo wevangeli. U-Rebecca uzakhele igama ngokuthi azimisele ukuthi amamezele umlayezo wokuletha ithemba ngomvumo wakhe begodu ama-albhamu wakhe athengwa khuli. == Iinkomba == [[Category:Abavumi eSewula Afrika]] [[Category:Umvumo wevangeli]] pt0ncywtu65anyztf10ihbcwvixjkc4 0 947 5897 5896 2025-10-04T11:16:24Z Nqobile69 190 5897 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Izinja''' kuzinlwana ezinenyawo ezine, ziyakhokhonta lokha nazibona into engakalungi. Kusilwane esikghona ukwenziwa [[ifuyo sithandwa]] esihlala ngaphandle kwendlu ziqaphe. Inja inekghono elikhethekileko lokunekelela, lokuzwa begodu nokubona kwazo kuhlukile kunokwabantu. Izinja zimhlobo zimhlobo omnengi begodu zihluka ngobukhulu, ukuziphatha nangoboya. Zinekghono lokulekelela abantu ukuthi bararulule imiraro. Inja yaziwa njengomngani omkhulu womuntu ngombana ziyakghona ukunikela abantu isekelo nokuthi zisebenzisane nabo.<ref>[[mwod:dog|DOG Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster]]</ref> === Imihlobo yezinja === ==== Izinja eziqakaphako ==== [[Isimumathi:NZ Police Dog.jpg|thumb|Ipholisa likhamba nenja yalo]] Kumhlobo wezinja othwasiselwa bonyana ukghone ukuvikela abantu, indawo, ivikelwa ebatwini abangaba batsotsi bafune ukungenela Indawo. Kusukela ekadeni izinja lezi zabe zikghona ukuthi ukugada nokuvikela indawo.<ref>Coppinger, L. and Coppinger, R., 2024. Dogs for herding and guarding livestock. In ''Livestock handling and transport'' (pp. 296-313). GB: CABI.</ref> Zikghona ukuzwa itjhada msinya begodu zilalela lokho okutjhiwo banikazi bazo kwaphela. Zikhamba indawo yoke lapho zigae khona njengekhaya nofana ebubulweni ngaphandle kokusaba. Izinja ziyakghona ukuziphatha kuhl lokha nazihlangana ngabantu ngombana zithwasise kuhle ukuthi zikghone ukulalela abanikazi. ==== Izinja ezihlahla abaphopheleko ==== Izinja lezi zithwasiselwe bonyana zikghone ukuthi zilekelele abantu abaphopheleko nofana abanobudisi bokubona kuhle bonyana bakghone  ukuthola indlela nokuthi bakghone ukuzikhambela ngesekelo lezinja lezi. Izinja lezi zidosa phambili abanikazi bazo zibalekelela bonyana bangaweli phezulu kweenqabo begodu zibakhombe nendlela.<ref>Glenk, L.M., Přibylová, L., Stetina, B.U., Demirel, S. and Weissenbacher, K., 2019. Perceptions on health benefits of guide dog ownership in an Austrian population of blind people with and without a guide dog. ''Animals'', ''9''(7), p.428.</ref> Zenza abanikazi bonyana abanikazi bakghone ukukhamba ngokuzithemba emabhodulukweni hlukaneko. Zibanikwela ukuvikeleka emabhodulukweni ahlukahlukeneko. Nolokha nangabe indlela isikhisi nofana kunamataka wemithi alengileko angalimaza abantu abaphopheleko. Ziyakghona ukuthi zenze umsebenzi wazo ngombana ziyathwasiswa ukuthi zikghone ukulandela imilayo evela kubanikazi bazo begodu nokuthi zikwazi ukudosa abantu abaphopheleko phambili. Izinja lezi zikhethwa ngokuthi zihlakaniphile, zinommoya ophasi begodu zikghona ukujwayela amabhoduluko ahlukahlukeneko. ==== Izinja zamapholisa ==== Izinja zamapholisa kuzizinja ezithasiswe ngokwezinga eliphezulu ngombana zisebenza ukuqinisekisa ukuvikeleka kwabantu nokurhubhulula ubugebengu. Izinjalezi ziyakghoa ukuthi zinukelele ziveze lapho kuneendakamizwa khona, nalapho kufihlwe khona amabhomu nofana izinto zokuwenza.<ref>Unver, Y. and Shahed, B., 2023. The Role of Detective Dogs in the Process of Discovering and Verifying Evidence of Crime. ''Comparative Criminal Jurisprudence'', ''2''(5), pp.617-627.</ref> Izinja lezo ziyakghona  ukuthi zizume abantu abasolelwa ngokwenza umlandu,  nofana ukuthola abantu abalahlekileko engozini. Zikghona  ukuphekelela amapholisa  lokha nakaya lapho abizwe khona begodu awaphephise zinekelele nalapho kubulungwe khona abantu ngokungasise mthethweni. ==== Izinja Ezizumako ==== Izinja ezizumako ziyakghona ukugijima ngebelo elikhulu nokuthi zithole lapho kuneenyamazana khona. Izinja lezi zinekghono lokunukelela lapho inyamazana zingakhona ngokuzwa iphunga lenyamazana.<ref>Koster, J., 2009. Hunting dogs in the lowland Neotropics. ''Journal of Anthropological Research'', ''65''(4), pp.575-610.</ref> Ezinye zomhlobo lo zikhamba nabazumi abadubula isigidi bese zilandele lapho isigidi sidubule khona zidubule khona ukwenzela bona zikghone ukudobha inyamazana. Ukuze izinja lezi zikghone ukwenza umsebenzi wazo kufuze bona zibe nekghone lokulalela lokha nazi thwasisako, zibenepilo emzimbeni begodu zihlale zizibandula ngamalanga. == Iinkomba == [[category: Ifuyo sithandwa]] [[Category: Inja]] f4ccw1eyp06mt7kt7ad3c03lou9n7rd 0 948 5766 5765 2025-09-21T09:54:44Z Nqobile69 190 5766 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ukubulunga amagugu''' kufaka imzamo yokuvikela nokubeka kuhle amasiko, umlando neemvelo yamagugu. Uqinisekise bonyana izinto eziqakathekileko abantu abekhe bazithola baphakathi kwazo zibekiwe ukuze iinzukulwana ezizako zazi ngazo begodu kungaba ngokuthi zicocwe nofana kufundwe ngazo.<ref>Snowball, J.D. and Courtney, S., 2010. Cultural heritage routes in South Africa: Effective tools for heritage conservation and local economic development?. ''Development Southern Africa'', ''27''(4), pp.563-576.</ref> Amagugu afaka hlangana izinto ezingabonakaliko ezifana namasiko, ilimi, umvumo nomlando ococwa ngomlomo. Ukubulunga amagugu kuyinto eyenziwe iphasi loke ngombana iqakathekile ukwenza bona kugidingwe amasiko ahlukileko ngokuwamukela woke begodu ikhuthaze ukuzwana kwabantu. === Ukuqakatheka kokubulunga amagugu === [[Isimumathi:UNESCO logo English.svg|thumb|UNESCO ibulunga indawo zamagugu ezinomlando oqakathekileko]] Nakubulungwa [[amagugu]] abantu bazokwazi bonyana babobani bavelaphi ngokomlando wabo. Bazokghona ukuthi bazi ukuthi bavelaphi ngokomlando wabo. Bazokghona ukuthi bavakatjhele indawo zamagugu wezinto ezihlukileko eziphathelene namagugu.<ref>[https://www.longdom.org/open-access/cultural-heritage-its-significance-and-preserving-105460.html Cultural Heritage: Its Significance and Preserving]</ref> Ukubulungwa komlando kwenza bonyana umphakathi uzibandakanye begodu nomnotho wendawo ukhule ngombana umphakathi walapho kunendawo yamagugu ukghona ukuthola imali lokha nawuvakatjhelweko. === Iindlela zokubunga amagugu === Ukubulunga amagugu kungenzeka ngokuthi abantu batlole phasi izinto eziqakathekileko zamagugu. Okhunye kukuthi nangabe kunezinto eziphathekako ezifana nezinto ezibunjiweko nofana okhunye  zithathwe ziyokubekwa kuhle endaweni  zokubulungwa njenge myuziyamu . kufanelwe bona izibekwe itshwayo le- UNESCO  ukuvikela indawo lezo ukutjengisa bona ziphethe umlando namasiko wabantu aqakathekileko  esitjhabeni. Phezulu kwalokho kukobana  umlando ungagadangiswa ngokwedijithali ukwenzela bona ungalahleki.<ref>Skublewska-Paszkowska, M., Milosz, M., Powroznik, P. and Lukasik, E., 2022. 3D technologies for intangible cultural heritage preservation—literature review for selected databases. ''Heritage Science'', ''10''(1), p.3.</ref> ISewula Afrika inothe ngamagugu wamasiko nemvelo avela endaweni lapho kunomlando wokuthoma nokutjhuguluka kwabantu. Endaweni ezifana nemadwaleni we-sterkfontein, [[iMapungubwe]] nezinye. Indawo lezi zikhombisa ukwahlukana kwamasiko nomlando wakhona odephileko nobudisi. Iindlela zokubulunga amagugu zifaka hlangana ukuthi umuntu azwisise isikhathi sakade senarha nokuthi akhuuthanze amasiko. Ukusebenzisa amathulusi wedijithali ngenye yeendlela ezingasetjenziswa ukubulunga amagugu angaphathekiko wesitjhaba. Ukubulunga amagugu kuyinto etjhugulukako eletha ukudzimelela kokuvikela isikhathi sakade ngokungakhombisi isisdingo sanje nesikhathi esizako. Ubandakanya imiphakathi, urhulumende ukugcina umlando uvikelekile. == Iinkomba == [[Category:ilanga lamagugu]] [[Category:Amagugu]] jhjzafw0s4vhn7g0x197fvjsxeiz853 0 949 5775 5774 2025-09-21T10:48:47Z Nqobile69 190 5775 wikitext text/x-wiki Amagugu [[Isimumathi:Tsonga girls in South Africa showing off their traditional clothing.jpg|thumb|Abentazana bamaTsonga]] '''Amagugu''' akhuluma ngamasiko namasiko adluliswelwa kusuka esizukulwaneni ukuya kwesinye isizukulwane aphethe indlela yokwenza izinto zokwenza izinto z[[amasiko]] ahlukahlukeneko, ukuziphatha, ikambiso ekungiyo ehlathulula  umphakathi begodu inikele abantu ubunjalo babo, bazizwe bamukelekile.<ref>[https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/heritage HERITAGE | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary]</ref> Ukwenza isibonelo, amagugu angafaka hlangana umlando womndeni; ukuzibandakanya kwabo nekolo abayilandelako; nofana amasiko wamasiko. Nanyana kunjalo amagugu afaka hlangana nalokho okuyingcenye yokuzwisisa kwesitjhaba. Umuntu obelethwe eSewula Afrika, ngokwesibonelo, unegugu lenarha yeSewula Afrika, kanye nelifa lomuntu mathupha neliyifihlo. Umuntu onjalo angathathwa njengomuntu onelifa le-Afrika, ngombana wabelethwa enarhakazini ye-Afrika.<ref>Harrison, R., 2010. What is heritage. ''Understanding the politics of heritage'', ''9''.</ref> === Imihlobo yamagugu === ==== Amagugu ngamasiko ==== [[Isimumathi:South Africa Shy Ndebele Woman (4608424073).jpg|thumb|Umma weNdebele]] Lokhu kufaka hlangana ubukgwari, umtlolo, umvumo nokhunye, ekuyindlela yokuziveza  ngobukghwari besiye nesinye isitjhaba. Amagugug la afaka hlangana amasiko nofana ikambiso evela kwabadala yadluliselwa esizukulwaneni sanje. Amagugu ngamasiko angafaka indlea yokugida, ukwenziwa kweminyanya ulandela ikambiso ethileko nokuthi imvelo iphathwa bunjani.<ref>Heritage, U.I.C., 2019. ''What is intangible cultural heritage'' [online]</ref> Baveza amagugu wamasiko "njengezinto ezibonakalako kanye nezinto ezingaphathekiko zesiqhema nofana zomphakathi." Izinto ezibonakalako zingahluka khulu; i-2009 UNESCO Framework for Cultural Statistics glossary ibala "izikhumbuzo, isiqhema sezakhiwo namasayithi, iminyuziyamu enamagugu ahlukahlukeneko afakahlangana amatshwayo, umlando, ubuhle, ubuhlanga nofana ubuntu, isayensi nokuqakatheka kwezenhlalakahle." Lokhu ngikho okubizwa yi-Fremework glossary ngokuthi "amagugu aphathekako (athuthekako, angakhambiko nangaphasi kwamanzi)." Irhelo lalokho okuligugu eliphathekako alipheleli, ngombana lingafaka hlangana okunengi ukudlula iinkhumbuzo zomphakathi nofana izakhiwo. Kunezinto ngaphakathi kwemyuziyamu. Imisebenzi yobukghwari, iincwadi, izinto ezikhunjulwako, iinkhali, ukubumba, izinto ezitholwe ziinthombe zakade.<ref>[https://rotel.pressbooks.pub/heritagesofchange/chapter/part-1-what-is-cultural-heritage/ <nowiki>Part 1: What is Cultural Heritage? – Heritages of Change: Curatorial Activism and First-Year Writing [Revised Edition]</nowiki>]</ref> ==== Amagugu womlando ==== Lapho sikhuluma ngezinto ezibambekako nofana  ezingabambekiko zakudala ezifana nemakhiwo, izinto ezubunjiweko namasiko lawa aphethe umlando oqakathekilekowesitjhaba esithileko. Amagugu alekelela  abantu bona bafunde ngezinto zesikhathi sakade, ukuzwisisa amatjhuguluko anzekako emphakathini nokuthi kwenzeke irhubhululo ngomalndo wabantu nofana wezinto.<ref>[https://sahistory.org.za/article/what-heritage What is heritage? | South African History Online]</ref> Indawo lezi zidosa abavakatjhi bonyana bavakatjhele indawo lapho imakhiwo enomlando inomlando ikhona.Isibonelo i-Roben island ingeye yendawo yamagugu eziphethe umlando wombuso wegandelelo eSewula Afrika. ==== Amagugu wemvelo ==== Amagugu wemvelo afaka iindawo, nehlelo lemvelo ekuyizinto ezithathwa njengokuthi kufanele bona zibulungelwe isizukulwane esizako. Igugu lemvelo leSewula Afrika lakhiwe ziiNdawo zamagugu wePhasi kanye neentaba zawo ezihle, iinlwana zeganga ezifakahlangana ‘''i-Big Five''’, iintjalo, iinyoni nazo yoke ikariso mraro yemvelo yephasi, eendaweni ezisewula khulu ye-Afrika.Ngalokhu sifisa ukunikela zoke izakhamuzi amandla wokufunda ngamagugu wazo ngelimi lazo, zizikhakhazise ngemirabhu yazo begodu zikhambe ziye esikhathini esizako ngokuzwisisa nokuhlonipha ubuhle bemvelo bezwe elikhulu leli. ==== Amagugu angabonakaliko ==== [[Isimumathi:Swazi Warriors.jpg|thumb|Amadoda wamaSwati]] Magugu apheth izinto ezingabonakaliko ngokomzimba zamasiko ezifana nama namasiko nendlela yokuwenza, ilwazi elidluliselwa  ngomlomo nangokufundisa ngokwenza. Amagugu angabonakaliko angahlala angakhombisi ukudlulisw kwamasiko wakudala kodwana imikhuba yesikhathi sanje, yendaweni ezisemkahya nofana emadorobheni lapho iinqhema zamasiko ahlukahlukeneko zihlanganyela khona. Amagugu angabonakaliko wavusi imibuzo yokuthi imikghwa ethileko iqondene nesiko, kodwana ilekelela ekutheni imiphakathi ibumbane bona bazizwe ayingcenye yomphakathi owodwa nofana ohlukileko.<ref>[https://ich.unesco.org/en/what-is-intangible-heritage-00003 What is Intangible Cultural Heritage? - UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage]</ref> == Iinkomba == [[Category: Ukubulunga Amagugu]] [[Category: Amasiko]] [[Category: Umlando wamasiko]] aox3yvfk7pqohigzh4bd9a9rt66n3n3 0 950 5802 2025-09-28T23:41:45Z Mojonom 593 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1311296106|Mbombela]]" 5802 wikitext text/x-wiki '''I-Mbombela,''' ebegade ibizwa nge Nelspruit, kulidorobha elinzinze eTlhagwini Pumalanga ye[[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrika]] Kulidorobha elikhulu lesifunda i[[:en:Mpumalanga|Mpumalanga]]. Idorobheli pheze likude ngamakhilomitha ali-110 nomkhawulo wenarha [[Mozambique|iMozambique]], amakhilomitha ama-330 nomkhawulo wedorobha le[[Johannesburg|Jwanasbhege]]. Liphinde godu libe kude ngamakhilomitha ama-82 nomkhawulo wenarha ye[[Eswatini|Swazini]]. I-Mbombela bekungelinye lamadorobha ebelineemvakatjhi ngesikhathi se [[:en:2010_FIFA_World_Cup|2010 FIFA World Cup]]. Lokhu kungombanyana iMbombela Stadium bekungenye yeenkundla lapha bekudlalwa khona ibholo [[:en:2010_FIFA_World_Cup|yebhigiri yephasi ngomnyaka wee-2010.]] === Ukutjhuguluka kwebizo === Ngenyanga kaSewula ngomnyaka wee-2009, urhulumende weSewula Afrika watjhugulula igama likamasipala wendawo le nge Mbombela. IKruger Lowveld Chamber of Business and Tourisim batjhinga e[[:en:High_Court_of_South_Africa|Khoto ePhakemeko yeSewula Afrika]] ukuyokufaka isibawo sokuphikisana nesiqunto, bebaveza neenzathu zokobanyana akhange kwaziswe inengi labantu begodu azikho neemali ezilingeneko edorobheni bonyana kungabhadalelwa ukutjhugulula amatshwayo wendlela kunye namakhasi wezethungelelwano. Kanti ke, Igama leli laqgina litjhugululwe ngomnyaka wee-2014 yi[[:en:North_Gauteng_High_Court|Khotho Ekulu YeTlhagwini ye Gauteng]]. Ibizo elithi 'Mbombela' kulibizo lelimi lesi[[:en:Swazi_language|Swazi]] elitjho ukuthi "Abantu abanengi bahlanganyelene endaweni encani". == Zokuthutha == Idorobha leMbombela lineenthuthi ezijwayelekileko zama Taxi. Ezithutha abantu kusuka eendaweni ezisemalokitjhini aseduze zibase edorobheni, emisebenzini kunye neendaweni lapha bafunyana iinsiza. Kanti godu, Indawo ye Nelspruit izele ngokunengi ngamabhesi weKampani i Buscor, ekungezinye zeenthuthi eziveleleko eendaweni zedorobha leli namaphethelo. == Zemidlalo == [[Isimumathi:Mbombela_Stadium_Aerial_View.jpg|alt=|thumb|Ikundla ye-Mbombela]] === I Stadium seMbombela ===   Ikundla yezemidlalo ye-Mbombela yakhiwa njengekundla yebholo kamakhakhulararhwe. Yacedwa ukwakhiwa ngenyanga kaSinyikhaba ngomnyaka wee-2009. Bekunyenye yekundla yezemidlalo ebeyibambe imidlalo ye[[:en:2010_FIFA_World_Cup|bhigiri yephasi yomnyaka ka 2010.]] 2ack40vrli9mv1bib625ui18kynsjzm 0 951 5828 5820 2025-09-29T13:19:55Z Hlalithwa 996 Isilululwazi 5828 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ukufaka hlangana''' [[Ifundo|emfundweni]] kutjho ukufaka hlangana boke abafundi bona bafinyelele emathubeni alinganako wefundo nokufunda, begodu kuhlukile ekulinganisweni kwefundo nofana ukulingana kwefundo. Yavela ngokommongo wefundo ekhethekileko ngehlelo lefundo elikhethekileko nofana ihlelo lamakhulu amahlanu nane (504), begodu yakhiwe emqondweni wokobana kuphumelela khulu ebafundini abaneemfundo ezikhethekileko ukuba nesipiliyoni esihlukileko ekukhulunywa ngaso ukuze baphumelele ekusebenzisaneni nomphakathi okurholela ekuphumeleleni okungezeleliweko empilweni zabo. Ifilosofi yokusetjenziswa kwemodeli yokufaka hlangana ayibandakanyi boke abafundi, kodwana isahlinzeka ngokusetjenziswa kwamakilasi akhethekileko neenkolo ezikhethekileko zokufundisa abafundi abakhubazekileko. Amamodeli wefundo afaka woke umuntu athonywa ngabaphathi bezefundo ngehloso yokusuka emamodelini wokuzihlukanisa wefundo ekhethekileko ukuya ngezinga elipheleleko elisebenzako, umqondo kukuthi kuzokuzuzisa umphakathi wabafundi befundo jikelele nabafundi befundo ekhethekileko ngokufanako, lapho abafundi abanekghono khulu basebenze njengamamodeli wabontanga begodu labo abangakwaziko basebenze njengesikhuthazo sokufunda ngokuzwelana nabafundi.<ref>https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13603116.2017.1412506</ref> == Isilululwazi == px3u40l5gehxxg3gk8sontv132yu2ld 0 952 5829 5806 2025-09-29T13:22:08Z MBIJANA123 998 5829 wikitext text/x-wiki '''I-Rivonia Trial''' bekuyi-Trayela eyenzeka eSewula Afrika yesikhathi sebandlululo mhlana amalanga ali-9 kuNobayeni 1963 ukuya mhlana amalanga ali-12 kuMgwengweni 1964, ngemva kokobana isiqhema sabalweli bekululeko sibotjhwe e -Liliesleaf Farm e -Rivonia . Iplasi le beliyindawo eyifihlo lapho kubanjelwa khona imihlangano ye -uMkhonto we Sizwe (MK), iphiko elitjha elihlomileko le -African National Congress . I-Trayela le yenzeka e -Pitori e- Palace of Justice kanye ne -Old Synagoge.<ref>https://www.theheritageportal.co.za/article/liliesleaf-making-case-survival</ref> == Isilululwazi == gvgli9ympl4s7u06tmic25car1ce5t7 0 953 5807 2025-09-29T11:09:27Z Nomsothando 995 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1305698868|Kalanga language]]" 5807 wikitext text/x-wiki '''IsiKalanga''' , nofana '''i-TjiKalanga''' (e-Zimbabwe), lilimi lako-Bantu elikhulunywa babantu abasuka enarheni yeZimbabwe kanye ne[[Botswana]] abakhuluma isiKalanga, ekubabantu abayingcenye yelimi lesiShona nofana Shonic(Shona-Nyai). Ilimeli linemidumo yelimi, ukuhlangana kweendebe, imilozi kanye nokuphafuzeka komoya lokha naliphimiswako ilimeli. IsiKalanga samukelwe njengelimi elisemthethweni kumThethosisekelo we-Zimbabwe wangomnyaka ka-2013 begodu sifundiswa eenkolweni eendaweni lapho abakhulumi baso babanengi khona. Ilimi lesi-Kalanga lihlobana khulu nelimi le -Nambya, le-TshiVenda, kanye nelimi le [[KheLobedu language|-KheLobedu]] le-Zimbabwe neSewula [[Isewula Afrika|Afrika]] . c6ua0atzxl66zmeue1ildjl8iqgvrrd 0 954 5838 5831 2025-09-29T13:38:18Z Stillbelieveingooddays 1018 5838 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ukubasidisi kwabatjha''', okwaziwa nangokuthi '''kukubasebantwini kwabatjha''', kubasidisi komuntu wengubo ongaphasi kweminyaka ematjhumi amabili. Ephasini loke, ubudisi bokubasebantwini bubangela khulu ukuhlongakala kwabomma nabentazana abaneminyaka elitjhumi nahlanu ukuya kelitjhumi nethoba.<ref>https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-pregnancy</ref> Ihlathululo yokubasidisi kwabatjha ifaka hlangana labo abathathwa njengabantu abadala ngokomthetho enarheni yabo.<ref>https://iris.who.int/bitstream/10665/42903/1/9241591455_eng.pdf</ref> Ihlangano yezamaphilo yephasi loke ihlathulula ''ubutjha'' njengesikhathi esiphakathi kweminyaka elitjhumi ukuya kwelitjhumi nethoba.<ref>https://www.who.int/health-topics/adolescent-health#tab=tab_1</ref> Ukubasidisi kungenzeka ngokuya emsemeni ngemva kokuthoma kokuvuthwa, okungenzeka ngaphambi kwesikhathi sokuthoma sokuya esikhathini ( ''menarche'' ).<ref>https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/pre-period.html</ref> Ebantazaneni abaphilileko, isikhathi sokuthoma sivame ukwenzeka hlangana neminyaka elitjhumi nambili ukuya kwelitjhumi nantathu.<ref>https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8734600/</ref> Abantwana abasesebatjha abasidisi baqalana nemiraro eminengi efanako efaka hlangana nokubasidisi njengabomma abadala.<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/18/health/young-girls-pregnancy-childbirth.html</ref><ref>https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.3233/NPM-15814038</ref> Abantwana abasesebatjha bavame ukuhlangabezana nemiraro yokubasidisi nofana ukuhlongakala kwabomma ukudlula abafazi abaneminyaka ematjhumi amabili nofana ngaphezulu. Kunokhunye ukutshwenyeka kwalabo abangaphasi kweminyaka elitjhumi nahlanu ngombana akunakwenzeka bona bathuthuke emzimbeni ukobana bakghone ukubasidisi kuhle nofana ukubeletha.<ref>https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC411126/</ref> Ebantwaneni abaneminyaka elitjhumi nahlanu ukuya kwelitjhumi nethoba, ubungozi buhlotjaniswa khulu nezinto zehlalakuhle nezomnotho kunemiphumela yezinto eziphilako yeminyaka.<ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/2135024?origin=crossref&seq=1</ref> Ubungozi bokubeletha okuncani, ukubeletha ngaphambi kwesikhathi, ukuncipha kweengazi, kanye ne-pre-eclampsia akukahlobani neminyaka yezinto eziphilako ngesikhathi umntazana oneminyaka elitjhumi nesithandathu, ngombana ayibonakali ekubelethweni ukuya ebantwaneni abadala ngemva kokulawula ezinye izinto eziyingozi, njengokufikelela ekunakekelweni kwangaphambi kokubeletha okusezingeni eliphezulu.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_pregnancy#cite_note-13</ref><ref>https://academic.oup.com/eurpub/article/16/2/157/505752?login=true</ref> == Isilululwazi == ivd2l2y3jx6ikhq1mj1v2kqkm1y2fg5 0 955 5830 5827 2025-09-29T13:23:51Z Diamond096 997 5830 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ukungalingani ngokobulili nokubandlululwa''' kusese miraro emikhulu [[Isewula Afrika|eSewula Afrika]], nangaphandle komthethosisekelo welizwe othuthukako kanye namagadango womthethokambiso ahlukahlukeneko aqaliswe ukuthuthukisa ukulingana ngokobulili.<ref>https://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S1015-60462015000200006&script=sci_arttext</ref> Iinkambiso zomphakathi, ukungalingani kwezomnotho, kanye neentjhijilo ezihlelekileko eziragela phambili nokungalingani ngokobulili nokubandlululwa kumraro odephileko. Ubujamo obukhona eSewula Afrika buyihlekelele njengombana umphakathi usalandela umqondo wobukhosi begodu unemikghwa yamasiko engavimbela abafazi bona babe namaphothifoliyo wobuqhwephetjhe aphezulu . Ukungalingani ngokobulili nokubandlululwa kwenzeka yoke indawo. == Isilululwazi == fisuxzxpbb8p60rktga2tykm6heg6g3 0 956 5862 5842 2025-09-30T08:41:01Z Nosayjeni 1029 Added a link 5862 wikitext text/x-wiki '''UThabo Bester''' (wabelethwa mhlana ali-13 kuMgwengweni ngonyaka ka-1986)<ref>https://www.citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/thabo-bester-not-registered-with-home-affairs-april-2023/</ref> mkati begodu mbulali weSewula Afrikha owaphunyuka eMangaung Correctional Center e[[Isewula Afrika|Sewula Afrikha]] ngemva kokuleya amala wokobana wahlongakala emlilweni ngeseleni lakhe lejele ngoMrhayili 2022.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-65260508</ref><ref>https://briefly.co.za/facts-lifehacks/celebrities-biographies/157081-who-thabo-bester-everything-south-african-fugitive/</ref> Bekaphila ngokubaleka pheze unyaka woke ngaphambi kobana abanjwe eTanzania ngenyanga kaRhoboyi 8 2023.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-65194147</ref> Wabotjhwa kanye nomlingani wakhe, udorhodere ongusaziwako uNandipha Magudumana.<ref>https://www.ewn.co.za/2023/04/13/thabo-bester-a-timeline-of-what-you-need-to-know-from-escape-to-re-arrest</ref> UBester waziwa ngokuthi "mkati we-Facebook" ngombana bekasebenzisa iinkhundla zokuthintana ukuheha amamodeli ngamathuba womsebenzi amamanga.<ref>https://groundup.org.za/article/many-mysteries-surround-death-facebook-rapist-thabo-bester/</ref> Wavuma icala lokukata kabili nokubulala kanye begodu wagwetjwa isigwebo sepilo ejele. == Ipilo yokuthoma == UThabo Bester wabelethwa esibhedlela se-Chris Hani Baragwanath eSoweto, eSewula Afrikha mhlana ali-13 kuMgwengweni ngonyaka ka-1986. UNgqongqotjhe WezeHlalo u-Aaron Motsoaledi watjela abantu beendaba ngonyaka ka-2023, bona uMaria Mabaso, unina kaThabo, akhenge akghone ukutlolisa indodanakhe ngemva kokuyibeletha.<ref name=":0">https://web.archive.org/web/20230414133435/https://www.ewn.co.za/2023/04/14/thabo-bester-never-registered-as-an-sa-citizen-with-home-affairs-motsoaledi</ref> UMabaso bekangakatloliswa ngokwakhe, ngebanga lokuthi unina bekasebenza emaplasini, ngonobangela loyo akhange atlolise ukubelethwa kwakhe.<ref name=":1">https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2023-04-14-born-at-bara-to-mom-of-4-but-thabo-bester-was-never-registered-with-home-affairs/</ref> UNgqongqotjhe WezeHlalo wathi uThabo Bester wathoma ukugwetjwa nakaneminyaka eli-17, ngemva kobana afumane umazisi.<ref name=":0" /> UBester sele adume khulu ngezenzo zakhe zobulelesi nokuleya amala.<ref name=":1" /> Usebenzise amabizo amanengi wamala kiyo yoke imisebenzi yakhe yobulelesi. Nakaneminyaka eli-19, wahlala iminyaka emibili ejele ngebanga lokukhwabanisa ngaphambi kokwephula iparoli nokudlwengula amamodeli amabili nokubulala intombi yakhe, uNomfundo Tiyhulu. Wavuma icala lokukata ngo-2011 nokubulala ngo-2012. Wathola isigwebo sepilo. == Isilululwazi == <references responsive="" /> lfg7vj6zxc4uz8m69593kion00pzdo2 0 957 5835 5833 2025-09-29T13:34:57Z Tozi1153 1030 added reference 5835 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref>https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00971170.1980.10626550</ref>'''Ifundo yokuzibandula''' (eyaziwa nangokuthi yi-PE) yifundo yemazingeni aphezulu efundiswa eenkolweni ephasini loke, efaka hlangana ifundo yamabanga aphasi, yamabanga aphezulu, begodu kwesinye isikhathi amabanga aphakamileko. Ivamise ukubizwa ngokuthi yi-Phys. Ed. nofana i-PE, begodu e-United States ibizwa ngokuthi yi -gym class nofana i-gym. Ifundo yokuzibandula ngokuvamileko iqalele ekuthuthukiseni ukuqina komzimba, amakghono wokusebenzisa umzimba, ukutjheja ipilo, nokuthintana nomphakathi ngemisebenzi efana nezemidlalo, ukuzithabulula, kanye nefundo yokunyakaza. Nanyana ikharikhyulamu ihluka ngokuya ngezwe, i-PE ngokuvamileko ihlose ukuthuthukisa ukuzibandula nokuphila kuhle. Ngokungafani nezinye iimfundo zefundo, ifundo yokuzibandula ihlukile ngombana ihlanganisa abafundi kizo zoke iindawo zokufunda zemikhumbula, zemizwa, zehlalakuhle, [[Isiko|nezamasiko]] . <ref>https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00336297.2024.2393624</ref> Okuqukethwe yifundo yokuzibandula kuyahluka emazweni ngamazwe, njengoba imisebenzi yokuzibandula ivame ukubonisa ubujamo bendawo, amasiko, kanye nendawo yesifunda ngasinye. Nanyana umnqopho wemfundo yokuzibandula uphikiswa, enye yemigomo yayo eqakathekileko ithathwa njengokuhlanganisa nokunikela abantu abatjha amandla wokuthi baqakathekise begodu bahlanganyele emasikweni ahlukahlukeneko wokunyakaza nokuzibandula. <ref>https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00336297.1996.10484196</ref> == Iinhlangano ezihlanu zokufunda ku-PE (Iindawo zokufunda eziqakathekileko) == == Isilululwazi == 8qr3p4b9kc4uld9rzt7mjo2kzk2voy7 0 958 5837 5815 2025-09-29T13:36:53Z Ntonto23 999 Added a reference 5837 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Umculo wesiNdebele|Umvumo]] wesintu wamaNdebele ubonakala khulu ngokusetjenziswa kwengoma yekhorali ekhambisana namahlwayi, iinwahlo, nokuwahla izandla. Nayimadaniswa nengoma yekhorali, ukuvuma wedwa nomvumo weensimbi akukaqakatheki khulu. NjengamaShona, amaNdebele nawo asebenzisa iskumere, kunye nesidonodono, edlalelwa khulu ngokuzithabisa siqu.<ref>https://intellectdiscover.com/content/journals/10.1386/rajo.6.1.5_4</ref> == Iinkomba == dvm76drhpl1xsq6gh1olcbd88qpyw8j 0 959 5840 5832 2025-09-29T13:47:09Z Wikabena2 1031 5840 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ukutlhoriswa kwabantwana eenhlanganweni zebholo''' kutjho izehlakalo lapho abantwana bazibandakanya khona eenhlanganweni zebholo, kungaba ngendlela yokobana babe badlali namkha bazibandakanye kezinye iindima, bese bayatlhoriswa ngeendlela ezihlukahlukeneko, okufaka hlangana ukutlhoriswa ngokomzimba, ngokwamazizo nangokwamabhayi. Ukutlhoriswa kwabantwana ebholweni kubikwe emazweni ahlukahlukeneko begodu kufaka hlangana amazinga wabantu abasafundako nalabo esele babomakekere emdlalweni lo. Ukutlhoriswa kungenzeka ngaphakathi kweenqhema zebholo, kuma-akhademi namkha kezinye iinhlangano ezihlobene nebholo, begodu kungabandakanya ababanduli, amalunga wabasebenzi, nofana abanye abantu abaseenkhundleni eziphezulu. Amacala amanengi aphezulu alethe ukutjhejwa endabeni le begodu arholele ekuphenyweni, ekuthathweni kwamagadango womthetho kanye nekuthatheni amagadango angcono wokuvikela ngaphakathi ebholweni. Imikhandlu elawula ibholo, efana ne -FIFA kanye neenhlangano zebholo yeentjhabatjhaba, isebenzise amagadango ahlukahlukeneko wokuvikela abazibandakanyi abatjha. Amagadango la afaka hlangana ukuhlolwa okuthuthukisiweko kwemvelaphi yababanduli kanye nabasebenzi, ukusungulwa kwemithetho yokuziphatha ecacileko neendlela zokubika kanye nokubandulwa kokuvikela okukatelelekileko kwalabo abazibandakanya ebholweni yelutjha. Phezu kwalokho, kwenziwe imibuzorhubhululo kanye namaphenyo azijameleko ukwembula ubungako bokutlhoriswa kwabantwana ebholweni begodu nokunikela ngeemphakamiso zokwenza ngcono iindlela zokuvikela. == Isirhunyezo == === Ihlathululo ===   Ukutlhoriswa kwabantwana eenhlanganweni zebholo yeenyawo namkha ebholweni kutjho izehlakalo lapha abantwana abazibandakanya ebholweni, kungaba ngendlela yokobana babe badlali namkha bazibandakanye eendleleni ezahlukahlukeneko zokutlhoriswa, okufaka hlangana ukutlhoriswa ngokomzimba, ngokwamazizo namkha ngokwamabhayi.<ref>https://www.playthegame.org/news/sexual-abuse-in-football-presidential-predators-and-pedophile-child-molesters/</ref> == Imithombo == 72hvswmuyqfydho8x8c7rl0xpnpe0la 0 960 5853 5850 2025-09-30T07:47:58Z TKReitu 1035 5853 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Ruth Seopedi Motau.jpg|thumb|Ruth Seopedi Motau, 2019]]   '''U-Ruth Seopedi Motau''' (wabelethwa ngo-1968) mthwebuli weenthombe weSewula Afrika ohlala begodu usebenza e-Johannesburg, eSewula Afrika. U-Motau bekangumthwebuli weenthombe wesifazana onzima wokuthoma owaqatjhwa liphephandaba leSewula Afrika njengomhleli weenthombe <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/sundayworld/lifestyle/2019-03-13-their-lenses-capture-the-present--for-the-future/|title=Their lenses capture the present ... for the future|newspaper=Sowetanlive|access-date=2019-07-19}}</ref>. Ukuthwebula kwakhe iinthombe kunzimelele emtlolweni wezenhlalakuhle othonywa yi-photojournalism nokubekelwa eceleni kwabantu abanzima nemiphakathi.<ref>"Selection of image from photographic exhibition, by Ruth Motau, 'Women and municipal service delivery'". ''Agenda''. '''16''' (46): 98–99. 1 January 2000. doi:10.2307/4066287. ISSN 1013-0950. JSTOR 4066287.</ref> == Umthombo lwazi == scxf3kpno06gclbx00v7kt70wlqe2md 0 961 5861 5860 2025-09-30T08:24:37Z Nqobile69 190 5861 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:B-Section, Maximum Security Prison, Robben Island (01).jpg|thumb|Roben Island]] '''kunemihlobo''' emibili yendawo zamagugu wephasi. yokuthoma ijamele amasiko, yesbili ijamele [[amagugu]] wemvelo. Ezinye iindawo eziqakathekileko ziwela emasikweni namagugwini wemvelo begodu ngo-1992 i-UNESCO yaqunta bonyana iindawo ezitjengisa ubudlelwana hlangana nabantu nebhoduluko labo ziingaba ziindawo zamasiko. ISewula Afrika ilikhaya alamasayithi ali-12 we UNESCO akhombisa ukunotha kwenarha le ngamasiko nangamagugu wemvelo. Iindawo lezi azikaqakatheki eSewula Afrika kwaphela kodwana ephasinin loke ngombana zidosa abavakatjhi abavela ephasini zombelele ukuzokubona ubuhle bamasiko nemvelo esenarheni le, bafunde ngazo begodu abanye benze nerhubhululo lesayensi endaweni lezi.<ref>Taruvinga, P., 2019. Stakeholders, conservation and socio-economic development: the case of Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape World Heritage Site, South Africa.</ref> === Indawo zamagugu wamasiko === ukuthi indawo yenziww bona kube yindawo yamagugu w[[amasiko]] kufanele ibenetshwayo lobikghwari babantu nokuqakatheka kwamamgugu isikhathi eside. Amatshwayo la kufanele bonyana abonakale amakhiweni ku thenolloji, ekuhleleni idorobha nokutlayweni kwendawo.<ref>https://sahistory.org.za/article/definition-natural-and-cultural-heritage-sites</ref> Inawo yakhona kufanele ibe bufakaz i besintu begodu itjhuguluko elakhe lenzeka esikhathin sakade nofana sanje. Indawo leyo kungaba mhlobo omuhle weskhiwo nofana isiqhema sesakhiwo, ukusetjenziswa kwetheknolojji nofana ukutjengisa amagadango aqakathekileko emalndweni wabantu.indawo lapho abantu bahlala khina begodu basebenzisa inarha ngedlela ejamele amasiko wabo nayo ingaba yindawo yamagugu khulu khulu nangabe indawo le inthintwe litjhuguluko elingeze labuyiselwa emuva kufanele liveze ubuqiniso nendlela isayithi ivikelwe ngakhina begodu ilawula ngoayo nazizinto eziqakathekileko. ==== Amagama wendawo zamasiko wamagugu ==== * [[I-Roben island]] * [[IMapungubwe]] cultural landscape * Khomani cultural landscape * [[Isimumathi:Mapungubwe, Limpopo, South Africa (20550797491).jpg|thumb|I-Mapungubwe]]Richterveld cultural and botanical landscape === Indawo yamagugu yemvelo === [[Isimumathi:ISimangaliso Wetland Park, gravel road.jpg|thumb|Isimangaliso wetland park]] [[Isimumathi:Cape Floral Region Protected Areas map.jpg|thumb|Iindawo eziphephisiweko zeCape floral region]] Lezi kuzindawo ezingathathwa njengendawo zamagugu wephasi kufanele zitjngise amagadango amakhullu emlandwini wephasilokhu kungaba mafosili, amatje, nokuthi inarha inezinto zemvelo ezifana neeentaba ezakheke kuhle ngokwendlela yakhona. Nangabe kuyimakhiwo yemvelo kufanele yakheke ngendlela eyikariso yomraro ebantwini.<ref>https://whc.unesco.org/en/criteria/</ref> Kufanale ibe neendawo zokuhlala, nofana imihlobo hlobo yeenlwana neentjalo ezingaba khina lapho kwaphela, kube yinto eqakathekileko ukuthi iphephiswe. Lokhu kwenza bona kube yindawo yamagugu wephasi loke, njengendawo zamasiko ukutlhogomela indawo kuqakathekile. ==== Amagama wendawo zamagugu wemvelo ==== * Isimangaliso wetland park * Cape floral region * Vredefort dome * Barberton makhonjwa mountain == Iinkomba == pcj904wbus0k02evisqpcdea7jjyhw4 0 962 5869 5865 2025-09-30T13:07:24Z TKReitu 1035 5869 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kuyafika''' isikhathi lapha khona umuntu azitjela bona sele kusikhathi sokuthatha, sokwenda, sokutjhada. Umtjhado mnyanya ohlanganisa imindeni emibili, umndeni kamakoti kanye nomkhwenyana. Umnyanya ofana nesimaje mnyanya oyenzeka ngemva kwamalobolo. [[Amalobolo]] kulapha kuhlala khona imindeni yabantu abazokutjhada, bakomkhwenyana bangakhipha iinkomo, imali, izipho bazikhiphela bekhabo makoti.<ref>https://ww2.coh.ukzn.ac.za/news/2025/05/ilobolo-under-the-lens-in-masters-study/</ref> [[Isimumathi:Abomma nabo baba.jpg|thumb|umalukazana nomkhwenyana ]] == Khuyini isimanje == Isimanje siyafana nomtjhado wetjhila elimhlophe kodwana ngewesintu samaNdebele. Isimanje senzeka ngemva kwamalobolo lapha khona umakoti azilungiselela ukuya ekhakwakhe (khabo likamkhwenyana) ayokufundiswa imithetho yalapho. Umakoti uzokuhlala isikhathanyana emzini ngaphambi kobanyana bayokuhlangana nomkhwenyana batjho iimfungo zabo bafake nenzilamunwana. Ngemva kokuvumelwana kuzwene hlangana nebekhabo makoti nomkhwenyana bona [[umtjhado]] uyenzeka. Emtjhadweni wesimanje umakoti akabhathi irogo elimhlophe kodwana ingubo (ibhidi)<ref>https://www.aranda.co.za/products/ibhidi-black-red?srsltid=AfmBOoqbSE9obFHO_Sfhz-KeumQT4-e3MxlZFtG-ufzYvxU4rouknTc_</ref> ngilo irogo lakhe, umkhwenyana yena angabhatha ibhanji nokhunywe kwesintu. Ngelanga lomtjhado imideni izokunikezana izipho ukuthokoza ukuhlangana kwabentwana (abantu abatjhadako).<ref>[https://cite.org.zw/modern-ndebele-marriage-practices/#:~:text=Gift%20exchange:%20Once%20the%20relationship,absence%20of%20the%20other%20partner. https://cite.org.zw/modern-ndebele-marriage-practices/#:~:text=Gift%20exchange:%20Once%20the%20relationship,absence%20of%20the%20other%20partner.]</ref> Ngemva kwalomtjhado asikho isizathu sokobanyana ubekhona omunye umtjhado. Mtjhado omuhle wona begodu kunengi okwenzekako okukarisako. == Umthombo lwazi == [[Mkhakha:Umtjhado]] [[Mkhakha:Amalobolo]] [[Mkhakha:Ukwenda komtazana]] m6s2pg3xc7wkvv37h2viw9fvez8hmou 0 963 5888 5878 2025-09-30T18:16:36Z MBIJANA123 998 just fixed a spelling 5888 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ukwetjiwa kweenkoloyi ezidala esewula Afrika''', semkhuba omutjha okhona emalangeni esiphila kiwo la, ngombana amalanga la iingebengu sezizithathela iinkoloyi ezidala ngebanga lokoban zona azinalo izinga le theknoloji eselikhona enkoloyini ezitja nofana eziqeda ukwenziwa amalanga, ngalokho ke kwenza bonyana kube lula bonyana iingebengu zikwazi ukuzithatha lula ngaphandle kokobana zitlhage.<ref>https://rucore.libraries.rutgers.edu/rutgers-lib/36286/</ref> [[Isimumathi:Old US cars in Havana - Flickr - exfordy.jpg|thumb|442x442px|Iinkoloyi ezetjiwako mihlobo efana nale engehla esithombeni.]] == Iinkoloyi ezetjiwako == iinzathu ezenza bona iinkoloyi ezidala zetjiwe khulu mamalanga kukobana iinsimbi zakhona zokobana zilunge azisatholakali entolo emalanga, ngebanga sikobana sekungezakade khulu begodu eentolo sebaphatha iinsimbi zenkoloyi zanamhlanjesi. yeke ke lokhu kwenza bona iinkoloyi ezidala zingasakwazi ukulungiseka, lokhu kumthelela omumbi ekoloyini ezidala ngombana uthola bonyana abanikazi basazithanda begodu bangenza nomayini ukwenza bona iinkoloyi abo zihlala zisesimeni isihle sepilo. Okwenza bona iinlelesi zikwazi ukuthatha inkoyezi kangaka kukobana bayakwazi ukuzidumisa ngentambo nangezinye indlela zokobana bazidumise lula.<ref>https://journals.library.ualberta.ca/pandpr/index.php/pandpr/article/view/29434</ref> == Isilululwazi == qyfxntb2ojif2wp2m414kmiempth6u4 0 964 5887 5886 2025-09-30T13:56:20Z Ntonto23 999 spelling errors 5887 wikitext text/x-wiki '''AmaNdebele''' babantu abanzima abatholakala endaweni yangakwaMhlanga ukuya emva le kiboSiyabuswa, esifundeni sePumalanga kanye nesifundeni sange-Gauteng, eSewula Afrikha. Bababantu abaziwa ngemibala ekhanyako nemigwalo emihle. Baziwa nangokuba nobuntu nethando. <ref>https://ndebelekingdom.org/history</ref> [[Isimumathi:Mapoch.- Femmes Ndebele in Cultural Village (2).jpg|thumb]] == Ilimi == AmaNdebele ahlukane kabili, sinamaNzunza naManala. AManala abuswa yiNgwenyama uMakhosonke II bese kuthi amaNzunza wona abuswe yiNgwenyama uMabhoko III.<ref>https://ndebelekingdom.org/history</ref> [[Amalimi WeSewula Afrika|Amalimi]] abawakhulumako akafani kukhamba kuba nomehluko omncani lapho nalapho. Isibonelo, amaNzunza ayadla aManala ayagoma. AmaNzunza abuya ageze bese aManala acophe.<ref>https://www.krugerpark.co.za/africa_ndebele.html</ref> == Ivunulo == [[AmaNdebele|Amandebele]] avunula ngokuya ngokweengaba zawo. Umntazana, itlawana nomma abavunuli ivunulo efanako. ngokufanako nabobaba nabasegwabo. Abomma bamaNdebele babonakala ngedzila entanyeni, iinrholwani zeenyaweni ezimbili inyawo ngalinye, bavunule nengubo ebizwa ngebhidi enombala onzima nobovu, ukutjengisa bona sele babafazi bakosobantu.<ref>https://www.africancraftsmarket.com/african-tribes/ndebele-people.html</ref> Ibhidi balimbatha khulukhulu nabaya eminyanyeni ethileko yamaNdebele. Bambatha netjorholo nesithimba. Amatlwana wona avunula irasu, ithawula bese bafake nerhabi phezulu. Abobaba bambatha amaporiyana, abogedlami nemitjhotjho. Sibe nengubo enimibala emihlanu ekhanyako ebizwa ngombhalo nofana unokhethwabo yona embathwa masokana nakabuya engomeni nabentazana abenze umnyanya wequde.<ref>https://www.krugerpark.co.za/africa_ndebele.html</ref> == Ukudla == Amandebele adla ukudla okufaka hlangana iinredlho, itlhodlho, igcatjha, [[U-Dorhodere Nothembi Mkhwebane|umrorho]], umratha, amabhutata kanye namatjhatjhatjha.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ndebele-South-African-people</ref> == Amasiko nomvumo == Isitjhaba samaNdebele saziwa ngomvumo waso omnandi nopholileko owenzwa ngokusebenzisa iinsimbi neenodo. Ezifana negatara, isidonodono, iskumere, amahlwayi neewahlo. Umvumabo ubaneembongo zeenkosi, iingwenyama kunye namasikwabo. Imivumabo iba neemfundo ongazithola. Bavuma iingoma zabo eminyanyeni efana nedwende, iqude, umnyanya wamasokana, ukuhlabisa iinzukulwana, nokungenisa abobaba hlangana kweminye yawo.<ref>https://mukurukurumedia.wordpress.com/2015/09/21/queen-of-ndebele-music-on-a-mission-to-preserve-heritage-and-culture/</ref> Amasikwabo afakahlangana amasikopilo afana nengoma, iqude nedwendwe. Ingoma kulokha umsana akhamba naboyise nabomnakwabo entabeni ayokuthatha ubusokana bakhe bekathole nentanga. Kuthi iqude ke mnyanya wokukhulisa umntwana womntazana osele akhulakhulile lapha ayokuyalwa khona ngokuziphatha nomemdo. Yena-ke akabonani nabantu abaduna nebemzini isikhathi esithileko bekudle iqude kube mhlubulwakhe ngombana vane azilile.<ref>https://sahistory.org.za/article/ndebele</ref>Idwendwe lona mtjhado wesiNdebele lapha isokana eliwelileko elinentanga lithatha umntazana othombileko lizomvunulisa iitjorholo zakwabo. Bese kuthi ngeLesihlanu umkhwenyana lo aphekelelwe bangani bakhe bentangakhe base umakoti kwabo naye aphekelelwa bafazi bemzini endele kiwo bamuse kwabo neenkomo nofana nobukhazi nedwendwe. Sibe nomnyanya wokungenisa abobaba lo mnyanya wokungenisa uSosokana ngakwandodanakhe akhamba nabakhambisanani bakhe okungaba banakwabo nabangani bakhe. == [[Ukuziphatha kuhle.|Ukuziphath]]<nowiki/>a == Amandebele babantu abahlonipha khulu, umuntu omdala nakakhulumako umntwana uyalalela begodu agobe ihloko akaphenduli bangakamtjeli bona enze njalo. Abantu abadala balotjhiswa ngezandla zombili nofana ngasinye ngokusekela esingaphasi. Bayazi bona umuntu uyalotjhiswa nanyana amncani, ihlonipho ayikhethi minyaka. Nabalotjhisako bathi "Lotjhani" nofana "Akwande" okutjho bona akwande umusa, ukuthula nethando.<ref>https://sahistory.org.za/article/ndebele</ref> == Imikhombo == elihxg84s5gadpwnpu8da5ya9okc0pi 0 965 5870 2025-09-30T13:07:51Z Nosayjeni 1029 Added a link 5870 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kuqakathekile''' ukuhlomisa umntwanakho epilweni ngombana lokho kuzomenza umuntu onesimilo begodu okwaziko ukuphilisana nabanye abantu. Kazi umhlomisa ngani umntwanakho? Ngemikhwa? Ngeenkhala ezibulalako? Awa, [[akukhulunywa ngeenkhali zokubulala nofana zokulelesa]]. Umntwana umhlomisa ngeenkhali zepilo ewanikelwa zona nawe, unikelwa babelethi bakho usakhula. Iinkhali lezi ziyahlukahlukana epilweni ngonobangela wokobana asikakhuliswa babantu banye begodu iimfundiso ziyahluka emindenini.<ref>https://www.jw.org/xh/ILayibrari/iimagazini/g201505/ukufundisa-abantwana-ukuthobela-ibhayibhile/</ref> Njengomzali, udade, umalume, umzala, ukghari njll. kukuwe ukobana udlulisele [[Ifundo sikhiya saksasa|ifundiso]] ewayifumama kugogo nofana emndenini wakho kilabo ebeza ngemva kwakho. Izinto ezilandelako zifaka hlangana iinkhali lezo ongazidlulisela komunye. == Ukuhlwengisa == [[Isimumathi:Child labour 20250929.jpg|alt=Teaching children how to clean the environment they live in|thumb|Fundisa labo ebeza ngemuva kwakho ukuhlwengisa indawo ebahlala kiyo.]] Ugogo uthanda ukuthi indawo ohlala kiyo ifana nehliziyo yakho, akusikuhle umuntu nakahlala endaweni esilaphezekileko ngombana lokho kutjho ukobana ihliziyo yakho nayo ayikahlanzeki. Njengomuntu omkhulu kukuwe ukuthi ufundise ukubaluleka kokuhlala endaweni ehlwengekileko. Izinto ongazifundisa kukuthi umuntu kufuze ahlambe izandla zakhe nakaqeda ukudlala, nakabuya endlwaneni encani, nakaqeda ukufinya, nakaqeda ukuba nomuntu ogulako. [[Izandla]] zihlanjwa ngalendlela elandelako: # Uthoma ngokuthambisa izandla ngamanzi ahlwengekileko # Ulandelele ngokuzela isibha ezandleni zombili # Hlikihla izandla zakho okuncani kube mizuzwana ematjhumi amabili # Hlakihla hlangana nemino nangemuva kwesandla # Nawuqeda ukuhlikihla izandla zipule ngamanzi ahlwengekileko.<ref name=":0">https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/personal-hygiene</ref> Okungehla sibonelo sokuthi ungamfundisa bunjani umntwana ukobana ahlwengise izandla zakhe okuyifundiso ehle. Ifundiso yesibili ongayidlulisela ebantwaneni kuqakatheka kokuhlamba amazinyo, umuntu kufuze ahlambe amazinyo kabili ngelanga.<ref name=":0" /> Ezinye zezinto eziqakathekileko kukobana kufuze uhlwengise ibhoduluko ohlala kilo, ngombana likuphatha kuhle nawe liphathe kuhle.<ref>https://www.gov.za/blog/cleaner-environment-starts-us</ref> Ekuphatheni i[[bhoduluko]] kuhle umuntu kufuze athanyele ngendlini mihla ngamalanga, begodu ukuze akorobhe ukuze kuhlwenge. Zinengi iindlela umuntu angazifundisa abentwana ezizobasiza ekukhuleni kwabo, Ezinye zazo ngokurhunyeziweko ngelezi ezingehla. == Imithombolwazi == [[Mkhakha:Ukuhlwengisa]] [[Mkhakha:Abentwana]] [[Mkhakha:Ipilo]] [[Mkhakha:Umndeni]] 3uqdmb08j7pos00n3i8nhh3q7ptkttt 0 966 5879 5877 2025-09-30T13:26:39Z Stillbelieveingooddays 1018 5879 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ukusebenzisa kweendakamizwa lilutjha''' sekudlange khulu esikhathini sanje. Ilutjha selisebenzisa iindakamizwa njengento yokuzithabisa nokukhipha isizungu. Abanye bakusebenzisa ukuze bakghone ukwamukeliwa ebanganini babo, nofana emphakathini othileko. Lokho kuphetha ngokuthi bagcine bangena phakathi kobungozi obukhulu obufaka hlangana amaphilowabo. Kunzima ukwenza ilutjha leli lazi nofana lamukele bona izenzo zabo zingaphetha ngobungozi bokuthi bangalimala. Abanye bayazi bona ukusebenzisa iindakamizwa kuyingozi kangangani nokuthi bazwile babona kodwana baragela phambili ngezenzo zabo. [[Isimumathi:Ubungozi bokusetjenziswa kweendakamizwa lilutjha.jpg|thumb]] == Isidakamizwa esisetjenziswa khulu amalanga la == Ilutjha lanamhlanje lisebenzisa isidakamizwa esaziwa ngelimi lesiyeni bona yi-''[[Disposable|disposable vape]]''.<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0033350623005036</ref> Igwayi leli alifani nalela elibotjhwa ngephepha nofana leli ebelibhenywa bobamkhulu. Leli limhlobo ongakajayeleki wegwayi ngombana aliphuthelwa namkha libotjhwe ngombana lingesigujana esincani esinemibala eyahlukahlukeneko. Inemihlobo eyahlukahlukeneko yeminambitho lokha nawuyidosako.nabatjhoko bathi imnandi khulu. Ukutjengisa bona ngeyesikhathi sanje kukobana isebenza ngegezi. Iminambitho le ilethwa mamanzi lawa atholakala ngaphakathi kwesidakamizwa lesi. ibuye ibe nekhemikhali ngelimi lesiyeni ibizwa bona yi-''nicotine.'' ikhemikhali le ngiyo ebenza bona bangasakghona ukuphila ngaphandle kwayo.<ref>https://perspectivesinmedicine.cshlp.org/content/11/5/a039610.short</ref> Bayifune kanengi. Amanzi lawo makaphelako kufanele uyilahle. Igwayi leli liyingozi khulu ukudlula leli esilijayeleko begodu ulirhalela msinya. Ngokuya ngerhubhulo elenziweko lobungozi obufaka hlangana nokusetjenziswa kwesidakamizwa lesi kukuthi baphetha ngokuthi amaphapho wabo abeneentunja ekwenza bona bagcine sele baphefumula ngemitjhini, babuye babe nekankere yamaphaphu neyomlomo. Abanye nabasele sebaphefumula ngemitjhini leyo abasaphili isikhathi eside. omunye umonakalo olethwa sidakamizwa lesi kusilaphazeka kwephasi, ngombana lokha umuntu nasele sebangenelele khulu bayibhema woke amalanga bazithenga zibe zinengi ngombana nayiphelako iyalahlwa. Manje-ke agcine sekamanengi khulu lapha ephasini. Singatjho bona ilutjha leli lithanda isidakamizwa lesi ngombana siza nemibala emihle khulu nokuthi lokha nawunaso ubonala njengomuntu okhamba nesikhathi nofana umuntu osezingeni eliphezulu. okhunye okubiza ilutjha minambitho le ehlukahlukeneko. ingaba ngeyenthelo ezifana namahabhula namabhanana. Ibuye inuke njengeentjalo ezifana namathuthumbo ahlukahlukeneko kanye nokudla okunye okuneshukela. == Imihlobo eminye yeendakamizwa nesisombululo == Eminye imihlobo yeendakamizwa kungaba butjwala, igwayi, nesinye esibizwa ngelimi lesiyeni bona yi-''hubbly.'' Enye esetjenziswa khulu lapha kwezibaliweko yi-hubbly nayo iyafana nalesi esitjengiswe ngehla esithombeni kodwana sihlukaniswa kukuthi asilahlwa ungasisebenzisa kanengi. Nazo iindakamizwa lezi ziyathandwa lilutjha begodu nazo ziyabubangela ubungozi.<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK319/#:~:text=Definition,physical%20dependence%20and%20psychologic%20dependence. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK319/#:~:text=Definition,physical%20dependence%20and%20psychologic%20dependence.]</ref> ubungozi obunye obungakajayeleki khulu kukuthi abantu laba abasebangenelele khulu bagcina bangaphasi kwegandelelo lokusebenzisa imali, ekwenza bona baphethe sele baba nesikolodo esingafaka ubuphilo babo engozini. Abanye baphetha sebalahlekelwa yimali enengi. Isisombululo kungaba kukuthi bathome ngokubawa isizo ebantwini abanelwazi. Laba aba bona abasale balisa kusese nesikhathi. Kunamahlangano amanengi lapha umuntu angathola khona isizo. Iimbonelo:<ref>https://changesrehab.co.za/south-african-helplines/</ref> # Substance Abuse 24hour Helpline: 0800 12 13 14 # Alcoholics Anonymous South Africa: 0861435722 == Isilululwazi == [[Mkhakha:Ukubhema]] [[Mkhakha:Iindakamizwa]] byfdgs5gcj6nrc5czhffm3pf5ycpqvq 0 967 5885 5880 2025-09-30T13:37:43Z Nomsa Skosana 123 5885 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Esikhathini''' esinengi abomma abasemendweni bazifumana bahlukumezeka ngokwesiko ngitjho nangokwekolo kusetjenziswe neLizwi lakaZimu ukusekela isiga sokuhlukumeza leso. Umtlolo ovame khulu ukusetjenziswa butjhilweni ngosencwadini kaGenesisi 2:18 othi: “USomnini uZimu wathi: ‘Akusikuhle bona umuntu ahlale yedwa. Yeke ngizomenzela umsizi omfaneleko.’”<ref>https://cumbooks.co.za/collections/bibles-other-languages/products/ibhayibheli-elicwengileko-isindebele-2012-black-hardcover?srsltid=AfmBOooOf7laiE6UsoShv0RmUSAMmvZJPqjxs5xKf98vaA9ogWdSC9sJ</ref>; nencwadini yebe-Efesu 5:22 othi, “Bafazi, thobelani amadoda wenu sengathi nithobela iKosi ngombana indoda iyihloko yomfazi, njengombana uKrestu ayihloko yebandla elimzimba wakhe begodu yena aMsindisi walo.”<ref>https://cumbooks.co.za/collections/bibles-other-languages/products/ibhayibheli-elicwengileko-isindebele-2012-black-hardcover?srsltid=AfmBOooOf7laiE6UsoShv0RmUSAMmvZJPqjxs5xKf98vaA9ogWdSC9sJ</ref> Umnqopho wephepha leli kuveza ihlathululo yeendimana ezitjhwiwe ngaphezulu ngokomtlolo wesiHebheru nesiGirigi ngehloso yokuletha umkhanyo mayelana nalokho ebekutjhiwo ziindimana lezi ekhabo lakhona. UmTlolo wesiHebheru uzakusetjenziswa ngombana umsuka welimi elisetjenziswe eTestamendeni eliDala siHebheru. UmTlolo wesiGirigi nawo uzakusetjenziswa ngombana umsuka welimi elisetjenziswe eTestamendeni eliTjha siGirigi. Ekugcineni nasele kuhlathululwe iindimana lezi kuzakukhanya bonyana ukusetjenziswa komTlolo ukusekela ukuhlukumezeka kwabomma abasemendweni ngambala kudzimelele eLizwini lakaZimu namkha njani. [[Isimumathi:A Russian poster urging open your eyes - against women being abused (Transparent).png|thumb|Ukutlhoriswa kwabomma]] == Kuyini Ukuhlukumezeka Namkha Ukuhlukunyezwa Kwabomma Abasemendweni? == Ukuya ngokukaKristin ('''2005)''' ukuhlukumezeka kwabomma kungathiwa mguruguru wangekhaya, mguruguru womndeni, kubethwa kwabomma namkha ukuhlukunyezwa kwabalingani.<ref name=":0">Catherine Clark Kroeger and James R. Beck, 1996. Women, Abuse, and the Bible. How scripture can be used to hurt or to heal. Baker Books, Michigan</ref> Ukuhlukumeza kutjho ukusebenzisa amandla butjhulweni phezu kwaloyo okuthatheka bonyana mncani namkha uyanyazeka. UKristin (2005) ubuye ahlathulule iingaba zokuhlukumeza namkha zokuhlukumezeka bunje:<ref name=":0" /> 1.    Ukuhlukunyezwa ngokomzimba: kubandakanya ukubetha (ukuwakala, ukumanya, ukupatlula, ukusawula), ukudula, ukurarha (ukubhakela), ukusunduza (ukukghurumeja, ukukhahlameza) nokusetjenziswa kwesibulawo (isikhali) ngitjho nanyana ungaphuma imivuvu namkha ungabi nayo imivuvu. Koke lokhu kuzizenzo zobelelesi ngokomThethosisekelo. 2.    Ukuhlukunyezwa ngokwamezwi: ukuthethisa, ukukgharameja, ukuthusela, nokudubhulela umlomo. 3.    Ukuhlukunyezwa ngokwamazizo /ngokomkhumbulo: ukwehlisa umuntu isithunzi, ukumbangela bona azinyaze, ukumnyazisa nokumhlambalazisa ngabentwana. 4.    Ukuhlukunyezwa ngokwehlalo:  Lokhu kutjho ukuqotjha umuntu emndenini, ukumlahlisa abangani, ukumlandelela nokumkhola ngomrhala. 5.    Ukuhlukunyezwa ngokwemali: Ukutswinya umlingani ngokweemali ukwenzela bonyana angakghoni ukuzenzela izinto ezithileko, ukusozisa ngokuchitha imali ebeyifanele ibhadekele umkhaya. == Imibono Yabatloli Abahlukahlukeneko == Lokha nakunezenzo zokuhlukunyezwa kwabomma abasemendweni ngekhaya kuvamisile bonyana kuqalelelwe isiko namkha isondo kobana likhalime. Lokhu kutjho bona indaba leyo ingasiwa ngekosini namkha ingasiwa esondweni kumfundisi, kufunwe intatha. Umbuzo okhona kukuthi isiko nesondo namkha ikolo liyirarulula njani indaba leyo. Siyazi-ke bonyana emalangeni esiphila kiwo sele kukhona nomThethosisekelo ovikela ukuhlukunyezwa, okutjho bona ohlukunyezwako unelungelo lokumangala ekhotho yomthetho. Nokho-ke kileliphepha sizokuqalelela ngehlangothini lekolo bonyana ngambala imitlolo iyavumelana nokuhlukunyezwa kwabomma abasemendweni na? Kujayelekile bonyana umma nakahlukunyezwako ngekhaya kuthathwe bonyana akakazithobi ngokwaneleko kubaba wakwakhe njengombana kusitjho iBhayibheli encwadini yebe-Efesu 5:22.<ref>IBHAYIBHELI ELICWENGILEKO: isiNdebele Bible – 2012 ...</ref> Nanyana sele kuthathwa bona kukutlhorswa kwabantwana ngokomthetho wedemokhrasi nje, kodwana ngokujayelekileko, umntwana nakangalaleli ababelethi, unungwanungwa ngeswazana ukuze afakwe endleleni njengombana kusitjho umTlolo encwadini yezAga 23:13-14 “Ungalisi ukukhalima umntwanakho; akazukufa nawumnunga ngeswazi. Wena nawumbetha ngeswazi, uzabe usindisa umphefumulwakhe ekufeni.” Nokho-ke awukho umtlolo othi umma naye kufanele anungwanungwe ngubaba nakube kukhona ukungazwisisani, ije ubaba ayihloko yekhaya. Ukuya ngokombiko we-Anglican Book Center, (1987:33) umma uyalulekwa kuthiwe kufanele azithobe kubaba ngeenkhathi zoke nebujamweni boke. Kubuye kuthiwe ukuhlukunyezwa kwakhe kusiphambano sakhe okufuze asithwale bekube sekufeni njengombana kwenza uJesu Krestu.<ref>BOOK OF ALTERNATIVE SERVICES OF THE ANGLICAN ...</ref> Kanti uBill Gothard we-Institute in Basic Youth Conflicts yena uthi batjho lokha umma nakazithoba endodenakhe emhlukumezako, ufunda ukubekezelela ukutlhagiswa ngebanga lokulunga (Matewu 5:10). Ngamanye amezwi odulwako kufanele aphethe imitlolo ukuze abonise ukulunga nekghono lokunyamezela bese kudzujulwa KwebeGalatiya 5:22, khisibe odulako yena kuvalwe phetjheya ngaye; namkha kuthiwe, “bazambona abanamehlo!” U-Andy (2015:33) ukhamba adzubhula imibono yabatloli abahlukahlukeneko bunjesi:<ref>Andy Johnson. 2015. Religion and Men’s Violence Against Women. Springer</ref> a)    uRuthven (1990) uthi batjho uTertullian owayengomunye wabadosi phambili bezekolo obekuthiwa ma-“Apostolic fathers” umfazi ulisango lakasathana.<ref>Feminist literary studies Book by K. Ruthven</ref> Godu batjho uthi umfazi ulithempeli elakhiwe phezu kothuvi: Banengi-ke abakhambisana nombono lo ngitjho nemphakathini wabakholwako. Kunekulumo ethi umfazi yinyoka, kutjhiwo kunqotjhiswe ku-Eva ngombana batjho wakhohlisa u-Adamu. Abafazi nabo bayazibuyiselela bathi indoda yinja ngombana yase ‘yatla’ isithelo ingazange ibuze. Kazi kutjhiwo u-Adamu-ke njalo.   b)    uRogers (1996) uthi batjho umpostoli uPowula weTarsus ubegade agandelela khulu bonyana abafazi bazithobe emadodeni wabo.<ref>The troublesome helpmate Book by Katharine M. Rogers</ref> Indaba yokuzithoba kuyabonakala bonyana isuselwa eBhayibhelini ngombana ngitjho nemasikweni wabo boke abantu ephasinapha injalo. Umma ulindeleke bonyana azithobe endodenakhe ngombana indoda iyihloko yomkhaya. Kukhona abayithatha ngommoya omuhle indaba le begodu bayamukele ngokuthula. Kanti nalabo abathotjelwako benza bonyana kube lula ukuthotjelwa. Kukhona-ke ebagugunako indaba le, balikhombe libaba bathi, “Nange ngingakuthobela ungazikhotha!” Khonapho kube ngongaphasi nongaphezulu njengombana sele siphila esikhathini sedemokhrasi nje. Nokho uJohnson (2015:33) uthi batjho uHove (1999) uhlathulula indaba yakaPowula kuhle kwebeGalatiya 3:28 nakasithi, “AkunamJuda, akunamGrigi, ikhoboka namkha otjhaphulukileko, omduna namkha omsikazi ngombana nimunye noke kuKrestu Jesu.<ref>Hove. R. 1991. ''Equality in Christ: Galatians'' 3:28 ''and the gender dispute'' (p. 17) Wheaton: Crossway. International Center for Research on Women. (2013). US. International Violence Against Women Act. <nowiki>http://www.icrw.org/what-we-do/violence-against-women</nowiki>. Accessed 11 Feb 2013.</ref>”Umbono kaJohnson uthi batjho indaba yokuzithoba nokuthotjelwa ibekwe ngendlela elingisa uKrestu nebandla. Ngamye amezwi isiga lesi sokuthoba nokuthotjelwa sifaniswa nangendlela ibandla lithobela ngakho uKrestu, godu noKrestu ngendlela athanda ngakho ibandla (Kwebe-Efesu 5:21-33). UJohnson (2015:33) ubuye athi batjho uRinck (199) encwadinakhe ethi; “Amadoda Akholwako Ahloye Abomma”<ref>Christian Men who Hate Women: Healing Hurting Relationships Book by Margaret J. Rinck</ref>, uthi kunamadoda athileko emphakathini wabakholwako ahlathulula kumbi abe asebenzise butjhulweni ifundiso yeBhayibheli yokuzithoba. Uthi ifundiso okungiyo yokuzithoba ayisihlangothi linye kodwana kuyathotjelwana. Godu ifundiso le igandelela ukuthandana nokuhloniphana, ingasi ukuthotjiswa ngeenkhwepha. Kanti u West (2003) yena umbono wakhe uthi batjho abobaba abahlukumezako bahlukumeza ihlelo elicwengileko lakaZimu begodu isenzo sabo leso sivinyilika esonweni.<ref>'''Theology of the Body Explained: A Commentary on John Paul II's''' "'''Gospel of the Body'''" ... Christopher West makes John Paul II's theology of the body ...</ref> c)    UCathrine banoJames (1996:16-27) bona baveza iinkolelo ezine ezisisekelo amakholwa kanengi aziseka ngazo:<ref>https://www.amazon.com/Self-Love-Katherine-James/dp/1524640808</ref> 1.    UZimu wakubeka bonyana indoda ikhonye bese umfazi uyazithoba 2.    Umfazi mncani kunendoda nje-ke akakwazi ukwenza iinqunto ekhaya 3.    Ukutlhaga kusisekelo samakholwa khulukhulu sabomma 4.    Amakholwa kufanele acolele msinyana, abuyisane nalabo abawahlukumezako. Kujayelekile bonyana umma nakahlukunyezwako ngekhaya ulindeleke bonyana acolele ubaba nakube ubaba loyo ubonwa umlandu ngezenzo zakhe. Njengombana kubomma khulukhulu abaya esondweni, ikulumo le isuke ibe namandla ngombana kuthiwa, “Angithi uthi ulikholwa! Alo kuba yini ungacoleli? IBhayibheli lithi usilibalele amacala wethu njengombana nathi sibalibalela abanamacala kithi”(Matewu 6:12) khisibe nokho ukuhlukunyezwa khona kuragela phambili. Nakube umma loyo ulila ngokuthi sele kukanengi amlibalela bese kuthiwe kuye, “Angithi neBhayibheli liyatjho bonyana ulibalele umuntu kube ngokubuyelelwe amatjhumi alikhomba nakhomba?” [Matewu 18:21-22]. Khonapho indaba yokuphenduka kwaloyo ohlukumezako yona ayiphathwa. == Okutjhiwo LiBhayibheli NgoGenesisi 2:18 Nebe-Efesu 5:22 == UGenesisi 2:18 uthi, “USomnini uZimu wathi: ‘Akusikuhle bona umuntu ahlale yedwa. Yeke ngizomenzela '''umsizi omfaneleko'''.’” '''וַיֹּ֙אמֶר֙ יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהִ֔ים לֹא־טֹ֛וב הֱיֹ֥ות הָֽאָדָ֖ם לְבַדֹּ֑ו אֶֽעֱשֶׂהּ־לֹּ֥ו עֵ֖זֶר כְּנֶגְדֹּֽו'''׃ [Wayyomer Yahweh Elohim lo towb heyowt ha-Adam lebaddow eseh low ezer kenegdo]<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible</ref> Leli litjhugululo lesiNdebele lango-2012. Woke amalimi esiwafundako eBhayibhelini alitjhugululo lesiHebheru namkha lesiGirigi. ETestamendeni eliDala ilimi elimsuka siHebheru. Yeke kufanele sibuyele kiso isiHebheru siqale bonyana ikulumo le ithini. Amagama athi, ‘umsizi omfaneleko’ asuselwe kusiHebheru ekulumeni ethi [עזר כנגדו׃] ‘ezer kenegdo’. Ngaphambi kobana siqale ihlathululo yamagama la, kuqakathekile ukuveza bonyana ngokuqalisisa amagama la, akwenziwa imizamo yokuhlaba namkha yokujamelela ihlangothi elithileko. Umnqopho kuveza bona ekhabo lakhona sithini isiHebheru endimeni le. Igama lokuthoma lithi “ezer” namkha umsizi. NgokwesiHebheru litjho umuntu osiza omunye lokha yena anganamandla wokuzisiza. Umuntu osizako angaba ngonamandla begodu omkhulu kiloyo osizwako namkha kungaba ngomlingani waloyo osizwako ngokwamazinga athileko wepilo. Kufanele sikutjheje-ke lokhu: Akwenzeki bonyana umsizi abe mncani kunosizwako. Nanyana kungaba ngayiphi indlela kodwana ihlathululo yona itjho bona umsizi wenza umthwalo waloyo osizwako ube lula. Esikhathini esinengi-ke igameli lisetjenziswa ukutjho uSomnini bonyana umsindisi, umsizi, umvikeli, umumenyeli namkha umbhadekeli. Ku-1 Samyeli 7: 12 kuthiwa, “USamyela wathatha ilitje walijamisa phakathi kweMitsipha neTjheni. Walithiya ibizo wathi yi-Ebheni-Ezeri asithi: “Bekube lapha uSomnini usisizile.”   Igama lesibili lithi khenegdo. NgesiHebheru lingasebenza njengephriphozitjhini litjho ukuthi ngaphambili. Godu lingatjho ukuthi ongafani naye ngobulili namkha ofaneleko. Yeke nasiqala indinyana le ngamanye amezwi ithi: ·       “Ngizomenzela omsizi/umenyeli ozokujama phambi kwakhe.” Siyazi bona umuntu nakwenyelako ujama phambi kwakho ukwenzela bona nanyana yini efuna ukukulimaza ithome ngaye. ·       “Ngizomenzela umsizi ongafani naye ngobulili” ·       “Ngizomenzela umsizi ofaneleko” ngamanye amezwi uzokulingana/uzokukhambisana nesizo afanele amnikele lona. Incwadi yebe-Efesu 5:22-33 yona ithi, “Bafazi, thobelani amadoda wenu sengathi nithobela iKosi ngombana indoda iyihloko yomfazi, njengombana uKrestu ayihloko yebandla elimzimba wakhe begodu yena aMsindisi walo. Njengombana ibandla limthobela uKrestu, ngokunjalo nabafazi kumele bathobele amadoda wabo kikho koke. Madoda thandani abafazi benu njengombana uKrestu athanda ibandla, wadela ukuphila kwakhe ngebanga lalo. Walicwengisa, walihlanza ngamanzi nangelizwi lakhe begodu waliletha kuye lilibandla elinephazimulo, elinganachaphazi, ukutjhwabana namkha umphambo wananyana yini kodwana licwengile begodu limsulwa. Ngokunjalo namadoda kufanele athande abafazi bawo njengombana athanda imizimba yawo. Othanda umkakhe uzithanda yena ngokwakhe. Akakho owakhe wazonda umzimbakhe kodwana ngiloyo naloyo uyawondla awutlhogomele, njengombana noKrestu asenza ebandleni ngombana sizizitho zomzimbakhe. “Ngalokho-ke indoda izokutjhiya uyise nonina inamathele kumkayo, nje-ke ababili labo babe nyamanye.” Yifihlakalo ekulu le, kodwana ngikhuluma ngoKrestu nebandla. Nokho-ke omunye nomunye wenu kumele athande umkakhe njengombana azithanda yena, nomfazi kumele ahloniphe indodakhe. Nasiqala eBhayibhelini siyafunyana bonyana uZimu, omnikazi womtjhado, uyithathela phezulu namkha ngokuncama okukhulu indaba yobudlelwana phakathi kwendoda nomfazi kangangobana uyilinganisa nobudlelwana obuphakathi kwakaKrestu nebandla. Lokhu sikubona encwadini yebe-Efesu 5:22. Yeke kuyasibonisa bonyana akukameli ithathwe ngesincele indaba le.  Kuyafuneka-ke bonyana nakudzujulwa indinyana le ingatjhiywa phakathi kodwana kuqalwe indaba yoke lapha ithoma khona bekufike lapha igcina khona. Nasiyifunda kuhle ithi umfazi akathobele indoda yakhe. Lokho akwenze njengalokha ibandla nalithobela uKrestu. Libuye lithi indoda ayithande umkayo. Ithando lelo alibe njengelakaKrestu athanda ngalo ibandla. Umma akaqale bonyana ibandla limthobela njani uKrestu bese naye wenza njalo endodeni yakhe. Indoda ayiqale bona uKrestu ulithanda njani ibandla, naye enze njalo kumkakhe. Ukrestu akalitlhorisi ibandla, kodwana uyalithanda abe alivikele. Qala incwadi yezEnzo 9:1-4 lapha uKrestu adula khona phasi uSawula ngombani ngombana ahlukumeza ibandla. Ngemva kobana sele sifumene ihlathululo kaGenesisi 2:18 neyebe-Efesu 5:22 kuyakhanya bonyana kukhona iimponjwana ekudzujulweni kwemitlolo le ukusekela ukuhlukunyezwa kwabomma emendweni. KuGenesisi akukho lapha sifumene khona bonyana umma mncani ebudlelwaneni bomtjhado njengombana kuthatheka emphakathini. ILizwi lakaZimu nabelisithi umma umsizi wakababa azange lithi umma mncani. Siyizwile ihlathululo yesiHebheru mayelana negama elithi umsizi. Kanti nawo amagama athi bazokuba nyamanye atjho bona bamumuntu munye. Alo-ke, kuvelaphi ukobana ngemva sele kuthiwe banyamanye bese kuthiwe omunye mncani omunye mkhulu? Godu ikulumo le ayitjho bona umma akanyaze ubaba angamhloniphi njengombana ingatjho bona ubaba adule namkha atlhorise umma. Nakhe nayibonaphi ihloko yomuntu idulana nomzimba, namkha umzimba uphikisana nehloko? Ihloko isemzimbeni munye, nomzimba unehloko yinye. Encwadini yebe-Efesu siyafunyana bona ubudlelwano bomtjhado bufaniswa nobudlelwano bakaKrestu nebandla. Kungaba buhlungu nange ubuhle bomuntu bungafaniswa nefarigi. Cabanga sele kuthiwa umuntu lo muhle njengefarigi! Ubudlelwana bakaKrestu nebandla bufaniselwani nobudlelwana bendoda nomfazi nakube indoda ihlukumeza umfazi, nomfazi uhlazisa indoda emendweni? Kwanga uZimu angazibonakalisa emadodeni ahlukumeza abomma ngendlela efana poro naleyo azibonakalisa ngayo kuSawula obegade ahlukumeza ibandla. Azibonakalise ngokunjalo nakibo abomma abangaphathi kuhle amadoda wabo emendweni. Ngalokho isingathekiso somendo nebandla sizakuba namandla begodu sizwisiseke ngitjho nebantwini abasebenzisa iLizwi lakaZimu butjhilweni ukusekela izenzo ezifana nalezi! == IMITHOMBOLWAZI == 3ip4ok9u5vkccf3itfiabmtcg1wubwd 0 968 5875 5873 2025-09-30T13:16:10Z Hlalithwa 996 Isilululwazi 5875 wikitext text/x-wiki Amagulo ahlasele inarha yekhethu, isitjhaba sekhethu sihlaselwa magulo amatjha qobe minyaka begodu ngamagulo la banengi esele baphekelelwe kiboyisemkhulu ngesibanga sokungatholi itjhejo labodorhodere besikhuwa ngesikhathi, ngomnyaka we-2020 kwaba nokurhagala kwe-Covid 19 ezweni lekhethu, ingogwana le yarhatjheka emazweni pheze kiwo woke akhona ephasini beyafika ezweni leSewula Afrika lapha eyatheleleleka khona ebantwini pheze abangaphezu kwengidi ezintathu, amagulo la afaka hlangana ikholera, kanye namanye angakabalwa.<ref>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0738081X20302418 Pandemics throughout the centuries - ScienceDirect]</ref> == I-Covid 19 == [[Isimumathi:SARS-CoV-2 without background.png|thumb|Itshwayo legongwana ye-Covid19]] i-Covid 19 mkhuhlani onamandla othelelanako, ngomnyaka we-2020 ngoTjhirhweni ubulwelobu barhatjheka ephasini mazombe, laba ebegade batheleleke ngobulwelobu abanye babo bahlongakala kanti abanye babo basinda, bekunemigomo nemibandela abantu ebekufuze bayilandele ukuze bavikeleke begodu namathuba wokuthi batheleleke ngengogwana abe manqani imigomo nemibandela le beyifaka ukugeza izandla njalo ngaphambi kwemizuzu emihlanu, uhlale ugcoke isifonyo, nawuzizwa ungakaphili kuhle uye emtholapilo nanyana esibhedlela esiseduze uyokutjhegwa bona awukatheleleki nge Covid-19 koke lokhu kwasiza abantu abanengi.<ref>[https://www.sciencenewstoday.org/what-is-covid-19-the-story-of-a-virus-that-changed-the-world What is COVID-19? The Story of a Virus That Changed the World]</ref> == Ikholera == Ikholera ibangwa kungahlanzeki kwamanzi aselwa babantu, ubulwelwe lobu burhatjheka khulu ngamanzi nokudla esikudlako, Lokha nayingenako emzimbeni, ibhaktheriya inamathela emabodeni wamathumbu amancani okurholela ekurhudeni okukhulu nokuphelelwa mamanzi emzimbeni, abantu abatheleleke ngekholera bangalatjhwa ngesisombululo sokubuyisela amanzi emlonyeni, Amacala amakhulu atlhoga ukufakwa amanzi ngemithambo, ekusisombululo sokubuyisela amanzi emlonyeni kanye nokusetjhenziswa kwama-anthibhayothikhi. <ref>[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1128/9781555818364.ch15 Cholera: Pathophysiology, Clinical Features, and Treatment - Vibrio cholerae and Cholera - Wiley Online Library]</ref> === Ikholera eSewula Afrika === ISewula Afrika sele ihlangabezana nokuqubuka kwekholera kusukela ngezi 01 kuMhlolanja 2023, begodu kubikwe inani elikhulu labantu abafako eendaweni ezihlukahlukeneko, Ukuqubuka lokhu kukholelwa bona kwavela ebantwini ebegade bavela enarheni yange-Malawi, lapho bekuvamise khona ukutholakala abantu abanekholera.<ref>[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10370840/ Imported Cholera Cases, South Africa, 2023 - PMC]</ref> == Isilululwazi == m48xyfvn35opr3ds5b2dtbnnmsszs1a 0 969 5884 5883 2025-09-30T13:35:35Z Diamond096 997 5884 wikitext text/x-wiki I-'''AI''' ziinkambiso zemitjhini ngqondo ezikghona ukwenza imisebenzi enzima efaka hlangana nokulungisa iimphoso, umsebenzi wesikolo, ukwenza iinqumo kanye nokusekela izinto. Emalangeni wanamhlanje abantu abanengi basebenzisa i-AI ukwenza izinto ezinengi khulu kokuthi abasakghoni ukuzenzela bona ngokwabo nanoma izinto lezo abazenzako zingatlhogi bona umuntu loyo asebenzise i-[[AI]].<ref>https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-21448-6_2</ref> Izinto abantu abazisebenzisela i -AI abangakghona ukuzenza ngaphandle kwe AI zifaka hlangana nokuthi abantu bangasafuni ukuya kibodorhodere bomkhumbulo kodwana batlolele i-AI imirarwabo. == Ubumbi bayo == Ukusetjenziswa kwe-AI emelangeni la kurhagele khulu ephasini mazombe. Abantu abanengi abasakghoni ukwenza izinto ngaphambi kobana babuze i-AI, khulukhulu abafundi. Bathi nabanikelwa umsebenzi wesikolo into yokuthoma kube kuthatha umsebenzi loyo ngendlela ungakho bawufake ku-AI bese ibaphundelele, abanye bona abasaqali nokobana i-AI leyo ibanikele iimpendulo zamambala nanyana ezingakalungi abanandaba ngombana bayayithemba. Kuyinto embi khulu le ngombana yenza abafundi bangasakghoni ukuziqabangela bona ezintweni ezinengi. Lokhu kwenza abafundi baqabange bona nanoma bakghona ukwenza umsebenzi wesikolo bazibone kwangathi angeze bakghone ukuwenza babodwa.<ref>WyWmemNe8hyG6vgiQoPO-1723214664.pdf</ref> Abanye abantu abanganabo abantu abangakhuluma nabo emaphilwenabo nanyana abanganayo imali yokuya kibodorhodere bomkhumbulo bayisebenzisela ukucoca nayo ngemiraro nanyana iintjhijilo abanazo kunokuthi baye kibodorhodere bomkhumbulo nanoma ibasiza njalo kodwana lokho akusiyinto elungileko ngombana kokuthoma i-AI ayisimumuntu begodu ayinamizwa == Isilululwazi == [[Mkhakha:AI]] [[Mkhakha:Abafundi]] <references /> [[Mkhakha:Ukusizeka ngokomkhumbulo]] 2nj2p1qyf594cvprogt22y1etgmraqb 0 970 5882 2025-09-30T13:29:14Z Tozi1153 1030 added reference 5882 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kusikhathi somyaka''' lapho amathuthumbo kanye neentjalo zikhula bezihluma khona. Ngemva kwelothe nobusika esibuya kibo sithola imibala eyahlukahlukeneko. Engafaka hlangana imibala, esarulani, ehlaza satjani, kanye neminye imibala eminengi. Abantu bayathaba ngethwasahlobo khulukhulu labo abatjalileko, ngombana bayazi bona bazokuvuna. Sithola imirorho,ihlaza satjani begodu ibonakala bona sele ilungele ukudliwa. Sithola nomuthi wamaperegisi sele ukhipha wawo amathuthumbo amahle nakarisako. Iinyanga lapho sithola khona ithwasahlobo kuba yinyanga kaKhukhulamungu, kaSewula, kanye nenyanga kaSinyikhaba. [[Isimumathi:Ubuhle besivande ngethwasahlobo.jpg|thumb]] == Iintjalo ezitholakala ethwasahlobo == Zikhona ke iintjalo lezo esithola bona ziba khona ethwasahlobo ,ezifaka hlangana umrorho, ama-habhula nokhunye okunengi. Abantu abatjalileko akutlhogi bonyana bathenge, bavele batjhinge ngesivandeni. Kuqakathekile bonyana sidle imirorho ukuze imizimba yethu ihlale iphilile ngaso soke isikhathi.<ref>https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/19/8951</ref> Kungalokho ke kufanele sizifundise ukutjala imirorho yethu, senzele bona songe imali begodu sakhe namathuba wemisebenzi. Kuyinto ehle bona sizikhakhazise ngeeentjalo zethu, lokho singakwenza ngokuqinisekisa bona ngaso soke isikhathi sitlhogomelqa iintjalo zethu, sithelelele besihlwengise lapho sitjale khona.<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320716311405</ref> Abanye abantu bakholelwa ekutheni ithwasahlobo liletha ipilo etja, okutjho bona liletha umkhanyo emaphilweni wethu. Amakari atjhugulula imibala yayo isibonelo ngingatjho umrorho wona ubahlaza satjani.Ukubona amakari wemirorho akhula kusikhumbuza ngobuhle benarha nemvelo okutjengisa ukuthula. == Isilululwazi == [[Mkhakha:Amakari wemirorho]] [[Mkhakha:Imirorho]] [[Mkhakha:Ithwasahlobo]] 1xw389fruriki28w8hlzja708ren4tn 0 971 5895 5893 2025-10-03T12:21:36Z Mosakaruka 586 edited 5895 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:AmaNdebele.jpg|thumb|IsiNdebele|478x478px]] '''Esinye nesinye''' isitjhaba ephasini sinendlela yaso yokwenza izinto. Sinemikghwa, sinamasiko nesikopilo. Amanye namanye amasiko abe nendlela yawo yokuwenza engafani nenye. Indlela le ithoma ngokubonakala emakhaya, emphakathini, esitjhabeni nesizweni. Imikghwa yakha amasiko, amasiko akha isintu.<ref name=":0">The Brittanica Dictionary (2025) ''Tradition.'' Retrieved from:https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/tradition Retrieved from: 30/09/2025.</ref><ref name=":1">Fundamentals (2025) ''Cultural Habits.'' Retrieved from: https://sustainability-directory.com/fundamentals/cultural-habits-fundamentals/ Retrieved on 30//09/2025.</ref> == Isintu == Ngokwehlathululo yephasi loke, isintu (''tradition'') yindlela yokucabanga, yokuziphatha neyokwenza imikghwa, enjengamasiko, amariyadlhana, indlela yokumbatha, yokudla neyobukghwari ebeyenziwa ziintjhaba zabantu abanzima ekadeni nanamhlanjesi, emindenini, emphakathini, nesitjhabeni esele inesikhathi eside ikhona.<ref name=":0" /> Ngokwehlathululo yesi-Afrika, isintu yindlela yokuziphatha, yokucabanga neyokuphatha abanye abantu ngendlela enobuntu (''humanity''). Isaga esithi, '''"umuntu mumuntu ngabantu"''' mgogodlha wefundiso yesintu. "'''Ungilokho ongikho ngebanga lokuthi abanye bangilokho abangikho'''".<ref>Herbert Moyo (October 14, 2022) ''Isintu.'' Retrieved from: https://globalcritical.barefield.ua.edu/self-and-persistence/isintu/ Retrieved on 30/09/25.</ref> Bubuntu-ke lobo. Ifundiso le kade khulu ikhona. Yeke isintu sibonakala ngemicabango, ngekolelo, ngemizwa nangezenzo ezinobuntu - mimikghwa, isikopilo, amasiko namariyadlhana.<ref>Desmond Tutu (2013), ''Who are we: Human Uniqueness and African Spirit of Ubuntu'' (Video)''.'' Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0wZtfqZ271w#t=162 Retreived on 30/09/25.</ref> == Amasiko == [[Isimumathi:Mapoch.- Femmes Ndebele in Cultural Village (1).jpg|thumb|Indlela yokumbatha yamaNdebele]] Ayini-ke amasiko? Amasiko yindlela yokwenza izinto yendabuko eyenziwa sitjhaba esithileko ekolweni, embusweni nekuhlalisaneni kwabantu. Indlela le kade yenziwa begodu idluliselwa esizukulwaneni esilandelako ngokufundiswa ngomlomo nangezenzo. Kungaba yindlela yokwenza izenzo ezithileko zendabuko zendlela yokuziphatha, indlela yokuhlalisana nabanye, indlela yokumbatha, indlela yokudla, indlela yokubusa, indlela yokurarulula imiraro, indlela yokuraga amariyadlhana wekolo yesintu namkha yendabuko. Ngamanye amagama umukghwa othileko nawusolo ubuyelelwa iinkhathi ezinengana mumuntu, mndeni, mphakathi nesitjhaba, ugcina sele ulisiko.<ref>Gibbon Rangel (2022) ''Characteristics of Culture, Customs and Traditions,'' from Walsh and Medical Media Websie. Retrieved from: https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/open-access/characteristics-of-culture-customs-and-traditions-114614.html Retrieved on 30/09/2025.</ref> Aqakatheke kangangani amasiko ebantwini? Amasiko enza umuntu azikhakhazise ngendabuko yakhe. Umuntu nakazikhakhazisa ngendabukwakhe uzozikhakhazisa ngaye ngokwakhe. Ukuzikhakhazisa kumenza azithembe yena ngokwakhe begodu azizwe amumuntu. Amasiko anendlela yokuziphatha neyokuphatha abanye emukelekako emphakathini nesitjhabeni. Lokha umuntu nakaziphatha kuhle abantu bayamthanda. Ukuthandwa babantu kukwenza uzizwe uhloniphekile unesithunzi, uzizwe unendima eqakathekileko oyidlalako emphakathini othileko. Nanyana kunamasiko angaba nomphumela omumbi emuntwini, amasiko amahle angaletha imiphumela emihle.<ref>Frank Sonnenberg (2025) ''7 Reasons Why Traditions Are So Important.'' Retrieved from: https://www.franksonnenbergonline.com/blog/7-reasons-why-traditions-are-so-important/ Retrieved on 30/05/25.</ref> Ibuthelelo lamasiko ngilo elakha isintu. == Imikghwa == Njengomana kutjhiwo ngehla, imikghwa yakha isiko, isiko lakha isintu. Alo, iyini imikghwa? Imikghwa zizenzo abantu abajayele ukuzenza. Kunemikghwa yokudla, yokukhuluma, neyokwenza, imikghwa yokuziphatha, imikghwa yokuphatha abanye, imigkhwa yokumbatha, yokubukghwari neyombhino. Imikghwa le nayisolo yenziwa mumuntu, mphakathi namkha isitjhaba, bese imukeleke ebantwini igcina sele ilisiko.<ref name=":1" /> == Iinkhombo == <references /> pmx3gm1qklqvjp3mb4zvnmrrsgyzpgx 0 972 5894 2025-10-03T12:15:45Z Mosakaruka 586 New article 5894 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Isimumathi:Ndebele Architecture.jpg|thumb|392x392px|Indlu yesiNdebele]] '''Qobe mnyaka,''' inyanga kaKhukhulamungu yinyanga yokugidinga amagugu namasiko wesintu eSewula Afrika. Ilanga lamaGugu elingomhla ka-24 kuKhukhulamungu, ligidinga amagugu wesintu anjengamasiko, ubukghwari, nokuhlukahluka kwamasiko wendabuko eentjhabeni zeSewula Afrika. Asigidingi ukuhlukahluka kwamaSewula Afrika kwaphela, kodwana nokuhlukahluka kwamasiko wephasi loke, ama-Afrika, ama-Asia, ama-Yurobhu namanye amakhontinenti, ikani nje nakanamasiko nesintu sabo esihlukahlukeneko. Lokho kubonakala ngokuthi kuhlelwe izenzakalo ezizokutjengisa ukuhlukahluka kwamagugu wamasiko nobukghwari, njengokuthi umuntu nomuntu ambathe isikhabo, nokuhlelwa kwesenzakalo esinombhino wesitjhaba ngasinye kunye nokukhangiswa kobukghwari obenziwa malunga wesitjhaba ngasinye.<ref>Department of Sport, Arts, and Culture (2023) ''Heritage Month - September.'' Retreived from: https://www.dsac.gov.za/Heritage-Month-2023. Retrieved on 30/09/2025.</ref> == Umlando Wenyanga Yamagugu == Kuhlekuhle, ilanga langomhla ka-24 kuKhukhulamungu bekuliLanga likaShaka. Ilangeli beligidinga ukukhunjulwa kweKosi uShaka njengombana adlala indima ekulu yokuhlanganisa izizwe zabeNguni endaweni namhlanjesi ebizwa bona kuKwaZulu Natal. Yeke, qobe mnyaka iinkulungwana zabantu bakwaZulu beziza ethuneni leKosi uShaka bona lizomhlonipha belimkhumbule. Kwathi bona kuwe umBuso weBandlululo urhulumende wethula amaholideyi womphakathi amatjha. Kodwana akhenge ufake iLanga leKosi uShaka emaholideyini lawo. Yeke Inkatha Freedom Party, amalunga wayo amanengi okumaZulu, yabawa bona iLanga likaShaka lirage nokuba yiholideyi yabo. Urhulumende waqunta bona kuzokuba nelanga eliholideyi yomphakathi lapha woke umuntu eSewula Afrika azokugidinga khona amagugu wekhabo. Bekuzakuthi lokha amaZulu nakagidinga amagugu wekhabo ngeLanga likaShaka, nezinye iintjhaba zigidinge amagugu wabo wendabuko ngalo ilangeli. Ngikho nje umhla ka-24 kuKhukhulamungu, ulilanga lamagugu eSewula Afrika, nenyanga yoke kaKhukhula yaba yiNyanga yamaGugu.<ref name=":0">Kids Encyclopedia Britannica (2025) ''Heritage Day.'' Retrieved from: https://kids.britannica.com/kids/article/Heritage-Day/602049 Retrieved on 30/09/25</ref><ref name=":1">African Travel Canvas (Sep 13, 2021) ''National Heritage Day in South Africa: What is Heritage Day and Why Do We Celebrate It.'' Retrieved from: https://africantravelcanvas.com/news/national-heritage-day-in-south-africa-what-is-heritage-day-and-why-do-we-celebrate-it/. Retrieved on 30/09/2025.</ref> ILanga lamaGugu lathonywa ukugidingwa ngomhla ka-24 kuKhukhulamungu 1995. U-Atjhibhitjhobhu u-Emeritus Desmond Tutu wasebenzisa ibizo elithi "''Rainbow Nation"'' ukuhlathulula ngendlela amasiko, umlando, amalimi wethu okuhlukahluke ngayo. Ngilokho-ke iLanga lamaGugu elikugidingako. UmNyango wezobuKghwari namaSiko uhlela imihlangano nezenzakalo zaqobe mnyaka zokugidinga iLanga lamaGugu, bese ukhetha nendlela yokuligidingela. Amagugu angahlathululwa ngalokho esinye nesinye isitjhaba enarheni esithi nasikwenzako kusenze sikhumbule indabuko yaso. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ubuhle benarha bemvelo, iindawo zezesayensi namkha zomlando ezisikhumbuzo, amatje wesikhumbuzo, imakhiwo engokomlando, ubukghwari, iincwadi, umbhino, okucocwa ngomlomo namamiziyamu.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> == Ukuqakatheka Kokugidinga INyanga YamaGugu == Njengombana amaSewula Afrika wendabuko akhe abuswa mBuso weBandlululo, omunye wemigomo yawo bekukuthi abantu bendabuko bakhohlwe ngomlando wabo, amasikwabo nezici ezenza babe ngibo khona bazokulawuleka. Kwathi bona uwe umBuso webandlululo, urhulumende omutjha wathoma ijima lokuthi ubuyisele isithunzi sabantu bendabuko eSewula Afrika ngokugidinga iNyanga yamaGugu. Ukugidinga isenzakalwesi kungenza umuntu azikhakhazise ngesikhabo, amasiko, ilimi, ubukghwari nombhino wesikhabo. Bese lokho kwenze inarha ibe nabantu abayaziko imveliphi yabo namasiko wabo, okwenza abantu bahlalisane ngokuthula enarheni, bamukelane bona bahlukile endabukweni yabo. Kuphinde kuthuthukise umnotho wenarha.<ref>South African Government (2013) ''Heritage Day.'' Retrieved from: https://www.gov.za/news/events/commemorative-events/heritage-day. Retrieved on 30/09/25.</ref> == Iinkhombo == htqezad6885mqtnszh3nvio8hpddok8 14 973 5898 2025-10-04T23:38:16Z Mr. Ibrahem 100 Created page with "__HIDDENCAT__" 5898 wikitext text/x-wiki __HIDDENCAT__ 2twjmejn56ditxo46hqinfh52nh6flb 14 975 5910 5909 2025-10-08T11:52:59Z Bobbyshabangu 66 Added a categoy. 5910 wikitext text/x-wiki Articles related to people born in 1918. h62wx297ycy30knd3e2f83uc1fc01fh 0 976 5911 2025-10-08T14:59:00Z Nosayjeni 1029 Created by translating the opening section from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1312699213|Idiom]]" 5911 wikitext text/x-wiki Isaga nofana isitjho libinzana lamagama anehlathululo eyakhekhe kwasifaniso nofana kwasingathekiso, kunokobana abe nomqondo onqophileko. Ahlukaniswe njengelimi lefomula, ihlathululo yekulumo yezaga ihlukile eenhlathululweni zeqiniso zegama ngalinye phakathi kwawo. Izaga zivela kanengi kiwo woke amaLimi. ELimini lesi[[Ilimi lesiNgisi|Ngisi]] kwaphela kunezaga ezilinganiselwa eenkulungwaneni ezimatjhumi amabili nahlanu. Ezinye izaga ezaziwako ngesiNgisi zithi "kghuthula amabhontjisi" (okutjho bona "ukuveza ilwazi eliyifihlo"), "kuna abokatsu nezinja" (okutjho bona "izulu lina khulu"), begodu "ukuphula umlenze" (okutjho bona "ube netjhudu elihle"). 4fseow9f5qr0m1gx5zzagowey2ntrcr 0 978 5916 2025-10-20T11:59:23Z Nosayjeni 1029 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314301774|Menstruation]]" 5916 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ukuya emalangeni''' (okwaziwa nangokuthi yi- '''period''', hlangana namanye amagama avamileko) kuphuma kweengazi kanye nomhlobo wamathe abizwa nge-mucosal tissue avela ngaphakathi kwesibeletho aphuma esithweni sangasese . Ukuzomba kokuya esikhathini kubonakala ngokunyuka nokwehla kwamahomoni . <ref name="Thiyagarajan" /> Ukuya emalangeni kubangelwa kukwehla kwamazinga we-homoni ebizwa nge-progesterone, begodu kulitshwayo lokuthi ukuzithwala akhange kwenzeke. <ref name="Thiyagarajan" /> Kunemikhiqizo yokuhlamba yabantu bengubo esetjenziselwa ukugcina ukuhlanzeka ngesikhathi '''sokuya emalangeni''' . Ukuya kokuthoma emalangeni, kwaziwa nge-menarche, ukuya emalangeni kuvamise ukuthoma hlangana neminyaka eli-11 ukuya kweli-13. Nanyana kunjalo, ukuya emalangeni kokuthoma uneminyaka ebunane kuthathwa njengento ejayelekileko. Emazweni asathuthukako kuvamile ukobana abantu bengubo baye emalangeni kokuthoma sebakhula khulile, begodu baye msinyana emazweni athuthukileko . <ref name="Diaz2006" /> Ubude besikhathi esijayelekileko hlangana nelanga lokuthoma lokuya emalangeni nelanga lokuthoma elilandelako lokuya emalangeni kudlulana ngamalanga ama-21 ukuya kwama-45 ebantwini bengubo abasesebatjha; ebantwini bengubo abadala, ibanga liphakathi kwamalanga ama-21 ukuya kwama-35 begodu isimedo sivamise ukuvezwa njengamalanga ama-28. <ref name="Women2014Men" /> Esifundweni esikhulu sedatha ye-app yokuya emalangeni, ubude obuphakathi bomjikelezo wokuya esikhathini kwatholakala bona bube malanga ama-29.3. Ukopha kuvamise ukuthatha amalanga amabili ukuya kwalikhomba. Isikhathi sokuya esikhathini siyajama ngesikhathi sokubasidis begodu kanengi umuntu akasayi emalangeni begodu nangeenyanga zokuthoma zokumunyisa . <ref name="Women2014Men" /> I-Lochia yenzeka ngemva kokubeletha. Ukuya emalangeni, kanye nokubasidisi, kuyaphela i, kuvame ukwenzeka hlangana neminyaka ema-45 ukuya kwema-55. 9kk2uxqj6cq2w7jkrl065kea73mxsts