Wikipedia amiwiki https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%E2%80%99ayayaw_pising_no_tyin-naw MediaWiki 1.45.0-wmf.23 first-letter Mitiya Kasi’iked Kasasowal Midemakay Kasasowal no midemakay Wikipedia Wikipedia a kasasowal Faylo Masasowal to faylo MediaWiki Masasowal to MediaWiki Masalipa Masalipaay a kasasowal Nipadama’ Mipadama’ a masasowal Kasasiwasiw Masasowal to kasasiwasiw TimedText TimedText talk 模組 模組討論 Event Event talk 10 3 4 3 2021-10-28T11:55:04Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 1 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 3 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kasi’iked:Prefixindex/Wp/ami|{{PAGESINCATEGORY:Wp/ami}}]]<noinclude></noinclude> pf1undnmuowy44rvtxd20faduoncwiy 10 4 6 5 2021-10-28T11:55:05Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 1 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 5 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Masalipa:Reply to]] drt10n1cxrqm19lxzff1mv8qf534r2l 10 5 8 7 2021-10-28T11:55:07Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 1 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 7 wikitext text/x-wiki {{{{{|safesubst:}}}#invoke:Reply to|replyto|<noinclude>example=Example</noinclude>|max=50}}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 1137nnkrwz3ifnw3tg8q1bkuxd26q6e 10 6 17 16 2021-10-28T11:55:09Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 8 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 16 wikitext text/x-wiki <ruby><rb>{{{1}}}</rb><rp>（</rp><rt>{{{2}}}</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby><noinclude> == 用法 == 一般語法 <pre>{{Ruby|文字|注音|文字語言|注音語言}}</pre> 文字語言與注音語言為可選參數 示例： # <nowiki>{{Ruby|港|minato}}</nowiki> # <nowiki>{{Ruby|醫|i}}{{Ruby|生|sing}}</nowiki> # <nowiki>{{Ruby|鳥居龍藏|とりいりゅうぞう|ja}}</nowiki> # 2018 a <nowiki>{{Ruby|年|mihca}}</nowiki>an # <nowiki>{{Ruby|國家記念|kitakitay a}}{{Ruby|日|romi'ad}}</nowiki> 對應的輸出結果為： # {{Ruby|港|minato}} # {{Ruby|醫|i}}{{Ruby|生|sing}} # {{Ruby|鳥居龍藏|とりいりゅうぞう|ja}} # 2018 a {{Ruby|年|mihca}}an # {{Ruby|國家記念|kitakitay a}}{{Ruby|日|romi'ad}} [[Kasasiwasiw:Template no Wikipedia]]</noinclude> p9gjfslgixmh3rnwoi6ggkhxg2o47nc 10 7 20 19 2021-10-28T11:55:11Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 2 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 18 wikitext text/x-wiki <IncludeOnly><Span Class="ami" Title="{{{2}}}" Style="font-family: 'MS PGothic', 'QuoMi-mincho', 'MS PMincho', 'MS Mincho', 'Meiryo', sans-serif; font-size:120%; line-height:2.4ex" id=title>{{{1}}}</Span></IncludeOnly><NoInclude> 琉球語のフォントとローマ字の注釈を付けます。例：{{RyuHover|漢字+仮名|Romaji Example}}。 </NoInclude> oz8b0rrni0x3wo8knqvfdbtyrfxoxeb 10 8 45121 25 2024-11-08T11:11:08Z TenWhile6 2296 [[Kasi’iked:Lint錯誤/obsolete-tag]] 45121 wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="noprint plainlinks toccolours" style="clear: right; float: right; margin:{{{margin|0 0 .5em 1em}}}; text-align: center;"> {{{text|Shortcut{{#if:{{{2|}}}|s}}:}}}<br /> '''{{{1}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{2|}}}|<br />{{{2}}}|}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{3|}}}|<br />{{{3}}}|}}''' {{#if:{{{archivelink|}}}| ---- '''[[{{{archivelink}}}|Archive]]''' ([{{fullurl:{{{archivelink}}}|action=edit}} e] • [{{fullurl:{{{archivelink}}}|action=history}} h])}} </div><noinclude> ==Usage== This template is used to show the shortest alias of a given page. For example, [[I:P]] redirects to [[Incubator:Policy]]. The optional parameter is the shortcut. For usage within other templates no parameter results in no output. * Optional parameter <code>text</code> for the text "Shortcut:" * Optional parameter <code>archivelink</code> for the page of the archive. A list of all pages with shortcuts is at [[Kasi’iked:Whatlinkshere/Template:Shortcut]]. </noinclude> iuw14jqlac3by377jj7yp27g3oe1ig6 10 9 27 26 2021-10-28T11:55:15Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 1 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 26 wikitext text/x-wiki <span style="color:{{{1}}}">{{{2}}}</span><noinclude> </noinclude> 5lk3hrv1zxzyg1q29guj7fhehewalg0 10 10 30090 40 2021-12-21T13:33:31Z Minorax 57 cleanup 30090 wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="notice metadata" id="stub" style="clear:both;">[[Faylo:Stub W.svg|35px]]This article is a [[:en:stub|stub]]. You can help Wikipedia by [{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=edit}} expanding it]. <br /> 這是一篇[[:zh:小作品|小作品]]，你可以通過[{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=edit}} 編輯或修訂]擴充其內容。 </div><br /> [[Kasasiwasiw:stubs]] o9ntn95rno5q0ju9zj8qy0bvsrdc582 14 11 42 41 2021-10-28T11:55:22Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 1 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 41 wikitext text/x-wiki Farangaw 'Amis 0ugwpy76aypyfpl45e5luyao546qd6g 14 12 44 43 2021-10-28T11:55:23Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 1 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 43 wikitext text/x-wiki Palidaw 'Amis f31jzu027af7amhry6nf5oegedguztc 14 13 47 46 2021-10-28T11:55:25Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 2 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 46 wikitext text/x-wiki Pasawalian 'Amis [[Kasasiwasiw:waco]] bv3g0nve6gb0b2fl1j4gcy6yncsxn2r 14 14 53 52 2021-10-28T11:55:28Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 5 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 52 wikitext text/x-wiki Siwkulang 'Amis tadamakah nengnengen adihay ko pisaramaan maolah kako [[Kasasiwasiw:semot]] [[Kasasiwasiw:'oway]] qthpyogqhud0klco6z438pb0sr5jtb7 14 15 60 59 2021-10-28T11:55:31Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 6 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 59 wikitext text/x-wiki U suwal nu i amisay a Pangcah talafacanglay a tengilen ko suwal no pangcah ,ira ko amis satimolan [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Kenuy]] 3n8ty2hmw2un260bb6oekc5cfb5heco 14 16 62 61 2021-10-28T11:55:32Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 1 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 61 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 828 17 64 63 2021-10-28T11:55:35Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 1 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 63 Scribunto text/plain local p = {} local function makeError(msg) msg ='Error in [[:Template:Reply to]]: ' .. msg return mw.text.tag('strong', {['class']='error'}, msg) end function p.replyto(frame) local origArgs = frame:getParent().args local args = {} local maxArg = 1 local usernames = 0 for k, v in pairs(origArgs) do if type(k) == 'number' then if mw.ustring.match(v,'%S') then if k > maxArg then maxArg = k end usernames = usernames + 1 local title = mw.title.new(v) if not title then return makeError('Input contains forbidden characters.') end args[k] = title.rootText end elseif v == '' and k:sub(0,5) == 'label' then args[k] = '&#x200B;' else args[k] = v end end if usernames > (tonumber(frame.args.max) or 50) then return makeError(string.format( 'More than %s names specified.', tostring(frame.args.max or 50) )) else if usernames < 1 then if frame.args.example then args[1] = frame.args.example else return makeError('Username not given.') end end args['label1'] = args['label1'] or args['label'] local isfirst = true local outStr = args['prefix'] or '@' for i = 1, maxArg do if args[i] then if isfirst then isfirst = false else if ( (usernames > 2) or ((usernames == 2) and (args['c'] == '')) ) then outStr = outStr..', ' end if i == maxArg then outStr = outStr..' '..(args['c'] or 'and') .. ' ' end end outStr = string.format( '%s[[Midemakay:%s|%s]]', outStr, args[i], args['label'..tostring(i)] or args[i] ) end end outStr = outStr..(args['p'] or ':') return mw.text.tag('span', {['class']='template-ping'}, outStr) end end return p den3wigji6e72fnaduin64v4zw7wfyg 0 18 66 65 2021-10-28T11:55:37Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 1 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 65 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [['ayam]] nkebulpdyr8tjyod5ihguus1duf1kcv 0 19 68 67 2021-10-28T11:55:39Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 1 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 67 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[’anengang]] d3j3ip6phq16f53mm1hmn2bsmbvghkc 0 20 47719 47718 2025-10-19T12:54:00Z Akamycoco 27 /* ’Icep (檳榔) */ 47719 wikitext text/x-wiki ==’Icep (檳榔)== [[Faylo:Binlang.JPG|thumb|’Icep]] Pakaynien i tilid no mitiliday to kaci’icepan no [[Taywan]] i, i tira i 17 nu suki, mihawikidan no Holanta (荷蘭) tayni Taywan malo sapaloma’, tahamatini saan a ci’icep ku Taywan. Miingiday ho tu fa^detay pala, mirangiay tu caciyaw nu Formosa; tata’angaytu, mimingaytu a kanatal (島), sahtu u mi’icepay ku tamdaw nu Yincumin (原住民). ==Pi’icep nu Matu’asay== I tiya ho u matu’asay nu [[Yingcumin]], anu talaumah tu, kanca mi’adup tu, pa^deng saan mitafu tu ’icep, fila’ atu ’apul a pacacidek; caay ka ’anuf a mitatuy. Nawhani, adihay i umaumahan atu lutulutukan ku ’icep atu [[fila’]] (荖葉). Dengan u talariyaray mifuting ta misaadihay ku pitafu. Anu mi’icep, caka^ca pipa’apul (石灰), pafila’, alatek u ’akaway (荖藤), u falu ku sapakapi. Mapili’ay a tamdaw, manga’ay ka ^ca pipa’apul. Nikawrira, cangu’ut sa ko pipa’apul, cupelak, adihay ku pipa’apul, maduka’ ku nguyus. Unian ku mihaenan, adihay han ku fila’, kaedah, adihay han ku ’akaway, ^ca ka kahngang ku pi’icep. U kaemangay, maulah mikemkem, nika caay pa’apul cangra. ==Pi’icep nu luma a finacadan== I tini i [[Nangyo]] (南洋), i [[Intonisiya]] (印尼), [[Fuyliping]](菲律賓), [[Malaysiya]] (馬來西亞) atu kasa’icu’icul nu kanatal, i tiraay a tamdaw i, maulah tu ma’ikesay a ’icep, ngiwngiw han nangra ku pa’enu nu ’icep, ta pa’atem han nangra ku tamaku (菸草) a miladek, mahaenay ku nuitiraay a kaulahan. ==Misa’icep== Cecay mihecaan kinatusa a ci fucacing ku ’icep, maedeng 6 fulad maruhemtu. Anu maruhem ku ’icep, atekak a kemkemen, tada kalimelaan a falahen. I tiyatu haw i, pecih han milatusa, milatulu a miladek, kanca ^min han milangas, pitpit han a mitangtang a mi’icang; manga’ay a matenes ku pina’ang, ta rara hantu a mi’icep. Nikawrira, u fa^luhayay mipalumaan a ’icep i, ^minen a mipinglas; caay ka fangcal a ’usawen malu sapaluma, i tiya i, sakatusatu a kaciheci, ’usaw han tahira karuheman malafuhid tu, ta manga’ay malu sapaluma. Ruma satu, anu papitefad han ku heci nu ’icep i, lumengaw i sasra a masasapal, cilacila fahal tata’ang tu a masalidung. ==Bunka== Masamihcahcaan ku ’icep a lumahad, satakaraway i, ma^deng tulu katatingluh nu luma’, i tiya tu haw i, ki^mi^mingtu ku heci ningra, tatiih tu a kuyakuyen a mikalic, uya ku letek han tu a mifalah? Caayay! Adihay ku mamasanga’. # Sapisaluma’, i ti:ya ho, u eli’ ku fadahong nu luma’, malu ’anungnung(樑) nu luma’. # Ira ku mafadalay nu rihi, u sapipahecek a mituka’. # Pafafuyan, pa’ayaman, u talu’an i umah, i lutuk. Anu ^ca tu ka senger nu ’urad, matenes ku tapangan nu ’icep malu ’anungnung atu hecek. Caayay ku hatiniay aca ku epuc nu ’icep hananay, anu ira ku sa’upu nu salawinawina i, pataluma’ay tu, cipadesay tu, miingkayay tu, masamaamaanay kasa’upuan nu tireng a ngasaw i, mapali’ayaw itu a maladek ku ’icep mipatala. Pahinghing (送禮) caay pilawa tu ’icep a patayra i luma’ nu aalaen a kadafu, awaawa mihawikid tu masalalekuay a ccay ngangarapan. Tu laday i, matu:mes tu ku ’icep atu fila’, mateli i tataruan nu payluma’ nu Yincumin; malu sapatala tu lafang. Matiniay ku pinangan nu pangcah a tamdaw. Tayra i palapalaan misanga’ tu palu’malu tipid, pisadakan mipateli tu dateng, patenas han tu ra’ilen (小辣椒), wa:ta ku kaeso’ nu kaen. Ira ku malalukay a tamdaw, pudac han ira ku katul nu palu’ malu patafua. U ruma satu, anu takaraw tu ku tapangan nu ’icep, leteken miala ku dungec, sakuhawen, kesiren kanca simanta’ han malu sala, awa ku pitulasan a kumaen. Anu i salawacan nu luma’ mipaluma tu ’icep; mangalef safalucu’en a misamuecel, fangcal a manengneng, macakat ku lihoc (風景) nu niyaru’; rumakat sa i lalan, matiya ira:ay tu ku pa’adingay a mituur i ka’ayaw atu kaikur isu. Nikawrira, anu i ’apilipilisan nu lutuk paluma i, i ’ayawen ku pifariw, mipitaw a misulinga’ misafangcal ta paluma han ku sapaluma a fuhid, mitala ho tu pinapina a fulad tu kaci cu’ungan nira, tuna pitala ita i, tatama anu sa tu faliyus atu kafudu’an (梅雨) a palapatan (季節) i, unian ku kacalemceman a demak. Nawhani, anu tata’ang tu ku ’icep, nikawrira miming ku lamit, awa ku ’icel a mikulamet tu sra, saka irasa ku fudu’, tangsul mari’ri’ ku kaitiraan nu pa’icepan. Adihay ku tatinakuen tu maselenay a niyaru’ i Taywan. Sarakat, awaay ho kupa’acaay tu ’icep i, macimacian nu Taywan, matini satu, ^ca kasa’awas ira ku ccay pa’acaay tu ’icep a mapatireng, satisil saan i lalan nu maci. Nengneng han mita’elif, safalatfatsa ku Niong (霓虹燈) a matedi, u pa’acaay i, sahtu u misaidahidahiay a kayin, milimek i kaikur nu dadingu, matiya u ningkiw maru’ i laluma’, sasamisimisi saan ku heci a ma’araw tu nikacangu’ut nu sapitahpu tu tatirengan; u parakatay tu paliding atu otopay kafahalan “ki:k”(煞車聲) saca masastul tu tatihiay a paliding tu pinengnengan aca tura kaying. Naitiniay nu’amisan tahira nutimulan nu Taywan, adihay ku pa’acaay tu matafuay tu a ’icep i lawac nu lalan, kala serangawan han tu nu Taywan ku pipa’pa’ tu ’icep. Kaacekan a nengnengen ku naikuran nu tupli’ (檳榔汁) atu padi’ (檳榔渣), malaklak i kasa’upuan samatiya saan u dadipis (蟑螂); anu u tupli’itu caayay ku fangcalay a manengneng, salaw ira ku lawla nu Amilika a tamdaw, “Muta’ tu lemes ku wenciyang (司機) nu Taywan, parakat ho tu paliding” saan. ==Lisin== I tini nutu’asan (傳統) nu Pangcah ira ku lisin tu pakayniay i ’icep # Sa’ayaway kacifucacing a heci i, cakanga’ay malu sapaluma; lalangen ku kapah atu kaying a mi’icep, ^dengan u kinatuluay tu a mahufuc a fafahiyan ta manga’ay mi’icep. # Cayay ku nu tireng palumaan a ’icep, aka patedu a mipipitpit; anu matrakay i sasra, aka pipudpud; anu ^ca ma’ekak kisu. # Ci mapatayay tu ramud a tamdaw, anu caho ka ta’elif tu tulu fulad i, aka pisaeli tu ’icep nangra; miduduaw kisu a mapatay ku fafahi kanca u fa’inay. Anu pafelian tu, aka pilayap. Nikawrira, caay kalecad ku kasa niyaruaru’. <ref>高清興. (2011). Wikipedia 維基百科 族語詞條試寫─原住民族語詞條 2011作品集. 教育部.</ref> ==Tafihafan== == ’icep 檳榔 == O ’icep, awaay ko ca’ang no tapangan nira, safaw tosa tangasa safaw lima ko takaraw, i teloc no tapangan enem, siwa aca ko papah, matiya o ’opih no ’ayam macinasay, o heci nira i, kohepic ko podac, talafohid sa ko heci, laloma no heci ira ko paeno, makorahay ko cengel nira. == kakaenen食用 == O kacihecian no ’icep itini i lima folad tangasa i roma mihecaan sepat folad, siwa ato moetep folad ko pitpitan. Manga’ay mipa’pa’ to heci, caay kanga’ay maenoc, o caay ho karohem ko mikemkeman, oya mipitpitan a ’icep, caho ka’ikes ko paeno nira, cisalang pa’pa’en. Ano mipa’pa’ to ’icep, sipasip han ko apol i fila, ta tafo han to ’icep a mikamkem, manga’ay caka pacomolen to fila’ ato apol, o roma a Kanatal, o maharekay to matangtang ma’icangay to mi’pa’paan nangra a ’icep. Ano mipaloma to ’icep , itini i faedetay a Kanatal, ta lomengaw ko ’icep, sepat so’ot tangasa siwa so’ot a kongce ko takaraw ko palomaan pala, ta koengel cisalang ko heci no ’icep a  akaenen, fangcal ko ’aca nira. Oya caay ho kafitelak a hana no ’icep, manga’ay sakohawen, ciyanen a safelen, o kaolahan no ’Amis (Pangcah) a sinafel. == '''Hasapimaan功效''' == O ’icep, manga’ay malasapaiyo, manga’ay mifotos to isi, midawa to sipir ato miremac to caayay kahalikaen a tamdaw sa ko sowal no ising. Ira haca ko sowal i cudad no ising, misanga'ay to fitoka, piyas, sipir. == Likakawa no rayray文化習俗 == O ’icep, i Yencomin ko tadamaanay a serangawan, ano piilisinana no riyaro’i, o sinafel ko sapacakat, nikaorira, o ’icep ko satatorongay a sapacak, maskero ko fa’inayan i pilalikidan, mi’araway i liyokay a fafahiyan, ira ko kaolahan nira fa’inayan i, pateli han noya fafahiyan ko ’icep i alifo noya kaolahan nira fa’inayan. ano pataloma’ ko mamararamoday i, o sapahinghing no ciloma’ay, iar ira aca ko ’icep sapalafang, i tini mahapingan ko serangawan no ’Amis (Pangcah), i ikor ko polong no ngasaw, sa’aloman sako teloc sonasona, matiya o papah no kilang macelak. I ’orip no Pangcah, o ’icep ko tadamaanay, itini i ’orip no ’Amis (Pangcah) a tamdaw, i pilisinan to, pahanhan to, mahaholoholol to fiyafiyaw, mipalafang, caykanca o ’icep ko tadamaanay, adihay ko sapimanmaan nira, o tapangan no ’icep manga’ay misaloma’, oya palo’ nira manga’ay malakaysing ato sala, o sasalamaen no wawa, o cifar ko pitenesan to sinafel, o caki, o sapikpik,’saka o ’icep tiini i ’orip no Pangcah, o tadakalimelaan o rayray no mita. == Mi’icep paadadayay to ’ekang sanay 嚼檳榔致癌的爭議 == O sowal no Wi­fopo Cienkangci(衛生福利部國民健康局), pasowal sa o ’icep mikari’angay to tatirengan, Secieweysencoce((World Health Organization, WHO;世界衛生組織), ira ko patirengan a Pikinkiwan to ^Ekang no Kalokitakti（IARC;國際癌症研究總署）,itinii 1987 a mihecaan, mahapingan to mikinkiway a makinkinw to, o mi’icepay a tamdaw, ano mi’icep to cilamlamay to tamako」anoca patokeled sa mitamako a mi’icep」makari’ang no ^ekang ko tatirengan, itini i ngoyos i takolaw ato i elol a  ci^ekang. Itini i Taiwan a kanatal, ’aloman ko mi'icepay to ’icep, nawhani, ano mi'icepay a tamdaw, caay kafangcay ko tiring, matiya adada ko fowa’, mikari’ang to wadis, caay kafangcal ko rakat no remes, maso^so, mikari’ang to takolaw ato kahemaw ko tiring no dipot a wawa. == O no to’as a kimad to icep’ 檳榔的傳說故事 == kaemangan ho ci Panay maolah a romadiw, nika mafokil masakero cingra. Yo cecay a romi’ad, tayra i pa’icepan cingra, tangasa i ’ice’icepan aro sa romadiw ci Panay, manengneng nira ko papah no ’icep, siwsiw sa ko fali, samingaming sa pasifafaed, pasilaeno, pasikawanan, pasikawili, mato o kaying sa masakero kowaming saan a masakero. Salipak sa ko faloco’ ni Panay minengneng to nika iyof no fali ko papah no ’icep, o radiw nira satata’ak satata’ak sato, kafahalan sa milecad matiyaya to o papah no ’icep ko kamay nira a miwakawak, talakawanan, talakawili, pasifafaed, pasilaeno ko piwakawak, roma i mifetir to wa’ay, cahocaho miwakawak to kamay, tala’ayaw talaikor ko pi’awas, mitakonol, mica’a ko tatirengan, o radiw ato wakawak satatodong saan, oya lipahak no faloco’ maemin to matahtah a masadak.Kamatiya nira, sedak sa ko kakitaan no niyaro’ miraod, pakanengneng to nika fangcal ko radiw ko kero ni Panay, hemek sa palata’ang, licay han nira, “ Wawaaw, ona radiw ato kero na icowa kiso a minanam? ” han nira. Paca’of han ni Panay “ Kangodoan kiso faki, o radiw ako nano soni no ’ayam a minanam, o kero ako i o papah no ’icep a minanam kako ” han nira. Nano itiya, ira to ko pinangan a kero no Pangcah tangasa anini. 2hga2tzhce3symdjosnn2nixlaopk62 0 21 117 116 2021-10-28T11:55:47Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 28 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 116 wikitext text/x-wiki =='Oponoho (萬山部落)== Itiniay i [[Maolin]](茂林) Cen no Kaohsiung(高雄巿) (o '''Takaw''' han no Pangcah ko Kaohsiung) ko [[Oponoho]] a niyaro’, 133 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 406 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 96% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 390 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 4% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 16 ko tamdaw. O pasinto (百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko [[Rukai]](魯凱族) 85%, Paiwan(排灣族) 7%, Bunun(布農族) 2%, Tayal(泰雅族) 1%. Ira ko imeng (萬山派出所) atoi niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan (萬山衛生室) i niyaro’. ==Talihafan== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 5t178du713l2yvbqxl0jb732fndzjnu 0 22 33293 126 2022-12-20T14:02:50Z Siceko 886 句首改大寫 33293 wikitext text/x-wiki ('adipangpang/蝴蝶) == takaray a sowal 概要 == == kasasiromaroma 種類 == Adihay ko kasasiromaroma no 'adipangpang. == Cengel 顏色 == == tahapinangan 特徵 == == romi'ad 氣候 == [[Kasasiwasiw:Siwkulang 'Amis]] [[Faylo:Papilio polytes polytes bytreef.jpg|thumb|'adipangpang]] rclhzlgf6gdbfwzh5x8blemzmfj4crq 0 23 47618 47617 2025-09-27T12:12:39Z Alofay 51 47618 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''Ｏtada cinamocay ko ’alo i ’Amis no ’orip.''' == '''Itini i''' '''<nowiki/>'Amis no 'orip tadacinamocay ko ’awol, caay aca ko ma’araway a pinalengwan, pakayni to taneng no mato’asay i, adihay ko mamiparayray no matoʼasay to serangwan no Pangcah. Nai kamara’an taha saki’orip a lalosidan,''' '''Adihay ko kasaromaroma no 'aol,nga'ay sapisanga to fadilay,''' Ano nisaloma' ko 'Amis i, o kilang o 'aol o 'oway o eli' ko sapisaloma'. O 'aol i, o hasapad o hatakar ato hacokis. {{stub}} [[Faylo:Bamboo forest.jpg|left|350px|thumb|'aol]] nq09dvff8pask46fwlaj16y4mnesog6 0 24 45394 33375 2024-12-12T08:58:48Z LiouShowShya 36 45394 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Red jungle fowl.png|縮圖|o tatapangan a 'ayam/koko']] == Takaray a sowal (概要) == 'Ayam ano ca o kako'(雞（Nitilidan a panganga:''Gallus gallus domesticus)'' o malacinowasay nani [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8E%9F%E9%9B%9E Tatapangan-'ayam](原雞:Nitilidan a pangangan:''Gallus gallus)'', o nipakaenan no tamdaw, o sa'ayaway nipaka'enan no tamdaw a 'ayam o halakaka'enen to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8 cido'es a titi,] o nipaka'enan a kina'orip a 'a'adopen ato misa'ayaman ko saadihayay, matenak ko kaira nonini. o sa'sosi i, o polong a 'ayam/koko' ira ko 190'ok<ref>UN's Food and Agriculture Organisation. Global Livestock Counts. The Economist. July 2011 [2019-03-15]. （原始內容存檔於2016-07-15）.</ref> i 2011 miheca, ikakaay ho nipatekoan a polong a 'ayam ko sa'osi. o Anini sato i, awaay to ko taneng no 'ayam/koko' a ma'efer, ira ho ma'osaw ko mamang a paka'efer , nikawrira, cowa ka to'edaw ko ka eferan nangra,inian sato i, mapaci'eci no tamdaw a paka'en, orasaka, pakinali ko kareteng, cowa ka lalen ko katata'ang, inian ko sakacaay to paka'efer ato roma a ipalaay 'ayam. O kafana’an no mato’asay no mita ko lalengawan no ’ayam ko hong-yen- ci(G. gallus)(紅原雞), latek o cen-nan-yen-ci(G. g. spadiceus)滇南原雞 ko lalengawan no mita. Roma sato i, o hey-yen-ci(灰原雞) iraay to kono mira a todong to miparocekan, o ninian to i, o kahahirahira tono pariri’an a ’ayam no mira. Itiya ho i ’ayaw no 4500 mihecaan, ira ko 化石no ’ayam i ’alo no Ingtod(印度河) a Mohengcwo Talo(摩亨佐-達羅遺址), matikeda’ay ko o atomo no ’ayam ato satopa, o kafana’an no Congko China (中國) kairaan no ’ayam itiniay 3300 a mihecaan i Henan(河南) a makilim, to’ol sanay to a mapasadak kona sotasotaan iraay ko 甲骨文 matiliday i 甲骨文ko ’ayam sanay a tilid. == Kasasiromaroma (種類) == == Tahapinangan (特徵) == == kakarayan ( 氣候) == == Kakaenen (食物) == O panay ato 'ariray/taviiras ko kaolahan no 'ayam a komaen, aloman ko mipariri'ay/mipakaenay to koko'/'ayam. == Tahapinangan a Tilid (參考文獻) == == Pikafitan i Papotal (外部連接) == ’ayam （鳥） O mipakaenan, misa’ayaman ko tada “’ayam” hananay no i pasawaliay a Pangcah. O papacoken, o kakaenen no mipakaenay ano mato’as to ko ”’ayam”. Romasato, o “maeferay a ’ayam” han no pasawaliaay a Pangcah ko romaromaay a “’ayam”. [[Faylo:Male and female chicken sitting together.jpg|thumb|’ayam]] -- <br /> Mifahoy to ’ayam ci akong i omah. itini pasawali iraay ko roma' a sowal "koko'" hananay. elmy7upm1gyz8c6fnojw7qs4moa6fwr 0 25 152 151 2021-10-28T11:55:59Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 6 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 151 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT[['Icep]] __NOTOC__ h1119k6bjsmlf2ow4thl24lyebeaku9 0 26 44358 44182 2024-08-29T10:06:58Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, 2017 44358 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Abdel Fattah el-Sisi September 2017.jpg|縮圖|Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, 2017|alt=Abdel Fattah el-Sisi.jpg]] I 1954 a miheca(年) saka 11 folad saka 19 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci '''Abdel Fattah el-Sisi'''(阿卜杜勒-法塔赫·塞西), malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Egypt]](埃及) anini i ci Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, patirengan a romi’ad i 2014 a miheca(年) saka 6 folad saka 8 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] jsnz1fwd1w8tki36i4n4yiwmyixbtgn 0 27 44359 184 2024-08-29T10:08:12Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 Bouteflika, 2006 44359 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Bouteflika (Algiers, Feb 2006).jpeg|縮圖|Bouteflika, 2006|alt=Bouteflika (Algiers, Feb 2006).jpeg]] I 1937 a miheca(年) saka 3 folad saka 2 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci '''Abdelaziz Bouteflika'''(阿卜杜勒-阿齊茲·包特夫里卡), malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Algeria]](阿爾及利亞) anini i ci Abdelaziz Bouteflika, patirengan a romi’ad i 1999 a miheca(年) saka 4 folad saka 27 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] bdog7qenvchik2p523av6g2yw0matv1 0 28 44360 199 2024-08-29T10:11:24Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi, 2013 44360 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi 2013.jpg|縮圖|Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi, 2013|alt=Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi 2013.jpg]] I 1945 a miheca(年) saka 9 folad saka 1 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci '''Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi'''(阿卜杜拉布·曼蘇爾·哈迪), malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Yemen]](葉門) anini i ci Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi, patirengan a romi’ad i 2012 a miheca(年) saka 2 folad saka 27 a romi’ad. == No papotalay a kakafit == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] dhml1z5ow461iir7rkbtvu56yla1qfq 0 29 30049 230 2021-11-19T13:24:40Z WikiEditor50 43 30049 wikitext text/x-wiki == <big>Abdulla Yameen (阿卜杜拉·雅門·阿卜杜勒·蓋約姆)</big> == == Takaray a Sowal (概略) == [[Faylo:Maldives_President_Abdulla_Yameen_meets_PM_Narendra_Modi_at_the_18th_SAARC_summit.jpg|thumb|Mahaholo ato Congli no Indo (PM Narendra Modi at the 18th SAARC summit)]] I 1959 a miheca (年) saka 5 folad saka 21 a romi’ad masofoc ci Aputola Yamen Aputole (''Abdulla Yameen Abdul Gayoom''), o citanengay to sici ato kicai. I 2013 miheca tahira i 2018 miheca saka 11 folad malacontong no Martifu a kitakit (malamikomoday a tamdaw). O safa no i'ayaway a contong ci Mumon [[Abdulla Yameen]] Atotule Kaiyimu, ona tamdaw i, 30 ko mihecaan ko kalacontong ningra. O Sawara’an no kitakit no Marifu (''[[Maldives]]''; Holam a sowal: ''馬爾地夫'') anini i ci Abdulla Yameen, patirengan a romi’ad i 2013 a miheca saka 11 folad saka 17 a romi’ad. == lalamod 配偶 == O fafahi ni Aputola Yamen (''Abdulla Yameen'') ci Fadimat Iprahim (''Fathimath Ibrahim''), sasepat ko wawa nangra, I 2015 miheca saka 9 folad saka28 a romi’ad toya papacem, nai SawtiAlabo a minokay, maepod to hikoki, mamikalic to mafasiway a tamina (''遊艇''), tatayra i Maley (''首都馬累''), kinafanaan haw i, mamangata to toya Minato no contong (''Izzuddeen Faalan 總統碼頭''), “pong” sa a mapokca koya tamina, fafahi ni Aputola Yamen (''Abdulla Yameen'') mangeroay maketonay ko 'okak, miniwing to cecay a folad i isiisingan, oya to tatosa a midamaay ci congtongan i, o cecay i, caay kamaan, o cecay to i, karetengay to doka’ no mira. == salikaka 兄弟姐妹 == O kaka ni Abdulla Yameen haw i, nai 1978 a miheca (年) saka 11 folad ko pisatapang nira a malasawara'an, tolo polo' a miheca ko malasawara'an no Maldives (馬爾地夫). o safa ci Abdulla Yameen enemay a miheca ko malasawara'an ningra, misatanam a miliyaw caay to ka pakaala, mafalic to. == natayalan 事蹟 == === misakayakay 橋 === nai 2013 tangasa i 2018 a malacongtong ci Abdulla Yameen ''(Abdulla Yameen)'' i'','' iraay ko natayalan nira, saka cecay, i 2015 mipatireng to kayakay (Sinamalé ''大橋''), o pitongal o pitongodan to sawali no Maley (''首都馬累'') ato i kitiraan no Wieyna（''Vienna International Airport 維也納國際機場''）toya ka^tip no Helhulay a kanatal (''Hulhulé 島''), onini a kayakay ira ko pirakatan no tosiya/paliding, tatihi ira ko no otofay a pirakatan, ilawac no lalan o no pirakatan no tamdamdaw, i 2016 a miheca misatapang misanga, tayni to i 2018 a miheca falo folad 30 a roma’ad pangangan han to ni Yameen (''Yameen'') koni kayakay to sinamale (''Sinamalé 大橋''). === misakakahad 擴建 === Mitongal misakakahad to kitiraan no hikoki ato sakitamdaw a lalan itini i Velana (''Velana 國際機場''),manga’ay toko hikoki a naifafekan a maepod, tedac sato a micomod to kitiraan no hikoki, malowan to ko pisataliyoliyoc no hikoki itini tona cikang, i 2018 a miheca fangcal to a matongal a sakakahad ko pahikokian/hikociw. Anini tona pahikokian maedeng maparo’ ko 150 a mang matongal to 800 a mang, ci cedi to a midama mipacafay to alomanay a tamdamdaw. Ira haca ko roma a mipatirengan nira to pahikokian, caloway aloman aloman ko tayniay a tamdaw. 2019 a miheca adihayay ko harateng nira, misanga patireng to roma faelohay a ono nanom a hikociw, fangcal a malaheci i, malinah to maemin a tayni tona faelohay a kitiraan. === misaloma' 建造房屋 === Itini malasawara'an ci Aputola Yamen (''Abdulla Yameen'') haw i, mafana’ a miherateng to sakanga’ayaw no Maley (''Hulhumalé 首都胡魯馬累''), i 2014 a miheca misatapang to mikarkar mipatireng to ta’angayay a kamaro’an, misakapah to lalan, caay ko patireng aca, mipacakat ho to kakahaday a kiloma’an, pangangan han nira to Hiyaa (''Hiyaa''), maedeng nga’ay ko polo’ a mang a tamdaw a maro’ itita, saska tosa nira a rayray mamipatireng to kaloma’an, no tamdaw, edeng maro’ ko cecay a mang ira ko falo polo’ ko mamamaro’. === paisingan 醫療設施 === Pakayni tona o sakanga’ayaw no adada’ay a tamdamdaw, ira haca ko harateng ni Yameen (''Yameen''), nga’ay a maalah ko doka’ anca o adada’, patirengen nira ko fa^lohay a pikcoran, tosa polo ira ko lima ko tongroh, laloma’ ira ko safangcalay no matayalay a ising, micomod to ko calowayay a kikay, pangangan han to ni Yameen (''Yameen'') toni paisingan to ''Dharumavantha''. == pito'oran 信仰 == O pitooran ni Aputola Yamen Aputole Kayimo (''Abdulla Yameen Abdul Gayoom'') i, o Islam (Arapiya a sowal: الإسلام, ''al-’islām‎''; Holam a sowal: ''伊斯蘭教'') == kakafitan i papotal (外部連結) == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] a4bofnuyqm16xi7ixx72irxgv1o05qv 0 30 44361 30552 2024-08-29T10:15:02Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 Abdullah II of Jordan, 2010 44361 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:King Abdullah portrait.jpg|縮圖|Abdullah II of Jordan, 2010|alt=King Abdullah portrait.jpg]] I 1962 a miheca(年) saka 1 folad saka 30 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci '''Abdullah II of Jordan'''(阿卜杜拉二世·本·胡笙), malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Jordan]](約旦) anini i ci Abdullah II of Jordan, patirengan a romi’ad i 1999 a miheca saka 2 folad saka 7 a romi’ad. == No papotalay a kakafit == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] ndy3jyny9uh2t4y82mh1qvoiypoix07 0 31 38494 30225 2023-06-26T05:08:56Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38494 wikitext text/x-wiki == Azerbaijan(亞塞拜然共和國) == == Aciropaycyang Kapolongan Kitakit (亞塞拜然共和國) == == Takaray sowal (概要) == [[Faylo:Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg|thumb|OHata no Aciropaycyang (Flag of Azerbaijan)]] O '''Aciropaycyang Kapolongan Kitakit''' (Azərbaycan Respublikası), o Aciropaylan hananay kalopangangan (Azərbaycan), o mi’awasay to Aciya ato Yoropa itiraay i Papotalay a kitakit. O contong safacoan ato Kinpo ko Pido’edoan a Kapolongan Kitakit, o kamaro’an i, o kacacofelisan no [[Sa’etipay Yoropa]] ato [[Sawalian Yoropa]].[1] Isakwali mililisay to [[Kaspi Riyar]] (Caspian Sea, [[Aciropaycyang sowal]]: Xəzər Dənizi), isaktimol matatongod to Ilang (Posi sowal: جمهوری اسلامی ایران‎, Jomhuriye Eslâmiye Irân), isak’etip malafiyaw ato Arminiya, Torki ato Ciociya, isaka’amis malafiyaw ato Rosiya. O cila’eday a miliyasay a sakowan no Aciropayciang Nasicifan Niyahsakowan (Aciropayciang sowal: Naxçıvan Muxtar Respublikası, 5500 km2 ko kakahad) malaingiday to mamang ato sawalian no sa’etipan no Torki. O ngangan nona kitakit i, nani to’asan sowal no Posi「o sera no namal」[2] sanay ko imi nona sowal. O sera nona kitakit i, sahetoay ono Aciya, cawa ka hakowa ko itiray i Yoropa, nikawrira, o Yoropa kami sanay ko noniyah a pangangan. Mapatireng ko Aciropayciyang Finawlan Kitakit i 1918 miheca saka 5 folad saka 28 romi’ad, o sarakatay a o alomanay ko Moslim Pitooran a ihekalay a no Finawlan Kitakit.[3] O sarakatay a mipatirengay to pisifayan ato Aniniay Tata’angay Pitilidan a Moslim a kitakit.[4] I 1920 miheaca o sarakatay a patireng to Sowiaisyakaisyuki Kapolongan Kitakit mikapotay to Rosiya Lekatep, [5] tahira to i ’ayaw no ka tekopan no Solin i 1991 miheca saka 8 folad saka 30 romi’ad milekal to Pisiiked a Niyahpikowan. I Rikec no kitakit toya Kinpo cowa ka pihapinang a mitoro’ tono malakitakit a pitooran, nikawrira, o saci’icelay i sici a mikowanay o pasitiray ihekalay a faloco’, o sa’alomanay no polong no tamdaw ato mitokeray to sifo i, sahetoay o Sinyie kasacinowas.[6] Tada takraway ko Cemahadan a Sa’osi no Tamdaw (Human Development Index), milecaday to Isa’etipay Kitakit ko katakaraw.[7] O mafana’ay to tilid a tamdaw i, ikakaay to ifiyaway kitakit.[8] O awaay ko tayal a tamdaw cowa ka hakowa.[9] Nikawrira, o malawacoay to payso a tatiihay demak ma’edefay tona kitakit, mangalefay ko malakomoingay matayalay tono sifo a tayal.[10] I 2009 miheca toya Kapolongan Pitopa to pakayniay i Rikec no Kitakit Kinpo, mapalasawad no Finawlan Pikaikian ko tolas no kalacontong a mihecan, o aniniay a Fa’elohay a Aciropayciyang Kasafelaw (''Yeni Azərbaycan Partiyası'') ko citodongay to Tayal no Sifo tahanini, mapacoliay to no roma a kitakit ko Salongoc no Kalotamdaw ato Mitekeday Kasafelaw a Tayal.[11] == '''Tatapangan no ngangan''' (名稱詞源) == Ano kadkaden a misahapinang ko tatapangan nona ngangan i, nani tiraay i saka’amis no Ilan o Tapolis ko tatapangan a Atoloppatos Tadamaanay Laloma, an (Kirisya sowal: ''Aτρoπάτης, '' o samatelangay a Posi a sowal, o mahedongan no namal sanay ko imi.)[12] ona ci Atolopatos a kakeridan no Laloma’an i, o nani tiraay i Aciminito Hontian Kitakit (Ikiris sowal: ''Achaemenid Empire'') a malahontiay a Posi a tamdaw.[13] To ikor to i, malakakeridan ho no Alisanta Tadahonti (To’asan Kirisya sowal: ''Ἀλέξανδρος Γ' ὁ Μακεδών'', o Alisanta hananay i, o midipotay to polong a tamdaw sanay ko imi), sa maocor tara i Miti Hontian kitakit (''Median dynasty'') mala honti.[14] I samatelangay a sowal no Posi o Folawaciasos (fravaši) sowal saan: ''âterepâtahe ashaonô fravashîm ýazamaide, '' o mifelihan nani Awisto (''Avestan'') sowal: mita’ong kami to tadafangcalay a Folawaci no Atolopatos.[15] To ikor to i, o laloma’an no Atolopatos patireng sato tono niyah a Atolopotoni Hontian Kitakit (Kirisiya sowal: ''Ατροπατήνη'') itiraay i aniniay a kaitiraan no Ila Aciropaycyang a reked. Ona Atolopatos sanay a sowal itira i To’asan a Kirisiya sowal: 「madipotay no (gangcaly) lamal」, ano ca 「o pala no (fangcalay) lamal」sanay ko imi.[16] Ma’awas ko kasapatepatek a mihecahecaan, ona ngangan nani sarakatay a ''Āturpātākān'' kinapinapina to a mafalic to ''Ādharbādhagān'', ''Ādharbāyagān'' ato ''Āzarbāydjān, '' ta tahini sato  tono aniniay a ''Azerbaijan'' ko kafalic. Ona ngangan tonini ano do’edo’en kono aniniay a sowal no Posi, matatodong a falicen to「o pina’angan to dafong a ariri」, 「o ariri no lamal」ano ca「lamal a kitakit / o lamal a sera」sanay.[17] I sa’aya’ayaw ho ona「Aciropayciyang」hananay a ngangan i, o 「IlanAciropayciyang」koni toro’an, ora sa o aniniay「Aciropayciyang」a ngangan, itiraay i 1918 mihecaan yo mapatireng ko Aciropayciyang Kapolongan Kitakit a sarakatay a hangangan no kitakit, [18] to ikor to sa o ninian sato ko macacorokay a ngangan, itiya ho ona pangangan i, mapacoli malalang no Ilan sifo. == '''Rikisi''' (歷史) == === '''I’ayaway no kairaan no tilid ato to’ato’asan a rikisi (史前和古代歷史)''' === I aikor to no fakelohan ho a mihecahecan, iraay to ko naikoran no tamdaw a ma’orip i palapalaan no Aciropayciyang, makakafikafitay ato Acuhe Dihif no Nakorna-Kalapahe.[19] (Arminiya sowal: ''Լեռնային Ղարաբաղ'', Aciropayciyang sowal: ''Dağlıq Qarabağ''; Decdecan a sowal no Holam: ''納卡''). Oya itiraay i Aciropayciyang a Tacirier Dihif (''Tağılar''), Tamtamsyali Dihif (''Damdzhaly''), Caer Dihif (''Zar''), Yataci-Yieli Dihif (''Yataq-yeri''), Liyalatopo (''Leylatepe''), Kopustan Rakarakaan Dihif ato Salatopo Tadetademan (''Saraytepe'') adihay a mahera ko Saikoray no Katelangay Fekelohan a Mihecahecan ato Saikoray no Karifowa a Mihecahecaan a naikoran no punka.[20] [[Faylo:Ancient_Azerbaijan_4.jpg|thumb|I'ayaw ni Yisoan miheca to 1 ofad a mikonisan i raka (''Ancient Azerbaijan 4, Gobustan Rock Art Cultural Landscape'')]] Mahaop ko Scitiya Tamdaw (Kirisiya a sowal: ''Σκυθία'', Ikiris a sowal: ''Scythia'')'', '' oya sarakatay a maro’ itini a tamdaw, i’ayaw ni Yisoan a mihecahecan to saka 9 sici, iraay to a maro’ i Aciropayciyang.[21] Na kataynian no Scitiya Tamdaw, o Ilan a tamdaw no Miti Hontian Kitakit mikowanay to to satimolan no Alas ’Alo.[22] O kasakakaay a kacemahadan no Miti Hontian Kitakit itiraay i i’ayaw ni Yisoan a mihecahecan nani 900 ~700 miheca, itiya sato i’ayaw ni Yisoan a mihecahecan latek i 550 miheca ma’eco no Acimiyato Hontian Kitakit (Ikiris a sowal: ''Achaemenid Empire''; Posi a sowal: اهنشاهی هخامنشی‎ ''Emperâturi-ye Hakhâmaneshiyan, ''o Posi Hontian Kitakit hananay ho a mitahidang) ko Miti Hontian Kitakit. I pikowanan no Miti a mihecahecaan i, satapangay to a matenak ko Soloyasto Pitooran (Posi a sowal: زرتشتی‌گری‎; Ikiris a sowal: ''Zoroastrianism''; Holam a sowal: ''祆教, 拜火教'') itini tona palapalan.[23] To ikora to i, ma’eco ni Alisanta Honti no Maciton kona pala, malapecih ho no Saylyuko Hontian Kitakit (Kirisiya a sowal: Αυτοκρατορία των Σελευκιδών). Iaikor nonini i, ittiya i I’ayaway ni Yisoan a miheca i saka4 sici milingato a mikowan ko itiraay i sakawali no sa’etipan no Aciropayciyang a Yiencumin o Kaciyaso a Arminiya tamdaw ton apala, patireng to marecepay no punka no Arminiya a Misiikeday Kitakit.[24] Itini tona mihecahecan i, o Soloyasto Pitooran micowat a matenak tayhira i Kawciyaso ato Atolopotoni a palapalan.[25] I’ayaway ni Yisoan a miheca i saka 4 sici ~saka 3 sici, o Arminiya Tamdaw patireng to Artako Hontian Kitakit (Arminiya a sowal: ''Արտաշեսյան արքայատոհմ'') ikatimol no saka’etipay no aniniay a Aciropayciyang, itiya to i I’ayaway ni Yisoan a miheca i saka 189 ~saka 426 miheca, o katimolay no sakawali a palapalaan (mahaop ko Nasicifan Niyahsakowan (Aciropayciang sowal: Naxçıvan Muxtar Respublikası, 5500㎢ ko kakahad) mapatateko i Tata’angay Arminiya Hontian Kitakit, o Artakosya Honti ato Asasis Honti (Posi a sowal: امپراتوری اشکانی‎'', Emperâturi Ashkâniân''); Holam a sowal: ''安息帝國'') ko cacorok sanay a mikowan.[26] I kalaloodang no Paycancin ato Sasan (''Byzantine–Sasanian wars'') a mihecahecan, o Arminiya Hontian Kitakit tatootoor sa ma’eco no Paycancin (ikor ni Yisoan a miheca 378 miheca) ato Posi-Sasan Honti ko Arminiya, sanoyanan sato a matekop kona kitakit. I Arminiya Hontian Kitakit iraay ko macacamolay ko masasiromromay a finacadan a Artakosi Sakowan ato Yutiko Sakowan malapala no Kawciyaso Arminiya Hontian Kitakit I 378 miheca.[27] === '''Mikasalaloma’an a mihecahecaan''' (''Feudalism'' 封建時期) === I 252 miheca, Kawciyaso Arminiya a Hontian Kitakit malamikotoday a kitakit no Sasan Hontian Kitakit, i saka 4 sici o honti no Kawciyaso Arminiya ci Wrnayl saso’elin han a pala no kitakit a pitooran ko Kristo.[28] Talacowaan makowakowan no Sasan Honti ko Kawciyaso Arminiya, nikawrira i’ayaw no saka 9 sici paka’osaway ho to mafataday a Niyahpikowan. Talacowacowa maha’eming a makowan no Sasan Honti ko Kawciyaso Arminiya, ma’osaway ko Tapang no Finawlan[29] (''Monarchy''). Naikoran no kalomowad no Wimaya Hontian a Kitakit no Islam ato picowat no Islam to Posi, nornor sato a ma’emin a makowan ko Kawciyaso. O Kawciyaso Arminiya paso’elin to kinatosa a malalitemod ko Wawa ni Kristo ci ''Javanashir'' ato Halifamoya (''Muaviya'') no Wimaya Hontian Kitakit, itiya i sakacecay a kalalitemodan (667 mihecahecan) mihai ci Halifamoya to sa’eli ni ''Javanashir'' to sapisakahemawan to kaletengay sata, nawhan i, mahapinangan to ko ‘icel ni ''Javanashir'' itini tona palapalaan, talacowa mikotoday kitakit no Halifamoya ko Kawciyaso Arminiya, nikawrira i laloma’ no niyah a sakowan i, ma’osaw ko piteked to tayal.[30] Iaikor tono Wimaya Hontian Kitakit a Halifako Apas Hontian Kitakit malowan to ko ’icel, saadihay sato a masadak ko Mamulokosotan Honti (''Sulṭanat Misr al-Mamālīk / ed-Devletü't-Türkiyye''), Sacita Honti, Salali Honti ato Powisi Honti (بویه‎ ''Āl-e Buye'') a malaafaafas a mipecih to sakowan. Tahira to i sa’ayaway no saka 11 sici, macowat heca no nani sifo’ay Aciya a Toci (''Türk''). Ona Tocie tamdaw mipatireng to sarakatay a Tata’angay Sayercu Hontian Kitakit (''Büyük Selçuklu İmparatorluğu''), ona kitakit i 1067 miheca tahiraay i aniniay a Aciropayciyang ko pisakakahad a micowat to pala. I’ayaw no kataynian nona Toci (anoca o Torki tamdaw) a tahini tona pala, oya itiniay to a maro’ a Arciropayciyang a tamdaw mafana’ay to somowal to pinapina a Indo-Yoropa Sasowalan, Kawali no Saka’amis no Kawciyaso sasowalan, ilaloma’ nonini i, o Arminiya[31] a sowal ato o cecay a sowal no Ilan o TelangayAsayloy Sowal (''Old Azeri language'') hananay i, nornor sato mafalic malaToci a sowal, ona sowal i, ono aniniay a sowal no Aciropayciyang.[32] O sapihapinangawan tona cecay a sowal no Ilan, o nani Torki-Aciropayciyang a sowal han, o Asayloy Sowal han, tangsol hananay to malo Asayloy Sowal ko pisa’osi, nawhan i, o Toci a sowal ato Toci a tamdaw i sowal no Posi misiikedan o「Asaloy」hananay a pasasi'ike'iked a misaheto. Nikawrira, ira ko papinapina o micacekiway to sasowlaen a singsi i, o IlanAciropayciyang ato ilaloma’ay no [[Faylo:Baku_Maiden_Tower_2010.jpg|thumb|O Limecedan a pikecoran(Baku Maiden Tower 2010)]] Kapolongan Kitakit o somowalay to KawciyasoTati a sowal (''Tat language of Caucasus'') a Tati Tamdaw (T''at people'') misiikedan o nano osaw a posak no Asayloy.[33] Nani saka 11 sici o mikowanay tona palapalan i, o Sayercu Hontian Kitakit (aniniay Torki a sowal; ''Büyük Selçuklu İmparatorluğu''; Posi a sowal: دولت سلجوقیان‎), ikor to i, o Atepiko Tata’angay Laloma’an, patireng to Ayertikoci Hontian Kitakit (''Eldiguzids'') i Arciropayciyang, pakirayrayen i, o malamikotoday no Sayercu Sotan (o kakeridan no Tadamaanay a Laloma’an), nikawrira, ano latek o so’elinay a mikowanay i, o Atepiko. I pikowanan no Sayercu Honti, itini tona aniniay a Arciropayciyang a kitakit irako tadamaanay a mi’olicay a tamdaw ci Nicami (Posi a sowal: نظامی گنجوی‎; Arciropayciyang a sowal: ''Nizami Gəncəvi'') ato ci Kakoni (''Khaqani''), ora ko saka cemahad no mi’olicay a punka no Ilan. Taha aikor to macowat no Timor Honti ko Sayercu Hontian Kitakit sanoyanan sato a matekop. Oya mikowanay to Arciropayciyang a Sirfan (Arciropayciyang a sowal: ''Şirvan'') Honti malamikotoday no Timor Hontian Kitakit. Mapatay to ci Timor Honti i, masadak ko tosa matatokeray a Cisakowanay: o Kohetingay a Hotian Kitakit (''Türkmenler Түркменлер'') ato Kohecalay a Hontian Kitakit (''White Sheep Turkomans''). Oya sato ci Sirfan miliyaw haca a mitatoy to Sakowan a ’icel, o tadasakakaay a niyah pikowan a mikowanay. 1501 niheca macowat mapades no Safi Hontian Kitakit, iikor tono pikowan no Sirfan samatiya sato ko ka’aloman no Sinyie kasafelaw a tamdaw (Arapiya a sowal: شيعة‎, ''Shīʿah''; Ikiris a sowal: Shia; Holam a sowal: ''什葉派'') to Sunni Kasafelaw a tamdaw (Arapiya a sowal: أهل السنة والجماعة‎, ''ʾAhl ūs-Sunnah wa āl-Ǧamāʿah''; Holam a sowal: ''遜尼派'')[34]. === '''Aniiay a mihecahecaan'''(現代) === O aiikoray no Safi Hontian Kitakit a mikowanay tona pala i o Afesar Hontian(Ikiris a sowal:''Afshar'') ato Santo Hontian(Posi a sowal:سلسله زندیه；Ikiris a sowal:''Zand dynasty''）no Ilan, ato cowa aka halafin pacarcaray a mikowan a Kacar Hontian(''Qājār dynasty''), ona mikowanan no Kacar a pala no Arciropayciyang itini i,isatapangan no 19 sici a lalood i,malowid no Rosiya sa kilit han mipecih a pafeli ko Rosiya Hontian Kitakit,nikawria, yo katekopan no Santo Hontian ato sa’aya’ayaw ho pikowan no Kacar Hontian, itini tona palapalan tada adihay ko misiikeday to niyah pikowan a Kawciyaso Han Kitaki.[35] [[Faylo:Взятии_штурмом_крепости_Гянджи.jpg|thumb|1804 miheca micowat ko Rosiya to saka'amisay pala no Posi(Взятии штурмом крепости Гянджи)]] Tahira to i saka 3 sici, makowan no Posi a tamdaw ko Arciropayciyang,i 642 miheca matapi’ no Arapiya Halifa(''ḫalīfah/khalīfah'') o Arapiya Hontian Kitakit. Tangasa sato i saka 11 sici tahira i saka 13 sici masafaco to ko kalafinawlan, i saka 9 sici tahira i 16 sici awa ko tolas matatootoor ma’eco no Toci Tamdaw, Monko Tamdaw atp Posi Tamdaw. I saka 18 sici, o honti no Rosiya ci Pitor Tata’angay Honti(Rosiya a sowal:''Пётр Алексе́евич Рома́нов'') ato ci Kasalin Tata’angay(Ikiris a sowal:''Catherine II'' ;Rosiya a sowal:''Екатерина Алексеевна'')，misa’icel a palowad to sakarihaday ato sakaci’icel no Rosiya, orasaka, i ikor tono sasifo’an no 18 sici satapang to mifolekok(patalaw)to saka’amis no Posi, 30 mihecaan ko kalalood to Posi, 1828 miheca oya saka’amisay a pala no Aciropayciyang ma’afas a mapatateko i Rosiya, o sakatimol a pala osaw ha malo cecay a sakowan no Posi, tona miheca matatilid ato Tokoman to kakaketonan mihapinang to lowis no Rosiya ato Posi. Nani sasifo’an no 19 sici adihay ko makarkaray a simal i Pako, orasaka matongalmatongal ko kacidafong ato kacakat no ’orip itiniay tamdaw. Tahira to i 1990 a mihecahecaan malapi’arawan to kasakitakita ko Pako, makayhid ko masamamaanay a matayal tamdaw a tayni tona niyaro, ira ko masasiromaromaay a Syakaisyuki ato Makosisyuki, onini ko kasasifod no demak no ’orip no tamtamdaw. 1920 miheca,ma’eco no Kahengangay Sofitay no Rosya ko Aciropayciyang, toya miheca to saka 4 folad saka 28 romi’ad patireng to Aciropayciyang Sowiay Syakaisyuki Kapolongan Kitakit, saka tosa miheca i 1922 miheca saka 3 dolad saka12 romi’ad mapapolong to Cyociya(''Georgia'') ato Arminiya patireng to Papotalay Kawciyaso Syakaisyuki Kapolongan Kitakit, tona miheca i saka 12 folad saka 30 romi’ad mikapot ko Aolin tona Kapolongan Kitakit, tahira sato i,1936 miheca saka 12 folad saka 5 romi’ad mala no cecay no Solin Lekatep kona mipolongan a kitakit. O citanengay a tamdaw no Aciropayciyang adihay ko nipatayan ni Stalin toya Tata’angay a Pisawsaw a Demak ningra, mangalefay to pipades no Kiwsanto to mitooray to Kawas a tamdaw. [[Faylo:RedArmy_Paratroops_Baku_1990.jpg|thumb|1990miheca「To’emanay a Sakacecay Folad」,o tangka no Solin( Paratroops Baku 1990)]] Itiya i 1969~1982 mihecahecan, awa to ko ’epoc no saka’orip no kalotamdaw, itini to a milekal ko sakakaay soci no Aciropayciyang Kiwsanto ci Aliyif(Rosiya a sowal:''Гейда́р Али́евич Али́ев'') to sapisa’icel a mikorac to maco’osay to dafong ato payso no finawlan, nikawrira, caay ka pakatena’ to tatenak no misailailaay a misapades to kalotamdaw a matayal no sifo a komuin. Tahita sato i 1990 miheca masiwar no kafahekaan a kafalic no Sa’etipay Yoropa ko Aciropayciyang, caay ka pakatosa miheca macodadaf ko pisa’eli to sakasiikedaw to niyah pikowan, mitoker(o Pako niyaro’ ko pi’arawan) to pipapatay no Arminiya to tamdaw no Aciropayciyan, tongal sato ko kasafodfod nona kitkait, onini ko sakapicomod no Kahengangay Sofitay no Solin i Pako sa’aloman sato ko mapatayay a tamdaw, sa pangangan han to「To’emanay a Sakacecay Folad」(latek 147 ko mapatayan, 800 ko madoka’ay),tona pi’enec a demak malowan to ko sapisiikedaw to niyah pikowan a ’icel, tahira to i 1991 miheca, itira i Solin mafelih no sofitay ko sifo, sa ira sato ko halalan to sapisiikedaw no Aciropayciyang, 1991 miheca saka 8 folad saka 30 romi’ad lekal sato to to Pisiiked a Niyah Pikowan, patireng to Aciropayciyang Nikapolongan Kitakit. Nikawrira, to roma a folad i saka 9 folad, ira ko langiwngiw no ilaloma’ay no Aciropayciyagn a tamdaw, o Nakorno Kalapahe a Pala o Arminiya a tamdaw ko ’alomanay a maro’ , miliyaw heca cangra a pasowal to naifaloco’ay ko sapiliyasaw to Aciropayciyang.[36] Ona sakowan a pala ono Aciropayciyang a sera sanay ko kalokitakit, nikawrira, naka lalloodan i 1991 miheca o Arcahe Nikapolongan Kitakit(Nakorno Kalapahe Nikapolongan Kitakit, sanay ko roma a pangangan) ko maro’ay a mikowan ton apala, i 1994 miheca, matatilid to palasawad to lalood a kakaketonan, o Rihaday ato Patomaliway Saopo no Yoropa ko citodongay to pakasasowal tona fangafang,[37] itira sato i 2020 miheca telep sato kona lalood, adihay ko ma’alaay a patatiko no Aciropayciyang a sera. == '''Palapalaan(地理)''' == Itiraay i katimol no Kaciyaso lotolotokan ko Aciropayciyang Nikapolongan Kitakit, isakawali i, misi’ayaway to Kaspis Riyar(Lihay),isaka’amis i,malafiyaway ato Rosiya, isaka’etip i,malafiyaway ato Arminiya ato Cyociya, isakatomol i,madado’edo ato Ilan. O pala no Aciropayciyang i, makalofatad no lotolotokan, o laylay nona lotok i, o Pasatoci ’Apocok, itiraay i Kaciyaso lotolotokan, o tongroh no riyar i,4,740 m, o itiraay i Youropa a pala ira ko 1 ofad ko㎢. [[Faylo:Budug_Azerbaijan16.jpg|thumb|Kawciyaso Lotolotokan(Budug Azerbaijan16)]] Kahenayay a mafalic ko kakarayan no Aciropayciyang, isasifo’an ato isakawali i,o ma’icangay ko kakarayan, ikawali no sakatimol kala’oraday. O tatapangay a tokay Pako mililisay to Kaspis Riyar, orasaka i kasi’enawan dihekoay, isakacecay a folad o lalen no fa’edet 4℃, isakapito a folad o lalen no fa’edet 25℃. Ika’amis ato isa’etip a tokotoksan si’enaway to mamang, i kaciferangan o lalen no fa’edet 12℃, i kasi’enawan a lalen no fa’edet -9℃. O ’orad no Aciropayciyang to cecay a miheca sahetoay 200 hawmi aca ko ’orad, nikawrira, ira ko pinapina a pala patinako han i takaraway tongroh no riyar no Kawciyaso lotok ato sakawali no satimolan a Lankolang dafdaf kala’oraday, cecay miheca marawisay ko 1000 hawmi ko kaadihay no ’orad. Polongen a somowal i, o palapalan no Aciropayciyang, i falawfawan ato kalaloodan o so’emetay a kakarayan, i kaciferangan o ma’icangay ko kakarayan. == '''Sici (政治)''' == Pakainien i rikec no kitakit to Kinpo i, o adihayay ko kasafelaw no sici, makalifataday ko Sakowan ’Icel no congtong, nikawrira, caayay ho ka o polong no finawlan ko misiwasiway to tayal no sifo, orasaka, pakaininen i「O Finawlan ko Pi’arawan a Sa’osi」(''Democracy Index，民主指數'') o Nisatekedan a Mikowan ko sici nona kitakit. O tapang no kitakit i,o congtong,o sakatosa a congtong i,o mido’edoay to congtong a malatapang no kitakit, o kakeridan no sifo i,o soli(congli). O mamisang’a to rikec no kitakit i, malacafayay ko sifo ato Pikaikian no Kitakit. I 1991miheca saka 12 folad, mapalaheci ko Nikapolongan Pitopa to pisaiked a niyahpikowan, miliyas to Solin. O aniniay a congtong no Aciropayciyang i, ci Ilihamu Kaita Awkoloy Aliyief(''İlham Heydər oğlu Əliyev''‎) , o mikapotay to Mikikawananay a Safelaw no sici. O sakaka’ay a misanga’ay to rikec no kitakit i,o Pikaikian no Finawlan. == '''Kacacofelan a Demak'''(外交) == Mikapotay ko Aciropayciyang i Sakanga’ay no Hekal a Lekatep(''World Health'' [[Faylo:Secretary_Clinton_Meets_With_Azerbaijani_President_Aliyev_(6830100991).jpg|thumb|'''o Kakeridan no Kacacofelan a Demak no Amirika ('''Secretary Clinton Meets With Azerbaijani President Aliyev)]] ''Organization, WHO''), no Hekal a Kiking Lekatep(''International Monetary Fund，IMF''),no Hekal a Kinko(World Bank，WB),Sapicemahad a Kinko no Aciya(''Asian Development Bank，ADB''), Licikay no Yoropa(''Council of Europe''), o Sakarihaday ato Sakapapadang a Lekatep no Yoropa(''Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe，OSCE''), o Rihadayay a malaKapotay a Nisafacoan(''Partnership for Peace''， PfP),o Saka’amisay a Riyaran a Kakaketonan Lekatep(''North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO''), o Hekalay malali’acaay a Lekatep(''World Trade Organization, WTO''),o Hekalay Dingwa a Lekatep(Fransu a sowal:''Union Internationale des Télécommunications, UIT'', Ikiris a sowal:''International Telecommunication Union'', ''ITU''), o Toci Punka a Hekalay Lekatep(Torki a sowal:''Uluslararası Türk Kültürü Teşkilatı, TÜRKSOY''),o Siikeday a Kitakit a Lekatep(Rosiya asowal:''Содружество Независимых Государств'',CIS, o Katelangay a AmuFinawlan ato Sapicemahad to Saka’orip a Lekatep(''Organization for Democracy and Economic Development''), ono Tamdawan Salongoc Licikay no Linhoko(''United Nations Human Rights Council''). == '''O kasaikiked a sakowan'''(行政區劃) == [[Faylo:Azerbaijan_districts_numbered.png|thumb|Azerbaijan districts numbered]] O kasaikeiked a sakowan no Aciropayciyang i,ira ako 56 ko saokowan, 11 ko tokai, cecay ko Nasicifan niyahpikowan a kitakit(''Naxçıvan Muxtar Respublikası''). {| class="wikitable" |Rayray |’Amis a sowal: sakowan |Aciro.sowal |Rayray        |’Amis a sowa l:sakowan |Aciro.sowal |- |1 |Aposilong |Abşeron‎、 |35 |Lirik |Lerik rayonu‎ |- |2 |Akotasin |Ağdaş‎ |36 |Masaloy |Masallı rayonu‎ |- |3 |Akotamo |Ağdam‎ |37 |Nifuciyala |Neftçala‎ |- |4 |Sliyang |Salyan rayonu‎ |38 |Awkoc rayonu |Oğuz |- |5 |Akostafa |Ağstafa‎ |39 |Hasako |Qazax‎ |- |6 |Akocipiti |Ağcabədi‎ |40 |Ciwltamir |Kürdəmir rayonu‎ |- |7 |Aheso |Ağsu‎ |41 |Kasi |Qax |- |8 |Astala |Astara‎ |42 |Kusal |Qusar‎ |- |9 |Parta |Bərdə |43 |Kaipilay |Qəbələ rayonu‎ |- |10 |Palaken |Balakən‎） |44 |Kopustan |Qobustan rayonu‎ |- |11 |Pilakan |Beyləqan rayonu‎ |45 |Kupatoli |Qubadlı rayonu‎ |- |12 |Ciyalilapato |Cəlilabad rayonu‎） |46 |Kupa rayonu |Quba |- |13 |Piliyasofal |Biləsuvar rayonu‎） |47 |Siacan |Siyəzən rayonu‎ |- |14 |Cipolay |Cəbrayıl rayonu‎ |48 |Sapilapato |Sabirabad rayonu‎ |- |15 |Tasinkasang |Daşkəsən‎ |49 |Satoli |Saatlı rayonu‎ |- |16 |Ficuli |Füzuli rayonu‎） |50 |Samuhe |Samux rayonu‎ |- |17 |Twici |Dəvəçi rayonu‎ |51 |Tartar |Tərtər rayonu‎ |- |18 |Kayawkociya |Göyçay rayonu‎ |52 |Taoc） |Tovuz rayonu‎ |- |19 |Kaytapiko |Gədəbəy‎ |53 |Wcial |Ucar rayonu‎ |- |20 |Hanlal |Göygöl rayonu‎ |54 |Heciafinto |Xocavənd rayonu‎ |- |21 |Kolanpoy |Goranboy rayonu‎ |55 |Hacimas |Xaçmaz rayonu‎） |- |22 |Korpacial |Kəlbəcər |56 |Sici |Xızı rayonu |- |23 |Kacimohanmoto |Hacıqabul rayonu‎ |57 |Heciali |Xocalı rayonu |- |24 |Linkolan |Lənkəran rayonu‎ |58 |Yifuhe ‎ |Yevlax |- |25 |Lacin |Laçın rayonu |59 |Yartomli |Yardımlı rayonu‎ |- |26 |Cakatal ‎ |Zaqatala |60 |Cartapo |Zərdab rayonu‎ |- |27 |Cankola |Zəngilan rayonu‎ |61 |Ysmili |İsmayıllı rayonu |- |28 |Ymisinli |İmişli rayonu‎ |62 |Samaci |Şamaxı rayonu‎ |- |29 |Soci |Şəki rayonu‎ |63 |Sosa |Şuşa rayonu |- |30 |Samokir |Şəmkir rayonu |64 |Pako |Bakı |- |31 |Canciya |Gəncə |65 |Somokaito |Sumqayıt |- |32 |Hankento |Xankəndi |66 |Linkolan |Lənkəran‎ |- |33 |Minkayciyar |Mingəçevir |67 |Nafutalan |Neftalan‎ |- |34 |Yiflahe |Yevlax‎ | | | |- | colspan="2" |Nasicifan niyahpikowan a kitakit |Naxçıvan Muxtar Respublikası |1 |Papiko |Babək‎ |- | colspan="3" rowspan="7" | |2 |Cufali |Culfa‎） |- |3 |Kankali |Kəngərli‎ |- |4 |Nasicifan |Naxçıvan şəhəri |- |5 |Awrtopat |Ordubad‎ |- |6 |Satalako |Sədərək‎ |- |7 |Sahepoci |Şahbuz‎ |- |8 |Salol |Şərur |} == '''Kicai'''(經濟) == Aciropayciyang a kitakita i,tada rifo’aday to kasoline simal ato kaso no palapalaan, o tatapangan a tokai Pako nani tiya ho Solin a mihecahecaan inganganay to i hekal.[38] Orasak o tatapangan a saka’orip a dafong no kalotamdaw ko kasolin ato kaso,oni pasadakan i cowacowa a kitakit pa’aca mahaop ko 90% no kalodafong, o ’etang no matayalay tono kasolin ato kaso ikakaay no polong no kitakit to 5 a kasatiwtiw ko kaadihay. Tili’en ko pipolong a pisa’osi no citodongay to pilisata a demak,i’ayaw no fatad no 2021 miheca, o plong a ’eten to kafafalic to lalosidan ira ko 126.76 ok ko payso no Amirika. Silsilen i la’eno: gasoline simal(69.47%), gaso no pala(16.39%),loasay ato dateng(4.27%),dafong nani simal(2.12%),soka ato misanga’an(1.21%), takomod ato keriw(0.77%),dinki(0.54%),’enor ato dafong(0.53%), naisimalay dafong(0.53%).kilakilangan ato ’a’adopan a simal(0.13%), towaso(0.13%),sato、’odax(0.10%),’epah ato nananomen(0.09%), ociya(0.06%), ato romaroma(3.35%). Tahira i 2021 miheca saka cecay a folad saka cecay a romi’ad, o nisopedan a payso no Amirika i, ira ko 495.813 ok ko kaadihay, ilalpma’ nonini i, Aciropayciyang no kitakit a kiking no simal ira ko 433.233 ok ko payso no Amirika, mahaop ko 87.4%; o tatapangan a kinko no Aciropayciyang kitakit i, 62.58 ok ko payso no Amirika, mahaop ko 12.6%, nikawrira o kiyam i, polongen ira ko 99.1 ok ko payso no Amirika.[39] == '''Tamdaw''' (人口) == I 2009 miheca a pisa’osi to tamdaw no Aciropayciyang, silsilen ko kasasiroma: {| class="wikitable" |Kasasiroma no finacadan |Acio.a sowal |Kasa’isal mihaopan% |- |Aciropayciyang anoca Aciropayciyang Torki |Azərilər آذریلر anoca Azəri türkləri |91.60 |- |Licikin |ləzgilər |2.2 |- |Arminiya |Arminiya:Հայեր |1.35 |- |Rosiya |Rosiya:русские |1.34 |- |Talisi |Talysh |1.26 |- |Afar |Pannonian Avars |0.56 |- |Torki |Türkler |0.43 |- |Tatar |татарлар |0.29 |- |Wkolan |ukrayintsi |0.24 |- |Kawciyaso Tati |Tati |0.28 |- |Cakor |saxurlar |0.14 |- |Ciyociya |Georgians |0.11 |- |Yotaya |Yehudim/Jews |0.1 |- |Kuto |Kurd |0.07 |- |roman | |0.21 |} [[Faylo:Talysh_people_in_Iran.jpg|thumb|Talisi tamdaw(Talysh people in Iran)]] [[Faylo:Azerigirls.JPG|thumb|Aciropayciyang a tamdaw(Azerigirls)]] == '''Pitooran''' (宗教) == O ikakaay a pitooran no Aciropayciyang a kitakita i, o Islam a pitooran, o polong no tamdaw nona kitakit mahaop ko 97% a tamdaw o Moslin[40](o Sinyi a saiked mahaop ko 85%,Sonni a saiked mahaop ko 15%),[41] itini i hekal o sakatosa a kitakit ko ka’aloman no Sinyi a saiked.[42] I Aciropayciyang adihay ko kasasiromaroma no finacadan, kasasiromaroma ko pitooran nangra, do’edoen ko Tatapangan Rikec no Kitakit tora Kinpo hananay i, o Aciropayciyang a kitakit i,no Hekalan a Kitakit, orasaka, paifaloco’ay ko kapitoor. I nani 2006 miheca tara 2008 miheca a Kailopo Pikadkad i,[43] o tadamaanay a cecay no saka’orip no niyam to romi’ami’ad ko pitooran sanay a tamdaw i, o ’edengan 21% ko sa’osi, orasaka, itini i hekal o caay ka tada mirecep i demak no ’orip ko pitooran a Islam a kitakit, o pakainiay i punka yo sanay a Moslin, cowa ko pakainiay i faloco’ ko pitooran. [[Faylo:Bibi_Heybat_Mosque_Baku_1.jpg|thumb|Pipi kiyokai no Isalam i Pako(Bibi Heybat Mosque Baku)]] O roma a pitooran itini tona kitakit i, ira ho Kristo pitooran ato Yotaya pitooran. == Tahapinangan a Tilid (註) == [1] 亞塞拜然可以被認為是亞洲或歐洲國家。聯合國將其分在西亞地區，CIA世界概況 CIA.gov和NationalGeographic.com以及大英百科全書以及中華人民共和國外交部也認為亞塞拜然屬於亞洲國家。也有來源認為亞塞拜然屬於歐洲國家的：BBCNEWS.bbc.co.uk和Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary以及 Worldatlas.com。 [2] Azerbaijan: Early History: Persian and Greek Influences. U.S. Library of Congress. [2006-06-07]. （原始內容存檔於2012-12-12）. [3] Tadeusz Swietochowski. Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition. Columbia University Press, 1995. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-231-07068-3</nowiki>, <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-231-07068-3</nowiki> and Reinhard Schulze. A Modern History of the Islamic World. I.B.Tauris, 2000. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-86064-822-9</nowiki>, <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-86064-822-9</nowiki>. [4] E. Cornell, Svante. The Politicization of Islam in Azerbaijan. Silk Road Paper. 2006: 124, 222, 229, 269–270. [5] Swietochowski, Tadeusz. Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition. 哥倫比亞大學出版社. 1995: 69, 133 [2015-01-31]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-231-07068-3</nowiki>. （原始內容存檔於2021-05-17）; Pipes, Richard. The Formation of the Soviet Union: Communism and Nationalism 1917–1923 2nd. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 1997: 218–220, 229. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-674-30951-7</nowiki>. [6] Cornell, Svante E. Azerbaijan Since Independence. M.E. Sharpe. 2010: 165, 284. Indicative of general regional trends and a natural reemergence of previously oppressed religious identity, an increasingly popular ideological basis for the pursuit of political objectives has been Islam.... The government, for its part, has shown an official commitment to Islam by building mosques and respecting Islamic values... Unofficial Islamic groups sought to use aspects of Islam to mobilize the population and establish the foundations for a future political struggle.... Unlike Turkey, Azerbaijan does not have the powerful ideological legacy of secularism... the conflict with Armenia has bred frustration that is increasingly being answered by a combined Islamic and nationalist sentiment, especially among younger people... All major political forces are committed to secularism and are based, if anything, on a nationalist agenda. [7] Human Development Index and its components (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. [2015-02-03]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2019-01-05）. [8] Literacy rate among schoolchildren in Azerbaijan is 100% – UN report （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） – News.Az – Published 28 October 2011. [9] CIA The World Factbook. CIA. [2014-01-14]. （原始內容存檔於2019-01-06）. [10] Azerbaijan and the 2013 presidential election UK Parliament briefing paper, 25 October 2013; Transparency International CORRUPTION PERCEPTIONS INDEX 2012. [2015-02-03]. （原始內容存檔於2013-05-28）. [11] Introduction: Azerbaijan. CIA World Factbook. [2014-03-06]. （原始內容存檔於2019-09-17）; Human Rights Watch: Azerbaijan. Human Rights Watch. [2014-03-06]. （原始內容存檔於2020-07-14）. [12] Houtsma, M. Th. First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913–1936 reprint. BRILL. 1993. <nowiki>ISBN 978-90-04-09796-4</nowiki>.; Schippmann, Klaus. Azerbaijan: Pre-Islamic History. Encyclopædia Iranica. 1989: 221–224. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-933273-95-5</nowiki>. [13] Minahan, James. Miniature Empires: A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States. Greenwood Publishing Group. 1998: 20F. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-313-30610-5</nowiki>.; Chamoux, François. Hellenistic Civilization. John Wiley and Sons. 2003: 26. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-631-22241-5</nowiki>.; Bosworth A.B., Baynham E.J. Alexander the Great in Fact and fiction. 牛津大學出版社. 2002: 92. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-19-925275-6</nowiki>. [14] Chaumont, M. L. Atropates. Encyclopædia Iranica 3.1. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 1987 [2015-02-02]. （原始內容存檔於2021-05-12）; Swietochowski, Tadeusz. Historical Dictionary of Azerbaijan. Lanham, Maryland: The Scarecrow Press. 1999. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-8108-3550-4</nowiki>. [15] Darmesteter, James. Frawardin Yasht. Avesta Khorda Avesta: Book Of Common Prayer reprint. Kessinger Publishing. 2004: 93 [2015-02-02]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4191-0852-5</nowiki>. （原始內容存檔於2018-09-29） [16] Azerbaijan: Early History: Persian and Greek Influences. U.S. Library of Congress. [2006-06-07]. （原始內容存檔於2012-12-12）. [17] Azerbaijan: Early History: Persian and Greek Influences. U.S. Library of Congress. [2006-06-07]. （原始內容存檔於2012-12-12）. [18] Swietochowski, Tadeusz. Russian Azerbaijan, 1905-1920: The Shaping of a National Identity in a Muslim Community. Cambridge University Press. 2004: 129. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-521-52245-8</nowiki>. [19] Azakov, Siyavush. National report on institutional landscape and research policy Social Sciences and Humanities in Azerbaijan (PDF). Institute of Physics. 亞塞拜然國家科學院. [2007-05-27]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2011-11-16）. [20] Musabeyli, Nacaf. Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline Boosts Azerbaijani Archaeology. Visions of Azerbaijan. 2007年, 2 (3): 48–53頁 [2015-03-14]. （原始內容存檔於2021-05-12）. [21] Azerbaijan: Early History: Persian and Greek Influences. U.S. Library of Congress. [2006-06-07]. （原始內容存檔於2012-12-12） [22] Swietochowski, Tadeusz. Historical Dictionary of Azerbaijan. Lanham, Maryland: The Scarecrow Press. 1999. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-8108-3550-4</nowiki>. [23] Chaumont, M. L. Albania. Encyclopædia Iranica. 1984 [2015-02-27]. （原始內容存檔於2020-05-26）. [24] Encyclopædia Britannica. Azerbaijan. Chapter History （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） [25] Chaumont, M. L. Albania. Encyclopædia Iranica. 1984 [2015-02-27]. （原始內容存檔於2020-05-26）. [26] Maps and accompanying commentary in Hewsen, Robert H. Armenia: a Historical Atlas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001: map 19 (奧龍特斯王朝, p. 33), map 20 (提格蘭二世統治時期, p. 34, map 21 (阿爾塔克西王朝, p. 35), map 27 (阿薩息斯王朝, p. 45; A. E. Redgate. The Armenians. Blackwell Publishers. Oxford. Maps 2.1, 7.2, 8.2. [27] Hewsen, Robert H. Armenia: a Historical Atlas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001, p. 102.; Robert H. Hewsen. Ethno-history and the Armenian influence upon the Caucasian Albanians. Classical Armenian culture: Influence and creativity, Scholars press, Philadelphia, 1982, p.33. [28] Kalankatuatsi Movses; Traducido del antiguo armenio por Sh. V. Smbatian. 亞美尼亞國立古籍館 , 編. History of the Land of Aluank. 葉里溫. 1984年: 27頁. [29] Chaumont, M. L. Atropates. Encyclopædia Iranica 3.1. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 1987 [2015-02-02]. （原始內容存檔於2021-05-12）. [30] Gurbanov, Abbas. The Spread of islam. Visions of Azerbaijan. 2010年: 62–66頁 [2015-06-14]. （原始內容存檔於2021-05-12）. [31] Hewsen, Robert H. Armenia: a Historical Atlas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001, map Caucasian Albania.; Robert H. Hewsen, "Ethno-History and the Armenian Influence upon the Caucasian Albanians, " in Classical Armenian Culture: Influences and Creativity, ed. Thomas J. Samuelian (Philadelphia: Scholars Press, 1982), p. 45; Hewsen, Robert H. Armenia: a Historical Atlas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001, pp. 32–33, map 19 (shows the territory of modern Nagorno-Karabakh as part of the Orontids Kingdom of Armenia); Моисей Хоренский. Армянская География VII в. Перевод Патканова К.П. СПб., 1877. стр. 40, 17.; Hewsen, Robert H. "The Kingdom of Artsakh, " in T. Samuelian & M. Stone, eds. Medieval Armenian Culture. Chico, CA, 1983. [32] Yarshater, E. The Iranian Language of Azerbaijan. Encyclopædia Iranica III/2. 1987 [2015-06-15]. （原始內容存檔於2017-11-17）. [33] Ludwig, Paul. Proceedings of the Third European Conference of Iranian Studies 1 Nicholas Sims-Williams (ed.). Cambridge: Wiesbaden: Reichert. 1998. <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-89500-070-6</nowiki>.; Roy, Olivier. The new Central Asia: geopolitics and the birth of nations reprint. I.B. Tauris. 2007: 6. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-84511-552-4</nowiki>. [34] R. Ward, Steven. Immortal: a military history of Iran and its armed forces. Georgetown University Press. 2009: 43. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-58901-258-5</nowiki>.; Malcolm Wagstaff, John. The evolution of middle eastern landscapes: an outline to A.D. 1840, Part 1840. Rowman & Littlefield. 1985: 205 [2015-08-30]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-389-20577-7</nowiki>. （原始內容存檔於2021-05-12）. [35] Bertsch, Gary Kenneth. Crossroads and Conflict: Security and Foreign Policy in the Caucasus and Central Asia. Routledge. 2000: 第297頁. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-415-92273-9</nowiki>.; Nafziger, E. Wayne; Stewart, Frances; Väyrynen, Raimo. War, Hunger, and Displacement: Analysis. Oxford University press. 2000: 第406頁 [2015-08-30]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-19-829739-0</nowiki>. （原始內容存檔於2021-05-12）.; Kashani-Sabet, Firoozeh. Fragile Frontiers: The Diminishing Domains of Qajar Iran. International Journal of Middle East Studies. May 1997, 29 (2): 第210頁. doi:10.1017/s0020743800064473.; Baddeley, John Frederick. The Russian Conquest of the Caucasus. Harvard University: Routledge. 1908: 第71頁 [2015-08-30]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7007-0634-1</nowiki>. （原始內容存檔於2021-05-12）.; Avery, Peter; Hambly, Gavin. The Cambridge History of Iran. Cambridge University Press. 1991: 第126頁. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-521-20095-0</nowiki>. [36] Zürcher, Christoph (2007). The Post-Soviet Wars: Rebellion, Ethnic Conflict, and Nationhood in the Caucasus ([Online-Ausg.]. ed.). New York: New York University Press. p. 168. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-8147-9709-9</nowiki>. [37] 聯合國. Резолюция СБ ООН № 822 от 30 апреля 1993 года. [2015-02-01]. （原始內容存檔於2012-05-30）（俄語）; 聯合國. Резолюция СБ ООН № 853 от 29 июля 1993 года. [2015-02-01]. （原始內容存檔於2012-05-30）（俄語）; 聯合國. Резолюция СБ ООН № 874 14 октября 1993 года. [2015-02-01]. （原始內容存檔於2012-05-30）; 聯合國. Резолюция СБ ООН № 884 от 12 ноября 1993 года. [2015-02-01]. （原始內容存檔於2012-05-30）. [38] 石油史话 巴库油田的兴衰. 中國石油. [2021-06-14]. （原始內容存檔於2021-06-14）. [39] 2020年阿塞拜疆宏观经济指标. 中華人民共和國商務部. 駐亞塞拜然共和國大使館經濟商務處. [2021-06-04]. （原始內容存檔於2021-06-04）. [40] Mapping The Global Muslim Population (PDF). [2011-05-22]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2011-05-19）. [41] Administrative Department of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan – Presidential Library – Religion Archived 2011-08-21 at WebCite. (PDF) . Retrieved on 1 July 2017. [42] Mapping the Global Muslim Population | Pew Research Center （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Pewforum.org (7 October 2009). Retrieved on 1 July 2017. [43] GALLUP – What Alabamians and Iranians Have in Common （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） – data accessed on 19 August 2014[[Faylo:Azerbaijan_districts_numbered.png|thumb|Azerbaijan districts numbered]] jzngyrwcguln13o3zb6jq7k1gtl3fmf 0 32 44362 30681 2024-08-29T10:16:10Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 Barrow, 2016 44362 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Adama Barrow 2016.jpg|縮圖|Barrow, 2016|alt=Adama Barrow 2016.jpg]] I 1965 a miheca(年) saka 2 folad saka 16 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci '''Adama Barrow'''(阿達馬·巴羅), malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Gambia]](甘比亞) anini i ci Adama Barrow, patirengan a romi’ad i 2017 a miheca saka 1 folad saka 19 a romi’ad. == Kasofocan a loma’ 出生家庭 == == lalamod  配偶 == == salikaka  兄弟姐妹 == == natayalan  事蹟 == == pitooran  宗教 == == tahapinangan a tilid 參考文獻 == == pikafitan i papotal 外部連結 == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] hecd2vmm9urz9uijvxiwj3sm9n6zhtj 0 33 303 302 2021-10-28T11:56:22Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 23 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 302 wikitext text/x-wiki Adetuman（平和部落） Itiniay i [[Shoufeng]](壽豐) Cen no Hualien(花蓮縣) ko [[Adetuman]] a niyaro’, 632 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 1,615 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 22% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 359 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 78% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 1,256 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)20%, Truku(太魯閣族)1%, roma(其他)1%. Ira ko picodadan(志學國小、平和國中、平和國中、東華大學) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] t5aq7ym9kb0u64lnt6aaq069k58urwk 0 34 31239 308 2022-05-21T10:34:45Z Amire80 14 頁面內容被替換為「{{stub}} [[Faylo:Papilio polytes polytes bytreef.jpg|thumb|Adipangpang]] [[en:Butterfly]]」 31239 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} [[Faylo:Papilio polytes polytes bytreef.jpg|thumb|Adipangpang]] [[en:Butterfly]] r6uu4bgoxoceshr5rmbna2yrc9596qn 0 35 332 331 2021-10-28T11:56:27Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 23 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 331 wikitext text/x-wiki Adiri（阿禮部落） Itiniay i [[Wutai]](霧台) Cen no Pingtung(屏東縣) ko [[Adiri]] a niyaro’, 116 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 347 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 98% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 339 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 2% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 8 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Rukai(魯凱族)93%, Paiwan(排灣族)3%, Bunun(布農族)1%, roma(其他)1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] tdi3p2ny536m8yno23vq7fkqvlpa7el 0 36 43523 43514 2024-06-05T09:51:27Z A09 1692 回退[[Special:Contributions/93.110.68.255|93.110.68.255]]（[[User talk:93.110.68.255|留言]]）的編輯，改回[[User:陳鷹馬|陳鷹馬]]的先前版本 38473 wikitext text/x-wiki == Afghanistan（阿富汗斯坦） == [[Faylo:Flag of Afghanistan (2013–2021).svg|thumb|Flag of Afghanistan|alt=Flag of Afghanistan (2013–2021).svg]] [[Faylo:Afghanistan (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Afghanistan (orthographic projection)]] Itini i 33 00 N, 65 00 E, noAsiya ko [[Afghanistan]]. Polong no sekalay i 652,230 sq km “saka 41 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 652,230 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 0 sq km ” sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 58.10%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 2.10%, malo no roma to a sera 39.80%. siyoto(首都) O [[Kabul]](喀布爾) ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakafalo 19 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Ashraf Ghani Ahmadzai]](阿什拉夫·甘尼·艾哈邁德扎伊), patirengan a romi’ad i 2014 a miheca saka 9 folad saka 29 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Afghanistan]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Asiya]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Kitakit]] ch7ge8ogud2405acl0mr54efn1y22vo 0 37 377 376 2021-10-28T11:56:33Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 21 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 376 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Afih]]（阿飛赫部落） Itiniay i [[Yuli]](玉里) Cen no Hualien(花蓮縣) ko [[Afih]] a niyaro’, 94 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 293 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 77% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 226 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 23% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 67 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)70%, Bunun(布農族)2%, Tayal(泰雅族)1%, roma(其他)3%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 8zegd3a2ycswngox6b7t9y2u38p5adi 0 38 40134 38592 2023-11-23T21:55:24Z Andre Engels 545 merge 40134 wikitext text/x-wiki {{merge|Afghanistan}} == Afghanistan(阿富汗) == == Takaray a sowal(概略) == Afohan ([[kuwaping a sowal]]: 阿富汗) hananay a ngangan’i, nani sowal no Posinto fanacadan ato Tali finacadan sowal（افغانستان‎，Afġānistān）kona pangangan, o tada ngangan nona kitakit ’i,Afohan Islam Nikapolongan Kitakit（sowal no Posinto：د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت‎‎）.o itiraay i katimol no sasifoan no [[Asiya|Acia]], matiya o faloco’ no Acia ko kamaro’an nona kitakit.ona kaitinian nona kitakit ’i,itiray i la’ed nosakawali a Acia ato saka’etip Acia, sa o pahicelacelaan no paliwalay to maamaan dafong ato kalalitemotemohan no pacarcaray a finacadan, onini ko sakaadihay no kasasiromaroma no punka itini, orasaka, malalitilitingay ko pitooran, sowal, pala ato fiyaw a kitakit, ika’amis malafiyaw ato Tukuman（土庫曼語：Türkmenistan/Түркменистан/تۆركمنيستآن）, Ocupiku（烏茲別克語拉丁字母：O'zbekiston Respublikasi，西里爾字母：Ўзбекистон Республикаси），ato Taciku（塔吉克語：Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон；俄語：Республика Таджикистан）, ikawali ’i, malafiyaw ato Congko, ikatimol malafiyaw ato Pakistan , ika’etip malafiyaw ato Ilang. Orasak caay ka pahanhan ko malalood nona kitakit, 2001 miheca saka12 folad,haien no Linhoko amicorcor ko mamilaoc a sofitay maro’ i Afohan, ona sofitay ’i,sahetoay o nani Masakapotay no NATO, ona sofitay ’i,mihidefong anisiwar to sinkiw no congtong, mapatireng koya nisaharatengan a tamdaw ci Hamito Karcay（sowal no Posinto：حامد کرزۍ‎，sowal no Posi：حامد کرزی‎；Latin：Hāmid Karzai）malacongtong no sa’ayaway a Afohan Isalam kitakit. O tadangangan nona kitakit ’i, 「Afohanstan」hananay, o sowal no itiniay tamdaw Posinto「ono Afohan a pala ko nini」,Posinto tamdaw o Afohan tamdaw hananay a pangangan, itini tona kitakit ’i,o saalomanay ko ’isal no tamdaw. Halafin tato ko kalalood ato rawraw, hato mamalahoper to ko kicay nona kitakit, orasaka,o padahof no romaroma akitakit ko saka’orip no tamtamdaw, patinako han o nani Yoropanay a padahof mahaop ko 40% no polong a ’etan no mitayalan. [1] [[Faylo:Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg|thumb|Maler der Grabkammer des Sennudem 001]] O liomah ko sakakaay a pili’etan nona kitakit, nikawria, o nga’ayay a maomahen a sera ’i, ‘edeng o tosa no kalitolo no palapalaan, o sawarak ko adihayay a palomaen, o sasafaay i nitahepoan no kakarayan kitakit ko ‘orip nona kitakit. == Tatapangan sowal(語源) == O Afohan hananay ’i,nani [[sowal no Monko]](蒙古語), o imi nona sowal: o kitakit ni faki sanay. O A fohanstan（Posinto sowal：افغانستان‎，Afghānistān）ato Afohan Finacadan o tadamalitengay, nawhani, itiya ho i 10 sici iraay to a matilid i cili no sikay kona ngangan.[2] Pakaynien i rikisi ko pinengneng, Afohan hananay ’i, o Posinto Finacadan koni toro’an. O Afohanstan hananay ’i, Afohan（''Afghān'' o kawaliay fanacadan ''Abgân''）, ora stan sanay a ciping ’i, o sera sanay a sowal no Posi. Orasaka, o tada ngangnan nona kitakit toya Afohanstan sanay ’i, 「o no Afohan a sera」sanay ko imi nira, matiya o kitakit i sasifo’an no acia tora Kurtostan ato Ucipikustan nipacipingan to 「stan」. 1919 miheca saka 8 folad saka 19 romi’ad, i sakakinatolo a lalood ato Ikiris, o kakita’an no Afohan ci Amannura Han（''Amanullah Khan''， أمان الله خان ，1892 miheca 6folad 1romi’ad－1960miheca 4folad 25romi’ad）milekal to piteked a pikowan to kitakit.1973 miheca, mafelih ko pikowan no Palakoy Hontian sifo, mapatireng ko Nikapolongan Kitakit. Toya ikor to ’i, kinapinapina mafelih no sofitay ko mikowanay, micowat ho ko Rosya, patedo sa ko tapang no sofitay a marawraw, orasak, mapatireng ko Afohan nikapolongan kitakit, falicen patireng to Afohan Islam kitakit ato Afohan Islan kakita’an kitakit. 2001 miheca,Talipan Sifo mapereng i kalaloodan. 2004 miheca saka1 folad saka26 romi’ad, mapatireng ko pacarcaran a congtong ci Hamito Karcay, patalehekal to fa’elohay kinpo, patesok han a pangangan to「Afohan Islam Nikapolongan Kitakit」kona kitakit. == '''Rikisi(歷史)''' == Do’edoen ko tilid no mikakinkiway,nani anini i’ayaw no 5ofad miheca,iraay to ko tamdaw a maro’ itini, o ciko no lalan no isifo’ay acia ko kaitinian nona kitakit,nengengen ko rikisi nona kitakit, cila malalood cila marawraw ko kasaniyaro’, nawhani, nano to’asan malafiyaway to romaroma a hontian kitakit, patinakohan: Posi hontian kitakit,Koncie hontian sifo, Kuisan hontian kitakit, Tang Caw, Mutor hontian kitakit（Urto sowal：مغلیہ سلطنت‎， falicen to：''Mughliyah Saltanat‎''，Posi sowal ：مغلیہ سلطنت‎，Roma tilid：mug͟hliyah saltanat，意為「蒙兀兒蘇丹國」, Cin Caw(清朝), Hontian Ikiris ato Rosya itinitay tona kitakit a malala’is. Ira ho ko katelang a Hontian Kirisiya Kitakit ato ci Cinkisuhan[3](成吉思汗sowal no Monko：ᠴᠢᠩᠭᠢᠰ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ，鮑培轉寫：Činggis qaγan，tilid no Sirir：Чингис хаан). === '''O Nikowan no Roma a Finacadan(異族統治)''' === Ano nengnengen ko rikis no Afohan, [[Faylo:Portrait_miniature_of_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani.jpg|thumb|Ayhamaytosa Tolani''(Portrait miniature of Ahmad Shah Durrani)'']] kinapinapina to malengat a mapalo ato malowid no roma a finacadan, o roma ’i, o kakitaan no niyaro’ sanga’ saton niyah teked a sofitay milood to fiyaw a niyaro’ malakitakit sato a malahad, patinako han i sasfo’an no 18sici, mapatireng ko Ayhamaytosa Tolani a hontian kitakit''（Shāh Durr-i-Durrān, 1724~1772）,''o sa’ayaway a kitakit itini. Ona honti tonini ’i, so’emetay ko faloco’ orasaka pecihen ningra ko sera no kitakit a palilam to fiyafiyaw. Hakowaay ko kasasiromaroma finacadan ko mikowanay,silsil han i la’eno: [[Faylo:Shuja_Shah_Durrani_of_Afghanistan_in_1839.jpg|thumb|Toranni Honti (Shuja Shah Durrani of Afghanistan in 1839)]] Posi Hontian a Pikowan（’ayaw no 6 sici－’ayaw 330 miheca） Konci Hontian a Pikowan（’ayaw 324miheca－’yaw187miheca） Pakotoriya Hontian Pikowan（latek ’ayaw no 250 miheca－latek ’ayaw no 135 miheca） Kusan Hontian Kitakit''(Kushan)''（sili 1sici－3sici） Tang ho（659 miheca－751 miheca） Arapiya Hontian Kitakit（751年－820年） Kacini Hontian Kitakit（962 miheca－1151 miheca） Posi Kol Hontian Kitakit（1151 miheca－1215 miheca） Posi Kalti Hontian Kitakit（1245 miheca－1389 miheca） Timol Hontian Kitakit（1389 miheca－1507 miheca） Monor Hontian Kitakit''(Mughliyah Saltanat‎)''（16 sici－1747 miheca） === Afohan Hontian Kitakit(阿富汗王朝) === Toranni Hontian Kitakit（1747 miheca－1826 miheca） Palakocayi Hontian Kitakit（1836 miheca－1973 miheca） === '''Ingataay Miheca(近代)''' === No aniniay a Afohan Kitakit namapatireng itiyaay ho 1746 miheca Toranni Hotian miheca, ono aniniay to a Afohan kitakit ’i, 1747 miheca a [[Faylo:King_Amanullah_Khan.jpg|thumb|Amanula Honti (King Amanullah Khan)]] , o ikor tono 19sici malikelong to ko ’icel nona kitakit, sa itira a mala’afas ko Ikiris ato Rosiya to sapi’ecoaw a maro’. Ya malahonti ci Amanula(''Amanullah Khan，'' أمان الله خان ，) ta misiiked a mapatireng ko aniniay a kitakit i 1919 miheca ,itira ko pisa’eli to Ikiris to malalenay a kakaketonan a tilid, manaay ko Ikiris orasaka misatapang to sakakinatolo a pilood to Ikiris,yo malowid to ko Ikiris i, matatilid to malalenay a kakaketonan i 1921miheca 11 folad 22 romi’ad,caay to ko kakowanan no Ikiris. Nikawrira, nani 1900 miheca taha 2001 miheca 11 ko malatapangay a mikowan tona kitakit awaay ko pakalaheciay to kalatapang i kamaro’an. O samahinakeray a mihecaan no Afohan ’i, itiray i kalahontian ni Mohanmot Casirsa(（Posi sowal：محمد ظاهرشاه‎）nani 1933 miheca tahira i 1973 miheca. Itiya i 1973 miheca mafelih no cecaay ko pona a salikaka ningra ci Mohanmot Tautehan   （Posinto sowal：سردار محمد داود خان‎）, mapalasawad ko hontian a faco no kitakit. 1978 miheca ira ko picoker no Rosiya to Afohan Kalotamdawan Tang a mifelih to sifo, ci Mohanmot Tautehan ato laloma’an ’aloman ko mipatayan. Tomireng to kona Afohan Kalotamdawan Tang mitatoy to sakowan no kitakit, nikawrira palili’en no Amirika to payso ko Islam Sofitay (Arapiya sowal：مجاهد‎，Latin sowal：muǧāhid，Ikiris sowal：Mujahid，意為聖戰者）)mamifelih to aniniay a sifo, sapidipotaw to aniniay a sifo ko Rosiya i 1979 miheca 12 folad 24 romi’ad ocor han to ko sofitay a mitoker to nicokeran no Amirika a komi,na onini to ko sakala’aised no Rosiya ato Akirika, satapang sato ko lalood to mo’etep ko mihecan, ’aloman ko mahikedaay a kalotamdaw tona lalood, 1989 miheca sawad sato ko Rosiya a malalood nokay sanay to ko polong no sofitay. === '''Nikapolongan Kitakit(共和國時期)''' === Nani ikor tono 1970 miheca, wataay to ko nikapadesan nona kitakit to lalood ato rawraw,ano irairaay ko pipasasinga’ay no roma a kitakit, caay ka tangsol sa a malali’ay ko malalooday, itiya sato i 2001 miheca warawar han to palasawad koya ci’icelay a mikowan nani 1996 miheca a Talipan Sifo(Posinto ato Posi sowal：طالبان‎，o imi nonini ’i,o 「Mitiliday no Islam a Pitooran」，Roma tilid：''Taliban''，o Mitooray a tamdaw) Itini tona Nikapolongan Kitakit a pikowanan a mihwca i,masasiromaroma ho 6 a sifo: [[Faylo:Osama_bin_Laden_portrait.jpg|thumb|Kakeridan no Talipan Sifo ci pin Laten(Osama bin Laden portrait)]] Afohan Nikapolongan kitakit(1973 miheca -1978 miheca) Afohan Finawlan Kitakit (1978 miheca -1992 miheca) Afohan Islam Kitakit (1992-1996) Afohan Islam Kakitaan Kitakit (1996-2001) Afohan Islam Kitakit (pacarcaran sifo 2001-2004) Afohan Islam Nikapolongan Kitakit (2004-) === '''Ikor no 2000 miheca(2000年以後)''' === Ikaleponan no 2001 miheca, masaopo ko kakeridan no masacefacefangay i Toic masasowal, mihai patireng to fa’elohay a faco no sifo, matoro’ ci Hamito Karcayi（Posinto sowal：حامد کرزۍ‎， Posi tilid：حامد کرزی‎；Latin：Hāmid Karzai）mala’ayaway kamaro’an tamdaw no pacarcaray sifo, tona kasasowal ’i, malaheci a miketon to sapisanga’aw to fa’elohay a kinpo ato misaharaka to sinkiw no congtong, 2004 miheca 10 folad 9 romi’ad sa’ayaway ho a pisinkiw to congtong i Afohan, o sakcecay namisinnkiwan a congtong ci Hamito Karcayi, nikawrira niaro’an ho no sofitay no Amirika ko Afohan. 2009 miheca saka 8 folad sakakinatosa a pisinkiw to congton ci Hamito Karcayi ko maalaay tona sinkiw, toya miheca saka11 folad maro’ i katayalan. 2014 miheca pasaliyad heca a misinkiw to congtong,ci Kani ko maalay malacongton, saka 9 folad saka 29 romi’ad maro’ i kamaro’an no congtong, toroen nigra ci Apotola malakakeridan no sifo. Itiya i 2009 miheca yo maala malacongtong no Amirika ci Opama mahapinang ningra ko caay ko mamalowid kona lalood, sa milekal miliyas ko sofitay no Amirika i 2014 miheca,i 2015 miheca tolo a ofad ko miliyasay sofitay no Amirika. 2020 miheca saka 2 folad saka 29 romi’ad masasowal ko Amirika ato Talipan i tatapangay niyaro’ Toha no Kata, makakaketon to sowal:ikor no 14 a folad ha’emin sato a miliyas to Afohan ko sofitay no Amirika, palaheci han to kona 18 a miheca ko kakaya’ a kalalood.[4] 2021 miheca namalacongtong no Amirika ci Payten, tangsol sa amilekal tona aniniay miheca saka 9 folad lahecien no sofitay a miliyas ko Afohan.   ==  '''Sici(政治)''' == Tada awaay ko caay ka co’os(lawaco) no malatapangay itini i Afohan a kitakit, ira ko pisolap no Manansor a Ma’araw''(Transparency International)''sanay a saopo,ira ko pipasadak 「sa’osi i 2015 miheca o po’elac no kalokitakit」''（Corruption Perceptions Index，CPI）''ilaloma’ no polong 180 ko kitakit o Afohan sakatolo nani aikoren a misa’osi. Ira ho ko roma a misa’osian no CPI i 2016 miheca o mipadahofan no romaroma a kitakit i Afohan i, o cecay no kalifalo ko maka’enay no malatapangay sanay. [[Faylo:August_1985_Muja.jpg|thumb|Sofitay no Kawas(August 1985 Muja聖戰者)]] '''Kakeridan no Afohan Finawlan Tang''' {| class="wikitable" |'''ngangan no kakeridan''' |'''kamaro’an a miheca''' |- |'''نور محمد ترکۍ''' Nor Mohanmoto Taraki ''(Nur Muhammad Taraki)'' |1978miheca saka4folad saka30romi’ad－1979miheca saka9folad aka14romi’ad |- |'''حفيظ الله امين''' Haficula Amin''(Hafizullah Amin)'' |1979miheca saka9folad saka14romi’ad－1979miheca saka12folad saka27romi’ad |- |'''ببرک کارمل''' Paprak Karmar''(Babrak Karmal)'' |1979miheca saka12folad saka27romi’ad－1986miheca saka11folad saka24romi’ad |- |'''ډاکټر نجیب ﷲ احمدزی''' Mohanmoto Nacipola ''(Mohammad Najibullah)'' |1986miheca saka11folad saka224romi’ad－1992miheca saka4folad saka16romi’ad |} '''Afohan Islam kitakit a congtong''' {| class="wikitable" |'''領導人姓名ngangan no kakeridan''' |'''Katayalan miheca''' |- |'''برهان الدين رباني''' Porhanotin Rapani''(Burhanuddin Rabbani)'' |'''1'''992miheca saka4folad saka16romi’ad－2001miheca saka11folad saka13romi’ad |- |'''برهان الدين رباني''' Porhanotin Rapani(Burhanuddin Rabbani) |2001miheca saka11folad saka13romi’ad－2001miheca saka12folad saka22romi’ad（saka kinatosa） |- |'''حامد کرزی''' Hamito Karcayi''(Hamid Karzai)'' |'''2'''004miheca saka12folad saka7romi’ad－2014miheca saka9folad saka29romi’ad (2001miheca saka11folad saka13romi’ad satapng a malapatodongay) |- |'''شرف غني حمدزی''' Asinlaf Kani Ahemacay ''(Ashraf Ghani Ahmadzai)'' |2014miheca saka9folad saka29romi’ad-tahanini |} '''Kasafalifalic no sifo no Afihan（nani 1978 miheca）''' {| class="wikitable" |1978miheca-1992miheca |1992miheca-1996miheca |1996年-2001年 |2001年至今 | |- | rowspan="2" | '''   ''' Afohan A Finawlan Kitaki（Afohan Finawlan Tang ko mitekeday mikowan） | rowspan="2" | Afohan Islam Kitakit（Afohan ciSeileiay Sofitay ko mihopay mikowan | ’Amisay a Lekatep（ka’amis no sa’etip ko mikowanan） | colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Afohan Islam Kapolongan Kitakit（’Amisay a Lekatep ko mikowanay） |- | Afohan Islam Kakitaan Kitakit （Talipan ko mikowanay） |} == '''Palapalaan (地理)''' == O kaitiraan no Afohan ’i, isifo’ay no Aciya, malala’ed ato Tukumanstan（Tukuman a sowal：''Türkmenistan/Түркменистан''/تۆركمنيستآن）、Ucepike Kitakit（Ucepike a sowal ato Latin a tilid：''O'zbekiston Respublikasi，''Siril tilid：''Ўзбекистон Республикаси）''ato Tacike Kitakit （Tacike a sowal：''Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон''；Rosiya sowal：''Республика Таджикистан''）. Malafiyaw ato Congko isawalian, ikatimol malala’ed ato Pakistan Islam kitakit（Urto a sowal：اسلامی جمہوریہ پاکستان；Ikiris sowal：''Islamic Republic of Pakistan''）, isaka’etip malala’ed ato Ilan（Posi a sowal：جمهوری اسلامی ایران‎，''Jomhuriye Eslâmiye Irân''）, o Afohan a kitakit caay ka piingid to riyar, nani ka’amis no sawalian tahira i katimol no sak’etip a Sintokusin Tokotokasan makalitosa kona kitakit, samatiya sa o ’adihang. [[Faylo:Noszak.jpg|thumb|Nosake tokos(Noszak)]] Adihay ko tokos tona kitakit, o satakaraway a tokos Nosako ira ko 7,798 laya’ ko ka’akawang, o masadafdafay a pala itiraay i ka’amis ato katimol no sa’etipan. O polong a pala sahetoay o mahoracay a sera,orasaka manikaway to tada nanom. Sistan Masadangahay Pala(鍚斯坦盆地) o cecay a tada ma’icangay a sera i polong no kitakit. Ono karopaw a kakaryan, tada fa’edet i kaciferangan, tada si’enaw i kasi’enawan ko romi’ad,adihay ho ko atoray.O dadahal no pala ’i, ira ko 647,500㎢, o saka 41 ko kasado’do i polong no kitakit.Adihay ko tada’ekim、tadafakeloh、’enor、cinah ato kinairaira no palapalaan. == '''Kicai(經濟)''' == Sa’ema’emang sa ko padahof no Sa’etipay kitakitakit[5], makapah to ko liomah,masongila’ to ko pili’etanan, nikawrira oyanan ho ko kanikaw no ’orip no kalotamdaw, oya Talipan a Saopo mikowanay ho to itiraay i katimol no sa’etipan a dadahalay a pala, mataraw ko tamtamdaw a midefong tona sera, sa awa ko maomahay awaay ko mili’etan a tamdaw a tayni. Imatini o mipasadakay to payso to sapisang’ to maamaan itiraay aca i mikowanan no sofitay a tatapangan niyaro ko iraay ko mili’etanay a tamtamdaw, o roma sa a niyaro’ ano ira ira i o mamangay aca a liomah, sa itira to ko tala sanay to pipadahof no roma a kitakit, nawhani, o caayay ka piingid to riyar kona kitakit, onini ko saka cakangaay no kalali’aca to romaroma a kitakit,awa ko sapisongila’ to ‘orip.  == '''Sawarak (毒品)''' == Cecay no kalitolo ko kaadihay a nipalomaan a apiyan, ora faco no pipalomaan a omah matiya o ’ayaway folad sa pangangan han to Masano’ekimay a Fa’elohay Folad Pala,nani 1992 miheca (2001 miheca malalang no Talipan ) o kaadihay no sawarak mata’elif ko Latinamirika、Sano’ekimay a Tolo ko Coco(金三角). O sa’osi i 2007 miheca o caay ko hasapaiyo a ahiyan mahaop ko 92% nani tiniay i Afohan.[6] [[Faylo:Mohn_z06.jpg|thumb|o heci no apiyan(Opium poppy)]] O cecay no sakakahaday ko nipalomaan a apiyan a losay（Ikiris sowal''：Opium poppy''）i hekal,o polong a niyaro’ nona kitakit awaay ko caay ka paloma to apiyan, o polong a loma’ no Afohan ira ko 200,000 ko loma’ sahetoay a paloma to apiyan, o dengan a saka’orip a losay konini.[7] == '''Pitooran (宗教)''' == O pitooran no tamdaw no Afohan o Islam a [[Faylo:Jerusalem-2013-Temple_Mount-Al-Aqsa_Mosque_(NE_exposure).jpg|thumb|Kyokai no Muslin i Yielusalim(Jerusalem-Temple Mount-Al-Aqsa Mosque)]] Muslin（Arapiya sowal：مسلم‎）hananay ko roma a pitahidang, o Huiciyaw(回教)hananay itiya ho amitahidang, o Fangcalay Cudad ’i,《Kulancin》（Arapiya sowal：اَلْقُرآن‎，''al-qurʾān''，Congko sowal:古蘭經）. O imi no Muslin ’i, 「o mitooray」、「o palaheciay to rihaday」.[8] O cecay no kalitolo a tata’angay a pitooran i hekal,i 2015 miheca a sa’osi to mitooray ira ko 18 ’ok ko tamdaw, mahaop ko 25% ko polong tamdaw i hekal, matenak icowacowa a kitakit kona Muslin Pitooran. Itini i Afohan mahaop ko 99.7% i polong no tamdaw. O roma a pitooran ira ko Soroyasto pitooran、Indo pitooran ato Sike pitooran. == '''Kyoiku(教育)''' == O caayay ka pitilid a tamdaw no Afohan mahaop ko 65%, o fafahiyan a mitiliday i mahaop 4% aca ko tamdaw. Anini sato o sa’ayaway a demak ko kyoiku, ira ho ko pipadang no roma akitakit[9], cakat sanay to ko demak no kyoiku. Nani 2002 miheca tala 2004 miheca,latek ira ko 420 ko ofad no ka’emangay tayra i pitilidan, o saadihayay ko mitiliday nano kairaan no pitilidan, o fafahiyan a ka’emangay sa’aloman sanay to ko mitiliday. Tinako i 2003 miheca o fafahiyan a ka’emangay to mitiliday mahaop ko30%. [[Faylo:Flickr_-_DVIDSHUB_-_Afghan_school_(Image_4_of_8).jpg|thumb|o fafahiyan a ka'emangay a mitiliday( Afghan school )]] O takaraway a pitilidan i,cisafaw to mo’etep, patinako han haloya Kapul Tata’angay Pitilidan（Ikiris sowal：''Kabul University''；Posinto sowal：دکابل پوهنتون ''(Da Kābul Pohantūn)''；Posi sowal：پوهنتون کابل ''(Pohantūn-e Kābul)'', enemay ko patapoloay a Tata’angay Pitilidan, cecay ko mikakinkiway to liomah a pikiwan,cecay ko misang’ay to sakatayal a taykak, cecay ko paisingan taykak, ato pinapina a pitilida to sakalasingsi. Ano hatini o matayalay i sifo ato pasifana’ay i pitilidan sahetoay namitiliday i romaroma a kitakit. O patalahekal no Sikaikinko (Ikiris sowal：''World Bank''，''WB''), anini ilaloma’ no polong 3000 ofad a tamdaw iraay ho ko tolo no kalisepat ko caay ka fana’ to tilid,i 2015 miheca adihay ko mafolaway tayra i Yoropa, tongal sa kokanikaw no citanengay atamdaw.[10] == Pihapinangan Tilid (註腳) == [1] 布魯塞爾舉行阿富汗國際捐助峰會. 法廣. 2016-10-05 [2016-10-11]. [2] Vogelsang, Willem. The Afghans. Wiley Blackwell. 2002: 18 [6 July 2019]. ISBN 0-631-19841- 5. （原始內容存檔於9 July 2019）. [3] 見《新元史》卷一百零三（列傳第七）。除《新元史》本紀無「成吉思可汗」這個稱呼。但在蒙兀兒史記常見。 [4] 美軍14個月內撤出阿富汗. 中國時報. 2020-03-01. [5] 阿富汗成美国对外援助最大赢家 美投入或打水漂. 環球網. 2014-04-01. [6] Opium Amounts to Half of Afghanistan's GDP in 2007, Reports UNODC (新聞稿). UNODC. 2007-11-16 [2012-04-18]. （原始內容存檔於2011-06-18） [7] The opium economy in afghanistan (PDF). UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME: 7. 2003 [2009-06-25]. [8] Muslim. etymonline.com. [2017-09-24]. （原始內容存檔於2015-09-05）. [9]  各國承諾援阿160億美元. 聯合早報. 2012-07-09. [10] 尋更好生活　阿富汗逾16萬人赴歐，2015-12-10。 [[Kasasiwasiw:Afghanistan]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Asiya]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Kitakit]] 1s8w6kvzsnob26uxskeuq56p22uwedm 0 39 422 421 2021-10-28T11:56:39Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 22 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 421 wikitext text/x-wiki Ageq（那羅五部落） Itiniay i [[Jianshi]](尖石) Cen no Hsinchu(新竹縣) ko [[Ageq]] a niyaro’, 49 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 151 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 93% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 140 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 7% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 11 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)86%, Amis(阿美族)1%, Saysiyat(賽夏族)1%, roma(其他)5%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] kc4jzyebggyoxxfskavzorzzcklvk3q 0 40 45446 44324 2025-01-16T13:23:14Z 2A02:8308:210:5D00:3951:133A:D904:7289 Emperor Akihito idi 2016年 45446 wikitext text/x-wiki Akihito(明仁) [[Faylo:Emperor Akihito (2016).jpg|thumb|Emperor Akihito idi 2016年|alt=Emperor Akihito (2016).jpg]] I 1933 a miheca saka 12 folad saka 23 a romi’ad masofoc ci [[Akihito]], malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit no [[Japan]] anini i ci Akihito, patirengan a romi’ad i 1989 a miheca saka 1 folad saka 7 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] cot8qrb48zlopywo3tyishe5okrs0xr 0 41 463 462 2021-10-28T11:56:45Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 30 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 462 wikitext text/x-wiki == O ngangan no Alapanay (阿拉巴奈部落)== O sapiharatengan to sakaira to cecay a kalas ko Alapanay a niyaro, roma haca o Ku-cay-ne-po (sowal no Holam). == O kasiikedan no niyaro’(部落特色) == O tadakalimelaan ko panay to ’amis, mipanganngan to panay to fafahiyan, Nanay makadofah ko nilowadan sanay. == O nikalopisak no Alapanay(人口分佈) == Itiniay i maci no [[Taitung]](台東巿) ko [[Alapanay]] a niyaro’, 923 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 2,795 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 24% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 670 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 76% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 2,125 ko tamdaw. O pasinto no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko ’Amis(阿美族)19%, Paiwan(排灣族)1%, Bunun(布農族)1%, Puyuma(卑南族)1%, romasato(其他)3%. == O finacadan no Yincomi(所屬阿美族群) == itiniay i Taitong-si(台東市 sowal no holam ) no Taitong-siyen(台東縣sowal no holam) ko Alapanay a niyaro’, == O pitooran no finawlan (族人信仰) == Itiya ho, ano ira ko mapatayay, “madepoc to” sa anca “malato’ to” sa ko sowal no ’Amis, awaay ko somowalay to “mapatay to” sanay. anini sato o roma to ko pitooran, mamadepoc to ko tamdaw awaay to ko mi’ang’angay no kasafinacadan no ’Amis. == O kasadakan no Tilid(參考文獻) == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] pl421blzkj22yiixjmqglt9kuj28uu5 0 42 493 492 2021-10-28T11:56:48Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 29 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 492 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Alapawan (阿拉巴灣部落)== Itiniay i [[Donghe|Fafokod]] (東河) Siang no [[Taitung|Posong]] (台東縣) ko [[Alapawan]] a niyaro’, 517 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 1,430 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 64% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 915 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 36% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 515 ko tamdaw. O pasinto no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko ’Amis(阿美族)62%, Puyuma(卑南族) 0.5%, roma(其他)0.5%. Ira ko picodadan (泰源國小、泰源國小附幼) ato imeng (台東分局泰源派出所) i niyaro’. ==Talihafan== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 2vezlwya9iywdzw1indz0fhkwqlrztm 0 43 508 507 2021-10-28T11:56:51Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 14 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 507 wikitext text/x-wiki Alassane Dramane Ouattara(阿拉薩內·德拉馬納·瓦塔拉) I 1942 a miheca(年) saka 1 folad saka 1 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci [[Alassane Dramane Ouattara]], malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Cote d'ivoirie]](象牙海岸) anini i ci Alassane Dramane Ouattara, patirengan a romi’ad i 2010 a miheca saka 12 folad saka 4 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 1uyxnac2euatlso4t8o9izhokfkx5j1 0 44 46085 30317 2025-02-27T09:15:10Z Andre Engels 545 頁面已重新導向至[[Arpaniya]] 46085 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Arpaniya]] ofc5f5iv5n6u5ekveikxefivqqo4x54 0 45 45473 30544 2025-01-19T09:32:51Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 Prince Albert II idi 2016年 45473 wikitext text/x-wiki <big>Albert II(阿爾貝二世)</big> [[Faylo:Prince Albert II 2016.jpg|thumb|Prince Albert II idi 2016年|alt=Prince Albert II 2016.jpg]] I 1958 a miheca(年) saka 3 folad saka 14 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci [[Albert II]], malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Monaco]](摩納哥) anini i ci Albert II, patirengan a romi’ad i 2005 a miheca saka 4 folad saka 6 a romi’ad. == Kasofocan a loma’ 出生家庭 == == lalamod  配偶 == == salikaka  兄弟姐妹 == == natayalan  事蹟 == == pitooran  宗教 == == tahapinangan a tilid 參考文獻 == ==No papotalay a kakafit 外部連結== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 97488hh82pu6d1hc0ffrfc748ijqdsz 0 46 44301 30369 2024-08-27T08:49:11Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 Alexander Lukashenko, 2015 44301 wikitext text/x-wiki Alexander Lukashenko(亞歷山大·格里戈里耶維奇·盧卡申科) [[Faylo:Alexander Lukashenko crop.jpeg|thumb|Alexander Lukashenko, 2015|alt=Alexander Lukashenko crop.jpeg]] I 1954 a miheca(年) saka 8 folad saka 30 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci [[Alexander Lukashenko]], malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Belarus]](白俄羅斯總統) anini i ci Alexander Lukashenko, patirengan a romi’ad i 1994 a miheca saka 7 folad saka 20 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 4p9hn9yhcv5i1xqpmep1utqgxjca401 0 47 44288 598 2024-08-26T19:42:22Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 ''' 44288 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alexander Van der Bellen'''(亞歷山大·范德貝倫) == Aliksanta Fantipilon (亞歷山大·范德貝倫) == [[Faylo:Alexander Van der Bellen 2016 cropped.jpg|thumb|Alexander Van der Bellen 2016 cropped]] I 1944 miheca saka 1 folad saka 18 a romi’ad sofocen(出生) ci Alisanta Fanter Peylon, malamikomoday a tamdaw. I 2016 miheca saka 12 folad saka 4 romi’ad miliyaw a misinkiw to congtong ko Awtili, itira i sakacecay royad a mitopa pakaala to 54% to satopa maala malacontong no Awtili.[1] [2] O Sawara’an no kitakit no [[Austria]](奧地利) anini i ci Alisanta Fanter Peylon, patirengan a romi’ad i 2017 a miheca saka 1 folad saka 26 a romi’ad. 1 2020 miheca saka 5 folad saka 24 romi’ad misalafii a mili’epah ato widang i kakomaenan i maci, mico’isay to sapi’ading to lifong to rikec, orasaka,macepet no tayhin. ----[1] Österreich: Van der Bellen wird Bundespräsident. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. [2] Van der Bellen gewinnt die Wahl. Wiener Zeitung. [2016-12-04]. （原始內容存檔於2017-03-05）. == laloma'an 家庭 == Pinaro no loma' ni Alisanta Fanter Peylon (Toic a sowal: ''Alexander Van der Bellen''; kowapin a sowal:''亞歷山大 范德貝倫''), O teloc no Sarawa’an no Rosiya (''俄羅斯''), iraay ho ko no Horan(''荷蘭'') a kasarocorocok no ’ilang1944 miheca saka 1 folad saka 18 romi’ad itini i Wiyiena(Toic a sowal:''Wien;'' Ikiris a sowal:Vienna;Kuwaping a sowal:维也纳) no Awtili ko kahofoc ningra. I 1994 a miheca tangasa i 2012 a miheca, o miocoran no Langdaway-Centang(Toic a sowal:''Die Grünen-Die Grüne Alternative''; Kuwapin a sowal:綠黨) a malakiing no Finawlan-Pikaikiaan no Kitakit( Toic a sowal:''Nationalrat'' ;Kuwapin a sowal:國民議會). Malakakeridan no Langdaway-Centang  ato citodongay to demak no kiing cingra. == lalamod 配偶 == Safaw falo ko mihecaan i, pataloma’ to ci Alisanta Fanter Peylon (Toic a sowal: ''Alexander Van der Bellen''; kowapin a sowal:''亞歷山大 范德貝倫''), safaw siwa ko mihecaan nira malamama’ to. Ci Policiter Peyelay(Toic a sowal: ''Brigitte Bierlein''; kowapin a sowal: ''布麗吉特·畢爾萊'') ko fafahi nira, nai 1943-2018 miheca 50 a mihecaan ko ka lalamod nangra, nikaorira, itini to 2015 a miheca malalikong cangra, tatosa ko fa’inayan a wawa nangra. Itiya sato i 2015 miheca saka safaw tosa a folad, pataloma’ heca to toya widang nira ci Toris Semitawer(Termen a sowal: ''Doris Schmidauer;'' kowapin a sowal:''多麗絲·史密道爾), itini to i Wiyena'' (Ikiris a sowal:''Vienna''; kowapin a sowal:''維也納'') ato Kaneytar(Ikiris a sowal: kaunertal; kowapin a sowal:''考內塔爾'') ko aro’ nangra. == palatamdaw 教育 == Itini i 1966 miheca, oya nitilidan mikikiwan nira a kicaci ato ya ono sowse(碩士) nira a tilid(''Kollektive Haushalte UND gemeinwirtschaftliche Unternehmungen：Probleme ihrer Koordination;kowapin a sowal:'' ''集體戶和公共服務的企業：他們協調的問題'') hananay hawi, pakalayap to sakakaay tata’akay a ngangan to Hakasi/Pose(博士). I 1970 miheca itira i Yinspoluko Taikaku( Toic a sowal:''Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck''; Kuwapin a sowal:因斯布魯克大學) a malaciyawso(singsi)nipasifa’ to sapili’etan a kicai. == mikapot to sieci政治 == Nai tenokay no 1970 a miheca tangesa i ikor no1980 a miheca, ci Alisanta Fanter Peylon mikapotay to Siyakay-Finawlan Centang no Awtili(Toic a sowal:''Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs''，decdec:縮寫為SPÖ; Kuwapin a sowal:奧地利社會民主黨), nikaorira, mafalic to ko hareteng pasayra i midipotay to salawacan laylay <s>a</s> ko demak ningra. Keriden noya pakafanaan nira a mitiliday ci Pitiro Pilec(Toic a sowal: ''Peter Pilz''; kowapin a sowal: ''彼得·皮爾茲)'' a mikomod tonini kangdaway-Centang (''綠黨''), o kahatini kafalic tona demak i, matilid itini to misalolongan a tilid ningra. == pitooran 宗教 == Kapah ho ci Alisanta Fanter Peylon (Toic a sowal: ''Alexander Van der Bellen''; kowapin a sowal:''亞歷山大 范德貝倫''), miliyas to Fokoing-Kiwkay pakayni to sowal no poksi ira ko caay ka pakaso^lin to kawas, Nikaorira, pakaso^lin to「Ratoh anca o Mapolosi」''(Botschaft oder Vision)'' cingra, saharaterateng han nira i, o nini ko tadaso^linay/fa^lohay a katatelekan a pitooran. Orasaka itini to 2019 a miheca mipawacay to pitooran ningra, miliyaw to a mikapot tona Fokoing-Kiwkay no Akesepow (Ikiris a sowal: ''Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Austria''; kowapin a sowal:''奧地利奧格斯堡信條福音派教會'').[1] [2] ----[1] Van der Bellen, Alexander (30 April 2019). "„Die Botschaft des Neuen Testaments ist mir wichtig"". Sonntagsblatt (Interview) (in German). Archived from the original on 6 July 2019. Retrieved 1 May 2019. [2] "Van der Bellen wieder in Evangelische Kirche eingetreten" (in German). Der Standard. ==No papotalay a kakafitan== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 406m3wyzwe4fz1dbmimfqef0fx2ng39 0 48 46086 30318 2025-02-27T09:15:59Z Andre Engels 545 頁面已重新導向至[[Arciliya]] 46086 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Arciliya]] 5yno1eu79mwzs47ik5vpqhusli6180l 0 49 30554 30385 2022-01-26T17:11:39Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q57521]] 30554 wikitext text/x-wiki Ali Bongo Ondimba(阿里·邦戈·翁丁巴) [[Faylo:Ali Bongo Ondimba, 2012.jpg|thumb|Ali Bongo Ondimba, 2012|alt=Ali Bongo Ondimba, 2012.jpg]] I 1959 a miheca(年) saka 2 folad saka 9 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci [[Ali Bongo Ondimba]], malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Gabon]](加彭) anini i ci Ali Bongo Ondimba, patirengan a romi’ad i 2009 a miheca saka 10 folad saka 16 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] axa2kwq2996s1xbpqr9lr15wp8sss3s 0 50 650 649 2021-10-28T11:57:10Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 16 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 649 wikitext text/x-wiki Alishan（阿里山鄉） Itini i Chiayi(嘉義縣) ko [[Alishan]] Siyang. sa’osi han ko po:long no palaan i, ira ko 468.34 km² (lalotolotokan a plalan no sa’osi i ira ko 389.79 km², o palaan noto’as i'a:yaw i ira ko 83.84 km²), 4,081 ko tamdaw i Alishan Siyang, 1,373 ko parod no loma’, itini i niyaro’ a Yincomin(原住民) sa’osi han ira ko 3,459 a tamdaw, pakaala to 85%(Cou) no polong no tamdaw. o Cou(鄒族) ko sa’alomanay i Chiayi Siyang. ==O kasaniyarona== 12 ko cun, 8 ko niyaro’ i Alishan Cen/ Siyang. [[Niae’ ucna]]（里佳部落）, [[Tapangʉ]]（達邦部落）, [[Tfuya]]（特富野部落）, [[Lalauya]]（樂野部落）, [[Pnguu]]（來吉部落）, [[Saviki]]（山美部落）, [[Sinvi]]（新美部落）, [[Cayamavana]]（茶山部落）. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] ja0d1436kae63qp4bs1m3o399o1uq5j 0 51 679 678 2021-10-28T11:57:13Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 28 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 678 wikitext text/x-wiki Aljungic（安朔部落） Itiniay i [[Daren]](達仁) Cen no Taitung(台東縣) ko [[Aljungic]] a niyaro’, 332 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 732 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 85% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 625 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 15% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 107 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Paiwan(排灣族)78%, Amis(阿美族)2%, Bunun(布農族)1%, Puyuma(卑南族)1%, roma(其他)1%. Ira ko picodadan(安朔國小、安朔國小附幼、達仁圖書館、土坂部落圖書資訊站) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(太麻里戶政所達仁辦公室、達仁郵局) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(大武分局達仁分駐所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(達仁衛生所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] deyjrjsavxwiq9l5llzlmvy81aa2wrv 0 52 45437 44321 2025-01-16T13:17:31Z 2A02:8308:210:5D00:3951:133A:D904:7289 Atambayev idi 2016年 45437 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Almazbek Atambayev'''(阿爾馬茲別克·沙爾舍諾維奇·阿坦巴耶夫) [[Faylo:Almazbek Atambayev 2016-09-16.jpg|縮圖|Atambayev idi 2016年]] I 1956 a miheca saka 9 folad saka 17 a romi’ad masofoc ci '''Almazbek Atambayev''', malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit no [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kurgyzstan]] anini i ci Almazbek Atambayev, patirengan a romi’ad i 2011 a miheca saka 12 folad saka 1 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] b0etpszujeg3b6ztxj9hbm046ty4r7c 0 53 713 712 2021-10-28T11:57:18Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 22 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 712 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Alolong (阿囉隆部落)== Itiniay i [[Guangfu]] (光復) Siang no Hualien (花蓮縣, Kalingko) ko [[Alolong]] a niyaro’, 18 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 58 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 91% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 53 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 9% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 5 ko tamdaw. O pasinto no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko ’Amis(阿美族)90%, roma(其他)2%. ==Talihafan== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 7qi6v47ecl8x1qcsb8vt5z4yoi9rowa 0 54 30701 30537 2022-01-26T17:13:56Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q4413]] 30701 wikitext text/x-wiki Alpha Condé(阿爾法·孔戴) [[Faylo:Alpha Condé 2014-10-09.jpg|thumb|Alpha Condé 2014-10-09|alt=Alpha Condé 2014-10-09.jpg]] I 1938 a miheca(年) saka 3 folad saka 4 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci [[Alpha Condé]], malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Guinea]](幾內亞) anini i ci Alpha Condé, patirengan a romi’ad i 2010 a miheca saka 12 folad saka 21 a romi’ad. == kasofocan a loma’ 出生家庭 == == lalamod  配偶 == == salikaka  兄弟姐妹 == == natayalan  事蹟 == == pitooran  宗教 == == tahapinangan a tilid 參考文獻 == ==No papotalay a kakafit 外部連結== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] o7f03p7fvvndbfm31mwf3lkgizj7d92 0 55 30698 30538 2022-01-26T17:13:53Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q20022984]] 30698 wikitext text/x-wiki Ameenah Gurib(古利伯法金) I 1959 a miheca(年) saka 10 folad saka 17 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci [[Ameenah Gurib]], malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Mauritus]](模里西斯) anini i ci Ameenah Gurib, patirengan a romi’ad i 2015 a miheca saka 6 folad saka 5 a romi’ad. == Kasofocan a loma’ 出生家庭 == == lalamod  配偶 == == salikaka  兄弟姐妹 == == natayalan  事蹟 == == pitooran  宗教 == == tahapinangan a tilid 參考文獻 == ==No papotalay a kakafit 外部連結== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 4ozroju8v6ptp8261pa1lvxsc5c75a2 0 56 45038 750 2024-10-28T09:55:34Z EmausBot 234 Fixing double redirect from [[Amis.Pangach]] to [[Amis.Pangcah]] 45038 wikitext text/x-wiki #重新導向 [[Amis.Pangcah]] 8dy37pwcuk8e611ovr09zrngi1xewi0 0 57 45429 45034 2025-01-16T10:08:16Z 2A02:8308:210:5D00:3951:133A:D904:7289 45429 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Amis postcard.jpg|frameless|right|upright]] == Ngangan no ’Amis a Finacadan == “’Amis”, o sa’amisan saanay ko tatodong no nini a sowal, ano sa no holamen i, ''阿美斯'' hanen ko pitilid, o tatapangan a pangangan toni i, notiya ho i saka safaw pito a sici (世紀) tini [[Netherlands|i Olanta(荷蘭]]) a mihecahecaan, ira ko pitahidang no kakeridan no sofitay no Olanta to kakita'an no Yincuminco itini niyaro' no Puyumaan a mikayki, o matahidangay a kakita'an no Yincuminco i, o italiyokay no Puyuma a kasasiromaroma a finacadan, ira ko Iwatan, Paywan, ono 'Amis i, o lilis no niyar i sawali, o sa'etipay tahiraay i Kohkoh. Ona kayki i, o sapipatirengaw i sawaliyan to kaitilian np sofitay no Olanta,patokered ha a misanga’ to sapirikec to niyaro’ a tatapangan. Tahira sa ko 'Amis a tamdaw i kasaopoan i o naniamisay kami han nangra a pangangan ko niyah a tireng, mitengil to ko Puyuma(卑南族) a tamdaw i, o 'Amis han to a mitahidang. o 'AMIS a finacadan ano pangangan to niyah a tireng i, o pasitiraan ko pangangan, patinako han, o itiraay i lilis no riyar a finawlan ano pangangan to niyah a tireng i, o Sawli kako sanay, o i ka'etipay no lotok i o Sa'etip kako sanay. Yo tahira i niyaro' no Puyuma ko 'Amis a finacadan nani'amisay kami han nangra ko pitiliday to ngangan itira i pikaykian, o maro'ay i kaamis no Puyuma a finacadan(北方的民族), sanoyanan sato a maalangangan to sapitahidan, kalo ngangan han to no 'Amis a finacadan konini taha nini. Yo miliyas toko Olanta, o Cinping(淸朝) to ko tayniay mikowan to Yincumin a kasasiromaroma a finacadan i Taywan,do'edo sa i, o Dipong to ko tayniay a mikowan to Yincumin, 'aloman ko mikakinkiway tono {{Template:Ruby|''tamtamdaw''|人類}} a demak, miala tono Kaping ho a pangangan a misilsil a pangangan, o '''’Amis''' hananay to a miketon ko ngangan. == Pangcah (蕃人) hananay a pangangan == Yo itira ho i sa'etip no satimolan, i Taynan ko mi'ecoan no Cinping(清朝) i Taywan mikowan, o polong no sawalinan no Sifo'ay-Lotok(中央山脈) cowa kono niyam a pala korira, cowa ho ka tahira ko sakowan no honti no Cinping saan ko pilekal no sifo no Cinping, orasaka, o maro'ay itira a sano 'a'adopen a tamdaw(蕃人) cowa kono niyam a tamdaw sanay. Nikawrira,tahira to i 1811miheca patireng to Kavalan Sakowan(噶瑪蘭廳) itini i aniniay a YilanSyien(宜蘭縣) satapang a mikowan to itiraay a matiyaay 'a'adopen a tamdaw(蕃人), o niyaro i, o Pangsya(蕃社) hananay ngara a pangangan, o maro'ay itira a tamdaw i, o Fana(蕃人) hananay a mitahidang. Ira to ko Dipong a tayni i, toor hananay to a miala kora nipanganganan no Cinping.Nikawrira, sano Dipongay to ko pitahidang, o niyaro' i, o蕃社(バンシャ) hananay a mipangangan, o tamdaw no niyaro' i o 蕃人 (バンジン) hananay ko pangangan.O pitahidang to kapolongan a Yincumin ko nini, o teked to a mitahidang to 'Amis i, o アミ族 hananay a mitahidang. To ikor to i, o miriniay a ngiha' ko maalaay no ka'ami'amis a 'Amis a tamdaw o 蕃人 (バンジン) a ngiha' ko maalay ta Pangcah(パンツァハ) ko pitahidan tono niyah a tireng, matiya o バンジン kami hato sananay. Yo itira ho i sa'etip no satimolan, i Taynan ko mi'ecoan no Cinping(清朝) i Taywan mikowan, o polong no sawalin no Sifo'ay Lotok(中央山脈) cowa kono miyam a pala korira, cowa ho ka tahira ko sakowan no honti no Cinping saan ko pilekal no sifo no Cinping, orasaka, o maro'ay itira a sano 'a'adopen a tamdaw(蕃人) cowa kono niyam a tamdaw sanay. Nikawrira, tahira to i 1811miheca patireng to Kavalan Sakowan(噶瑪蘭廳) itini i aniniay a YilanSyien(宜蘭縣) satapang a mikowan to itiraay a matiyaay 'a'adopen a tamdaw(蕃人), o niyaro i, o Pangsya(蕃社) hananay ngara a pangangan, o maro'ay itira a tamdaw i, o Fana(蕃人) hananay a mitahidang. Ira to ko Dipong a tayni i, toor hananay to a miala kora nipanganganan. Nikawrira, sano Dipongay to ko pitahidang, o niyaro' i, o蕃社(バンシャ,  Pangsya)[1] hananay a mipangangan, o tamdaw no niyaro' i o 蕃人 (バンジンPangcin)[2] hananay ko pangangan.O pitahidang to kapolongan a Yincumin ko nini, o teked to a mitahidang to 'Amis i, o アミス族 hananay a mitahidang, ano ca oアミ族[3] hananay. To ikor to i, o miriniay a ngiha' ko maalaay no ka'ami'amis a 'Amis a tamdaw o Pangcah (パンツァハ), matiya o バンジン(蕃人) kami hato sananay. Orasaka, itini i nipasadakan i citing no Dipong, nengnengen koアミ hananay a tilid i, o パンツァハ(蕃人)[4] sanay ko imi nona tilid, kilim to koパンツァハi, o 蕃人[5] sanay ko imi. Adihay ho i romaroma a nitilidan a matiri’ ko Pangcah(パンツァハ，蕃人) sanay a sowal. Itini i polong a kasaniyaroaro’ no ‘Amis iikoray to a malalamlam tono roma a finacadan ko pasawali, iikor no Kalinko ko pasawali a masiwar no roma a punka, orasaka, adihayay ho ko ma’osaway a no to’asan a sowal, oninian ko o ‘Amis kami sanay ko pitahidang to niyah a tireng i Posong ato lilis no riyar a pasawali, itini sato i ka’ami’amis no Kalinko nalikay a micomod ko Payrang ato Dipong, orasaka, nalikay a mirecep ko pinangan no Payrang ato Dipong, itira to a masiwar ko pinangan no ‘orip nangra, cato ka pakapo’elac a mafana’ to nani cowaay kongangan to Pangcah hananay a tahanini, nanam sanay to pangangan to niyah to a tireng to Pangcah(パンツァハ，蕃人) sanay, caay to ka adadaen to matiniyay misereray a pangangan. itini i ka'ami'amis a niyaro' o malitengay o lofang hananay mitahidang, o lofang sa i, o 老蕃(lofang) konini a sowwal. == Tamdaw no ’Amis _下標文字== ’Amis hananay i tini i Taywan, sa’alomanay i tini i Yincomin a finawlan, napakayra i 2020–miheca misa’osi, malawit to tosa polo’ a ’ofad; sa’alomanay a nika sa’opo, i tini i Kalingko, Tayto a kanakaransa, i tini i masaaro’aro’ay a enar i riyariyaran enar iratoay, cayto ka papi:na pakayni i Manso. Sakasaan dadahal kina nisakanatan, masomad ko sowal o losid ato kakawaw, cayto kalecad, masomowad to konisimsim, caay to Pitodong tono tao, tangsa nika tayni no Ripon. O Ripon ci ''Torii Ryūzō'', 1897–miheca to Taywan, nakamayan noheny to ma’ma’an, o Tarawadaw-'alo (秀姑巒溪) ko terong no Pangcah, nika latosahan ko Pangcah. Soelinay o wayway no Pangcah, o niwinaay-faco ko siyakay(母系社會) hananay. Babahi (fafahi) hananay, i loma’, babainay hananay mikadabo’, o alalbo no loma’ a terong o babahy. O babahy hananay nika saayawy a nika boladan i, kabana’anto ko nika masakapahayto kiso saan, babainayan hato i, ano kasingisngisanto i, matoasayto kiso saan, han ko nika somowal tiniyan a demak. Irato ko nikaselasela no babainaysa, o ’Amis a nika dadodod i, tolosa, cacaysa Pangcahsa kakitiliansa, cayka dapoda:posa ato tawo, 1970–miheca no Taywan caykakapah ko kidaysa, ’aloman koya Pangcah a milaliway tiniyay i kakitiliay no ’orip, misapatas toni simsim. Tadaniyaro’ a Pangcah i, ira ko taraniyaro’ hananay maoripsa. Alomna ko citangalay a Pangcahsa, matiya ci {{Template:Ruby|''Mahengheng''|馬亨亨}}, ci {{Template:Ruby|''Maysang Kalimud''|楊傳廣}}, micomin ko Taywan ira ko malahakasiay terong no mitasa, siboissay a malahitaisa, ila ko kilemelay a mimalisa. == U suwal nu i ’amisay a Pangcah == [[Faylo:Amis Alofo Pattern.svg|thumb|Laleko no ’Amis]] U Pangcah hanay a niyaru’, u masaniyaru’ay i Taywan, paniyaru’sa i Kalingku atu Pusung tangasa i wali mitepar tu riyariyaran, ira hen ku usawl i Mutan nu Pintung atu Mancu a paniyaru’, tangasa i 2016 a miheca tu sepatay a bulad, u bulung nu tamdaw i 204,189 ku nika’aluman. U sa’alumanay ku tamdaw nu Pangcah a finacadan i Taywan a payniyaru’an. U nipangangan tu “Pangcah” hanay miseng tu suwal nu Hulam “pangca”(番人) patatudung sa a pabana’, ira ku “tamdaw” atu ”payniyaru’” sanay a nipabana’. Ira u ’Amis sanay a nipingangan i, u Palangaw atu Paliwan ku miangangay, pasuwal sa namaka ’amis a miliyas tangasa i satimulan a mikihatiya tu i timulay a Iwatan a nipingangan kiyari, sisa ira ku ’amis sanay a nipasubana’. === Sapacefad a tilid === [1] 安倍明義編，《蕃語研究》，昭和12年(1937)， 蕃語研究會，臺北。263頁。 [2] 安倍明義編，《蕃語研究》，昭和12年(1937)，蕃語研究會，臺北。264頁。 [3] 安倍明義編，《蕃語研究》，昭和12年(1937)，蕃語研究會，臺北。265頁。 [4] 小川尚義編，《アミ語集》，昭和8 年(1933)，臺灣總督府，花蓮港廳。13頁。 [5] 小川尚義編，《アミ語集》，昭和8 年(1933)，臺灣總督府，花蓮港廳。301頁。 === Talihafan === * 吳惠芳. (2011). Wikipedia 維基百科 族語詞條試寫─原住民族語詞條 2011作品集. 教育部. * 中文維基百科 https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/阿美族 * 李景崇，1998，《阿美族歷史》，臺北：師大書苑。 * 黄宣衞，2008，《阿美族》，臺北：三民。 * 達西烏拉彎‧畢馬，2001，《臺灣的原住民 : 阿美族》，臺北：臺原。 [[Kasasiwasiw:U suwal nu i ’amisay a Pangcah]] swutejjjv0u855hsui5spfrweipvwl9 0 58 38811 842 2023-06-30T01:10:52Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38811 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Anasolay (荒野部落)== Itiniay i {{Ruby|[[Taimali]]|太麻里}} Siang no [[Taitung]](台東縣) ko [[Anasolay]] a niyaro’, 151 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 436 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 79% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 346 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 21% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 90 ko tamdaw. O pasinto no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko ’[[Amis]](阿美族)74%, [[Tayal]](泰雅族)2%, [[Bunun]](布農族)1%, [[Puyuma]](卑南族)1%, roma(其他)1%. == O katadamaanan no niyaro’ == ==Talihafan== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] spftj0q4aakls61g5qd8ufb2a7tmkv5 0 59 867 866 2021-10-28T11:57:40Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 24 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 866 wikitext text/x-wiki Ancoh（安住部落） Itiniay i [[Fuli]](富里) Cen no Hualien(花蓮縣) ko [[Ancoh]] a niyaro’, 50 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 112 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 53% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 59 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 47% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 53 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)46%, Bunun(布農族)5%, roma(其他)2%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 7s091ud4hqe9kd66enrxfp52nzr1mcn 0 60 39565 923 2023-09-26T20:17:08Z InternetArchiveBot 33 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 39565 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Andorra（安道爾）== [[Faylo:Flag of Andorra.svg|thumb|Flag of Andorra|alt=Flag of Andorra.svg]] [[Faylo:Andorra in its region.svg|thumb|安道爾的位置]] == Pakayni'ay sowal no Andora(前言) == o kamaro'an no Antoru itiniay i sawalian no Tipiliws,matiya o mitakecan no tokotokosan,sahefohefong saan ko sera,lalenen a mingengngen i 1,996 mitoru ko 'akawang,o satakalaway a tokos i o Mapitorosa a tokos, tahilaay to i 2,946 m.'akawang.o polong no na kitakit i matiya o Y a tilid a malikatolo,tahira to i Walira 'alo tamalacecay ko rakat no 'alo tayra i Katalonya no Sipanya. Itini i 42 30 N, 1 30 E, noYoropi ko [[Andorra]]. Polong no sekalay i 468 sq km “saka 196 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 468 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 0 sq km ” Polong i 85,660 ko tamdaw. == O Rikisi no Antora == o na Antoru hanay a kitakit i, itiray i la'ed no Sipanya ato Fulansu a kitakit,o kakahad no pala i ma'eden hatira o Posong no Taiwan ko kakahad.Tadamamangay a kitakit itini i hekal. o syuto no na kitakit i o Tata'angay a Antoru hanay,o sowal ngara i Katalonya hananay,nikawrira, caciyaw nangra i o Sipanya ato Fulansu, sahetoay o mitooray to Tinsikiyo ko tamdaw nona kitakit. sahetoay o tokotokosan ko pala o na kitakit,o takalaw no tokos i tahiraay to i 1.100 metoro,sa o takalawayay i Yoropa.ano dodoen ko Tadalikec no kitakit to kenpo hananay i,oo kenpo ko dadodoen no demak no kitakit,o syusyo ko tapan no sifu,caay ka cisofitay o taihing aca ko simaoway to kitakit,orasaka,o Sipanya ato Fulansu ko citodongay to sapisimaow to kitakit. o tang nangra i tosaay,o cecay i o Antoru-Minsuto, oroma i o Syakay- Minsyuto.tada matenakay ko pisalamaan、katayalan ato kingko,o pisalamaan a tyal i tada adihay,i 1950 a mihecaan onini to ko ikakaay to mimaomahay, o satata'angay a hecek to micokeray to sakaira no kitakit,o pisawadan to sata ko na kitakit. o romi'ad itini i to'edaw ko kasi'enawan cecay a miheca iraay to ko falo a folad ko kasi'enaw,sa o kaka'olahan no misalamaay i so'eso'edaan.Antoru a tamdaw i o sakasepat ko kati'edaw no 'orip no tamdaw itini i polong no kalokitakit. == '''Tamdaw (人口)''' == O polong a tamdaw no Antoru i 85,082(i 2014 a mihecaan a micyosa) ，ilaloma' no nini i o tada tamdaw to Antoru hananay i 33% aca caay ka pakafatad no polong a tamdaw, oroma i o Sipanya tamdaw43%,ato Putawya 11%,ato Furansu7%. ==Palaoalan(地理)== Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen a sera 43.40%, Malo no kilakilangan a sera 34%, malo no roma to a sera 22.60%. o polong no pala no Antoru i 468km² matiya o dadahal no Podong i Taywan,nikawrira, o sota'nona kitakit i sahetoay o dita' s sikipang, tada fangcal sapisaloma ato maamaan matiya o tato'asan ho a loma' no Punun ato Paywan.Otokos takalaw, o sota' sa o dita', o romi'ad sa kakaya' ko kasi'enawan,cikilang sa i sahetoay o matiyaay o caleng ko kilang,saka o paloma'an ato kamaomahan a sera caay to ka hakowa.</sup> ==sowal(語言)== Ono sifu a sowal i,ala sanay to sowal no Kataronya.malecad to sowal Kataronya.o mafana’yay to sowal no Sipanya a tamdaw I ‘alomanay.o Ikilis ato Fulansu a sowal o kapolongan a sowal no icowacowaay a tamdaw. ==pitooran(宗教)== I Antoru I o Tinsikyo kosa’alomanay(88.2%), <ref>[http://www.pewforum.org/2011/12/19/table-christian-population-as-percentages-of-total-population-by-country/ PEW 2011]. Pewforum.org (2011-12-19). Retrieved on 2015-12-30.</ref> anocaacaay ko no kitakit a Pitooran ko Tinsikyo I, nikawrira, itini I tata’angay a likec no kitakit tora Kinpo,iraay ko piketenan a tilid to pakayni to pihai tokalakiting no kitakit ato Tinsikyo.Dodo sa I o kiristo a pitooran mapolong o kasasilomaloma, matiya o Yiehofa o minganganay ho to kiristo a pakayraan. O caay ka hakowa ko mitooray a kyokai o Islamu,onini I o nani kaamisay no afurika a mafolaway a tayni<ref>[http://www.encyclopedia.com/places/spain-portugal-italy-greece-and-balkans/spanish-and-portuguese-political-geography/andorra] website=Encyclopedia.com</ref>,dodo sato I o Into ato Pahai <ref name="ARDA05">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200412111853/http://www.thearda.com/internationalData/countries/Country_6_2.asp] Andorra | work = International – Regions – Southern Europe</ref> <ref name="Wolfram">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120308145150/http://www.wolframalpha.com/entities/countries/andorra/xy/p0/k6/] Andorra: population, capital, cities, GDP, map, flag, currency, languages, ...</ref> , itini I Antoru 100 aca ko Yutaya. <ref>[https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2005/51537.htm] US Dept of State information </ref> == Punka ato kyoiku(文化教育) == Nani no ka’emangay tahira I kaocung o nipacician a patilid o sifo ko pahadakay to sapitilid a maamaan.o polong iraay ko 33 ko pitilidan,toloay ko kasasilomaloma no pitilid,o cecay i o Antoru a kyoiku,21.7% I cacay a so’ot,o sifo ko citodongay;sakatosa o Sipanya a pitilidan,39.1% no cecay a so’ot,o citodongay to na demak I o kiyoiku no Sipanya to pasadakay to o hong; sakatolo ono Fulansu a kiyoiku, 39.2% no cecay a so’ot, o mihalalakaay tona demak I o kiyoiku no Fulansu,o no Fulansu a sowal ko sapipasifana’. I matini iraay ko tosa a tata’angay a pitilidan.ano malaheci ko kaocung apitilid I paifaloco’ sanay ko katayraan to tata’angay a pitilidan, I itini sakako I niyah to a kitakit,anca tayra I Sipanya to I Fulansu to pakoniyah sanay to ko pisenpic.nani2005 tahira I 2006, o mitiliday ho i ira ko 11651 ko tamdaw. I laloma no kitakit I cecay ko palosyangay a raciyoecay ko tilipi,tosa ko sinpong.     == Kicay to katayan(經濟) == O kicay no Antoru, ‘etan no polong o pisalaman aca a ’etan I tahiraay to 80%, o sakakaay a mili’etanay no Antoru.paninako han I cecay a miheca ma’eden ira ko siwa a soot ko 'eman ko tayniay a misarama, itini I kaciferangan ato kasi’enawan I matomesay ko kafotian no pisalamaan.Nikawria,tona pinapina a mihecaan o Furansu ato Kataroniya misafangcal to katayalan, sa itira ko kaserel no paro no ‘etan no Antoru. O caay ka pasata a lekakawa no Antoru tada tata’ang ko pidama to ‘etan no kinko.o kamaomahan a sera tada mimingay sa caay ka hakowa ko maalaay no losay to mihecahecaan, orasaka,nani papotalay akitakit a miaca to kalo losay. Oni pa’oripan i sahetoay sa o siri, onisangaan a maamaan i odeng o tamako ato dafong no loma’.   O Antoru I caay ko kapot no Yoropa, ano caay ka piala to fica I caay ka ngaay a misarakarakat i laloma’ no malakapotay a kitakit sinkin a pala. Nikawrira, caayay ka pilisata to Antoru ko malakapotay no Yoropa, sa fangcal ko kalawidang no Antoru ato Yoropa.  O Antoru a kitakit I away kono niyah a payso,iayaw no 1999 a mihecan i o payso no Furansu ato Sipanya ko sapiaca to maamaan,toikor nona mihecaan I ono Yoropa to a payso ko sapiaca. Ya caho ka laheci ko kasasowal ato Yoropa I ayaw no 2001miheca saka’enem a folad 30 a romi’ad tatiihay a sateked a misanga’ to payso,itira to I 2013 a mihecan ta mahai to no Yorapa nga’ satapang sato ko Antoru a miinsac to payso no Yoropa,o polong I 230 ko ‘emang.[1] O pinaira no maamaan no pala I o <span lang="ami" dir="ltr">nanom</span> komisangaay to tinki,o I taliday nanom,kilakilang,tamaanay a fokeloh ato 'oteng. == '''<small>kamomahan</small>(農業)''' == O polong no omah i 20km ko kakahad,4% no polong a pala no kitakit,ilaloma nonini ira ko 350 kofo a pala o tamako koni palomaan,sakakaay a losay I o tamako ato potato. O katayalan a kaisya i omisangaay to tamako dodo sa o patirengay to loma’, tinooy ato kaka’enen. O kakahad no kilakilangan ira ko164km,28.5% no polong no sera no kitakit,ono kitakit a ma’emin konini. Tada adihay ko nanonanoman a kinaira, o nanom no lasinol no sa’eda ko sapisanga’ to dinki, ’edeng cecay no sepat a kocidinkiay to nini, o caay ka’edeng I miacaay nani Furansu ato Sipanya. Itiya i 2005 a mihecaan i 277 oku no Yoropa a payso ko polong a ’etan no kitakit,cecay a tatamdawan ma’edeng 4 ’ofad. == sakalawidang to kalokitakit (外交) == I 'ayaw no 1993 a mihecaan, o Sipanya ato Furansu ko mikowanay tona kitakit, I aikor tono 1993 nga’ satapang sanay to ko niyahpikowan.1993 a miheca sakatolo a romi’ad no saka’enem a folad,matatilid to Sipanya ato Furansu,mihai kona tosa a kitakit to niyahpikowan no Antoru, o citatapangay a kitakit koni sanay ko saosi’. Toya miheca sakatosapolo a romi’ad no sakapito a folad,mikapot to Renhoko(UN),nanoninian I cokicok sa to a mikapot to Kalokitakit a Dingwa a Saopo、 Kalokitakit a matayalay a Saopo、 Kalokitakit a Midamaay Saopo、Kalokitakit a Paisingay Saopo、Kalokitakit a no Fana’ Saopo、Kalokitakit a Papisalamaay Saopo、Kalokitakit a Saopo no Hikoki、ato Yoropa a Pikaykian、Yoropa a Sakilihaday Saopo.Matatilid ho to Yoropa a Kasafinawlan a Kaketonan a Tilid. Caay konini aca, inaneng ho a mikihatiya to kasasilomaloma a kayki no Yoropa.Orasaka misaimer a  sapisawidangaw to fiyafiysaw a kitakit, ato Sipanya、Furansu ato polong a kitakit no Yoropa. I 2005 a mihecaan mahai a mikapot tono Ipiliya a Saopo no Tapang no kitakit, toya miheca sakamo’etep a folad,mikihatiya to Kaiki no Tpang no Ipiliya ko tapang no Antoru. Imatini I,malawidanay to 80 a kitakit no polong I hekal, nikawrira,tahanini itiniay aca I Sipanya、Ikilis、Furansu、Amirika、Pilisu ato Sutorapaw koni patirengan a Daihyo no Antoru. Itini I Sipanya、Furansu、losinpaw、Holam、Amirika、Kanata ato Pacikang ira ko miocoran a Daihyo. I 1994 a mihecaan,tosa a polo’ ira ko siwa no saka’enem a folad matatilid tono kitakit a kalawidang ato Ciwkoku,I 2005 a mihecaan palafang to pakoniyahay ko tapang no Antoru tara Ciwkoku.   ==Pihapinangan a Tilid(註腳)== * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 3tkitoela1ejcpf01ze33mn9aqrtv46 0 61 44512 44511 2024-08-31T19:44:06Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 Kiska, 2014 44512 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Andrej Kiska in Senate of Poland.jpg|縮圖|Kiska, 2014|alt=Andrej Kiska in Senate of Poland.jpg]] I 1963 a miheca(年) saka 2 folad saka 2 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci '''Andrej Kiska'''(安德烈·季斯卡), malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Slovakia]](斯洛伐克) anini i ci Andrej Kiska, patirengan a romi’ad i 2014 a miheca saka 6 folad saka 15 a romi’ad. == No papotalay a kakafit == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] ixbzzoz4ubzngh08ceybkiexrbgsps0 0 62 30370 30368 2022-01-26T11:56:42Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q9151911]] 30370 wikitext text/x-wiki Andrzej Duda(安傑伊·杜達) I 1972 a miheca(年) saka 5 folad saka 16 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci [[Andrzej Duda]], malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Poland]](波蘭) anini i ci Andrzej Duda, patirengan a romi’ad i 2015 a miheca saka 8 folad saka 6 a romi’ad. == Kasofocan a loma’ 出生家庭 == == lalamod  配偶 == == salikaka  兄弟姐妹 == == natayalan  事蹟 == == pitooran  宗教 == == tahapinangan a tilid 參考文獻 == ==No papotalay a kakafit 外部連結== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 2yn7ehancy8yb4uw4eskpwqizzqwfaw 0 63 988 987 2021-10-28T11:57:54Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 30 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 987 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Angcoh (安通部落)== Itiniay i {{Ruby|Posko|玉里}} Siang no Hualien(花蓮縣) ko [[Angcoh]] a niyaro’, 64 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 154 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 96% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 148 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 4% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 6 ko tamdaw. O pasinto no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko ’Amis(阿美族)95%, Bunun(布農族)1%. Ira ko {{Ruby|ongsing|溫泉}} i niyaro', angcoh(臭味) a masanek kora nanom, faedet aca a tifingen. I ka’orip no mato’asay i tiyaho, ’alomaloman ko tamdaw no niyaroyaro’ tayni a micefongay(投入) i angcohay a nanom, mi’adah(治療) ko malalisanay(感冒), ko makodicay(皮膚病), ato masamaamaanay a adada no fages. Ira ko katelangay a lalan nani [[Pakara'ac|Pakara’ac]] ato nani [[Kinanoka]] tayra i ’Angcoh. Anini, mapalalan to faelohay i [[Posko—Kakacawan]] (玉長公路). ==Talihafan== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] pr335wp1tee1ahw9rstiribivfzyumq 0 64 30719 30270 2022-02-03T12:08:13Z ZabesBot 381 Bot: Cleaning up old interwiki links 30719 wikitext text/x-wiki Angola（Ankola, 安哥拉） [[Faylo:Flag of Angola.svg|thumb|Fayfay no Angola|alt=Flag of Angola.svg]] [[Faylo:Angola (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Kamaro’an no Angola i Hekal]] I tini i 12 30 S, 18 30 E, i katimol no Afilika ko [[Angola|Ankola]]. Polong no sekalay i 1,246,700 km², saka 23 ko tata’ang i hekal. O sekalay no sera i, 1,246,700 km². Polong i 20,172,332 ko tamdaw. ==sera (土地)== Masakilac ko sera, o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 47.30%, malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 46.80%, romasato 5.90%. ==siyoto (首都)== O [[Luanda|Luanta]](羅安達) ko Siyoto. ==katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad (國家紀念日)== Pihiratengan no kitakit(國家) a romi’ad i, saka 11 folad, saka 11 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci [[José Eduardo dos Santos]] (若澤·愛德華多·多斯·桑托斯), patirengan a romi’ad i 1979 a miheca(年) saka 9 folad saka 10 a romi’ad. ==Talihafan== * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 60400erj7dyxxtpw1twr6v3017onok4 0 65 31241 30540 2022-05-21T10:37:42Z Amire80 14 Bot: Cleaning up old interwiki links 31241 wikitext text/x-wiki == Angola,República de Angola('''安哥拉共和國)''' == Ankora no Finawlan Kapolongan Kitakit(安哥拉共和國) == Takaray Sowal(概略) == Ankora no Finawlan Kapolongan Kitakit (Portokaru sowal:República de [[Faylo:Flag_of_Angola.svg|thumb|Hata no Ankora(Flag of Angola)]] Angola; Holam sowal:安哥拉共和國, o Ankora hananay a mitahidang, no Holam sowal:安哥拉Portokarus sowal:Angola). Itiraay i katimol no saka’etip no Afrika a kitakit,o syoto tatapangan tokai i o Luanta, i lilis no Tasiyang, ika’amis ato kawali no sa’etip malafiyaw ato Konko Finawlan A Kapolongan Kitakit,ikatimol malafiyaw ato Namipiya, ikatimol no sakawali malafiyaw ato Sangpiya,ira ho ko cecay miliyasay a pala Kapinta Sakowan (Portokaru sowal:Cabinda), isifo’ay no Konko Finawlan a Kapolongan Kitakit ato Konko a Kapolongan Kitakit. == '''Rikisi (歷史)''' == === '''Itiyaay ho a Ankora(早期的安哥拉)''' === Itiya ho ono Portokaru a pala,o tada caci’etanay ato cidafongay a mikowanan no Portokaru. I 1475 miheca o Portokaru tamdaw ci Tiyako Caw(Portokaru sowal '':Diogo Cão)''hawikiden ningra ko masakomiay a 7 tamina, ’aloman ko sofitay ato papinapina a patenakay to sowal no Kawas, pasitira i Indo a romokat, mililis i salawacan no Sa’etipay no Afrika a riyar,toya miheca pahicera i Loanto Pataminaan no Ankora, patirengen ningra ko ’otoc i Cepo’ no Konko ’Alo ato i tahekalay no pala pasiriyar SieAokustin to sapikining, mipatokeled ho a miala to kohetingay tamdaw malo koli panokay i Portokaru. === '''Micomod i Konko ko Potokaru(葡萄牙進人剛果)''' === [[Faylo:Sunrise_near_Mossaka_(Congo).JPG|thumb|Konko 'alo (Sunrise near Mossaka) (Congo)]] 1483 miheca miliyaw heca ci Tiyako Caw a tayra i Ankora,oya mipanokayan ningra i Portokaru a koli keriden ho ningra a patatiko tayra i Ankora. Itiya ho masaso’araway ci Tiyako Caw ato Honti no Konko, tada mihamham ko Honti to katayni ni Tiyako Caw, orasaka ocoren no Honti ko Tarokos tayra i Tatapangan Tokai no Potokaru o Lispen. 1491 miheca, o roma a tamina no sofitay no Potokaru mido’edo’ a tayra i Ankora, mita’esel micomod paka Konko ’alo 120 km tangsa i Tata’angay Loma’ no Honti. Caka halafin ko romi’ad, mipatireng to kamaro’an no Tarokos Loma’ ko Potokaru i Tatapangan Niyaro’ no Ankora,patenak to kafafalic to dafong ato kalawidang. === '''Pa’aca to koli ko Potokaru(葡萄牙買賣黑奴)''' === 1575 miheca milingato a mi’eo to katimolay pala no Konko ko Portokaru, patireng to tata’angay a niyaro’ o Loanta Niyaro’. I ikor to tona miheca to 50 ko mihecaan sakakahad han to no Potokaru ko picowat to pala no Ankora. To ikor to 200 ko mihecaan, cowa to kanga’ay ko ’orip no Ankora a tamdaw. Itiyaan ho a mihecahecaan, misa’icelay a mipamatang to omah ko Potokaru, nikawrira, o ’etan nona omah i,o sapi’aca to koli a pa’acaen i Puraciru, tangasa to i 1830 miheca nga’ mapalasawad ko kali’aca to koli. Sa’icel sato ko Portokaru a mipalowad to demak no maohay ato pikarkar to safodawanen a fokeloh. === '''Mi’adapaw a milood to Potokaru(安哥拉游擊戰反葡萄牙)''' === Nani 1951 miheca, malocecay a sakowan no Portokaru i papotal, ocor han no Portokaru ko Sotok to mamikowan. O ’orip sa no kohetingay tamdaw tadacancaay, onini ko kalingatoan a pacoli to Portokaru nani 1961 miheca saka cecay folad. Milongac to sapiikedaw to niyahpikowan. O ika’amisay no Ankora a Parihaday to Finawlan a Masakapotay mi’adapaw to a mico’is to Potokaru, itira i tokotokosan ko pilimekan nangra, samatiyaen mi’adapaway ko pilood to sofitay no Potokaru, o kakeridan nona mi’adapaway ko pilood i ci Lopola, i Anpolici Pataminaan ko palamitan nangra. I 1966 miheca ira ho ko roma a Parihadayay a Masakapotay, itira i syoto Loanta tata’angay niyaro’ ato i salawacan ko ladademakan nangra. Toya romi’ad ira ho ko patirengay i Lispen to Polong no Kitakit a Kapolongan, topilaheciaw a mi’afas to sapiikedaw to niyahpikowan. Ona kasasiromaroma a masakapotay cisofitay to sapilood. Nikawrira, ona toloay a masakapotay caay ka lacecay ko demak pasaikeiked sanay, ano roma macacolicoli ho, sa caay ka pakalowid to sofitay no Potokaru. === '''Mihai to tekedan a niyahpikowan(安哥拉走向獨立)''' === 1975 miheca sakcecay folad,hai sato ko Potokaru to Ankora misiiked a midemak to niyahpikowan,toya romi’ad patokeled sa matatilid to「Pongminna Kakaketonan Tilid」,milongoc toya toloay a kasakapot no sofitay milaheci masasowal, ta ira ko malacecaay mihaidaan no kapolongan a mamalasifo to ikor no pisiiked niyahpikowan,’alaen patatiko nani Potokaru ko sakowan ’icel.1775 miheca saka11 folad saka10 romi’ad miliyas to Ankora ko siikoray a sofitay no Potokaru, tocila a romi’ad milekal to ko Ankora piteked a niyahpikowan, patireng to Ankora Finawlan A Kapolongan a Kitakit, mapalasawad to ko 500 ko mihecaan a pikowan no Potokaru to Ankora. === '''Laloma’ lalood no Ankora (安哥拉內戰)''' === Toya pilekalan no Ankora to Teked a Niyahpikowan a miheca, ira ko nidamaan no Rosya a「Ankora Parihaday to Finawlan a Demak, MPLA」, ira ho ko nicoracoran no Amirika ato Sifo no Kakitmolay Afrika a「Palahecien ko Niyahpikowan a Kapolongan, UNITA」, macaco’is kona tosa a masakapotay, masakalaloodan to I laloma’ nona kitakit. Saikoray to i, oya nidamaan no Rosya ko pakalowaiday tona rawraw,mitatoy to sapikowan a ’icel. Sanoyanan sato ko Ankora sifo a malekatep ato Rosya, midemak to teked no cecayay tang a pikowan. === '''Midemak to Adihayay Tang a Faco no Sici(實行多黨政治)''' === 1990 miheca, misawaden no Ankora sifo ko Syakaisyki a Lalan, [[Faylo:Jonas_Savimbi.jpg|thumb|Nonas Malilo Saunpi (Jonas Savimbi)]] to cila to a mihecaan midemak to Adihayay Tang a faco no sici. 1991 miheca saka 5 folad, o kakeridan no MPLA ato kakeridan no UNITA, malali’ay a matatilid to Sakarihaday a Kakaketonan Tilid, o sakalaheci noni i,ira ko pihidefong no Potokaru sa malaheci. Nikawrira, i 1992 mihecaan a sinkiw to kiing malarawraw ho kona tosa a masakapotay, o Kinhoko to ko miwarayay a masinanot kona rawraw i 1994 miheca saka11 folad. Ca ho kahalafin ko kalanga’ayan miliyaw ho a malalood ilaloma’ no kitakit i 1998 miheca. 2002 miheca saka 2 folad, mapatay ko kakkeridan no UNITA ci Nonas Malilo Saunpi''(Jonas Malheiro Savimbi),''2002 miheca saka 4 folad saka 4 romi’ad, matatilid ho kona tosa a masakapotay to pisawad a malood a kakaketonan, oya rarid sanay to 27 ko mihecaan a lalood laheci sato a malasawad. == '''Palapalaan (地理)''' == O pala no Ankora isa’etipay mililisay to riyar a kocedisay a dafdaf, isaka’amisay i o mingata’ay to Toloay ko Karimoco’ Kanatal no Konko, dadahalay ko itiniay a pala. Ikemoday no kitakit i, o Takaraway Dafdaf,o kacacinowasan no kalo’alo,pangangan to「tokon no Ankora」,[1] o lalen no ka’akawang 1200m, o sa’akawangay a poco’ i  o Moko Poco’ tahiraay i 2619 m ko ka’akawang, adihayay ko ’alo tona kitakit, nikawrira cowa ka tatodong a parakat to tamina. === '''Kaitiraan(位置)''' === O kaitiraan nona kitakit i, ikatimol no saka’etip no Afrika, isaka’amis ato ka’amis no sakawali mada’edo’edo to Konko Finawlan a Kapolongan Kitakit,isakwali malafiyaw ato Sangpiya, ikatimol malaingid ato Namipiya, isa’etip i o lawac no Tasiyang,malala’ed to riyar a makakecor to SeiHelena(Ikiris sowal'':Saint Helena,'' Holam sowal:聖赫勒拿）o kanatal no Ikiris. O kakahad no polong a pala 1,246,700㎢.[2] O kakaya’ no lilis no riyar 1600km.[3] === '''O kasafaco no sera(地形)''' === O polong a pala nona kitakit sahetoay a Takaraway Dafdaf, ira ko cecay a rimowad atafotafokan midatadat taha lawac no Taysiyo, o mingataay i lilis no sa’etip a riyar i,ira ko dihecoay kakayaay a dafdaf. O ka’amisay no saka’etip i o Malanco Takaraway Dafda, o takraw i nani 500 m tahira i 1000 m; o [[Faylo:Grasslands-menggu.jpg|thumb|Rengorengosan Dafdaf(Grasslands-menggu)]] no sawalian i,o Lonta Takaraway Dafdaf, cisafaw to 1000 m ko akawang, o satelangay a dapiyac. I sakatimol i, o Oyla Takaraway Dafdaf, nani ka’amis pasitira i katimol 1500 m likelon sa tahira i 1100 m, malalenay ko kasadafdaf itini. O kawali i, o mohoholan a malapala asanodangahay a fanaw, i kakedalay a rengorengosan ira ko safanioniot sanay a takarway pala. I lawac no [[Faylo:Namib_desert_MODIS.jpg|thumb|Tafotafokan Dafdaf(Namib desert MODIS)]] i,200 m aca ko akawang a matahepoay no tafok a mililisay a dafdaf, isakatimol rimowad no Namipi Tafotafokan(Nama sowal:''Namib'').[4] === '''Rakat no Nanonanoman (水系)''' === O ’alo no Ankora nani sifoay a Piyie Takaraway Dafdaf a pasataliyok ko rakat no ’alo, o ika’amisay ‘alo sahetoay o capa’ no Konko ’alo, o katimolay no sakawali a ’alo pasitira i Sanpisi ’alo'''''('''Zambezi River)'' ko rakat. O tatapangan nona ’alo itiraay i ka’amis no sawalian no Ankora. O sacepo’an no irtiraay i katimol no saka’etip a Kuna ’alo o kalala’edan ato Namipiya kitakit. Isa’etipay ’alo tayra i Taysiyo''(Atlantic Ocean)'' ko rakat, o Kuan ’alo ko sata’engayay, pakayra i Loanta kitkit a tara riyar. == '''Sici (政治)''' == O Ankora a kitakit i,o midemakay to congtong a faco no sici, [[Faylo:2018-07-04_President_João_Lourenço-0555.jpg|thumb|Noaw congton(2018-07-04 President João Lourenço-0555)]] o fanawlan ko citodongay to kapolongan a ’icel a kitakit. Orasaka, o congtong ko tapangan no kitakit, tokeled sa a malakakeridan no sifo,o taypyaw no kitakit pasipapotar a citodong to teked a ’icel. O aniniay a tapang no kitakit i, ci Noaw Manuayr Konsar''（João Manuel Gonçalves Lourenço;''若昂·曼努埃爾·貢薩爾維斯·羅倫佐'''）,'''mitokeled a malakakeridan no sifo, o faco no sici i, o kapolongan no finawlan ko citodongay ato o aduhayay ko tang no sici. O misanga’ay to rikec no kitakit i,o Kikai( Finawlan pikaikian) , cecayay aca ko pikaikian no kitakit, o kiing 220 ko tamdaw,o satopa no sinkiwa ko pi’arawan to ka’aloman no kiin, sepat mihecaan ko katayan no kiin. O kakeridan no kalocitodongay to demak no sifo i 23 ko tamdaw, 18 ko kakeridan no sakowan, ona 41 a tamdaw ko malatapangay no sifo, o soli(tapang no sifo)o citodongay to tayal no sifo a tang(Ankora Parihaday to Finawlan a Demak, MPLA) ko mitoro’ay. == '''O Sofal no Sakowan no Ankora(行政區)''' == '''O polong a sofal no sakowan no Ankora ira ko 18 sakowan:''' {| class="wikitable" |1.   Penko Sakowan''(Icolo e Bengo)'' 2.   Pencila Sakowan(''Benguela'') 3.   Piyi Sakowan''(Província de Bié)'' 4.   Kapinta Sakowan(''Cabinda'') 5.   Kuantokopanko Sakowan''(kuandokubango)'' ''6.   '' Ka’amis Kowanca Sakowan''(Cuanza Norte)'' ''7.   '' Katimol Kowanca Sakowan''(   Cuanza Sul)'' 8.   Kunini Sakowan(''Cunene'') 9.   Wanpo Sakowan''(Huambo)'' |10. Wila Sakowan(''Huila'') 11. Loanta Sakowan''(Luanda)'' ''12.'' Ka’amis Lonta Sakowan''(   Lunda Norte)'' 13. Katimol Lonta Sakowan''(Lunda Sul)'' 14. Malanci Sakowan''(Malanje)'' 15. Mosiko Sakowan''(Província de Moxico)'' 16. Namipi Sakowan''(Namibe)'' 17. Wici Sakowan''(Uíge)'' 18. Cair Sakowan(''Zaire'') |} == '''Kicai(經濟)''' == O maomahay ko sakakaay saka ’orip no Ankora, [[Faylo:Alexandra_Mor_Diamond_Collection_High_Res_Black_BG_Group_Shot.jpg|thumb|Tayamonto(Alexandra Mor Diamond Collection High Res Black BG Group Shot)]] o nipalomaan i ira ko kisyafa,kalitang, pawli, pawli no lotong, takomod, kilang, ‘alilay,’afinong, dateng , dangka, kafi ato tamako; o sasafodawanen a fokeloh i ira ko tayamonto, marad,’apol, tangiiw, cinah,’apol a fakeloh; o mi’olacay a misang’ to simal i itiraay i lilis no riyar no Kapinta Sakowan, o ‘eteng no misanga’an mahaop ko 75% no nipaliwalan iroma a kitakit. Ira ho ko milonicay to kaka’enen, misanga’ to tatipelok, ‘amoto ato tinooy. [[Faylo:Streetscene_Angola_village.JPG|thumb|O patiyamay i niyaro'(Streetscene Angola village)]] Ililis no riyar no Ankora o sarad no kasolin simal ira ko 89 ’ok ko tolamokang, ikemod no kitakit ira ko tayamonto. Orasaka tadamaanay ko madikoay ’icel no kicai no Ankora. Yo ikor to no kaherekan no lalood, oya kafafalic to lalosidan ato roma a kitakit ci’etan to 30 ‘ok a payso no Amirika. O Ankora a kitakit, dadahal ko pala, adhay kinairaira no palapalaan, o mikowanan no Potokaru itiya ho iraay to ko paranaan no sapipamatang, sa ira ko pangangan to「Poracir no Afrika」. === '''Maomah (農業)''' === [[Faylo:Coconut_oil_making_Seychelles.jpg|thumb|misang'a to simal no nanges (Coconut oil making Seychelles)]] O nipalomaan i,ira ko kafi, kodasing, fata’an, ‘alilay, nanges, pawli, dangka, simal no nanges, panay, cifir a moki, kalo’emi, tefos, kokoa, tamako, dateng ato losay. O saadihayay ko nipalomaan a kafi i Afrika ko Ankora, o roma sato i,sahetoay o tadafangcalay a Roposta(Robusta) kafi. [[Faylo:Olive_oil_from_Oneglia.jpg|thumb|Simal no nanges(Olive oil from Oneglia)]] === '''Nipahafayan (畜牧業)''' === Tadakohceday ko pina’orip demak no Ankora,o pipakaenan a pala i,itiraay i Fola, Pii ato Pencila, o nipakaenan i,ira ko kolong, siri ato diyong, sa caay ka nikaw to titi. === '''Nifotingay (漁業)''' === Caay ka difak a ’alaen ko foting i lilis no riyar no Ankora, sa adihay ko cikikayay a tamina no Ankora, o nifotingan i ma’edengay a kaenen no polong tamdaw no Ankora. O misawadan a komaen a lofic no foting i,misatapedan a paliwal iroma a kitakit, o simal ho no foting nipaliwalan icowacowa a kitakit to sapili’etan. === '''Pisakilang (林業)''' === Tada matilakay ko kilakilangan no Ankora,o sekalay i,588,544㎢, o nitahepoan no kilakilangan mahaop ko 47.2%,[5] o dadahal ko dadahal , nika caay ho ka patadasen a misadafong. === '''Sasafodawanen a fokeloh (礦業)''' === Tada rifo’aday ko kinaira no pala, ira ko ‘ekim, fadito, fodawan, adicaw afakeloh, tayamonto, marad,’apol. Patahtah ho to kasolin simal, itira i Kapinta''(Cabinda)'' a palapalan ato lilis no i ka'amisay riyar ko pialan to simal.O sakatosa a rayray i Afrika ko pipasadak to simal, nani 1973 miheca maceror no kasolin simal ko kafi mala satata’angay a sapaliwal iroma a kitakit. === '''Misang’ to lalosidan (工業)''' === Misafilofiloay a pacakat to misanga’ay to lalosidan. O misanga’an a lalosidan ira ko mi’olacay a misang’ to simal, misanga’ay to tatipelok,misongila’ a mitelek to kakaenen,misang’ to riko’, misiwli to tosiya, miilang to panay, misang’ to sapaiyo, misang’ to dafong no loma’ mirosaros to kilang, misanga’ to ‘odax, misaongla’ a mitelek to kafi, ira ho ko misanga’ay to piro, ‘amoto, koyasi, tonooy, dinki, kalas, nananomen, tamako ato ‘epah, misanga’ay to kikay kahirahira, o misang’an a diki to mihecahecan ira ko 37.22 ‘ok to ko kaadihay.[6] == '''Tamdaw (人口)''' == Do’edoen ko kapolongan pisa’osi no hekal tamdaw a pakasalilan a polong ’osi i,o aniniay a tamdaw no Arkora ira ko 29,276,528 ko tamdaw, ilaloma’ nonini to300 ko ofad i o nisofocan ho a wawa, o katongal no tamdaw to kalomihecaan mahaop ko 3%(2020 miheca a pihinen), o pihinen to kato’edaw no ’orip i,46 ko mihecaan(o fainayan 45 ko mihecaan, o fafahiyan 48 ko mihecan), itini i Ankora malalenay ko kako’edaw no fainayan to fafahiyan to ko ’orip. Adihay ko kasasiromaroma no finacadan ato pitooran i Ankora: Pitooran:68% o Tinsikiw.       10% o To’asan.       20% o Ciwlo. Mafana’ay to tilid:66.8%(fainayan 82.1%, fafahiyan 53.8%) O i tokayay a maro’ a tamdaw mahaop ko 59% no polong tamdaw no kitakit, nani 2010 miheca tahira i 2015 mihecaan a tamdaw no misatokayay 4% ko kaharakat no katongal no tamdaw.[7] == '''Finacadan ato sowal(民族和語言)''' == Ilaloma’ no Ankora ira ko Aounpentu finacadan(37%),Mopentu finacadan(25%),Pakonko finacadan (13%), Lonta finacadan ato Yoropa tamdaw (1%), ato romaroma a finacadan.[8]   Ono sifoan a sowal i, o Potokaru sowal, ira ho kona roma finacadan a sowal, o Mupanto sowal''（úmbúndú）'', Kimpanto sowal ato Konko sowal.[9] o Kimpanto sowal ira ho ko no kasaniyaro' a 11 sowal:''Ngola, Dembo, Jinga, Bondo, Bângala, Songo, Ibaco, Luanda, Quibala, Libolo ato Quissama。'' == '''Kinairaira no pala(資源)''' == Tada rifo’aday ko kasolin simal, kaso no pala ato sasafodawanen a fakeloh,o mahapinangay to a sasarad no kasolin simal i,ira ko 125 ’ok ko tolamokang, imaiti to i,cecay romi’ad pakaala to 200 ofad ko tolamokang. O sarad no kaso no pala i,ira ko 7 ofad ko ok’ a kalong(''gallon''）ko kaadihay. O misanga’ay to dafong no kasolin simal i,o satoka’ no katayalan no Ankora. O sasafodawanen a fakeloh itini i Ankora ira ko taiyamonto, marad, ‘ekim, ’adicaw. O kakahad no kilakilangan no Ankora 5300 ofad ko kofo. Tada ci’afoay ko sera no Ankora, adihay ho ko ’alo a miliwasak, tata’ang ko madikoay a ’icel to sapipalowadaw to liomah. == Tahapinangan Tilid == [1] 中國大百科全書--安哥拉 [2] 中央情報局世界概況--國家面積. [3] 中央情報局世界概況--海岸線長度. [2010-08-03]. （原始內容存檔於2010-04-25）. [4] 中國大百科全書--安哥拉 [5] 聯合國統計資料庫--森林. [2010-08-03]. （原始內容存檔於2016-08-01）. [6] 國際能源總署--電力生產 [7] FIELD LISTING :: URBANIZATION. 中央情報局. [2011-05-24]. （原始內容存檔於2020-01-06） [8] See ethnic map and CIA – The World Factbook – Angola （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） [9] 背景資料：安哥拉共和國. 國際日報. 9o6ib2mg1zj6r40vjpb6cgp6aocdwq8 0 66 1048 1047 2021-10-28T11:58:02Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 24 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 1047 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Anteng (安藤部落)== I tiniay i [[Mudan|Mutan]] (牡丹) Siang no Pingtung (屏東縣) ko [[Anteng]] a niyaro’, 208 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 495 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 93% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 462 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 7% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 33 ko tamdaw. O pasinto no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Paiwan(排灣族)87%, ’Amis(阿美族)2%, Puyuma(卑南族)1%, roma(其他)3%. ==Talihafan== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] apz86mget88ylyi7b9gfb6gkbeba5xe 0 67 34693 34475 2023-02-19T05:58:32Z Mtarch11 659 取消[[Special:Contributions/69.193.69.245|69.193.69.245]]（[[User talk:69.193.69.245|留言]]）的編輯，改回[[User:Iyumu|Iyumu]]的先前版本 34169 wikitext text/x-wiki Antikuwa ato Papota - Antigua and barbuda（安地卡與巴布達） [[Faylo:Flag of Antigua and Barbuda.svg|thumb|Hata no Antikuwa ato Papota]] [[Faylo:Half Moon Bay Antigua and Barbuda.jpg|縮圖|220x220像素]] [[Faylo:ATG orthographic.svg|thumb|ATG orthographic]] Itini i 17 03 N, 61 48 W, noNotimolan [[Amilika]] ko [[Antigua and barbuda]]. Polong no sekalay i 442.6 sq km “saka 201 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 442.6 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 0 sq km ” Polong i 93,581 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 20.50%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 22.30%, malo no roma to a sera 57.20%. siyoto(首都) O [[Saint John's]](聖約翰) ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakacecay ko safaw 1 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Elizabeth II]](伊莉莎白二世), patirengan a romi’ad i 1952 a miheca(年) saka 2 folad saka 6 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw {| class="wikitable" |+ !1 !2 !3 !4 |- | | | | |- | | | | |- | | | | |- | | | | |- | | | | |} * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 9n7hokrtqfkw1cts0sll0v2nebqgfb9 0 68 1081 1080 2021-10-28T11:58:07Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 10 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 1080 wikitext text/x-wiki == Antigua and barbuda(安地卡及巴布達) == == Antika ato Paputa(安地卡及巴布達) == == Takaray sowal (概略) == Antika ato Paputa a kitakit(Ikiris sowal:Antigua and Barbuda; Holam [[Faylo:Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg|thumb|O Hata(Flag of Saint Kitts and Nevis)]] sowal:安地卡及巴布達，簡稱「安巴」) itiraay i katimol no Amirika a kitakit, sasifo’an no Micow, ila’eday no Ciaropi Riyar ato Tayseiyo, kanatimol miingid to sakowan no Fransu a kanatal Kuwatilopo sakowan(Fransu sowal:Guadeloupe), ikatimol no saka’etip miingid to sakowan no Ikiris a Moncili kanatal(Ikiris Sakowan :Montserrat), isaka’etip [[Faylo:Antigua_and_Barbuda_(no_subdivisions)_location_map.svg|thumb|Antigua and Barbuda (no subdivisions) location map]] o Sie Kolistofo ato Niwis Mapolongay Kitakit (Ikiris sowal :Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis anoca Federation of Saint Christopher and Nevis. Sakamoto han pangangan Sieko. 1983 niheca saka 9 fold saka 19 romi’ad miiked a pisanoniyahpikowan, o misakapotay to Ikiris a Lekatep. O syoto tatapangan tokai itiraay i Sie Kolistofo kanatal, o mamangay a Niwis kanatal isakatimolay to 3 m ko kalaliyasan, malala’eday to Naros Ta’eman no riyar (The Narrows). == Rikisi(歷史) == O tamdaw no Antika ato Paputa a kitakit i,sahetoay o Sibony a finacadan (Ikiris sowal :''Ciboney''，Sipanya sowal :''Siboney''), i ’ayaw no 25sici iraay to itini a maro’. I aikor to malaplap no Alawa tamdaw. Oya maro’ay i [[Faylo:Carib_indian_family_by_John_Gabriel_Stedman.jpg|thumb|Kalepi Tamdaw (Carib indian family by John Gabriel Stedman)]] Antilis kanatanatal(''Lesser Antilles'') a Kalepi finacadawn (o nani tiniay ko pangangan to Kalepi Riyar)o kali’odotay, sa ma’eco nangra ko taliyok no Antika ato Paputa a kanatanatal, nikawrira, cowa ka paka’eco to Antika ato Paputa kanatal. 1493 miheca, saka kinatosa ni Kolompo a pakatanina a tayni tona kanatal, itiraay iAntika a macakat, sa pangangan han ningra to Siemaliya no Antika. Niwrira, cowa ka patireng to sakowan itini ko Sipanya, nawhani, makedalay manikaway to nanom itini tona kanatal,ira heca ko kali’odotay a Kalopi tamdaw o kakatalawan amaro’ itini. Nani 1632 a miheca a misatapang ko Ikiris a tamdaw micowat to Antika malosakowan, 1634 miheca halo Paputa mala sakowan no Sipanya. 1666 miheca pacarcaray a mihidefong ko Fransu. Mala sakowan tona Ikiris i, mipamatang to pipalomaan to tefos, nani Afrika a hakelongen ko sasali’acaen a kohetingay tamdaw malakoli, tahira to i 1834 a mihecaan nga’ tedal hanto ko pipapakoli a demak, nikawrira, namalakoliay to ko ’orip i mapalasawasawad ko kalakoli i mitadipiay to toya kohecalay a tawki no kamaomahan. 1939 miheca,patireng to Antika Mali’caay ato Matayalay a Reked, 1946 miheca ona Rekad mafalic Malamatayaly Tang(工黨) mikihamon to sinkiw. Orasaka nani 1981 miheca malingato ko kalamatayal no sifo, tada kakaya’ ko kamaro’an i sifo, tahira to i 2004 mihecaan asinkiw, malowid no Kapolongan a Macakat a Tang,tahira i 2014 miheca ko kamaro’an no Kapolongan a Macakat a Tang, ma’afas patatiko ko Malamatayaly Tang a maro’ i sifo. == '''Palapalaan (地理)''' == O kapolongan no pinapina akanatal ko Antika ato Paputa a kitakit, o [[Faylo:Boggy_Peak.JPG|thumb|Opama Taporo (Boggy Peak)]] a kanatal i o Antika, o sekalay sera 281㎢, o cinamaly a kanatal, o faco no sera mahinakopay ;o sakatosa a kakahaday a kanatal o Paputa, o sekaly sera 161 ㎢, onini i sahetoay o rakarakan. O polong kanatal nona kitakit po’eneray, palalenen i nani riyar 402 m ko ka’akawang[1], o satakaraway a poco i o Opama Taporo(''Mount Obama''). O kakarayan i o fa’edetay a rengorengosan a kakarayan, o lalen no fa’edet to mihecaan 27℃, o lalen no ‘orad i 1100 haomi to mihecaan. == '''O kala’isal pikowan(行政區劃)''' == I Antika kanatal 6 ko kala’isal no kyokai a sakowan(''Parish''), ato Paputa [[Faylo:Antigua_and_Barbuda_administration_map.png|thumb|kala'isal pikowan (Antigua and Barbuda administration map)]] ato Loytongta kanatal. 1.Sie Cioci(''Saint George Parish)'' 2.Sie Yohani(''St. John's'') 3.Sie Maliya''(Saint Mary Parish)'' 4.Sie Pawlo(''Saint Paul Parish'') 5. Sie Pitoro(''Saint Peter Parish'') 6.Sie Filipo(''Saint Philip Parish'') == '''Sici (政治)''' == O kapot no Kapolongan Misacefangay no Ikiris ko Antika ato Paputa a kitakit, o tpapanga no kitakit i ci Elizabeth II o fafahiyan honti no Ikiris ko mitokeleday. O sotok i, o tarokos no [[Faylo:St_Johns_Antigua_2012.jpg|thumb|Minato (St Johns Antigua 2012)]] , o kakeridan no sifo i o Soli, todongay o Sincenyiencang no Taywan. Antika ato Paputa a kitakit i, tosaay ko Lipoin pikaikian no kitakit, o Fafa’eday a pikaikian 17 ko iing tamdaw, o sotok ko mitoro’ay, i kalo liyad o Soli ato kakeridan no Pacoliay Tnag ko masaspwal to tatooren tamdaw, i Kararemay Pikaikian a iing o misinkiwan ko kalakiin. O mamlasoli a tamdaw i tohatiniay to a lafin o kakerdan no sa’alomanay ko kiing i Kareremay Pikaikian, mapolong ato cefang a malakiingay a tayal to demak no kitakit. O maamaan to a sinkiw 5 ko miheca a pasaliyad a misinkiw, nikawrira citodaongay ko Soli a milongoc to pisinkiwan a romi’ad. Antika ato Paputa a kitakit adihay ko masasiromaromay a Tang, orasaka malalifelifet to romi’ami’ad. O pacoliay a Tang mikokot to matayalay to demak no sifo o alomanay ko kiing a Tang, cikapoay to pisinkiw sanay. O Antika ato Paputa a kitakit mipa’adingay to kasasowal, pasadak to tilid,pitooran,wakawak ato misakapot a teked faloc’. O rikec no kitakit i o kalorikec a rayaray ko pido’edo’an. == '''Kicai (經濟)''' == O sapili’etan no Antika ato Paputa a kitakit i,o pisalamaan no lafang, makalitosaay no ’etan no kitakit ko ’etan no pisalamaan no lafang. Nikawrira i 2000 miheca malikelon ko tayal no pisalamaan, tada maroray ko tamdaw ato sifo no Antika ato Paputa a kitakit. [[Faylo:Allen_Stanford_mug_shot.jpg|thumb|Roporto Ailin Stanfoto (Allen Stanford mug shot)]] O liomah dadengden sa halokaka’enen no tamtamdaw nona kitakit. Cowa ka hakowa ko misanga’ay to lalosidan, o ’edengan o mamangay dafong no kafoti’an, nakamayan a lalosidan ato kinakerit no dinki. Ono kinko a tayal i,o tata’angay ko kaci’epoc, nikawrira, o Amirika a cipaysoay tamdaw ci Roporto Ailin Stanfoto(''Robert Allen Stanford'') itinien ningra ko palamitan a patireng to Ponsi Pisa’efitan'''('''''Ponzi scheme'') to payso,na kailaan no payso o saadihayay ko pisa’efit,masa’efit ningra ko 80 ‘ok a payso no Amirika, tata’ang ko kadoka no kinko. Mihamhamay tomicolo’ay tayal, nipadingwaay tayal ato kinko tayal a tayni patireng to kaisya, nga’ malowalowan ko kasipon no pisalaan a tayal, cato ka sacecay sa ko piti’er to pisalamaan a demak. == '''Punka ato pitooran(文化與宗教)''' == Itiya ho o nano sakowan no Ikiris sa marecep no pinangan no Ikiris ato no [[Faylo:CarnavalOruro3.JPG|thumb|Ilisin to pikining to pipalasawd to koli(CarnavalOruro3)]] to’asan wayway no Afrika ko punka no Antika ato Paputa a kitakit. O todongay no kitakit a pimalian i,omatiyaay o yakiw a sapad pimali,i 2007 miheca midemakay to polong no kitakit a sapad pimali. O saka, cifayfayay a tamina o kakaolahan a onto to sapiyatayat to tatirengan. I saka 8 a folad no kalomihecahecaan, midaemak to tata’angay a lisin(''carnival'') to sapikining to pipalahedaw to koli. Tosay ko sinpon to nipasadakan itini, o cecay i, o “Romi’ami’ad a Pinengneng”(''Daily Observer''), o roma i, o “Kalapi Sinpon”(''Caribbean Times''). Mahaop ko 77% a tamdaw mitooray ci Yiesoan, ilaloma’ nonini i, mahaop ko 17% o mitooray to Ikiris Kitakitan a Pitooran, o sa’alomanay ko mitooray. == '''Tahapinangan Tilid''' == [1] 加勒比岛国将最高峰命名“奥巴马峰”为其庆生 (网易新闻). [2009-08-12]. （原始內容存檔於2012-05-22）. 6apbdotdbuzpjczx0er1ei5phh94uq6 0 69 42663 1104 2024-04-03T01:12:26Z Ｍayawtowid 44 42663 wikitext text/x-wiki == O ngangan no Apapuro (高坡部落由來) == Itiniay i [[Taitung]](台東) Cen no Taitung ko [[Apapuro]] a niyaro’, 286 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 864 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 51% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 437 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 49% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 427 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)43%, Paiwan(排灣族)2%, Bunun(布農族)1%, Puyuma(卑南族)1%, roma(其他)4%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] p14sfryuxfwffp4405dhwau2fnp0tm0 0 70 1123 1122 2021-10-28T11:58:13Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 18 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 1122 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''Algeria''', the '''People's Democratic Republic of Algeria ('''阿爾及利亞人民民主共和國) == == Arciliya Finawlan Kapolongan Kitakit (阿爾及利亞人民民主共和國) == == Takaray Sowal (概略) == O Arciliya Finawlan Kapolongan Kitakit (Arapiya sowal: الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية‎‎ al-Jumhūriyya al-Jazāʾiriyya ad-Dīmuqrāṭiyya aš-Šaʿbiyya), kalongangan o Arciliya hananay (Arapiya sowal: الجزائر‎‎ al-Jazāʾir; Arciliya Arapiya sowal: الدزاير‎‎ al-dzāyīr, Holam sowal: 阿爾及利亞). Itiraay i ka’amis no Afrika ko kaitiraan nona kitakit, miingiday to Sifo’an Riyar (Ikiris sowal: Mediterranean Sea), isakawali malafiyaw ato Lipiya ato Tunisiya, ikatimol no sakawalian ato sakatimol matatongod ato Niro, Mali, ato Maolitaniya akitakit, isak’etip malalocok ato Moroko kitakit. O sera no Arciliya o sadadahalay itini i Afrika, ikakaayho no Sifo’an Riyar ato Arapiya a kitakit, o saka 10 ko rayray i hekal.[1] [[Faylo:Algeriangirl.jpg|thumb|O kaying no Popor Finacadan (Algeriangirl)]] Ono sifoan sowal o Arapiya sowal ato Popor sowal. Ilaloma’an no kitakit i, o Arciliya a Arapiya sowal ko hakasasowal, nikawrira halafinay tato a makowan no Fransu, orasaka o matayalay to demak no sifo, mali’aca ato pipasifa’an ono Fransu sowal ko misatekedan. Itiya ho o namikowanan no Fransu ko Arciliya, i 1962 miheca halafin ka pilood to Fransu, malowid to ko Fransu ’i, Misa’iked to Niyahpikowan. O to’asan a maro’ay itini a yincumin ’i, o Popor tamdaw (Popor sowal: ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ, Roma a tilid: ''Imaziɣen''), ona ngangan tonini i, nani Latin a sowal "barbari", o imi nonini ’i, o "makatary (cowa ho kalatamdaw)" sanany, tahira to i saka 8 sici (世紀) o Arapiya Hontian Kitakit ko mikowanay, sa malaIslam ato malaArpiya, i 16 sici satapang ko Otoman Hontian Kitakit a mikowan tona kitakit, sa macirep no Arapiya punka ato Islam a to’asan punka. Anini sato o i sifoay ko ’icel no kitakit itini i saka’amisay no Afrika, ira ko sapili’etan a pacakay to kinairaira no pala ta macakat ko ‘icel no kitakit, masafangcal ko ‘orip no kalotamdaw. O pihapinang no Linhoko to kacakat no ’orip no tamdamdaw (Ikiris sowal: Human Development Index, kamoko’ tilid: HDI; Holam sowal: 人類發展指數) o satakaraway itini i Afrika Karopaw. O sasarad no kasolin simal no Arciliya o sakatosa ko kaadihay i Afrika, saka 16 i hekal ko kaadihay, o sasarad kaso saka 9 rayray i hekal, o citodongay a mikarkar tona simal ato kaso i, o Arciliya Kasolin Kaisya no kitakit, o satata’angay i Afrika. O Arciliya inomatini o kapot no Linhoko, Afrika Lekatep, Arapiya Lekatep, Pacakayay to simal a Saopo ato o cecay no patirengay to Arapiya Makalito Lekatep. == '''O nganagan no kitakit (國名)''' == O "Arciliya" hananay i, o ni felihan nani Ikiris a pangangan, o tatapangan nona ngangaan i, o nani Tatapangay Tokai (Syoto) Arcir, onini ’i, o sowal no Arapiya to Ciasai（الجزائر‎ ''al-Jazāʾir''), o imi noni i, o "kanatanatal" sanay, o pangangan toya i kihaway a 4 kanatal, iikor tono 1525 miheca ona 4 a kanatal pasado’edo sato to karopaw a malacecay,[2] nikawrira, tahanini o ngangan nona kitakit i, oyanan ho o Ciasai. == '''Rikisi (歷史)''' == === '''No Tato’asan ho Rekad (古代)''' === Ano no ikoikor a pisa’osi itiya ho i’ayaw no kasofocan ni Yiso to ceay ofad ko mihecaan, itiniay to ko Popor Finacadan a maro’ tona taliyok no Arciliya a palapalan. Iikor tono i’ayaw no cecay a patek mihecan Ciatayki Tamdaw misatapang a patiren I lilis no riyar to sakowan. O Popor [[Faylo:Meister_von_San_Vitale_in_Ravenna.jpg|thumb|Casitini Honti (Meister von San Vitale in Ravenna)]] looden (Punika lalood) nangra ko Ciatayki a micowat mi’afas, oya paka’efaay sofitay saci’icelay, sanoyanan sato a sakakahad sa ko mikowanan no Popor Hontian Kitakit. I’ayaw no kasofocan ni Yiso to tosa so’ot miheca, makowan no Roma Hotian Kitakit ko Popor Finacadan, yo matekop sato ko Roma Hotian Kitakit, palaliyaw haca ko Popor Finacadan a masa’ike’iked a patireng to niyah a sakowan, toya a rekad o Wantar Tamdaw (o Sa’etipay Le’erman Finacadan, sano Latin sowal: ''Germani'', sano Toic sowal: ''Germanen''), ko micowatay to roma a pala, o kahalafin no pikowan no Wantar Tamdaw tahira i malaplap no Paycantin Hontian Kitakit a hotnti ci Casitinni Sakacecay (Latin sowal: ''Justinianus I''; Kirisiya sowal: ''Ιουστινιανός''); o tada ngangan ningra i, ci Falawi Potoru Saypatios Casitini (''Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Justinianus''). Paycantin Hontian Kitakit mahaop to kaya ma’ecoay no Wantar Tamdaw a pala a mikowan, salongan i saka 7 sici i katomirengan no Arapiya Hontian Kitakit ta mapalasawad ko Paycantin Hontian Kitakit. === '''Sifo’an Sici ato Ingataay ho Mihecaan (中世紀與近代)''' === Saka 7 sici misatapang a micomod a tayni ko Arapiya, malingato ko mikitira no finawlan to Islam. Itiya ho mipatirengay ko Popor tamdaw to no niyah Hontian Kitaki, o pirecepan no Islam Pitooran ato Arapiya itiraay i saka 7 sici a misatapang, ititra to ko kafalic no Pitooran ato sowal, masiwar ko pinangan no niyaro’ ato ‘orip no tamdaw, orasaka malarocok to maloficay a punka, paheci to sici ato lekakawa no niyaro’. To ikor to o Arciliya ato taliyokan a sakowan i, polong han to a pangangan to Popor katakitan. Saka 12 sici, ika’amisay no Afrika a Popor tamdaw patireng to Islam a Moasito Hontian Kitakit (Arapiya sowal: المُوَحِّدون‎ ''al-Muwaḥḥidūn, Holam sowal: ''穆瓦希德王朝) maro’ i Arciliya tangasa i kapatayan ni Moasito i 1236 miheca, mafalic ni Sakatosa a Apo Inan Faris a patireng ko Tolay Mosin kitakit, o sa’ayaway nipatireng no Popor tamdaw a kitakit ko nini. O kaitiraan nona kitakit i, o pitata’elifan no icowacowaay, orasaka kali’eki a macakat ko pili’etan a tayal. Ikor to mafafodfod ko finawlan, sanoyanan sato malikelon ko ‘icel nona kitakit, saikoray to i 1532 miheca, macowat no Aosman Hontian Kitakit. [[Faylo:Purchase_of_Christian_captives_from_the_Barbary_States.jpg|thumb|Micakay to Kiristo a koli nani Papali kitakit (Purchase of Christian captives from the Barbary States)]] Namalacecay no sakowan no Otoman ko Arciliya, mitatoyay ho to niyahpikowan a ’icel. Nani 16.17 sici malikelon ko ’icel nona Otoman Hontian Kitakit, o Sotan kakeridan sato no niyaro’ no Arciliya ko citodongay a mikowan tono niyah a pala, mipa’ekel to minato ato hahor no mi’afasay to dafong i riyar. I sa’ayaw no 19 sici, Sotan a kitakit mi’afas to mipa’acaay to dafong a tamina no Amirika, malalood to kinacacay ato kinatosa a Papali Lalood (''The Second Barbary War, or Algerian War''). === '''Cowaten Malasakowanan no Fransu (法國殖民地)''' === [[Faylo:Charles_de_Gaulle-1963.jpg|thumb|Tokor Congtong (Charles de Gaulle-1963)]] Nani 1830 miheca patado han a misanga’ ko sician demak halalalengatan a milood to Arciliya, micowat to lilis no riyar no Arciliya, namalaplap ko mikowanay a sotok, satapang to a pasatimol ko picowat no Fransu, sapirecepaw a misiwar to pinangan ato punka no Arciliya ko Fransu, ci’icel a mitoker ko Arciliya to Fransu, tahira to i 1905 miheca hato laheci sanay to ko ha’emin no Fransu a mi’eco to Arciliya. I kalaloodan no sakatosa lalood no kanatal a ma’emin, midama ko Arciliya to Sa’etipay Lekatep, mipadang to pilood no Fransu to Toic. I 1945 miheca pakalowad ko Malekatepay Kitakit, yo malaheci to ko lalood i, midelih a mipenec ko Congtong no Frasu ci Tokoro to sapiikedawan to niyahpikowan no Arciliya, sapihadefekaw a mipatay to Arciliya tamdaw ci Tokoro congtong no Frasu. (Fransu sowal: ''Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle''; Holam sowal: 夏爾·安德烈·約瑟夫·馬里·戴高樂) 1954 miheca, o sapitedalaw a parahoday to tamdaw no Arciliya a cefang satapapang a mi’adapaw to sofitay no Fransu, 10 ko kalaloodan ato Fransu ta maala ko Niyahpikowan a ‘icel a patireng to Arciliya Finawlan a Kapolongan Kitakit i 1962 miheca. === '''Misaiked to Niyahpikowan (獨立後)''' === 1965 miheca, mafelih no kakerida no sofitay ci Hoari Pomaytin (Arapiya sowal: '''هواري بومدين'''‎, Latin: ''Houari Boumediène'', Holam: 胡阿里·布邁丁) ko sa’ayaway congton (Arapiya sowal: أحمد بن بلّة‎‎; Holam sowal: 艾哈邁德·本·貝拉), nano yanan sato ko pikowan no sofitay to kitakit taha nini. 1990 a mihecahecan, adihay to kono sici a tang masadak to sinkiw, o to’asan ho ko harateng a Islam Tang ko pakaalay to congton, manaay ko sofitay mitoor, itira to ko kalalood i laloma’ no kitakit, ma’edeng ira ko 10 ofad ko mapatayay tona laloma’ay lalood. Cisafaw to 10 mihecan ta kosang sato ko papaa’orip sofitay no Islam, o roma a sofitay no Islam itira i sici ko piloodan nangra, malasifo’ay a kakeridan, to ikor to i, maala nangra ko congtong a ‘icel ato kamaro’an. I karawrawan to ikor no sinkiw, o Sapitedalaw a Parahoday to Tamdaw no Arciliya a Cefang (''FLN'') maro’ to i sifo i, hatosa han a milekal to sano Finawaln a Syakaisyuki, ato misiwar to maci’iwiay a pinangan, ta manga’ay ko pisawidang to Yoropa, o sapi’etengaw to katalawan tamdaw safeleng saan a micomod itiya ho i sakatosa lalood no hekal ma’emin, Ka’amisay Lekatep (NATO) a kitakit pafeli to adihayay a salifong, patinako han, [[Faylo:TPz_FUCHS_2.jpg|thumb|Fucis sinsya (TPz FUCHS 2)]] o Toic pafelien ningra ko Arciliya to kika to sapisang’ to Fuchs sinsya no Toic. 2008 miheca saka 11 folad falicen no Lipoin o pikaikian no kitakit ko kinpo ta manga’ay ko aniniay congtong ci Acicu Potofolika palalid a malacongtong, kinacecay aca ko kalacongtongan sa ko pilikec no itiyaay ho kinpo, yo mafalic to i, kinatolo to a pararid mala congtong ci Acicu Potofolika, i 2014 miheca marawraw ho to sinkiw caka pakaso’elin ko finawlan to mahaopay ko 82% a satopa, nikawrira pararid heca to sakakinasepat a malacongtong.[3] Halafin ta to ko kalacongtong, nani 2013 miheca macongfong ci Acicu Potofolika, away to a papising to ‘alomanay. Nikawrira, i 2019 miheca milekal heca to sakararidaw a malacongton ci Acicu Potofolika, cato ka ’emet ko keter no finawlan safereng sato a mikangi (mitoker). O pilalang no finawlan ato tapang no sofitan ci Aihamayto Kito Salahe, lekal sato ci Acicu Potofolika misawad malacongtong.[4] == '''Palapalaan (地理)''' == O kaitiraan no Arciliya itiraay i saka’amis no sa’etipan no lislis no riyar. Mahatosaay a picih o ka’amisan ato satimolan: o ka’amisan i, o dafdaf i lilis no riyar ato Atolas Tokotokosan, ililis no riyar i, sa’emel a kala’oraday, ono Sifo’an Riyar a kakarayan; o katimol i, Sahala Atolas Tokkotokosan ato Takaraway Dafdaf, o pacarpacaray a kakarayan. Oya sakatimolan a Sahala Tafotafokan o dadahal i mahaop ko 4 no kalilima no polong a sera no kitakit, ona pala itini i, masadangahay ato takaraway palapalan, o fa’edetay a tafotafokan ko kakarayan itini. O tokatokasan no Arciliya i, tadasi’enaway i kasi’enawan. === '''Palapalaan liyad (地理分區)''' === O palapalaan no Arciliya pala sepat liyad: === '''Lilis no riyar a dasdas (沿海低地區):''' === [[Faylo:Fig_fruit.jpg|thumb|Samoro kilang (Fig fruit)]] Nani Atolas Tokotokosan pasa’edo’edo tara riyar, tahira i dasdas makalitosa matiya o lofoc, caay ka masadafdafay a lilis no riyar. o dasdas itirni ira ko Oran dasdas, Cilifo Saowac, Arciliya Dafdaf,Piciaya Daspolongen ko dadahal I idas ato Annapa Dasdas. Ona dasdas i mahaop ko 3% aca no polong a sera no kitakit, nikawrira, o fatad no tamdaw no kitakit i, itiniay a maro’, nawhani itiniay a masaopo ko pananoman a omah, cisafaway to 200 ofad ko tamdaw a niyaro’ itiniay ko adihayay. O dasdas i lilis no riyar cikarapoyay ko sera, o sifo’an a kakarayan ato kaadihay no nanom sa makapah ko pinaloma malofic ko losay. Nano Cilifo ’alo a kasasaowac tada kakahad, nawhani o satata’angay a ’alo no Arciliya konini, o kakaya’ nona ’alo i,640km, o cipas nona ’alo sahetoay nani Tayr tokos. O kakahad nona saowac i, tahiraay to i 30km. I [[Faylo:Figs.jpg|thumb|Heci no Samoro (Figs)]] i fa’edetay, o fa’edet i saka 7 ato saka 8 folad malalenay i 37.5tu, o ’orad no kalomihecaan 400 konli, tada matatodongay a mipaloma to olif, haherher (samoro) fadisoso’ ato maamaan a pinaloma, mangle ko kanga’ay a mipaloma to fadisoso’ i tofotafokan. O kakahad no dafdaf a pala no Arciliya ira ko 100 km ko kakaya’ ira ko 20 km ko kakahad , halafinay to a pamatangen soa adihay ko tamdaw itini amaro’. Ona dafdaf i, o Mitika (Mitidja) Dafdaf hananay a pangangan, sahetoay o saowac, o ikawaliay a Piciaya dasdas i o nani Soman'' (Souman) ''’alo kalafaco nonini. === '''Tayar tokotokosan (台爾山區)''' === Tayar Atorlas tokotokosan nani sa’etip i Moroko pasiwali a matatongod, tangasa i lilis no Sifo’an Riyar, tona tokotokosan adihay ko masa’etoay a takaraway a dafdaf , adihay aca ko hato ’alopalay ’orad kahenayay malihoc no nanom ko aera. O kasi’enawan tangsa i saka 5 folad ko caay ka filo ko kasi’enaw. O itiraay i lilis no Sifo’an Riyar, o Takapili'' (Grande Kabylie) ''hananay a pala i, sahetoay o takaraway dafdaf ira ko 2000m ko ka’akawang nona dafdaf, sahetoay o tonotono’an ato tapolopoloan, orasaka, to mihecahecan nani saka 11 folad tangasa i roma miheca saka 5 folad, patosi’ay ko ‘orad tona fatad no mihecaan. Nikawrira, ’alomanay ko maro’ay tamdaw itini tona tokotokosan, o nipalomaan sa losay caay ka ’edeng malokaka’enen no itiniay maro’ a tamdaw, onini ko sakapiliyas no fainayan tayra tokay a matayal, o roma a tamdaw maraay ko katayran i Fransu matayal sa ira ko sapipanokay a payso halo kaka’enen no iloma’ay. I kalaloodan no Arciliya ato Fransu i 1954-1062 miheca, lacemcem ko Fransu to misamaomahay a tamdaw, sa polong hanto a milaplap tayra i Takapili Takaraway Dafdaf ta manga’ay ko pipa’ekel tona tamtamdaw. === '''Syuci Takaraway Dafdaf a pala (秀茲高原區)''' === Ira ho koroma apangangan to "Takaraway taporo" , ila’eday no Tayar Atolas Tokotokosan ato Sahala Atolas Tokotokosan ko kaitiraan non apala. Nani ka’amis no sakawali pasitira i katimol no saka’etip a matatongod, kakahad isaka’etip madiheco isakawali, ma’edeng 1000m ko ka’akawang, caay ka hakowa ko ’orad, kasi’enawan si’enaway a makedalay pala. O malengaway itini i, o Alfa, Sparto (''Sparte'' anoca ''Esparto'') a po’eneray rengos, ona rengos o sapaka’en to kolong ato siri I kasi’enawan a romi’ad. Caay ko sapaka’en aca kona rengos, saadihay han a miritrit a mipawali, sapacakay i romaroma a kitakit o sapisanga’ to fancalay tatipelok, o lamat nona rengos o sapisanga’ to towaso, sikal ato cinaw. O Sparto a rengos i, cecay a laya’ ko ’akawang, ci’icelay to kedal ato cinahcinahan a sera, sa manga’ay ha sapidipot to sera ta caay ka lihiw no ’orad. === '''Sahala-Atolas Tokotokosan (撒哈拉阿特拉斯山地)''' === [[Faylo:City_Hall_of_Biskra.jpeg|thumb|Piskola Langdaway Pala (City Hall of Biskra)]] Safaw no 2000m ko ka’akawang nona tokos, manga’ay pisopedan to nanom no ’orad, sa defet ko rengaw no kilang ato rengos i ’apilis no tokos. O nanom no ’orad mirecep i kemod no sota’ masadak to icowa i malanemnem, ira to ko kilang ato rengos a lomengaw, masaopo to ko tamdaw a maro’ itini, oninian i, o "langdaway pala" hananay, o satata’angay i, o Piskola Langdaway Pala, mido’edoay to tokos ko katenak non apala, ira ho ko mamangay Langdaway Pala o Lakowato (Ikiris sowal: ''Laghwat''; Fransu sowal: ''Laghouat''), ''Fiko'' (Figuig) ato Pisaer. == '''O sofal no Arciliya (行政區)''' == O polong no Arciliya a sofal pecihen mala 58 ko sakowan, 553 ko sofal, 1,541 ko niyaro’. 2019 miheca saka 11 folad saka 26 romi’ad, malaheci a masanga’ no Arciliya sifo ko rikec, oya kakahaday a sakowan i katimol pecihen ho a misamamang, sa citongal to 10 a sakowan. == '''Sici (政治)''' == O congtong i, o tapang no kitakit ato kakeridan no sifo, o sinkiw ko kalatapang , 5 miheca ko kinacecay a kalatapang. Do’edo’en ko rikec no kinpo i, ‘edeng kinacecay aca ko kararidan a malatapang, nikawrira, i 2008 miheca saka 11 folad o Fafa’eday ato La’enoay a Lipoin (o pikaikian no kitakit) mapolong a mifalic to kinacecay aca ko kalacongtongan sanay a rokec no kinpo a palalan ta manga’ay ko aniniay congtong ci Acicu Potofolika a pararid malacongtong, sa kinatolo a pararid ci Acici Potofolika a malacongtong. O ka’ayaway a kamaro’an ko congtong i pikaikian no citodongay a to demak no kitakit ato sakarihaday kaiki no kitakit. O kakeridan no sifo i, o congtong ko mitoro’ay, ona kakeridan ko mitoro’ay to roma a matayalay no citodongay kaiki. O lipoin no Arciliya tosaay ko kasaiked : o Fafa’eday Kaiki ato La’enay Kaiki, o Fafa’eday Kaiki a Mikaikiay Tamdaw 144 ko tamdaw, o La’enay Kaiki a mikaikiay i, 380 ko tamdaw, 5 mihea ko kararidan a matayal. == '''O pili’etan a Kicai (經濟)''' == O tamaanay a sapili’etan no Arciliya i, o kasolin simal ato kaso, mahaop ko 60% a kapolongan ‘etan no kitakit, mahaop ko 30 % no polong a ’etan no kalotamdaw no Arciliya, ato mahaop ko 95 % a ’etan no nipa’acaan i roma kitakit, i 1969 miheca malakapot no Saopo no Mipaliwalay to Kasolin Simal a Kitakit, o sarad no kasoin i saka 14 i polong no hekal. O kaso (nani palaay lamal a fali) a sarad o sakalima i polong a hekal, sakatosa to pasadakay a pa’aca i roma a kitakit. O nipalomaan a losay i ira ko muki, fadisoso’, mami’ dateng; o misang’an ira ko kaka’enen, kiradom ato riko’. I 2006 miheca, o polong a ’etan no kitakit (GDP) ira ko o sakatosa ko rayray i Afrika, mitoor i Katimolay Afrika. Nikawrira, adihay ko tadah (kiyam) no Arciliya, ira ko pipadang no Kokusai Payso Kikinkai (Fransu sowal: ''Fonds Monétaire International'', kamoko’ ay tilid: ''FMI''; Ikiris sowal: ''International Monetary Fund'', kamoko’ ay tilid: ''IMF''; Holam sowal: 國際貨幣基金組織) ato Pari Kulapo to pisongila’ a misalof to faco no kicai, ikor to sangaay sato ko kicai no Arciliya, 2000 miheca ato 2001 miheca, macat ko ‘aca no kasolin ira ho ko pikedec to damak no sifo, mangalef ho kacakat no kanga’ay no kicai, saadihay sato ko ko mina’angan a payso, malowan to ko tadah. Adihay ko kasasiromaroma no kicai demak no sifo a mitongal to katayalan ato pipacakat to ’orip no tamdaw. 2001 miheca matatilid ato Yoropa Lekatep ko Arciliya sifo to sapkeroraw to ‘aca no kali’acaan a mipatongal to kafafalic to dafong. I 2017 miheca o awaay ko tayal a tamdaw ma’edeng 11.7%[1], toya miheca o mamatayal a tamdaw no Arciliya ma’edeng 1182 ofad.[2] == '''Tamdaw (人口)''' == O kasa’isal i fainayan mahaop ko 50.4%, o fafahiyan mahaop ko 49.6%. mahaop ko 90% a tamdaw itiraay i ka’amisan a lilis no riyar, i katimol tafotafokan ma’edeng ira ko 150 ofad, sahetaoay i langdaway pala ko kamaro’an nangra. O saadihay no tamdaw i mitooray to Muslim, mahaop ko 99% no polong tamdaw no kitakit. Mahaop ko 80% a tamdaw o Arapiya sowal ko hakasasowal, 20% o Popor sowal. O Fransu a sowal matenakay tona kitakit, nikawrira cowa kono sifo a sowal, caay ka ‘aloman ko tamdaw o no inaan sowal ako konini sanay. O pipahapinang no rayray no remes i, o Arciliya tamdaw sahetoay o teloc no Popor tamdaw, mirecep ko punka no Arapiya, namalemlam to Arpiya a pinangan sa Arapiya sato ko ’orip, sa pangangan to Arapiya-Popor Tamdaw. Itini i Arciliya taha nini iraay ho ko 15% a tamdaw o Popor tamdaw kako sanay, to romi’ami’ad ono Popor sowal ko haka sasowal, sahetoay o maro’ay i Kapiliya (Ikiris sowal:''Kabylie''; Popor sowal: ''Tamurt n Yiqbayliyen'') a Kapayr tamdaw[3] (Kapayr sowal: ''Izwawen, Iqbayliyen''; Fransu sowal: ''Kabyles''; Popor sowal: ''amurt n Yiqbayliyen'') == Pihapinangan Tilid == [1] Country Comparison: Area. CIA World Factbook. [2013-01-17]. (原始內容存檔於2014-02-09). [2] Online Etymological Dictionary. Etymonline.com. [2014-07-18]. [3] www.lepoint.fr – 2013-7-16 [4] 大规模抗议活动后：阿尔及利亚布特弗利卡辞职. 半島電視台中文網. 2019-04-03 [2019-04-06]. [5] Unemployment Rate. Central Intelligence Agency. [2020-06-06]. (原始內容存檔於2018-12-24). [6] Labor Force. Central Intelligence Agency. [2020-06-06]. (原始內容存檔於2018-12-24). [7] The World Factbook – Africa – Algeria. CIA. [2021-03-20]. kqn90ox513gguc114sqpha0pkbb7i7k 0 71 47232 38425 2025-08-26T19:40:18Z Floppa Historico 3176 /* Likisi(歷史) */ map 47232 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Argentina（阿根廷）== [[Faylo:Flag of Argentina.svg|thumb|Fayfay no Argentina|alt=Flag of Argentina.svg]] [[Faylo:Argentina orthogonal.svg|thumb|Argentina orthogonal]] === Matakalay a sowal Pakayni'ay i Arcincin(阿根廷概論) === O tada ngangan i, o Arkuncina Kapalongan, o i hekaray a ma’alaay a ngangan i, o Arkuncin. Ira ko 23 ko kasasiromaroma pikowan ato [[Poinoayris]](布宜諾斯艾利斯) Niyapikowan a kapolongan a kitakit. Itiniay i satimolan no [[Satimolay Amirik]](南美洲) ko kaitiraan, maaro’ay ko ’emin no sacidem no cikiw, i saka’amisan i, o [[Bolivia|Poliwoya]] (玻利維亞) ato [[Paraguay|Palakoy]] (巴拉圭), i kawanan no saka’amis o Poraciro, i sakawali i, o [[Uruguay|Urakoy]] (烏拉圭) ato Satimolan-Taysiyo, i saka’etip i, o [[Chile|Cili]] (智利) kofiyaw, misi’ayaway to Toriki a kihaw. O kakahad no pala i, 2,780,400 kiro, sakafalo no polong no kitakit i sekar, sakatosa i Latin-Amirika. O sa’alomanay ko tamdaw to pasowalay to Sipanya a sowal. O romi’ami’ad i, ma’eminay ko kasasiromaroma a romi’ad i tini. O teroc no cikiw, Fokolan-Kanatanatal (福克蘭群島) (o Mawinasu-Kanatanatal hananay no Arkuncina a pangangan 阿根廷稱馬爾維納斯群島), katimolay a Ciociya (南喬治亞島) ato Sanwici-Kanatanatal (南桑威奇群島), “o no niyam konini a pala” sanay. Pakapunkaen i, tada talolongay ko piniri no Akuncin to Yoropa, nawhani, o misatokayay a lekakawa nangra matiya o no Yoropa ko pinangan.1 <ref>Wood 1988, p. 18.</ref> Pakisyakay a ’orip, o kyoiku ato bunka, o patiyamay ato likec no kitakit tadatakalaway ko kafangcal. Nani tato’asan, o itelongay ko kacicedi no Akuncin, i polong a kitakit,2 <ref>Wood 1988, p. 18.; Solomon 1997, p. 3.</ref> o tadatata’angay a kitakit, i satimolan Amirika.3 <ref> Huntington 2000, p. 6.; Nierop 2001, p61: "Secondary regional powers in Huntington's view (Huntington, 2000, p. 6) include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and Argentina." Lake 2009, p.55: "The US has created a foundation upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can develop their own rules for further managing regional relations."; Papadopoulos 2010, p.283: "The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil and Argentina." Malamud 2011, p.9: "Though not a surprise, the position of Argentina, Brazil’s main regional partner, as the staunchest opponent of its main international ambition [to win a permanent seat on the UN Security Council] dealt a heavy blow to Brazil’s image as a regional leader." Boughton 2012, p.101: "When the U.S. Treasury organized the next round of finance meetings, it included several non-APEC members, including all the European members of the G7, the Latin American powers Argentina and Brazil, and such other emerging markets as India, Poland, and South Africa.</ref> O patirengay to Lenhoko, o kapolongan a kinko no kalokitakit, o kapolongan a pacakayay to maamaan i satimolan, malakapotay a kitakit no stimolan Amirika, o cecay no Karupi Kitakit ato masakapotay no Ipiriya a Saopo. Nano liteng o satata’angay a maomahay ko ’orip nona kitakit, o safa’elohay a malatata’ang a kitakit.<ref> The 2010 Legatum Prosperity Index, Legatum Institute. 2010. "The country has a foundation for future growth due to its market size, levels of foreign direct investment, and percentage of high-tech exports as share of total manufactured goods… Argentina's economy appears stable, but confidence in financial institutions remains low.".</ref> O kapot no 20 a satata’angay a kitakit a Saopo, i satimolan Amirika i, o sakatolo ko katata’ang no kicay. Nikawria, pakitinien i ’icel to picakay to maamaan i, i safa to mamang to saktakalaway a kitakit, mikapot to Cili ato Urakuy i Sakaceay Saopo no satimolan Amirika, matiya o satimolan no Yoropa ko katakalaw no ’orip. Nikawrira, ano ca acaay ka lecad ko nipili’etan caay ka matiya o no satimolan kitakit ko kasatiwtiw. Ona palapalan i tini i, mahera ko no tadamatelangay a naikoran no to’as a tamdaw toya o fokeloh ho ko sapidemak to maaman, o mihecan nonini i, i ayaw no 260 ’ofad anoca 250 ’ofad ko katelang no miheca.<ref> Abad de Santillán 1971, p. 17.</ref> Toyanan sato satapang a micowatan ko Sipanya i 1522–miheca. Nani 1810 tahira 1925–miheca, malalood to Sipanya to sapi’alaaw to Niyah Pikowan, toyaan sato i 1816–miheca o kapolongan no Lapolata a ngangan ko sapalosyang to «Niyah Pikowan a sowal», aro’ han to no Akuncin a tamdaw koya mi’ecoan no Sipanya a sera, nikawrira, i ikor to a lalood to Porutokaro ato Sipanya masawad ko Ulakuy, Poliwya ato Peru. Nanoyanan sato, malalid ho ko lafawfaw no kitakit. I 1861–miheca malowid no Poinoayres ko Kapolongan Sifo, tidapi sato koya fafaloay a sakowan a malacecay sato to Arkuncin-Kapolongan-Kitakit.<ref> Levene 1948, vol. IV: "After the Viceroyalty became a new period that commenced with the revolution of 1810, whose plan consisted in declaring the independence of a nation, thus turning the legal bond of vassalage into one of citizenship as a component of sovereignty and, in addition, organizing the democratic republic.". </ref> O tamdaw no itiniay i, onao mafolaway nani Yoropa, kalakayakay han to no ikor a tamdaw masacofacofay. Tadakali’eki ko katenak no maamaan sa I 20seki tiring sato I sakapito a cihafayay a polong kitaki. Nikawrira, nani 1930miheca mafeleh no sofitay ko sifo awa sato ko kahaneknek no sici, matongal ho to kaawa no maamaan sano yanan sato a tatiih ko ’orip.<ref> Becoming a serious country. Economist. 2004-06-03. Argentina is thus not a “developing country”. Uniquely, it achieved development and then lost it again. Traba 1985, pp. 15, 71.</ref> ==Likisi(歷史)== ===I 'ayaw ni Kolongpo a miheca(前哥倫布時代)=== I tiya ho i, katelangan fokefokelohan a mihecaheca(舊石器時代), i tatelongan fokefokelohan a mihecaheca(中石器時代) ato i fa’elohay fokefokelohan a mihecaheca i(新石器時代), iraay to i Akuncin ko naripa’an no tamdaw.<ref> Abad de Santillán 1971, p. 17. Crow 1992, p. 128.</ref> I ’ayaw no kapicowat no Yoropa a tamdaw tayni tona sera amiripa’, tona awaay ko tolas ko kakahad a sera, adhihay to nika tenak no kasasiromaroma a bunka, sisiren i tolo ko kasaikeiked:<ref> Edwards 2008, p. 12.</ref> O sa’ayaway a mi’adopay ato mipitpitay to dafong no kinairaira no palapalaan a tamdaw. Caayay ho kapakapisanga’ to koreng, onini a tamdaw i, itiraay i tadasatimolan, o Saykonamoh ato Yakun a tamdaw. Sakatosa i, o citanengay a mi’adopay ato mipitpitay to dafong no kinairaira no palapalaan a tamdaw. Ya i telongay ko aro’ Poayci, Kolanti ato i tokotokosay a tamdaw, ira ho i satimolan, ya Towici tamdaw, o ninian a tamtamdaw i, makowan no Akuncin ato Mapoci tamdaw.<ref> Edwards 2008, p. 12.Edwards, Todd L. Argentina: A Global Studies Handbook. ABC-CLIO. 2008. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1851099863</nowiki>.</ref> Yo sakatolo i, o citanengay to a misanga’ to kolong a tamdaw, i ka’ami’amis no sawalian a maro’ay Caruwa, Minowany, ato Kwalani a tamdaw, iraay to ko fonos nangra, miilohan ko pikamaomah, samisi ho a misaceay to aro’ ko ’orip ngara.<ref> Edwards 2008, p. 12.Edwards, Todd L. Argentina: A Global Studies Handbook. ABC-CLIO. 2008. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1851099863</nowiki>.</ref> Yo itiraay i, ka’ami’amis no sa’etip a maro’ay, Tiyacita a tamdaw, i mimali’acay to ko bunka nangra. I ’ayaw no 1480–miheca, makowan no Inka Hongti; o Tokotono ato Komicinko a tamdaw i, i terongay no kitakit ko aro’ nangra, ya itiraay i sa’eti’etipan no taterongan a Warpi tamdaw, o mipakaenay to siri ko ’orip nangra, macara no Inka a tamdaw ko ’orip nangra.<ref> Edwards 2008, p. 12.Edwards, Todd L. Argentina: A Global Studies Handbook. ABC-CLIO. 2008. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1851099863</nowiki>.</ref> [[Faylo:Mapa del Virreinato del Río de la Plata en 1783.png|thumb|Argentina|alt=|170x170px]] ===Niyahpikowan ato lalood i Laloma'(獨立和內戰)=== O sakalima folad pifelih ato lalood to saka niyahpikowan, o laylay demak no Akuncin to pi’afas nani Sotok-Pikowan.<ref> Levene 1948, p. 11, vol. IV. "Levene, Ricardo. Volume 4 (Desde la Revolución de Mayo a la Asamblea de 1813–15). Historia del Derecho Argentino 4. Buenos Aires: Editorial G. Kraf. 1948.". </ref><ref> Sánchez Viamonte 1948, pp. 196–197. "Sánchez Viamonte, Carlos. Historia Institucional Argentina 2nd. Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Económica. 1948.". </ref><ref> Vanossi 1964, p. 11. "Vanossi, Jorge R. Situación actual del federalismo: aspectos institucionales y económicos, en particular sobre la realidad argentina. Cuadernos de ciencia política de la Asociación Argentina de Ciencia Política 2. Buenos Aires: Ediciones Depalma. 1964.". </ref> I tiya 1810–miheca, 5–folad 25–romi’ad, o satapangan a Kokumindaihyo (Kotadaihyo) ko mifalicay to Sisoros Sotok, ta mapatireng ko fa’elohay a Poinosayris sifo, o finawlan no Akuncin ko patirengay.<ref> Abad de Santillán 1971, p. 194ff. "Abad de Santillán, Diego. Historia Argentina. Buenos Aires: Tipográfica Editora Argentina. 1971.". </ref> I tiya toya laloma’ay lalood malowid nangra koya mitokeray ci Kortowa.<ref> Rock 1987, p. 81. "Rock, David. Argentina, 1516-1987: From Spanish Colonization to the Falklands War. University of California Press. 1987." <nowiki>ISBN 978-0520061781</nowiki>.</ref> I sawli , I fafa’eday Piru ato Palakuy a mitokeray malowid aca ko Sipanya, o ninian kasacecacecay a pala i, to ikor to i sa’ike’iked sato a malakitakit.<ref> Rock 1987, pp. 82–83. "Rock, David. Argentina, 1516-1987: From Spanish Colonization to the Falklands War. University of California Press. 1987." <nowiki>ISBN 978-0520061781</nowiki>.</ref> O mifelihay a sofitay malikatosa a matatoker, ona tosa i, o cecay i, o mitekeday to sakowan a cefang, o roma i, o mipolongay to sakowan a cefang, o kalali’is nangra i, o kalotayal hananay i pitekaay no lalood to sapi’ala to niyahpikowan.<ref> 2 Lewis 2003, pp. 39–40. "Lewis, Daniel K. The History of Argentina. Palgrave Macmillan. 2003." <nowiki>ISBN 978-1403962546</nowiki>.</ref> Tangasa to i 1813–miheca, toro’ hanto ci '''Kowasi･Antongni･To･Pisatas'''(格瓦西奧·安東尼奧·德·波薩達斯) malasakakaay a mikowanay tapang.<ref> Lewis 2003, pp. 39–40. "Lewis, Daniel K. The History of Argentina. Palgrave Macmillan. 2003." <nowiki>ISBN 978-1403962546</nowiki>.</ref> 1816–miheca pikaykian no Tokoman mipasadak to «Niyahpikowan Sowal», micamol ko Lapolata a sakowan to nini.<ref> Lewis 2003, pp. 39–40. "Lewis, Daniel K. The History of Argentina. Palgrave Macmillan. 2003." <nowiki>ISBN 978-1403962546</nowiki>.</ref> To ikor to cecay a miheca, matapi’ ni '''Mating･Mikor･Koaymiso'''(馬丁·米格爾·古埃梅斯) koya ci’icelay a midama to hongti. Ci '''Hosi･To･Sinmating'''(荷西·德·聖馬丁) o tapang no sofitay milakowit to Antis a lotolotokan a milood to, ta mapa’ading ningra ko niyahpikowa no Cili. Ikor to, o nikeridan ningra a sofitay matapi’ ho ningra ko i tiraay maro’ i Lima a sofitay no Sipanya, orasaka, pahapinang to niyahpikowan no Piru.<ref> Galasso 2011, pp. 349–353, vol. I. "Galasso, Norberto. Historia de la Argentina, vol. I&II. Buenos Aires: Colihue. 2011." <nowiki>ISBN 978-9505634781</nowiki>.</ref> 1819–miheca Poinosayris sifo misanga’ to Mitekeday-Pikowan a kinpo, caka pina ko romi’ad mapalahedaw no Finawlan-Pikowan a cefang.<ref> Lewis 2003, p. 41. Lewis, Daniel K. The History of Argentina. Palgrave Macmillan. 2003. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1403962546</nowiki>.</ref>] I 1820–miheca, malalood i Sipita ko Mitekeday-Pikowan cefang ato Finawlan-Pikowan a cefang. I 1826–miheca, Poinosayris miliyaw heca a misanga’ to roma a kinpo, matoro’ ci Pinatino･liwatawi a malacongtong. Nikawrira, o miliyasay to riyar a sakowan i caay pihay, sa mapalasawad ko kalacongton mapalasawad koya misanga’an a kinpo.<ref> Lewis 2003, p. 43. "Lewis, Daniel K. The History of Argentina. Palgrave Macmillan. 2003. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1403962546</nowiki>."</ref> Orasak, malaliyaw heca ko lalood nona tosa a cefang. Ya ci’icelay a cefang i, tangsol sato a misanga’ a patireng to faelohay a Akuncin kitakit, o ’icel sato ko sapi’enec toya mico’a’angay a cefang, ci Foan･Manniw･Ti･Losas ko malakakeridan. Cingra to ko misatapangay to micowatay Intian a lalood tahira i raay, misakakahad to cikatingki no sera. Nikawrira, o siiked sanay ko pili’etan a mili’aca a demak i, mapaketer ko Ikilis ato Fulanso ato miliyasay to riyar a sakowan,<ref>Lewis 2003, p. 45. "Lewis, Daniel K. The History of Argentina. Palgrave Macmillan. 2003. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1403962546</nowiki>."</ref> sa itira to a tatootoor sato ko pipala’efef no Fulaso ato kalacafay no Fulanso ato Ikilis a mipala’efef to Akuncin, awaaw sato ko pakayraan no Akuncin.<ref>Lewis 2003, pp. 46-47. "Lewis, Daniel K. The History of Argentina. Palgrave Macmillan. 2003. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1403962546</nowiki>."</ref> Tahira sato i 1852–miheca, ira ho ko roma ikakaay ko ’icel a kakeridan no sofitay ci Fosato･Hosi･Ti･Orcisa felihen ningra ko ka’ayaway a congtong ta malacongton, to ikor misanga’ to kinpo i 1853–miheca, sa laheci sato ko katomireng no naifaloco’an ato nikapolongan a lekakawa no kitakit. Naoninian ko sakalahedaw no dafong no Poinosayris sifo, sa liyas sato to nikapolongan, tahira to i 1859-miheca ko kalalood ta malowad ko Poinosayris sifo.<ref>Lewis 2003, pp. 48-50. "Lewis, Daniel K. The History of Argentina. Palgrave Macmillan. 2003. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1403962546</nowiki>."</ref> ==Ngangan no kitakit(現代國家的興起)== === '''Ngangan no Kitakit (國家名稱)''' === Nona ngangan tona '''Akuncin''' sanay i, nani tiniay i sowal no Rating '''kohecalay ’ekim''' (Argentum), pakafit han to pasifafahiyan a ikor '''Argentina''' hananay to a mipangangan. Sa’ayaway a matilid i tatipelok i, pasafafaw ci '''Martín del Barco Centenera''' a mitilidan ’olic '''Arkuncin ato ya picowat to Raporata ’Alo''', sa mahapinang nani tiniay i sowal no Sipanya '''Río de la Plata''' sanay a tilid, o imi no nini i, o “’Alo no Fodawan” sanay. Ira koya misasolapay to palapalaan, ci '''Foan･Tiyas･Tosoris''' ato kapot ningra o sa’ayaway miripa’ay tona sera, i tiya a paka’araw to cikadangay to fodawan a Carowa tamdaw, i tini a pakaso’elin iraay i fafaw nona ’alo ko adihayay a fodawan sanay a kitoh no mato’asay, haen hanto ita a pangangan kona kitakit to Arkucon sato ko piketon to pipangangan. Orasaka, ko tadapangangan to no tapang no Sipanya i, o '''Raporata Tatapangan Sakowan''', yasato patireng to kitaki i, '''Raporata Kapolongan Sakowan''' (paisowal no Sipanya i: ''Provincias Unidas del Río de la Plata''), ano sanasanay ko pangangan i, i 18–seki matenakay to Arkuncin sanay a ngangan. ===Pikowanan no Sipanya(西班牙殖民時代)=== I 1502–miheca, o citanengay to no riyar ci '''Yamiriko･Oysopoci'''(亞美利哥·韋斯普奇) ato kapot ningra ko sa’ayaway a miripa’ tona sera. O tada citaminaay a tamdaw no Sipanya ci '''Hoan･Tiyas･Tosris'''(胡安·迪亞斯·德索利斯) aci '''Saypasotian･Kapoto'''(塞巴斯蒂安·卡伯特) matatoor i 1516–miheca ato 1526–miheca a tahini tona pala.<ref> Abad de Santillán 1971, p. 17. Abad de Santillán, Diego. Historia Argentina. Buenos Aires: Tipográfica Editora Argentina. 1971.</ref> Tahira to i 1536–miheca, ci '''Pitoro･Tomontosa'''(佩德羅·德門多薩) patireng to mamangay niyaro’ i Poinosayris(布宜諾斯艾利斯), aro’ sato initi. I ikor i, mafolaw no i tiniay a yuencimin, saka sawad sato a maro’ i tona niyaro’.<ref> Crow 1992, pp. 129–132. Abad de Santillán, Diego. Historia Argentina. Buenos Aires: Tipográfica Editora Argentina. 1971.</ref> O mangarefay a picowat a mikowan i, nani tiniay i Palakuy, Peru ato Cili.<ref> Abad de Santillán 1971, pp. 96–140, Abad de Santillán, Diego. Historia Argentina. Buenos Aires: Tipográfica Editora Argentina. 1971.</ref> Ci '''Forangsisuko･Toyaciroy''' patireng to '''Sanciyako-Toroyastoro''' a niyaro. I ikor to, madadoedo a patireng to niyaro’. I 1558–miheca, o '''Lontoriso''', i 1561–miheca, o '''Montosa''', i 1562–miheca, o '''Sinfoan''', i 1565–miheca, o '''Sinmikoro-Tokoman''',<ref> Crow 1992, p. 353. "Crow, John A. The Epic of Latin America 4th. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press. 1992." <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-520-07723-2</nowiki>.</ref> i 1573–miheca ci '''Foan･To･Karoy''' patireng to '''Sinfoy''', toya miheca ci '''Horonimo･Rois･Tokoforoyra''' a mipatirengay to '''Kortowa niyaro'''.<ref> Crow 1992, p. 134. "Crow, John A. The Epic of Latin America 4th. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press. 1992." <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-520-07723-2</nowiki>.</ref> Tahira to i 1580–miheca, miliyaw a patireng ci Karoynasya to '''Poinosayris'''. To ikor to, nga’ mapatireng sato ko '''Sinroys''' a niyaro’ i 1596–miheca.<ref> Crow 1992, p. 353, "Crow, John A. The Epic of Latin America 4th. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press. 1992." <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-520-07723-2</nowiki>.</ref> Ano patapiri’en ato Porioya ato Peru, ci dafong to tada ’ekim ato kohecalay ’ekim, Akuncin i manikaway to hatiniay a tada dafong, saka caay ka i mata no Hongti no Sipanya. Onini koya caho ka patireng to hatatapangan a tokay no kitakit ko Poinosayris sanay i 1776–miheca, o pecih a sakowan no Peru koni a pala.<ref> Crow 1992, p. 347. "Crow, John A. The Epic of Latin America 4th. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press. 1992." <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-520-07723-2</nowiki>.</ref> I Poinosayris kinatosa a pakalowid to pilood no Ikiris i 1806–miheca ato 1807–miheca, na micomod ko mipalalay to faloco’ ato mili’etanay a harateng, sacifaloco’ to ko finawlan to pipacoli to Teked Sakowan sanay a sici, i tiya sato, milood ci Napolyon to Sipanya, o Akuncin ato polong mikowanan no Sipanya a niyaro’, misaharateng o nini ko matatodongay a romi’ad to sapisanga’aw to niya pikowan sanay a tata’angay demak.<ref> Abad de Santillán 1971, p. 194ff. "Abad de Santillán, Diego. Historia Argentina. Buenos Aires: Tipográfica Editora Argentina. 1971."</ref> ==Sera (土地)== Masakilac ko sera, o malo kakaomahen a sera 53.90%, malo no kilakilangan a sera 10.70%, malo no roma to a sera 35.40%. ==Siyoto (首都)== O [[Buenos Aires]] ko Siyoto. ==Katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日)== Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i, saka 5-folad saka 25-romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i, ci [[Mauricio Macri/|Mauricio Macri]], patirengan a romi’ad i 2015 a miheca saka 12–folad saka 10–romi’ad. ==Pihapinangan a tilid(註腳)== * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Kitakit]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Satimolan Amirika]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Argentina]] 00yyuxgyco4n6p140tod36r1hl45s98 0 72 1291 1290 2021-10-28T11:58:24Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 96 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 1290 wikitext text/x-wiki Arikakay （阿里卡該） I niyaru’ nu Pangcapangcahan, ira aca ku kungku nu matuasay tunu Arikakay tu sapatalaw tu caayay pitengil a wawa atu lingatu nu laedis atu lisin nu Pangcah. Mahaen ku suwal i ti:yahen, ira kiya pihacengay ku tarakaw misa’uya’uyaannay a mapayi’ay, micidekay a tamdaw, pangangn han nu heintu “ci Arikakay” han, sulinay saremiad saan a mihulul caay kadademak, matuka henaca, sremiad saan a makulec ilutu nu Parik. Na u awaayay kutekiteki a niyaru’ pihaceng tuwaca ku demak cungdus han. Yalingatu ira kiya babahiyan kerid han nira kira tatusaay a wawa nira a talaumah, katangasaantu a pacucu kira. Satusa satu a demak militawal kira arikakay tu tahekalay a babainay a misalama tu babahi nu luma’. Milingeru tu nikabuti’nu babahi a mikuliniw, pacekilsa awaaytu itepar kira milediay a babainay nu luma’. saka tulu nira demak:itiya iawaawaayay ku ma’uripay a sa’uwac, araw adihay saca ku butibuting atu urang, tuna mahaen tayra ku wamin ku babainay atu wawa a mapapariy a milepel i sa’uwac, u babahi hantu i lumu’a mitala tu sakalabi’. A sidemak kaw nasahen, araw simiratuhay tu tapang nu niyaru’tu sapikisa tira demakan, sulinay kakibana’ay tu nidemakan nira arikakay. Tunamahaen u sapatayaw tu ku ringes nira niyaru’. Ira tarakaw ira kilemel nu arikakay awaay ku makademecay, maduka ku madukaay, alumna ku mapatayay atu madukaay nira pangcah, aluman ku temangicay nira Pangcapangcahan. Turuma satu aremiad, u nisimsim ni Marang tu sapidemec tira arikakayan, kaw sarakarakat sa cira araw tangasa i liyal ku rakat, aru’sai tataakay a uncung, tada mangeru’tu kiya i, butisa i nikamaru’ tuway, kataletihan nira kira kawas nu liyal ci Kabid, sianadaen kiyari paduwal satu i ngitih: wawaaw! u kawas ku arikakay, caay kaw tamdaw, sisa samaanen namu a miletaes caay tu pakademec hantu, tuliken ku purung a paluec i sarapet nu namu hantu. Salemedaw nu mita satu. Ira mahaen, mitengil kira tapang tu nasuwalan a papipacabay tu sikawasay a miratuh a pakaen tu timulay a Malataw, i waliay a Kafid tu sapakalemed nu heni. Sulinay ira sakakaay nu arikakay keba’sa a patusur i aayaw ni Marang, a papisulul! A kaa patahekal tira purungan, sululen kami satu. Tuna miliyas kira arikakay pasuwal satu: aray han kamu, ira aca ku nipalemed nu niyam i tamuwan, tu enemay nu mihemihecaan, katayra i liyal i tarawadaw a patata tu icep, epah, tuluay nu kaliti a turun atu purung a pakaen i tamiyanan, mapalemed nu niyam kamu satu! Makayni tina kungkuan sulinay u lingatu nu “laedis atu lisin” nu Pangcah. [[Kasasiwasiw:U suwal nu i amisay a Pangcah]] 0fy8pdtf7ygyjayn4m636x0k74ezycl 0 73 46725 31242 2025-06-08T20:31:25Z Andre Engels 545 頁面已重新導向至[[Arminiya]] 46725 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Arminiya]] 0eujvx5vae541s9e9qszsv494t7vq60 0 74 32850 30243 2022-11-04T01:54:24Z Iyumu 9 32850 wikitext text/x-wiki == Armenia(亞美尼亞共和國) == == Arminiya Nikapolongan kitakit(亞美尼亞共和國) == == Takaray sowal(概略) == O Arminiya Nikapolongan Kitakit(Arminiya sowal:Հայաստանի [[Faylo:Flag_of_Armenia.svg|thumb|Hata no Arminiya (Flag of Armenia)]] Հանրապետություն，Roma tilid:Hayastani Hanrapetutyun; Holam:亞美尼亞), itiraay isaka’etipay no Aciya a Katimolay Kawciaso(South Caucasus), o Ipapotaray Kawciyaso hananay ho a mipangangan(Transcaucasia), nano latek o kinakerit no Sa’etipay Yoropa hananay. [1] Itiraay i kalala’edan no Kohetingay Riyar (Black Sea) ato Kaspi Riyar(Acirpayciang sowal: Xəzər dənizi，Posi sowal:ریای مازندران/دریای خزر‎，Rosiya sowal:Каспийское море), o ikemoday no karopaw a kitakit, isaka’etip malafiyaw ato Torki, ika’amis malafiyaw ato Cilciya, ikawali malafiyaw ato Acirpayciang, ikatimol malangiid ato Ilan, onikowanan no Acirpayciyang a sakowan Nasiciwa Niyahpikowan (Acirpayciyang sowal: Respublikası；Naxçıvan Muxtar;Yaminiya sowal: Նախիջեվան；Rosiya sowal:Нахичеванская Автономная Республика）. O syoto tatapangan tokai Yielion niyaro’. Itiya ho nao mikapotay to Solin, i 1991 mihecaan na matadtad ko ka Lekatep no Solin a misateked a malaniyahpikowan a kitakit. I sowal no Arminiya o Hayastan(Հայաստան，Hayastan) hananay nangra a pangangan. Itiya ho i 4 sici(301 mihecaan),o sakacecay a kitakit to mitoroan ko Kristo Pitooran malokitakitan a pitooran.[2] Orasaka cilacila masowal ko Arciriya o “sarakatay a kristo a kitakit” hananay.[3] O saadihayay ko tamdaw no polong no kitakit to mitooray to Sawaliay a So’elinay Kyokai(Oriental Orthodoxy) no Kristo Pitooran. Nikawrira, mataliyok no Islam Kitakit, adihay ho ko kacacoli ato fiyaw a kitakit to pakayniay i ngangan no kasala’edan, malolalengatan sato no rawraw i Kawciaso, samatiya sato o ‘ariri no ’afet itini. Anini, Arminiya ato Acirpayciyang ci fangafangay ho tono pala a montay,nani 1988 miheca, caay ka pitolas a milekal ko Arminiya to o pala niyam kona ikatimolay no Acirpayciyang a Nakerno-Kalapahe (Arminiya sowal:Լեռնային Ղարաբաղ;Acirpayciyang sowal:Dağlıq Qarabağ; Holam sakamoto han:納卡), o tamdaw no itiniay sahetoay o mitooray to Kristo a Arminiya tamdaw. Corcoren no Arminiya ko maro’ay itini a tamdaw mitaoy to kowang a mico’is to Acirpayciyang, mihai ho to miliyas to Acirpayciyang a [[Faylo:00058_christ_pantocrator_mosaic_hagia_sophia_656x800.jpg|thumb|Sawaliay a So’elinay Kyokai (christ pantocrator mosaic hagia sophia 656x800)]] a tomireng no Arcahe Nikapolongan Kitakit, (coaw ka haien no i hakalay kitakit), onini ko sakalalood no Arminiya ato Acirpayciyang i 1990 miheca ato 2020 miheca. Cifangafang ho ato Torki pakayni i 1915 miheca to pihadefek a mipatay to tamdaw no Arminiya, cowa ka pihai ko Torki to matiniyay a rikisi no Aosman Hontian Kitakit a mihadefekay a mipatay to tamdaw no Armoniya sanay a rikisi, aniniay to i mipapalafang ko kakeridan nona tosa a kitakit, hato sasonga’ay sanay to ko kalawidan, ira to ko kasasowasowalan a demak. O kapot no Yoropa Licijay(Ikiris sowal:Council of Europe; Fransu sowal:Conseil de l'Europe）ato cefang no Kapolongan sakarihaday a Leketep a Kakaketonan (CSTO ;Rosiya sowal:Организация Договора о Коллективной Безопасности，sakamoto’ han: ОДКБ, i 1992 miheca saka 5 folad saka 15 romi’ad a matatilid to mapapadang ko sofitay a lekatep). == '''Rikisi (歷史)''' == === '''O katelangan ho a Arminiya(早期的亞美尼亞)''' === Itiraay i masahefohefongay a tokotokosan ko Arminiya a kitakit, ira ko palatohay itini i Fancalay Cudad o pahiceraan ni Noa a tamina yo [[Faylo:Alexander_and_Bucephalus_-_Battle_of_Issus_mosaic_-_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale_-_Naples_BW.jpg|thumb|Alisanta sakatolo (Alexander and Bucephalus - Battle of Issus mosaic - Museo Archeologico Nazionale - Naples BW)]] no fodo’ sanany. O kato’as no rikisi tahiraay to ‘ayaw no 2500 mihecaan ko katelang, o dadahal no mikowanan a pala mahaopay ko polong taliyok no Kawciaso ato sa’etipan no Torki. Ikor to adihay to ko micowatay a roma a finacadan, samiming sato ko pala no Arminiya, nikawrira 1000 mihecaan ko kahalafin no piteked a pikowan, ano irairaay ko Roma tamdaw,Posi tamdaw ato Monku tamdaw a micowat tona kitakit, caay ka lahedaw koArminiya. === '''Macikcik no roma a finacadn(外族入侵割據時期)''' === I’ayaw no siyien 331 miheca.o honti no Maciton ci Alisanta Tata’angay Honti 3 malowid ningra ko nipatirengan no Posi a tamdaw a kitakit , nano cecay a pecih no sakowan no Posi ko Arminiya, malapala tono Maciton Hontian Kitakit. Mapatay sato ci Alisanta malikatolo a marakrak ko Maciton Hontian Kitakit, o cecay ona kalitolo o Arminiya i,o Sayliw Katelangan Hontian Kitakit ko mikowanay. I’ayaw no siyien 198 mihecaan, malowid no Roma ko Sayliw Katelangan Hontian Kitakit, patokeled sa miliyas to Maciton malamisileday to a kitakit. [[Faylo:Tiridates_III_of_Armenia-Baptism.jpg|thumb|Mipasinlie ci Tilitati Honti (Tiridates III of Armenia-Baptism)]] Tahira to i ’ayaw no siyien 95 miheca- 65 miheca,makapah ko pikowan no honti ci Kelan saktosa, cakat sato ko ’icel no Armoniya i saka’etipay a Aciya, o mikowan a pala nani Kaspi Riyar (Ikiris sowal:''Caspian Sea''；Rosiya sowal:''Каспийское море;''Holam sowal:''Lihay''), Sifoay Riyar matatongod tahira i Aiciputo. Nikawrira, to ikor to nonini i, cosafaw to cecay patek ko mihecaan ko picowat no romaroma kitakit to Arminiya, nikacaay ka peleng kona Arminiya a kitakit. === '''O sa’ayaway a Kristo kitakit i Hekal'''(世界上第一個基督教國家) === O sa’ayaway a micowatay i, Potiya Hontian Kitakti (Posi sowal:امپراتوری اشکانی‎，''Emperâturi Ashkâniân;'' Holam sowal:安息帝國）ato Roma Hontian Kitakit kona tosa a kitakit i sanoalapit han a milood ko Arminiya, o honti no Arminiya ciArtasen Honti caka pakacecay a miheca matekop to, malasakowan no Roma ko Arminiya,to ikor malanidipotan no Roma a kotakit. I 301 miheca, o honti no Arminiya ci Tlitati sakatolo honti,lekalen ningra ko finawlan pala no kitakit a pitooran ko Kristo, ta caay ka mikitira to pitooran no Posi o Mita’ongay to Namal (Posi sowal:زرتشتی‌گری‎；Ikiris sowal:''Zoroastrianism''; Holam sowal:''祆教,拜火教''), ta malasarakatay a ‘edengan o Kristo ko pitooran a kitakit i hekal. Nikawrira, o isakawaliay a Arminiya makowan no Posi to tosa a so’ot ko mihecaan ko kahalafin. I 450 miheca ato 482 miheca kinatosa ko isakawaliay a Arminiya a tamdaw mico’is a milood to Posi, sa sodod sato ko Posi, maala a patatikol ko niyahpikowan no Arminuya, sa matelek ho kono Kristo a pitooran. O saci’icelay a milood toPosi i, o tata’angay a lalomaan Mamikoniyang. === '''Mapatangic a mifalic mitoor to Islam'''(被迫改信伊斯蘭教) === I 680 miheca, malowad no Arapiya ko Posi, comod sato ko Arapiya i Arminiya,mapaci’eci no Arapiya ko Arminiya tamdaw mifalic to pitooran pasitira i Islam Pitooran,nikawrira, cakapakafilo ko Arapiya. I 885 miheca ci Asoto Sakaceay miliyaw heca a patireng to Pakolatito Honti(Arminiya sowal: Բագրատունյաց Արքայական Տոհմ; Holam sowal:''巴格拉提德王朝'', nani 884 miheca tahira i 1045miheca ko pikowanan) no Arminiya Hontian Kitakit. Latek i 1000 miheca, masaalapiten ho no Tata’angay Sayrco Hontian Kitakit (Aniniay Torki sowal:''Büyük Selçuklu İmparatorluğu''；Posi sowal: دولت سلجوقیان‎ ;Holam sowal:''大塞爾柱帝國''）ato Sawalian Roma Hontian Kitaki (Paycantin, Latin sowal:''Imperium Romanum''；Kirisiya sowal:''Βασιλεία Ρωμαίων''；Holam sowal:''拜占庭帝國''), tahira to I 1064 miheca, malowid to ko Arminiya aro’ han to no Sawalian Roma Hontian Kitaki ko Arminiya. Yo milaliw to ko Sawalian Roma Hontian Kitaki i 1071 miheca, o Tata’angay Sayrco Hontian Kitakit to ko mikowanay to Arminiya. I 1220 miheca o Monkolo Hontian Kitakit to ko mikowanay, i 1260 miheca, o mido’edo’edoay Yirhan Kitakit (Monkolo sowal:ᠬᠦᠯᠦᠭ ᠦᠨᠤᠯᠤᠰ，Silil tilid:''Хүлэгийн улс''；Ikiris sowal:''Ilkhanate''; Holam sowal:''伊兒汗國''）. === '''Mapalahedaw no roma a finacadan ko Arminiya Kitakit'''(亞美尼亞帝國的隕落) === I 1454 miheca, o Sawalian Roma Hontian Kitakit(Paycantin) malowid no Aosman Torki tamdaw ko Sawalian Roma Hontian Kitaki, laheci sato a malahedaw ko salongoc no Arminiya. I sasifo’an no 15 sici, mapatateko no Otoman Hontian Kitakit ko Arminiya, oya kakahaday ko pala a Arminiya kitakit halafin sato makowan no Torki a tamdaw, oya sa mitooray to Kristo a Arminiya a tamdaw,mapenec no Torki Hontian Kitakit. [[Faylo:Marcharmenians.jpg|thumb|Armminiya mapalitay tamdaw(Marcharmenians)]] === '''Ma’emin a patayen ko Arminiya tamdaw'''(種族大屠殺) === Itiya sato i sakatosa kalaloodan no kanatal a ma’emin, macemcem to kapico’isaw no Arminiya a tamdaw ko OsmanTorki sifo nani 1915 miheca tara 1917 amihecan sapihadekan a mipatay Arminiya a tamdaw(亞美尼亞種族滅絕Ikiris sowal:''Armenian Genocide''；Arminiya sowal:''Հայոց Ցեղասպանութիւն''；Torki sowal:''Ermeni Soykırımı''; Holam sowal:''亞美尼亞種族滅絕''）.o ’osi no maptayay tamdaw masasiromay, ira ko 100 ofad ko tamdaw sanay, ira ko 150 ofad ko tamdaw sanay a piso’osi, saofaofad sa ko milaliway tayra i roma a kitakit.[4] === '''Patireng to Arminiya Sowiay Syakaisyuki Kapolongan Kitakit'''(亞美尼亞蘇維埃共和國) === 1918 miheca sak 5 folad saka 28 romi’ad, misaiiked nani ＂Papotaray Kaociaso a finawlan a Kapolongan Kitakit＂ a patireng to niyah sakowan a kitakit ko Arminiya a tamdaw, 1920 miheca saka 9 folad,matatilid ko Otoman Hontian Kitakit ato Fransu ato Ikiris to ”Sofor Katatelekan＂,mapapolong a milekal i katimolay mo Fan Fanaw a pala malo Arminiya to a sakowan. Caho ka halafin malood ho Torki ko Arminiya, ira sa ko pipadang no sofitay no Rosiya, caka rahoday ko pilood no sofitay no Torki matekop to ko Armoniya, tokeled sa tona lalood ko Rosiya a micowat micomod i PotarayKaociaso, Ciociya matateko ato Porsinwiko Tang no Arminiya mifelih to sifo no Arminiya i 1920-1921mihecan,i 1920 miheca da’edo sa a patireng to Arminiya Sowiay Syakaisyuki Kapolongan Kitakit (Arminiya a sowal:''Հայկական Սովետական Սոցիալիստական Հանրապետություն''; Rosiya sowal:''Армянская Советская Социалистическая Республика;''Holam a sowal:''亞美尼亞蘇維埃社會主義共和國''）ato ato Ciorcia Sowiay Syakaisyuki Kapolongan Kitakit(Ciociya asowal:საქართველოს საბჭოთა სოციალისტური რესპუბლიკა; Rosiya a sowal:''Грузинская Советская Социалистическая Республика; Holam a sowal:喬治亞蘇維埃社會主義共和國''）mikapot to Rosiya a Nipatatekoan Kitakit.[5] === '''Mikapot a malocecay no Rosiya Sowiay Syakaisyuki Kapolongan Kitakit'''(成為蘇聯加盟共和國之一) === [[Faylo:City_of_Batumi,_Georgia.jpg|thumb|Patong a Pala (City of Batumi, Georgia)]] 1921 miheca saka 3 folad, matatilid ko Rosiya ato Torki to＂Kars a katatelekan＂(Rosiya a sowal:''Карсский договор''; Holam a sowal:''卡爾斯條約''）, alaen no Rosiya a patatikol koya Patong a pala (Ciociya a sowal'':ბათუმი''，sano Latin a tilid:''Batumi''; Holam a sowal: ''巴統'') pafli i Ciociya,onninan pala i,nami’afasan no Rosiya yo matatilid to Polisto- Litawfoseko Katatelekan(Rosiya a sowal:''Брестский мир''；Toic a sowal:''Friedensvertrag von Brest-Litowsk''；Holam a sowal:布列斯特-立陶夫斯克條約). Mihai ho ko Rosiya oya Artahan ato Karso pala ono Torki a pala sanay.1922 miheca malaheci ko pikapot no Arminiya i Solin, malocecay no Papotaray Kawciyaso Sowiay Syakaisyuki Kapolongan Kitakit. Tahira to i 1936 mihecaan, laheci sato ko pikapot no Armoniya i Rosiya Sowiay Syakaisyuki Kapolongan Kitakit,[6] Malocecay nona Lekatep. === '''Aniniay a Arminiya(現代)''' === [[Faylo:Location_Nagorno-Karabakh2.png|thumb|Location Nagorno-Karabakh2]] Yo mikapot to i Solin ko Arminiya, i 1988 miheca saka 12 folad saka 7 romi’ad ira ko sakapelengaw sanay ko hekal a ’atoray, ira ko 2 ofad ira ko 5000 patek a tamdaw ko mapatayay,50 ofad ko away to ko pinokayan, adihay ko mapelengay a nipatirengan a tata’angay loma’, toya miheca ira heca ko fodfod i Nakorno-Kalapahe(Arminiya a sowal:''Լեռնային Ղարաբաղ''、Acirpayciang a sowal:''Dağlıq Qarabağ''; Holam a sowal:納卡),tongal sa ko kanikaw no ‘orip no Arminiya a tamdaw. Itiya adihay ko pipadang no icowacoway a kitakit.[7] I 2020 miheca, milekal ko Arminiya to piliyas to Solin a misiied, toya miheca a saka12forad saka 21 romi’ad tangsolsol sa amikapot to Misiikeday Kitakit a Lekatep. == Kasa'isal no Sakowan(行政區劃) == mo'etepay ko sakowan(Ikiris a sowal:''marz''；Arminiya a sowal:''մարզ) ato cecay a nikowanan no Takaraway Sifo oYerevan(''Arminiya a sowal'':Երևան;'' sano Roma tilid:''Yerevan; Holam a sowal: 葉里溫)'' == '''laleko no pala ato kakarayan(地形及氣候)''' == itiraay i katimol no sa’etipay aciya a Papotalay Kaociaso,ka’amis no sakawali no Kaociaso Dahetal, o sekal i,29800㎢. I sa’etip malafiyaw ato Torki, i saka’amis malafiyaw ato Ciociya,kawali o Acilopayciang ko fiyaw, i [[Faylo:Lake_Sevan_with_Sevanavank.jpg|thumb|Sayfan Fanaw (Lake Sevan with Sevanavank)]] madao’edo ato Ilang. O pala nona kitakit sahetoay o takaraway a tokotokosan, mahaop ko 90% a rekad nani tongroh no riyar. O takraway a tokotokoan pasado’edo tahira i Torki. O satakaraway a kadiping o Alakaci Tokos(Arminiya a sowal:''Արագած''）, ira ko 4090 m nani tongfoh no riyar. I kawali ira ko Sayfan Dasdas, o masafanaway a Sayfan Fanaw o sekal i,1360㎢ ko dadahal no nanom, i laloma’ no Arminiya o sakakahaday fanaw. O ikakaay ’alo o Alas ’alo (Arminiya a sowal:''Արաքս''，Posi a sowal:ارس‎，Torki a sowal:''Aras Nehri''）. O kakarayan i, o fala’efaay a lotolotokan ko kakarayan itini,o si’enaway o mahoracay ko siiked no kakarayan. O lalen no fa’edet i -2~12°C isakaccy forad, i sakapito folad 24~26°C ko lalen no fa’edet. == '''O Sician Nipalafang(外交)''' == Na cifangafang ko Arminiya ato Acirpayciyang to Nakorno-Kalapahe(Arminiya a sowal:Լեռնային Ղարաբաղ、Acirpayciyang a sowal:Dağlıq Qarabağ; Holam a sowal:納卡), oroma sa i,cifangafang atoTorki to pakayniay to pihadefek a mipatay to tamdaw no Arminiya,ira ho ko fangafang to pitooran,orasak o demak to pakayniay tono Sician Nipalafang pasitiraay i Rosiya a mitadi’ec, oroma sato, o polong a misakapotay no Linhoko o ‘edengan o Pakistan kitakit ko caay ka pihai to Arminiya.[8] Mikapotay ko Arminiya to Linhoko, Saikeday kitakit a Lekatep (Rosiya a sowal:''Содружество Независимых Государств''，''СНГ''; Holam a sowal:''獨立國家國協'', sakmoto han tilid:''獨立國協''）, Sakakorac no Hekal a Lekatep(Ikiris a sowal: ''World Health Organization''，縮寫sakamoto’an tilid:WHO; Holam a sowal:''世界衛生組織'' ), Payso a Kikinkai no Hekal(Fransu a sowal:''Fonds Monétaire International''，sakamoto’an tilid:''FMI''；Ikiris a sowal:''International Monetary Fund''，sakamo’an tilid:''IMF'';Holam a sowal:''國際貨幣基金組織''）,ato Kinko no ha’emin no Hekal(Ikiris a sowal:''World Bank''，sakamoto’an tilid:''WB''; Holam a sowal:''世界銀行''）. == '''Kicai (經濟)''' == Na pisaikedan no Arminiya, malafot ko kasalaliting no kicai ato Solin(Rosiya), awaay to ko piti’eran, ira heca ko kasafodfod to sera ato kawaliay a fiyaw Acirpayciyang, orasaka taker han to no Torki ato Acirpayciyang tayraay i Arminiya a cinamalay ato kasolin simal, ngalef sa ko kanikaw no kicai no Arminiya, o ya fodfod i Nakorno-Kalapahe masa’et ko maamaan nani roma a kitakit, tongal sa ko karoray no ’orip no Arminiya a tamdaw. [[Faylo:Close_up_grapes.jpg|thumb|Fadisoso'(Close up grapes)]] I 2002 mihea mikapot i Saop no Sekalay a Mafafalic to Dafong (Ikiris a sowal:''World Trade Organization''，sakmoto’ an tilid: ''WTO''), 2004 miheca saharakat sato ko kalowad no kicai, o polong a nitayalan a ’epoc malawisay to mahaop ko 10.1%, to cila to a mihecaan i 2005 miheca,mihai ko sifo to no kalotamdaw a kacikatayan, saadihay sato ko mipacomodan a payso nani roma a kitakit to sakatayay,sano yanan sato ko ka cakat no kicai. Tahira to i 2013 miheca, o lalen a kaci’etan no Armoniya a tamdaw(GDP) i 3,173 ’ok no Amirika a payso, isakatimolay a tolo akitakit i,o sasafaay ko Arminiya a kitakit,’edeng mahaop ko 30% no lalen no ’emin no kitakit i hekal. O misanga’ay to dafong ko mikidkiday to demak no kicai, ira ko kakak ato masanga’ay to kikai, macemahad ko misongla’aay to kaka’enen a tayal. Ono maomahay a tayal i, ira ko mipalomaay to fadisoso’ ato romaroma a losay, ‘emi ato malinso(potito). Ona liomah itiraay i ngata no Tatapangan Tokai a dasdas. Ono pisalamaan a demak ikakaay ko kacemahad, 2004 miheca o tayniay a palafang i 26.27 ko oafd ko tamdaw, o kacakat to mihecahecan mahaop ko 27.5%, o ‘etan i 2.1 ‘ok ko payso no Amirika, mi’isalan to GDP i 5.9%, o pisalamalaman no lafang itiraay i Syoto Yieonli ato Sayfan Fanaw midipotan a pala. == '''Punka (文化)''' == Adhihay ko kasasiromaroma a kasasolek no punka,patinakoen ira ko punkaku, misaloma’, sakero ato radiw, ona kasasolek i mido’edo’edoay to kasasiromaroma no pala a ira.[9] O punka no Arminiya i,tadaahalafinay ceripen no pinangan no Rosiya,[10] caay ko nini heca ko misiwaray to punka no Arminiya, na o sa’yaway a Kristo Kitakit orasaka macirep no Kristo punka ato sa’etipay punka,patokeled han macirep ho Ciociya a pisasaloma’ ato Italiya a kaka’enen. [[Faylo:Armeniapedia_dance2.jpg|thumb|No To'asan Sakero (Armeniapedia dance)]] Iraay a mapatireng ko Citodongay to Punka a Loma’ , o mihaharatengay to palosiyang ato mitayal to pakayniay i punka a demak,o tapang no Citodongay to Punka a Loma’ i ci Hasmiko Pikohesyang,[11] pasikapah a patenak to kapah ko sifo to salimelaen ko punka sanay a demak,hahekel a mipadama ko icowacowaay a Arminiya a tamdaw.[12] Ira ho ko roma a fangcalay a demak, i Arminiya ira ko matafesiw ko 4000 a masasiromaromaay miheca a dafong,adihay ko masapunkaay a misanga’an a dafong, sa ira ko「ipapotaray a hakupucokan」hananay a pangangan.[13] == '''Finacadan ato pitooran(民族與宗教)''' == O finacadan i o Arminiya tamdaw ko ikakaay, do’edo sa o Rosiya tamdaw,Yaciti tamdaw(o [[Faylo:Emblem_of_the_Armenian_Catholic_Church.svg|thumb|Arminiya Tinsikyo(Emblem of the Armenian Catholic Church)]] no Kuto fancadan), Yasu tamdaw,Ukolan tamdaw,Kirisiya tamdaw. Ono sif oan a kapolong sowal i, o Arminiya a sowal, ono Rosiya a sowal i ma’edefay a kalasowalen. O samatelangay a Kristo kitakit ko Arminiya,nani sifo’ no sici oyanan ho a ci’icel a mitoor to Kristo, orasaka mapenec,mapatay no italiyokay a Islam a tamdaw. I laloma’ no Arminiya o sakakay a kyokai ko Niocoran Kyokai(Arminiya a ''sowal:Հայ Առաքելական Եկեղեցի''，sanoromaen a tilid:''Hay Arakelagan Yegeghetzi'', Holan a sowal:''亞美尼亞使徒教會''), ira ho koroma a pitooran o Arminiya Tinsukyo(Arminiya a sowal:''Հայ Կաթողիկէ Եկեղեցի ，Hay Kat′oġikē Ekeġec′i''）,Holam a sowal:''亞美尼亞禮天主教會''), Roma tinsukyo, Toncen kyokai(Kirisiya a sowal:''Ορθόδοξη Εκκλησία，orthódoxi ekklisía''；Rosiya a sowal:''Православная Церковь''，sanoromaen a tilid:''pravoslavnaja tserkovʹ''，Holam a sowal:''東正教會''，sakamoto’en tilid:''東正教''), Yaciti kyokai ato Pahai kyokai. == '''Tamdaw (人口)''' == I 2005 mihecaan a pisa’osi to tamdaw ira 321.57 ofad, tahira to i 2008 mihecaan a pisa’osi 3,238,000 ko tamdaw, o caay ka ‘aloman ko tamdaw a finacadan i ira ko Yasu tamdaw, Ukolan tamdaw,Kohetinngay Riyar a Kirisiya tamdaw(pako Kaociaso Kirisiya tamdaw),Kuto tamdaw,Cyawciya tamdaw ato Kohecalay Rosiya tamdaw. == '''Sowal (語言)''' == I Arminiya kitakit ‘edengan o Arminiya sowal ko sifo a kapolongan sowal. Itiya ho namalacecay ato Solin kitakit, orasaka ma’edefay kalasakasasowal ko Rosiya sowal, o sakatosa a sowal no itiniay a tamdaw konini. I 2013 miheca a piciosa a pisahapinang, mahaop ko 95% tamdaw no Arminiya citanengay tono Rosiya, 40% citanengay tono Ikiris. Nikawrira, mahaop ko 50% a malitengay a tamdaw, milongoc to sapipasifana’aw to Ikiris i pitilidan no ka’emangay, mahaop ko 44% o sowal no Rosiya ko papasifa’aen sanay ko pilongoc. == Pihapinangan Tilid == [1] The UN classification of world regions （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） places Armenia in Western Asia; the CIA World Factbook Armenia. The World Factbook. CIA. [2010-09-02]. （原始內容存檔於2010-10-10）; Armenia. 國家地理. [2014-07-14]. （原始內容存檔於2007-08-08）; Armenia. 大英百科全書. [2014-07-14]. （原始內容存檔於2009-04-01）。 [2] (Garsoïan, Nina. R.G. Hovannisian , 編. Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times. Volume 1. Palgrave Macmillan. 1997: 81.); Grousset, René. Histoire de l'Arménie 1984. Payot. 1947: 122.. Estimated dates vary from 284 to 314. Garsoïan (op.cit. p.82), following the research of Ananian, favours the latter. [3] Stringer, Martin D. A Sociological History of Christian Worship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2005: 92. <nowiki>ISBN 0521819555</nowiki>. [4] ГЕНОЦИД АРМЯН (1915-1916 ГОДЫ): ПОДРОБНЫЕ СВЕДЕНИЯ. Encyclopedia of the Holocaust. [2020-10-03]. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-03） （俄語）. [5] Dowling, Timothy C. Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. 2014: 728– [2016-11-28]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-59884-948-6</nowiki>. （原始內容存檔於2017-02-08）. [6] Государство между Европой и Азией Источник. Планета Земля. [2020-10-03]. （原始內容存檔於2020-10-29） [7] Harutyunyan, Arpi. Still Recovering: A visit to the 1988 "center of the epicenter". ArmeniaNow. 7 December 2007 [7 March 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2020-07-10）. [8] Opinion: «Armenia can block the cooperation between Pakistan and the EEU». Rusarminfo. [2021-03-26] （ru-RU）. [9] Armenia Country Study Guide Volume 1 Strategic Information and Developments. World Business Information Catalog. Int'l Business Publications. 2013. <nowiki>ISBN 9781438773827</nowiki>. [10] Russell Padmore. Armenia in global publicity drive. BBC. 2014-09-11 [2015-02-14]. （原始內容存檔於2019-05-09）. [11] Government of the Republic of Armenia. Ministry of Culture. Structure. [2015-02-07]. （原始內容存檔於2014-08-20）. [12] Armenia Country Study Guide Volume 1 Strategic Information and Developments. World Business Information Catalog. Int'l Business Publications. 2013. <nowiki>ISBN 9781438773827</nowiki>.:59 [13] Culture. Embassy of Armenia to Belgium. [2015-06-01]. （原始內容存檔於2014-07-17）. [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] ktotqzj1qr5kn29dzbw03rls3fdhawq 0 75 1355 1354 2021-10-28T11:58:33Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 28 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 1354 wikitext text/x-wiki == Albania(阿爾巴尼亞共和國) == == Arpaniya Nikapolongan Kitakit (阿爾巴尼亞共和國) == == Takaray sowal (概要) == O Arpaniya Nikapolongan Kitakit (Arpaniya sowal: ''Republika e'' [[Faylo:Flag_of_Albania.svg|thumb|o hata no Arpaniya (Flag of Albania)]] ''Shqipëria'')i, o Arpaniya hananay a mitahidang(Arpaniya sowal :''Shqipëria''), itiraay i katimol no saka’etip no Yoropa, i katimol no Parkan Kanatal (Balkans Peninsula), malala,ed ato Itali to Yatoriya Riyar Ta’eman (Itali sowal: Mar Adriatico) ato Otoranto Riyar Ta’eman (Arpaniya sowal: Kanali i Otrantos；Itali sowal: Canale d’Otranto). malafiyaw ato Kirisiya i katimol, ika’amis no saka’etip malangiid ato Kosofo (Arpaniya sowal: Republika e Kosovës), ika’amis malaingid ato Momtonikoro (Momtonikoro sowal:Црна Гора／Crna Gora, o kohetingay tokos sanay ko imi nira: 黑色的山, Ikiris sowal: Montenegro). O Momtinikoro sanay kono Taywan a pangangan. Itiya ho itini i laloma’ no Yoropa o cecay no tada caayay ka cemahad a kitakit, o saawaay ko ’eten no kalotamdaw, nikawrira tona pinapina a miheca manengnengay to ko kacakat no ’orip no tamtamdaw.[1] I 2009 miheca mikapot ko Arpaniya to Peitasiyang Konyie (北大西洋公約組織, Ikiris sowal: North Atlantic Treaty Organization, sakamoto’ a tilid: NATO),i 2014 miheca saka6 folad mihai to ko Lekatep no Yoropa (歐盟) to mamalakapot nangra, i 2018 miheca saka 6 folad malaheci to ko pihai tahira to i 2019 miheca saka 6 folad manga’ay to ko Arpaniya masasowal ato Lekatep no Yoropa to sapikapotaw no Arpaniya.[2] O hata (fayafay) no Arpaniya ira matilid ko tosaay ko fongoh a talangawan ’alilis, onini ’i, nani tiyaay ho i 15sici o satopa no kakeridan no Arpaniya tamdaw ci Cioci Kastorioti Sikantopi (Arpaniya sowal: Gjergj Kastrioti Skënderbeu；Kirisiya sowal: Γεώργιος Καστριώτης "Σκερντέμπεης"), mikomod amitoker to picowat no Otoman Hontian kitakit, o tadamaanay a tamdaw no Arpaniya cingra, o salongan no Arpaniya tamdaw,onini ko pangangan han to「Kitakit no ’Alilis」. == '''Rikisi (歷史)''' == O to’as no Arpaniya o Iliriya a finscadan, (to’asan sowal no Kirisiya: Ἰλλυριοί, Roma tilid: Illyrioi, Latin sowal: Illyrii anoca Illyri), o cecay a finacadan no to’as no Yoropa. I’ayaw no 2000 miheca, anoca i’ayaw ho nona miheca iraay to a maro’ itini tona pala. Itiya ho namakowanay no Kirisiya ko Arpaniya, i’ayaw no 2146 miheca malocecay ’isal no Roma Kapolongan kitakit. I ikor no 4 sici cacorocorok sa ko Sa’etipay Roma Hontian kitakit ato Slafo Finacadan (Ikiris sowal: ''Slavic peoples'') a mikowan, 1415 miheca satapang a makowan no Otoman Hontian Kitakit (Otoman sowal: دولت علیه عثمانیه‎, Torki sowal: ''Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'') to 500 a miheca ko kahalafin. === '''Ya siiked saho a niyahpikowan no Arpaniya (獨立初期的阿爾巴尼亞)''' === [[Faylo:阿尔巴尼亚二战形势图.jpg|thumb|Arpaniya i sakatosa lalood no hekal (阿爾巴尼亚亞二战戰形勢图)]] O Parkan Pecih a Kanatal (''Balkans Peninsula'') i,masasifoday to ko kaadihay no kasasiromaroma no finacadan, orasaka cilacila malood sa pangangan han to 「Ariri no afet」(火藥庫). Yo malaheci ko sakakinacecay a lalood no Parkan i 1912 miheca, ira ko pipadama no Aosyong Hontian Kitakit[3] (Toic sowal:''Österreich-Ungarn''; Syongyali sowal: ''Ausztria-Magyarország'') onini ko saka pilekael to Siiked a Niyahpikowan i saka 11 folad saka28 romi’ad,o patosokan nona pilekal ’i,o sapitakeraw to kasadakan tayra i Yatoriya Riyar (亞德里亞海的出海口) no Sayerwiya tamdaw I kalaloodan i sakcecay a lalood no hekal, ma’eco no Aosyong, Itali, ato Fransu, 1920 miheca saka 8 folad liyas sanay to ko Itali nani Arpaniya. I 1924 miheca saka 12 folad, keriden ni Aihamayte Muhetar Pici Cofali''（Ahmet Muhtar Bej Zogolli）''ko sofitay amifelih ko sifo, ikor to sepat a niheca tiring sa a malahonti,sanoyanan sato mitier to sofitay a miteked mikowan to 14 miheca ko kahalafin.[4] Tahira to satapangan no sakatosa a lalood no hekal ma’eco no Honti no Itali, 1943 miheca（Itali sowal:''Regno d'Italia''）mikosang to ko Itali, o Toic to ko maro’ay tona kitakit. Harateng sato ko Arpaniya tamdaw to sapitokeraw to Toic, o kakeridan no Kyosanto no Arpaniya ci Enfor Hoca（Aroaniya sowla:''Enver Hoxha''）malasasifoan no mitokeray tamdaw, 1944 miheca malowaid to ko Toic rahiday sato ko Arpaniya. === '''I Syakaisyuki a mihecahecan no Arpaniya(社會主義時期的阿爾巴尼亞)''' === I 1944miheca saka 10folad saka20 romi’ad patireng to Arpaniya Finawlan Sifo, 1946 miheca saka 1 folad saka 10 romi’ad, palasawaden ko Tapangan Faco falicen a patireng to Arpaniya no Finawlan a [[Faylo:HODŽA_druhá_míza.jpg|thumb|Enfor Hoca(HODŽA druhá míza)]] Kitakit.1976 miheca saka12 folad saka 28 romi’ad falicen ko ngangan no kitakit to Arpaniya Syakaisyuki no Finawlan a Kapolongan Kitakit（Arpaniya sowal:''Republika Popullare Socialiste e Shqipërisë''，kamoto’en tilid:''RPSSh''）, ci Enfor Hoca（Arpaniya sowla:''Enver Hoxha''）ko malasakaay kakeridan no kitakit,itiya to pikowanan ningra a mihecahecaan tatootora sa amisawidang to roma a Syakaisyuki a Kitakit[5](o Sawaliay a Saopo hananay ho a pangangan). Syakaisyuki Kitakit o Rosya, Paokaliya,Romaniya,Toic Kapolongan Kitakit, Syonyali,Polan CiekoSlofako,Arpanoya, oninian a kitakit i,polongen a pangangan o Sawaliay Saopo hananay, matatoker ato nikeridan no Amirika a Sa’etipay Saopo, ona tosa a Saop malali’ang to romi’ami’ad nani kaherekan no sakatosa a lalood no hekal, o 「Li’etecay Lalood」(Ikiris sowal:Cold War) hananay ko pipangangan. Wataay ko pipadahof nona Sawalian Kitakit to Arpaniya, nikawrira, o Nanslaf, Rosya ato Conkolimin Kitakit masiwaray to ko lalan a pasityra i「Hontian Kitakit no Syakaisyuki」(社會帝國主義, Ikiris sowal:''Social imperialism''）han ni Enfor Hoca o kakeridan no Arpaniya a mikokot, to ikor to i nani 1960 miheca tayra i 1980 miheca tatootoor sa a mapisot ko kalawidang ato na tolo a kitakit. Tona a mihecahecan ma’erec no Arpaniya ko polong no sala’edan no kalokitakit, salacecay sato a masasiiked tona hekal. 1990 miheca, naka herekan no Arpaniya Matayalay Tang to saka 10 liyad a kaiki, o kakeridan nona Matayalay Tang ci Lamicu Aliya（Arpaniya sowal:''Ramiz Alia''）satapang a milekakawa to sapisongila’ to sici ato kicai, fawahen to ko sala’edan no kalokitakit,hoka’en to ko pikedec to naifaloco’an a pili’etan, o mifelihay, pitooran ato palosyangay, malaliyaw a masongila’ ko kalawidang ato Rosya ato Amirika, i 1990 miheca saka 7 folad malaliyaw kono sifoan a tayal ato Rosya, i 1991 miheca saka 3 folad saka 15 romi’ad malaliyaw kono sifoan a tayal ato Amirika. === '''Midemak to Adihayay Tang a Lekakawa(實行多黨制)''' === 1991 miheca milekal ko Matayalay Tang no Arpaniya misawad to cecay aca ko Tang a mikowan to kitakit, midemak to Adihayay Tang a Lekakawa. Tona miheca i saka 4 folad saka 26 romi’ad, mifalic to ngangan no kitakit o Arpaniya Kapolongan Kitakit hananay to, o saikoray itini i Sa’etipay Yoropa a Syakaisyuki Kitakit to misawaday to cecayay aca a Tang ko teked sanay a mikowan to kitakit, o maan ko imi nonini hokiya, mifalahay to 46 miheca ko maparariday a misateked pikowan ni Hoca. 1992 miheca sipasip hananay to koya salongan no Kyosansyuki a mataliyokay no ’ekim a limaay fo’is i hata no kitakit. Nikawrira,namisatapang ho a midemak to tayal nofinawlan, tadancaay ko kicay to sapili’etan no kitakit,ira ho ko mali’angay a kasarekad, tatihih ho ko kalafiyaw ato Sayrwuiya ato Kosofo, cifangafang ho mikiti’ecay a Milimekay Tamdaw(難民),o tada karetengay ’inorong konini. 1997 miheca, matalahekal ko kaco’os no malatapangay no sifo, sakalafodfod han to no laloma’ no kitakit, iikor to ’i,o Fransu, Sipanya, Kirisiya, Torki, Romaniya , Aotili ato Tanmay kona 8 a kitakit misanga’ to sakarahiday a sofitay a mipahineker tona fodfod no Arpaniya.[6] === '''Aniniay a Arpaniya (現今的阿爾巴尼亞)''' === 2009 miheca saka 4 folad,mikapot to ko Arpaniya to NATO, masahapinang to patalahekal to masongila’ay to ko pikopot to Sa’etipay Kasarekarekad. I 2014 miheca Yoropa Lekapet mihai to mamalakopt nangra ko Arpaniya. == '''Kasasilsil no sakowan (行政區劃)''' == O dadahal no pala no Arpaniya ira ko 28,748㎢, papecihpecihen mala 12 [[Faylo:AlbaniaNumberedPrefectures.svg|thumb|AlbaniaNumberedPrefectures]] ko sakowan（Arpaniya sowal:''Qarqe''）, ikararem no salowan silsilen ho to 61 a niyaro’ （Arpaniya sowal:''Bashkia''）, tahira i 2000 miheca ira ko 36 a niyaro’ mapafeli to 12 sakowan ko mikowanay, o 「 Rrethe」hananay.[1] Ona 12 a sakowan i 2000 miheca a mapatireng mitidos toya 36 a niyaro’.[2] O sifo no Arpaniya i 2015 miheca satapang a midemak to fa’elohay a sakowan, o matatodongay a niyaro’ ’i, 61 to ko niyaro’ , o i omaomahay a niyaro’ o 「 Komuna」hananay ’i, mipalahedawan.[3] O tadamamangay a kamaro’an no tamdaw ’i, o kasa’eta’etal「 ''Lagje'' anoca ''Fshat''」[4] hananay, o polong ira ko 2980 kasa’eta’etal. O tokai(城市) ’i, o sakacecay a sakowan no Arpaniya, o citodongay to polong a tayal no tamtadaw. {| class="wikitable" | |Sakowan |Kinsifo |Tamdaw(2016) |Dadahal(㎢) |- |1 |Pirato Sakowan (Qarku i Beratit) |Pirato |139,815 |1,798 |- |2 |Tipar Sakowan (Qarku i Dibrë) |Pisenkopi |134,153 |2,586 |- |3 |Toros Sakowan (Qarku i Durrësit) |Toras |278,775 |766 |- |4 |Aipasen Sakowan (Qarku i Elbasanit) |Airpasang |298,913 |3,199 |- |5 |Fili Sakowan (Qarku i Fierit) |Firsyar |312,448 |1,890 |- |6 |Cirokasto Sakowan (Qarku i Gjirokastrë) |Cirokasto |70,331 |2,884 |- |7 |Koci Sakowan (Qarku i Korçë) |Korca |221,706 |3,711 |- |8 |Kukos Sakowan (Qarku i Kukësit) |Kukos |84,035 |2,374 |- |9 |Lico Sakowan (Qarku i Lezhë) |Laysen |135,613 |1,620 |- |10 |Sikoto Sakowan (Qarku i Shkodrë) |Sikotay |215,483 |3,562 |- |11 |Tilana Sakowan (Qarku i Tiranë) |Tilana |811,649 |1,652 |- |12 |Falola Sakowan (Qarku i Vlorë) |Forole |183,105 |2,706 |} == '''Palapalaan (地理)''' == O kamar’an no Arpaniya itiraay i katimol no kasa’etipan no Parkan Pecihan Kanatal, isaka’amis i malafiyaway ato Montikoro, ika’etip no saka’amis malafiyaw ato Kosofo, ikawali malafiyaw ato Maciton, i katimol malaliting ato Kirisya, ika’etip malala’ed to riyar a makakecor ato Itali. O sala’edan ika’etip i o Yatoriya riyar ato Aiaoniya riyar. [[Faylo:Lac_de_Shkodra.jpg|thumb|Sukutay Fanaw (Lac de Shkodra)]] O dadahal no sera ’i, ira ko 28,748㎢,o kasarayray i polong no kitakit ’i, isaka144 ko dadahal no sera. O kakaya’ no lilis no riyar ira ko 476 km, ano cacayay ka hakowa ko dadahal no sera no Arpaniya ’i, adihay ko kasasiromaroma no pala o takaraway tokos ato apolo, kasasa’owac, dafdaf, la’ed no lotok ato dihif. O tokotokosan nani ka’amis pasitimol a masofac(manayat), ira ko pitatayraan no misalamayay o cinganganay i hekal Alpus lotok（Ikiris sowal:''Dinaric Alps''）. Patahtahay ho a ira ko nanonanoman ato kinairaira no nanom, o satata’angay satelangay itini i satimolan a Yoropa a fanaw, ira ho ko milihawakay to tosa a kitakit a fanaw: Skutay fanaw(Arpaniya sowal:''Liqeni i Shkodrës)'' ato Ohelito fanaw（Arpaniya sowal:''Liqeni i Ohrit''）. O no Arpaniya ko Skutay fanaw, o dadahal i 530㎢, o cecay no kalitolo itiraay i Arpaniya, o osaw to itiraay i Montinikoro, orasaka, ona Skutay fanaw mapolongay ko Arpaniya ato Montinikoro a mikowan. Ohelito fanaw（Arpaniya sowal:''Liqeni i Ohrit''；Pokaliya sowal:''Охридско Езеро''） o samatelangay fanaw i hekal.[11] Adihay heca ko ’alo no Arpaniya, sano salil ko katenak, ira ko 152 ko ’alo ato ciris,nani wali pasitira isa’etip ko rakat no nanom micomod i Atoriya riyar a ’alo ano sa’osien ira ko 8 a ’alo: ''Drin，Vjosë，Shkumbin，Osum，Mat、Erzen、Fan ato Seman.'' == '''Kakarayan (氣候)''' == Ano do’edoen ko pisiiked a demak ni Kopen to kakarayan(柯本氣候分類法)（Toic sowal:Effektive Klimaklassifikation）’i,limaay ko kasasiromaroma no kakarayan no Arpaniya: Ticonghay Kakarayan (Ikiris sowal:''Mediterranean climate''),Ma’edengay ko Kafa’edet a Mado’etay Kakarayan ''(''Ikiris sowal:''Humid subtropical climate）,''Riyariyaran Kakarayan (Ikiris sowal'':oceanic climate''),Sa’emelay a Karopaw Kakarayan ato Skatosa Tapolo Kakarayan''（subpolar climate）. Ira heca ko'' Ateliya riyar ato Aoniya riyar mipatatongay to kakarayan, sa i kasi’enawan caay ka patosi ko kasi’enaw i kakedalan caay ka patosi ko fa’edet no romi’ad.Nikawrira, nama’eten no tokos ko fali no riyar sa caay ka picomod i kemod no kitakit ko fali no riyar, orasaka, i kemoday a pala ’i, ikasi’enawan caay kafilo ko si’enaw, ikakedalan sa i pakakaay ko ka fa’edet no romi’ad. I Arpis Tokos ira a mahera ko sepat a no to’asan ho a so’edaan a ’alo, nani riyar so’osien 2,000 laya’ ko katakaraw, o hatiniay a so’edaan ’alo itiraay i tongroh no tokotokosan isafaw no 5,000 ko laya’ ko ka’akawang nga’ iraay ko matiniay ’alo, onini ko kakafahekaan tona sepat a so’edaan ’alo, away ko mitiniay i Yoropa. == '''Sici(政治)''' == O finawlan ko cisakowanay a lekakawa ato adihayay ko saopo no sici a matayal ko faco no sici no Arpaniya a kitakit. O congtong ko tapang no kitakit, o souli ko kakeridan no sifo, o lipoing ko misinkiway to sakala kakeridan no souli. O lipoiing o fanwlan ko mitopaay ta maala malalipoin, 140 ko tamdaw, sepat miheca ko kalalipoingan. O tapang no citodongay to tayal no sifo o souli ko mitoro’ay. === '''Kinpo (憲法)''' === 1964 miheca sakatolo folad, o saopo no Arpaniya to misanga’ay to kinpo malaheci a misanga’ ko sa’ayaway kinpo no Arpaniya. [[Faylo:Tirana_-_Albanian_National_Assembly_(by_Pudelek).jpg|thumb|Lipoin no Arpaniya (Tirana - Albanian National Assembly (by Pudelek)]] 1976 miheca saka12 folad mafalic pangangan ko kitakit to「Arpaniya Syakaisyuki kapolongan kitaki」,ikor nonini mipatatodong a milaheci misanga’ to 「kinpo no Arpaniya Syakaisyuki kapolongan kitaki」. 1990 miheca satapang midemak to adihayay ko tang no kitakit, ikor nonini misahalaka ko adihayay tang tono kapolongan a kinpo, 1991 miheca saka 5 folad, malaheci no adihayay a tang ko 「Takaray rikec no kinpo」,iikor to 7 miheca onini o pacarcaran a pitooran no sifo a matayal,i 1998 miheca saka 11 folad saka 12 romi’ad o citodongay to sinkiw a tamdaw mitopa a mipahapinang tono kinpo, o polong no  citodongay to sinkiw a tamdaw mahaop ko 50.57% ko mitopaay , mahaop ko 93.5% ko mihaiay tona fa’elohay kinpo, toya miheca saka 11 folad saka 28 romi’ad , oya congtong itiyaay ho ci Ricip Cimar Maytani（Arpaniya sowal:''Rexhep Qemal Meidani）''mitilid pangangan tona fa’elohay kinpo, songila’ sato a malaheci ko「Arpaniya a finawlan a kapolongan kitakit kinpo」. === '''Sici kasarekarekad(政黨)''' === O mikikaay a tang i Arpaniya a kasarekarekad no sici a tang o polong cisafaw to 60, o mikapotay to sinkiw a tang ira ko 37 ato cecay a malekatepay a tang. O ci’icelay a tang: ·      Arpaniya Syakai Tang（o mikowanay anini） ·      Arpaniya Mincu Tang（o satata’angay a mikantokay a tang） ·      Arpaniya Syakai Mincu Tang ·      Arpaniya Mincu Konghe Tang ·      Arpaniya Fa’elohay Mincu Tang ·      Arpaniya Micu a Lekatep Tang == '''Sici a pisawidang (外交)''' == Itiya ho i pasatapangan no 1990 miheca itira i Sawaliay Yoropa(東歐) masanotapelik no riyar ko pisa’eli no finawlan to ka ono finawaln a nisafalo’an ko pitooran a mikowan sanany a solongoc, orasak misaima’ to a mipeleng koya ni Hocaan ho a kanaidefay a lekakawa no kitakit, mifawah to fawahan a mihamham to isowasowaay a kitakit a malawidang. Nani 1991 miheca tahanini sahetoay o mamalaheci ko paisawidang a lekakawa,i’ayawen ko pisawidang to Sa’etipay Kasaekarekad a kitakit, mikilim tohalalan to sapikapotaw to Lekatep no Yoropa,minanay to Yoropa ato Amirika to sapisongla’aw to ‘orip no fanawlan no Arpaniya. O matiniyay a pisa’icel a misawidang to roma a kitakit, tahanini cisafaw to 150 ko kitakit to malawidangay tono sician, mikapot to 48 a saopo no hekalay, 1955 miheca mikapot to Linhoko. 1992 miheca mihamon to Kalapaliw no Islam. 2009 miheca mikapot i NATO, 2014 miheca mamalakapot no Yoropa Lekatep. == '''Tamdaw (人口)''' == I 1989 miheca misa’osi to tamdaw,  2011 mihecaan a piso’osi to tamdaw o polong i, 2,821,977 ko tamdaw, o sofoc ’i, ila’enoay ko kelis no nikalecad no sofoc.[12]( '''出生率,'''''crude birth rate,CBR'') Yomalasawad ko pikowanan no Matayalay Tang a sifo i pisatapangan no 1990 miheca, aloman ko milaliway tara i romaroma a kitakit no tamdaw, tinakoen nani 1991 taha 2004 miheca ira ko 90 ofad tamdaw ko miliyasay to Arpaniya,ilaloma nonini ira ko 60 ofad ko tamdaw tayraay i Kirisiya.[13] Tahira to i 2015miheca saka cecay folad saka cecay a romi’ad a piso’osi 2,893,005 ko tamdaw no Arpaniya.[14] O fodfod no finawlan i, o tada karetengay ’inorong no Arpaniya, o piso’osi no sifo to finacadan o Arpaniya ko saalomanay, cilafas a mahaop ko 97%, o caay a aloman ko tamdaw a finacadan caay ka pakaso’elin tona misa’osian no sifo,i kaka ho ka kaaloman no niyam a tamdaw saan. Do’edoen ko sa’osi i 2011 miheca, o kasa’isal no fanacadan: [15] {| class="wikitable" |Finacadan |Sa’osi no tamdaw |mahaop% |- |Arpaniya tamdaw |2,312,356 |82.6 |- |Kirisiya |24,243 |0.9 |- |Romu |8,301 |0.3 |- |Maciton |5,512 |0.2 |- |Montinikoro |366 |0.01 |- |Aroma |8,266 |0.30 |- |Aicipoto |3,368 |0.1 |- |Orom (其他) |2,644 |0.1 |- |Caay pasadak to fanacadan |390.938 |14.0 |} Pakatni tona sa’osi to tamdaw, o mamidipot to mamangay a finacadan a iingkai sowal saan: ka’imer a minengneng tona sa’osi, aka ka o sa’osi aca ko nanengnengen, nawhani, malawa a ko pidipot to mamangay a [[Faylo:Albania_minorities.png|thumb|mamangay finacadan(Albania minorities)]] .[16] Toloay aca koni haian no Arpaniya a mamangay finacadan, o Kirisiya, Maciton ato Montinikoro, ato tosa pakipunkaay a mamangay fanacadan o Aroma tamdaw ato Romu tamdaw.[17] O roma amamangay finacadan i, o Porkaniyatamdaw, Koran tamdaw,Saywirya tamdaw,Parkan Aicipoto tamdaw, Posiniya ato Yutaya tamdaw. O Kirisiya a Saop caay ka fana’ hakowaay ko so’elinay kaaloman no Kirisiya tamdaw,o Kirisiya sifo a sowal i ira ko 30 ofad ko mar’ay i Arpaniya a Kirisiya tamdaw saan, nikawrira, o Sa’etipay Kitakit a pinengneng 20 ofad ko tamdaw saan.[18] Ono Arpaniya sifo sa apisa’osi ’i, ‘edeng 2,4243 tamdaw.[19] Ono misaspayay no Amirika(CIA)a pinengneng i, pihaop no Kirisiya tamdaw i Arpaniya 0.9% aca sanay.[20] == '''Sowal(語言)''' == No kapolongan ato no sifo a sowal o Arpaniya sowal. [[Faylo:Dialect_map_albania.png|thumb|katenakan no sowal(Dialect map albania)]] O lalekoan a somowal ato pitilid nani tosa a niyaro’an a sowal:o i’amisay a Kaike sowal(''Gheg'') ato ikatimolat sowal(''toskë'' anoca ''toskërisht'') ona tosa a sowal salofhan a patateko, ano adihadihayay kono ''toskë'' a sowal mihaiay to ko alomanay. O kalala’edan nona tosa a sowal itiraay i Senkunpin ’alo(Arpaniya sowal:''Lumi i Shkumbinit''). Ono Kirisiya a sowal ikamaro’an no Kirisiya tamdaw i,malahedaway to koya to’asan ho teked no sowal. O roma a sowal i Arpaniya ira ho ko Aromaniya sowal, Saywiya sowal''(Српски језик),''Maciton sowal,Posiniya sowal, Porukariya sowal,Kulani ato Romaniya sowal.[21] itira sakawalian no Arpaniya i Pustik [[Faylo:Pustec_Multilingual_Road_Signs.jpg|thumb|adihay ko pitoro' a tilid no lalan(Pustec Multilingual Road Signs)]] tokay o Maciton sowal ko kapolongan no sifo sowal. Itiya i 2011 miheca a sa’sosi no tamdaw, iraay ko 1,765,610 tamdaw, mahaop ko 98.767% a tamdaw ono winaay sowal ko Arpaniya sowal sanay, o Arpaniya sowal i o mitoro’an to sapipasifana’ a sowal no ka’emangay ato hasasowal i loma’. O Kirisiya sowal o sakatosa a sadihayay a sakacaciyaw i Arpaniya, mahaop ko 0.5% tara 3% a tamdaw o sakacecay a sowal no tireng sanay.[22] O cecay no kalitolo no laloma’an mafa’ay a somowal to no Kirisiya sowal.[23] Mangayaay ato Kirisiya ko Arpaniya, o punka to o pili’etan to adihay ko kalapaliw, orasaka i satimolan no Arpaniya aloman ko somowalay to sowal no Kirisiya.[24] O citodongay no sifo a mikakinkiw i 2017 miheca, nani 25 tahira i 64 ko mihecaan a tamdaw, mahaop ko 39.0% a Arpaniya tamdaw saawaay ira ho ko cecay kafana’an a roma a sowal, o mafana’ay somowal to Ikiris i mahaop ko40.0%, do’edo sa o Itali sowal, mahop ko 27.8%, o mafa’ay to Kirisiya sowal mahaop ko 22.9%.[25] Ikararem no 25 ko mihecaan a kapah tamdaw no Arpaniya, matongal ko kacifaloco’ mihatatanam to Ikiris, Toic ato Torki a sowal, o cifaloco’ay to sapihatatanam to Itali ato Frans a sowal ’i, mahineknekay. Tona pinapina a mihecan o kapah tada tata’ang ko kacifaloco’ mihatatanam to sowal no Toic, orasaka matatilid ko Arpaniya ato Toic to Patomaliway Kakaketonan, ta manga’ay ko katayra no kaph no Arpaniya i Toic a mihatatanam ato konlin to kicic, ta masasonga’ ko kafana’ to punka no tihi.[26] Tona pinapina a miheca kali’eki ko kacakat no ’orip no Torki, makidkid ko kacifaloco’ no kapah no Arpaniya to sapihatatanamaw to so sowal no Torki,itra i tata’angay pitilidan ira ko pihatatanaman to punka ato pikinkiw.[27] O tata’angay pitilidan Epoka masimsim o safangcalay a pasifana’ay to sowal no roma a kitaki, mihai ko sifo no Arpaniya manga’ay to a pafeli to pileponan a tilid to mitiliday.[28] == '''Punka (文化)''' == O punka no Arpaniya i cilamlamay tono Contong punka（Ikiris sowal:''Middle East''，Arapiyasowal:الشرق الأوسط‎，Hipray sowal:המזרח התיכון‎）ato Sa’etipay punka, malapot ko Katelang Kirisiya, Katelang Roma punka, Paycantin Hontian Kitakit punka（Latin sowal:''Imperium Romanum''；Kirisiya sowal:''Βασιλεία Ρωμαίων）'',Otoman Hontian Kitakit punka(OtonanTorki sowal:دولت علیه عثمانیه‎，Torki sowal:''Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'', Kaping sowal:鄂圖曼帝國), caay konini aca ira ho kono Arpaniya a to’asan punka. [[Faylo:A_traditional_male_folk_group_from_Skrapar.JPG|thumb|To'asan radiw (A traditional male folk group from Skrapar)]] O radiw no Arpaniya iraay ko tekedan no finacadan,nano to’as caay ka keton taha nini. Ano masasiikeikeday to ka’amisay a Gheg ato katimolay a Lab ato Tosk, ona tosaay a kada’edo’edo malacecayay ko katenak. O imi no radiwa i, sahetoay o palatohay to rikisi no Arpaniya, oya kaodfodan ato tadamaanay tamdaw. Oya radiw no to’as 「''Himariot Isopoly''」, matoro’ no UNESCO no Linhoko o malorocok nona hekal sanay. Ono to’asan ho a ca’edong itiraay i kakafahekan ato ilisin a cilosid, itira i no finacadan a ka’acangan romi’ad,no kyokai a romi’ad,paka’etiman romi’ad, masakeroay a saop. O matitengay cica’edong tono to’asan a losid. O fanges no ’a’adopen, o fanoh no siri, o keriw ko sapisanga’ to losid, tahanini ono to’asan ho a konis ko mitinooyan. == '''Pitooran''' (宗教) == I’ayaw no 1900 miheca,mitooray to ko Arpaniya tandaw ci Yisoan, nikawrira namicowat a micomod ko Torki Otoman Hontian Kitakit ’i, mafalic ko pitoor pasitira i Islam, saadihay sato ko mitooray to Islam a Muslin a tamdaw, o saadihayay tamdaw i Arpaniya, nikawrira, iraay ho ko mitooray ci Yisoan a alomanay i romaroma aniyaro’. O Islam a pitooran i,toloay ko kasa'iked, ilalomaan i tosa ko tata'angay a kasa'iked: o cecay Sunni Sa'iked (Arapiya sowal:'''أهل السنة والجماعة'''‎，''ʾAhl ūs-Sunnah wa āl-Ǧamāʿah, Kaping sowal''':'''''遜尼派)， o cecay i o Tona aniniay to a mihecaan, napikowanan no Arpaniya Matayalay Tang malalang ko polong no pitorran, itiya  milekal ko Arpaniya odengan itini i hekal o caayay ka pakaso’elin to kawas a kitakit sanay. Tahira to i 1990 miheca saka 11 folad ano caacaayay ka falicen ko kinpo, mihai to ko sifo to kalotamdawan a pitoor to kawas.Anini to i naifaloco’ay sanay to ko pitoor to kawas caay to pilalang ko sifo. I 2001 miheca a pisa’sosi to tamdaw, itini i Arpaniya mahaop ko 58% ko mitooray to Islan Sonni Muslin, 2% o Isalm Tasen kyokai, 10% o Tinsikyo,7% o Rosiya Toncen Ciyaw, 0.2% o roma a kyokai a Keristo, 5.5% o roma ko pitooran, 14% cowa ka hapinang ko pitooran, o caay ka pakaso’elin to kawas i 2.5% aca ko tamdaw. Ititni Yoropa o saalomanay ko mitooray to Islam a ihekalay kitakit. Pakayni tona pisa’osi to tamdaw i 2011 miheca , ira ko caay ka pihai tora nipasadakan a sa’osi, nawhani, adihay ko caay ka sa’osi a mitooray to Rosiya Toncen Ciyaw,[1] o misa’osian i edeng 34% no mitooray tona pitooran sanay.[2] Orasa o miciosaay a tamdaw ’i, awaay ko minengnengay o niyah sanay a patedo a mitilid sanay. Sa oninian ko pipacoli no fanawlan. Do’edoen ko piciosa no Citodongay to Pipamatang no Linhoko a pisa’osi i 2018 miheca, mahaop ko 62.7% caay ka pitoor to masamaanay a pitooran. 37% a Arpaniya tamdaw cecayay aca ko pitooran, i laloma’ nona 37% ’i, 52.06% o Muslin, 13.82% o Tinsokyo, 13.08% o Rosiya Tongcen Ciyaw, 7.5% o Paykesin Kyokai, 1,74% o Ciolo Kai. O osaw to i manayay a paca’of to piciosa. ---- == '''Pihapinangan Tilid''' == [1] Rural poverty in Albania. [2011-01-23]. (原始內容存檔於2010-01-05); Albania Poverty and wealth, Information about Poverty and wealth in Albania; UNDP Albania Practice Area - Poverty Reduction 網際網路檔案館的存檔, 存檔日期2013-06-13. [2] 俄羅斯衛星通訊社. 歐盟: 阿爾巴尼亞和馬其頓入歐談判或於2019年6月開始. 俄羅斯衛星通訊社. 2018-06-27 [2018-06-27] '''(中文)'''. [3] Malacecayay ko「aotili Hontian Kitakit」ato「Syongyali Hontian Kitakit」a mikowan, sa pangangan han to「AOSYONG Hontian Kitakit」. [4] Ian Kershew著、林華譯. 地獄之行:1914-1949. 中信出版集團. 2018年12月: 202. <nowiki>ISBN 978-7-5086-8300-3</nowiki>. [5] Syakaisyuki Kitakit o Rosya, Paokaliya,Romaniya,Toic Kapolongan Kitakit, Syonyali,Polan CiekoSlofako,Arpanoya, oninian a kitakit i,polongen a pangangan o Sawaliay Saopo hananay, matatoker ato nikeridan no Amirika a Sa’etipay Saopo, ona tosa a Saop malali’ang to romi’ami’ad nani kaherekan no sakatosa a lalood no hekal, o 「Li’etecay Lalood」hananay ko pipangangan. [6] 1997年3月28日 阿爾巴尼亞發生騷亂人民網，2003.03.28 [7] A Brief History of the Administrative-territorial Organization in Albania 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2015-05-24. [8] A Brief History of the Administrative-territorial Organization in Albania. reformaterritoriale.al. [2017-10-26]. （原始內容存檔於2017-06-09） '''（英語）'''. [9] Ndarja administrative, njësitë vendore në lagje dhe fshatra. [2017-10-26]. （原始內容存檔於2017-09-25）. [10] Ndarja administrative, njësitë vendore në lagje dhe fshatra. [2017-10-26]. （原始內容存檔於2017-09-25）. [11]Lake Ohrid; Invest in Macedonia – Agency for Foreign Investments of the Republic of Macedonia. InvestInMacedonia.com. [2017-06-03]. （原始內容存檔於2008年9月14日）. [12] Albania: People, CIA World Factbook, 2012. Retrieved on 6 April 2012 [13] "Albania: Looking Beyond Borders （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）". Migration Policy Institute. [14] Population of Albania 1 January 2016. Republic of Albania Institute of Statistics. （原始內容存檔於2017年7月13日）. [15] Population and Housing Census 2011. INSTAT (Albanian Institute of Statistics). （原始內容存檔於2017-08-03）. [16] Third Opinion on Albania adopted on 23 November 2011. Advisory Committee on the Framework for the Protection of National Minorities. [2017-06-29]. （原始內容存檔於2017-10-14）. [17] United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Albania : Overview. UNHCR. 2005-05-11 [2013-05-05]. [18] Europa Publications. The Europa World Year Book 2008. Taylor & Francis. 2008-06-24 [2012-12-22]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-85743-452-1</nowiki>. （原始內容存檔於2013-02-24）. ... and Greece formally annulled claims to North Epirus (southern Albania), where there is a sizeable Greek minority. ... strained by concerns relating to the treatment of ethnic Greeks residing in Albania (numbering an estimated 300,000) ...ono [19] Census 2011 Data: Resident population by ethnic and cultural affiliation. The Institute of Statistics of Republic of Albania. [2014-04-05]. （原始內容存檔於2013-11-13）. [20] Albania. U.S. Department of State. [2014-09-13]. （原始內容存檔於2018-03-24）. [21] The Greek language is widely spoken in Albania (H Ελληνική γλώσσα γίνεται καθομιλουμένη στην Αλβανία). Kathimerini. [2017-06-12]. [22] Languages of Albania. [2010-10-31]. （原始內容存檔於2009-01-23）. [23] The Second Most Spoken Languages Around the World. Kathimerini. [2017-06-12]. .5% speak it as first language. [24] Nitsiakos, Vasilēs G. Balkan Border Crossings: Second Annual of the Konitsa Summer School. LIT Verlag Münster. 2011: 150. <nowiki>ISBN 9783643800923</nowiki> '''（英語）'''. in the Albanian south... The Greek language is spoken by an important percentage of the Albanians of the south. [25] Press release of the Adult Education Survey (PDF). Albanian Institute of Statistics. 2018-05-10 [2018-05-23]. [26] Gjuha gjermane, shumë e kërkuar në Shqipëri. albinfo.ch. albinfo. 2014-04-10 [2018-05-26]. [27] Në Shqipëri vazhdon të rritet interesi për gjuhën turke. voal.ch. voal. 2016-10-05 [2018-05-26]. [28] Bledi Mane. 10 universitetet me cilesore te shqiperise. gazetatema.net. TemA. 2011-09-17 [2018-05-26]. [29] al:AK- Nishanit: Hiqi ‘Urdhrin e Skënderbeut’ Janullatosit, dekoro themeluesit e Kishës Autoqefale Shqiptare (LETRA) | Gazeta Tema. [2018-12-15]. （原始內容存檔於2015-05-16）.  Gazeta Tema. [2018-12-15]. （原始內容存檔於2015-09-24）. [30] Official Declaration: The results of the 2011 Census regarding the Orthodox Christians in Albania are totally incorrect and unacceptable. orthodoxalbania.org. [22 January 2014]. （原始內容存檔於14 July 2014）. 1s17s4fgh9lrl799v5xg0btl7syehh6 0 76 44304 1368 2024-08-27T08:54:20Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 Ashraf Ghani Ahmadzai, 2014 44304 wikitext text/x-wiki Ashraf Ghani Ahmadzai(阿什拉夫·甘尼·艾哈邁德扎伊) [[Faylo:Afghan President Ashraf Ghani December 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Ashraf Ghani Ahmadzai, 2014|alt=Afghan President Ashraf Ghani December 2014 (cropped).jpg]] I 1945 a miheca(年) saka 5 folad saka 19 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci [[Ashraf Ghani Ahmadzai]], malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit no [[Afghanistan]](阿富汗) anini i ci Ashraf Ghani Ahmadzai, patirengan a romi’ad i 2014 a miheca saka 9 folad saka 29 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] b1b2x6txwhuc0qbq2ju6a4as7b4xsit 0 77 42662 1403 2024-04-03T01:11:21Z Ｍayawtowid 44 42662 wikitext text/x-wiki ==O ngangan no Asiroay (阿西路愛部落由來)== Toso ka cinganganay to ’asiro a niyaro: i Posongay [[Ci’asiroay (Posong)| Ci’asiroay]] a niyaro’ (阿西路愛部落/豐年部落) ato i tiniay i [[Donghe]] (東河) Siang no Taitung(台東縣) [[Asiroay]] a niyaro’, 175 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 475 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. Adihay ko pipaloma to ’asiro (mami’, 橘子), i tini ko piaalaan toya ngangan no niyaro’. 58% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 277 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 42% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 198 ko tamdaw. O pasinto no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko ’Amis(阿美族)57%. Ira ko picodadan(泰源國中) i niyaro’. ==Talihafan== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] phz7c1da3ab26ltp6yxuw1qceanquwh 0 78 39661 1448 2023-10-07T07:31:58Z Ｍayawtowid 44 39661 wikitext text/x-wiki == O ngangan no Atolan (阿多瀾部落) == I tiniay i tarawadaw a lomowad no Atolan, Co-o-dang (週武洞) han ko pipangangan no Holam, o ngangan no cecay a tomaok saan ko sowal, tada to mangodo no finawlan, moraraw to Holam ko Atolan hannanay a ngangan i kasakapingan, saka Atolan han to finawlan no Pangcah. ora Atolan hananay a sowal, mitolang han no Pangcah. i ’ayawho, metalaw a militangal ko Iwatan to Pangcah, saka misanga’ to atol i taliyok no loma’, sa ira to Atolan hananay a ngangan no niyaro’. o roma i, ira ko cecay a kongko no Iwatan i kafafaw no Valankau ’alo (馬蘭溝) : i kawanan no lotok i Foyin ’alo( i `ayaw no foyin-fotikoan ), ira ko cecay Valankau hananay a sera, o kongko no itiniay ho a Pangcah, o sapiteli to ’okak no tangal no tamdaw. militangal ko lotokay a Iwatan to Pangcah i ’ayaw, ikol no pidasa’ i ｍisarad to ’okak no tangal itini, o paysino on ’Amis, o tatiihay a sera saan no sowal ko Pangcah. i ka Riponan ho, Pa’ilasen han no Ripon a pangangan koni a niyaro’, mapapolong to Kangkonga, Morocan, Atolan, Langasan, Lacihakan, Ke’yatey ato Palaceng, polong han a pangangan to cecay Pa’ilasen sanay a ngangan. Tayhira to i minko’ko tolo polo’ ira ko ^nem a miheca, salatolo han to a paliyaw a pangangan ko Pi’ilasen,富民村, Lacihakan, han to tahamatini. talacowa adihay ko kongko no mato’asay i kasaniyaroaro’ , nikaorira awaay ko tilid no mita, orasaka adihay ko kapawanan to. == O kasiikedan no niyaro’(部落特色) == O Atolan a riyaro’, o mamangay a niyaro’i ilaloma’ay no [[Ruisui|Ruysuy]]-syang (瑞穗鄉 sowal no holam ) no Hualien-siyen (花蓮縣 sowal no holam ) ko Atolan , itini i ira ko tolo a niyaro’ pisaopoan i Fo-ming a niyaro’, o Morocan a niyaro、o Atolan a niyaro’, polong han kona tolo a niyaro’ sowal no holam i o Fo-ming a niyaro’ 富民村 hananay. '''Talo’an no niyaro’''' paytemek ira ko cecay a talo’an no niyaro’, o talo’an, o kasa’opoan no selal, o kasa’opoan no finawlan ano ira ko cara no niyaro’.o kakalimelaan a kasa’opoan to finawlan no niyaro’ to milipahak a sera ko Talo’an, o roma sato, i polong no masamaanay no Pangcah i laloma’ no cecay a mihecaan, o satata’akay haw i, ya ilisin no kaloniyaro’ itiniay i faloay a folad, onini a piilisinan a romi’ad, o kaolahan no mihololay a tayra mikapot to acang no kaloniyaro’. '''’adipangpang a lotok''' itini i no niyao’ no Atolan i, ira ho ko cecay o kaolahan no mihololay a tayra a mipalafang. i ’ayaw no Atolan a niyaro’ ira ko Foyin-Hotiko(蝴蝶谷), itini i ira ko lalanlalan no pala, o coyacoy no lotok, o cascas ato ’adipangpang, tada adihay ko ’adipangpang i lotok. sakatolo folad tangasa i sakafalo folad to mihecahecaan, tada pakaka a minengnengen to adipangpang ko  ’adipangpang a lotok. ano tayni i mama’araw to masamaamaanay a ’adipangpang malecad to misakero. sakasiwa folad i to mihecahecaan, ira ko ‘alipaonay, yo to’eman to ko kakarayan, miyatmiyat sa ko ‘alipaonay i talotalodan kilangkilangan. caay kaeca aciyah hananay a romi’ad tangasa to i safaw cecay folad. == O nikalopisak no Atolan (人口分佈) == I tiniay i [[Ruisui|Ruysuy]] Siang(瑞穗) no Hualien(花蓮縣) ko [[Atolan]] a niyaro’, 107 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 292 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 85% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 247 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 15% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 45 ko tamdaw. O pasinto no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, o ’Amis(阿美族)80%, Bunun(布農族)1%, roma(其他)3%. == O finacadan no Yincomin (所屬阿美族群) == O Siwkolan a ’amis han ko Atolan a niyaro’ , na itira i tarawadaw no Kalingko talatimol tangasa i Cilamitay, nawhani maemin paniyaro’ i lawac no Siwkolan a tarawadaw sa mapangangan to Siwkolan a ’amis. i tiniay i Ruysuy-syang (瑞穗鄉 sowal no holam ) no Hualien-siyen (花蓮縣 sowal no holam ) ko Atolan a niyaro’,  Itiniay i sa’amisan ira ko Fata’an, i satimolan ira ko Posko. iraay ko Kiwit a niyaro’, [[Olaw]] a niyaro’, Olalip niyaro’, Kalala a niyaro’, [[Sapat]] a niyaro’, [[Atolan]] a niyaro’, [[Langas]] a niyaro’, [[Lacihakan]] a niyaro’ , [[Koyo]] a niyaro’ ato [[Morocan]] a niyaro, falo a niyaro' ko kasaniyaro'aro' i Ruysuy-syang. == O pitooran no finawlan (族人信仰) == Tadasakenaay a pitooran no finawlan ko Fo-yen ciwlokiwkay, na o makatelang a elieli’an a kiwkay, ikor i cifaloco’ ko finawlan no kiwkay a misanga’ to kiwkayl no niyaro’. ta ira ko matiniay a ‘amoto a pitooran. o pitooran ko finawlan no Atolan i, kalimelaan ko sowal no Kawas, to sakafana’ to ’orip no tamdaw, ato awaay to ko kaka to nikafana’to codad how i. ora ma’araway a kiwkay i, o tingsikiw ato ciwlokiwkay, o ciwlokiwkay a tamdaw ko ka adihay. pakayni sa’opo no kinkay, malosakarikec sto sakarakat no ’orip no Yincomin, mamaan ca ko deamk no sapitolon ko niyaro’. == O kasadakan Tilid(參考文獻) == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 1qe8hu1l6viv7tyebvmeun7qdt788tw 0 79 1522 1521 2021-10-28T11:58:49Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 73 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 1521 wikitext text/x-wiki Atomo （陶壺） Maratar misafonon ko Pangcah itiya ho, o misanga’an a atomo saheto o sakiladay a ma’orip, o sakilisin ato sakalingad a lalosidan. Mato o atomo o sapirarom a lalosidan, ira to laday ma’araw koni kacipinangan no Pangca a atomo. O kolan i o sapitangtang to hemay, o para’ nira mikipanahal to para’ no atomo, kakahad ko sifo, kakahad ko trangoyosan awa ko filfil; tatoronan i o sapisahakhak todongay to o mahod a lalosidan, no tosaay a kolan ko sapisanga’, sala’ed no sifo’ ira ko tepong, sakangaay mirokrok ko nanom i laeno macakat ko lahod, masahakhak ko toron a felac, no to’as pisatoron, oni tatoronan ko sapitangtang. ira ho ko roma,o diwas hananay malo sapisalisin a lalosidan, o faco nira tolo ko katatingroh, pasilaeno han minengneng masasikak, ira ko masasangkakay. Masamaan ko pisanga’ tonini a atomo saw? o sowal no fafahiyan no Pangcah, sepat ko rakat no tayal, miala to sota’, misadita’, misafaco to sasangaen, mitodoh. Miala to sota’, mikilim to koetengay, mamangay ko sota’, mikilim to koetengay, mamangay ko masa’ataday a sota, pili’en ho ko ’asad a mifalah, ta alaen ko sakotoy mipekpek, fasfasen to nanm hay koeteng, matatodong ko kacipenat no sota’. Misafaco misanga’, i ’ayaw alaen koya koetengay a sota’ moricen misa kimolmol mato o mali, kilimen ko malecaday o fita’ol a fokeloh malo parena’an to para’ no atomo, oya misanga’an misakodepi’ a kilang ko sapipekpek satikotiko han a mipekpek mipatatodong to kifetol, tahira kasafaco to atomo, ta misongila to tangoyosan, satata’aken samimingen, maedeng to patanginga’ han to malopitatoyan. Mitodoh sato, masaatomo to ko misanga’an pahayhayen ho a mi’icang to pangkiw no folad, ta mangaay misatapang a mitodoh, mikilim to fangcalay macidalay ko romi’ad, miala to ’eli, rongorengos, o ’asisiw no panay ma’icangay a ’arad pacamol han mitamek a mitodoh, saromi’ad halodadaya 24ko tatokian, loetim ko kahengan ko atomo no Pangcah. Atomo（阿陶模部落） Itiniay i [[Guangfu]](光復) Cen no Hualien ko [[Atomo]] a niyaro’, 81 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 209 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 76% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 159 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 24% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 50 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Amis74%, roma1%. Ira ko paisingan(阿陶模衛生室) i niyaro’. == Pi’arawan to lakaw == *[http://210.240.125.35/citing/citing_content.asp?id=2453&keyword=%B3%B3%B3%FD 台灣原住民族歷史語言文化大辭典] *許功明、黃貴潮，1998，《阿美族的物質文化：變遷與持續之研究》，臺中：自然科學博物館。 *李景崇，1998，《阿美族歷史》，臺北：師大書苑。 *黄宣衞，2008，《阿美族》，臺北：三民。 *達西烏拉彎‧畢馬，2001，《臺灣的原住民 : 阿美族》，臺北：臺原。 == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] * [http://210.240.125.35/citing/manager/upload_files/38-%E9%99%B6%E5%A3%BA.mp3 族語音檔] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 631ko7mqo2jtd2ycm7do955wpapjnqu 0 80 1548 1547 2021-10-28T11:58:52Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 25 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 1547 wikitext text/x-wiki Atonan（阿都南部落） I tiniay i [[Ji’an|Cian]] (吉安) Siang no Hualien(花蓮縣) ko [[Atonan]] a niyaro’, 863 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 2,103 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 26% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 541 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 74% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 1,562 ko tamdaw. O pasinto no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko ’Amis(阿美族)17%, Truku(太魯閣族)2%, Tayal(泰雅族)1%, Bunun(布農族)3%, Paiwan(排灣族)1%, Puyuma 1%. Ira ko picodadan (光華國小) i niyaro’. ==Talihafan== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] lldv6f65p51dn3682qk0pbcmbxtl667 0 81 36842 30788 2023-05-09T02:41:19Z EmausBot 234 Fixing double redirect to [[Awto]] 36842 wikitext text/x-wiki #重新導向 [[Awto]] iyudvszpak8yfifgs3ewgkvoa3b98p2 0 82 46087 30321 2025-02-27T09:16:42Z Andre Engels 545 頁面已重新導向至[[Awtili]] 46087 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Awtili]] qqgacolrx5eg70naoqak0y4pd5jgexm 0 83 44651 1631 2024-09-07T08:28:50Z 臺灣語言繼承者 2320 44651 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''Cima ko Satimolan-Finacadan(誰是南島語系民族)''' == O Satimolan a Finacadan hananay I odengan o matenakay I riyariyaran a fanacadan imatini tona polong a kitakit,o polong no sowal nangra I ira ko 1300 ko kasasiromaroma. O katenakan nona sowal I itini I Taywan,Filiping,Malisiya,o sakawali I o [[Rapa Nui]](復活節島) mingataay to Cili a kitakit, o saka’etip I tahayra to I lawac no Afulika oya Matakasukaro(馬達加斯嘉) hananay a kitakit,I skatimol I o [[New Zealand|Niucilan]](紐西蘭),o ska’amis I o [[Hawaii]](夏威夷群島) ato [[Taywan]](台灣), O sakakahaday ko katenak no cecay a finacadan itini tona mi’aroan no tamdaw a kitakit. Itini I taypak a sakowan o Olay hananay a niyaro’ no Tayal a finacadan ko saka’amisay a niyaro nona Satimolan a Finacadan. O kakahad no ni’aroan no Satimolan a Finacadan a pala I, ano nayaten nani kawali tala sa’etip ma’edengay makalalitosa ko cikyu,o polong a tamdaw I cisafaw to tosa ko ’ok ira ko lima patek(兩億五千萬人). == Satimolan-Finacadan(南島語系民族) == O Satimolan a Finacadan hananay I odengan o matenakay I riyariyaran a fanacadan imatini tona polong a kitakit,o polong no sowal nangra I ira ko 1300 ko kasasiromaroma. O katenakan nona sowal I itini I Taywan,Filiping,Malisiya,o sakawali I o Rapa Nui(復活節島) mingataay to Cili a kitakit, o saka’etip I tahayra to I lawac no Afulika oya Matakasukaro(馬達加斯嘉) hananay a kitakit,I skatimol I o Niucilan(紐西蘭),o ska’amis I o Hawai(夏威夷群島) ato Taywan(台灣), O sakakahaday ko katenak no cecay a finacadan itini tona mi’aroan no tamdaw a kitakit. Itini I taypak a sakowan o Olay hananay a niyaro’ no Tayal a finacadan ko saka’amisay a niyaro nona Satimolan a Finacadan. O kakahad no ni’aroan no Satimolan a Finacadan a pala I, ano nayaten nani kawali tala sa’etip ma’edengay makalalitosa ko cikyu,o polong a tamdaw I cisafaw to tosa ko ’ok ira ko lima patek(兩億五千萬人).[[Faylo:Taiwanese_aborigines.JPG|thumb|Taiwanese aborigines]] == O katenakan no sowal no Satimolan-Finacadan('''南島語言的分布''') == o polong no sowal I 1300 ko kasasiromaroma. Manengnengen to ita kona cicu, o hatiniay to ko kakahad no katenakan ato kaadihay no sowal I,awaay ho ko ikakaay itini I polong no kasakitakit. Ona sowal no Satimolan a Finacadan I toloay ko kasasilaloma’an ningra, o cecay I o Milanisiya, ocecay I o Mikolonisiya,o sakatolo I o Polonisiya. == '''Nani tini'ay i Taywan a misatapang a matenak(從台灣向外擴散)''' == [[Faylo:Austronesia_with_hypothetical_greatest_expansion_extent_(Blench,_2009)_01.png|thumb|o kafolawan a lalan no Austoronisya(Austronesia with hypothetical greatest expansion extent (Blench, 2009) 01)|280x280px]] O icowacoway to a mikingkyuway a singsi no tata’angay a pitilidan,o piketon nangra to sowal I o nani Taywan a talatimol ko katenak no tamdaw sanay, o larengawan no Satimolan a Finacadan ko Yuencumin no Taywan sanay to ko pawacay. Ano hatiray I ihakowaay a satapang a pasitimlo a matenak hokiya? O sowal I kinapitoay ko kasaliyaliyad a pasitimol sanay. Pitoay ko kasaliyaliyad a katenakan: I hacowaay a satapang a matenak kona Satimolan a Finacadan hokiya a saan to kita. Saayaway I itiya I ayaw no 6000 a mihecaan a satapan nani Taywan a pasipapotal a matenak; 2. I ayaw no 5000 a mihecaan I tahira I Filipin 3. I ayaw no 5000 a mihecaan I tahira I Intonisiya 4. I ayaw no 4500 a mihecaan I, tahira I Milanisiya 5. I ayaw no 3200 a mihecaan I, tahira I Mikolonisiya 6. I ayaw no 800~700 a mihecaan I, tahira to I Hawai ato tada sawalian a kitakit o Fuhocietao hanaay a kitakit. 7.Iayaw to no 300 a mihecaan I, tainiay to I Niwcilan. Oninian I, o pitoay ko kasaliyaliyad a katenakan hananay to. Onini a cicu I  7, o lalan no katenakan no Satimolan a Finacadan. Itini to a masahapinang i ayaw no 5000 a mihecaan maro’ay to ko Yuencumin itini i Taywan,ora as o Kaping ’i 400 ho a so’ot ko mihecaan na katayni’an ngra i Taywan. 0 pahiceraan no Kaping ’I itiniay aca ni sa’etip no Taywan caay ka paka’edef to Taywan, o Yuencumin sa I masongila’ to ko liomah ato niyaro'. == '''O kasalawinawina no sowal(語言的親屬關係)''' == O polong no Satimolan a Finacadan I cecaay ko lamit no sowal,nanitini tona tatapangan a sowal I, cicapa’ to tosa, o sakacecay I o sowal no Yuencumin, o saktosa I Malaypolinisiya a sowal. O sowal no Yuencumin I cicapa’ ho to 42,nanitini tona Malaypolinisiya a sowal i cicapa’ ho to tosa , sahatini sa ko kasacapa’capa’ no sowal , ’edef santo I Satimolan a riyariyaran. Cecayay ko tatapangan no sowal saan to kita, nikawrira,o roma a kitakit I, samanay ko nangra a pinengneng hokiya? Patinako han nako ko Masyalu a kitakit. Icowaay kona Masyalu hananay a kitakit saan tokita, nengnengen kona cicu 9, o tatapangan nganra a sowal I nanitiniay I Taywan sanay. Malecaday o Satimolan a Finacadan a sowal sako pipatalahekal nganra. Mahapinag to ko pisakalimela no roma a kitakit to Satimolan a sowal, patinakohan i o pisa'osi tora cecay, tosa, tolo, sepat, lima, 'enem, pito, falo, siwa, tahira i mo'epet malecad, o pakayniay i tatirengan tora mata,tangila,ngoso' sanay i malecad. Pato’or han nako to cecay a demak I 2015 a mihecaan,malakakeridan no Taywan a Cefang mikapot to ''Sakakaay a kayki no Tato’asan a kakeridan no Satimolan a Riyariyaran a kitakit,o pikayki no niyam, Ira ko tata’angay a sa’eli no midemakay tona kayki,ono niyah a sowal ko sapipakimad no kakridan sanay.'' ''Syasin 12'' Onini ko sapikimad no mako,ona kawaliay I o Ikilis, ona I kawananay I ono ’Amis a sowal.(roparop sanay to).Omalecaday a sowal. Itini to a mahapinang ko kalalitiliting no sowal no polong a Satimolan a Finacadan. Sa negnegen han ita ko malecaday a sowal.Itini tona ''Sakakaay a kayki no Tato’asan a kakeridan no Satimolan a Riyariyaran a kitakit i,ira ko 'atekakay a sa'eli no midemakay tona kayki,ona sa'eli i, o kakeridan no micamolay tona kayki a cefang no kalokitakit i, ono niyah a sowal ko sapikimad a pali'ayaw sanay, sa onini ko sapikimad no mako,ona kawaliay a tilid i, ono Ikilis, ona I kawananay i ono ’Amis a sowal.(kinapinapinaay to a miliyaw a patongal a mitilid sa roparop sanay to a ngengenen).Omalecaday a sowal patatili' hanaay a mitilid.'' ''Sa negnegen han ita ko malecaday a sowal.Itini to a mahapinang ko kalalitiliting no sowal no polong a Satimolan a'' <u>Finacadan.</u> == '''o kasalawinawina ato Yincum no Taywan'''(與台灣原住民族的親屬關係) == === kasalawinawina no lolang a kilang(構樹的親屬關係) === Caay ka o sowal aca ko malalitilitingay no Taywan ato Satimolan a Kitakit.Sakatosa a sasowalen no mako I, pakayni’ay to samaanay ko kasalawinawina no lolang a kilang hokiya.o tahapinangan to Taywan ato Satimolan a Finacadan,o malininaay cangra sanay a wacay. === O kalalitiliting no kasarocorocokan no lamit no ’ilang('''DNA的親緣關係)''' === Itini I polong no Satimolan a Finacadan I, iraay ko ''MAORI a kasarocorocokan capa’ no paykin,''onini ko pidodoan no mikakinkiway a miketon to sowal: ona polong no Satimolan a Finacadan I, o nanitiay I Taywan ko lalengawan nangra, o tatapangan a niyaro’ no Satimolan a Finacadan ko Taywan, sanay to ko piketon to sowal. 8xkf9gtdbpmpyg09th2zp7sqc1i0siz 0 84 33329 33328 2022-12-23T20:55:26Z Kontrollstellekundl 512 2022 + corr. 33329 wikitext text/x-wiki == Austria('''奧地利共和國)''' == == Awtili Kapolongan Kitakit(奧地利共和國) == == Takaray Sowal(概況) == [[Faylo:Flag_of_Austria.svg|thumb|upright|Hata no Awtili (Flag of Austria)]] O Awtili Kapolongan Kitakit( Toic a sowal:Österreich) kalopitahidang o Awtili hananay, i sifo’ no Yoropa a i kamoday no karapaw a kitakit,nikawrira, pakaynien i rikisi a minengeng nipasasiikedan o Sa’etipay a Citatapangay Salongoc Kitakit ato Sawaliay a Citatapangay Salongoc Kitakit. Adihayay ko kasafiyaw no Awtili kitakit,isakawali malafiyaw ato Syongyali(Syongyali a sowal:Magyarország) ato Selofako(Selofako a sowal:Slovenská republika), isakatimol o Itali ato Serowiniya(Serowiniya sowal:Republika Slovenija), isaka’etip malafiyaw ato Licitonston kitakit(Toic a sowal :Fürstentum Liechtenstein) ato Suwis Kapolongan Kitakit(Toic a sowal:''Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft''；Fransu a sowal:''Confédération Suisse''; o kalopitahidang a ngangan ono Latin a sowal:''Confœderatio Helvetica''), isaka’amis malafiyaw ato Toic ato Cieko(Cieko a sowal:''Česká republika''，kalopitahidan o Česko hananay). O syoto i satata’angay a tokai Wiyiena(Toic a sowal:''Wien''; Holam a sowal:維也納), o tamdaw nona tokai i,860 ’ofad.[1] O dadahal no sekalay a pala 83.855㎢, patokeled han itiraay i Arpis lotok kona kitakit, sa mapangangan to lotolotokan kitakit, o ‘edeng mahaop ko 32% a pala nani riyaran lalen i la’enoay no 500m ko ka’akawang, sahetoay takaraway a pala, o satakaraway a katokoh i 3,798&nbsp;m ko ka’akawang.[2] O aniniay to a Awtili kitakit, o Pikaykian Faco , o kapolongan a kitakit, 9 ko kasapolong no sakowam.[3] O ceceay no sacipaysoay a kitakit i polong nitahepoan no kakarayan a kitakit, i 2012 miheca a pisahapinang i,o polong a ‘eten no kapolongan malawisay to ko 46,330 Amirika payso. O Cemahadan a Sa’osi no Tamdaw(Ikiris a sowal:''Human Development Index''，decdec a tilid:''HDI;'' Holam a sowal:人類發展指數或人類發展水準) i polong no sekal a kitakit o saka21 a kasarayaray(o polong ira ko 199 a kitakit), patokeled sa nani 1995 miheca o kapot tono Yoropa Lekatep,[2] o cecay no sarakatay a mipatirengay to OECD(經濟合作暨發展組織（簡稱經合組織；Ikiris a sowal:''Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development;''Holam a sowal:''經濟合作暨發展組織,簡稱經合組織''）.[3] I 1995 miheca mipangangan i Sinken Kapolongan a Katatelekan(Toic a sowal:''Schengener Abkommen''；Fransu a sowal:''Convention de Schengen''；Olanta a sowal:''Verdrag van Schengen''；Holam a sowal:''申根公約'' )[4] sakalahoday no tamdaw a macacofecofel. I 1999 a mihecaan mihai to payso no Yoropa, 2002 miheca satapang a kalapaysoen ko payso no Yoropa. [[Faylo:Familienwappen_Habsburg-Stroehl.jpg|thumb|Fayafay no Hapuspaw Hontian Laloma'an(Habsburg-Stroehl)]] O Awtili a kitakit i, mikowanay to sifo’ay a Yoropa nani 650 miheca taha 1918 mihecaan, o citatodongay a mikowan i,o Hapuspaw Honti(Hapuspaw Laloma’an: ''Habsburg''), o Syoto no Sinsie Roma Hontian Kitakit ato Awsyong Hontian Kitakit ko Wiyiena,o roma sato ’i,o kamaro’an no Awtili finacadan itiraay i kamaro’an no Lierman finacadan(Latin a sowal:''Germani''，Toic a sowal:''Germane''n; Holam a sowal:日耳曼人). O sowal i, malecaday ato Toic, Suisu ato Losinpao o Toic a sowal ko kasasowal. Pakaynien i rikisi madadecdecay ko kalalitin ato sifo’ay Yoropa, sa’etipay Yoropa a Syongyali, Cieko ato Polan a kitakit. == '''O ngangan(名稱)''' == [[Faylo:Ostarrîchi_Document_(name_circled).jpg|thumb|o samatelangay a tilid no Awtili nilikowt to kahengangay.(Ostarrîchi Document (name circled)]] [[Faylo:Ostarrîchi_Document_(zoomed).jpg|thumb|upright|misata'engangan koya kahengangay a likowat(Ostarrîchi Document)]] Sano Toicen a sowal ko Awtili i o Österreich hananay,ona ngangan i nani laheta a sowal no Toic o「''Ostarrîchi''」，ona tilid tonini i o matiliday i 996 miheca,[5] o「''sawalian lilis no masapncahay''」sanay ko imi nonini.Ona tilid i,latek itiyaayho sasifo’an sici o malecaday to Latin a tilid ''Marchia orientalis,'' oni felih nani niyaro’an sowal no Pafaliya Toic sowal. Oroma sato ’i, latek nani sowal no itiniay a tamdaw to pipangangan to cecay a tokos, o Slofaniya sowal「''Ostravica''」, papolo no tokos sanay ko imi, nawhani, masatono’ay ko ’apilis no tokos itini. Ono Holam a pangangan i toor hananay to kono a sowal a mifelih. O Awtili sanay a ngangan i,o Latin a ngangan mifelihan nani Toic a pangangan, sarakatay a ma’araw i tilid ’i, itiyaay ho i 12 sici,[6] itiya ho o pala no Awtili i,itiraay aca i fafa’eday(Toic a sowal:''Oberösterreich''; Holam a sowal:''上奧地利邦''） ato la’enoay a sakowan (Toic a sowal:''Niederösterreich''; Holam a sowal:''下奧地利'') no Awtili, ono sakawaliay no Pafaliya kitakit a pala. == '''Rikisi (歷史)''' == === '''Katelangan ho a fakelohan mihecahecaan(舊石器時代)''' === Ano do’edoen ko makeraay no mikakarkaray tono to’asa a dafong,itiya ho i katelangay a o fakeloh ko saktayal a mihecahecan iraay to ko tamdaw a maro’ itini tona palapalaan. I&nbsp;’ayaw ho Roma a mihecahecan, iraay to pinapina a niyaro’ no Korto Tamdaw(Ikiris a sowal:''Celt''; Holan a sowal:''凱爾特人'') itini a ma’orip. To ikor to i, macowat no Roma Hontian Kitakit, malacecay a sakowan no Roma. === '''Falanko Hontian Kitakit(法蘭克帝國時期)''' === Yo malikelon to ko ’icel no Roma, madado’edo ko Syong Tamdaw(Ikiris a sowal:''Hun''s; Holam a sowal:''匈人''）, Lonpati Tamdaw(Latin a sowal:''Langobardi'';Italiya a sowal:''Longobardi'';Holam a sowal:''倫巴底人''）,Tonkoto Tamdaw(''Ostrogoths''; Holam a sowal:''東哥德人''）, Pafaliya Tamdaw ato Falanko Tamdaw a micowat ton apala. [[Faylo:Rudolf_von_Habsburg_Speyer.jpg|thumb|upright|Lotawfu Fon Hapospaw Honti (Rudolf von Habsburg Speyer)]] O cecay a Slafo niyaro’ maforaw a tayra i Arpis Tokos,’ecoen nangra a maro’ ko aniniay a sasifo’an ato sawalian no Awtili, patireng to Kalantaniya a Hontian Kitakit. I&nbsp;788 miheca, macowat ni Cali Honti (o Honti no Falanko Kitakit) kona pala,tahidangen ningra ko finawlan a tayni maforaw, patirengen ningra ko Kriato Pitooran. Naikoran ni Cali Honti i,malacinowas ko Falanko Kitakit,o Awtili a palapalan i,siiked sa malasakowan no Sawliay Falanko Hontian Kitakit, itiya ho kona palapalan i,o''「marchia Orientalis」''hananay a pangangan, o 「Sawaliay a Saowacan Pala」sanay ko imi nira, o Pafaliya a kakita’an ko mikowanay. 976 miheca, matoro’ ci Liawpito mala Kakita’an no Babenberger kitakit,(巴奔堡王朝）, malo misi’ayaway a mitoker to Nanslafo Tamdaw ato Syongyali Tamdaw. === '''O Hapospaw Laloma’an a mihecahecan(哈布斯堡家族統治時期)''' === Sarakatay a ma’araw i tilid ko Awtili a ngangan itiyaay ho i 996 mihecaan(nengnengen ko i fafa'eday a cisu), itiya ho 「''Ostarrîchi''」hananay a mitilid, o「Sawaliay a Saowacan Pala」sanay ko imi,o nani katelang a Toic sowal a mifelihan konini. 1156 miheca,mapaini no Fancalay Roma Hotian Kitakit (Toic asowal:''Heiliges Römisches Reich''；Latin a sowal:''Sacrum Romanum Imperium'') to「Mamangay tekedan Salongoc」(Latin a sowal:''Privilegium Minus'') ko Awtili ta macakat malasakowan no niyaro’an a tapang; tahira sato i 1192 miheca, o Babenberger Kitakit maala ho maloniyah ko Stayliya Hotian Kitakit(Toic a sowal:''Herzogtum Steiermark''; Holam a sowal:''史泰利亞公國'' )。 1246 miheca, mapatay ko honti no Awtili ci Fitili Sakatosa(Toic a sowal:FriedrichⅡ) i Layta ’Alo a lalood, lahedaw sato ko mamirocok a tamdaw, sanoyanan sato a mala mikowanan no Posimiya, ci Porimiser Awtoka Sakatosa( ''Přemysl Otakar&nbsp;II'') ko honti itiya. Nilawrira,i 1278 miheca, Porimiser Awtoka Sakatosa malowid no honti no Toic ci Lotawfu Fon Hapospaw(''Rudolf von Habsburg),'' sanoyanan sato makowan no Hapospaw Laloma’an tahira i sakacecay lalood no ’emin no nitahepoan no kakarayan(1278~1914). Itiya sato i 14~15 sici pa’icel sa ko Hapospaw Laloma’an a pasipapotal a micowat to pala. 1526 miheca ma’eco to ko Posimiya ato Syongyali(ca a caay ho ka ’eco no Awtoman Hontian Kitakit), saadihay sato ko fangafang ato roma a kitakit. Oya lalood i Wiyiena i 1683 miheca saka 9 folad saka 12 folad, mikadep ato nani Polan a mamidama a sofitay, o nini ko saka lowid no Awtoman Hontian Kitakit, tona lalood mataker ko sapicowataw no Awtoman Hontian Kitakit pasitira i sasifo’an no saka’etip no Yoropa, materek ho ko Hapospaw Laloma’an a ’icel i sasifo’an Yoropa. Toikor cakapitolas ko picacowat to pala no roma a kitakit, orasaka i 1699 miheca matatilid atoAwtoman Hontian Kitakit to Kalowici Kakaketonan(''Treaty of Karlowitz;卡洛維茨條約),''maha’emin to no Awtili a mi’eco ko Syongyali, onian ko samatiya sato ko Hapospaw Laloma’an o Fancalay Roma Hotian Kitakit, ona pikowan no Hapospaw tahira i 1806 miheca i katekopan no Fancalay Roma Hotian Kitakit. Yo macakat to ko Polosi, malengat ko Awtili ato Polosi mala’afas to pala no Toic, matokeled sa ko Awtili mapolong ato Polosi ato Rosiya kinatosa mapapecih to Polan(saka kinacecay ato sakakinatolo). === '''Awtili Hontian a Pikowan(奧地利帝國皇帝)''' === 1806 miheca,matekop ko Fancalay Roma Hotian Kitakit,i’ayaw nonini to tosa a mihecaan, milekal ko saikoray a honti no Fancalay Roma Hotian Kitakit ci Francilanci&nbsp;II(Totic a sowal:''Franz&nbsp;II''; Holam a sowal:''法蘭茲二世)'' o Honti no Awtili Hontian Kitakit kako saan, o mikowatan a sakowanan i, o Awtili ko sasifo’an a pasapaotal mahaop ko mikowanan pala no Hapospaw Laloma’an. Tahira sato i 1867 miheca,o sapipalasawadaw to fangafangan toya PoAw kalaloodan(''Deutscher Krieg;''Toic a laloma’an a lalood hananay ho a pangangan), mapaci’eci ko Hapospaw Laloma’an a misodod to Tada Kakeridan no Syongyali, mafalic ko ngangan no Awtili Hontian Kitakit to Awsyong Hontian Kitakit, yo itiraay i mikowanan no Syongyali a pala mapacakat malakitakit no Syongyali, mapatireng kono niyah a Honti,Lipoin no kitakit (soraratan no kitakit) ato milisataay to mipacomodan a dafong; o matiniay a demak i,tangasa i kalahecian no Sakacecay a Kalalood no Nitahepoan no Kakarayan a Kitakit. Malowid ko Awsyong Hontian Kitakit tona lalood, macacinowanowas masamamangay a kitakit, ilaloma’ nona adihaay a mamangay a kitakit i,oya pecih no Nailaytaniya(''Cisleithania''，Toic a sowal:''Cisleithanien''，Syongyali a sowal:''Ciszlajtánia''; Holam a sowal:''內萊塔尼亞)'' mapatireng mala Sarakatay a Kapolongan Kitakit, malalang to sakatatekoaw ato Toic(oya Wima Kapolongan Kitakit,Toic a sowal:''Weimarer Republik''; Holam a sowal:''威瑪共和國''). 1938 miheca, NaciToic(Toic a sowal:''Nationalsozialistische Deutschland''，o sifo no Toic a pitahidang i,sano Toic a sowal: ''Deutsches Reich''; Holan a sowal:''納粹德國),'' malaheci no Toic a mipolng ko Toic ato Awtili, tahita i kaherekan no sakatosa a lalood no polng no kitakit. === '''Cowa ka Pisakakinih a Kitakit a Tahada’oc(永久中立國)''' === Yo malowid to ko NaciToic i sakatosa a lalood no polong a kitakit, o Malekatepay Kitakit (Toic a sowal:''Besetztes Nachkriegsösterreich'') ko mikowanay to Awtili, i 1945 miheca, yo matatilid to kaketonan ko Malekatepay Kitakit to Awtili Kitakit a Katatelekan(''Austrian State Treaty;'' oroma a pangangan i o ''Austrian Independence Treaty'')[7], milekal ko Awtili akitakit caay ka pisakakinih pasicowa a kitakit a taha da’oc, oya mi’ecoay to Awtili a sofitay no Malekatepay Kitakit tatootoor sato a miliyas to Awtili, sano yanan sato a Misaiked to Niyahpikowan ko Awtili taha nini. Itiya sato i 1989 miheca matekop ko Kyosanto a Sifo no Sa’etipay Yoropa, sarahoday sato ko pikapot no Awtili i Yoropa a malacecay, tokeled sa i 1995 miheca mikapot to Yoropa a Malekatepay, i 1999 miheca mikapot to kalacecay no payso no Yoropa(''Eurozone;歐元區'').[8] == '''Sici (政治)''' == === '''Tosaay ko Pikaykian no Kitakit'''(國會兩院制) === Adihay ko kasasiromaroma a kasafelaw(centang政黨) no Awtili, o masa’osiay i,ira ko Syakaiminsyu Kasafelaw(SPÖ), ira ko Awtili Finawlan a Rekad(ÖVP),ira ho ko Awtili Naifaloco’ay Rekad(FPÖ)，ato Langdaway Kasafelaw. O sakakaay a tapang no Awtili kitakit i, o congtong, ‘enem miheca miliyaw a mitopa a misinkiw to ongtong ko finawlan. O congtong ko mitoro’ay to mamalasoli(todongay o sincenyiencang no Taywan) a tamdaw, to hatiniay to a lafin i,o kakeridan no saalomanay ko king i Kararemay Pikaikian ko matoro’ay a malasoli. O misang’ay to rikec no kitakit a pikaikian no Awtili i tosaay, o miocoran no kahacecacecay a sakowan 46 ko tamdaw itira i Fafa'eday Pikaikian(''Bundesrat:''o kapolongan sakowan a pikaikian), ato o misinkiwan ko kalaking no 183 ko tamdaw i Kararemay Pikaikian(''Nationalrat:''fainawlan a pikaikian hananay). Ona tosaay a pikaikian i, o Kararemay Pikaikian ko ikakaay ko ’icel, nawhani, o misanga’ay to rikec no kitakit, citatodong a midemak to pisatapangan no fa’elohay a sifo a matayal, pasetek a milaheci to kasanawsawan to tayal no sifo ato matayalay a palasawad to kamaro’an. O Fafa'eday Pikaikian i,o mipasadakay to salongoc no kahacecacecay no sakowan i Kararemay Pikaikian, ano ca kapihai i,malalang ko misanga’an a sarikec,nikawrira , ano paci’eci sa ko Kararemay Pikaikian toya rikec i, tatiihay to miliyaw a milalang toya malaheciay to a sarikec. Na kalahecian no Sakatosa Nitahepoan no Kakarayan a Lalood, o pasiwiliwiliay no sasifo’an a Syakaiminsyuto(Toic a sowal:''Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs''，decdecan a tilid:''SPÖ''）, ato pasakawakawanan no sasifo’an a Awtili Finawlan a Rekad(Toic a sowal:''Österreichische Volkspartei''，decdecan a tilid:''ÖVP'') malacafay a patireng to Kapapolong a Sifo, caay ka hakowa ko matiniay a sifo i Yoropa. O SPÖ i,o saalomanay ko kiing, o sakakaay a Sician Rekad, orasak 30 ko kahalafin malakakeridan no sifo ko niocoran nona kasarekad. 2002 miheca saka 9 folad,ona mapolongay a rekad a sifo, ca kalacecay ko miharatengan ato mitayalan, orasaka, macacoliay to romo’ami’ad, oya sa to malatapangay no sifo a kakeridan no Awtili Finawlan a Rekad(''ÖVP'') ci Orfukang Sisayl( ''Wolfgang Schüssel'') lekal sato to pipalasawad to Pikaikian. Toya miheca(2000) saka 11 a folad a sinkiw pakaala to 79 ko tamdaw malakiin, mahaop ko 42.3% a satopa no finawlan, miliyaw o saalomanay ko kiing i pikaikian, orasaka satanektek sato ko paranaan no SPÖ. Oya sato ya saka’aised FPÖ Rekad(Toic a sowal:''Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs'')，caay to kahakowa ko maalaay, ‘edeng to 18 ko kiing, mahop sa 10.1% ko satopa no finawlan. === '''「Tata’angay a Mapolongay Sifo」'''(大聯合政府) === Ittiya sato i 2006 miheca saka 10 folad saka cecay romi’ad a sinkiw o SPÖ Rekad i, samisimisi sa ko kaadihay a citiwtiw ko satopa, malowid ko roma a rekad, miliyaw heca a ci’icel to demak no kitakit, onini ko sapiliyaw a mipatireng to「Tata’angay a Mapolongay Sifo」ato FPÖ Rekad. Caka halafin kona「Tata’angay a Mapolongay Sifo」, 2008 miheca macacoli kona tosaay a sician rekad macacoli to pakayniay i Yosang(o sakatatayalen a payso no kitakit), sawad sato ko ÖVP Rekad a mikapot to tayal no sifo, tona miheca i saka 9 folad saka 28 romi’ad pasaharakat sato a miliyaw a misinkiw ko Awtili to kiing no Pikaykian no Kitakit, o SPÖ Rekad ato ÖVP Rekad to toktok sa ko ‘icel a misinkiw, nikawrira, to hatiniay to a lafin o saawaay ko satopa no finawlan tona sinkiw,o SPÖ Rekad adihay ko kalowan no satopa ’edeng sato 30%, malowan to 11 tamdaw ko kiing, nikawrira, samisimisi sa ikaka to 3.3% pakalowid to ÖVP Rekad, sa halafin sato ko kasasowal nona tosa a Rekad, masasolosolol to niyah a misaharatengan a miliyaw a patireng to「Tata’angay a Mapolongay Sifo」, o kakeridan no SPÖ ci Wierna Faiman(''Werner Faymann'') ko malatapangay no sifo. === '''Pakaka ko kalowan no satopa no citatodongay to tayal no sifo'''(執政黨選票創新低) === Itiya to i 2013 miheca saka 9 folad saka 29 romi’ad a pisinkiwan i, o maalaay a satopa no ÖVP ato SPÖ, nani 200 miheca a sikiw oyanan to a malowan, malalikec i mahaopay ’edeng 24.0% ato 26.8% ko satopa, papolong han ko nini caka hakowa ko matifacay a satopa, dadengdeng sa a matafesiw ko fatad no polong a kiing no pikaykian a pakapatireng to「Mapolongay Sifo」, nani katomirengan no Sakatosa a Kapolongan Sifo o sasafaay ko ’icel nona aniniay a sifo. Oya caay ho ka laheci a mikaykic a terangan a montay,o kasanawsawan to kalacecay no Yoropa cowa ka pakafilo amisanga’ay to saka’orip no tamdawdaw, o katata’ang a kafalic no Sa’etipay a Yoropa, o maforaway atamdaw mi’eco to itiratiraay aca a maro’ a tamdaw makadkad ko samaamaany a fangafang,micowat pasiwali ko Yoropa, adihay ko matiniay a montay o lalowadan no rawraw konini, orasaka milekop a miliyas ko finawlan to ÖVP ato SPÖ a pasitira i pakakaay ko pasikawananay a kasafelaw(rekad), onini ko macakat ko pidama no finawlan to pasikawananay a kasafelaw no Awtili Naifaloco’ay Kasafelaw(Toic a sowal:''Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs''，decdecan a tilid:''FPÖ''）) i 2013 miheca a sinkiw pakaala to 21% a satopa, ngata han to ko mipatireng to sifo a kasafelaw(rekad). Caay ko nini aca ko kalacemceman no mitayalay to sici, ira ko maro’ay i Kanata a tada cipaysoay a Awtili a tamdaw ci Frank Stronach mipatireng tono niyah a kasafelaw, caho ka samiheca mikapot tona sikiwa pakaala to 5.7% a satopa, 10 ko tamdaw to malakiingay, sa itini to a mahapinang ko miharatengan no tamdaw no Awtili, ma’esamen to aniniay a sici ato kicai pasitira sanay to i milekopay ko faloco’. 2017 miheca saka 10 folad saka 15 folad a sinkiw, ÖVP a kasfelaw maala ko 62 tamdaw a kiing no 183 a kiing, oya icilaay a sinkiw a sakakay ko mialaan a kiing o SPÖ, tona aniniay a sinkiw 52 aca ko maalaay a kiing, matefad mala sakatosa ko rayray, o FPÖ a kasafelaw 51 ko maalaay a kiing, o sakakaay to ko ÖVP a kasafelaw i pikaykian no kitakit. Malaheci to kona sinkiw, o kakeridan no ÖVP ci Kuerci tangsoosol sa a patireng to「Mapolongay Sifo」ato FPÖ,ta malatapang no sifo ci Kuerci ,itini rikisi no Awtili o saka’emangay ko mihecaan ni Kuerci. Nikawrira, tosa mihwca cifangafang ko FPÖ ato Rosiya, mapalasawad ko 「Mapolongay Sifo」, mapalasawad ko kalatapng ni Kuerci. Tona miheca a sinkiw mala o sakakaay ko ÖVP, tangsol sa patireng to「Mapolongay Sifo」ato Langdaway Kasafelaw. == '''Kaa’isal no sakowan'''(行政區劃) == Siwaay ko tata’angay sakowan(''Bundesland''), ikararem nona sakowan micikcikan ho to 84 a kalosakowan(''Bezirk''), ikararem ho nonini o tata’angay niyaro’(''Stadt'') ato kaloniyaro’(''Gemeinde''): [[Faylo:The_States_of_Austria_Numbered.svg|thumb|Tata’angay sakowan/rayray(The States of Austria Numbered)]] {| class="wikitable sortable" style=text-align:right |- !ray&shy;ray !!Tata’angay sakowan !!Tatapang niyaro’ !tamdaw (2022) !!data-sort-type="number" | dadahal (km²) !!’isal no niyaro’ (2002) |- |1 ||style=text-align:left | Pokenlan (''Burgenland'') |style=text-align:left |Aisinstato (''Eisenstadt'') |297,583 ||3,966 ||171 |- |2 ||style=text-align:left | Kalisiya (''Kärnten'') |style=text-align:left |Kolakenfo (''Klagenfurt am Wörthersee'') |564,513 ||9,537 ||132 |- |3 ||style=text-align:left | La’enoay Awtili (''Nieder&shy;österreich'') |style=text-align:left |Sie Portan (''Sankt Pölten'') |1,696,796 ||19,180 ||573 |- |4 ||style=text-align:left | Fafa’eday Awtili (''Ober&shy;österreich'') |style=text-align:left |Lincu (''Linz'') |1,505,140 ||11,983 ||438 |- |5 ||style=text-align:left | Sarspaw (''Salzburg'') |style=text-align:left |Sarspaw (''Salzburg'') |560,710 ||7,155 ||119 |- |6 ||style=text-align:left | Staymako (''Steiermark'') |style=text-align:left |Koraci (''Graz'') |1,252,922 ||16,399 ||286 |- |7 ||style=text-align:left | Tilol (''Tirol'') |style=text-align:left |Insporoko (''Innsbruck'') |764,102 ||12,648 ||277 |- |8 ||style=text-align:left | Forapiko (''Vorarlberg'') |style=text-align:left |Puloykenci (''Bregenz'') |401,674 ||2,602 ||101 |- |9 ||style=text-align:left | Wina (''Wien'') |style=text-align:left |Wina (''Wien'') |1,931,593 ||415 ||1 |} 2005 mihecan a so’osi, nani Awtili pisa’osiay. == '''Palapalaan'''(地理) == [[Faylo:Neue_Donau.jpg|thumb|Tonaw 'Alo (Neue Donau)]] [[Faylo:2008_Jungfrau.jpg|thumb|Alpis Lotok (Jungfrau), 2008]] O Awtili i, ikemoday no paraopaw a kitakit,nani sa’etipan pasawali a masa’apilis, o Alpis a lotolotokan pasado’edo ko sakwali ato sa’etip nona kitakit,onini ko kacingangan no Awtili to kakahemekan no misalamaay i kasi’enawan. O dadahal no lotok i, mahaopay ko 70% no polong no sera no kitakit, o satakaraway a ’apocok nona lotok i, o Tata’angay Korokona Lotok(''Großglockner''), o takaraw i, nani tongroh no riyar 3798m ko akawang. I ka’amis no sawalian i, o masadangahay a pala a Wiena, katimol no sawalian ato ka’amis i, o tapohopohokan a pala. Tonaw ’Alo pasika’amis no sawalian ko rakat no nanom,ilaloma’ no Awtili 350&nbsp;km ko kato’edaw nona ’alo. Isakatimol nona kitakit ira ko Mula ’Alo(''Mura'') ato Tolawa ’Alo(''Delaware River''), isak’etip ira ko In ’Alo(''Inn'') ato Salcahe ’Alo(''Salzach''). O polong no Awtili i, o kafafalican no sa’emelay a riyariyaran a kakarayan (''Temperate marine climate'') ato o masengeray a karapawan a kakarayan, orasaka, kasi’enawan ki’etecay kaciferangan sa’emaelay. O Kilakilangan no Awtili mahaop ko 46.7% ko katahepoh no polong no kitakit.[9] O syoto tatapangan a tokai Wiena itiraay i lawac no Tonaw ’Alo. O roma a tokai i ira ko Salspaw(''Salzburg''), ira ko Insporoko(''Innsbruck''), Kolaci tokai(''Graz'') ato Lici tokai(''Linz''). O polong a kakahad no pala no Awtili i 83883㎢. == '''Kicai(經濟)''' == O mafafalicay to dafong a kicai(''market economy'') no Awtili i,tada cemahaday,o ’orip no kalotamdaw tadarihadayay.Patokeled han cemahaday ko misanga’ay to dafong, ira ko [[Faylo:Cow_(Fleckvieh_breed)_Oeschinensee_Slaunger_2009-07-07.jpg|thumb|nipaka'enan kolong(Cow (Fleckvieh breed), 2009]] , ira ko misanga’ay to kikai,kasoling a simal, ira ko dagong no simal,ira ko dingki, tinooy, misakilangay, ira ho ko nanom a dingki. O nipahafayan i, o kolong ato diyong. O liomah i, o potato, dateng, kalo’emi ato ’alilay. O kicai no Awtili i, tada kodemet ko kalalitiliting ato Yoropa Lekatep,mangalef ko kanga’ay ato Toic. Na pikapotan no Awtili i Yoropa Lekatep tangsol sa a malacecay ko kakafalic to dafong ato Yoropa a kitakit,orasaka matongal ko kaadihay no micomoday a payso to sapitayal to maamaan a demak. I&nbsp;2006 mihecaan a kapolongan ’etan(GDP)macakat to 3.3%. == '''Tamdaw (人口)''' == Mahaop ko 92% o Awtili a Finacadan kako sanay ko Awtili a tamdaw. Tahira to i 1990 mihecaan, aloman ko maforaway nani Naslafo a tamdaw, sa cilamlam sato to roma a finacadan. Ona finacadan no Awtili i, ano pasasi’ike’ikeden a misaheto o Kaciaso a Finacadan(''Caucasian race, Caucasoid''), o Yoropa Finacadan hananay ho a mitahidan. [[Faylo:Mariahilferstrasse1.jpg|thumb|o Maci no Wiyiena (Mariahilferstrasse)]] (''Europid''), ono Alpis a siiked, ’edeng sato mahaop ko 10% cowa ko nano Awtili a Finacadan, oninian a tamdaw i o maforaway nani taliyokay a kitakit, patosiay ko nani Kasa’etipay a Yoropa a maforaway tayni a tamdaw. Oroma sato ira ko cecay ofad cisafaw to falo a patek a maforaway a tayni a Slofaniya Kitakit a Tamdaw(''Republika Slovenija''), saopo sanay amaro’ i Kalinsiya ato Stiliya Sakowan. O Awtili i o kacacefelifelisan no tata’angay a finacadan no Yoropa(Lerman Finacadan, Slafo Finacadan ato Latin Finacadan) itini, o kapolongan no Lerman a Aleman Tamdaw, Pafaliya Tamdaw ato Frangko Tamdaw ko Awtli a tamdaw, mialaay ho to saiteked no Macaer Tamdaw, Syongnu Tamdaw, Slafo Tamdaw ato mala Romaay Tamdaw a yuencumin. Ona tamtamdaw i ano milecalecaday to Toic ko To’as ato sowal, iraay kono niyah a saiteked a mala no niyahan a finacadan. Matafesiw ko fatad a tamdaw no Awtili mitooray to Kristo a Pitooran,[12] ilaloma’ no nini i, mahaop ko 59.9% a tamdaw o RomaTinsikyo, 6% o Mo’ecelay Kyokai, 3.5% o Loto Kyokai, 4% o roma a misafa’elohay a pitooran. Oroma a pitooran ira ho ko Islam Pitooran(65), Pukyo(Mipaypayay) ato Indo Pitooran. Itiyaho ’alomanay ko Yotaya a tamdaw maro’ itini, 1930 mihecaan i, cisafaway to mo’etep ofad ko ka’aloman no Yotaya a tmadaw,nikawrira, masiwar no Sakatosa a Lalood no Kanatal a Ma’emin, safahal a marowan ko tamdaw no Yotaya.1900 a pisa’osi i, o polong ira ko 6,003,845 ko tamdaw, tahira sato i 2017miheca saka 3 folad saka 14 romi’ad a pisa’osi i, o polong ira ko 8,598,375 ko tamdaw no Awtili. == '''Sowal (語言)''' == Ono sifoan a sowal i,o Toic a Sowal,o kalocaciyaw to romo’ami’ad i, o Ifafa’eday Toic Sowal: La’enoay Alomani sowal, Sasifoa’an Pafaliya Sowal, La’enonay Pafaliya Sowal, tata’angat ko kasasiroma ato mitilidan. Ono Awtili a lalekoan no Toic sowal ato lalekoan no Toic a sowal no itiraay i Toic a tamdaw caay ka lalen. == '''Kyoiku(教育)''' == Itiya ho i 1774 a mihecaan,o pecih ho a sakowan no Sinsie Hontian Roma Kitakit ko Awtili, milingato to ko Kakita’an ci Maliya Tolisiya a misanga’ to Sapipasifana’ a Faco, o kapolongan sifo ko mikowanay to kyoiku no Awtili,6~15 ko mihecaan a ka’emangay i, 9 ko mihecaan ko nipaci’ecian a kyoiku, o polong a faco no kyoiku 4 ko kasalowis: no wawa a pihatatanam, o sarakatay a pihatatanam, sasifo’ay pihatatanam ato sakakaay a pihatatanam. == '''Punka''' (文化) == Tada ’aloman ko itiniay ko sofoc a misanga’ay to rariw: * Hayton(''Franz Joseph Haydn'') * Mocalto(''Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart'') * Supoto(''Franz Seraphicus Peter Schubert''), ira ho ko romaroma atamdaw; o tadatata’angay ko ngangan a tadamaanay tamdaw:mikakinkiway to wli ci Pociman(''Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann'') ato ci Sietingko(''Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrödinger''); Tapang no Naci Toic ci Hitora(''Adolf Hitler''),o mikakinkiway to kakarayan ci Payerpahe(''Georg von Peuerbach''), o mikakinkiway to niharatengan no tamdaw ci Wikenstan(''Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein''), o mikakinkiway to pisa’osi ci Kotoer(''Kurt Friedrich Gödel''), o mifafohatay to ifaloco’ay ci Foroito(''Sigmund Freud''), o mi’alolicay ci Rosaykoer(''Peter Rosegger'') ato micokaay ci Kolinmo(''Gustav Klimt'')。 === '''To’as a Ilisinan''' (傳統節日) === {| class="wikitable" |- !Romi’ad !!No ’Amis a sowal !!Toic a sowal !!Patongal to sowal |- |1/1 ||Pafilongan ||Neujahr|| |- |1/6 ||Pipa’arwan romi’ad ||Heilige Drei Könige|| |- |Caay ka keton ko romi’ad ||kalowadan na i patay a pilipayan ||Ostersonntag|| |- |Caay ka keton ko romi’ad ||kalowadan na i patay a sakacecay no pilipayan ||Ostermontag|| |- |5/1 ||||Staatsfeiertag ||Romi’ad no matayalay |- |Caay ka keton ko romi’ad ||Kacakatan na i patay ni Yiso |Christi Himmelfahrt ||Iikor no pi’awasan a lisin a sakasepat no pilipayan |- |Caay ka keton ko romi’ad ||Ka’epodan no Sieli a Lisin a pilipayan ||Pfingstsonntag|| |- |Caay ka keton ko romi’ad ||Ka’epodan no Sieli a Lisin a sakacecay no pilipayan ||Pfingstmontag|| |- |Caay ka keton ko romi’ad ||O Sietay ato Remes ni Yiso a Lisin |Fronleichnam ||Ikor no Ka’epodan no Sieli a Lisin a 11 romi’ad a sakasepat no pilipayan |- |8/15 ||Kacakatan no Wina ci Maliya ||Mariae Himmelfahrt|| |- |10/26 ||O pikiningan a lisin to pipatirengan to Kitaki |Nationalfeiertag ||1955 miheca malaheci a misanga’ ko Caay ka Pisakakinih a Tahada’oc a Rikec |- |11/1 ||Romi’ad no kalo Fangcalay Tamdaw ||Allerheiligen|| |- |12/8 ||O pita’ongan ci Maliyan to nika caay ka ciraraw tono tatapangan raraw ||Mariae Empfängnis|| |- |12/25 ||Kasofocan ni Yiso a lisin ||Christtag, Weihnachten|| |- |12/26 ||O cila a romi’ad no Krisamas ||Stephanitag|| |- |12/31 ||Pa’awasan to mihecaan ||Silvester|| |} == '''Pisalalaan no lafang'''(觀光) == [[Faylo:1119_-_Hallstatt.JPG|thumb|O Niyaro' (Hallstatt)]] O tadamaanay a sakacidafongan ko Pisalamaan no Lafang a tayal no Awtili, o kaci’etan no dafong i, mahaop ko 9% no GDP no Awtili.[13] O mipalafangay a tamdaw i, masawkeday i kacifwrangan ato kasi’enawan, o kasaopoan no lafanga i, itiraay i sakatosa afolad ato nani sakapito a folad tahira i sakafalo a folad. I&nbsp;2007 miheca o Lacal no Kanatal a Ma’emin a ’etan o sakafalo a rayray ko Awtili,o polong a ’etan i, 189 ’ok ko payso no Amirika.[15] O palacalay a miholol no kanatal a ma’emin o saka12 ko rayray ko Awtili, ira ko 2080 ofad ko palafangay a tayni.[16] O pipalafangan a tokai caay ka o ’edeng o Sarspaw ato Wiyiena, o pitaparan no Alpis tokos o kakahemakan no mihololay.o ni safulo a mitilidan konini. == '''Tahapinangan Tilid''' == [1] Austria. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 14 May 2009 [31 May 2009]. （原始內容存檔於10 June 2009）; Lonnie Johnson 17; Probezählung 2006 – Bevölkerungszahl (PDF). Statistik Austria. 31 October 2006 [27 May 2009]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2009-06-20）德語）. [2] Austria. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 14 May 2009 [31 May 2009]. （原始內容存檔於10 June 2009）; Jelavich 267. [3] Austria About. OECD. [20 May 2009].（原始內容存檔於6 May 2009）. [4] Austria joins Schengen. Migration News. May 1995 [30 May 2009]. （原始內容存檔於2009-07-07）. [5] University of Klagenfurt. [2 October 2009].（原始內容存檔於13 May 2011）; Bischof, Günter; Pelinka, Anton (編). Austrian Historical Memory and National Identity. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers. 1997: 20–21 [14 June 2018]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-56000-902-3</nowiki>.（原始內容存檔於14 June 2018）. [6] Brauneder, Wilhelm. Österreichische Verfassungsgeschichte 11th. Vienna: Manzsche Verlags- und Universitätsbuchhandlung. 2009: 17. <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-214-14876-8</nowiki>. [7] 廖福特.國際法對於戰時中立及永久中立國之規範.台灣國際研究學會.2015-11-29. [8] Countries, languages, currencies. Interinstitutional style guide. the EU Publications Office. [2 February 2009]. （原始內容存檔於2015-10-17）. [9] （簡體中文）糧食組織森林面積及其變化[1][永久失效連結] [10] Tony Judt（東尼賈德）. Ill Fares the Land（厄運之地－給崩世代的建言）. 臺灣新北市: 遠足文化事業有限公司. 2014年1月: 64. <nowiki>ISBN 978-986-5727-00-0</nowiki> （中文）. [11] Sankar, Pamela. MEDLINE definitions of race and ethnicity and their application to genetic research. Nature Genetics. June 2003, 34 (2): 119. ISSN 1546-1718. <nowiki>PMID 12776106</nowiki>. S2CID 8927634. doi:10.1038/ng0603-119 （英語）. [12] Tony Judt（東尼賈德）. Ill Fares the Land（厄運之地－給崩世代的建言）. 臺灣新北市: 遠足文化事業有限公司. 2014年1月: 64. <nowiki>ISBN 978-986-5727-00-0</nowiki> （中文）. [13] TOURISMUS IN ÖSTERREICH 2007 (PDF). BMWA, WKO, Statistik Austria. May 2008 [2008-11-18]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2008-12-18） （德語）. [14] TOURISMUS IN ÖSTERREICH 2007 (PDF). BMWA, WKO, Statistik Austria. May 2008 [2008-11-18]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2008-12-18） （德語）. [15] UNTWO World Tourism Barometer, Vol.6 No.2 (PDF). UNTWO. June 2008 [2008-11-18]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2008-08-19）. [16] UNTWO World Tourism Barometer, Vol.6 No.2 (PDF). UNTWO. June 2008 [2008-11-18]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2008-08-19）. 6uf1cfzoouqgz7tso7roiuuqy65juid 0 85 30111 1673 2022-01-06T22:44:43Z UrbanecmBot 380 Bot: Cleaning up old interwiki links 30111 wikitext text/x-wiki 張震嶽(Amis a ngangan:Ayal Komad; kowapin a sowal: ''海雅·谷慕'') I 1974 a miheca saka 5 folad saka 2 a romi’ad itini i Taywan Ilan siyen Soaw cen ko kahofocan ningra, o ’Amis/Pangcah cingra, o misoritay to fangcalay a radiw cingra, nai 1993 miheca satapang a mikapot, adihayan to ko mitilidan milahecian ningra, ira ko 《ano maolah takowanan aka pilaliw; kowapin a sowal:''愛我別走''》《pakonira; kowapin a sowal:''自由''》《o adada no ilol; kowapin a sowal:''思念是一種病''》ira ho ko romaroma a nitilidan, mikapot aca cingra to ika. Itini to tona 2014 a miheca, pasadaken ningra koya fangcalay a radiw《ci Ayal Komod kako; kowapin a sowal:''我是海雅·谷慕''》, matama malemed cingra to saka 25 a cefang no fangcalay a radiw no kowapin. == Tinako 經歷 == Kaemang ho ci Ayal Komod mikapot mikihatiy tonano kiwkay a romadiway, na satapang to a maolah to  radiw, ya kocong(國中) ho cingra i, maolah mafana’ a mitengateng(吉他), minanam to rowake (Ikiris a sowal: ''Rock Musi'''''c'''; kowapin a sowal:''搖滾音樂'')hananay, mirifet to romadiway a rifet, == Misanga'an a radiw 音樂作品 == == Natayalan 事蹟 == {{stub}} Romadiway [[Faylo:ChangChenyue2009.jpg|thumb|450px|left|Ayal Komod]] <!--Interwikis--> cpppy2rykd0n8m6faksyg45gdxwt6jo 0 86 30539 1694 2022-01-26T16:40:30Z Emaus 233 iw 30539 wikitext text/x-wiki Azerbaijan（亞塞拜然） [[Faylo:Flag of Azerbaijan.svg|thumb|Flag of Azerbaijan|alt=Flag of Azerbaijan.svg]] [[Faylo:Azerbaijan (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|亞塞拜然的位置]] Itini i 40 30 N, 47 30 E, noAsiya ko [[Azerbaijan]]. Polong no sekalay i 86,600 sq km “saka 113 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 82,629 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 3,971 sq km ” Polong i 9,872,765 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 57.60%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 11.30%, malo no roma to a sera 31.10%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Baku]](巴庫) ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakalima 28 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Ilham Aliyev]](伊利哈姆·蓋達爾·奧格雷·阿利耶夫), patirengan a romi’ad i 2003 a miheca(年) saka 10 folad saka 31 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] [[en:Azerbaijan]] l1d9a2v2qp0tseow735shug06yrwd2y 0 87 1718 1717 2021-10-28T11:59:13Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 23 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 1717 wikitext text/x-wiki A’lripay（阿里擺部落） Itiniay i [[Beinan]](卑南) Cen no Taitung(台東縣) ko [[A’lripay]] a niyaro’, 44 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 135 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 67% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 91 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 33% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 44 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Puyuma(卑南族)49%, Amis(阿美族)7%, Paiwan(排灣族)2%, roma(其他)9%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 6adaejutfy3b4njhqicbjexe6l4f8eb 0 88 1749 1748 2021-10-28T11:59:17Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 30 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 1748 wikitext text/x-wiki Babau（中奎輝部落） Itiniay i [[Fuxing]](復興) Cen no [[Taoyuan]](桃園巿) ko [[Babau]] a niyaro’, 58 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 222 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 96% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 213 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 4% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 9 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)91%, Amis(阿美族)1%, Bunun(布農族)1%, Truku(太魯閣族)1%, roma(其他)1%. Ira ko picodadan(奎輝國小) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(奎輝里辦公處) i niyaro’. Ira ko Kiwkay(真耶穌教會奎輝祈禱所、台灣基督長老教會奎輝教會、奎輝天主堂) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] lpm3gavazq0gxn991cpllm17x4pk3o5 0 89 1751 1750 2021-10-28T11:59:18Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 1 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 1750 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Fafoy]] am6yb1z34sjqem3l79hf678nieec29z 0 90 1774 1773 2021-10-28T11:59:21Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 22 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 1773 wikitext text/x-wiki Bacingul（加平部落） Itiniay i [[Haiduan]](海端) Cen no Taitung(台東縣) ko [[Bacingul]] a niyaro’, 67 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 274 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 96% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 263 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 4% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 11 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Bunun(布農族)84%, Amis(阿美族)1%, Puyuma1%, roma(其他)9%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 4xye71f106yinzhjlup9sifbk6mxyfz 0 91 30322 30276 2022-01-25T06:39:47Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q778]] 30322 wikitext text/x-wiki == The Bahamas, Commonwealth of the Bahamas (巴哈馬國) == == Pahama a kitakit (巴哈馬國) == == Takaray a sowal (概要) == Itiraay i katimol no Amirika, misi’ayaway to Tasiyang a Lukaya kanatanatal (Ikiris a sowal: Lucayan Archipelago) a kanatalan a kitakit, mapapolong to 700 ko kanatal (masa’osi ko mamangay a kanatal) ato rakarakaan. O kaitiraan i, ikatimol no sakawali no Fororita rakarakaan (Ikiris a sowal: State of Florida) a kanatal no Amirika, ika’amisay no Kupa kitakit (Sipanya a sowal: República de Cuba, kalopangangan: Cuba), ato Isponiawra Kanatal (Tominika kitakit ato Haiti kitakit), isaka’amisay no sawalian no Tokokay kanatanatal (Ikiris a sowal: Turks and Caicos Islands; Sipanya a sowal: Isla de La Española), ona kanatal a kitakit sahetoay itiraay i Paymuta Toloay Coco’.[1] (Ikiris a sowal: Bermuda Triangle, mapangangan ho to no Akuma a Toloay Coco’). To hatiniay to lafin, ona Toloay a Coco’ hananay i, o Toloay Coco’ a masacepo’ay Kanatal hananay a mararaw ko pananga. Nawhani, ona pala away ko ’alo nanicoway ira ko cepao’. Matomes to ko kararaw i, oyanan to sanay ko tamdaw. O syoto tatapangan a tokai Naso (Ikiris a sowal: Nassau) itiraay i Niw Porowitens Kanatal, o tamdaw nona kitakit sahetoay itini i lawac no Naso syoto a maro’; o pisalaan no lafang ato kakafalican to payso o sakakaay a sapili’etan a demak no Pahama. == '''Rikisi''' (歷史) == O itiraay i Pahama a kanatanatalan a Yincumin i, o Lukoyang Yincumin, itiya i 1492 miheca saka 10 folad saka 12 romi’ad misakilikilim ci Kolompo to maamaan itini to kanatal a maengeng ningra ko maro’ay tona kanatal a tamdaw. O sowal i, itiya ho macakatay ci Kalompo i Sei Sarwator kanatal sanay. Nikawrira, cakacifaloco’ ko Sipangya tona kanatal, ’edeng o pikalop a miala to itiniay a tamdaw a mamalakoli, orasaka, pacekok sato ko karowan no tamdaw. 1648 miheca, ira ko nani Paymuta Toloay Coco’ a Ikiris a masafelaway tamdaw pahicera tona kanatal, nikawrira, cowa ka cifaloco’ to sakamaro’aw itini, tado hanto no kokong no riyar a pilimekan, o Sipanya a tamdaw i, cilacila a tayni mi’afas to dafong, onini ko sakacaay ka cemahad kona kanatal. Itiya sato i ikor no kalahecian no Amirika a milolol to sapisikedaw, ira ko papinapina to ci’icelay a miti’er to Ikiris a tamdaw milaliw nani Amirika tayni i Pahama Kanatanatalan a milimek, cangra to ko palowaday to sakacakat no Pahama, pamatang a misanga’ to pipaloman to takomod a omah. Ikalaloodan no Amirika yo matatoker ko ka’amisay ato kakimolay, ona kanatal o kaheceraan no sapi’eteng to mitakaway a micolo’ to maamaan a dafon a tamina. Ikor tono kalahecian no Sakatosa a Lalood no Hekal nga’ satapang sanay to ko pisalamaan no lafang a tayal o sakacemahad nona kitakit. 1964 miheca haien no Ikiris ko niyahpikowan no Pahama, 1973 miheca siiked sato a mala Pahama Kitakit.[1] == '''Kicai''' (經濟) == Itini i taliyok no Cialepi a Riyar (Ikiris a sowal: ''Caribbean Sea'') o sakakaay ko karahoday no ’orip no Pahama a tamdaw, o lalen a ’etan no polong a ilalomaay a tamdaw o sakakaay itini i Amirikan a [[Faylo:View_of_Aquarium_and_Pools_from_Royal_Tower_Rooms_Atlantis_1.jpg|thumb|Pahiceraan no Misalamaay (''View of Aquarium and Pools from Royal Tower Rooms Atlantis 1'')]] , mitooray to Amirika ato Kanata ko kacipayso no Pahama a tamdaw. O pisalaan no lafang ato kakafalican to payso a demak i, o sakakaay a sapili’etan a tayal no Pahama, o padangay to tayal no tamona a demak o sakakaay a tayal itini. Tona mihecahecaan mipasadak ko sifo no Pahama to kasasiromaroma a sapili’etan a faco, sa’icel sa a mitahidang to mamipakafo to payso, sacecay sa ko pisa’icel to sapicemahadaw to misang’ay to kikai ato maohay, ona pisa’icel i, iraay to a maengeng ko kalaheci.[2] Nikawrira, i 2019 miheca saka 9 fola, talikeda to satata’angay a faliyos, onan "Tolian" a faliyos awaay ho nano litengan, orasak masipon to 70 ok no Amirika a payso. 2020 miheca tarikeda to Kofit-Naytin (COVID-19) a lifong, malahedaw ko taniay a misalama a lafang, matongal ko kalahedaw no pili’etanan a tayal. Adihay ko kinairaira no riyar, ira ko kasolin simal, ira ko kaso no palapalaan ato cinah. O kakaomahan a sota’ tada manikaway, caay ka hakowa ko kalonanom, orasaka o kinaira no omah cowa ka hakowa. [[Faylo:Fengbin_Tropic_of_Cancer_Marker_20100205.jpg|thumb|Fengbin Tropic of Cancer Marker 20100205]] Iraay ko mamamamangay a misang’ay to lalosidan: misakilangay, masang’ay to tamina, misanga’ay to kaka’enen ato nananomen, misanga’ay to ’epah, nakamayaman a tadamaanay dafong, misanga’ay to sapa’iyo. Oninian a misanga’ay to maamaan a dafong i, sahetoay masaopo i etal no naifaloco’ay a malali’acaan. O sapicemahadaw to masamaamaanay a katayalan, pa’icel a somowal ko Pahama a sifo to sapipatireng to ma’edengay a katayan, painien no sifo to sapa’icel a payso. Tadamaforokay a sera ko Pahama, orasaka caay ka nga’ay ko liomah, hato pasamo sanay a paloma to mamang a dateng ato losay, o nipalomaan i, o’edengan o tefos, tomato, pawli, ’alilay, saytaw ato kalitang. O kaka’enen i, sahetoay o mi’acaan nani roma a kitakit, mahaop ko 80%. Ira ko mamang a dateng ato mami’ mipasadakan a paliwal, o titi ma’edengay kono niyah a kaka’enen. Onini ko sakapipa’ading no Pahama sifo to liomah ato losay. O riyariyaran no Pahama i, o cecay no tadamaanay a pifotingan no polong a kitakit, o sakakaay a maalaay i, o ’afar no riyar, cekiw, kaciki a foting ato fowa, ilaloma’ nonini i, o ’afar no riyar mahaop ko 60% no polong a maalaay nani riyar. == '''Sici''' (政治) == O Hontian a kitakit ko Pahama, tosay ko Pikaykian no Kitakit, o sarawa’an no kitakit i, ci Ilicapid II (Ikiris a sowal: ''Elizabeth II''; Holam a sowal: ''伊麗莎白二世''). Ona ci Ilicapid i, o honti no Ikiris, itira sanay i Ikiris ko aro’ nira, toro’ hananay to ko Conto a mikowakowan to Pahama. Orasak, o Kakeridan no sifo i, o Conto, o tatapangan no sifo i, o congli. Mapatirengay ko sakakaay a pisawkitan, pipacolian a pisawkitan ato i sakowananay a pisawkitan, misawkit to kalofangfang, ano caka laheci ko pisawkit i, o SumiYin no Ikiris (Ikiris a sowal: ''Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council'') to ko mamiketon to sawkit. == '''O kasasiiked a sakowan''' (行政區劃) == Itini i pahama ira ko 31 ko kasasilsil no etal, 19 ko kanatal, itini i ngata no Nasaw syoto a Sinpolowisten, Tata’angay a Pahama, Antoros, Apako, Iliwsayla a kanatalan iraay ko misarocoday a matayalay. == '''Tamdaw''' (人口) == I 2010 miheca a pisa’osi to tamdaw ira ko 351,461 ko ka’aloman no tamdaw, sahetoay o cilamlamay a teloc no Yoropa ato Afrika a tamdaw. Sahetoay a masaopo i Sinpolowisten kanatal. [[Faylo:Flag of the Bahamas.svg|thumb|Hata no Paham (''Flag of the Bahamas'')|alt=Flag of the Bahamas.svg]] [[Faylo:LocationBahamas.svg|thumb|Kaitiraan no Pahama (''Location of the Bahamas'')]] == kaitiraan (地理位置) == Itini i 24 15 N, 76 00 W, noNotimolan Amilika ko [[Bahamas]] Polong no sekalay i 13,880 sq km “saka 161 ko rayray no ngangan.” “O sekalay no sera i, 10,010 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 3,870 sq km” Polong i 327,316 ko tamdaw. siyoto: O Nasaw (''Nassau'') ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad (國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakapito 10 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit (國家) anini i ci Ilicapid II ([[Elizabeth II]]), patirengan a romi’ad i 1952 a miheca saka 2 folad saka 6 a romi’ad. == '''Kakayaran''' (氣候) == O kakayaran no Pahama sahetoay o sa’emelay ato lafa’efaay, o Pihwikuisin (Ikiris a sowal: ''Tropic of Cancer,'' Holam a sowal: ''北回歸線''）mita’eselay i sasifo’an nona kanatanatal. Ano latek ira ko kacifrangan a tata’angay a fali ato faliyos a tayni, 1992 miheca o Antoli (''Andrew'') a faliyos falesiw han nira ko saka’amisan nona kanatal, 1999 kiheca o Foroito (''Floyd'') masapeti’ nira ko sakawalian nona kanatal, 2019 miheca o Tolian a faliyos palahorac han kopilefek tona kanatal, o cikay no fali cecay a widi ira ko 295 km, o pacekokay a cikay no fali i 354km ko cecay a toki, o iraay ma’osaw i tilid a mirecepay a misiwar to ’orip no Tata’angay a Pahama ato Tata’angay Apako kanatal. == sera (土地) == Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahan a sera i,mahop ko 1.40%, Malo no kilakilangan a sera i, mahaop ko 51.40%, malo no roma to a sera i, mahaop 47.20%. == Tahapinangan a Tilid (參考文獻) == [1] 關于巴哈马 > 国家简介. 巴哈馬駐華大使館. [2] 巴哈馬国家概况. 中加經貿論壇. == Pikafitan i Papotal (外部連接) == * [http: //www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http: //www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] *巴哈馬政府官方網站：Bahamas Government Official Websi *巴哈馬旅遊局：Bahamas Ministry of Tourism *巴哈馬旅遊信息：Travel to The Bahamas *巴哈馬憲法：The Bahamas Constitution [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 7la57l9up77311pb2i51xo2es7ew6px 0 92 30360 30274 2022-01-25T06:40:28Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q398]] 30360 wikitext text/x-wiki Bahrain（巴林） [[Faylo:Flag of Bahrain.svg|thumb|Flag of Bahrain|alt=Flag of Bahrain.svg]] [[Faylo:Bahrain on the globe (Afro-Eurasia centered).svg|thumb|Bahrain on the globe (Afro-Eurasia centered)]] Itini i 26 00 N, 50 33 E, noAsiya ko [[Bahrain]]. Polong no sekalay i 760 sq km “saka 188 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 760 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 0 sq km ” Polong i 1,378,904 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 11.30%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 0.70%, malo no roma to a sera 88%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Manama]](麥納瑪) ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakatosa ko safaw 16 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Hamad bin Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa]](哈邁德·本·伊薩·本·薩勒曼·阿勒哈利法) , patirengan a romi’ad i 1999 a miheca(年) saka 3 folad saka 6 a romi’ad. ==Pi’arawan to lakaw== * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] k54zoq0shupqlwxzomev50hw4cy6qiu 0 93 44510 44509 2024-08-31T19:42:52Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 Izetbegović, 2011 44510 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Bakir Izetbegović 2011.jpg|縮圖|Izetbegović, 2011|alt=Bakir Izetbegović 2011.jpg]] I 1956 a miheca(年) saka 6 folad saka 28 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci '''Bakir Izetbegović'''(巴基爾·伊澤特貝戈維奇), malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Bosnia and herzegovina]](波士尼亞與赫塞哥維納) anini i ci Bakir Izetbegović, patirengan a romi’ad i 2016 a miheca saka 3 folad saka 17 a romi’ad. == No papotalay a kakafit == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 5d4qpxtdzeilpe27bqxmslr7cwf1oma 0 94 1891 1890 2021-10-28T11:59:33Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 41 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 1890 wikitext text/x-wiki Bakung a niyaru’ （豐濱鄉） Bakung a niyaru’, i sawalian nu makatimul ku aru’, anu pakayraen i maka’amis a misilsil, u rinahem ku maka amis, i sawaliyan u tay-ping-yang. teparsa i satipan u Huling, Bataan, Ukang, Puseku calap sa makatimul, i Pusung nu Kakacawan. Nay kaRipunan pangangan han tu “sinsiya” herek sa a palalaedis padudusaan malecad atu nu Tayciw a sinsiya ku ngangan, tuwa balic han tu aniniay a ngangan tu “Bakung”. I sawalian nu kalingku ku Bakung, u payniyaru’ nu Pangcah i, ira ku Karuruan, Paterungan, Bakung, Cepu’, Cawi’ ku nikasaniyaru’ i matini. U miebaway tu demak nu payniyaru’ ku Bakung. (matiya nu Karurungan, Paterungan, Bakung, Cepu’, Cawi’) mitepar tu liyal atu lutuk nikasaniyaru’ sisa mamelaw tu, i lutulutukan atu i liyaliyalan ku Pangcah, saalumanay ku Pangcah itila. == Pi’arawan to lakaw == [http://www.feng-bin.gov.tw/ 豐濱鄉公所] [[Kasasiwasiw:U suwal nu i amisay a Pangcah]] 333cpm4p94ubjunktmw479hmvdf4ebp 0 95 45477 44508 2025-01-19T09:53:45Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 Lonsdale idi 2015年 45477 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Baldwin Lonsdale 2015.jpg|縮圖|Lonsdale idi 2015年|alt=Baldwin Lonsdale 2015.jpg]] I a miheca(年) saka folad saka a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci '''Baldwin Lonsdale'''(鮑德溫·朗斯代爾), malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Vanuatu]](萬那杜) anini i ci Baldwin Lonsdale, patirengan a romi’ad i 2014 a miheca saka 9 folad saka 22 a romi’ad. == kasofocan a loma’ 出生家庭 == == lalamod  配偶 == == salikaka  兄弟姐妹 == == natayalan  事蹟 == == pitooran  宗教 == == tahapinangan a tilid 參考文獻 == == No papotalay a kakafit 外部連結 == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] glx4b0jp6wp6ryk640ohmmnpl7xggff 0 96 1928 1927 2021-10-28T11:59:39Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 21 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 1927 wikitext text/x-wiki Balung（中巴陵部落） Itiniay i [[Fuxing]](復興) Cen no Taoyuan(桃園巿) ko [[Balung]] a niyaro’, 82 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 225 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 73% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 165 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 27% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 60 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)70%, Amis(阿美族)1%, Truku(太魯閣族)0.4%, roma(其他)1%. Ira ko Kiwkay(真耶穌教會中巴陵教會) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] cmah6gsrpsckjg8j30rjv4rs584r8lo 0 97 1952 1951 2021-10-28T11:59:42Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 23 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 1951 wikitext text/x-wiki Itiniay i Shoufeng(壽豐) Cen no Hualien(花蓮縣) ko [[Banaw]] a niyaro’, 375 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 885 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 45% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 398 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 55% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 487 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)38%, Truku(太魯閣族)2%, Tayal(泰雅族)2%, roma(其他)2%. Ira ko imeng(池南派出所) i niyaro’. == Banaw (池南) == I Hualinsing. （花蓮縣）nu [[Suhungsiyang]] （壽豐鄉）hawi, ira ku Banaw hananay a niyaru. Nikawrira caay kabana:’en. no tamdaw kiraniyau’. ano Liitan（鯉魚潭）Banaw hani awaay ku caay kabana’. saka i tepar no Liitan（鯉魚潭）ku Banaw hananay a niyaru. Pakayni nika cieci nu sa’uwac a masupsup ku nanum. sabanaw satu. U saka’urip nu itiniay a tamdaw i. tolo^ no cecay i tadu sanay a mifuting i banaw. Makapah tingalaw ku nanum, itila saka mibuting ku heni tusa’urip, nikawrira yu masadak ku cidal atu mucelem ko cidal i, masaruma a ma’araw tada bangcal a mamelaw kuna banaw tingalawsa matiya u dehepicay a kidudung samisisa a mamelaw kuni sampuay a tamedaw, yu feriw sa ku bali i. mitaelif ku lunan haw i. matiya sa u nikasarayaraya i cedas nu nanum. anu ’amilik ku parakat nu parakatay tu lunan i, matungal ku tapelik nu nanum bangcal sa melawan. U banaw a pisalamaan itini I Hualin away kucaay kabana’ nu kapah tinapisalamaan. nikawrira ira henay ku kapahay a pisalamaan. u piluinan u pisalamaan nu kapah. U banaw hananay a niyaru’ u micidekay a niyaru’ caay ka dadahal. nikawrira u itiniay a tamdaw i masasiulaulah mapapadapadang. masapakuyucay kinaniyaru’, u niyaru’ ni ama aku, u tumuk nu banaw ci baki aku, saka yu wawa henay kami itini ku tu’as aku saka lipahak sakaku itini a misalama. U rumasa tu, mahakulung kaku ci bayian a midudu tu ciris a mipaheku saka pamutek saku mata amimelaw tu luengllay a papah nu paheku caaytu kabana’ a makaripa' tu bekeluh. rumasatu u paheku tuku melawan matulu' tu i ciris. malaklak i nanum ku paheku, matalaw a malaliw ni bayi hawi caaytu pisapud. satawataway sa a midudu' ci bayian, mamelaw ni bayi mararemed ku beduy aku. ala satu ci bayi tu tata’akay a papah nu paheku cilecileminan ku papah. inian a demak cacay kapawan kaku. Saka banabanaw! A niyaru’ u bangcalay mipalahaday tu tuas aku. Maulahk aku u kakininen aku kisu! == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] <ref>施靜子. (2011). Wikipedia 維基百科 族語詞條試寫─原住民族語詞條 2011作品集. 教育部.</ref> [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] np7gti5dxfybgati2nzwinxrx7svfc5 0 98 33266 1990 2022-12-18T05:38:57Z Mashkawat.ahsan 875 Kasasiwasiw 33266 wikitext text/x-wiki == Bangladesh（孟加拉） == == Monkala Kapolongan no Finawlan a kitakit(''孟加拉人民共和國'') == == Takaray a sowal(概要) == Monkala Kapolongan no Finawlan a kitakit(Romaan a sowal: ''Gôṇôprôjatôntrī Bangladesh;'' Holam a sowal:''孟加拉人民共和國''), o kalopangangan i,o Monkala Kitakit(Romaan a sowal: ''Vāṁlādēśa,'' Holam a sowal:''孟加拉國'' ). Okaitiraan nona kitakit i,itiraay i ka’amis no Mokala a Kihaw, ikatimolay no sakawan a lotolotokan ira ko mamang malafiyaway ato Miyentin(M''yan-ma''), o roma a pala mada’edo’edoay ato Indo. O sera no polong no kitakit sahetoay o nacepo’an no Pulamapotola ’alo(''Ji Chima)'' '','' o kato’edaw nona ’alo ira ko 2057km. O tamdaw no Monkala mahaop ko 98% sahetoay ono Monkala a sowal ko kasasowal, o pitooran no kitakit i, o Islam a Kyokai; o polong no tamdaw ira ko 1.7 ok ko ka’aloman, o Moslin a tamdaw sakatolo ko ka’aloman i ha’emin no kitakit i hekal, mido’edo’edoay to Inni ato Pakistan.[1]  O kasacekcek no tamdaw i hekal i, 1138 ko tamdaw to kalacecay a km(saka pito i hekal). O sakakaay a tokai o Taka, sakatosa a tata’angay a tokai o Cita Niyaro’ , ona niyaro’ i,o sakakaay a minato no Monkala. == '''Rikisi'''(歷史) == Itini i satimolan no Aciya a kitakitakit, o samalitengay a finacadan ko maro’ay itini, o sa’ayaway a tahiniay a tamdaw i,o Yaaw hananay a tamdaw, ikor nangra i,o Monko a Kasalekad ono Sicang ato Miyentin ko sowal a dinacadan, to ikor ho no nini i,o cilamlamay to ’ilang no Tolaysta a Yalian a tamdaw ko mafolaway a taini. Ona masasiromaromaay a finacadan a tamdaw malacafay a maro’ itini, cimihecaan to i,mala no aniniay a Mokala tamdaw. Itiya ho i saka 9 sici mitpatirengay to to malacecaay a Misalaloma’ay a Kitakit. O tamdaw no Monkala i sarakarakat ho ’alomanay ko mitooray to Fociyaw(o mipaypayay) ato Indo a pitooran. Tahira to i saka 13 sici, masiwar tono nani papotalay a mafalic a mitoor to Islam a Pitooran. [[Faylo:Kolkata_Imgs.jpg|thumb|Ciyakarta (Kolkata Imgs)]] I 16 sici a mihecahecaan, itini i taliyok no katimolan no Aciya macomahaday to ko Monkala, ’adihayay to ko tamdaw a maro’ itini, macomahad ko punka itini. I 17 sici ma’eco no Mour Hontian a Kiktakit(''Mughliyah Saltanat''‎),i 1757 miheca a Polasi Lalood(''Battle of Plassey''), malowid no Ikiris malamikowanan to no Ikiris, to ikor to i,malaceay a pecih no Indo o mikowanan no Ikiris. 1765 miheca , i Ciyarkota ko pahiheraan a patireng to Monkala a Sakowan. Tangasa to i 1905 miheca pecihen no Ikiris ko Monkala a palatosa, to ikor to i, malaliyaw a malapolong. 1947 miheca, matatoker ko Islam a mitooray ato Mitooray to Indo a pitooran a tamdaw, palatosa(Ikiris a sowal:''Partition of India'') hanto no Ikiris ko Indo Niyahsakowan ato Pakistan Niyahsakowan a pasaiked a mikowan. Ona tosa a sakowan ira ko 2000km ko ko layay a kasalaed, o Sawaliay a Pakistan ato Sa’etipay a Pakistan cilacila mala’iling to caay ko mamalanga’ay. 1971 miheca milekal ko Sawaliay a Pakistan to sapisiiked, tona miheca saka 4 folad, itira i Ciyakarta patireng to pacarcaran a Kapolongan no Finawlan a Monkala Kitakit, midama ko sofitay no Indo to Monkala to sapi’etengaw to Pakistan. Toya miheca saka 11 folad saka 21 romi’ad, pacokeren no Solin a sofitan ko Indo milood to Pakistan, oninian ko sakatolo a InPa-laood. I saka 12folad, o kapolongan a kayki no Linhoko, malacecay ko piketon to sowal to pilalalang tona lalood. Nikawrira, caay ka pahanhan ko picowat no sofitay no Indo, tona miheca saka 12 folad saka 16 romi’ad comod sato ko sofitay no Indo i Tatapangan a niyaro’ i Taka, awa sato ko sasowasowalen no sofitay no Pakistan a mikosang. 1972 miheca saka 1 folad, patireng to Kapolongan no Finawlan a Monkala Kitakit,tedal han to no Pakistan congtong ci Colefikar Ali Puto(Urto a sowal:ذوالفقار علی بھٹو，''Zulfikar Ali Bhutto'' ) koya nipalitan a kakridan no Sawalian Pakistan a Lekatep ci Siehe Mucipu Laheman(Monkala a sowal:শেখ মুজিবুর রহমান，Ikiris a sowal:''Sheikh Mujibur Rahman''), to ikor to i,malacongtong no Monkakala. [[Faylo:Sheikh_Hasina_-_2009.jpg|thumb|Sheikh Hasina - 2009]] 1975 miheca saka 8 folad saka 15 romi’ad, patayen no cima a tamdaw ci Siehe Mucipu Laheman, 1981 miheca saka 5 folad saka 30 romi’ad, o kakridan no Finacadan a Felaw no Monkala Kitakit ci Ciya Laheman(Monkala a sowal:জিয়াউর রহমান，Romaan a tilid:''Ji-yaur Rôhman'') patayen no cima a tamdaw i Cita Minato, ci Aputole Satar ko pacarcaray a malacongtong. 1982 miheca saka 3 folad saka 24 romi’ad, o Tapang no Kahinakeran Sofitay ci Haysan Muhanmoto Airsato o sofitay to ko mamikowan to kitakit sa a milekal, palasawad han to ko kalacongtong ni Aputole Sata, ono niyah sa faloco’ a tomireng mala kakeridan no cikowangay a sofitay, to ikor to i, malacongtong,nikawrira i 1990 miheca saka 12 folad saka 6 romi’ad sawad sa ci Haysan Muhanmoto Airsato to congtong, lepong sato ko Nisatekedan a Mikowan to 9 a miheca. Itiya sato i 1991 miheca a pisinkiwan, ci Kalita Ciya(''Khaleda Zia'') ko malaconliay, o fafahi noya mapatayay to a congtong ci Ciya Laheman. 2006 miheca saka 10 folad saka 31 romi’ad, mapatireng ko pacarcaray a mitokeleday a sifo no sofitay, o congtong ci Yacietin Aihamayto(I''azuddin Ahmed'') mirokeled a malacongli nona sifo no sofitay. O miharatengan no sifo to pisinkiwan a romi’ad i, i 2007miheca saka 1 folad saka 22 romi’ad, nikawrira mangalefmangaled ko katatoker no mikeridan no ’ayaway a congli ci Acietin Aijamayto ato i’ayaway a congli ci Siehe Hasina, lekal sato ko congtong ci Yacietin Aihamayto to kakaforawan no kitakit,palasawaden ningra ko polong a demak no pakayniay i sici a tayal. Tona miheca saka 1 folad saka 12 romi’ad, mapatireng ci Fahertin Aihamay malapacarcaray a congli,[1] tosa miheca ko pacarcaran ningra, mapa’eker no ’emin no kitakit, orasaka i 2007 miheca saka 12 folad saka 29 a romi’ad misinkiw to kiin no Pikaikian no Kitakit,[2] ruhedak han ko satopa i, o Finawlan a Centang ma’ala ko 262 a kiin no polong 300 kiin, o kakeridan nona Finawlan a Centang ci Siehe Hasina i 2009 miheca saka 2 folad saka 12 romi’ad tomireng to sakakinatosa ningira a mamacongli.[3] Tona 2009 miheca saka 2 folad saka 12 romi’ad tomireng malacongtong no Monkala, o saka 19 a riyad no congtong nona kitakit. Nano yanan sato a comahad ko ’orip no tamdaw no Monkala. [[Faylo:Flag of Bangladesh.svg|thumb|Flag of Bangladesh|alt=Flag of Bangladesh.svg]] [[Faylo:Bangladesh (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Bangladesh (orthographic projection)]] == Palapalaan (地理) == I katimol no sakawalian i,malaingiday ato Mintin(''Myan-ma''),isakwalian, isaka’etipan ato isaka’amisan i,madadoe’doay ato Indo, i katimol i,misa’ayaway to Monkala Kihaw. O sera no polong no kitakit mahaop ko 80% sahetoay o nacepo’an no Pulamapotola ’alo(''Ji Chima'') ato Henhe ’alo(''Ganga river''), mahakelong no nanom no ‘alo ko sota ta mala cepo’an a pala, cihenekay masadafdafay a pala. O rakat no nanom i,kodefetay a talacowacowa, orasaka, tadacemahad ko karomakatan i ’alo. O ’alo ato fanaw i,mahaop ko 10% no plong a dadahal no kitakit, matatodongay sakiliomah ato pifotingan, nikawrira , i kafodo’an i, kahenayay a mafodo’. I riyariyaran i,adihay ko kanatal ato masacepo’ay a pala, orasaka, o polong nona kitakit a takaraw no sera i, nani tongroh no riyar 12 laya’ ko akawang,ano manawnaw to 1 laya’ i, mahaop to no nanom ko 10% a pala. Yo ikatimolay no sawalian i, o Cita Minato a tokotokosan, o lalen no tongroh no riyar a akawang i, 300~600m, o saakawangay a poco’ i, o Awkola Kawaliay Poco, 1229m ko ka akawang. Itini i 24 00 N, 90 00 E, noAsiya ko [[|Bangladesh|Bangladesh]].Polong no sekalay i 148,460 sq km “saka 95 ko rayray no ngangan. ”“O sekalay no sera i, 130,170 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 18,290 sq km ”Polong i 156,186,882 ko tamdaw.Itini i 24 00 N, 90 00 E, no Asiya ko .Polong no sekalay i 148,460 sq km “saka 95 ko rayray no ngangan. O sekalay no sera i, 130,170 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 18,290 sq km ” Polong i 156,186,882 ko tamdaw. == '''Kakarayan''' (氣候) == O Monkala a kitakit sahetoay o misaliyaliyaday ko fa’edtay fali, ona misaliyaliyaday a fali i,caay ka tomenek, orasaka cilacila mafodo’ anoca makedal. O saka 1 folad ko sakaay ko kasi’enaw, saka1 folad ~saka 4 folad o kakedalan. Saka 6 folad ~saka 10 folad i,o kafodo’an , cilacila ira ko nani riyar no Indo a tata’angay a faliyos. Isaka’amis no Monkala i,o CinCang Dahtal nani tongroh no riyar ira ko 3000m ko ka ’akawang, isakwaliay a Yinkui Dahtal mingata’ay to 1000m ko ka ’akawang, ona tosa a dahetal sahetoay o ikakaay ko kakahad a dahetal, orasaka, i kasi’enawan no ka’amisay a pecih no cikiw i,o nani tiraay i sasifo’an no Aciya a li’etecay a fali cowa aka tahini tona kitakit, onini ko sakadiheko i kasi’enawan. == sera(土地) == Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 70.10%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 11.10%, malo no roma to a sera 18.80%. siyoto(首都) O Dhaka (達卡) ko Siyoto.katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakatolo 26 a romi’ad.O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci Abdul Hamid|Md. Abdul Hamid(阿卜杜勒·哈米德) , patirengan a romi’ad i 2013 a miheca(年) saka 4 folad saka 24 a romi’ad. [[Faylo:Bangladesh_divisions_english.svg|thumb|'''Kasasilsil a sakowan('''Bangladesh divisions english)]] == '''Kasasilsil a sakowan'''(行政區劃) == O sakowan no Monkala i,sepatay a silsilen ko kasatongroh:tekedan a sakowan, syien, mikowanan no kofa ato niyaro’; o cisakowanay a etal i,o tekedan a sakowan, syien, mikowanan no kofa kona tolo a sifo, o niyaro’ i,o niyah pikowan,anini polong sakowan no Monkala i, faloay ko tekedan a sakowan(Division), ila’eno no nini ira ko 64 a syien,490 ko mikowanan no kofa aetal(''Upazilas'''[5]''''' anoca o ''Tana'''[6]''''' hananay). === Tekedan a Sakowan[7]: === {| class="wikitable" |’Amis |Ikiris |Monkala |Dadahad ㎢ |Tamdaw(2011mihecaan a sa’osi) |Kadefet no tamdaw/㎢ |Tatapangan a Niyaro’ |- |Palilongel |Barisal Division |（বরিশাল বিভাগ） |13,225.20 |8,325,666 |613 |Palilongel Si |- |Cita Monato |Chittagong Division |চট্টগ্রাম বিভাগ |33,908.55 |28,423,019 |831 |Cita Minato Si |- |Taka |Dhaka Division |ঢাকা বিভাগ |20,593.74 |36,054,418 |1,751 |Taka Si |- |Kulna |Khulna Division |খুলনা বিভাগ |22,284.22 |15,687,759      |699 |Kulna Si |- |Maymensin |Mymensingh Division |ময়মনসিংহ বিভাগ |10,584.06 |11,370,000 |1,074        |Maymensin Si |- |Cielasasi |Rajshahi Division |রাজশাহী বিভাগ |18,153.08 |18,484,858      |1,007s |Cielasasi |- |Lanpor |Rangpur Division |রংপুর বিভাগ      |16,184.99 |15,787,758 |960 |Lanpor Si |- |Silheto |Sylhet Division |সিলেট বিভাগ |12,635.22 |9,910,219 |779 |Silheto |- | colspan="3" |O polon |147,570.00 |168,860,000 |1,015 | |} == '''Kicai''' (經濟) == O cecay no kasafelaw no sasafaay ko Caay ho ka Cemahad a Kitakit(''Least developed'' [[Faylo:南京西路上的綢布店.jpg|thumb|南京西路上的綢布店]] ，decdec a tilid: ''LDC'') sanay ko pitoro’ no Linhoko to Monkala,anini mangataay to a malawis ko toloay a tahapinangan to ko sapiliyasaw to Caay ho ka Cemahad a Kitakit, mikinsaan ho no Linhoko to sapipacomodaw i Mamala Cemahaday a Kitakit(''developing country'').[8] O Mililecay a Tayal ato Misanga’ay to Riko’ a Tayal(''Garments'') i,o hecek no misanga’ay to dafong no Mokala, mido’edo’edoay to Congko Taru ko kaadihay no Nipasadakan a Paliwkl to Riko’.[9] Nani 1980 a mihecahecaan tahanini, [[Faylo:Grameen.JPG|thumb|Niyaro'ay Kinko(Grameen Bank)]] ko kalalid a ci’etan mihaop ko 80% to Nipasadakan a Paliwal to Riko’, o nipasadakan a kitakita i,o Amirika ato Lekatep no Yoropa, o nipasadakan a dafong i,o lifoh ko sakakaay, do’edoedo sa i,o felac, ociya ato kolang. O tada cinganganay a misakicayay a tamdaw ci Muhanmoto Yunus(Monkala a sowal:মুহাম্মদ ইউনুস，Ikiris a sowal:''Muhammad Yunus'') mipatireng to picaliwan to payso a kinko, o Niyaro’ay Kinko no Monkala, Kolaymin Kinko hananay ho a pangangan(Monkala a sowal:গ্রামীণ ব্যাংক，Ikiris a sowal:''Grameen bank''), pacaliwen ningra ko fafahiyan no i niyaro’ay to mamang a payso, ta malacefang a matayal,misang’ to dafong, wataay ko sapadang no nini ta mafalic a rahoday ko ’orip no i niyaro’ay a tamdaw. I 2006 miheca mapaini to Nopil Rihadayay a Sapakaolah(''Nobels fredspris'') . == '''Punka''' (文化) == I no to’asan ho mihecahecan o Mipaypayay a Fociyaw ato Indociyaw ko pitooran [[Faylo:Supplicating_Pilgrim_at_Masjid_Al_Haram._Mecca,_Saudi_Arabia.jpg|thumb|Isalm a Muslin(Supplicating Pilgrim at Masjid Al Haram. Mecca, Saudi Arabia)]] no Monkala a tamdaw, i 12 sici mi’eco a tayni ko Tocie a Tamdaw（Torkki a sowal:''Türk;'' Holam a sowal:''突厥''）,o Sofi Kasafelaw(''Sufism'') mahawikid nangra ko Islam a pitooran a tayni a patenak, tahira to i 15 sici haoto polong sanay to ko tamdaw no Monkala mala Islam Muslin, caay to ka papina ko mitooray to Sakota Ciyaw(''Śāktaṃ'') no Iado Pitooran maro’ i Taka Tokai. O Mipaypayay a Fociyaw i, o sakatolo a ikakaay a pitooran i Momkala kitakit, mahaop ko 0.7% no polong tamdaw no kitakit, ilaloma’ no nini i,mahaop ko 65% masaopoay a maro’ itira i tokotokosan no CitaMinato a saetal, itini i, sahetoay o Sicang-Mintien ko sowal a finacadan, o issal to mahaop ko 35% a tamdaw i,itiraay i CitaMinato a Momkala ko sowal a saetal, o kasafelaw no Fociyaw maropisakay ko kamaro’an nangra, ititni i CitaMinato ato Taka a Tokai. [[Faylo:US_Navy_071124-M-3095K-037_An_aerial_view_of_damage_to_villages_and_infrastructure_following_Cyclone_Sidr,_which_swept_into_southern_Bangladesh_Nov._15.jpg|thumb|O Kamaro'an no Pakoyoc a tamdaw]] ==   '''Tamdaw''' (人口) == Pakaynien i 2011mihecaan a pisa’osi i, 1.423ok ko o polong a tamdaw,ona pisa’osi i,ono sifo a nipahadakan, ira ko tiwtiw tono Linhoko a pisa’osi,[10] o misa’osian no Linhoko nani 2007 miheca tahira i 2010 miheca latek ira ko 1,58 ok anoca 1.7 ok ko ka’aloman tamdaw, o saka 8 ko kaadihay itini i ma’emin no kitakit, itiyaho i 1951 miheca ’edeng 4,400 ofad ko tamdaw,[11] tada miditekay ko kamaro’ no tamdaw,ano halo mamamamangay a kitakit sa’osien i, o ’a’ayaway to saka 11 ko ka kadadico no kamaro’ no tamdaw,[12] hatiniay to ko kadadico no tamdaw, manikaw to katayalan, sa o 「masamo’ay a tatireng no ’emin no kitakit 」han no A mirika a mitongangan. O sakakaay a finacadan ko Momkala a Finacadan, o mamangay a finacadan i,o maro’ay i Cita-Minato a Etal a Cakoma tamdaw(''Chakma''), o Sangco-Fociyaw(''Theravāda'') ko pitooran nangra, o sa’osi no tamdaw i,ira ko 70 ofad(mahaop ko 0.7%). I Momkala iraay ho mafolaway nani Mientin a Rosinya Tamdaw(''Rohingyas'')[13],[14]. Itini Momkala i,mahaop ko 49.8% ko Tadapakoyoc ko ’Orip (''Poverty Line''),oninian i,cecay a romi’ad latek 1,5 no Amirika a payso(latek 50 no Taywan a payso ko sa’osi), ilaloma’ nona 49.8% ira ko 33.4% ikakaay ko kalapakoyoc ko ’orip. Palalenen a mihapinang i, 4109 ko tamdaw nga’ ira ko cecay a kofoti’an ano paising, 3866 ko tamdaw nga’ ira ko cecay a ising. == '''Pitooran'''(宗教) == Tiri’en ko rikec no Kinpo no Monkala, o caay ko milingwaay tono hekal a demak ko pitooran [[Faylo:Holy_Rosary's_Church.JPG|thumb|SieMikuycin Kyokai mapatireng i 1677 a miheca(''Holy Rosary's Church'')]]  ato ono Finawlan a Kitakit ko Monkala.[15] Ona 「Caay ko Milingwaay tono Hekal a Demak a Kitakit」(''Secular state'') sanay a sowal mapalahedaway to kinacecay nani Kinpo, to ikor i,miliyawan a patatikor. O Islam a Pitooran i,o sakakaay a pitooran i Monkala, o salikaka no Islam i,mahaop ko 90% no Monkala a tamdaw a cilafas,[16] do’edo’ sa i,o Indo a pitooran mahaop ko 8.5% ko salokaka, o Fociyaw mipaypayay i,mahaop ko 0.6% ko salikaka,Misakristoay, Siko-Pitooran, no To’asan a Kawas ato caay ka pitoor to maamaan a pitooran mahop ko 1% aca ko tamdaw.[17] 2003 mihecaan a pisa’osi i,mahapinang ko nanifaloco’ay a pihai to niyah a tireng i,o pitooran. O mihaian no sifo no Monkala a Pitooran i,o Islam a Pitooran, o Indo a Pitooran, o Kristo a Pitooran ato Fociyaw.[18] == Tahapinangan a Tilid(參考文獻) == [1] 存档副本. [2017-09-09]. （原始內容存檔於2017-09-06）. [2] 存档副本. [2007-01-13]. （原始內容存檔於2007-12-05）. [3] 孟加拉国看守政府总理宣布今年底举行议会选举. [2013-05-14]. （原始內容存檔於2014-08-15）. [4] 中華民國外交部 - 國情簡介. [2011-06-06]. （原始內容存檔於2011-11-28）. [5] Mymensingh to become new division. [26 January 2015]. （原始內容存檔於15 February 2015） [6] 謝福苓. 孟加拉農村體制改革——建立“烏帕齊拉體制”以集鎮帶動農村經濟發展 (1). 南亞研究. 1988. [7] 2011 Population & Housing Census: Preliminary Results (PDF). Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. [12 January 2012]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於15 January 2013）. [8] 孟加拉有望在2026年正式脫離最不發達國家行列_聯合國. www.sohu.com. [2021-03-25]. （原始內容存檔於2021-06-19）（英語）. [9] A success story: The Bangladeshi garment sector has made remarkable progress in recent years. www.bgmea.com.bd. [2021-03-25]. （原始內容存檔於2021-06-16） （英語）. [10] Bangladesh's Population to Exceed 160 Mln after Final Census Report. English.cri.cn. [6 August 2011]. （原始內容存檔於2012-06-13）. [11] "Bangladesh – population （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）". Library of Congress Country Studies [12] Population density – Persons per sq km 2010 Country Ranks. [2 October 2010]. （原始內容存檔於2010-10-24）. [13] MA Chowdhury. The advent of Islam in Arakan and the Rohingyas (PDF). Chittagong University. Arakan Historical Society. 1995-12-31 [2011-10-31]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2011年12月2日）. [14] Khin Maung Saw. Khin Maung Saw on Rohingya (PDF). May 1993 [2012-06-16]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2016-03-05）.  [15] The Constitution of The People's Republic Of Bangladesh Article 12: Secularism and freedom of religion. State.gov. [2017-12-31]. （原始內容存檔於2019-01-06）. [16] Official Census Results 2011 page xiii (PDF). Bangladesh Government. [2015-04-17]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2016-03-09）. [17] Bangladesh Religion - Muslim Hindu Buddhist Christian. MediaBangaldesh.net. [2015-12-09]. （原始內容存檔於2017-05-30）. [18] The Constitution of The People's Republic Of Bangladesh. State.gov. [2015-07-17]. （原始內容存檔於2019-01-07）.  == Pikafitan i Papotal(外連接) == * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Bangladesh]] kfwg664buch6uil9g3ifigzolub1rj9 0 99 2013 2012 2021-10-28T11:59:49Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 22 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 2012 wikitext text/x-wiki Banun（碼崙部落） Itiniay i [[Datong]](大同) Cen no Yilan(宜蘭縣) ko [[Banun]] a niyaro’, 65 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 234 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 94% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 219 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 6% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 15 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)80%, Amis(阿美族)2%, roma(其他)12%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] pqunri73sdnl7ub4yeg0kibq9enxqu5 0 100 39071 39070 2023-06-30T09:58:22Z 陳鷹馬 1604 39071 wikitext text/x-wiki Papito - Barbados（[[kuwaping a sowal]]：巴貝多） == Papito Kitakit(巴貝多國) == == Takaray a sowal (概略) == Itiraay i ksala’ed no Ciyalepi Riyar ato Tasiyang, o kanatalan a kitakit, i sakawaliay no Saka’etipay a Kanatanatal ko ka itiraan nona kitakit. O syoto i,o Kayakayan Niyaro’([[Ikiris a sowal]]:''Bridgetown''; [[Kowaping a sowal]]:''橋鎮''),o dadahal nona kanatal a [[kitakit]] i,430㎢, sahetoay o dasdas a pala, ikemod nona kanatal i,iraay ko pinapina a tapolo. I 13ºN、59ºW ko kaitiraan. [[Faylo:Queen_Elizabeth_II_in_March_2015.jpg|thumb|Ilicapid II,o Sawara'an no Papito(''Queen Elizabeth II in March 2015'')]] Papito a kitakit i,mahinakeray ko o Finawlan ko Sakakaay sanay a Foco no Sici, itiyaay i 1966 miheca saka 11 folad saka 30 romi’ad a Nisiiked a Mikowan, o mikapotay to Tata’akay Ikiris a Lekatep(''Commonwealth realm''), Ira ko pilekal no sifo no Papito i 2020 miheca saka 9 folad saka 16 romi’ad , ciharateng to sapipalasawadaw to kalasawara’an ni Ilicapid II (''[[Elizabeth II]]'') , ano macorok kona demak i, ya miliyas to Tata’akay Ikiris a Lekatep(''Commonwealth realm'') i 2021 miheca saka 11 folad a patireng to Kapolongan a Kitakit, nikawrira, mikapot to tayal nona Lelatep.[[Barbados#%20ftn1|[1]]] O lihaf nani i Sifo’ay no Citodongay to Spay a Tayal no Amirika(''Central Intelligence Agency''，decdec a tilid:''CIA'') ato kakeridan no Citodongay to Ipapotalay a Demak(''Affairs Select Committee'') no La’enoay Pikaykian no Ikiris ci Tomas Tokentato(''Thomas Tugendhat'') a sowal i, o Congko ko misasawiay ta makidkid pasitira i Congko a mipadang a micoroh to sakacemahad no Itay-Iro(''The Belt and Road Initiative''), palacacoli ko Papito ato Ikiris.[2] Nikawrira,awaay ko maamaan a sapawacay tona sowal. O ngangan no Papito nani sowal no Potokaru(Potawya)「''Os Barbados''」anoca o sowal no Sipanya「''Los Barbados''」, o imi nonini i,o「''the bearded ones''」sanay,ma’edefay ko palapalan to fiko a killing(haherher,samoro) sanay. == '''Rikisi'''(歷史) == Itiya ho i 16 sici iraay to ko Youropa a tamdaw a tayni a misang’ to kakowanen a pala, o sarakatay a tamdaw maro’ay itini i,o Arawako ato Kalopi a tamdaw. Nani 1625 miheca tahira i 1966 miheca, o mikowanan no Inkolan ato ikoray a tayni a Ikiris a tamdaw. Nani 1966 miheca tahaikor o Wismisto a rayray ko pido’edo’edoan a patireng to Hontian Rikec ato Nikapolongan Kitakit, o Honti no Ikiris ci Ilicapid II ko sawara’an nona kitakit. === '''I’ayaway a Rikisi'''(史前史) === Ira ko kapiwacay, i’ayaw ni Yiso to 2000 ko mihecaan, iraay to ko tamdaw a maro’ itini ton apala. I 350~650 mihecaan, o nani Katomolay Amirika a tamdaw ko tayniay a maro’,latek itira i 800 miheca, o Arawako tamdaw hananay no Sipanya a tamdaw mihinakeray to itini ton apala. Tahira to i sasifo’an no 13 sici o sakatolo a liyad no Kalopi a tamdaw ko tayniay amaro’. === '''Isa’ayaway a Rikisi'''(早期歷史) === I 16 sici, cilacila malali’aca to koli ko Hontian a Sipanya ato Papito, orasak, tangso a malowan ko itini tiniay a maro’ a Intian a tamdaw. Nani 1600 miheca, o Inkolan tamdaw, Frasu a tamdaw, Olanta(Holan) a tamdaw, misatapang a misakilikilim to maamaan ato mipatireng to sakowan itini. Ano macakacakatay tona kanatal ko Sipanya a tamdaw ato Portokalo(Putawya) i Papito, nikawrira, o sarakatat a ptireng to Sakowan itini i ,o Inkolan a tamdaw i 1627 a miheca. === '''1640 miheca tahira i saka 18 sici'''(1640 年至18世紀) === Yo malalood ko ilaloma’ay no Ikiris i,madafdaf a tahira i Papito kona lalood, i 1649miheca saka 1 folad saka30 romi’ad patayen no finawlan ci Cali I (''Charles I'') honti, ikor to no kapatay ningra ta ta mahaop tona lalood. Aikor to i,pacomoden no Holan(Olanta)ko pipaloma ato misongila’ a misang’ to tefos, mipacod ho to koli nani Afrika, onini ko saka falic no syakai ato kicai no Papito. Na pisatapangan a mipaloma to tefos i 1640 miheca mala o cecay no sakakaay a mipalomaay to tefos a demak i hekal ko Papito.[3]    === '''18 sici tahira i 20 sici''' (18世紀至20 世紀) === Itini i Ikiris i,palasawaden ko kalali’aca to koli i 1807 miheca, 1816 miheca mifodfod ko koli, nano kairaan no rikisi o sakakaay kona fodfod, onini ko sapapipalahedaw no Papito ato mikowanan no Ikiris a roma a kitakit i Sa’etipay Indo a Kanatanatal i 1834 miheca. [[Faylo:BM322Nov95.jpg|thumb|O Syataw (BM322Nov95)]] Tahira to i saka 20 sici, oya teloc no nitedalan to a koli milongoc to sakowan a ’icel. 1938 miheca patireng ci Puliciton to Cemahaday a Lekatep no Papito, toikor falicen a pangangan to Matayalay a Centang no Papito. === '''Aniniay''' (現代) === Nani 1958 miheca tahira i 1962 miheca, o cecay no mamo’etepay a Nipatatekoan a kitakit no Sa’etipay Indo a Kanatanatal ko Papito. 1966 miheca saka 6 folad, masasowal ko Papito ato Ikiris to sakasiikedaw a mikowan no Papito. Fangcal a rihaday ko kasasowal ta laheci sato ko Kasiiked no Papito i 1966 miheca saka 11 folad saka 30 romi’ad, o sakacecay a Congli(''Premier'') ci Ailor Palo. == '''Kasasilsil no Sakowan''' (行政區劃) == Itini ni Papito i,masilsil to 11 a Lekad no Kyokai(Ikiris a sowal:''parishes'';Kowapin a sowal:教區), o syoto tatapangan a tokai Kayakayan Niyaro’(Ikiris a sowal:Bridgetown; Kowaping a sowal:橋鎮) itiraay i Sie-Mayko Lekad no Kyokai. {| class="wikitable" |'''#''' |'''’Amis''' |'''Kuwaoin''' |'''Ikiris''' |'''ISO''' Fangko |'''Dadahal''' '''(km²)''' |- |1 |Kristo Lekad |基督堂區 |Christ Church |BB-C |57 |- |2 |Sie Antolo Lekad |聖安德魯區 |Saint Andrew |BB-A |36 |- |3 |Sie Ciyawci Lekad |聖喬治區 |Saint George |BB-G |44 |- |4 |Sie Camus Lekad |聖詹姆斯區 |Saint James |BB-S | |- |5 |Sie Yohani Lekad |聖約翰區 |Saint John |BB-J | |- |6 |Sie Yosifo Lekad |聖約瑟夫區 |Saint Joseph |BB-O | |- |7 |Sie Lusi Lekad |聖露西區 |Saint Lucy |BB-L | |- |8 |Sie Mayko Lekad |聖麥可教區 |Saint Michael |BB-M | |- |9 |Sie Pito Lekad |聖彼得區 |Saint Peter |BB-E | |- |10 |Sie Tafilipu Lekad |聖塔菲利普區 |Saint Philip |BB-P | |- |11 |Sie Tomas Lekad |聖托馬斯區 |Saint Thomas |BB-T | |} [[Faylo:Flag of Barbados.svg|thumb|Hata no Papito|alt=Flag of Barbados.svg]] [[Faylo:BRB orthographic.svg|thumb|BRB orthographic]] == Palapalaan (地理) == Itini i 13 10 N, 59 32 W, no Notimolan Amilika ko [[Barbados]]. Polong no sekalay i 430 sq km “saka 202 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 430 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 0 sq km ” Polong i 291,495 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 32.60%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 19.40%, malo no roma to a sera 48%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Bridgetown]](橋鎮) ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakafalo 1 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Elizabeth II]](伊莉莎白二世), patirengan a romi’ad i 1952 a miheca(年) saka 2 folad saka 6 a romi’ad. == '''Kicai''' (經濟) == O aniniay a Kapolongan a Nitayalan a ’Epoc Ilalom’ no kitakit(''Gross Domestic Product''，decdec:''GDP'') ato Lalen a ’Etan no Kalotamdaw(''Per capita disposable income;'' kuwapin a sowal:人均收入) ila’enaay ho ni itiyaay ho i 2007 miheca, o [[Faylo:Bridgetown_-_Shopping_Street.jpg|thumb|O Maci i Tokai(Bridgetown - Shopping Street)]] a ’aca a sa’osi macakatay to 36%, o payso no Papito malasafaay to patokeled han i, o awaay to katayalan a tamdaw i, macakat ko ka’aloman, o citayalay han i,cecay a lipay tosa anoca tolo ko katayalan a romi’ad, tada awaay to ko ‘epoc no katayal, o sifo han i,ano pacakacakaten ko sata caay ka songila’ a masalof ko polong a pili’etan no kitakit. O Hekal a Kiking Lekatep(''International Monetary Fund，IMF'') ira ko pali’ayaw a sowal i 2013 miheca ato 2014 miheca o kicai no Papito mamaynas to 0.8% ato 1.1%, onini i, o dengan konini a kitakit ko caay ka cemahad i Sa’etipay a Pecih no Cikiw.  Nikawrira, o safa’elohay a pasadakan no Sifo’ay Kinko no Papito,i 2013 miheca mamaynas to 0.7%, cowa ka pasowal to 2014 mihecaan a sa’osi. [[Faylo:Sweet_Beach_in_Dover.jpg|thumb|Salawacan no riyar(Sweet Beach in Dover)]] O pinengneng to ni Talifis i, o tadakalacemcemay amontay no Papito i,macakatmacakat ko kiyam ato kasipon tahiraay to i 2,5 ok no Amirika a payso. I’ayaw nonini to 5 mihecaan, o tatapangan a demak no sifo no Papito o pirowan to pikaloc(pila’om) to payso, masiwar ko micomoday a payso no sifo. Tona mihecahecan cowa ka cemahad ko damak no malali’acaay, matongal ho ko ka’aloman no awaay ko tayal, iraira ko tayal i,caka pina ko widi ko katayaln, mansa caka pakapasata, mafelih ko demak no sifo pacakaten ko sata ta ira to ko micomoday a payso no sifo saan. Ano o pirowan aca to pikaloc(pila’om) to payso ato pacakat to sata ko demak i,cowa ko mamanga’ay ko katayalan, matongalmatongal ko kiyam.   == Tahapinangan a Tilid(參考文獻) == [[Barbados#%20ftnref1|[1]]] 巴巴多斯将取消英女王元首地位 明年11月成共和国. [2020-09-17]. （原始內容存檔於2020-09-29）. [2] 巴巴多斯擬撤英女皇元首地位 英議員：同中國一帶一路有關. 蘋果日報. 2020-09-23 [2021-04-07]. （原始內容存檔於2021-06-06）. [3] 奴隶贩铜像被扔进河里：当年英国为何掺和非洲奴隶贸易？. [2020-06-13]. （原始內容存檔於2020-06-13）. == Pikafitan i Papotal(外部連接) == * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Barbados]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Kitakit]] 2nt0zbvsfkzp3s022307c5m1udwf0au 0 101 45484 44493 2025-01-19T09:57:01Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 Baron Waqa idi 2013年 45484 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Baron Waqa.jpg|縮圖|Baron Waqa idi 2013年|alt=Baron Waqa.jpg]] I 1959 a miheca(年) saka 12 folad saka 31 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci '''Baron Waqa'''(巴倫·瓦卡), malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Nauru]](諾魯) anini i ci Baron Waqa, patirengan a romi’ad i 2013 a miheca saka 6 folad saka 11 a romi’ad. == kasofocan a loma’ 出生家庭 == == lalamod  配偶 == == salikaka  兄弟姐妹 == == natayalan  事蹟 == == pitooran  宗教 == == tahapinangan a tilid 參考文獻 == ==No papotalay a kakafit 外部連結== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 1wub4jfzdc3ryl51yn0r1hybjgd0f36 0 102 30324 30278 2022-01-25T06:39:48Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q44329]] 30324 wikitext text/x-wiki Bashar al-Assad(巴塞勒·阿塞德) [[Faylo:Bashar al-Assad in Russia (2015-10-21) 08.jpg|thumb|Bashar al-Assad in Russia (2015-10-21) 08|alt=Bashar al-Assad in Russia (2015-10-21) 08.jpg]] I 1965 a miheca(年) saka 9 folad saka 11 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci [[Bashar al-Assad]], malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Syria]](敘利亞) anini i ci Bashar al-Assad, patirengan a romi’ad i 2000 a miheca saka 7 folad saka 17 a romi’ad. == kasofocan a loma’ 出生家庭 == == lalamod  配偶 == == salikaka  兄弟姐妹 == == natayalan  事蹟 == == pitooran  宗教 == == tahapinangan a tilid 參考文獻 == ==No papotalay a kakafit 外部連結== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] q2shlexutk80eg5ynzba749oa1wbtly 0 103 2100 2099 2021-10-28T12:00:01Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 24 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 2099 wikitext text/x-wiki Batul（泰平部落） Itiniay i [[Jianshi]](尖石) Cen no [[Hsinchu]](新竹縣) ko [[Batul]] a niyaro’, 24 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 88 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 94% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 83 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 6% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 5 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)92%, roma(其他)2%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] li4bw1uncskvvk1zl5t2uw0melycycl 0 104 2123 2122 2021-10-28T12:00:04Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 22 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 2122 wikitext text/x-wiki Beinan（卑南鄉） Itini i Taitung(台東縣) ko [[Beinan]] Cen/ Siyang. sa’osi han ko po:long no palaan i, ira ko 425.47 km² (lalotolotokan a plalan no sa’osi i ira ko 286.16 km², o palaan noto’as i'a:yaw i ira ko 14.77 km²), 6,234 ko tamdaw i Beinan Cen/ Siyang, 1,820 ko parod no loma’, itini i niyaro’ a Yincomin(原住民) sa’osi han ira ko 4,072 a tamdaw, pakaala to 65%(Puyuma, Amis, Rukai) no polong no tamdaw. o Puyuma(卑南族), Amis(阿美族), Rukai(魯凱族) ko sa’alomanay(最多的) i Taitung. ==O kasaniyarona== 13 ko cun, 10 ko niyaro’ i Beinan Siyang. [[Ulivelivek]]（初鹿部落）, [[A’lripay]]（阿里擺部落）, [[Likavung]]（利嘉部落）, [[Pinaski]]（下賓朗部落）, [[Kalito'od]]（山里部落）, [[Fudafudak]]（莿桐部落）, [[Dikidiki]]（利吉部落）, [[Taromak]]（達魯瑪克部落）, [[Tamalakaw]]（大巴六九部落）, [[Danadanaw]]（龍過脈部落）. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] cwqzkzgqc1h780t0ddow2z32ccpc84c 0 105 44491 44490 2024-08-31T19:20:55Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 Béji Caïd Essebsi, 2015 44491 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Béji Caïd Essebsi 2015-05-20.jpg|縮圖|Béji Caïd Essebsi, 2015|alt=Béji Caïd Essebsi 2015-05-20.jpg]] I 1926 a miheca(年) saka 11 folad saka 29 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci '''Beji Caid Essebsi'''(貝吉·卡伊德·艾塞布西), malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Tunisia]](突尼西亞) anini i ci Beji Caid Essebsi, patirengan a romi’ad i 2014 a miheca saka 12 folad saka 31 a romi’ad. == No papotalay a kakafit == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] tnky4cyo7i81xfvpvjdby5cl0b2vj5v 0 106 38944 30708 2023-06-30T07:54:11Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38944 wikitext text/x-wiki == Belarus（[[kuwaping a sowal]]：白俄羅斯） == [[Faylo:Flag of Belarus.svg|thumb|O Hata no Payroros(Flag of Belarus)|alt=Flag of Belarus.svg]] [[Faylo:Belarus in Europe (-rivers -mini map).svg|thumb|o kaitiraan no Payworos]] == Payworos Kapolongan a Kitakit白俄羅斯共和國 == == Takaray a Sowal(概略) == O ngangan no Payworos Kapolongan a Kitakit（[[Rosiya a sowal]]: ''Беларусь''，Romaan:''Biełaruś''）, ono kapolongan a pangangan i,「Payoros」ano ca 「Payow」hananay ko pitahidang.[1],[2],[3] ona kitakit i,itiraay i Sa’etipay-Yoropa cowa ka pingata to riyar a kitakit,[4] o syoto tatapangan a tokai ’i,o Misko. Payworos-Sowiai-Siyakaisyuki Kapolongan Kitakit(Payworos a sowal:''Беларуская Савецкая Сацыялістычная Рэспубліка''，Rosiya a sowal:''Белорусская Советская Социалистическая Республика''Holam a sowal:白俄羅斯蘇維埃社會主義共和國)misiiked nani Rosiya i 1991 miheca saka 8 folad saka 25 romi’ad, toya miheca saka 9 folad saka 19 romi’ad falicen ko pangangan to 「Payworos Kapolongan a Kitakit」. Isakawali ato isaka’amis no Payworos i, malafiyaway ato Rosiya, isakatimol madado’edo’ay ko sera ato Wukolan, sika’etip malafiyaw to Polan, Litaowan ato Latowiya. O kakahad no sera 207.600㎢, o tamadw 950 ko ofad(2018 a sa’osi),[5] sahetoay i syoto Misko ato ingataay a toaki,mahaop ko 80% o itinitiniay ko sofoc a tamdaw. O mamangay a finacadan i, silsil han ira ko Rosiya, Polan ato Wukolan. Iaikor tono 1995 a miheca, o sowal no Payworos ato sowal no Rosiya polong hananay a mala no sifoan a sowal, i Rikec no Kitakit ato Kinpo awaay ko piketon to tilid to no Kitakit a Pitooran,sahetoay o mitooray to Toncen-Ciyaw(Kirisiya asowal:''Ορθόδοξη Εκκλησία，orthódoxi ekklisía''；Rosiya a sowal:''Православная Церковь''，Romaan a tilid:''pravoslavnaja tserkovʹ'' ; Holam a sowal:''正教會'' anoca''東正教會''，''簡稱東正教''), do’edo sa i, o Tinsokyo, o mitooray ci Kristoan i,adihay ko masamaamaanay a lisin( tinako:Kalomowadan nani Patay) mala o pahanhanay a romi'ad no kitakit. == '''Tatapangan no Nangan'''(辭源) == O Payowros(Белару́сь;白俄羅斯) hananay i,itira i sowal no Payworos to ihekalay a imi ira i,「o kohecalay a Ros」,ora「Ros」hananay i,nani tiraay o katelangay a Kumos a sowal [[Faylo:明《坤輿萬國全圖》，歐洲局部.png|thumb|O kaitiraan no Payworos i telang a cicu(明《坤輿萬國全圖》，歐洲局部)]] , o imi nonini i,o「miiwasay」, o cecay no Wicin(Katelangay a sowal no Kunos:''víkingr'') a finacadan o Falongko(Lowitin a sowal:Varjager;Rosiya asowal:''Варяги, Varyagi''; Holam a sowal:瓦良格人,瓦里亞基''人''). Latek itiyay ho i saka7 ato saka 8 sici ona Falangko a tamdaw looden nangra ko Sa’etipay Slafu Fnacadan(o aniniay a Payworos, Wukolan ato Rosiya a kapolongan a ngangan), ikoray to i,patireng sato to Liwliko Hontian Kitakit itini tona pala no Sa’etipay Slafu, pangangan han to「Ros」, o tatapangan a niraro’(syoto) itiraan i Kifu no Wukolan, sa itini i rikis i,o「Kifu-Ros」hananay kopitahidang. Itini i pala no Sa’etipay Slafu(Payworos a sowal:''Усходнія славяне''; Rosiya a sowal:''Восточные славяне''; Wukolan a sowal:''Східні слов'яни''）i,o sa’ayaway a malacecayay a Hontian Kitakit konini, orasaka, 700 ko mihecaan ko pikowan ton apala, oninian to ko nornor sato o「Ros a tamdaw」kako sanay to koya maro’ay a Sa’etipay Slafu a tamdaw. I sasifo’an no 17 sici, nani kawali ko Monko a tamdaw mitekop to Kifu-Ros, ’edeng o i aniniay a Payworos ko pakatokeray to sapi’ecoaw no Monko a sofitay, sa ira ho ko cowa ko mamada’econg no Tatan-Monko sanay a roma a imi no「Payworos」.  Ira ko masasiromaromaay a pifelih to sano Kuwaping a sowal to Payworos( ''Белару́сь''), sa’ayaway o 「別洛露西亞」hananay, ono aniniay to i,o「白俄羅斯」hananay,itini i sowal no Slafu,o「''Бела''」a imi i, o kohecalay sanay, orasaka,「白俄羅斯」han to ko pangangan. I’ayaw no pisiikedan nona kitakit a pangangan no Ikiris i, misiiked to a miniyahpikowan ko ''Byelorussia'' (''Белору́ссия'') i, pangangan hananay to ''Belarus.[6]'' Ora「kohecal;白」sanay i ngangan no Payworos, ira ko pinapina a tatapangan a sowal: 1.Itiya ho i 13 sici tahira i 14 sici,o maro’ay i tona aniniay a Payworos a etal o sahetoay o mitooray to Kristo a Slafu a tamdaw, o Payworos tamdaw hahany no i Sa’etipan a Yoropa a tamdaw a pangangan. O isa’etipay a Poloti a tamdaw(Latowiya a sowal:''Balti''; Litawan asowal: ''baltai;'' Holam a sowal:波羅的人), oroma a finacadan konini sa o「kohetingay Ros」hananay a mitahidang,o itiraay sa i sakawaliay a Wukolan a tamdaw o「kohengangay Ros」hananay a mipangangan. 2. o itiniay a maro’ a Slafu a tamdaw, maolahay a ciriko’ to kahecalay, sa pangangan han to kohecalay Ros.[7],[8] 3.o caay ka cilamlam to ’ilang no Tatan a tamdaw(Monko a tamdaw) i,o 「kohecalay Ros a Tamdaw」. 4. I’ayaw no 1267 miheca yo caayay ho ka cowat no Hontian Monko a Ros Tamdaw o 「kohecalay Ros a Tamdaw」hananay. Sa ira ko sowal no Matayalay i Congko a Tarokos no Payworos, iraay ko tadamaanay a imi nona Payworos, o「Misiikeday Pikowan、Naifaloco’ay、ya caay ka cowat no Tatan a palakoli」sanay. 2018 miheca,saka3 folad saka16 romi’ad, o pakamaro’an i Congko a Tarokosan a Loma’ patalahekal to sowal:「nani sowal to nani imi no sowal to, ano mifalic to ngangan no kitakit no niyam i, o『Kohecalay Ros』(白羅斯)han ko pangangan ta matatodong, omaan ko nini han i,oya aniniay a ngangan sipasipen koya『Wo』(俄)a tilid, sa caka sasifod ato Rosiya「俄羅斯」ko pangangan」.Milekal to o so’elinay a ngangan nangra i,o 『Kohecalay Ros』(白羅斯),[9]. Nikawrira, Congko ato Conghwaminko a Citodongay to Sakalaholo a Demak(Waiciyawpu) oyanan ho o Payworos(白俄羅斯) ko pangangan taha nini caay ho ka falicen. == '''Rikisi'''(歷史) == === '''Kifu-Ros a kitakit nipatirengan no Wicin a tamdaw'''(維京人建立基輔羅斯) === Itiyaho i saka 9 sici tahira i saka11 sici, o aniniay a Payworos a sera sahetoay o nipatirengan no Wicin a tamdaw i 862 mihecaan a Kifu-Ros kitakit, onini i Wicin (Katelangay a sowal no Kunos:víkingr; Holam a sowal:維京人) a finacadan o Falongko hananay(Lowitin a sowal:Varjager;Rosiya asowal:Варяги, Varyagi; Holam a sowal:瓦良格人,瓦里亞基人). Latek itiyay ho i saka7 ato saka 8 sici ona Falangko a tamdaw looden nangra ko Sa’etipay Slafu a Fnacadan(東斯拉夫人:o aniniay a Payworos, Wukolan ato Rosiya a [[Faylo:Collage_of_Kiev.png|thumb|O Kifu a Tokai(Collage of Kiev)]] a ngangan), ikoray to i,patireng sato to Liwliko Hontian Kitakit itini tona pala no Sa’etipay Slafu, pangangan han to「Ros」, o tatapangan a niyaro’(syoto) itiraan i Kifu no Wukolan, sa itini i rikis i,o「Kifu-Ros」hananay kopitahidang. Itini i pala no Sa’etipay Slafu(Payworos a sowal:Усходнія славяне; Rosiya a sowal:Восточные славяне; Wukolan a sowal:Східні слов'яни）i,o sa’ayaway a malacecayay a Hontian Kitakit konini, orasaka, 700 ko mihecaan ko kahalafin a mikowan ton a pala, oninian to ko nornor  sato a malaklak a patireng to mamamamangay a no Kakita’an a Kitakit(Latin a sowal:''Magnus Dux''; Toic a sowal:Großherzogtum; Holam a sowal:公國). Itiya ho i 13 ~14 sici ona malopisakay a Kakita’an a Kitakit mapapolong ato Litawan Tata’akay a Kakita’an a Kitakit(Latin a sowal:''Magnus Ducatus Lituania''，Litawan a sowal:''Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė;'' Holam a sowal:立陶宛大公國).Nikawria i 13 sici ma’eco no Monko ko Rosiya, o Payworos macowat no Cinca-Hanko(Ikiris a sowla: ''Golden Horde''; Monko a sowal:''Алтан Орд''; Holoam a sowal:欽察汗國), talaen ko katayni no Litawan Tata’akay a Kakita’an a Kitakit mi’eco to Kifu, sacaacaay aca ka tekop no Monko a Hontian Kitakit.[10] === '''Patireng to Litawan Kakita’an ato Polan'''(成立波蘭立陶宛聯邦) === I 1386 miheca saka 2 folad saka 2 romi’ad mapapolong ko Litawan Tata’akay a Kakita’an a Kitakit ato Polan, onika lalamod no sawara’an nona tosaay kitakit,[11] ikor to i, matatilid to Lopulin-Nikapolong(Litawan a sowal:''Liublino unija''; Polon a sowal:''Unia lubelska''; Holam a sowal:''盧布林聯合''）a patireng to Polan-Lopulin a kitakit. Tahira to i 1696 a miheca maceror no Polan a sowal ko sowal no Payworos malasifoan a sowal, patokeled sa a milekal caay to katatodong i rikec no kitakit ko sowal no Payworos saan.[12] === '''Ifan Tata’angay Honti a pikowan'''(伊凡大帝統治時期) === [[Faylo:Franz_Krüger_-_Portrait_of_Emperor_Nicholas_I_-_WGA12289.jpg|thumb|Nikola I Paporowici(Portrait of Emperor Nicholas I )]] I 1486 miheca o Tata’angay Mosko a Kakita’an a Kitakit (Rosiya a sowal:''Великое Княжество Московское''; Romaan a tilid:''Velikoe Knjažestvo Moskovskoe''; Ikiris a sowal:''Grand Duchy of Moscow''; Holam a sowal:''莫斯科大公國)'' a tamdaw ci Ifan III Wasiliyiewici (Rosiya a sowal:''Иван III Васильевич''，Roman a tilid:''Ivan III Vasil’evič''; Holan a sowal:伊凡三世·瓦西里耶維奇'','' kalopangang o Ifan Tata’angay Honti'';''伊凡大帝'')'' cifaloco’ to sapipalacecayaw to polong a「Ros Kitakit」, isa’ayaway a nisafalo’an i o pisapipolongan to sera no Payworos,Wukolan ato isa’etipay a sera no Rosiya.[13] Tahira to i 1795 miheca o Rosiya Hontian a Kitakit, Porosi ato Awtili cifaloco’ to sapicikcikaw a mipecih to Polan, ta mapalasawad ko kalalekatep no Polan ato Litawan.[14] Tona kala’afa’afasan to sera no Polan, o sera no Payworos mala no cecay a pala no Rosiya Hontian a Kitakit, i kala Honti no Rosiya ci Nikola I Paporowici( Rosiya a sowal:''Николай I Павлович''，Holam a sowal:尼古拉一世·巴甫洛維奇) ato ci Alisanta III (Rosiya a sowal:''Алекса́ндр III''; Holam a sowal:亞歷山大三世·亞歷山德羅維奇) i, ma’enec a mapalasawad ko punka no Polan ato Payworos, oninian ko sakatalipa’elal no falco’ no tamtamdaw no Payoros i 19sici. === '''Damaen no Toic a patireng to Nikapolongan no Finawlan a Kitakit'''(德國扶植成立白俄羅斯人民共和國) === [[Faylo:Alexander_III,_Emperor_of_Russia_(1845-94).png|thumb|Alisanta III (Emperor of Russia )(1845-94)]] I Sakacecay a Ha’emin no Kitakit a Lalood, yo masasowal ho to Sakarihaday a Kakaketonan a Polisto-Litawan(Rosiya a sowal:''Брестский мир;'' Toic a sowal:''Friedensvertrag von Brest-Litowsk''; Holan a sowal:布列斯特-立陶夫斯克條約),o sofita no Toic milood a micowat to Payworos, Wukolan ato Polotihay a Kitakit,milonok a milekal to Pisiiked to Niyah a Pikowan ko Payworos,damaen no Toic a patireng to Nikapolongan no Finawlan a Kitakit(Payworos a sowal:''Белару́ская Наро́дная Рэспу́бліка;'' Ikiris a sowal:''Belarusian National Republic;'' Holam a sowal:''白俄羅斯人民共和國).[15]'' Nikawria, tangsosol sa a malalood ko Polan ato Rosiya, ona ihoniay ho a tomireng a Nikapolongan no Finawlan a Kitakit tado han to no Rosiya Sowiay-Syakaisyuki Nikapolongan Kitakit (Rosiya a sowal:''Российская'' ''Советская Федеративная Социалистическая Республика''; Romaan a tilid:''Rossiyskáya Sovetskáya Federatívnaya Socialistícheskaya Respublika''; Holam a sowal:俄羅斯蘇維埃社會主義共和國聯邦) ato Sakatosa a Nikapolongan a Kitakit no Polan malalikel a mi’eco. Tahira to i 1922 miheca saka 12 folad saka 30 romi’ad, patireng to Payworos Sowiay-Syakaisyuki Nikapolongan Kitakit(Payworos a sowal:''Беларуская Савецкая Сацыялістычная Рэспубліка''; Rosiya a sowal:''Белорусская Советская Социалистическая Республика; Holam a sowal:白俄羅斯蘇維埃社會主義共和國),'' malacecay no mikapotay to Solin a kitakit.[16] === '''I Sakatosa a Polong no Kitakit a Lalood'''(二戰時期) === I Sakatosa ’Emin no Kitakit a Lalood, 1944 miheca saka 6 folad saka 22 romi’ad ’edef han no Nacui-Toic amicowat ko Solin, oya isifo’ay a sofitay no Toic i ma’aro to ngara ko Tata’angay a Tokai o Misko no Payworos,papapolong han no Toic ko Payworos ato Polotihay a Kitakit mala Sakawaliay a Mikowanan no Sotok a Etal (''Reichskommissariat Ostland，RKO;東方總督轄區''）1944 miheca misa’icel to ko Solin a mipaco’ay a milood to Toic sa malowid to ko Toic. Tona lalood i, matekop no Toic ko 209 a niyaro’, 90 to ko maosaway nona lalood, o misanga’ay to dafong a katayan mahadefek ko 85%, 100 ofad ko mapelengay a loma’.[17] Ikor to no lalood kahenay a cemahad, o katayalan a kofa ‘aloman to ko matayalay, malakahiceraan to no isaka’etipay no Solin, onini to ko alanokanokat sato koya ‘alomanay a maforaw a Woros Tamdaw patatiko minokay i Payworos .[18] === '''Conopi Nikapades'''(車諾比核事故) === [[Faylo:IAEA_02790015_(5613115146).jpg|thumb|Conopi Nikapades(IAEA 02790015) ]] 1986 miheca,mapakohac ko Misanga’ay to Dinki a Heneng i Wukolan o Conopi Nikapades((Rosiya a sowal:''Авария на Чернобыльской АЭС''; Wukolan a sowal:''Чорнобильська катастрофа''; Ikiris a sowal:''Chernobyl nuclear disaster''; Holam a sowal:車諾比核事故), o mingata’ay mihafhafay to fali ko kaitiraan no Payworos, orasaka, tata’ang ko kacengel a mapakadit no ’edil no Lintokin no Henen itini i Komili Sakowan(Payworos a sowal:''Гомельская вобласьць''; Rosiya a sowal:''Гомельская область;'' Holam a sowal:戈梅利州) ato Mocilyawfu Sakowan(Payworos a sowal:''Магілёўская вобласьць''; Holam a sowal:莫吉廖夫州), tangsol a mapatay ko tamdaw ato ’a’adopen, cowa to kalengaw ko losay ato maamaan. === '''O aniniay a Payworos'''(現代白俄羅斯) === 1991 miheca saka 8 folad saka 25 romi’ad ira ko pidama no Kyosanto no Payworos a mifalic to ngangan no kitakit nani「Payworos Sowiay-Syakaisyuki Nikapolongan Kitakit」falic han o「Nikapolongan a Kitakit」(白俄羅斯共和國) hananay to ko ngangan nona kitakit.[19] Matekop to ko Solin i 1991miheca saka 8 folad saka 25 romi’ad lekal sato to Teked a Niyahpikowan. Ikor to tolo a miheca nami siiked to i,kina tosa a misinkiw to congtong i 1994 miheca saka 6 folad saka24 romi’ad ato saka 7 folad saka 10 romi’ad,[20] oya sa awaay ko ngangan i laloma’ no kitakit ci Alisanta-Lokasinko itira i sakacecay a liyad a pitopa i,mahaop ko 45% a satopa,cowa ho ka ‘edeng ko  sakalacongtong a satopa, miliyaw ho to saka kinatosa aliyad a mitopa maala ko 80% a satopa,[21] o sakalalifet ningra ci Wiyacilafu-Folancaywici-Kopici i,mahaop ko 14% aca ko satopa. To ikor to a sinkiw i 2001,2006,ato 2015 a miheca, patokitok a matosin ci Alisanta-Lokasinko malacongtong. O [[Faylo:CSTO_Collective_Security_Council_meeting_Kremlin,_Moscow_2012-12-19_01.jpeg|thumb|Kapolongan a Sarihaday a Kakaketonan, o congtong no Rosiya ato congtong no Payworos (CSTO Collective Security Council meeting Kremlin, Moscow 2012-12-19 01)]] to no Tamdawan Salongoc a Saopo,[22](Ikiris a sowal:''Human Rights Watch''，Decdec a tilid:''HRW'') ato Ha’emin no Kitakit a Saopo to papipalasawadaw to Ci’efoay (Ikiris a sowal:''Amnesty International''，Decdec a tilid: ''AI),''cisowal san i, o Nisatekedan ko Pikowan ni Alisanta-Lokasinko sanay, ona Nisatekedan ko Pikowan i, cato paka’em’em ko finawlan tonini sa i 2020 miheca mafodfod ko finawlan,o matiniay a fodfod i, tona 26 a miheca awaay ho ko hatiniay a kasafodfod no kitakit. == '''Sici''' (政治)  == O congtong a foco ko sici no Payworos,o Nikapolongan a Kitakit, o faco no sifo i,o congtong ato Pikaykian noKitakit, do’edo’en ko 1994 miheca a Rikec no Kinpo i, 5 miheca misinkiw to congtong,  nikawrira, i 1996 miheca mafalic ko rikec oya 5 mihecan ko kamaro’an no congtong i, panayalan to 7 to ko mihecaan ko kalacongtong to kinacecay. O Pikaykian no Kitakit to La’enoay a Pikaykian ira ko 110 ko kiing, o i Fafa’eday a Pikaykian 46 ko kiing. Ano mitinitiniay aca ko rikec i, o sici no Paywors o Nisatekedan ko Pikowan, o sakowan a ‘icel i,sahetoay o congtong ko mitatoyay, o sinkiw han i,cowa ko nifaloco’ay ko pitopa, oya sa o Misawkitay a Loma’ cowa ka misiiked ko tayal.[23]  '''Kasasilsil no Sakowam'''(行政區劃) O polong no Payworos pasasilsil hananay to 7 a sakakaay a sakowan, mahaop ko 6 a kasaetal(''вобласць'') ato misiikeday sakowan o syoto Misko. {| class="wikitable" |’Amis |Payworos |Holam |Dadahal |Tamdaw（2019年） |- |Polisto Etal |Брэ́сцкая во́бласць |'''布列斯特州''' |23,300㎢ |1,380,391 |- |Komili Etal |Гомельская вобласьць |戈梅利州 |40,400㎢ |1,426,674 |- |Kolotono Etal |Гарадзенская вобласьць |格羅德諾州 |25,000㎢ |1,039,278 |- |Mociliyawfu Etal |Магілёўская вобласьць |莫吉廖夫州 |29,000㎢ |1,052,877 |- |Misko |Мінск |明斯克市 |348,846㎢ |1,992,685 |- |Misko Etal |Менская вобласьць |明斯克州 |40,800㎢ |1,503,000（2004） |- |Wicieposko Etal |Віцебская вобласць |維捷布斯克州 |40,100㎢ |1,135,731 |} == '''Palapalan''' (地理) == Itini i 53 00 N, 28 00 E, noYoropi ko [[Belarus]]. Polong no sekalay i 207,600 sq km “saka 86 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 202,900 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 4,700 sq km ” Polong i 9,570,376 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 43.70%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 42.70%, malo no roma to a sera 13.60%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Minsk]](明斯克) ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakapito 3 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Alexander Lukashenko]](亞歷山大·格里戈里耶維奇·盧卡申科), patirengan a romi’ad i 1994 a miheca(年) saka 7 folad saka 20 a romi’ad. == '''Kasilsil no Sakowam'''(行政區劃)  == O polong no Payworos pasasilsil hananay to 7 a sakakaay a sakowan, mahaop ko 6 a kasaetal(''вобласць'') ato misiikeday sakowan o syoto Misko. {| class="wikitable" |’Amis |Payworos |Holam |Dadahal |Tamdaw（2019年） |- |Polisto Etal |Брэ́сцкая во́бласць |'''布列斯特州''' |23,300㎢ |1,380,391 |- |Komili Etal |Гомельская вобласьць |戈梅利州 |40,400㎢ |1,426,674 |- |Kolotono Etal |Гарадзенская вобласьць |格羅德諾州 |25,000㎢ |1,039,278 |- |Mociliyawfu Etal |Магілёўская вобласьць |莫吉廖夫州 |29,000㎢ |1,052,877 |- |Misko |Мінск |明斯克市 |348,846㎢ |1,992,685 |- |Misko Etal |Менская вобласьць |明斯克州 |40,800㎢ |1,503,000（2004） |- |Wicieposko Etal |Віцебская вобласць |維捷布斯克州 |40,100㎢ |1,135,731 |} == '''Kicai'''(經濟) == 2019 miheca o Kapolongan a Nitayalan a 'Epoc Ilaloma' no kitakit: GDP ira ko ,625.72 ok kono Amirika a payso,[24] o Lalen a ’Etan no kalotamdaw to cecay miheca(per capita disposable income ;GNI), o katongal to kalomihecan mahaop ko 1.2%, itini i rayray no hekal a kitakit i, o saka 84 ko rayray. Itini i laloma,an no kitakit a mili’etanay a demak i,sahetoay ono kitakita a katayalan, i 2015 miheca o matayalay i katayalan kofa a matayalay i mahaop ko 39.3% ko tamdaw.[25] [[Faylo:Great_Stone_industrial_park_(Belarus)_—_Индустриальный_парк_Великий_камень_(Беларусь)_2.jpg|thumb|kapolongan a misanga’ay to dafong a etal no Payworos ato Congko(Great Stone industrial park (Belarus) ]] O katayalan no Payworos nani Solin a mihecahecan natektekay to ko paranaan, o katayalan i o misang’ay to tosiya, o isanga’ay to kikai, o misolinga’at a misanga’ to ’ekim, o misang’ay to sakatayalay a lalosidann, tadacemahaday ko ko taneng ato kicic no Tinsi ato Lintokin a kicic, IT a katayalan malecaday to a cemahad, o maomahay ato paka’enay to ’a’adopen malecaday to a cemahad, orasaka, o malinso,o dateng ato dangka o sa’adihayay i laloma’ no Siikeday Kitakit a Lekatep(Rosiya a sowal:''Содружество Независимых Государств,'' ''СНГ'' ;Holam a sowal:獨立國協)’ O kicai no Payworos i,kodefetay tomenekay ko kalalitiliting ato Rosiya, i 2019 miheca kali’aca to dafong nona tosa a kitakit i,mahaop ko nipa’acaan talapapotal [[Faylo:Жодино_-_БелАЗ.JPG|thumb|Toroku (Жодино - БелАЗ)]] a dafong no Payworos to 46.3% ato 54.2% ko ka’adihay; o pasadakan a kalali’aca ato Congko kali’ekiay a cemahad, i 2019 miheca itini i polong no kitakit a rayray o saka lima a nipasadakan to dafong a malali’aca ato saka tolo a rayray ko Congko to nipacodan a dafong a malali’aca, orasaka,2010 miheca, itini i Minsko mapatireng to kapolongan a misanga’ay to dafong a etal no Payworos ato Congko(Payworos a sowal:''Кітайска-Беларускі парк,'' anoca:''Kitajska-Bielaruski park''; Rosiya a sowal:''Китайско-Белорусский индустриальный парк; Holam a sowal:''中國-白俄羅斯工業園), o sakali’aca a payso i,o payso no Payworos a Payworos Lopu(Payworos a sowal:''Беларускі рубель;'' Holam a sowal:白俄羅斯盧布) . == '''Tamdaw''' (人口)   == Itini tona aniniay a miheca(2021) a pisa’osi, o Payworos a tamdaw 934,96 ofad ko tamdaw, nikawrira, [[Faylo:Беларусы._Biełarusy._Belarusians.png|thumb|Payworos a Tamdaw(Беларусы. Biełarusy. Belarusians)]] pinapina amihecaan malikelonay ko kaadihay no Payworos a tamdaw, o tatapangan a finacadan a Payworos finacadan mahahop ko 84.9%, o Rosiya a fanacadan mahahop ko 7.5%, o Polan a fanacadan mahaop ko3.1%, o Wukolan a finacadan mahahop ko 1.7%, o roma a finacadan mahahop ko 2.8%. == '''Pitooran'''(宗教) == O pitooran no Payworos i Kristo a Pitooran, o Tongcen-Ciyaw(Kirisiya a sowal:''Ορθόδοξη Εκκλησία，orthódoxi ekklisía''；Rosiya a sowal:''Православная Церковь''; Romaan a tilid:''pravoslavnaja tserkovʹ'' ; Holam a sowal:東正教）ko satata’angay a Kristo Kasi’eked, nama sawsaw no Kitakitan a Awaay ko Kawas(Ikiris a sowal:''State atheism''; Holam a sowal:國家無神論）sanay a harateng,orasaka, ’aloman ko caay ka pakaso’elin to Kawas a tamdaw no Payworos tahanini. Na matekop to Solin oya cowa ko nano to’asan ato fa’elohay a [[Faylo:Deesis_mosaic_Hagia_Sophia.jpg|thumb|Tongcen-Ciyaw (mosaic Hagia Sophia)]] samatiya sato o tefo’ ko kaadihay a masadak naikoran no ’orad. Tili’en ko tokian no Nincenpu i 2011 miheca a safa’elohay a sa’osi i, o mitooray to Tongcen-Ciyaw(東正教) i,mahahop ko 48.3%, o caay ka pakaso’elin to Kawas i,mahahop ko 41.1%, 7.1% o Tinsikiw, o roma a pitooran i,3.5%.[28] == '''Punka'''(文化) == O punka no Payworos i, tada adihay ko kala palalafang ato picerep ato taliyokay a kitakit, mangalefay itiya ho to 100 ko mihecaan, o ‘orip no kalotamdaw no Payworos i,mitodong to Rosiya a lekakawa a malarosiya ko wayway, onini to ko sakalahedawan sato ko punka no Payworos. O to’asan a ca’edong no Payworos i,marecep no Kifu-Ros a laleko, to ikor masolot ho no Polan, Litawan, Latowiya,Woros ato romaroma a kitakit no Yoropa ko faco no ca’edong. Caay ka o punka aca no Rosiya ko mirecepay to ’orip no Payworos,o pisacacak a taneng miringiay to Litawan, onini haw i,sahetoay ono roma a kitakit a lekakawa, orasaka, awaay a mahapingan ko ono Payworos a  punka snanay a tekedan. == Rocok no Punka(文化遺產) == O rocok no punka i sasera a ma’emin no Payworos ira ko sepat: [[Faylo:Мир_(замок).jpg|thumb| Mir-Piki’adingan Loma'(Мир замок)]] 1.    Mir-Piki’adingan a Masarakaday a Loma’(Paywors a sowal:''Мірскі замак''; Ikiris a sowal: ''Mir Castle Complex ;'' Holam asowal:米爾城堡建築群). 2000miheca saka 12 fokad matoro’ no Citodongay to Punka a Saopo no Linheko malarocok no punka i sasera a ma’emin. 2.    Niswiru Piki’adingan a Tata’akay Loma’(Paywors a sowal:''Нясвіжскі замак, Niasvižski zamak''; Rosiya a sowal:''Несвижский замок, Nesvizhskiy zamok;'' Ikiris a sowal: ''Architectural, Residential and Cultural Complex of the Radziwill Family at Nesvizh''; Holam a sowal:涅斯維日城堡) 3.    Piyawowiyieca a Kilakilangan(Payworos a sowal:''Белавеская пушча;'' Polan a sowal:''Puszcza Białowieska''; Ikiris a sowal:''Białowieża Forest''; Holam a sowal:比亞沃維耶扎原始森林). 4.    Stoluwi Tahapinangan a Mifakciw to Cikiw(Ikiris a sowal: ''Struve Geodetic Arc''; Holam a sowal:斯特魯維測地弧) == '''Kyoiku'''(教育) == Tada cemahaday ko ktoiku no Payworos, o kalopitilidan to 12 a mihecaan cowa ka papaysoen. O tata’angay a pitilidan a faco i,4~5 ko pihatatanaman a mihecaan, tosaay ko kasasiroma a faco o cecay i,cowa ka papaysoen o roma i,papasoay. I 2005 miheca o nipasadakan no kitakit a yosan a payso i,mahaop ko 2.08% no polong a nipasadakan a yosan. Ano matini ira ko 4,128 ko kaadihay no citodongay to nipasifana’ay a demak(ono ma’emangay ho a wawa i,ira ko siwa a ofad ko ka’emangay), 4221 kono pitilidan no kocong ato kaocong(128 ofad ko mitiliday ho ka’emangay), 253 ko sinmon a pitilidan, 55 ko tata’angay lotilidan(ono kitakita nipatirengan ira ko 43 Tata’angay Pitlidan, ira ko 12 o kalo Tata’angay a Pitilidan). Ira ko pisa’osi, o matayalay pakayni i kocong ato kaocong i,ira ko 15 ofad ko tamdaw, i laloma’ nonini i,o singsi ira ko 14 ofad ko tamdaw, itiraay i tata’angay pitilidan a matayalay ira ko 2 ofad ko tamdaw. O tata’angay ko nganganay a Tata’angay Pitilidan o Nipatirengan no Kitakit a  Payworos Taykaku( Ikiris a sowal:''Belarusian State University;'' Holam a sowal:白俄羅斯國立大學,decdecan a tilid:BSU), i 1921 miheca a mapatireng, o mitiliday anini ira ko 14000 ko tamdaw, o singsi ira ko 1610 miheca; Payworos Nipatirengan no Kitakit a Kicic Taykaku, i 1920 miheca a mapatireng, o mitiliday anini ira ko 21000 ko tamdaw, o singsi ira ko 1560 ko tamdaw; Payworos Nipatirengan no Kitakit a Sihang Taykaku,i 1914 miheca a mapatireng, o mitiliday anini ira ko 14586 ko tamdaw, o singsi ira ko 1038 ko tamdaw; Payworos Nipatirengan no Kitakit a Kicai Taykaku, ,i 1933 miheca a mapatireng, o mitiliday anini ira ko 15000 ko tamdaw, o singsi ira ko 700 ko tamdaw; Payworos Nipatirengan no Kitakit a Nimaomahay Taykaku, ,i 1940 miheca a mapatireng, o mitiliday anini ira ko 9106 ko tamdaw, o singsi ira ko 630 ko tamdaw;Misko Nipatirengan no Kitakit a Sowalan a Taykaku, i 1948 miheca a mapatireng, o mitiliday anini ira ko 4500 ko tamdaw, o singsi ira ko 537 ko tamdaw.[29] == Tahapinagan aTilid (參考文獻) == [1] 該名稱未獲得中華人民共和國政府(白俄罗斯国家概况. 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[2013-04-29]. （原始內容存檔於2017-10-10）. [20] World Factbook: Belarus. Central Intelligence Agency. 1994-10-20 [2007-12-21]. （原始內容 (TXT)存檔於2013-07-26）. [21] Fedor, Helen. Belarus – Prelude to Independence. Belarus: A Country Study. Library of Congress. 1995 [2007-12-22]. （原始內容存檔於2017-10-10）. [22] Essential Background – Belarus. Human Rights Watch. 2005 [2006-03-26]. （原始內容存檔於2012-07-13）. [23] Burkhardt F. (2016). "Belarus". In Fruhstorfer A.; Hein M. (eds.). Constitutional Politics in Central and Eastern Europe. Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft. Springer VS. pp. 463–493. doi:10.1007/978-3-658-13762-5_19. <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-658-13761-8</nowiki>. [24] World Economic Outlook Database, October 2019. IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. [13 August 2020]. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-25） [25] Belarus in Figures, 2016. [2020-08-16]. （原始內容存檔於2017-03-31）. [26] World Economic Outlook Database, October 2019. IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. [13 August 2020]. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-25） [27] Belarus in Figures, 2016. [2020-08-16]. （原始內容存檔於2017-03-31）. [28] Religion and denominations in the Republic of Belarus (PDF). Mfa.gov.by. November 2011 [2017-01-10]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2017-10-14） [29] 中国外交部. [2004-04-08]. （原始內容存檔於2004-03-02）. == Pikafitan i Papotal(外部連接) == · 白俄羅斯總統府網站 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） ·  白俄羅斯政府網站 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） ·  白俄羅斯國家銀行網站 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） ·  白俄羅斯外交部網站 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） ·  白俄羅斯國防部網站 ·  白俄羅斯華人論壇 *[http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] q17kqdwhwm51yej2eld8ztgi6qh7vgj 0 107 30325 30279 2022-01-25T06:39:50Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q31]] 30325 wikitext text/x-wiki Belguim（比利時） == Takaray a sowal: == Pilisu Hontian a Kitakit(比利時王國 ;Olanta a sowal:''Koninkrijk België''; Fransu a sowal:''Royaume de Belgique''; Toic a sowal:''Königreich Belgien''), o Sa’etipay a Kitakit, o cecay a kitakit no nipatirengay to Yoropa a Lekaep(Ikiris a sowal:''European Union, EU''), o syoto Porosayr o kaitiraan no Saka’amisay a Riyaran a Kakaketonan Lekatep (''North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO'') ato Yoropa a Lekaep, adihay ko matiniay o tata’angay a Saopo no ‘emin no kitakit. Ona kitakit nani ka’amis do’edoedo han ko rekat no toki a minengeng i,malafiyaway ato Olanta, Toic ato Fransu, isa’etip misi’ayaway to Ka’amisay Rriyar (Ikiris a sowal:''North Sea''). == '''Tatapangan no ngangan'''(名稱的由來) == O ngangan no Pilisu i, nani itiyaay ho i ‘Ayaw ni Yiso a Roma a Mihecahecaan, itiya ‘I, o Pilisu-Kaolo hananay a mitahidang( Latin a sowal:''Gallia Belgica''), o imi nonini i,o itiraay i  o Kaolo(''Gallia'') a tamdaw no Pirkay a Finacadan(''Belgae'') sanay. Ono holam a pifalic to Pilisu a ngangan i,nani mitilidan ni Sicifen a《瀛寰志略》i 1849 miheca. == Rikisi (歷史) == === To’asan a miheca(古代時期) === Ano maososoy ko pisa’osi i, itiyay ho i katelangay a fokelokelohan a miheaan iraay to ko tamdaw a maro’ itini i ko to’as no Pilisu. Ano i palapalaan to ano i punka to itiniay i sacapa’an no Yoropa ko kaitiraan no Pilisu, orasak, mahapingan to no Pilisu ko kacemahad ato katekop no kasasiromaroma afinacadan ato punka tona 2000 a mihecaan. Nawhani, tada o so’elinay o kacacamolan no masasiromaromaay a finacadan itini, ira ko Kirto tamdaw( Ikiris a sowal:''Celt''; Holam asowal:凱爾特人), ira ko Roma a tamdaw, ira ko Toic a tamdaw, ira ko Fransu a tamdaw, ira ko Olanta(Holan) a tamdaw, ira ko Sipanya a tamdaw ato Awtili a tamdaw a macacamol maro’ itini, adihay ko ma’osaway nangra a konis no punka itini tona palapalaan. [[Faylo:Julius_Caesar_Coustou_Louvre_MR1798.jpg|thumb|Kaysa Honti(Julius Caesar Coustou Louvre MR1798)]] I’ayaw ni Yiso to 54 miheca, o ni’aroan no Kirto a tamdaw a pala ma’eco no tapan no sofitay no Roma Kapolong Kitakit ci Kaysa (Latin a sowal:Gaius Iulius Caesar; Kuwaping a sowal:凱撒), yo matekop to ko Roma Hontian Kitakit i,o Lurman a tamdaw to ko micomoday a tayni ton apala, ilaloma’ nona Lurman a tamdaw ira ko roma a finacadan Falanko a tamdaw patireng to Molown Hotian Kitakit(Fransu a sowal:''Mérovingiens;'' Kuwapin a sowal:墨洛溫王朝) mahaopay ko aniniay a Pilisu. === '''Pikowanan ni Cali II o honti no Falanko (法蘭克國王查理二世)''' === Itiya i 860 miheca, Sa’etipay AFalanko kitakit a honti ci Cali II (Fransu asowal:''Charles II le Chauve''; Kuwaping a sowal:查理二世) toro’en ningra ci Tupoan malamikomoday a Falantosu Pocie. 979 miheca , kaheci sato a mapatireng ko Porusayr. 1328 miheca, o sofitay no Fransu pakalowid i Kasaylo a lalood, mapalaheci to ko pikowan to Falantosu. === '''Micowatan a Sakowan(殖民地時期)''' === To ikor to i,kinapinapina to ko kafalic no mikowanay to Pilisu,oya kasasilsil no etal i,o Olanta , Pokoti( Ikiris a sowal:''Burgundy''), Sipanya, Awtili ko mikowanay. Ikalahontian ni Napolon(Fransu a sowal:''Napoléon Bonaparte'') malapala no Fransu ko pecih no Pilisu,malowid to ci Napolon i,mapateko i Olanta ko Pilisu mala Mapapolongay Hontian Kitakit. Tahira to i 1830 mihecaan, cidemak to [[Faylo:Leopold_I_of_Belgium_(2).jpg|thumb|Sa'ayaway Honti no Pilisu(Leopold I of Belgium )]] nani pikowan no Olanta, mala o Mirocokay a Malahonti a kitakit, matoro’ ko cecay a sarawa’an no Toic, o wawa no honti no Sakosen-Kopaw- Kota Hontian Kitakit ci Lipolto I(Olanta ato Toic a sowal:''Leopold I ;'' Kuwaping a sowal:利奧波德一世) malasa’ayaway honti. Na mapatireng to ko Pilisu a kitakit, toker sa to Cowa ka Pisakakinih sanay a lekakawa no kitakit. Nikawrira, i Sakatosa a Lalood no Ha’emin no Kitakit ma’eco no Toic. Orasaka, ikor to nona lalood masawad to Cowa ka Pisakakinig sanay a lekakawa no kitakit, mikapot to Saka’amisay a Riyaran a Kakaketonan Lekatep ( ''North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO)'' ato Yoropa a Lekatep no Kicai(Ikiris a sowal:''European Economic Community,EEC;'' Kuwaping a sowal:'''歐洲經濟共同體'''） === '''Misiiked to Niyahpikowan (獨立運動時期)''' === Itiya ho maa’ise’ised a micerak to kakowanen ko Yoropa a Hontian kitakit,o Pilisu ira ko tosa a Micowatan a Sakowan(Latin a sowal:''colonia'', Ikiris a sowal:''colony'') ato cecay a Nicaliwan Pala(Ikiris a sowal:''Settlement''; Kuwaoing a sowal:租界): o Luanta – Wulongti(Fransu a sowal:''Ruanda-Urundi'') ato Mala-Pilisuan a Kanko (Fransu a sowal:''Congo belge''; Kuwaping a sowal:比屬剛果) onini i, ono aniniay a [[Faylo:Wappers_-_Episodes_from_September_Days_1830_on_the_Place_de_l’Hôtel_de_Ville_in_Brussels.JPG|thumb|Mifelih to Sifo(Wappers - Episodes from September Days 1830 on the Place de l’Hôtel de Ville in Brussels)]] Finawlan a Kitakit (Fransu a sowal:''République démocratique du Congo''; decdec a tilid:''RDC;'' Kuwaping a sowal:剛果民主共和國). Ona Mala-Pilisuan a Kanko itiyaay i 1885 miheca a masasowal ko Yoropa a kitakit to samanen ko cikcik a misakilac ko Afrika sanay a Poli-Kayki(Ikiris a sowal:''Berlin Conference;'' Kuwaping a sowal:柏林會議) a pakilacen ko honti no Pilisu ci Liawpito(Fransu a sowal:''Léopold Louis Philippe Marie Victor；''Olanta a sowal:''Leopold Lodewijk Filips Maria Victor;''Kuwaping a sowal:利奧波德二世). Samatiya han to o teked a sera ko pikowan  ni Liawpito, langiwngiw to ko ha’emin no kitakit, sawad sato i 1908 miheca ko piteked a pikowan ni Liawpito, patorod han to i sifo no Pilisu ko pikowan. To ikor to i,misiiked to kono niyah a pikowan no Mala-Pilisuan a Kanko i 1960 miheca. Ono itiraay i Nicaliwan Pala i Tincin no Congko o kakomodan ci Molis(Pilisu a sowal:''Maurice Joostens;'' Kuwaping a sowal:''姚士登)'' itiya yo milood ko faloay a kitakit(Ikiris a sowal:''Eight-Nation Alliance;'' Kuwaping a sowal:''八國聯軍)'' to Congko i 1900 miheca a miopoh a matatilid to kakaketonan a tilid(Ikiris a sowal: ''the Peace Protocol of 1901; Kuwaping a sowal:《辛丑條約》'') ko maro’ay. Tahira to i 1927 miheca ta patoko han to ni Molis ko Tincin i Picin Sifo no Conghuwaminko. === '''Aniniay a Pilisu'''(現代比利時) === O tada cemahaday cikicicay to takaraway a kitakit ko Pilisu anini, nikawrira, nano to’as a rikisi iraay to ko sapisiikedaw a kasarekad, nawhani, ika’amisay a pecih no kitakit o Folamang a tamdaw(Olanta a sowal:''Vlamingen''; Kuwaping a sowal:佛拉芒人）ono Olanta a sowal kono roma’ami’ad a sowal, sa pasitraay i Olanta a mitadipi, o ikatimolay sa a pecih i, o Walong a tamdaw(Fransu a sowal:''Wallons'';Kuwaping a sowal:瓦隆人) ono Fransu ko sowal, sa pasitira i Fransu a mitadipi, ona tosa a finacada malala’isay to romi’ami’ad. [[Faylo:Cinquantenairerally.jpg|thumb|2011 miheca saka 1 folad mikangi ko finawlan (Cinquantenairerally)]] I 2007 miheca saka 6 folad saka 10 romi’ad ira ko kapolongan a kayki,[1] ’enem a folad ko kasasowasowalan ta patireng sa to kapolongan a sifo, nikawrira, caka halafing tolo aca ko folad malasawad to kona sifo. Itiya i ikor no 2010 miheca saka 6 folad a sinkiw, ira ko 543 romi’ad ko caka patireng to sifo, o sahalafinay ko romi’ad awa ko sifo, macicih ko kirok no ’emin no kitakit. Awa ko misododay a matatoker, saikoray to i,falic han to ko Tatapang Rikec a Kinpo, patodod han to a palalikel ko ka’amisay ato katimolay a pecih no kitakit to Niyah-Pikowan, o syoto Polosair ono Kapolongan a Sakowan, onini ko sakalowan no ’icel no Fafa'eday Pikaikian,nani 2014 mihecaan a sinkiw patokeled hananay to sinkiw no Yoropa Pikaikian(''European Parliament''), 5 miheca kinacecay ko pisinkiw, o Kararemay Pikaikian a kiin i,ono Olanta Etal 87 ko tamdaw no kiin, ono Fransu Etal i,63 ko tamdaw a kiin, o ’icel nona tosa a etal malalenay, o sa’osi no kiin ko pi’arawan. O nini ko kahapinangan o Nipatekoan ko Sakowan a Kitakit. I 2013 miheca saka 7 folad, o saka 6 a honti ci Alpi II(Albert II;阿爾貝二世) papirocoken ningra ko wawa ci Filipo(Fransu a sowal:''Philippe Léopold Louis Marie'';Kuwaping a sowal:菲利普) malahonti.[2] [[Faylo:Philippe_of_Belgium_in_2019.jpg|thumb|Filipo honti (Philippe of Belgium in 2019)]] I 2014 miheca saka 10 folad saka 11 romi’ad o fa’elohay a Conli ci Syar Misier''(Charles Yves Jean Ghislaine Michel)，''keriden ningra ko pasikawananay a isifo’ay a sifo, paloko i ka’ayaw ni Filipo honti ta malaheci ko kalacongli, laheci sato ko 4 a folad a kasasowal. Ci Misier congli o saka’emangay ko mihecaan no Pilisu nani 1840 miheca[3], itini i Yoropa o saka’emangay to ko tireng ningra. 2019 mihecaan a sinkiw, matiya to to i’ayaway sako’esit sa caka patireng to fa’elohay a sifo, oya sa ci Misier o mamalakakeridan no Sakakaay Kayki no Yoropa tona miheca i saka 12 folad, toro’ han to ni Filipo honti ko widang ni Misier ci Sofi-Wirmisu(''Sophie Wilmès;''蘇菲·威爾梅斯) mala pacarcaray a kakeridan no sifo. == '''Sici''' (政治) == Satapang mala Nipatekoan ko Sakowan a Kitakit ko Pilisu i,tongal sa ko kasasifod no faco no sifo. I la’eno no Nipatekoan ko Sakowan(聯邦) a sifo i, pakisowal ko pisilsil a patireng to tolo a etal: 1. Olanta sowal a etal, 2. Fransu sowal a etal 3. Toic sowal a etal. patokeled han a patireng to tolo a sakowan: o Walong Tata’akay Etal( Fransu a sowal:''Wallonie'' ; Kuwaping a sowal:瓦隆大區); o Folamon Tata’akay Etal(Fransu a sowal:''Région flamande''; Kuwaping a sowal:佛拉蒙大區) ato Polosayr-Syoto Tata’akay Etal(Fransu a sowal:''Région de Bruxelles-Capitale''；Olanta a sowal:''Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest''; Kuwaping a sowal:布魯塞爾-首都大區). O sakowan ato etal ano matata’edipay i, mapo’elacay ko kasasilsil no tayal: 1.Nipatekoan ko Sakowan a sifo(聯邦政府): citodongay to kapolongan a tayal, o paisawidang tono sici a tayal, no sofitay, katayalan, sakarihaday(syakay-fukuli), lalan ato dinwa. 2.Etal a sifo(社區政府):citodongay to sowal, punka ato kyuiki,o pitilidan, ariri no ’ohong ato pisifayan. 3.Komuin a sifo(行政區政府):citodongay tono sera ato dafong a tayal. === '''Centang'''(政黨) === Onini i,ono sici a kasarekarekad. Pakaynien tona sici a kasarekarekad mahapinang ko Faco no Nipatekoan ko Sakowan a sifo, nawhani, malalikelay ko Folimon Tata’akay Etal ato Walong Tata’akay Etal to ‘icel no sici, awaay ko kapolongan no kitakit a centang. O kiin no Kararemay Pikaikian polong no kiin 150 ko tamdaw, o Folimon 87 ko kiin, o Walong 63 ko kiin. === '''O kasaso’iring no Ka’amisay ato Katimolay'''(南北分烈問題) === O Pilisu a kitakit i, patatekoan ko Walong Tata’akay Etal(o Fransu ko sowal a etal,瓦隆大區) ato Folamon Tata’akay Etal(o Olanta ko sowal a etal,佛拉蒙大區). Nani 19 sici satapang ko ci’icelay a kitakit amisasiwar sa ira ko kasaso’iring no Ka’amisay ato Katimolay a etal, tahanini tona 20 sici iraay ho a matengil ko pacohacohay a ngiha’ to sapitekoaw i a Fransu anca i Olanta,matiya to o itiraay i Yoropa a sapicinowasaw a felaw, o lalowadan no rawraw sici ato syakay konini i Yoropa. Mangalefay ko Spisikedaw a Demak no Folamon(Olata a sowal:''Vlaamse Beweging;''Kuwaping a sowal:佛拉蒙運動), nani 20 sici tahanini cawa ka pitolas a milekal to Teked a Salongoc ato Sapisikedaw a Niyahpikowan, ta mapa’ading ko sowal no Olanta ato punka ato rikisi, orasaka sa’icel sa mihantay to katenek no sowal no Fransu. ---- == '''kaitiraan'''(地理位置) == [[Faylo:Flag of Belgium.svg|thumb|Flag of Belgium]] [[Faylo:EU-Belgium.svg|thumb|比利時的位置（深綠色）– 歐洲（綠色及深灰色）– 歐盟（綠色）]] I saka’amisay a sa’etipay no Yoropa ko ka itiraan no Pilisu, cila’ed to riyar a makakecol ato Ikiris,i ka’amis malafiyaw ato Olanta, i katimol mada’edo’edo ko pala ato Fransu, isakatimol no kawali malafiyaw ato Losinpo Hontian Kitakit, ikawali mada’edo’edoay ko pala ato Toic, o kakahad no polong i 3.05㎢. Toloay ko kasasilsil no etal: ka’etip o mililisay to riyar a dafdaf, sasifo’an o masatapoloay a dahetal, isakawali o Yartin Lotolotokan(Olanta a sowal:''Ardennen''). == '''Kakarayan'''(氣候) == O sa’emelay a no riyaran a kakarayan, orasaka, i kasi’enawan lafafa ko kakarayan, i kaciferangan sa’emel ko romi’ad, kali’orad, isakacecay a folad o lalen no fa’edet 0~3°C, sakapito a folad lalen no fa’edet 14~19°C . == '''O kasasilsil no sakowan'''(行政區劃) == 1.Folamon Tata’akay Etal(佛拉蒙大區):I ka’amisay etal a Folamon Finacadan(''Vlaamse Gemeenschap,''佛拉蒙社群), o Olanta ko sowal; 2.Walong Tata’akay Etal(瓦隆大區):I katimolay a pecih etal a Fransu a finacadan(''Communauté française,''法語社群)'',''o Fransu ko sowal; 3.Polosayr-Syoto Tata’akay Etal(布魯塞爾-首都大區):I sasifo’an no kitakit; Ira ho ko Toic finacadan i sakawali(''Deutschsprachige Gemeinschaft'',德語社群). == '''Kicai''' (經濟) == O tada cemahaday ko misang’ay to dafong a kitakit ko Pilisu i ha’emin no kitakit, itiya ho i 19 sici itini i Yoropa o sa’ayaway a mifalic to o Kikai ko Sakatayal(Ikiris a sowal:''Industrial Revolution;'' Kuwaping a sowal:工業革命). Ira ko fancalay a minato, lalan i nanom, lalan no cinamalay ato lalan, sa fancal ko kalacacofacofay ato roma a kitakit a malali’aca’aca to masamaamaanay a dafong. [[Faylo:Chocolate_(blue_background).jpg|thumb|Chocolate (blue background)]] 1991 miheca saka 1 folad, mikapot a mali’ayaw a mitayal to malacecaay a payso no Yoropa(Euro,歐元), oya no Pilisu a Falang payso i 2002 miheca lwheci sato a maceror no Yoropa a Payso. O kicai no Pilisu tadatata’ang ko pipalawina to Kalokitakit a Kali’aca to Dafong.O tosa no kalitolo no Lalen a 'Etan no Kalotamdaw ( ''per capita disposable income ,GNI;''人均收入), o nani pasadakan a paliwal to dafong a ’etan 2 ko kasatiwtiw ato Toic, 5 ko kasatiwtiw ato Dipon.Mana hatini to ko kacilaheci no pasadak to dafong no Pilisu hani, o kanga’ay no kaitiraan ato takaraway a kicic, ato kaira no masasiromaromaay a sowal,ato cilaheciay a tayal. Oni pacomodan a dafong no Pilisu i, o kaka’enen, kikai,tayamonto, kasolin, nani kasolinay a dafon,lalilec a dafong; o nipasadakan a dafong i,ciyawkoli a waneng, tosiya, marad, sapaiyo, tayamonto ato milalilecan dafong. Oya itiraay i ka’amis a Antowipo minato( Olanta a sowal:''Antwerpen''; Toic a sowal:''Antorf'': Fransu a sowal:''Anvers''; Kuwaping a sowal:安特衛普) o sakatosa ko tata’ang i Yoropa, o satata’angay a pasongla’an to tayamonto itini i hekal a kitakit, sa pangangan han to Tata’angay Tokai no Tayamonto. == Tahapinangan a Tilid (參考文獻) == [1] 吳黎明，比利時舉行大選，新華網 [2] 老父遜位 比利時新國王登基. 中時電子報. 2013-07-22.[永久失效連結] [3] 比利時中間偏右政府宣誓就職. 中央廣播電台. 2014-10-11. == Pikafitan i Papotal(外部連接) == * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] sxw9a46a88juulvhp6g40ab85k7kvio 0 108 31532 30326 2022-06-21T11:09:31Z Jfblanc 355 31532 wikitext text/x-wiki Pilicu - Belize（貝里斯） [[Faylo:Flag of Belize.svg|thumb|Hata no Pilicu]] [[Faylo:BLZ orthographic.svg|thumb|BLZ orthographic]] == Pilisu 貝里斯 == == Takaray a sowal(概要): == Pilisu (Ikiris a sowal:''Belize''; Kuwaping a sowal:貝里斯)o malamicongacongay a Hontolasu a kitakit, itiraay itiraay i sakawalian no Sasifo’an no Amilika Karopaw, o siikeday a kitakit. Isakatimol ato isaka’etip mada’edo’edoay ato Kuwatimala, isakawali misa’ayaway to Kalepi riyar. Sato’edaw sanay ko faco nona kitakit, o kato’edaw i, 290 km, kakahad i, 110 km, itini i Sasifo’an a Amilika Karopaw i, o ‘edengan konini a kitakit ko caay ka pisi’ayaw to Rahidayay Riyar(Taypinyang). O polong a kakahad no sera i,22.800㎢, o tamdaw i,408,487 ko tamdaw(2019 sa’osi). Ona kitakit macacamol to masasiromaromaay a sowal ato punka, o tahapinangan to kadofah no rikisi. Ono sifoan a sowal i,o Ikiris a sowal, nikawrira, ono winaan a sowal Koliol(Ikiris a sowal: ''Creole Language;'' Kaping a sowal:克里奧爾語) ko kalosowal to romi’ami’ad. O ninian to ko ira ko kalifatad a tamdaw mafana’ay a somowal to pinapina a sowal, o Sipanya a sowal ho kalasowal no tamtamdaw. O pinengneng no ’alomanay i,pako Sasifo’an a Amilika Karopaw ato ilislisay no Korpi Riyar a kitakit ko Pilisu sanay, o mikapotay i Mapapolongay a Karpi(''CARICOM'';加勒比共同體), Latin-Amirika ato Korpi Kapolongan(CELAC) ato Sasifo’an a Amilika Karopaw a Kapolongan(Sipangya a sowal:Sistema de la Integración Centroamericana,Decdecan a tilid:''SICA''''';''' Kuwaping a sowal:中美洲統合體). O kapot no Tata'akay Ikiris a Lekatep, orasaka, ci Ilicapid II (Ikiris a sowal:''Elizabeth II'' ;Kaping a sowal:伊麗莎白二世) ko Sarawa’an ato Kakridan no Pilisu a kitakit. == '''Rikisi'''(歷史) == === '''Sarakatay a macat ko Sipanya a tamdaw'''(西班牙人首先登陸) === Itiya ho i 1511 miheca, o sarakatay a macat tona pala a Yoropa a tamdaw o mikalicay to tamina a Sipanya tamdaw, ‘aloman ko macepetay no itinitiniay a maro’ o Maya a tamdaw malasapato’aya anoca malakoli. [[Faylo:Caesalpinia-echinata.jpg|thumb|Kahengangay-Kilang no Poracir(Caesalpinia-echinata)]] 1638 miheca, satapang a mafolaw a tayni ko Yoropa a tamdaw, nikawrira, i’ayaw no 1670 miheca awaay ko pakatafesiway to cecay a miheca a maro’ itini. Ona mafolaway a tayni a Yoropa a tamdaw sahetoay o misakilangay, nawhani, ira ko tadamaanay a kilang o Inki-kilang(''blackwood'';墨水樹) ato Kahengangay-Kilang no Poracir(''brazilwood;''巴西紅木) o salisanga’ to sacengel, matekes ko ’aca patayraen i Yoropa a pacakay. Ira ho ko Tayietawhuwasinmu(''Swietenia macrophylla;''大葉桃花心木）mala’afa’afas ko tamadaw a mi’aca, nawhani, tadamanga’ayay sapisaloma’ ato sapisang’ to dafong. Tona mihecahecaan adihay ko kokong no riyar a tatayni, ira ko ’aro sanay itini a Sipanya a tamdaw, ira ko malicoay no Intian a tamdaw. === Micongacongay to Ikiris a Hongtolasu'''(英屬宏都拉斯)''' === Itiya ho o Sipanya a Hontian Kitakit mihai to pikilang no Ikiris a tamdaw, nikawria, milalang to sapipatirengan to Micowat a Mikowan. To ikor i 1798 miheca, lalood sa to ko Ikiris ato Sipanya, oya maro’ay i saka’amisay a Pecih-Kanatal (Sipanya asowal:''Península de Yucatán;'' Kaping a sowal:猶加敦半島) no Sifo’ay Amirika a Karopaw a tapang no sofitay no Sipanya ocoren ningra ko 32 a tamina a mi’afas patikol toya pala. Nani saka 9 folad saka 3 romi’ad tahira i saka 9 folad saka 10 romi’ad, mararid ko lalood i kihaw no Pilisu, saikoray to i, sawad han to no Sipanya koya mi’ecoan a pala, o「''Battle of St. George's Caye''」hananay a pangangan. Saka 9 folad saka 10 romi’ad o pasela’an no kitakit to sapikining tona「''Battle of St. George's Caye''」a lalood. I kaleponan no 18sici, misatapang ko Ikiris a pakamaro’ itini a mikowan ton apala. 1840 miheca, laheci han to no Ikiris ko Pilisu malamicowatn a sakowan. 1862 miheca palaheci mipacomod malamikowanan no Honti no Ikiris mala「micongacongay a Hongtolasu」hananay a pangangan. === Mifalic to ngangan no kitakit(正名為貝里斯) === 1964 miheca saka 1 folad milekal o Pikaikian Faco no kitakit,laheci sato ko pisiied a niyahpikowan, 1973 miheca, falic han to koya nipanganganan no Ikiris a「micongacongay a Hongtolasu」to「Pilisu」ha ngangan no kitakit. == Kaitiraan (地理位置) == Itiraay i sakawalian no Sasifo’an no Amilika Karopaw, o siikeday a kitakit. Isakatimol ato isaka’etip mada’edo’edoay ato Kuwatimala, isakawali misa’ayaway to lihaw no Hongtolasu no Kalepi riyar. Adhihay ko kanatanatal, ma’edef no tokos, sena’sena’an ato no Fa’etay a Kakarayan a kilakilangan(''Tropical moist broadleaf forest;''熱帶雨林). O laleko no sera i,tosaay ko pecih o sakatimol pecih ato saka’amisay a pecih:katimolay a laleko no sera i, o lotolotokan no Maya, nani sakatimol no ka’etip pasi ka’amis no sakawali ko kasado’edo’edo nona lotok, o ’apocok nona cipas lotok o Kokoskomu(Ikiris a sowal:''Coxcomb Peak'';科克斯科姆峰)o ka’akawang nona ’apocok i,nani tongroh no riyar ira ko 1121.97m, o sakakaay ko ka’akawang tona kitakit; isaka’amis ato lislis no riyar a laleko no pala o masadasdasay, o lalen no ka’akawang i,nani tongroh no riyar ira ko 61m, sahetoay o swna’swna’an. [[Faylo:Campo12Foto_2.JPG|thumb|Fa’etay a Kakarayan a kilakilangan(Campo12Foto 2)]] O sakakaay a ’alo ira ko Mopan ’alo(Sipanya a sowal:''Río Mopán; Kaping a sowal:''莫潘河) ato Pilisu ’alo(Ikiris a sowal:''Belize River''；Sipanya a sowal:''Río Belice;''Kaping a sowal:貝里斯河). I sakatimol a laleko no sera i, o Fa’etay a Kakarayan a kilakilangan(''Tropical moist broadleaf forest;''熱帶雨林),o roma sato i,o Fa’etay a Kakarayan a rengorengosan(''Tropical moist broadleaf'' Grassland'';''熱帶草原). O ha’emin no miheca o kara’oradan ato kakedalan ko kasasiroma, 3~5 a folad o kakedalan, 6~11 o mado’etay a folad. O lalen a fa’edet i,17~25°C, o ’orad to mihecaan i,isaka’amis latek 1350mm, isakatimol i,latek 4575mm, o pitahepo no kilakilangan i,mahaop ko 70%. Ikacifreangan ato karafawfawan mafaliyosay to to mihecahecan. Itini i 17 15 N, 88 45 W, noNotimolan Amilika ko [[Belize]].Polong no sekalay i 22,966 sq km “saka 152 ko rayray no ngangan. O sekalay no sera i, 22,806 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 160 sq km,Polong i 353,858 ko tamdaw. sera(土地):Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 6.90%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 60.60%, malo no roma to a sera 32.50%. siyoto(首都):O Pilmopan(''Belmopan'',貝爾墨潘) ko Siyoto.katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日):Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakasiwa 10 a romi’ad.O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci [[Elizabeth II]](伊莉莎白二世女王), patirengan a romi’ad i 1952 a miheca saka 2 folad saka 6 a romi’ad. == '''Sici''' (政治) == O Pilisu i,Pikaikian Faco a kitakit, o kapot no Tata'akay Ikiris a Lekatep. O tayal no sifo i,mido’edo’edoay tono Ikiris a [[Faylo:George_Cadle_Price.jpg|thumb|o Mama no kitakit(George Cadle Price)]] a Faco (Ikiris a sowal:''Westminster system''; Kaping a sowal:西敏制)no sici, o misanga’ay to rikec no kitakit a Pikaikian ko sakakaay ko ’icel no sakowan,o pisawkitan i,o Ikiris-Amirika Faco a Rikec(Ikiris a sowal:''common law)'''[1]'''''ko pitili’an a misawkit. Ititni i Sifo’an-Amirika-Karopaw ’edeng o Pilisu ato fiyaw a kitakit Kostalika ko limadacay ko sici temenekay ko syakai. Itini i Pilisu tosaay ko tata’angay a kasafelaw no sici: isifo’ay a pasikawili ko tayal a centang[2] o「Kapolongan no Finawlan a Centang」''(People's United Party)'' ato isifo’ay a pasikawanan ko tayal a centang o「Finawlan ko Pi'arawan a Centang」(''United Democratic Party''). == '''Kasasilsil no sakowan'''(行政區劃) == ’Enemay ko kasasilsil no sakowan: {| class="wikitable" |'''#''' |’Amis |Ikiris |Kuwaping |Syoto |- |1 |Pilisu Etal |Belize |貝里斯區 |Belize City |- |2 |Kayu Etal |Cayo |卡優區 |San Ignacio |- |3 |Kolosar Etal |Corozal |科羅薩爾鎮 |Corozal Town |- |4 |Citaw Etal |Orange Walk   |橘道區 |Orange Walk Town |- |5 |Stankoliko Etal |Stann Creek |史坦克瑞克區 |Dangriga |- |6 |Torito Etal |Toledo |托勒多區 |Punta Gorda |} == Kacacofelan a Demak (外交) == Mapatirengay ko kacacofelan a Demak ato 94 a kitakit, ira ko kacacofel a demak ato Conghuwaminko, ato itiraay i Afrika a Saharawi-Arapiya Nikapolongan Kitakit(Sipanya a sowal:''República Árabe Saharaui Democrática，SADR''）; Kaping a sowal:撒拉威阿拉伯民主共和國,通稱西撒哈拉), ato itiraay i Parkan-Pecih-Kanatal no Yoropa o( Arpaniya a sowal:''Republika e Kosovës''; Saywirwiya a sowal:''Република Косово''; Roman a tilid:''Republika Kosovo''; Kaping a sowal:科索沃共和國,簡稱科索沃). I 1987 miheca saka 2 folad saka 6 folad patireng ato Congko to kacacofelan a demak, mapalasawad ko kacacofelan a demak ato Conhuwaminko(Taywan). Caho ka halafin mafalic ko mikowanany a tapang no Pilisu, i 1989 miheca saka 10 folad saka 11 romi’ad patatiko ho ko Pilisu a patireng to kacacofeln a demak ato Conhuwaminko(Taywan), mapalasawad ko kacacofeln a demak ato Conko.[3] == '''Kicai''' (經濟) == Nano to’asan o misakilangay ko ’orip no Pilisu a tamdaw, tona icilaay ho a mihecan o maomahay to ko ’alomanay ko tayal, mangaled ko misatefosay, misamami’ay, kokoya, panay, tamako, pawli, ato paka’enay to kolong. Ikakaay ko mifotingay. O misanga’ay to dafong i,o misataminaay, misanga’ay to kaka’enen, mililecay to keliw, dafong no loma’, tinci ato tamako. [[Faylo:Turtle_Inn_bar_and_dining_area.jpg|thumb|Kahiceran no lafang(Turtle Inn bar and dining area)]] Tili’en ko nipasadakan no sepay no Amirika to pakayniay to aniniay alekakawa no ha’emin no kitakit,o Pilisu i,itini i Sifo’an a Amirika Karopaw o sakakaay ko awaay ko katayalan a kitakit mahaop ko 9.4%, ila’enohay ho lalen no manikaway a tamdaw a kacitiwtiw mahaop ko 33.5%. 1999 miheca o cakat no GDP i,mahaop ko 6.4%, tahira to I 2000 miheca kacakat to mahaop ko 10.5%, nikawrira, i 2001 miheca makeron tayra i 3%, nawhani, o kicai no polon a kitakit masereray, ira ho faliyos sacaka nga’ay ko ‘epoc no liomah, pifoting ato pisalamaan no lafang.     == Pihapinangan a Tilid(參考文獻) == [1] 在《中文主題詞法》2005年版正式主題詞用「英國法系」亦稱普通法系（頁198），不用「海洋法系」。 [2] Oliver H. Woshinsky. ''Explaining Politics: Culture, Institutions, and Political Behavior''. New York: Routledge, 2008. p. 146. [3] 中国同伯利兹的关系. 中華人民共和國外交部. == Pikafitan i Papotal(外部連接) == * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 6vnbkexqost23gagq08s6zfkdir2bc5 0 109 32316 32315 2022-09-05T09:50:49Z Akamycoco 27 #ALCD 32316 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''Pinan Nikapolongan Kitakit(貝南共和國)''' == == '''Takaray a sowal''' (概略) == Pinan Nikapolongan Kitakit(Fransu a sowal:''La République du Bénin''; Kuwaping a sowal:貝南共和國或貝寧共和國). I’ayaw no 1975 miheca,Tahomi hananay a pangangan, toikor to i,o Pinan hananay to a palaheci a pangangan. [[Faylo:Flag_of_Benin.svg|thumb|Hata no Pinan (Flag of Benin)]] Itiraay i saka’etip no Afrika a kitakit, o katelang ho a ngangan i, Dahomy(''Dahomey'') hananay a pangangan. Misi’ayaway to Ciniyawan(Ikiris a sowal:''Gulf of Guinea''；Fransu a sowal:''Golfe de Guinée;'' Kuwaping a sowal:幾內亞灣）i saktimol, isakawali i,malafiyaway ato Niciliya, isaka’amis i,mada’edo’edoay ko pala ato Cilu, isa’amis no saka’etip i,mada’edo’edoay ato Pukinafaso, isaka’etip malafiyaw ato Toko Nikapolongan a Kitakit(Fransu a sowal:''République Togolaise ,Togo'' ;Kuwaping a sowal : 多哥共和國:通稱多哥). O dadahal no pala no Pinan i,114762㎢, o tamdaw i,1185 ko ofad(2020 miheca a sa’osi), o Syoto Singko(Fransu a sowal:''Porto-Novo''; Kuwaping a sowal:新港或波 [[Faylo:Cotonouskyline.jpg|thumb|Kotonu kaitiraan no sifo (Cotonouskyline)]] 多諾伏）o kaitiraan no Pikaian no Kitakit, o kaitiraan no sifo i,itiraay i Kotonu(Fransu a sowal:''Cotonou''; Kuwaping a sowal:柯多努）. == '''Rikisi'''(歷史) == I sasifo’an no 17sici tahira i aikor tono 18 sici, o sakaay a kitakit itini i saka’etipay [[Afrika]] o Awyie Hontian Kitakit, caay ka o aniniay aca a Nayciliya, Pinan ato Toko ko mikowanan, halo roma a kitakit no Afrika ko makowanay, mahaop ko nipatirengan no Fong a finacadan a Tahomi Hontian Kitakit.[1] I saka 15 sici micowat a micomod ko Potawya i lilis no riyar a paliwal to koli; i 17 sici oya nani Apomi Dahetal (Frensu a sowal:''Abomey''; Kuwaping a sowal:阿波美）a Tahomi Hontian Kitakit, nornor sa micowat tayra i satimolan a lilis no riyar.[2] Nikawria,1851 miheca ma’eco no Fransu malanikowanan a pala, 1904 miheca patateko han to malamicongacongay a Sa’etipay Afrika no Fransu. [[Faylo:Royal_banner_of_Béhanzin_of_Dahomey.svg|thumb|Tahomi Hontian Kitakit (Royal banner of Béhanzin of Dahomey)]] I 1958 miheca misiiked a niyahpikowan a kitakit no Kapolongan no Fransu, 1960 miheca saka 8 folad saka 1 romi’ad malaheci ko pisiiked no Tahomi Kapolongan Kitakit, o sa’ayaway a congtong ci Maka ocoren ningra ko sofitay a mineker ko mitokeray cingranan a finawlan, nikawria, mafelih a malaplap no finawlan. O sofitay sato ko mikowanay to kitakit, tahira i ikor no 1972 miheca kinalima a misaliyaliyaw ko sofitay a mifelih to sifo, kinalima a mafalic ko mikowanay. 1970 miheca masang’ ko rikec oya toloay a kapapecihpecih to pala a Mikomoday i, tosa miheca macacaliw a malacongtong, oni kasasowalsowal to a mihadidi a ira ko hatiniay a faco no sici, orasaka, awaay ko ‘epoc nona sici a faco. Tahira to i 1972 miheca saka 10 folad saka 26 romi’ad o kakeridan no sofitay ci Matio-Koriko (Fransu a sowal:Mathieu Kérékou) keriden ningra ko sofitay a mifelih ko sifo, o sofitay to ko Nisatekedan a Mikowan, tona miheca saka 12 folad saka 1 romi’ad mafalic ko ngangan no kitakit, o Pinan Finawlan a Kapolongan Kitakit (Fransu a sowal:''République populaire du Bénin;'' Kuwaping a sowal:貝南人民共和國). Tahira i 1990 miheca saka 3 folad saka 1 romi’ad, mafalic heca ko ngangan no kitakit o Pinan Kapolongan Kitakit ( Fransu a sowal:''La République du Bénin;'' Kuwaping a sowal:貝南共和國). == '''Kaitiraan''' (地理位置) == Itiraay i saka’etip no Afrika ko kitiraan no Pinan kitakit, misi’ayaway to Atolantis Riyar (Ikiris a sowal:''Atlantic Ocean; Kuwaoing a sowal:''亞特蘭蒂斯洋;大西洋). i saktimol, isakawali i,malafiyaway ato Niciliya, isaka’amis i,mada’edo’edoay ko pala ato Cilu, isa’amis no saka’etip i,mada’edo’edoay ato Pukinafaso, isaka’etip malafiyaw ato Toko Nikapolongan a Kitakit(Fransu a sowal:République Togolaise ,Togo ;Kuwaping a sowal :多哥共和國:通稱多哥). O dadahal no pala no Pinan i,114762'''㎢.[3]''' == '''Palapalaan Etal'''(自然區域) == O kakarayanan i,masasiikeday ko katimol ato ka’amis a etal. O ka’amis i,tosaay ko kakarayan o kakedalan ato kafodo’an, o kafodo’an i,itiraay i saka 4~9 folad; katimol i,o Sifo'ay Konis no Cikiw a Faco a kakarayan, ira ko tosa a ka’oradan ato tosa a kakedalan a kakarayan, o kaoradan itiraay i saka 3~7 foald. Nani Wita tahira i Kotonu o Akola-Toko a lilisay no riyar amakedalay kakarayan, cecay a miheca ‘edeng 823 mm aca ko ‘orad. Nani Kotonu t ahira to Singko saadihay sanay to ko ‘orad a matongal, itira i Singko lalen no mihecaan a ’orad 1286 mm. I laloma’ay no karopaw i, o sakatosa a Sifo'ay Konis no Cikiw a Faco a kakarayan, cowa ka adihay ko ’orad. Ika’amis no Sawalo ono Katimolay fa’edetay a rengorengosan a kakarayan, tangsol saan a malowan ko ’orad, cowa ka hinaker ko kakarayan. [[Faylo:Abomey.jpg|thumb|Apomi (Abomey)]] Polong no Pinan kitakit limaay ko kasasilsil no palapalaan etal: 1.o polong a lilis no riyar sahetoay o sano ngoyosay a tafotafokan ato nitaliyokan no tafokan a fanaw(''Marine terrace''),sahetoay o malihocay masa’aporaway a pota’ ato malihocay no tereng ho a ’alo. Tosaay ko ’alo no Pinan, o cecay i,Posi-Ciw-Lowa ’alo, o cecay i, ingataay no Kotonu malalitingay ato Nokuay-Fanaw a tara riyar ko rakat no nanom. 2.O dita’dita’an a etal i, itiraay isaka’amis no riyaran etal, o cihanekay a sera itini, o ‘akawang nani tongroh no riyar 400 m. O talitok i,nani Apomi micodkap tahira i Lama-Sena’sena’an(''Lama March'') no Alata(''Allada''). 3.O ‘akawang no Tahomi Dahetal i, latek ira ko 300~759 m, itini iraay ko sepat ala’emiay a ’oncoy, o nano dita’ a mala’ongcoay. 4.O Atala tokos itiraay i ka’amis no saka’etip a kalala’edan ato roma a kitakit. Ona tokos nani ka’amis no sakawali pasitira i katimol no saka’etip ko pasitiraan, o sakaay ko ’akawang a taporo i,2146 m ko ’akawang. 5. O dafdaf no Nilu ’alo itiraay i ka’amis no sakawali no Pinan.   [[Faylo:Location_Benin_AU_Africa.svg|thumb|Kaitiraan no Pinan Kitakit (Location Benin AU Africa)]] == '''Kasasilsil no sakowan'''(行政區劃) == Sepatay ko kasasilsil no sakowan no Pinan: Sen, siyen(si), cen ato cun, onini i,o nano ‘enemay a kitakit a sakowan, 1999 miheca sakilac han mala 12 a sakaay sakowan(Fransu a sowal:''départements''), 77 ko siyen(si)( 67 ko siyen 10 ko si). Kasasilsil no sakowan no Pinan: {| class="wikitable" |# |’Amis |Fransu |Kuwaping |Dadahal㎢ |Tamdaw(2006) |- |1 |Alipoli Sen |Alibori |阿黎博里省 |25,683 |595,196。 |- |2 |Atakola Sen |Atakora |'''阿塔科拉省''' |20,459 |601,537 |- |3 |Tasiyang Sen |Atlantique |大西洋省 |3,233 |929,314 |- |4 |Polko Sen |Borgou |博爾古省 |25,310 |831,842 |- |5 |Posong Sen |Collines |丘陵省 |13,561 |625,933。 |- |6 |Ta’eman Sen |Donga |峽谷省 |10,691 |395,416 |- |7 |Kofo Sen |Kouffo |庫福省 |2,404 |572,924 |- |8 |Sa’owac Sen |Littoral |濱海省 |79 |670,000(2013) |- |9 |MonoSen |Mono |莫諾省 |1,396 |387,346 |- |10 |Wimi Sen |Ouémé |韋梅省 |1,865 |788,508。 |- |11 |Dahetal Sen |Plateau |高原省 |2,835 |445,497 |- |12 |Cu Sen |Zou |祖省 |5,106 |639,296 |} == '''Sici''' (政治) == Pakitinien i rikisi no Pinan i,pitoay ko Tatapangan a Rikec(Kinpo), o aniniay a Kinpo i, o Nikapolongan Pitopa ko sakalaheci i 1990 miheca saka 12 folad saka 2 romi’ad, pakainien tona Kinpo i,「patireng to no finawlan a kasasiromaroma a punka ato sarikec a kitakit」sanay ko piketon no tilid, mitayal to masasiikeday ko ’icel no Citodongay to Tayal no Sifo, Misanga’ay to rikec ato misawkitay, o congton ko faco no kitakit. O sinkiw no congtong ato kiing no pikaikian palacinowasen to cakasasifot ko tayal no kitakit, o congtong to, o kiing to malecad 5 ko mihecaan ko katayalan, o misanga’ay to rikec a kiing i, ira ko 83 ko kiing, o congtong i,o kakridan no sifo ato sawara’an no kitakit. == '''Kacacofelan a Demak'''(外交) == Tada kodefetay ko kacacofel ato Fransu. Mikapotay i Linhoko, Lekatep no Afrika(Fransu a sowal:''Union Africaine''; Ikiris a sowal:''African Union;'' Kuwaping a sowal:非洲聯盟), Mapapadangay Lekatep no Islam,o Fransu ko sowal a kitakit kanatal.[5] == '''Kicai''' (經濟) == Itini polong a kitakit, o Pinan i,o cecay no sacaay ka cemahad a kitakit. 2016 miheca o Kapolongan a Nitayalan a 'Epoc Ilaloma' no kitakit(''Gross Domestic Product; GDP'') opihinen i,83 oku kono Amirika a payso,o Lalen a 'Etan no [[Faylo:Marche_ouando_porto-novo.jpg|thumb|o Maci i Singko (Marche ouando porto-novo)]] (''per capita disposable income ,GNI'') ’edeng 749 aca no [[Amirika]] a payso.[6] O saka’orip a maamaan i,palawina sanay to liomah.[7] I sakatimolay a Niyaro’an Kitakit nano to’as malawidangay to ato Yoropa a tamdaw, orasaka, harakat ta to a misarocod to kasacecaceay a nipaloma’ to losay, onini ko sakanikaw to kaka’enen。Isakatimolay a etal ato Tahomi Dahetal o nipaloma’an i, o ’afinong, o ikemoday a heci ato simal no ‘afinong o sakakaay a nipasadakan a paliwl a dafong. O kaka’enen a losay i,ira ko konga, kyasafa, no lotok a konga, ‘ariray, naniwac ato kodasing. I’ayaw no katomirengan no kitakit no Pinan, i ’afinofinongan ira ko tata’angay a misanga’ay to simal a kofa. Ipolong no kitakit no Pinan ira ko sepat ko hatiniay a kofa, 2 ofad ko ton to cecay a miheca. Yo misiiked to niyahpikowan ko Pinan i, o liomah no ’afinong ato misanga’ay to simal no ’afinong a kofa o sifo to ko mitatoyay, sa malowan ko tayal, ira to ko pidama no Congko ato Rosiya nga’ saidahi sanay to ko tayal no kofa, sa adihay sato ko masanga’ay a simal. Ira ho tosa a kofa o simal no ’afinong ko sapisanga’ to safon, ira ho ko pinapina a misanga’ay to ’akik no ’ongali no heci no ’afinong. O pipaloma to takomod ikakaay ko ka fangcal itini i Afrika,o fatad no mi’alaan a takomod ato heci mipasakan a paliwal. I Pirma ’alo i,iraay ko ci’ekimay a tafok, i Kowuanto etal ira ko tadafakeloh, o kasolin a simal ira ko 1000 ofad ton sako pihinen. == '''Tamdaw''' (人口與宗教) == I 2002 miheca i,660 ofad ko tamdaw, i 2013 miheca malafas to ko 1000 ofad,[8] i 2015 miheca ira ko 1088 ofad ko [[Faylo:Grande_mosquee_porto-novo.jpg|thumb|Sakakaay Kyokai i Singko(Grande mosquee porto-novo)]] ,[9] ona tamdaw i, sahetoay macaco’eco i katimol no kitakit,[10] tahira to i 2000 miheca o katongal no tamdaw i,mahaop ko 2.8%. O polong no Pinan kitakit ira ko 60 ko kasasiromaroma a finacadan, o sakaay i,o Fon Finacadan(itiya ho o Tahomi hananay a pangangan), i 2001 miheca a pisa’osi ira ko 170 ofad o sowal no Fon Finacadan ko hasowal to romi’ami’ad; o roma sa i,Olupa ko Pinangan(120 ofad ko tamdaw), Akan Finacadn(''Akan people'') 60 ofad ko tamdaw,Palipa Finacadan 46 ofad ko tamdaw, Ailu Finacadan 33 ofad ko tamdaw, Fula Finacadan 31 ofad ko tamdaw,ato Kang Finacadan 24 ofad ko tamdaw. I ngata no Isakatimolay a minatoan etal ira ko mamang a teloc no Polacilu Koli, ira ho ko cowa ka papina a Fransu ato Aciya a tamdaw ato Indo tamdaw. O pitooran no Pinan a kitakit i,o Futo-Ciyaw(''Vodun vodṹ'';巫毒教,又譯伏都教)[11] ira ko 450 ofad (mahaop 60%) ko pakaso’elinay a tamdaw. 20% o masakristoay, 15%o Islam ko pitooran. [[Faylo:Voodo-fetischmarkt-Lomé.jpg|thumb|Futo-Ciyaw (Voodo-fetischmarkt-Lomé, 巫毒教]] Ono sifo a sowal i,o Fransu a sowal, nikawrira, o sowal to romi’ami’ad i,o sowal no Fon-Finacadan.Yielupa sowal ato Palipa sowal. Adihay ho ko cowa ka fana’ to tilid a tamdaw, i 2000 miheca a pisa’osi i,o fainayan a mapohaway to tilid mahaop ko 43.1%, o fafahiyan tahiraay to i 75.3% ko kaadihay. 2001 miheca a piciwsiya o mitiliday a ka’emangay ira ko 89%, ilaloma’ i, o fafahiyan ‘edeng 73% ko mitiliday. Pinan ira ko tosa a Tata’angay a Pitilidan, orira i,no Kitakita Niptirengan a Taykaku''(National University of Benin)'' ato Polaku Taykaku, oroma sato i,ira ko Kicic ato Sarocoday a 112 pitilidan, o kalopitilidan 246 ko pitilidan, no Ka’emangay 3558 ko pitlidan.[12]   == Tahapinangan a Tilid(參考文獻) == [1] Bay, Edna. Wives of the Leopard: Gender, Politics, and Culture in the Kingdom of Dahomey. University of Virigina Press. 1998. [2] Akinjogbin, I.A. Dahomey and Its Neighbors: 1708–1818. Cambridge University Press. 1967. OCLC 469476592. [3] Annuaire statistique 2010 (PDF). INSAE: 49. 2012 [17 December 2015]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2016-03-04） （法語）. [5] "Benin–International Cooperation" （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Nation Encyclopedia (29 June 2010) [6] Benin. International Monetary Fund. [17 April 2013]. （原始內容存檔於2016-04-07）. [7] "Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations" （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. United Nations, 29 June 2010. [8] BENIN en Chiffres [BENIN in Figures]. INSAE. [17 December 2015]. （原始內容存檔於2015-12-17） （法語）. [9] File POP/1-1: Total population (both sexes combined) by major area, region and country, annually for 1950–2100 (thousands). World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision (United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division). July 2015 [17 December 2015]. （原始內容存檔於2015-12-22）. [10] Hughes, R. H.; Hughes, J. S. A Directory of African Wetlands. IUCN. 1992: 301 [2016-10-04]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-2-88032-949-5</nowiki>. （原始內容存檔於2016-05-08）. [11] Wuto anoca Futu sanaay a sowal no Fon-Finacadan i ,o ‘Adingo , Kawas sanay ko imi. [12] 贝宁国家概况. 中華人民共和國駐貝南共和國大使館. 2005-10-17 [2016-10-04]. （原始內容存檔於2016-05-15）. s17ls9izdnyz0yz376zxfjtq8pchp7d 0 110 2275 2274 2021-10-28T12:00:23Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 27 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 2274 wikitext text/x-wiki Bgurah branaw（三笠山部落） Itiniay i [[Zhuoxi]](卓溪) Cen no Hualien(花蓮縣) ko [[Bgurah branaw]] a niyaro’, 31 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 106 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 98% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 104 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 2% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 2 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Truku(太魯閣族)82%, Bunun(布農族)2%, Tayal(泰雅族)4%, Amis(阿美族)2%, Seediq(賽德克族)2%, Paiwan(排灣族)1%, Cou(鄒族)1%, roma(其他)5%. Ira ko picodadan(立山國小) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 58j9im4mrvjp54fl4o1hoo67is0i9ni 0 111 30327 30281 2022-01-25T06:39:52Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q917]] 30327 wikitext text/x-wiki == Bhutan（不丹） == == Putan Hontian Kitakit (不丹王國) == Takaray a sowal (概略) O ila’eday no Congko ato Indo a kitakit, ilaloma’ay no karopaw ko aro’nona kitakit,i sakawaliay a ’apilis no Simalaya a tokos (ཧིམཱལཡ himālaya，喜馬拉雅山脈), isaka’etip madado’edo ato nikowanan no Indo a Sicin [[Faylo:Flag_of_Bhutan.svg|thumb|Hata no Putan(Flag of Bhutan)]] (Latin a tilid:Sikkim) malala’ed ato Nipol, isakatimol madado’edo ato o Monciyala Sakowan(Monciyala a sowal:পশ্চিম বঙ্গ；Ikiris a sowal:West Bengal）no Indo ato Asamu Sakowan(Asamu a sowal:অসম ; Ikiris a sowal:Assam). O syuto ato satata’angay a tokai o Sinpo(Thimphu), itini i sowal no Conngo, o「Cukoyi」hananay a mipangangan ko Putan,o kakeleng, o kangic sanay ko imi. Ora to「Putan」hananay i,o nanitiraay o telang a sowal no Indo「भोट-अन्त」[1] (Fan a sowal:संस्कृता वाक्；Ikiris a sowal:Sanskrit; Kuwaping a sowal:梵語）),o imi nira i, o「Salawacan no Tofan」[2] sanay. Matiya o milingosay to o salawacan i katimol ko katenak no punka no Sicang hato sanay. [3] O finacadan no Putan nano tiraay no to’as a Sicang a tamdaw, o malecaday ko karengawan ato Sicang a Monpa finacadan ko to’as no Putan a tamdaw. Itini i 27 30 N, 90 30 E, no Aciya ko [[Bhutan]].Polong no sekalay i 38,394 sq km “saka 137 ko rayray no ngangan. O sekalay no sera i, 38,394 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 0 sq km ” Polong i 750,125 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 13.60%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 85.50%, malo no roma to a sera 0.90%. siyoto(首都) ko Siyoto.katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakatosa ko safaw 17 a romi’ad.O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck]](吉格梅·凱薩爾·納姆耶爾·旺楚克), patirengan a romi’ad i 2006 a miheca(年) saka 12 folad saka 14 a romi’ad. == '''Rikisi''' (歷史) == === Salawacan no Tofan (吐蕃的邊陲) === I saka 8 sici mala o cecay a niyaro’ no Tofan ko Putan, o citodongay a mikowanan o Syiencenyien(宣政院)[4] no Yien-Caw(Monkolu Hontian Kitakit; ''Mongol Empire'';蒙古帝國)[5], tahira to i Cin-Caw[6](Tata’angay Cin Hotian Kitakit;大清帝國) nga’ siiked sato to Niyahpikowan. === Mapahinaker ko aniniay a Putan(奠定現代不丹) === [[Faylo:Shabdrung_rubin.png|thumb|Patirengay to Putan Kitakit a Cuka(Shabdrung rubin)]] I 1616 miheca , malaheci a mapalacecay no Sicang a tamdaw ci Syacong-awang-lang(''Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal'') ko Putan, mafana’ amisopsop to tamdaw,orasaka, kinalima a palowid to Kolu Kasafelaw(Pining no Sicang:''Gelug'' ano ca ''Gelug-pa)''sa lahedaw sato ko kamaro’an ngara itini. Syacong-awang-lang ko patomenekay to pala, finacadan ato pitooran no Putan. === Micowat ko Ikiris (英國入侵) === I 1772 miheca, micowat ko Ikiris a tayni,tahira to i 1865 miheca paci’eci han no Ikiris ko Putan a matatilid to「Sincula Kakaketonan Tilid」, ma’enec ko Putan a mikerit to 2000㎢ a sera pafili to Ikiris. 1907 miheca patedo sa ci GCIE(''Ugyen Wangchuck'';烏顏·旺楚克爵士) a malahonti a patireng to Putan Hontian Kitakit, iaikor ira ko Ikiris a micoker padama. Yo misiiked to Indo Niyahpikowan, milaliw to ko Ikiris, oya sa Putan tado han to no Indo malanoniyah a mikotoday a sakowan. === Malamicongacongay no Indo (印度的附屬國) === Nikawria, i 1910 miheca saka 1 folad matatilid ho ko Ikiris ato Putan to「Punaka Kakaketonan Tilid」, pasetek to macacofelay a demak ato roma a kitakit i,tengilen ko sowal no Ikiris sanay. I 1949 miheca saka8 folad matatilid ko Indo ato Putan to [[Faylo:Ugyen_Wangchuck,_1905.jpg|thumb|Sarakatay Honti no Putan (Ugyen Wangchuck, 1905)]] 「tahada’oc ko karihaday ato kalawidan a kakaketonan」, pasetek to macacofelay a demak ato roma a kitakit i,tengilen ko sowal no Indo, o tatapangan no Putan ko Indo, manga’ay pakamaro’ ko Indo to sofitay i Putan. === Aniniay a Putan (現代不丹) === 1971 miheca haien ho no Indo nga’ mikapot i Linhoko. To cila a miheca(1972)ci Cikomi-Sinko-Wancuko（Congo a sowal:འཇིགས་མེད་སེང་གེ་དབང་ཕྱུག་; ''THL：Jigme Singye Wangchuck;'' Kuwaping a sowal:吉格梅·辛格·旺楚克）mirocok a malahonti, o sakasepat a honti. Tahira to i 2006 miheca, patododen ningra ko wawa mirocok malahonti, o aniniay a honti ci Cikomi-Kaisaer-Namuyier-Wancuko（Congo a sowal:འཇིགས་མེད་གེ་སར་རྣམ་རྒྱལ་དབང་ཕྱུག，''THL：Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck'' ; Kuwaping a sowal:吉格梅·凱薩爾·納姆耶爾·旺楚克） 2008 miheca saka 3 folad saka 24 romi’ad, o sarakatay a pisinkiw to kiing no Misanga’ay to Rikec Pikaikian(''Bhutanese National Assembly election''), ’aloman ko kasasiromaroma a palikoay, ona sinkiw ko pahinakeran i saka 4 folad tomireng ko sarakatay a nano nisinkiwan a sifo, nikawrira, o honti ko mitatoyay to sakakaay sakowan ’icel. 2013 miheca sakakinatosa a pisinkiw, o Finawlanan Centang( Congo a sowal:མི་སེར་དམངས་གཙོའི་ཚོགས་པ; Kuwaoing a sowal:人民民主黨）paka’alaay to sinkiw, onin i,o sarakatay kafalic no Centang to citodongay to [[Faylo:King_Jigme_Khesar_Namgyel_Wangchuck_(edit).jpg|thumb|Aniniay Honti (King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck (edit))]] no sifo. == '''Sieci'''(政治) == === '''Milekal ko Honti to ’Edef no Kitakit a Sinkiw''' (國王宣布舉行大選) === O Pikaikian no kitakit no Putan tosaay ko kasasiroma, o cecay i,o Iinkai no Kitakit(''Gyelyong Tshogde''); o roma i, o Pilaikian no Finawlan (''Gyelyong Tshogdu''). Iinkai no Kitakit ira ko 25 ko kiing, ilaloma’ no nini to 20 a kiing o misingkiwan no finawlan, o ma’alaay to singkiw i,toro’en ho no honti ta malaheci ko kalakiing, oninian a kiing tatiihay o mikapotay tono siecian a tamdaw; o Pilaikian no Finawlan a kiing i,sahetoay o nani siecian a tamdaw ko mamalakiing. O mamalakiing nona tosa a Pikaikian no Kitakit i,o malaheciay to ko pitilid i Taikaku ko sa’eli. I 2006 mheca saka 1 folad saka 18 romi’ad, milekal ko honti ci Cikomi SinKo Wngcuko( Sowal no Cunngo:འཇིགས་མེད་སེང་གེ་དབང་ཕྱུག་; ''THL：Jigme Singye Wangchuck; Kuwaping a sowal:''吉格梅·辛格·旺楚克) tahira to i, 2008 miheca misatapang to ’Edef no Kitakit a Sinkiw, o laheci no sinkiw ko oido’edo’an a patireng tono Pikaikian Faco a kitakit.2007 miheca Fafa'eday Pikaikian, 48 ko masadakay to sinkiw a tamdaw, 20 ko mama’ala malakiing. === '''Sarakatay o Finawlan ko mitopaay a sinkiw(首次直接民選)''' === Tahira sato i 2008 miheca mitayal to sarakatay nano kairaan no rikisi no Putan a Fafa'eday Pikaikian,o finawlan to ko mamitopa,adihay ko masasiromaay a centan a pasadak to mamalakiing,nikalahecian nona sinkiw i,mapatireng ko sarakatay a o misinkiwan a kiiing ko mamisanga’ to sifo,[7] mapalahedaw kono Sawara'an Kitaki a Faco. Ano o hogtihongti ko Sarawa’an no kitakit i, o Citodongay to Tayal no kitakit i,o Congli ato Tapang no Kasasiromaroma no Katayaln no Sifo, o Pikaikian to ko misanga’ay to rikec. Tona sinkiw i,oya miingiday to salawinawina no hongti a siecian a kasafelaw o 「Paparahoday a pacemahad to Putan a Centang」(''Druk Phuensum Tshogpa;''不丹和平與繁榮黨) ko pakalowiday to romaroma a centang, 47 ko mama’ala to singkiw ma’ala nona centang ko 45 ko kiing. == '''kacacofelan a demak''' (外交) == Imatini ira ko 54 a kitakit ko kacacofelan a demak no Putan. Mafaker no Indo ko tayal, orasak, ano sapipacacofelaw to [[Faylo:Lotshampa_refugees_in_Beldangi_Camp.jpg|thumb|mapaforaway a tamdaw no Nipol (Lotshampa refugees in Beldangi Camp)]] a kitakit ko Putan miwawanik ho ko Putan to pifafaker no Indo. Onini ko sakaca ka cacofel ato Limaay a Maraliday a Lici no Linhoko, o itiraay sa i Indo a matayalay ko mitokeleday to tayal pakaini ato Putan. I 2012 miheca saka 6 folad saka 21 romi’ad,malalitemoh i Liyielonoylu(Potawya a ssowal:''Rio de Janeiro'')Tokai no Pasi a masasowal ko Congli no Congko ato Sosyang no Putan ci Cikomi Tinli, pasowal sa ko Congli no Congko ci Wenciyapaw: o Congko misasidangay to fiyafiyaw, itini pahinaker i「limaay lekakawa no sakarihaday」a mangalay a patireng to so’elinay a kacacofelan a demak ato Putan, ta nalikay a pahapinang a mifakekiw to kalala’edan no kitakit, manga’ay to ko kalawidang.[8] O Putan ato Indo tada kodefetay ko kakakafit nona tosa a kitakit. O pasipapotalay a tayal no Putan o Indo ko misetekay to soal, ira ko sofitay no Indo a maro’ i Putan.  I 1990 miheca mitayal to「misolac to finacadan」sanay a demak,laplapen ko maro’ay i Putan a Locang Finacadan, ona Locang a Finacadan o teloc no nanoto’asan ho maro’ay to itini i Putan a Nipol( Ikiris a sowal:''Nepali''; Kuwaping a sowal:尼泊爾語為) tamdaw, latek ira ko 24 ofad ko tamdaw. == '''Kicai''' (經濟) == Itini i polong a akitakit o cecaya a「Cowa ho ka Cemahad a Kitakit」（Ikiris a sowal:''Least developed country''，decdecay a tililid:''LDC、LDCs;'' Kuwaping a sowal:最低度開發國家或未開發國家）. Oninian i, itiyaay i 1971 miheca a misetek to tilid ko Linhoko: 1.o lalen a ‘etan no kalotamdaw to cecay a miheca 100 kono Amirika a payso. [[Faylo:Taj_Tashi_Hotel_Thimphu_Bhutan_2010-12-19.jpg|thumb|Pilafinan no Lafang (Taj Tashi Hotel Thimphu Bhutan 2010-12-19)]] 2. Kapolongan a Nitayalan a 'Epoc Ilaloma' no kitakit: GNP ’edeng haop sa ko 10% 3. o mafana’ay to tilid a tamdaw haop saca ko 20%. Ono Putan a GNP ’edeng 1400 a payso no Amirika. O sakakaay a mili’etanan i, mipa’aca i Indo to Nanomay Dinki. O Sa’osi no Kacemahadan no Tamdaw(''Human Development Index'') itini i polong to 192 a kitakit o rayray no Putan i,i saka 134, itini to mahapinang ko katadanca no ’orip. I 1992 miheca pasadak ko honti ci Cimiko Sinko Wangcuko to「Sa’osi no Kapolongan a Rihaday no Polong a Tamdaw」(''Gross National Happiness''，decdecay tilid:''GNH;'' Kuwapin a sowal:國民幸福總值) a Sowal, o sapipalalan to sakacemahad no kitakit. Patatili’ han tono payso a pili’etan, ono faloco’ay a rihaday koni haenan no Putan a tamdaw, cowa ka sarocod sa o payso aca ko ‘epoc sanay a harateng. [[Faylo:Bos_grunniens_at_Letdar_on_Annapurna_Circuit.jpg|thumb|Tokosan a kolong (Bos grunniens at Letdar on Annapurna Circuit)]] I 2012 miheca saka 4 folad saka 2 romi’ad, mikaiki ko Linhoko to pakainiay o「Rihaday ato Lipahak:Misetek to Sowal tono Fa’elohay a Faco no Kicai」, o Putan a kitakit ko milengatay tona sowal ato demak, sa’osi han to i,「Rihaday ato Lipahak」tini i polong to 192 a kitakit o rayray no Putan ca ka paka’ala to ka’ayaway itiniay i saka 90 ko rayray. Itini tona pinapina a mihecaan ma’ainainal to ko tamdaw a mi’aca tono roma a kitakit a dafong, ‘aloman to ko misatokayay, ca sato ka’edeng ko noniyah a mitayal a ma’orip, ‘aloman to ko awaay ko tayal a tamdaw, sakaleteng sato ko ’inolong no sifo a midipot to finawlan. Itini i Putan irako ’Adicaw a fokeloh ato Taliso. O mitahepoan no kilakilangan a pala mahaop ko 72%, o makapahay a hana cinganganay itini i cowacowa a kitakit, o tadamanay a kilang ira ko Puti Kilan( ''Pippala;''菩提樹),ira ko Calamay, ira ho ko Caleng. O misanga’an a dafong i,sahetoay o dafong to romi’ami’ad ato kakaenen, orasaka awaay ko tata’angay a misanga’ay to dafong a kofa. [[Faylo:Dreischluchtendamm_hauptwall_2006.jpg|thumb|Nanom ko sapisanga' to Dinki (Dreischluchtendamm hauptwall 2006)]] O maomahay ato misakilangay ko ’alomanay, o 72% no tamdaw misaomahay. pakaenay to ‘a’adopen ato misakilangay. O misaomahay i,kinacecayay a mipanay, miketef to ariray, ato ’emi to cecay a miheca. O nanom ko sapisang’ay to dinki (Ikiris a sowal:''Hydro-power;'' Kuwaping a sowal:水力發電), o masanga’ay to dinki mahaop ko 72% nipaliwalan i Indo,o Putan sa i,ono palapalaan ko sapiparakat to maamaan a kinairaira no pala(kandaway a saparakat to maamaan a kinairaira no pala), cowa ka sikitang ato simal ko sapisanga’ to dinki.[9] O pipalafangan ho roma a tata’angay a tayal no Putan, o ’orip no Putan a tamdaw, cowa ka pikihar to icowacowaay a kitakit, nikawrira, i 1974 miheca satapang a mihamham to palafangay, i Putan matafesiw ko 150 a L yokokaysya matayl to sapipasalam to lafang, ano ca’aca’ayay ka faker to ka’aloman no tayniay a lafang, nikawrira, o lafang i,o’edeng o mihaian no sifo a pisalamaan ko katayraan, tatolo ko tamdaw ano ca ikaka to tatolo, cecay a tamdaw nipasata to 200 no Amirika a payso to sapipa’ading to pala ato to’asan ho a punka.[10] [11] O to’edaw no lalan ira ko 3000 km, o tokosay kolong(''Bos grunniens;''氂牛),o lopa, o ’efa ko sapicolo’. O saikoray ira ko tilipi ato wanglu WIFI a kitakit ko Putan. == '''Kaitiraan''' (地理) == Itiraay i satimol no Aciya ko kaitiraan no Putan, O ila’eday no Congko ato Indo a kitakit, ilaloma’ay no karopaw ko aro’,i sakawaliay a ’apilis no Simalaya a tokos (ཧིམཱལཡ himālaya，喜馬拉雅山脈), isaka’etip madado’edo ato nikowanan no Indo a Sicin Sakowan (Latin a tilid:Sikkim;錫金邦), malala’ed ato Nipol; isakatimol madado’edo ato Monciyala Sakowan(Monciyala a sowal:পশ্চিম বঙ্গ；Ikiris a sowal:''West Bengal''）no Indo ato Asamu Sakowan(Asamu a sowal:অসম ; Ikiris a sowal:''Assam''). O syuto ato satata’angay a tokai o Sinpo(Thimphu), itini i sowal no Congo, o「Cukoyi」hananay a mipangangan ko Putan,o kakeleng, o kangic sanay ko imi no nini a ngangan. Ora to「Putan」hananay i,o nanitiraay i telang a sowal no Indo「भोट-अन्त」 (Fan a sowal:संस्कृता वाक्；Ikiris a sowal:''Sanskrit''; Kuwaping a sowal:梵語）),o imi nira i, o「Salawacan no Tofan」sanay. Matiya o milingosay to o salawacan i katimol ko katenak no punka no Sicang hato sanay.  O finacadan no Putan nano tiraay no to’as a Sicang a tamdaw, o malecaday ko karengawan ato Sicang a Monpa finacadan ko to’as no Putan a tamdaw. O pala i,nani ka’amis pasitimol sa a ma’apilis, ka’amis a kakarayan si’enaway, cocw ka citolas ko kaciso’eda ko tolos itini; isasifo’an a sa’owa’owacan dihekoay ko kakarayan; ikatimol i,o kidefetay a kilakilangan. O taporoporoan a dafdaf mado’etay a fa’edet ko kakarayan, o satimolan tono Aciya a etal. o kilakilangan matahepo ko 72% no kitakit, o sakakaay i satimolan a Aciya. O sa’akawangay a ’apocok no tokos i,itiraay i kalala’edan no Putan ato Congko a Kankopenson( Pining no Sicang:''Kanggarbünsum''; Kuwaping a sowal:岡嘎本孫峰), nani tongroh no riyar 7570 m. == '''Kasasilsil no Sakowan'''(行政區劃) == O polong no Putan sepatay ko kasasilsil no etal: Sa’etipay etal, sasifo’ay etal, satimolan rtal ato sawalian etal, i la’eno nonini i, mipecihan ho 20 a Cong. O tata’angay a takai i,o syuto Sinpo, Poro(Wili a sowal:''sPa-ro / sPa-gro'') ato Pokana(Wili a sowal: ''sPu-na-kha''). == '''Tamdaw''' (人口) == O polong ira ko 831,920 tamdaw(2020 mihecaan a sa’osi)[12], o samatakaray itini i hekal ko tamdaw. O fainayan mahaop ko 53%, fafahiyan mahaop ko 47% ko tamdaw. Toloay ko kasasiromaroma no finacadan no Putan: 1.Canglo Finacadan:I sakawaliay no Putan a Yuencumin; 2.Kolong Finacadan:I sa’etipay no Putan a maro’ a teloc no maforaway a Sicang a Finacadan. 3.Losamupo Finacadan anoca o Locang a tamdaw hananay a pangangan:o maforaway nani Nipol i 19 sici, o Nipol ko sowal. == '''Sowal''' (語言) == O Conke sowal ato Ikiris sowal kono sifoan a sowal, o Locang a tamdaw ono Nipol ko sowal. Tada kidefetay ko kalakiting no Conke sowal ato Sicang a sowal. == '''Pitooran('''宗教) == O polong a tamdaw no Putan mitooray to Fociyaw(mipaypayay), o nitoro’an no kitakit a pitooran i o Cangcuwan Fociyaw(Sicang a tilid:བོད་བརྒྱུད་ནང་བསྟན།，Wili atilid:''bod brgyud nang bstan''; Monko a sowal:''Төвөдийн Буддын шашин''; Kuwaping a ssowal:藏傳佛教),o ikakay i,o Koci Kasacinowas(Sicang a tilid:བཀའ་བརྒྱུད་པ་，Pining no Sicang:''Kagyu/Kagyupa''; Kuwaping a sowak:噶舉派). Ira ho ko roma to 25% mitooray to Indo a pitooran. O sarakatay a Pipaypayan i 637 miheca a mapatireng. O Indo a pitooran itiraay i sakatimol no Putan, kasacinowas ira ko Sipo Cinowas(Fan a sowal:शैव पंथ, ''śaiva paṁtha;'' Ikiris asowal:''Shaivism,Shaivam;''Kuwaping a sowal:濕婆);ira ko Fansinu Cinowas(''Vaisnava dharma''; Ikiris a sowal:''Vaishnavism''; Kuwaping a sowal:毗濕奴派); ira ho ko Sakota Cinowas(Fan a sowal:शाक्तं,''Śāktaṃ''；Kuwaping a sowal:沙克達教,性力派). I 2008 miheca a Kinpo Rikec no Kitaki,mihosyoway to paiteked a mitoor to pitooran, nikawrira,milalangay ko sifo to cowa ko Fociyaw(佛教) a pitooran patenak to sowal no Kawas,milalang a pacomod to cowa ko Fociyaw a patenakay to soal no Kawas a tamdaw, milalang a patireng to cowa kono Fociyaw a loma’, milalang to cowa kono Fociyaw a lisin. == '''Punka''' (文化) == O pitilidan, o paisingan sahetoay o cowa ka papaysoen. Ira ko pisa’icel a misetek no sifo to sowal, o kalotamdaw ano matayal, o mitiliday aka ca ka ciriko’ tono to’asan a riko’ ta ma’osaw ko Punka no to’as. O fainayan kaciriko’ to「Ko」(o tahiraay i tosol a cawing), o fafahiyan i,kaciriko’ to「Kira」(o kakaya’ay a cawing ato kohepicay a kiping); o maamaan to Nipatirengan do’edoen kono to’as a faco a mipatireng, o paisingang to, o kinko to, o pitilidan to ato loma’ to, o sapatireng a lalosidan ano o kilang to, ano amoto to, ano solafo to, todongen kono to’as a pinangan. Ano mahaenhaen ko pirikec no sifo i,awaay a ma’osaw kono tada no to’as a nipatirengan. 2004 miheca saka 12 folad saka 17 romi’ad, milekal ko sifo milalang to tamako i ’edef no Putan a kitakit, o matiniay a pi’edef a milalang to tamako o sarakatay ho i polong a kitakit, i laloma’ to, i papotal to cowa ka nga’ay a mitamako. O patiyamay no Putan tatiih a pa’aca to tamako, ano ira ko miihangay patefoc to 225 payso no Amirika (ma’edeng 7000 paso no Taywan) to kalokinacecay riyad, ano kinapinapina to a miihang i,maposiyaw ko paya no patiyamay, oni ko sakakeror no mitamakoay a tamdaw, ma’eden haop sa ko 1% ko tamdaw.[13]  Milalang ho ko sifo a paiteked sa a miletek to kilang, mi’adop ato mi’ala to tadamaanay a fokeloh, taiih a micukaymas to soka. Itira i 1980 miheca, mipatalahekal ko sifo to「rikec no kalalamod」, misetek to cecay ko lamod sanay a faco, nikawria, ano pakaynien i pinangan no to’as ato nano rikisi a wayway, itini i Putan iraay ho ko cecay a fainayan cikapi to pinapina a fafahiyan ano ca cecay a fainayan cikapi to pinapina a fafahiyan, o matiniay a kitakit ko Putan hananay, ano mihai ho kona tatosaay a tamdaw awaay to ko milalangay[14] to sakalalamodaw nangra.   == Tahapinangan a Tilid (參考文獻) == [1] Sanskrit. Ethnologue. 2008-11-03 [2008-11-03]. （原始內容存檔於2007-09-30） （英語）. [2] 在藏語中「ཆེན་པོ་」（chen po）的意思是「大」。「བོད་」（bod）則是該國的國號，與今「西藏」一詞的藏語詞彙相同。 [3] Chakravarti, Balaram. A Cultural History of Bhutan 1. Hilltop. 1979: 7 [2014-09-13]. （原始內容存檔於2020-09-29）. Taylor, Isaac. Names and Their Histories; a Handbook of Historical Geography and Topographical Nomenclature. Gale Research Co. (Detroit), 1898. Accessed 24 September 2011. [4] 初名總制院，是元朝統治中國時期設立的一個直屬中央政府管轄的國家機構，負責掌管全國佛教事宜並統轄吐蕃（今西藏）地區的軍政事務。 [5] 《中國文明史 元代》〈第一章 雙重體制的政治〉: 第3頁－第10頁. [6] 由於清朝建立的過程存在幾個重要的時間點，有關清朝的起始時間，存在不同的說法。主要有1616年說（後金建立）、1636年說（正式定國號為大清並稱帝）、1644年說（清軍入關並遷都北京）[參 5]。 [7] 不丹國王自廢君主制. 環球網. [2008-03-24]. （原始內容存檔於2020-08-12） （中文） .[8] 温家宝:中国愿同不丹建立正式外交关系早日划定两国边界. 國際在線. 2012年6月22日 [2012年6月21日]. （原始內容存檔於2017年6月12日） （中文（簡體））. [9] Hydro-Electric Power Projects of Bhutan. 不丹新聞在線. 2005年5月5日 [2008年3月25日]. （原始內容存檔於2010年7月6日）. [10] Bhutan Tourism Policy （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館），Ancient Bhutan Tours & Treks [11] The way to bhutan （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館），International Tours and Treks Pvt. Ltd., Bhutan. [12] 存档副本. [2020-05-03]. （原始內容存檔於2020-12-01）. [13] CNN報導[失效連結] [14] 馮侖. 不丹的幸福. 經理世界網. [2012-04-19]. （原始內容存檔於2012-04-15）. == kakafitan i Papotal(外部連接) == * （英文）不丹旅遊局網（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） * （英文）Bhutan Portal（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）不丹政府網站 * （英文）Department of Tourism, BHUTAN（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）不丹政府旅遊部網站 * （英文）CIA_World_Factbook（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） * （英文）開放式目錄計劃中和不丹相關的內容 * （英文） 維基媒體的不丹地圖集 * （中文）維客旅行上的不丹（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） * OpenStreetMap上有關不丹的地理資訊 * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 79x2zdekhxc4rba0ryecf8cavx09vb0 0 112 40509 40508 2023-12-30T22:01:10Z CommonsDelinker 39 Removing [[:c:File:Rt._Honorable_President_Bidya_Devi_Bhandari.jpg|Rt._Honorable_President_Bidya_Devi_Bhandari.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Didym|Didym]] because: Copyright violation; see [[:c:COM:Licensing|Commons:Licensing]] ([[: 40509 wikitext text/x-wiki Bidhya Devi Bhandari (碧雅·戴維·班達里) I 1961 a miheca (年) saka 6 folad saka 19 a romi’ad masofoc (出生) ci [[Bidhya Devi Bhandari]], malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit (國家) no [[Nepal]] (尼泊爾) anini i ci Bidhya Devi Bhandari, patirengan a romi’ad i 2015 a miheca saka 10 folad saka 29 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 4m8xb62ayy73licgrfpzzf4p6nqwjsl 0 113 2347 2346 2021-10-28T12:00:32Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 24 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 2346 wikitext text/x-wiki Bilus（石門部落） Itiniay i [[Fuxing]](復興) Cen no [[Taoyuan]](桃園) ko [[Bilus]] a niyaro’, 19 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 33 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 82% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 27 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 18% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 6 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)76%, Amis(阿美族)3%, roma(其他)3%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 5l3etlyx552955kcjlg25n8p7yom7es 0 114 2373 2372 2021-10-28T12:00:35Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 25 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 2372 wikitext text/x-wiki Blangaw（桃山部落） Itiniay i [[Wufeng]](五峰) Cen no [[Hsinchu]](新竹縣) ko [[Blangaw]] a niyaro’, 114 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 300 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 95% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 286 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 5% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 14 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)93%, Saysiyat(賽夏)2%. Ira ko imeng(竹東分局桃山派出所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] ena6tv7cj6xw1c73ho655tktv7qpsc7 0 115 2415 2414 2021-10-28T12:00:38Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 41 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 2414 wikitext text/x-wiki Blhuy（枕頭山1部落） Itiniay i [[Fuxing]](復興) Cen no [[Taoyuan]](桃園巿) ko [[Blhuy]] a niyaro’, 97 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 285 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 2% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 7 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 98% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 278 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)0.7%, Amis(阿美族)1.1%, Paiwan(排灣族)0.4%, Bunun(布農族)0.4%. Ira ko picodadan(三民國小、三民國小附幼) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(大溪分局三民派出所) i niyaro’. Blhuy（枕頭山2部落） Itiniay i [[Fuxing]](復興) Cen no [[Taoyuan]](桃園) ko [[Blhuy]] a niyaro’, 11 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 43 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 86% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 37 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 14% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 6 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)84%, Bunun(布農族)2%, roma(其他)2%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] dwkpylpcoo044y008szj88b5ag2801i 0 116 2438 2437 2021-10-28T12:00:41Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 22 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 2437 wikitext text/x-wiki Bngwan（圓山部落） Itiniay i [[Datong]](大同) Cen no [[Yilan]](宜蘭縣) ko [[Bngwan]] a niyaro’, 5 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 22 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 86% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 19 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 14% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 3 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)77%, Amis(阿美族)9%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 8vv4423kqyiy2fmu7qxhfyc6wh60ma2 0 117 44371 39275 2024-08-30T19:11:59Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 縮圖 44371 wikitext text/x-wiki Bolivia（玻利維亞） == Polipiya Adihayay Kasasiromaroma ko Finacadan a Kitakit(玻利維亞多民族國) == == Takaray sowal(概略) == O Polipiya a kitakit i,tada adihayay ko kasasiromaroma ko Finacadan a malamlam maro’ itini. [[Faylo:Flag_of_Bolivia.svg|縮圖|Hata no Polipiya (Flag of Bolivia)]] O Polipiya hananay(Sipanya a sowal:Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia; Kiciwa a sowal:Wuliwiya Mamallaqta; Aymara a sowal:Wuliwya Suyu; Kuwalani a sowal:Tetã Volívia; Kuwaping a sowal:玻利維亞)Polipiya a kitakit itiraay i laloma’ no karopaw a kitakit i Katimolay Amirika Kanatal, o kapot no Katimolay Amirika Kanatal a Lekatep. Malafiyaway ato Pasi, Piru, Cili, Arkuntin ato Palakui tona lima a kitakit, o Syuto i,Sokeloy, nikawria, o kaitiraan no sifo i,itiraay i Lapas, ona Lapas a tokai nani tongroh no riyar matafesiway ko 3,600 m ko ka’akawang, o sa’akawangay itini i hekal a kitakit. I’ayaw no picowat a mikowan ko Yoropa a tamdaw,o Antis Etal no Polipiya o nano Inka Hontian Kitakit, o sakakaay a kitakit itini. 16 sici, mapecoh no Sipanya [[Faylo:Bolivia_(orthographic_projection).svg|縮圖|Kaitiraan no Polipiya (Bolivia, orthographic projection)]] Kitakit kona pala. Itiya i Picoeatan Mikowan, ona pala i,o「Fafa’eday a Piru」hananay a pangangan, o Piru Congtu Kasadefak ko citodongay a mikowanay.1890 miheca milekal to Pisiiked Niyahpikowan, nikawrira , 16 ko mihecaan a malalood ato Sipanya i 1825 miheca saka 8 folad saka 6 romi’ad patireng to Nikapolongan Kitakit, mingangan ci Simon Poliwa a pangangan tona kitakit, tano kapatireng tono niyah a kitakit, sanoyanan sa o Nisatekedan a Mikowan, cowa ka hinaker ko sieci cowa ka nga’ay ko katayalan ato ‘orip. == Rikisi(歷史) == === '''To’asan ho a mihecaheca(早期)''' === I kahelekan no saka 15 sici mapecoh no Sipanya ko Polipiya, malamicongacongay no Lapulata Congto Sakowan(Sipanya a sowal:Virreinato del Río de la Plata; Kuwaping a sowal:拉布拉他總督轄區) no Sipanya. I saka 19 sici a mihecahecaan malalifelifet ko Latin Amirika Karopaw to Sapisiikedaw, itiya ho o「Fafa’eday a Piru」hananay a pangangan, ona ngangan tonini i,o minganganay to tadaki’emelay a tadaw no Winoyloyla Lakalasu ci Simon Poliwa, o mitedalay to kasefet no Polipiya nani Sipangya i 1809 miheca ta Misaiiked nani pikowan no Sipanya, o sapikinin tona tamdaw ko pangangan to Polipiya kitakit. [[Faylo:Portrait_of_Simón_Bolívar_by_Arturo_Michelena.jpg|縮圖|O patirengay to kitakit ci Simon Poliwa (Portrait of Simón Bolívar by Arturo Michelena)]] I 1825 miheca malaheci ko kapisiiked nani pikowan no Sipanya, nikawrira, cilacila a malalood ato kasafiyaw a kitakit, orasaka malowan ko fatad a sera no kitakit, ilaloma’ ira ko isaka’amisay no Cili a Antis Lotolotolan a pala, lilis no riyar a etal, isaktimolay no Pasi ato isaka’amisay no Palakui. Mangaled itiya i nani 1879 tahira i 1883 miheca a Syawsi Lalood(Sipanya a sowal:''Guerra del Salitre'';Kuwaping a sowal:硝石戰爭; oroma ho apangangan:Sipanya a sowal:''Guerra del Pacífico''; Kuwaping a sowal:太平洋戰爭), mapalahedaw ko o’edengan a milislisay to riyar a sakowan ato ikakaay a minato Antofaciyasita(Sipanya a sowal:''Antofagasta''; Kuwaping a sowal:安托法加斯塔),sanoyanan sato a mala ilaloma’ay no karopaw a kitakit ko Polipiya.[1] Na pisiikedan to no Polipiya,o teloc no nani Yoropaay a kohecalay tamdaw ato cilamlamay to ’irang no Yoropa a Mitiso tamdaw mapolong a mipatireng to sifo, halafin o Sofitay a Nisatekedan Pikowan(Sipanya asowal:''Caudillo'') ato Nisatekeday a Cefan ko Sieci. O roma sato 'i, miwanikan ko ’alomanay a Intian Yuiencumin, sanga’ sa to rikec to sapi’enecaw to niyaro’ no Intian a tamdaw, ta lahoday to ko pi’afas to sera no Intian. 1900 miheca,o polong a tamdaw no Polopiya ira ko 1600 ofak ko ka’aloman, nikawria, ’edeng 3~4 ofad ko iraay ko ’icel no sinkiw. 1898 miheca,malaheci ko Lapas malasyuto tatapangan taokai no kitakit, o ci’icelay to sakowan i,mafalic to a tayra i citanengay ato cipaysoay a tamdaw. === '''Aniniay Miheca (當代)''' === I 1953 miheca masanga’ ko rikec to sapipalahedaw to Faco no Milikotan a Liomah, mifalic to sakiomah a fa’elohay faco. 1984 miheca, malepon ko Sofitay a Nisatekedan Pikowan, o sinkiw to ko pi’aeawan to kaira no fa’elohay sifo. 2003 miheca cifangafang to no Palaan Kaso, mifaker ko polong tamdaw no kitakit, orasaka, tatootoor sa a misawad ko congton ci Sangcisu ato mitayliay malacongtong ci Misa, laliw sato tara i roma a kitakit. [[Faylo:Presidentes_del_Perú_y_Bolivia_inauguran_Encuentro_Presidencial_y_III_Gabinete_Binacional_Perú-Bolivia_(36962597345)_(cropped).jpg|縮圖|o Sa'ayaway a Yiencumin a congton ci Molalis(Presidentes del Perú y Bolivia inauguran Encuentro Presidencial y III Gabinete Binacional Perú-Bolivia )]] 2005 miheca saka 12 folad saka 18 romi’ad misinkiw to congtong,o Aimala Finacadan ci Molalis paka’ala to 53.75% a satopa, to cila a miheca i 2006 saka 1 folad saka 22 romi’ad satapang a matayal tono congtong a demak, cingra i,o sa’ayaway o yiencumin no Amirika Karopaw malacongtongay, o Syakaisyuki ko kahinakeran a halateng to sapipalowadaw to Polipiya. 2009 miheca saka 1 folad saka 15 romi’ad patalahekal to saka 16 a Kinpo Rikec no Kitakit, oninian i,o polong no fainawlan ko mitopaay to pihai, mahaop ko 61.8 % ko mihaiay ta malaheci. Tona miheca saka 3 folad saka 26 romi’ad mitilid to ngangan to sakakaay a rikec to sapifalicaw to ngangan no kitakit nani「''República de Bolivia;''玻利維亞共和國 falicen to 改為「''El Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia;''玻利維亞多民族國」, miliyaw sato misinkiw i,ira ko 64.2% ko mitopaay ta palalid a malacongton. 2019 miheca a sinkiw i,ci Molalis congtong mapakokot misamangahay to sinkiw saan, mapaci’eci a malaplap a milaliw tara i roma a kitakit.[2]   == '''Palapalan'''(地理) == Isa’amisay apala no Polipiya o dafdaf, sasifo’an o sakawaliay a apilis no Antis Lotok; isaka’etipay a pala o Antis Lotok ato Polipiya taporo. 4000 m ko kaitongroh no riyar, o matiyayay awaay ko tolas a takaraway dahetal. O sa’etipay no Antis Lotok nani ka’amis pasi timol ko kasado’edo, kalacinamalay kona tokos. O sakakaay ko takaraw a poco’ no lotok o IimaniPoco’（Sipanya a sowal:''Montaña de Illimani;'' Kuwaping a sowal:伊宜馬尼峰）6.438 m nani tongroh no riyar. [[Faylo:Aerial_photo_of_the_Andes.jpg|縮圖|Antis Lotok (Aerial photo of the Andes)]] Ha’eminen a minengneng takaraway ko ka’etip masala’eno sanay i tarawali. Ora takaraway i ka’etip itiraay i Antis Lotok, o masala’enoay i kawali itiraay Amasin Kilakilangan. O itiraay i hefong koao’ o OroSakowan(''Oruro;''奧魯羅省) . O satakaraway ko kaitiraan a Titikaka-Fanaw(Sipanya a sowal:''Titicaca Lago''，Aymara a sowal:''Titiqaqa''; Holam a sowal:的的卡卡湖)itiraay i kalala’edan no Piru ato Polipiya,o dadahal 8290 ㎢, o lalen a tangongol 140~180m, Uyuni-Cinahay-Fanaw(Kiciwa a sowal:''Uyuni kachi qucha''; Sipanya a sowal:''salar de Uyuni; Holam a sowal:''烏尤尼鹽沼）o dadahal i,10.58㎢,o kakaya’ nani ka’etip pasiwali 250km. O sato’edaway ’alo no Polipiya o cipas no Amasin ’Alo o Mamoloy ’Alo(Sipanya asowal:''Río Mamoré''; Holam a sowal:馬莫雷河), pasarayray han pakayni i dadahal: 1.    Amacon ’Alo (''Amazon;亞馬遜河''), o niraratan ona ’alo a pala ira ko 70.67㎢, mahaop ko 64% a pala no Polipiya. 2.    Parana ’Alo (Paraná; 巴拉那河, o cipas no Lapulata ’Alo拉普拉塔河支流), o niraratan ona ’alo a pala ira ko 24.51㎢. 3.    Titikaka-Tesakuwalo ’Alo (''Titicaca-Desaguadero'';的的喀喀湖-德薩瓜德羅河), o niraratan ona ’alo a pala ira ko 6.17㎢. 4.    Kankoso ’Alo (''Cancoso'';堪克索河), o niraratan ona ’alo a pala ira ko 2.02㎢ ko pala. [[Faylo:Lake_Titicaca_on_the_Andes_from_Bolivia.jpg|縮圖|Titikaka Fanaw (Lake Titicaca on the Andes from Bolivia)]] Itini i 17 00 S, 65 00 W, noNotimolan Amilika ko [[Bolivia]].Polong no sekalay i 1,098,581 sq km “saka 28 ko rayray no ngangan. O sekalay no sera i, 1,083,301 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 15,280 sq km, Polong i 10,969,649 ko tamdaw. sera(土地)Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen a sera 34.30%, Malo no kilakilangan a sera 52.50%, malo no roma to a sera 13.20%.siyoto(首都),O Sokoloy(蘇克雷) ko Siyoto.katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad.Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakafalo 6 a romi’ad.O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci Foan Aywo Molalis(''[[Evo Morales]];Juan Evo Morales Ayma''胡安·埃沃·莫拉萊斯·艾瑪), patirengan a romi’ad i 2006 a miheca saka 1 folad saka 22 a romi’ad. == '''Kakarayan'''(氣候) == O tosa no kalitolo a pala no Polipiya itiraay i Fa’edetay kakaraya ato Fala'efaay kakarayan[3], sahetoay o ma’icangay a sa’emel ko romi’ad; o ’orad nani sawalian no ka’amis tara sa’etip 2000mm lowan sa tahira i 100mm. == '''Sieci'''(政治) == O congtong no Polipiya o kapolongan no fainawlan a mitopa to sinkiw, 5 miheca kinacecay a misinkiw to congtong. O misanga’ay to rikec a Pikaikian no Kitakit o 「Kapolongan no Kasasiromaroma Finacadan Tata’angay Pikaikian」(Sipanya a sowal:''Asamblea Legislativa Plurinacional;'' Holam a sowal:多民族立法大會), tosaay ko kasasilsil:o Fafa'eday Pikaikian ato Kararemay Pikaikian, Fafa'eday Pikaikian 36 ko kiing,o Kararemay Pikaikian 130 ko kiing, malecad ato congtong 5 miheca kinacecay a sinkiwen. [[Faylo:Palacio_de_Congresos_Bolivia.jpg|縮圖|Kasasiromaroma Finacadan Tata’angay Pikaikian (Palacio de Congresos Bolivia)]] 2005 miheca saka 12 folad saka 18 romi’ad misinkiw to congtong,o Aimala Finacadan ci Molalis paka’ala to 53.75% a satopa, to cila a miheca i 2006 saka 1 folad saka 22 romi’ad satapang a matayal tono congtong a demak, cingra i,o sa’ayaway o yiencumin no Amirika Karopaw malacongtongay, o Syakaisyuki ko kahinakeran a halateng to sapipalowadaw to Polipiya. 2009 miheca saka 1 folad saka 15 romi’ad patalahekal to saka 16 a Kinpo Rikec no Kitakit, oninian i,o polong no fainawlan ko mitopaay to pihai, mahaop ko 61.8 % ko mihaiay ta malaheci. Tona miheca saka 3 folad saka 26 romi’ad mitilid to ngangan to sakakaay a rikec to sapifalicaw to ngangan no kitakit nani「República de Bolivia;玻利維亞共和國 falicen to 改為「El Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia;玻利維亞多民族國」, miliyaw sato misinkiw i,ira ko 64.2% ko mitopaay ta palalid a malacongton. 2019 miheca a sinkiw i,ci Molalis congtong mapakokot misamangahay to sinkiw saan, mapaci’eci a malaplap a milaliw tara i roma a kitakit. == '''Kasasilsil Sakowan'''(行政區劃) == O pisilsil to katayalan a kasasa'er : 9 ko Sakakaay Sa’er(Sipanya a sowal:''departamento''), o mikowanan nonini ira ko 112 ko Sakatosa Sa’er Sakowan(Sipanya a sowal:''provincial),'' o kahacecacecay no Sakatosa Sa’er Sakowan silsilen ho pinapina a Siyang ato Cen(Sipanya a sowal:''municipio'') , i la’eno nonini i, silsilen ho to pinapina aniyaro’(''localidad).'' 9 Sakakaay Sa’er Sakowan''(''九個省及其首府): {| class="wikitable" |’Amis |Sipanya |Holam |Dadahal/'''㎢''' |Tamdaw/2005 |- |Ciwkisaka Sen |Chuquisaca） |丘基薩卡省 |51,524 |572,165 |- |Kociyapan Sen |Cochabamba |科恰班巴省 |55,631 |1,649,044 |- |Pini Sen |El Beni |貝尼省 |213,564 |411,399 |- |Lapas Sen |La Paz |拉巴斯省 |133,985 |2,812,000 |- |Oruro Sen |Oruro |奧魯羅省 |53,588 |384,494 |- |Panto Sen |Pand |潘多省 |63,827 |60,995 |- |Potosi Sen |Potosí |波托西省 |118,218 |738,771 |- |Sie Korucu Sen |Santa Cruz |聖克魯斯省 |370,621 |2,433,602 |- |Tariha Sen |Tarija |塔里哈省 |37,623 |391,226 |} == Tamdaw ato Finacadan (人口與民族) == === Katenakan(分布) === Nano to’asan iraay to ko tamdaw a maro’ i ’edef no Polipiya, i kapolongan a faco no sera o takaraway a dahetal ato kasala’ed no tokos cowa ka ’aloman ko tamdaw a maro’, ano o cihenehenekay ko sera itini i,’edengan sa o mi’aopay a finacadan ko maro’ay itini, nawhani, cowa ka hakowa ko mama’ala to hakakaenen, o roma sa i,o mingata’ay to riyar ato isasifo’an a takaraway a dahetal no Piru a masopsop ko tamdaw a maro’, itini mahecaday to cowa ko cihenekay a sera caay ka tatodong sakaomahen, nikawrira, kakahad ko pipakaenan to ’a’aopen,ira heca ko adihayay a ma’osaw a tatafokeloh, orira to ko saka haneknek no aro’ no tamdaw itini.[4] === '''Finacadan''' (民族) === [[Faylo:Dos quechuas con siku y caja.jpg|縮圖|Aymara F inacadan(Mujeres aymara con siku y caja - flickr-photos-micahmacallen)]] Itiya i 2010 miheca a pisa’osi ira ko 1012.5 ofad ko polong a tamdaw, adihay ko kasasiromaroma a finacadan, Indian-Yuiencumin mahaop ko 60% ko tamdaw, o cilamlamay to ’irang no Yoropa o Mitiso hananay i,mahaop ko 26%, o Yoropa a kohecalay tamdaw ato roma a finacadan mahaop ko 14%. O Indian-Yuiencumin i,ira ho ko 36 ko kasasiromaroma no finacadan, ilaloma’ no nini i,o satata’angay a finacadan o Kiciwa Finacadan ato Aymara Finacadan(艾馬拉族), ona tosa a fainacadan mahaop ko 85% no Indian-Yuiencumin no Polipiya. == '''Pitooran''' (宗教) == O malacinowasay ko sieci ato pitooran a kitakit ko Polipiya, o rikec no Kinpo:「mingodo mipa’ading ko kitakit to paiteked a mitoor ato naifaloco’ay a pakaso’elin, matiya o nikalacecay tono dohaw nisaharatengan, misiiked ko kitakit nani pitooran.」 Nengnengen ko sa’osi no mitokiay a mikinkiwaay no citodongay tona demak no Polipiya kitakit i 2001 miheca, o polong tamdaw no Polipiya mahaop ko 78% mitooray to Tisikiw, o roam mahaop ko19%, o cowa ka pakaso’elin to kawas i,’engan 3%. O roma a pisa’osi no Katelang Sa’osi no Pitooran Iinkay a kirok, 2010 miheca o misakristoay i,92% ko mahaopay, ono to’asan a pitooran i,3.1%, Pahai Pitooran 2.2%, o cowa ka pitooran to kawas i,ilalem ho no 0.1%. == '''Kicai''' (經濟) == O matayalay no sifo no Polipiya sahetoay o malawacoay, ira heca ko pikowan no Sipanya, orasaka, o tadamanikaway itini i Satimolan Amirika Karopaw. O manikaway a tamdaw i,mahaop ko 66.4% no polong tamdaw no Polipiya, o tada o horac to ko kaawa a tamdaw i,45% ko mahaopay. o roma sa ’i, o ciseraay a tamdaw ira ko 90%, o caay ka papina a kohecalay tamdaw ato cilamlamay ko ’irang a tamdaw. [[Faylo:Chenopodium_quinoa0.jpg|縮圖|Kowal (Chenopodium quinoa)]] Adihay ko kinairaira no gasolin simal ato kaso no pala,itini i Satimolan Amirika Karopaw o mido’edo’ay to Winoylyla ko kaadihay no kaso no pala, ira ho Tadafokeloh, sa pangangan ha to「oya maro’ay i ’ekim a ’adengan a miki’a’amay」. Ira ho nalacolan no Inka-Hotinan Kitakit, o tadamaanay a rocokan no punka. O misanga’ay to dafong a kofa ira ko misanga’ay to kakaenen, ira ko mililecay a tayal,misanga’ay to sikal no[5] katol,o ‘epah, o tamako a kahirahira. Cowa ko nini aca, ira ho ko misamaladnay, cinganganay itini i kalokitakit. Oni pasadakan a paliwal a dafong i,ira ko nanisimalay dagong, tadafokeloh,misanga’an dafong ato dafong no saliomah. O sakakaay a ci’epocay a losay ira ko Limay a kowal(''quinoa;藜麥''), ariray, moki, konga ato kalitang. O Kapolongan a Nitayalan a 'Epoc Ilaloma' no kitakit( ''GDP'')nani 2005 miheca a 95.25 ok Amirika payso tahira to i 2009 miheca 172.17 ok Amirika Payso; Lalen a 'Etan no kalotamdaw( ''per capita disposable income ,GNI'' ) nani 1010 Amirika Payso matongal tahira i 1683 Amirika Payso. == Tahapinangan a Tilid(參考文獻) == [1] How Bolivia Lost Its Hat (2012). [2015-07-26]. （原始內容存檔於2018-02-11） [2] 存档副本. [2019-11-11]. （原始內容存檔於2019-11-11）. [3] Herbert S. Klein. 玻利維亞史. 上海: 東方出版中心. 2016年6月: 1. <nowiki>ISBN 978-7-5473-0814-1</nowiki> （中文）. [4] Herbert S. Klein. 玻利維亞史. 上海: 東方出版中心. 2016年6月: 1–2. <nowiki>ISBN 978-7-5473-0814-1</nowiki> （中文） [5] 玻利维亚国家概况. [2013-03-11]. （原始內容存檔於2013-03-07）. == Kakafitan i Papotal(外部連接) == * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] q75k7m9tjfmt5c31vpl8kni5qif673m 0 118 45436 44319 2025-01-16T13:16:40Z 2A02:8308:210:5D00:3951:133A:D904:7289 Borut Pahor idi 2010年 45436 wikitext text/x-wiki Borut Pahor(博魯特·巴荷) [[Faylo:Borut Pahor 2010-10-08.jpg|縮圖|Borut Pahor idi 2010年|alt=Borut Pahor 2010-10-08.jpg]] I 1963 a miheca(年) saka 11 folad saka 2 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci Borut Pahor, malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Slovenia]](斯洛維尼亞) anini i ci Borut Pahor, patirengan a romi’ad i 2012 a miheca saka 12 folad saka 22 a romi’ad. == kasofocan a loma’ 出生家庭 == == lalamod  配偶 == == salikaka  兄弟姐妹 == == natayalan  事蹟 == == pitooran  宗教 == == tahapinangan a tilid 參考文獻 == ==No papotalay a kakafit 外部連結== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 43yv69ngmlajdlkjsp8w3rbdho1ar4q 0 119 46767 2504 2025-06-13T13:09:28Z CommonsDelinker 39 Replacing Europe-Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg with [[File:Map_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_in_Europe.svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]]). 46767 wikitext text/x-wiki Bosnia and herzegovina（波士尼亞與赫塞哥維納） == Posiniya ato Hesaykowina（波士尼亞與赫塞哥維納） == [[Faylo:Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg|thumb|Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina|alt=Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg]] [[Faylo:Map of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Europe.svg|thumb|Europe-Bosnia and Herzegovina]] == Takaray Sowal (概要) == O Posiniya ato Hesaykowina(Posiniya a sowal:''Bosna i Hercegovina／Босна и Херцеговина''; Holam a sowal:波赫)[1] [2] o itiraay i satimolan no Yoropa, isaka’etip no Parkan-Peci-Kanatal, o lotolotokan ko ’edef no kitakit. O syuto i,o Salayiefo ( Posiniya a sowal:''Sarajevo''; Holam a sowal:塞拉耶佛). O nano cecay no enem a mikapotay no itiyaay ho a Nanslafo-Syakaisyuki- Lekatepay- Kapolongan-Kitakit( Sayrwiya-Koroaysiya Latin a Tilid:''ocijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija；''Maciton a sowal:''Социјалистичка Федеративна Република Југославија''; Holam a sowal:南斯拉夫社會主義聯邦共和國), ona kitakit toninian i,o malakapotay a Maciton, Sayrwiya, Posiniya ato Hesaykowina,Koroaysiya, Slopakiya ato Momtonikoro a enem kitakit, o syuto i. o Pierkolo, nani 1945 miheca tahira i 1992 miheca ko kairaan nona kitakit. Itiya 1990 a mihecahecaan, i kalaloodan no Nanslafo a misiiked a patireng to kitakit kona Posiniya ato Hesaykowina, oninian i,o mido’edo’edoan ko「Tayton Kakaketonan」(''Dayton Agreement'') a mihai ko ha’emin no kitakit o「Misiikeday a Cisalongacay Kitakit」ko Posiniya ato Hesaykowina. O Pikaikian no Kitakit no Posiniya ato Hesaykowina o sakakaay tarokos no Yoropa Pikaikian ko mikantokay. Itini i tayal no kitakit i,tosaay ko kasasilsil:o cecay i, Posiniya ato Hesaykowina Malekatepay Kitakit(o roma angangan i, Muslin ato Koroaysiya Malekatepay Kitakit); o cecay i, Sayrwiya Finacadan Kapolngan Kitakit[3] (Sayrwiya a sowal: ''Република Српска''; Romaan tilid:''Republika Srpska; Holam a sowal:''塞族共和國). 2000 miheca, patireng to Polciko Siikeday Etal(''Brčko''), malecad kono sakowan a ’icel ato yatosaay a kasasilsil, matiya kalatolo sanay to kona kitakit, nikawrira, o kasasilsil no sakowan i,cowa ko pala ko sapiptahidang to kitakit, o Finacadan ko pangangan,o Posiniya Finacadan ato Koroaysiya Finacadan(Posiniya ato Hesaykowina Malekatepay Kitakit), o roma i, Sayrwiya Finacadan(Sayrwiya Finacadan Kapolngan Kitakit). == '''Rikisi'''(歷史) == === Sarakatay Miheca(早期) === Itiya ho i katelanagan a fokelohan a mihecahecaan iraay to ko tamdaw a maro’ i Pohe Etal, o tahapinangan no nini i,itira i Stolacipatanci-Dihif nalacolan ira to ko 12000 ko mihecaan, o samatelangay itini i kawali no satimolan no Yoropa. O roma sa i, Pohe Etal ma pecoh no Roma Hontian Kitakit i 168 miheca. O satimolan no aniniay a Posiniya ato Hesaykowina o nano cecay a pala no Paycantin(Sawalian Roma Hontian Kitakit). Itira i saka 6 sici ato saka 7 sici satapang a micomod i Parkan-Pecihkanatal. Toikor to mihecahecaan, malamikotoday a kitakit no kasasiromaroma a kitakit i taliyok ko Posiniya ato Hesaykowina. Tahira to i 1377 miheca nga’ mapatirang ni Tofoltoko-Kotoromannici(''Tvrtko Kotromanić'') ko masasiikeday a Posiniya Hontian Kitakit, nikawrira, caho ka haneknek ko katomireng nona kitakit, ma’eco tono Otoman Hontian Kitakit i 1463 miheca, mapolong no Otoman ko Posiniya. '''Pikowan no Otoman Hontian Kitakit'''(鄂圖曼帝國統治時期) O kowang, pitooran ato sa’osi a tamdaw ko pasata ko pikowan no Otoman to Sayrwiya ato Koroaysiya a tamdaw. Misetek ho to sowal, ono Muslim ho a tamdaw manga’ay to a maro’ i fafa’eday no syakai; o maomahay a tamdaw ano mifalic a mitoor to Islam Pitooran malowan ko sata.[4] O kaemangay a wawa i, paliyasen to wama ato wina, saopen a pakamaro’ i pikonlingan, o mamalasofitay no Otoman, o pifalic ho faloco’ ato harateng mala Tocian a tamdaw. Oya maro’ay tamdaw i mi’ecoan a pala pasatisilen to kasasa'er no 'orip, painien to masasiromaromaay a tongasoc, o mipadangay a mikowan a tamdaw, sofitay ato ciseray painien to ’akawangay a tisil, roma sa i, oya mitooray ho to Kristo a Sayrwiya ato Koroaysiya a tamdaw o la’enoay ko tisil a kalotamdaw, o「Laya」hananay a pangangan. '''Kalaloodan i Sakatosa a Lalood(第二次世界大戰時期)''' Itiya i kalaloodan i Sakatosa a Lalood no ‘Emin no Kitakit, mapatekop no Tokod Kitakit(Ikiris a sowal:''Axis power''; Toic a sowal:Die Achsenmächte ; Holam a sowal:軸心國)ko Nanslafo Hontian Kitakit. Yo mipecoh ko Toic,Italy, Syongyali,ato Powciliya, i Nanslafo ira ko mitokeray kasafelaw toya mi’ecoay a kitakit, o kakeridan nona mitokeray kasafelaw ci Yosifo-Poloci-Tito (Silil a sowal:''Јосип Броз Тито''; Latin a tilid:Josip Broz Tito; Holam a sowal:約瑟普·布羅茲·狄托), keridaen ningra ko Yucitoy (游擊隊/guerrilla) a milood, 1943 miheca pasitira to a mikosang ko Italy i,mihai ko Malekatepay Kitakit(Ikiris a sowal:''Allies of World War II''；Rosiya asowal:''Антигитлеровская коалиция''; Holam a sowal:同盟國) to kalakakeridan no Nanslafo mikapot a mitoker a milood,[5] saadihay han to no Malekatepay Kitakit a padama to sapilood a maamaan dafong ko Nanslafo, oya nikeridan ni Tito a Kiwsanto a sifo, mala o’edengan a sifo no Nanslafo.1945 miheca saka 3 folad, patireng to Kapolongan Sifo ko「Mitedalay to Finacadan a Iingkai」, tona mihea saka 11 folad saka 29 romi’ad, patireng to ci Tito tono Kiwsanto tekedan a sifo, o「Nanslafo Lekatepay a Kapolongan no Finawlan Kitakit」han pangangan kona nipatirengan ho a kitakit, 1963 miheca saka 4 folad saka 7 romi’ad, malaheci to fa’elohay a Rikec no Kitakit tora Kinpo hananay, liyawen heca a panganga ko kitakit to「Naslafo Syakaisyuki Lekatepay Kapolongan Kitakit」.Yo kara’iringan no Sa’etipan ato Sawalian kitakit tora「Li’etecay Lalood」a mihecahecan, masasiroma ko pisafaco ni Tito ato Sa’etipay-Yoropa a kitakit, o paitekeday ko katayal, cowa ka pikecec ko sieci, patahtahay somal, cowa ka pikapot to Amirika ko kakeridan a「Saka’amisay Riyaran a Kakaketonan Lekatep」, cowa ka pikapot to Rosiya ko kakeridan a「Huasa Kakaketonan a kapot」(Rosiya a sowal:''Организация Варшавского Договора'';Holam a sowal:華沙公約組織),mawilih ko pasitira i Indo,Aycipto,Inni ato Latin-Amirika ko pasacefang ni Tito, patireng sa to「Cowa ka pikapot a Lekatep」[6], 120 ko kitakit to mikakpotay toni a Lekatep, malakakeridan nona Lekatep ci Tito. Itiya i 70 mihecahecaan, mihai ko sifo no Nanslafo to「oya somowaslay to sowal no Sayrwiya-Koroaysiya a mitooray to Muslim」o Muslim a Finacadan han to, onini ko katongal no finacadan no Nanslafo to cecay malaenem sato ko finacadan. === '''Pisiikedan ato Laloma’ay Lalood''' (獨立與內戰) === [[Faylo:DaytonAgreement.jpg|thumb|Tayton Kakaketonan (DaytonAgreement)]] 1992 miheca saka 2 folad saka 19 romi’ad mitayal to Kapolongan Pitopa to sakapisiikedaw no Posiniya ato Hesaykowina, mahaop ko 62.8% ko mihaiay to sapisiikiedaw a patireng to niyah a kitakit. Do’edoedo sa i saka 3 folad saka3 romi’ad lakal sato ko Pikaikian no Posiniya ato Hesaykowina to kalaheci a misiiked. I saka 4folad saka 6 romi’ad mihai ko Yoropa Lekatep to pisiiked no「Posiniya ato Hesaykowina Kapolongan Kitakit」, tona romi’ad oya osaw to a limaay Sarwiya Niyahsakowan mapapolong a milekal patireng to「Sayrwiya Finacadan a Kapolongan Kitakit」, misiiked to「Posiniya ato Hesaykowina Kapolongan Kitakit」,ona matinay a pisiiked no Sayrwiya tangsol sa ma’enec no Posiniya ato Hesaykowina, o lalengatan no laloma’ay lalood no kitakit. 1995 miheca saka 11 folad saka 21 romi’ad masasowal to a matatilid to Sakrahoday a Kaketonan, itini to malepong ko laloma’ay lalood no kitakit,tona lalood ira ko 20 ofad ko mapatayay, 200 ofad ko maforaway. === '''Aniniay a miheca'''(現代) === [[Faylo:Haris_Silajdžić.jpg|thumb|o Kakeridan no Mikomoday Rekad :Haris Silajdžić]] 2006 miheca saka 10 folad saka 1 romi’ad misinkiw to kapolongan a sinkiw.[7] I saka 10 folad saka 18 romi’ad milekal ko citodongay to sinkiw, ci Hakis-Silaycici(''Haris Silajdžić'') no Posiniya Finacadan, ci Nipoisa-Latomahawici (''Nebojša Radmanović'') no Sayrwiya Finacadan, ato Celiko-Komusici no Koroaysiya Finacadan ko masinkiway a malakapot no mikowanay. O Pikaikian no Kitakit 42 ko kiing.[8] 2007 miheca saka 2 folad saka 9 romi’ad, o Sa’ayaway Tamdaw no Tapang ci Nikola- Sinpilici milekal to fa’elohay a sifo.[9] == '''Sieci''' (政治) == Tatoloay ko tamdaw no Mikomoday Rekad no Posiniya ato Hesaykowina a kitakit, o cecay a finacadan cecay ko tamdaw, malalikel ko Posiniya atamdaw, Sayrwiya tamdaw ato Koroaysiya tamdaw. 4 miheca ko katayalan, tona 4 miheca macacaliw a mala tatapangan nona mikomoday rekad. O mamalatamdaw nona Mikomoday Rekad o nisinkiwan no finawlan, itira i Posiniya ato Hesaykowina Kapolongan Kitakit sinkiwen ko Posiniya tamdaw ato Koroaysiya tamdaw, roma sa i,itira i Sayrwiya Kapolongan Kitakit sinkiwen ko Sayrwiya a tamdaw. O tapang no citodongay to demak no sifo toro’aen ho no Mikomoday Rekad ko ta haien no Pikaikian no Kitakit, ona tapang no citodongay to demak no sifo ko mamitoro’ to mamalakakeridan no kasilsil no demak no sifo. [[Faylo:Predsjedništvo_BiH.JPG|thumb|Katayalan Loma' no Mikomoday Rekad (Predsjedništvo BiH)]] O Pikaikian Loma’ Posiniya ato Hesaykowina o citodongay to mamisanga’ to rikec no kitakit, tosa ko kasasiroma no Pikaikian, o cecay i,o Finawlan-Pikaikian, 15 ko kiing, o cecay a finacadan nona tolo finacadan ala 5 ko kiing; o roma i, o Niocoran-Pikaikian, o tosa no kalitolo a kiing nani Posiniya ato Hesaykowina Kapolongan Kitakit, o cecay no kalitolo a kiing nani Sayrwiya Kapolongan Kitakit. O Kinpo Pisawkitan no Posiniya ato Hesaykowina Kapolongan Kitakit ko Sakaay Pisawkitan, sasiwa ko Saypankang mamisawkit, tona sasiwa o sasepat a Saypankang o nisinkiwan no Posiniya ato Hesaykowina Kapolongan Kitakit, o tatosa a Saypankang o nisinkiwan no Sayrwiya Kapolongan Kitakit, o osaw to tolo a Saypankang o nisinkiwan no Yoropa Nikalatamdaw Pisawkitan( Ikiris a sowal:''European Court of Human Rights; ECtHR''), o roma sato i, tatiihay a sinkiwen ko tamdaw no Posiniya ato Hesaykowina Kapolongan Kitakit, anoca o tamdaw ho no fiyaw a kitakit tatiih a sinkiwen no Yoropa Nikalatamdaw Pisawkitan. == '''Kasasilsil no sakowan'''(行政區劃) == [[Faylo:Map_Bih_entities.png|thumb|Kasasilsil a Sakowan (Map Bih entities)]] Do’edo’en ko ko katatilidan i 1995miheca saka 11 folad saka 21 romi’ad a《Tayton Katatelekan》(''Dayton Peace Agreement'')[10] ilaloma’ no Posiniya ato Hesaykowina Kapolongan Kitakit kalitosaan a misilsilan: Posiniya ato Hesaykowina Kapolongan Kitakit ato Sayrwiya Kapolongan Kitakit, alamikowanay to pecih no kitakit, ira kono niyah a syoto,sifo, hata, tahapinangan no kitakit, contong ato pikaian. O itiraay I ka’amis no sakawali no Posiniya a Tekedan Porciko(Posiniya asowal:''Brčko district'';Sayrwiya a sowal:''Брчко дистрикт''; Koroaysiya a sowal:''Brčko district''), o Niyah-Sakowan, o Posiniya ato Hesaykowina Kapolongan Kitakit ko mikowanay tonini. Posiniya ato Hesaykowina Kapolongan Kitakit: {| class="wikitable" |Sakowan |Mikomoday |Tapang no Sifo |Citodongay Kitakit |Faco no Sieci |- |Sayrwiya Finacadan kitakit |Contong no Sayrwiya Kapolongan Kitakit |Conli no Sayrwiya Kapolongan Kitakit |Posiniya ato Hesaykowina Kitakit |Contongan Faco |- |Posiniya ato Hesaykowina Kapolongan Kitakit |Contong no Posiniya ato Hesaykowina Kapolongan Kitakit |Conli no Posiniya ato Hesaykowina Kapolongan Kitakit |Posiniya ato Hesaykowina Kitakit |Kapolongan a Faco |- |Tekedan Porciko |Away |Away |Posiniya ato Hesaykowina Kitakit |Misiikeday Sakowan |} == '''Palapalan''' (地理) == O itiraay i satimolan no Yoropa, isaka’etip no Parkan-Peci-Kanatal, o lotolotokan ko ’edef no kitakit. O syuto i,o Salayiefo ( Posiniya a sowal:Sarajevo; Holam a sowal:塞拉耶佛), malafiyaway ato Koroaysiya, Sayrwiya ato Montokoro Kapolongan Kitakit. O lotolotokan ko ’edef no kitakit, mahaop ko 90% a masahefohefongay a pala, palociwa pasi’etip ko Tinala [[Faylo:Neum_(BiH)_-_general_view.jpg|thumb|Nimu a tokai i lawacay no riyar (Neum (BiH) - general view)]] (''Dinara'';迪納拉山) o sa’akawangay i Koroaysiya nani tongroh no riyar 728 m ko ka’akawang,[11] [12] malala’ed ato lislisa no riyar no Koroaysiya, katimol no saka’etip o ’apo’apolan ’ongcoy a dahetal; o dafdafa a pala o’edengan i salawacan no ’alo. Sawa ’Alo (cipas no Tonaw ’Alo) o kalala’edan ato Koroaysiya i ka’amis. Misi’ayaway to Atoliya Riyar(Italy a sowal:''Mar Adriatico'';Holam a sowal:亞得里亞海)i katimolay, nikawrira, ’edengan itira i Nimu(Sayrwiya a sowal: ''Неум'') 20 km ko milislisay i lawac no riyar, o ’edengan kasadakan tara papotal。 Saheto no kitakit o Fala’faay a Karopaw Kakarayan, roma sa i,ikatimol o Fala’efaay a Fa’edet ko kakarayan(Ikiris a sowal: ''Mediterranean climate;'' Holam a sowal: 地中海型氣候). O tata’angay tokai ira ko Salayiefo(Posiniya sowal:''Sarajevo;塞拉耶佛''), Paniyaloka(Sayrwiya a sowal:''Бања Лука'';巴尼亞盧卡) , Tocila(Posiniya sowal: ''Tuzla ato Mostal''; Holam a sowal:圖茲拉) ato Mostal(Posiniya sowal:''Mostar''; Holam a sowal:莫斯塔爾). == '''Kicai'''(經濟) == O itiya ho i Nanslafo Kitakit a mihecahecaan, o cecay no saawaay ko maamaan ko Posiniya ato Hesaykowina, yo [[Faylo:1-DM-Coin-German.jpg|thumb|Toic a Mako (1-DM-Coin-German)]] Niyah Pikowan i,ira heca ko kalalood i laloma’ nona kitakit, itira to a malahedaw ko maamaan. Anini sato nornor sa a manga’ay ko katayalan, falicen koya mikececay a Misafacoay a Kicay tara Nipaliwalay a Kicay. O payso no Posiniya ato Hesaykowina i, o Mako(''konvertibilna marka'') ko sa’osi, tatinakoan 1:1 ato Toic Mako(''Deutsche Mark'') ko kali’aca no payso. Na maceror to no Yoropa a Payso(''Euro'';歐元) oyanan to malinadaw ko kali’aca to payso. == '''Tamdaw''' (人口) == I laloma’ no Posiniya ato Hesaykowina, o Posiniko a tamdaw( Posiniya a sowal:''Bošnjak'' ; Holam a sowal:波士尼亞克人) mahaop ko 48% ko tamdaw, o Sayrwiya a Finacadan[13](Sayrwiya a sowal:''Срби'' ; Holam a sowal: 塞爾維亞族) mahaop ko 37.1% ko tamdaw, o Koroaysiya tamdaw mahaop ko 14.3 % ko tamdaw. [[Faylo:Coptic_Crucifixion_Icon.jpg|thumb|ToncenCiyaw (Coptic Crucifixion Icon)]] == '''pitooran''' (宗教) == O kasasilsil no pitooran i laloma’ no Posiniya ato Hesaykowina, o Islam Pitooran latek mahaop ko 46%, o Toncen Ciyaw[14](Kirisiya tilid:''Ὀρθοδοξία''；Slafo tilid:''Православиѥ''; Holam a sowal:東正教）latek mahaop ko 36%, o Tinsikiw latek mahaop ko 14%, ona toloay pitooran o sakakaay a pitooran no Posiniya ato Hesaykowina no tamtamdaw. == Tahapinangan a Tilid(參考文獻) == [1] 波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那国家概况. 中華人民共和國外交部. 2019-08 [2020-04-02] （中文（中國大陸）） [2] 波士尼亞與赫塞哥維納. 中華民國外交部. [2020-04-02] （中文（台灣））. [3] 国家概况 — 中华人民共和国外交部. www.fmprc.gov.cn. [2020-12-17]. [4] Bringa, Tone. Being Muslim the Bosnian Way: Identity and Community in a Central Bosnian Village. Princeton University Press. 1995: 14-18. <nowiki>ISBN 0-691-00175-8</nowiki>. [5] 李浩維, 族群衝突的理論與實證：以前南斯拉夫聯邦解體為例, 淡江大學歐洲研究所, 2006 [6] NAM Members & Observers - 16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement. Tehran. 26–31 August 2012 [24 August 2012]. （原始內容存檔於2014-02-08）. [7] 何毅，波赫舉行全國大選 登記選民約275.5萬人，新華網。 [8] 連國輝，王海昉，波赫全國大選最終結果揭曉，新華網> [9] 連國輝，王海昉，波赫新政府宣誓就職，新華網。 [10] Summary of the Dayton Peace Agreement on Bosnia-Herzegovina. www1.umn.edu. 30 November 1995 [16 January 2016]. （原始內容存檔於2015-10-17）. [11] "Dinara" on Peakbagger.com （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） Retrieved 1 October 2011 [12] Geography of Croatia on Europeaklist （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） Gives a topographic prominence of 728 based on an elevation of 1,831 m. Retrieved 1 October 2011 [13] 中華人民共和國駐塞爾維亞共和國大使館經濟商務參贊處. 塞尔维亚民族、语言、宗教. [2016-01-16]. [14] 1054 miheca malacinowas ko misakristoay,itiyaay a patireng kona Kasafelaw ni Kyokai. == kakafitingan i Papotal(外部連接) == * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] *Neum官方網站 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） (克羅埃西亞語與英語) [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] bg67obh253f9mduihbukgk282deelwv 0 120 30330 30283 2022-01-25T06:39:55Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q963]] 30330 wikitext text/x-wiki == Botswana（波札那） == == Pocana Kapolongan Kitakit(波札那共和國) == == Takaray a sowal(概要) == Pocana Kapolongan Kitakit(Ikiris a sowal:''Republic of Botswana''; Pocana a sowal:Lefatshe la Botswana; Holam a sowal:波札那共和國), o Pocana hananay kalopitahidang(Botswana;波札那). Itiraay i satimolan no Afrika a ilalomaay no karopaw a kitakit. [[Faylo:Flag_of_Botswana.svg|thumb|O hata no kitakit (Flag of Botswana]] O polong no Pocana Kapolongan Kitakit Sahetoay o ma’icangay a taporo ko faco no sera,isakatimol malafiyaw ato Katimolay-Afrika Kitaktit(Ikirisa a sowal:''Republic of South Africa''), isakawali o Namipiya a kitakit(Ikiris a sowal:''Republic of Namibia''), isaka’atip no sakwali malala’ed ato Sinpawi(Ikiris a sowal:''Republic of Zimbabwe''), isak’amis o kalala’edan ato Canpiya kitakit (Ikiris a sowal:''Republic of Zambia'') i Witoliya-Cascas. Itiya i 1966 miheca a miliyas to Ikiris a misaimed ptireng to niyahpikowan a kitakit,sanoyaan sa awa ko masamaamaanay a fangafang no kitakit, ma’osaw ko Nicowatan-Sakowan a demak no kitakit to sieci, no paysoan a faco, adihay ko Taiya(''Diamond'') a tadamaanay a fokeloh itini, orasaka, o sanga’ayay a pili’etanan kona kitakit to Taiya; itini i Afrika o masowalay to ka nga’ay no paitekedan no kalotamdaw, no sinpon a paiteked ato niyah a paiteed to dafong.[1] == Kaitiraan(地理位置) == Itini i 22 00 S, 24 00 E, noAfilika ko [[Botswana]]. Polong no sekalay i 581,730 sq km “saka 48 ko rayray no ngangan. O [[Faylo:Location_Botswana_AU_Africa.svg|thumb|Kaitiraan (Location Botswana AU Africa)]] no sera i, 566,730 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 15,000 sq km .Polong i 2,209,208 ko tamdaw. siyoto(首都)O Kaporni(Gaborone;嘉柏隆里) ko Siyoto.katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日):Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakasiwa 30 a romi’ad.O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci [[Ian Khama]](伊恩·卡馬), patirengan a romi’ad i 2008 a miheca saka 4 folad saka 1 a romi’ad. == Rikisi (歷史) == O lalengawan no to’as i,ira ko pipawacay i saka 3 sici tahira i saka 6 sici, i Pocana a palapalaan maro’ay to ko Panto a tamdaw,13~14 sici,maforaw a tayni ko Cewana a tamdaw. Itiya i 1885 mihecaan, lacemcem to sapicowataw no satimolan a fiyaw o Katimolay Afrika a Poer-Tamdaw(Ikiris a sowal:''Boer''), tahidang han ko Ikiris mipatireng to「Picuwana Nipa’adingan Kitakit」 [[Faylo:Boerfamily1886.jpg|thumb|Poer-Tamdaw(Boerfamily1886)]] (''Bechuanaland Protectorate;BP.'' Holam a sowal:貝專納保護國) ,mala o cecay a pecih no Kapolongan Hontian Kitakit no Ikiris. I 1966 miheca saka 9 folad saka 30 romi’ad malaheci ko piliyas to Ikiris a Misiiked-Pikowan,oya katelang a ngangan「Picuwana Nipa’adingan Kitakit」falicen to Pocana Kapolongan Kitakit(波札那共和國), midemak to Finawlan-Sici, misafaloco’ay to sakarihaday no polong a tamdaw. Patahtah to tadaaanay fokeloh, mangaled ko tayamonto, mahaop ko 80% no nipasadakan a paliway no polong no dafong no kitakit, onini ko sakacemahad no Pocana Kapolongan Kitakit itini i Afrika. O roma sato i,na misa’icel to pisawidang to romaroma a kitakit, sa mapatireng ko pa’adingay to ’a’adopen a Koin, o pisalaan no lafang(Ikiris a sowal:''Tourism''; Holam a sowal:旅遊或旅遊業) onini ko saka’aloman   no lafang a tayni palafang. O Syoto no Pocana Kapolongan Kitakit i, o Ciapolonli(''Gaborone''), i 2011 mihecaan a sa’osi ira ko 231,626 tamdaw, iitiraay i sakatimol a kasalaed, itiya ho i saka 19 sici ira a makarkar ko tadafokeloh onini ko lalengatan a mala sakakaay niyaro’.   ==  '''Sieci'''(政治) == Itini i Afrika-Karopaw o samatelangay a kitakit to midemakay to Finawlan-Sieci ko . [[Faylo:Mokgweetsi_E.K._Masisi,_President_of_the_Republic_of_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Aniniay contong Mokuyci-Masisi (E.K. Masisi, President of the Republic of Botswana)]]  Pocana Kapolongan Kitakit, o Tatapangan-Rikec no Kitakit tora Kinpo hananay i,o hadado’edoen a mikowan to tayal no kitakit a rikec, ato sapipa’ading to salongoc no tamdaw no Pocana. O faco no sieci i,midemakay to Adihayay-Centang(多黨制) a kapolongan kitakit, o congtong i, o Sarawa’an no kitakit ato Kakeridan no sifo, o no Kitakit-Pikaikian ko mamikantok to tayal no sifo. Nikawrira, o sifo to, o Kitakit-Pikaikian to iraay ko ‘icel no sakowan a misanga’ to rikec. Inacilaay a saka 11 riyad a pisinkiw i, itiraay i 2019 miheca saka 10 folad saka 23 romi’ad, nani pisiikedan oyanan to o Pocana Kapolongan-Centang( Ikiris a sowal:''Botswana Democratic Party'', decdec:''BDP''; Holam a sowal:波札那民主黨）ko mikomoday. I’ayaway a contong ci Ien-Kama(''Ian Khama'';伊恩·卡馬) i 2008 miheca saka 4 folad satapang a malacontong, 2014 miheca saka 10 folad miliyaw heca a malacontong. O aniniay i ci Mokuyci-Masisi(Ikiris a sowal:''Mokgweetsi Masisi''; Holam a sowal:莫貴茨·馬西西), i 2015 miheca saka 7 folad maala no sinkiw malakakeridan no Pocana Kapolongan-Centang, 2017 miheca saka 7 folad miliyaw heca a pakaala to sinkiw a palalid mala kakeridan, 2018 miheca saka 4 folad maala to sinkiw malacontong, mala sakakaay kakeridan no Pocana Kapolongan-Centang. I 2012 miheca a Finawlan ko Pi’arawan a Sa’osi(''Democracy Index'';民主指數), itini i 167 ko kitakit i saka 30 ko rayray. Do’edo’edoen ko pisahapinang no《Kanasal no kalokitakit Saopo》''(''Ikiris a sowal'':Transparency International）''a piciwsa to Pocana Kapolongan Kitakit o sacaayay ka ’engid ko sifo, miingiday to Potawya ato Hanko ko rayray. == '''Kaitiraan''' (地理位置) == O kakahad no pala no Pocana Kapolongan Kitakit i,ira ko 581,730㎢, saka 48 ko rayray i polong a kitakit, matiya o Matakaskar Kanatal anoca o Fransu ko kakahad no pala. O faco no sera i,sahetoay o panahalay a dafdaf, iray ko mamang a masakefokefongay sera, o ’akawang no sera i,sahetoay itongroh no riyar 800~1100 m. I sasifo’an ato katimol no saka’etip o Kelahali Kohkoh(Ikiris a sowal:''Kalahari Desert;'' Holam a sowal:喀拉哈里沙漠), itiraay i Masadangahay a Kelahali, o kakahad i,ira ko 900,000㎢, matahepo ko 70% a pala no Pocana Kapolongan Kitakit. Itiraay i ka’amis no saka’etip a Okawanko-Sena’sena’an(''Okavango Delta''; 歐卡萬哥沼澤) o sakakay a Toloay-Karimoco Kanatal i hekal, adihay ho Rengorengosan Dafdaf ato Cicinahay a Sena’sena’an, ilaloma’ o Makatikati Sena’sena’an(''Makgadikgadi Pan'') ko sakakahaday, matahepo ko ka’amis no Pacana Kapolongan-Kitakit. O katimol no sakawali i, o posoposongan a pala. O sakakaay a ’alo o Linpopo ’Alo, o nirakatan no cipas nona ’alo i, o ikawaliay no Pocana a Notowani(''Notwane''),Ponwapisi(''Bonwapitse''),Mahalapi(''Mahalapye''),Locani(''Lotsane''),Motlawci(''Motloutse'') ato Syasi(''Shashe''). O Notowani a cipas i,mita’elif to Ciyapoli-Tada’ o hananom no i syotoay a tamdaw. O Ciyapi ’Alo itiraay i ka’amis, o kalala’edan no Pocana Kapolongan-Kitakit ato Namipiya. Ona Ciyawpi ’alo matatikeda ato Canpisi ’Alo i Kazungula. == '''Kakarayan'''(氣候) == O polong no Pocana Kapolongan-Kitakit sahetoay o Fa’etat-Makedalay a Rengorengosan a Kakarayan,isaka’etip i,o kohkoh ato malifataday a kohkoh ko kakarayan. O ’orad to cecay miheca nani ka’amis no sakawali ira ko 600mm nornor sa a malowan pasitira i katimol no saka’etip to 200 mm. == '''Kinairaira no pala'''(生態資源) == I Pocana Kapolongan-Kitakit adihay ko kahirahira no masamaamaan a ’a’adopen ato Rengorengos ato Kilakilang a ma’orip itini. Mahaop ko Toloay-Karimoco Kanatal ato Kalahali-Kohkoh ato Fa’etay-Etal a rengorengosan, itini tona rengorengosa ira ko siri ato roma a ’a’adopen. [[Faylo:Flamingos_Laguna_Colorada.jpg|thumb|Flamingko 'Ayam(Flamingos Laguna Colorada)]] Isaka’amis no Pocana a Etal o kitiraan no palapalan a waco, oniian waco o karacemceman a amalahedaw. Itiraay i Ciyawpi Etal a Ciyawpi Kitakitan-Koen(''Chobe National Park''), o sa masaopoay kono Afrika-Co, o kakahad nona koen i,ira ko 11,000㎢, ma’edeng a mikiloma’ ko 350 kasasiroma a ’ayam. O Ciyawpi Kitakitan-Koen ato itiraay i Toloay-Karimoco Kanatal a Nilalangan-Mi’adop a Etal o sakakaay kaolahan no palafangay. Ono pa’adingan etal mahaop ko itiraay i Sifo’ay Kalahali Pa’adingan to palapalan ’a’adopen no Kanci-Etal Kalahali Kohkoh; ira ho ko roma nipatirengan no kitkakit a koen, o ''Makgadikgadi Pans'' Kitakitan-Koen ato itiraay i sifo’ no ''Makgadikgadi Pans'' Kitakitan-Koen a ''Nxai Pan'' Kitakitan-Koen. Ira ho kona kalotamdaw tekedan a Pa’adingan Etal, o itiraay i katatekoan no Sase- ’Alo ato Linpopo ’Alo ira ko ''Mashatu Game Reserve'' tekedan kaisya, o roma i,ingataay no Mokoloti Pala Pa’adingan Etal a tekedan a kaisya. Ira ho Nisaromaan a Pipa’adingan, patinako han o ''Khama Rhino'' Nisaromaan a Pipa’adingan i,o kolong ko nipa’adingan,o ''Makgadikgadi'' Nisaromaan a Pipa’adingan i,o Flamingko(''Phoenicopteridae;''紅鶴) ’Ayam koni pa’adingan. Ona tosa a Nisaromaan a Pipa’adingan i,itiraay i sasifo’an no Pocana Kapolongan-Kitakit. == '''Kicai''' (經濟) == I 1966 miheca saka 9 folad saka 30 romi’ad malaheci ko piliyas to Ikiris a Misiiked-Pikowan,oya katelang a ngangan「Picuwana Nipa’adingan Kitakit」falicen to Pocana Kapolongan Kitakit(波札那共和國), midemak to Finawlan-Sici, misafaloco’ay to sakarihaday no polong a tamdaw. Patahtah to tadaaanay fokeloh, mangaled ko tayamonto, mahaop ko 80% no nipasadakan a paliway no polong no dafong no kitakit, onini ko sakacemahad no Pocana Kapolongan Kitakit itini i Afrika. O roma sato i,na misa’icel to pisawidang to romaroma a kitakit, sa mapatireng ko pa’adingay to ’a’adopen a Koin, o pisalaan no lafang(Ikiris a sowal:Tourism; Holam a sowal:旅遊或旅遊業) onini ko saka’aloman no lafang a tayni palafang. Nani Pisiikedan-Pikowan tahanini, o sakali’eki’ay ko kacakat no Lalen a ’Etan no kalotamdaw(''per capita disposable income ,GNI;''人均收入) , onini ko nani samanikaway a kitakit makacakat tayra i sasifo’an ko li’etan a kitakit, patinako han i, o Lalen a ’Etan no Kalotamdaw nani 1,344 no Amirika payso(1950miheca)macakat tahira i 15,015 no Amirika payso(2016miheca). Nika adihay ko kinairaira no palapalaan, ira ho ko fangcalay a faco no kitakit, orasaka adihay ko pipateli to payso i katayalan sa mahinaker ko pilipayso. O citodongay to Malali’aca to Dafong ato Misanga’ to Dafong ko matayalay to sakacemahad no tayal. Nengnengen ko sa’osi no piciyosiya no Hekalay a Kiking no Payso a Lekatep(''International Monetary Fund，IMF'';國際貨幣基金), nani 1966 miheca tahira i 1999 miheca, 9% ko lalen no kacakat no kicai. Pasatiri’ han to roma a Afrika kitakit, i kakaay ko paitekedan matayal to kicai. Ano irairaay ko maynas no yosang no kitakit i 2002 miheca ato 2003 miheca, cato ka sa’osien ko kiyam i papotal, mahaniker ko pidemak no sifo tono paysoan faco.    Misiikeday ko Citodongay to Rikec a Faco cowa ka piforifor ko sieci, sa awa ko kalacemceman no mali’acaay tamdaw, onini ko sakacakat no Pipaading tono Tanengan Dafong a Tinki (Ikiris a sowal:''intellectual property'';Holam a sowal:智慧財產權）, i 2014 miheca a Sa’osi no Tanengan Dafong a Tinki no kalokitakit, itini i katimol no Sahala-Kohkoh a kitakit mido’edo’edoay to Katimolay-Afrika kitakit ko kafangcal. [[Faylo:Transparency_International_Berlin.jpg|thumb|Kanasal no Kitakit (Transparency International Berlin)]] Mihaiay to katayal no roma a kitakit a tamdaw ko Pocana, nikawrira, mipadetengan a miosaw ko halo tamdaw no Pocana a katayalan. O pipateli to payso no roma a kitakit, tada tata’ang ko pidama to pifalic tono kitakit a kaisya malatekedan kaisya. O kanasal no pipateli to payso to sakacemahad no katayalan i, mihai to pipanokay to payso i niyahan a kitakit, onini ko tongal sa ko kahemek no roma a kitakit a pateli to pasyso. Mi’acaay ko Pocana to Masongila’ay a simal ato dinki nani Katimolay-Afrika, i Pocana iraay ko nani sikitangay a misanga’an dafong , nikawrira, cowa ka ho kowa. O sakakaay a hecek no kicai no Pocana i,o tayamonto a cara, makilatolo no polong no kitakit a mili’acaan a ’etan; do’edoe’do sa i,pisalamaan a cara. O nipasadakan a paliwal o sakakaay o tayamonto to, sota ’apol, nisanga’an nani titi no kolong, dafong no lalilecan ato sapisalof to tosiya a dofong. O nipacomodan ira ko tosiya ato dafong no kapolong pikalican, o kikai ato tinsi dafong, misang’an kakaenen ato nananomen, marad, dafong nani simal ato soka saparakat ato tamako.[2] Mafafelih ato roma a kitakit ko Pocana, I 2012 miheca a Finawlan ko Pi’arawan a Sa’osi(Democracy Index;民主指數), itini i 167 ko kitakit i saka 30 ko rayray. Do’edo’edoen ko pisahapinang no《Kanasal no kalokitakit Saopo》(Ikiris a sowal:''Transparency International''; Holan a sowal:透明國際）[3]a pisolap ato piciwsa to Pocana Kapolongan Kitakit o sacaayay ka ’engid caay ka hiranaca ko sifo, miingiday to Potawya ato Hanko ko rayray, latek mata’elif ko kaikaka to Yoropa ato Aciya a kitakit.[4] O pihinen a pasowal ko Hekalay Kicai Kasasowalan( Ikiris a sowal:''World Economic Forum'', decdec:''WEF;'' Holam a sowal:世界經濟論壇), o sakakay ci’icelay to sapilifet a kitakit ko Pocana sanay, ora ko miliyaw heca ko Moti Pateliay to Payso Kaisya(''Moody's Investors Service)'' ato Lalekoan-Poer(Ikiris a sowal:''Standard & Poor's''; Holan a sowal:標準普爾,簡稱標普) a mipasetek to kasasa’er to「A」a sa’er, ora to ko saawaay ko kalacemceman to pipateli to payso a mili’etan a kitakit, matatoktok ato Sifoay-Yoropa ,Kawaliay-Aciya ato Latin-Amirika a kitakit. == '''Tamdaw ato Pitooran'''(人口與宗教) == O polong a tamdaw no Pocana kitakit ira ko 203 ofad(2011 miheca a sa’osi), ilaloma’ nonini i,Panto Finacadan a Ciwana tamdaw mahaop ko 90%, o sakakaay ko ka’aloman. O polong no kitakit faloay ko ikakaay a finacadan:Enwato Finacadan, Kuna Finacadan, Enwakayce Finacadan, Tawana Finacadan, Katola Finacadan, Lolong Finacadan ato Tolokuwa Finacadan. Enwato Finacadan ko sakakaay, mahaop ko 40% ko tamdaw, Yoropa tamdaw ato Aciya tamdaw latek ira ko cecay ofad. Ono sifoan a sowal i,o Ikiris, o kalosowal to romi’ami’ad i, o Cana sowal ato Ikiris sowal. O pitooran i,sahetoay o Fa’elohay Kristo Pitooran ato Tinsukiw mahaop ko 71.6%, itira i maomahay a niyaro’ ira ko mitooray tono To’asan Pitooran[5] mahaop ko 20.6%, o awaay ko pitooran mahaop ko 20.6%, oroma i,1.4%, o caay ka pacaof to licay i,0.4%. == Tahapinangan a Tilid (參考文獻) == ----[1] What it's like to live in a well governed country. BBC. 2018-01-07. [2] 博茨瓦纳国家概况. 中華人民共和國外交部. 2017-02 [2017-05-22]. [3] https://www.transparency.org/impact. [4] Corruption Perceptions Index 2013. 國際透明組織. [2013-12-03]. （原始內容存檔於2013-12-03）. [5] 博茨瓦纳国家概况. 中華人民共和國外交部. 2017-02 [2017-05-22]. == Pikafitan i Papotal (外部連接) == * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] ** 官方網站 ** 《世界概況》上有關Botswana的條目 ** Botswana from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' ** 開放式目錄計劃中和波札那相關的內容 ** Botswana from the BBC News ** 維基媒體的波札那地圖集 ** OpenStreetMap上有關波札那的地理資訊 ** Key Development Forecasts for Botswana from International Futures ** [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] rztt07letv4lqy4c2fxszc15bd9wr4n 0 121 45480 44481 2025-01-19T09:54:56Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 Vorachith idi 2016年 45480 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Bounnhang Vorachith 2016 (cropped).jpg|縮圖|Vorachith idi 2016年|alt=Bounnhang Vorachith 2016 (cropped).jpg]] I 1938 a miheca(年) saka 8 folad saka 15 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci '''Bounnhang Vorachith'''(本揚·沃拉吉), malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Laos]](寮國) anini i ci Bounnhang Vorachith, patirengan a romi’ad i 2016 a miheca saka 1 folad saka 22 a romi’ad. == No papotalay a kakafit == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 8xe644upd9prs1gqubvwkv0kqtu4yn3 0 122 30685 30524 2022-01-26T17:13:42Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q4955460]] 30685 wikitext text/x-wiki Brahim Ghali(卜拉欣·加利) == Pulasin-Kali( Arapiya a sowal:''إبراهيم غالي‎；''Kuwaping a sowal:'''卜拉欣·加利''') == I 1949 a miheca(年) saka 9 folad saka 16 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci [[Brahim Ghali]], malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no Salawi-Arapiya Finawlan-Kapolong Kitakit ( Arapiya a sowal:''الجمهورية العربية الصحراوية ا لديمقراط''ية [[West sahara|; Sipanya a sowal; República Árabe Saharaui Democrática，SADR; Kuwaping a sowal:'''撒拉威阿拉伯民主共和國''') o kallopitahidang 0 West sahara]];西撒哈拉) anini i ci Brahim Ghali, patirengan a romi’ad i 2016 a miheca saka 7 folad saka 9 a romi’ad. == kasofocan a loma’ 出生家庭 == == lalamod  配偶 == == salikaka  兄弟姐妹 == == natayalan  事蹟 == == pitooran  宗教 == == tahapinangan a tilid 參考文獻 == ==No papotalay a kakafit 外部連結== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] ecw58p52842u6ac58tovastzk7gzaby 0 123 2586 2585 2021-10-28T12:01:01Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 22 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 2585 wikitext text/x-wiki Branaw（重光部落） Itiniay i [[Xiulin]](秀林) Cen no Hualien(花蓮縣) ko [[Branaw]] a niyaro’, 114 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 431 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 96% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 412 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 4% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 19 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Truku(太魯閣族)83%, Amis(阿美族)3%, Tayal(泰雅族)3%, Bunun(布農族)2%, roma(其他)4%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] tloefg2x9v21grrkey5hpigc5wndepe 0 124 44991 38422 2024-10-16T23:03:02Z 2804:D55:959F:4D00:9920:3755:BF84:56E3 /* Takaray sowal (概要) */ 44991 wikitext text/x-wiki Brazil (巴西） == Palaciro Nikapolongan Kitakit (巴西聯邦共和國) == == '''Takaray sowal (概要)''' == [[Faylo:Flag_of_Brazil.svg|thumb|Hata no Polaciro (Flag of Brazil)]] Palaciro Nikapolongan Kitakit ([[Potawya a sowal]]: ''República Federativa do Brasil''; [[Holam a sowal]]: 巴西聯邦共和國, kalopitahidan: 巴西; Brasil)[1], ono [[Latin-Amirika]] [[kitakit]]. O palo no kitakit a tamdaw i, cilafasay to 6 ok, o sakaenem ko kaadihay no tamdaw itini i hekal. Itiraay i saka’etip no [[Satimolan-Amirika]] ko kaitiraan nona kitakit, sahetoay i sasofo’an no Sifo’ay-Konis no Cikiw ato Kacifrangan-Konis no Cikiw ko kitiraan no Palaciro, misi’ayaway to Tata’akay-Saka’amisay Riyar (''Atlantic Ocean''; 大西洋), o kakahad no pala i, ira ko 8,515,767 km², mido’edo’edoay to Rosiya, Kanata, Congko, Amirika. O sera no Palaciro madado’edo’ay ato Wlakuy, Acuntin, Palakuy, Poliwiya, Piro, Kolonpiya, Winoyloya, Kaiyana, Solinan ato Sakowan no Fransu a Kaiyana. O sakakaay ko kakahad no Fa’etay-Pala Kilikilangan no Palaciro, minganganay to Kahengangay-Kilang no Palaciro (''brazilwood;'' 巴西紅木). O tatapangan a tokai a syoto i, o Pasiliya, mihaopay to Sie-Pawlo Tokai ato Liyielonoyro Tokai. Ikakaay ko misaradan a mamala marad a tadafokeloh, tadafangcal ko tireng nona kilang, o niletekan ato nipasadakan a paliwal o sakakaay i hekal. [[Faylo:Brazil_(orthographic_projection).svg|thumb|Kaitiraan no Polaciro (Brazil orthographic projection)]] O nipasakan a paliwal a dafong ira ko kafi, tefos, ato mami’ isakakaay kalokitakit, nawhani, patahtahay to kinairaira no pala ato ’aloman ko matayalay, orasaka o polong a mili’etanan o sakaceay ko rayray i Katimolay-Amirika, saka 6 i hekal, saka 3 i Sa’etipay-Pecih no Cikiw, sakacecay i Sakatimol-Pecih no Cikiw. Itini i rikisi no Palaciro o nano mikowanan no Potawya, orasaka o sowal no Potawya ko sowal no sifoan, sahetoay o mitooray to Tinsukiw ato Fa’elohay-Misakristo. == '''Tatapangan no ngangan no kitakit''' (國名來源) == O tatapangan no ngangan no Polaciro (Potawya asowal: ''Brasil''；Holam a sowal: 巴西), minganganay toya malengaway a kilang i lilis no riyar no Polaciro, sano Potawya a sowal「''pau-brasil''」hananay, ora「''brasil''」sa i, o matiyaay sakahengan sanay lamal, o Latin a sowal kora「''brasa''」, o langto no lamal, pawikol hananay to ''-il'' mala ''brasil'' a tilid.[2][3][4][[Faylo:Caesalpinia-echinata.jpg|thumb|Kahengangay Kilang (Caesalpinia-echinata)]]O misanga’an nani Kahengangay-Kilang no Polaciro a tadakahengangay a sacengel, tada limelaen ko Yoropa a tamdaw. I saka16 sici a mihecahecaan adihay to komiletekan no Yiencumin no Polaciro, o micakayay a Yoropa tamdaw ko mipaliwalay tayra i Yoropa, ona paliwalay tamdaw ira ko nani Potawya ira ko nani Fransuay.[5] Ona cikilangay a palpalaan itini sowal no sifo no Potawya o「''Terra de Santa Cruz''」 (Fangcalay a Ciwcika) hananay a pangangan itiya ho, o roma ’i o「''Terra do Brasil''」hananay no Nipaliwalay a pangangan, oninian to a ngangan ko maalaay a maceror to koya katelang a panganganan no sifo. Itiya ho o mikalicay to tamina a tamdaw o 「pala no Ingko」 (''Terra di Papagal)'' hananay [[Faylo:Psitteuteles_versicolor_-Queensland-8-4c.jpg|thumb|Ingko 'Ayam (Psitteuteles versicolor -Queensland-8-4c)]] a pangangan. O roma sato ’i itira i Palakuy o cecay a sowal no sifo tora Kuarani a sowal, o「''Pindorama''」hananay ko Polaciro a mitahidang, o「pala no ’afinong」sanay ko imi nira. == '''kaitiraan (地理位置)''' == O polong a pala no Polaciro sahetoay o Fa’etay-Kakarayan (Ikiris a sowal: ''Tropical climate;'' Holam a sowal: 熱帶氣候).[1] Isaka’amis o sakakaay ko kakahad a dafdaf –Yamasun-Dafdaf (Potawya a sowal: ''Bacia do rio Amazonas''; Holam a sowal: 亞馬遜平原), itini sahetoay o Sifo’ay-Kunis no Cikiw a kala’oraday kakarayan, patahtahay to ’orad, ika’amis no sakawali makedalay to mamang. Katimol o saktosa ko rayray i hekal a Takaraway-Dahetal (Potawya a sowal: ''Planalto Brasileiro'';Holam a sowal: 巴西高原), matafesiw ko 500’ofad㎢ ko kakahad, ikakaay a Fa’edetay-Rengorengosan Kakarayan, o syoto nona kitakit [[Faylo:Iguacu-004.jpg|thumb|Yikuwasu-Cascas (Iguacu)]] itiniay tona dahetal. Isakatimol nona dahetal ’akawangay to mamang, adihay ko tapolo ato dafdaf sahetoay o Lafa’efaay-Kakarayan, mado’etay, latek ira ko so’eda, o polong no tamdaw itiniay a maro’, o liomah ko ’orip. O lilis no Tasiyang- Riyar adihay ko lotolotokan, o sakakaay ko ’akawang nani tongroh no riyar ira ko 2,900m. Ika’amisay a Kaiyana Takaraway-Dahetal o pocok i, ira ko 3,014 m, o sa’akawangay itini. O itiniay a Yamasun-’Alo o sakakaay ko rakat no nanom. O sakatosa ’alo i Katimolay-Amirika Karopaw o Palana-’Alo, oya cinganganay i hekal a Yikuwasu-Cascas (Potawya asowal: ''Cataratas do Iguaçu''; Holam a sowal: 伊瓜蘇瀑布) itiraay i capa’ nona ’alo. Itini i 10 00 S, 55 00 W, no Notimolan- Amilika Karopaw ko Brazil Polong no sekalay i 8,515,770 sq km saka 5 ko rayray no ngangan. O sekalay no sera i, 8,358,140 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i,157,630 sq km Polong i 205,823,665 ko tamdaw. sera: Masakilac ko sera o malo liomah (農業) a sera 32.90%, Malo no kilakilangan (林業) a sera 61.90%, malo no roma to a sera 5.20%. siyoto (首都) O Brasilia (巴西利亞) ko Siyoto.katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad, Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakasiwa 7 a romi’ad.O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci [[Michel Temer]] (米歇爾·泰梅爾), patirengan a romi’ad i 2016 a miheca saka 8 folad saka 31 a romi’ad. == '''Sieci''' (政治) == I 1988 miheca a misang’ to Tatapangan-Rikec no Polaciro Kitakit tora Kinpo hananay, mahapinang ko pipasetek o [[Faylo:Lula_-_foto_oficial_-_05_jan_2007.jpg|thumb|Congtong no Polaxiro (Lula - foto oficial - 05 jan 2007)]] mitatoy to masamaamaan a ’icel no sakowan, o congtong ato sadama a congtong o finawlan ko mamitopa a misinkiw, sepat miheca ko katayalan, manga’ay a patokitok malacontong to kinacecay. O congtong ko mamitoro’ to mamalatapang no citodongay a kakeridan no sifo, o congtong o mikomoday no sifo ato sawara’an no kitakit. O misanga’ay to rikec no kitakit i, o Finawlan-Pikaikian no Polaciro, tosaay ko ksafaco no Finawlan-Pikaikian, o Fafa'eday-Pikaikian i, ira ko 81 ko kiing, alatatolo ko Tata’angay-Sakowan ato Teked-Etal no Nikapolongan-Sifo,8 a mihecaan ko katayalan, kalosepat miheca sinkiwen a mifalic ko cecay no kalitolo, to ikor a 4 miheca oya osaw to tosa no kalitolo ko fafalicen a misinkiw. O Kararemay-Pikaikian i, ira ko 513 ko kiing, o tamdaw no kalosakowan ko pisilsil a misinkiw to mamalakiing, o katayalan 4 miheca. == '''Kacacofelan a Demak''' (外交) == O Mikiharay ato Roma Kitakit (Potawya a sowal: ''Palácio do Itamaraty''; Holaam a sowal: 伊塔馬拉蒂宮) [[Faylo:Brasilia_Congresso_Nacional_05_2007_221.jpg|thumb|Pikaikian no Kitakit (Brasilia Congresso Nacional 05 2007 221)]] ko citodongay tona demak no Polaciro, o Polaciro a kitakit i, itini i Latin-Amirika Karopaw o sieci to, o kicai to mitongasoc ko kaitiraan no Polaciro, itini i hekalay a pili’etan to kicai mahecaday mitongasoc. Orasak, o Kacacofelan Demak no Polaciro mipahapinangay to katata’ang no niyah a kitakit itini tona etal, misa’icel a mipaading to Sakanga’ay no kitakit, Sakarihaday no kitakit, Nisaharatengan ato micoroh to sakacemahad no kitakit. I kaleponan no Sakatosa-Lalood no Hekal tahira i kalahecian no 20 sici, ono Finawlan-Sifo to, ono Sofitayan-Sifo to, mahecaday misa’icel a mocoroh to no Kikaiyan-Demak a mipacakat to sapisiwar a ’icel tona hekal, ta cilacila a mipa’edeng to sapisiwaraw no Amirika to sieci ato kicai itini i Latin-Amirika. O Tatapangan a Rikec ko pido’edoan no Kacacofelan a Demak no Polaciro, o cowa ka pilalang to demak no roma a kitakit, o Finacadan-kopasetek ato Nikapolongan no Hekal a Ca’enot sanay a lekakawa ko sapidademak. Do’edoen ko Tatapangan-Rikec no Polaciro, o congtong ko saikoray to a mamisetek to tayal no Kacacofelan-Demak. O tayal no Citodongay Mikihar to Papotalay Demak mahaop ko sieci, mali’aca, kicai, kinkoan ato punka a kacacofel, nikawrira, o congton ko miparakatay to emin a pasitiraan no tayal. == '''Kasasilsil no sakowan''' (行政區劃) == O polong a kasasilsil no sakowan 26 ko Tata’angay Sakowan ato cecay ko Tekeday Sakowan ( Potawya a sowal: ''Brasília;''Holam a sowal: 巴西利亞), i laloma’ no Tata’angay Sakowan ira ko Niyaro’, tosaay ko pidemakan a faco. {| class="wikitable" |# |’Amis (Niyaro’) |Kuwaping (Sakowan) |Polaciro |Dahad/km² |Tamdaw |- |1 |Sie Pawlo |聖保羅州 |São Paulo |248,209 |41,901,219 (2012) |- |2 |Liyeleniro |里約熱內盧州 |Rio de Janeiro |43,696. |15,561,720 (2006) |- |3 |Sarwato |薩爾瓦多州 |Salvador |565,733 |2,714,119 (2015) |- |4 |Fotolaysa |福塔萊薩州 |Fortaleza |146,348 |8,217,085 (2006) |- |5 |Minascilas |米納斯吉拉斯 |Minas Gerais |588,528 |21,168,791 (2019) |- |6 |PasiliyaK |聯邦區 |Distrito Federal |5,801.937 |2,383,784 (2006) |- |7 |Kulitipa |巴拉那州 |Paraná |199,282 |10,387,378 (2006) |- |8 |Manaws |亞馬遜州 |Amazonas |1,570,947 |4,001,667 (2016) |- |9 |Losifi |伯南布科州 |Pernambuco |98,311.616 |8,502,603 (2006) |- |10 |Alekolikang |南里約格蘭州 |Rio Grande do Sul |281,748.538 |10,963,216 (2006) |- |11 |Pilong |帕拉州 |Pará |1,247,689.5 |7,792,561 (2012) |- |12 |Kuwaloliws |聖保羅州 |São Paulo |248,209.4 |41,901,219 (2012K) |- |13 |Koyaniya |戈亞斯州 |Goiás |340,086 |7,018,354 (2019) |- |14 |Kanpinas |聖保羅州 |São Paulo |248,209.4 |41,901,219 (2012) |- |15 |Sie Luys |馬拉尼昂州 |Maranhão |331.983,293 |6.184.538 (2006) |- |16 |Sie Konsaro |里約熱內盧州 |Rio de Janeiro |43,696.1 |15,561,720 (2006) |- |17 |Masayie |阿拉戈斯州 |Alagoas |27,767.661 |3,050,652 (2006) |- |18 |Kasiyas Koncie |里約熱內盧州 |Rio de Janeiro |43,696.1 |15,561,720 (2006) |- |19 |Sinyikuwas |里約熱內盧州 |Rio de Janeiro |43,696.1 |15,561,720 (2006) |- |20 |Toloysina |皮奧伊州 |Piauí, |251.529,186 |3.036.290 (2006) |} == '''Kicai''' (經濟) == O sakakaay a tayal no Polaciro i, o liomah, mikarkar, miasanga’a to dafong ato mihamham to lafang, nikawrira, cowa ka ‘edeng to matayalay temadaw. Kapolongan a Nitayalan a 'Epoc Ilaloma' no kitakit (''Gross Domestic Product''; ''GDP'') o skakaay itini i Latin-Amirika, sata’angay sanay to pisiwar to kala’aca i hekal, o kacemahad no GDP to mihecahecaan marawisay to ko 5.4%, i 2014 miheca a GDP no kakotandaw tangasaay to i 12,00 Amirika payso, o nipasadakan a dafong i, ira ko kafi, kalitang, tadafokeloh, ami’ marad, tefos ato sikoki. I 1998 miheca o Hekalay a Kiking no Payso a Lekatep (''International Monetary Fund'', ''IMF'') ko mikomoday to tayal sa ira ko 415 ’ok ko pipadama no hekalay kitakit to payso, o pisa’eli no IMF i, odengan to pisongila’ to no paysoan faco ato no Kicai a faco. 1999 miheca saka 1 folad, milekal ko Tatapangan Kinko no Polaciro, palasawaden to kakafit no Polaciro a payso「real brasileiro; 巴西雷亞爾」ato no Amirika-Payso, ona demak tonini i, mirowan to ’epoc no payso no Polaciro to saka caay ka serer ko kacemahad no katayal. I 2001 miheca masener ko ikakaay a kalali’aca, tangsolsol han no Tatapangan Kinko no Polaciro a mipacakat ko wawa no picaliw to payso ta maneker ko kacakat no ‘aca no kalodafong (Ikiris a sowal: ''inflation''; Holam a sowal: 通貨膨脹). O ka’aisa’isal to ni’etanan taha nini caay sananay ka lalen, o sakakaay a ’inolong no Polaciro Sifo anini kona demak. == '''Tamdaw ato Pitooran''' (人口宗教) == O ililisay no Tasiyang-Riyar ’alomanay ko tamdaw a maro’ itini, i laloma’ no kitakit i korapaw matakaray to ko tamdaw. Masasiromaroma ko finacadan ato punka. O polong a tamdaw o kkohecalay a tamdaw mahaop ko 47.3%, cilamlam co roma a ’ilang a tamdaw mahaop ko 43.1%, o nani Afirikaay a tamdaw ira ko 7.6%, Aciya tamdaw ira ko 2.1%, o Yuencumin no Amirika-Karopaw 0.2%, o sa’osi no cilamlamay ato kohetingay tamdaw sakali’eki sanay ko ko ka’aloman to tamdaw.[7] [8] [9] [[Faylo:Petersdom_von_Engelsburg_gesehen.jpg|thumb|Pacikan Sie-Pitolo Tata'angay-Kiwkai ( Petersdom von Engelsburg gesehen)]] O isakatimolay no kitakit i, o teloc no Yoropa ko ’alomanay a maro’, ona tamtamdaw i, miso’edac to 19 sici a Itali, Toic, Tpolan, Sipanya ato Potawya a maforaway a tayni ton apala. Iska’amis ato i ka’amis no saka’etip no kitakit sahetoay o Yuencumin ko maro’ay, ira a malamlam a maro’ ko teloc no Yoropa ato Afrika. O polong a tamdaw no Polaciro ira ko cecay ko ‘ok ira ko cecay so’sot ko sa’osi i 2013 miheca, katimol no sakawali a pala o sakodefetay ko tamdaw a maro’ itini, o pisa’sosi i 2004 miheca o maro’ay itini a tamdaw matafesiw ko 7,800 ko ’ofad, malecad to 42% no polong a tamdaw no Polaciro. Itini i Polaciro toloay ko ikakaay ko ka’aloman no tamdaw a takai (tata’alay a niyaro’), onini i, o Sie-Pawlo (Potawya a sowal: ''São Paulo''; Holam a sowal: 聖保羅) 4,200 ‘ofad ko tamdaw, o Minascilas (Potawya a sowal: ''Minas Gerais''; Holam a sowal: 米納斯吉拉斯), 1,900 ’ofad ko tamdaw, o Liyielenili (Potawya a sowal: ''Rio de Janeiro''; Holam a sowal: 里約熱內盧), i katatekoan no Sie-Pawlo ato Liyielenili masapimali’acaan a etal, ira ko 23% a tamdaw no Polaciro maro’ itini, masa o sakakaay ko kadefet no tamdaw itini. O pitooran no tamtamdaw i, Tinsikiw (latek mahahop ko 65%), Fa’elohay-Misakristoay (mahaop ko 25%), tona pinapina a miheca pasilalemay ko mitooray to Tinsikiw, roma sa i, kali’eli a matongal ko mitooray to Fa’elohay-Misakristoay. == '''Punka''' (文化) == O kacacamolan no kasasiromaroma a finacadan ko Polaciro, orasak, masasiromaroma ko kasiiked no pidemak to punka, ona kasasiromaroma i, ira ko nani Yoropaay, ira ko nani Afrikaay, ira ko nani Aciyaay a maforaway a tayni. Orasaka, o sakero ato radiw masasiroma ko kasiikedan. [[Faylo:HK_TST_night_柏麗購物大道_Park_Lane_Shopper's_Boulevard_巴西_Brasil_森巴舞娘_Samba_female_dancers_Nov-2010_01.JPG|thumb|Brasil 森巴舞娘 Samba female dancers Nov-2010 01]] Itiya ho i saka 29 sici, oya sakakaay ko ngangan to misanga’ay to radiw i hekal ci Antoniyo Karolos Komis (''Antônio Carlos Gomes''), o Polaciro a tamdaw, tahira to i saka 20 sici oya ikakaay ko ngangan i hekal ci Haytor Wila Lopos (Potawya a sowal: ''Heitor Villa-Lobos''; Holam a sowal: 海托爾·維拉-羅伯斯), o sakaromadiw a dafong ato no iniyahay a radiw ko sakacakat no ngangan ningra. O nidemakan ningra i, mipatapi’elaay to faloco’ no fanacadan a macgaw ko faloco’ tono niyah a dafong no punka, O mitayhyoway to radiw no Polacior i, Sepa-Radiw (''Samba''; 森巴) ato Senpa-Sakero, sahetoay o nani niyaro’ay, tada tangongol ko pirecep to punka i hekal, ona romadiway to masakeroay to cowa ko nipadetengan a pahatatanam, o nani falo’ay saanay ko kafana’ to radiw ato sakero. Kalomihecaan to sakatosa folad ira ko Tadamaanay-Lawla (Ikiris a sowal: ''carnival''; Holoma a sowal: 嘉年華) adihay a mapasadak ko masamaamaanay a radiw ato sakero, mapedped ko nani cowacowaay a kitakit a lafang tayni a malacecay a malapahak, onini ko sakcakat no Pipalafangan-Demak no Polaciro. == '''Tahapinangan a Tilid(參考文獻)''' == [1] Demographics. Brazilian Government. 2011 [2011-10-08]. （原始內容存檔於2011-11-17）. （英文） [2] CNRTL- Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales （法文）. [3] Michaelis–Moderno Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa （葡萄牙文）. [4] iDicionário Aulete 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2012-02-29. （葡萄牙文）. [5] （葡萄牙文） Eduardo Bueno, Brasil: uma História（São Paulo: Ática, 2003; <nowiki>ISBN 85-08-08213-4</nowiki>）,p.36. [6] 周淑貞主編，1997年：《氣象學與氣候學》，第204頁，中國：高等教育出版社。 [7] Tendências Demográficas: Uma análise da população com base nos resultados dos Censos Demográficos 1940 e 2000. [2012-02-12]. （原始內容存檔於2016-01-13）. [8] Censo demográfico revela que o Brasil ficou mais velho e menos branco. [2012-02-12]. （原始內容存檔於2011-06-07）. [9] População que se declara branca diminui, diz IBGE. [2012-02-12]. （原始內容存檔於2013-01-16）. == '''Pikafitan i Papotal (外部連接)''' == * The Sino-Brazilian Principles in a Latin American and BRICS Context: The Case for Comparative Public Budgeting Legal Research （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） ''Wisconsin International Law Journal'', 13 May 2015 * 巴西政府官方網站（葡萄牙語） * 巴西行政區劃網頁 中文 * 中華人民共和國駐巴西大使館 * 中華民國駐巴西台北經濟文化辦事處 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） * Universidade de Sao Paulo (聖保羅大學) * 巴西亞洲中國文化語言中心Asia brasil Centro Cultural de Língua Chinesa * Brazil Real Estate * 《世界概況》上有關巴西的條目 （英文） * 開放式目錄計劃中和巴西相關的內容 （英文） * 維基媒體的巴西地圖集  （英文） * OpenStreetMap上有關巴西的地理資訊 * 谷歌地圖 * Casas Terravista Trancoso * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Satimolan Amirika]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Kitakit]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Brazil]] 3s7snd6ncnzgetnzv7ncx1j78k76dls 0 125 43613 30332 2024-07-07T01:29:50Z CommonsDelinker 39 Replacing Gentile_Bellini_003.jpg with [[File:Bellini,_Gentile_-_Sultan_Mehmet_II.jpg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: 2). 43613 wikitext text/x-wiki == Brunei（汶萊） == == Wenlay(文萊), Rihadayay a Wenlay Kitakit 汶萊和平之國 == == Takaray a sowal(概略) == O tada ngangan i,o Rihadayay a Wenlay Kitakit(Malaysiya a sowal: [[Faylo:Flag_of_Brunei.svg|thumb|o Hata no Wenlay (Flag of Brunei)]] ''Negara Brunei Darussalam''；Kuwaping a sowal:汶萊和平之國，o roma a pipangangan i, o汶萊達魯薩蘭國[1]，kalopitahidang o 汶萊ano ca文萊 hananay a mitahidang. Itiraay i sak’amis no Polo-Karopaw(Malaysiya a swoal:''Borneo''; Inni a sowal: Kalimantan-Kanatal,加里曼丹島; Kuwaping a sowal:婆羅洲)，o sakatolo ko katata’ang i hekal,o sakakaay ko katata’ang i Aciya, o kakahad no pala i,ira ko 743,330㎢, o Wenlay kitakit ono katimolay no sakawali no Aciya a kitakit. [[Faylo:Location_Brunei_ASEAN.svg|thumb|Kaitiraan no Wenlay (Location Brunei ASEAN)]] I 1984 miheca saka 1 folad saka 1 romi’ad miliyas to Ikiris a misiiked to niyah-pikowan, do’edoedo sa i saka7 romi’ad toya folad mikapot to「Katimolay no Sakawali no Aciya a Kitakit a Lekatep」(Ikiris a sowal:''Association of Southeast Asian Nations''; Decdec:''ASEAN;'' Kuwaing a sowal:東盟). Tada fangcal ko kicai katayalan no Wenlay kitakit, o kasolin-simal ato palapalan-kaso patahtahay ko kaadihay, o nipasadakan a nipaliwal a Kapolongan a Nitayalan a 'Epoc Ilaloma' no kitakit(''Gross Domestic Product: GDP'') mihaop to 67%, o sakarihaday a sapadang no kitakit tadafancal, o masowalay i hekal ko caka pasata ko tamdaw nona kitakit.   O Silikawang(''Bandar Seri Begawan;''斯里巴卡旺) ko Siyoto.Katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日).Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakatosa 23 a romi’ad.O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci [[Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Mu'izzaddin Waddaulah]](哈吉哈山納·包奇亞·穆伊扎丁·瓦達烏拉), patirengan a romi’ad i 1967 a miheca saka 10 folad saka 5 a romi’ad. == '''Rikisi'''(歷史) == === '''To’asan miheca(早期)''' === I saka 8 sici iraay to ko tamdaw a maro’ itini, itiya i saka 14 sici, o Wenlay-Sawara’an Kitakit(1368miheca－1888miheca) miliyas to pikowan no Cawwa(Inni a sowal:''Jawa;'' Kuwaping a sowal:爪哇), tahira to i saka 14-16 sici cemahad malasakakaay ko kaci’icel itini ton apala, o mikowanan a pala i, mahaop ko katimol no Filipin, Salawyie ato Sapa, o Yoropa to a tamdaw ko mitekopay tona Sawara’an-Kitakit. === '''Milalang ko Ikiris'''(英國干涉) === [[Faylo:The_signing_of_the_Treaty_of_Labuan_on_18_December_1846.jpg|thumb|The signing of the Treaty of Labuan on 18 December 1846]] I 1846 miheca, cifangafang ko Wenlay to mamirocok to Kamaro’an no Sotan, tado sa ko sofitay no Ikiris i Wenlay.[2] Sanoyanan sato a mifafo’ot to maamaan a demak no Wenlay ko Ikiris. 1880 miheca satapang maserer ko ’icel no Wenlay. Ora sato Sotan pecih han to ningra ko sera(aniniay a Salawyie)pafeli ko mipadangay cingranan a miwarayay to fangafang a Ikiris tamdaw ci Cames Poluko Ciesi(''Sir James'' ''Brooke;''占士·布魯克爵士), haien cingra papipatiren to Salawyie Hontian kitakit(Malaysiya a sowal:''Kerajaan Sarawak''; Ikiris a sowal:''Kingdom of Sarawak''; Kuwaping a sowal:砂拉越王國). Na ira to kona Hontian kitakit no Ikiris, ci Cames Poluko ato wawa no salakaka ningra sa adihay sato ko micaliwan ato ni’asfasan a sera. O Salawyie(Sarawak) a mikowanay adihay koni pecihan a sera pafeli ci Cames Polukoan. === '''Mi’eco ko Dipon''' (日本佔領) === I 1941 miheca saka 12 folad saka 16 romi’ad, naikoran no Dipon a mitefad to salifong i Cinco-Minato( ''Pearl Harbor)'' to 8 a romi’ad, micowat ko Dipon to Wenlay. Cecay ’ofad ko Kawakuci-Kumi(川口支隊) sofitay no Dipon nani Cinlanwan-Sofitay Minato no Yienan(越南金蘭灣軍港), macakat i Malayi(Malaya a sowal:''Kuala Belait'';Kuwaping a sowal:馬來奕）no Wenlay. Tolo a romi’ad ko kalaloodan haemin han to no Dipon a mi’eco ko Wenlay, ’edengan o itiraay i [[Faylo:MAL-M7c-Malaya-Japanese_Occupation-10_Dollars_ND_(1944).jpg|thumb|Pawli-Payso (Malaya-Japanese Occupation-10 Dollars ND ,1944)]] (Malysiya a sowal:''Kuching ;'' Kuwaoin a sowal:古晉) no Salawyie ko sofitay no Nipatatekoan-Kitakit( Ikiris a sowal:''Allies of World War II'' ;Rosiya a sowal:''Антигитлеровская коалиция;'' Kuwaping a sowal:同盟國), o saka 15 Pancepo-kasarekad sofitay no Ikiris.[3] Yo maro’ to ko sofitay no Dipon tangsolsol sa a matatilid to kakaketonan-tilid ato Honti no Wenlay ci Sotan Ahamototancutin to pihai to pikowan no Dipon to polong no Wenlay. Oya sato itiraay i Wenlay a Ikiris a tamdaw mapalit no Dipon a maemin i Kucin Patoling-Pipalitan. Yo pikowanan no Dipon a mihecahecaan, pasiiked han no Dipon ko kapah no Wenlay patayra i Dipon a patitilid, itini i Wenlay satapang a pasifana’ to sowal no Dipon, o malatapangay no sifo caay ka ca ka pinanam to sowal no Dipon. Oya itiyaay ho a payso toya Pawli-Payso hananay i, mafalic to Malaya ato Poloco sofitayan-payso.   === '''I Ikor no Sakatosa-Lalood no Hekal'''(第二次世界大戰後) === Yo malaheci sato ko Sakatosa-Lalood no Hekal, mapatireng ko Sakowan no Sofitay no Ikiris, o tapang no Awco ato komuin no matayalay itini tona sakowan.[4] 1946  miheca sala7 folad saka 6 romi’ad patikolen no Sakowan no Sofitay ko sapikowan a ’icel i Wenlay, toya miheca paliyad heca ko Wenla-Pikaikian no kitakit.[5] Oya sato Sakowan no Sofitay sacecay sato to pipalowad to mapelengay a kicai no Wenlay, mipadeng toya niilohan no sofitay no Dipon a Siliya-Kasolin a omah.[6] 1962 miheca saka 12 folad saka 8~17 romi’ad, o cikiharay ato Wenlay-Finawlan Centang(Malaysiya a sowal:''Parti Rakyat Brunei'', decdec:''PRB; Kuwaping a sowal:''汶萊人民黨) a Ka’amisay-Kalimantan Sofitay no Finawlan sapifelihaw to Wenlay sifo,nika caay ka laheci. 1971 miheca, ’afasen a patatikol nani Ikiris ko Niyah-Pikowan, 1984 miheca saka 1 folad saka 1 romi’ad malaheci to Misiiked, nikawrira, sanoyanan sanay maro’ i Tata'akay-Ikiris a Lekatep(Commonwealth of Nations;大英國協) == kaitiraan(地理位置) == Itiraay i Poloco kona kitakit,ma’emin ko mihecaan o fa’edetay mado’etay ko kakarayan. O ’emin no kitakit a pala [[Faylo:Temburong_Bridge_construction_project_Feb_2019_(17).png|thumb|Yienulong-Kayakay milacalay to riyar(Temburong Bridge construction project Feb 2019 (17))]] no Sarawyie, o kawali ato ka’etip a tosa a pecih. Itiya ho milacal tona tosa a pecih i,caay ka capitaelif i Lipang-Syien(Malaysiya a sowal:''Limbang''; Kuwaping a sowal:林夢縣), yo malaheci to i 2020 miheca ko Yienulong-Kayakay(Malaysiya a sowal:''Jambatan Sultan Haji Omar Ali Saifuddien''; Kuwaping a sowal:蘇丹哈芝奧瑪阿里賽夫汀跨海大橋) tedac sanay to ko kalalacal no Kawali ato Ka’etip,ona kayakay 30 km ko kato'edaw. Itini i 4 30 N, 114 40 E, noAsiya ko [[Brunei]].Polong no sekalay i 5,765 sq km saka 173 ko rayray no ngangan. O sekalay no sera i, 5,265 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 500 sq km ,polong i 436,620 ko tamdaw. sera(土地)Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 2.5%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 71.80%, malo no roma to a sera 25.70%. == '''Sieci''' (政治) == O faco no sieci no Wenlay i,o midotocan nani 14 sici oyanan to a tahanini ko Sotan-Hotian sieci faco, o Sotan hananay i, [[Faylo:Bellini, Gentile - Sultan Mehmet II.jpg|thumb|Mohanmot saka 2 (Gentile Bellini )]] o mikomoday to sifo ato kitakit, o tapang no sofitay. Ano ma’eco’ecoay no Ikiris to pinapina a mihecaan mala Nipa’adingan-Sakowan no Ikiris, nikawrira, cowa ka lasawad ko pikowan no Sotan tona kitakit. O faco no sieci no Wenlay i,nani tiraay i no faco no sieci no Ikiris a minanam, makalitoloay ko ’icel no sakowan to Tayal, Misanga’ to Rikec ato Misawkit, anini sato i,teked hananay to no Sotan ko pisanga’ to rikec. Yo misanga’ to Tatapangan-Rikec no kitakit i 1959 miheca, o citodongay to mamisanga’ to rikec no kitakit o「''Majlis Masyuarat Negeri''」hananay, o misinkiwan ko mamalakiing. Nikawrira, ikor to no 1962 miheca, caacaay sanay to kapisinkiw. Nawhani, itiya ho milalang ko sifo to Wenlay-Finawlan Centang(''Parti Rakyat Brunei'', decdec:''PRB)'' milekal to kacalohan-sowal, palopisaken a palasawad ko Misanga’ay to Rikec a Pikaikian. Tahira to i 1970 miheca o polong no kiing no Misanga’ay to Rikec a Pikaikian saheto sato o mitoro’an no Sotan nga’ manga’ay malakiing. O pi’arawan to hademak no kitakit o Sawara’an-Faco no Malay-Islam, o paro nona faco i,sahetoay o Sowal no Malaya, Punka ato Pinangan, Islam ono kitakit a pitooran,mipatenak to rikec no Islam ato harateng, ’Icel no Honti ko sakakaay, mapatatekoay ko sieci ato pitooran, tatiihay a mifelih to ninian.[7] === S'''otan no Wenlay'''(汶萊蘇丹) === [[Faylo:Sultan_of_Brunei_Hassanal_Bolkiah_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Aniniay Sotan Hasan Pociya(Sultan of Brunei Hassanal Bolkiah) ]] Do’edo’en ko Tatapangan-Rikec no kitakit tora kinpo hananay i, o Sotan no Wenlay o sawara’an no kitakit, sawara’an no pitooran, mitatoyay to Tayal no Sifo, Misanga’ to Rikec ato Misawkit a ’icel no sakowan.[8] O aniniay a sotan o saka 29 rekad,ci Hasana Pociya(Malasya a sowal:''Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Mu’izzaddin Waddaulah''; Kuwaping a sowal:蘇丹哈吉哈山納·包奇亞·穆伊扎丁·瓦達烏拉). == '''Kasasilsil no sakowan'''(行政區劃) == O kasasilsil no sakowan no Wenlay i,o syien (Malay a sowal:''Daerah;'' Kuwaping a sowal:縣) ko ikakaay. Ira ko Mola-Sakowan (Malay a sowal:''Daerah Brunei Muara'';Kuwaping a sowal:摩拉縣), ira ko Malayi-Sakowan (Malay a sowal:''Daerah Belait;''Kuwaping a sowal:馬來奕縣),ira ko Tongto-Sakowan (Malay a sowal:''Daerah Tutong''; Kuwaping a sowal:都東縣),ira ho ko Yienwlong-Sakowan (Malay a sowal:''Daerah Temburong''; Kuwaping a sowal:淡武隆縣).Pasilsil han i la’eno. Kasasilsil no sakowan: {| class="wikitable" |# |’Amis |Wenlay |Kuwaping |Dadahad/㎢ |Tamdaw(2016) |- |1 |Malayi-Sakowan |Daerah Belait |馬來奕縣 |570 |292,705 |- |2 |Mola-Sakowan |Daerah Muara |摩拉縣 |2,727 |69,992 |- |3 |Tongto-Sakowan |Daerah Tutong |都東縣 |1,166 |49,438 |- |4 |Yienwlong-Sakowan |Daerah Temburong |淡武隆縣 |1,306 |10,543 |} == '''Kicai'''(經濟) == O kasolin-simal ato kaso no pala ko sakakaay a dafong nona kitakit,ona kasolin ato kaso a ’etan to cecay a mihecaan no Kapolongan a Nitayalan a 'Epoc no laloma'an no kitakit(''Gross Domestic Product;GDP'') mahaop ko 90%. [[Faylo:Sultan_Omar_Ali_Saifuddin_Mosque_with_the_ceremonial_ship.jpg|thumb|Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin Mosque with the ceremonial ship]] Tatoor sanaay ato Intonisiya(Inni)ko nipasadakan ato loflof a kasolin ato kaso no pala itini i Katimolay no Saka’etip no Aciya, o sakatosa ko rayray. O cecay no sakakaay ko kacipayso itini i hekal, matatoktokay ko kacipayso ato Sinkapol itini i Katimolay no Saka’etip no Aciya, nikawrira, o Mamala-Cemahaday Kitakit(''developing country'') ho a kitakit sanay ko pinengneng no kalotamdaw. I 2015 miheca, o Lalenan- 'Etan no Kalotamdaw (''per capita disposable income ,GNI'') ira ko 30,932 Amirika-Payso, cowa ka pasata ko kalotamdaw itini tona kitakit.Nikawrira, i 2020 miheca o Lalenan- 'Etan no Kalotamdaw maserer 26,089 Amirika-Payso. Wenlay-Tosi Kaisiya(''Brunei Investment Company)'' ira ko 9 a Pilafinan no Lafang itira i Amirika, Ikiris,Fransu ato Italy, oya tata’angay ko kacingangan i hekal a Pifoli-Hotilu i Amirika, Lonton-Torcisto(''The Dorchester'') ato Paris-Yatina Hotilu(Plaza Athenee). == '''Pitooran''' (宗教) == O polong a tamdaw no Wenlay mahaop ko 67% o mitooray to Ialam a Muslin, o Sonni-Rekad no Islam pitooran ko [[Faylo:Supplicating_Pilgrim_at_Masjid_Al_Haram._Mecca,_Saudi_Arabia.jpg|thumb|(Muslin lipay i Sauti Arapiya)Supplicating Pilgrim at Masjid Al Haram. Mecca, Saudi Arabia]] ,[9] nikawrira, oroma a pitooran iraay to i Wenlay. Mahaop ko 13% o mitooray to Fo-Ciyaw(mipaypayay), 10% o misakristaay.[10] o roma a pitooran’edeng 10%. Talacowaan o Islam-Pitooran kono kitakit a pitooran, oroma a pitooran mapa’adingay no rikec ko paiteked to pitooran. Mihaiay ko sifo to cowa kona Islam a lisin, matiya o Kurismas, nikawrira, cowa ka patahtah to salongoc, itini i no kalotamdaw a mipatirengan a pitilidan tatiihay a pasifana’ to roma a pitooran, ono caayay kono Islam a sapasifana’ malalangay.[11] Itiniay i Wenlay a rikec no Islam ono Sonni-Rekad Safii-Rikec a kasarekarekad.[12] Ona Safii-Kasarekarekad i,o pido’edo’an a misanga’ to rikec no kitakit. O misakristoay a salikaka ira ko7556 tamdaw[13] o roma a pisa’osi i ira ko 38000 ko tamdaw,[14] toloay ko kamaro’an no Sikyo no Tinsikiw: itira i Slipaciyawan-si, Pailai ato Siliya, alacecay ko sinpo.   == '''Tamdaw ato sowal'''(人口與語言) == O polong a tamdaw no Wenlay ira ko 41’ofad, ilaloma’ nonini i,ira ko tosa no kalitolo a tamdaw o Malay-Tamdaw, Yuencumin ira ko 6% tamdaw, o sa’alomanay a mamangay finacadan i,o Conko a tamdaw, mahaop ko 15% i polong no kitakit a tamdaw, o Fo-Ciyaw ko pitooran, ira ko papinapina a tamdaw to mitooray to Muslin.12% o roma a finacadan, mahaop ko Into a tamdaw. No sifoan a sowal i,o Malay-Sowal. O itiniay a tamdaw o Ikiris ato Minan a sowal kalosowal to romi’ami’ad. O nani Fucien ato Kuwntong ko ’alomanay, orasaka, o no wina-sowal cowa ko lalekoan a Kuwaping a sowal, o cilamlamay to Minan ato Ngayngay a sowal. O tilid i,o Roma-tilid ko sapitilid to Malay a tilid. Oya no to’asan a Cawi-Tilid(Malay a sowal:''Jawi''; Cawi a tilid:جاوي‎; Kuwaping a sowal:爪夷文), malecad ira ko ’icel malosifoan tilid, cowa to hakowa ko kitakit to kalasowalan ho ko Cawi a tilid. == Tahapinangan a Tilid (參考文獻) == [1] O sowal no Malysiya to「Negara」o kitakit sananay, ora to「Darussalam」o 「rihadayay a kitakit」sanay ko imi, mi paca’emot to tamdaw aka ka toka a mipatireng to rihaday ato kahinaker. [2] History for Brunei Darussalam 2009，第52頁. [3] 〈Brunei under the Japanese occupation〉,Rozan Yunos,〈Brunei Times〉,Bandar Seri Begawan,2008年9月29日。 [4] History for Brunei Darussalam 2009，第79頁. [5] History for Brunei Darussalam 2009，第80頁. [6] History for Brunei Darussalam 2009，第80頁. [7] 文莱国家概况. 中華人民共和國外交部. 2019-01 [2019-05-14]. [8] 文莱国家概况. 中華人民共和國外交部. 2019-01 [2019-05-14]. [9] Brunei. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. [8 May 2011]. （原始內容存檔於2015-07-21） [10] Brunei. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. [8 May 2011]. （原始內容存檔於2015-07-21）. [11] Brunei. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. [8 May 2011]. （原始內容存檔於2015-07-21）. [12] Brunei. emory.edu. Emory. [11 May 2011]. （原始內容存檔於2014-01-15）. [13] Lien web|url=<nowiki>http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2009/127265.htm%7Ctitre=Brunei%7Cid=%7Csérie=%7Cauteur=Template:Lien|lien</nowiki> auteur=|coauteurs=|date=26 octobre 2009|année=|mois=|site=|éditeur=Département d'État des États-Unis|isbn=|page=|citation=|en ligne le=|consulté le=Template:1er septembre 2010 [14] Lien web|url=<nowiki>https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bx.html%7Ctitre=Brunei%7Cid=%7Csérie=%7Cauteur=The</nowiki>[永久失效連結] World Factbook|lien auteur=|coauteurs=|date=19 aout 2010|année=|mois=|site=|éditeur=CIA|isbn=|page=|citation=|en ligne le=|consulté le=Template:1er septembre 2010 == Pikafitan i Papotal(外部連接) == * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] *汶萊政府官方網站（馬來文） *Districts of Brunei on Statoids.com （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） * [[:en:List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government|List of current heads of state and government]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] tbc5yvtx50hxfbkzb76aibu9tlweaga 0 126 2682 2681 2021-10-28T12:01:12Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 25 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 2681 wikitext text/x-wiki Bsngan（玻士岸部落） Itiniay i [[Xiulin]](秀林) Cen no Hualien(花蓮縣) ko [[Bsngan]] a niyaro’, 532 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 1,669 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 94% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 1,566 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 6% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 103 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Truku(太魯閣族)81%, Amis(阿美族)3%, Tayal(泰雅族)3%, Bunun(布農族)1%, Seediq(賽德克族)1%, roma(其他)4%. Ira ko picodadan(富世國小、富世國小附幼) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(新城分局富世派出所、新城分局天祥派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(富世村衛生室、天祥衛生室) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(天祥郵局、國家公園警察隊太魯閣警察隊文山小隊、太管處天祥管理站) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 1kt8twx9o996xmvh2kwwjopd3uy50uv 0 127 2707 2706 2021-10-28T12:01:15Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 24 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 2706 wikitext text/x-wiki Bsuring（秀林部落） Itiniay i [[Xiulin]](秀林) Cen no Hualien(花蓮縣) ko [[Bsuring]] a niyaro’, 321 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 1,054 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 96% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 1,008 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 4% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 46 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Truku(太魯閣族)82%, Tayal(泰雅族)3%, Amis(阿美族)3%, Bunun(布農族)1%, Seediq1%, roma(其他)5%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] siay0bjyb49mlauxwh4q71vkrfblhhg 0 128 45476 44489 2025-01-19T09:53:23Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 Nishani idi 2012年 45476 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Bujar Nishani at meeting with Michael Spindelegger.jpg|縮圖|Nishani idi 2012年|alt=Bujar Nishani at meeting with Michael Spindelegger.jpg]] I 1966 a miheca(年) saka 9 folad saka 29 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci '''Bujar Nishani'''(布亞爾·尼沙尼), malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Albania]](阿爾巴尼亞) anini i ci Bujar Nishani, patirengan a romi’ad i 2012 a miheca saka 7 folad saka 24 a romi’ad. == No papotalay a kakafit == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] otzbsfiu7qcfsmeob6g9mdmkrgq6ykq 0 129 35299 2746 2023-03-30T03:22:24Z Kai3952 413 35299 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:武界部落.jpg|thumb|200px|Bukai]] Bukai（武界部落） Itiniay i [[Ren’ai]](仁愛) Cen no [[Nantou]](南投縣) ko [[Bukai]] a niyaro’, 250 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 1,057 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 96% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 1,012 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 4% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 45 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Bunun(布農族)91%, Tayal(泰雅族)2%, Amis(阿美族)1%, Seediq(賽德克族)1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 4y2kv684lh8dxlvkd9h4i9wn0bd4lok 0 130 2772 2771 2021-10-28T12:01:23Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 25 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 2771 wikitext text/x-wiki Buklavu（布谷拉夫部落） Itiniay i [[Yanping]](延平) Cen no Taitung(台東縣) ko [[Buklavu]] a niyaro’, 225 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 716 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 96% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 689 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 4% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 27 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Bunun(布農族)89%, Paiwan(排灣族)3%, Amis(阿美族)1%, roma(其他)2%. Ira ko picodadan(武陵國小附幼、武陵部落圖書資訊站) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(武陵村辦公處) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(關山分局武陵派出所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 5u28nrw0jjk0pnzqjpif0i51ejqkg8u 0 131 2798 2797 2021-10-28T12:01:26Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 25 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 2797 wikitext text/x-wiki Bulbul（霧鹿部落） Itiniay i [[Haiduan]](海端) Cen no Taitung(台東縣) ko [[Bulbul]] a niyaro’, 58 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 246 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 95% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 233 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 5% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 13 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Bunun(布農族)84%, Amis(阿美族)2%, Puyuma(卑南族)1%, Truku(太魯閣族)1%, roma(其他)7%. Ira ko picodadan(霧鹿國小、霧鹿國小附幼) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(霧鹿辦公室) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] d76wrdjms0benozm3wuf0asialk2532 0 132 44370 32181 2024-08-30T19:07:19Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 縮圖 44370 wikitext text/x-wiki Bulgaria（保加利亞） == Takaray a sowal(概要) == Pawciyaliya Kapolongan-Kitakit(Pawciyaliya a sowal:''Република България''; Latin a tilid:''Republika Bŭlgariya''; Kuwaping a sowal:保加利亞共和國,通稱保加利亞). O itiraay i katimol no sakawali no Yoropa a Parkan-Pecihan-Kanatal a kitakit. Malafiyaway ato Romaniya, Sayrwiya, Ka’amisay-Maciton , Kitisiya ato Torki, i sakawali misi’ayaway to Kahetinay-Riyar(Ikiris a sowal:''Black Sea''; Kuwaping a sowal:黑海). O Sofia(索菲亞) ko Siyoto.katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日).Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakatolo 3 a romi’ad.O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci Roymen Ratifo( [[Rumen Radev|''Rumen Radev'']];魯門·雷得夫), patirengan a romi’ad i 2017 a miheca saka 1 folad saka 22 a romi’ad. [[Faylo:Flag of Bulgaria.svg|縮圖|Hata no Pawciyaliya (Flag of Bulgaria)|alt=Flag of Bulgaria.svg]] [[Faylo:EU-Bulgaria.svg|縮圖|Kaitiraan (Bulgaria)]] == Kaitiraan (地理位置) == Itini i 43 00 N, 25 00 E, noYoropi ko [[Bulgaria]](保加利亞).Polong no sekalay i 110,879 sq km “saka 105 ko rayray no ngangan. O sekalay no sera i, 108,489 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 2,390 sq km Polong i 7,144,653 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 46.90%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 36.70%, malo no roma to a sera 16.40%. == '''Rikisi'''(歷史) == O saka’amis a kaitiraan no Pawciyaliya anini malecad o Sakawali no Mosiya(Latin a sowal:Moesia; Kuwaping a sowal:默西亞)ito’asan ho, roma sa i,o sakatimol no aniniay Pawciyaliya malecad o saka’amis no Soloysi(Pawciyaliya a sowal:''Тракия''; Torki a sowal:''Trakya'' ; Kuwaping a sowal:色雷斯) ito’asan ho. O liteng a finacadan no Pawciyaliya i, o Soloysi-Tamdaw(Ikiris a sowal:''Thracians'' ;Latin a sowal:''Thraci''). I tiya i’ayaw latek iikor no sakacecay miheca naikoranni Yiso, ona pala itini malapecih no Roma-Hotian Kitakit, malalikel to Soloysi-Sakowan ato Mosiya-Sakowan. To ikor to o Pacantin-Hontian Kitakit komidotocay. === '''Sakacecay a Micowatay Hontian-Kitakit'''(第一帝國) === Sakaenem sici sa’aloman sa ko tayniay a Slafo-Tamdaw, ato mamang a mikeridan ni Aspaluhe (Pawciyaliya a sowal:''Аспарух''; Kuwaping a sowal:阿斯巴魯赫) nani ka’amisay lilis no Kohetingay-Riyar ato ka’amisay Kawciyaso maforaw tayra i Misiya , macamamol ato o Tocie ko sowal a Pawciyar-Tamdaw, onini ko lalengawan no Pawciyaliya-Tamdaw. I aikor ni Yiso 681 [[miheca]], Aspoluko-Kitakit malowid nira ko Honti no Paycantin ci Casitinni sakatosa( Sila a sowal:''Ιουστινιανός Β' ο Ρινότμητος;''Kuwaping a sowal:查士丁尼二世; [[Faylo:Solidus_of_Justinian_II,_Second_Reign,_Constantinople,_705_AD,_gold_-_Arthur_M._Sackler_Museum,_Harvard_University_-_DSC01501.jpg|縮圖|Casitinni sakatosa(Solidus of Justinian II, Second Reign, Constantinople, 705 AD, gold - Arthur M. Sackler Museum, Harvard University - DSC01501)]] ocimil a ngangan:makelacay ko ngoso a tamdaw:被剜鼻者), matatilid to kakaketonan, malaheci maala ko sakatimol no Tonaw-‘alo ato saka’misay etal no Parkan lotolotokan no Paycantin, patireng to Pawciyaliya-Hontian Kitakit(latek nani 681 tahira i 1018 miheca ). Sanoyanan sa to tolo so’ot ko mihecan o sakakaay a Misiikeday-Hontian kitakit ko Pawciyaliya,o ‘icel no Pawciyaliya ma’edengay mamatoktok ato Paycantin,kinapinapina to sapico’ecoaw to tata’angay niyaro’ no Paycantin ko sofitay no Pawciyaliya. Onini to ko sakalalood no Paycantin ato Pawciyaliya. I 755 miheca, o saeawa’an no Pawciyaliya ci Cielice mi’eco to Paycatin, malowid no honti no Paycantin ci Cinstantin sakalima(Sila a sowal:Κωνσταντίνος Ε΄;Kuwaping a sowal:君士坦丁五世) ko Pawciyaliya,itiya sato 759 ato 763 miheca tokitok sa mapidah. Itira sato i 767 miheca matatilid to Sakarihaday-Kakaketonan. 889 miheca, o kalali’aca ko lalengatan a miliyaw heca amalalood. 984 miheca, o sawara’an no Pawciyaliya ci Simiang sakacecay(Pawciyaliya a sowal( Pawciyaliya a sowal:''Симеон I Велики'' ; Kuwaping a sowal:西美昂一世)pakalowid to sofitay no Sila. I 913 miheca ona ci Simiang sakacecay patedo sa a milekal a mala Safang(''Цар; 沙皇),'' keriden ningra ko sofitay miraod tangasa i Cinstantinpaw,cowa ho kalalood o patalaw aca, mapatangic ko Pacantin a matatilid to kakaketonan, adihay ko nipafelian no Paycantin a dafong , adihay ho koni afasan a sapakining. Itira sato i 981 miheca, o honti no Paycantin ci Pasir sakatosa(Sila a sowal:''Βασίλειος'';Latin a sowal:''Basileios''; Kuwaping a sowal:巴西爾二世) sapicowataw to Pawciyaliya, malowid no honti no Pawciyaliya ci Samur(Самуил; 薩穆爾) i ngata no Sofiya. I 986 miheca micowat ko honti no Pawciyaliya ci Samur to Tisaliya, toker han no honti no Paycantin ci Pasir sakatosa. Tahira to i 1072 miheca,o wawa to no wawa no Samur ci Kangstantin-Pocin patedo sa tomireng malahonti, ci Pitoro sakatolo, patokitok ho a mitoker to Paycantin. === '''Sakatosa a Micowatay Hontian-Kitakit'''(第二帝國) === 1185 miheca,ca Pitoro saka sepat aci Yfan-Asin sakacecay malikaka mikeridan to Pawciyaliya a tamdaw miliyaw [[Faylo:N_pavlovic_assen.jpg|縮圖|Yfan-Asin sakacecay (N. pavlovic assen)]] milood, ptireng to dakatosa a Pawciyaliya Hontian-Kitakit. Mitangic to Paycantin i 1187 miheca to pihai to pisiiked no Pawciyaliya. Tahira sato i saka13 sici, cemahad to ko tili’etanan, matongal ko kaahdihay no niyaro’. O honti ci Yfan-Asin sakatosa, isakakaay to ko kacemahd no kitakit, sakakahaday ko pala no kitakit, katimol tahira i Soloysi, isaka’etip ato sakawali tangasa i riyar.  Yo mapatay to ko honti ci Yfan-Asin sakatosa, malikelon to ko ’icel no kitakit. 1242 miheca, o kakeridan no sofitay no Monko-Hontian kitakit ci Pato hakelong nira ko sofitay mihidefong to pala no Pawciyaliya, I 1258 miheca tekop sato ko Pawciyaliya a kitakit. Oya sa Paycantin midongdong a mi’eco to Pawciyaliya, mi’afas to Anciyarusi-Minato ato Maysaimupoliya-Minato. Itiya sato i 1277 miheca, o cecay mikapotay a kitakit no Monko oya Cincahan-Kitakit( Ikiris a sowal: ''Golden Horde''; Monko a sowal:''Алтан Орд'';''Altan Ord'' ;Kuwaping a sowal:欽察汗國) midefong i saka’amis no Pawciyaliya, tona a mihecaan patokeled sa ko Paucantin a mi’eco to Tinofa, nikawrira, malowid. 1330 miheca, malamikotoday a kitakit ko Pawciyaliya no Saywirwiya, nika cakahalafin mapapecihpecih mala pinapina a mamangay kitakit. === '''O pikowan no micowatay a Otoman-Hontian Kitakit'''(鄂圖曼帝國統治) === [[Faylo:Battle_of_Kosovo,_Adam_Stefanović,_1870.jpg|縮圖|1387miheca Kosofo-Lalood (Battle of Kosovo, Adam Stefanović, 1870)]] I ikor no Kosofo-Lalood(Saywirwiya a sowal:''Косовски бој或Бој на Косову;'' Kuwaping a sowal:科索沃戰役) I 1389 miheca ato Nikopaw-Lalood [1]( Pawciyaliya a sowal:''Битка при Никопол、Bitka pri Nikopol''; Torki a sowal:''Niğbolu Savaşı'' )I 1396 miheca, matekop a malahedaw ko Nikisiiked no sakatosa a Pawciyaliya-Hotian Kitakit, malocecay a nikowanan no Otoman-Torki Hotian-Kitakit. Itira to i ikor no saka 19 sici, o nipikerid ni Wasir-Lifusici (Pawciyaliya a sowal:''Васил Левски'') ta malaliyad heca ko pidemak to sakapisiikedan no Pawciyaliya. Toyanan nornor sato a malikelon ko ’icel no Otoman-Hontian Kitakit, itira to ko pisa’imer no Pawciyaliya a mipaco’ay, tahitkeda to pitoker no Torki safitay a ma’enec, patodeled sa ko Honti no Rosiya a milood to Otoman, mitedal to roray no Slafo-Salikaka saan, ikor tona lalood matatilid to「Polin-kakaketonan」(Toic a sowal:''Berliner Kongress'')[2] pakaala ko Pawciliya to Niyah-Pikowan, patireng to safatad sanay ho a Misiikeday Pawciyaliya- Hontian-Kitakit [3]( Pawciyaliya a sowal:''Царство България''; Roma a tilid:''Tsarstvo Bulgaria''; Kuwaping a sowal:保加利亞王國). Tahira to i 1885 miheca nga’ simsim hato ko matatodongay a tamdaw a mala no niyahan a honti, itini to ka kalaheci no kitakit a malacecay. === '''Pawciyaliya Hontian-Kitakit a mihecahecaan''' (保加利亞王國時期) === Ira ko pidama no Rosiya ato Ci’icelay-Kitkitakit tamanga’ay nornor sato ko Pawciyaliya Hontian-Kitakit miliyas to pikowan no Otoman, tangasa i 1908 miheca malahontian kitakit, i ikor no Parkan-Lalood, o Pawciyaliya, Saywirya, Kahetingay-Lotok kitakit, ato Sila cifaloco’ to sapipecihaw to sera no Torki itira i Yoropa. [[Faylo:Bulgarian_Macedonians.jpg|縮圖|Sofitay no Pawciyaliya i Ka'amisay- Maciton (Bulgarian Macedonians)]] Itiya i sarakarakat ho no sakacecay Lalood no Hekal, cifaloco’ ko Pawciyaliya to sapipaco’ay, I 1915 miheca mikapot to Nipatekoan-Kitakit(Toic a sowal:''Mittelmächte'' ;Kuwaping a sowal:同盟國), tangsolsol sa malacafay ato Toic-Hontian kitakit ato Awsyong-Hontian Kitakit mi’eco to Sayrwiya, to ikor micowat ho to Romaniya. Yo miliyas sato ko sofitay no Toic, o sakakaay to ko sofitay no Pawciliya, sanga’ay sa ko aro’ no sofitay no Pawciyaliya tahira i 1918 miheca malepon to kona Sakacecay Hekalay-Lalood. I sarakarakat ho no Sakatosa Hekalay-Lalood, o Nacui-Toic(Toic a sowal:''Nationalsozialistische Deutschland''; Kuwaping a sowal:納粹德國;第三帝國) ato Itali Hontian-Kitakit masasowal (Ikiris a sowal:''arbitration award; Kuwaping a sowal:''維也納仲裁裁決) a midama to Pawciyaliya mi’afas a patikor to Nantopoloka. 1941 miheca saka 3 folad saka 1 romi’ad, ira ko pasitiraay i Toic a Congli no Pawciyaliya ci Pokotan Filofo mipangangan i『Kakaketonan no Toloay Kitakit』(Ikiris a sowal:''Tripartite Pact;'' Kuwaping a sowal:德意日三國同盟條約) to pipaheci a mikapot to「Tokodan-Kitakit」(Ikiris a sowal:''Axis power'';Toic a sowal:''Die Achsenmächte'';Kuwaping a sowal:軸心國). Yo milood sato ko Toic to Nanslafo, mipadang ko sofitay no Pawciyaliya to Toic, iikor to no kalaloodan cililam ko Pawciyaliya to kakahaday a pala no Nanslafo-Maciton itira no Sila alalood, pakapi’eco ko Pawciyaliya to Sa’etipay-Seloysi a pala no Sila. Itira i 1941 miheca saka 12 folad saka 12 romi’ad, mitakaw a mitefad to pakotang ko Dipon Cinco-Minato no Hawai, mitoor a milekal milood to Amirika. [[Faylo:Georgi_Dimitrov.jpg|縮圖|itolofu-Mihailofu (Georgi Dimitrov)]] === '''Aniniay Rikisi''' (現代歷史) === Yo malepon sato ko Sakatosa-Lalood no Hekal, mapatatiko a maala koya Satimolan no Topoloka, nikawrira, itiraan i sakowan no Solin a miteli. 1946 miheca palasawad to Sawara’an-Faco no kitakit, patireng to Pawciyaliya Nikapolong-Kitakit (Pawciyaliya a sowal:''Народна Pепублика България,Narodna Republika Balgariya;''Kuwaping a sowal:保加利亞人民共和國), ci Koawrci-Titolofu-Mihailofu (Pawciyaliya asowal:''Георги Димитров Михайлов;''Kuwaping a sowal:格奧爾基·迪米特羅夫·米哈伊洛夫) ko sarakatay a malatapang no kitakit. ==  '''Sieci''' (政治) == O finawlan ko misinkiway to congtong no Pawciyaliya, 5 miheca ko kalacongtonan, manga’ay pararid to kinacecay. O congtong i,o sawara’an no kitakit ato sakakaay kakeridan no sofitay,o mikomoday a tamdaw to Sakarihaday no Kitakit a Pitenglan a Iinkay, ano awawaay ko sapisanga’ to rikec a ’icel, nikawrira ira ko ’icel a patiko to rikec i Pikaykian no Kitakit papiliyaw a masasowal a mifalic toya rikec, o Pikaykian no Kitakit o ’alomanay a pihai no kiing a mifelih toya mipatikoan no congton a rikec ta malaheci ko kapisanga’ tora rikec. O Pikaykian-Nikapolongan Faco ko Pawciyaliya (Ikiris a sowal:''parliamentary republic;'' Kuwaping a sowal:議會共和制). O Finawlan-Pikaykian(''Народно събрание'') a faco o Cecayay-Pikaykian-Faco, o polong no kiing ira ko 240 ko tamdaw, sepat ko mihecaan ko kalakiingan. [[Faylo:Simeon_Borisov_Sakskoburggotski_(Saxe-Coburg-Gotha,_Simeon_II)_in_2017.jpg|縮圖|Simiyang-Sakatos (Simeon Borisov Sakskoburggotski (Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Simeon II) in 2017)]] O cecay a kasafelaw no sieci (centang) pakaala to 4% a satopa no misinkiway nga’ manga’ay mikapot i pikaykian. Ona pikaykian ira ko ’icel to sapisanga’ to rikec no kitakit, mihai to yosang a sakatayal a payso no sifo, milaleko to pisinkiw to congtong,misinkiw ato palasawad to kamaro’an no congli tapang no sifo, milekal to lalood, miketon to sowal to pihai to sofitay tayra i roma akitakit, mihai to kasasowal pakayni to kacacofelan a demak.   2001 miheca saka 6 folad saka 17 romi’ad a tata’angay a sinkiw, oni keridan ni Simiyang-Sakatos(Pawciyaliya a sowal:Симеон II; Kuwaping a sowal:西美昂二世） a Polong-Kitakit-Tang pakaala to 42.7% a satopa no misinkiway. Ona ci Simiyang-Sakatos o sarikoray a hotnti, namisawad a malahonti o pakalowid to sinkiw a malasawrra’an no kitakit. 1995 miheca saka 12 folad, misinsi to sapicomodaw Yoropa-Lekatep(''European Union, EU''; 歐盟)[4]. 2004 miheca saka 3 folad saka 29 romi’ad, mikapot ko Pawciyaliya i Saka’amisay- Riyaran a Kakaketonan-Lekatep ( North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO;北大西洋公約組織). 2006 miheca saka 12 folad, mitoor to sowal no Citodongay to Demak no Yoropa-Lekatep, o kakeridan no Yoropa-Lekatep a kayki mihai to pikapot no Pawciyaliya i 2007 miheca saka 1 folad saka1 romi’ad.[5] Tahira to i 2007 miheca saka 1 folad saka 1 romi’ad laheci sato ko pikapot no Pawciyaliya i Saka’amisay- Riyaran a Kakaketonan-Lekatep ( North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO;北大西洋公約組織).[6]   Itiya i 1990 miheca saka 7 folad saka7 romi’ad malaheci ko sowal to pipacarcar ho to pidemak to i patay no ciraraway a tamdaw, noyanan to i 1998 miheca saka 12 folad saka12 romi’ad palaheci hananay to a palasawad ko mipatayay a demak to ciraraway a tamdaw. '''Kasasilsil no sakowan'''(行政區劃) O kakahad no pala no Pawciyaliya i,iraay ko 110,910㎢, o tatapangan a tokai i Sofiya[1] [2](Pawciyaliya a sowal:''София''，Ronaan tilid:''Sofiya'' ;Kuwaping a sowal:索菲亞) . o polong a tata’angay sakowan(州) ira ko 28 ko sakowan: {| class="wikitable" |# |’Amis/ Sakowan |Pawciyaliya |Kuwaping |Kakahad/㎢ |Tamadaw/ 2006 |- |1 |Polakoyifkole |Област Благоевград |布拉格耶夫格勒州 |6,449 |364,076 |- |2 |Porkos |Област Бургас |布爾加斯州 |7,748 |457,750 |- |3 |Somen |Област Шумен |舒門州 |3,390 |205,198 |- |4 |Topolici |Област Добрич |多布里奇州 |4,719 |213,325 |- |5 |Kapolowo |Област Габрово |加布羅沃州 |2,023 |137,461 |- |6 |Haskowo |Област Хасково |哈斯科沃州 |5,543 |307,067 |- |7 |Korciyali |Област Кърджали |克爾賈利州 |3,209 |164,019 |- |8 |Ciwstentil |Област Кюстендил |丘斯滕迪爾州 |3,084 |163,889 |- |9 |Lowici |Област Ловеч |洛維奇州 |4,128 |167,931 |- |10 |Montana |Област Монтана |蒙塔納州 |3,618 |183,353 |- |11 |Pocarciko |Област Пазарджик |帕札爾吉克州 |4,459 |317,358 |- |12 |Pirniko |Област Перник |佩爾尼克州 |2,390. |156,561 |- |13 |Poliwen |Област Плевен |普列文州 |4,333 |320,449 |- |14 |Polofutifu |Област Пловдив |普羅夫迪夫州 |5,973 |755,570 |- |15 |Lacikole |Област Разград |拉茲格勒州 |2,637 |152,417 |- |16 |Posay |Област Русе |魯塞州 |2,803 |278,890 |- |17 |Silisto |Област Силистра |錫利斯特拉州 |2,846 |142,000 |- |18 |Simoliyang |Област Смолян |斯莫梁州 |3,193 |140,066 |- |19 |Sofiya-Si |София， |索菲亞市 |1,310 |1,246,791 |- |20 |Sofiya |Софийска област |索菲亞州 |7,059 |262,032 |- |21 |Telang Cakola |Област Стара Загора |舊扎戈拉州 |5,151 |388,556 |- |22 |Korkowisinto |Област Търговище |特爾戈維什特州 |2,716 |170,200 |- |23 |Warna |Област Варна |瓦爾納州 |3,820 |496,768 |- |24 |Tata’angay Tornowo |Област Велико Търново |大特爾諾沃州 |4,662 |293,172 |- |25 |Witin |Област Видин |維丁州 |3,032 |128,050 |- |26 |Folaca |Област Враца |弗拉察州 |3,621 |235,189 |- |27 |Yangpor |Област Ямбол |揚博爾州 |3,335 |156,631 |- |28 |Seliwen |Област Сливен |斯利文州 |3,544 |218,747 |} == '''Kaitiraan'''(地理) == Makalitosaay no Parkan-Lotolotokan(Pawciyaliya a sowal ato Sayrwiya a sowal:''Стара планина / Stara Planina;'' [[Faylo:Balkangebirge_Balkan_topo_de.jpg|縮圖|Parkan-Lotolotokan (Balkangebirge Balkan topo de)]] ''Kuwaping''巴爾幹山脈)ko Pawciyaliya, isaka’mis i,o Tonaw-’Alo Dafdaf, isakatimol i,o Soloysi-Dasdas. O katimol no saka’etip i, o Lotopi-Lotok, o kolokolol nona lotok o Musala-’apocok(Pawciyaliya a sowal:''Мусала'', Kuwaping a sowal:穆薩拉峰) nani tongroh no riyar ira ko 2,925m ko ’akawang, o sa’akawangay no Parkan-Pecih Kanatal(''Balkans;''巴爾幹半島). Pasiwali misi’ayaway to Kohetingay-Riyar(''Black Sea''; 黑海), o kalala’edan no Pawciyaliya ato Romaniya ko Tonaw ’Alo. Ono Lafa’efa’ay a so’emetay a Karopaw Kakarayan ko Pawciyaliya a kitakit, isakwaliay a kakarayan masiwaray no Kahetingay Riyar, isaktimol masiwaray no Sifo’ay-Riyar(Ikiris a sowal:''Mediterranean Sea;'' Kuwaping a sowal:地中海）ko kakarayan, ono Sifo'ay-Riyar a kakarayan. O fa’edet no romi’ad i sakacecay folad itiraay i sifo’ no -2℃ato2℃, i saka7 folad nani 19℃tahira 25℃(tokos10℃). O lalen no ’orad no mihecaan 450 tahira 600mm (i tokos tahiraay i 1300mm).    == '''Kicai''' (經濟) == I 1989 miheca yo tatiih to ko kalali’aca to dafong ato Solin(Rosiya a sowal:''Союз Советских Социалистических Республик'', decdec:''СССР''; Kuwaping a sowal:蘇維埃社會主義共和國聯盟,簡稱蘇聯), tata’ang ko nikasipon no Pawciyaliya., o lalen no ’orip no tamtamdaw mataefad 40%. Tahira to i 1994 mihecaan nga’ saidahi sato ko kahirahira a katayalan. Nikawrira, nikacaay ka harerek ko pisongila’ a mifalic ko pakayniay i kicai a demak ato nikacaay ho kahinaker ko faco no kinko, 1996 miheca malaliyaw heca ko katatiih no kicai to katayalan.tahira to i 2003 miheca nga’ manga’ay ko katayalan no polong no kitakit. [[Faylo:Rosa_rugosa0.jpg|縮圖|Mikuy hana(Rosa rugosa)]] Nano to’asan o maomahay ko Pawciyaliya a kitakit, orasak o mikuy a hana(''Rosa rugosa'';玫瑰), yuko(Ikiris a sowal:''Yogurt''; Kuwaping a sowal:優格) ato poto ’epah tadamanga’ay tata’ang ko ngangan i hekal manga’ay ko ‘aca. O misanga’ay to dafong a demak i, o misonga’ay to kakaenen ato mililecay a tayal, cemahad sanay to ko pisalamaan no lafang a demak. O mikapotay i Paifaloco'ay Kali'aca a Katatelekan no Sifo’ay Yoropa(''Central European Free Trade Agreement''，''CEFTA'';中歐自由貿易協定). == '''Pitooran ato Tamdaw''' (宗教和人口) == O misakristoay ko 65% a tamdaw no Pawciyaliya , ilaloma’ nonini i,mahaop ko 64% o Pawciyaliya So’elinay Kiwkai(''Orthodox church'' ;正教會). 13% o mitooray to Muslin, sahetoay o Pomako tamdaw ato Mamangay-Finacadan no Torki. == '''Punka''' (文化) == Tadaadihay ko naikoran no rocok no payrayrag a ma’arw i punka, rikisi ato rocokan, mahaop ko Sroysi tamdaw, Katelang a Sila tamdaw ,Roma a tamdaw, Selafo a tamdaw, Walyangko tamdaw ato Pawciyar tamdaw. Oninian ko kacidafong no Pawciyaliya to kahirahira a lisinan itini i hekal, o tinooy ato mito’eto’an dafong no Soroysi tamdaw, o rocok no radiw ato katelang a nipatirenganno Pawciyar tamdaw. [[Faylo:Lazarki_from_Gabra.jpg|縮圖|Kaying no Pawciyaliya (Lazarki from Gabra)]] O makeraay a satelangay a misanga’an a tada’emin dafong i Waerna tadem no Pawciyaliya, o rikisi nonini dafong miso’edac to 5,000 ko mihecaan.[9] I sifo’an sici o cecay no kahiceraan no Selafo Punka ko Pawciyaliya, o nikahadakan no Silirtilid(Rosiya a sowal:''Кирилли́ческий алфави́т或Кири́ллица''，falicen a mitilid:''Kirilličeskij alfavit或者Kirillica'' ; Kuwaping a sowal:西里爾字母或斯拉夫字母). Tahira to i saka 19 sici ato saka 20 sici, o mirocokay to ’ilang no Pawciyaliya ato Ikiris a malatamdaway no Amirika ci Yohani-Wensin-Atanasofo (Ikiris a sowal:''John Vincent Atanasoff;'' Kuwaping a sowal:約翰·文森·阿塔納索夫) o mikapotay a mipasadak to Tinnaw(''computer;''電腦). Itini i Pawciyaliya ano sata’ota’ong sa o mminayay, ano miingaing o mihaiyan.[10] O winaan a sowal no Pawciyaliya ko Pawciyaliya a sowal,do’edo’en ko「Eurobarometer report（2006）」a nipasadakan a sowal, o mafana’ay somowal to Ikiris a sowal no Pawciyaliya i,latek ira ko 120 ofad ko tamdaw, mahaop ko 23% no polong a tamdaw no Pawciyaliya.  ci Safulo komihongyakuay. == '''Pipalafangan Lihad'''(旅遊資訊) == Itini i WIKI-Nipalalan to pipalafangan a tilid no Pawciyaliya ira ko: * Bulgaria - video presentations from Bulgaria Tourism Authority（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） * All cities and villages（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） * The mountains of Bulgaria * Image Gallery of Bulgaria * Large Image Gallery of Bulgaria（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） * Cars from antiquity to their appearance in Bulgaria == Tahapinangan a Tilid (參考文獻) == [1] Kenneth Meyer Setton、Harry W. Hazard. A History of the Crusades: The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Univ of Wisconsin Press. 1975年: 第83頁. <nowiki>ISBN 0299066703</nowiki> （英語）. [2] "Besides Turkey, there were six Great Powers during the late nineteenth century: Russia, Great Britain, France, Austria-Hungary, Italy and Germany." Sowards, Steven W. Lecture 10: The Great Powers and the Eastern Question. Twenty-Five Lectures on Modern Balkan History (The Balkans in the Age of Nationalism). [14 February 2015]. （原始內容存檔於2014-10-14）. [3] 6FP NoE 4M in Bulgaria - Sofia Info. [2013-11-24]. （原始內容存檔於2009-03-09 [4] 新華網. 罗马尼亚和保加利亚正式加入欧盟. 中國網. 2007-01-01 [2021-01-24]. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-31） （中文）. [5] 新華網. 罗马尼亚和保加利亚正式加入欧盟. 中國網. 2007-01-01 [2021-01-24]. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-31） （中文）. [6] European Union. European Union. European Union. [2021-01-24]. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-10） （英語）. [7] Editors of Britannica. Sofia. Encyclopædia Britannica. [12 February 2016]. [8] Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia. Britannica Educational Publishing. 2013-06-01. <nowiki>ISBN 9781615309870</nowiki>. [9] New perspectives on the Varna cemetery (Bulgaria) （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, By: Higham, Tom; Chapman, John; Slavchev, Vladimir; Gaydarska, Bisserka; Honch, Noah; Yordanov, Yordan; Dimitrova, Branimira; September 1, 2007 [10] “Yes”and“No”Gestures. Learn Bulgarian Easily. （原始內容存檔於2020-02-09）. == Pikafitan i Papotal(外部連接) == *[http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [[:en:List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government|List of current heads of state and government]] *Official governmental site（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） * President of The Republic of Bulgaria（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） * National Assembly of the Republic of Bulgaria * Chief of State and Cabinet Member [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 852cq9df8qxy1r3irweqg0qc9qr3hw3 0 133 2855 2854 2021-10-28T12:01:33Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 24 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 2854 wikitext text/x-wiki Buner（宜昌部落） Itiniay i [[Ji’an]](吉安) Cen no Hualien(花蓮縣) ko [[Buner]] a niyaro’, 1,710 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 4,775 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 24% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 1,133 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 76% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 3,642 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)21%, Truku(太魯閣族)1%, Bunun(布農族)1%. Ira ko kofa(宜昌郵局) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] k6enzhxxvfcol54lg06p02ukri920iu 0 134 2882 2881 2021-10-28T12:01:36Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 26 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 2881 wikitext text/x-wiki Burkina faso（布吉納法索） Pokirna faso(Frasu a sowal:Burkina Faso; Kuwaping a sowal:布吉納法索''')''' == Takaray a sowal(概要) == o Pokina-Faso hananay a kitakit ono itiraay i Afrika a Karopaw kitakit, o polong a pala no kitakit i,itiraay i sakatimol a lilis no Sahara-Tafatafakan (Arbiya a sowal:الصحراء الكبرى‎，aṣ-Ṣaḥrāʾ al-Kubrā ; Kuwaping a sowal:撒哈拉沙漠) ko kaitiraan. O katelang a angangan nona kitakit i,o Sangfota (Fransu a sowal:Haute Volta;Kuwaping a sowal: 上伏塔), I 1984 miheca saka 8 folad a falicen tono aniniay a ngangan no kitakit, itiraay i tenok no kitakit ko syoto o Tatapangan a Tokai Wakatoku (Fransu a sowal:''Ouagadougou''，decdec:''Ouaga''; Kuwaping a sowal:瓦加杜古), o sakakaay ko katata’ang a tokai no Pokina-Faso, patokeled han o kahiceraan no punka ato kicai katayalan. [[Faylo:Location_Burkina_Faso_AU_Africa.svg|thumb|Location Burkina Faso AU Africa]] Itini i hekal o sasafaay ko kafana’ to tilid, ‘edeng 3% no polong a tamdaw ko mafana’ay to tilid. O cecay no「cowaho ka cemahad a kitakit」(Least developed country decdec a tilid: ''LDCs; Kuwaping a sowal:最低度開發國家).'' O congtong no kitakit anini i ci Loko-Mako- Kolistian-Kapoloy(Fransu a sowal: [[Roch Marc Christian Kaboré|''Roch-Marc-Christian-Kaboré'']]; Kuwaping a sowal:羅克·馬克·克里斯蒂安·卡波雷) , katomirengan a romi’ad i 2015 a miheca saka 12 folad saka 29 a romi’ad. == '''Rikisi'''(歷史) == O katelang a payrayrang(文明) a kitakit ko Porkina-Faso i Saka’etipay Afrika, nani saka 3 sici(世紀) tahira i saka 13 sici, itira i Niri ato i katimol no saka’etip no Porkina-Faso a Pora(Bura) hananay a pala, makera ko cecay a marad to citiliday to Pora-Punka. Anini i laloma’ nona kitakita latek ira ko 60 ko masasiromaromaay a niyaro’, o Mosi (''Mossi'') ko sakaay a finacadan, o sarakatay a ngangan i,o Sangfota hananay ko ngangan nona kitakit, i 1984 miheca yo malacongtong no kitakit ci Tomas-Sangkara(Fransu a sowal: ''Thomas Sankara'' ; Kuwaping a sowal:托馬斯·桑卡拉) itiyaay a mifalic to ngangan no kitakit to Porkina-Faso(''Burkina Faso'') , o「Porkina」hananay i,o「mo’ecelay」ano ca「mo’ecelay tamdaw」sanay ko imi nira, o「Faso」hananay i,o nani sowal no Teyula(德尤拉語) o「Winaan a kitakit」sanay ko imi nira.[1] 1896miheca, tayni i Sangfota(上伏塔) palapalaan, patedo sa a milekal o no niyam nikowanan konian pala saan, onini ko toker sa a mitaker koya halafinay to a moro’ itini a Mosi tamdaw, tahira to i 1919 miheca matokep ko tatapangan a takai(syoto) Waciyatuko(Frasu a sowal:''Ouagadougou'',簡稱''Ouaga''; Kuwaping a sowal:瓦加杜古), oya nikowanan a malamicongacongay kitakit no Syangyahaian(Fransu a sowal:''Côte d'Ivoire''; Kuwaping a sowal:象牙海岸) [2] a sak’amisay a sakowan pateko han to i laloma’ no fa’elohay a nipatirengan asakown, papolong han a mipangangan to 「Sangfota」, o cecay no Matatekoay-Kitakit Saka’etipay-Afrika no Fransu( Fransu a sowal:''Afrique occidentale française'', decdec a titlid:''AOF.;'' Kuwaping a sowal:法屬西非). 1932 miheca, ona Malamicongacongay-Kitakit a Saka’etipay-Afrika a nikowanan no Fransu, ira ko piharateng no Frasu to sakanga’ay a matayal saan, cikcik han misamiming, tahira to i 1937 miheca nga’ oya Sangfota ato italiyokay a pala patateko ha a miliyaw, ta pangangan han to「Fafa’eday Syangyahaian」(Fransu:''Haute-Côte d'Ivoire'';Kuwaping:上象牙海岸). 1956 miheca,masanga’ no Frasu ko rikec to sapiliyawaw a masasowl to i papotalay no riyar a sakowan, sa onini ko kacakat no Sangfota(上伏塔) mala o cecay a misiikeday to niyahpikowan, tahira to i 1960 miheca liyas sato to pikowan no Fransu a Misiiked. To ikor no Pisiiked, mo’etep miheca ko kahalafin no Sangfota a ca ka hinaker kosieci, cilacila ira ko pifelih no sofitay to sifo, tahira to i 1990 a mihecaan nga’ sahinaker sato to mamang. [[Faylo:Blaise_Compaoré.jpeg|thumb|Pulas-Konpawloy congtong (Blaise Compaoré)]] 2014 miheca saka 10 folad saka 30 romi’ad, oya aniniay a congtong kinasepat a pararid malacongtong, sapiliyawaw ho to rikec no kitakit a kinpo ta manga'ay a pararod kako saan , mikangi to ko icowacoway a niyaro no Sangfota.[3] 2014 miheca saka 10 folad saka 31 romi’ad, sawad sato ci Pulas-Konpawloy(''Blaise Compaoré'';布萊斯·龔保雷)[4] [5] milaliw tayra i Syangyahaian.[6] To cila a miheca i 2015 miheca saka 9 folad saka 16 romi’ad, oya micokeray a sofitay toya nipalasawdan a congtong ci Konpawloy midemak to sapifelihaw to sifo, palit han koya pacarcaray a congtong ci Misier-Kafanto ( Fransu a sowal:''Michel Kafando;'' Kuwaping a sowal:米歇爾·卡凡多) ato congli ci Yakopa-Isako-Cita (''Yacouba Isaac Zida'' ;亞科巴·伊薩克·齊達), ato romaroma a tapang.[7] Tona miheca saka 9 folad saka 21 romi’ad mapahadak nani pipalitan ci Misier-Kafanto, tahira sa Tasikuwan a pacarcar a milimek.[8] O Kicai Lekatep-Kitakit no Sa’etipay-Afrika(''Economic Community of West African States'', decdecan:''ECOWAS'' ;西非國家經濟共同體,簡稱西共體) ko mitahidangay to mitokeray to congtong sofitay ato mifelihay to congtong a masasowal, i 2015 miheca saka 9 folad saka 23 romi’ad hai sato ko mitokeray to congtong a sofitay a mitlid to ngangan i kakaketonan, matiko to ko sakowan ’icel i sifo, oya sato ya mipacarcaray a milimek a congtong ci Kafanto patatiko to a malacongtong.[9]   2015 miheca saka 11 folad saka 29 romi’ad ira ko pidemak to singkiw to congtong, oya mikeridan ni Loko-Mako- Kolistian-Kapoloy (Frasu a sowal: Roch Marc Christian Kaboré; Kuwaping a sowal:羅克·馬克·克里斯蒂安·卡波雷) a Cemahaday-Finawlan-Onto, pakaala to 53.43% a satopa no misinkiway,[10] ta maro’ to malacongtong i 2015 miheca saka 12 folad saka 29 romi’ad.[11] == '''kaitiraan''' (地理) == O kakahad no pala no Pokirna-Faso ira ko 27㎢, itiraay Saka’etipay-Afika a karopaw ko kaitiraan, malafiyaway ato Mali(Frasu a sowal:''République du Mali''; Kuwaoing a sowal:馬利共和國), Syangyahaian (Fransu a sowal:''Côte d'Ivoire''; Kuwaping a sowal:象牙海岸), Kana(Ikiris a sowal:''Ghana''; Kuwaping a sowal:迦納共和國),Toko(Fransu a sowal:''République Togolaise''; Kuwaping a sowal:多哥共和國), Pinan(Fransu a sowal:''La République du Bénin'';Kuwaping a sowal:貝南共和國) ato Niru(Fransu a sowal:''République du Niger'';Kuwaping a sowal:尼日共和國). Itiraay i kafafaw no Fota ’alo ko kaitiraan sa pangangan han to「Sangfota」(上伏塔). [[Faylo:Bujina_Fasuo-zh-tw.png|thumb|Kaitiraan (Bujina Fasuo-zh-tw)]] O nirakatan no Sangfota ’alo a pala, o nanom masiwar no kakedalan ato kafodo’an a tosa kasasiroma a kakarayan, orasaka, cowa ka haniker ko nanom sa ca ka tatodong parakat to tamina, cowa kanga’ay saliomahen, onini ko saka ca ka nga’ay ko liomah nona kitakit, cowa ka ‘edeng hano niyah a kakaenen ko liomah. Orasaka, itini i rikisi no Pokirna-Faso, kinapinapina mapecih no roma akitakit, caay sa laheci ko pisiiked to niyah pikowan. O kakarayan no Pokirna-Faso i, o Fa’edetay-Rengorengosan a kakarayan, o ’orad to cecay miheca isifo’ay no 500mm ato 1000mm, ikatimol maka’oraday, ika’amis manikaway to ’orad. ’Edef no kitakit awaay ko Tafotafokan-kanohikaan, nikawrira, isaka’etip a sekalay kalatafokay, forokan a sota’; itira sa i katimol no sakawali no saowac no Sangfota’alo, adihay ko Caicai-Lalangaw(''Glossina''), orasaka, masaopo ko tamdaw a maro’ i sifo’an ato sawlian, mangalefay ko ka ’aloman no tamdaw i sifo’an. Itiya ho i saka 15 sici ato saka 16 sici, mapa’eker no ci’icelay a Huiciyaw-Mantinko(''Mandingo'') kitakit ato Sanghai-Micowatay hontian kitakit(''Empire of Songhai;''桑海帝國), oya masaopoay a maro’ isifo no kitakit a Mosi-Finacadan itira to i dahetal a mitoker.[12] Itini i 13 00 N, 2 00 W, noAfilika ko [[Burkina faso]].Polong no sekalay i 274,200 sq km “saka 75 ko rayray no ngangan. O sekalay no sera i, 273,800 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 400 sq km ” Polong i 19,512,533 ko tamdaw.sera:Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 43.00%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 20.40%, malo no roma to a sera 36.60%.siyoto(首都) O Ouagadougou(瓦加杜古) ko Siyoto.katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日),Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakatosa ko safaw 11 a romi’ad. == '''Kicai''' (經濟) == O liomah ato pakaen to ’a’adopen ko sakakaay a demak ona kitakit, o matayalay toninian i,mahaop ko 80% no matayalay a tamdaw. Nawhani tadamanikaway to kinairaira no pala, i lawac sa no kanohikohan ko kaitiraan, orasaka sanoyanan sa manikaw ko Pokirna-Faso,o kanani tinian no matayalay no taliyok a kitakit. [[Faylo:Vendeuse_d'arachides_edit1.jpg|thumb|Vendeuse d'arachides edit1]] O ’edengan a karomakatan no cilamalay pasitiraay aca i Syangyahaian(象牙海岸), orasaka kodefet ko kacacofel no tamdaw ato dafong. O roma sato ’i, i’ayaw no pisiikedan no kitakit, o fiyaw a kitakit matiya o Mali, Syangyahaian, Kana, Toko, Pinan ato Niru sahetoay o nano malamicongacongay-kitakit no Fransu. Onini ko saka alamisiiked sato i, saheto ono Fransu a sowal ko kalasowal no kitakit. Iro matini o payso no Pokirna-Faso o Sa’etipay-Afrika a Falang(''Franc CFA''), o kapolongan nona kitakitakit a nipatirengan a「Lekatep no Sa’etipay-Afrika kicai ato payso」(Fransu a sowal:''Union économique et monétaire ouest-africaine;''西非經濟貨幣聯盟) ko misanga’ay a pasadak to na payso. [[Faylo:Strasse_ouaga002_2007-02.JPG|thumb|o Maci (Strasse ouaga002 2007-02)]] Patodong han a miti’er ko liomah aca caay ka ha’emin a paini to ’orip no tamtamdaw, orasak ’aloman ko tayraay i romaroma a kitakit a matayal, o sa’alomanay i, tayraay i fiyaw a kitakit tora Kana, Syangyahaian ato Cinoya (Fransu a sowal:''République de Guinée;''幾內亞共和國) a matayal to saka ’orip, oninian a matayalay i, ira ko pacarcaray a matayal, ira ko halafinay a maro’ i roma a kitakit. Ira ko sa’osi latek cecay so’ot a ofad a tamdaw no Pokirna-Faso sahinaker sanay to ko aro’ i Kana ato Syangyahaian kitakit, ka awaen to to saka’orip i toniyahan a kitakit.[13] == '''Kasasilsil no sakowan'''(行政區劃) == Ira ko 13 a Tata’angay-Sakowan(Fransu a sowal:''Région''; Kuwaping a sowal:一級行政區), ila’eno nona Tata’angay-Sakowan i,ira ko 45 a sakowan(Fransu a sowal:''Provinces''; Kuwaping a sowal:二級行政區): {| class="wikitable" |# |’Amis/ Tata’angay-Sakowan |Fransu a sowal |Kuwaping a sowal |Dadahal/㎢ |Tamdaw /2006 |- |1 |Polayti-Muong |Boucle du Mouhoun |布克萊迪穆翁大區 |34,153 |1,434,847 |- |2 |Cascas |Cascades |瀑布大區 |18,406 |524,956 |- |3 |Sifo’an |Centre |中央大區 |2,805 |1,523,980 |- |4 |Sifo’an-Sakawali |Centre-Est |中東大區 |11,811 |1,132,023 |- |5 |Sifo’an-Saka’amis |Centre-Nord |中北大區 |19,829 |1,203,073 |- |6 |Sifo’an-Saka’etip |Centre-Ouest |中西大區 |21,722 |1,183,473 |- |7 |Sifo’an- Sakatimol |Centre-Sud |中南大區 |11,321 |638,379 |- |8 |Sakawali |Est |東部大區 |36,256 |1,209,399 |- |9 |Fafa’eday-Masadangahay |Hauts-Bassins |上盆地大區 |25,344 |1,410,284 |- |10 |Saka’amis |Nord |北部大區 |16,207 |1,182,770 |- |11 |Takaraway Dahetal-Sifo’an |Plateau-Central |高原-中部大區 |8,545 |647,516 |- |12 |Sahele |Sahel |薩赫勒大區 |36,166 |808,928 |- |13 |Katimol-Saka’etip |Sud-Ouest |西南大區 |16,576 |623,056 |} == Tahapinangan a Tilid (參考文獻) == [1] 存档副本. [2017-12-09]. （原始內容存檔於2020-04-17）. [2] Forvo網站上Côte d'Ivoire的法語發音。 [3] Burkina Faso parliament set ablaze. BBC. 2014-10-30 [2014-10-30]. （原始內容存檔於2014-10-30） （英語）. [4] Profiles of People in Power: The World's Government Leaders (2003), page 76–77. [5] "Biographie du président" （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, website of the Presidency （法文）. [6] Burkina Faso general takes over as Compaore resigns. BBC. 31 Oct 2014 [31 Oct 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2015-01-12）. [7] 布基納法索軍方宣布解散政府. 美國之音. 2015-09-17 [2015-09-19]. （原始內容存檔於2015-09-25）. [8] Burkina Faso : le président de la transition s'est réfugié à l'ambassade de France. France Info. 2015-09-22 [2015-09-24]. （原始內容存檔於2015-09-24）. [9] Burkina Faso : le président Kafando et son gouvernement de retour au pouvoir. France Info. 2015-09-23 [2015-09-24]. （原始內容存檔於2015-09-24）. [10] 卡波雷在布基纳法索总统选举中获胜. 中新網. 2015-12-01 [2018-05-25]. （原始內容存檔於2015-12-08）. [11] "Burkina Faso swears in new president, capping transition" （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, Agence France-Presse, 29 December 2015. [12] 《非洲地理》256頁，1983年9月三版。 [13]《非洲地理》256頁，1983年9月三版。 == Pikafitan i Papotal (外部連接) == * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] bfor3lr3za3aivmh2vx649lvmkcs790 0 135 38435 38434 2023-06-24T03:16:04Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38435 wikitext text/x-wiki Burma（緬甸） [[Faylo:Flag of Myanmar.svg|thumb|Flag of Myanmar|alt=Flag of Myanmar.svg]] [[Faylo:Myanmar in Asia.svg|thumb|緬甸聯邦共和國在亞洲的位置（紅色）]] == Mientin Nipatatekoan Kapolongan Kitakit (Mientin a sowal:''ပြည်ထောင်စုသမ္မတမြန်မာနိုင်ငံ'' : Kuwaping a sowal:緬甸聯邦共和國,通稱緬甸).[1] == == Takaray a sowal(概要) == Itiraay i katimol-Sakawaian a [[Pecihan-Kanatal]] ([[Fransu a sowal]]:''Indochine''; [[Ikiris a sowal]]: ''Indochinese Peninsula''; [[Kuwaping a sowal]]:印度支那半島;中南半島). Ano patatili’aen to  katimol no Sakawaian a kanatanatal i,o katimol-Sakawaian Aciya a Korapaw( Ikiris a sowal:''Mainland Southeast Asiahananay''; Kuwaping a sowal:東南亞大陸地區),[2] [3] o kacingangan no ninian haw i,o misa’ayaway to riyar i sakawali no katimol-Sakawaian Aciya a Korapaw, isaka’etip misi’ayaway to Indo-Riya a pecihan- kanatak,i katimolay no Congko, ikawaliay no Indo kokacingangan. Mahaop ko Mintin, Tayko, Cienposay, Yienan ato Malaysiya. O dahadah no sera no polong no kitakit ira ko 67.65 ofda㎢, o saka 40 a katata’ak itini i polong a kitakit i hwkal, itini i katimol-Sakawaian Aciya a Korapaw o sakatos ko katata’ak, o nitahepoan no kilakilangan mahaop ko 50%.[4] O polong no tamdaw ira ko 5,567 ofad ko ka’aloman, saka26 ko rayray hekalay kitakit.[5] I katimol misi’ayaway to [[Antaman-Riyar]] (''Andaman Sea'';安達曼海), i ka’etip no sakatimol misi’ayaway to Monciyala-Kihaw, o to’edaw no lilis no riyar irako 2831km, makalitosa ko sala’edam konis no polong no kitakit. O stoto i, Naypito(Awkair a tilid:''Neipyiṯo;'' Kuwaping a sowal:奈比多), i’ayaw no 2005 miheca itiraay i satata’angay a tokai Yangkuwang(Mintin a sowal nifalican mitilid: a''ran-kun mrui'') ko syoto.   == '''Tatapangan no ngangan no kitakit'''(國家名稱之由來) == Ona ngangan no kitakit hananay tora Miyientin(緬甸) sanay i,ora「Miyien」hananay i,ono niyah pitahidang to tireng no Miyien-Finacadan, nikawrira, sano kuwaping a sowal i,o tadamaraay sanay,orahananay i,o taliyok no niyaro’ a palapalaan.  Orasak,「Miyientin」hananay i, o「tada iraay a palapalan」sanay ko imi nira. Nikawrira, itini I sowal no Miyientin i,o「Miyienma」(''Myañma/Myăma;''緬馬'')'' hananay ko pitahidang, ano caciyaw i,o Pama(㛧馬／跁馬ဗမာ ''Băma'') hananay. Yo misiiked to ko kitakit i 1948 miheca, molosifoan a sowal ko sowalno Miyien-Tin,malongangan hananay to no sifo ko ninian. Itiya sato i 1989miheca ono sofitayan a sifo no Miyien-Tin lekal sato o halo no kitakit a ngangan ko nini sato, o kalokitakit no hekal paifaloco’ sa a mifalic a pangangan, nikawrira, ira ho ko o telang ho a ngangan ko pitahidan, patinako han, o Tayko o Pama(㛧馬／跁馬) han nira a mitahidang, onini ko maalay a mitahidang to「เมียนมา ''Miian-maa'';緬馬」. == kaitiraan (地理) == O kaitiraan no Mien-Tin Nipatatekoan Kapolongan Kitakit itiray i saka’amisan no Katimol-Sakawalian Aciya a Korapaw( Ikiris a sowal:Mainland Southeast Asiahananay; Kuwaping a sowal:東南亞大陸地區), malafiyaw ato Congko, Liyawko ato Tayko, isak’etip madado’edo ato Indo , Monciyala akitakit. Ikatimol no sak’etip misi’ayaway to Monciyala-Kihaw, ikatimol misi’ayaw to Antaman-Riyar. O kakahad no pala ira ko 676,578㎢, itini i Katimol-Sakawalian Aciya a Korapaw o sakakahaday ko pala a kitakit. O sakatimol aca ko misi’ayaway to riyar, sahetoay mataliyokay no tokos, ika’etip o Arakan Lotolotokan(Ikiris a sowal:''Arakan Mountains;''Kuwaping a sowal:若開山 ano ca阿拉干山), isaka’amis o Simayala Lotolotokan (''himālaya'', Chomolongma;喜馬拉雅山ano ca 珠穆朗瑪峰) mahifalatay ko faco ningra, i kawali ato katimol no sakawali o takaraway a dahetal ato Tansalin Lotolotokan, isasifo’an i o hadhad.Oay isaka’amisay no Simayala Lotolotokan a Kayciyapo-Poco’ o ka’akawang nani tongroh no riyar ira ko 5881m, o sakakaay ko ’akawang i Miyen-Tin. O ikakaay a ’alo ira ko Irowati-’Alo(Ikiris a sowal:''Irrawaddy River'' ; Kuwaping a sowal:伊洛瓦底江 ano ca大金沙江), o kato’edaw i, ira ko 2,288km, oni rakatan a pala ira ko 420,934㎢,[14] ira ko Cinton-’Alo (Ikiris a sowal:''Chindwin Rive''r; Kuwaping a sowal:欽敦江), ira ko Sarwen-’Alo (Ikiris a sowal: ''Salween''; Kuwaping a sowal:薩爾溫江), ira ho ko Sitang-’Alo. Orasaka o tamdaw no Miyen-Tin sahetoay maro’ i salawacan a pala no Irowati-’Alo, tada sakakaay a ’alo no Miyen-Tin ko nini. O kakarayan no Miyen-Tin i,o fa’edetay a kakarayan, isa’owac no ’alo modo’etay kali’oraday i kaciferangan, i laloma’ no karopaw ma’icangay. Itini i 22 00 N, 98 00 E, noAsiya ko [[Burma]]. Polong no sekalay i 676,578 sq km “saka 40 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 653,508 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 23,070 sq km ” Polong i 56,890,418 ko tamdaw. [[Faylo:Burma_administrative_divisions.svg|thumb|Sakowan (Burma administrative divisions)]] sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 19.2%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 48.20%, malo no roma to a sera 32.60%. siyoto(首都) O [[Nay Pyi Daw]](奈比多)[[Rangoon]] (Yangon仰光) ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakacecay 4 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Htin Kyaw]](碇喬，或譯作丁覺), patirengan a romi’ad i 2016 a miheca(年) saka 3 folad saka 30 a romi’ad. == '''Kasasilsil no sakowan'''(行政區劃) == O polong a sakowan no Miyien-Yin a kitakit i,pitoay ko Tata’akay Sakowan (Miyien-Tin a sowal:''တိုင်းဒေသကြီး;'' Ikiris a sowal:Region)，ila’eno no nini i, misilsil han ho to pito a Finacadan-Kitakit (Miyien-Tin a sowal: ''ပြည်နယ်'', Ikiris a spwal:''State''）ato cecay a Patateko’an-Kitakit a Tekedan Sakowan o Naypito.( Miyien-Tin a sowal:''နေပြည်တော် ပြည်တောင်စုနယ်မြေ,'' Ikiris a sowal:''Naypyidaw Union Territory''）. O maro’ay tamdaw tona pitoay a Tata’akay Sakowan ikakaay ko Miyien-Finacadan, oroma sa i,omaro’ay tona pitoay a Finacadan-Kitakit o mamangay a finacadan ko maro’ay. {| class="wikitable" |# |’Amis/Sakowan |Miyien |Kuwaping |Ikiris |Dadahal /km² |Tamdaw /2008/ patek |- |1 |Ilowati |ဧရာဝတီ |伊洛瓦底省 |Ayeyarwady Region |35,138 |7,330 |- |2 |Poko |ပဲခူး |勃固省 |Bago Region |39,404 |5,014 |- |3 |Makui |မကွေး |馬圭省 |Magway Region |44,781 |5,464 |- |4 |Mantole |မန္တလေး |曼德勒省 | |37,945 |6,000 |- |5 |Sicie |စစ်ကိုင်း |實皆省    |Sagaing Region |94,625 |5,663 |- |6 |Tolitayi |တနင်္သာရီ |德林達依省    |Tanintharyi Region |43, 343        |1,347 |- |7 |Yangkuwang |ရန်ကုန် |仰光省    |Yangon Region |10, 171 |5,836 |- |8 |Cin |ချင်း |欽邦 |Chin State |36, 019 |541 |- |9 |Kocin |ကချင် |克欽邦    |Kachin State |89, 041 |1,327 |- |10 |Koyie |ကယား |克耶邦    |Kayah State |11, 733 |247 |- |11 |Kolon |ကရင် |克倫邦    |Kayin State |30, 383 |1,553 |- |12 |Mon |မွန် |孟邦        |Mon State |12, 297 |2,470 |- |13 |Lokay |ရခိုင် |若開邦    |Rakhine State |36, 778 |3,004 |- |14 |San |ရှမ်း |撣邦        |Shan State |155, 801 |8,461 |- |<nowiki>-</nowiki> |Tekedan Sakowan o Naypito |နေပြည်တော် |奈比多聯邦區        |Naypyitaw | | |} == '''Rikisi'''(歷史) == Ira ko ma’oasaway a tilid, i’ayaw no 75 ofad ko mihecaan iraay to itini i Miyien-Tin ko tomirengay a tata’angay a lotong ma’orip itini, ira ho a makera ko Katelangay-Fokelohan Mihecaan a dafong itini, mangalefay ko kaadihay no Fa’elohay-Fokelohan Mihecaan nalacolan, patinako han isa’owacan no Ilowati-’Alo (Ikiris a sowal: ''Irrawaddy River'';Kuwaping a sowal:伊洛瓦底江;大金沙江) a niyaro’ ira a makera ko i’ayaway to 5000 mihecan a nalacolan. Naikoran no Ikiris a micowat a mikowan i,makalitosa a mipecih o cecay i, o Fafa’eday Miyien-Tin(Miyien-Tin a sowal:အထက်မြန်မာပြည်, a-nya tha;Kuwaping a sowal:上緬甸;真緬甸) ato La’enoay Miyien-Tin(Miyien-Tin a sowal: အောက်မြန်မာပြည်,auk tha; Kuwaping a sowal:下緬甸;外緬甸). Ora kocecay a ratoh, i’ayaw ni Yiesoan to 200 a miheca, micomod ko Piyaw-Finacadan(''pyū'';驃人) i fafa’ed no Ilowati-’Alo, ci’icel a mikowan to lalan i kasala’ed no Congko ato Indo no malali’acaay tamdaw.  [[Faylo:British_attack_in_Burma_1824.png|thumb|sakacecay riyad a pilo'od no Ikiris to Miyien-Tin (British attack in Burma 1824)]] Ikor to 200 miheca, ira a tayni ko Mon-Finacadan i salawacan no Sitan-’Alo, itiya sato i 849 miheca ma’afas no Miyien-Tin Finacadan ko salawacan no Piyaw-’Alo a patireng to Pu-Kan Sakowan(''pu.gam''). I 1757 miheca makowan no Mon-Finacadan Hontian Kitakit ko Katimolay Miyien-Tin, nani 1044 miheca tahira i 1287 miheca, nani Pu-Kan Sakowan misatapang ko Honti no Miyien-Finacadan a mipasipapotak a mikowan. 1824-1826 miheca i sakacecay a lalood no Miyien-Tin ato Ikiris, o Ikiris ko pakalowiday. 1852 miheca sakakinatosa a lalood no Miyien-Tin ato Ikiris, matongal ko kakahad no mi’ecoan no Ikiris.1885 miheca sakakinatolo a lalood no Miyien-Tin ato Ikiris,malowid ko Miyien-Tin ha’emin han to no Ikiris a mi’eco ko Miyien-Tin, patatekoen i nikowanan no Ikiris a Indo malocecay no sakowan, malomicongacongay a kitakit no Tata'akay Ikiris a Lekatep (''Commonwealth of Nations;大英國協).'' Itiya sato i 1890 miheca tahira i 1947 miheca, o Tan-Pang(撣邦) ato Wa-Pang(佤邦) tatootoor sa malanipa’adingan a kitakit no Ikiris, o Kocin-Pang(克欽邦) ato CinPang(欽邦) misaikedan a mikowan. Ocor han no Ikiris ko Congto no Indo(Ikiris a sowal:''Governor-General of India''; Kuwaping a sowal:印度總督) ko cacitodong a mikowan to Miyien-Tin.[6] Tahira to i 1937 miheca saka 4 folad saka 1 romi’ad, malaheci ko《Rokec no Indo-Sifo》, miliyas to ko Miyien-Tin to Indo sacecay sato mala Miyien-Tin honpo no Ikiris to picowat i Aciya. [[Faylo:Than_Shwe_2010-10-11.jpg|thumb|Than Shwe 2010-10-11]] 1942 miheca oya mikeridan ni Ong-San(nifalican tilid no Miyen-Tin:''Aung Hcan''; Kuwaping a sowal:翁山) aci Ni-Won (nifalican tilid no Miyen-Tin:''Ne Win'', Kuwaping a sowal:尼溫) a misiikeday a sofitay kamkamen nangra ko sofitay no Dipon, i 1943 miheca micomod a maro’ i Miyen-Tin, 1945 miheca saka 8 folad saka 1 romi’ad, milekal ko Dipon to pikai to Pisiiked-Niyahpikowan, midama a pacakat to sakacemahad no Miyen-Tin kitakit.[7] Yo kalepon sato ko Sakatosa-Lalood no Hekal patatiko ko Ikiris tayra i Miyen-Tin, o sofitay ko mikowanay, tona miheca saka 11 folad patireng to pacarcaray a sifo, ci Ong-San ko malafukusoli(副總理), caka halafin macacoli ko laloma’ nona sifo, orasak lasawad sato kona pacarcaray a sifo.[8] 1946 mihheca saka 8 folad patireng haca to sakatosa a pacarcaray sifo,ci Ong-San ko Congli(總理), nikawrira, to cila a miheca i 1947, saka 7 folad saka 19 romi’ad takawen no cima a mipatay ci Ong-San ato aenem a malatapangay no sifo a tamdaw.[9] I 1948 miheca saka 1 folad saka 4 romi’ad malaheci to no Miyen-Tin a miliyas ko Ikiris a Misiied-Niyah pikowan, milekal a patireng to Mien-Tin Nipatatekoan Kapolongan Kitakit(緬甸聯邦共和國), ci So-Roy-Tai( ''Sao Shwe Thaik'';蘇瑞泰) ko sarakatay malacongton. 1962 miheca tahira i 1974 mihecan, afasen ni Ni-Won(尼溫) ko sakowan a ’icel no sifo, oalasawaden ningra ko tatapangan a rikec no kitakit tora kinpo hananay, oaceroren a patireng to「Mien-Tin Kapolongan Misafa’elohay a Iinkay」(Ikiris a sowal:''Union Revolutionary Council (of Burma)''，decdecan a tilid:''URC''; Kuwaping a sowal:聯邦革命委員會), milalang to sinkiw a faco, misatapang to ko sofitay a miteked a mikowan to kitakit. To ikor to i, ona 「Mien-Tin Kapolongan Misafa’elohay a Iinkay」 falicen to「Mien-Tin Nipatatekoan Siyakai Syuki Nikapolongan Citodongay to Demak no Kitakit a Iinkay」, o「Mien-Tin Kapolongan」sanay a ngangan no kitakit i,falicen to「Mien-Tin. Siyakai Syuki Nikapolongan Kitakit」, malaheci a mipatireng to dengan cecay aca ko centang a mikowan sanay a faco no sieci, midemak to misa Mien-Tinay a Siyakai Syuki. [[Faylo:TheinSeinASEAN.jpg|thumb|Ten-Sen (TheinSeinASEAN)]] 1989 miheca saka 6 folad saka 18 romi’ad oya kakerida no sofitayan a sifo ci Tan-Roy (''Than Shwe;'''丹瑞)''''' falicen ningra koya Ikirisay a tilid「Burma」 to「Myanmar」. 2011 miheca saka 3 folad saka 30 romi’ad malacongtong ci Ten-Sen (''Thein Sein;'' 登盛). 2012 miheca saka 4 folad ska 1 romi’ad ira ko pipatongal a misinkiw to kiing no Pikaikian no kitakit to 45 ko tamdaw, o nikeridan ni Ong-San-Soci (Latin a tilid:''Aung San Suu Kyi)'' a Polong no kitakit a Lekatep no Finawlan( ''National League for Democracy)'' pakaala to 43 ko tamdaw akiing, ci Ong-San-Soci matama malakiing. I 2015 miheca saka 11 folad saka 8 romi’ad midemak ko Mien-Tin to tata’angay a sinkiw to sarakatay to 25 a miheca ko kahalafin, pakaala ko nikeridan ni Ong-San-Soci a Polong no kitakit a Lekatep no Finawlan to kalitosa no kiing, orasaka o cefang to na Ong-San-Soci ko cacitatodong a mipatireng to sifo a matayal to demak no sifo, mapalasawad to ira ko 54 miheca ko kahalafin a pikowan no sofitay a sifo. I 2021 miheca saka 2 folad saka 1 romi’ad, mifelih ko sofitay sifo, mapalit no sofitay ci Ong-San-Soci ato papinapina na tapang no sifo,[10] maketon ko dingwa,[11] cisowal sa ko palisyangay tilifi no kitakit masamo’ay ko kikai sa maketon ko dingwa sanay,[12] to ikor to ira to ko sowal no sofitay a sifo cecay miheca ko kafafolawan no kitakit, mapalitay to ci Ong-San-Soci to nika raraw nira i 2020 miheaan a sinkiwa sato ko sowal no sofitay a sifo.[13] == '''Kicai''' (經濟) == O liomah ko sakakaay a saka’orip no Miyen-Tin, o Lalen a ’Etan no kalotamdaw (''per capita disposable income ,GNI)'' to cecay a mihecaan ira ko 1180 Amirika-Payso, o maomahay a tamdaw mahaop ko 60% no polong a tamdaw no kitakit, o nipalomaan a losay i, ira ko panay, moki, tefos. Oni tahepoan no kilakilangan to pala no kitakit mahaop ko 50%, sahetoay o ma’ikesay( ko’esitay) a kilang ato yumu(柚木). [[Faylo:Yangon_downtown_at_night.jpg|thumb|Yangkon a tokai (Yangon downtown at night)]] O misanga’ay to lalosidan ira ko miilangay to panay, masongila’ay kilang, mikarkar to kasoling simal, masanga’ to mamangay kikai,ato mikarkar to tadafakeloh. Tahini to to aniniay a 21 sici, o ’orip no polong a tamdaw no Miyen-Tin, cowa ka samaan ko kacakat pasatatili’en ato ikor no Sakatosa-Lalood i hekal, i raremay ho. O sa’osi no mikakinkiway i,i 1936 miheca o Kapolongan a Nitayalan a 'Epoc Ilaloma' no kitakit( ''Gross Domestic Product:GDP'' ) marawisay to ko 121.97 Amirika-Payso, o Lalen a ’Etan no kalotamdaw (''per capita disposable income ,GNI) i,ira ko 776 Amirika-Payso, nikawrira i 2004 miheca saka 11 dolad a sa’osi i,'' o Lalen a ’Etan no kalotamdaw edeng 356 Amirika-Payso, wataay ko kalowan. 2011 miheca satapang ko Miyen-Tin sifo pateli to tata’angay a payso to sapitpatireng to maamaan a parananan, pateli to 589 ok Amirika-Payso patireng to Towa Tekedan Katayalan(土瓦經濟特區) ato talolongay minato. Imitini mapapadangay ato Tayko a matayal to pinapina ademak, to ikor to i, patosok sa a misanga’ to no nanom a dingki, no simalan dafong ato misongila’ to simal. '''O tamdaw ato finacadan'''(人口和民族) [[Faylo:Karen_Padaung_Girl_Portrait.jpg|thumb|Kolon-Finacadan a fafahiyan wawa (Karen Padaung Girl Portrait)]] O polong a tamdaw no Miyen-Tin ira ko 5,000 ofad ko tamdaw, ilaloma’ no nini i,o Miyen-Finacadan mahaop ko 68% ko sa’osi. O roma a mamangay a finacadan ira ko San-Finacadan(9%), ora ko Koren-Finacadan (7%),Lokay-Finacadan(3.5%),Kuwaping-Finacadan (2.5%), Mon-Finacadan (2%), Kocin-Finacadan (1.5%), Koyie-Finacadan 0.75%) ato romaroma a Finacadan (4.5%), o roma sato i,ira ho ko Indo-Tamdaw ato Monkara-Tamdaw (1.25%). Nikawrira, imatini, cowa ho ka pihaien i rikec no Myien-Tin a sifo to Kuwaping-Tamdaw, Indo-Tamdaw, Monkara-Tmdaw ato Losinya-Tamdaw, caay ka o pilalang aca to Losinya-Tmadaw, patatekoen i Monkara-Tamdaw. == '''O sowal'''(語言) == Ono sifoan a sowal i,o Miyien-Tin sowal, oninian a sowal i,o sowal no Miyien-Tin Finacadan a sowal ko nini,o kasasiromaroma a finacadan ilaloma’ no Miyien-Tin ono niyah a sowal ko sakawasowal to romi’ami’ad. O i kasafaleday a tamdaw i, sahetoay a mafana’ay to sowal no Ikiris. Tadahalafin ko pikowan no sofitay, matiya ko kahalafin o Miyien-Tin Finacadan ko sakakaay,orasaka malalangay ko romaroma a finacadan somowal tono niyah a finacadan a sowal i pitilidan. Onini to ko sakalahedawaw sato koninian a sowal. O nano mikowanan no Tata’akay Ikiris-Hontian kitakit ko Miyien-Tin, nika awa no pitilidan sakacaay ka tenak ko sowal no Ikiris, itini i mikowanan no Ikiris a kitakit o micidekay ko Miyien-Tin a kitakit. == '''Pitooran''' (宗教)   == Ira ko 89% a tamdaw no Miyien-Tin mitooray to Sangcopo-Fociyaw (sowal no Pali:''Theravāda;'' Kuwaping a sowal:上座部佛教), nikawrira, ira ho ko 5% a tamdaw pakaso’elinay tono to’asan ho kawas.roma a pitooran ira ko Islam-Pitooran, Kristo-Pitooran, Tinsikiwa-Pitooran ato Indo-Pitooran. O sakakaay ko Fociyaw o tahapinangan i Miyien-Tin, o Kristo a pitooran itiraay i saka’amis no Miyien-Tin. Itiya ho i’ayaw a miheaan malalang ko roma a pitooran, tona pinapina a mihecaan mitengil to mamang ko sifo to ngiha’ no finawlan, sa ira sato ko pipa’ading to patenak to roma a pitooran ato mitooray. Ano matinitiniay i,tahanini mapa’ekeray ho no sifo ato kalotamdaw ko Islam a pitooran, mangalefay ko pipenec to mitooray to Islam-Pitooran a Losingya a tamdaw, tadaawaay ko pikalotamdaw a pinengngen no sifo. == Tahapinangan a tilid (文獻參考) == [1] Steinberg, David I. The Crises That Are Burma/Myanmar. Burma/Myanmar. Oxford University Press. 2013-09-26. ISBN 978-0-19-998168-7 [2] 薄文澤. 东南亚大陆地区民族的源流与历史分布变化. 東南亞研究. 2006, (06): 82–86. [3] 李一平. 东南亚岛屿地区先于半岛地区沦为殖民地的原因. 南洋問題研究. 2000, (01): 48–54. [4] 国家信息. 緬甸駐中國大使館. [2020-12-01]. （原始內容存檔於2021-05-04）. [5] Asian Development Bank–Myanmar Fact Sheet, Retrieved 8 July 2010 (PDF). [2012-02-07]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2018-12-26）. [6] 陳水逢.《東南亞各國史略與現勢》. 台北: 臺灣商務印書館. 1969:252. [7] 陳水逢. 《東南亞各國史略與現勢》. 台北: 臺灣商務印書館. 1969:254. [8] 陳水逢. 《東南亞各國史略與現勢》. 台北: 臺灣商務印書館. 1969:155-256. [9] 陳水逢. 《東南亞各國史略與現勢》. 台北: 臺灣商務印書館. 1969:257-258. [10] Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. DW | 01.02.2021. DW.COM. [2021-02-01]. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-01） （中文（中國大陸））. [11] 《財經》新媒體. 缅甸军方：实施为期一年的紧急状态. finance.sina.com.cn. 2021-02-01 [2021-02-01]. （原始內容存檔於2021-04-09） [12] MRTV. www.facebook.com. [2021-02-01]. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-22） （中文（簡體））. [13] 立場報道 | 立場新聞. 立場新聞 Stand News. [2021-02-01]. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-12） （英語）. [14] 喻菲. 中国科学家确定雅鲁藏布江等四条国际河流源头. 科學網. 2011-08-22 [2011-08-23]. == Pikafitan i Papotal(外部連接) == * 緬甸概況 - 新華網 * 緬甸中文網---緬甸第一中文媒體（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） * 《世界概況》上有關Burma的條目 （英文） * 開放式目錄計劃中和緬甸相關的內容 （英文） * 維客旅行上的緬甸（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）（英文） * 維基媒體的緬甸地圖集  （英文） * OpenStreetMap上有關緬甸的地理資訊 * 谷歌地圖 * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Kitakit]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Burma]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Asiya]] 0gxpqmqeiyh02pnkjfcjnf98ijxjeyq 0 136 30830 30829 2022-03-22T08:53:15Z Safulo 35 30830 wikitext text/x-wiki == Burundi（蒲隆地） == == Pulongti kapolongan kitakit(蒲隆地共和國) == === '''Takaray sowal:''' === [[Faylo:Flag_of_Burundi.svg|縮圖|Flag of Burundi]] O Pulongti hananay a kitakit(Fransu sowal: ''République du Burundi),'' o kalopanganga a mitahidang o Pulongti(Fransu sowal:Burundi; Kuwaping sowal:蒲隆地). Itiraay i sakawali no Afrika a ilaloma’ay no karopow a kitakit, ikamis o Loanta, ikawali o Tanangniya, isaka’etip o Kangko ko fiyaw, mataliyokay nona tolo a kitakit, o kasala’ed ato Kangko malitosaay ko kalala’edan i Tankoniko-Fanaw(Ikiris sowal: Lake Tanganyika; Frensu sowal: Lac Tanganyika; Kuwaping sowal:坦噶尼喀湖). O syoto tatapangan tokay o Citoka(Kolonti sowal:''Gitega),'' o satata’angay a tokay i, o Posongpula(Fransu sowal:''Bujumbura;'' Kuwaping sowal:布松布拉) o itiraay i salawacay no Tankoniko-Fanaw ko aro’ nona tokay. Toloay kono sifo a sowal, kahaop ko sowal no Ikiris, Fransu ato Kolonti a sowal. O cecay no samanikaway a kitakit itini i sasekal, o Kapolongan a Nitayalan a 'Epoc Ilaloma' no kitakit: GDP, Cemahadan a Sa’osi no [[Faylo:Burundi_(orthographic_projection).svg|縮圖|Burundi (orthographic projection)]] (Sa’osi no Kacemahadan no Tamdaw, kapolongan a  Nitayalan a 'Epoc GNP) itini i sasekalan o isaikoray ko sa’osi,  o cowa ho kacemahad a kitakit hananay no Linhoko. Naw matira saan i,o lalood i laloma’ no kitakit,maco’os to payso ko malatapangay ato ikararemay ko pitilidan, ’aloman ko ciadada ho Aicupin(Ikiris sowal:''acquired immune deficiency syndrome，''decdecay tilid:AIDS).[1] === '''Kaitiraan pala(地理)''' === Itiraay i sakwaki no Afrika a kakapela’an no Afrika karopaw, mataliyokay no roma a kitakit, ira ko masamaan a palapala,oya sa’akawangay a tokos i,o kalacinowasan no tata’angay ’alo no Afrika Nilo’alo ato Kanko ’alo, pacingangan han to 「faloco’ no Afrika」, o polong a sera ira ko 27,830 km² ko kakahad.[2] '''Kasasilsil no sakowan(行政區劃)''' O polong a kasasilsil no sakowan ira ko 17 sakowan, I 2000 miheca o Sonpula sakowan mikalitosan to Posongpolasi ato Posongpola mamangay [[Faylo:BujumburaFromCathedral.jpg|縮圖|Polaposong a Tokay (BujumburaFromCathedral)]] . {| class="wikitable" | |’Amis |Kowaping |Fransu/Ikiris |Dadahal/ km² |Tamdaw/2008 |- |1 |Pupanca/Sakowan |布班扎省 |Bubanza Province |1,089 |500404/2008 |- |2 |Posongpola |布松布拉 |Bujumbura |127 |1,092,859/2019 |- |3 |Posongpola Niyaro’ |布松布拉鄉村省 |Bujumbura Rural |1,089 |436,896/1999 |- |3 |Pululi |布魯里省 |Bururi province |2,465 |504000/2007 |- |5 |Kankuco |坎庫佐省 |Cankuzo province |1,965 |210,000/2011 |- |6 |Sipitokay |錫比托凱省 |Cibitoke Province |1,636 |491,000 |- |7 |Kitociya |基特加省 |ntaraya Gitega |1,979 |675,000 |- |8 |Kaluci |卡魯濟省 |Karuzi Province |1,457 |507,000/2007 |- |9 |Kayangto |卡揚扎省 |Kayanza |1,233.2 |485,815/1999 |- |10 |Kilongto |基龍多省 |Kirundo |1,703 |628,000/2007 |- |11 |Makanpa |馬坎巴省 |Makamba |1,960 |357,492/1999 |- |12 |Mulamuwiya |穆拉姆維亞省 |Muramvya Province |696 |252,833/1999 |- |13 |Muinka |穆因加省 |Muyinga |1,836 |485,347 |- |14 |Muwaci |穆瓦洛省 |Mwaro |840 |229,013 |- |15 |Inkaci |恩戈齊省 |Ngozi |1,474 |601,382 |- |16 |Lutana |魯塔納省 |Rutana |1,959 |306,000/2007 |- |17 |Luici |魯伊吉省 |Ruyigi |2,339 |304,567/1999 |} === Nipili’etan kicai(經濟) === [[Faylo:Karuzi_Burundi_goats.jpg|縮圖|Niyaro'ay (Karuzi Burundi goats)]] O kofi ato ociya ko sakakaay a sapili’etan to payso no roma a kitakit, nikawrira, o kakarayan toya mihecaan ko pi’arawan to kaci’etan anoca ko kasipon,ano ira ko cipadesay matongal ko kasipon toya mihecaan. O pawli, alilay ato falisan ko kalimeaan a losay,o pawli i o sakamo’etep i hekal ko kaadihay.[3] Oroma a kalimelaan a losay ira ko takomod, kiyasafa,kalitang,kodasing,malinso,’emi, tamako, panay ato nanges. O nipakaenan a ‘a’adopen ira ko ta’edaway ko wawa’ a kolong ato siri. O mifotingay a tayal itiraay aca i Tangkaniko Fanaw a masaopo, i 2005 miheca a nifotingan a foting ira ko 14200 ton ko kaadihay.[4] O misanga’ay to dafong a tayal satapang sanay ho, o’edeng o misongila’ay to kafi ato amoto, i 2007 miheca o polong a masanga’ay tinki ira ko 9200 ko ofad a tu.[5] === '''Micolo’ay (交通)''' === [[Faylo:Carolus_Magnus_Schule-Burundi.jpg|縮圖|Pitilidan (Carolus Magnus Schule-Burundi)]] Tadancaay ko micolo’ay a demak itini tona kitakit, away ko cilamalay, ono tosiya a lalan i, ira ko 12,322 km[6], ilaloma’ nonini i,’edeng 1286 km ko asfaloto a lalan, o mamangay a lalan ira ko 3700km ko kato’edaw, orama sato i,sahetoay o lalan no niyaro’.[7] O polong nona lalan i,caay ka ’imeren, ano maorad sa i,malapota’ay cowa ka nga’ay a rakaten.o polong a tosiya ira ko 48000 ko tosiya.[8] O ka’eferan no hikoki o Pusongpula a ka’eferan, ira ko hikoki ma’efer tayra i Yoropa, Kangko kitakit ato Sakawaliay Arika. === '''Kali’aca to Kalokitakit'''(國際貿易) === O nipasadakan paliwal a dafong i 2009 mihecaan o polong a ‘etan 6800 Amirika payso,[9] o nipaliwalan a dafong o kafi, ociya, sato no tefos, takomod ato tolak no ’a’adopen.[10] O pipaliwalan a kitakit i,o Suisu, Ikiris, Pakistan,Pilisu, Luanta ato Aikipto.[11] O roma sato i, o niacaan nani roma a kitakit a dafong i 2009 miheca polongen ira ko 2.75 ok payso no amirika,[12] o niacaan a dafong ira ko kikay, [[Faylo:Bujumbura_-_Flickr_-_Dave_Proffer_(1).jpg|縮圖|Patiyamay (Bujumbura - Flickr - Dave Proffer )]] ato dafong no simal ato kakaenen.[13] O piacaan a kitakit i,o SautiArapo, Pilisu,Ukanta, Kenya, Congko, Fransu, Toic, Indo, Tansangniya ato Dipong.[14]ci Safulo. === Tahapinangan Tilid (參考文獻) === [1] Eggers, E., Historical Dictionary of Burundi, p. xlix. [2] 中央情報局世界概況—國家面積. [3] 聯合國農業及糧食組織資料庫. [4] Earth Trend World Resource Institute—漁業產量. （原始內容存檔於2011-07-21）. [5] 國際能源總署—電力生產.[永久失效連結] [6] 中央情報局世界概況--公路. [7] 改寫自《非洲列國誌》蒲隆地--,頁273,1981年出版 [8] 世界銀行資料庫--車輛數每千人. （原始內容存檔於2014-02-09）. [[Faylo:Gitega_-_Flickr_-_Dave_Proffer.jpg|縮圖|Niyaro' (Gitega - Flickr - Dave Proffer)]] [9] 中央情報局世界概況--出口總值. [10] 中央情報局世界概況--出口總值 [11] 中央情報局世界概況--出口總值 [12] 中央情報局世界概況--出口總值 [13] 中央情報局世界概況--出口總值 [14] 中央情報局世界概況--出口總值 === Kakafitan i papotal(外部連接) === Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] m2n3het7qluw30miwx937xcasowpcsc 0 137 2961 2960 2021-10-28T12:01:46Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 31 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 2960 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Buta]]（武塔部落） Itiniay i [[Nan’ao]](南澳) Cen no [[Yilan]](宜蘭縣) ko Buta a niyaro’, 112 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 349 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 91% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 317 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 9% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 32 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko [[Tayal]](泰雅族)83%, [[Amis]](阿美族)3%, [[Truku]](太魯閣族)1%, [[Bunun]](布農族)1%, roma(其他)2%. Ira ko [[picodadan]](武塔國小) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] jow2hzdyjgft1fcv6tp058b7bt1nguw 0 138 39569 2965 2023-09-30T00:07:42Z InternetArchiveBot 33 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 39569 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Buyubuyu'an'''(山區) ==o kasadakan no lihaf== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20191228114746/http://titv.ipcf.org.tw/news-36172 山蘇嫩葉口感美味 葉形奇特可當花材] btrfh86lo2pyzej68f58u0v0jkk0q0o 0 139 44265 2972 2024-08-24T09:58:02Z Andre Engels 545 頁面已重新導向至[[Benin]] 44265 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Benin]] rax7k5q6g6k3gjssqvi5lm86n6hdq9l 0 140 35305 3001 2023-03-30T03:45:12Z Kai3952 413 35305 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Tian Gou Community 2020.jpg|thumb|200px|B’anux]] [[B’anux]]（天狗部落） Itiniay i [[Tai’an]](泰安) Cen no [[Miaoli]](苗栗縣) ko [[B’anux]] a niyaro’, 119 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 423 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 96% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 407 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 4% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 16 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)92%, Amis(阿美族)1%, Rukai(魯凱族)1%, Seediq(賽德克族)1%, roma(其他)2%. Ira ko [[picodadan]](梅園國小) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(大湖分局觀霧派出所、大湖分局梅園派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(象鼻村辦公處) i niyaro’. Ira ko Kiwkay(台灣基督長老教會色舞繞教會、天狗天主堂) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] qvhzrld6g3sylkqyj201urbpxo27qc4 0 141 3027 3026 2021-10-28T12:01:55Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 25 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 3026 wikitext text/x-wiki [[B’bukeykay]]（巴博凱凱部落） Itiniay i [[Nan’ao]](南澳) Cen no Yilan(宜蘭縣) ko [[B’bukeykay]] a niyaro’, 93 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 314 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 91% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 286 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 9% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 28 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)82%, Amis(阿美族)2%, Truku(太魯閣族)1%, Bunun(布農族)2%, roma(其他)4%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] gkfnk6jf8txebwmo2w7zmhayfaauyvs 0 142 39219 39218 2023-07-27T10:12:01Z Johannnes89 1104 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/46.71.19.139|46.71.19.139]] ([[User talk:46.71.19.139|talk]]): -crosswiki spam ([[:metawiki:TwinkleGlobal|TwinkleGlobal]]) 39219 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Symptoms_of_coronavirus_disease_2019_4.0.svg|250px]] Pararid sa manengneng no mita i ika koni tadamaanay a lifong, mahadefek to ko kasakitakit. Tadamaan to ko aniniay sapiadah sa kita o itiyaay ho, caayay ko mamasadak kona matiniay a demak sa. Tangasa i 2019 miheca saka 12 folad, no riyariyaran a icifa no [[China|Cong-ko]] [[U-han]]（中國武漢）, masadak ko caayay kahapinang a adada no kemi. Sakalamkam sa masadak i kasa’etal no Cong-ko ko madenga’ay a tamdaw. Dadengadenga sa ko tamdaw tona cikemiay sa patahekal ko Ceng-fu no Cong-ko, malasakaedef to no U-han ato taliyok no kasa’etal. I sakacecay folad no 2020 mihecaan, palafangay no U-han i [[Thailand|Tay-ko]] makinsa ira ko faelohay a lifong, sarakat makinsaay i papotal no Cong-ko ko tatinakoan a lifong. Ikor to mafetas to ko kadadenga nona Sin-kwan-pin-tu i kasakitakit, caay to pitolas macakat matongal ko ciadadaay no kasakanatal, malasaka itini i rayray no tamdamdaw, o satata’akay to a lifong no adada koni. Matenak to ko lifong, malasakadoka’ ko rayray no sapiadah no kasakanatal. Saka tosa folad citodongay to sadipot no kasakitakit pangangan han kona adada " '''O Sin-kwan-pin-tu no 2019'''"（2019冠狀病毒病） han. pangangan han i [[Taywan]] “'''Lifong no kemi'''”（新冠肺炎） han. O masamanay ko kasadak nona Sin-kwan-pin-tu saw? Ira ko somowalay, nawhan ira ko sawarak adada i tatirengan no pidadoki, komaen ko tamdaw to pidadoki madenga. Ira ho ko somowalay, o sapilifong a sawarak koni adada saan. Nika ona sowal awaay ho ka pawacayay, matiya ho awaay ko mafana’ay toni sawarak a adada, masamaanay ko sakaira sa. Sakalamkam sa macowat kona lifong, masaemang to ko madengaay a tamdaw no kasakanatal, caay pitolas matongal ko mapatayay a tamdaw, caay to pakatoor malosimet ko mapatayay, taring sa mateli i paisingan. Misatapang to malaedef ko kasakanatal, mapalowan to ko micomoday a tamdaw no roma a kitakit. o palafangay, malali’acaay maemin to mapalowan. Matalaw to ko finawlan masadak, makari’ang to ko kalomanmaan no malokatayalan, orasaka masakadoka’ to ko kicay no edef no kitakit. O nika lifong masakafalic to ko pinangan a saki’orip no finawlan. Masadak caykanca citahepo to tangoyosan, icowacowa to mapalowan to ko tamdaw, milalat to fa’edet, mipespes to alekol sapitena’ to lifong. O pinanam to maemin to pakacalayay ko pasifana’, masa i loma’ sato no tin-naw a minanam ko mitiliday. O matayalay to i loma’ to a matayal, o manmaan pakacalay a kayki, masadak to ko faelohay a kicic o Yin-tuwan to ko sapidemak. Masakalahoday to ko sakatayal no pakacalayay, papilifet to sapi’emet no tamdamdaw. Sakaca karawraw malowan ko narakatan a tatokian, o rafas tatokian manga’ay ato laloma’an a malacafay. Nano 2021 a mihecaan, misatapang to pacocok to sakilifong ko finawlan, madengaay a mapatay a tamdaw mahapinang to ko nika lowan. Nano 2022 a mihecaan, malohak to ko lekakawa no kasakanatal, misatapang to palowad to masamanmanay a kalisaot no demak. Matiyatiya adihay ko malahedaway to nika lifong, ano masamaanay ko malokatayalan ato tatihiay no tireng a tamdaw. O nikaorira caay pitolas macakat ko tamdamdaw. Tangasa anini, matiyatiya caay pakafilo palahedaw tona Sin-kwan-pin-tu, nika makilim to no mita ko pakayraan ato sakalacafay tona lifong. == o kasadakan no lihaf == *[https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019 Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)] *[https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public/myth-busters FACTS] by the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) *[https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19 中文維基百科] [[Kasasiwasiw:COVID-19]] 7300uxbozcts5lgaxnne1buw9r9nl5b 0 143 35363 3060 2023-04-02T06:20:30Z Kai3952 413 35363 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:2019 DanLin Village Laiyi Township.jpg|thumb|300px|Calasiv]] [[Calasiv]]（丹林部落） Itiniay i [[Laiyi]](來義) Cen no Pingtung(屏東縣) ko [[Calasiv]] a niyaro’, 157 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 538 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 96% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 514 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 4% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 24 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Paiwan(排灣族)89%, Amis(阿美族)1%, Tayal(泰雅族)1%, roma(其他)3%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] tu4uzhtb5fnrw6xrj4btg4bgg9l67hh 0 144 32170 32169 2022-08-16T07:48:26Z CKtime 929 #ALCD 32170 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Calavi]]（查拉密部落） Itiniay i [[Taimali]](太麻里) Cen no [[Taitung]](台東縣) ko Calavi a niyaro’, 81 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 217 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 97% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 211 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 3% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 6 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Paiwan(排灣族)96%. ==O pito'oran no finawlan(族人信仰)== ira ko tosa a kinkay itini. ==O kasiikedan no niyaro’(部落特色)== ==liwkoay a tayal== == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] lzvg1f63vuudb2xcee6k93s0kew2k6q 0 145 38437 30333 2023-06-24T03:26:09Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38437 wikitext text/x-wiki Cambodia（柬埔寨） [[Faylo:Flag of Cambodia.svg|thumb|Flag of Cambodia|alt=Flag of Cambodia.svg]] [[Faylo:Location Cambodia ASEAN.svg|thumb|Location Cambodia ASEAN]] Itini i 13 00 N, 105 00 E, noAsiya ko [[Cambodia]]. Polong no sekalay i 181,035 sq km “saka 90 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 176,515 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 4,520 sq km ” Polong i 15,957,223 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農耕) a sera 32.10%, Malo no kilakilangan(林地) a sera 56.50%, malo no roma to a sera 11.40%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Phnom Penh]](金邊) ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit(國家) a romi’ad i sakacecay ko safaw 9 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci [[Norodom Sihamoni]](諾羅敦·西哈莫尼), patirengan a romi’ad i 2004 a miheca(年) saka 10 folad saka 14 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Cambodia]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Kitakit]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Asiya]] grrfkpc0zz78esnhe7jml32rdcl6358 0 146 30334 30287 2022-01-25T06:40:00Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q225123]] 30334 wikitext text/x-wiki Cameron（喀麥隆） [[Faylo:Flag of Cambodia.svg|thumb|Flag of Cambodia]] [[Faylo:Location Cambodia ASEAN.svg|thumb|Location Cambodia ASEAN]] Itini i 6 00 N, 12 00 E, noAfilika ko [[Cameron]]. Polong no sekalay i 475,440 sq km “saka 54 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 472,710 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 2,730 sq km ” Polong i 24,360,803 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農耕) a sera 20.60%, Malo no kilakilangan(林地) a sera 41.70%, malo no roma to a sera 37.70%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Yaounde]](雅溫德) ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakalima 20 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Paul Biya]](保羅·比亞), patirengan a romi’ad i 1982 a miheca(年) saka 11 folad saka 6 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 4i0u0bqyjk0pac4cn3tdednup9kltda 0 147 38392 32896 2023-06-23T12:12:58Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38392 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Kanata（加拿大）== '''Kanata''' (Inkiris, Ferans: Canada，IPA) o no [[sa’amisay Amilika|ka’amisay Amilika]] masafaniyotay paka’amis a kitakit, nano sakaetip ka’amis a ’apelad no hekal, kacisera nai kaetip mililisay to [[Taypinyang]], kawali mililis to Tasiyang, ka’amis mililis to [[Pipinyang]], ra ko sera i salaloma’an no No’amisan ’Apocok. Kawali ka’amis no Kanata masasi’ayaway to Tienmark a sera Kerinlan, o Hans ko kasasilaedan, katimol ato kaetip ka’amis masasitongod to Lasfikas no Amilika, no Ferans a sera Sen piye ato Mikeron palapalaan i kawali a palapalaan. O dadahal a sera no Kanata 998 ’ofad 4670 pinfang kongli, o sakatosa kitakit a dadahalay sera i hekal, o cemahaday ho kitakit a satata’akay sera. Oni a kitakit o Otawa ko syoto, i 2016 miheca no tokay a tamdaw madadoedo, limaay tata’akay niyaro’ o Toronto, Montalio, Kakali, Atemonton[7]. 10 a kanatal ato 3 ’etal sakapot no Kanata kitakit. O Kanata a kicay o cemahaday to, o fangcalay ko liyok no pala, 2020 miheca sai “Fosepi” o kanga’ayan kamaro’an a misawad to sakiliteng a kitakit. Kanata i ’ayaw no 1400 miheca iraay to ko maro’ay a yincumin ma’orip. 15 sici, Inkiris ato Ferans macalap no mcowatay miteka misolap nai kawali no Amilika kanatal, itiya patiren to nicowatan sakowan. I 1763 miheca, tona paherek ko 7 miheca a lalood i, Ferans mapatangic polong no micowatan a sera pafeli han ko Inkiris. Ikor no pinapina mo^etep ko mihecaan i, Inkiris micowatay pasietip ko pisolap tangasa i Taypinyang a niyaro’, patireng to fa^elohay nicowatan sakowan. 1867 miheca 7 folad 1 romi’ad, “1867 miheca kimpo rikec” mahayda, Kanata a kanatal malitosaay Ontario ato Kuepek kanatal, mikapot to Niw Polancewi, Niw Sekesiya tolo nano Inkiris ka’amisan Amilika nicowatan sakowan malakapot no Kanata nipatatekoan a kitakit. Padoedo to 100 mihecaan i, oroma to nano Inkiris a nicowatan sakowan madadoedo micomod to nipatatekoan a kitakit, sakapot aniniay a Kanata. == Takaray a sowal(概要) == Kanata a kitakit o itiraay i sak’amisay no Sa’amisan Amirika Karopaw, misi’ayaway to Taypingyang i saka’etip, isakwali o Tasiyang, ika’amis o Li’etecay Riyar, ira ko [[Faylo:Flag_of_Canada_(Pantone).svg|縮圖|Hata no Kanata]] a aera itira i Ka’amisay Pocok no Cikiw. Isakatimol malala’ed ato Amirika, i ka’amis no saka’etip malala’eday ato Alaska, isakawali no Kanata ira ko kanatal no Fransu o Siepiay ato Mikolong(Fransu asowal:''Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon''; Kuwaping a sowal:聖皮埃與密克隆) polongen ira ko 206 km². O dadahal no sera no Kanata ira ko 998 ofad cisafaw to 4670 km², o sakatosa ko dadahal itini i kasakitakit, o sakakay ko kakahad ilaloma’ no Cemahaday Kitakit. O tata’angay tokai o Otawa(Ikiris a sowal:''Ottawa''; Kuwaping a sowal:'''渥太華'''), 10 ko sakowanetal ato tolo a kaloetal. I ‘ayaw no 1400 miheca iraay to ko yincumin a maro’ itini, saka15 sici, satapang ko picowat no Ikiris ato Fransu ton apala,ikor to i,alapatireng sa to Nicowatan Pala. I 1763 miheca malalood ko Ikiris ato Fransu, 7 miheca ko kalaloodan, malowid ko Fransu, oya nikowanan a sera pafeli han to ko Ikiris. I 1931 miheca saka 12 folad saka 11 romi’ad, mapalaheci no Ikiris ko cecay a rikec mihai to pisiiked no Kanata, nikawrira, o Sakakaay a mikomoday no kitakit o Honti no Ikiris ko [[Faylo:Inuit_Grandma_1_1995_06_11.jpg|縮圖|Inuit a Finacadan(Inuit Grandma 1 1995 06 11)]] ci Cyoci sakalima(Ikiris a sowal:''George V''; Kuwaping a sowal:'''喬治五世),''' ano misiikeikeday ko Kanata o Ikiris ho ko mitatoyay to sapisalof to rikec a sakowan, tahira to i 1982 miheca saka 4 folad saka 17 romi’ad mitilid to ngangan ko Honti ci Ilisapay sakatosa i kakaketonan a tilid to pilinah to Sapisalof to Kimpo Sakowan tayra i Pikaykian no Kitakit no Kanata,itini to a mapahapinang ko kasasiiked nona tosa a kitakit. === Ngangan 名稱 === “Canada” nai Sen Lolons Ilokuy a sowal “Kanata” a tilid, o todong “niyaro’” ano eca “paloma’an” sanay[11]. I 1535 miheca, maro’ay i Quebec ci a yincumin pako Ferans misolapay Yakop Kartiya keriden patayra i Setakona, itiya o Kanata han konian[12]. Ikor ci Yakop Kartiya o Canada han ko toro’ to Tonakona (o Setakona a ngangasawan) mikowanay tina niyaro’. 1545 miheca, Ilopiya ato cicu o Canada ko taypiaw nonini a kasadefadefak. I 17 sici ato 18 suci, Canada o pitoro’ to New France a St. Lawrence ’alo no niyaro’. O sapiliyang to Inkiris no 13 nicowatan sakowan finawlan, Inkiris sifo i 1774 miheca mihapiw to Quebec a rikec, onion a rikec mipadadahalay to mikowat tangasa i katimolay no limaay a fanaw a niyaro’, tahira i Ohio ’alo ko ray. Onini a sera polong nai 1783 miheca mapatorod i fa^elohay Amilika, nika limaay a fanaw ka’amis a sera, oya aniniay a Ontario kanatal a niyaro’aro’, materek no Inkiris. Nanoya o Niw Ferans macalap no Inkiris, makilatosa ko Kanata, fafaed Kanata ato laeno Kanata. 1841 miheca, fafaed ato laeno mapapolong malo Kanata kanatal[13]. I 1867 miheca, Kanata kanatal ato New Brandsway ato Nova Scotia mapapolong Kanata mikowanan[14]. Nanoya a miliyas to Inkiris ko Kanata, o sifo pasodsod sa i sifo a tilid ato tatonekan sakadademaken no Kanata. 1982 miheca, Kanata a lisin no kitakit pako niya a nikowanan Kanata romi’ad han to ko pangangan[15]. == '''Yincumin a mihecahecaan'''(原住民時期) == Tiri’en kono To’asan Nikinkiwan ato kadado’edo no ‘Ilang, sa awaay i ‘ayaw no 24,500 mihecaan i sa’amis no Yukong ( Ikiris ato Fransu a sowal:''Yukon''; Kuwaping a sowal:'''育空''') iraay to ko tamdaw a maro’ itini, o itiraay i sakatimolan Antali a tamdaw pasifafaw to 7,500 ko miheca.[1] [2]  O itiraay i Ciwkoro Dafda ato Lanyi Dihif a tamdaw o samatelangay a nalacolan no tamdaw.[3] O kasasiikedan no niyaro’ no yincumin ’i, mahadekdekay ko kamaro’, maomahay, sasifed ko faco no ‘orip ato masasalilay ko kali’acaan.[4] [5] nikawrira, i’ayaw no kataynian no Yoropa a tamdaw matekopay to ko pinapina a niyaro’, anini sa to odengan o paini no pikakinkiw tono to’asan ho ko kafana’an.[6] Itiya ho o tamdaw no yincumin ira ko 200 ofad, anini sato 50 ofad ko ma’osaway.[7] Away ko sapitaker a ‘icel no yincumin to nihawikidan no [[Faylo:A_Métis_man_and_his_two_wives,_circa_1825-1826.jpg|縮圖|Mitis a Finacadan (A Métis man and his two wives, circa 1825-1826)]] a tamdaw a adada, madenga no masamaanay a lifong, ora ko saka lowan no tamdaw no yincumin nahaop 40% to 80%.[8] O maro’ay i Kanata a yincumin ira ko tolo kasasiroma, Sakacecay a Finacadan, Inuit ato Mitis, o Mitis hananay a finacadan ‘i, o ciramramay to ‘ilang no Teloc no Fransu a finacadan,[9] ano pasasotiri’en odengan o Inuit ko saawaay ko kasacofelis ato Yoropa a tamdaw.[10] == '''Micowatan Sakowan no Yoropa (歐洲殖民時期)''' == I naikoran ni Yiso amihecan latek i 1000 miheca, miripa’ to ko Yoropa a tamdaw to sota’ no Kanata,oya Ka’amisay Yoropa cingisngisay to kahenganay ci Ayriko(Kunos a sowal: ''Eiríkr hinn rauði''; Kuwaping a sowal: '''紅鬍子艾瑞克'''）mipatireng to pacalcalan a kamaro’an i Lasayaucu Rengorengosan,[11] I saka16 sici o Portokaru a mifotingay patireng itini to pacacalan a minato to pifoting to ‘iso.12] 1534 o mihahinamay a Fransu a tamdaw ci Yakokatiya（''Jacques Cartier''; 雅克·卡蒂亞） panganganen ningra ko Honti no Fransu a mi’eco to itiniay a pala.[13] 1583 miheca o Tadamaanay a Ikiris tamdaw ci Hanfolay Cirpoto('''漢弗萊·吉爾伯特''';Humphrey Gilbert)，patireng to niyaro’ i Sieyohani(''Saint-Jean de Terre-Neuve;'' 聖約翰斯), ono Ikiris a pala i Saka’amisay Amirika koni sa milekal.[14] 1783 miheca matatilid to Pali Kakaketonan(《'''巴黎條約'''》;''Treaty of Paris'')mihay ko Fransu to kalakitakit no Amirika, o Ikiris a sifo sapinekeran to faloco’ no Ikiris tamdaw, i 1791 miheca pasadak Facoan a Kimpo, papecihan ko Kupiko sakowan to somowalay to Ikiris a Faga’eday Kanata ato somowalay to Fransu a La’enay a Kanata, alamitaoy to pisikiw ato sakowan. == '''Aniniay Kanta(現代加拿大)''' == '''1949 miheca miteko i Kanata ko Niwfenlan Niyahsakowan,[[Canada#%20ftn1|[15]]] matongal ko kacomahad no saka’orip no Kanata, matongal ko olah tona kitakit, onini ko sakapihay no faloco’ to ono Kanata a tamdaw kako sanay a harateng,mapatinako i 1965 miheca mihay ko finawlan o tahapinangan no hata no kitakit ko papah no Momici,[[Canada#%20ftn2|[16]]] masaiked ko punka to maramramay ko Ikiris ato Fransu a tamdaw, orasaka, i 1969 miheca satapang ko pipasifana’ to Mahatosay Sowal a Faco no kitakit,[[Canada#%20ftn3|[17]]] ato i 1971 miheca midemak to Kasiromaroma Punka a Faco.[[Canada#%20ftn4|[18]]]''' [[Faylo:Flag_of_Nunavut.svg|縮圖|Hata no Inuit Niyah Pikowan(Flag of Nunavut)]] '''1999 miheca malacafay ko Inuit tamdaw ato Kapolongan Sifo a milongoc, misiiked ko Nunafoto(Inuit a sowal:ᓄᓇᕗᑦ ，o sera no niyam sanay ko imi nona sowal；Ikiris ato Fransu a sowal：''Nunavut''; Kuwaping a sowal:努納福特指「我們的土地」.malo sakatolo a sakakaay sakowan a etal.[[Canada#%20ftn5|[19]]]''' '''I 1976 miheca pamalowid no milongocay to sakasiikedaw no Kupiko a Kupiko Kasarekad ko sinkiw, 1980 miheca midemak to Kapolongan Pitopa to pihay to sakasiikedaw no Kupiko, malowid kona demak.i 1995 miheca miliyaw heca midemak to Kapolongan Pitopa, o maalay a satopa ira ko 49.4% cango’ot to 0.4% ta maala ko fatad no satopa. I 1997 miheca ira ko piketon no Sakakaay Pisawkitan to sapiliyasaw to Kanata a misiiked o mifelihay to Kimpo sanay, to ikor masanga’ no Sakakaay Pikaykian no kitakit ko rikec, ano ira to ko mahapinangay a nisafaloco’an no ‘alomanay tamdaw nga’ mangaay masasowal ato Kapolongan Sifo.[[Canada#%20ftn6|[20]]]''' '''I 2001 miheca mihay ko Kanata pasadak to sofitay i Afuhan, nikawrira, yo mitahidang ko Amirika to sapiloodaw to Ilako, nihanay ko Kanata,[[Canada#%20ftn7|[21]]] itira sato 2009 miheca tadaawaay to ko manga’ayan no kicai saka’orip, 2001 miheca o sofitay no Kanata mikihatiya to NATO micara to Lalomaay Lalood no Lipiya.[[Canada#%20ftn8|[22]]]''' == '''Matakaway wawa(失竊的一代)''' == '''Ona matakaway wawa(Ikiris a sowal:''Stolen Generations''，ano ca:''Stolen children''; Kuwaping a sowal:被偷走的一代ano ca失竊的一代). Itini i Kanata o Pilafinan a Pitlidan no''' [[Faylo:Quappelle-indian-school-sask.jpg|縮圖|Pilafinan Pitilidan(Quappelle-indian-school-sask)]] '''Wawa no Indian, o halopitilidan no ka’emangay no Sakacecay a Finacadan, Inuit ato Mitis a yincumin no Kanata,ona pitilidan ‘i, o Citodongay to Indian ato Saka’amisay Demak Sakowan no Kanata ka papaysoay to Kyokai no Kristo. I 1894 miheca tahira i 1947 miheca o cimacima to a wawa no yincumin mapaci’eci a papilafin itini.''' '''O lalengatan a patireng toni a pitilidan o sapipadang tona ka’emangay malatamdaw no kohecalay tamdaw ta ira ko sapisinkiw a salongoc yo sanay, niwrira, tada tangongol ko pisakakinih no kohecalay tamdaw to yincumin, mirecep i faloco’ no kohecalay tamdaw ko Misakakaay to Finacadan ato pikorac to punka no yincumin, ora sa o mikowanay a kyokai mipalasawad to punka ato pipaso’elin to to’as, misiwar to harateng ato wayway no ka’emangay, ta halofaloco’ a miliyas to mama ato ina mikihamon to kohecalay tamdaw ato ‘orip no Kanata.tona cecay so’ot a mihecaan ira ko kalitolo(latek150,000 wawa) ko makidkiday tayra tora pitilidan, ilaloma’ nonini ira ko 6000 ko mapatayay a ka’wmangay, i 2021 miheca makera ko pinapina a kapolongan tadem.''' I 2008 miheca saka 6 folad saka 11 romi’ad mili’ay to yincumin ko Congli(Tapang no kitakit)to yincumin,mipatireng to Kacipinangan ato Kalali’ay a Iingkay (''Truth and Reconciliation Commission''), mitengil to sowal no ma’oeipay ho a mitiliday,2015 miheca laheci han to no kitakit patireng ko kacipinangan ato Kalali’ay Iingkay no Kitakit(''National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation''), mirina to kimad no ma’oripay ho a tamdaw.2018 miheca niliyaw heca ko Congli mili’ay to yincumin. == '''Pacefafay a Tilid(註腳)''' == [1] Y-Chromosome Evidence for Differing Ancient Demographic Histories in the Americas (PDF). University College London 73:524–539. 2003 [2011-05-23]. doi:10.1086/377588. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2011-08-21）. [2] Wright, JV. A History of the Native People of Canada: Early and Middle Archaic Complexes. Canadian Museum of Civilization. 2009-09-27 [2011-05-23]. （原始內容存檔於2011-08-21）. [3] Sonneborn, Liz. Chronology of American Indian History. Infobase Publishing. January 2007: 2–12. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-8160-6770-1</nowiki>. [4] Hayes, Derek. Canada: an illustrated history. Douglas & Mcintyre. 2008: 7, 13. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-55365-259-5</nowiki>. [5] Macklem, Patrick. Indigenous difference and the Constitution of Canada. University of Toronto Press. 2001: 170 [2012-07-22]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-8020-4195-1</nowiki>. （原始內容存檔於2012-11-12）. [6] Sonneborn, Liz. Chronology of American Indian History. Infobase Publishing. January 2007: 2–12. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-8160-6770-1</nowiki>. [7] Bailey, Garrick Alan. Handbook of North American Indians: Indians in contemporary society. Government Printing Office. 2008: 285 [2012-07-22]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-16-080388-8</nowiki>. （原始內容存檔於2012-11-12）. [8] Wilson, Donna M; Northcott, Herbert C. Dying and Death in Canada. University of Toronto Press. 2008: 25–27 [2012-07-22]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-55111-873-4</nowiki>. （原始內容存檔於2012-11-12）. [9] What to Search: Topics. Ethno-Cultural and Aboriginal Groups. Library and Archives Canada. 2005-05-27 [2011-05-23]. （原始內容存檔於2009-07-05）. [10] Tanner, Adrian. 3. Innu-Inuit 'Warfare'. Innu Culture. Department of Anthropology, Memorial University of Newfoundland. 1999 [2011-05-23]. （原始內容存檔於2011-08-21）. [11] Bailey, Garrick Alan. Handbook of North American Indians: Indians in contemporary society. Government Printing Office. 2008: 285 [2012-07-22]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-16-080388-8</nowiki>. （原始內容存檔於2012-11-12）. [12] Hornsby, Stephen J. British Atlantic, American frontier: spaces of power in early modern British America. University Press of New England. 2005: 14, 18–19, 22–23. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-58465-427-8</nowiki>. [13] Cartier, Jacques; Biggar, Henry Percival; Cook, Ramsay. The Voyages of Jacques Cartier. University of Toronto Press. 1993: 26 [2012-07-21]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-8020-6000-6</nowiki>. （原始內容存檔於2012-11-12）. [14] Rose, George A. Cod: The Ecological History of the North Atlantic Fisheries. Breakwater Books. 2007-10-01: 209 [2012-07-21]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-55081-225-1</nowiki>. （原始內容存檔於2012-11-12）. '''[[Canada#%20ftnref1|[15]]] Summers, WF. Newfoundland and Labrador. Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica-Dominion. [2013-11-27]. （原始內容存檔於2013-12-03）.''' '''[[Canada#%20ftnref2|[16]]] Mackey, Eva. The house of difference: cultural politics and national identity in Canada. University of Toronto Press. 2002: 57. ISBN 978-0-8020 -8481-1''' '''[[Canada#%20ftnref3|[17]]] Landry, Rodrigue; Forgues, Éric. Official language minorities in Canada: an introduction. International Journal of the Sociology of Language. May 2007, 2007 (185): 1–9. doi:10.1515/IJSL.2007.022.''' '''[[Canada#%20ftnref4|[18]]] Esses, Victoria M; Gardner, RC. Multiculturalism in Canada: Context and current status. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science. July 1996, 28 (3): 145–152. doi:10.1037/h0084934.''' '''[[Canada#%20ftnref5|[19]]] Légaré, André. Canada's Experiment with Aboriginal Self-Determination in Nunavut: From Vision to Illusion. International Journal on Minority and Group Rights. 2008, 15 (2–3): 335–367. doi:10.1163/157181108X332659.''' '''[[Canada#%20ftnref6|[20]]] Sorens, J. Globalization, secessionism, and autonomy. Electoral Studies. December 2004, 23 (4): 727–752. doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2003.10.003.''' '''[[Canada#%20ftnref7|[21]]] Jockel, Joseph T; Sokolsky, Joel B. Canada and the war in Afghanistan: NATO's odd man out steps forward. Journal of Transatlantic Studies. 2008, 6 (1): 100–115. doi:10.1080/14794010801917212.''' '''[[Canada#%20ftnref8|[22]]] Canada's military contribution in Libya. CBC. 2011-10-20 [2011-11-27]. （原始內容存檔於2011-11-26）.''' == kakafitan i Papotal (外部連接) == * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Kanata]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Kitakit]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Sa’amisay Amilika]] lux5toezp6a0bsalcd2mm9yuzry58ji 0 148 3149 3148 2021-10-28T12:02:14Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 3 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 3148 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} [[Faylo:Lilium formosanum sphl.jpg|thumb|Caracar|left|400px]] 7a1dy54itaft1s7magx9b0x2jyp59y2 0 149 3179 3178 2021-10-28T12:02:18Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 29 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 3178 wikitext text/x-wiki Carapongay（堺橋部落） Itiniay i [[Changbin]](長濱) Cen no [[Taitung]](台東縣) ko [[Carapongay]](堺橋) a niyaro’, 33 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 82 ko sa’osi no tamdaw(人口數). 73% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 60 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 27% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 22 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)62%, Bunun(布農族)1%, Tayal(泰雅族)2%, Puyuma(卑南族)1%, Truku(太魯閣族)2%. Ira ko picodadan(寧埔國小) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(成功分局寧埔派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(寧埔村衛生室) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 54j5ta3kbiuq5ndc7cq18bhlw85koio 0 150 43681 30687 2024-07-18T15:34:22Z 2A02:1406:E:ECF7:9521:7F:5D37:AD2F 43681 wikitext text/x-wiki Carl XVI Gustaf(卡爾十六世·古斯塔夫） [[Faylo:Carl XVI Gustaf Tallinnas 2023 (cropped).jpg|替代文字|縮圖|King Carl XVI Gustaf in 2023]] I 1946 a miheca(年) saka 4 folad saka 30 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci [[Carl XVI Gustaf]], malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Sweden]](瑞典) anini i ci Carl XVI Gustaf, patirengan a romi’ad i 1973 a miheca(年) saka 9 folad saka 15 a romi’ad. == kasofocan a loma’ 出生家庭 == == lalamod  配偶 == == salikaka  兄弟姐妹 == == natayalan  事蹟 == == pitooran  宗教 == == tahapinangan a tilid 參考文獻 == == No papotalay a kakafit 外部連結 == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] b2exx0ldvegeo22ksqbo26aerm8neg0 0 151 3200 3199 2021-10-28T12:02:23Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 3 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 3199 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} [[Faylo:羅山瀑布.jpg|thumb|Cascas|left|390px]] onuxoaatf6qfjk0m8r0c0qa5oau4co4 0 152 39035 3227 2023-06-30T09:32:44Z 陳鷹馬 1604 39035 wikitext text/x-wiki Cavak（青山部落） Itiniay i [[Sandimen]] Cen(三地門鄉) no [[Pingtung]](屏東) ko [[Cavak]] a niyaro’, 273 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 864 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 92% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 794 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 8% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 70 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko [[Paiwan]](排灣族)88%, [[Rukai]](魯凱族)2%, [[Amis]](阿美族)1%, roma(其他)1%. Ira ko picodadan(青山國小、青山國小附幼) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(里港分局青山派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(沙溪村衛生所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] clwyrpjwyj4uq4h3lrkevygdjrb29h6 0 153 32071 32068 2022-07-28T12:33:34Z Lisinusay 885 #ALCD 32071 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Niyaro no Cawi' 20200226.jpg|縮圖|388x388像素|o sasing no cawi′]] == O ngangan no Cawi (靜浦部落由來) == l ‘ayaw o Ripong ko mikowanany itini i Taywa, na itini i ''( hengchun-Peninsula )'' milinah to loma’ ko finalawan tayra i tatihitihi no ''( sowal no Holam : Li-ca-ci )'' ‘alo. a misaloma’ ko finalawan. to rarikor how i, o ‘aol to mipa’edaw to kamaro’an ko finalawan, ira ko tatiihay a demak saan. sa ‘emin saan ko finawlan a milihan to loma’ tayra i matiniay a Cawi'. == O kasiikedan no niyaro’ (部落特色) == Katimolay no Cepo’ ko paniyaro’an no Cawi'. ira ko tata’angay a fokeloh itira.orasaka, mapangangan no Cawi' a tamdamdaw kora fokeloh to [[Pacidal]].itini i tadafaedet ko romi’ad to romi’ami’ad , pararid sa tala’alo mifoting ko finafinawlan , nawhan caayay kafae:det itira i cinanomay,sa ira ko cidal a niyaro’ sanay. o roma i, mato ira ko sakacipinang no mifotingay a dawdaw satomeked sa tomireng o pecih a konis no cikiw, o sakacipinang to dihkoay ato faedetay a romi’ad, saka manga’ay tayni mitanam to masaromaay a pinangan, o cecay a wa’ay i faedetay, o cecay a wa’ay i dihekoay, icowaen a mikilim koni? itira i niyaro’ no cawi’. I 1878 miheca ira ko lalood no 'Amis ato micowatay a tayni a Cinping, itiniay i dadaf (o pitilidan no ka'emangay anini)a mipatireng to polol no sofitay, naka iraan no Cinpin a tayni ma'odang to fafahiyan no niyaro' , palakolien ko fainayan no niyaro' , itiya sato i kailisinan papicolo'en ho ko kapah no niyaro tayra i folalacay mi'orong to felac ato maamaan no sofitay. misododay ho ko faloco' no 'Amis to sarakarakat ho, ikor to o tada mipadesay to 'Amis a finacadan ko matiniay a demak sato ko pisaharateraten no finawlan toker sato a malalood, ora sa Kaping mili'ayaw a mikowang to 'Amis i ka'amis no rokot i cepo', sa o kakakowangan han to a pangangan kona dihif, ikor to i, pito a romi'ad ko pisalifong no Cinping nani riyar sa mahadefek ko niyaro' no La'eno, tada citaneng ko kakita'an ci Mayaw Apin a pali'ayaw to finawlan milimek tayra i [[Cilangasan]] sa maosaw ko tamdaw no [[Amis.Pangach|'Amis]]. == O nikalopisak no Cawi' (人口分佈) == Itiniay i [[Fengbin]] Syang(豐濱) no [[Hualien]]Siyen(花蓮縣) ko [[Cawi]]' a niyaro’, 151 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 435 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 96% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 419 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 4% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 16 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)94%, roma(其他)2%. == O finacadan no Yincomin (所屬阿美族群) == O pasawalian a Pangcah, o sa’alomanay a finacadan no Yincomin. itini i nowalian a lotok, mililis to riyar, mifater to Kalingko na itira i Fakong talatimol tangasa i Madawdaw, saka pasawali a Pangcah han. == O pito'oran no finawlan (族人信仰) == Itini i ira ko pito’oran nangra, pakayni sa’opo no kinkay, malosakarikec sto sakavakat no ’orip no Yincomin. mamaan ca ko demak no sapitolon ko niyaro’. o pito'oran ko finawlan no Cawi' i, ira ko tosa a kiokay itini, o tingsikiw ato kirisito-kiw. == o kasadakan no sowal == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] * [https://si.taiwan.gov.tw/Home/Org?Fid=784 靜埔社區發展協會] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] gqs0h9b58jyvlglb8kj4lojf8s6e60t 0 154 35333 3298 2023-04-01T03:33:54Z Kai3952 413 35333 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:茶山部落.jpg|thumb|200px|Cayamavana]] [[Cayamavana]]（茶山部落） Itiniay i [[Alishan Cen]](阿里山鄉) no [[Chiayi]](嘉義) ko Cayamavana a niyaro’, 110 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 297 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 70% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 208 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 30% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 89 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Cou(鄒族)55%, Bunun(布農族)15%. Ira ko picodadan(茶山國小、茶山國小附幼) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(茶山村衛生室) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 0snyc3ccg1d08ptmcjh30lbdmc2tbx2 0 155 3323 3322 2021-10-28T12:02:37Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 24 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 3322 wikitext text/x-wiki Cealalupalantdlu（豐山部落） Itiniay i [[Shoufeng]](壽豐) Cen no [[Hualien]](花蓮縣) ko [[Cealalupalantdlu]] a niyaro’, 841 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 2,227 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 12% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 259 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 88% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 1,968 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)10%, Bunun(布農族)1%. Ira ko picodadan(台灣觀光學院、豐山國小、豐山國小附幼) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(豐田派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(豐田郵局) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 11f0ngc2far6esa65f36qw2qiluw3k4 0 156 37594 3328 2023-05-28T08:46:34Z LiouShowShya 36 37594 wikitext text/x-wiki cecay a tamdaw patongalen to cecay, masasiolahay to, ta mararamod to. {{stub}} == '''1''' == [[Faylo:Evolution1glyph.png]] 7uxg93yurghkkrm8lceqtk8j1nealdt 0 157 3335 3334 2021-10-28T12:02:42Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 6 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 3334 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} [[Faylo:Mung CDC.jpg|thumb|left|500px|Cengo' no naniwac]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Siwkulang 'Amis]] Cengo' no naniwac (綠豆芽) I ti:yaho, caay pipacengo' ko 'Amis to pa'eno no naniwac. Ano sapipicengo' to naniwac to sakakaen i, tenoren ko pa'eno no naniwac i nanom to cecay a dadaya i to'emanay a patelian. Akato ka kakaya' ko pitenor, pisenger aca ko podac no pae'no. Ano enem, ano falo toki ko sakatatodongay. O pipatado a mipela' ko podac nora pa'eno, ato mipatado a mipalal ko sakalomahad no naniwac.<br> Mapalalto kora pa'eno i, taktaken a mifalah koya sapitenor a nanom, sasawen to cecay, ano tosa to faelohay a nanom. Tangsolen a mi tahepo i to'eman. Saliyaliyawen a mi senger a maemin to faelohay a nanom i kalanaman ato i kalafian. Skasepat ato sakalima a romi'ad i, manga' to makaen. Aka pacidalen a mipacengo'ho, caay ka tata'ang ko lomengaw. Sakalyawlyaw (sakaliyalaw) saan ko papah nira ano ecaka pacidal. Sakandaw sato ko papah ano caay ka pararid a mapalengaw i to'eman, 'angrer a makaen ko mahaenay a cengo'. --<br> Adihay ko cengo' no naniwac i icifa. *icifa, 『市場』之日語借詞。 jjkh2nh9cx3e8n4elbszsbh78azdv0b 0 158 32671 32656 2022-10-17T23:23:08Z WikiEditor50 43 WikiEditor50 malinah to ko felih nani [[Central african republic]] tangasa i [[Central African Republic]] 32656 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Flag of the Central African Republic.svg|縮圖|Hata no Sifo'ay-Afrika kitakit]] == Sifo’ay-Afrika Kapolongan kitakit (中非共和國; Fransu a sowal:''République centrafricaine''; Sangko a sowal:''Ködörösêse tî Bêafrîka'';通稱中非). == O itiraay i sasifo’an no Afrika a kitakit,o karopaway ko kamaroan nona kitakit, de’edo han ko rakat no toki ko kalafiyaw o Komayrong, Cate, Sotan, Katimolay-Sotan, Kongko Finawlan-Kitakit ato Kongko Kapolongan-Kitakit. Itiyaay i 1958 miheca saka 12 folad ko patirengan no kitakit, isa’ayaw ho i,caay ho malaheciay ko pisiiked, ikor to i 1960 miheca saka 8 folad saka 13 romi’ad malahei to misiiked mapatireng ko kitakit, o syoto i, o Panci (班基; Fransu a sowal:''Bangui''), itiraay i lawac no Panci-‘Alo kona niyaro’. [[Faylo:Central African Republic (orthographic projection).svg|縮圖|kaitiraan no Sifo'ay-Afrika kitakit]] I’ayaway a Sifo’ay-Afrika Kapolongan kitakit o Mikotoday-Fransu a Upanci-Syali kitakit(法屬烏班基-夏利領地; ''Territoire d'Oubangui-Chari),'' o mi’ecoan no Fransu a sakowan i Afrika,1950 miheca na misiiked patireng tona kitakit, cacorocorok sa ko Nisatekedan ko pikowan2.1993 miheca matongalmatongal ko pisa’eli no finawlan to o harateng no finawlan ko pi’arawan a mikowan sanay a longoc, satapang sato kona kitakit to o finawlan ko misinkiway to Tapang no kitakit,ci Anlan-Filikos-Potasay ko maalaay malacontong. I 2003 miheca mafelih no sofitay kona congtong, mapalasawad no kakeridan no sofitay ci Folangsowa-Pocice ko kalacongtong ni Potasay. 2004 miheca malengat ko Laloma’ay-Lalood no kitakit, iraira ko katatilid to misawad malalood i 2007 miheca ato 2011 miheca, I 2012 miheca malaliyaw heca ko kalalood, sanoyanan sato ko kaca ka pahanhan ko lalood. Ano adihadihayay ko tadamaanay-fokeloh ato kinairaira no pala, patinako han o sarad-Yu,kasoling-simal, ‘ekim,tayamonto, kilang ato dinki no nanom,<ref>Africa :: Central African Republic — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency. www.cia.gov. [2020-08-04]. （原始內容存檔於2020-08-31）.</ref>ato kakahaday a omah, nikawrira, o tadamanikaway a kitakit itini i hekal. I 2017 miheca o Kapolongan-Nitayalan- 'Epoc Ilaloma' no kitakit: GDP, o cecay no mo’etep samanikaway kitakit I hekal,<ref>Report for Selected Countries and Subjects. www.imf.org. [2020-08-04]. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-08）.</ref> 2019 miheca a Sa’osi no Kacemahadan no Tamdaw(人類發展指數;''Human Development Index'') o sakatosa nani saikor a sa’osien i polong no kitakit, o aikor i o Nire.<ref>Wayback Machine (PDF). web.archive.org. 2018-09-15 [2020-08-04]. 原始內容存檔於2018-09-15.</ref> ira ko sowal no mikinkiway o tadacaay ka taneknek a kitakit<ref>These are the world's unhealthiest countries. The Express Tribune. 2016-09-25 [2020-08-04]. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-08） （英語）.</ref> ato caay ka tatodong kamaro’an no tamdaw a kitakit sanay.<ref>Foundation, Thomson Reuters. Central African Republic world's worst country for young people. news.trust.org. [2020-08-04]. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-08）.</ref> == Rikisi（歷史） == I’ayaw no cecay ‘ofad ko mihecaan, oya tafotafokan a pala caay ka nga’ay o kamaro’an no tamdaw, orasaka, pasitimol a maforaw koya mi’a’adopay a finacadan tayra I ka’amis no Sahero-Etal. ona maforaway tayni a finacadan i satapang to a patireng to niyaro’ maro’ itini a maomah, oninian i,o cecay no i ka ci Fa'elohay-Fokelohan a mihecaan.<ref>The History of Central and Eastern Africa, Amy McKenna, 2011, pg. 4</ref> [[Faylo:Barthélemy Boganda in 1958.jpg|縮圖|228x228像素|Sa'ayaway congton Patayremi-Pokanta]] Itira to i saka 7 sici, sa’aloman sanay to ko maro’ay i Siso’ay-Afrika. Makowan no pinapina a hontian-kitakit konini a finawlan,ona makowanay a kitakit ira ko Nimo-Ponu(加奈姆-博爾努帝國'';Kanem–Bornu Empire);''Watai-Sotan(瓦達伊蘇丹國，或稱為瓦達伊帝國; Arapiya a sowal:سلطنةوداي; Fransu a sowal: ''royaume du Ouaddaï);''Pacirmi''(Baguirmi''); ato ilawacay no Niro-’Alo a Tafo('''達佛'''; Arapiya a sowal:دار فور‎). Ikor to adihay to pakiniyah sanay a milekal to nomako ko aniniay a Sifo’ay-Afrika sanay, o malopialaan to kuli, o kahiceraan no paliwalay to Kohetingay-Kuli ko ninian pala. 1875 miheca, Sotan-Kitakit a Sotan ci ''Rabih az-Zubayr mikowan to'' Fafa’eday-Opanci, I 1894 miheca mapateko i mikotoday to Fransu a Kongko, I 1903 miheca mikotoday to Fransu a Opancisali patireng tono niyah a pala(T''erritoire d'Oubangui-Chari''), 1910 miheca mikotoday to Fransu a Kunis-no-Cikiw Afrika, tahira to I 1958 miheca ta patireng sa Niyah-Pikowan sifo, ikor to mala ifataday ho ko ka pikowan to no niyah-sakowan a Sifo’ay-Afrika kapolongan kitakit(''Répulique Centrafricaine''),ci Patayremi-Pokanta(巴泰勒米·波岡達; Faransu a sowal:''Barthélemy Boganda'' ) ko sa’ayaway a Congli, 1959 miheca yo mapatay ci Pokanta I pakalican a hikoki,ci Tafi-Tako(''David Dacko'') ko mirocokay a malacongli. 1960 miheca saka 8 folad saka 13 romi’ad malaheci ko pisiiked patireng ko Sifo’ay-Afrika, ci Tafi-Tako ko pacarcaray malacongton, caka halafing malaso’elinay to a congton, o mitekeday ko pikowan. Orasaka, I 1965 miheca saka 12 folad saka31 romi’ad, oya toloay ko hana a kakeridan no sofitay ci Pokasa(讓-巴都·卜卡薩;Fransu a sowal:''Jean-Bédel Bokassa)'' midemak to paka’icelay-pifelih to sifo, to cila a romi’ad paiked sa malacongtong, 1976 miheca saka 7 folad saka 4 romi’ad paiked sa malahonti, falic han ko ngangan no kitakit to Sifo’ay-Afrika Hontian Kitakit,to cila a miheaan saka 12folad saka 4 romi’ad misatata’ang to pipacalokan lisin,satapang to ko pi’enec to finawlan, wata ko kapadec no ‘orip no tamtamdaw. Yo ‘ayaway a congtong ci Tako ira ko pipadama no sofitay no Fransu ya mipalafang ci Pokasa tayra i Lipiya itiya ci Tako a mifelih to sifo, mili’yaw heca a malacongtong, lololen ko ngangan no kitakit to ‘ayaway a Sifo’ay- Afrika Kapolongan kitakit. 1981 miheca saka 9 folad, ci Antoli-Tiotoni-Kolipa(安德烈-迪厄多內·科林巴 ; Fransu a sowal :''André-Dieudonné Kolingba'') tapang no sofitay ko mifelihay to sifo,paiteked sa malakakeridan no kitakit. [[Faylo:Faustin Touadera - 2019 (portrait).jpg|縮圖|212x212像素|Fostan-Arsangci- Towatele congtong]] Tahira to i 1993 miheca, satapang sa kona kitakit to o finawlan ko misinkiway to mikowanay tamdaw, tona sinkiw ci Anre-Filikos-Potasay(安熱-費利克斯·帕塔塞;Fransu a sowal:''Ange-Félix Patassé'') maalaay tona sinkiw. 2003 miheca oya i’ayaway a kakeridan no sofitay ci Folangsowa-Pocico(弗朗索瓦·博齊澤 ; Fransu a sowal:''François Bozizé'') keriden ningra ko sofitay milood to kamaro’an no congtong laplapen ningra ko congton paiteked sa malacongtong,i 2005 mihecaan a sinkiw maala ci Pocico malacongtong no misinkiwan no finawlan. Oya miketonan to a romi’ad to pisinkiwan to congtong i 2010miheca saka 4 folad mapanayar. Tona ingataay a mihecaan cilacila marawraw no Cisieliay-Mitokeray Sofitay(聖靈抵抗軍; Ikiris a sowal :''Lord's Resistance Army''), onini ko pipadang no Kinheko, ifiyaway kitakit ato Amirika to laplap tona miforiforay-sofitay. 2013 miheca o sakakaay o Muslin a komi ko mi li’angay to misakristoay, o ‘edef no kitakit macacoli ko Muslin ato misakristoay.<ref>副秘书长：中非共和国暴力沿着宗教界线升级的危险真实存在. 聯合國新聞. 2014-01-06 [2014-01-26]. （原始內容存檔於2014-01-12）.</ref> 2014 mihea saka 1 folad,milalang ko fiyafiyaw a kitakit sawad sato ci Ciawtotiya a malacongtong,ci Aliksanta-Fitinan-Enken( ''Alexandre-Ferdinand Nguendet'') ko miceroray malacongtong. To roma a sinkiw fafalo ko masadakay misinkiw ci Kasalin-Sangpa-Panca('''凱薩琳·桑巴-潘扎''';Fransu a sowal:''Catherine Samba-Panza''), nikawrira, caay ko ifaloco’ay no Fransu ora sa ka milalang to kalacongtong ni Kasalin, ocor han ko sofitay a mitaker to kalacongtong. Tona miheca saka12 folad saka13 romi’ad, ira ko Kapolongan-Pitopa to pihayi to fa’elohay-kinpo(Tatapangan-Rikec no kitakit)<ref>中非共和國舉行總統和立法選舉. [2018-07-28]. （原始內容存檔於2016-01-01）.</ref> do’edoen kona faelohay kinpo a sinkiw no congtong i 2015 -2016 miheca i sakatosa liyad a mitopa ci Fostan-Arsangci-Towatela(福斯坦-阿爾尚熱·圖瓦德拉; Fransu a sowal :''Faustin-Archange Touadéra'') ko pakaalaay to 62.71% a satopa, tona miheca saka 3 folad saka 30 romi’ad maro’ to i kamaro’an no congtong.<ref>"Central African constitutional court confirms Touadera elected president" （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, Reuters, 1 March 2016.</ref> == Kaitiraan ato palapalaan(位置與地形) == O kaitiraan nona kitakit itiraay i sasifo’an ko Afrika,o kahiceraan no ka’amisaykatimolay , ka’etip ato kawaliay, tadamaan ko kaitirran nona kitakit, o polong a sera ira ko 62 ‘ofad 5900 km²,ika’amis no sakawali malafiyaw ato Sotan, ikawali madado’edo ato Katimolay-Sotan, katimol o Konko-Finawaln Kapolongan-Kitakit.isaka’etip o Komaylong, ka’amis o Cate,1000 kilo ko kalalaay ato riyar,o so’elinay o karopaw a kitakit. O palal i adihay ko takaraway lotok ato masatapoloay a pala, o lalen no takaraway nani tongroh no riyar ira ko 700 laya’, o takaraway-dahetal i katimol no sasifo’an no Afrika. == 水系(rakat no nanom) == Adihay ko ‘alo no sifo’an-Afrika kitakit, o sakakaay i o Opanci-’Alo,Sali-’Alo, Lokong-’Alo ato Manpo-’Alo, o salawacan no ’alo masadafdafay ko sera, o roma sa i sahetoay to o tapolo a saer. == Kakarayan(氣候) == Ika’amis no Sifo’ay-Afrika kitakit o Fa’edetay-Semosemoatan Kakarayan, isakatimol o Fa’edetay-kala’oraday Kilakilangan Kakarayan, o lalen a fa’edet latek 27.8°C. isakatimol 8 a folad ko ka halafing no ’orad, tada patahtahay to nanom,isakatimolay cecay miheca ira ko 1200mm ko ‘orad, isalawacan no ‘alo so’emetay manga’ayay kaliomahan. == Pitooran (宗教) == [[Faylo:Central African Republic - Trucks in Bangui.jpg|縮圖|o kilang a dafong]] O sakakay ko ka’aloman ko mitooray i o misakristoay. I saka 17 sici mapacomod no paliwalay to kuli a itini i Sifo’ay-Afrika Kitakit ko Islam-Pitooran, paliwalen nganra ko kuli tayra i saka’amisan no Afrika ato lilis no Konko-‘Alo tahira i katimol. O Isalam a pitooran o sakatosa ko ka’aloman no mitooray, latek mahaop ko 15% no polong no tamdaw no kitakit, o sa’alomanay itiraay i ka’amis no saka’etip nona kitakit mingata to Cate-Kitakit ato Sotan. == Saka’orip(經濟) == O cecay no Sasafaay-Kacemahad a kitakit (最低度開發國家; ''Least developed country'') i hekal kona kitakit.o kiomah ko sakakaay saka’orip no demak. Nani ka pisiikedan nona kitakit, sahetoay micangrayay to pipadang no roma a kitakit ko ’orip no tamtamdaw.o Fransu ko sakakaay mipadafo’ay, i 1997 miheca o milayapan a padafo’ no roma a kitakit ira ko 6000~9000 ‘ofad ko payso no Amirika. [[Faylo:Lettuce watering in CAR.jpg|縮圖|236x236像素|o padatengan]] O liomah i sahetoay o mamangay ko omah, o sakakaay a losay i o ‘alilay, kodasing, tamako,panay, tefos, damdam, kofi, parok, dateng ato losay, nikawrira, o heci cowa ka ‘edeng malakakaenen no finawlan.<ref>改寫自《非洲列國誌》--獅子山，頁43,1981年出版</ref> ilaloma’ nonini a nipalomaan i o’edengan o kafi ato parok ko nipasadakan a paliwal. Nikawrira, o kafi i sahetoaay o Yoropa a tamdaw ko mipatiyamay, o kanac no parok i o sanga’ayay itini i ‘edef no Afrika. Ira ho ko roma a nipasadakan a paliwal o simal no nanges ato komo, tadaadihay ko kinairaira no kilakilangan, o kilalakilangan no Sifo’ay-Afrika kitakit i ira ko 22 ‘ofad 6958 km²,o mitahepoan no kilang a sera ira ko 36.4%,<ref>聯合國統計資料庫. [2010-08-01]. （原始內容存檔於2016-08-01）.</ref> adihay ko kasasiromaroma no kilang itini, i katimol no saka’etip ira ko kakahaday a Koni-No-Cikiwa a kilakilangan, nikawrira, awaay ko lalan cowa ka nga’ay a colo’en pasadak, orasaka, o kinairaira no kilakilangan caay ho tekaen a pacemahad. == Paliwalan a dafong(進出口貿易) == I 2015 miheca oni pacomodan a dafong a ‘aca ira ko 1.728 ok ko payso no Amirika,<ref>中央情報局世界概況--出口總值. [2010-08-01]. （原始內容存檔於2020-10-04）.</ref> o sakakaay i o parok, kafi, tayamonto ato kilan, o nipaliwalan a kitakita i o Congko, Inni, Konko-Fianwlan Kapolongan kitakit ato Norwi.<ref>中央情報局世界概況--出口貿易國. [2010-08-01]. （原始內容存檔於2010-04-25）.</ref> I 2015 miheca oni pacomodan a dafong a mi’aca ira ko2,649 ok ko payso no Amirika,<ref>中央情報局世界概況--進口總值. [2010-08-01]. （原始內容存檔於2020-10-04）.</ref>, o sakakaay ni’acaan i o simal, kakaenen, kasolin-simal, nananomen, sapaiyo,tosiya, toki, racio, nisanga’an nani kalas, o tipelok, kiladom, sakatayal, dafong no loma’, amoto,malad, kiay,dingki a dafong, hilyo, komo ato riko’.o sakakaay a kali’acaan a kitakit i o Norwi, Fransu ato Amirika.<ref>中央情報局世界概況--進口貿易國. [2010-08-01]. （原始內容存檔於2010-04-25）.</ref> == Pacefaday a Tilid (註腳) == [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] <references /> == Makakafit i Papotal (外部連結) == *[http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [[:en:List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government|List of current heads of state and government]] mmnue5pkx7purre802ydw4ygrtwmyse 0 159 3379 3378 2021-10-28T12:02:47Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 25 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 3378 wikitext text/x-wiki Ceroh（春日部落） Itiniay i [[Yuli]](玉里) Cen no [[Hualien]](花蓮) ko [[Ceroh]] a niyaro’, 245 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 638 ko sa’osi no tamdaw(人口數). 62% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 398 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 38% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 240 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)59%, Puyuma(卑南族)1%, roma(其他)2%. Ira ko picodadan(織羅部落圖書資訊站) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(玉里分局春日派出所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 0w77335vmn6aynogy414ofvtv84ssqq 0 160 31963 31960 2022-07-20T16:13:16Z Safulo 35 31963 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''Takaray sowal(概略)''' == [[Faylo:Flag_of_Chad.svg|縮圖|Flag of Chad]] Cate(查德共和國，通稱查德; Arabia a swoal: تشاد‎ ; Fransu a sowal:''Tchad'' ). Itiraay I sasifo’an no Afrika a karopaw kitakit, isaka’amis moda’edo ato Lipiya, katimol mada’edo ato Sifo’ay-Afrika Kapolongan Kitakit, isaka’etip malafiyaw ato Kemayrong, Nayciriya, isaka’etip malala’ed ato Niru kitakit. O ngangan nona kitakit nani  mikinganganay to Cate-Fanaw, o satakaraway a lotok i,o itiraay i Sahara-Tafotafokan a Kusi lotok, o Enciyangna ko syoto, o sakakaay kona tokay. Itini i Cate cisafaw ko 200 finacadan , o Fransu ato Arabiya kono sifo’an a sowal, o Islam a Pitooran ko sa’alomanay ko salikaka. I’ayaw niyiesoan to 7000 miheca iraay to ko masaniyaro’ay a tamdaw maro’ itini, tahira to saka9 sici, adihay ko masaromromaay a kitakit mapatireng matekop itini ton apala, mikowanay to paliwalay to saka’orip dafong to ‘edef no Sahara-Tafotafokan. I 1920 miheca maaro’ no Fransu malacecay a pecih no mikotoday a kitakit no Fransu Sifo’ay-Konis no cikiw a Afrika. 1960 miheca keriden ni Folangsowa-Tomupapayie(弗朗索瓦·托姆巴巴耶; Faransu a sowal:''François Tombalbaye'') misiiked nani pikowan no Fransu, na malacongtong ci Folangsowa-Tomupapayie i,mifelih ko [[Faylo:Location_Chad_AU_Africa.svg|縮圖|Location Chad AU Africa]] Muslin a tamdaw to tayal ningra, orasaka, i 1965 miheca malengat ko Laloma’an-Lalood no Cate. 1979 miheca Mifelihay to sifo a sofitay ma’eco nangra ko syoto, mapalasawad ko ikatimolay a sifo a pikowan. Nikawrira, macacolicoli ko kakeridean no Mifelihay-Sofitay, saikoray to i,ci Hasan-Haporoy ko pakalowiday tona lalood a malacongtong, caka halafin mafelih noTtapang-Sofitay ci Yitolis-Topi-Yiteno(伊德里斯·德比·伊特諾; Fransu a sowal:''Idriss Déby Itno''；Arapiya a sowal: إدريس ديبي‎). Nani 2003 mihecaan malingato ko fodfod no Sa’etipay Sotan, sano yanan sato ca ka ca kaira ko rarawraw no Cate. Ora ko saka mala sanikaway ato kalipaysoay ko malatapangay a kitakit itini i hekal. I 2003 miheca maceror tono simal kasoling ko takomod o sapili’etan no Cate kitakit. i 15 00 N, 19 00 E, noAfilika(非洲) ko [[Chad]]. Polong no sekalay i 1.284 million sq km “saka 21 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 1,259,200 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 24,800 sq km ” Polong i 11,852,462 ko tamdaw. == '''O tatapangan no sowal'''(語源) == O minganganay to Cate-Fanaw, ona sowal tonini i,o Sade sanay a sowal no Kanuli(卡努里語; Ikiris a sowal:''Kanuri''), o imi i,o fanaw, kakahaday a nanonanoman sanay.[1] Ona sowal to nini i,o kalosowal no Nayciliya, Niru,Cate ato Komaylon, ira ko 400 ofald ko tamdaw sowalay tonini sowal, o itiraay i Lipiya a mamangay finacadan ato malaklakay a maro’ i Sotan a tamdaw a sowal konini. == '''Likisi'''(歷史) == I’ayaw niyiesoan to 7000 miheca iraay to ko masaniyaro’ay a tamdaw maro’ itini,o ci’afoay a pala itini, orasaka, mahenay a matenak ko tamdaw. O tadamaanay a Nikarkaran-Pala o [[Faylo:Chadian_delegation.jpg|縮圖|Chadian delegation]] Etal, o I’ayaway ni Yieso to 2000 miheca.[2] [3] O masadangahay a pala no Cate a maomahay tamdaw mata’elifay ko ’ayaw ni Yieso to 2000 miheca. O kalengatan no masasiromaromaay a rayray no ‘orip itini. I saka 9 sici tahira i saka 10 sici patireng ko Saaw tamdaw to sarakatay a hotian kitakit o Kanaymu-Pornu Hontian Kitakit(加奈姆-博爾努帝國;Kanem–Bornu Empire),[4] [5] [6] Tahira sato i saka 16 sici mapatireng ko Pacimir-Hontian Kirakit ato Watayi-Hontian Kitakit (瓦達伊蘇丹國，或稱為瓦達伊帝國; Arapiya a sowal:سلطنةوداي; Fransu a sowal:''royaume du Ouaddaï),'' ona tolo a kitakit cila malalood cila malalood.[7] Tahira to i 1883 miheca tahira 1893 miheca matekop no Lapihe-Cupayr kona toloay Hontian kitakit. O nidamaan no Frasu a congtong ci Haysan-Hapoloy('''海珊·哈布雷;''' Arapiya a sowal: حسين حبري‎; Fransu a sowal: Hissène Habré), felihen no tapang no sofitay ci Yitolis-Topi.[8] Na malacongtong to ci Topi, sapitokitokaw malacongton i 2005 miheca midemak to Fainawlan-Pitopa to sapiflicaw to kimpo ta malarid mamalacongtong kako yo sanay a pisafaloco’ ningra, malalang no Mifelihay-Kasafelaw, mafodfod to ko kitakit,[9] 2006 miheca, cowa ka pihayi ko Mifelihay-Kasafelaw to sinkiw maala heca ci Topi. Tongal sato ko kafodfod no kitakit i laloma’, milekal ko Linhoko ano pakomira han i, a matiya to Tafo(達佛戰爭 ; Arapiya a sowal : الحرب في دارفور‎)sapipalahedawaw sa to finacadan a misawsaw(種族滅絕 ; Ikiris a sowal :''genocide'')[10] == '''Tamdaw''' (人口) == O sa’osi i 2005 mihea ira ko 10,146,000 ko polong a tamdaw no Cate, o itokayay mahaop ko 25%, o iniyaro’ay ira ko 74%.[11] Ilaloma’ no nini i, mahaop ko 47.3% a tamdaw caho [[Faylo:Danse_fille_mboum_Tchad.jpg|縮圖|Danse fille mboum Tchad]] i 15 mihecaan, o nisofocan 1000 ko tamdaw mahop ko 42.35%, o mapatayay mahop ko 16.69%, o lalen no ‘orip 47.2 ko mihecaan.[12] O faco raramod no Cate a tamdaw i, cecay ko fainayan ‘aloman ko fafahi,[13] ira ko 39% a fafahiyan o matiniay ko ‘orip, mihayiay ko riked no Cate to matiniay a kararamod. Talacowa milalangay ko rikec aka pipalo to fafahiyan sanay, nikawrira, mararid ira ko mapaloay a fafahiyan. Ano mirocok to dafong i, talacowa awaay ko pisakakinih no rikec i, nikawrira, o kakeridan no niyaro’ misawkit sa i, pasitiniay i fainayan. I Cate cisafaw ko 200 ko kasasiromaroma no finacadan,[14] o faco no niyaro’ ira ko masamaanay, itiya ho yo mikowan ho Fransu tona kitakit, sapipatirengaw to sakalacecay no kitakit, nikawrira, o kakereidan no kasaetal ato wayway no pitooran ko ikakaay haratengen no Cate a tamdaw.o niyah a finacadan o niyah a kamaro’an. O sakakaay a finacadan i katimol o Sala tamdaw, o sakatosa o maro’ay i Saher etal a Arapiya tamdaw, i ka’amis o pakaenay to ‘a’adopen a Tupu tamdaw.[15] [16] O sowal i, no sifo a sowal ono Faransu ato Arapiya a sowal, orama sa i, ira ho ko cisafaw to 100 ko sowal. Tata’ang ko pirecep no punka no Arapiya itini, orasaka, o kalosowal ko sowal no Arapiya.[17] == '''Pitooran'''(宗教) == [[Faylo:Tailor_in_Chad.jpg|縮圖|patiyamay i lawac no lalan(Tailor in Chad)]] Osao’si i 2014-15 miheca, ilaloma’ no polong a tamdaw ira ko 52.1% o Muslin, 44.1% o Misakristoay ( Fa’elohay Kristo 23.9%, Tinsukiw 20%, 0.2% oroma a misakristoay), To’asan a pitooran('''泛靈論'''; Ikiris a sowal :''Animism)'' 0.3%, o cowa ka pitoor 2.8%, o caay ka pa’ifana' to pitooran 0.7%. O to’asan a pitooran hananay i, o paso’elinay to maamaan,o Islam Pitooran ato Misafristaay mapalamlam tono to’asan ho pitooran ato lisin.[1] O Muslin masaopoay i ka’amis ato kawali no Cate, o To’asan Pitooran ato Kristo itiraay i katimol ato KaylaEtal.[2] Ano do’edoen ko Tatapangan Rikec no kitakit, cowa pasicecay sanay i liongkay misikoray to ihekalay a ‘orip, mipa’adingay to paifaloco’an a pitoor, o masasiromaromaay a pitooran i Cate manga’ay ko kalawidang.[3] == Pacefafay tilid(註解) == [1] Room, Adrian (1994). African Placenames. McFarland and Company. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-89950-943-3</nowiki>. [2] S. Decalo, ''Historical Dictionary of Chad'', 44–45 [3] S. Collelo, ''Chad'' [4] D. Lange, "The Chad region as a crossroad" [5] S. Decalo, 6 [6] 国家概况：乍得. 中華人民共和國外交部. 2007年8月24日 [2007-09-20]. （原始內容存檔於2007年9月29日）. [7] 国家概况：乍得. 中華人民共和國外交部. 2007年8月24日 [2007-09-20]. （原始內容存檔於2007年9月29日）. [8] S. Nolutshungu, 234–237 [9] IPS, "Le pétrole au cœur des nouveaux soubresauts au Tchad" [10] BBC News, "Chad may face genocide, UN warns" [11] ''World Population Prospects''. [12] "Chad"，《世界概況》 [13] "Chad". ''Women of the World''. [14] "Background Notes: Chad [15] "Chad"，《大英百科全書》 [16] S. Collelo, ''Chad'' [17] S. Collelo, ''Chad'' [18] S. Collelo, ''Chad'' [19] "Chad"，《大英百科全書》 [20] "Chad", ''International Religious Freedom Report 2006''. == Kakafitan i papotal(外部連接). == * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 5gwjl06p3o482vtww779gn5j4kuyka0 0 161 32492 3439 2022-09-29T11:48:17Z Jeremiah8822 1029 新增連結 32492 wikitext text/x-wiki Changbin（長濱鄉） Itini i pasawaliay no [[Taywan]] a lotok i, masadafdafay misi’ayaw to Taypinyan nai Fakong talatimol tahira i Madawdaw, mikilawac to riyar a paloma’ ko Pangcah, nikaorira nai timol tangasa i ka’amis ira ko matelengay a lotok, matena’ ko rakat no fali saka no riyaran ko romi’ad fa’edet kala’orad, ano caeca ko fangcalay ka’oripan, nika fangcal ko liomah, matatodong paloma to panay, cecay miheca kinatosa mi’anip. Itini i [[Taitung]](台東縣) ko [[Changbin]] Siyang(長濱鄉). sa’osi han ko po:long no palaan i, ira ko 148.86 km² (lalotolotokan a plalan no sa’osi i ira ko 63 km², o palaan noto’as i'a:yaw i ira ko 26.59 km²), 4,089 ko tamdaw i Changbin Siyang, 1,583 ko parod no loma’, itini i niyaro’ a Yincomin(原住民) sa’osi han ira ko 3,601 a tamdaw, pakaala to 88%(Amis, Bunun) no polong no tamdaw. o Amis(阿美族), Bunun(布農族) ko sa’alomanay i Taitung. ==O kasaniyarona== * O kakacawan (加走灣) han noiniyaroay a pangangay to Changbin i a:yaw, onodipong angangan koni Changbin (nakahama) sananay 。 O no Pangcah a sowal tora Kakacawan hananay i omikacaway amicekor to ‘ada’ ta madipot ko niyaro caay kakariang no ‘ada’ koniyaro’ sanay. Misiayaway to taypingyang a riyar Omakapahay fangcaly ko itiniay a niyaro’ , awaay ko no tokay a kaysiya itini, awaay ko mifalahay to miwarakay a kaacekannanay a nanom sa Fangcal ko riyar ato masamaamaa:ny '''a nairaay''' i riyar. adihay kokakaenen no tamdaw i riyar osakangay no orip' no itiniay a niyaro'. O minato no kakacawan: I laeno no Changbin kucun a lawac no riyar, katengilan to sowal no itiya:ayho a tamdaw adihay ko masamaamaa:nay a kalimelaan matekesay a fokeloh itini saan, O nai lalinikay no riyar a afokeloh koni, mahawikiday no tapelik ato faliyos talasalawacan no riyar, aloman ko taynitay mipodpod a pakatamaay a tamdaw malopisalamaan to nolafa tahanini. Misi’ayaw to riyar ko pasawali a Pangcah, saka maraod to ko sakatolo tangasa sakaenem a folad to mihecahecaan, awaay to ko tatayalen, fangcal to ko romi’ad, caayay to kasi’enaw, o fa’inayan i tayra to i riyar mifoting mi’orang micekiw sapitongal to saka’orip no loma’, o fafahiyan i, milosimet mihalaka misanga’ to sakiilisin a losid sapikapot a malikoda. Omaan kora Changbin pongka (selangawan) hananay ? aloman to komilicayay mikinkiway to sakafana’aw tonian a demak’ ! Osaayaway a pakaaraw i i1968 amihecaan itini itaytong changbin pakatama’ toya Faloay a ongcoy hananay a mikorkor to sera masadak ko naiseraay akatelangay a lalosidan, Mahapinang to na iraay ko tandaw maorip’ tona sera’ ia:yaw no 15000 mihecahecaan. Solinga’ han a mikilim konamikorkoran alaosidan i, awaay matama’ konotamdaw a okak’ orasaka caay kafilo amahapinan ko itiya:ayho atamdaw masamaan anengnengen cangra, 6 ko cun, 15 ko niyaro’ i Changbin Siyang. [[Mornos]]（永福部落）, [[Tapowaray]]或[[Saranawan]]（大俱來部落）, [[Ciwkangan]]（長光(石坑)部落）, [[Makrahay]]（真柄部落）, [[Cidatayay]]（烏石鼻部落）, [[Ta´man]]（膽曼部落）, [[Polo't]]（大峰峰部落）, [[Pakara'ac]]（巴卡拉阿茲部落）, [[Pasongan]]（八桑安部落）, [[Kolado't]]（樟原部落）, [[Carapongay]]（堺橋部落）, [[Sadipongan]]（三間屋部落）, [[Nadan]]（南溪布農部落）, [[Cikadaan]]（南溪阿美部落）, [[Kinanoka]]（僅那鹿角部落）. == o kasadakan no lihaf == *[https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] mxoeaox4bw5uoaxec48pxjx1imnj1am 0 162 30688 30522 2022-01-26T17:13:44Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q2960197]] 30688 wikitext text/x-wiki Charles Savarin(查爾斯·安傑洛·薩瓦林) I 1943 a miheca(年) saka 10 folad saka 2 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci [[Charles Savarin]], malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Dominica]](多米尼加) anini i ci Charles Savarin, patirengan a romi’ad i 2013 a miheca saka 10 folad saka 2 a romi’ad. == kasofocan a loma’ 出生家庭 == == lalamod  配偶 == == salikaka  兄弟姐妹 == == natayalan  事蹟 == == pitooran  宗教 == == tahapinangan a tilid 參考文獻 == == No papotalay a kakafit 外部連結 == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 62kdliqoyvypwa8resacltnyc9migwu 0 163 32475 3480 2022-09-25T11:48:23Z Akamycoco 27 32475 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:成功鎮 - panoramio.jpg|縮圖]] Chenggong（成功鎮） Itini i Taitung(台東縣) ko [[Chenggong]]. sa’osi han ko po:long no palaan i, ira ko 143.53 km² (lalotolotokan a plalan no sa’osi i ira ko 65.53 km², o palaan noto’as i'a:yaw i ira ko 1.94 km²), 11,992 ko tamdaw i Chenggong, 4,552 ko parod no loma’, itini i niyaro’ a Yincomin(原住民) sa’osi han ira ko 7,208 a tamdaw, pakaala to 60%(Amis) no polong no tamdaw. o Amis(阿美族) ko sa’alomanay i Taitung. ==O kasaniyarona== O Singko, o niyyaro’ no kacikiay a foting, ira I Singko ko minato, orasaka aloman ko ci taminaay a Amis a tamdaw amifoting. 8 ko cun, 14 ko niyaro’ i Chenggong Cen/ Siyang. [[Ciliksay]]（麒麟部落）, [[Torik]]（都歷部落）, [[Sa'aniwan]]（宜灣部落）, [[Kalahaay]]（民豐部落）, [[Kahciday]]（和平部落）, [[Madawdaw]]（麻荖漏部落）, [[Dadowacen]]（玉水橋部落）, [[Folalacay]]（小港部落）, [[Cirarokohay]]（芝田部落）, [[Tomiyac]]（重安部落）, [[Piyoxo]]（小馬部落）, [[Mararo’ong]]（美山部落）, [[Pisirian]]（比西里岸部落）, [[Paongaongan]]（八嗡嗡部落）. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] tnjo7eifx8st1vhj67r2b69js87113v 0 164 34379 34378 2023-02-12T06:23:19Z Holder 196 34379 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Chile (智利)== [[Faylo:Flag of Chile.svg|thumb|Flag of Chile|alt=Hata no Cili.svg]] [[Faylo:Chile (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|深綠色為智利國土；淺綠色為智利宣稱主權但未獲承認的南極領地]] == Takarat sowal no Cili(概略) == O '''Cili''' hanaay a kitakit itiraay i satimolan a Amirika, i sa’etip misi’ayaway to Taihiyo a riyar, i ka’amis i o [[Piro]], i sakawali i o [[Polipiya]](玻利維亞) ato [[Arkunting]](阿根廷). Ona kitakit tonini i o misakapotay to Saopo no Satimolan a Amirika, pakinganganen i o Arkuntinga ato [[Puracilu]] masa o '''ABC''' sanay a ciicelay a kitakit. Matiya o [[Okuwato]](厄瓜多) caay ka laliting ko sera to Puracilu. I tadasatimolan no Amirika a karopaw ko aro’ no Cili, masasi’araway to satimolan poco no cikiw, o satimolay to a kitakit no polong i cikiw,saka sowal sa ko Cili a tamdaw to niyah a kitakit i o “i saowac no cikiw” kami sanay. O polong a tamdaw no Cili masa-1,800 ’ofad, o kohecalay a tamdaw ato ainoko ko sa’alomanay, matiya to Arkunting away ko nani Afurikaay a tamdaw, o roma sato i o itinitiniay aca ko rengaw a tamdaw o yuencumin. O kyoiku no Cili i o tamaanay i tini i satimolan Amirika, fahekaay ko cimacima to pihai no kasatadamaan nangra. O singpon i nifaloco’an sanay awaay ko micariraway, o ’orip ato sici i ka’ayaway i polong no kallokitakit. Pakitini i syakay i mitooray to ’orip no ka’amisay Amirika a karopaw ato Yoropa ko kanga’ay. Orasaka tono pinapina a mihecaan o nanitiniraay i Aciya a tamtamdaw padeteng sanay a mafolaw tayni i Cili. O pinaira no Cili i tadaadihay ko tadafokeloh, kilakilangan apinaira, ato foting. O saadihayay ko tampiya a fokelo (銅礦) i polong no kitakit, sapangangan han to '''Tadamaanay a kitakit to citampiyaay''', oya Atakama tafotafokan i o satimolan no ma’icangay a sera, oroma sato o tadaadihayay i tini i hekal ko kalas a fokeloh. Itini i 30 00 S, 71 00 W, no Notimolan Amilika ko [[Chile]]. Polong no sekalay i 756,102 sq km “saka 38 ko rayray no ngangan.” “O sekalay no sera i, 743,812 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 12,290 sq km” Polong i 17,650,114 ko tamdaw. ==Sera (土地)== Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 21.10%. Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 21.90%, malo no roma to a sera 57%. [[Faylo:Parinacota_volcano.jpg|縮圖|Parinacota volcano]] ==Siyoto (首都)== O [[Santiago]](聖地牙哥) ko Siyoto. ==Katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad (國慶日)== Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i saka–9 folad ato saka–18 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Michelle Bachelet]], patirengan a romi’ad i 2014 a miheca saka–3 folad ato saka–11 a romi’ad. ==Rikisi (歷史)== O likisi no Cili I saka’amis no Cili i ’ayaw no kataynan no mi’ecoay a Sipanya ono Inka Tikoku a pala. Nani 16 siki misatapang ko Sipanya a milood ta mapatireng ko Siciyako aniyaro’. Yasa i satimolay no Cili a Mapuci finacadan i misa’icel a mitoker. Tona saka’amis no Cili a palapalaan tahirato i 19 siki nga’ malosera sanay to no Cili. I 1810 a miheca 9 folad 18 romi’ad, mapalasawad ko sakapito a hongti ci Pitinan saka mapatireng ko pasamoan a sifo, naonian ko saka tomireng no Niyahepikowan no Cili, ona romi’ad i o pikiningan to katomireng no Cili a kitakit. Tahira i 1818 miheca 2 folad 12 romi’ad ci Pilinato･osikin ko kakeridan a mipalosiyangay to Niyahpikowan no Cili a Kitakit. Satapang nani 1879 tahira 1883 miheca ko kalas–lalood hananay, namalowid to ko mitokeray i ’eco hanto no Cili ko tafotafokan a pala no Piru ato Polipiya. I 1930 a miheca, tahafikod to kalokitakit a nipikaawa no maamaan, nikawrira,cedengsa to ko kang’ay no kicai no Cili. I 1960 a miheca 5 folad 22 romi’ad, ira ko tadatata’angay a ’atoray. I 1970 a miheca tono congtong a sinkiw, ci '''Sarwato Ayido''' ko ma’alaay mala congtong, o misa’icelan a tayal ningra i mipala no kitakiten ningra ko maamaan a katayan, mipadang ho to Piruay a tamdaw ci Pilasko a mikerid to sofitay mifelen to ’ayaway a sifo. Malaliyaw ho malawidang to [[Kiwpa]]. Onini kasa lacemcem no Amirika a matiya o Kiwpa mitoker to Amirika o sanay ocor hanto ko mikoriniway ko tayal a saopo no Amirika a miriniw a midama to micokakangay a saopo no Cili. I 1973 miheca 9 folad 11 romi’ad, i aikor ko Amirika a miceker ci '''Okusto Pinocito''' mifelin to sifo patayen ningra ci Sarwato Ayido ta malatapang no kitakit. To cila a miheca i 1974 misalalaka to ci Okusto Pinocito a mipatireng o sofitay ko mikowanay a lalaka no kitakit, sangaen ningra ko misarinikay a saopo no tayhin to sapilaopaw to kyosanto, tona matiniay a demak i masapatepatek ko mipatayan a tamdaw, halo ya caayay ka lead ko harateng a patayen, o micokeray ci Okusto Pinocito a tamdaw itiyaho maliposak to a mafolaw. I 1988 miheca, mikongto<ref>[http://gb.chinabroadcast.cn/8606/2006/03/12/1062%3F941804.htm]</ref> ko tamdaw no Cili, ’aloman ko mihantayay ci Okusto Pinocitoan a mararid mala congtong, i1990 miheca lepon sato ko pikowan ningra. O kongto hanaay i mitopa ko polong no finawlan, tosa aca ko lalina’en:hai anca caay pihai, caay ko tamdaw ko lalina’en, tona pikongtoan i malalid ho to falo miheca ko kalacongtong ni Okusto Pinocito han? Hai anca naay. Toyasato o minaayay 55.99%. I 1994 tahira i 2000 a miheca, o Kiristomisyuto ci '''Aitofa Foli''' ko malacongtongay. I 1998 miheca sawad sanay to ci Pinocito a malatapang no i seraay a sofitay, toyanan macepet i Ikilis ta pala’edef hananay to cingra. I 2000 miheca, ya masamo’ ko tatirengan ningra i pasadak hananay to. Toya miheca i 2000, o syakaymisyuto a tamdaw ci '''Likato Lakosu Aysukapa''' ko malacongtongay. I 2006 miheca a sinkiw i, o fafahiyan ci '''Misiru Pacidal''' ko maalay malacongton, i likisi no Cili i, o sa’ayaway a fafahiyan malacongton cingra. Tona miheca sakacecay folad 15 romi’ad, tomirengto a malacongton, o saka—47 a malacongtongay.<ref>[http://gb.chinabroadcast.cn/8606/2006/03/12/1062%3F941804.htm]</ref> I 2010 miheca 2 folad 27 romi’ad, i kanikaran 3 widi 34 miyaw, ci’atoray to 8.8 lisu ko tata’ang, maselen ko 750 a tamdaw, 200 a ’ofad ko tamdaw to madoka’ay, tonton sato ko lalan, mapinko ko loma’. Tona miheca 3 folad 10 romi’ad, tomireng ci '''Saipatian Pinila''' malacongton, o tahapinangan tona 20 a mihecaan patatikoray ko Sakawanan sanay ko demak a mikowan. <ref>[http://news.sohu.com/20100228/n270472981.shtml] [[搜狐]]新闻，2010年2月28日13:17</ref> I 2014 miheca 3 folad 11 romi’ad, palaliyaw ho a malacongton ci Misiru Pacidal. I 2018 miheca 3 folad 11 romi’ad, palaliyaw haca ci Saipatian Pinila malacongtong. [[Faylo:Miscanti_Lagoon_near_San_Pedro_de_Atacama_Chile_Luca_Galuzzi_2006.jpg|縮圖|Miscanti Lagoon near San Pedro de Atacama Chile Luca Galuzzi 2006]] ==Palapalan (地理)== O kakayaay ko pala no Cili, nani ka’amis tara timol 4,300 koli, isasifo’ay no Antis lotolotokan ato riyariyan toya taipinyang. Nikawrira, nani ’etip tara wali 200 koli ko kakahad, o sakakahaday a sera i 400 koli aca (matiya to nani Taipak tara Takaw). O sakakayaya’ay ko sera i kalokitakit, samatiya o sapengec ko kakaya’, sa pacimir han to '''cipengecay a kitakit'''. === '''Toloay ko kasadefadefak''': === ==== Saka'amis (北部地區) ==== I saka’amis i o lotolotkan o akawang no lotok i matafesiway to ko 6,000 meta. I tatelongan no tosa a poco no Antis a lotok i o Atakama a tafotafokan. Ona tafotafokan i o tadama’icangay i cikiw, namatahepo no fa’edetay a fali sacaay ka ’orad masamihecan. I tiyaho, ira a makarkar ko tadamaan a fokeloh, aninisato o tampiya aca ko maalaay. O maro’ay itini tona palapalaan a tamdaw i, ira ko 219,000 ko tamdaw, sahetoay o misatokayay i tata’angay a niyaro’ Antokas ato Iciku. ==== Sasifo'an(中部地區) ==== I sasifo’an i ono Ciciwkay a romi’ami’ad, tada fangcal ko sota’ itini. Orasaka, ’aloman a mapedped ko maro’ay a tamdaw itini. I tatapangan a tokay Sinciyako i masa—650 ’ofad ko tamdaw. O roma a tokay i, o Waroso, o minato pahicelaan no tamina. O maro’ay itini i, 280,000 ko tamdaw. Kangsayposiong a tokay i, o kowfa ato kamaomahan. Itini i 350,000 ko tamdaw. === Satimolan(南部地區) === I satimolan to i, caay ka papina ko tamdaw itini. Nawhani cilacila mafaliyos sa, awa sanay to ko pakayraan to saka’orip. Misi’ayaw to riyar i, adihay ko masapalaay a sera ato kihaw. I satimolan, ira koya Hoti hananay a kanatal, makalitosaay no Cili ato Akuntin a mikowan. O pasatimolay no Hoti a ngoso i, o tadateloc tono Cili ato no Satimolan Amirika. Itini i, adihay ko so’eda’edaan, i lawac no teloc no cikiw i, itini ko sakakahaday a so’eda’edaan pala. Nengnengen ko pala no Cila i nani sa’etip, pasiwali o sa’ayaway i, o samatiya sanay, o telec ko ka to’edaw no riris no riyar, dodosa i, o tokotokosan, dodosa, o dadahalay a takaraway masadafdafay a sotasota’an, ona sottasota’an i, telong no kitakit tada fangcal ko sota’, fangcal o kamaomahan ato paka’enan to pina’orip. O Antis a lotolotokan, o lala’edan no Cili ato Poliya ato Akuntin. O i sifo’ay no riyar a Hoan palapalan ato Ista a pala i, ono Cili konini. Ano palalecaden a minengneg i, o ka’amis Antofa a ’orad, cecay miheca ira ko 12.7 hawmi, i Sinciyako 375 hawmi, i satimolan toya Hoti pala i 5,800 hawmi ko ’orad i cecay a miheca. ==Kakarayan (氣候)== O pala no Cili, ani ka’amis tahira i tolas no kitakit i satimolan i, 4,300 kilo ko kakaya’, ano patatongoden ko Taywan i masamo’etep ko kato’edaw. Orasaka, 38 ko kinis to kasasiromaroma no romi’ad, caay ka sacecay ko pala, onini ko caay ka ralen ko romo’ad, awa ka sacecay sanai a sowal to patinako. O kacanglahan han, o kasi’enawan han? Ano do’edoen ko Kopin-pisilsil to romi’ad i, i laloma’ no Cili cilafas to pito ko masasiromaay a romi’ad, oranan i, i saka’amis o tafotafoka, i kawali no satimolan i, o tokotokosan ato so’eda’edaan. Itira i Ista a kanatal, i omasaciferangan a mademetay a romi’ad. I satimolan no Cili i, ono riyariyaran a romi’ad, i satelang i, ono Citiwkay a romi’ad. O polong no Cili i, sepat ko kasasiroma no kakarayan: '''Kaciferangan''' (saka-12 folad tahira i saka-2 folad)<br> '''Karafawfawan''' (saka–3 folad tahira i saka–5 folad)<br> '''Kasienawan''' (saka–6 folad tihira i saka–8 folad)<br> '''Kaliomahan''' (saka–9 folad tahira i saka–11 folad) ==Finawlan (人口)== I 2012 miheca, pipolong a misa’osi to tamdaw, maala ka 16,341,929 ko tamdaw. Nani 1990 a miheca, satapang ko kalowan no sofoc, saka caay sanay to ka tongal ko tamdaw no Cili, ano ha’ensa i, tahira i 2050 a miheca, ano tangasangasa i 2,020 ’ofad ko ka’aloman no tamdaw, ca’eca sato ka tongal ko faoc no tamdaw, sako sowal no mikakinkiway. O tamdaw no Cili a kotakit i, ’aloman ko kasasiromaroma no finacadan, naow matini han haw i, o misanga’an no teloc no mafolaway a tayni ato Intian ato ciramramay to masasiromaromay a ’ilang a tamdaw. Orasaka, itini i Cili i, o nano teloc no kohecalay tamadaw no Yuropa ko lengaw ako sanay i ira ko 59%, o roma sa i, 25% o Mitis kako sanay (o Mitis hananay i, o ainoko no kohecalay tamadaw no Yuropa ato itinitiniay aca ko ’orip a tamdaw) , o ’osaw sato i, o nani Afurikay a kohetingay tamdaw ato masasiromaay a Intian. O kohecalay a tamdaw no Cili i, o teloc no [[Sipanya]] (o nini i, ira ko Sipanya, Andarusiya ato Pasko). Ira ho ko nani [[Potoya]], [[Italy]], Ailan, Furansu, Kirisiya, Doicu, ikilis, Olanta, Koroaisiya, Rosiya, Polan, Syongyali a mafolaway a tayni, i raroma’ no nini caay ka awa ko ainoko no kohecalay a tamdaw ato nanitiniay i [[Arapiya]] a mafolaway a tayni. O nani Afurikaay a tamdaw i, cacaay ka ’aloman, masa–1.5% ko tamdaw. To hatiniay to a miheca i, mihaiyay ko Cili a mihamham to nani tiniay i Poliwia, Okwa, Korompiya, Puracilu, Winoycila, Mosiko, Kanata, Amirika, Sasifoay-Amirika, Olakui, Kropikanatal, Palakui, Piru, Ciwkoku (Tairiku), Dipon, Hanko a tamdaw. I 2011 a miheca to pipolong a misa’osi to tamdaw, ira ko 8% o itinitiniay aca kako sanay a tamdaw. I laloma’ no polong a tamdaw no Cili, ira ko 70% o Tinsukiw ko pitooran, 15% o Ciwlo, 3.3% Molomon, 1% o Yihofa. Nikawrira, ira ko 8.3% caay ka piroor to kawas. O sowal no Cili i, o no Sipanya a sowal, nikawria masasiromaay ko ngiha’ to no tada Sioanya. O roma sa i, Mapuci a sowal, Kuciwya no satimalan a Poliwiya a sowal, Aimara sowal, Rapanui saowal. I satimolan no Cili i, iraay ko somowalay to Doic a sowal.<ref>[http://gb.chinabroadcast.cn/8606/2006/03/12/1062%3F941804.htm]</ref> ==Sakowan (行政區)== O kasasiromaroma apikowan i laloma’ no kitakit {| class="wikitable" |Sa’osi |Ngangan no sakowan |Sipanya a ngangan |syoto |- |15 | |Región de Arica y Parinacota |Alika |- |1 |Talapoka tata’angay sakowan |Región de Tarapacá |Icik |- |2 |Antofa tata’angay sakowan |Región de Antofagasta |Antofa |- |3 |Atakama tata’angay sakowan |Región de Atacama |Kopya |- |4 |Kocin tata’angay sakowan |Región de Coquimbo |Lasayna |- |5 |Waloso tata’angay sakowan |Región de Valparaíso |Waloso |- |RM |Sanciyako Syoto |Región Metropolitana de Santiago |Sanciyako |- |6 |Mi’ecoan ni Awcinsu a sakowan |Región del Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins |Lankwa |- |7 |Maulay sakowan |Región del Maule |Taleka |- |16 |Niwpolay sakown |Región de Ñuble |Kiling |- |8 |Piyopiyo sakowan |Región del Bío-Bío |Kansayposiong |- |9 |Arawkaniya |Región de la Araucanía |Tomoko |- |14 |’Alo’aloan sakowan |Región de Los Ríos |Warotiya |- |10 |Fanawan sakowan |Región de Los Lagos |Monto minato |- |11 |Niwanis Tadasofitay sakowan |Región Aysen del General Carlos Ibáñez del Campo |Kowiay |- |12 |Mayculon-Teloc no Cili sakowan |Región de Magallanes y de la Antártica Chilena |Fantanas |} O polon a sakowan no Cili ’enem ko safaw. [[Faylo:Chilean_Cazuela.JPG|縮圖|Chilean Cazuela]] ==O Ka'en (飲食)== O kananaman a kaen no Cili a tamdaw i, o sopa, o romasaato, ma’olahay a komaen to no riyariyaran a setik, titi no kolong, titi no siri. O tada ma’alaay a mapangangan a sikaen i o '''Calodillo de Congrio''' hananay a misakohawan a foting, o '''Chupe de Mariscos''' hananay a mipacamolan ato roma dateng a mitenger a sikaen. Orama sato, ira ho ko mipacamolan to titi no koko’ a kohaw ('''Cazuela de ave'''), o kaedahay a riray pakcang ('''Lomit'''), paramraman to fadowac no kolong a holo ('''Bife Lomo'''), pakimodohay a titi no kolong a sopa ('''Tallarines con Lomito'''). Tada maolahay a koma’en ko Cili a tamdaw to ya dadotdoten a kaka’enen ('''Empanada'''), samatiyaay o sika’en no Ciwkoku a tamdaw toya masalipaay a nila, pacamol han to samaamaanay a tatangtangen, o titi no kolong to, o fita’ol to, o cisu to, o cepi’ no diyong to, fangcal a pacamolen tada kaeso’ a kaenen. ==O Kicay (經濟)== I 2010 a miheca, o polong a matayalay no Cili ira ko 7,580,000 tamdaw. I 2005 a miheca, 13.2% no cecay so’ot o mimaomahay, 23% i o matayalay i kofa, 63.9% o mililafangay ko tayal. I 2013 a miheca, o polong a etan no kitakit i, ira ko 2,857.03 fois no Amirika a payso ko sa’osi, cecay tatamdawan to miheca a lilam i, 17.048 Amirika payso, mingata’ay to kacietan no rahidayay kitakit. Orasaka, o kacipayso nangra to nipiki’aca i matafesiway to ko 20,000 Amirika payso. Tada matenakay ko liomah no Cili, o sa’adihayay a ma’alaay a losay i, o linko, o diso’, o ariray, o ’arawraway kenaw, o mongi, o sowana, ato kalitalitang. Tada adihay ko nisanga’an a ’epah no diso’. I 2006 a miheca, o mifotingngan no Cili i 4,442,877 ton. O misanga’ay to dafong ato tadafakeloh i, o sakakaay a sapilietan no Cili. Orasaka, i 1991 a miheca, o nipasadakan a pacakay i 48% ko tada fokeloh a dafong. Itini i kalokitakit, o sa’adihayay ko nikarkaran no Cili a tampiya[[Chile|[1]]]. Adihadihay ko etan to pikarkar to tampiya, patinakoen, i Iskon a pikarkaran to tampiya, 8% itini i polong no kitakit. O Cili a kitakit i, o sakakaay ko naifaloco’an ko katayal, (sakapito i polong no kitakit a ’osien), tingalaw ko faloco’ no tamtamdaw, o sakakaay ko etan hananay to no Saopo no Kinko no Kalokitakit, ano itinien i no tamdawan a kalomowad ko ’orip a so’osi, i laloma’ay to no i kakaay ko ’orip a kitakit. I 2010 a miheca, mikapot i '''OECD''' a saopo no kitakit. Ano cipaysopaysoay a kitakit ko Cili, nikawrira, o kasatiwtiw no cipaysoay ato macahiway tada mangalefay, orasak, tata’ang ko pilongoc no finawlan to sapisalof to sata, o rikec to sapi’ading to matayalay ato sapadahof to ’orip no malitenay. O ngangan no payso no Cili i o piso. [[Faylo:Bachelet_y_campeones_de_polo.jpg|縮圖|Bachelet y campeones de polo]] ==Punka (文化)== O bunka no Cili i, o kapolongan no teloc no nani Yuropaay a pinangan, cilamlam to itiniay aca a tamdaw no Cili a pinangan, mapacamol ho tono nani ka’amisay Amirika a pinangan, onini ko masasiromaroma a mahecad aca to icowacowaay a bunka. O ratoh to masamaanay i, ira ko midayhyoway to kitakit a matanengay mi’oric a tamdaw, ano doedoen kono to’as a lekakawa i, midemakay to masamaamaanay a ratoh no likisi no Cili. O radiw sa i, macacamocamol to nani Sipanya ato Into, patinako han ci Kayka, o tada matanengay to sakero nani 1979 a miheca, iraay ko siiked sanay a taneng ningra. ==Pihapinangan a tilid(註腳)== [[Chile|[1]]] O Piro ko sakatosa a mikarkaray i polong a kitakit. *[http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] *[http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] *[[:en:List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government|List of current heads of state and government]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 9r7wpaw6dmsu7eze3wti1mgwkk4vxqr 0 165 38448 38398 2023-06-24T03:39:51Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38448 wikitext text/x-wiki Congko China（中國） [[Faylo:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|thumb|Flag of the People's Republic of China|alt=Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg]] [[Faylo:People's Republic of China (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|中華人民共和國的疆域。未實際控制的區域以淺綠色標識。]] Itini i 35 00 N, 105 00 E, noAsiya ko [[China]]. Polong no sekalay i 9,596,960 sq km “saka 4 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 9,326,410 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 270,550 sq km ” Polong i 1,373,541,278 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 54.70%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 22.30%, malo no roma to a sera 23%. siyoto(首都) O [[Beijing]](北京) ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakamoetep 1 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Xi Jinping]](習近平), patirengan a romi’ad i 2012 a miheca(年) saka 11 folad saka 15 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [[:en:List of current heads of state and government|List of current heads of state and government]] [[Kasasiwasiw:China| ]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Asiya| ]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Kitakit| ]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Sawaliay Asiya]] o2yhx4e94phwg06mnv3xge89pcdwwdt 0 166 3563 3562 2021-10-28T12:03:13Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 20 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 3562 wikitext text/x-wiki Chishang（池上鄉） Itini i [[Taitung]](台東縣) ko [[Chishang]](池上) Siyang(鄉). sa’osi han ko po:long no palaan i, ira ko 79.23 km² (lalotolotokan a plalan no sa’osi i ira ko 12.44 km², o palaan noto’as i'a:yaw i ira ko 1.05 km²), 7,640 ko tamdaw i Chishang Siyang, 2,901 ko parod no loma’, itini i niyaro’ a Yincomin(原住民) sa’osi han ira ko 2,162 a tamdaw, pakaala to 28%(Amis阿美族) no polong no tamdaw. Itini i niyaro’ a finawlan, o Payrang ko sa’alomanay. ==O kasaniyarona== 8 ko cun, 9 ko niyaro’ i Chishang Siyang. [[Kalokapuk]]（大埔部落）, [[Muliyaw]]（振興部落）, [[Cikowa’ay]]（富興部落）, [[Dihekoay]]（陸安部落）, [[Ciataw]]（福原部落）, [[Cipuwa]]（慶豐部落）, [[Fangafangasan]]（新興部落）, [[Kawaliwali]]（大坡部落）, [[Cicala'ay]]（福文部落）. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] 93xfx5vtskn95y7wkdjb7j5n3uafhyy 0 167 44650 44649 2024-09-07T07:32:59Z 臺灣語言繼承者 2320 44650 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:2020年9月26日_小球-莊鵑瑛_在臺北Legacy〈我愛故我在〉演唱會.jpg|thumb|Cowang Coyong-Ing]] '''莊鵑瑛'''（小球） / Chuang Chuan-Ying (Ball) / Cowang Coyong-Ing (Siyaw Ciw) I 1985 a miheca sakatosa folad saka28 a romi’ad masofoc ci Chuang Chuan-Ying. O miraradiway, mi'o'olicay a tamdaw no Taywan. Kararadiw ci Siyaw Ciw(小球). Malalifetay a [[romadiw]] cingra i 大學. Makafana'ay ni Shen Sheng-Je(沈聖哲) ci Siyaw Ciw(小球). Masacefang a romadiw cangra. Ci katncandix2(棉花糖樂團) ko ngangan no cefang a radiw nangra. Nawhani, mato棉花糖 ko radiw ni Siyaw Ciw(小球). Romadiw cangra i lalan i pisatapangan. Misanga'ay to radiwradiw cangra. Nikaorira, Pasetek a pahanhan cangra i 2013. Pasetek a miliyaw a romadiw ci 小球 i 2014. Misanga'ay to radiwradiw cingra. O nisanga'an ni Siyaw Ciw(小球) ko 星之所向('ingay no fo'is) ato 巴斯特耳朵(Safangcalay a ngoyos). {{stub}} saw7y4xj89q69hi6mxqq3n16me1ubo1 0 168 30749 30745 2022-02-19T02:24:28Z 1234qwer1234qwer4 245 取消[[Special:Contributions/5.150.23.198|5.150.23.198]]（[[User talk:5.150.23.198|留言]]）作出的修訂30745 30749 wikitext text/x-wiki Chunri（春日鄉） Itini i [[Pingtung]](屏東縣) ko [[Chunri]](春日) Siyang(鄉). sa’osi han ko po:long no palaan i, ira ko 155.55 km² (lalotolotokan a plalan no sa’osi i ira ko 67.65 km², o palaan noto’as i'a:yaw i ira ko 84.62 km²), 4,802 ko tamdaw i Chunri Siyang, 1,357 ko parod no loma’, itini i niyaro’ a Yincomin(原住民) sa’osi han ira ko 4,590 a tamdaw, pakaala to 96%(Paiwan) no polong no tamdaw. o Paiwan(排灣族) ko sa’alomanay i Pingtung. ==O kasaniyarona== 6 ko cun, 6 ko niyaro’ i Chunri Siyang. [[Lalekeleke]]（力里部落）, [[Kasuga]]（春日部落）, [[Seveng]]（士文部落）, [[Tjuvecekadan]]（七佳部落）, [[Kuabar]]（古華部落）, [[Kinayiman]]（歸崇部落）. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] b07myw3qimqx6wpq5m0fiqrpsys6bkc 0 169 3605 3604 2021-10-28T12:03:21Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 19 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 3604 wikitext text/x-wiki == O ngangan no Ci'asiroay (Posong) (阿西路愛/豐年部落) == == O kasiikedan no niyaro’(部落特色) == == O nikalopisak no Ci'asiroay (Posong) (人口分佈) == [[Ci'asiroay (Posong)]]（阿西路愛部落/豐年部落） No i tiniay i Taitung (台東) Shi no Taitung ko Ci'asiroay a niyaro’, 1,259 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 3,198 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. I ’ayaw mapatireng ko tosa kilang ko ’asiro to sahapinang ko kamalo’ no niyora’, o Ci’asiroay han to a pangangan. Romasato, ira ko cinganganay to Ci’asiroay a niyaro’ i ''Donghe Siang'' (i Fafokod). 38% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 1,228 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 62% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 1,970 ko tamdaw. O pasinto no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko ’Amis(阿美族)26%, Paiwan(排灣族)5%, Bunun(布農族)1%, Rukai(魯凱族)1%, Puyuma(卑南族)1%, Tayal(泰雅族)1%, roma(其他)2%. Ira ko picodadan (豐年國小、豐年國小附幼) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa (台東地政所、台東稅務局、調查局台東縣調查站) i niyaro’. == O finacadan no Yincomi(所屬阿美族群) == == O pitooran no finawlan (族人信仰) == == O kasadakan no Tilid(參考文獻) == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] * [http://www.tipp.org.tw/tribe_detail3.asp?City_No=18&TA_No=7&T_ID=535 臺灣原住民族資訊網] 1oqqusk11hzj6nv3noey72zducdz0dj 0 170 34229 3609 2023-02-11T04:49:33Z YiFeiBot 1295 Bot: Migrating 1 langlinks, now provided by [[d:|Wikidata]] on [[d:q5365007]]; 5 langlinks remaining 34229 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} [[de:Mass Rapid Transit]] [[en:Mass Rapid Transit]] [[ja:捷運]] [[ko:제윈]] [[ro:Mass Rapid Transit]] [[Faylo:Taipei MRT Train C371 3CarSet No 3398.JPG|left|350px|thumb|Ci'in]] [[Faylo:KRTC train at World Games Station.jpg|right|thumb|350px|Ci'in]] 0737swfiqia2v8cn5agwpa4zlwekq9m 0 171 3612 3611 2021-10-28T12:03:25Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 2 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 3611 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ci Difang (郭英男)== I 1921 a mihecaan ko kasofocan ni Difang a malitengay, a tamdaw cingra, saka i 1938 a mihecaan i, mikapot ciira to Laketun a selal , papidi^ciwen no malitengay cingra. O nian a midi^ciway hananay a tayal i, o tatiyangan no niyaro’, matatodongay a sidemak. I 1978 a mihecaan, matayal ci 許常惠singsi a miloing to radiw no Yin-co-min, o papatayraen i Fako kora radiw no Yin-co-min. Toya tayni cingra i Falagaw a mamiloing to radiw no ’Amis i, licayen ningra ci Piya’(郭子光) a malitengay, “cima ko samaradiway namo o Falangaw?” han ningra. “Ci Difang ko samaradi:way niyam.” han ni Piya’ a malitengay a pacako. Tayra sata ci 許常惠singsi i loma’ na Difang a malitengay a mitengil to radiw naira. Toya dadaya, masa’opo ca Difang a malitemgay i papotal no loma’, maherek cingra a mipalamal toya ’ongto ningra a mitamako i, misatapang to cangra a romadiw. Radiw sato cangra i, sapa sato koya mitengilay to radiw nangra a lafang, mana makapah a tengilen ko radiw nangra? sato ko hemek nangra, olah sato a miloing to radiw na Difang a malitengay. I 1988 a mihecaan, tahidangen no Fako a kitakit cingra a talaFako a romadaiw. Romadiw cangra i Fako, “onini makapa:hay ko ngiha a tamdaw, naniTaywanay, ci Difang ko ngangan nira.” sato ko pipakimaday no sinpon. Itiyato a ’aloman ko mafana’ay to Taywan hananay a kitakit. I 1993 a mihecaan, patekoen na Enigma hananay a romadiway koya niradiwan ni Difang a malitengay i “Return-To Innocence” CD. Wata ko lietanan noya CD, adihay ko payso na Enigma hananay a romadiway. Nikawrira awaay ko mafana’ay cima koya makapahay a ngiha a tamdaw. Tangasa i 1996 a mihecaan i, paka’ayawen no Yatelanta ontokay koya “eturn-To Innocence” a radiw a patengil ko ’alomanay, ta itiya a kalasasowalen no pakatengilay, mana o niradiwan ni Difang kora radiw i, nawiro caka singangan i CD? sato masadak ko hatiniay a sowal. Itiyato mafana’ ko ’alomanay ci Difang a malitengay, i Falangaw ko loma’ ningra, o ’Amis cingra. ’〝’Afasan na Enigma hananay a romadiway ko radiw ni Difang, patikolen ci Difangan ko nidemakan nira.〞sato ko masadakay a sowal. 2002 a mihecaan 3 folad ira ko 29 a romi’adan, toya dafak laliwen ni Difang a malitengay kita a mapatay, yo mapatay cingra i ma^deng 82 ko mihecaan ningra. <ref>朱珍靜. (2011). Wikipedia 維基百科 族語詞條試寫─原住民族語詞條 2011作品集. 教育部.</ref> avo12edvlvnfiy0fup3vogit8kt31s6 0 172 3731 3730 2021-10-28T12:03:31Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 118 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 3730 wikitext text/x-wiki Ci Takapu Ciyan-cin （高巍和） Polong matayalay i safitay no Yincomin i Taywan i, ci 高巍和 ko sarakat pakaalaay to cecay ko fo’is a tamdaw, itini i 1992 a miheca 11 a folad sakacecay a romi’ad, mapakafit i ’afala nira ko cecay a fo’is, malakafahekaan a tamdaw itini i Taywan. Tangasa tona pinapina a miheca, ta sedak sa ko sakatosa o Pariwan no lo-cin cifo’isay. ’Orip ni 高巍和將軍 i kasafitay ningra polong 26 a miheca, so’elin to, itiya i o tanengnengan to a fa’inayan cingra itiya, nanoya mafalic to ko nengneng no roma a tamdaw to Yincomin, tona pinapina a mihecaan ’aloman to ko malasafitayay a kapah no Yincomin, tada mahapinang malengat ko faloco’ no cimacima a tamdaw. Sowalen ko demak nira, itini tona masapatekay to ko mihecaan, o caay to ko mamalahedaw koni. Itini i kalasafitayan ci 高巍和將軍polong 26 a miheca, kaapah ho mapalengat no masakakaay matayalay i Kon-cin, ato mahidhid no kalalawlaay a faloco’ no Yincomin cingra, saka saho pakalepon to cecay miheca mitilid i Taywan-tasiyi, pacieci sa a misawad, miseking to kon-cin kown-siyaw, itira to misatapang cingra to mosiloyay maeferay a ’orip nira. Itira i rakat no kalasafitayan nira mala parakatay to hikoki, malakakeridan, malaco-len, ta-toy-cang, can-mo-cang, su-can, hatiniay to kareko ko tayal nira, kinapinapina to pakaala to kongpay, kinapinapinaay to mikapot a mifolaw, kafafolaw itini i riyar no Taywan maala to kina falo a polo’ milis to riyar no Ta-lu. Ira ko sowal nira itiya, 1979 a miheca parakat cingra to sapifolaw a hikoki F-5A maocor pakaatayal, yo pahitefo sato caay ka tefad ko ka’ayaway a saripa’ no hikoki, itiya i ira to ko sowal no kakeridan hitefo han to saan, nika citaneng cira, maedeng kako a miliyaw pahitefo sa ko i kemoday no faloco’ nira, oya minanaman nira a tanenng, ya papatefo fohat han nira ko satahaf no tayya, soelin fangcal ko katefad, ano awaay ko matiniay nira a faloco’ ko makaari’ang to kora matekesay a hikoki, a awa to cingra a mapatay. Safangcal sato ko katefad, ikor to pakaolah hanto no kakeridan ato pakopay, nikawrira toya pisa’imer. o talaw mara’oteng to ko riko’ to kaciferang nira, nika mapa’orip ko hikoki ato ’orip no tireng. Soelin to itira i kalasafitayan na ira koya damsayay maolahay a foloco’ no Yincomin i tatirengan ni 高將軍, caay pi’osi to tamdaw, o tapang kako awa ko sanay nira, saka i faloco’ no kapot nira, o tada safangcalay malatapang cingra. O nika matira nira, malasakaolah to no ’alomanay cingra, onini ko saka cifaloco’ cingra, ano misawad to malasafitay, patoeto ho kako misakowanay a tayal saan. I’ayaw na somowal to ci 高將軍, “ I’ayaw no 50 a mihecaan mapaini ako ko kok-ka, ikor no 50 a miheca itinien to ako paini i Yincomin.” saan. Onini a sowal nira madoedo mikapot misingkiw to li-po-ing maala cingra. Nano olah no finacadan, na macakat malacifo’isay,mato pisawad nira mitilid to tata’akay pitilidan, pacieci sa misawad malasafitay, mikapot to sakakinatosa singkiw no li-po-ing, maala ko 18,000 satakaraway ko kip-po, maala malali-po-ing cingra, misa’icel to sakafangcaal ko ’orip no finacadan a lalan, tangasa anini awaay ho ko mitikarawah ko maalaay to kip-po nira. Kali-po-ingan ni 高將軍milecad to i kalasafitayan ko faloco’, misafaloco’ misa’icel, mipalowad to iraay i sarikec sakafangcal ko ’orip no Yincomin, mato itini i Posong patireng to sakowan to pasawali, palowad to sifana’ no Yincomin, pafatel vo lalan nai Posko tangasa i Kakacawa a lalan, pakayniay pinaterek a pala no sarikec ato palow2ad patireng to Yincomin wiyenhoy hatiraay ko tayal. Misawad malali-po-ing, na o faloco’ mifalic to molotayal, itira i Yincomin wiyenhoy na saan, nika o mamikapot tayni i Taypak a mikayki, tangasa i fatad no lalan i Sing-in masasongtol ko paliding, malepon to ko nika tadamaan no ’orip nira, matenak koni a lihaf, mafanaay sida’itay cingraan a tamdamdaw, maeemin to a mararom ko faloco’. == Pi’arawan to lakaw == *[http://210.240.125.35/citing/citing_content.asp?id=3009&keyword=%B0%AA%C4%DE%A9M 台灣原住民族歷史語言文化大辭典] *李景崇，1998，《阿美族歷史》，臺北：師大書苑。 *黄宣衞，2008，《阿美族》，臺北：三民。 *達西烏拉彎‧畢馬，2001，《臺灣的原住民 : 阿美族》，臺北：臺原。 [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] lzz8lfbs9ha56sgw0t2alnvfz6xahjj 0 173 3757 3756 2021-10-28T12:03:34Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 25 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 3756 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ciamengan]]（壽豐部落） Itiniay i [[Shoufeng]](壽豐) Cen no Hualien(花蓮縣) ko Ciamengan(壽豐) a niyaro’, 718 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 1,892 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 36% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 690 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 64% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 1,202 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)34%, Truku(太魯閣族)1%, roma(其他)1%. Ira ko picodadan(壽豐國小、壽豐國小附幼、壽豐圖書館) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(壽豐鄉公所、花蓮消防第二大隊壽豐分隊、壽豐鄉家服中心、壽豐鄉代會、壽豐戶政所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] jui39wf0bopyk3fvry25g8jgtqmsdx5 0 174 3787 3786 2021-10-28T12:03:37Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 29 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 3786 wikitext text/x-wiki Ciataw（福原部落） Itiniay i [[Chishang]](池上) Cen no [[Taitung]](台東縣) ko [[Ciataw]](福原) a niyaro’, 868 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 2,284 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 12% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 264 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 88% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 2,020 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko [[Amis]](阿美族)9%, [[Bunun]](布農族)1%, [[Paiwan]](排灣族)1%. Ira ko picodadan(福原國小) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(關山分局池上派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(池上衛生所) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(池上鄉公所、池上郵局) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] f9gghhsluv7tpqfqmx337akxx6a9kex 0 175 32075 32074 2022-07-28T12:48:53Z 撒央 884 #ALCD 32075 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:臺灣花蓮港男女的阿美族.jpg|縮圖|256x256像素|u rusi no sa'ayaway]] Cibarbaran(主農部落) '''Cibarbaran＝Cifarfaran''' Itiniay i [[Hualien]](花蓮) Cen no [[Kalingko|Hualien]](花蓮縣) ko [[Cibarbaran]] a [[Niyaro'|niyaro’]], 1,593 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 4,544 ko sa’osi no [[tamdaw]]. 11% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 514 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 89% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 4,030 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan([[:zh:族群|族群]]) i, ko [[Amis.Pangach|Amis]](阿美族)9%, Truku([[:zh:太魯閣族|太魯閣族]])1%. Ira ko picodadan[https://zh.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E8%93%AE%E7%B8%A3%E7%A7%81%E7%AB%8B%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%89%E9%AB%98%E7%B4%9A%E5%95%86%E5%B7%A5%E8%81%B7%E6%A5%AD%E5%AD%B8%E6%A0%A1 (國光商工)] i niyaro’. ira ko tamdaw u sakizaya , pangcah , taiwan(台灣人) ato ngayngay(客家) ato holan(外省人),aluman ko finacaran. == O micidekay kalimelaan i niyaro'（部落特色） == O pahpah no ’icep ko cifarfaran hananay. sa o tason tuwamin ko seraan. sisa caay kapah ko rakat no tamdaw. == O liklik no serayan（地理環境） == dafdaf == O lihaf no pakapalidingay（交通資訊） == pakapaliding == no niyaro' a kasa'etal （部落所屬族群） == ’Amis == o sowal（使用語言） == no ’Amis a sowal, o Payrang a sowal == o pakayraan（宗教信仰） == nano litengan a lisin, Keristokiw == o lalowadan no niyaro'（部落由來） == O palo’ no ’icep ko cifarfaran hananay. Adihayay ko ’icep itini itiya ho, hakaysing hananay no finawlan koya palo’, mansa singangan tona Cifarfaran. Itiya ho, malacecayay a masaniyaro’ ko Cifarfaran ato Lidaw. Yo misanga’ ko Dipong toya ni’atolan to sapi’ateng to nanom no Cikasoan a ’alo i, itiya a malitosa kona niyaro’ a tatosa. Itiya ho masafanaw kona pala, mararid amilifowas no nanom ’alo, saka malinah ko finawlan no niyaro’ talaLidaw. Tahira to i Lidaw i, ’aloman sa to ko mafolaway a tayni tona niyaro’, o Payrang ko saadihayay. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 0dar36uqzl3hdu3sm14hhxzpwgd9g25 0 176 3837 3836 2021-10-28T12:03:44Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 23 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 3836 wikitext text/x-wiki Cicala'ay（福文部落） Itiniay i [[Chishang]](池上) Cen no Taitung(台東縣) ko [[Cicala'ay]] a niyaro’, 537 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 1,368 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 23% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 309 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 77% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 1,059 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)18%, Bunun(布農族)2%, Paiwan(排灣族)1%, roma(其他)1%. Ira ko kofa(公路局台東工務段池上工務分駐所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 6gfwh0emxgpxt806txgfty5loxn685r 0 177 41238 41237 2024-02-02T19:11:03Z Kwamikagami 348 41238 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Izgrew.jpg|thumb|Cidal]] [[Faylo:LL-Q143 (epo)-Ｍayawtowid-cidal.wav|縮圖]] [[file:Sun symbol (planetary color).svg|frameless|upright=0.35|☉]] O kahiceraan no malikatay a fo'is ko '''cidal/tataparan''' (silosi: [[file:Sun symbol (fixed width).svg|16px|☉]]), matomes to fa'edet ato cisyak a masamaliay ko tireng, ano lalaten ko sasifo'an i, 1,392,000 km ko kato'edaw. O tataparan a nanengnengan, i ’ayaw no kadademak no tamdaw o iraayto i kasaniyaro’, o iraayto a ceki’ no seray. O tataparan a nanengnengan ato no punka a nengnengan o caayay kalecad a liyad. Nikawrira i 21 sici i, awaay to kilimen ko caayay ho kademak no tamdaw, orasaka latek “O tataparan no nanengnengan ko sakacitodong no ninengnengan ato nai seray a rocek. == nikafana' no cidal (認識太陽) == Ci Rachel Louise Carson “Ka’iwilan a kacanglahan” (1962) makimad ko i lawacay no lalan a ninengnengan, “Cecay miheca, manengneng no tamdaw ko molengaway i lawac no lalan a kamodo’ a kilang, kanocoray, rorang, kising ato kalofalo a masolot ko mata no mita’elifay”, toya midemak a mifonsya to cisapaiyoay i, “ Oya misolotay to mata a salawacan no lalan i, anini saheto o mafadi’ay to, matiya o naikoran no madapdapay a macorahay.”. Na ^ca ho kafonsiyaen, ira: to ko mafadi’ay a lengaw, latek ira ko naicowaay a nikalengaw, saka masapinang ko serayan a manengnengay a nikafana’an. == O tataparan a nengnengan (自然景觀) == “O tataparan a nengnengan”, sa’ayaw o nipilecad to nicokaan, nisafacoan a ninengnengan ko masapinangay, miingiday to palapalaan a kasasiikeiked. Ci Alisanta, Fon Humpot (1769-1859) pacecay to kafana’en, o latekan a harateng i, makalitosa to tataparan a nanengnengan ato no punka a nanengnengan. 1908 miheca, o serakay ci Oto Sulite pacomahad to “o iraay to a ceki’ no seray” tato’asan a tanengnengan Urlandschaft ato “punka a tanengnengan” Kulturlandschaft a sowal, milifet to sapipakayniaw i serakay, mikiromaay to roma a kakak. I ’ayaway a serakay a midemak to “tato’asan a tanengnengan” a sowal tikol ci Kar, O Saeran 1925 miheca a nikingkiwan a “ O faco no tanengnengan” (The Morphology of Landscape) sanay. == sapatinako a tilid (寓言故事) == O kongko no tosaay ko cidal, Iti:yaho, tosa ko cidal a masadak i kakarayan, macacaliw a caay ka pasa^sa' a malikat koya cidal, orasaka, mararid ko kedal, mafadi' ma'akik ko semot ato kilang a ma^min. Mangalay ko tamdaw a mialanan tonini a latiih, pili'en naira ko lalima a ci'icelay a macodahay a kapah, a milood to cidal. Ora sa a papina a kapah,mata'lif naira ko pinapi:na a mihcaan, a makat to raraya'ay a rarakaten naira a lalan, caayho ka rawis naira a mitaos ko kaitiraan noya a cidal, mapatay haca ko cecay naira i fatad no lalan. Orasaka, keton sato caira to malodemak a papipararid a pasia'ayaw a makat ko tatosa, ta o roma a tatosa haw i, papi pacacekosen naira a taloma' a paratoh to malitemohay naira a demak. Pakatengil ko iniyaro'ay to nanosowal no tatosaay haw i, tongalen naira a miocor ko papina a macodahay a kapah a miso'ayaw toya cidal. Alacinifafa to wawa caira, ci nihawikid haca to hafay ato mami, ato sapaloma, ta palomaen naira i cikaw no fatad no lalan, to sakacaaw ka nikaw to malo kakaenen naira. Saka, makat caira to maraayay a raraya'ay a rarakaten naira, ta mado^do naira ko ia'ayawayto naira a tatosa. Oya sa a tatosa, caayto ka oya a i'ayaway a masakapahayho a ci'icelay ko laleko naira, makedalto a ma'ofadto caira. Mihaki^mel caira a misi'ayaw to kakatalawan kakalingsesan a rarakaten a pasia'ayaw a makat. Mapatay haca ko papina naira i fatad no lalan, copah sato, tahira to caira i katahiraan naira. Itiya haw i, tato:loto ko fadoc naira, ora a tatolo haw i, oya 'inafaho noya macodahay a kapah iti:yaho, hilam masamato'asayto caira, oya sa a mikeriday i cairaan a mama naira haw i, mapata'yto i:'ayaw aca. Alaciniawitan koya tatoloay a macodahay a kapah to pana' a misitara a mipana' to mamasadak a cidal. Cai pakaterong ko sakacecay apana' naira. Talacowaan pakatama ko saka tosa a pana' toya cidal haw i, kirami, pasietip koya cidal a molecep. Do^dosato ira haca ko cecay a cidal a masadak naniwali. Matterong no ya saka tolo a pana' naira ko pafenfenan noya mamasadakho a cidal, ro^ro' saan a masakad ko remes noya cidal, oya sa a mipana'ay a kapah, mafarasi' no remes no cidal caira, mapatay caira a ma^min itira. Materong nonini a cecay a pana' koya cidal saka, malowanto ko fa^det no cidal, saci'osaw sai oya safohcal saanay a malikatay a fulad anini, oya sa a maliwasakay nai tireng no cidal a masa'ikai'kayay a remes itiyaho i, maliwasak i tahaf no kakarayan a ma^min, malafo'ifo'isto a ma^min caira. == tahapinangan a tilid(參考資料) == {{stub}} O Amis a finacadan iraay ko "Pacidal" sanay a ngangan no ngasaw. o9gii2wg3gspnacspiitqaci0tfuaby 0 178 3864 3863 2021-10-28T12:03:49Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 20 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 3863 wikitext text/x-wiki Cidatayay（烏石鼻部落） Itiniay i [[Changbin]](長濱) Cen no Taitung(台東縣) ko [[Cidatayay]] a niyaro’, 121 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 271 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 84% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 227 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 16% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 44 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)80%, roma(其他)4%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] qqst3pvs0wjnnbdvnbbuduzomw539l9 0 179 3889 3888 2021-10-28T12:03:52Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 24 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 3888 wikitext text/x-wiki Cihafayan（中興部落） Itiniay i [[Fenglin]](鳳林) Cen no Hualien(花蓮縣) ko [[Cihafayan]] a niyaro’, 101 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 221 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 83% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 183 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 17% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 38 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)77%, Truku(太魯閣族)1%, Tayal(泰雅族)2%, Bunun(布農族)1%, roma(其他)1%. Ira ko picodadan(中興國小) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] j2fq05379w3ccoityngm1rtxj5v6fod 0 180 3916 3915 2021-10-28T12:03:56Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 26 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 3915 wikitext text/x-wiki Cihak（志學部落） Itiniay i [[Shoufeng]](壽豐) Cen no Hualien(花蓮縣) ko [[Cihak]] a niyaro’, 995 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 2,905 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 13% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 379 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 87% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 2,526 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)9%, Truku(太魯閣族)1%, Tayal(泰雅族)1%, Bunun(布農族)1%. Ira ko picodadan(志學國小、志學國小附幼) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(志學派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(志學郵局) i niyaro’. O niyaro' i Kalinko. O picodadan ko DonghwaTaise(東華大學) i Cihak. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 7upo85pwp42bufv0hoid5r3ph04zr7n 0 181 3939 3938 2021-10-28T12:03:59Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 22 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 3938 wikitext text/x-wiki Cihakay（吉哈蓋部落） Itiniay i [[Yuli]](玉里) Cen no Hualien(花蓮縣) ko [[Cihakay]] a niyaro’, 282 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 731 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 49% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 358 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 51% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 373 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)39%, Bunun(布農族)7%, Tayal(泰雅族)1%, roma(其他)2%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] mbotcuufppil0i1ky8dfgx0g69qkl1w 0 182 3960 3959 2021-10-28T12:04:01Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 20 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 3959 wikitext text/x-wiki Cihalaay（黑暗部落） Itiniay i [[Fuli]](富里) Cen no Hualien(花蓮縣) ko [[Cihalaay]] a niyaro’, 65 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 116 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 35% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 41 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 65% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 75 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)34%, roma(其他)2%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] ojjgp6qkzkmx020ki3nktqqcryxd5gk 0 183 3985 3984 2021-10-28T12:04:04Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 24 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 3984 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Cikadaan]]（南溪部落） I tiniay i [[Changbin]] (長濱) Siang no Taitung(台東縣) ko [[Cikadaan]] a niyaro’, 51 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 124 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 83% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 103 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 17% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 21 ko tamdaw. O pasinto no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko ’Amis(阿美族)65%,Bunun(布農族)10%,Tayal(泰雅族)1%,Paiwan(排灣族)2%,Truku(太魯閣族)2%, roma(其他)4%. ==Talihafan== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] 29h8ypl2cv7a0d5bg9joyl95j7v1dja 0 184 43054 4009 2024-04-25T11:42:20Z LiouShowShya 36 43054 wikitext text/x-wiki Cikasuwan（七腳川部落） itiya ho, mikowanay to Taywan ko Dipon, Itiniay i [[Ji’an]](吉安) Cen no Hualien(花蓮縣) ko [[Cikasuwan]] a niyaro’, 680 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 1,799 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 38% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 677 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 62% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 1,122 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)29%, Truku(太魯閣族)5%, Tayal(泰雅族)1%, Bunun(布農族)1%, roma(其他)1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 3hkmlkpdebku18lxahntmwaaykf17ip 0 185 38550 4012 2023-06-27T20:11:06Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38550 wikitext text/x-wiki == Cikawasay (巫師) == [[Faylo:A lady seeking knowledge of her lover from a wizard. Process Wellcome L0031547.jpg|thumb|Cikawasay]] o '''cicawasay''' ([[kuwaping a sowal]]: 巫師) hananay^ i,malecad to ising no aniniay ko tatodonng no piharateng no iti:ay’ayho a’[[amis]] a tamdaw.nawhani,o mamiadah to adadaay ko demak no cikawasay.saka ,ano ira ko adadaay a tamdaw^ i,tangsol saan a mitahidang to cikawasay a misalising a papiadah to adadaay a tamdaw. Nikawrira ,onini a cikawasay^ i,caay ka o nanilongocan nira ko sakacikawas nira. O kawas ko cu^cu sanay a mirawod saan i tamdaw a pa’araw. papitodongen nira ko tamdaw a papisakero’ to kero’ nira a misatakodtakod a romadiw.ano cima ko pakatodongay a tamdaw to kero ato radiw nira^ i,o raan a tamdaw ko kaolahan nira a pasifana’ to sapitahidang noya tamdaw i cingranan a masakero.itini i pisakro’an nangra a pasifana’ ko kawas toya tamdaw tono kawas a sowal.tona ira a misaraoraod sa kona kawas toya kaolahan nira a tamdaw saka,samatiya sato o malawidongay cangra a manganga’ay. Yo ira sato ko adadaay a tamdaw i paro no loma’ nira^i, tahidangen nira koya kawas a milongoc to sapiadahaw nira, saka tangsol saan a ira koya kawas a miraod i cingranan ta masakero cangra a romadiw. Ta todongen kako a misa’ir to adadaay han noya kawas.saka, todong han nira ko demak noya cikawasay^i,maadah koya adadaay.saka, salipahak sato koya tamdaw.haloya kawas a lipahak toya tamdaw.saka,itiya a mapatorod no kawas ko tamdaw to sapiadah to adadaay a'icel. Nanoya, cingra sato ko ’arawen no finawlan a papiadah to adadaay. Cingra ko sa’ayaway a cikawasay no pangcah.mahaen ko lalengatan no saki ira no cikawasay no’amis. Oya kawas^i,o’afang noya cikawasay. Saka,ano awaay ko’afang no cikawasay^i,awaay ko^poc no cikawasay a miadah to adadaay. Nikawrira.caay ka lecad ko demak no ‘afang. Saka, masasiroma' ko demak no cikawasay a miadah to adadaay. Ira ko pinapina a kasasiroma no demak no cikawasay a miadah to adadaay.malecad ato demak no ising konini, nawhani,adihay ko kasasiromaroma no adada.saka, mahaen to ko nika adihay no kasasiromaroma no demak no cikawasay. Ano ira ko adadaay no loma’^i,tayra i cikawasay a mi'araw.ta o cikawasay a tamdaw ko misifdihay.onini a pisifdih^i,o pikilim to tatapangan no adada ato samaanen ko demak ta maadah sanay. Ano mahapinang to ko pisifdih noya cikawasay^i,o cikawasay ko pahapinangay to nika sasamaanen ko demak saan. #Saka cecay^i,maralisanay.onini a maralisan hananay^i, o cifa^detay a adada. O ci^doyay a adada konini. Tatolo, sapat ko cikawasay a midemak to ci^doyay a adada. #Saka tosa^i, pasakawihan.mapolong koya cikawasay a misaliway ta midemak tonini. #Saka tolo^i,mipangagang. O adada no fa^lohay a mihofocan a wawa;o sapifalicaw aca pangangan toya adadaay a wawa. #Saka sepat^i,pakirikiri.onini^i,o saki mala^caay ko adada a tamdaw.mikapot koya adadaay i cikawasay i polong no demak nangra.sairen no cikawasay cingra. #Saka lima^i,mipalio'c.o tatodong no pipalio’c no cikawasay ko demak tonini misair a mipuhpuh to tati'ih no ciadadaay a tamdaw. #Saka ^nem^i,talakilang.o cecay no pipakalemed to picomod to fa^lohay a loma’ #Saka pito^i,pasa’orongan. #Saka falo^i,mifodo’.o mitapalay to mapatayay. #Saka siwa^i,pamalataw.adihay ko demak nonini a papimalataw hananay.o cecay^i,napakapatayay to tamdaw, ano citafaday a tamdaw ato namilooday a tamdaw^i,saerien no cikawasay cangra.o romasato,ano patireng to fa^lohay a kakomodan noniyaro’^I, pamalataw to sakafana’aw nira a paplo ato mafana’ a mikowan to niyaro’. #Saka mo^tep^I,o pa’aw’aw.onini a pa’aw’aw hananay^I,o todong no pitahidang to’adingo no mipalafangay a wawa ato talaomahay a wawa. #Saka safaw cecay^I,pahemay.onini a pipahemay hananay^I,o pina’ang to kinayra no omah. Tala’ayaw a mina’ang^I,ira ko demak no cikawasay.o tatodongto no pisair no cikawasay to taknawan a mipakalemed to sakacikakaenen no loma’. #Saka safaw tosa^I,pasma^ta’.onini^I,ano tatiih ko nisatiihay^I,papisair to cikawasay ta mapalasawad koya tatiihay a demak. #Saka safaw tolo^I,misaodo’.onini^I,pipasadak to faniw . #Saka safaw sepa’t^I,milangaw.ano masiday ko maan a kakalimelaan a lalosidan,ano matakaw ko ^ekim ato tada^kim^I,papikilim han ko cikawasay to masidayay a maamaan. Ta ma’araw noya cikawasay ko cima ko mitakaway,ta ira icowa konini a lalosidan saan. #Saka safaw lima^i.mifaliloh.onini^I,mifafah to tatiih no loma’.tinako sa^I,ci’iro koya loma’;mipadoka’ to cimacimaan^I,sahto o tatiihay a demak ko iraay noya loma’,ta tahidangen ko cikawasay a papifahfah to tatiih no loma’. #Saka safaw ^nem^I,niwatid. Ano ira ko mapatayay^I, mararom sa ko faloco’ no loma’.caay ka hinom ko faloco’ tona cimapatayay ko loma’. Ta tahidangen ko cikawasay a papifahfah tonini a rarom no paro no loma’. #Saka safaw pito^i,sakap.onini a sakap hananay^i,o halafinay a doka’ ato congras. Tahidangen ko cikawasay a papicepcep toya doka’ ano^ca’I o congras ta mapasadak noya cikawasay koya mitngeday I o^o’. #Saka safaw falo^I,pakawas.onini a pakawas hananay^I, halafinay a adada;malawaco ko tileng to nika adada. Ta papisairen to cikawasay.pakawas hananay konini a demak. #Saka safaw siwa^I,mifahfah.mapolong ko finawlan a masadak a midemak tonini a papifahfah to tatiihay a kawas hananay .onini^I,o carawcaraw,o tofotofo ato romaroma.saka,misoni a ma^min ko kalo loma’ a dodang ato takinkingan. Ta matalaw toya soni koya tatiihay a kawas. #Saka tosa a polo^I,mitapohay .onini^i,mifahfah to onih no pinaloma itini i omaomahan. Sairen no cikawasay ta mapalasawad ko mikari’angay to pinaloma no omah. #Saka tosa polo’ira ko cecay^I,pasaorongan.onini^i, awaayto ko angil tona halafin ko adada. O papatikoen cingra a paki^mel to tireng to sakatanektek no tireng. #Saka tosa polo’ira ko tosa^I,pasawa’eran.o nika^ca ka ‘imel i pihafayan saka,malifawa ko tiyad.saka, mipohpoh tonini a adada nira. O kawas no cikawasay,oya’afang nangra^i,ci afowakay, ci cingacingaw ato romaroma. O tatatoyen no cikawasay a misair to adadaay^i, o papah no ‘adiyam ato papah no lo’oh. O siwalaan ko piparoan to ^pah to sapitoripes nangrra. <ref>林坤一. (2011). Wikipedia 維基百科 族語詞條試寫─原住民族語詞條 2011作品集. 教育部.</ref> 7o606eh44ueyk6je1zcnkcob4jl2zz4 0 186 4036 4035 2021-10-28T12:04:12Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 23 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 4035 wikitext text/x-wiki Cikeliwan（歌柳灣部落） Itiniay i [[Ji’an]](吉安) Cen no Hualien(花蓮縣) ko [[Cikeliwan]] a niyaro’, 602 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 1,863 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 9% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 163 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 91% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 1,700 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)7%, Truku(太魯閣族)1%, Tayal(泰雅族)1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] a8xgjx2yg3qlor3e0xa8yboildc4l5u 0 187 4056 4055 2021-10-28T12:04:14Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 19 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 4055 wikitext text/x-wiki Cikep（幾可普部落） Itiniay i [[Hualien]](花蓮) Cen no Hualien(花蓮縣) ko [[Cikep]] a niyaro’, 1,426 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 3,400 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 18% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 599 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 82% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 2,801 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)12%, Tayal(泰雅族)1%, Bunun(布農族)1%, Truku(太魯閣族)2%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] iihcrd4bfws35632z1z3e87hv2t337e 0 188 4079 4078 2021-10-28T12:04:17Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 22 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 4078 wikitext text/x-wiki Cikowa’ay（富興部落） Itiniay i [[Chishang]](池上) Cen no Taitung(台東縣) ko [[Cikowa’ay]] a niyaro’, 163 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 433 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 34% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 147 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 66% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 286 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)32%, Bunun(布農族)1%, roma(其他)1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] scs6ka6o239lrxlkq9agpc3q3sxfxnd 0 189 4108 4107 2021-10-28T12:04:20Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 28 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 4107 wikitext text/x-wiki Ciku（磯固部落） Itiniay i [[Hualien]](花蓮) Cen no Hualien(花蓮縣) ko [[Ciku]] a niyaro’, 2,828 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 6,794 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 58% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 3,939 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 42% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 2,855 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)37%, Bunun(布農族)4%, Tayal(泰雅族)3%, Paiwan(排灣族)2%, Truku(太魯閣族)8%, Puyuma(卑南族)1%, Sakizaya(撒奇萊雅族)1%, roma(其他)1%. Ira ko imeng(花蓮分局美崙派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(標檢局花蓮分局、下美崙郵局) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] acqt8k0hhav6t43e57us5xokdo4rquo 0 190 4131 4130 2021-10-28T12:04:23Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 22 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 4130 wikitext text/x-wiki Cilafinan（基拉菲婻部落） Itiniay i [[Donghe]](東河) Cen no Taitung(台東縣) ko [[Cilafinan]] a niyaro’, 209 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 513 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 52% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 268 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 48% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 245 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)50%, Tayal(泰雅族)1%, roma(其他)1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] c44qth2qw5hrrpskkhila7aaqj36ddk 0 191 4157 4156 2021-10-28T12:04:26Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 25 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 4156 wikitext text/x-wiki Cilakesay（吉拉格賽部落） Itiniay i [[Yuli]](玉里) Cen no Hualien(花蓮縣) ko [[Cilakesay]] a niyaro’, 216 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 519 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 29% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 152 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 71% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 367 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)17%, Bunun(布農族)8%, Tayal(泰雅族)2%, Truku(太魯閣族)1%, roma(其他)1%. Ira ko imeng(花蓮縣警察局玉里分局、玉里派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(榮總玉里分院) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 6hhckr8wrpu5kcbtqdvfvbmnbu8hbk5 0 192 4180 4179 2021-10-28T12:04:29Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 22 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 4179 wikitext text/x-wiki Cilalongay（吉拉龍噯部落） Itiniay i [[Taimali]](太麻里) Cen no Taitung(台東縣) ko [[Cilalongay]] a niyaro’, 100 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 218 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 89% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 194 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 11% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 24 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Paiwan(排灣族)48%, Amis(阿美族)36%, Puyuma(卑南族)4%. Ira ko picodadan(賓茂國小) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(台東縣消防局金鋒分隊) i niyaro’. == O katadamaanan no niyaro’ == == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 1g8u10cfn3e56f9ikgqlfd7laqfv2qx 0 193 4202 4201 2021-10-28T12:04:32Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 21 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 4201 wikitext text/x-wiki Cilamitay（吉拉米代部落） Itiniay i [[Fuli]](富里) Cen no Hualien(花蓮縣) ko [[Cilamitay]] a niyaro’, 235 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 596 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 71% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 424 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 29% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 172 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)69%, Bunun(布農族)1%, Paiwan(排灣族)1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 40mdcbzij0cgk6ujwi2iabiqbyw6g4e 0 194 39563 39562 2023-09-19T09:17:28Z 2001:B400:E25A:C167:C09:77A8:567D:2107 39563 wikitext text/x-wiki == Cilangasan (奇拉阿山) == Cilangasan(奇拉阿山) hananay a lutuk, i pakawali no Taywan,mikecuray to Taypinyang, tatudung sasifu'an no Makutaay(港口部落) ato Fakung hananay a niyaro'.Tulu ko lalan sakatayra tona lutuk.Saka cecay,nai Cingusu'ay hananay a riyar,paka'etip ko rakat a malukacuk. Saka tusa, nai Haciliwan hananay a niyaro',pakatimul ko lukacuk.Saka tulu a lalan i, nai Kiwit a niyaro' pakawali saan ko rakat. == O tadama’annay a lutuk ko Cilangasan to misapancahay. 起源地 == O lalengawan no Pangcah ko Cilangasan. Pakayniay i sowal no mikinkiway no Ripun. Lalengawan no Pangcah hananay i, masowal aca ko Cilangasan. Ona lalengawan no Pangcah a sowal i, caay ka ’eden o pasa’etip a Pangcah a malingangan ko Cilangsan, pasa’amis ato pasatimul i, ira aca ko sowal to pakayniay lalengawan no Pangcah ko Cilangasan saan. Ya pasa’amis a Pangcah, Natawran, Cikasuan, Pokpok ato Lidaw a niyaro’ i, namafulawayto tayra i Cilangasan a ma’orip, ikur ta mafulaw haca tayra i cuwacuwa. Ira ko sowal no pakatimul a Pangcah, nai Arapanay ko tu’as no Pangcah saan, nika ira haca ko sowal, ya ciwidian a ngasaw no Arapanay mifulaw tayra i Fono’, ta mafulaw haca tayra i Cilangasan. Yu Tafalong a sowal i, nai Cilangasan ko lalengawan no to’as saan. No Tafalong a sowal: iti:yaho, nai timul ya Arapanay sananay a niyaro’ ko to’as no misapancahay. I yu macedasay a romi’ad, manaup no riyar ko kanatal a malenlen, ya laluma’an a lalima’ay a malakaka paitemek saan a milaliw. Ya ci Doci ato Lalakan a malikaka i, fudfud saan paka tifekan, maala no nakali no riyar. Yu makerahto ko nanum i, ma’araw nangra ko cecay lutuk, ta dupoh saan a miraor toya lutuk. Sa pangangan han nangra o Cilangasan kona lutuk. Matenes ito, mato’asto ko mihecaan nona malikakaay, awaay ko roma tamdaw, sa malalamud a malacafay cangra. O wawa nangra i, o to’as no misaPancahay. O tinaku no malacafay ko malakakaay i cedas konini. Nikaorira, iraay ko sowal no matiniay i, pasu’elin cangra to tadamaannay a lutuk ko Cilangsan, o lalengawan no tamtamdaw saan. O saikuran no Cepo' a niyaro ko Cilangasan. Yu mafana’ ci Mayaw Eping to kapatay ni Kafo’ok i kalaloodan to kapin, malihanaw cingra to ’orip no niyaro’. Pasowal han ningra ko polong finawlan no niyaro’, ma’emin a pasa’amis tayra i Cilangsan a mafulaw, ya kapah no niyaro’ i, lifaten a misimaw ko salikaka no mita, haan ni Mayaw Eping. Sa matenes i Cilangsan ko Cepo' tamdaw ma’orip, hatiyato i fangcal toko kapin i, mafulaw koya Cepo' ma’epud nai Cilangsan. Mafulaw ko Cepo' tayra i Cilangasan, mililis to riyar tayra i Cingusu’an hananay, ta itiya pakalutuk a macukacuk. Ona lalan macukacuk itiya i, o padadiyadiyacan, tada’eca a rakaten. Ira ko sowal no mato’asay, ano matakaw ko cekiw koya i Cilangasan a Cepo' i, pacena’ saan malukelun to dadaya tayra i riyar micekiw ato mifutin, ta 'ayaw to kasadak no cidal macukacuk minukay tayra i Cilangsan. Ira aca ko sowal no to’as no Cepo', awa to ko 'ada i hekal i, mafulaw ma’epud nai Cilangasan koya misaCepo'ay, masangasawngasaw ko rakat saan. Ira ko pasayraay i 'amis, ira ko pakatimulay ato paka’etipay, ya 'osaw tamdaw i, ma’anhanto ko cekiw no riyar ato pudaw no Tarawadaw saan ko hiraten, saka i Cepo' saan ko hicera tahanini. == O kimad no ’Amis i Cilangasan niyaro’. 傳說故事 == Iti:ya ho, o nano to’asan a mihecaan, ira itira ko ya o Pangcah kami sanay a ’Amis a finacadan. Rayrayen nangra ko no to’as a nikaomahan, lipahakay ko pi’adop ato pifoting, awaay ko kihar ma’orip to romi’ami’ad. Toya kaciherangan a mihecaan, itira toya Cilangasan a niyaro’ no Pangcah, ira ko 10 a mihecaan ci Doci hananay a pakarongay, i loma’ a misimaw to safa a fafahiyan ci Rarakanan. Mahaen cingra to romi’ami’ad a milolod to widawid, telien ningra i fasolan ato i tamina a mipawali. Mara’od to ko pipanayan, mahaenay ko demak ni Doci i loma’ a matayal. Orasaka talifahalan sa a matoem ko kakarayan, mafoteli’ ko kakarayan, masa nofaliyos ko fali, nai lotok a makereng ko ’orar, macakat ko nanom no riyar, masa no rangor a mina’op a pasayra i niyaro’, caay ka halafin i, marenren to ko niyaro’. Nanoya, o katalawan to, o tariktikay ci Doci i, sa kalamkam sa a miafofo to safa ci Rarakanan, pasayra miraor to tamina, mahadoy mihakelong to likid no kasid a nanom a pasipapotal, malikid a pasayra i riyar. Pinaay to a romi’ad ko nikapawpaw i macowaco’ay a riyar, talapielal a macengaw to pi’eceng noya cidal to tahapilecay a malikakaay, cadi’eci’ ko fanges to nipipatedi no cidal i tamina, ca’engaw sa cangra a minengneng to salimadac sanay a liyok no riyar. Podpoden ningra to mahadoyay no tamina ko mapawpaway a kafohongay ato katop ato ’icep ato pawli ato facidol i taliyok no tamina, malokakaenen nangra to nika cahiw. === Tahacarcaray ko tamina 獨木舟擱淺 === Toya dafak to i, o tangic ni Rarakan ko sakapalal ni Doci. Ca’engaw sa a minengneng ci Doci i, o taliyok nira caayto ko riyar. Tahacarcaray to i hekal koya tamina i lawac no riyar, o manengnengay no mata i, o langdaway ko lotolotok, adihay ko ’a’adopen a misacekocekod i palapalaan. “Way! Ta:damanga’ay.” sa a misacekocekod ci Doci a pakanengneng toni. Patelien ni Doci koya tamina i dihif no lotok, misatapang to ci Doci ato ci Rarakan a ma’orip. Mata’elif ko pinapina a mihecaan i, mato’as a masakapah to ci Doci, malawawaay ho ci Rarakan i, malalimecedan to. O natatosaay a malikakaay i, na caayho pakanengneng to romaroma a tamdaw, nikawrira ira to ko maro’ay itini saan cangra. Caay ho pakanengneng cangra to roma a tamdaw itini tona kanatal, nanoya masasowal cangra tatosa, pasi’amis ato pasitimol a malicinowas cangra a misolap. === pinapi:na a mihecaan 數年之後 === Ira ko cecay a romi’ad, tomireng ci Doci i takaraway a taporo a minengneng tonini a makapahay a niyaro’, i ra:ay toya lawac no riyar, manengneng ningra ko midangoyay a tamdaw. Salipahak sa ci Doci a comikay miraod a mihapinang, nengneng sa. Aya! O makapahay a fafahiya aca saan cingra, o malecaday ko nikasasowalan nganga’ay nangra. Nanoya lacafay sato cangra to romi’ami’ad a masasiolah, saka raramod sato cangra. I:kor sato, mafana’ to o malafaoay a malikakaay cangra, saka patiko cangra a tayra i kahadoyan a kacarcaran a hekal ato pitelian toya tamina, itira cangra a patiren to loma’, o Cilangasan han ko pipangangan toya lotok, o pihiratengan to miraayan a niyaro’, o lalengawan to no ’Amis kinian. Nanoya mihecaan, podpoden nangra ko mapawpaway a mahadoyay i tamina a kafohongay, o katop, o ’icep, o pawli, o facidol i taliyok no tamina, malokakaenen to nikacahiwan. Mata’elif ko pinapina a mihecaan i, mapatay to ci Doci to nikalitengan, do’edo han no laloma’an a lekakawa a mitadem, o fongoh pasitimolen a miteli. Mahaenay ko pitadem o todong no masa’Amisay a dotoc to to’as a pakacaw a marayray. O lawac no lomaloma’ no ’Amis mapaloma ko kafohongay, o katop, o ’icep, o pawli, o facidol i taliyok no loma’, onini o nai niyaro’ay ni Doci i Cilangasan a marayray koni. Mara’od to ko saka 7, 8 falad to mihecaan o kailisinan ato pisacepo’an no ’Amis, o todong to pita’ong to to’as no ’Amis a lisin koni. == Sakaira no tilid: 註腳 == 1. Necenpo patororan Taywan daykako tamdawan kingkiw “Taywan sanpaw kasafinacadan no to’as kimad ato nanokimad a nitilidan pikingkiw”, minkuko 83 miheca 4 folad 30 romi’ad. 2. Fanconpo miwikwikay, “Yincumin kimad no to’as-1”, Taypi, huayi mirina’ay, minkuko 85 miheca 8 folad. 3. Lintawsen “Taywan yincuminco no pakimad a nikomodan”, Hualien punka ciwsing, minkuko 85 miheca 6 folad. <ref>林志明. (2011). Wikipedia 維基百科 族語詞條試寫─原住民族語詞條 2011作品集. 教育部.</ref> js88zmeeb9edv2drb2fjs2i7e2cmzv4 0 195 32066 32064 2022-07-28T12:27:28Z Minmin2016 55 #ALCD 32066 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Cilapuk（嘉新部落）== Itiniay i [[Xincheng]](新城) Cen no [[Hualien]](花蓮縣) ko [[Cilapuk]] a [[Niyaro'|niyaro’]], 627 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 1,524 ko sa’osi no tamdaw.<ref>https://culture.hccc.gov.tw/zh-tw/archives/detail/space-2348</ref> ==kasafinacadan== {| class="wikitable" |+ !kasafinacadan !% |- |Amis |27% |- |Bunun |1% |- |Truku |9% |- |Kebalan |1% |- |Paiwan |1% |- |roma |1% |} ==sa'osi^== 43% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 649 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 57% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 875 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)27%, [[Bunun]](布農族)1%, Tayal(泰雅族)2%, Truku(太魯閣族)9%, Kebalan(噶瑪蘭族)1%, Paiwan(排灣族)1%, roma(其他)1%. ==nanipicodadan== Ira ko picodadan(海星高中) i [[Niyaro'|niyaro’]]. Caay kalecad ko serangawan no kako [[Niyaro'|niyaro’]]. [[Faylo:Xincheng HL.svg|縮圖|180x180像素]] == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 379dq2ynf3qnp08c5ihprvbqb0sy00j 0 196 4257 4256 2021-10-28T12:04:39Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 24 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 4256 wikitext text/x-wiki Ciliksay（麒麟部落） Itiniay i [[Chenggong]](成功) Cen no Taitung(台東縣) ko [[Ciliksay]] a niyaro’, 155 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 372 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 73% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 270 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 27% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 102 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)69%, Paiwan(排灣族)1%, roma(其他)3%. Ira ko picodadan(成功幼稚園、成功圖書館) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(成功地方事務所) i niyaro’. == O katadamaanan no niyaro’ == == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] izdqvsl4ozpj395i4cpgdo59p9v0t1w 0 197 4280 4279 2021-10-28T12:04:42Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 22 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 4279 wikitext text/x-wiki Cilo'ohay（森榮部落） Itiniay i [[Fenglin]](鳯林) Cen no Hualien(花蓮縣) ko [[Cilo'ohay]] a niyaro’, 43 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 102 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 42% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 43 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 58% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 59 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)36%, Paiwan(排灣族)1%, Truku(太魯閣族)2%, roma(其他)3%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] h2to2frwqo9adnrztbzbhmvobo4ctvc 0 198 4290 4289 2021-10-28T12:04:44Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 9 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 4289 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Cinamalay a paliding]] oc3c3bc2p3p6r7sdlpxg4gptuv4bctr 0 199 4301 4300 2021-10-28T12:04:47Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 10 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 4300 wikitext text/x-wiki == Cinamalay a paliding (火車) == [[Faylo:TRA TED2003 20130525.jpg|thumb|Cinamalay]] I 'ayaw no tosaso'ot a miheca'an,malaheciay to ni Setiwonseng(史蒂文生) hananay a tamdawmisanga ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%90%B5%E8%B7%AF%E5%88%97%E8%BB%8A '''cinamalay a paliding(火車)'''], pakayn i faedet no nanom a masadak ko dahor ko sakaci'icel a dademak ko kikay,ta cumikay ko cinamalay a paliding(火車),nikaolila,miromromay to namal,satano'acefelsanay ko paliding. o niyaro' ni [[Setiwonseng]] (史蒂文生) i inko (英國)hananay a kitakit. Tangasa a nini,adihay ko citangalay a tamdaw,liyawliyawhan a misanga',macakat to kofacu ato 'icel no cikay no cinamalay a paliding(火車).caayto ka ciacefel ko sakaciicel no sakacumikay no cinamalay a paliding.ono tingki to a'icel ko sakadademak no kikay no cinamalay a paliding a cumikay. <br /> Yoira to ko cinamalay a paliding i.pakayni a makelid ko polong no kitakit a mihawang to nanolaka:tsanay a 'orip, a masafaeloh ko, sakalomakat no tamdaw,mikalicto to paliding ko amilaod to kahicelaan a pala ato niya ro',hatila'ay ko nikacaloway no 'orip,tahanini. <br /> Iti：yaho awa ko paliding i,laka：tsa ko tamdaw a taylaiomah a mawmah ato taylailoma a niyaro'a palafang. anoira ko cacuro'en a dafong i 'olonghananay,latek i pa'olongen ko kolong lomasato,papikidkid ko kolong.caaykadepoc a milaod to omah a mawmah ato palafang i malaayay a niyaro'. <br /> Hatinihantoi,ira to ko[cinamalay a paliding],capahoda a tangasa i katahiraan,ano nanikalingko a mikalic to [cinamalay a paliding]i,tosa ko tatokian i tahirato i taypak,hatomangata'ayto, nikaolila,anolakaten i latekmasafolad ko romi'ad. Toloay ko kakiloma no cikay no[cinamalay a paliding],o sahacikay i o cecinghaw hananay,ano macaloh ko lakat i onini ko kakalicen.isafaay a cikay i o cikanghaw hananay,o macedengay a cikay i o cicince hananay. <br /> O [cinamalay a paliding] i,o miculo'ay to tamdaw ato dafng,adihay ko kasahako a makakitikiting,lateksepat、enen、moetep、safawtosa ko kaadihay no kasakitikiting no hako no[cinamalay a paliding].ano ira：'ay a mikecul to karomakat no [cinamalay a paliding]i,mareko o cumikay a masalaylayyay a roma', mangalef a masadak nanikemod no lotok ko cinamalay a paliding,mareko o lalikah.kahemeka a nengnengen. <ref>陳富美. (2011). Wikipedia 維基百科 族語詞條試寫─原住民族語詞條 2011作品集. 教育部.</ref> t3i9lcc9utt4prah4z9cc2ozhtqpfq7 0 200 35304 4328 2023-03-30T03:42:59Z Kai3952 413 35304 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:2013 JinPing Village,Jianshi Township i.jpg|thumb|200px|Cinbulan]] Cinbulan（那羅二, 三部落） Itiniay i [[Jianshi]](尖石) Cen no Hsinchu(新竹縣) ko [[Cinbulan]] a niyaro’, 109 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 324 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 91% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 295 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 9% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 29 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)85%, Amis(阿美族)2%, Saysiyat(賽夏族)1%, roma(其他)3%. Ira ko picodadan(那羅國民小學) i niyaro’. Ira ko Kiwkay(台灣基督長老教會那羅教會、那羅天主堂) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] k1xauveg2rmnmsixdxqjedoa8o8cvwg 0 201 4357 4356 2021-10-28T12:04:54Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 28 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 4356 wikitext text/x-wiki Cinemnemay(溪州部落) Itiniay i Taipei. Cinemnemay（吉能能麥部落） Itiniay i Yuli(玉里) Cen no Hualien(花蓮縣) ko [[Cinemnemay]] a niyaro’, 845 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 2,421 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 21% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 506 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 79% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 1,915 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)13%, Bunun(布農族)6%, Truku(太魯閣族)1%, roma(其他)1%. Ira ko picodadan(玉里國小) i niyaro’. == U miciekay kalimelaan i niyaro’（部落特色） == Tuna kitiraan i kemud nu Sin-tin-ci Si-co alalan, saka tudung hananay tura Si-co a pangngan. == U finacadan nu niyaro’（部落所屬族群） == ’Amis / Pangcah == Sakasuwal a caciyaw（使用語言） == Saun’Amisay atu sanuPalangay ku caciyaw == U pituulan（宗教信仰） == U Kiliseto atu Tinsikiw == U laluwadan nu niyaro’（部落由來） == Tu ikul nu 1960 a mihecean, ’aluman ku malinahay a Yen-cu-min taira i tukay mikilim tu saka’lihaday nu ’olip, i Taypak a tukay adihay ku katayalan, saka sa’aluman ku mafulaway nu ’Amis a taini, nikaurira nu ’Amis tu pinangan a saka’olip cuwa ka hecad tu nu Paylang, mangalef ho ku picaliwan tu luma’  a payci, tangasa tu i 1970 a mihecaan ira ku nai Tukar a niyaro’ tu Posko nu Kaliko a finawlan, pakatama’ cangra tu cecay matuniyaro’ay a pala i sawail nu Sin-tin-si, nika masaniyaro’ satu ku alo’ nangra i tira, ikul tu nu 1980 a mihecaan tungatungal satu ku tamdaw a mafulaw taira tuna niyaro’. U nanumalitengan ho ku likakawa a likes nu niyaro’, i 2004 a mihecaan patileng tu (Usay. Sawmah) i-su-tuan, pacafay a paluwad tu selanawan nu ’Amis a demak i niyaro’, i 2010 patileng tu新店區原住民族永續發展協會」a paluwad「新北市新店溪洲阿美族生活文化園區」patunek, itini i 2014 a mihecaan misatapan a matayal. I niyaro’an ira ku cecay kasaupuan, u sapikaykian a pakaini tu nu finawlay a demak, lumasatu piilisin atu samaamaanay a selangawan a tayal tu pidademakan. == O kasadakan no lihaf（參考資料） == 曾幼龍（2011），「漂．留」在都市邊緣 : 河岸聚落原住民社會福利輸送體系之研究。國立臺灣大學建築與城鄉研究所未出版碩士論文。臺北市。 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] ei7wzf7pbjfu3o45njyoeccjsje62zn 0 202 38197 32392 2023-06-13T12:32:57Z Masaonikar 570 38197 wikitext text/x-wiki Cingaroan（鳳信部落） == Likisi no Cingaloan niyaro’ 鳯信部落史 == O kimad ni Afo Amid—Tomok no Cingaloan[U1] niyaro’. I nika malamama(Tomok) no Cingaroan a niyaro’ kako, itiya a pakafana’ ko mato’asay i takowanan to rayray no niyaro’, saka painiay kako i matini. === '''O satapangan no Cingaroan a niyaro’ 鳯信部落的由來''' === O sowal no mato’asay no niyaro’ to pakaniay o satapangan no Cingaroan a niyaro’. Iti:ya, awaayho ko maro’ay itini, o lakelakelalan ato talotalodan ato kilakilangan ho, o pi’adopan no mi’adopay a tamdaw konian. I saetipan, laeno no lotok, o Fotingan, masemotay a kilakilan ato talotalod, ira ko Cikasoan a tamdaw, ci Ngaro ko ngangan ningra, pangangan ko mato’asay o Cingaroan han a pangangan, o nai ci mama Ngaroan ko tatapangan a mipangangan. O mi’adopay cingra, patirengen ningra ko taloan Fotingan, pi’adopan ningra i dadahal, Fotingan tangasa i nowalian sahto o ningra a ma’emin, mi’adop cingra to ngafol. Ci mama Ngaro caay pisasihinihining to tamdaw, caay papiraor to mi`adopay a tamdaw, patlien ningra ko trik a tilo i iyok saka caaw kanga’ay no tamdaw a mingata. Orasaka, caay kasasihining to tamdaw saka, o kapatay ningra, awaay ko mafana’ay, o nipipakaneng to patay ningra, itira i taloan ningra ko patay, halafin to, ma’icang to ko tireng ningra. Orasaka, o ngangan no niyaro’, o ci mama Ngaroan ko litapangan no Cingaroan. I koray to tamdaw no niyaro’, nao Cingaroan kira sowal, mananam to Cingaloan sato sowal. === '''O kacacefisan to pi’adopan 狩獵區的征戰''' === Sowal sa ko mato’asay, i ’a:yaway, ira ko tatosaay a kapah no Fataan, o cifakeday a mititickay, caay ka komaen to hemay cangra, o mafkacay, pakaca^ekoday to takaraway a loma’ ato smosmotan. Tona mafana’ cangra o nga’ayay a pi’adopan konian saan, nikawrira iraayto ko Cikasoan a tamdaw itini mi’adop. Nao mafkacay cangra saka, sapi’afasan to pi’adopan no Cikasoan. Itiya, pasowalen nangra ko itiraay i Fotingan a Cikasoan, “Pina’on kamo, o aira ko Fata’an a tamdaw a mifolaw i tamowanan, pinaon kamo.” han nangra. Itiya, ona tatosaay i, misaromi’ami’adto ato misato’emananto a mifalod a mitisil to tingting no talod, matiya o opih no kapah a mipatireng to tawataw a mitisil i smosmotan. Maratar toya dafak, mitatoy cangra to kowang, “tla’, tla’”saan to cangra a mikowang, todoh han nangra koya ma’icangay a talod a patalaw. Oya itiraay i Fotingan a Cikasoan i, packok cangra, pakatngil ato pakanengneng toya dmak, “Aya! o irato a mifolaw i titaanan ko Fataan a tamdaw,” saan cangra, matalawto, “O mamapatay kita,” saan. Nanoya alalalilaliw sato ko Cikasoan. Orasaka, micli’ koya tatosa’ay a kapah, “Iki:,” saan cangra, maalato nangra ko pi’adopan. === '''O satapangan no Cingaroan a tamdaw Cingaroan人的新頁''' === Iti:yaho, o talotalodan ato kilakilanganho ko Cingaroan a pala, pi’adopan no Fataan a tamdaw to ngafol, o mi`adopay milakec to ’alo’alo tangasa i notimolan no Ma’erir a ’alo. O itiya:ay o kafokilan a mihcaan, o mato’asay no Fataan, mikilim to pi’adopan ato kaliomahan, madado^edo ko tamdaw a tayni patireng to talo’an, o nian ko saka ci tamdaw no Cingaroan. == O sowal no mato’asay 口耳相傳 == O sowal no mato’asay, i sa’ayaw, lalimaay ko mi’adopay a Fataan, tayni cangra, malifoten a misatikotiko minokay, oroma i, o nikatalaw to ka’afasan no tao, saka, patireng to taloan. I:kor i, mafolaw ko laloma’an a tayni, mingata to pi’adop, pifotingan, mimatang to pala paloma to hafay. Sa’ayaway, i sawalian ato noetipan no Cengawan（paterepan no cinamalay no Malio anini）ato patelian to paliding. Hala:finto, dadoedoedo sa ko Fataan a mafolaw tayni, itiyai i, maliwasakho ko ’aro a mingata to saowac to cinanomay ato pifotingan ato pipalomaan to hafay. Itiya, mafolaw a tayni ko tamdaw, ira ko pisamsam no Taloko ato Iwatan a finacadan a milili’el/militangal a mari’ang ato misamsam to fafahiyan. Mi`adop ko fataan, mipatireng cangra to kasa’sa’an to taloan i Congawan, ira ko tolo ato spat romi’ad ta minokay, orasaka, maala ko pinapina a mihcaan, sa’aloman sa ko mafolaway a taynian, itini i Congawan ko kahiceraan. Itiya, ’alomanto ko tamdaw, awaayto ko paloma’an, saka maliwasak ko tamdaw mikilim to sra to paloma’an ato kaliomahan. Itiya masaniyaro’to ko Cingaroan. O sakasaan, Cingaroan han ko pipangangan to niyaro’, o todong to ngodo ci mama Ngaroan konian, saka Cingaroan han ko ngangan no niyaro’. Itiniay i [[Fenglin]](鳯林) Cen no Hualien(花蓮縣) ko [[Cingaroan]] a niyaro’, 338 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 884 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 61% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 537 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 39% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 347 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)54%, Truku(太魯閣族)1%, Saysiyat(賽夏族)1%, roma(其他)4%. Ira ko picodadan(鳳信國小、吉娜魯岸部落圖書資訊站) i niyaro’. Ira ko romi'ad a malalicay to mato'asay, i 2018 falo folad saka tolo a romi'ad, No i 'ayaway ho a kimad, O Tomok no Cingaroan ci Afo Amid ko mikimaday, ci Masao Nikar ko mikawicay. == mihomongay == Sakaira no tilid: 1.“Likisi no Cingaloan niyaro’”, o pipakimad ni Afo Amid, tomok ni niyaro’, milicayay: ci Rengos Fosay, romi’ad: 2018/8/3herekno lahok 2:30, i loma’ ni Afo Amid. Milosimetay/mitiliday: ci Masao Nikar. I 2022/9/6 == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] c496wmamctr6ranrjf1pir9p4anip4s 0 203 4406 4405 2021-10-28T12:05:00Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 22 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 4405 wikitext text/x-wiki Cinsbu（鎮西堡部落） Itiniay i [[Jianshi]](尖石) Cen no Hsinchu(新竹縣) ko [[Cinsbu]] a niyaro’, 52 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 206 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 97% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 199 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 3% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 7 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)89%, Amis(阿美族)2%, roma(其他)4%. Ira ko picodadan(新光國民小學) i niyaro’. Ira ko Kiwkay(台灣基督長老教會鎮西堡教會、新光天主堂) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] g2dv3wcuhpwuhwnfb7fpfab1mdmm2rz 0 204 4429 4428 2021-10-28T12:05:03Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 22 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 4428 wikitext text/x-wiki Cipawkan（德安部落） Itiniay i [[Hualien]](花蓮) Cen no Hualien(花蓮) ko [[Cipawkan]] a niyaro’, 2,448 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 6,662 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 16% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 1,051 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 84% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 5,611 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)13%, Truku(太魯閣族)2%, roma(其他)0.5%. Ira ko picodadan(中原國小、中原國小附幼) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(花蓮縣農會、農糧署東區分署) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 9xdz5pewz4pzuupmftptt53n3k0o49l 0 205 4451 4450 2021-10-28T12:05:05Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 21 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 4450 wikitext text/x-wiki Cipurungan（隆興部落） Itiniay i [[Guanshan]](關山) Cen no Taitung(台東縣) ko [[Cipurungan]] a niyaro’, 149 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 430 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 37% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 157 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 63% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 273 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)32%, Bunun(布農族)3%, roma(其他)1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 6cssjjwt6jtfx9zu6cdygefrxkw22lk 0 206 4473 4472 2021-10-28T12:05:08Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 21 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 4472 wikitext text/x-wiki Cipuwa（慶豐部落） Itiniay i [[Chishang]](池上) Cen no Taitung(台東縣) ko [[Cipuwa]] a niyaro’, 279 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 759 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 16% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 122 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 84% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 637 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)14%, Bunun(布農族)1%. Ira ko picodadan(大坡國小) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] s0dbbdr6t5bmcg1p46fy92uaqdxpk7y 0 207 4496 4495 2021-10-28T12:05:11Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 22 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 4495 wikitext text/x-wiki Cipuypuyan（米棧部落） Itiniay i [[Shoufeng]](壽豐) Cen no Hualien(花蓮縣) ko [[Cipuypuyan]] a niyaro’, 128 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 279 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 50% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 140 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 50% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 139 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)48%, roma(其他)2%. Ira ko paisingan(米棧村衛生室) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 7gb5vqf4sic94ppdrx6mubj2b3mxa63 0 208 4520 4519 2021-10-28T12:05:14Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 23 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 4519 wikitext text/x-wiki Cirakayan（山興部落） Itiniay i [[Fenglin]](鳳林) Cen no Hualien(花蓮縣) ko [[Cirakayan]] a niyaro’, 119 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 217 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 66% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 144 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 34% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 73 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)58%, roma(其他)8%. Ira ko imeng(山興派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(山興里衛生室) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] bd3y31xmv5zidljo96ljdqnsqw57ggp 0 209 4544 4543 2021-10-28T12:05:17Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 23 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 4543 wikitext text/x-wiki Cirakesay（基拉歌賽） Itiniay i [[Fuli]](富里) Cen no Hualien(花蓮縣) ko [[Cirakesay]] a niyaro’, 58 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 124 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 82% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 102 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 18% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 22 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)77%, Tayal(泰雅族)1%, Bunun(布農族)3%, Seediq(賽德克族)1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 3hld36dqgebchamkk6ziq6itm81kjiw 0 210 4568 4567 2021-10-28T12:05:20Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 23 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 4567 wikitext text/x-wiki Cirarokohay（芝田部落） Itiniay i [[Chenggong]](成功) Cen no Taitung(台東縣) ko [[Cirarokohay]] a niyaro’, 213 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 575 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 71% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 408 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 29% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 167 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)68%, Rukai(魯凱族)1%, roma(其他)2%. Ira ko picodadan(芝田部落圖書資訊站) i niyaro’. == O katadamaanan no niyaro’ == == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] n1lc3drweci1y6ridyqphoq5qx6mivg 0 211 4587 4586 2021-10-28T12:05:22Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 18 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 4586 wikitext text/x-wiki Ciripunan（慶豐部落） Itiniay i [[Ji’an]](吉安) Cen no Hualien(花蓮縣) ko [[Ciripunan]]a niyaro’, 2,924 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 7,823 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 13% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 1,023 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 87% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 6,800 ko tamdaw. Ira ko kofa(吉安郵局) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] o4pcpg979rnmqekilkvcjk4jn2g9vlz 0 212 4613 4612 2021-10-28T12:05:25Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 25 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 4612 wikitext text/x-wiki Cirocan（鶺櫓棧部落） Itiniay i [[Ruisui]](瑞穗) Cen no Hualien(花蓮縣) ko [[Cirocan]] a niyaro’, 282 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 699 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 44% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 308 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 56% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 391 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)47%, Bunun(布農族)1%, Truku(太魯閣族)1%, roma(其他)1%. Ira ko picodadan(富源國小、富原國小附幼) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(富源派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(花蓮縣消防隊第二第三大隊富源分隊、富源郵局) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] sdt65rtzjpwci0pe4zni7qwlcf9yvgs 0 213 4634 4633 2021-10-28T12:05:28Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 20 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 4633 wikitext text/x-wiki Citekudan（小台東部落） Itiniay i [[Ji’an]](吉安) Cen no Hualien(花蓮縣) ko [[Citekudan]] a niyaro’, 104 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 303 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 35% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 107 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 65% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 196 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)32%, Truku(太魯閣族)2%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] in1v0pc3qb1ibwd91e97h7g8bxahnri 0 214 4654 4653 2021-10-28T12:05:30Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 19 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 4653 wikitext text/x-wiki Ciupus（鹿山部落） Itiniay i [[Nanzhuang]](南庄) Cen no [[Miaoli]](苗栗縣) ko [[Ciupus]] a niyaro’, 15 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 35 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 100% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 35 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 0% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, ko tamdaw. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 565afamfywc6i9ppd1neiru9nfkyxym 0 215 4675 4674 2021-10-28T12:05:33Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 20 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 4674 wikitext text/x-wiki Ciusinlun（寶山部落） Itiniay i [[Taoyuan]](桃源) Cen no Kaohsiung(高雄) ko [[Ciusinlun]] a niyaro’, 55 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 137 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 97% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 133 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 3% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 4 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Bunun(布農族)96%, Cou(鄒族)1%, Paiwan(排灣族)1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 2n390ikismq1f2b9wvlhl6zla0ae322 0 216 4700 4699 2021-10-28T12:05:36Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 24 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 4699 wikitext text/x-wiki Ciwcia（豐泉部落） Itiniay i [[Guanshan]](關山) Cen no Taitung(台東縣) ko [[Ciwcia]] a niyaro’, 159 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 443 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 29% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 130 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 71% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 313 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)14%, Tayal(泰雅族)2%, Paiwan(排灣族)1%, Bunun(布農族)9%, Truku(太魯閣族)1%, roma(其他)2%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] ltnolwzoijivepprf1f86xpgq9zlnzj 0 217 4713 4712 2021-10-28T12:05:38Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 12 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 4712 wikitext text/x-wiki Ciwidian (水璉村，基偉地岸) Naluwan ni Tiway Sayin ko [[Ciwidian]]. [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] rnaq52t9nlk2yrnwby4kq1hdygu08x7 0 218 4736 4735 2021-10-28T12:05:41Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 22 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 4735 wikitext text/x-wiki Ciwidiyan（水璉部落） Itiniay i [[Shoufeng]](壽豐) Cen no Hualien(花蓮縣) ko [[Ciwidiyan]] a niyaro’, 379 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 864 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 61% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 526 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 39% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 338 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)53%, Truku(太魯閣族)2%, Sakidaya(撒奇拉雅族)3%, roma(其他)2%. Ira ko picodadan(水璉國小) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(水璉派出所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] itqfk9zuwb9ypkva4r50tmqo1dbzfbs 0 219 4805 4804 2021-10-28T12:05:48Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 68 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 4804 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ciwkangan a Niyaro'（長光部落） == Itiyaho o Ciwkang(石坑, o ofong no fakeloh )hananay no payrang a pangangan ko Ciwkangan, tatiih a tengiren kora ngiha' sa falic hanto to 長光。o niyaro' no i Posongay a kakacawan ko Ciwkangan. Itiniay i [[Changbin|Changbin-siyang]](長濱鄉) no Taitung-syen(台東縣) ko Ciwkangan a niyaro’, 239 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 628 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 93% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 581 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 7% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 47 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)90%, Puyuma(卑南族)1%, roma(其他)2%. == pangangan 長光名稱由來 == O ciwkangan hananay a niyaro’, tada makapahay a pala, misi’ayaway to riyar, sa’ikoran no niyaro’ ira ko takaraway a lotok o hayan sanmay pangangan han no niyaro’ o cing-kang-san(金剛山) han no Payrang a pangangan. nai lotok pasiwali han minengneng samoecel pafesot sa tahira i riyar, pangangan han cing-kang-tataw (金剛大道) sa,o fangcalay pisalama’an pasasingan no mipalafangay a tamdamdaw. Oroma a sowal i, 1878 miheca ira ko lalood no 'Amis ato micowatay a tayni a Cinping, itiniay i dadaf no Cepao'(o pitilidan no ka'emangay anini)a mipatireng to polol no sofitay, naka iraan no Cinpin a tayni ma'odang to fafahiyan no niyaro' , palakolien ko fainayan no niyaro' , itiya sato i kailisinan papicolo'en ho ko kapah no niyaro tayra i Folalacay mi'orong to felac ato maamaan no sofitay. misododay ho ko faloco' no 'Amis to sarakarakat ho, ikor to o tada mipadesay to 'Amis a finacadan ko matiniay a demak sato ko pisaharateraten no finawlan toker sato a malalood, ora sa Kaping mili'ayaw a mikowang to 'Amis i ka'amis no rokot i cepo', sa o kakakowangan han to a pangangan kona dihif, ikor to i, pito a romi'ad ko pisalifong no Cinping nani riyar sa mahadefek ko niyaro' no La'eno, tada citaneng ko kakita'an ci Mayaw Apin a pali'ayaw to finawlan milimek tayra i Cilangasan sa maosaw ko tamdaw no 'Amis. Ikor to no lalood maforaw ko 'Amis a tamdaw tayra Ciwkangan i la'eno no lotok i takoliyaw a pala patireng to Takoliyaw Niyaro', ona dafdaf i o pakaenan to kolong, adihay ko okang a kolong itiya ho to sakamaomah sa o ciokangay han a pangangan kona pala, mitengil sa ko payrang tora ngiha' o Ciokang(石坑)saan, ta pangangan hato 石坑, to ikor to i, falicen to aniniay a ngangan. == tamadaw 人口 == Nika marikec ko polong no niyaro’ a tamdamdaw, mara’od to ko ka ilisinan, o misiyakayay o mitiliday o niyaro’ay a polong salikaka, maemin malacecay mikapot to ilising no niyaro, kalipahakan fangcalay a niyaro’ ko ciwkangan. == pitooran 信仰 == O polong no ciwkangan a tamdaw. Ma’emin mitooray to no Tapang a Wama. Sa i niyaro’ no ciwkangan mapatireng ko tosa takaraw tata’akay a kiwkay. Pakawali no niyaro, o no tingsokiw a kiwkay, paka'etip i o no kilisetokiw, paytemek to pitooran. Nika marikec ko polong no niyaro’ a tamdamdaw ano mara’od to ko ka ilisinan, o misiyakayay o mitiliday o niyaro’ay a polong salikaka, maemin malacecay mikapot to ilising no niyaro, kalipahakan fangcalay a niyaro’ ko Ciwkangan.   == kahapinangan 特色 == === cing kang san 金剛山 === Ona 金剛山hananay i ka’etip no niyaro’ omaomahan  no Ciwkang, itiya ho 石坑山 sa ko tada ngangan nona lotok, makari’ang no faliyos o cedas no orad o kalengaw no semosemotan ato kilang, mafalicamafalic to ko pising no lotok, Nengneng han i raay mato oya maro’ay misasimaway to niyaro’ ato riyar no ciwkangan a tata’akay a lotong. sa pangangan han to cing-kang-san. To’ol sato ira to ko cing-kang-tataw hananay, o pisalamaan pikoliciwan no tamdamdaw, siayaw sa mitapal to riyar siikor han ira ko tanetekay takaraway a cing kang san,itini 2016 a mihecan, 雙浪國賽o no kitakit malasong a comikayay, tahini to i Cing-kang-tataw ko kacomikay, o polong no salikaka tayni i Cing-kang-tataw minengneng mipa’icel, saka matenak to ko ngangan no Cing-kang-tataw o fangcalay a malapisalamaan sato. === takenip no fakeloh石棺 === Roma i tini i siyako no Ciwkang, iraay ko nanoto’as ho a takenip, makarkar nai sota, saheto o no dihif ato masasapaday a fekeloh ko takenip, ira ko no koreng sapitadem a takenip ato '''kasahirahira''' no sapisalisin a rosid. Saka ci sowal kohakasi mikikiw, to’ol han mikikiw tona masidayay materekay a rosid no to’as, anca o tadamaanay a pala o pisalisinan aca ko na paloma’an no Cikangan saan a misaharateng. == O radiw no Ciwkangan 長光之歌 == ,Niyaro’no ciwkangan o makapahay, 長光是美好的部落 Niyaro’no ciwkangan o makapahay, 長光是美好的部落 Sepatay a rowis kasaserep noninia niyaro,這個部落分成四排 O saka cecay o sawali, 第一排是東邊 O saka tosa o pa’enoan, 第二排是中央 Saka tolo o pangcah, 第三排是山坡地 Saka sepat o noe^tipan, 第四排是西邊 Marocekay ko ngangan no rowis, 部落的排列名稱很齊全 Isifo’ no niyaro’ ira ko matelengay a lalan, Niyaro’no ciwkangan o mawmahay, Niyaro’no ciwkangan o mawmahay, O tayal no niyam mikangkang i facafacalan, O roma talalotok a miadongc, Tala’alo a mikalang, Minokay to hakakerem, Enem sa ko toki, Maherek a malafi misafaloco’to sapi tafokod, Maherek a malafi misafaloco’to sapi cekiw..         == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] c32p6q3aihzdvcnou5fjcogdbfemego 0 220 4830 4829 2021-10-28T12:05:51Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 24 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 4829 wikitext text/x-wiki Ciyakang（支亞干部落） Itiniay i [[Wanrong]](萬榮) Cen no Hualien(花蓮縣) ko [[Ciyakang]] a niyaro’, 451 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 1,350 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 97% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 1,307 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 3% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 43 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Truku(太魯閣族)88%, Amis(阿美族)2%, Tayal(泰雅族)2%, roma(其他)4%. Ira ko picodadan(西林國小) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(鳳林分局西林派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(西林衛生室) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] ekgf7hgpbvt75x1ib3g6z6waru2a9tr 0 221 32171 4862 2022-08-16T07:57:44Z CKtime 929 #ALCD 32171 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:中華民國教育部鑄字招牌 20150803.jpg|縮圖|ciyaw i pu]] Ciyaw-i-pu （教育部） U mikuwanay atu misiremuday tu sapasubana’, matiya u milaylayay tu tireng atu sapatatudung tu kapay a tarakaway a seyhu, atu mikantukay tu i niyaniyaru’anay a pasubana’ a sitatudungay a seyhu nu mita. Siremud han a patatudung, u milesimetay, u misiremuday tu sapasubana’ atu papasubanaan a tarakaway a seyhu nu mita. == Pi’arawan to lakaw == [http://www.edu.tw/ 教育部全球資訊網] [[Kasasiwasiw:U suwal nu i amisay a Pangcah]] f7tieikjpstvab3z5ez1nhdds5uorqw 0 222 4928 4927 2021-10-28T12:05:57Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 65 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 4927 wikitext text/x-wiki CiyawAnang Icep （檳榔） Malecaday ku icep atu abing, u nu balidas amin ku pusadad a nipangangan. U canga atu nikasararaya i, makala tu tusaay a pulu ku raraya nu caang. I “Ma-lay” hanay a kitakit pangangan han “pinang” sa. I Pangcah a niyaru’ ira “icep” u tapang tu sapakaen tu tu’as, tu lisin, tu sapawsa tu masamaanay a demak nu caay kaw kapawani nu Pangcah a sapatatudung. Ira ku sapalemed tu ma’uripay atu sapibuwahaw tu wawawawa sanay a lemed nu tamdaw. U icep dengay a kemkemen, anu i kasienawan diheku ku tireng anu mikemkem tu icep, anu parakat tu karireng caay ka tukatuk ku parakatay, ruma satu ira baru nu dipas i, dengay sasinabelen misasa’ tu caledes, miserep aca tu tarakaw nu remes, u teluc u dungec nu icep i, malasinabel tu nu Pangcah, tangasa i matini araw aluman tu ku mabanaay, tina puwac nu icep. == Pi’arawan to lakaw == *[https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AA%B3%E6%A6%96 中文維基百科] *吳雪月，2006，《臺灣新野菜主義》。臺北：天下文化。 *林二郎，2005，《以大巴六九部落的實踐經驗芻建卑南族巫術的理論》，國立臺南大學臺灣文化研究所碩士論文，未出版。 *宋龍生，1997，《臺灣原住民史料彙編第4輯：卑南族的社會與文化》。南投：臺灣省文獻委員會。李景崇，1998，《阿美族歷史》，臺北：師大書苑。 *黄宣衞，2008，《阿美族》，臺北：三民。 *達西烏拉彎‧畢馬，2001，《臺灣的原住民 : 阿美族》，臺北：臺原。 [[Kasasiwasiw:U suwal nu i amisay a Pangcah]] slqeh566d5639qhjwut4fuprtr8y5n9 0 223 38507 4963 2023-06-27T19:18:05Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38507 wikitext text/x-wiki Ciyaw Anang Kuwuli Cencetasiyi Yimcumincu yinciwcongsin （國立政治大學原住民族研究中心） Ina Kuw-li-cen-c tasiyi misatapangay a patatudung a mikiwkiw tu suwal atu serangawan nu [[Yincumin]] a pipasubana’an. Belung han ku taratarakaway a tapang amin a sitatudung, atu hekalay nu cacudadan a mitapangaytu a midemak tu rayray nu Yin-cu-min a sibalucuay a mitekaay amin. Nay i 1999 a miheca a patireng, satapang sa a panganga tu: Yin-cu-min-cu i-yin-ci-yaw-i wen-hu-wa yin-ci-yu cung-sin, parumasa tu “ALCD” sa. Tangasa satu i 2007 a miheca macakat tu “satapangay a “yin-ci-yu cung-sin” han. == Pi’arawan to lakaw == [https://web.archive.org/web/20161213024403/http://www.alcd.nccu.edu.tw/index.php?routing=Index&action=index 政治大學原住民族研究中心] [[Kasasiwasiw:U suwal nu i amisay a Pangcah]] hdqguflzjucw8p8kjheut8576sd0kzf 0 224 4993 4992 2021-10-28T12:06:03Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 29 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 4992 wikitext text/x-wiki Ciyaw Anang Paterungan a niyaru’ （新社村） U kaepudan nu lunalunan kiyaniyaru’, tangasa i matini pangangan han tu Sinsiya. Ina niyaru’ malatulu ira ku-- Paterungan, Mararu’ung, Dipid, mitepar tu liyal silsil han namaka Bakung i makaterung, u saalumanay ku Kabalang a niyaru’, padudu satu i Mararu’ung atu Dipid ku Pangcapangcahan. U Bakung ku sausi tu Sinsiya, tuwa malatulu ku nikasabenibenis: u Paterungan Kabalan a niyaru’, u Makaterung atu Dipid i, u Pangcapangcahan a niyaru. == Pi’arawan to lakaw == *https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B1%90%E6%BF%B1%E9%84%89#.E8.A1.8C.E6.94.BF.E5.8D.80.E5.8A.83 *田哲益，2002，《台灣原住民歌謠與舞蹈》，臺北：武陵。 *田哲益，2003，《台灣原住民生命禮俗》，臺北：武陵。 *阮昌銳，1996，《臺灣的原住民》，臺北：省博物館。 *陳雨嵐，2004，《台灣的原住民》，臺北：遠足。 [[Kasasiwasiw:U suwal nu i amisay a Pangcah]] 1e2x7g90unch2ztvnn2egr2cw2xr46c 0 225 38582 38581 2023-06-27T20:43:41Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38582 wikitext text/x-wiki Ciyaw Anang Taywan Yancumincu （[[kuwaping a sowal]]: 臺灣原住民族） [[Taywan]] Yincumincu hanay- u naitiniyay tu a ma’urip a nikasaniyaru’, u tatudung tu nu “Nantaw hananay a kitakit”, u rasras nira paniyaru’an. Caay ka sacacay sanay ku niyaru nu Yancumin, mapatirengay nu Seyhu i mitini sabaw tu enem ku ni patirengan. Tangasa i 2016 a miheca nu sepatay a bulad i, 54 a emang 8 a malebut lima a patekenan sepat a pulu’ ira ku walu nu nikaaluman nu tamdaw, u belung nu niasip Makala tu 2.33% ku maru’ay tina Taywanan. == Pi’arawan to lakaw == 中文維基百科https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E5%8E%9F%E4%BD%8F%E6%B0%91%E6%97%11F 田哲益，2002，《台灣原住民歌謠與舞蹈》，臺北：武陵。 田哲益，2003，《台灣原住民生命禮俗》，臺北：武陵。 阮昌銳，1996，《臺灣的原住民》，臺北：省博物館。 陳雨嵐，2004，《台灣的原住民》，臺北：遠足。 [[Kasasiwasiw:U suwal nu i amisay a Pangcah]] bx9buha7wkfgukavet6uppp2brodsm9 0 226 5053 5052 2021-10-28T12:06:09Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 19 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 5052 wikitext text/x-wiki Ciyibangcalay（吉野汎扎萊部落） Itiniay i [[Ji’an]](吉安) Cen no Hualien(花蓮縣) ko [[Ciyibangcalay]] a niyaro’, 23 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 75 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 19% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 14 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 81% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 61 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)19%. Ira ko picodadan(吉安國小、吉安國小附幼) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] omhxz7tlsgqp8kprbz0xeu3nzsaazvi 0 227 45416 43521 2025-01-09T09:51:20Z KaoShengHan 2751 45416 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Bookshop in Sofia, Bulgaria 4.jpg|縮圖|Ohong-kasasiromaromaay a ohong.]] [[Faylo:Sikh man, Agra 10.jpg|縮圖|401x401像素|1121015-Sa ira ko citanengay a tamdaw tiliden ningra, pahadaken ira i ohong ko sowal no mato’asay.]] [[Faylo:Cudad.ogg|縮圖|Tulu ku nicakayan nu maku a cudad.]] == mato’asay sowal == O sowal no Sawaliay ’[[Amis]] a Finacadan to tilid/codad i, o ohong hananay. o citodotodongay iparo no kadopak, o citiliday ato sasing, o pitilidan to masamaamaanay a taneng, matiyaay o citing. Itini i pasawalian no [[Taywan]] a ’Amis a tamdaw i, o tilid hananay nangra ko ohong, mahecaday ko imi nona tosa a tilid. O tanengnengan no tamdamdaw a ohong, o pitongalan to taneng no tamdaw. [[Faylo:書店 2010 (5124640664).jpg|縮圖|356x356像素|o pa’acaay to ohong a patiyamay.]] O ohong hananay i, adihay ko kasaromaroma no tilid. Ira ko kongkoan a ohong, ira ko tanengnengan no ka’emangay a ohong, Cilamlamay to masamaamaanay tilid a [[Cace]] (''雜誌''). Saheto sa o kaolahan no tamdamdaw a ohong. O pipahacean to ohong i, o pa’acaay to ohong a patiyamay (''書店'') hananay. O ’ariri no ohong (''圖書館'') i, opicaliwan to ohong. 2010 a mihecaan mikisang ko Kuko (''谷歌'') a kosi i, mi insaco kingkiw tangasa tahanini. [[Faylo:Manga bookshop in Hanoi, Vietnam.jpg|縮圖]] Mapasadak to cecay ira ko tolo a patek ko 'ofad (''一億三千萬本'') cakalalecalecad ko ngangan no [http://web.klokah.tw/ ohong]. [[Faylo:慶應義塾図書館旧館と塾監局.jpg|縮圖|304x304像素]] == Ono aniniay a ohong a imi. == Citondongan to Pasifana’, Kesyie ato Punka a Saopo no Linheko (Ikiris a sowal: ''United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization'', decdec: ''UNESCO''; ''Kuwaping a sowal'': ''[[:zh:联合国教育、科学及文化组织|聯合國教科文組織]]'') pakayni tona ohong a imi: Ona pasadakay to ohong a kosi, tonanipasadakan a ohong i sepat ira ko siwa a felih komi insacoan (rina') nangra. Ira koni mipatodecekan a ngangan no ohong ato ngangan no tawdaw. Tonani pasadakan a ohong ira ko o Lalekoan Fanko no Ohong i kalokitakit (Ikiris a sowal: ''International Standard Book Number'', decdc: ''ISBN''; Kuwaoing a sowal: ''[[:zh:国际标准书号|國際標準書號]]''), ira ho haca, ato Pa’ading to Tinki no Ohong (''Copyright'') ''([[:zh:著作權|版權保護]])'', mapasadak konian manga’ay a malatadaohong. == O sowal no ’Amis == Iraay ko sowal nika awaay ko tilid no ’Amis a Finacdan. O sapi punka to taneng no finacadan, kitiniay i kasa’opo’opo no orip’ no tamdamdaw a fana’ to orip’ no ’Amis ato to rayray no kimad no mato’say. Tahanini i, polongen no mita ko taneng no mato’asay, no ca’enotay a sowal ato punka i polongen a mifana’ a mikilok, nga mangay a matatongotongod ko sowal no mato’asay. Sa ira ko citanengay a tamdaw tiliden ningra, pahadaken ira i ohong ko sowal no mato’asay. Samaanen a mi’osaw a patatorotorod ko taneng no to’as ato punka no finacadan, ''itiya ho o fana’ sanay no tangal ko mi’osaway a patatongotongod to taneng ato punka no to’as, '' anini sa i, ira ko pakimad, Pakitohpakonko, pasowal, radiwen, sakero ato ’orip hananay, adihay ko masamaamaanay a pakayraan. == Pikafitan i papotal == 1.[http://web.klokah.tw/ 族語E樂園] Codad ('''Cudad''') [[Faylo:Pieni2.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Codad]] [[Faylo:Urval av de bocker som har vunnit Nordiska radets litteraturpris under de 50 ar som priset funnits (2).jpg|thumb|Codad|300px]] 159ccrxsnyvhvxfsu6nrptkq2z5t13k 0 228 37728 37727 2023-06-03T17:04:42Z Alofay 51 37728 wikitext text/x-wiki == Takaray a sowal == O cokap no malitengay itiyaho o misanga'an a kilang, o cokap no malitengay. aniniay a cokap i, oni hacaan a cokap, o solipa.Tahanini kasasiromaroma ko adihay no koco. o koco hananay o sakanga'ay no o'o a lomakat ato o sakadiheko no o'o . [[Faylo:40DifferentConverseVariations.JPG|thumb|Cokap]] === kasasiromaroma no koco === [[Faylo:Shoes in a spanish shoe store.jpg|左|縮圖|133x133像素|Cokap]] 1.[[:zh:鞋|cokap]][[Faylo:Nike shoes 2.jpg|縮圖|174x174px|Sapimali a koco|左]] 2.koco-[[:zh:運動鞋|sapimali a koco]]，sakacomikay a koco。[[Faylo:Gay Pride Parade 2010 - Really High Heels (4737261507).jpg|左|縮圖|123x123像素|Santalo]] 3.[[:zh:高跟鞋|santalo]](o citokiyaray a koco)-sakakapah a koco no fafahiyan。 4.[[:zh:拖鞋|solipa]]-i loma'ay a ca'edong no salipa'。 5.amikoco-saki'orad a koco。 6.kawakoco-sapisalama a koco。 7.tafi-sapicekiw a koco ato koco no mifotingay。 8.sapihpih- sapicelem a koco。 === Misanga' to malaheciay a kocomipadan === 1.O papising no koco：kafekan no koco ato sapitahepo to koror no saripa'. 2. O saripa' no koco：I saripa' no koco i ,masasiromaromaay a koco i , masasiromaromaay ko sapisanga' to saripa' no koco. 3.O tokiyar no koco：O 'atekakay a sapisang'an a dafong ko sapisanga' to tokiyar no koco. 4. O tatadaan no koco：O tatadaan no koco mingataay to saripa' no tamdaw. ira ko tatadaan i ,ma'edengay mipadang to kareteng no tireng saka manga'ay a romakat ato mipadan to fiyal no saripa' ,milowan to adada no o'o. === Tahapinangan a tikid === ==== Pikafitan i papotal ==== {{stub}} Cokap('''Cukap''';'''Koco''':'''Kucu''') <references /> 5dr8dw3uzafbq89lj7sh5p6b3wvtz4b 0 229 31962 31961 2022-07-19T13:15:48Z WikiEditor50 43 31962 wikitext text/x-wiki Columbia (哥倫比亞） == Takaray a sowal (概要) == O Kolompiya Kapolongan Kitakit (哥倫比亞共和國; Sipanya a sowal: República de Colombia), kalopitahidang o Kolompiya hananay, o itiraay i ka’etipay no saka’amis mo Satimolan [[Faylo:Flag_of_Colombia.svg|縮圖|Flag of Colombia]] , o sakasepat ko tata’ang i Latin Amirika, o mikapotay to Satimolan Amirika Lekatep a kitakit (i 2018 miheca saka 8 folad miliyas). I ka’amis i, o KaropiRiyar, sakwali malala’ed ato Winoyrira, isakawal no sakatimol o Poracir, isakatimol o Miru ato Okuwato, isaka’etip o Panama ato Tasiyang Riyar. O congtong ko skakaay a tapang, ira ko 32 sakowan ato Pokota syoto misiikedan a sakowan. O ponka ningra i tadacinganganay I hekal, o kahiceraan no misanga’ay to dafong no Satimolan Amirika. I saka 19 sici ato saka 20 sici o Yoropa, o Arapiya ato Aciya a maforaway tamdaw, masongila’ ko kasasiromaroma aponka. I 1980 ato 1990 mihecahecaan, ira ko lalood ato mipaliwalay to sawarak a cefang, orasaka ‘aloman ko mipatayan ato cirarawa. Tahira to i sa’ayaw no saka 20 sici, satapang sa rahoday ko ‘orip no tamtamdaw, tahanini, o sawarak, paliwalay to sawarak, palomaay to sawarak ko adihayay a tayal no itiniay tamdaw, o tada katarawan a kitakit ko nini. == '''Rikisi''' (歷史) == I noto’ato’asan ho iraay to ko Cipoca a tamdaw ('''穆伊斯卡人'''; Sipanya a sowal: ''Muiscas'' anoca o Cipoca hananay ho mitahidang (''chibchas'' '''奇布查人'''). Naka iraan no mihahinamay a [[Faylo:COL_orthographic_(San_Andrés_and_Providencia_special).svg|縮圖|COL orthographic (San Andrés and Providencia special)]] a tamdaw latek i 1500 miheca, milood, palakolien, sapanocay ato adada no Yoropa ko sapicowat to itiniay a tamdaw. Orasaka, rahoday a patireng kamaro’an, i 1717 miheca mahaop ko polong a micowatan sera no Sipanya i Sayimolan Amirika tora Fa’elohay Kolanata ('''新格拉納達;''' Sipanya a sowal: ''Virreinato de la Nueva Granada''). O sapisiikedaw a lalood no Kolompiya i 1810 miheca misatapang, saka 7 folad saka 20 romi’ad milekal to piliyas to Sipanya, tahira to i 1819 miheca nga’ laheci sa misiiked, i 1821 miheca mikapot ato Wokuwato, Winayroyla, Panama misanga’ to Tata’angay Kolompiya Kapolongan Kitakit ('''大哥倫比亞共和國'''簡稱為'''大哥倫比亞'''; Sipanya a sowal:''Gran Colombia).'' Oya han to Fa’elohay Kolanata falic han to amipangangan to Tata’angay Kolompiya Kapolongan Kitakit, ci Simon Poliwar ko contong itiya, tahira i 1830 miheca. [[Faylo:The_earth_and_its_inhabitants_(1882)_(14774275371).jpg|縮圖|The earth and its inhabitants (1882) (14774275371)]] Tona 1830 miheca miliyas a misiiked ko Wokuwato ato Winayroyla to Tata’angay Kolompiya Kapolongan Kitakit, onini ko sakaliposa no Tata’angay Kolompiya Kapolongan Kitakit, 1886 miheca falic han to to Kolompiya Kapolongan Kitakit, nikawrira, I laloma’ nona kitakit i, ira ho ko masamaamaanay a masakapotay no sieci, orasaka cilacila malalood, I 1903 miheca ira ko picoker no Amirika to Panama miliyas to Kolompiya a misiiked patireng to kitakit.[1] Tahanini cifangafang ho ko Kolompiya to Mihohokay Milood ato nikatenak no sawarak. I 2006 miheca, pakaala to 63% a satopa no finawlan ci Arwaro-Wuliwi pararid malacongtong.[2] I 2010 miheca ona congtong ci Wuliwi mangalay sapifalicaw to kimpo to sapipararidaw, mataker no Sakakaay Pisawkitan kona misaharatengan ningra, do’edo sato to sowal no Pisawkitan a palaswad to nisaharatengan, toro’ han ningra ko i’ayaway a kakeridan no sofitay ci Foan-Manmuayr-Santos pasadak mikiwsin to vongtong.tona miheca i saka 6 folad saka 20 romi’ad malowid ningra ko milifetay ci Antonas-Mocikus maala malacongtong no Kolompiya.[3] I 2012 miheca, o Kupa ato Norwi a kitakit ko mamidopo a kitakit, o Winoyloyla ato Cili a kitakit ko mihinam to kasasowal no Kolompiya sifo ato Saopo no mifelihay to sifo a sofitay itira i syoto no Kupa. 2016 miheca saka 6 folad saka 23 romi’ad o congtong no Kolompiya ci Foan-Manuayr-Santos (胡安·曼努埃爾·桑托斯·卡爾德隆; ''Juan Manuel Santos Calderón)''ato Saopo no mifelihay to sifo a sofitay matatilid to sakarihaday i Hafana o syoto no Kupa. O laloma’ay nona katatilidan ira ko misawad a malalood, misongila’ to niyaro’ no maomahay, mipekpek to paliwalay to sawarak, mihayi papikapot to siesi to sofitay no mifelihay to sifo, patireng to pacarcaray a pisawkitan, nikawrira, onini a mapolong i,o finawlan ko mamitopa a mihayi ta malaheci.oya sato pitopa no finawlan i saka 10 folad saka 2 romi’ad, o mihayiay 49.77%, o minaayay ira ko 50.22%, mafelih koya sakarihaday a katatilidan. Tahira to i saka 11 folad saka 24 romi’ad miliyaw haca ci Foan-Manuayr-Santos ato kakeridan no Saopo no mifelihay sofitay (哥倫比亞革命武裝力量－人民軍; Sipanya a sowal: ''Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia–Ejército del Pueblo''; decdecay a tilid: ''FARC或FARC-EP'') ci Rotoliko-Lontoniaw matatilid to nisalifan a sakarihaday a kakaketonan, oninian i, o mihayian no Pikaykian no Kitakit, caay to ka papitoen ko finawlan laheci sanay to. Malaheci kona kakaketonan to cila a miheca, 2017 miheca saka 6 folad saka 27 romi’ad, oya Saopo no mifelihay to sifo a sofitay caay to ko cikowangay a saopo, tona miheca saka 9 folad saka 1 romi’ad, laheci sato a mafalic to “Kapolongan a misafe’lohay ‘Icel’’ , to cila a romi’ad mipatoki i sifo o mido’edoay to rikec a saopo no sieci. Nikawrira, o sakatosa a saopo to Mifelihay to sifo” Parihadayay to Finawlan Saopo’’ cowa ka pihayi tonini, samatiya ho a kali’ang to tamdaw. [[Faylo:Juan_Manuel_Santos_and_Lula_(cropped).jpg|縮圖|Juan Manuel Santos and Lula (cropped)]] 2018 miheca saka 8 folad, o sapipalahedawaw to mananginangay a paliwalay to sawarak ato mitakaway paliwal to dafong, misa’icel a mipekpek to Mihohokay Sofitay. Caay konini aca ko kafodfodan no Kolompiya kitakit, aloman ko milaliway a tayni nani Winoyloyla mala’inorong sato to Sakalatamdaw a Demak, ona maforaway a tayni a tamdaw ira ko 180 ofad ko ka’aloman. Ira ho ko roma a fangafang pakayni to mangalefay a kasatiwtiw no cipaysoay ato awaay ko maamaan a tamdaw, orasak, cilacila mikihatiya ko mitiliday ato matyalay a paci’eci pasela’ matayal. I 2012 miheca saka 4 folad saka 28 romi’ad, sapifelihaw to misalofan a sapilisata no sifo, o Saopo no Matayalay ato Mitiliday ko milengatay to ‘edef no kitakit a paci’eci pasela’ matayay, o rarawraw tahira i saka 6 folad, ‘aloman ko cidoka’ay a tayhin ato kakotamdaw, o loma’ mapeleng, pakipaysoen ira 16 fois ko sipon tona karawraw, safolafolad sa misalof ta manga’ay ko syakay, o kaaway no katayalan ato kanikaw ko caay ko rarahoday a masalof no Kolompiya a kitakit. == '''Kaitiraan''' (地理) == Mihifalat ko Antis-Lotolotokan I saka’etip nona kitakit, adihay ko tata’eman itini, I lawac no riyar o masa’ipocay a dafdaf, I ka’etip no saka’amis o Makotalayna-’Alo I sacepo’an nona ‘alo ira ko masadafdafay a pala; I kawali o Yamasin-’Alo ato Awlinoko-’Alo, i cecpo’ ira ko masadafdafay a pala, mahaop ko tosa no kalitolo no polong no kitakit. O Sifo'ay Konis no Cikiw mihafalatay i katimol nona kitakit,i sakatimol o dafdaf, i saka’etip o lilis no riyar, sahetoay o Fa'etay Kilakilangan Pala, tara’amis sa i, o Fa’etay Rengorengosan Kakarayan ato Ma’icangay Rengorengosan Kakarayan. O kakahad no sera ira ko 1,138,910 km², mihaopan no nanom ira ko 8.8%, o saka 25 ko ngangan i rayray i polong a kitaki. == '''Sieci''' (政治) == O congtong ko tapang no kitakit ko faco no sieci no Klompiya, mihayiay to kasasiromaroma a lekatep no sieci. O sifo ko matayalay to demak no polong no kitakit. Tosaay ko Pikaikian Faco no kitakit, o Kararemay Pikaikian ato Fafa'eday Pikaikian,ona tosa i, sahetoay ira ko ‘icel a misanga’ to rikec no kitakit. O Skakaay Pisawkitan Sakowan misiiked a matayal. I 2006 miheca saka 5 folad saka 28 romi’ad, pakaala to 63% a satopa no finawlan ci Arwaro-Wuliwi pararid malacongtong.[4] I 2010 miheca ona congtong ci Wuliwi mangalay sapifalicaw to kimpo to sapipararidaw, mataker no Sakakaay Pisawkitan kona misaharatengan ningra,do’edo sato to sowal no Pisawkitan a palaswad to nisaharatengan, toro’ han ningra ko i’ayaway a kakeridan no sofitay ci Foan-Manmuayr-Santos pasadak mikiwsin to vongtong.tona miheca i saka 6 folad saka 20 romi’ad malowid ningra ko milifetay ci Antonas-Mocikus maala malacongtong no Kolompiya. I 2016 miheca saka 6 folad saka 23 romi’ad o congtong no Kolompiya ci Foan-Manuayr-Santos (胡安·曼努埃爾·桑托斯·卡爾德隆; ''Juan Manuel Santos Calderón)''ato Saopo no mifelihay to sifo a sofitay matatilid to sakarihaday i Hafana o syoto no Kupa. O laloma’ay nona katatilidan ira ko misawad a malalood, misongila’ to niyaro’ no maomahay,mipekpek to paliwalay to sawarak, mihayi papikapot to siesi to sofitay no mifelihay to sifo, patireng to pacarcaray a pisawkitan, nikawrira, onini a mapolong i,o finawlan ko mamitopa a mihayi ta malaheci.oya sato pitopa no finawlan i saka 10 folad saka 2 romi’ad, o mihayiay 49.77%, o minaayay ira ko 50.22%, mafelih koya sakarihaday a katatilidan. Tahira to i saka 11 folad saka 24 romi’ad miliyaw haca ci Foan-Manuayr-Santos ato kakeridan no Saopo no mifelihay sofitay (哥倫比亞革命武裝力量－人民軍; Sipanya a sowal: ''Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia–Ejército del Pueblo''; decdecay a tilid: ''FARC或FARC-EP'') ci Rotoliko-Lontoniaw matatilid to nisalifan a sakarihaday a kakaketonan, oninian i,o mihayian no Pikaykian no Kitakit, caay to ka papitoen ko finawlan laheci sanay to. wa rihaday to ko ‘orip no tamtamdaw no Kolompiya nasaan ko harateng no ‘alomanay. Nikawrira, o malatapangay no sifo sahetoay o maco’osay to payso, matongal ko kalapakoyoc no finawlan, orasaka o finawlan to ko sapifelihaw to sifo. I 2022 miheca saka 6 folad saka 19 romi’ad a sinkiw to congtong, o sarakatay ho a pakalowid ko Kawiliay-Kasafelaw (左派又稱左翼; Ikiris a sowal:''Left-Right political spectrum'')[5] [6] [7] ci Kustafo-Pitoro ''(Gustavo Petro),'' ato Sadama a congtong o teloc no Afrika ci Folansiya-Markos (fafahiyan), itini i rikisi no Kolompiya o sarakatay ho mafelih ko kalikotoday to Amirika a sifo o Kawnanay-Kasafelaw (右派)[8] [9] [10] o edeng pihayi to sowal no Amirika. == '''Tamdaw''' (人口) == O sa'osi i 2019 miheca o polong a tamdaw ira ko 50,539,000 ko tamdaw, o saka 29 rayray i polong no kitakit. O tamdaw no Kompiya i, cilamlamay to ‘ilang no Sipanya, Yincumin no Amirika Karopaw ato Teloc no Afrika, nikawrira, i saka 18 sici ato saka 19 sici tayniay to a maforaw ko Yoropa, Arapiya, Yotaya ato Aciya a tamdaw. Oninian ko kasasiromaroma no 'orip itini. Mitiso (cilamlamay to ’ilang no Yoropa a Yincumi) ira ko 45%, kahecalay tamdaw ira ko 42%, cmalamlamay to kohetingay ato kohecalay a tamdaw ira ko 5%, kohetingay tamdaw ira ko 2%, Yincumin no Amirika Karopaw 4% ato roma atamdaw 2%. O sakatolo ko ka’aloman no tamdaw no Kompiya i Amirika Karopaw, mito’oray to Poraciro ato Misiko. ’aloman ko maforaway tayra i takay a maomahay tamdaw, onini ko katongal no masatakayay tamdaw, i 1951 miheca ira ko 57% matongal i 1994 miheca to 74% ko tamdaw.o cisafaway to mo’etep ofad ko tamdaw a tata’angay niyaro’ ira ko 30 niyaro. Isakawaliay a masadasdasay pala mangata mafatad ko ni’aroan a pala mahop ko 54%, nikawrira, caka pakatahira i 3% ko tamdaw itini. == '''Ponka o Wayway no tamdaw''' (文化) == Ira ko masacecayay to mihecaan a ilisin no Kolompiya, o cinganganay i hekal a “ caay kono nakamayan dafong no tamdaw o rarocokan ponka”no UNESCO o “Palaciya Lisin” (巴蘭基亞狂歡節; Sipanya a sowal: ''Carnaval de Barranquilla''). adihay ho ko masamaanay a sakero no Kolompiya, patinako han ira ko Lonpa, Sasasakero,[11] o kafana’an no tamtamdaw o pakaalaay to Nopir-Hofi i 1982 miheca to Nitilidan ci Kapoli-Ciyasiya-Makuis ('''加布列·賈西亞·馬奎斯'''; Sipanya a sowal: ''Gabriel García Márquez''), Nisongila’ay tamdaw (藝術家) ci Firnanto-Potoro-Ankoro (費爾南多·博特羅·安古洛; Sipanya a sowal: ''Fernando Botero Angulo)'' ato pakaalaay to Hofi no Kolaymi (葛萊美獎; Ikiris a sowal:''Grammy Award''), o kakaolahan no tamtamdaw i hekal o romadiway ci Siyacila (夏奇拉; Sipanya a sowal: ''Shakira'') ---- == a Tilid (註解) == [1] 中華民國外交部—哥倫比亞國情概況. [2013-11-17]. (原始內容存檔於2014-03-10）. [2] 乌里韦再次当选哥伦比亚总统. [2006-06-02]. (原始內容存檔於2015-06-10）. [3] 國際觀察：哥倫比亞新總統 繼往開來領路人 (頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館），新華網，2010年6月23日。 [4] 乌里韦再次当选哥伦比亚总统. [2006-06-02]. (原始內容存檔於2015-06-10）. [5] ''Smith, T. Alexander; Tatalovich, Raymond. Cultures at War: Moral Conflicts in Western Democracies. Toronto, Canada: Broadview Press. 2003: 30.'' [6] Bobbio, Norberto; Cameron, Allan. Left and Right: The Significance of a Political Distinction. University of Chicago Press. 1997: 37. [7] Thompson, Willie. The Left In History: Revolution and Reform in Twentieth-Century Politic. London: Pluto Press. 1997. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0745308913</nowiki>. [8] Johnson, Paul. Right-wing, rightist. A Politics Glossary. Auburn University website. 2005 [2014-10-23]. (原始內容存檔於2014-08-19）. [9] Bobbio, Norberto; Cameron, Allan. Left and Right: The Significance of a Political Distinction. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1996: 51, 62. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-226-06246-4</nowiki>. [10] Goldthorpe, J.E. An Introduction to Sociology Third. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1985: 156. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-521-24545-6</nowiki>. [11] 克里斯·華萊士. 這是世界上最幸福快樂的國家嗎？. BBC 主頁. 2017-05-03 [2017-10-04]. (原始內容存檔於2020-11-04）. == Kakafitan i papotal (外部連接) == * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] * (西班牙文）Engativa.com：Portal of West. Information of Engativa Local. Bogotá D.C. Colombia. Interactive Map * (西班牙文）PEC - 官方政府入口 [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] e5m85vu9813fqt0f6e8p6tfg3r5w3l1 0 230 32344 32343 2022-09-07T22:10:56Z WikiEditor50 43 WikiEditor50 malinah to ko felih nani [[Congo, domocratic republic of the]] tangasa i [[Congo, democratic republic of the]] 32343 wikitext text/x-wiki République démocratique du Congo Kongko Finawlan kapolongan kitakit [[Faylo:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|縮圖|Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]] == Takaralay sowal (概要) == Kongko Finawlan kapolongan kitakit (剛果民主共和國; Fransu a sowal: République démocratique du Congo，decdecan:RDC ; Iliris a sowal : Democratic Republic of Congko), o itiraay i sasifo’an no Afrika a kitakit, Kongko-Kinshasa hananay mitahidang, nawhani iraay ko miriniay ko ngangan a kitakit o Kongko kapolongan kitakit (剛果共和國). O polong a sera nona kitakit ira ko 234.5 km² o sakatosa ko kakahad no sera i Afrika,sakacecay safaw i polong no kitakit, itini i hekal o sakaay ko ka ‘aloman no tamdaw to somowal to Frasu a sowal, o polong a tamdaw nona kitakit o saka 15 ko adihay itini i hekal, sakasepat i Afrika. O mikapotay i Linhoko, Lekatep no Afrika ato Sakatimol no Kawaliay Afrika a Matatekoay a Lekatep. I’ayaw no Kongko Finawlan kapolongan kitakit i, o Konko Naifaloco’ Kitakit ato Malamikotoday no Pilisu a Kitakit, i 1960 miheca saka 6 folad saka 30 romi’ad mapatireng ko Misaiieday Kitakit. Na mapatireng kona kitakit malecad ato ifiyaway a nano Malamikotoday no Fransu a Kitakit ko ngang o Konko Kapolongan Kitakit, mitahidang to ko roma a kitakit to nini i, paciping hananay to ngangan no syoto ta mafa’a' to kasasiroma nona tosa a kitakit, i 1964 muheca saka 8 folad saka 1 romi’ad falic han to a pangangan to Kongko Finawlan Kapolongan Kitakit. I 1966 mihecaan o tatapangan a syoto Lipow Si falicen a pangangan to Cinsasa, o Konko (Cin) hananay to a mitahidang, i 1971 miheca saka 10 folad saka 27 romi’ad, oya congtong itiya ci Monpoto Sasa Sayko (蒙博托·塞塞·塞科; Fransu a sowal:Mobutu Sésé Seko) mipalasawad to pikowan no Fransu falicen pangangan ko kitakit to Sair (Fransu a sowal:Zaïre), to ikor mapalolo tono aniniay a ngangan no kitakit taha nini. I 1998 miheca satapng ko sakakinatos a lalood no Konko, matiya to o maronicay kona kitakit awa ko masongila’ay a sera, nawhani, marapotay ko 9 a kitakit no Afrika ato 20 a Cikowangay a Saopo, orasaka, pangangan han to “Hekalay Lalood no Afrika”, I 2003 miheca ano matatilitiliday to Sakarihaday a Kakaketonan, caay ka lasawad ko fodfod tona kitakit, nani 1998 miheca satapang kona lalood ira to ko 540 ofad ko mapatayay a tamdaw, ilaloma’ nona mapatayay i sahetoay o korira, mapiyas, fala’ a adada ato cahiw ko sakapatay. [[Faylo:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_on_the_globe_(Africa_centered).svg|縮圖|Democratic Republic of the Congo on the globe (Africa centered)]] == '''Rikisi'''(歷史) == I’ayaw no 8 ofad miheca iraay to ko tamdaw a maro’ itini ton a pala. O sa’ayaway rikisi nona kitakit o Panto Tamdaw ko safinawlan sanay a maforaw a tayni, ona finawlan i, i’ayaw ni Yies to 2000 tahira i 500 mihecaan nani sa’etip no saka’amisan a maforaw tayni tona masadangahay a pala. O panto a tamdaw mihatatanam to pisaomahan ato piraoy to marad a taneng nani Sa’etipay Afrika, o Panto a sowal ko sakasasowal. Ona kaforaw no tamtamdaw micomahad to piraoy to dafong nani fokeloh mafalic tayra i no maradan a piraoy. Itiya ho o ikatimolay ato isa’etipay a tamdaw sahetoay o mi’adopay mialaay tono palapalaan a dafong ko saka‘orip, haoto awaay ko marad a sakatayal, orasaka, rahoday a maceror no Panto a tamdaw, sa’aloman sato ko tamdaw. O mipaliwal a dafong i, o cinah, marad ato fodawan. Ona Panto a tamdaw mipatirengay to Hontian Kitakit itini ton a pala i pileponan no saka13 sici i picomodan to 14 sici, o nikowanan a pala mahaop ko Ankora, Kapon ato Kongko. I saka 15 sici tayni to ko Yoropa a tamdaw mali’aca to kohetinagay tamdaw no Afrika. I 1482 miheca o mikalicay to tamina a tamdaw no Portokaro ci Tiyako paka’araw to Kongko ’Alo, patireng han ninra ko otoc i cepo’ tahapinangan, nanoya 300 mihecaan ta masongila’ ko kacaceflis ato Kongko. Ira ko patenakay to sowal no Pa’oripay Kawas, ira ko patirengay to kali’acaan i ngata no Tasiyang Riyar,to sapikalali’acaaw to koli ato roma a dafong, awaay ko tahakemoday no Kongko. [[Faylo:Anefo_910-9740_De_Congolese2.jpg|縮圖|Anefo 910-9740 De Congolese2]] O pisatapangan no Kongko a malilafang ato roma a finacadan itiraay I 1874miheca tahira i 1877 miheca, tona mihecahecaan o mihahinamay to dafong a Ikiris tamdaw ci Tafit Liwinston ('''大衛·李文斯頓'''; Ikiris a sowal:''David Livingstone）,'' taha kemod no Kongko ko picomod ningra. I 1876 miheca, o honti no Pilisi ci Liawpito sakatosa (利奧波德二世; Fransu a sowal: ''Léopold Louis Philippe Marie Victor;'' Olanta a sowal:Leopold Lodewijk Filips Maria Victor) milomaoc to sapipacomahad to Afirka a kalokitakit a kayki, mahemek to tayal ni Stanli i Afrika, micoker cingranan patatikol tayra i Afrika. Orasato, 5 miheca ko kaitiraan ni Stanli i Kongko,mapatirng ningra ko 22 a kalali’acaan, i tatapang no Lopana ’Alo parakaten ningra ko tamina,ingata no Stanli Cascas masanga’ ko lalan no cinamalay,mapatireng ko hano honti no Pilisi a “Malamikotoday no Pilisi a Konko”. I 1885 miheca mapatireng ko Kongko Naifaloco’ay Kitakit (剛果獨立國; Frans a sowal:''État indépendant du Congo''; Olanta a sowal:''Kongo-Vrijstaat''）hananay,o mikowanan no micowatay sakowan, matiya o cecay a kosi no kalotamdaw, o mikomoday i o Honti, edengan kona honti ko mitatoyay tona kosi, cowa ka patolas a miala to wadis no co. Sapisanga’ to soka a ‘adeteng ato tadamaanay a fokeloh. ‘arw han ko ‘orip itiniay tamdaw malapakoyoc, to ikor to i, palasawad han to kona kosi o sifo tono Pilisi ko mikowanay. I 1908 miheca, ira ko pakayniay tona kosi, malalang tono icowacowaay a kitakit, o sifo no Pilisi ko mirocokay a mikowan tahira i 1960 miheca.Malepon ko Sakatosa Lalood no Hekal, talipa’elay to ko faloco’ no itiniay a tamdaw, mangalay miliyas to Pilisi mipatireng to Misiikeday Kitakit,yo mapatireng to kona kitakit,oya itiniay a sofitay no Yoropa ira ko10 ofad milaliw tayra i roma a kitakit. I 1998 miheca satapng ko sakakinatos a lalood no Konko, matiya to o maronicay kona kitakit awa ko masongila’ay a sera, nawhani, marapotay ko 9 a kitakit no Afrika ato 20 a Cikowangay a Saopo, orasaka, pangangan han to “Hekalay Lalood no Afrika”,[1] I 2003 miheca ano matatilitiliday to [[Faylo:River_Congo.svg|縮圖|River Congo]] a Kakaketonan, caay ka lasawad ko fodfod tona kitakit, nani 1998 miheca satapang kona lalood ira to ko 540 ofad ko mapatayay a tamdaw,[2] [3] ilaloma’ nona mapatayay i sahetoay o korira, mapiyas, fala’ a adada ato cahiwa ko sakapatay.[4] == '''Kaitiraan'''(地理) == Itiraay i saka’etip no sasifo’an Afrika ko kaitiraan no Kongko kitakit, mihifalat ko sifo’ay konis no cikiw isaka’amis nona kitakit,ikawali malafiyaw ato Ukanta, Roanta,Porongti, Tansangniya, isaka’amis malafiyaw ato Satimolan Sotan, Sifo’an Kapolongan kitakit, isaka’etip madado’edo ato Kongko Kapolongan Kitakit, isakatimol malafiyaw ato Ankola, Sanpiya. O Kongko ‘Alo nani kawali pasi’etip marakat kona kitakit. Ira ho ko Upan ‘Alo, Roalapa 'Alo.I sawalian kasalaed ira ko Aipoto Fanaw, Aitohwa Fanaw, Ciu Fanaw Tankanike Fanaw ato Muwiro Fanaw. == '''Tamdaw''' (人口) == I 2016 mihecaan a pisa’osi to tamdaw, ilaloma’ no Kongko ira ko 254 kokasasiromaroma a finacadan, o sakakaay i,o Panto Finacadan a Sowal ko saadihayay, [[Faylo:DRC_Rwanda_line.jpg|縮圖|Mafraway tamdaw(DRC Rwanda line)]] mahaop ko 84%, ilaloma’ no Panto Finacadan masasiiked ho to Kongko Tmdaw, EnkalaTamdaw, Ropa Tamdaw, Monko-Enkuto Tmdaw, Rongta Tamdaw ato Suku Tamdaw.O roma i,o Sutan ko sowal a Acanto Tamdaw ato Niloto ko sowal a Aruer Tamdaw ato Pikomi Tamdaw. O no sifo a sowal i,o Fransu a sowal, o kalasasowal i, o Linkala sowal, Citopa sowal,Ciropa sowal ato Sewahili sowal. Ira ko 55% a tamdaw mitooray to Tinsikyo, Fa’elohay Misakristoay mahaop ko 35%, o roma a pitooran i,ira ho ko 10%. == sowal(語言) == O matenakay a sowal itini i Afrika i, o Sewahili a sowal, ono Panto a sowal ko nini, itini i Afrika o saalomanay ko somowalay tonini a sowal ira ko mata'elif ko 5500 ofad ko tamdaw, malalen ato Arapiya sowal ato Hawsa sowal o satata'angay a sowal itini i Afrika kona tolo a sowal. ona Sewahili a sowal i, ono sifo a asowal no Tansangniya, Kiniyam Ukanta. itini i Sangpiya , Malawi, Pulongti, Roanta, Mosanpiko o itiraay i sakawali Afrika ato Sasifo'an Afrika o sapisawidang a sowal konini. i 1728 miheca ona Sewahili a sowal ono Arapiya a tilid ko sapitilid, tahira to i saka19 sici marecep no Yoropa micowatay a tamdaw ko Sewahili a sowal, ono Latin a tilid ko sapi'osi, ora sato o Sewahili a sowal adihay ko mialaan nani Arapiya a sowal. patinako han ona Sewahili sananay i, o nani Arapiya ''سواحيل a'' tilid,o ililisay no riyar sanay ko imi nira. == Pacefafay a tilid(註腳) == ----[1] See "Rumblings of war in heart of Africa" （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） by Abraham McLaughlin and Duncan Woodside ''The Christian Science Monitor'' 23 June 2004 and "World War Three" （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） by Chris Bowers ''My Direct Democracy'' 24 July 2006 [2] Robinson, Simon. The deadliest war in the world. Time.com. 2006-05-28 [2010-05-02]. （原始內容存檔於2010-06-17）. [3] Bavier, Joe. Congo War driven crisis kills 45,000 a month. Reuters. 2008-01-22 [2010-05-02]. （原始內容存檔於2009-02-21）. [4] Report on the crisis （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） Full report at IRC Mortality Facts （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） from the International Rescue Committee == O pi'arawan a tilid(參考文獻) == # CIAfactbook. [2012-02-22]. （原始內容存檔於2018-12-24） # '''^''' Democratic Republic of the Congo （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） IMF population estimates # ^ ^'''10.0''' ^'''10.1''' "Zaire: Post-Independent Political Development" Archive.is的存檔，存檔日期2012-12-05, Library of Congress # ^ ^'''11.0''' ^'''11.1''' See "Rumblings of war in heart of Africa" （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） by Abraham McLaughlin and Duncan Woodside ''The Christian Science Monitor'' 23 June 2004 and "World War Three" （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） by Chris Bowers ''My Direct Democracy'' 24 July 2006 # '''^''' Report on the crisis （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） Full report at IRC Mortality Facts （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） from the International Rescue Committee # '''^''' 兩國1960年加入聯合國決議案，英語國名分別為The Republic of the Congo (Leopoldville)（Leopoldville為金沙薩舊名利奧波德維爾）和The Republic of the Congo (Brazzaville)。UN admission resolutions （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） # '''^''' Report on the crisis （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） Full report at IRC Mortality Facts （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） from the International Rescue Committee # ^ ^'''23.0''' ^'''23.1''' 改寫自《非洲列國誌》--賴比瑞亞，頁223,1981年出版 # '''^''' 聯合國秘書長吁剛果（金）總統按約去職 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）.新華網.[2017-01-03]. # '''^''' 總統大選推遲引示威遊行 至少8人死亡、剛果政府宣布無限期關閉網路 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）.匯流新聞網.[2018-01-02]. # '''^''' Elle「pouvait se prévaloir （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） # '''^''' "DR Congo poll crucial for Africa （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）". BBC News. November 16, 2006. # '''^''' Katanga Project Update and 2Q 2008 Financials, Katanga Mining Limited, 8/12/08. [2010-08-22]. （原始內容存檔於 i9455fc5uxb07us2v4vcad8iwvmj0wx 0 231 32346 32340 2022-09-07T22:14:10Z WikiEditor50 43 WikiEditor50 malinah to ko felih nani [[Congo, the republic of the]] tangasa i [[Congo, republic of the]] 32340 wikitext text/x-wiki Congo, the republic of the（剛果共和國(剛果)） Kongko kapolongan kitakit (剛果共和國; Fransu a sowal: République du Congo; Ikiris a sowal: Republic of the Congo), o itiraay i sasifo’an no Afrika a kitakit, Kongko-Polasa hananay mitahidang, nawhani iraay ko miriniay ko ngangan a kitakit o Kongko Finawlan kapolongan kitakit (剛果民族共和國). O polong a sera nona kitakit ira ko 342 km². O tatapangan a niyaro' o syoto nona kitakit i, o Polasa Si, malafiyaway ato Kongko Finawlan kitaki, Komaylong, Sasifo'an Afrika a Kapolongan Kitakit, Kapong ato Ankola, mangatay ato Cinoya kitakit. [[Faylo:Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg|thumb|Flag of the Republic of the Congo]] [[Faylo:Republic of the Congo (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Republic of the Congo (orthographic projection)]] Itini i 1 00 S, 15 00 E, noAfilika ko [[Congo, the republic of the]]. Polong no sekalay i 342,000 sq km “saka 64 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 341,500 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 500 sq km ” Polong i 4,852,412 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 31.10%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 65.60%, malo no roma to a sera 3.30%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Brazzaville]](布拉薩維爾) ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakafalo 15 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Denis Sassou Nguesso]](德尼·薩蘇-恩格索), patirengan a romi’ad i 1997 a miheca(年) saka 10 folad saka 25 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] d1dzx13dr64nk1wq0l8zq8l1wcd341p 0 232 30341 30309 2022-01-25T06:40:08Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q800]] 30341 wikitext text/x-wiki Costa riga（哥斯大黎加） [[Faylo:Flag of Costa Rica.svg|thumb|Flag of Costa Rica|alt=Flag of Costa Rica.svg]] [[Faylo:Costa Rica (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Costa Rica (orthographic projection)]] Itini i 10 00 N, 84 00 W, noNotimolan Amilika ko [[Costa riga]]. Polong no sekalay i 51,100 sq km “saka 130 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 51,060 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 40 sq km ” Polong i 4,872,543 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 37.10%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 51.50%, malo no roma to a sera 11.40%. siyoto(首都) O [[[San Jose]](聖荷西) ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakasiwa 15 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Luis Guillermo Solís]](路易斯·吉列爾莫·索利斯·里維拉,全名：Luis Guillermo Solís Rivera), patirengan a romi’ad i 2014 a miheca saka 5 folad saka 8 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] fw2ywfcgjhmw0z8dm61j13vllqelnio 0 233 32212 32210 2022-08-24T20:05:40Z Jfblanc 355 32212 wikitext text/x-wiki Cote d'ivoirie（象牙海岸） [[Faylo:Flag of Côte d'Ivoire.svg|thumb|Flag of Ivory Coast|alt=Flag of Ivory Coast]] [[Faylo:Location Côte d'Ivoire AU Africa.svg|thumb|Location of  Ivory Coast  (dark blue)in the African Union  (light blue)]] Itini i 8 00 N, 5 00 W, noAfilika ko [[Cote d'ivoire]]. Polong no sekalay i 322,463 sq km “saka 69 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 318,003 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 4,460 sq km ” Polong i 23,740,424 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 64.80%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 32.70%, malo no roma to a sera 2.50%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Yamoussoukro]](雅穆索戈) ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakafalo 7 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Alassane Dramane Ouattara]](阿拉薩內·德拉馬納·瓦塔拉), patirengan a romi’ad i 2010 a miheca(年) saka 12 folad saka 4 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] mvwmxnhuktvek5oi7cultqyexfho1xx 0 234 46796 38565 2025-06-16T08:20:39Z Runolist 3085 /* To’asan tahira i Sasifo’an Sici(古代到中世紀時期) */ higher quality image 46796 wikitext text/x-wiki == Koroasiya（克羅埃西亞） == == '''Takaray a sowal'''(概略) == [[Faylo:Flag_of_Croatia.svg|縮圖|o hata no Koroasiya (Flag of Croatia)]] O '''Koroasiya Kapolongan [[Kitakit]]''' ([[kuwaping a sowal]]: 克羅埃西亞共和國; [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%85%8B%E7%BD%97%E5%9C%B0%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD Koroasiya a sowal]:''Republika Hrvatska''）itiraay i kalala’edean [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%9C%E5%8D%97%E6%AC%A7 katimol no sakawali no Yoropa], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7 Sifo’ay-Riyar] ato -[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%94%E5%B9%B2%E5%8D%8A%E5%B2%9B ParkanPecihkanatal,] o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6 Cecaay-Lomaocan a Kapolongan kitakit].o syoto ato sakakaay niyaro’ o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%90%A8%E6%A0%BC%E5%8B%92%E5%B8%83 Cakoroypo](札格瑞布; Koroasiya a sowal:''Zagreb''), itiraay I ka’amis no saka’etipan no Koroasiya Kapolongan Kitakit, i sakatimol ‘apilis no Mitowinica-Lotok, ira ko Sawa-’Alo mihifalat a romakat tona kitakit. I 2011 miheca a pisa’osi to tamdaw nona kitakit, Cakoroypo syoto ira ko 792,875 ko tamdaw.[[Croatia#%20ftn1|[1]]]o polong i,ira ko 1,110,517 ko tamdaw. o dengan koni ko cirafasay to cecay so’ot ko ofad ko tamdaw sakakaay Tokay.[[Croatia#%20ftn2|[2]]] itiya ho o mikapotay to Solin kona kitakit.Yo matekop ko Solin i 1990 miheca, liyas sanay to Solin a misiiked. I 1094 miheca satapang sa ira i nitilidan ko ngangan no Kakoroypo, itira i sakowan no Kapotor-Sikyo Etal(卡普托爾; Koroasiya a sowal:''Kaptol'').i 1845 miheca malatapang no Kakoroypo ci Yanko-Kamaofu,ikor to sa’aloman sato ko tamdaw i 1945 miheca , sakakahad sato kona niyaro a tokay, [[Faylo:EU-Croatia.svg|縮圖|kaitiraan i Yoropa no Koroasiya (EU-Croatia)]] orasaka, malasyoto no Koroasiya kona Cakorpo.Polong no sekalay a sera i 56,594 km² ,saka 127 ko rayray no ngangan. O sekalay no sera i, 55,974 km², no nanom a sekalay i, 620 km² Ona Cakorpo a tokay pakitinien i kasasikiked a sakowan iraay ko pisiikedan nona tokay(Sakakaay Sifo Sakowan),i laloma’ masakilac ho to 17 a etal, sahetoay i la’enoay no nani tongroh no riyar a tata’eman no Sawa-‘Alo.(saowacan) O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Zoran Milanović]], patirengan a romi’ad i 2020 a miheca(年) saka 2 folad saka 19 a romi’ad. O kacacefelisan no lalan no ‘edef no Korosiya kitakit, Sa’etipay-Yoropa, Sifo’ay Riyar ato Katimol-Saka’etipay a Yoropa ko kaitiraan no Cakoroypo tokay, orasaka, nani tini ko Kalokitakit-Cinamalay, ira ko cinamalay i laloma’ nona tokay.o pitoooran nona kitakit sahetoay o tinsikyo. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakamoetep 8 a romi’ad. == '''Papikedan no Ngangan no kitakit'''(國名來源) == O sa’ayaway a mapahadakay to “Koroasiya” sanay i,itiraay i taliyok no “Polanimir-Nitilidan Sikipan”(布拉尼米爾碑文), matilid itini ko Sifo’ay-Sici a Latin-Tilid to mikowanay to “Koroasiya”a honti ci Polanir Kakita’an, talacowa away ho pakalaheciay a somowal to lo’elinay a mihecaan, nikawrira, kafana’ay to yo mikowan ci Polanir to Koroasiya itiraay i 879 miheca tahira i 892 mihecaan,[3] O “Korasiya” hananay i,nani [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E8%AA%9E tilid no Selafo] tora “''Xrovat-''” ona tilid tonini o nani to’asan ho a tilid no Selafo to “*Xъrvatъ”, “*xъrvatъ” ano ca “*Xŭrvatŭ” a ngiha’ ko ni alaan.[4] O kasadakan nona sowal away to ko kafana’an,nikawrira, o nani sowal no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%93%A5%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E Koto-Finacadan], oya malahedaway to a sowal no Rireman-Finacadan ('''日耳曼語族'''; Ikiris a sowal:''Germanic languages''),ano ca o capa’ a sowal no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6-%E9%9B%85%E5%88%A9%E5%AE%89%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF Indo-Yalian], matenak tara i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E4%BA%BA Selafo-Finacadan] a macaliw.[[Croatia#%20ftn1|[5]]] O sa’ayaway mitelekay tona pitahidang o matiliday i Paska-Sikipang Tilid a “Toerpimir-Koroasiya honti”(''zvъnъmirъ kralъ xrъvatъskъ)'' sanay a sowal.[[Croatia#%20ftn2|[6]]] O sa’ayaway tono Latin a tilid to “Koroasiya” sanay a nitilidan i,itiyaay i 852 miheca to piahi ni Torpimir Kakita’an a nitilidan, oya padakopak(tatipelok)masidayay to, iraay ko mirorodan a tatipelok i 1568 miheca, nikawrira, ira ko caay ka pakaso’elin a tamdaw tonini a tatipelok.[[Croatia#%20ftn3|[7]]] O pipangangan a mihongyaku i,ono Taywan a sowal “Koroaysiya” (克羅埃西亞), ono Sinkapor ato Congko o “Korociya”(克羅地亞) hananay, ono Dipon i, malecad o “Korociya”(克羅地亞) hananay ko pangangan.[[Croatia#%20ftn4|[8]]] == '''Rikisi(歷史)''' == === '''To’asan tahira i Sasifo’an Sici'''(古代到中世紀時期) === O aniniay a Koroasiya [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8F%B2%E5%89%8D%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3 I’ayaway-Rikisi](’ayaw no kairaan no tilid a rikisi) iraay to ko tamdaw a maro’ itini tona palapalaan. Isaka’amisan nona kitakit ira a makera Katelangay-Fokelohan [[Faylo:Kralj Tomislav na prijestolju, Josip Horvat Međimurec, 1941.jpg|縮圖|Patirengay to Koroasiya kitakit a honti ci Tomislafo(Kralj Tomislav na prijestolju)]] (i’ayaw no 260~250 ’ofad ko mihecaan) a malafokelohay ‘okak a fongoh no Niantota-Tamdaw(尼安德塔人;學名:''Homo neanderthalensis''), o itiraay i Kolapina a makarkaray ko sakakaay.[[Croatia#%20ftn1|[9]]] I’ayaw ni Yieso to saka8 sici,o to’asan a Kirisiya tamdaw pasira i Kahetingay-Riyar, Sifo’ay-Riyar ato lawac no Yatoliya-Riyar mipatireng to sakowan pala. I saka 9 mihecaan, malowid no Roma-Hontian Kitakit ko polong no Koroasiya, patireng to “Ililikumo Kowan”,o pikowan no Roma ira ko 500 miheca ko kahalafin. I 395 miheca, macacinowas to kawaliay ato ka’etipay hontian kitakit,ona sa Koroasiya mapateko i Ka’etipay-Roma Hontian Kitakit. I 476 miheca matekop ko Ka’etipay-Roma Hontian Kitakit, o Koto-Tamdaw no Rirman-Finacadan ‘ecoen nangra koya no hontian a pala a patireng to Ka’etipay-Koto Hontian Kitakit, to ikor to i, ira ko cecay a cipa’ a finacadan maforaw a tayra i aniniay a Koroasiya, malatamdaw tono aniniay a Koroasiya. === '''Hapospaw Sakowan tahira I Awsiyong-Hontian mihecaan'''('''哈布斯堡王政至奧匈帝國時期)''' === Tona kararid a pakalowid ko sofitay no Awsiyong-Hontian, o sifo no Awtili pecih han to mikalitosa ko Koroasiya, o ceceay a pecih ono finawlan, o cecay a pecih ono sofitay a etal, ocor han to ko tapang no sofitay a mikowan tonini a etal no sofitay, o kalotamdaw mapaini to kowang o sofitay to ko pisa’osi. a mipadang to sofitay no Awtili.Awsiyong-Hontian kitakit ci Falanci-Fitinan sawaraa’an ko mikeriday micoroh to So’elinay-Kapolongan Kitakit a harateng, ona sa Koroasiya o mamalacecay nona kapolongan kitakit, nikawrira, mapatay no cima a tamdaw, matatanga ho to Sakakinacecay-Lalood no hekal, oya nisaharatengan i,lahedaw sato.[10] === '''Sakacecay-Lalood no Hekal ato Nanslafu-Hontian Kitakit'''('''第一次世界大戰與南斯拉夫王國''') === [[Faylo:Marshal_Tito,_the_President_of_the_Federal_People’s_Republic_of_Yugoslavia.jpg|縮圖|Patirengay to Nanslafo a congtong ci Tito(Marshal Tito, the President of the Federal People’s Republic of Yugoslavia)]] Malingato ko Sakacecay-Lalood no Hekal i kaciferangan no 1914 miheca, Awsiyong-Hontian Kitakit papilooden ko 700 ’ofad a sofitay, ilaloma’ nonini i,ira ko 50 ‘ofad o  Koroasiya a tamdaw, milood i Sa’etipay-Kalaloodan(西線), Italiya, Parkan ato Sawaliay-Kalaloodan(東線).[11] Tona lolood ira ko 137,000 sofitay ko mapatayay, 109,000 ko kalotamdaw a mapatayay, oninian haw i,o makowangay, tahalofongay ato cahiw.[12] I 1918 miheca saka 10 folad saka 29 romi’ad, o kalomaocan no kitakit no Koroasiya milekal to misiiked nani Awsiyong-Hontian Kitakit, matateko ato Slofakiya tamdaw-Koroasiya tamdaw- ato Sayrwiya tamdaw a kitakit.[13]( 斯洛維尼亞人、克羅埃西亞人和塞爾維亞人國; Sayrwiya sowal: ''Држава Словенаца, Хрвата и Срба''，Roma atilid:''Država Slovenaca, Hrvata i Srba''；Koroasiya a sowal: ''Država Slovenaca, Hrvata i Srba''; Slofakiya a sowal: ''Država Slovencev, Hrvatov in Srbov''), to ikor to i,malaheci a patireng to Hontian-Kitakit no Slofakiya tamdaw,Koroasiya tamdaw, ato Sayrwiya tamdaw a kitakit.[14] === '''Misiikeday a Naslafo Kapolongan kitakit'''('''南斯拉夫共和國至獨立''') === Yo malepon ko Sakatosa-Lalood no Hekal,o SiyakaySiyuki kapolongan kitakit sanay a tireng ko Koroasiya a mikapot heca to “ Nanslafo-Patatekoan Kapolongan Kitakit” , o “Kyosanto Kasafelaw no Koroasiya” ko mikowanay tona kitakit, misatekeday ko cecay a kasafelaw no sici, o kakomodan ci Tito. I 1980 miheca saka 5 folad saka 4 romi’ad mapatay ci Tito,milongoc ko Koroasiya to piliyaw a masafaco to fa’elohay a kitakit, nikawrira, mina’ay ko Sayrwiya, Montonikoro ato Maciton, liyas sato ko Koroasiya tona kapolongan kitakit.orasaka ira ko rawraw i laloma’ nona kitakit, i 1998 miheca saka 1 folad saka 15 romi’ad malaheci ko patateko a palacecay tona kitakit ko Nanslafo.[15] == '''Finacadan ato Pitooran'''(族群和信仰) == O pisa’osi i 2014 miheca saka 12 folad saka 31 romi’ad to tamdaw no Koroasiya ira ko 4,225,316 ko tamdaw,[16] o kacekcek no tamdaw 75 kotamdaw to kasacecay no km². I 2012 miheca o kalalen no kakakaya’ no mihecaan ira ko 75 ko mihecaan.[17] O sao’si i 2014 miheca cecay a wina dengan 1.46 ko nidipotan a wawa wawa, o sasafaay i polong no hekal a kitakit.[18] O sakalowan no tamdaw i,sepat ko lalengatan:1.itira i ikor no kalaloodan to pisiiked ato lalood no hekal mapaceko’ ko ka’adihay no nisofocan a wawa, orasaka, ikor to i,macahefak ko kalowan; 2.to’edaw ko ‘orip; 3.masafeleng ko kapah miliayas to kitakit tayra I roma a kitakit;[19] 4.itiya pisiikedan a lalood ‘aloman ko maforaway a kalotamdaw. O tamdaw no Koroasiya masasifod ko kasasiromaroma, o sa’osi no sakakaay citodongay mikirokay, o polong a tamdaw ira ko 90.4% o Koroasiya,[20] nenengnengen matiya o malacecay ko fanacadan, niawrira, o cowa ka ‘aloman ko tamdaw a finacadan ira ko Sayrwiya tamdaw(4.4%), o roma i,ira ho ko Posiniya, Syonyali, Itali, Slaofaniya, Toic, Cieko, Romaniya ato Arpaniya.[21] O Koroasiya a tamdaw sahetoay o mitooray to Tinsikyo, ira ko 86.3%, o roma a pitooran o Saka'etipay So’elinay Kyokai ira ko 4.4%, orama a misakristoay 0.6%, Islam irako 1.5% ato 0.4% roma a pitooran, ato 6.7% o cowa ka pakaso’elin to kawas ato caay ko kafana’an sanay('''不可知論'''; ''Agnosticism''). [[Faylo:Necktie_knot.jpg|縮圖|241x241像素|Nikotay (Necktie knot)]] == '''Ponka'''(文化) == O kaitiraan no Koroasiya macacamol to sepatay a masasiromaromaay a ponka, ira ko Paycanti-Hontian ato Sa’etipay-Roma Hontian, ato Sifo’ay Yoropa ato Sifo’ay-Riyar a ponka.[22] Isasifo’an no saka19 sici matenak ko “Ililiya-Demak”(伊利里亞運動,''Illyrian movement'';又稱'''克羅埃西亞國家復興''' '',Croatian national revival),'' o tadakalimelaan a kacomahad no ponka konini a mihwcaan,caay ko sowal aca ko mapaloloay, o nisongila’an mapatenak, mapalowad ko papinapina a tadamaanay o midemakay to ponka a tamdaw.[23] Yo itira ho i sasifo’an no saka17 sici, mipadama to Fransu a milood to ’ada, o riko’ no sofitay ira ko pengec i li’er, mahemek ko fafahiyan no Frasu a minengneng, orasaka, mapatenak icowacowa i hekal, o nikotay konini, saraw i,itira i sowak no Toic, Frasu ato Italia no “ Koroasiya” ano sa i, o nikotay sanay.[24] [25]Tada mahapinang ko pirecep no ponka no roma a finacadan to roma a finacadan. == Pacefaday Tilid(註腳) == [[Croatia#%20ftnref2|[1]]] KONTINGENTI STANOVNIŠTVA PO GRADOVIMA/OPĆINAMA, POPIS 2011. [2014-04-19]. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-09）. [[Croatia#%20ftnref2|[2]]] Census of Population, Households and Dwellings 2011, First Results by Settlements - Enumerated persons, households and housing units (HTML). Statistical Reports (Zagreb: Croatian Bureau of Statistics). June 2011, (1441) [2011-12-30]. ISSN 1332-0297 '''（克羅埃西亞語及英語）'''. [3] '''（克羅埃西亞文）'''Ivan Mužić. Hrvatska povijest devetoga stoljeća (PDF). Naklada Bošković. 2007 [2016-07-03]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-953-263-034-3</nowiki>. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2016-07-03）. [4] '''（克羅埃西亞文）'''Alemko Gluhak. Podrijetlo imena Hrvat. Zagreb: Jezik. 1990 [2016-07-03]. （原始內容存檔於2016-07-03）. [[Croatia#%20ftnref1|[5]]] '''（英文）'''Marc L. Greenberg. The Role of Language in the Creation of Identity: Myths in Linguistics among the Peoples of the Former Yugoslavia (PDF). University of Kansas. 1996-04 [2016-07-03]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2016-07-03）. [[Croatia#%20ftnref2|[6]]] '''（克羅埃西亞文）'''Branko Fučić. Najstariji hrvatski glagoljski natpisi. Slovo (Old Church Slavonic Institute). 1971-09, '''21''' [2016-07-03]. （原始內容存檔於2016-07-03）. [[Croatia#%20ftnref3|[7]]] '''（克羅埃西亞文）'''Ivan Mužić. Hrvatska povijest devetoga stoljeća (PDF). Naklada Bošković. 2007 [2016-07-03]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-953-263-034-3</nowiki>. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2016-07-03）. [[Croatia#%20ftnref4|[8]]] 新字體寫作「克羅地亜」。 [[Croatia#%20ftnref1|[9]]] （英文）Igor Salopek. Krapina Neanderthal Museum as a Well of Medical Information. Acta Medico-Historica Adriatica (Hrvatsko znanstveno društvo za povijest zdravstvene kulture). 2010-12, 8 (2) [2016-07-03]. ISSN 1334-4366. （原始內容存檔於2016-03-28）. [10] （德文）Max Polatschek. Franz Ferdinand: Europas verlorene Hoffnung. Amalthea. 1989. <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-85002-284-2</nowiki>. [11] '''（克羅埃西亞文）'''Vladimir Huzjan. Raspuštanje Hrvatskog domobranstva nakon završetka Prvog svjetskog rata. Časopis za suvremenu povijest (Hrvatski institut za povijest). 2005, '''37''' (2). [12] '''（克羅埃西亞文）'''Nenad Jovanović. Veliki rat za još veće prešućivanje. Novosti. 2011 [2016-07-05]. （原始內容存檔於2016-07-05）. [13] '''（克羅埃西亞文）'''Povijest saborovanja. Sabor. [2016-07-04]. （原始內容存檔於2016-07-04）. [14] '''（英文）'''Spencer Tucker; Priscilla Mary Roberts. World War I: encyclopedia, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. 2005. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-85109-420-2</nowiki>. [15] （中文）馬細譜. 南斯拉夫興亡. 社會科學文獻出版社. 2010. <nowiki>ISBN 978-7-5097-1140-8</nowiki>. [16] （英文）The Policy of Immigration in Croatia. Croatian Bureau of Statistics. [2016-06-09]. （原始內容存檔於2017-07-05）. [17] '''（英文）'''WHO Life Expectancy at birth. World Health Organization. 2012 [2014-12-06]. （原始內容存檔於2014-12-06）. [18] '''（英文）'''Ostroški, Ljiljana (編). Statistički ljetopis Republike Hrvatske 2015 (PDF) '''47'''. Zagreb: Croatian Bureau of Statistics. 2015-12 [2016-07-05]. ISSN 1333-3305. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2016-04-28）. [19] '''（中文）'''左婭. 克羅地亞. 北京: 社會科學文獻出版社. 2007. <nowiki>ISBN 9787802304529</nowiki>. 4. [20] '''（英文）'''Ostroški, Ljiljana (編). Statistički ljetopis Republike Hrvatske 2015 (PDF) '''47'''. Zagreb: Croatian Bureau of Statistics. 2015-12 [2016-07-05]. ISSN 1333-3305. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2016-04-28）. [21] '''（英文）'''Ostroški, Ljiljana (編). Statistički ljetopis Republike Hrvatske 2015 (PDF) '''47'''. Zagreb: Croatian Bureau of Statistics. 2015-12 [2016-07-05]. ISSN 1333-3305. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2016-04-28）. [22] '''（英文）'''Culture and History. Croatian National Tourist Board. [2016-07-02]. （原始內容存檔於2011-10-16）. [23] '''（克羅埃西亞文）'''Nikša Stančić. Hrvatski narodni preporod – ciljevi i ostvarenja. Cris: časopis Povijesnog društva Križevci. 2009-02, '''10''' (1) [2016-07-03]. ISSN 1332-2567. （原始內容存檔於2016-07-03）. [24] '''（英文）'''Eric P. Nash. STYLE; Dressed to Kill. The New York Times. 1995-07-30 [2016-07-03]. （原始內容存檔於2012-11-09）. [25] '''（克羅埃西亞文）'''Vladimir Huzjan. Pokušaj otkrivanja nastanka i razvoja kravate kao riječi i odjevnoga predmeta. Povijesni prilozi (Hrčak Portal znanstvenih časopisa Republike Hrvatske). 2008-07, '''34''' (34) [2016-07-03]. ISSN 0351-9767. （原始內容存檔於2016-08-17）. == Kakakitingan i Papotal(外部連接) == * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 8alsshq55zjdetwatkh5zwdbedpff6m 0 235 5223 5222 2021-10-28T12:06:35Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 21 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 5222 wikitext text/x-wiki Cu ki ngo（月眉部落） Itiniay i [[Guanshan]](關山) Cen no Taitung(台東縣) ko [[Cu ki ngo]] a niyaro’, 337 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 843 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 16% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 134 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 84% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 709 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)13%, Bunun(布農族)2%. Ira ko picodadan(關山國中) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 1pykqkd7l59eh7xt297l6l0851zmxzj 0 236 31457 31456 2022-06-07T16:01:18Z Safulo 35 31457 wikitext text/x-wiki == Cuba（古巴） == [[Faylo:Flag of Cuba.svg|thumb|Flag of Cuba|alt=Flag of Cuba]] [[Faylo:Cuba (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Location of  Cuba  (green)]] == '''Takaray sowal''' == Kupa Kapolongan Kitakit(Sipanya a sowal:''República de Cuba''; Kuwaping s sowal:'''古巴共和國'''，通稱'''古巴'''Cuba). Itiraay i ka’amis no Karopi Riyar a kanatanatalan a kitakit, isaicomod no Misiko a Kihaw, isaka’etip malala’ed ato Misiko to Yukatan Pecihan Kanatal, ikatimol malafiyaw ato Yamayka ato Kayman Kanatal isawalian malala’ed ato Hayti Kapolongan Kitakit ato Tominika Kapolongan Kitakit to Mikifaliay Ta’eman no Riyar(Paso de los Vientos;'''向風海峽'''), ika’amisan no sakawali ira ko Pahama Kanatanatal, masasi’yaw ato Amirika to Folorita Ta’eman no Riyar. Ano pakaynien i kaitiraan a minengneng i, o mikolametay to Panama Picoro’an ’Alo o lalan no Amirika nani riyar, sa ira ko sowal o Sata’eta no Misiko Kihaw sanay a patinako. Ora Kupa hananay a sowal i, o nani sowal no Tayno tora「coabana」sanay ko sowal, o「cihanekay ano ca o「karihadayan pala」sanay ko imi nira.[[Cuba#%20ftn1|[1]]] O tamdaw no Kupa i,o kohecalay a tamdaw ko ikakaay, o ciramramay to ’irang ko sakatosa ko ka’aloman. O Kupa a kitakit o dengan misasakaysyukiay i Sifo’an Amirika, orasa halafin maco’ot no Amirika to saka’orip a dafong,nikawrira, lalen no ti’edaw no ’orip no Kupa a tamdaw i ira ko 78.3 ko mihecaan, hahaop ko 99.9% ko mafana’ay to tilid no tamdaw, o lalen a saka’orip pala mahaop ko tosa kofo, o Cemahadan a Sa’osi no Tamdaw (''Human Development Index;''人類發展指數) isakakaay i hekal,itini i Latin Amirika a kaitakit dengan o Kupa ko malaheciay ko palasawad to cahiw no kalotamdaw.itini i Latin Amirika a kaitakit dengan o Kupa ko malaheciay ko palasawad to cahiw no kalotamdaw.[2] [3] I 2011miheca, rocoden ni Lawl Kasuzu(Sipnya a sowal:''Raúl Modesto Castro Ruz;''Kuwaping a sowal:勞爾·莫德斯托·卡斯楚·魯斯) ko kaka ningra ci Fitayr Kasuzu (Sipaya a sowal:Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz; Kuwaping a sowal:斐代爾·亞歷杭德羅·卡斯楚·魯斯) a malasakacecay(o sakakaay) syoki no Sakakaay Iinkay no Kiosanto no Kupa, satapang a micoroh to nipifalic to demak, orasaka i 2014 miheca masasonga’ay ato Amirika, ira [[Faylo:President_Obama_Meets_with_President_Castro.png|縮圖|Opama congtong no Amirika aci Kasuzu kakeridan no Kupa(President Obama Meets with President Castro)]] ko Cowa to ka Picara (Ikiris a sowal: ''Cuban Thaw''; Sipanya a sowal:''deshielo Cubano''; Kuwaping a sowal:古巴解凍),itira to ko kapifalic to Tatapangan Rikec(Kimpo) to ko pisanga’ to katayalan miheca no malatapangay ato mihay to kacidafong no kalotamdaw. Ta onini ko pido’edoan i 2021miheca saka 4 folad saka 19 romi’ad milepon ko sakafalo a KapolonganKayki no Kyosanto no Kupa ci Mikuir Malio Pimutos (Sipanya a sowal:''Miguel Mario Díaz-Canel Bermúdez;'' Kuwaping a sowal:米圭爾·馬利歐·狄亞士-卡奈·貝穆德斯) ko a malasakacecay (o sakakaay) syoki no kiyosanto no Kupa, mapalepon to ko kalakakeridan na Kasuzu malikaka to 62 a mihecaan.[[Cuba#%20ftn1|[4]]] == '''Rikisi(歷史)''' == === '''Sarakatay a payrayrang (早期文明)''' === I’ayaw no picowat no Sipanya a micomod tona kitakit, iraay to ko Tayno tamdaw (泰諾'''人''';''Taíno''，Siponoi tamdaw (Siponey；西波內人) ato Kuwahapii a tamdaw (瓜納哈塔貝伊人)[5] maro’ itini. O sarakatay a misanga’ to kapowa ato liomah ko Tayno a tamdaw. O romasa ’i, o Siponoi tamdaw ato Kuwahapii a tamdaw o ikoray to pahicera itini, o ’orip nangra ’i,o mikilimo’otay a mi’adop ato mifotingay, iikor to nga’ mipaloma’ay to to tamako ato losay. === '''Nicowatan sakowan(殖民)''' === I 1492 miheca saka10 folad matama ni Kolonpo kona kanatal, 1511 miheca malanicowatan sakowan, oya cowa ka pitoor to Kristo a pitooran a yuincumin malakoli no Sipanya misa’ekim. 1529 miheca [[Faylo:CheyFidel.jpg|縮圖|Ci Fitayr Kasuzu (CheyFidel) aci Ciekipara]] no nani Yoropaay a tamdaw to kefing, o away a adada itini orasaka ca ka pakaso’ot ko mihecaan mahadefek mapatay ko itiniay a yincumin. Ora to ko sakapiala to kohetingay tamdaw nani Afrika mamamatayalay. O nipasadakan a dafong ira ko tefos, kofi ato tamako. Tahira to i 1889 miheca nga’ mapalahedaw ko koli. Nikawrira, manikaw to mamatayal a tamdaw, orasaka cowa ka lahedaw ko koli. 19sici satapang ko tamdaw no Kupa a milingoc to sapisiikedaw nani pikowan no Sipanya. I 1868miheca saka10 folad, o tawki no kakahaday ko omah a tamdaw ci Kaslo Sayspitos(Sipanya a sowal:''Carlos Manuel de Céspedes del Castillo;'' Kuwaping a sowal:卡洛斯·曼努埃爾·德·塞斯佩德斯) hepolen ningra kono niyah a koli, i 1869 miheca tokeren ningra ko Sipanya Nicowatay a mikowan, patireng sa to Kapolongan Kitakit, malacongtong. Mitongal to sofitay ko Sipanya,mo’etep miheca ko kalaloodan, alomanaloman ko mikapotay a tamdaw mitoker to Sipanya,1895 miheca saka 9 folad malowid ko Sipanya, patireng sato to niyah a sifo ko Kupa. === Siyakaisyuki Mihecahecaan(社會主義時期) === Ci Lawl Kasuzu(Sipnya a sowal:''Raúl Modesto Castro Ruz;''Kuwaping a sowal:勞爾·莫德斯托·卡斯楚·魯斯) i 2011miheca miceror to kaka ningra ci Fitayr Kasuzu (Sipaya a sowal:Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz; Kuwaping a sowal:斐代爾·亞歷杭德羅·卡斯楚·魯斯) a malasakacecay(o sakakaay) syoki no Sakakaay Iinkay no Kiosanto no Kupa, satapang a micoroh to nipifalic to demak, orasaka i 2014 miheca masasonga’ay ato Amirika, ira ko Cowa to ka Picara (Ikiris a sowal: ''Cuban Thaw''; Sipanya a sowal:''deshielo Cubano''; Kuwaping a sowal:古巴解凍),itira to ko kapifalic to Tatapangan Rikec(Kimpo) to ko pisanga’ to katayalan miheca no malatapangay ato mihay to kacidafong no kalotamdaw. Ta onini ko pido’edoan i 2021miheca saka 4 folad saka 19 romi’ad milepon ko sakafalo a KapolonganKayki no Kyosanto no Kupa ci Mikuir Malio Pimutos (Sipanya a sowal:''Miguel Mario Díaz-Canel Bermúdez;'' Kuwaping a sowal:米圭爾·馬利歐·狄亞士-卡奈·貝穆德斯) ko a malasakacecay (o sakakaay) syoki no kiyosanto no Kupa, mapalepon to ko kalakakeridan na [[Faylo:Università_de_La_Habana.jpg|縮圖|Hafana Tata'angay Pitilidan (Università de La Habana)]] malikaka to 62 a mihecaan.[6] == '''Tamdaw (人口)''' == I 2012 miheca a pisa’osi to tamdaw ira 11,167,325 ko tamdaw no polong no Kupa Kitakit, itiya ho o lalen no mihecaan ’i, 35.1miheca,[[Cuba#%20ftn1|[7]]] mahaop ko 16,3% tamdaw 60 miheca ko lalen no mihecaan,[[Cuba#%20ftn2|[8]]] mahaop ko 75% a tamdaw itiraay i tokay a paloma’, cisfaw ko 846.5 ofad ko tamdaw, i niyaro’ay ’i,ira ko 277.5 ofad cisafaw, o fafahiyan mahaop ko 50.1%, ikaka no fainayan to mamang. O tato’asan no aniniay a tamdaw o nani Sipayaay a kohecalay tamdaw, o kohetingay a tamdaw o nani Afrika a mapa’acaay ta koli, micoroh ko sifo to kalalemlem no tamdaw orasaka, aloman ko ciramramay to masasiromaromaay ko ’ilang a tamdaw. Aloman ko maforaway tayra i Amirika a tamdaw no Kupa, cecay no kalitolo a lalomaan ira ko salawinawina i Amirika,[[Cuba#%20ftn3|[9]]] adihay ko nipanokayan nona maforaway i Amirika a payso to saka’orip no ma’osaway a salawinawina. === '''Pitooran(宗教)''' === [[Faylo:Cat_San_Cristobal.jpg|縮圖|Kyokai no Tinsikyo(Cat San Cristobal)]] O Kupa a kitakit ’i, caay ka paso’elin to Wama, o Pa’oripay.I 1962 miheca ma’idef ni Kasuzu Sifo ko 400 a kyokai no Tinsikyo,nawhan o nipatenakay to sapifolkokaw to karihaday no paso’elin sanay. I 1991 miheca mapalasawad ko piso’ot to pitooran, to cila a miheca mafalic ko kimpo masafa’eloh, malakalokitakita to ko Kupa,oranan haw ’i, cowa ka pilalang ko sifo to pitoor no tamtamdaw to paifalocay a pitooran, orasaka, manga’ay to mitoor ko Kyosanto a tamdaw, o Tinsikyo malaliyaw a haien no sifo. 1996 miheca saka11 folad , o Sikyo notinsikyo ci Rowang Pawlo sakatosa matahidang ni Kasuzu a palafang tayra i Kupa. O matenakay a pitooran i Kupa o nihawikidan no Sipanya a tayni o tinsikyo, irako 11 a kasaetal no kyokai, 650 ko kyokai.[[Cuba#%20ftn1|[10]]] O polong no mitooray a tamdaw no Kupa latak mahaop ko 35% o tinsikyo, sahetoay pasinliay, o roma sato ira ko fatad no polong a tamdaw no Kupa o paso’elinay to tinsikyo sanay ko sowal no Pacikang.[[Cuba#%20ftn2|[11]]] [[Cuba#%20ftn3|[13]]] I 1916 miheca lekalen ni Pento Sikyo Saka15 ko Wina Mariya o Midipotay Fangcalay Tamdaw. Ira ko 21ofad ko Fa’elohay Kristo a ngasaw matenak i 54 a kyokai, o Sencawhuwy ira ko 10 ofad, o Yiehofa ira ko madeng 9 ofad, ira ho ko roma a pitooran o Indo Pitooran, Yotaya Pitooran ato Muslin. == '''Sapacefad a tilid(註腳)''' == [[Cuba#%20ftnref1|[1]]].Alfred Carrada, ''The Dictionary of the Taino Language (plate 8)'' （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）^{[來源可靠？]} [2] 兩岸犇報. ben.chinatide.net. [2017-01-13]. （原始內容存檔於2020-12-20）. [3] 古巴成为拉美地区唯一完全消除饥饿的国家. 人民網. 2013年12月17日 [2016-06-20]. （原始內容存檔於2020-12-18） [[Cuba#%20ftnref1|[4]]] 古巴国家主席接任共产党第一书记 卡斯特罗兄弟60年执政写下句点. 路透社. 2021-04-20 [2021-04-20]. （原始內容存檔於2021-04-20） ato papotal (外部連接) [5] Ramón Dacal Moure, Manuel Rivero de la Calle. Art and archaeology of pre-Columbian Cuba. University of Pittsburgh Press. 1996: 22. <nowiki>ISBN 0-8229-3955-X</nowiki>. [6] 古巴國家主席接任共產黨第一書記卡斯楚兄弟60年執政寫下句點. 路透社. 2021-04-20 [2021-04-20]. （原始內容存檔於2021-04-20） [[Cuba#%20ftnref1|[7]]] Guia Oficial de Cuba. Cuba-Hotels. 2010-05-05 [2012-07-06]. （原始內容存檔於2010-04-07）. [[Cuba#%20ftnref2|[8]]] Oficina Nacional de Estadísticas de la República de Cuba. ''Cuadro 3.3 - Población media según grupos de edades, sexos y zonas, año 2007'' (Archivo excel). [2012-07-06]. （原始內容存檔於2012-02-22） [[Cuba#%20ftnref3|[9]]] 存档副本. [2012-05-11]. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-17）. [[Cuba#%20ftnref1|[10]]] 古巴将兴建56年来首座天主教新圣堂. [2015-03-12]. （原始內容存檔於2017-11-16）. [[Cuba#%20ftnref2|[11]]] ''Benedikt XVI. in Havanna: Der Papst und die legitimen Hoffnungen der Kubaner – Ausland – FAZ'' （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Website der FAZ. Abgerufen am 26. März 2012. [[Cuba#%20ftnref3|[13]]] 古巴将兴建56年来首座天主教新圣堂. [2015-03-12]. （原始內容存檔於2017-11-16）. == 外部連結 == == Kakafitan i Papotal (外部連接) == [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [[:en:List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government|List of current heads of state and government]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] l6pqagtdx4c3i75ca6ll3dcvnbgvjwq 0 237 5289 5288 2021-10-28T12:06:41Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 47 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 5288 wikitext text/x-wiki == O ngangan no Culiu (高山部落由來) == Culiu a niyaro’, ira ko pakayni itini ‘ayaway, adihay ko coleh sanay a cekiw i ‘alo. o Kavalan ato Sakizaya sa’ayaway tayni, nawhani Ka-liw-an a demek itiya i Guang-si sepat miheca, Malooday no kaping ko Kavalan ato Sakizaya, sake masalinalinahay i mililisay to riyar a paniyaro’. i ‘ayaw ho,  mrarid tayra i no walian a lotok ato kalala’ed no matelengay i sifo no Taywan a lotok ko finawlan, mademet ko kilakilangan, cekacekaan ato semosemotan ko sera i tira, Mademet ko kilakilangan, cekacekaan ato semosemotan ko sera i tira, awaay ko tamdaw i lilis to riyar a pala, orasaka ta mateka paniyaro’ ko finawlan itira. saka Culiu a niyaro’ han. == O kasiikedan no niyaro’ (部落特色) == O Culiu a riyaro’, Kaw-san ko sowal no holam. pakayni i saka’orip o pala ko pinengnengan no Culiu, itiniay i saka’etip a lilis no Sawalian lotok.(海岸山脈) caay ka ’alomanay a makapahay a niyaro’ i ilaloma'ay no Fongbin-syang (豐濱鄉 sowal no holam ) no Hualien-siyen (花蓮縣 sowal no holam ) , misi’ayaw mililis to riyar ko pasawali a 'Amis, misi’ayaw to Taypinyan ko Culiu, o tapang nagra i kawanan a pala no riyar. i tatihi no Dagmo ko Culiu a riyaro. o talafangcalay a niyaro’ no pasawali a ’Amis i Kalinko. itini i caay ka ’alomanay a tamdaw. itiniay a tamdaw, ’edeng to ira sa ko tadamaanay a demak no niyaro’ itiya to a minokay. ’edeng ko to’as ato wawa itiniay, ira ko ’osaw mana’ang, to laday misadateng, anca talalotok midongec ato midateng to no pala a dateng. itini i o Iwatan ko adihayay a tamdaw, o i lotokay ko nika ’orip no Ponon 布農 a finacadan. '''Sasalamaan : Kaw-San-Senlin-Citi(高山森林基地)''' Kaw-San-Senlin-Citi a pala no Iwatan, i ttini iro ko sasalamaan a pala, ira ko i palaay a 'a'adopen, pipakaen to kolong, sapala no Yin-cu-min ato ipala a mafuti', masapi:nang a ma’araw ko fo’is to dadaya itini. adihay ko 'a’adopen ato pisalamaan i palapalaan. o roma i tadafangcalay a minengneng ko pisalamaan i pala. ano mangalay kiso a tayra miholol i niyaro no Culiu’, dongdong han ko nika katatelekan no niyaro’. so’linay ano miripa' kiso tona seraan, wa:ta! ko ka fangcalay a lotok, a nanom, a palapalaan sa kiso a mipi ’pi ’. ano tayni kita i, salimelaen no mita ko nalacolan, nawhani o lamit no nanoto'asan a bungka itira. == O nikalopisak no Culiu (人口分佈) == Itiniay i [[Fengbin]] Siyang(豐濱鄉) no Hualien Siyen(花蓮縣) ko [[Culiu]] a niyaro’, 34 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 87 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 91% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 79 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 9% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 8 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)41%, Sakizaya(撒奇拉雅族)1%, Kebalan(噶瑪蘭族)2%, Bunun(布農族)38%, roma(其他)8%. == O finacadan no Yincomin (所屬阿美族群） == O pasawalian a ’Amis, o sa’alomanay a finacadan no Yincｏmin. itiniay i Fengbin-syang (sowal no holam ) no Hualien-siyen( sowal no holam) ko Fakong a niyaro’, o Malaloong a niyaro’, o Tingalaw a niyaro’, o Fakong a niyaro’, o Haciliwan a niyaro’, o Tidaan a niyaro’, o Makota’ay a niyaro’, o Laeno a niyaro’, o Ticilan a niyaro’, o Cawi’ a niyaro’ ato Tafugan a niyaro’, moetep a niyaro’ ko pipolongan. == O pitooran no finawlan (族人信仰） == O pitooran ko finawlan no Culiu i, itini a niyaro’ ira ko tosa nipatirengan a kiwkay a maneneng. o pito’oran nira i o tingsikiw ato kirisito-kiw. itini i ira ko pitooran ngara, pakayni sa’opo no kiwkay, malosakarikec sto sakarakat no ’orip no Yincomin, mamaan ca ko deamk no sapitolon ko niyaro’. ano iraay ko adada, o pades ato ira ko tatiihay a manmaan a demakan,maemin mitahidang to kiwkay mipadang. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] cixmq3vkdo934ywrp2n719g9kbf0fhh 0 238 5316 5315 2021-10-28T12:06:44Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 26 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 5315 wikitext text/x-wiki Cyasi（佳志部落） Itiniay i [[Fuxing]](復興) Cen no Taoyuan(桃園巿) ko [[Cyasi]] a niyaro’, 53 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 165 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 94% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 155 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 6% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 10 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)88%, Amis(阿美族)1%, Bunun(布農族)1%, Truku(太魯閣族)1%, roma(其他)3%. Ira ko picodadan(霞雲國小) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(大溪分局霞雲派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(霞雲里衛生室) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] j7zmjardsgu7y464hro1b81whuymz3y 0 239 5335 5334 2021-10-28T12:06:47Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 18 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 5334 wikitext text/x-wiki Cyocuy（鳥嘴部落） Itiniay i [[Jianshi]](尖石) Cen no Hsinchu(新竹縣) ko [[Cyocuy]] a niyaro’, 68 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 221 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 91% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 201 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 9% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 20 ko tamdaw. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] gw0euz1ofwlmahtrv1foax263oa8g5a 0 240 32141 32140 2022-08-09T09:20:21Z Safulo 35 #ALCD 32141 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''Cyprus（賽普勒斯)''' == == Takaray sowal(概要) == [[Faylo:Flag_of_Cyprus.svg|縮圖|Flag of Cyprus]] Sayporusu('''賽普勒斯共和國'''; Kirisiya a sowal:''Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία''; Roma a tilid:Kypriakí Dimokratía; Torki a sowal:''Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti''.簡稱'''賽普勒斯:'''Κ''ύπρος；Kıbrıs''). O itiraay i kahiceraan no Yoropa ato Aciya, i sakawaliay no Sifo’an-Riyar a kanatal,[[Cyprus#%20ftn1|[1]]] o kakahad no sera ira ko 9,251 km². O kakafana’an to kaira no tamdaw a maro’ itini i,miso’edac to 10,000 ko mihecaan,o nalacolan no itiyaay ho i,ira ko Ciyawrutiya('''喬伊魯科蒂亞'''''Choirokoitia),'' ono Fa’elohay-Fakelohan mihecan, tahanini materekay ho noyanan to a kasafaco no loma’. O kaitiraan no Sayporusu itiraay i saicomod nani Sifo’ay-Riyar tayra i Sa’etipan-Aciya, orasaka, nani to’asan ho a miheca makowan no Sitay('''西臺'''; Ikiris a sowal:''Hittite''),Yasu(亞述;Yalamo sowal:'''''ܐܬܘܪ'''''‎),Aykipto(埃及阿拉伯共和國;Arapiya a sowal:جمهوريّة مصرالعربيّة‎),Posi('''波斯;'''Fars),Arapiya-Halifa Hontian kitakit('''正統哈里發''';Arapiya a sowal:الخلفاء الراشدون‎，''al-Khilāfah ar-Rāšidah''),Umayie-Hontian kitakit(倭瑪亞王朝;Arapiya s sowal:أمويون‎), Winis-Kapolongan Kitakit(威尼斯共和國; Winis a sowal:''Repùblica de Venèsia''; Italiya a sowal: ''Repubblica di Venezia''; Latin a [[Faylo:EU-Cyprus.svg|縮圖|278x278像素|EU-Cyprus]] <nowiki>:</nowiki> ''La Serenissima)'' ato Awsman-Hontian kitakit, hatini to ko ka’adihay no mi’ecoay ato mikowanay to Winis. I 1878 miheca makowan no Ikiris tahira i 1959 miheca ta misiiked nani Ikiris, malamikapotay no Tata’angay-Ikiris-Lekatep.(大英國協;Ikiris a sowal:''Commonwealth of Nations).'' Yo malaheci to ko pisiiked no Saypuruso, o sakakaay a tamdaw nona kitakit o Kirisiya-Finacadan ato Torki-Finacadan, cilacila malari’ing, tahira i 1974 miheca malingato ko tata’angay a fodfod.1983 miheca yo maro’ay i saka’amisan nona kanatal a teloc no Torki a Saypuruso a tamdaw, ira ko pipadama no Torki-Sifo a lekal sa to mipatireng to “Saypuruso-Torki Kapolongan Kitakit”(北賽普勒斯土耳其共和國; Torki a sowal:''Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti''，縮寫為''KKTC''）nikawrira, o Torki aca a kitakit ko mihayay tona milekalay a misiiked a kitakit, orasaka, o Tatapangan Salongoc no Saypuruso ono polong a tamdaw no Saypuruso.roma sato, o so’elinay nikowanan no Kirisiya deng itiraay aca isakatimalan nona kanatal, o kakahad i,mahaop ko 63% no polong a sera nona kanatal. Oniyah a pihai to tireng o Yoropa kako ya sananay,[2] orasaka, i 2004 miheca saka 5 folad saka 1 romi’ad mikapot i Yoropa Lekatep(歐洲聯盟/''European Union, EU),'' malacefang no nona Lekatep. O kakahad no sera 9,251 km². == Ngangan no kanatal(國名) == O ngangan i,no Kirisiya a tilid:「''Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία''」;（SanoLatin:「''Kypriakí Demokratía''」），簡稱「''Κύπρος''」； Torki a sowal:「Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti」，簡稱「Kıbrıs」: no Conghuwaminkaku:「賽普勒斯」; ono Congko:「塞浦路斯」。Pakaynien i sici a mitahidang matatapal ato “Ka’amisay Saypuruso” o “ Katimolay Saypuruso”hananay a mitahidang, nikawrira, caay ka pihay ko Torki-Sifo to mitayhyo to polong a Saypuruso a Sakowan, deng o “no Kirisiya-Finacadan a Sakowan no Katimolay Saypuruso” hananay. [[Faylo:Cyp.PNG|縮圖|265x265像素|makalitosaay a Saypuruso]] == '''Rikisi'''(歷史) == I’ayaw no 8000 miheca iraay to ko niyaro’ itini. I’ayaw no 16 sici maforaw a tayni ko Kirisiya a tamdaw. Ikato’asan ho, halo Asu-Hontian Kitakit o Kiti-Kanatal(''Kittim'') hananay a mitahidang no Yota a tamdaw ko Saypuruso-Kanatal. ’Ayaw no 709~525 miheca matatootoor ko Asu,Aykipto ato Posi a tamdaw mi’eco tona kanatal. ’Ayaw 58 mihecaaan, satapang ko Roma-Hontian Kitakit patireng to Saypuruso-Sakowan itini, 400 ko mihecaan ko pikowan. I 395 miheca, malamikotoday no Paycantin-Hontian kona kanatal.i 1489 miheca mapateko no Winisu-Kapolong kitakit.i 1571 miheca ma’eco no Awsman-Hontian kitakit, i1573 miheca malaheci ko pipecih malasera no Awsman-Hontian kitakit. I 1960 miheca saka 8 folad saka5 romi’ad milekal to pisiiked, patireng to Saypuruso-Kapolongan kitakit. Mapatireng ko Matatekoay-Sifo no Kirisiya tamdaw ato Torki-tamdaw a sifo, tahira i 1963 miheca ira ko tata’angay a fodfod pakayni to pisanga’ to Tatapangan-Rikec. 1974 miheca o sofitay no Kirisiya mifelih to sifo no Saypuruso, orasaka, miocoor ko sifo no Torki to sofitay tayra i Saypuruso, oninian ko pilekal no Torki a tomdaw mipatireng to “ Saypuruso-Finacadan Kitakit “.tahira to i 1983 miheca miliyaw heca a milekal ko Torki to pipatireng to “Sak’amisay-SaypurusoTorki Kapolongan Kitakit ”,nikawrira, caay ka pihay ko hekal a kitakit. I 2004 miheca saka 5 folad saka1 romi’ad oya niaro’an no Kirisiya a tamdaw a etal midemak to Kapolongan-Pitopa a mikapot i Yoropa-Lekatep, malacefang no Yoropa-Lekatep. [[Faylo:Demetris_Christofias_in_February_2011.jpg|縮圖|348x348像素|o misakyosantoay malacongton(Demetris Christofias in February 2011)]] == '''Sieci'''(政治) == Ona kanatal i,makalitosaay o saka’amisan o Saypuruso ono Kirisiya tamdaw a Sakowan, o Sasypuruso-kapolongan kitakit(Kirisiya a sowal: ''Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία),'' anoca o Satimolan-Saypuruso hananay a mitahidang, mihayian no kalokitakit, o mikapotay i Linhoko ato Yoropa-Lekatep. O saka’amisay i,o Ka’amisay-Saypuruso hananay, o sakowan no Torki tamadaw, o Ka’amisay-Saypuruso Torki Kapolongan Kitakit(Torki a sowal:''Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti),'' dengan o Torki a kitakit ko mihayiay, i 1990~1995 mihecaan oya paiteked sanany a misiiked a Nasicifan-Niyah Pikowan a kapolongan kitakit(納希契凡自治共和國; Yasaypaylan a sowal:''Naxçıvan Muxtar Respublikası''；Yaminiya a sowal: ''Նախիջեվան'';Rosiya a sowal:''Нахичеванская Автономная Республика''）ko mihayiyay.nikawrira, cowa ka pihayi ko Tatapangan a kitakit o Yasaypayciyang tona pihayi. Anini o Torki Sifo ko milaheciay a mikowan tona ka’amisay a pecih. I 2004 miheca saka4 folad saka 24 romi’ad ira ko pitomadaw no Tapang no Linheko ci Annan to pidemak to Kapolongan-Pitopa to sakalacecayaw no Saypuruso, talacowa mihayi ko Torki tamdaw to pihalaka no Linheko, nikawrira, ono katimolay a Kirisiya a tamdaw ko ‘alomanay, orasaka, mapalahedaw koya demak to sakalacecayaw. I 2004miheca saka 5 folad saka 1 romi’ad, ronok sato ko nikowanan no Kirisiya a pecih mikapot i Yoropa-Lekatep. I 2008 miheca pakaala to singkiw ci Cimitolis-Helistofiyas('''季米特里斯·赫里斯托菲亞斯''';Kirisiya a sowal:''Δημήτρης Χριστόφιας)''malacongton,o sa’ayaway o misakyosantoay a Comahaday-Matayalay Lekatep no Sieci, oninian i o tadakakafahekaan, nawhani, o sa’ayaway malacongton ko misakyosantoay itini i Yoropa a kitakit. == '''Ponka ato pitooran''' (文化與宗教) == [[Faylo:Carnival_in_Limassol_2014_(12887788193).jpg|縮圖|misatrotrokay-lisin(Carnival in Limassol 2014 (12887788193))]] O maro’ay i sasifo’an ato sakatimolan o mitooray to Saka'etipay-So’elinay Kyokai mahaop ko 78%, o ka’amisay o mitooray to Islam a Torki-Tmdaw, mahaop ko 18%. I kacanglahan ira ko Limaso-Misatrotrok-Lisin(利馬索狂歡節). == '''Tamdaw'''(人口) == I 2003 miheca a sa’osi matafesiway to ko 80 ’ofad ko tamdaw, o Kirisiya a tamdaw mahaop ko 85.2%, ono Torki a Saypuruso dengan 11.6% ko tamdaw. Nani 2000 miheca misa’aloman a mipacomod to romaay a kitakit a matayalay nai Filipin,Tayko, Slilanka tayni a matayal. Itira to i 2011 miheca ira ko 838,897 ko tamdaw(caka lapot ko Ka’amisay Saypuruso),[[Cyprus#%20ftn1|[3]]] i 2013 mihecaan a sa’osi to polong nona kanatal latek ira to ko 1,141,166 ko tamdaw.[[Cyprus#%20ftn2|[4]]] == '''Pacefaday a Tilid(註腳)''' == [[Cyprus#%20ftnref1|[1]]] Countries of the World. Encyclopædia Britannica. [2020-09-15]. （原始內容存檔於2019-08-20）. [2] The World Factbook. CIA. [2021-01-28]. （原始內容存檔於2021-04-08）. [[Cyprus#%20ftnref1|[3]]] Statistical Service - Population and Social Conditions - Population Census - Announcements - Preliminary Results of the Census of Population, 2011. Cystat.gov.cy. 2011-12-29 [2012-01-29] '''（希臘語）'''.^{[永久失效連結]} [[Cyprus#%20ftnref2|[4]]] United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision, Highlights and Advance Tables (ESA/P/WP.220) (PDF). New York: 52. 2013 [2015-07-31]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2015-05-01） ===Mikafitay i papotak(外部連結)=== * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] i8u138kmf7b6tmlx130fvtnjesh1xr2 0 241 32165 32164 2022-08-15T14:48:39Z Safulo 35 32165 wikitext text/x-wiki == Czechia（捷克） == [[Faylo:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg|縮圖|Hata no Cieko (Flag of the Czech Republic)]] == '''Takaraay'''(概略) == Cieko(捷克共和國; Cieko a sowal:''Česká republika'';[1]，通稱捷克''Česko'')[2] o itiraay i Sifo’ay-Yoropa a karopaw a kitakit. I sakatimoan malafiyaw ato Awtili, isaka’etip malafiyaw ato Toic, ika’amis no sakawalian malafiyaw ato Polan, isakawali malafiyaw ato Slofaki. [3] O tatapangan nona kitakit i,nani Posimiya-Hontian Kitakit,[4] [5] o tatapangan niyaro’ no Fangcalay-Roma Hontian kitakit ato lalengatan no Toloay-Mihecan a Pitooran Lalood, malakahiceraan no Misanga’ay-to-Dafong no Awtili-Hontian kitakit ato Awsiyong-Hontian kitakit. I satapangan no 20 sici, yo malepon ko Sakacecay-Lalood no Hekal misiiked nani Awsiyong-Hontian Kitakit, matateko ato Slofako mala Cieko-Slofako,[6] o sakatipo a misanga’ay to dafong a kitakit i hekal. I Sakatosa-Lalood no Hekal ma’eco no Nacui-Toic malamikotoday a kitakit. I Li’etecay-Lalood a mihecahecaan masorot no Solin mapacomod i Sa’etipay-Lekatep, malomisimaway kitakit. 1989 miheca ira ko Taro’away-Pilolol no finawlan to sifo [[Faylo:EU-Czech_Republic.svg|縮圖|kaitiraan no Cieko(EU-Czech Republic)]] mala o Lomaocay-Finawlan Faco a kitakit. 1993 miheca rihaday ko kalacinowas ato Slofako alamisiikeday kitakit. Ona Cieko hananay a kitkakit i,matiya o Toic ato Awtili tadafangcal ko nidemakan to kikay, misanga’ to piro’epah, ato pisalamaan no lafang a tayal, o sakakaay ko pitilidan ato mikifinawlan ko sieci i laloma’ no Slafu-Finacadan, o sapdahof no sifo to kalotamdaw o sakakaay itini i Sifo’ay-Yoropa. == '''Rikisi'''(歷史) == Itini a pala no Cieko iraay ko Katelangay-Fokelohan a ponka ato Fa’elohay-Fokelohan a ponka, nikawrira, ona ponka cowa ka kakafit ato aniniay a tamdaw no Cieko. ‘Aloman ko pasowalay no mikakinkiway to rikisi a singsi no tata’angay-pitilidan,o to’as no Cieko ( o cecay no Slafo-Finacadan) tayniay to itini ton apala a maro’ i saka 6 sici.i saka9 sici,o malacecayay a Posimiya-Hontian Kitakit(波希米亞王國; Cieko a sowal:''České království''; Toic a sowal:''Königreich Böhmen''; Latin a sowal:''Regnum Bohemiae'') o lalengawan no Cieko ko nini. I saka 15sici, o tinsikyo a lalomaan no Hapuspaw-Hontian(哈布斯堡王朝;Toic a sowal:''Haus Habsburg)'' malamikowanay no Posimiya,nikawrira, o [[Faylo:Schlacht_am_Weißen_Berg_C-K_063.jpg|縮圖|Tolo-Polo' Mihecaan Lalood(Schlacht am Weißen Berg C-K 063)]] tamdaw no itiniay sahetoay mitooray ci Yan-Fusan(揚·胡斯;Cieko a sowal:''Jan Hus)''a kasaiked. I 1555 miheca mitilid ko Hapuspaw Honti to “Awkospaw-Kakaketonan”《奧格斯堡和約》，全稱《奧格斯堡國家及宗教和約》; Toic a sowal:''Augsburger Reichs- und Religionsfrieden),''mapaini ko Posimiya a tamdaw to paifaloco’ay a pitoor. 1618 miheca paci’ci a micoroh patalehekal to Tinsikyo ci Fitinan-Sakatosa, onini ko lalengatan no polong no Yoropa mitooray to Fa’elohay-Pitooran a kitakit no Yoropa ato mitooray to Tinsikyo kitakit a tolopolo’ ko mihecaan a lalood(三十年戰爭;Toic a sowal:''Dreißigjähriger Krieg'';1618年－1648年）. === '''Cieko-Slofako a mihecahecaan''' (捷克斯洛伐克時代) === Yo maherek ko Sakatosa-Lalood no Hekal, matekop ko Awsyon-Hontian Kitakit, oya mitekoay a Cieko molekal to pisiiked. Oya malawidangay a Cieko ato Slofako matateko mala Cieko-Slofako Kapolongan kitakit i 1920 miheca saka 10 folad saka28 romi’ad. I 1920 miheca saka 11 folad ato saka12 folad, o sofitay ko mikowanay to sifo no Ciko, to sapinekeraw to misafidangay to Solin a kasafelaw. Toikor to i,o Lomaocay-Faco ko talahekalay a mikowan, orasaka, ma’enec ko Kawiliay-Kasafelaw, riharay ko kalotamdaw, mapalalen ko sakarihaday no [[Faylo:Munich_conference(1938).png|縮圖|Minihe kakaketonan(Munich conference(1938))]] ka cidafong a matayalay, maomahay, onini ko sakapicoker no matayalay a tamdaw to Lomaocay-Faco, ca ka pihayi to kyosanto. I 1939 miheca saka 3 folad saka 15 romi’ad ma’eco no Naci-Toic ko Cieko, mapatireng ko Posimiya-Molawiya Mipa’adingan Kitakit,o Cieko sato i,malamamanisay a sifo no Toic.[[Czechia#%20ftn1|[7]]] Yo malaheci to ko Sakatosa-Lalood i 1945 miheca ma’emin a ma’eco no Solin ko Cieko ato Slofako,mapatireng ko Kyosanto a Kapolongan Kitakit. I 1968 miheca ira ko pilongoc no finawlan to sapifalic to foco no sieci tora Kacanglahan-Polako(布拉格之春; Cieko a sowal:''Pražské jaro''；Slofako a sowal:''Pražská ja''r; Rosiya a sowal:''пражская весна'') hananay a demak. Nikawrira, makilomot no sofitay no Solin, Polan Kapolongan-Finawlan kitakit, Syongyali Finawlan a Kapolongan kitakit ato Toic Finawlan kapolongan kitakit a mipesi’ koya sapifelihaw to sifo a demak. Tahira to i 1989 miheca saka 11 folad mapalowad ko Nikafinawlan a Sieci no Sifo’ay-Yoropa,o Cieko-Slofako sato i,ira ko Opih no Taro’away sanay a nipifalic a demak(天鵝絨革命;Cieko a sowal:''Sametová revoluce'';Slofako a sowal:nežná revolúcia) nikifinawlan to ko sieci o Cikapiay-Felaw Sieci. [[Faylo:Schengen_Agreement_(1985)_signatures.jpg|縮圖|Sinken-Kaketonan (Schengen Agreement (1985) signatures)]] === '''Malacinowas ato Slofako'''(與斯洛伐克分立) === Itiya sato i 1993 miheca saka1 folad saka1 romi’ad, malaliyas ko Cieko ato Slofako a kitakit alamisiikeday a kitakit, misiiked to i,oyananay to piharatengan ko pipatireng to kitakit a romi’ad i saka 10 folad saka 28 romi’ad . I 1993 miheca saka 1 folad saka 9 romi’ad mikapot to Sinheko. I 1999 miheca mikapot to Saka’amisay-Riyaran a Kakaketonan-Lekatep( North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO), i 2004 miheca saka 5 folad saka1 romi’ad mikapot i Yoropa-Lekatep(European Union, EU), i 2007 miheca saka 12 folad saka 21 romi’ad Sinken-Kakaketonan( malacefang no nini a kakaketonan.(《'''申根公約'''》;Toic a sowal:''Schengener Abkommen''; Fransu a sowal:''Convention de Schengen''; Olanta a sowal:Verdrag van Schengen).o pisawad a mikinsa to mifensyo anoca paspoto ano mipalafang i roma a kitakit. == '''Tamdaw''' (人口) == I 2021 miheca a pisa’osi to tamdaw no Cieko polong i,ira ko 1,070 ‘ofad. I 2011 miheca a pihapinang to tamdaw, ira ko Cieko a tamdaw (mahaop ko 63.7%), do’edo sa i Molawiya tamdaw(4.9%), Slofako tamdaw (1.4%), Polan a tamdaw (0.4%), Toic a tamdaw (0.2%) ato Sisiliya tamdaw(0.1%). O kika no kitakit manga’ay a pili’en a mi’ala, orasaka, cowa ka tiliden ko kika no kitakit,[8] ano no’edoen ko nikirokan i laloma’ no Cieko latek ira ko 25 ‘ofad ko Romu('''羅姆人; Romu a sowal:'''''Roma;也稱為'''吉普賽人'''或'''吉卜賽人'''''） tamdaw.[9] [10] 2015 mihecaan a kapolongan sa’osi no sofoc cecay fafahiya ira ko 1.44 ko wawa, ila’enay ho sasafaay a sa’osi tora 2.1, o cecay a kitakit to saawaay ko sofoc a kitakit.[11] I 2015 mihecaan a nisofocan a wawa mahaop ko 47.8% ono focod a wawa.[12] 2013 miheca o lalen a mihecaan no ‘orip ira ko 77.56 miheca( 74.29 ko fainayan, 81.01 ko fafahiyan).[13] O maforaway a tayni a tamdaw i 2007 miheca citongalay to 1%, latek ira ko 77,000 ko tamdaw to kalomihecaan.[14] O mitahidangan a matayalay a waylaw nani roma a kitakit,[15] o Yienan ko sa’alomanay ira ko 7 ‘ofad ko tamdaw.[16] I satapangan no saka 20 sici, o Ciciyako a tokay o sakatolo ko ka’aloman to Cieko atamdaw, mido’edoay to Polako ato Wiyiena.[17] [18] itini i Amirika o cilamlamay to remes no Cieko a tamdaw no Amirika ira ko 1,533,826 ko Amirika a tamdaw.[19] == '''Pitooran''' (宗教) == O saawaay ko mitooray tono Kawasan a kitakit ko Cieko, mahaop ko 75-79% a tamdaw cowa ka pakaso’elin to kawas,[20] [21] o Awaay-Pa’oripay Kawas sanay a tamdaw mido’edoay to Congko ato Dipon.[22] I 2001 miheca a pisolap ira ko 59%a tamdaw away ko pitooran, 26.8% o mitooray to Roma-Tinsikyo, 2.5% Fa’elohay-Pitooran.i 2005 miheca to pihapinang to polong no Yoropa, ira ko 30% a tamdaw no Cieko cowa ka pakaso’elin to Pa’oripa-Kawas ato ’Adingo’ 50% pakaso’elin iraay ko masamaanay a cowa ko kafana’an no tamdaw a ‘icel tona hekal, dengan 19% pakaso’elinay to Wama a Kawas. Itira sato i 2011miheca a pihapinang ira ko 34% awaay ko pitooran, 10.3% o Tinsikyo, 0.8% o Fa’elohay-Pitooran, 9% o roma a pitooran. == '''Ponka'''(文化) == O kaitiraan no Cieko itiraay i sasifo’an no Yoropa, o finacadan ira ko Cieko tamdaw, Rosiya tamdaw, Yienan tamdaw, Toic tamdaw,marecep no ponka no Rosiya, Sasifo’an no Saka’etipay Yoropa ato ikoray to no kyosanto a ponka, orasaka, ‘adihay ko kasasiromaroma no ponka itini. I Sakatosan-Lalood caay ka pitoker a milood, orasaka ma’osaw ko ‘adihayay a nalacolan no to’as., imatini ira ko 14 nalacolan no ponka mitokian i mipa’adingay to tadamaanay a dafong no to’as a sa’op no Linheko UNESCO,[23] o tatapangan a tokay no Cieko Polako o cecay no tadamaanay a kaitiraan no ponka no Yoropa, itini i rikisi no tamdaw ira ko tadamaanay citanengay a romadiway, Nitiliday, tahanini ma’osaw ho ko nikafangsis no ponka. == (註腳) == [1] Oxford English Dictionary. [13 September 2014]. （原始內容存檔於11 January 2008）. [2] Publications Office — Interinstitutional style guide — 7.1. Countries — 7.1.1. Designations and abbreviations to use. Publications Office. [31 January 2019]. （原始內容存檔於20 October 2007）. [3] Information about the Czech Republic. Czech Foreign Ministry. [25 March 2016]. （原始內容存檔於3 April 2016）. [4] Mlsna, Petr; Šlehofer, F.; Urban, D. The Path of Czech Constitutionality (PDF). 1st edition. Praha: Úřad Vlády České Republiky (The Office of the Government of the Czech Republic): 10–11. 2010 [31 October 2012]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於16 January 2013） （捷克語及英語）'''.''' [5] Čumlivski, Denko. 800 let Zlaté buly sicilské. National Archives of the Czech Republic (Národní Archiv České Republiky). 2012 [31 October 2012]. （原始內容存檔於28 November 2012） （捷克語）. [6] Dijk, Ruud van; Gray, William Glenn; Savranskaya, Svetlana; Suri, Jeremi; Zhai, Qiang. Encyclopedia of the Cold War. Routledge. 2013: 76 [13 December 2017]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1135923112</nowiki>. （原始內容存檔於22 November 2018） [[Czechia#%20ftnref1|[7]]] Ian Kershew著、林華譯. 地獄之行:1914-1949. 中信出版集團. 2018年12月: 138、359、360. <nowiki>ISBN 978-7-5086-8300-3</nowiki>. [8] První předběžné výsledky Sčítání lidu, domů a bytů 2011: Obyvatelstvo podle národnosti podle krajů 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2013-01-16.. (PDF) . Retrieved on 12 August 2012. [9] The History and Origin of the Roma. Romove.radio.cz. [2010-04-25]. （原始內容存檔於2010-04-25）. [10] Green, Peter S. British Immigration Aides Accused of Bias by Gypsies. New York Times. 2001-08-05 [2010-04-25]. [11] The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency. Cia.gov. [2016-12-10]. （原始內容存檔於2018-12-26）. [12] Population change – year 2015 | CZSO. Czso.cz. [2016-12-10]. （原始內容存檔於2021-03-09）. [13] The World Factbook. Cia.gov. [2014-05-14]. （原始內容存檔於2018-12-26）. [14] Crisis Strands Vietnamese Workers in a Czech Limbo. [2014-09-13]. （原始內容存檔於2021-03-11）. [15] O'Connor, Coilin. Is the Czech Republic's Vietnamese community finally starting to feel at home?. Czech Radio. 2007-05-29 [2008-02-01]. （原始內容存檔於2008-01-13）. [16] Crisis Strands Vietnamese Workers in a Czech Limbo. [2014-09-13]. （原始內容存檔於2021-03-11）. [17] Czechs and Bohemians 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2016-03-04.. Encyclopedia of Chicago. [18] Czech and Slovak roots in Vienna. wieninternational.at. [2014-09-13]. （原始內容存檔於2014年5月12日）. [19 Total ancestry reported. U.S. Census Bureau. [2014-07-13]. （原始內容存檔於2014-10-06）. [20] Archived copy (PDF). [2018-01-05]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2017-03-09）. [21] NÁBOŽENSKÁ VÍRA OBYVATEL PODLE VÝSLEDKŮ SČÍTÁNÍ LIDU (PDF). Czech Statistical Office. 2014-02-27 [2017-12-27]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2018-05-13）. Chapter 1. "Změny struktury obyvatel podle náboženské víry v letech 1991, 2001 a 2011"; table "Struktura obyvatel podle náboženské víry (náboženského vyznání) v letech 1991 - 2011": believers 20,8%; non-believers 34,5%; no declared religion 44,7% [22] Global Index of Religion and Atheism （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） Press Release 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2013-10-21.. 2012. secularpolicyinstitute.net [23] World Heritage List. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. [4 February 2021]. （原始內容存檔於2022-02-05） '''（英語）'''. == papotal(外部連結) [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] == * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * 捷[https://example.org 克] * [[:en:List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government|List of current heads of state and government]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] qzgw0qd402iwxe1898hcmertngpqi7i 0 242 33392 33391 2023-01-03T08:49:11Z Safulo 35 33392 wikitext text/x-wiki == Dadowacen（玉水橋部落） == Itiniay i [[Chenggong]](成功) Cen no Taitung-kowan(台東縣) ko [[Dadowacen]] a niyaro’, 122 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 276 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 70% ko ka’aloman no [[Yincomin]](原住民), polong han i, 194 ko [[tamdaw]]; o roma sato i, 30% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 82 ko tamdaw. O kilac no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, o 'Amis(阿美族)66%, Bunun(布農族)1%, roma(其他)2%. Ona maro'ay tamdaw itini i ikor no Sakatos-Lalood no Hekal o maforaway nani Atolan,Ta'eman, Kuwansan,ato Tomi'yac, ka'eciday a tamdaw patiregn tona Dadowacen a niyaro'. == O katadamaanan no niyaro’ == Adihay itini ko misahowaday ato misa'orangay a payrang itini, sahetoay o 'Amis a tamdaw ko matayalay, o ninian a howad ato 'orang patayraen i Taypaek a paliwal, tadamatekesay ko 'aca no howad ato 'orang, nawhani, makapahay ko nonom no riyar i salwaian no Taywan, cowa ka kadet, orasaka, ka'eso' a ka'enen ko nani tiniay a howa ato 'orang, rihaday heca ko tamdaw a koma'en to kaawa ko kadet no riyar awa ko sawarak, cowa ka pikari'ang to tatirengan. Matekasay ko 'aca no howak ato 'orang mamangay ko lifonno matayalay. Ano mipaka'en kako to howad ato 'orang ano sa ko 'Amis a toamdaw, awaay ko tata'angay a payso to sapidemak to matiniay, ano micaliw kako i kinko ano sa i, mipatanpo to loma' ato omah, ano awa sato ko 'etan o mamaala no kinko ko loma' ato omah sa ko lacemcem no faloco, ora ko saka ca ka pitayal to matiniay, o pisakoli ko nga'ayay. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] jvcrixif306njfiiy9tilua7x48chxb 0 243 5396 5395 2021-10-28T12:06:57Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 5 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 5395 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Bayanbulak grassland.jpg|150px|thumb|Dafdaf]] {{stub}} gobzxd1ubk7apk0iasagib1rep8ac8l 0 244 5423 5422 2021-10-28T12:07:00Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 26 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 5422 wikitext text/x-wiki Dai-ni（二集團部落） Itiniay i [[Taoyuan]](桃園) Cen no [[Kaohsiung]](高雄) ko [[Dai-ni]] a niyaro’, 59 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 173 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 96% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 166 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 4% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 7 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Bunun(布農族)90%, Cou(鄒族)2%, Paiwan(排灣族)1%, Tayal(泰雅族)2%, Rukai(魯凱族)1%, roma(其他)1%. Ira ko picodadan(寶山國小) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] itgc9gwqv9xf6qi6f95z3wzh30c0g8g 0 245 38859 5446 2023-06-30T02:55:53Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38859 wikitext text/x-wiki Dakus（樟山部落） Itiniay i [[Taoyuan]](桃源區) Cen no Kaohsiung(高雄) ko [[Dakus]] a niyaro’, 28 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 59 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 92% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 54 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 8% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 5 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko [[Bunun]](布農族)88%, [[Amis]](阿美族)2%, [[Tayal]](泰雅族)2%. Ira ko picodadan(樟山國小、樟山國小附幼) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 9viijehq4uu47nm3ejmfnaerqmkq213 0 246 44506 44505 2024-08-31T19:39:41Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 Grybauskaitė, 2014 44506 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Dalia Grybauskaite 2014 by Augustas Didzgalvis.jpg|縮圖|Grybauskaitė, 2014|alt=Dalia Grybauskaite 2014 by Augustas Didzgalvis.jpg]] I 1956 a miheca(年) saka 3 folad saka 1 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci '''Dalia Grybauskaitė'''(達利婭·格里包斯凱特), malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Lithuania]](立陶宛) anini i ci Dalia Grybauskaitė, patirengan a romi’ad i 2009 a miheca saka 7 folad saka 12 a romi’ad. == No papotalay a kakafit == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 06zs48m76t41fyzsy531bon9heehd0s 0 247 5481 5480 2021-10-28T12:07:08Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 20 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 5480 wikitext text/x-wiki Damayan（大馬遠部落） Itiniay i [[Wanrong]](萬榮) Cen no Hualien(花蓮縣) ko [[Damayan]] a niyaro’, 86 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 246 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 97% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 239 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 3% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 7 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Bunun(布農族)87%, Paiwan(排灣族)2%, roma(其他)8%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] jt75tysou0cpomoylq5q96bq5a4gnig 0 248 5485 5484 2021-10-28T12:07:10Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 3 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 5484 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} [[Faylo:Thai peppers.jpg|thumb|left|500px|Damidam]] be3i410bb67uam6t7abc3ujhvonh9qs 0 249 5508 5507 2021-10-28T12:07:13Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 22 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 5507 wikitext text/x-wiki Danadanaw（龍過脈部落） Itiniay i Beinan(卑南) Cen no Taitung(台東縣) ko [[Danadanaw]] a niyaro’, 161 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 412 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 46% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 189 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 54% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 223 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Puyuma(卑南族)29%, Amis(阿美族)9%, Tayal(泰雅族)1%, Bunun(布農族)3%, roma(其他)3%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] bj3nz62yonboxhidkkkl0wqeze09b2d 0 250 44504 44313 2024-08-31T19:37:59Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 丹尼爾·奧蒂嘉 44504 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Ortega Lula - ABr 28.07.20102225 (cropped).JPG|縮圖|Daniel Ortega, 2010|alt=Daniel Ortega (cropped).jpg]] I 1946 a miheca(年) saka 11 folad saka 11 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci '''Daniel Ortega'''(丹尼爾·奧蒂嘉), malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Nicaragua]](尼加拉瓜) anini i ci Daniel Ortega, patirengan a romi’ad i 2007 a miheca saka 1 folad saka 10 a romi’ad. == No papotalay a kakafit == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 33m9lkdzosyw0ympoxza0wgfx1htx3p 0 251 45460 44320 2025-01-19T09:17:20Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 Presidente Lula recibe a Danilo Medina idi 2012年 45460 wikitext text/x-wiki Danilo Medina(達尼洛·梅迪納) [[Faylo:Presidente Lula recibe a Danilo Medina cropped.jpg|縮圖|Presidente Lula recibe a Danilo Medina idi 2012年|alt=Presidente Lula recibe a Danilo Medina cropped.jpg]] I 1951 a miheca(年) saka 11 folad saka 10 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci [[Danilo Medina]], malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Dominican republic]](多明尼加) anini i ci Danilo Medina, patirengan a romi’ad i 2012 a miheca saka 4 folad saka 16 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] owk9og2dralvvc0kchjtno9glh75yuj 0 252 5554 5553 2021-10-28T12:07:20Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 18 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 5553 wikitext text/x-wiki Daren（達仁鄉） Itini i Taitung(台東縣) ko [[Daren]] Siyang. sa’osi han ko po:long no palaan i, ira ko 320.55 km² (lalotolotokan a plalan no sa’osi i ira ko 192.37 km², o palaan noto’as i'a:yaw i ira ko 87.57 km²), 2,544 ko tamdaw i Daren Siyang, 1,020 ko parod no loma’, itini i niyaro’ a Yincomin(原住民) sa’osi han ira ko 2,374 a tamdaw, pakaala to 93%(Paiwan排灣族) no polong no tamdaw. o Paiwan ko sa’alomanay i Taitung. ==O kasaniyarona== 6 ko cun, 10 ko niyaro’ i Daren Siyang. [[Larepaq]]（拉里巴部落）, [[Tjuaqau]]（台坂部落）, [[Seljupetje]]（南田部落）, [[Aljungic]]（安朔部落）, [[Sinka]]（新化部落）, [[Mulinaga]]（森永部落）, [[Tjuabal]]（土坂部落）, [[Dralendren]]（新興部落）, [[Tjuavanaq]]（嘉發那部落）, [[Tjuamanges]]（加滿額斯部落）. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] l0wqwb19n81t6mxjp5q1z83vfsel2il 0 253 5584 5583 2021-10-28T12:07:23Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 29 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 5583 wikitext text/x-wiki Datong（大同鄉） Itini i [[Yilan]](宜蘭縣) ko [[Datong]] Siyang. sa’osi han ko po:long no palaan i, ira ko 765.42 km² (lalotolotokan a plalan no sa’osi i ira ko 651.59 km², o palaan noto’as i'a:yaw i ira ko 79.16 km²), 5,751 ko tamdaw i Datong Siyang, 1,768 ko parod no loma’, itini i niyaro’ a Yincomin(原住民) sa’osi han ira ko 5,038 a tamdaw, pakaala to 88%(Tayal泰雅族) no polong no tamdaw. o Tayal ko sa’alomanay i Yilan Siyang. ==O kasaniyarona== 9 ko cun, 19 ko niyaro’ i Datong Cen Siyang. [[Alang stacis]]（寒溪巷部落）, [[Pyanan]]（南山部落）, [[Qalang skikun]]（四季部落）, [[Qalang cinaw]]（智腦部落）, [[Toruy]]（東壘部落）, [[Syanox]]（松羅部落）, [[Kalan dalah]]（崙埤部落）, [[L.muan]]（茂安部落）, [[Qalang]]（新光部落）, [[Sqbwh]]（長嶺部落）, [[Qba]]（九寮溪部落）, [[Tamalon]]（玉蘭部落）, [[Bngwan]]（圓山部落）, [[Knbung]]（梵梵部落）, [[Pekus]]（排骨溪部落）, [[Banun]]（碼崙部落）, [[Sengan]]（牛鬥部落）, [[Kulu]]（華興部落）, [[‘Syabutay|‘Syabutay]]（四方林部落）. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] 028awfi9zoexpwsma9n0wz0c2obm05n 0 254 5611 5610 2021-10-28T12:07:26Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 26 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 5610 wikitext text/x-wiki Dauqpusan（崙山部落） Itiniay i [[Zhuoxi]](卓溪) Cen no Hualien(花蓮縣) ko [[Dauqpusan]] a niyaro’, 177 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 684 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 96% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 655 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 4% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 29 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Bunun(布農族)68%, Amis(阿美族)2%, Tayal(泰雅族)3%, Truku(太魯閣族)3%, Seediq(賽德克族)15%, roma(其他)4%. Ira ko picodadan(崙山國小) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(崙山村衛生室) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] bioqbru1uinwm1m4nczmfjc6kf64uoo 0 255 45464 44300 2025-01-19T09:24:53Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 David A. Granger idi 2015年 45464 wikitext text/x-wiki David A. Granger(大衛·格蘭傑) [[Faylo:David Arthur Granger (21605566518) (cropped).jpg|thumb|David A. Granger idi 2015年|alt=David Arthur Granger (21605566518) (cropped).jpg]] I 1945 a miheca(年) saka 7 folad saka 15 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci [[David A. Granger]], malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Guyana]](蓋亞那) anini i ci David A. Granger, patirengan a romi’ad i 2015 a miheca saka 5 folad saka 16 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] ehq489bxtvcc4lj36z83fnnuy9gnemv 0 256 5645 5644 2021-10-28T12:07:31Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 19 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 5644 wikitext text/x-wiki Davugele（大武窟部落） Itiniay i [[Taimali]](太麻里) Cen no Taitung(台東縣) ko [[Davugele]] a niyaro’, 109 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 252 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 79% ko ka’aloman no [[Yincomin]](原住民), polong han i, 198 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 21% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 54 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko 與金崙部落混居. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] sqkav9cfhg9xfuy4fv87qiz9yhqvdfy 0 257 5665 5664 2021-10-28T12:07:34Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 19 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 5664 wikitext text/x-wiki Dawu（大武鄉） Itini i Taitung(台東縣) ko [[Dawu]] Siyang. sa’osi han ko po:long no palaan i, ira ko 62.59 km² (lalotolotokan a plalan no sa’osi i ira ko 5.7 km², o palaan noto’as i'a:yaw i ira ko 43.47 km²), 4,435 ko tamdaw i Dawu Siyang, 1,781 ko parod no loma’, itini i niyaro’ a Yincomin(原住民) sa’osi han ira ko 3,151 a tamdaw, pakaala to 71%(Paiwan排灣族) no polong no tamdaw. o Paiwan ko sa’alomanay i Taitung Siyang. ==O kasaniyarona== 5 ko cun, 10 ko niyaro’ i Dawu Siyang. [[Pangwi]]（大武部落）, [[Qaljapang]]（加羅板部落）, [[Ru ja qas]]（魯加卡斯部落）, [[Pacavalj]]（大鳥部落）, [[Ku shu shu]]（和平部落）, [[Qu chn.la love vn]]（古庄部落/含太湖部落）, [[Tjacupu]]（大竹，工作地部落）, [[Tjukuvulj]]（愛國蒲部落）, [[Seqeciin]]（加津林部落）, [[Seqalapit]]（斯卡拉比部落）. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] 1qghlpnnarytrjmurha2ckyudpdpzws 0 258 44478 44299 2024-08-31T14:17:02Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 德尼·薩蘇-恩格索 44478 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Denis Sassou Nguesso 2014.jpg|縮圖|Denis Sassou Nguesso, 2014|alt=Denis Sassou Nguesso 2014.jpg]] I 1943 a miheca(年) saka 11 folad saka 23 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci '''Denis Sassou Nguesso'''(德尼·薩蘇-恩格索), malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Congo, the republic of the]](剛果共和國) anini i ci Denis Sassou Nguesso, patirengan a romi’ad i 1997 a miheca saka 10 folad saka 25 a romi’ad. == No papotalay a kakafit == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 5x3zdqjbwabr34nm466gzgsx1kl0ty7 0 259 32320 32309 2022-09-05T15:17:39Z Safulo 35 32320 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:EU-United Kingdom.svg|縮圖|293x293像素]] [[Faylo:Flag of Denmark.svg|縮圖|284x284像素]] == Tanmay (丹麥) == Tanmay a sowal: Danmark),。Takaray sowal :o Isaka’amisay Yoropa a kitakit, o cecay no Citatapangan Salongoc a Tanmay Hotian kitakit (Tanmay a sowal:Kongeriget Danmark)ona i, o Falo-Kanatanatal (法羅群島; Falo asowal:Føroyar )ato Kolinlan (格陵蘭; Kolinlan a sowal:Kalaallit Nunaat)a matatekoay a kitakit. O faco no sieci i,o hontian ko misanga’ay to Tatapangan-Rikec , o Finawlan ko pi’arawan a Lomaocan faco, o tatapangan niyaro’(syuto) itiraay i Kopenhaken (哥本哈根; Tamay a sowal:København). o saka’amisay a kitakit itini i hekal. Inian sato i, o Tanmay, Norwy ato Roytin malariniay ko sowal, ponka ato rikisi nangra, patateko hananay a mipangangan to Skantinawiya-Pecih Kanatal a kitakit. O mikapotay to Yoropa-Lekatep, ikakaay ko kacomahad no saka’orip, orasaka, o mahapinangay ko karihaday no tamdaw, o cipaysoay to, o manikaway to, cowa ka hakowa ko katatiwtiwan, o sakakaay ko kacomahad a kitakit i hekal. O aniniay a Tapang no kitakit ci Makolito saka tosa(瑪格麗特二世;Tanmay a sowal:Hendes Majestæt Dronning Margrethe II), tadatata’angay ko sakowan a ’icel no Sakakaay Sifo, o citodongay mikowan to Falo-Kanatalatal ato Kolinlan a tayal. == '''Lalengatan no ngangan(詞源)''' == O kasadakan nona ”Danmark” hananay i,iraay ko ka rawrawan to Tanmay, Tan-tamdaw ato nikalacecay no Tanmay-Hontian kitakit.[[Denmark#%20ftn1|[1]]] [[Denmark#%20ftn2|[2]]] tona karawrawan i, ora ’ayaway a ''Tan'' sanay a konis o niyaro’ no Relman ano ca o Tan sanay a kitakit ko nitoro’an han, ora sa iaikoray a ''mark'' a so’elinay a imi caay ka patosok ko kafana’an. Orama sa i,o nirina’an a ohong ato isifo’ay sici a nitilidan adihay ko kasasiroma a sowal pakayni tora Tan-tamdaw sanay a imi, tongal sa ko karawraw pakayni tora ngangan no Tanmay. == '''Rikisi'''(歷史) == I saka 8 sici tahira i saka10 sici, o Tanmay, Norway ato Roytin a tamdaw polong hanannay o Wiking-Tamdaw('''維京人'''; Telang a Nos sowal:''víkingr'') hananay a mitahidang. Anini sato i, o cecay no Ka’amisay-Yoropa, o saopo no Misasolapay mikilim a tamdaw, o maapaay sofitay, paliwalay to dafong, mikalicay to tamina, kokong no riyar,cikawasay atomisamaraday konini.[[Denmark#%20ftn3|[3]]] [[Denmark#%20ftn4|[4]]] o nalipaan nangra i, ma’edefay ko polong no Yoropa. Itiraay i Ikiris ato saka’etip Yoropa ko pisa’icelan nangra a matayay, ma’eco nangra ko Inkolan,Airlan ato Fransu. Do’edoen ko nitilidan i Yielin-Fakeloh, Sakacecay Halar (Telang a Kos-sowal:''Haraldr blátǫnn Gormsson'';Tanmay a sowal:''Harald Blåtand Gormsen''), pacimil han to Ranya('''藍牙'''),i 965 miheca mapalacecay ko Tanmay, mitoor to Kristo-Pitooran. [[Faylo:Jelling rune stones.2.ajb.jpg|縮圖|260x260像素|Yielin-fekoloh (Jelling rune stones)]] I 1397 miheca, Tanmay, Roytin ato Norwi malacecay a patireng to ” Cecayay ko tapang a matatekoay Kitakit” (Ikiris a sowal:''Personal union''),  ona toloay a matatekoay kitakit ilaloma’ no kapolongan kitakit malecad ko sakowan. Nikawrira, o honti ci Makolito misakakinihay ko pikowan.[5] Nani patirengan tona kapolongan kitakit to 125 mihecaan, itini i Skantinawiya a rikisi, kinapinapina a misiiked ko Roytin, caka hakowa ko romi’ad, ma’eco no Tanmay. I 1523 miheca saka 7 folad, o honti no Roytin matekop ningra ko Stokoermo(斯德哥爾摩; Roytin a sowal:''Stockholm).''misiiked patireng to kitakit, to ikor to i, malacafay ko Tanmay ato Norwi malakapot a patireng to Tanmay-Norwi Kapolongan kitakit. Yo misiiked ko Roytin kitakit, kinatosa a mitanam sapiliyawaw a mipa’ekel to Roytin, sakakinacecay oya ”Ka’amisay a pitoay miheca lalood”, sakakinatosa o Karoma-Lalood. Tona kinatosa a lalood caay ka pakafilo ko Tanmay a miliyaw mikowan to Roytin, nikawrira, mapatangic ko Roytin a patefoc tona lalood.[6] Itira i Napolon-Lalood (拿破崙戰爭; Fransu a sowal:''Guerres napoléoniennes'') a mihecahecaan, caka pisakakinih kako o Tanmay to Ikiris anoca to Fransu saan, nikawrira, midamaay ko Tanmay to Fransu sa ko Ikiris, ora saka milood to tatapangan niyaro’ no Tanmay Kopenhaken, o Salifong-Tamina a lalood (砲艦戰爭;''Gunboat War)'' hananay konini. Malowid ko Tanmay, malaheci ko pisiiked no Norwi, matekop ko Tanmay-Norwi Lekatep. I 1849 miheca saka 6 folad saka 5 romi’ad, mafalic ko faco no sieci no Tanmay nani Hontian-Piteked Pikowan mala o Tatapangan-Rikec no kitakit ko pido’edoan. 1864 miheca, malowid ko Tanmay i Potan-Lalood, kelit han ko Senliswi-Horstan kowan pafeli to Porosu. I Sakacecay Lalood no Hekal o caay ka pisakakinih pasicowa ko Tanmay kitakit, nikawrira, racemcem to pilololan no i Toicay a tamdaw, orasaka, papidemakan han to kapolongan pitopa to finawlan, ora sato o ika’amisay a pala malo no Tanmay, no ikatimolay sanoyanan sa a itira i Toic. I 1939 miheca matatilid ko Tanmay ato Toic to caka pilood ko cima to i roma a kitakit, nikawrira, i 1940 miheca saka 4 folad saka 9 romi’ad milood ko Toic to Tnmay, dengan tosa widi ko pitoker no Tanmay mikosang to. Itiya i Sakatosa Lalood no Hekal misa’icel a midama to itiraay i Tanmay a Yotaya papilaliw tayra i Roytin, ta caka hadefeken no Toic ko Yotaya. Yo malaheci to ko Sakatosa Lalood mikapot to Paifaloco'ay kali'aca a katatelekan(歐洲自由貿易協會; ''European Free Trade Association''，decdec:''EFTA''), NATO ato Linheko, o nipalowaday tona saop ko Tanmay kitakit. == Tamdaw (人口) == Do’edoen ko 2012 sa’osi o polong tamdaw no Tanmay ira ko 5,580,516 ko tamdaw, ilaloma’ nonini i, mahaop ko 89,6% o teloc no Tanmay tamdaw, oroma sa i, ira ko 10.4% o maforaway a tayni nani roma a kitakit. Ona maforaway a tamdaw i laloma’ nonini mahaop ko 34%( latek 20 ’ofad) o nani Sa’etipay Kitakit a tamdaw, 66%cowa ko nani Sa’etipay kitakit a tamdaw. [7]O sifo’ay ko mihecaan no Tanmay a tamdaw 39.8 ko mihecaan, o kilac no fayinayan ato fafahiyan i, 0.98 : 1. o ikakaay no 15 mihecaan a tamdaw to mafana’ay to tilid i ira ko 98.2%. O sowal no Tanmay kono sifoan a sowal, o marariday a mara’oy konini a sowak. Ono Toic a sowal itiraay i kalala’edan ato Toic kitakit toya Satimolan Ritola Kowan. O sowal no Ikiris ato Toic ko romi’adan sowal.[8] Ano pasasotili’en ato taliyokay kitakit ko Tanmay a ’orip, malalen ’amoko’ay ko ka ’orip i hekal, nikawrira, itinien i kalorayray no i hekalay, o sasiharaday ko Tanmay ko ’osi no Tanmay.[9] [10] [11] == Pitooran (宗教) == Tahini i 2013 miheca saka 1 folad a sa’osi o mitooray tono kitakit pitooran tora Roto-Salikaka.[12] [13] [14] ano pasasotili’en ato 2012 miheca malowanay to 0.7%,ano pasasotili’en ho ato 2011 miheca malowanay to 1.3%. o mitoooray tono kitakit a pitooran ’alomanay, nikawrira, o tayraay i kiyokay a salikaka 3% polong no tamdaw no Tanmay. == '''Pacefaday a tilid(註腳)''' == [[Denmark#%20ftnref1|[1]]] Kristian Andersen Nyrup, Middelalderstudier Bog IX. Kong Gorms Saga （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） [[Denmark#%20ftn2|[2]Bent Østergaard. ''Indvandrerne i Danmarks historie''. Syddansk Universitetsforlag. 2007: 19–24. ISBN 978-87-7674-204-1.]] [[Denmark#%20ftnref3|[3]]] Roesdahl, Else. The Vikings. Penguin Books. 1998: 9-22 [2014-07-13]. <nowiki>ISBN 9780140252828</nowiki>. （原始內容存檔於2014-07-18）. [[Denmark#%20ftnref4|[4]]] Viking (people). Encyclopedia Brittanica. [2014-07-13]. （原始內容存檔於2014-10-06）. [5] Palle Lauring, ''A History of the Kingdom of Denmark'' (Host & Son Co.: Copenhagen, 1960) p. 108. [6] Kalmarkriget 1611–1613. Svenskt Militärhistoriskt Bibliotek. [2007-05-04]. （原始內容存檔於2007-10-11）. [7] Immigrants and their descendants （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） - ''Statistcs Denmark''. Published: 1 January 2012. Accessed: 25 August 2012. [8] Lewis, M. Paul (編). Ethnologue: Languages of the World 16th. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. 2009 [2012-08-27]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-55671-216-6</nowiki>. （原始內容存檔於2011-10-13）. [9] Francesca Levy, "The World's Happiest Countries", ''Forbes'' 14 July 2010 [10] Francesca Levy, "Table: The World's Happiest Countries", ''Forbes'' 14 July 2010 [11] Michael B. Sauter The Happiest Countries in the World （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Yahoo! Finance. May 22, 2012. [12] Church membership 2013 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） 3.1.2013 Kyrkans tidning '''（丹麥文）''' [13] Statistics Denmark （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） Statistikbanken.dk [14] Denmark – Constitution （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） – Part I – Section 4 [State Church]: "The Evangelical Lutheran Church shall be the Established Church of Denmark, and, as such, it shall be supported by the State." Itini i 56 00 N, 10 00 E, noYoropi ko [[Denmark]]. Polong no sekalay i 43,094 sq km “saka 134 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 42,434 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 660 sq km ” Polong i 5,593,785 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 63.40%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 12.90%, malo no roma to a sera 23.70%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Copenhagen]](哥本哈根) ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit(國家) a romi’ad i sakaenem 5 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Margrethe II]], patirengan a romi’ad i 1972 a miheca(年) saka 1 folad saka 14 a romi’ad. == Makakafitay i Papotal(外部連接) == * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Denmark| ]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian ’Amis]] rkuwtyjdr3z1ao5zsm1r14gbqg5xxx0 0 260 44314 30563 2024-08-27T09:08:33Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 Didier Burkhalter, 2011 44314 wikitext text/x-wiki Didier Burkhalter(迪迪埃·柏克哈特) [[Faylo:Didier Burkhalter 2011.jpg|thumb|Didier Burkhalter, 2011|alt=Didier Burkhalter 2011.jpg]] I 1960 a miheca(年) saka 4 folad saka 17 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci [[Didier Burkhalter]], malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Switzerland]](瑞士) anini i ci Didier Burkhalter, patirengan a romi’ad i 2012 a miheca saka 1 folad saka 1 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 87twai0yv4os8wilrx5hd1g5shsu9xx 0 261 38880 5750 2023-06-30T06:43:39Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38880 wikitext text/x-wiki == Dihekoay Niyaro'（陸安部落） == == Takaray a Sowal(概要) == Itiniay i Fanaw sakowan (''[[Chishang]] Cen池上鎮'') no Sin(''台東縣'') ko Dihekoay a niyaro’, 76 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 198 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. Mahaop 84% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 167 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, mahaop 16% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 31 ko tamdaw. O Dihekoay hananay a niyaro' haw i, orira a pala o dihekoay a kitiraan. Alomanay ko maro'ay itira. i'ayw caho ka 'aloman ko tamdaw maro'ay toya pala. saheto o omahomahan a masakakahad. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko '[[Amis]](阿美族)mahop ko 80%, [[Puyuma]](卑南族)mahahop ko 1%, [[Seediq]](賽德克族)mahaop ko 1%, o roma a finacadan(其他)3%. Silsilen ko kasasiromaroma a kasafinacadan i, o 'Amis a finacadan i, mahaop ko 80%，o Puyuma a finacadan i, mahaop ko 1%, o Seediq a finacadan i, mahaop ko 1%, o roma a finacadan i, mahaop ko3%. O kacingangaan to Dihekoay hananay haw i, I’ayaw ho, nai kawaliay a ‘Amis, nai kawali no '''Kalokapoan''' misatapang a mimatang, do’do sa pasa’etip a misakakahad to omah. O Kalokapoay a ’Amis, o nai Palidaw a malinah taini mikilim to lihadayay a ’orip a ’Aims, ’aloman sato ko maro’ay . Nika ’aloman sa ko papahafayen, pasa’etip sa ko pimatang. Paka’araw to cangra tona makapahay a kakahad a miingid haca to Congyingsanmay(中央山脈）, o saka nga’ayay nona pala haw i, ano katiposan a palapatan cakapicomod ko ke’tecay a fali diheko itini, o tada katatodongan no tamdaw a ma’orip kona kitiraan sa. Loma to i, i '''Kalokapo''' ko aro’ ,i Dihekoay ko pisaomah, mala’ayen saca ko rakat a misatikotikol a minokay. mansa itira sato ko aro’ nangra a malinah nai '''Kalokapo''' taini a ma’orip saca '''lafanaw sato koni a pala.''' Hatini ona pala 'adihay ko sasilomaloma a finacadan '''macamocamo''' a maro' itini. == Pikafitan i Papotal(外部連接) == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 8z7os4xx29xc4957cimdpranjws4743 0 262 5755 5754 2021-10-28T12:07:48Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 4 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 5754 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} [[Faylo:hawaiian lava tube.jpg|thumb|300px|Dihif no Hawaii]] pwx05pp7aj5g4lkhx3af5l56bjlrdxa 0 263 5779 5778 2021-10-28T12:07:51Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 23 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 5778 wikitext text/x-wiki Dikidiki（利吉部落） Itiniay i [[Beinan]](卑南) Cen no Taitung(台東縣) ko [[Dikidiki]] a niyaro’, 110 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 300 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 70% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 211 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 30% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 89 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)66%, Rukai(魯凱族)1%, Puyuma(卑南族)1%, roma(其他)2%. Ira ko picodadan(富山國小、富山國小附幼) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] h2mc1dgzg278moms2qjqrpdzn5y4yhj 0 264 5799 5798 2021-10-28T12:07:53Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 19 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 5798 wikitext text/x-wiki Dipit（復興部落） Itiniay i [[Fengbin]](豐濱) Cen no Hualien(花蓮縣) ko [[Dipit]] a niyaro’, 41 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 77 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 99% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 76 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 1% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 1 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)94%, roma(其他)5%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] cigztyouh1ki59vwvie36ui8cpez8ot 0 265 5801 5800 2021-10-28T12:07:55Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 1 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 5800 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Fafoy]] am6yb1z34sjqem3l79hf678nieec29z 0 266 5820 5819 2021-10-28T12:07:57Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 18 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 5819 wikitext text/x-wiki Djelunavunavuk（德路那弗那弗克部落） Itiniay i [[Jinfeng]](金峰) Cen no Taitung(台東縣) ko [[Djelunavunavuk]] a niyaro’, 27 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 116 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 97% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 112 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 3% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 4 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko . == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] i1qwv81wqalzxk34hnntrk6dqv78857 0 267 5846 5845 2021-10-28T12:08:00Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 25 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 5845 wikitext text/x-wiki Djineljepan（安坡部落） Itiniay i [[Sandimen]](三地門) Cen no [[Pingtung]](屏東縣) ko [[Djineljepan]] a niyaro’, 167 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 559 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 93% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 520 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 7% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 39 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Paiwan(排灣族)95%, Amis(阿美族)2%, Tayal(泰雅族)1%, Bunun(布農族)1%, roma(其他)4%. Ira ko paisingan(鄉安坡衛生室) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 61f8aerubrulyxzu26og9cvnlkodyh4 0 268 5867 5866 2021-10-28T12:08:03Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 20 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 5866 wikitext text/x-wiki Djumulj（賓茂部落） Itiniay i [[Jinfeng]](金峰) Cen no Taitung(台東縣) ko [[Djumulj]] a niyaro’, 34 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 116 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 98% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 114 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 2% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 2 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko . Ira ko paisingan(金鋒衛生所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] fw077lvte7ijo4oo5h7u1jwphdqiz9u 0 269 32498 32496 2022-09-30T10:07:19Z Reke 108 Reke malinah to ko felih nani [[Dominica]] tangasa i [[Dominica republic]] 32496 wikitext text/x-wiki == Dominica（多米尼克）O Tominika Kapolonga Kitakit(Kuwaping a sowal:多米尼加共和国; Sipanya a sowal:''República Dominicana'') == [[Faylo:Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg|縮圖|Flag of the Dominican Republic]] Dominican republic（多明尼加） [[Faylo:Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg|thumb|Flag of Dominican Republic|alt=Flag of Dominican Republic]] [[Faylo:Dominican Republic (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Location of Dominican Republic]] Itini i 19 00 N, 70 40 W, noNotimolan Amilika ko [[Dominican republic]]. Polong no sekalay i 48,670 sq km “saka 132 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 48,320 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 350 sq km ” Polong i 10,606,865 ko tamdaw. ==sera(土地)== Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 51.50%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 40.80%, malo no roma to a sera 7.70%. ==siyoto(首都)== O [[[Santo Domingo]](聖多明哥) ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakatosa 27 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Danilo Medina]](達尼洛·梅迪納), patirengan a romi’ad i 2012 a miheca(年) saka 4 folad saka 16 a romi’ad. == Takalay a sowal(概要) == O Tominika Kapolonga Kitakit(Kuwaoing a sowal:多米尼加共和国; Sipanya a sowal:''República Dominicana''), o kalopitahidang o Tominika hananay, itiraay ko Karipi Riyar a kanatalan kitakit, malapecihay to Sipanya Kanatal ato Hayti kitakit. O kakahad no sera ira ko 48.670km², o tatapangan a tokay o Sie Tominko, ono sifoan a sowal i,o Sipanya a sowal, o payso i,o Tominika Piso. Ano do’edo’en ko nisa’osi no Sepay no Amirika, o li’etan no kalotamdaw to cecay a miheca ira ko 9700 a Payso no Amirika. O aniniay a congtong ci Lois Apinatir(Kuwaping a sowal:路易士·羅道爾夫·阿比納迪爾·柯洛納; Sipanya a sowal: ''Luis Rodolfo Abinader Corona)'' . O na kanatal o kamaro’an no Tayno Finacadan ato roma Arawa Finacadan(Kuwaping a sowal: 阿拉瓦克人; Ikiris a sowal:''Arawak''）,i 1492 miheca macakat ci Kolompo pangangan han nira to Sipanya Kanatal, sanoyanan makowan no Sipanya to 300 so’ot a mihecaan, i 1795 ato 1801 miheca o Fransu ko mikowanany orasaka, o sakakaay a finacadan itini [[Faylo:Dominican_Republic_(orthographic_projection).svg|縮圖|Dominican Republic (orthographic projection)]] o teloc no ciramramay to ‘ilang no Sipanya a yincumin. 1821 miheca saka11 folad saka 30 romia’ad,miliyas ko Tominika to pikowan no Sipanya misiiked patirenga to niyak a kitakit,nikawrira, 9 a lipay mapateko no iska’etipay nikowanan no Fransu a Hayti kitakit. Ona tosaay a kitakit tata’ang tato ko kasasiroma no ‘orip, cowa ko mamalacecay, onini ko sapiliyas no Tominika i 1844 miheca to Hayti, milekal to pisiiked,ona romi’ad o malapiharatengan to pipatireng to kitakit a romi’ad. 1865 miheca malowid no Tominika ko Sipanya malaheci sato ko so’elinay a misiikeday kitakit. == Rikisi(歷史) == === Yincumin a mihecahecaan(原住時期) === [[Faylo:Arowak_woman_by_John_Gabriel_Stedman.jpg|縮圖|O fafahiyan no Arawak tamdaw(Arowak woman by John Gabriel Stedman)]]O itinitiniay a maro’ a tamdaw ’i, o cecay a ngasaw no Alawako a Tayno Finacadan ato roma a maro’ay I KaropiRiyar a tamdaw. O pipangangan nangra to ni’aroan a pala o Kiskeya anoca Quisqueya, o imi nonini ‘i, o “wina no pala” sanay,sa mapasadak i radiw no kitakit. Itiya ho o ‘orip no Tayno tamdaw o maomahay, mifotingay ato mikipalapalaay miala to kakaenen. I 1492 miheca o takalay a sa’osi to tamdaw no Tayno Finacadan, ira ko 10 ‘ofad latek 200 ‘ofad ko tamdaw. Itiya ho iraay ko lalima a sakowan no kakita’an, rayray han: Marién、Maguá、Maguana、Jaragua、Higüey. Ila’eno nonini a sokowan no kakita’an iraho ko mamangay a kakita’an a sakowan,oya faco no kitakit o mipafeliay to dafong i kakita’an,ona nipafelian a dafong ira ko nipaloma’an a losay. === Nikowan ko Fransu(西班牙統治1492-1795) === O nihakelongan ni Kolompo a mikalic i tamina a tamdaw cisafaw ko 90 tamdaw, macakat i sa’amisan no Sipanya Kanatal,oya sa maro’ay itini a Tayno tamdaw pakanengneng tona kohecalay tamdaw, palakawas han nangra a mih amham a misalafang. Nawhani, matatifacay tato ko kasasiroma no ‘orip,faheka ko itiniay a yincumin to ca’edong nona Yoropa a tamdaw,pangangan to “guamikena” o nipahepoan sanay ko imi nona sowal. Oya kakita’an no Marién ci Kuwakanakalikos(Guacanagarix) wata ko pataheka a mihamham tona Yoropa a tamdaw, pafelien ho to dafong,onini ko ka’enep no Sipanya a tamdaw, kaloparanaan han to nangra itini ta nani itini to matenak ko picowat to i KaropiRiyar ato Amirika Karopaw. Na macakat ci Korompo ato nihakerongan ningra atamdaw tona kanatal, palakolien nangra ko yincumin, ano ira ko caay ka pitengil to sowal no Sipanya,makal’ang a patayen, ira ko milaliway tayra i Kupa. Tayno a Finacadan awaay ko saptaker to nihakelongan no Sipanya a lifong,misapades ho ko Sipanya a tamdaw, yo pikowanan no Sipanya to 30 mihecaan, o tandaw no Tayno nani 40 ‘ofad lahedaw sa 3000 aca ko ma’osaway. Anini sato awa awa to ko mitilidan pakayni to Tayno Finacadan, mahadefekay to a malahedaw. O ma’osaway edeng no nikonisan no Tayno tamdaw i dihidihian. Orasaka awa to ko mamaomah, itira to a mipacomod to Afrika a tamdaw palakoli, I 1568 miheca a sa’osi o nopacomodan a tamdaw nani Afrika iraay to ko 2 ‘ofad, tayra to 19sici, iraay to ko 50 ‘ofad ko malakoliay a kohetingay tamdaw. === '''Frasu a pikowan'''(法國統治1795-1801) === Yo ma’eco tono Sipanya ko Sipanya Kanatal Malomicowatan a Sakowan, palowid heca a mitekop to Acitiko Hontian Kitakit ato Inka Hontian Kitakit ko Sipanya, pasitira to Amirika Karopaw ko pisakakahad a micowat to pala, ca sato kalingwaen ko Sipanya Kanatal. Itira to ko Fransu a papiforaw a tayni ko maomahay ato mipatiyamay, i 1677 miheca latek ira to ko 4000 ko tamdaw no Fransu itini. I 1697 miheca matatilid ko Fransu ato Sipanya to kakaketonan, mihay ko Sipanya to pikowan no Fransu tona pala. [[Faylo:Friendly_Folk_on_the_Street_-_San_Jose_de_Ocoa_-_Dominican_Republic.jpg|縮圖|Tamdaw no Tominika (Friendly Folk on the Street - San Jose de Ocoa - Dominican Republic)]] === '''Misiiked'''(獨立1844) === Oya itiraay i TatapanganTokay(syoto:Sietominko)ko sofoc ci Foan Papolo Towato misafaloco’ to sapisiikedaw no Sietominko, i 1838 miheca patireng to Malacecayay ko Tatoloay''(La Trinitaria;'' 三位一體會) hananay a Rekad, ona Malacecayay ko Tatoloay sanay ‘i, malotahapinangan a sowal no Tominika kitakit tora「Wama I kakarayan」(上帝),「kasofocan niyaro’」(故鄉),「paifaloco’ay a ‘orip」(自由). O kimpo no Tominika nipasasotiri’an tono Amirika a kimpo a misanga’, i 1844 miheca saka 11 folad saka 6 folad malaheci ta milekal to pisatapang nona kimpo. Yo misiiked to ko Tominika, colacila mafolaw no fiyaw a kitakit Hayti, o malacongtongay ci Pico Sangtana mikitira i Sipanya nga’ caka fodfod no Hayti saan, yo malacongtong ci Payce pasitira a Fransu mikicocom, toikor matateko ato Amirika saan, caka hayen no finawlan, caka laheci ko nisafaloco’an ningra. === Mitaker mi’eco ko Amirika('''美國的干預和佔領''') === O congtong no Amirika ci Siawto Rosofo calemcem to sapitekeraw no Yoropa to demak no Amirika, hatiyatiyaay ‘i, o sapipa’adingaw to tala’ayaway ko pisanga’ to Panama Cilis, nilekal ci Rosofo congtong to MonroSiyuki (門羅主義; Ikiris a sowal:Monroe Doctrine), milalang to Yoropa matokitok a micowat to pala itini i Amirika Karopaw, ano ira heca ko micomoday a Yoropa, misa’icel ko Amirika a mifelih amilaplap. == '''Palapalaan(地理)''' == Itiraay i KaropiRiyar a Sipanya Kanatal ko kamaro’an no Tominika Kapolongan Kitakit,makilatolo no sepat nona kanatal, o dadahal i,48,670km², ikaka no Taywan to 1.33 km²(Taywa 3,3000 km²). Naniwali tara’etip latek ira ko 390 km², nanitimol tara’amis ira ko 265 km². Isaka’etip malafiyaway ato Hayti kitakit, o kalala’ed nona tosa a kitakit ira ko 360kilo, isakawali malala’ed ato Potoriko to Momna Riyaran a Ta'eman, isakamis o Tasiyang Riyar. [[Faylo:Playa_Bavaro.JPG|縮圖|Lilis no riyar (Playa Bavaro)]] O tamdaw ato dadahal no sera no Tominika mido’edo’ay to Kupa.ora kamaro’an a Sipanya Kanatal tosaay ko kitakit o Tominika ato Hayti ko maro’ay. === '''Kanatal ato tafotafokan a faniyot(島嶼和沙洲)''' === I riyar no Tominika adihay ko mamangay a kanatal ato tafotafokan a faniyot, ilaloma’ nonini ‘i, o itiraay I kawali no sakatimol, o cinganganay a pihololan a Sawna kanatal(Kuwaping a sowal:紹納島; Sipanya a sowal: ''Isla Saona'') ato i kawaliay no saka’etip Piata kanatal(Kuwaping a sowal:'''貝阿塔島'''; Sipanya a sowal: ''Isla Beata''). Isaka’amisan a pala nani Tatapangan Tokay o syoto 100kilo tahira i 200 kilo ira ko tolo a tafotafokan a faniyot, oninian o madado’edoay nani Pahama katakitatan, o Kerismas Tafotafokan a Faniyot, Masa’ekimay Tafotafokan a Faniyot ato Mociyoir ''(Mouchoir沙洲),'' o I’ayaway tosa a faniypot cisakowanay ko Tominika kitakit. ==== Tokotokosan ato dafdaf (山脈和平原) ==== I Tominika ira ko sepat a masado'edoay lotok,o Saka’amisay a Masado'edoay Lotok ''(Cordillera Septentrional);'' Sifo’ay a Masado'edoay Lotok (''Cordillera Central''); isakatimol ira ko ''Neiba'' Masado'edoay Lotok ato ''Bahoruco'' Masado'edoay Lotok. O itiraay i ka’amis ato sifo’ay a lotok, o ci’afoay a sera, o SioKasasaowac hananay konini a pangangan. O sahetoay maomahay ko tamdaw no itiniay. Nani tatapangan tokay a syoto Sietominko pasi’amis ko kasado'edo no kakahaday dafdaf,o Lalawacan no Karopi Riyar konini,itini adihay ko misatefosay. [[Faylo:07-05-11LagoEnriquilloDR.jpg|縮圖|Inrikyulo Fanaw(07-05-11LagoEnriquilloDR)]] === '''’Alo'''(河川) === Patahtahay to ‘alo ko Tominika kitakit, ira ko sepat a rayray no ’alo, nani sasifo’an a lotolotokan a masadak o Piyako ’Alo(''Yaque del Norte''), o sakakaay a ’alo no Tominika konini, o hananom no SioTa’eman, masadak i kihaw no Citosan tarariyar. Nani skawali no sasifo’an a lotolotokan a masadakay o Yina ’Alo(''Yaque del Sur'') marakt ko i sa’etipay a hontian rengorengosa a dafdaf (''Vega Real''), nani tini pasiwali no saka’amisay a Samana (''Samaná'')kihaw. I kakitmol no Sifo’an lotolotokan ira ko Satimolan Yako ’Alo (''Yaque del Sur''), o hananom no Siean Ta’eman, nani tini tayra to i Karipi Riyar ko rakat no nanom.Artifonito ’Alo (320 kilo ko kakaya’) o nani Sifo’an Lotolotokan a masadak ko nanom pasi’etip. O sakakaay a fanaw no Tominika i, o Inrikyulo Fanaw (300 km²), itiraay i ka’etip no sakatimol, i la’enoay no tongroh no riyar ko aro’ nona fanaw to 40 laya’, ma’icangay ko romi’ad itini, ona fanaw matiyaay to riyar hahecid ko nanom,isalawacan no riyar adihay ko masafaniyotay a fanaw. === '''Tamdaw''' (人口) === I 2021 miheca saka2 folad a sa’osi no tamdaw no Tominika, ira ko 19091 ofad ko tamdaw (I 2002 miheca 856 ofad ko tamdaw), o katongalan to mihecaan 1.01%, o matafesiway ko 65 ko mihecaan a tamdaw kahaop ko 5.8% no polong a tamdaw no kitakit. o nikalecad no sofoc 22.65 no cecay a patek, o nikalecad no patay 5.3 no cecay a patek, o lalen no mihecaan 24.7 miheca, o lalen no fainayan 24.6 miheca, fafahiyan 24.8 miheca. O lalen mihecaan no patay 73.39 miheca. Mahaop ko 11% a tamdaw no Tominika o telloc no Arika, i laloma’ no nini ’i, 16% ono Sipanya a teloc, 73% o taloc no Yoropa, Amirika ato Afrika. Ira ho ko papinapina teloc no Aciya, o Kuwaping ato Dipon a teloc, 1 %aca no polong a tamdaw no Tominika. O itinitiniay aca a tamdaw o yincumin no Tominika o Tayno finacadan malahedaway to, halokirok no sifo awaay to. ono Hayti a tamdaw maforaway a tayni ira ko 150 ofad ko tamdaw, ilaloma’ nonini ‘i, 50 ofad o mitakaway a maro’ itini. O maforaway tayra i roma a kitakit a tamdaw no Tominika latek ira ko 100 ofad, haoto cecay loma’ ira ko salawinawina i roma a kitakit, o sakakaay kamaro’an nangra itiraay i Potoriko, isakawali no Amirika, ‘aloman i Sikako ato Niwyok a tokay. === '''Sowal'''(語言) === O sowal no Tominika a kitakit ono Sipangya a kasarayray sowal, nikawrira, marecep no maforaway nani Afrika a tamdaw, KaropiRiyar ato Amirika a punka, orasaka, o malasowalay to no itiniay a Sowal no Sipanya ato i Sipanyaay a sowal ira ko kasatongasod. O maforaway nani Hayti a tamdaw o Korior ko sowal, mangalefay i kasala’edan no kitakita. O itiraay i kawali no saka’amisan a Samana a pala nani 19 sici ira ko nani Amirikaay a teloc no Kohetingay tamdaw maro’ itini,o masasiromaay a sowal no Ikiris ko hasowal nangra. O sowal no Sipanya itini, wataay ko kapisiwar no sowal no Arawako Fincadan, orasak, sasiroma sa ko itiniay a Sipanya sowal. patinako han :caay ka pangiha'en ko s , o nga'ay ho sanay a sowal '''''¿Cómo tú estás?''''' itira i Sioanya a sowal '''''ko mo to istas ?''''' ''nikawrira, itini 'i, '''kotota?''''' hananay a somowal, '''''tos''''' 'i, o '''''to''''' hananay, '''''mas''''' 'i, '''''ma''''' hananay a somowal. Itira i pilafinan no lafang i tokay ono Ikiris ko hasasowal, nikawrira, ano tayra i niyaro’ ono Sipanya to a sowal ko hasasowal. O maro’ay itini a Kuwaping a tamdaw, sahetoay misakuwapingay cowa ka fana’ somowal to Sipanya a sowal, ano irairaay cowa ka hakowa ko mafana’ay tamdaw. === '''Punka'''(文化) === I saka 2 folad, o sakakaay a lisin no Tominika ira ko ''La Vega'' (鬼節), o kakahemekan no tamtamdaw konini a lisin, nani saka 2 folad tahira i saka 3 folad a saka enem no pilipayan, ira ko lawla kasaniyaniyaro’. I tata’angay a tokay ira ko Palalifetan to Koko’, i kalo sakatolo ato sakaenem no pilipayan ira ko Palalifetan to koko’ a palalifet,mihayan no rikec ko pipakiyaw itini, tata’ang ko midemakan a payso, itaihi no Palalifetan to Koko’ ira ko pili’epahan, onini ’i,mato mala no tato’asan a kalawlaan no Tominika a tamdaw. ==Picefafay a Tilid(註腳)== * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] tpc4pqy0sobl0fa6z36faiya25scaqq 0 270 33382 32497 2022-12-31T20:05:54Z Sakura emad 563 Restored revision 30345 by [[Special:Contributions/EmausBot|EmausBot]] ([[en:w:User:BrandonXLF/Restorer|Restorer]]) 33382 wikitext text/x-wiki Dominican republic（多明尼加） [[Faylo:Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg|thumb|Flag of Dominican Republic|alt=Flag of Dominican Republic]] [[Faylo:Dominican Republic (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Location of Dominican Republic]] Itini i 19 00 N, 70 40 W, noNotimolan Amilika ko [[Dominican republic]]. Polong no sekalay i 48,670 sq km “saka 132 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 48,320 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 350 sq km ” Polong i 10,606,865 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 51.50%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 40.80%, malo no roma to a sera 7.70%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Santo Domingo]](聖多明哥) ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakatosa 27 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Danilo Medina]](達尼洛·梅迪納), patirengan a romi’ad i 2012 a miheca(年) saka 4 folad saka 16 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] qchosomkn4f9oytc252g6hjyxj8nouw 0 271 47087 45744 2025-08-04T14:53:16Z CommonsDelinker 39 Replacing TrumpPortrait.jpg with [[File:January_2025_Official_Presidential_Portrait_of_Donald_J._Trump.jpg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] (meaningless or ambiguous name) 47087 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:January 2025 Official Presidential Portrait of Donald J. Trump.jpg|縮圖|Trump idi 2025|alt=Donald Trump official portrait.jpg]] I 1946 a miheca(年) saka 6 folad saka 14 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci '''Donald John Trump'''(唐納．約翰．川普), malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Puerto rico]]（波多黎各）, [[United states]]（美國） anini i ci Donald John Trump, patirengan a romi’ad i 2017 a miheca saka 1 folad saka 20 a romi’ad. Pimmanaw ni Obama iti opisinana idi Enero 20, 2021. == No papotalay a kakafit == * [[:en:List of current heads of state and government|List of current heads of state and government]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 2vg77j3957rzb5j8e6m1rwemjlbu21k 0 272 5945 5944 2021-10-28T12:08:15Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 21 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 5944 wikitext text/x-wiki Makapahay a niyaro' ko Fafokod, ano pasi'amis ko rakat no tosiya i, mika'reto ko tamdamdaw a mi'aca to manto Donghe（東河鄉） Itini i Taitung(台東縣) ko '''[[Donghe]] Siyang.''' sa’osi han ko po:long no palaan i, ira ko 215.12 km² (lalotolotokan a plalan no sa’osi i ira ko 111.01 km², o palaan noto’as i'a:yaw i ira ko 0 km²), 8,802 ko tamdaw i Donghe Siyang, 3,787 ko parod no loma’, itini i niyaro’ a Yincomin(原住民) sa’osi han ira ko 4,584 a tamdaw, pakaala to 52%(Amis阿美族) no polong no tamdaw. Itini i niyaro’ a finawlan, o Payrang ko sa’alomanay. ==O kasaniyarona== 7 ko cun, 10 ko niyaro’ i Donghe Siyang. [[Sena']]（順那部落）, [[Asiroay]]（阿奚露艾部落）, [[Howak]]（乎哇固部落）, [[wp/aim/Pa'anifong|Pa'anifong]]（巴阿尼豐部落）, [[Kalifangar]]（佳尼發納部落）, [[‘Etolan|‘Etolan]]（阿度蘭部落）, [[Alapawan]]（阿拉巴灣部落）, [[Cilafinan]]（基拉菲婻部落）, [[Fafokod]]（發富谷部落）, [[Ma’olaway]]（瑪屋撈外部落）. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] 4pzm01mn49e29c0vq5dxydsfr17yt4o 0 273 5970 5969 2021-10-28T12:08:18Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 24 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 5969 wikitext text/x-wiki Donkuan（東光部落） Itiniay i [[Wanrong]](萬榮) Cen no Hualien(花蓮縣) ko [[Donkuan]] a niyaro’, 151 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 553 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 98% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 541 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 2% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 12 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Bunun(布農族)83%, Amis(阿美族)3%, Tayal(泰雅族)1%, Truku(太魯閣族)1%, roma(其他)10%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] h5yd8p9fvcqqphzdulhazc09x35m8x6 0 274 6001 6000 2021-10-28T12:08:21Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 30 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 6000 wikitext text/x-wiki Dowmung（銅門部落） Itiniay i [[Xiulin]](秀林) Cen no Hualien(花蓮縣) ko [[Dowmung]] a niyaro’, 264 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 908 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 94% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 856 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 6% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 52 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Truku(太魯閣族)86%, Amis(阿美族)2%, Tayal(泰雅族)2%, Seediq(賽德克族)1%, roma(其他)3%. Ira ko picodadan(銅門國小、銅門國小附幼) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(吉安分局銅門派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(銅門衛生室) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 38bxjkyij0meg1q1tp6recle6g3knvp 0 275 6029 6028 2021-10-28T12:08:24Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 27 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 6028 wikitext text/x-wiki Dowras（道拉斯部落） Itiniay i [[Xiulin]](秀林) Cen no Hualien(花蓮縣) ko [[Dowras]] a niyaro’, 211 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 615 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 91% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 558 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 9% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 57 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Truku(太魯閣族)80%, Tayal(泰雅族)4%, Amis(阿美族)3%, Bunun(布農族)1%, Sakizaya(撒奇拉雅)1%, roma2%. Ira ko picodadan(秀林國小、秀林圖書館) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(秀林鄉公所、秀林鄉民代表會) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(新城分局秀林分駐所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(秀林衛生局) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 4zp0t3gsmbz1fyanskz9j14u3steqsa 0 276 6054 6053 2021-10-28T12:08:27Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 24 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 6053 wikitext text/x-wiki Draki（四林部落） Itiniay i [[Mudan]](牡丹) Cen no [[Pingtung]](屏東縣) ko [[Draki]] a niyaro’, 250 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 618 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 96% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 594 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 4% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 24 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Paiwan(排灣族)95%, Bunun(布農族)0.5%, roma(其他)0.5%. Ira ko picodadan(高士國小杜林分校、高士國小杜林分校附幼) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] t9k3hw1o3a3m9ucg7hzgga2xel8z0vi 0 277 6075 6074 2021-10-28T12:08:29Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 20 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 6074 wikitext text/x-wiki Dralendren（新興部落） Itiniay i [[Daren]](達仁) Cen no Taitung(台東縣) ko [[Dralendren]] a niyaro’, 34 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 83 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 96% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 80 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 4% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 3 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Paiwan(排灣族)95%, roma(其他)1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] nz9plvy81l2y8xwgqijuobdxey84ers 0 278 44353 30558 2024-08-29T07:24:29Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 Bouterse, 2010 44353 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:President Bouterse.JPG|縮圖|Bouterse, 2010|alt=President Bouterse.JPG]] I 1945 a miheca(年) saka 10 folad saka 13 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci '''Dési Bouterse'''(德西·鮑特瑟), malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Suriname]](蘇利南) anini i ci Dési Bouterse, patirengan a romi’ad i 2010 a miheca saka 8 folad saka 12 a romi’ad. == No papotalay a kakafit == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] az87yue4i1nlmt1vo3fparc1uri030j 0 279 6104 6103 2021-10-28T12:08:34Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 14 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 6103 wikitext text/x-wiki == Rapa Nui(Easter Island)復活節島 == == '''Takaray sowal(概略)''' == O tadasawaliay no Satimolan Kitakit ko aro' nona pala,o Sipanya ko sa'ayaway a mi'eco tona kitakit, sa pangangan han no Sipanya to (Isla de Pascua),nikawrira, o (Rapa Nui) hananay no itinitiniay a Yuencumin, ono Ikilis i (Easter Island) hananay.O aro' nona kitakit i i sa'etip no Cili to 3600 tahira i 3700 kilo ko ra'ay,noni'ecoan ho no Cili a kitakit tahanini. Itini tona polong no kitakita i hekal i o tadasamalayay ko kamaro'an no Rapa Nui, o samangataay a pala to iraay ko tamdaw a maro' a pala i o Pitoken Palaoalan, 2,075 kilo ko raay (ma'eden kinatolo mitaliyok to Taiwan) ,o tireng nona pala i mato o toloay a poko', sa o toloay a cilamalay tokos ko molotatirengan no na kitakit. [[Faylo:Moais,_Isla_de_Pascua._-_panoramio.jpg|thumb|Moais, Isla de Pascua. - panoramio]] Itiyaho I 1722miheca o mikalicay to tamina a Olanta a tamdaw ko sa’ayaway a pakahera tona pala, toya romi’ad matatangaay to katapi’elalan nani mapatay ci Yiesu,sa pangangan han to Easter Island, nikawrira, imatini I to’or hananay to ko sowal no itinitiniay a Yuencuming to Rapa Nui. == '''Likisi(歷史)''' == Matiya o ‘Amis a tamdaw ira ko sowal nika awa ko tilid, saka ‘awaay ko mahapinangay a likisi no Rapa Nui.nikawrira, iraay ko cecay a kimad tahanini a mapakitoh,o ta’as nganra o kakita’an ci Hotu Matu’a hakelongen ningra ko fafahi ato wawa a mikalic to dodang a pahicera itini ton pala. [[Faylo:Easter_Island_map-en.svg|300px|right|Easter Island map-en]] == '''O tilid(朗格朗格文字)''' == [[Faylo:Rongo-rongo_script.jpg|thumb|Rongo-rongo script]]Itira I ngata no mi’ot’otan a fakeloh a tamdaw I ira a mahela no mikakinkiway a tamdaw ko kakafahekaan a kinis a sapad, pangang han to 「o somowalay a sapad」hananay,nikawrira, masakasak no citanengay a tamdaw.Na tayni ko mipatenakay to sowal ni Yiso a Yoropa a tamdaw I,todohen nangra kona 「somowalay a sapad」to sapipalasawadaw to tilid no RapaNui,tada malemed ira ko cecay a tamdaw tangsolen ningra ami’afas a misimed ko 25 a pecih nona sapad, kalasapaden no tamina a milaliw tayra I roma a pala a milimek,sa iraira aca a ma’osaw kona 25 a pecih a sapad,o tamaanay to a dafong to sapido’edoan a mikinkiw to rayray no ‘orip non apala.  ona「somawalay a sapad」tosa a laya’ ko to’edaw,irawac nona sapad I mikiskisan to wadis no foting,anoca o adicaw a fokeloh ko sapito’to’ to masamaamaanay a tilid, ira ko foting,ira ko ‘ayam,ira ko rengoshdr sa’iwas, ira ho ko masalipaay,masapoko’ay a kinis,nikawrira, ona「somawalay a sapad」tahanini away ho ko malaheciay ko fana’ tona masamaamaanay a konis o maan ko nisowalan nira hokiya? o pecih a tilid no to'asay no Rapa Nui konini. q0195g3i4wgb7ims3d2i5ntikshg9mo 0 280 31983 31971 2022-07-23T14:06:08Z Safulo 35 31983 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ecuador（厄瓜多） == [[Faylo:Flag_of_Ecuador.svg|縮圖|Flag of Ecuador]] == '''Takaray sowal(概略)''' == Okuwato Kapolongan Kitakit(厄瓜多共和國'''通稱厄瓜多''';Sipanya a sowal: ''República del Ecuador''), itiraay i saka’etipan no Ka’amisan no Satimolan Amirika, isaka’amis malafiyaw ato Kolompiya, isakatimol madado’edo ato Piru. Isaka’etipan o Taypinyang Riyar, ira ho 1,000 km ko kato’edaw a Kalapakos-kanatanatal (加拉巴哥群島; Sipanya a sowal: Islas Galápagos). O Okuwato kitakit misiiked nani Sipanya i 1809 miheca saka 8 folad saka 10 romi’ad, tangso sa a patireng tona kitakit. Mahifalat ko Sifo'ay-Konis no Cikiw tona kitakit, orasaka, pangangan han sanoSipanya a sowal to “''Ecuador''”, pacimil han to “Sifo'ay-Konis no Cikiw a kitakit”.[[Ecuador#%20ftn1|[1]]] [[Ecuador#%20ftn2|[2]]] patahtahay ho pawli kona kitakit, sa cingangan ho “Pawli Kitakit”. O syot tatapangan a tokay o Kito(基多; Sipanya a sowal: ''Quito''), itiraay i ‘apilisan no cilamalay-tokos Picin, o takaraw nani tongroh no riyar ira ko 2,850 laya’, o sakatosa ko katakaraw i hekal(o sakakaay ko katakaraw o syoto no o Lapas tokay).[[Ecuador#%20ftn3|[3]]] [[Ecuador#%20ftn4|[4]]] [[Faylo:Ecuador_(orthographic_projection).svg|縮圖|Ecuador (orthographic projection)]] O Kalapakos-kanatanatal(''Islas Galápagos'') ira ko 7976 km², 1100 km nani kitakit no Okuwato, o imi no nini a sowal o “Kamaro’an no Rarokoh”, caay kao rarokoh aca ko irray itini adihay ho ko masasiromaromaay a kina’orip,masasiwatikay kona pala itini, orasaka, awaay ko nanicowacowaay a ‘a’adopen a tayni tona kanatal, o ma’orip itini oyanan to onani to’asan a kinaira, orasak, o pikakinkiwan ni Cars-Lawpo-Taerwon(查爾斯·勞勃·達爾文; Ikiris a sowal:''Charles Robert Darwin'') to “Lalengawan no Kina’orip”, maparina’ i 1859 miheca, o maamaan to a kina’orip, mafalicay a comahad ko tatirengan sanay, patinako han o tamdaw nani fao mafalic a comahad malatamdaw sanay. O mafafelihay to “o kawas ko misanga’ay to maamaan” sanay a sowal konini. == '''Rikisi(歷史)''' == Do’edoen kono aniniay a nitilidan miso'edac to mihecaan i’ayaw no 3500 miheca. I salawacan no riyar iraay to ko rakrak sanay a niyaro’. 1463 miheca malocecay no Inka-Hontian Kitakit('''印加帝國''';Cicuwa a sowal: ''Tawantinsuyu'').[5] Tayni to ko Sipanya a tamdaw i Amirika-Karopaw ‘ecoen nangra kona kitakit malopalal tono Sipanya, sanoyanan sato makowan no Sipanya to cisafaw ko cecay so’ot ko mihecaan. I 1809 miheca saka 8 folad saka 10 romi’ad misiiked nani Sipanya patireng to Okuwato. I 1822 miheca laheci sato ko pisiiked. 1825 miheca mikapot to Tata’angay-Kolompiya Kapolongan kitakit, nikawrira, i 1830 miheca matekop a malahedaw kona Tata’angay-Kolompiya, itini to a malaheci ko kapisiiked no Okuwato kitakit. Yo mapatireng ko kitakit, caay ka pahinaker, o sofitay ato kalotamdaw mala’afas a macacaliw a mikowan tona kitakit kina 19 liyad, itiya to i 1979 miheca o kalotamdaw ko mikowanay misanga’ to Tatapangan-Rikec no kitakit, tosa polo’ miheca ko pira’oyan tona Tatapangan-Rikec. I 2007 miheca saka 4 folad saka 15 romi’ad midemak to Finawlan-Pitopa.[6] Mipatireng to mamisanga’ to Tatapangan-Rikec a lomaocan, misanga’ to fa’elohay a atapangan-Rikec no kitakit.[7] 2019 miheca saka 10 folad, palasawaden no sifo ko pipatiyap to kasolin simal mapalowad ko tata’angay a pikangyi mitoker to sifo, pacarcar sato ko sifo malinah nani Kito tayra i sakakaay tokay('''瓜亞基爾''';Sipanya a sowal:''Guayaquil''). == '''Kina’orip'''('''生物多樣性)''' == O kakarayan itini i,o fa’edetay to romi’ami’ad, macokacok tara tolos nga’ sa’emelay ko romi’ad.[[Ecuador#%20ftn1|[8]]] O kina’orip itini tona kitakita o saka17 ko rayray ipolong no hwkal a kitakit ko kaadihay no masamaanay a kina’orip.[[Ecuador#%20ftn2|[9]]] Ano o ‘ayam aca ko sa’osi ira ko 1,600 ko kasasiiked no ‘ayam, ipolong no hekal mahaop ko 15%. Ira ko 16,000 ko kasiiked a kilakilang, ira ho ko 106 kasiiked a milesapay a ‘a’adopen, 138 ko ipalaay ato iriyaray ko ‘orip a kinaira ato 6,000 kasiiked a ’adipangpang.[[Ecuador#%20ftn3|[10]]] [[Faylo:Kondor_2.JPG|縮圖|Kondor 2]] == Saka'orip(經濟) == Isasifo’an ko rayray i “Mamala Cemahaday a Kitakit”(''developing country'') ko Okuwato,[[Ecuador#%20ftn4|[11]]] o kinaira no palapalan ira ko kasolin simal, mifoting, kilakilangan ato Tingki no nanom; o sakakaay a losay ira ko pawli, kafi, kokoya ato hana, talacowa adihay ko kasolinsimal ato kaso no pala, nikawrira, can’o'ot to sapikarkar a dafong, o mangta’ay ho a kasolin simal ko nipasadakan a paliwal, o ‘eteng no kitakit nani panokayan no itiraay i roma a kitakit a matayal a salwinawina.[[Ecuador#%20ftn5|[12]]] [[Ecuador#%20ftn6|[13]]] I 2000 miheca misanoAmirikaen ko payso, cowa ka pihayi ko finawlan tona demak sa paci’eci a mapalasawad ko malatangay no sifo, nikawrira, mapaci’eci to mafalic ko payso tono Amirka Payso. O tatodang a hana no kitakit o “Kohecalay Syuni Lan a hana”, o lidep no Antis ko tahapinangan ’ayam no kitakit. == '''Tamdaw (人口)''' == O dadahal no sera no Okuwato kitakit ira ko 283,560 km², o tamdaw i 2019miheca a sa’osi ira ko 17,240,980 ko tamdaw. Nano mikowanan no Sipanya, orasaka, cilamlam to masamaanay ko ’ilang, o cilamlamay to Yoropa a Yincumin o Mitiso(麥士蒂索人，Mestizos)hananay mahaop ko 41%, Indian ira ko 34%, kohecalay tamdaw ira ko 15%, o roma sato ira ho ko nani Afrika a kohetingay tamdaw cilamlam to kohecalay a tamdaw. Matiya to o Latin-Amirika a kitakit, Okuwato kitakit o cilamlamay tono to’asan a pitooran a Tinsikiw ko pitooran. O no sifo a sowal i, ono Sipanya a sowal, o kalosowal no Indian Yincumin i, o Kiciwa-Sowal (克丘亞語; ''Qhichwa shimi / Runa Shimi''; Sioanya a sowal: ''Quechua''). Ona Runa Shimi sanay i, Runa sa i, o “ tamdaw”, simi sa i, o “ sowal”, o sowal no tamdaw sanay ko imi ona sowal, o nao sowal no Inka-Hontian kitakit, orasaka, o “Inka Sowal” hananay ho a pangangan. == Pacefaday Tilid(註腳) == [[Faylo:Tortuga_gigante_de_San_Cristóbal_(Chelonoidis_chathamensis),_isla_Santa_Cruz,_islas_Galápagos,_Ecuador,_2015-07-26,_DD_15.JPG|縮圖|Tortuga gigante de San Cristóbal (Chelonoidis chathamensis), isla Santa Cruz, islas Galápagos, Ecuador, 2015-07-26, DD 15]][[Ecuador#%20ftnref1|[1]]] Chicham atiakur metek atin turakur, pénke takakainiachu tuke enentaimtusartiniaitji (PDF). (in Shuar). Secretaría Nacional de Planificación y Desarrollo. 2014 [2021-08-05]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2019-12-20）. [[Ecuador#%20ftnref2|[2]]] Pellizzaro, Siro M.; Nàwech, Fàusto Oswaldo. Chicham: Dictionario Enciclopédico Shuar-Castellano. Wea Nekaptai. 2003. [[Ecuador#%20ftnref3|[3]]] Proyecciones Poblacionales. (西班牙語). National Institute of Statistics and Censuses (INEC). [April 25, 2020]. （原始內容存檔於2013-10-18）. [[Ecuador#%20ftnref4|[4]]] Quito se convirtió en la ciudad más poblada del Ecuador con más de 2,7 millones de habitantes en el 2018. [January 11, 2019]. （原始內容存檔於2019-01-10）. [5] McEwan, Gordon F. After Collapse: The Regeneration of Complex Societies. University of Arizona Press. 2010: 98 [2013-08-15]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0816529360</nowiki>. （原始內容存檔於2020-06-01）. [6] 趙暉，厄瓜多就成立制憲大會舉行全民公決，新華網 [7] 趙暉，初步結果顯示多數選民支持厄瓜多成立制憲大會，新華網 [8] Climate of Ecuador. [2021-08-05]. （原始內容存檔於2012-03-05）. [9] Plan Nacional del Buen Vivir^{[失效連結]}, Objective 4, Diagnostic, Section "La Biodiversidad y Patrimonio Natural", 2008 (西班牙語) [10] Unesco World Heritage. UNESCO. [June 26, 2010]. （原始內容存檔於2010-09-01）. [11] Yahoo! Noticias España – Los titulares de hoy. Yahoo Noticias España. [September 13, 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2014-09-08）. [12] 厄瓜多政經概況. 貿易俱樂部. [2021-08-05]. （原始內容存檔於2021-08-05）. [13] Downloads - Statistics – Production-Related Documents. [September 13, 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2014-09-20）. == Pikafitan i papotal(外部連接) == * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 0icb6isb5njix87jjl0rv7mmu67w1i7 0 281 45475 44375 2025-01-19T09:53:00Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 Edgar Lungu idi 2015年 45475 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Edgar Lungu January 2015.jpg|縮圖|Edgar Lungu idi 2015年|alt=Edgar Lungu January 2015.jpg]] I 1956 a miheca(年) saka 11 folad saka 11 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci '''Edgar Lungu'''(埃德加·倫古), malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Zambia]](尚比亞) anini i ci Edgar Lungu, patirengan a romi’ad i 2015 a miheca saka 1 folad saka 25 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 86w2b42xhs0qrap4ev7i115nr02rz04 0 282 37294 31243 2023-05-20T05:19:39Z Kallerna 1539 img 37294 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} [[Faylo:Vehnäpelto 6.jpg|thumb|Edid|left|400px]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Siwkulang 'Amis]] tus3dvxu9fx6225g9lhfusomlnyn2hs 0 283 6176 6175 2021-10-28T12:08:44Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 31 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 6175 wikitext text/x-wiki Efong（瑞源部落） Itiniay i [[Luye]](鹿野) Cen no Taitung(台東縣) ko [[Efong]] a niyaro’, 376 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 1,038 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 44% ko ka’aloman no [[Yincomin]](原住民), polong han i, 452 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 56% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 586 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko [[Amis]](阿美族)38%, [[Bunun]](布農族)2%, [[Puyuma]]卑南族)1%, roma(其他)2%. Ira ko picodadan(瑞源國小) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(關山分局瑞源派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(瑞源村衛生室) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(瑞源郵局) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 9oas1jx8eea3u7ozvbyhuoa729a9rky 0 284 39229 38408 2023-08-01T22:01:02Z Safulo 35 /* Pacefaday a tilid(註腳) */ 39229 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Flag of Egypt.svg|縮圖|Hata no Aykipto]] == Aykipto(埃及) == == Aykipto-Arapiya Kapolongan-kitakti(埃及阿拉伯共和國; Arapiya a swoal:جمهورية مصر العربية‎）, [[kalopitahidang a ngangan]]:埃及; [[Arapiya a sowal]]:مصر‎) == O itiraay i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8C%97%E9%9D%9E Saka’amisan-Afrika] a kitakit.o kahiceraan no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E%E6%91%87%E7%AF%AE Katelangan-Ponka] no hekal ko itiyaay ho [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8F%A4%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A Katelangay-Aykipto], malalilafangay ato Tosay-’alo a ponka, nikawrira, itiya i makowan no Kirisiya ato Roma-tamdaw, Katelangay-Aykipto a ponka nirnir sato a makedi’ o ponka to no Arapiya ko miceroray. Ikor no Sakatosa-Lalood, i 1953 miheca mapatireng no Arapiya-tamdaw ko Aykipto Kapolongan-kitakit, o kaitiraan nona nipatirengan kitakit mi’awasay to tosa a karopaw, o Aciya ato Afrika, [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A5%88%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6 Ninay-Pecihay-kanatal](西奈半島; Arapiya a sowal:شبه جزيرة سيناء‎；Ikiris a sowal:''Sinai Peninsula)''  itiraay i sakatimoal-saka’etipan no Aciya(ska’etipan-Aciya), o roma a kakahaday a sera itiraay i Saka’amisan-Afrika. [[Faylo:EGY orthographic.svg|縮圖|kaitiraan no Aykipto]] Islam-Pitooran ono [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%9C%8B%E6%95%99 kitakit a pitooran], sahetoay o mitooray to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%81%9C%E5%B0%BC%E6%B4%BE Sini-kasafelaw](遜奈與大眾派;Arapiya a sowal:أهل السنة والجماعة‎; Romaan'':Ahl ūs-Sunnah wa āl-Jamāʿah'')  no Islam pitoora ko Aykipto-tamdaw, o sakakaay a mamangay-pitooran a kasafelaw o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E7%89%B9%E6%AD%A3%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83 Kopoto Mo’ecelay-kasafelaw](亞歷山大科普特正教會; Kopoto a sowal:''Ϯⲉⲕ̀ⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓⲁ ⲛ̀ⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲛ̀ⲟⲣⲑⲟⲇⲟⲝⲟⲥ''; Romaan:''Ti.eklyseya en.remenkimi en.orthodoxos).'' ira ho ko roma a misakeristoay ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%BB%80%E5%8F%B6%E6%B4%BE Sinyie-Kasafelaw] no Islam pitooran. Ono sifoan a sowal o Arapiya-sowal, matenekay ko sowal no Ikiris ato Fransu a sowal. Ika’ayaway ko rayray no kacemahad no saka’orip no Aykipto i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%9C Sifo’ay-Sakawalian a Etal]('''中東'''; Ikiris a sowal:''Middle East''; Arapiya a sowal:''الشرق الأوسط‎).'' O sakakaay a kitakit i Saka’amisan-Afrika, Sifo’ay-Sakawalian a Etal ato Muslin ko Aykipto, o isifo’ay heca ko rayray itini i hekal.<ref>"Lessons from/for BRICSAM about south–north Relations at the Start of the 21st Century: Economic Size Trumps All Else?". ''International Studies Review''. '''9'''.</ref> O mamacemahaday ho ko Aykipto,o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B0 Sa’osi no Kacemahadan no Tamdaw]( 人類發展指數;''Human Development Index'') i saka 97 ko rayray itini i hekal. O sakatolo a cemahaday ko saka’orip itini i Afrika, ano do’edoen ko GDP a pisa’osi o saka 33 ko rayray itini kasakitakit, nikawrira, ano itnien i ‘icel no nipi’aca to dafong ka pisa’osi itiniay I saka 20 ko rayray i kasakitakit. O cefang no Inheko, [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%8D%E7%BB%93%E7%9B%9F%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8 Cowa Pisakakinih-Lekatep](不結盟運動), o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F Arapiya Kitakit-Lekatep](阿拉伯國家聯盟; Arapiya a swoal:''جامعة الدول العربي''ة‎ ), [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F Afrika-Lekatep](非洲聯盟;Fransu a sowal:''Union africaine''; Ikiris a sowal:''African Union''; Arapiya a sowal:الاتحاد الأفريقي ) ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87 Nikapapadang-Saopo no Islam](伊斯蘭合作組織; Arapiya a sowal:منظمة التعاون الإسلامي‎; Ikiris a sowal:''Organisation of Islamic Cooperation''; Fransu a sowal:''Organisation de la coopération islamique''''')''' a mipatirengay kitakit ko Aykipto. 2015 miheca, o Citodongay to Ska’oripa a Kalomaocan(EEDC),Citodongay to Misahalaka-Demak malaheci a malinah tayra fa’elohay katayalan no sifo, palisomad to kakinco’ no tamdaw i tatapangan tokay a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%BC%80%E7%BD%97 Kayro]. O ikor to a kalinah manarnar i 2021 miheca saka 7 folad, nikawrira, tahanini ca ho kalaheci.<ref>有片丨埃及計劃年底遷都 中國提供基建力量. 香港商報網. 2021-03-18 [2021-05-06]. （原始內容存檔於2021-05-06）.</ref> == '''Ngangan no kitakit'''(國名) == [[Faylo:Egyptian funerary stela.jpg|縮圖|Sikipang Fangcalay-Cudad]] O aykipto sanany a sowal i,o nani Katelangay-Ikirisiya sowal to pitahidang to ''“Αἴγυπτος”''（''Aigyptos''）, sano Latin a sowal o “ ''Aegyptus'' ”, Fransu a sowal o “ ''Égypte'' ”, Ikiris a sowal o “ ''Egyp''t” hananay, onini i, o mararaway a pitahidang no Katelangay-Ikirisiya tamdaw to syoto o Monfis(''Hekaptah'') no Katelangay-Aykipto, o “ tota-kawas a loma’ ” sanay ko tatapangan a imi nonini sowal, o pita’ongan a loma’ no Monfis konini a nitoro’an, ikor to i, malocimil no Monfis. I katelangan A rapiya-tilid o “ miers”(صر‎ ''Miṣr'') o “''مَصر‎ Maṣr''” hananay ho a mitahidang, o nanicaliwan nani Alamo-tilid, o “ kakahaday-kitakit”sanay ko imi nonini. O katelangay-Aykipto o “ ''Kaymis''” ano ca o “ Kaymi”(''kemet''), o “ kohetingay-sera kitakit”sanay ko imi nonini.<ref>Antonio Loprieno, "Egyptian and Coptic Phonology", in ''Phonologies of Asia and Africa (including the Caucasus). Vol 1 of 2.'' Ed: Alan S Kaye. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, 1997: p 449</ref>o malakafafitay aniniay a Kopot-tilid o ''Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ''（''K^hēmi''）hananay. == '''Rikisi'''(歷史) == === '''Katelangay-Aykioto tahira Sasifo’an-sici(古埃及到中世紀)''' === Tadahalafinay ko rikisi no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8F%A4%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A Katelangay-Aykipto], o cecay no Sakakaay Pauranrang-kitakti. Oya Katelangay Aykipto a payrangrang ato ponka yo matekop ko Katelangay-Aykipto cowa ka maparocok, tahanini to nga’ o Mikakarkaray ko pakakelaay a pasadaken i hekal. Talacowa adihay ko makeraay a nalacolan, cowa ka adihay ko kafana’an no tamtamdaw to Katelangay-Aykipto a rikisi. I’ayaw ni Yiesoan a mihecaan to 4000 miheca ira to ko marayrayay a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%9F%8E%E9%82%A6 niyaro’an-kitakit](城邦''';'''''City state'') anini ira a makera ko i’yaw ni Yiesoan-miheca to 3400 mihecaan a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%9C%A3%E4%B9%A6%E4%BD%93 Sikipang-Fancalay-cudad](聖書體''').''' Do’edoen ko nitilidan itini tona sikipang,ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%9D%8E%E5%AD%90%E7%8E%8B%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96 Falaw Rarikah-Honti](蠍'''王二世''';也被稱為蠍'''子王''' katelangay Aykipto-sowal:latek o ''Selkano'' ca o ''Weha'') to ko palacecayay to ninian a Niyaroan-kitakit, patirengen ningra ko Malacecayay Hotinan-kitakit. I’ayaw ni Yiesoan a mihecaan latek 3100 miheca, malitosa a mapecih ko Katelangan-Aykipto to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%8A%E4%B8%8B%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A Fafa’eday ato La’enoay Aykipto], ikor ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF Falaw-Minis] ko miliyaway a palacecay. I’ayaw ni Yiesoan to saka 11 sici tahira i saka 7 sicia, satikotiko sa a macowat no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%BA%9A%E8%BF%B0 Yaso],[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF Posi], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%B6%E9%A0%93 Maciton] ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B Roma Hontian-kitakit] ko Aykipto. I saka 4-7 sici, mapateko i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%9D%B1%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B Sawalian Roma-Hontian-kitakit.] Isasifo’an no saka7 sici, mi’eco ko Arapiya-tamdaw patireng to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD Arapiya Hontian-kitakit]. 640 miheca, ma’emin maaro’ no Arapiya-tamdaw ko Aykipto, mala-Arapiya. Tahira to i saka 12 sici, ma’edefay to o Arapiya ko sowal, mitoor to Islam-pitooran, maceror no Arapiya ko sapatekpatek ko kahalafin a KatelangayAykipto ponka mala-Arapiya ponka, o itinian a tamdaw cowa to kafana’ toya tata’angay a ‘ekim-‘ipoc(金字塔) ato pita’ongan-’et’et(神殿雕像). 1249 miheca misatapang ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%A9%AC%E7%A9%86%E9%B2%81%E5%85%8B Mamoliwko Sofitay-Kasafelaw] ko mikowanay. 1517 miheca micomod ko Torki-tamdaw, [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%AD%E4%B9%A6%E7%9C%81 malakowan] no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD Awtoman Hontian-kitakit.] [[Faylo:ModernEgypt, Muhammad Ali by Auguste Couder, BAP 17996 140x190.jpg|縮圖|Muhanmoto-Aliposiya (1805-1848)]] === '''Ingataay Anini-mihecahecaan'''(近代) === Iikor no makowan no Torki to pinapina a mihecaan ko Aykipto, ma’eco heca no Fransu ato Ikiris ato pinapina a kitakit, tona mikownan no roma a kitakit, ira ko itiniay a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%95%E5%A4%8F Muhanmoto-Aliposiya] a sawara’an-kitakit. 1798-1801 miheca ma’eco ni [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%8B%BF%E7%A0%B4%E4%BB%91%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96 Napoliyon] to kinacecay. 1882 miheca ma’eco no Ikiris a sofitay. 1914 miheca [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%BF%9D%E6%8A%A4%E5%9B%BD malapapa’adingen-kitakit](保護國; Ikiris a sowal:''Protectorate'') no Ikiris. 1922 miheca saka 2 folad saka 28 romi’ad,mapaci’eci no kasakitakit ko Ikiris a mihayi to pisiied no Aykipto, nikawrira, pararid ho a mitatoy to Sapa’ading-Demak,Kalawidang-demak to Kasakitakit ato Mamangay-finacadan a salongoc ko Ikiris,parariday a malanikownan no Ikiris a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%AB%E6%98%9F%E5%9B%BD Taliyokay-fo’is kirakir]( 衛星國;[[Ikiris a sowal]]:''Satellite State''), ano do’edoen ko katatilidan no Aykipto ato Ikiris,ano hacowa to manga’ay a pasadak to sofitay ko Ikiris to sapipa’adingaw to kaci’epoc no Ikiris i Aykipto. === '''Aniniay a Aykipto('''現代埃及) === Nirnir sato a miliyas to nipikowan no Sa’etipay-kitakit ko Aykipto, nawhani, ira ko pisiwar no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%B3%9B%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89 Kapolongan Ca’enot no Arapiya], nikawrira, tahanini ira ho ko fodfod no siyakay caay sa ka salimadac ko ‘orip no tamdawdaw. [[Faylo:Tanks Destroyed Sinai.jpg|縮圖|mapiciway a sinsiya i pilood no Ikiris to Aykipto]] ==== Nacar mihecaan('''納賽爾時代''') ==== I 1952 miheca saka 7 folad saka 23 romi’ad makerid ni Nacar ko “[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%BB%8D%E5%AE%98 paifaloco’ay tatapng no sofitay a saopo]” a paka’icel no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A sofitay a mifelih], mapalasawad ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%B3%95%E9%B2%81%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96 Faroko-Honti], patireng to “palololay a saopo” mikowan to kitakit, ta malaheci ko pisiied. 1953 miheca saka 6 folad saka18 romi’ad mapalasawad ko honti-faco no sieci, patireng to kapolongan kitakti. 1954 miheca, mapaci’eci ko Ikiris a papiliyas to sofitay nani Aykipto, tahira to i 1956 mihecaan ta malaheci ko piliyas no sofitay no Ikiris, nikawrira, pararid heca a mikowan to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%8B%8F%E4%BC%8A%E5%A3%AB%E8%BF%90%E6%B2%B3 Soyisi Tata’angay-ci’eci](蘇伊士運河; Arapiya a sowal:'''قناة السويس'''‎; Romaan tilid:''Qanā al-Suways)''. 1956 miheca alaen ni Nacar ko Soyisi Tata’angay-ci’eci malonokitakit, mapcekil ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%9C%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89 Sakatosa Lalood no Sifo’ay-Sawalian](第二次以阿戰爭，也稱蘇伊士運河危機)<ref>英文常用'''蘇伊士運河危機'''（Suez Crisis）、'''蘇伊士運河戰爭'''（Suez War）或'''1956年戰爭'''指稱此次事件，阿拉伯世界則常以'''三方衝突'''（العدوان الثلاثي‎）稱呼之，其它名稱尚有'''西奈戰爭'''（Sinai war）、'''蘇伊士-西奈戰爭'''（Suez-Sinai war）、'''1956年以阿戰爭'''（1956 Arab-Israeli War）、'''第二次以阿戰爭'''（Second Arab-Israeli War）、'''蘇伊士運河戰役'''（Suez Campaign）、'''西奈戰役'''（Sinai Campaign）、'''卡德墟戰役'''（Kadesh Operation）或'''火槍手行動'''（Operation Musketeer）</ref> , o sofitay no Ikiris ato Fransu, Yisli malakapot a milood to Aykipto mapa’ekel ko Sinay-kanatal ato Soyisi Tata’angay-ci’eci etal, mapatay ko pinapina a sofitay cefang no Aykipto, adihay ko nilifongan nangra a tokay no Aykipto to sapipatalawaw to tamdaw ato sofitay no Aykipto. O mapelengay a loma’ cilafad to cecay a ‘ofad, cilafas to cecay patek ko mapatayay, 2 ’ofad ko madoka’ay. 1958 miheca matateko ko Aykipto ato Siliya, patireng to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B Arapiya Kapolongan-kitakit](阿拉伯聯合共和國,簡稱'''阿聯''';Arapiya a sowal:الجمهورية العربية المتحدة) 1961 miheca saka 9 folad, miliyas ko Siliya to Arapiya Kapolongan-kitakit. [[Faylo:Sadat Carter Begin handshake (cropped) - USNWR.jpg|縮圖|Ci Satato, Kata congtong no Amirika aci congli no Islaylo ci Picin.]] 1967 miheca mapacekil ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%9C%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89 Sakatolo Lalood no Sifo’ay-Sawalian], ma’afas ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A5%88%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6 Sinay-kanatal].(西奈半島; Arapiya a sowal:شبه جزيرة سيناء‎；Ikiris a sowal:''Sinai Peninsula''). ==== '''Satato-mihecahecaan'''(沙達特時代) ==== 1970 miheca yo mapatay ci Nacar congtong, ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%AE%89%E7%93%A6%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E8%96%A9%E9%81%94%E7%89%B9 Satato] (穆罕默德·艾爾·沙達特;阿拉伯語：محمد أنورالسادات‎）ko mirocokay malacongtong. 1971 miheca saka 9 folad, falicen ko ngangan no kitakit to " Aykipto-Arapiya Kapolongan-kita”it". 1978 miheca matatilid ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97 Islaylo] to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%9F%83%E4%BB%A5%E5%92%8C%E7%B4%84 Sakarihaday-Kakaketonan]<ref>Camp David Accords – Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs. [2020-06-15]. （原始內容存檔於2011-09-03）.</ref>. 1982 miheca maala patatikor ko Sinay-kanatal, 1989 miheca mapatikor ko Tapa(塔巴;Aykipto a sowal:طابا‎ ''Ṭāba) '' i Aykipto. ==== '''Muparako-mihecahecaan'''('''穆巴拉克時代)''' ==== [[Faylo:Talet harb roundabout-cairo-egypt.JPG|縮圖|o dadaya no Mitedalay-Potal]] I 1981 miheca saka 10 folad saka 14 romi’ad, itira i pikiningan to sakafalo miheca a pikiningan romi’ad to sapirowan-to-raraw lalood ci Satato, makowan no mitooray to Isalm a sofitay, oya maro’ay i tihi ni Satato, malemed caay ka tama ko laco, ikor to saka 8 romi’ad mapacakat no finawlan ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%83%A1%E6%96%AF%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E7%A9%86%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B Muparako] malacongtong, sanoyanan sato a midemak to mitekeday-pikowan,tahira i nipalasawad no finawlan ci Muparako, rarid sanay i Nipa’ekeay-rikec ato Nikakaforawan ko Aykipto, mitatoy to ko sofitay to sakowan ta mapalahedaw kona Nipa’ekeay-rikec ato Nikakaforawan. Nani 2011 miheca saka 1 folad saka 24 romi’ad satapang ko Aykipto to mahapinangay no kasakitakit a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/2011%E5%B9%B4%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD Aykipto-lolol], adihay ko langiwngiw no finawlan to aniniay a Muparako congtong, aniniay faco no pikowan ato kalo’orip, orasaka satapang a mikangyi, patangic a papisawad ci Muparako congtong, misa’eli heca to nipifalic to aniniay a faco no pikowan; nikawrira, caay ko mamisawad malacongtong kako sanay ci Muparako, nikawrira, cowa to kasadak to singkiw i 2011miheca saka 9 folad a sakaenem riyad a congtong sanay, nikawrira,cowa ka pihayi ko finawlan to ca’of ni Muparako, rarawraw sato ko kitakit a makakowang,oninian ko sakatenak no mikangyiay nani [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E5%B9%BF%E5%9C%BA Mitedalay-Potal] tahhira i ka‘edef no kitakit. 2011 miheca saka 2 folad saka 11romi’ad, milekal ko Padangay-congtong ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A5%A5%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%8B%8F%E8%8E%B1%E6%9B%BC Awmaer-Solayman] to pisawad ni Muparako, o Sakakaay-iingkay no cikowangay-Sofitay ko mirocokay a mikowan to kitakit, o sofitay ko mitatoyay to pacarcaray sakowan. oya sato ‘ayaway congtong ci Muparako ato laloma’an ningra mikalic to hikopta miliyas to syoto to 400 km itirray ipipahanhanan a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%B2%99%E5%A7%86%E6%B2%99%E4%BC%8A%E8%B5%AB Samuyiho](沙姆沙伊赫; Arapiya a sowal:شرم الشيخ，意為謝赫灣). 2011 miheca saka 11 folad saka 21 romi’ad, o ratoh no roma a kitakit mitiya,oya Sakakaay-iingkay no cikowangay-Sofitay maosoy ko pipatorod to sakowan i kalotamdawan a saopo, miliyaw heca tayra i maci ko finawlan a mikangyi, micorcor to sofitay misakali’eki a patorod to sakowan to kalotamdan a sifo. itini tona pikangyian no finawlan adihay ko mapatayay ato madoka’ay, nona fa’elohay a pikangyi tenak sato mi’edef to kitakit, tongal sato ko kapa’ekel no sofitay a mihayi to sa’eli no finawlan.i saka 11 folad saka 24 romi’ad, mapaceko’ ko finawlan to piliyokay no sofitay, cowa ka tango’ol ko sofitay to sakowan sanay, iokor to sinkiw no Kalomaocan no kitakit ato sinkiw no congtong itiya to i misetekan a romi’ad a mitayal. Cisowal sa ko sofitay, ano calohen ko pipatorod to sakowan matiya o mifelihay to harateng no finawlan saan, roma soto oya mikangyiay a finawlan,ano caka tangsol a misawad ko sofitay a maro’ i sifo, cowa ko mamalinah nani Mitedalay-Potal saan. I matini pahateray ko rawraw, nikawrira, caloway ko piliyaw heca no karawraw. 2011 miheca saka 11 folad saka 28 romi’ad tahira i 2012 miheca saka 1 folad saka 11 romi’ad, toloen a misakilac ko pidemak sapisingkiw no Finawla-kalomaocan, o laheci nona singkiw o Aykipto Finawlan-Lekatepno Paifaloco’ay-Mo’ecelay Kasafelaw no Islam maala ko 235 iing no 498 kapolongan, malasakakaay a kasafelaw, o ipoco’ay ko harateng a milikotay a “''Al-Nour Party''” pakaala to 107 iing malasakatosa a sakakaay kasafelaw, o sakatolo o “''New Wafd Party''” pakaala to 38 iing. O Islam a kasafelaw polongen ko iing ira ko tosa no kakitolo. 2012 miheca saka 6 folad saka 14 romi’ad, o mifelihay to rikec no singkiw ko aniniay a singkiw saan ko Sakakaay Kinpo-Pisawkitan no Aykipto, milekal a palasawad tona fa’elohay a kalomaocan no kitakit. saka 6 folad saka 17 romi’ad, o Sakakaay-iingkay no Cikowangay-Sofitay pasadak to nisalofan to a “Lekal no Kinpo”, falo konisalofan to sapipatolasaw to ‘icel no congtong.<ref>埃及軍方出臺《憲法宣言》修正案 擴大政治權力. 人民網. 2012年6月18日. （原始內容存檔於2021年1月16日）.</ref> [[Faylo:Hosni Mubarak with Italian president Giorgio Napolitano October 2009.jpg|縮圖|Muparako congtong aci Kiyokiyo congtong no Itali]] === '''Ikoray no Arapiya-Kacanglahan'''(後阿拉伯之春時代) === 2012 miheca saka 6 folad saka 24 romi’ad,mipatalahekal ko Sakakaay-Iingkay no Pisingkiwan to Congtong, o kakeridan no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%8E%E6%AD%A3%E4%B9%89%E5%85%9A Paifaloco’ay-Mo’ecelay Kasafelaw] ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E7%A9%86%E5%B0%94%E8%A5%BF Mohanmoto-Muersi] no Masalikakaay-Saopo no Muslin malowid ningra ko i’ayaway a congli ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%89%BE%E5%93%88%E8%BF%88%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%B2%99%E8%8F%B2%E5%85%8B Aysato-Safiko] maala malacongtong, na misawad ci Muparako congtong o sa’ayaway ho konini o finawlan ko mitopaay a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/2012%E5%B9%B4%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE singkiw no congtong]. Saka 8 folad saka 2 romi’ad, satapng ko congli ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B8%8C%E6%B2%99%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E7%94%98%E8%BF%AA%E5%8B%92 Sasimo-Kantilo] a mipatireng to malatangay a matayal.<ref>Abdel Latif Wahba and Tarek El-Tablawy. Egypt's New Government Prepares to Take Helm of Nation. Bloomberg. 2 August 2012 [12 August 2012]. （原始內容存檔於2012-08-12）.</ref> saka 8 folad saka 12 romi’ad, midemak to tata’angay a tayal to mifalic to kakeridan no sofitay, o Citodongay to Sapipa’ading to kitakit a tayal ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%9C%E6%9D%9C%E5%8B%92-%E6%B3%95%E5%A1%94%E8%B5%AB%C2%B7%E5%A1%9E%E8%A5%BF Apotola-Fatahe-Says]i ko miceroray ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E4%BE%AF%E8%B5%9B%E5%9B%A0%C2%B7%E5%9D%A6%E5%A1%94%E7%BB%B4 Mohanmoto-Haysan-Tantawi] ko matoro’ay,o Citodongay to sakakaay a komong no sofitay ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%90%A8%E7%B1%B3%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%97 Sami-Ana]n i, ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%B7%E5%9F%BA%C2%B7%E8%8B%8F%E5%8D%9C%E5%B8%8C Sitoci-Soposi] ko matoro’ay a miceror; patokeleda han palasawaden no Sakakaay-Cikowangay Sofitay-Iingkay i saka 6 folad saka 17 romi’ad koya mitolasay to ‘icel no congtong a nisalofan a kinpo, o fa’elohay a kinpo halifatay tona romi’ad; ona sowal tonini mapaceker no sofitay, onian i,o sapipanatektekan to nisinkiwan a sifo sanay kominengnengay tona demak, nornor sato ko tapang no sofitay miliyas to demak no sifo sarocod sa patayal to sapisimaw to kitakit, o nisinkiwa a kalotamdaw a sifo ko mamatayal tona sifo a tayal.<ref>埃及軍方表態支持總統莫爾西. 國際在線. 2012-08-14. （原始內容存檔於2012-08-17）.</ref> 2013 miheca miliyaw ci Mohanmoto-Muersi sapifalicaw to kinpo, sapolaheciaw to kalotamdawan a sifo, mapatalaw ko nikacidafong no sofitay. [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/2013%E5%B9%B4%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A%E4%BA%8B%E5%BE%8C%E5%8B%95%E7%9B%AA 2013 miheca mapacekil ko pinapina a pikangyi no finawlan], milongoc to sapipasawad ci Mohanmoto-Muersi. I saka 7 folad saka 3 romi’ad,o kakaeridan no sofitay ci Apotola-Fatahe-Saysi paliten nangra ko congtong a pala’idef, toro’ han ci Atoli-Mansoer ko pacarcaray malacongtong, milekal ko sofitay lakamkam to a midemak to singkiw no Kalomaocan no kitakit ato congton, mifalic to kinpo to sakanga’ay ni [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%9C%E6%9D%9C%E5%8B%92-%E6%B3%95%E5%A1%94%E8%B5%AB%C2%B7%E5%A1%9E%E8%A5%BF Apotola-Fatahe-Saysi] malacongtong.<ref>埃及政府临时推迟对示威者清场 以免“血腥冲突”. 中國新聞網. 2013年8月13日. （原始內容存檔於2021年1月16日）.</ref> to ikor to i,irako picoker no Salikaka-Saopo no Muslim sa pararid ko mikangyiay micoker ci Mohanmoto-Muersian patatikor malacongtong, kinapinapina a mali’odot ko mikangyiay ato sofitay adihay ko mapatayay ato madoka’ay.<ref>埃及政府临时推迟对示威者清场 以免“血腥冲突”. 中國新聞網. 2013年8月13日. （原始內容存檔於2021年1月16日）.</ref> tadatata’angay ko karawraw no siyakay no Aykipto. I saka 8 folad saka 14 romi’ad o Rihadayay-Sofitay no Aykipto ’asiken nangra koya kaitiraan no micokeray ci Mohanmoto-Muersian a tamtamdaw, ira ko sa’osi 525 ko mapatayay tamdaw ato 3717 ko madoka’ay tamdaw.<ref>Egypt death toll rises to 525 amid state of emergency. The Associated Press. [2013-08-15]. （原始內容存檔於2013-09-04）.</ref> Salikaka-Saopo no Muslim patokitok heca a micoker to mikangyiay a tamtamdaw, mamalapecihaw sato ko kitakit.<ref>外媒：埃及公共社会崩溃 最可怕是民众思想对立. 中國新聞網. 2013年8月13日. （原始內容存檔於2021年1月16日）.</ref> 2014 miheca, laheci sato ci Saysi malacongtong. 2015 miheca, midemak to fa'elohay a singkiw, ira ko pipadang no sofitay saka maala malacongtong ci Saysi, mipa’ekel to Kitakitan-Kalomaocan. [[Faylo:SuezCanal-sl.jpg|縮圖|250x250像素|Soyis-Cilis]] == '''Kaitiraan('''地理) == O kakahad no sera no Aykipto ira ko 1,001,450 km² mihawangay to Aciya ato Afrika, i Afrikaay a sera ko ikakakaay ko kakahad, o roma sa i,o ikatimolay no Soyis-Cilis a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A5%88%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6 Sinay-Pecihay Kanatal] itiraay i katimolan no saka’etipa no Aciya. Ira ko siikeday a kaitiraan no Aykipto:o lalan mido’edoay to Aciya ato Afrika a karopaw; iriyaran i,pakayra i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%8B%8F%E4%BC%8A%E5%A3%AB%E8%BF%90%E6%B2%B3 Soyisi-Cilis] (蘇伊士運河; Arapiya a sowal:'''قناة السويس'''‎; Romaan tilid:''Qanā al-Suways)'' ato Kahengangay-Riyar macatores ato Sifo’an-Riyar ato Indo-Riyar. Orasaka, itini i nitilidan no rikisi, o kakala’afasan no icowacowaay a kitkit. O aniniay a Aykipto isak’etipan malafiyaw ato Lipiya, ikatimol mada’edo’edo ko sera ato Sotan, isakawalian misi’ayaw to Kahengangay-Riya, madado’edo’edo ko sera ato Palestan,Isli, isaka’amisan o Sifoa’an-Riya. O polong no kitakit sahetoay o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%B2%99%E6%BC%A0 tafotafokan] mahaop ko 95 %. O sa’akawangay a lotok o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%87%AF%E7%91%9F%E7%90%B3%E5%B1%B1 Kaysalin-lotok], nani tongoh no riyar ira ko 2,629 laya’. O sato’edaway i hekal a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B0%BC%E7%BD%97%E6%B2%B3 Niro-’Alo] nani katimol pasi’amis a romakat ko ‘edef no Aykipto, o kakaya’ i Aykipto ira ko 1350 km,o kakahad no salawcan ira ko 3-16 km, o dihecoay a tata’man, tahira to isaka’amisan no syoto Kayro malatoloay-karimoco’. Tona salawacan no ‘alo a ta’eman ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92%E6%B4%B2 toloay-karimoco’] a sera edengan 4% no polong no sera no Aykipto, nikawrira, o polong no tamdaw no Aykipto mahaop ko 99% itiniay a maro’.o mitongoday to Aciya, Afrika ato Yoropa ko Soyis-Cilis. O sakakaay a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%B0%B4%E5%BA%AB Nikarkaran-fanaw] ira ko Tata’angay-ko Fanaw ato Timosahe-Fanaw, ato Y[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%98%BF%E6%96%AF%E6%97%BA%E6%B0%B4%E5%9D%9D aswin-Tifo], malasakakaay a nikarkaran a fanaw i Afrika, ona [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%B4%8D%E8%B3%BD%E7%88%BE%E6%B9%96 Nasayer-tafa] ira ko 5000 km². Sepat ko sakilac no pala:<ref>改寫自《非洲地理》104~106頁，1983年9月三版</ref> Kasasa’oawac no Nilo’Alo('''尼羅河谷)''' Sa’etipan-Tafotafokan('''西部沙漠)''' Sawalian-Tafotafokan(西部沙漠) Sinay Pecihan-kanatal(西奈半島) [[Faylo:Savingfutures Statue of Ramses II at Luxor temple.jpg|縮圖|Falaw Rarikah-Honti sakatos]] == [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%9D%8E%E5%AD%90%E7%8E%8B%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96 '''Falaw Rarikah-Hont'''](人口) == Tahira i 2021 miheca saka 10 folad , o polong ira ko 1’ok 240 ofad ko tamdaw. O sakakaay a finacadan ira ko Hamo-finacadan([[:zh:阿拉伯人|Aykipto-Arapiya tamdaw]], [[:zh:科普特人|Kopoto-tamdaw]], [[:zh:貝都因人|Pitoin-tamdaw]], [[:zh:柏柏尔人|Popoer-tamdaw]]) mahaop ko 99%, o roma i,o [[:zh:努比亚人|Nupiya-tamdaw]], Kirisiya-tamdaw,Alminiya-tamdaw, Teloc no Italiya-tamdaw ato teloc no Fransu-tamdaw dengan 1%. Mahaop ko 60% a tamdaw no Aykipto i safaay no 30 ko mihecaan. Yo malacongtong ho ci [[:zh:穆罕默德·胡斯尼·穆巴拉克|Muparako]](穆罕默德·胡斯尼·穆巴拉克; Arapiya a sowal:محمد حسنى سيد مبارك‎; ''Muḥammad Ḥusnī Sayyid Mubārak'') ,misa’icel a mipenec to sakacaay ka tognal no tamdaw. I 2011 miheca misawada sato ci Muparako congtong,mirocok ko [[:zh:穆斯林兄弟會|Salikaka-saopo no Muslin]] ( 穆斯林兄弟會; Arapiya a sowal:الإخوان المسلمين‎，Romaan tilid:''al-ʾIḫwān al-Muslimīn'' ) a mikowan, cowa to ka pipecec to ka’aloman no tamdaw, orasaka, i 2021 miheca o nisofocan a tamdaw matongal to 32 ko tamdaw no cecay-patek ko sa’osi, o ikakaay nani 1991 miheca ko ka’aloman notamdaw.<ref>埃及出生率止跌回升. 紐約時報中文網. 2013-05-06 [2014-05-27]. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-16）.</ref><ref>埃及人口增速創歷史新高 造成多重負面社會影響(圖). 國際在線. 2014-02-17 [2014-05-27]. （原始內容存檔於2017-11-07）.</ref> == '''Pitooran'''(宗教) == Itini i Aykipto wataay ko kahinakeran no pitooran nano to’asan, mahaop ko 90% tamdaw no Aikipto mitooray to [[:zh:伊斯兰教|Islam]](Soni Kasafelaw), irako 10% o mitooray to [[:zh:亞歷山大科普特正教會|Kopoto-’Mo’ecelay pitooran]] no Misakristoay, Kopoto-Tinsikiw ato [[:zh:希臘正教會|Kirisiya-Mo’ecelay pitooran]](希臘正教會; Kirisiya a sowal:''Ελληνορθόδοξη Εκκλησία; Ikiris a sowal:Orthodox Church'') <ref>Demetrios J. Constantelos, Understanding the Greek Orthodox Church, Holy Cross Orthodox Press 3rd edition (March 28, 2005)</ref><ref>L. Rushton, Doves and magpies: village women in the Greek Orthodox Church Women's religious experience, Croom Helm, 1983</ref><ref>Paul Yuzyk, The Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada, 1918–1951, University of Ottawa Press, 1981</ref>. O kopoto-Mo’ecelay pitooran o micidekay nani [[:zh:正統教會|Sakawaliay-Mo’ecelay pitooran]]<ref>ORTHODOX | Meaning & Definition for UK English | Lexico.com. Lexico Dictionaries | English. [2021-10-16]. （原始內容存檔於2021-12-23） '''（英語）'''.</ref>, ono Aykipto a Kopoto-Mo’ecelay pitooran sahetoay oninian. O siyakay no Islam, mangalefay ko cowa kona sifo a matayal a saopo itira i ngangan no saopo ira aca ko pangangan to Islam anoca Muslim sanay, anoca makakafitay ato harateng, ponka, rikisi, patinako han:Kapah-Muslin Syiewhi(''Young Men’s Muslim Association''), tada mahapinangay ko pipaini to i ngangan no So’elinay-Kawas ko pitayal to kalodemak, o Kiyokay no Islam ko kahuceraan sanay. == '''Sowal'''(語言) == Ono sifoan a sowal o Arapiya-sowal, sahetoay onini ko sowal no tamdaw no Aykipto; o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E7%89%B9%E8%AF%AD Kopoto-sowal](o nani [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E8%AF%AD katelangay-sowal no Aykipto] a masafa’elohay a sowal ko nini) itiraay aca misakristoay-kiyokay no Kopoto-tamdaw no Aykipto. O roma i,o Ikiris ato Fransu a sowal itiraay i tata’angay tokay ato mihamhamay to lafang a tayal. Ono to’asan a sowal no Aykipto(o Niliniay-Tilid) itiya ho i saka 3-4 sici ma’eminay to a maceror no Kopoto-sowal(Kirisiya a mafalicay-tilid). Ikor to no saka 7 sici,yo ma’eco no Muslin ko Aykipto, malosowal sato no itiniay ko Arapiya-sowal, nikawrira, o Kopoto-sowal matenakay ho a kalasowalen itini. Nikawrira, tahira to saka 15 sici cowa to kalasowalen ko Kopoto-sowal i kalo’orip, to ikor to i,ma’emin to Arapiya-sowal ko hasowal no Kopoto-tamdaw. [[Faylo:2004-03-vev-egypte-poisson.jpg|縮圖|242x242像素|Mifotingay no Aykipto]] == '''Saka’orip'''(經濟) == O sakakaay a saka’orip no Aykipto-tamdaw i, o liomah, simal-kasolin,mihamhamay-tayal ato mipasadak to matayalay. I 2010 mihecaan a polong mataylay a tamdaw no Aykipto o maomahay mahaop ko 13.5%, misanga’ay to dafong 37.9%, mihamhamay-tayal ira ko 48% , o roma i, ira ko 300 ‘ofad matayalay i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%B2%99%E7%89%B9%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF Sawti-Arapiya], Kihaway-Kitakit ato Yoropa. O sakakaay mipalomaay to takomod koAykipto i hekal. 1970 miheca malaheci a patireng to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%98%BF%E6%96%AF%E6%97%BA%E6%B0%B4%E5%9D%9D Aswen Tata'angay-tafa’] mafelic ko kina’orip no Niro-’Alo, masiwar ko liomah no Aykipto. Ira ko citanengay a somowal, mapaceko’ ko katongal no tamdaw cowa to ka pakafilo ko kitakit a mopaini to kaka’enen ato saka’orip a dafong, orasaka mokangyi ko tamtamdaw,i 1981 miheca o polong tamdaw no Aikipto dengan 3500 ’ofad, tahira to i 2011 miheca ira ko 8100 ’ofad (latek ira ko 1000 ’ofad o cowa ka pitoki a nisofocan wawa, orasaka, o so’elinay ira ko 9100 ’ofad ko polong a tamdaw sanay ko sowal), nikawrira, o polong a sera to sakiliomah dengan 3%. o lalen a omah no kahacecay tamdaw dengan 0.55 kofo,o maalaay a pinay mapaci’eci a mapakaen ko fatad aca no polong a tamdaw. o kaca ka ‘edeng a kaka’enen ni’acaan i roma a kitakit. to kslomihecaan o ni’acaan a moki ira ko 900 ’ofad ton, o sakakaay ni’acaay nani roma a kitakit itini i hekal.o sakarawraw no siyakay ko ka’aloman no manikaway tamdaw ato away ko tayal a tamdaw, talacowa misawad ci Muparako malacongtong, o sa’eli no “ 1.25 lolol” to sepat: kaka’enen, nitekeday-faloco’, Mo’ecelay-siyakay ato kakangodoan no kalatamdaw, ‘edengan o nitekeday-faloco’ ko malaheciay, o roma a sa’eli caay ka laheci.<ref>新闻点评：马尔萨斯魔咒——几乎无解的埃及. 鳳凰網. 2013年8月15日. （原始內容存檔於2020年6月7日）.</ref> == '''Ponka'''(文化) == [[Faylo:The whales fossils.jpg|縮圖|Ciris no ‘iso]] Ira ko sepat a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7 Rocokan no Hekal] itini i Aykipto, mahaop ko 6 a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7 Rocokan-Ponka], ato cecay a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7 Rocokan-pala]: 1.Apomina(Rocokan-ponka,1979; 阿布米那; Arapiya a sowal:أبو مينا‎） 2.Tipis katelangay niyaro’ ato tadem(Rocokan-ponka,1979; 底比斯; Kirisiya a sowal:Θῆβαι） 3.Nalacolan no Islam i Kayro(Rocokan-ponka,1979; 開羅伊斯蘭老城; Ikiris a sowal:''Historic Cairo'';Fransu a sowal:''Le Caire historique''). 4.Monfis(Aykipto) ato Tadem(孟菲斯 (埃及);Arapiya a sowal:ممفس‎; Aykipto-Araoiya a sowal:ممفيس; Ikirisiya a sowal:Μέμφις),nani Cisa tahira i Tayhefoer a ‘Ekiman-‘Ipoc a Etal(Rocokan-ponka,1979). 5.Nupiya-Nalacolan nani Aposinpayle-Pita’ongan tahira i Filay-Pita’ongan. (Rocokan-ponka,1979). 6.Siekiyasalin-Pica’enotan(聖凱薩琳修道院;Kirisiya a sowal:''Μονὴ τῆς Ἁγίας Αἰκατερίνης'') (Rocokan-ponka,2002). 7.Ciris no ‘iso(鯨魚谷; Arapiya a sowal:'''وادي الحيتان'''‎; Ikiris a sowal:''Wadi Al-Hitan''). (Rocokan-pala,2005).<ref>Wadi Al-Hitan (Whale Valley) - World Heritage Site - Pictures, info and travel reports. [2009-01-26]. （原始內容存檔於2012-04-02）.</ref> [[Faylo:Great Pyramid of Giza (Khufu’s pyramid), Pyramid of Khafre (left to right). Cairo, Egypt, North Africa.jpg|縮圖|‘Ekiman-‘Ipoc]] == '''Mihamhamay-tayal'''(旅遊) == Tada patahtahay to pisalamaan ko Aykipto, nawhani iraay ko kakaya’ay a rikisi ato kemoday-ponka, i 2009 ato 2010 miheca, mata’elif ko Sawti-Arapiya o sakakaay ko ka’aloman no lafang itini i Sifo’an-Sawali, tada tata’ang ko kaci’etan no mihamhamay-tayal no Aykipto, malasatoko no saka’orip ko nini.<ref>Ci Safulo ko mitiliday.</ref> == Pacefaday a tilid(註腳) == [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Afrika]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Kitakit]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Egypt]] coen68o0u8se0puyssvyulzimpqazd7 0 285 6208 6207 2021-10-28T12:08:49Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 15 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 6207 wikitext text/x-wiki El salvador（薩爾瓦多） [[Faylo:Flag of El Salvador.svg|thumb|Flag of El Salvador|alt=Flag of El Salvador]] [[Faylo:LocationElSalvador.svg|thumb|Location of El Salvador]] Itini i 13 50 N, 88 55 W, noNotimolan Amilika ko [[El salvador]]. Polong no sekalay i 21,041 sq km “saka 153 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 20,721 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 320 sq km ” Polong i 6,156,670 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 74.7%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 13.60%, malo no roma to a sera 11.70%. siyoto(首都) O [[[San Salvador]](聖薩爾瓦多) ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakasiwa 15 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Salvador Sánchez Cerén]], patirengan a romi’ad i 2014 a miheca(年) saka 6 folad saka 1 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] fijedzco2tyrkwtd5nm8u9ek6trx6ld 0 286 45888 45887 2025-02-12T08:06:12Z QuantumVoyager24 2886 Minor 45888 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Queen Elizabeth II in March 2015.jpg|縮圖|Queen Elizabeth II idi 2015年|alt=Queen Elizabeth II in March 2015.jpg]] == Ilicapid II(''Elizabeth II;伊莉莎白二世'') == O ’orip ni Ilisapay (''Elizabeth II 伊莉莎白二世''), Rihaked a kakaya’ko  ‘orip ni Ilisapay, yo siwa polo’ira ko enem ko mihecaan ningra i, mapatay cingra. Milayapay to saka cecay no rikisi to pito mihecaan no tapang cingra, o tahapinangan no hongti no sici ko demak ningra, o saka ci’icel, o sakarikec no kitakit, o kakeridan no mito’oray cingra. Nai 1953 mihecaan malatapang malahongti ira to ko pito miheca, o malecaday to malawina no polong no kasakitakit cingra, Marakat to ni Ilisapay ko nika tata’ang no pades, itini tona saka tosa no hekal to kalaloodan, mifalah to tatiihay a demak, pasayra to fangcalay rikec ato limo’ot. o kakangodoan no alomanay a tamdaw cingra. Itini i 2022 miheca siwa folad falo a romi’ad, ira ko sowal no citodongay a tamdaw pangiha,sowal sa tati’ih to ko tireng ni Ilisapay saan, itiya to lanokanokay sa tayni i kaitiraan no ina i Panola hananay, tangsolen to nangra a mifalicen to caymo(節目), ciriko’ to kohetingay ko citodongay a tamdaw i ka’ayaway no alomanay. == Takaray a Sowal(概略) == I 1926 a miheca(年) saka 4 folad saka 21 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci [[Elizabeth II]], malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit no Antikuwa ato Papota([[Antigua and barbud|Ikiris a sowal:''Antigua and barbuda;Kuwapin a sowal:'']]''安地卡及巴布達''), [[Australia|Awco(Ikieis a sowal:''Australia'']]; Kuwapin a sowal:''澳洲''), [[Bahamas|Pahama(Ikiris a sowal:''Bahamas'']];''巴哈馬''), Papito(Ikiris asowal:[[Barbados|Ikiris a sowal:''Barbados; Kuwaoing a sowal:'']]''巴貝多''), [[Belize|Pilicu(Ikieisa a sowal:''Belize'']]; Kuwaping a sowal:''貝里斯''), [[Canada|Kanata(Ikiris a sowal:''Canada'']]; Kuwaoing a sowal:''加拿大''), [[Greenland|Kulinlan (Ikiris a sowal:''Greenland'']]), Ciyamayka(Ikiris a sowal:[[Jamaica|J''amaica'']])'',''Niwcilan''(Ikiris a sowal:'' [[New zealand|''New zealand'']](紐西蘭), Papuwa Niw Kiniya(Ikiris a sowal:[[Papua new guinea|''Papua new guinea;'']] Kuwapin a sowal:''巴布亞紐幾內亞''), [[Tuvalu|Tofalo(Ikiris a sowal:''Tuvalu'']]; Kuwaping a sowal:''吐瓦魯'') ato Inko( [[United kingdom|''United kingdom'']] ) anini i ci Elizabeth II, patirengan a romi’ad i 1952 a miheca saka 2 folad saka 6 a romi’ad. == kasofocan a loma' 出生家庭 == O mitokadan ko kahofoc ni Ilisapay (''Elizabeth II 伊莉莎白二世''), itini i Meyfeyer梅費爾''（Mayfair）''potal no poloton''(Bruton Street 布魯頓街)''17 a fangko, loma’ ni akong ama ningra a mahofoc. ya mo^tep ko mihecaan ni Ilisapay (''Elizabeth II 伊莉莎白二世'') haw i, mapatay to koya akong ningra, ci Ciyoce 5''(George V 喬治五世)'' a hongti, ya malahongti ho ko akong ningra i, o mitapalan nira a kitakit o sakakahaday, saka kaemang ho cingra, mamarahongti to ko ’orip. mafana’ inaneng a pasifana’ a ko ina ni Ilisapay, pasifana’ to malatamdaw a demak no to’as, mafana’ haca cingra to masaroma’ay a caciyaw. == lalamod 配偶 == Ci Feylipo wawa no Honti(Ikiris a sowal:''Prince Philip''; kowapin a sowal:''菲利浦王子'') ko fa’inay ni Ilisapay, 1934 a miheca ko sa’ayaw nangra a masaso’araw, itiya kaemang ho ci Ilisapay, faloay ho ko mihecaan ningra, itiya to ci Feylipo malatapangay to no Kerik(Ikiris a sowal:''Greece''; kowapin a sowal:''希臘''), wawa no hongti cingra, i 1922 miheca mapaci'eci a papiliyas to Kerik, itiyaho kaemangay ho ko tireng, o ni'afofoan ho ningra. Tayra to i 13 mihecaan ni Ilisapay, malasofitayan no riyalan cingra, miliyaw to a masaso’araw aci Feylipo, tangsol sato a mangohah cangra, nai tiya mararid to cangra a patikami. Itini I 1947 miheca saka 7 folad saka 9 a romi’ad ko pasifana’ ningra to tamdamdaw a paparamod i, tosa polo’ to ko mihecaan ningra. Itiya a miheca, saka 11 folad saka 20 a romi’ad i Siminse(Ikiris a sowal: ''Westminster Abbey''; kowapin a sowal:''西敏寺'')a pataloma’, na’ ningra to tamdamdaw a paparamod i, itiya a romi’ad, milayap to ci Feylipo toya Aytingpaw kongciye(Ikiris a sowal: ''Duke of Edinburgh;''kowapin a sowal:''愛丁堡公爵'')hananay a malokakeridan to a tamdaw. I ’ayaw no paramod ci Feylipo ato ci Ilisapay i, adihayay ko mirawraway cangraan a demak, saka cecay, caay ka tatodong a malafa’inay ni Ilisapay saan, awaay ko katomirengan ato dafong ningra, o malasofitayay matayalay itini riyaran no Engkelan, ira haca ko salikaka ningra to fafahiyan a mararamod to roma kitakit a tapang, ira sato ko sowal, caay ka katodong cingra a malalamod ci Ilisapayay, o awaay ko loma’ato pikiloma’an a tapang saan. Adihay ko kati’ihay cingraan a sowal. == nikalahongtian 繼承王位 == Mirocok a malahongti ci Ilisapay II (''Elizabeth II 伊莉莎白二世''), so^linay a ngangan ningra ci Ilisapay・Yalisantera・Mari(Ikiris a sowal: ''Elizabeth Alexandra Mary;''kowapin a sowal: ''伊利沙伯·亞歷珊卓·瑪麗''), 1952 miheca saka 2 folad saka 6 a romi’ad a mirocok to mama ningra ci Ciyoce 6(Ikiris a sowal:''George VI'' ; kowapin a sowal:''喬治六世'') a malamikomoday no kitakit, ono aniniay Inkelen (Ikiris a sowal: ''United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland;'' kowapin a sowal:''大不列顛及北愛爾蘭聯合王國)'' a hongti, patatokiled sa a malamikomoday no kanata, Awco, Niwcilan, Nanfui, Pakistan ato Slian. itiyaay a sowal, ano o fafahiyan a malahongti haw i (Ikiris a sowal: ''queen regnant;''kowapin a sowal:''女王'')hananay. === pararocokan 遺傳、繼承 === Ci Ciyoce 6''(George VI 喬治六世)'' ko wama ni Ilisapay II(''Elizabeth II 伊莉莎白二世''), itiya ho o Yo-ke kongciye(Ikiris a sowal: ''Duke of York;''kowapin a sowal:''約克公爵''), o kongciye hananay i, o iraay ko mipararocokay to ’orip, ano masamaan ko ’orip, masamaan ko pihakelong to rarocokan, ina ni Ilisapay (''Elizabeth II 伊莉莎白二世'') malahakelong to malaYo-ke kongciye a fafahi. Ano tooren ko pido^do no mamalahongti i, namahofoc ci Ilisapay, o sakatolo to a mamidotoc to tayal. Nikawrira, oya faki ningra itiya ho kapah ho, corok han o nira ko mamalahongti, caay ka patatoor to wama ci Ilisapay II(''Elizabeth II 伊莉莎白二世'') a malahongti, nanoya mapatay to ci akong ningra i, o mamidotoc koya faki ningra, nawhani, oya kaolahan nira a fafahi i, kani tolo to a pakaetim, mangalef to a macacolicoli to cefang, kinasawad han yo nira ko tayal. Oya to wama ni Ilisapay (''Elizabeth II 伊莉莎白二世'') mikapot to a malahongti, saka ci ngangan to Ciyoce 6''(George VI 喬治六世).'' 1936 a miheca mapatay to koya akong ni Ilisapay ''(Elizabeth II 伊莉莎白二世)'', o faki to ningra ko mamalahongti, caay ka halafin ci Aytehowa(Ikiris a sowal: ''Edward VIII''; kowapin a sowal:''愛德華八世''), 42 a mihecaan malahongti cingra. Ma’osi cingra to lekakawa no demak no lalaocan, caay ka pikihar to demak, meketer to ko sifo nangra, oromasato, pinapina to a folad, oya kaolahan ni Aytehowa a fafahi milongoc to mamilikong toya saka tosa a fainay, ira haca ko pilalang no congli ato citodongay a kakeridan no sifo, hapimaan niyam ko malikongay a fafahiyan a malafafai no hongti saan,,dengan koni han nima, oya pitooran nangra o Engkelan a kiwkay''(''Ikiris a sowal: ''Church of England''; kowapin a sowal: ''英格蘭教會、英國國教會 ),caay ka nga’ay a cifafai anca cifainay to caay ho ka patay ko iayaway a fafai anca o fainay, ano miliyaw cingra a cifafahi cingraan i, maacekay ko matiniay a demak, saka ano liyangen ako konini a demek sako harateng ni Aytehowa, o caay to ka mamafilo ako toninian a tayal saan, saka, sawad han to ningra koya hongti a tayal, o wama to ni Ilisapay (Elizabeth II 伊莉莎白二世) ko mido^doay a malahongti,'' ''Polong han ko malahongti ko ’orip ni Aytehowa, 326 a romi’ad, o sanka kaoto’ay a malahongti itini toni a Engkelan a likisi.'' === mamirocok ''' 女王繼承''' === mo^tep ko mihacaan ni Ilisapay (''Elizabeth II 伊莉莎白二世'') i, mahapinang to mamamirocok to malahongti cingra. itini 1952 miheca 2 folad 6 romi’ad, o wama ni Ilisapay (''Elizabeth II 伊莉莎白二世''), ci cilemed toya dadaya a miliyas to tona hekal, o ’orip ningra i 56 ko mihecaan, pakayni tona adadaay a tireng, matongal aca ko pikowan to kalalood no kitakit, caay to ka tanoktok ko tireng nira, patay sato. Tatosa a malekaka cangra, sakakaay ci Ilisapay ''(Princess Elizabeth 伊莉莎白 ),''mikotay toya adadaay a wama ningra a tayra i Kenya (Ikiris a sowal:''Kenya''; kowapin a sowal:''肯亞'') mihomon, o fa’inay to nira ci Feylipo(Ikiris a sowal:''Prince Philip''; kowapin a sowal:''菲利浦王子'') ko kafanaan to kapatay no wama ningra. Itiya ho 25 ko mihecaan ni Ilisapay, pakayni i nika patay no wama ningra, nawhani o mamisi’ayaw ho to malatapangay a tadakaretengay a tayal, nipili’an to a mamirocok a malahongti ci Ilisapay ''(Princess Elizabeth 伊莉莎白 ),'' nikawrira, do^doen ko demak, talaen reponen ko 16 a folad, misatapang to a mido^do to rikec ato lekakawa a midemak to mamalahongti a lisin. === pirocok ni Cars 查爾斯繼承 === pirocok ni Cars''(Ikiris a sowal: Charles III; kowapin a sowal: 查爾斯王子),'' pakatengil ningra ko katati’ih to ko tireng no ina ci Ilisapayan i, sa’ayaway to a tayra i kaitiraan Pamola hananay, o mamirocok to mamalatapang mamalahonti cingra, ’arawhani, o sahalafi:nay a madahekat a malahongti ci Cars. == pitooran 信仰 == Adihayay ko pitooran no mita itini hekal, o maan ko pitooran no Sawara’an hani? O kafana’an i, itiyaay ho saheto o inanengay malalokay a misiwkay ko tamdamdaw no kiloma’an no hongti, mararid tayra i Weseminsete(Ikiris a sowal: ''Westminster Abbey''; kowapin a sowal: ''威斯敏斯特教堂'') a misiwko a mikapot to demak no kiwkay. O noya papipaino’ ci Loian(Ikiris a sowal: ''Prince Louis''; kowapin a sowal: ''路易王子''), ato o maamaan no demek no kiwkay, korismas to a mikapot ko polong a laloma’an. == adada ato patay 病痛與逝世 == O o’rip ni Ilisapay ''(Princess Elizabeth 伊莉莎白 )'' itini hekal, nai1926 miheca sepat folad 21 a romi’ad tangasa i 2022 miheca siwa folad 8 a romi’ad, siwa ira ko enem to ko mihecaan ningra. I ’ayaw no kapatay ni Ilisapay i, ci adada toya lifong, saka tosa a foladan makinsa to COVID-19 ci Ilisapay i, mahapinan matikeda ningra ko adada, ira ko roma a tamdaw, sowal sato mapatay to ci Ilisapay saan, nikaorira, kalamkam sato a masadak sowal a miateng to sowl, tanektek ko tireng no tapang, awaay ko maan, malecad to malalisanay aca, itini to tolo folad saka cecay romi’ad, mapahololay misintay to tayniay a lafang. ==No papotalay a kakafit (teknikal)== * [https:/Queen Elizabeth II was known for embracing technology, but she didn’t publicly endorse a specific phone. However, she was reportedly a fan of [https://www.bdmobileprix.com/p/samsung.html Samsung] and BlackBerry phones due to their high security features. In later years, she is believed to have used an [https://www.bdmobileprix.com/p/apple.html iPhone] for private communication with close family members. * /wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] qzstyql4pr2lsnxp2vvno7ps8j4nj62 0 287 44297 30564 2024-08-27T08:43:51Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, 2015 44297 wikitext text/x-wiki Ellen Johnson Sirleaf(艾倫·強森·瑟利夫) [[Faylo:Ellen Johnson Sirleaf February 2015.jpg|thumb|Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, 2015|alt=Ellen Johnson Sirleaf February 2015.jpg]] I 1938 a miheca(年) saka 10 folad saka 29 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]], malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Liberia]]（賴比瑞亞） anini i ci Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, patirengan a romi’ad i 2006 a miheca saka 1 folad saka 18 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] fg1r1vwcmbo8ujp86bbdmw5g8kmxbia 0 288 45474 44380 2025-01-19T09:52:35Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 Rahmon idi 2011年 45474 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Emomali Rahmon-1.jpg|縮圖|Rahmon idi 2011年|alt=Emomali Rahmon-1.jpg]] I 1952 a miheca(年) saka 10 folad saka 5 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci '''Emomali Rahmon'''(埃莫馬利·拉赫蒙), malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Tajikistan]](塔吉克斯坦) anini i ci Emomali Rahmon, patirengan a romi’ad i 1994 a miheca saka 11 folad saka 16 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] mt60tce94bbwox9z7h7wap5md1xg5ed 0 289 6315 6314 2021-10-28T12:09:01Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 2 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 6314 wikitext text/x-wiki == Enemay nano to’as a pisacacak no Pangcah (阿美族六種傳統烹調法) == === 1. Mitodohay(燒烤法) === O sacalowayay a pisacacak ko matiniay. Caay ka cisioy, caay ka cidangah ato kalomaamaan a sapisacacak. Sa’opo han ko kasoy, litkat han ko lamal, ano malaflaf to ko lamal i, pateli han ko nisolsolan a titi, ano eca o futing, ato kalomaamaan a nga’ayay todohen a kakaenen. === 2. Mi’id’iday(烘烤法) === O nga’ayay a sapina’ang patahiraw to kakaenen ko matiniay a pisacacak. Sanga’en ko cadada i safaled no lamal, ta tatingen ko titi ano eca o futing ato kalomaamaan nga’ayay ’id’iden a kakaenen. Ano marad ko cadada i, manga’ay to a pateli han aca ko ’a’id’iden ta safelifelinen tangasa i kacacakan. === 3. Mitamekay(悶烤法) === Tademen i ’afo ko fonga ano eca o nitafoan to papah no lengac ato kilang a kakaenen, ta romromen ko ’atang a milaflaf to lamal i safaled noya nitademan a kakaenen. Maedeng ko kahalafin i, wanik han to ko kasoy ato ’atang a mikorkor koya kakaenen. O kacalowayan a pisacacak ko matiniay i palapalaan. Anini adihay to ko macowcowaay a satafo, mangalef to ko kacalowayan a mitamek. === 4. Mitenesay(燒石煮法) === I tini i palapalaan, ano awaawaay ko sapicacak a dangadangah, sacifar han aca ko palo’, teli han ko maamaan kaolahan a kakaenen i cifar, patatodongen ko pipananom, ta todohen ko rimadacay a matatongay fokeloh. Ano kahengang to ko fokeloh i, pacefong han to i cifar koya fokeloh, caay pahoda macacak ko nisafelan. O sakinopangcahan a cecay ko matiniay a nipisafel. === 5. Misakafiay(水煮法) === O nirayrayan nano to’as ko matiniay a nipisafel. Halafin to a kifana’an no mita i likisi ko kaci’atomo no Pangcah. Mataneng ko fafahiyan no Pangcah a misanga’ to ’atomo nano to’as, saka o matelangay pisacacak ko masakafiay. Ano ira ko ’atomo, pararo’ong han aca ko tolo a fokeloh, manga’ay to a miteli to ’atomo a mitangtang. Ano maamaan to a kakaenen, pananom han ko ’atomo ta pacefongen ko sasafelen, caay pahoda ko nipitala, manga’ay to a kaenen. 6. Micaengaray(蒸煮法) Kalifotan to mamang ko matiniay a pisacacak, nawhan i, ira a:ca ko mahod ta manga’ay a micaengar. O sapisahakhak a cecay ko matiniay a pisacacak no Pangcah. I sa’ayaw, laloen ho ko koetengay a felac to pangkiw no romi’ad, herek noyaan, sefsefen a mihetec koya felac,paroen i mahod ta pacaengaren i dangah a micacak. O lahod ko sapicacak to hakhak, saka haladhad a kaenen ko hakhak <ref>吳明義. (2011). Wikipedia 維基百科 族語詞條試寫─原住民族語詞條 2011作品集. 教育部.</ref> hdzt3epdf3ec6a995b9g0458udyk0y1 0 290 44472 30347 2024-08-31T13:48:29Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 恩里克·潘尼亞·尼托 44472 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Presidente Enrique Peña Nieto. Fotografía oficial.jpg|縮圖|Enrique Peña Nieto, 2012|alt=Presidente Enrique Peña Nieto. Fotografía oficial.jpg]] I 1966 a miheca(年) saka 7 folad saka 20 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci '''Enrique Peña Nieto'''(恩里克·潘尼亞·尼托), malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Mexico]](墨西哥) anini i ci Enrique Peña Nieto, patirengan a romi’ad i 2012 a miheca saka 12 folad saka 1 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 8boljxhysc4yw3hd102cxxkp2uh4fbu 0 291 32736 32735 2022-10-21T14:37:20Z Safulo 35 32736 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg|縮圖|237x237像素|Hata no Sifo’an-Konis-Cikiw Kapolonga-Kitakit]] == Sifo’an-Konis-Cikiw Kapolonga-Kitakit(赤道幾內亞共和國，簡稱赤道幾內亞;Sipangya a sowal:''Guinea Ecuatorial''; Fransu a sowal:''Guinée équatoriale;'' Potawya a sowal:''Guiné Equatorial'' ). == [[Faylo:Location Equatorial Guinea AU Africa.svg|縮圖|Kaitiraan]] O itiraay i sifo’ no Afrika, i 2020 mihecaan a pisa’sosi to tamdaw polpong ira ko 145 ‘ofad cisafaw to 4 patek ko tamdaw. Ano panganganen to Sifo’an-Konis-Cikiw hananay a tilid i,itiraay aca i lawac no kitakit to lilis no riyar ko pita’elif no Sifo’an-Konis-Cikiw, cowa ka pita’elif i pala nona kitakit. == Rikisi(歷史) == O i karopaway a pala a tamdaw sahetaoay o Pykomi a yincumin, nikawrira, masasiroma ho to pinapina a finacadan, o kamaro’an nangra a pala i,ma’eco no Panto tamdaw.1471 tahira i 1472 miheca o mikalicay to tamina no Potawya ci Fina-Topo(''Fernao do Po'') yo mikilim to sakatayraaw i Indo mahera ko Finatopo-Kanatal, pangangan han to “Formsa”(Formosa). I roma a fa’elohay a mihecaan pakahera to Anopon-kanatal, onini ko sakacingangan nona kitakit. 1499 miheca, mido’edo to “Totesiliyas-Kakaketonan” (《托德西利亞斯條約》; Sipanya a sowal:''Tratado de Tordesillas''; Potawya asowal:''Tratado de Tordesilhas''）o itirray i saka’etipan no S 60to o hano Sipanya a sera, isakawalian sera ono hano Potawya, itiniay a malingato ko Potawys a ciser i Aciya ato Afrika, o itiraay i katimolay a Karopaw-Amirika sahetoay o hano Sipanya a sera. Malongato to ko pipapaliwal to kuli-tamdaw, tado han to no Potawya a tamdaw a miteked ko pialaan ato pipaliwalan. Malongoc ko Sipanya, misa’icwl i Afrika to pipaliwal to kuli-tamdaw. 1778 miheca, mihayi ko Potawya pafeli to mamang a sera to itiraay i lawac no riyar no Afrika to Sipanys, ato itiraay i laed no Okowi-‘alo i karopaway sera ato Niri-‘Alo a sera, o sakafafalic ato Potawya to pihayi no Sipanya to mi’ecoan no Potawya i S 50to a pala. [[Faylo:Don Francisco Macias.jpg|縮圖|266x266像素|Masiay-Enkuima sarakatay congton]] Iikor to no Lalomaan-Lalood no Sipanya kitakit, adihay to ko kacomahad no Sifo’an-Konis-Cikiw Kapolonga-Kitakit,. Ona pala i,mapalamikowanan no Sipanya i papotalay a Finantopo-kanatal ato Moni-‘alo a tosa sakowan.1964 miheca saka1 folad pakaala to niyah-pikowan kona tosa a sakowan. 1968 miheca ira ko picoracoh no Sapisiikedaw-Finacadan ato Linheko,hayi sato ko Sipanya to pisiiked nona kitakit, 1968 miheca saka 10 folad saka 12 romi’ad laheci sato ko MalamicongacongayKiniya a milekal misiiked patireng to kitakit, lahecien to mifalic ko ngangan no kitakit to Sifo’an-Konis-Cikiw Kapolonga-Kitakit. 1968 miheca malasa’ayaway a congtong ci Masiay-Enkuima, onini to ko lalengatan no tadamapadesay a Teked-Pikowan to cisafaw ko mo’etep miheca. Yo mikowan ci Masiay-Enkuima tadatadakatalawan ko pikowan, micoroh to sakalata’ang no niyah palakawas,alomanaloan ko mipatayan ningra to matayalay i sifo ato kalotamdaw, pala’idef han to ko polong no pitilidan, milalang to sinpon, kahirara a tilid,orasaka, terep sato ko katayal no sifo. 1979 miheca saka 8 folad saka 3 romi’ad o wawa no kaka ningra ci Toawtoro-Awpiyang-Mupasoko keridan ningra ko sofitay a mifelih ko sifo,. 1979 miheca saka  8 folad saka 3 romi’ad pataen ni Toawtoro-Awpiyang-Mupasoko ci Masiay-Enkuima. Tansol sa malacongtong ci wpiyang-Mupasoko, tahanini ko kalacongtong a mikowan tona kitakit. == Kaitiraan(地理) == [[Faylo:Jineiya wan-zh-tw.png|縮圖|Kiniya-kihaw]] O kakahad no pala no Sifo’an-Konis-Nocikiw Kapolonga-Kitakit ira ko 28,051 km², tosaay pecih: sakacecay a pecih o Moni-Alo’ a Etal( o Mopini-Etal hananay ho a pangangan, 大陸大區'';Región Continental; Districto de la Río Muni'' ), o itiraay I paropawan, kakahaday nani sawalian pasi’etip, da’ecoay nani katimo pasi’amis, madado’edoay ko pala ato Komaylong kitakit, Kapon kitakit, o Moni-‘Alo masaci’elis a romakat tona kitakit. O tata’angay a niyaro’ tona etal i, o Pato niyaro’('''巴塔''';Sipanya a sowal'':Bata''). O sakatosa pecih i,o itiraay i ka’amis no saka’etipan a Moni’-Alo, i Kiniyay-kihaw(幾內亞灣; Ikiris a sowal:''Gulf of Guinea''; Fransu a sowal:''Golfe de Guinée'') a Piawko-kanatal (yo makowan ho no Sipanya o Firnanto-kanatal hananay pangangan). O roma sato i,i katimo no saka’etipan no Piawko-kanatal to 596 km a Annopon-kanatal.( 安諾本島'';Annobón).'' == ''Sakaci’etan dafong (經濟)'' == [[Faylo:Theobroma cacao - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-136.jpg|縮圖|kakao(koko)]] Itini i katimo no Sahara-Tafotafokan a Afrika, o mamalacemahaday-kitakit(developing country) ko Sifo’an-Konis-Nocikiw Kapolonga-Kitakit, o sakakaay a sapili’etan o nipaloman a losay, o sakakaay a nipasadakan a paliwal a losay o koko, do’edo sa o kafi. Yo halafin makowan no Roma a kitakit, toyanan a mihecaan tada o manikaway, cinganganay i “Sasafaay ko kacemahad a kitat(最低度開發國家;IIkiris a sowal:''Least developed country''，nikawrira, i 1996 mihecaan makera ko kaso-simal i kemod no riyar. nikawrira, i 1996 mihecaan makera ko simal ilaloma’ no riyar, orasaka,sakaramkam sato a macakat ko sapili’etan, 1997 tahira i 2001 mihecaan o kacakat no sapili’etan malawisay to ko 41.7%. 2004 miheca, macakat to mala sakatolo ko rayray to cisilamay a kitakti itini i katimo no Sahara-Tafotafokan no Afrika, cecay a romi’ad pakaalaay to 36 ‘ofad ko tolamokang.<ref>（英文）</ref> I 2001~2008 mihecaan o Kapolongan-Nitayalan 'Epoc Ilaloma' no kitakit( ''Gross Domestic Product ;GDP'')tahiraay to i 20%, o ‘etan no polong a nipasadakan a defaong mahaop no silmal ko 99%. Nikawrira, malowan ko maalaay a simal. O so’elinay a ''GDP'' tahiraay aca i 15.2% malowan to 5% aca. O pali’ayaway a panengneng i,i 2011~2020 mihecaan miliyaw heca a macakat. Tona pinapina a mihecaan masasiieday ko kacakat no pili’etan a dafong no Sifo’an-Konis-Nocikiw Kapolonga-Kitakit, pararid to mo’etep miheca ko katakaraw no sapili’etan to 26%. I 2007 miheca midemak to polong no kitakit a kalalaocan pakayni to Sapili’etan-Demak, misanga’ to 2008~2020 mihecaan a lekakawa, caay ko simal a cecay aca ko papacomahaden,misongila’ to micolo’ay, tingwa, calayay, tingki ato sakafangcal no taliyok ato tatirengan, o sa’ayaway dademaken o liomah, misongila’ to fotingan a kakaenen, pisalamaan no lafang ato pakapaysoay demak, micoroh to kasasiromaroma a sapili’etan a tayal.<ref>赤道几内亚经济预览. [2013-10-12]. （原始內容存檔於2016-03-04）.</ref> I 2017 miheca mikaopt i “Paliwalay to kalolin-simal kitakit a lekatep”(石油輸出國組織; Ikiris a sowal:''Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries，<abbr>OPEC</abbr>).'' Ano sa’akawakawangay ko lalen no ‘etan no kalotamdaw no Konis-Nocikiw Kapolonga-Kitakit itini i Afrika, ipolong no kitakit o saka 56 ko rayray.Nikawrira, o kacomahad no sapili’etan a dafong cowa ka lalen. Dengan o citangalay a tamdaw to papinapina ko ci’etenay. O sa’osi no Kinheko i 2015 mihecaan,itini i “Sa’osi no Kacemahadan no Tamdaw”(人類發展指數;''Human Development Index'')itiraay i saka 135 ko rayray(polong no kitakt 180). Ira ko fatad a ka’aloman no tamdaw aca ko cinanomay, 20% a ka’emangay caka pakatahira i 5 komihecaan mapatayay to. matongal no Mitekeday-kowan adihay ko pipenec to kalotamdaw ato mitiya, oninian o sasafaay i tahepoan no hekal. == '''Sieci'''(政治) == [[Faylo:Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo with Obamas 2014.jpg|縮圖|255x255像素|Toawtoro-Awpiyang-Mupasoko aci Awpama congtong no Amirika]] Yo mapatireng to ko misiikeday a kitakit ko Konis-Nocikiw Kapolonga-Kitakit, sahetoay o madadodocay ko cecay laloma’an na Enkuima, midemak to Nisatekedan a Mikowan. 1968 miheca saka 10 folad, malasarakatay a congtong ci Folangsisoko-Maaysi-Enkuima(''Francisco Macías Nguema''). 1970 miheca, mipalasawad to romaroma a Sieci-Kasafelaw, dengan to mikowanay to kitakit a “Masacecayay-Matayalay Sieci-Tang” ko iraay. 1972 miheca ono niyah sa a pilekal to “Tahadahocay-Contong” ci Enkuima, midemak to Nisatekedan-Pikowan. Itira to kalacongan ni Enkuima, lomanaloan ko mipatayan ningra to matayalay i sifo ato kalotamdaw, pala’idef han to ko polong no pitilidan, milalang to sinpon, kahirara a tilid,halotaneng sanay a tilid malalang to, orasaka, terep sato ko katayal no sifo. 1974 miheca, mapaci’eci a ma’edef ko pitilidan no Tinsikiw, awa to midemakay pasifana’ay a sakowan, o faco no sapili’etan matekop, o Sakakaay-kinko ma’edef to. 1979 miheca saka 8 folad saka 3 romi’ad o wawa no kaka ningra ci Toawtoro-Awpiyang-Mupasoko keridan ningra ko sofitay a mifelih ko sifo,. 1979 miheca saka  8 folad saka 3 romi’ad felihen ni Toawtoro-Awpiyang-Mupasoko ci Masiay-Enkuima, patireng to Sakakaay-Lomaocan no Sofitay, mapalit ci Masiay-Enkuima, to ikor to patayen.Tansol sa malacongtong ci Awpiyang-Mupasoko, kinatolo a pararid malacongtong,tahanini ko kalacongtong a mikowan tona kitakit, nani 1979 miheca tahanini ira ko 43 ko mihecaan ko kalacongan. O lomaocan no kitakit ira ko Kararemay-pikaykian ira ko 100 ko kiing ato Fafa'eday-pikaykian ira ko 75 ko kiing. == Pikafitan i papotal(外部連接 == * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] == Pacefaday a tilid(註腳) == [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] b2nu9zle3d8aj0r8jhd2et3sya4y8ps 0 292 32752 32749 2022-10-25T02:18:09Z Safulo 35 32752 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Flag of Eritrea.svg|縮圖|239x239像素]] == Eritrea（厄利垂亞） == == Orisoya kitakit(厄利垂亞國; Ikiris a sowal:''State of Eritrea''; Tikoliniya a sowal:ሃገረ ኤርትራ; Arapiya a sowal:دولة إرتريا‎） == [[Faylo:Eritrea (Africa orthographic projection).svg|縮圖|kaitiraan]] Itiraay I ka’ami no sawalian no Afrika a kitakit, miingiday to Kahengangay-Riyar('''紅海'''; Arapiya a sowal:'''البحر الأحمر'''‎ ; Fransu a sowal:''Mer Rouge''; Ikiris a sowal:''Red Sea''), o polong a sera ira ko 11.7 km²,o polong a tamdaw ira ko 5,750,433 ko tamdaw(2018 sa’osi), o syoto tatapangan niyaro’ o Asmala, o sakakaay a finacadan ira ko Tikoliniya- tamdaw,Tikoroy-tamdaw. o payso o ('''納克法''';''nakfa'').I 1993 miheca midemak to Kapolongan-Pitopa ta malaheci ko pisiiked nani Isopiya. O kakeridan no Sakakaay-Iingkay no Finawlan ko sakakaay ato Mo’ecelay a kasafelaw no sieci ci Yisayas-Afiorci ko malacongtongay tahanini.<ref>Africa :: Eritrea — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency. web.archive.org. 2020-05-15 [2022-05-19]. （原始內容存檔於2020-05-15）.</ref> Matafesiway tao ko pisasakuli to tamdaw, o cecayay a kasafelaw no sieci ato salongoc no kalatamdaw mapenec no sifo, itini i hekal o cecay no sasafaay ko naifaloco’ay ko sinpon, orasaka, o Ka’amisay-Koriya han no mitiya a pangangan.<ref>厄立特里亚：一无所有的人无可失去. 瑞士資訊SWI swissinfo.ch. 隸屬於瑞士廣播電視集團. [2014]. （原始內容存檔於2020-11-02）</ref> == '''Rikisi'''(歷史) == [[Faylo:Isaias Afwerki in 2002.jpg|縮圖|226x226px|Isayas-Afiolki sarakatay congtong]] I’ayaw no makowan no Yoropa ko Oricoya kitakit, mapecihay makalitosa: o cecay i,o isalawacan no riyar, itini o Muslim ko ‘alomanay, ono Aykipto kowan no Otoman Hotian-Kitakit, I taka’raway a dafadaf i karopaw o mipatirengan no Isopiya a matang, 1890 miheca o edef nonini pala ‘ecoen no Italiya a maro’, malamikotoday no Italiya a Oricoya, ikor no Sakatosa-Lalood no hekal mihayi ko Linheko to patireng to Isopiya ato Oricoya Matekoay-Kitakit. 1962 miheca teked han no Isopiya a palacecay, malasaka14 a kowan. I 1960 miheca mapatireng ko Mitedalay-Sofitay no Oricoya, o kowang sapilongoc to sapisiikedaw nani Isopiya. Ira ko pikerid ni Isayas-Afiolki patireng to Oricoya Finawlan Mitedalay-Sofitay a Saopo, onini to ko ci’icelay ceror han to ko Mitedalay-Sofitay no Oricoya i 1970 miheca Matekop ko Monkosto sifo no Isopiya i 1991 miheca, omiceroray a sifo ci Milas-Conawi-Asolaso mihayi to Finawlan a Kapolongan-Pitopa, milaheci a iliyas to Isopiya a misiiked. 1993 miheca saka 4 folad ira ko pipasasowal no Linheko ato pikantok a mitayal to Finawla Kapolongan-Pitopa, o laheci i,ira ko 99.8% a satopa mihayi to piliyas to Isopiya a misiiked, tona miheca saka 5 folad saka 24 romi’ad milekal to Pisiiked ptireng to kitakit. 1994 miheca Oricoya Finawlan Mitedalay-Sofitay a Saopo mafalic to Sakakaay-Finacadan ato Mo’ecel a Saopo. 2018 miheca saka 7 folad, malasawad to ko kala’iring no Isopiya ato Oricoya, o congli no Isopiya ci Api-Amayto-Ali(Amohala a sowal:''አብይ አህመድ አሊ''; Awlomo a sowal:''Abiyyii Ahimad Alii)''tangsolsol sa mipalafang to Oricoya matatilid to Sakarihaday-Kakaketonan Tilid. O tapang nona tosay kitakit patokeled sa a milekal to patatiyol to kalali’aca to dafong, Sapili’etan a demak, Micolo’ay ato kalawidang.<ref>埃塞俄比亚与厄立特里亚签署历史性和平协议 非洲之角吹来“希望之风”. 聯合國新聞. 2018-09-16 [2019-07-08]. （原始內容存檔於2020-12-21） （中文（簡體））.</ref> tahira to i 2021 miheca saka 7 folad caay ho ka piliyas ko sofitay no Oricoya i saka’amis no Isopiya malengat ko Tikoroy-Lalomaan Lalood.<ref>衣索比亞北部戰事 聯合國籲厄利垂亞部隊確實撤軍 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館），中央通訊社，2021-7-13</ref> == '''Kaitiraan'''(地理) == [[Faylo:Red Sea topographic map-en.jpg|縮圖|Kahengangay-Riyar(Red sea)]] Itiraay i saka’amisan no masawa’aay no Sa’etipay-Afrika ato Afrika, mienecay no sakatimolan no Kahengangay-Riyar. Isaktimol o Isopiya, isaka’etip o Sotan, madado’edo i katimol no sakawalian amda’edo’edo ko sera ato Cipoti, ka’amis no sakawali malala’eda to Kahengangay-Riyar ato Yiemen ato Saoti-Arapiya. O kakaya’ no lawac no riyar(mahaop ko Tahelako-Kanatanatal ato 355 a kanatal) polong ira ko 1,350 km. O sasifo’ay a taporo mahaop ko cecay no kalitolo, o takaraw nani tongroh no riyar ira ko 1,800 tahira i 3,000 laya’; isaka’etipan o dasdas a taporo, isakawalian lilis no riyar o dafdaf. Ilaloma’ nona kitakit a sakakaay ka’akwang a poco’ o itiraay a sasifo’an taporo a Aanpa-Soyila pococo’(''Amba Soira'') nani tongroh no riyar ira 3,013 laya’ ko ka’akwang, o sapa’eneray a pala i o itiraay i sakawalian a Kopar-Dasdas(''Kobar''),odengan a ‘alo i o Saytito’Alo(''Setit''), ira ko 180 km ko kato’edaw, o misakakarayanay a ‘alo o Maroypo-‘Alo, i kaka’oradan ira ko 440 km ko kato’daw. Itini i taporo sa’emelay ko romi’ad, o lalen a fa’edet 17℃, o ‘orad 525 mm. I saka 12 folad tahirai saka 2 folad o kafodo’an, o roma to a folad i o kakedalan. I sakawalian ato saka’etipan o tadafa’etay ma’cangay ko romi’ad, lalen no fa’edet ira ko 30℃ ato 28℃, o lalen no ‘orad cowa ka pakatahira i 400mm. I salawacan no Kahengangay-Riyar adihayay ko tafotafokan , i saka3 folad tahirai i saka 10 folad a kafa’edet i, matafesiway ko 40 ℃. == '''Sieci'''(政治) == [[Faylo:Tightly Packed Homes (8352534972).jpg|縮圖|Niyaro' no manikaway tamdaw.]] Yo misiiked to ko Oricoya,Sakakaay-Finacadan ato Mo’ecel a Saopo <ref>Country profile: Eritrea. BBC News. 2008-06-17 [2008-07-01]. （原始內容存檔於2008-07-19）.</ref>('''人民民主與正義陣線'''; Tikoroyni a sowal:''ህዝባዊ ግንባር ንደሞክራስን ፍትሕን，Həzbawi Gənbar nəDämokrasən Fətəḥən''; Arapiya a sowal:الجبهة الشعبية للديمقراطية والعدالة，al-Jabhatu l-Shaʻabiyatu lil-Dīmuqrāṭiyati wāl-ʻIdālah) ko dengan o miheyian no rikec a kasafelaw no sieci a tang,7 I 1997 miheca ano mihayihayiay to roma a lasafelaw no sieci, nikawrira, milalang ko sifo to patireng to roma a kaisieciay a saopo. 1998~2000 miheca ko lalood no Isopiya ato Oricoya i kalalaedan, i 2000 miheca to a matatilid to Sakarihaday-Kakaketonan Tilid. I 2001 miheca caka pina ko folad milekal ko sifo to “Rikec no Sinkiw” ato “Patireng to Kasafelaw no Sieci Rikec” a halalaka, cifaloco’ ko sifo to sapidemakaw I kaleponan nona mihecaan saysay sa midemak to Aduhayay-Centang no sieci. Nikawrira, caka halafing macacolicoli ko laloma’an no kasafelaw no sieci, manayar to ko sinkiw. I 2002 miheca mipasadak to “Rikec no Sinkiw”, pahapinangen to “o adihayay a kasafelaw no sieci cowa ka tatodong to aniniay a Oricoya”. Tona pinapina a mihecaan sarocod sa ko tayal ni Isayas congton to patanektek to sifo, mipa’ading to karihaday no kitakit, mipa’icel to sofitay ato misa’icel a mipecec to sapifelihaw a kasafelaw, o roma sato, misahalaka to sakarihaday no ‘orip no finawlan, patanektek to “Cecayay-Centang a Piteked Mikowan”.<ref>厄立特里亚 国家概况. 領事服務網. [2022-05-12]. （原始內容存檔於2022-03-08） （中文（中國大陸））.</ref> Nanwahani micoker ko Oricoya to Muslim-Mirarawraway kasafelaw i laloma’ no Isopiya, i 2009 miheca ato 2017 miheca kinatosa a milalang ko Linheko to patoroday to kowang, tahira to i 2018 miheca saka 11 folad misawad ko pilalang to kowang patayra i Oricoya. O siyakay no Oricoya o kakatalawan, ira ko fangafang no kalalaedan ato Isopiya, Somaliya, Sotan ato Cipo a sepatay kitakit.<ref>中華民國外交部全球資訊網-非洲地區-厄利垂亞State of Eritrea. [2022-05-14]. （原始內容存檔於2022-05-18）.</ref> O Kalomaocan no kitakit ira ko 150 ko kiing, ilaloma’ nonini o Sakakaay-Iingkay no Sakakaay-Finacadan ato Mo’ecel a Saopo ira ko 75 ko tamdaw, o cefang no misanga’ay to Tatapangan-Rikec no kitakit ira ko 60 ko tamdaw ato iromaay kitakit ko kamaroan a tamdaw ira ko 15 ko tamdaw, ilaloma’ no polong a kiing mahaop ko 22% a kiing o fafahiyan. O tanapang no kalomaocan o polong no kiing ko misinkiway, 5 miheca ko katayaylan, o aniniay congtong ko patokedlaeday tona kamaro’an. O tayal no Kalonaocan no kitakit o citodongay to tayal to misanga’ to rikec no kitakit, mihayi to yusang no kitakit ato pisinkiw to congtong. 1993 tahira i 2000 miheca, kina tolosafaw ko pikaykian no Kalomaocan, to ikor to i,sera’ sananay to. 1997 miheca saka 1 folad tahira i saka 3 folad ira ko pisinkiw no Oricoya to malokiing no Sakowan-Lomaocan. 2004 miheca saka 5 folad saka 19 romi’ad, misinkiwa to sakakinatolo a sinkiwa no Sakowan-Lomaocan. O polong to mitokiay a tamdaw ira ko 93 ‘ofad, o mitopaay mahaop ko 92.1%, ira ko 346 kiing ko misinkiwan, 30% o fafahiyan. Ira ko miketonan a kalomaocan to pihalaka to ‘edef no kitakit a sinkiw, nikawrira, toya lafin mapalasawad, tahanini away ho ko malaheciay a sinkiw no polong no kitakit.<ref>Government – overview. World Factbook. CIA. 2008-07-24 [2008-08-06]. （原始內容存檔於2019-08-24）.</ref> nawhani,away ko paifaloco’ay no kalotamdaw, cowa koninian aca, tona cisafaw to pinapina a mihecaan sahetoay o mipacician ko kalasofitay, o milaliway a tamdaw ano marepet ira ko malofo, mapades a katalawan.<ref>冒死闖歐洲︰細看厄立特里亞人尋求安全的絶望旅程. 無國界醫生 MSF. [2017-03-15]. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-08） （中文（繁體））.</ref> == Tamdaw (人口) == [[Faylo:Mukhisa Kituyi, Houlin Zhao, Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus with Sophia - AI for Good Global Summit 2018 (41223188035) (cropped).jpg|縮圖|kakeridan no WHOci Tantosay]] O polong a tamdaw no Oricoya ira ko 609 ‘ofad (2012 a sa’osi).o katongal no tamdaw tomihecaan ira ko 2%. Ira ko 9 a finacadan:Tikoroyniya finacadan(latek mahaop ko 50 %), Tikoroy finacadan (31.4%), Afar finacadan(5%), Saho(5%), Sitalaypo finacadan(2%), Pilon(2.1%), Kunama finadacan(2%), Nala finacadan(1.5%) ato Lasayita finacadan(0.5%). O kahacecacecay a finacadan ira kono niyah a sowal, o sakakaay a kalosowalan o Tikoroyniya sowal, nikawrira, makalasowalan ko Ikiris sowal,Arapiya sowal. O Saka'etipay-So’elinay Pitooran(Orisoya Tatapangan-Tawasito Kyokay) ato Islam-Pitooran ko sa’alomanay ko mitooray, ira ko 40%. Cowa ka hakowa ko mitooray to Tinsikiw anoca o Cilisinay a pakayraa(mita’ongay to dafong). o Tikoroyniya a tamdaw o itiraay maro' i Hapisa a finacadan, 'aloman ko maro'ay i Isopiya. o cinganganay a tamdaw anini o kakeridan no Sakanga’ay-Sakitatirengan a Lekatep (世界衛生組織; ''World Health Organization, WHO'') ci Tantosay(譚德塞'';Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus)''<ref>（簡體中文）</ref> <ref>中文名「譚德塞」是由世界衛生組織官方翻譯定稿而成，於其上任幹事長後啟用。此前，中國媒體對其姓名的譯名為「特沃德羅斯·阿達諾姆」</ref> == Sowal(語言) == I Oricoya a kitakit adihayay ko kasasiromaroma no sowal, sahetoay o nani Sanmito-Finacadan ato Kusito-Finacadan. Itini i Oricoya a masowalay a sowal no Sanmito-Finacadan ira ko Arapiya sowal(阿拉伯語اَلْ''عَرَبِيَّةُ‎ al-ʻarabiyyah''), Tikoroy sowal(吉茲語;ትግረ ''tigre'' 或 ትግሬ ''tigrē''，''Xasa),''Tikoliniya sowal''(''提格利尼亞語;ትግርኛ, ''tigriññā)'' ato inacilaay ho masahapinang a Tariko-sowal(''Dahlik''), itini tona kitakit ira ko 80% a tamdaw oninian ko kalasowal to romi’ami’ad(o sakakaay o Tikoroy sowal ato Tikoliniya sowal) ko hasowal. O Ikiris a sowal ato Italiya a sowal kalasowalan no kalotamdaw. Itini i no sifoan a tayal o Tikoliniya sowal ato Arapiya sowal, o Tikoliniya sowal manga’ayay o kinis-atilid no Cice ko sapitilid.( 吉茲字母; Ikiris a sowal:''Geʽez'').<ref>Laurie Bauer, 2007, ''The Linguistics Student’s Handbook'', Edinburgh</ref> <ref>Geez. 牛津英語詞典 (第三版). 牛津大學出版社. 2005-09 （英語）.</ref>onini i, o katelang a kunis no tilid no Isopiya hananay ho a pangangan. == Pacdfaday a tilid(註腳) == [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] <references /> == Makakafitay i papotal(外部連接) == *[http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [[:en:List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government|List of current heads of state and government]] ccrpa3fhuo7hdlrs7x0ckome0kov58j 0 293 44471 44296 2024-08-31T13:46:18Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 歐內斯特·巴伊·科羅馬 44471 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Ernest Bai Koroma February 2015.jpg|縮圖|Ernest Bai Koroma, 2015|alt=Ernest Bai Koroma February 2015.jpg]] I 1953 a miheca(年) saka 10 folad saka 2 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci '''Ernest Bai Koroma'''(歐內斯特·巴伊·科羅馬), malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Sierra leone]](獅子山) anini i ci Ernest Bai Koroma, patirengan a romi’ad i 2007 a miheca saka 9 folad saka 17 a romi’ad. == No papotalay a kakafit == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] tmjsxgw08mv8z4qh48oercxasbail62 0 294 39934 32484 2023-10-20T09:58:20Z SHB2000 1150 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[File:Flag of Estonia (2004 World Factbook).svg]] → [[File:Flag of Estonia (WFB 2004).svg]] [[c:COM:FR#FR4|Criterion 4]] (harmonizing names of file set) 39934 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Flag of Estonia (WFB 2004).svg|縮圖|280x280像素|o hata no Aysaniya]] == Aysaniya Nikapolongan Kitakit (愛沙尼亞共和國). == Ono Aysaniya a sowal ''Eesti Vabariik,'' o cecay a kitakit no itiraay i Poloti-Riyar(波羅的海國家; Ikiris a sowal:''Baltic states''; Aysaniya a sowal:''Balti riigid''; Latowiya a sowal:''Baltijas valstis'';Litawan a sowal:''Baltijos valstybės''.又稱波羅的海三國）. O tatapangan ato sakakaay niyaro’ o [[Talin]]..o kaitiraan nona kitakit i, itiraay I saka’amis no satimolan no Yoropa, o katatekoan no 2222 a kanatal, pasi’etip o Poloti-Riyar, pasi’amis misi’ayaw to Fenlan-Kihaw, isakawali o Cuto-Fanaw, malafiyaw ato Latowiya i katimol, malafiyaw ato Rosiya i sakawali, o polong a dadahal no sera ira ko 45,227km², o sa’emelay a karopawan kakarayan. O sakakaay a tamdaw nona kitakit toya Aysaniya a tamdaw i, o mirocoday to Poloti-Riyar a Fenlan tamdaw.<ref>. Official website of the Republic of Estonia (in Estonian)</ref> [[Faylo:Eu location estonia.svg|縮圖|253x253像素|kaitiraan no Aysaniya kitakit]] Tona pinapina a so’ot ko mihecaan marocok no Tanmay, Roytin, Toic ato Rosiya a mikowan, I 1918 miheca ta misiiked tono niyah a kitakit, ikor to i 1940 miheca mapatateko i Solin, 1991 miheca yo matekop ko Solin miliyaw hea a misiied patireng to kitakit.<ref>Europe :: Estonia — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency. web.archive.org. 2020-05-29 [2022-05-26].</ref> == Rikisi (歷史) == I’ayaw no kairaan no tilid a mihecahecan, iraay to ko Fenlan-Wkor tamdaw maro’ itini i Aysaniya. Tahira to I 1227 miheca, ma’eco no Tanmay ato Rilman a Likoniya-Sofitay ko Aysaniya, orasaka, micomod ko Kristo a pitooran itini. Nanoyanan to ikor macacawi a makowan no ci’icelay kitakit ko Aysaniya, ilaloma’ nonini ira ko Tanmay-Norwi, Roytin-Hotian kitakit, ato Polan-Litawan Matatekopay kitakit. I saka 18 sici ma’aro no Safang-Hotian no Rosiya, iikor tono Sakmo’etep-Foloaf Pilolol misiikeday, itira I satapangan no Sakatosa-Lalood no Hekal maliyaw heca ma’aro no Solin. 1991 miheca matekop ko Solin, miliyaw heca ko Aysaniya a misiiked patireng tono niyah a kitakit. Ona ngangan to Aysaniya sahanay i,nani itiraay pangangan no Sakantinawiya a tamdaw, o Isti(esti)han nangra ko itiraay I kawaliay no Sakantinawiya a finacadan.itira i 98 miheca,ira ko cecay a ohong “ Rilmanniya a Tilid” o mitiliday i ci Tasito, sowal sa Aisto ''(aestii)'' han nira,o Aysaniya a tamdaw sahetoay o “Eesti” sanay ko pitahidang to niyah a tireng. Ona pangangan tonini i’ayaway no saka 19 sici.<ref>《走進愛沙尼亞》愛沙尼亞駐華大使館《使館商社貿易快訊》雜誌社 編（2008）</ref> [[Faylo:Castlekuressaare.JPG|縮圖|i Kuroysaroy a Kamaro'an no Sikyo]] === '''Sakakinacecay a misiiked'''(第一次獨立) === I mamaleponan no Sakacecay-Lalood no Hekal I 1918 miheca saka 2 folad saka 25 romi’ad,o teloc no Toic a tamdaw I Aysaniya, keriden ni Tolinshasin Tadafayinayan (德林斯漢森男爵,''Baron Dellingshansen''）a mipalarawraw, mitahidang to sofitay no Toic micomod tayni I Aysaniya. O nani kasasowalan no Solin ato Toic a matatilid to Polisto-sakarihaday Kakaketonan (《布列斯特-立陶夫斯克條約》,Rosiya a sowal:''Брестский мир'', Toic a sowal:''Friedensvertrag von Brest-Litowsk''), pafelien no Solin i Toic ko Fenlan, Aystolan(Aysaniya), Liflan(Likoniya ato Latowiya), Litawan ato Wkolan, o sofitay no Solin ma’emin a miliyas toninian pala. Ikor to i, misafaloco‘ ko Toic patireng i naikoran no Solin to malamicongacongay kitakit to Toic a Poloti-Riyar a Matatekoay kitakit, toro‘ han ko itiraay i Mikolonpaw ci Atawfu-Folitolisi Tadafayinayan malamikowanay noni matatekopay kitakit. 1918 miheca saka 11 folad, cirawraw ko Toic to Saka Cecay-Safaw Pilolol (十一月革命, Toic a sowal:''Novemberrevolution''; 1918-1919 pilolol no Toic hananay ho a pangangan.) I saka 11 folad saka 11 romi’ad malowid ko Honti.Patatanga han no Solin a mipalasawad koya Polisto-sakarihaday Kakaketonan, misafaloco’ to sapipatikoran toya mipafelian a pala i Toic, o Aysaniya tangsol a milekal to pisiiked I 1918 miheca saka 11 folad saka 28 romi’ad, o teloc no Toic malacafay a misaopo to to tamdaw malasofitay mi taker to Solin. 1919 miheca saka 2 folad saka 1 romi’ad, ira ko kakeridan no sofitay no Toic ci Litiko-Feng-Korci misanga’ to “ Naifaloco’ay Kasafelaw” ''（Freikorps）''tayra i Aysaniya mipadang to itiraay a sofitay no Toic, ikor to i,matatilid ko Solin ato Aysaniya to “Tarto-Sakarihaday Kakaketonan” (《塔爾圖和約》; Aysaniya a sowal:''Tartu rahu''), itini tona kakaketonan a tilid masongila’ ko pihayi no Solin to pisiiked no Aysaniya, naifaloco’ ko pisawad to sapikowanaw to Aysaniya a salongoc. === ’Ecoen no Solin a maro’（被蘇聯吞併） === 1939 miheca saka 8 folad saka 23 romi’ad, o tapang no citodongay to demak no kalokitakit no Toic ci Lipintorof ato Solin ci Morotof matatilid to ” Caay ka milangat a malapalo kakaketonan” (《德蘇互不侵犯條約》), icani’iw nona kakaketonan ira ko pihayi to karakilac to sera no taliyokay a kitakit.orasaka, i 1941 miheca saka 6 folad saka 14 romi’ad mapateko i Solin ko Aysaniya, mikakopt to Solin-Lekatep. Yo mapatay to ko tapang no Solin ci Stalin mahoka’ to ko pikowan no Solin to Aysaniya, nani 1950 miheca mihay to ko Solin to Tamdaw no Aysaniya malawidang ato roma a kitakit a tamdaw. Tahira sato ci Kopacifo ko malatapangay no Solin, matongal ko kahoka’ no pikowan no Solin to Aysaniya, ira to a masadak ko roma ko harateng a sieci kasafelaw ato sieci a tang. I 1988 miheca saka 11 folad saka 16 romi’ad milekal ko Aysaniya ira kono niyah a Tatapangan-Salongoc no kitakit saan, 1989 miheca saka 1 folad masang’ ko ono sifo a sowal ko sowal no Aysaniya sanay a rikec. Tona miheca masanga’ kono niyah a hata no kitakit, i 1989 miheca saka 8 folad saka 23 romi’ad o Aysaniya, Latowiya ato Litawan ira ko ko demak to “Poloti-Riyar a Lalan”sanay a kalakitikiting no tamdamdaw (波羅的海之路; Ikiris a sowal:''Baltic Way''；Aysaniya a sowal:''Balti kett''; Latowiya asowal:''<nowiki/>'Baltijas ceļš'''；Litawan a sowal:''Baltijos kelias''；Rosiya a sowal:''Балтийский путь'') to pikoning to pi’eco no Solin i Sakatosa Lalood, misa’icel to sapisiiedaw. === Sakakinatosa a misiiked (第二次獨立) === I 1990 miheca saka 2 folod saka 24 romi’ad,misinkiw ko finawlan no Aysaniya to malamisanga’ay to rikec a iing no Aysaniya (halo mapafolaway 35 tamdaw i roma a kitakit a tamtadaw i 1940 miheca) polong 464 ko kiing no Pikaykian no , kitakit. Tona mihecaan saka 5 folad misinkiw to sakacecay riyad a Fafa’eday-Pikaykian, tangsol a milekal to kacisalongoc no kitakit, tona miheca saka 5 folad mipalolol to ’ayaway a ngangan no kitakit to “Aysaniya-Kapolongan Kitakit“,ira heca ko pipatsetek o nisanga’an no Fafa’eday-Pikaykian a rikec nga’ ira ko halifetay. [[Faylo:BaltskýŘetěz.jpg|縮圖]] 1991 miheca saka 8 folad saka 19 romi’ad ira ko kafelih no sifo no Solin toya ’’ 8.19 Lolol“ (蘇聯解體; Rosiya a sowal:''Распад СССР''). O sifo no Rosiya-Kapolongan Kitakit milekal a mihayi to pisiiked no Poroti-Riyar a kitakit ato mikapotay a kitakit no Solin, ira heca ko pihayi no Rosiya cowa ka pisa’eli to sapifalicaw to kakala’edan ato tona atoloay kitakit no Poroti-Riyar, Rosiya miliyas i 1994 miheca. I 2004 miheca mikapot i Yoropa-Lekatep (歐洲聯盟/European Union, EU) ato Saka’amisay-Riyaran a Kakaketonan-Lekatep(北大西洋公約組織; ''North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO ).''i 2007 miheca saka 12 folad 21 romi’ad mikapot to Sinken-Kakaketonan (《'''申根公約'''》; ''Toic a sowal:Schengener Abkommen''；Fransu a sowal:''Convention de Schengen''；Olanta a sowal:''Verdrag van Schengen''). 2006 miheca saka 9 folad saka 23 romi’ad, ira ko sinkiw to congtong, ci Tomas Hentelikes ko maalaay malacongtong.<ref>存档副本. [2006-09-24]. （原始內容存檔於2010-01-18）.</ref> == Kaitiraan(地理) == Itiraay i kawali no Poroti-Riyar, o polong no sera ira ko 45,227km² ko dadahal, o takaraw nani tongroh no riyar 50 laya’ aca ko ka’akawang. Tada minikaway to kinairaira no palapalaan, o tatafokeloh i, o cisimalay-dapiyac ato apolan-dapiyac. O kilakilangan i, matahepo ko 47% no kitakit. I laloma’ no Aysaniya ira ko 1400 a fanaw ( nikawrira sahetoay o mamamangay aca, o sakakaay i, o Cuto-fanaw, ira ko 3,555 km² ko kakahad), adihay heca ko henohenotan. O kakaya’ no lilis no riyar ira ko 3,794 kilo, i lilis no riyar adihay ko kihaw ato kanatal ato riyaran a ta'eman. O tata’angay a kanatal ira ko 1,500, o sakakaay a kanatal pacidek sanay a malakowan, onini i, o Saroy kowan ( 薩雷縣 ; Aysaniya a sowal:''Saare maakondato'' ) ato Sio kowan (希烏縣; Aysaniya a sowal:''Hiiu maakond''), ona tosa a kowan a takaraw no sera nani tongroh no riyar caka pakalawis to 100 laya’, o tapolo to i, nani tongrah no riyar 317 laya’ aca ko ka’akawang. O sa’emelay a kakarayan, so’emetay ko romi’ad, o ’orad to mihecaan i, 600-700mm, so’emetay ko kakarayan. == '''Kinaira no pala''' (資源) == O kinairaira no palapalaan no Aysaniya ira ko tatafokeloh a cisimalay-dapiyac ato apolan-dapiyac. O kilakilangan i, matahepo ko 47% no kitakit, tahira i 2017 miheca matahepo ko 51% no pala.caay ko cisimalay-dapiyac ato apolan-dapiyac ko tanamaanay a kinaira no Aysaniya, iraay ho ko asfaloto ato ’adicaw. Oya misanga’ay to dingki a Narwa-Dingkikofa tada matelangay to, ano caho ka safa’elohen a mifalic, o caay to ka pisanga’ to dingki. Tamdaw ato pitooran (人口與宗教) [[Faylo:Fetish Image (relates to David Livingstone) by The London Missionary Society cropped.jpg|縮圖|331x331像素|o mita'ongay to kalodafong a pitooran]] O pisa’osi no misa’osiay to tamdaw no kitakit, tahira i 2020 miheca saka 3 folad saka 5 romi’ad o polong no Aysaniya ira ko 1,291,231 ko tamdaw.<ref>存档副本. [2020-05-03]. （原始內容存檔於2020-05-15）.</ref> Pasasotili’en to i’ayaway a sa’osi i, malowanay to mamamg ko tamdaw,pasila’eno ko ka sofoc no wawa. Ilaloma’an no nini i, o fainayan ira ko 60.3 ’ofad ko tamdaw, mahaop ko 46.4%, o fafahiyan ira ko 68.8 ’ofad ko tamdaw, mahaop ko 53.6%. Aysaniya a finacaan mahaop ko 68.7%, Rosiya finacadan 24.8%, o roma a finacadan 4.9%, o awaay ko kitakita a kika 1.5% ko tamdaw. O kasakilac no tamdaw to mihecaan i, o ka’emangay (0-14 ko mihecaan)nani 18% malowan to 15%, i kakaay no 65 mihecaan a tamdaw nani 15% macakat tahira i 18%, o matayalay a tamdaw (15-65 ko mihecaan) awaay ko kafalic, oyanan to 67%. o pisa’osian a romi’ad nani 2011miheca saka 12 folad tihira i 2012 miheca saka 12 folad saka 3 folad saka 31 romi’ad. O Aysaniya a sifo cowa ka patangic to tamdaw a papitoor to pitooran, orasaka, cecay no kalitolo aca ko iraay ko pitooran, i laloma’ no nini i, o Fa’elohay-Misakristoay a Loto-Kasafelaw. O Rosiya a tamdaw o So’elinay-Kyokay ko pitooran.ira ho ma’osaw ko ko no katelangay ho a mita’ongay to dafong a pitooran(拜物教'';fetishism'').<ref>吳明義. 台灣原住民的祭儀文化 (PDF). 吳三連臺灣史料基金會. 新台灣史研習營. [2002]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2018-06-20）.</ref> == Sowal (語言) == Ono sifoan a sowal i, o Aysaniya sowal, ona sowal i, cikiharay ato Fenlan-Sowal. itini tona kitakit o tadamaanay ko Rosiya sowal. I tata’angay tokay no Aysaniya kalasowaln ko Ikiris a sowal. <ref>《波羅的海三國史》凱文·奧納康isbn 978-7-5000-8241-5</ref>‘Alomanay ko mafana’ay to sowal no Rosiya a tamdaw no Aysaniya, o pitilidan no Aysaniya I, misa’adihayan a patongal ko sowal no Rosiya a pasifana’. Ikaloromi’ad masowal ko sowal no Toic.<ref>《走進愛沙尼亞》愛沙尼亞駐華大使館《使館商社貿易快訊》雜誌社 編（2008）</ref> == Pacefaday a Tilid (註腳) == [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] <references /> == Mikafitay i Papotal(外部連結) == * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] gh71muu8gnd2jk9gvwgjge6qzpw5xut 0 295 32837 32834 2022-11-02T15:23:05Z Safulo 35 32837 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Flag of Ethiopia.svg|縮圖|Hata no Isopiya]] == Isopiya(衣索比亞聯邦民主共和國) == [[Faylo:Location Ethiopia AU Africa.svg|縮圖|Kaitiraan no Isopiya]] <nowiki>;</nowiki>Anhala a sowal<nowiki>:</nowiki>የኢትዮጵያ ፈደራላዊ ዲሞክራሲያዊ ሪፐብሊክ;Latin a sowal:''ye’ītiyop’iya federalawī dīmokirasīyawī rīpebilīki'';簡稱衣索比亞,ኢትዮጵያ,''ʾĪtyōṗṗyā'')o itiraay i “ waa’ no Afrika” (非洲之角'';Geeska Afrika'';Cice a sowal:''የአፍሪካ ቀንድ'' ; Arapiya a swoal:القرن الأفريقي‎) a citatapnganay salongaoc a kitakit. Isaka’amis ato ka’amis no pasawalian malafiyaw ato Oricoya, isakawali madado’edo ko sera ato Cipoci, Somaliya ato Somalilan¸isaka’etip malafiyaw ato Sotan ato Katimolay-Sotan, I katimol malafiyaw ato Kenya. O tamdaw no Isopiya cilafasay ko 1 ok ko tamdaw, o saadihayay ko tamdaw a karopaw kitakit I hekal, midoe’doay to Nayciliya. O kakahad no sera ira ko 110 ‘ofad km², o syoto ato satata’angay tokay o Atisapipa('''阿迪斯阿貝巴;''' Anhala a sowal:አዲስ አበባ; Roma a tilid:''Addis Abäba).'' I’ayaw no cecay so’ot ko ‘ofad a mihecaan, itiraay ho i Katelangay-Fakelohan a mihecahecaan iraay to tamdaw a maro’ itini, i ikoray ni Yiso to sakacecay sici iraay to ko kirok payni to sa’ayaway a hontian-kitakit. I sasifo’an-sici Hapisa tamdaw, Anhala tamdaw matatoor a patireng to misakristoay a kitakit. i sa’aya’ayaw ho no saka 19 sici mala’afas a mipecih ko ci’icelay-kitaki to Afrika, ona sa Isopiya yo malalood ato Itali hontian-kitakit mapidah ko Itali, orasaka,o cecay no cowa ka hakowa ka caay ka pecih no ci’icelay-kitakit.<ref>Ethiopia country profile. BBC News. 2022-01-17 [2022-06-29]. （原始內容存檔於2022-09-22） （英國英語）.</ref> materek ko pisiiked no kitakit tahira i pilengay no Mosolini to sakakinatosa lalood no Itali ato Isopiya. Malepon to ko Sakatosa-Lalood no hekal, yo mipolol to kitakit i, milekal to kaira no salongoc mikowan to Orcoya, ora to sakahalafin to toker no Orcoya a milood. 1974 miheca, o kakeridan no sofitay ci Monkosto-Haer-Maliyamo(門格斯圖·海爾·馬里亞姆;Amohala a sowal:መንግስቱ ኃይለ ማርያም) keriden ningra ko sofitay a mifelih ko sifo, mapalasawad ko Saikoray-Hontin ci Hayr-Saylasi Sakacecay (海爾·塞拉西一世; Anhala a sowal:''ቀዳማዊ ኃይለ ሥላሴ qädamawi haylä səllasé),'' o Sofitayan-Sifo milakal to pipatireng to Syakaysyiki-kitakit(社會主義國家)<ref>中共中央對外聯絡部《各國共產黨總覽》編輯委員會. 各国共产党总览. 當代世界出版社. 2000年1月. <nowiki>ISBN 7-80115-132-1</nowiki>.</ref> 1990 miheca, o mingataay to Arpaniya a Heca-kasafelaw pakalowid i Lalomaan-Lalood, macakat malamikowanay ko Finawlan-milololay Kasafelaw no Isopiya.<ref>Comments on Meles Zenawi’s Death. [2020-04-15]. （原始內容存檔於2020-04-15）.</ref> ikaleponan to no 2019 miheca, falicen no Finawlan-milololay Kasafelaw no Isopiya ko ngangan to Macomahay-Kasafelaw, patokitok a mikowan, malaheci ko kalawidang ato ya malala’isay a Orcoya. Miliyaw a misakomi ko Macomahay-Kasafelaw adihay to ko kacacoli to kasakakinih to maalay, ora ko lalengatan no Tikoroy-Lalood to cila a mihacaan. == Ngangan no kitakit (國名) == Isopiya hananay a ngangan i, nani tiraay o tilid no Kirisiya” ''Αἰθιοπία”(o Αἰθίοψ，Aithiops,'' o Isopiya tamdaw sanay ko imi no nini tilid''), o “ αἴθω''”(''aitho:'' ma’ong’ongay) ato “''ὤψ'';''ops;''laway) mipatekoan tona tosa tilid, o imi no inini o “kohetingay laway” sanay, o pipatinako to kakoheting no Afrika tamdaw.<ref><code>|contribution=</code>被忽略 (幫助)</ref> o to’asan ho mikakinkiway to rikisi a Kirisiya a tamdaw ci Siroto miraoyan ningra kona tilid patinako ikatimaolay no Sahala-Tafotafokan no Afrika.<ref>For all references to Ethiopia in Herodotus, see: this list （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） at the Perseus project （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）.</ref> Itiya ho i Kirisiya-Roma a mihecahecaan, latek i’ayaw ni Yiso to 850 miheca, “Isopiya” o cimir no Nupiya a etal, tahira to i saka tolo sici Akosomo Hontian-Kitakit ma’eco nangra ko Nupiya-Etal, orasaka, malangangan no Akosomo tamdaw to niyah a kitakit.<ref>Hatke, George. Aksum and Nubia: Warfare, Commerce, and Political Fictions in Ancient Northeast Africa. NYU Press. 2013: 52–53. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-8147-6066-6</nowiki>.</ref> tahini to saka 20 sici, “Isopiya” laheci sato sapitahidang no kako kitakit to “Isopiya” kitakit. O roma sato, o katelang ngangan no Isopiya o Apisiniya(''Abyssinia),'' sano latingen a tilid o “''Ḥbštm'' ato ''Ḥbśt”'' (''Ḥabashat'')<ref>Schoff, Wilfred Harvey. The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: travel and trade in the Indian Ocean. Longmans, Green, and Co. 1912: 62 [28 September 2016].</ref> itira i Arapiya o “''Ḥabasha”'' sanay a mafalic, itira i Saypa sowal mafalic to “''<nowiki/>'ḥbs''”(''<nowiki/>'Aḥbāsh'').<ref>Hatke, George. Aksum and Nubia: Warfare, Commerce, and Political Fictions in Ancient Northeast Africa. NYU Press. 2013: 52–53. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-8147-6066-6</nowiki>.</ref> == Rikisi(歷史) == [[Faylo:ET Gondar asv2018-02 img03 Fasil Ghebbi.jpg|縮圖|Fasil Ghebbi]] === Fasil Ghebbi ato ingataay-mihecahecaan(中古與近世) === O kahinakiray i sakacecay tahira i saka-pito sici tona pala o Akosomo Hontian-kitakit.tahira to i saka 13 sici, o Anhala tamdaw patireng tp Soromon Hontian-kitakit, misakakahad to pikowan to Apisiniya Hontian-Kitakit, 700 ko mihecaan kokahalafin no pikowan, ona Apisiniya kitakit o satata’angay kitakit i Sawalyay-Afrika i Sasifo’an-Mihecahecan, o nikowanan a sera tahiraay to tono aniniay a Sotan ato Somaliya, i saka16 sici malowid ho nganra ko sapi’ecoan no Awtoman Hontian-Kitakit ato Portokaro. [[Faylo:Axum northern stelea park.jpg|縮圖|I'ayaw ni Yieso to cecay so'ot ko mihecaan]] I lalengatan no saka 19 sici oya matelangay a hontian kitakit satapangay to a marakrak, o “ kafodfodan no wawa no honti a mihecaan “ hananay a pangangan kona mihecahecaan,itini to ko Ikiris,Fransu ato Itali a matatootoor tayni a mi’eco to sakowan. 1855 miheca, o kakeridan no Kontor(貢德爾;''Gondar ;Gonder'') ci Towotoros II ('''特沃德羅斯二世''';''Tewodros II''; roma a ngangan ci Tiawtor ''II,'''''提奧多爾二世'''''，Theodore II'') malowid ningra ko icowacowaay to a sapi’ecoaw a ‘ada, palolol a palacecay to Isopiya a malahonti. 1889 miheca , yo milaliway a tapang ci Monniliko II mite’er to pipadang no Itali a mi’afas to sakowan patireng tono niyahan a sifo, itiniay to a milaheci to ngangan no Isopiya kitakit. to cila a miheca malaliyang toya kakaketonan a tikid ko Isopiya ato Itali, lengat sato ko sakacecay a lalood no Italia to Isopiya, 6 miheca ko kalaloodang, ta pakalowaid ko Isopiya to Itali, itni to a mihayi ko Itali to Citatapangan-Salongocay kitakit ko Isopiya. [[Faylo:Haile Selassie in full dress.jpg|縮圖|229x229像素|Har-Saylas honti]] 1936 miheca,o Congli no Itali ci Mosolini(貝尼托·阿米爾卡雷·安德烈亞·墨索里尼Italiya a sowal:''Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini'') misahalaka to sakinatosa to sapiloodaw to Isopiya, itini tona lalood miraoyay to cisawarakay to Wasapi-sawarak(芥子毒氣; Ikiris a sowal:''mustard gas'')a kaso ko sofitay no Itali, oya itiyaay honti no Isopiya ci Har-Saylasi (海爾·塞拉西一世; Anhala a sowal:''ቀዳማዊ ኃይለ ሥላሴ qädamawi haylä səllasé)'' milaliw tayra i Ikiris,tahira ti i Sakatosa-Lalood malowida no Ikiris ko Itali, oya mi’ecoan no Itali a Woricoya mapalolol o Ikiris to ko mikowanay, ta nokay sato ci Har-Saylasi i tatapangan niyaro’ malolol malahonti, orasak, sacecay sato ko pisakakinih pasitira Ikiris ato Amirika. === '''Ki'etecay-lalood mihecaan''' (冷戰時期) === Yo malepon to ko Sakatosa-Lalood, pa’icel sa ko Amirika a mipadang to Isopiya to sakacakataw, cisafaw ko mo’etep to kalatatilidan saki liecay ato sofitay, manga’ay ko sofitay no Amirika a maro’ itini, miocor to komong no sofitay, mipadanga heca to 1.5 ok a payso no Amirika( ano sa’osien makalifataday ko polong sapadang no Amirika i Afrika), sanoyanan sato a makonling ko aniniay a sofitay no Isopiya. 1950 miheca saka 6 folad, malingato ko lalood i Koriya('''韓戰''';Korean War)'''.''' O pipanokay to ako sa ko hontia no Isopiya ci Har-Saylasi, ocooren ningra ko sofitay a mikapot tona lalood. 1950 miheca saka 12 folad saka 2 romi’ad, mahayi no Kalomaocan-Linhoko to saka 390 a piketonan tilid, malepon to ko pikowan no Ikiris to Awricoya matateko ato Isopiya,nikawrira, ma’osaw ho no Awricoya ko ikakaay a niyah-pikowan, patinako han o sakowan, sapisawkit, fayfay, kincac ato pilisata. 1962 mihea, palasawaden no honti ko Lomaocan no kitakit, mala o cecay a kowan to ko Awricoya, malengat ko pitoker no finawlan, nanoyanan sa a mala’iring to 30 ko mihecaan. [[Faylo:Sunflower (Green symbol).svg|縮圖|Langdaway-Demak(''Green-Movement'')]] 1974 miheca, matatanga to kacahiwan ko miheca, palasawad han no finawlan ko honti ci Har-Saylasi, ira ko pipadang no icowacowaay a tamtamdaw, tona kafodo’an mahapinang no kalokitakit ato tamdaw ko nikarakrak sa ko kowang i Isopiya, ato misateked ko cipaysoay a kitakit to kinairaira, orasaka, matongalmatongal ko kaawa no manikaway a kitakit, onini ko lalengatan no Langdaway-Demak(''Green-Movement'') i 1980 mihecahecaan.Na oninian ko sakapifalic to ngangan no kitakit to “Isopiya Finawlan-Kapolongan kitakit” i 1989 miheca saka 9 folad,minokay ma’emin ko komong no Solin ato Kupa. === '''Aniniay miheca'''(現代) === Ikor to no kahalafin to no lalomaan-lalood no kitakit, i 1991 miheca saka 5 folad saka 28 romi’ad, mafalic ko Monkosto sifo ni Heca-Kasafelaw a mitatoy ko sakowan no Isopiya Finawlan-Milololay sofitat(衣索比亞人民革命民主陣線; Amohala a sowal:የኢትዮጵያ ሕዝቦች አብዮታዊ ዲሞክራሲያዊ ግንባር，Roma a tilid:''ye’ītiyop, iya ḥizibochi ābiyotawī dīmokirasīyawī ginibari''), ci Milays-Cenawi ko pacarcaray a malacongtong, oya sa Awlicoya a niyah-pikowan a sifo mipatireng tono tekedan a sifo. 1993 miheca, kinatosa ko pacarcaray a sifo, Awricoya niyah pikowan a sifo mitayal to Kapolongan-Pitoa no fimawlan to sapiliyasaw to Isopiya a misiiked. 1994 miheca, misanga’ ko Isopiya to kinpo o Tatapangan-Rikec no kitakit, pahapinangan to niyah-salongoc no finacadan, 1995 miheca saka 8 folad, matalahekal to ko fa’elohay a kinpo, itini to a mifalic to ngangan no kitakit to “Isopiya Patatekoan Finawlan-Kapolongan kitakit”, o malatapangay no sifo ko mikowanay to demak. Ci Milays nani 1995 miheca a malacongli tahira I kapatayan ningra. 1997 miheca, Awlicoya ato Isopiya malali’ang, sanga’ sa tono niyah a payso ko Awricoya, to cila miheca saka 5 folad malingato ko lalood no Awricoya ato Isopiya, 7 ‘ofad ko ko mapatayay nona tosaay kitakit.<ref>Ethiopia, Eritrea Run Risk of New War - UN Envoy. www.globalpolicy.org. [2020-01-29]. （原始內容存檔於2020-11-29）.</ref> <ref>Ethiopia-Eritrea impasse could lead to new war -UN. Reuters. 2007-01-24 [2020-01-29]. （原始內容存檔於2009-04-16） （英語）.</ref> saikoray to i, I 2000 miheca saka 6 folad materep ko kalalood, kaheci sato ko pisiiked no Awricoya. [[Faylo:Abiy Ahmed during state visit of Reuven Rivlin to Ethiopia, May 2018.jpg|縮圖|Api-Ayhamayto]] Api-Ayhamayto to i saka 21 sici, mariyari ko kofi ato dateng, mahaneknek ho ko sieci, sa adihay ko nipasadakan a paliwal I roma a kitakit.22 tamamacomahad ko Isopiya a kitakit, macakat ko kapolongan a Pili’etan no kitakit(GDP), o pisa’osi no Hekalay-Kinko i 1994 miheca tahira i 2014 miheca macakat to 10.9% to lalen no mihecaan ko Isopiya.<ref>With Continued Rapid Growth, Ethiopia is Poised to Become a Middle Income Country by 2025. [24 June 2016]. （原始內容存檔於2016-07-02）.</ref> 2011 miheca,halafin ta to ko kalalood no “waa’ no Afrika” matongal heca no kedal, ‘aloman ko milaliway tayra i Isopiya a Somaliya a tamdaw, wataay ko karawraw no kitakit, to cila to mihecaan nga’ masaysay kona rawraw. 2014- 2016 miheca,ira ko “ mapolosi no sieli”(聖嬰現象;Sipanya a sowal:''El Niño)'' masasifod ko kafalic no romi’ad to romi’ami’ad, mapatay ko pinaloma no maomahay, itira ko cilacila mikangyi pacoli to sifo ko maomahay tamdaw, patokeled sa a talahekal ko kaa’iring no roma a finacadan. 2016 miheca, satata’ang sa ko kasasontor no kasasiromaroma a finacadan, oya isaka’amisay no Isopiya a Awromo ato Anhala tamdaw, makilatolo no kitakit ko tamdaw, mitoker to dengan 6% ko tamdaw, nikawrira, o sahalafinay a mikowan,tona kasasongtol niocoran to ko sofitay a mipalasawad; isakatimol sa i,Awromo tamdaw ato Somaliya tamdaw ira ho yincumin no itiraay i Kaytoaw-Etal ko mala’odotay, mala’afas to sera, mapapatapatay to kokala’odot, orasaka, ‘aloman ko maforaway no Awromo, Somaliya ato Kaytoaw a tamdaw. 2018 miheca, o citodongay tono calayan-demak ci Api-Ayhamayto(阿比·阿邁德·阿里; Amohala a sowal:አብይ አህመድ አሊ; Awromo a sowal:''Abiyyii Ahimad Alii)''maala to sinkiw malacongli, mipalafang tayra i Awricoya, malekal to kalasawad a mala’iring nona tosa a kitakit.<ref>埃塞俄比亚与厄立特里亚签署历史性和平协议 非洲之角吹来“希望之风”. 聯合國新聞. 2018-09-16 [2019-07-08]. （原始內容存檔於2020-12-21） （中文（簡體））.</ref>matedal to ko pitaker to calayay. Nikawrira, malaliyaw heca ko kalacacoli no Awromo tamdaw ato Kaytoaw yincumin , tona karawrawan mapaci’ci a maforaw ko 140 ‘ofad no Kaytoaw yincumin,ona maforaway o sakakaay tona mihecaan.<ref>Ethiopia tops global list of highest internal displacement in 2018. Relief Web. [7 April 2019]. （原始內容存檔於2019-11-05）.</ref> milekal toko Isopiya to Kacalohan-Rikec, mapasiwar ko kalo’orip no Isopiya, sowal sato ko sifo no Isopiya midemak to sinkiw i 2020 miheca saka 8 folad saka 16 romi’ad, mikapot ko masasiromaay ko harateng a tamdaw tona sinkiw.<ref>Ethiopian who demanded justice now has half a year to deliver it. Reuters. 2020-01-28 [2020-01-29]. （原始內容存檔於2020-12-14） （英語）.</ref> matatanga’ tona lifong, sa mapanayal tayra i 2021 miheca sak 6 folad saka 9 romi’ad a misinkiw. == Kaitiraan(地理) == [[Faylo:Ethiopian highlands 01 mod.jpg|縮圖|Takaraway taporo no Isopiya.]] O kakahad no sera no Isopiya ira ko 1,104,300 km² <ref>CIA - The World Factbook - Country Comparison :: Area. [2013-06-16]. （原始內容存檔於2014-02-09）.</ref>, i laloma’ nonini o tosa no  kalitolo o Isopiya-Takaraway Dafdaf, nani tongroh no riyar ira ko 2500~3000 laya’,itini i Afrika o satakaraway taporo; o takaraw nani tongroh no riyar ira ko 2500~3000 laya’,itini ni Afrika a kitakit malalenay ko ka’akawang no taporo; katimol no sakawali ono Somaliya a taporo; tata’eman no sakawalian Afrika mihifalatay i sasifo’an no Afrika; o kanahikoan ato tafotafokan mahaopay ko 28% no kitakit.Nani 1993 miheca saka 5 folad namisikiked to ko Awricoya, malakaropaway to a kitakit ko Isopiya, o fiyaw i taliyok ira ko Cipoti, Awlicoya, Sotan, Katimolay-Sotan,Keniya ato Somaliya.o syoto tatapangan niyaro’ o Atisapipa(阿迪斯阿貝巴;አዲስ አበባ; Roma a tilid:''Addis Abäba),'' o imi no nini tilid i,o “mangta’ay hana” sanay, o roma sato, o kalalaedan ato Keniya ato Katimolay-Sotan Yiroymi-Co’eco, alamilekal ko Katimolay-Sotan ato Isopiya to kacisakowan a salongoc, anini o Keniya ko mikowanay. == Sowal(語言) == [[Faylo:Languages of Ethiopia piechart.svg|縮圖]] Ono sifoan a sowal o Anhala sowal ato Ikiris sowal, o sakakaay sowal no finacadan ira ko Awromo sowal, Tikoroyniya sowal. Do’edoen ko pisa’osi to sowal no finacadan cisafaway ko 90 a misiikeday sowal i Isopiya.<ref>Languages of Ethiopia （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Ethnologue. Retrieved on 2012-03-03.</ref> == Pitooran(宗教) == O tadahalafinay to ko pitoor no Isopiya tamdaw to misakristoay a pitooran, i sakacecay a sici(naikoran ni Yieso to cecay so’ot a mihecaan) iraay to ko Kristo a matenak itini i saka’amisan ato sasifo’an no Isopiya. O polong no tamdaw no Isopiya anini mahaop ko 62.8% ko mitooray to Kristo(ilalona’ nonini i, mahaop ko 43.5% a tamdaw mitooray to So’elinay-Pitooran no Isopiya, 18.6% o mitooray to Fa’elohay-Kristo, 0.7% o mitooray to Tinsikiw). O Islam a pitooran malatalay a mapatenak itini i Isopiya, ira ko 33.9% ko mitooray to Islam-Pitooran. 2.6% o Cilisinay-Pitooran, o roma ira ko 0.6%. pakitinien i rikisi no Isopiya halafinay to a ira ko yotaya a tamdaw a maro’ itini, o Pita-Israil tamdaw hananay a mitahidang, nikawrira, i 70 mihecahecaan no saka 20 sici maforaway to cangra tayra i Israil a maro’. == Pacefaday a tilid(註腳) == [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] <references /> ==Pikafitan i papotal(外部連接)== *[http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [[:en:List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government|List of current heads of state and government]] bi7l9dayo4llmosaolnrf288xwgdunc 0 296 6416 6415 2021-10-28T12:09:17Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 5 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 6415 wikitext text/x-wiki Etolan(都蘭部落) [[Etolan]](都蘭部落) i posong no pasaamisan ila ko etolan hananay a niyalo' makapahay kolaniyalo misiayaway to liyal i tiyaho adihaya ko 蘭花 藍寶石 ira ko ifvu5b5uu0vyk0bqwc0sox4tzsisz27 0 297 44473 30559 2024-08-31T13:52:19Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 埃瓦里斯托·杜·聖埃斯皮里圖·卡瓦略 44473 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Evaristo Carvalho 2016.jpg|縮圖|Carvalho, 2016|alt=Evaristo Carvalho 2016.jpg]] I 1941 a miheca(年) saka 10 folad saka 22 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci '''Evaristo Carvalho'''(埃瓦里斯托·杜·聖埃斯皮里圖·卡瓦略), malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Sao tome and principe]](聖多美普林西比民主共和國) anini i ci Evaristo Carvalho, patirengan a romi’ad i 2016 a miheca saka 9 folad saka 3 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] bdi90vpi218i73i1ynva3alks6q4goh 0 298 44377 32463 2024-08-30T23:09:12Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 Evo Morales(胡安·埃沃·莫拉萊斯·艾瑪) 44377 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Evo Morales Ayma (cropped).jpg|縮圖|Morales, 2017|alt=Evo Morales Ayma (cropped).jpg]] I 1959 a miheca(年) saka 10 folad saka 26 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci '''Evo Morales'''(胡安·埃沃·莫拉萊斯·艾瑪), malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Bolivia]](玻利維亞) anini i ci Evo Morales, patirengan a romi’ad i 2006 a miheca saka 1 folad saka 22 a romi’ad. == No papotalay a kakafit == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] h2sdhpgcmh1qrq0lg7qdhhohl2e3sxx 0 299 30114 6450 2022-01-06T22:48:13Z UrbanecmBot 380 Bot: Cleaning up old interwiki links 30114 wikitext text/x-wiki Takaray a sowal o kananamay a somowal o mahoping hananay koninian a tananoman. Tahapinangan a Tilid Pikafitan i Papotal{{stub}} [[Faylo:Thermos bottle.jpg|thumb|right|Fa^soay a tananoman]] [[yue:真空保溫杯]] dt2k11dqbyp1g42k4h9rnek28087csr 0 300 43236 43235 2024-05-10T02:45:11Z 嚴美鳳 41 43236 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Facidol.ogg|縮圖|Ira ko facidol i papotal no pitilidan.]] [[Faylo:Komi'ot.ogg|縮圖|Kaeso' kaenen ko komi'ot.]] == Facidol (麵包樹) == [[Faylo:Uru-tahiti1.jpg|thumb|Facidol]] == Takaray a sowal(概要) == itini i niyaroaro' no 'Amis, ano icowacoway to eca ka awa ko [[:zh:麵包樹|facidol]] a kilang a mapaloma, o todongay to o kacipinangan o paniyaro'an no 'Amis. mara'od ko kacihecian no facidol i tadanga'ayay a kalasinafelen, o saka'orip no 'Amis a tamdaw ko facidol. O tatapangan no facidol, kaira’an no 'Amis a ma’orip itini i niyaro' no Taywan, iraay to ko [[Facidol]] a malengaw to tatado’en anini. O tapang no facidol i, ano icowacowa to a mipaloma kalamkamay a molengaw a lomahad, makirawa’ay ko tolo no tinloh a loma ko akawang, manga'ayay kilidongen i tapangan, si’emel ko 'aro i lidong no facidol. O papah no facidol kakahaday, limaay ko kasasilomaloma no papa, iraay ko maciwangay, sano salipaay no maymay, iraay ko alawlaway ato salofalocu’ay a sikako, ato tonpiay ato saciwaciwang sanay a papah. O papah no facidol kala tapila’en pisilsilan to tangidaf, pitafuan aca tongiraw, mateli i patafuan ko dateng, tada fangsisay a ka’enen.*O kacifalo’an tangasa kacihecian no facidol i, itiniay kalaloodan 4-7 no folad, o kaladaten a mipanay. Mimingay a tapang no facidol, ma’eden simo’ot, alatek cecay tosa so’ot (100-200). O ta’angayay a tapan tahiraay i limaso’ot, ano mahepik i, tahiraay i cecay a patek(500-1,000) ko kaciheci nira. Ko’esanay, ka’esoay a ka’enen ko heci nira, nikaorira, iraay ko kafesa’ay a ka’enen. Anini to malali’acaay i icifa, maka’enay itini i hotelo ko tadama’anay a facidal. *Mamidemak to facidol, pacumoden i pingsiyang a paki’etec, nga’ayay a demaken, awaayto ko 'adeteng. Ano caay ko ciheci ko tapangan no facidol i, tapa’en ko tapangan a micekis, miliyaw a kacihecian manga’ay malofic ko kacihici i roma to a miheca. <ref>蔡新明. (2011). Wikipedia 維基百科 族語詞條試寫─原住民族語詞條 2011作品集. 教育部.</ref> == O facidal no Pangcah 阿美族的麵包樹 == Itini a kanatal no Taywan i, dengan o Pangcah ato Fotod a finacadan ta ma’araw ira ko mipalomaay to facidol. I niyaro’ no Pangcah, I lawac no loma’ ira aca ko cecay toso ko tapangan no facidol a mipaloma, nengneng han takarakaraw, tata’ang ko tapangan nira, itini i lima enem a folad ko kalofican no facidol, ano marohem ko heci’ a cengel nira, matiya o misanga’an a 'epang (麵包) feso’ sanay a nengnengen, kaliyalaway ko podac nira. Ona facidol o tadaaledetay kaenen a sinafel, sa ’aloman ’aloman sato ko tamdaw mafana’ o safacalay a sinafel ko facidol. == Tatodong 用途 == O heci no facidol manga’ay makaen, o lamit nira manga’ay misa’opo to nanom, ano mapaloma i tafiling, caay ka perad ko sota no tafiling, kakahad ko papah no facidol, ano talacowa masadak matawal mihawikid to patafoan, o safangcalay malasatafo ko papah nira, o Fotod (Tao) a finacadan ano misanga' cangra to lonan, o tapangan no facidol ko sapisanga’ nangra to fongoh, wikol ato 'anengan no lonan, o roma o malohecek no loma’ ko tapangan no facidol, o ’adeteng nira manga’ay sapiketing, O roma o podac no facidol tatodong manga’ay misanga’ to keliw ato kiradom. O heci’ ato paeno no facidol maemin manga’ay a kaenen, ano pisafel nira i, manga’ay tapayen, sakohawen, ciyayen, ano i kaciherangan i, ira ira aca i taheka no mita masaPangcahay, 'aloman 'aloman sa ko mitangtangay a tamdaw, mikinkiw cangra to masamaanay ko pitangtang, o Taywan a tamdaw 'aloman to ko mafana’ay maolahay o safangcalay a sinafel ko facidol saan. == Tahapinangan 形態 == Takaraway tata’angay ko tapangan no facidol, ano fangcal ko kalemengawan no facidol, tahira i tolo polo’ laya' (kongce) ko takaraw nira, o tapangan no facidol, sa moecel sa matiya sa o linay a macelak, o lamit nira malecad macelakay a sapad, sanaw mahapingan a nengnengen ko kilang no facidol. Papah, o papah nira tosa polo’ tangasa i tosa polo’ ira ko enem a kongfen (cm), safaw sepat tangasa i sepat polo’ ko kakahad, saromaroma sa ko papah a nengnengen, ira ko masafitaolay, macidemay, masa’opihay, saka 'aloman ko tamdaw caay pakahapingan to sasiroma no facidol. O papah nira kifetol, i fadic no papah kangdaway, kameleng a tatoyen, i felih nira cifanohay. roma sato, tosa tangasa enem a mihecaan ko lengaw no facidol ta cifalo to ciira, o tawinaan ato okang ko falo, malecad o satoro’ no kamay ko falo a nengnengen, kaliyalaway ko cengel no falo. Kaciheci: adihayay ko kacifalo o someletay o kalaheciay, cecay a hecian tolo polo’ tangasa enem polo’ ira ko falo a tawinaan ko falo, ya malaheci to i, nengneng han malecad o mali kimolmolay, moetep tangasa tosa polo’ kongfen (cm) ko kakaya no falo nira. O podac nira adihay ko adeteng micipatay aca, ano kaliyalaway to ko podac nira, ta manga’ay makaen, ano adihay ko mipitpitan, tangtang han misakohaw, mafasaw to satafotafoen miteli, itiya patelien i piso^edaan a paki'etec (pinsyang). Falo: i papotal no paeno ira ko ko'esitay a podac, ano komaen to paeno i, podacen koya podac ta manga’ay a kaenen, matiya o kodasing ko tata’ang no pa'eno nira, makaen ko pa'eno matiya o kodasing a kaenen, o kaeso’ay kalo kakaenen no wawa. clknkkdgtg47gsbk2cylmd1gl36611z 0 301 31246 31244 2022-05-21T10:40:13Z Amire80 14 Bot: Cleaning up old interwiki links 31246 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} [[Faylo:Close up grapes.jpg|thumb|Fadisusu']] [[Faylo:Napa Valley.jpg|thumb|Pisafadisusu'an i Amilika]] l64dsn038ralfowk10cpkwoiitp2qyd 0 302 6478 6477 2021-10-28T12:09:32Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 8 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 6477 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Fafoy]] am6yb1z34sjqem3l79hf678nieec29z 0 303 38894 36016 2023-06-30T06:55:45Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38894 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Fafukod - Tonghô - (Donghe, Taitung County).svg|縮圖|kaitiraan no Fafokod]] == '''Fafokod（東河鄉）:'''([[Ngayngay a sowal]]：Tûng-hò-hiông，[[:zh:臺灣話|閩南話]]：Tong-hô-hiong） == O itiraay i saka'amis no sawalian no [[:zh:臺東縣|Posong kowan]], isaka'amis malafiyaway ato [[:zh:富里鄉|Kongpo-siyang]](富里鄉) no [[:zh:花蓮縣|Kalinko kowan]], i saka'amis no sawalian madado'edo ato [[:zh:成功鎮|Madawaw]](Cenkong-cen), isakawalian o [[:zh:太平洋|Taypinyang riyar,]] saka'etipan o [[:zh:池上鄉|Fanaw]], [[:zh:關山鎮|Kuwansang(Takofan)]] ato [[:zh:鹿野鄉|Sikano]], isakatimolan o [[:zh:鹿野鄉|Pinan-siyang]](Puyuma/卑南鄉). O Fafokod i, itiraay i sawalian no Lilis no Riyar lotok, ona Fafolod sahetoay o 'apilis no lotok ko pala, mahaop ko 60%, sakilacen o i lilisay no riyar a pala ato i masadangahay a pala; ona i lilisay no riyar a pala o mamangay a 'apilis ato masatokaray dafdaf i lawac no riyar, o ikakaay ko kacemahad itini; o masadangahay a pala ira ko nani katimolan tara'amis a 'alo, masahefohefongay ko pala. o kakarayan o fa'edetay a kafodo'an a kakarayan. o saka'orip no finawlan o maomahay, o 'Amis a tamdaw ko sakakaay, orasaka ono [[:zh:阿美語|'Amis a sowal]] ko niyaro'ay a hasowal.<ref>55公所 原民「地方通行語」公告了[1] （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）,自由時報 2017-10-12.</ref> == '''Rikisi(歷史)''' == [[Faylo:The Old Donghe Bridge Over Mawuku Creek.JPG|縮圖|1920 miheca a nipatirengan a kayakay no Fafokod]] O katelang a ngangan no Fafokod o nani sowal no 'Amis to "marongarong", ona ngangan ono katelangay ngangan no "marongarong-'alo"(馬武窟溪); ona kaitiraan i o kacacamolan no nanom ato nanom no riyar, orasaka adihay ko foting a maro' itini, kalapitafokodan no fainayan to romi'ami'ad, nornor sato ora tafokod mafalic mapangangan to " Fafokod".<ref>舊東河橋看板，「Fafukod.部落」</ref> Yo pikowanan ho no [[:zh:臺灣清治時期|Mancin]] ono [[:zh:卑南廳|Puyuma-kowan]] ato [[:zh:臺東直隸州|tangsolay kowan no Posong-kowan]]. I 1920 miheca mapatireng ko Kofa no 'Atolan, 1937 miheca mafalic to " 'Atolan niyaro'＂a ngangan, o Singko-kowan no Posong-sakowan ko mikowanay. ikor to no Sakatosa-Lalood, mapangang to 'Atolan-siyang no Posong-kowan, toikor to i mafalic heca tono aniniay a ngangan to Tonghe-siyang tahanini. O katelang a kayakay no Fafokod itiyay ho i 1920 miheca a mapatireng, o "tadamaanay a kayakay nai Posong tahira i Fata'an" konini, ona kayakay itiyayay ho i 1917 miheca a misatapang a misanga',<ref>〈東部第一の鐵線橋 馬武窟溪の吉田橋竣功〉，《臺灣日日新報》，第9422號. 臺北市. 1926年7月27日夕刊2版 '''（日語）'''.</ref><ref>5.7.A2.都威橋. 臺東縣文化磐石. [2015-07-22]. （原始內容存檔於2016-03-04） '''（中文（臺灣））'''.</ref> o kilang a kayakay, orasaka o mafana'ay tono kilang a sayxo ci Yosida(吉田之) ko citodongay a misanga', orasaka pangangan han to "Yosida kayakay".<ref>〈猛威を逞うした 臺東の暴風雨 新港は殆んど全滅 次いで里壠支廳下激甚 今尚通信も交通も復舊せず 宛然絕海中の一孤島の觀〉，《臺灣日日新報》第9051號，1925年7月21日夕刊2版。'''（日語）'''</ref><ref>〈臺東廳下の二大橋 復舊計畫中〉，《臺灣日日新報》第9075號，1925年8月14日夕刊2版。'''（日語）'''</ref><ref>〈東部第一の鐵線橋 馬武窟溪の吉田橋竣功〉，《臺灣日日新報》，第9422號. 臺北市. 1926年7月27日夕刊2版 '''（日語）'''.</ref> O lalengatan no ngangan no Fafokod ira ko tosa a sowal: # Mialaay to ngangan Marogaron-'alo, o romakatay tona pala kona 'alo talariyar. # Mialaay to sa'ayaway niocoran a tapang no kofa ci Cen Ci-ciang(陳曲江) tora pecih no 陳 a 東 tilid, o 江 sa i, o 'alo ko tatodong nonini, sa pangangan han to Tonhe(東河) sanay.<ref>東河鄉公所，本鄉簡介^{[永久失效連結}</ref> Nikawrira o sowal no sakakaay wawa ni Cen Ciciyang ci Cen Ci-yie(陳濟岳): itini i Tonghe-siyang iraay ko makapahay a 'alo romakat pasiwali talariyar, o mama ako o sa'ayaway a tapang no kofa, matatama to ngangan no mama ako tora 陳曲江 sanay, malasasowalen han to no finawlan konini, o nani nganganay no mama ako sanay a ratoh cowa ko so'elinay, sanay.(2021 miheca saka 3 folad saka 12 romi'ad a sowal ni Cen Ci-yie.) == Tamdaw(人口) == O pisa'osi no kosika no Singko ato citodongay tono kalotamdaw a demak no Posong-kowan, i 2023 miheca saka 2 fold o polong a parod no Fafokod ira ko 3700 ko parod, latek ira ko 8000 ko tamdaw, o sa'ayaway ko tamdaw a niyaro' o Sangte niyaro' dengan 258 ko tamdaw, o sakakaay ko tamdaw o 'Etolan niyaro' ira ko 2,309 ko tamdaw.<ref>人口統計. 臺東縣成功戶政事務所. [2022-10-26]. （原始內容存檔於2016-06-22） '''（中文（臺灣））'''.</ref> ona Sangte niyaro' o sa'ayaway ko tamdaw a niyaro itini kowa no Posong.<ref>資料集-村里戶數、單一年齡人口（新增區域代碼）. 中華民國行政院 數位發展部 政府資料開放平臺. [2022-10-26]. （原始內容存檔於2022-04-04） '''（中文（臺灣））'''.</ref> 70% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i ira ko 784 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 30% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i ira ko 343 ko tamdaw. [[Faylo:Washed-out Rocks in Mawuku Creek, Taiwan.JPG|縮圖|Kasada'owac no 'alo--泰源幽谷]] 「泰源幽谷」O kasakilac no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, o 'Amis(阿美族) mahaop ko 66%, Paiwan(排灣族)1%, Puyuma(卑南族)1%, roma(其他)1%. {| class="wikitable" |+Rikisian a sa'osi no tamdaw !mihecaan !tamdaw !+ _% |- |1981 |17,206 | - |- |1986 |16,705 | -2.9% |- |1991 |13,629 | -18.4% |- |1996 |12,915 | -5.2% |- |2001 |10,998 | -14.8% |- |2006 |9,915 | -9.8% |- |2011 |9,222 | -7.0% |- |2016 |8,686 | -5.8% |- |2021 |8,106 | -6.7% |- | colspan="3" |來源：內政部統計月報- 各鄉鎮市區人口數2019-12-19 |} == Sieci(政治) == === '''O malatapangay nano satapangan(歷任鄉長):''' === {| class="wikitable" |+ !saka !ngangan ! colspan="2" |mihecaan !pacefaday |- |1 | rowspan="3" |Kao San-long (高山榮) |1951.2.14 |1953.3.31 | |- |2 |1953. 4.1 |1956.3.31 | |- |3 |1956.4.1 |1960.1.4 | |- |4 | rowspan="2" |Kao Sang-wu (高尚武) |1960.1.5 |1964.2.28 | |- |5 |1964.3.1 |1968.2.28 | |- |6 | rowspan="2" |Cang Tin-sing (張添星) |1968.3.1 |1972.2.28 | |- |7 |1972.3.1 |1976.2.28 | |- |8 |Ko Wan-cun (古萬春) |1976.12.30 | {| class="wikitable" |1980.2.28 |} | |- |9 |Ko Wan-cun (古萬春) |1980.3.1 |1984.2.28 | |- |10 | rowspan="2" |Yie Long-siyong (葉隆雄) |1984.3.1 |1988.2.28 | |- |11 |1988.3.1 |1992.2.28 | |- |12 | rowspan="2" |Ciw Yi-lang (邱一郎) |1992.3.1 |1996.2.28 | |- |13 |1996.3.1 |2000.2.28 | |- |14 | rowspan="2" |Lin Tong-man (林東滿) |2000.3.1 |2004.12.24 | |- |15 |2004.12.25 |2010.12.24 | |- |16 | rowspan="2" |Cen Si-hong (陳式鴻) |2010.12.25 |2014.12.24 | |- |17 |2014.12.25 |2018.12.24 | |- |18 |Yie Ci-kun (葉啟伸) |2018.12.25 |2022.12.24 | |- |19 |Yie Ci-kun (葉啟伸) |2022.12.25 | |aniniay (現任) |} === Faco no sieci(鄉政組織) === ==== O '''kofa no Fafokod(鄉公所):''' ==== O sakakaay a citodongay to demak no polong no Fafokod, pakitinien i faco no Conghuwa-minko sieci o no etal a niyah pikowan a citodongay sakowan ko ninian, patokeded han o matayal to nipatorodan no Posong-kowan ato no Sakakaay-Sifo, o mitomadaway a sakowan o Kinsifo no Posong. O tapang no kofa o nisinkiwan no polong a finawlan no Fafokod, sepat miheca a rekad ko katayalan, manga'ay to a paradid ano pakaala to sinkiw to kinacecay.O kofa mipatireng to sakadademak a kayki, o sakakaay misetekay to hadademaken a sakowan kona kayki, i la'eno no tapang no kofa ira ko lima a ka(課) ato tolo ko si(室) polongen falo ko citodongay to hatayal, ato siwa ko mikotoday a mamatayal.<ref>公所簡介-組織架構. 東河鄉公所. [2021-10-01]. （原始內容存檔於2021-10-01） '''（中文（臺灣））'''.</ref> ==== O '''kalomaocan no taypiyaw no Fafokod(鄉民代表會):''' ==== O sakakaay naifaloco'ay-sakowan no finawlan, mapaocor ko taypiyaw misanga' to rikec ato mitomadaw to tayal no kofa. Sepat miheca ko rekad katayalan no taypiyaw, manga'ay a pararid ano pakaala to sinkiw. O polong no taypiyaw papitoay ko tamdaw, o sakilac i, itiraay i sakacecay a pisinkiwan etal tatolo ko taypiyaw, i sakatosa etal a pisinkiwan sasepat ko taypiyaw, i sakatosa etal a pisinkiwan a Dafdafay Yincumin ira ko sasepat, o kakeridan ato sadama kakeridan no pikaykian no taypiyaw ona papitoay taypiyaw ko alamitopaay misinkiw.<ref>鄉民代表會. 東河鄉公所. [2021-10-01]. （原始內容存檔於2021-10-01） '''（中文（臺灣））'''.</ref> == kasakilac no Etal(行政區劃) == === '''1.Pieyin etal (北源村):''' === o itiraay i salawacan no Na'elilian-'alo • Sena' niyaro' (順那部落) • Na'elilian niyaro' ( 北溪部落) • Cilafinan niyaro' ( 美蘭部落) • Howak niyaro' (花固部落) • Asiroay niyaro' (柑仔林部落) === '''2.Alapawan etal(泰源村):''' === o itiraay i fafaw no Marongaron-alo • Alapawan niyaro'(高原部落) • Sinporak (新部落) • Maculin (麻竹嶺) [[Faylo:東河.png|縮圖|400x400像素|kasakilac etal no Fafokod]] === '''3. Sangte niyaro' (尚德村):''' === o itiraay i salawacan no Nansi-'alo • Ciyien-liyao' (前寮:耕作地) • Nansi niyaro' (七塊厝） === '''4.Fafokod niyaro' (東河村):''' === o itiraay i sacepo'an no Marongarong-'alo, o kaitiraan no kofa • Fafokod niyaro' ( 東河部落，大馬武窟) • Cincun (金樽) === '''5.Kanifangar niyaro' (隆昌村):''' === • Kanifangar niyaro' (佳里部落) === '''6. Pa'anifong niyaro' (興昌村):''' === o itiraay i salawacan no Pa'anifong-'alo • Sinrong niyaro' (興隆部落) • Yangciyaw ' (羊橋) • Pa'anifong niyaro' (八里部落/八里芒部落) === '''7.'Etolan niyaro' (都蘭部落):''' === o itiraay i salawacan no 'Etolan-'alo • 'Etolan niyaro' (都鑾部落) • Sinlan niyaro' (新蘭:渚橋部落） • Cincie niyaro' (郡界) == Pitilidan (教育) == === '''No kocong pitilidan (國民中學):''' === [[Faylo:Delight-Land Elementary School schoolbag and TPC manhole cover in Taichung Park 20090614.jpg|縮圖|kafang no mitiliday no 'Etolan]] • Nipatirengan no Posong-kowan a kocong no Alapawan(臺東縣立泰源國民中學) • Nipatirengan no Posong-kowan a kocong no 'Etolan (臺東縣立都蘭國民中學) === '''No maemangay pitilidan (國民小學):Nipatirengan no Posong-kowan''' === • Pieyin pitilidan no kaemangay no Fafolod (東河鄉北源國民小學) • Alapawan pitilidan no kaemangay no Fafolod (東河鄉泰源國民小學) • Fafokod pitilidan no kaemangay no Fafolod (東河鄉東河國民小學) • Pa'anifong pitilidan no kaemangay no Fafolod (東河鄉興隆國民小學) • 'Etolan pitilidan no kaemangay no Fafolod (東河鄉都蕑國民小學) === '''kapolongan sakowan no Fafokod (公務機關)''' === Ira ko imeng(東河分駐所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(東河衛生所) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa (東河鄉公所), kalomaocan no taypiyaw (東河鄉代表會), o pipadengay to lamal (台東消防隊東河分隊) ato kosika (東和戶政所) i niyaro’. == Makakafitay i papotal(外部連接) == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] == Pacefaday a tilid(註腳) == [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] <references /> [[Kasasiwasiw:Sawali'an 'Amis]] jyr9f5x4y8mt4os7fvbhzqxyoq588mm 0 304 38196 30148 2023-06-13T06:30:47Z LiouShowShya 36 38196 wikitext text/x-wiki == Kakako pasiiked (科學分類) == sofol 域： ma'oripay, salawacan 界：a'adopen, fawahan 門：sakololay(脊椎), opir 綱：pacocoay(哺乳), [[Faylo:Yorkshire pigs at animal sanctuary.jpg|thumb|291x291px|Fafoy]]mata 目：tosa-sackih(偶蹄), 科： fafoy, 屬：fafoy, == fafoy == o otimo(偶蹄目) o micopcopay to hacal, maedeng 220 ko kasasiroma' nira, ona otimo(偶蹄目) tahanini i, tangasa 90% saheto o iraay ko cakecih(有蹄), itini tona ci cakecihay a a'a'dopen(有蹄動物) o kolong ko saadihayay. qyyk2iwlr5synmzdmtrp1ep69vk4jj5 0 305 6561 6560 2021-10-28T12:09:43Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 44 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 6560 wikitext text/x-wiki == O ngangan no Fahol (馬佛部落由來) == Na o nganga i kabalaen (加禮宛) ko Fahol i ’ayawho, caay ka ’aloman ko mafolaway tora niyaro’ a tayni i mitiniay a pala, sa Fahol han nagra to ngangan no niyaro’. itini i sapitolas noTafalong ato Fata’an ko limaw no Fahol, ta fangcal to a tahamatini. matatlek cangra to na’ay a mifariw itira.tangasa tog i mitao’ to ko Ripan kowaping , salaloma’ cangraｉTafalong, malalood ko Tafalong ato Fata’an a finawlan. malalooday ko tosaay a kitakit i Fahol. caay nga’ayay to ko kasasowal no Ripan kowaping , awaay ho ko pinang no mikasasowal. i ikor ira ko cecay takaraway, ci’icel a tamdaw, ki’ayaw a misaloma’ i tosaay a niyaro’ a tolas. ira sato caay to cifaloco’ tora pala. saka , o Fata’an a finawlan ko ka alomanay a tamdaw i tira i Fahol. == O kasiikedan no niyaro’(部落特色) == O Fahol a riyaro’, itiniay i saka’etip a lilis no Sawalian lotok.(海岸山脈) caay ka ’alomanay a niyaro’ i ilaloma’ay no Guangfu-syang (光復鄉 sowal no holam ) no Hualien-siyen (花蓮縣 sowal no holam ) ko Fahol , itihi i ira ko tosa a niyaro’, o Tafalong ato Fata’an. iraay i Fahol no parod ko ’alo, saka o poeneray pala. awaay ho ko ’amoto a sapi’ala to nanom no ’alo i, mademet ko kilakilangan, cekacekaan ato semosemotan ko fanaw i tira, saka adihay ko kalo’a’adopen a tayni minnom ato mikilim to kakaenen, saka tada kaolahan no nanicowacowaay a tamdaw a mi’adop. I matini tora sara i , o fanaw、masoemet a sera han a sowal no tamdaw. '''Mapawanay a niyaro’''' Mapawanay a niyaro’, ira ko hananay a sowal i ti:yaho. matiya to mapakanengneng to kapah ko niyaro’. onini a omah a niyaro’, itini awa’ay ko intoc no kaysiya, awa ko malaliyangay marawraway a soni. tada masaniyaro’ no Pangcah, pakaomaomahan ko mimingay a lalan, taengad ko likat no folad no fo’is to dadaya ato ka diheko ko nika awa no soni, nengneng han ko potal mato nicokaan ledef sa ko nika fangcal no omaomahan. ira ko adihayay a fenek no tato’asan no mita o Pangcah. pakayni’ay i Fahol a niyaro’ how i, malecadlay to Tafalong ira ko pisanga’an to ’atomo, adihay ko misanga’an to saki’orip no finawlan ato palafangay a tamdaw a lalosidan. ira ko pisanga’an to ’atomo i tini, o sota’ ko sapisanga’ to lalosidan to sakacaloway a ma’orip. Ira ko ko’edaw a likisi to misa’atomo no Fahol. I 60 a miheca tangasa 70 a mihecaan iti:yaho, adihay ko cenga a kaysiya , o misanga’ay to cenga, saka tada fangcal ko ’orip no niyaniayaro’; limela a edeng to 10 a miheca ko fangcal a romi’ad, Saikoray to masidayay o takaraway a intoc no kaysiya ato caay ka sisi’tay a rikorar. Mahayda to ko mahofoc to faelohay a niyaro’ a halaka i 101 a miheca, o sota’ ko sapisa’ang cangra to kapowa, o sota’ ko sapitahaf to ’atomo. Saka ira to ko Fahol a kapowa hananay a harateng. o Koreng a napipakafana’an no Kalingko ko pipadangay to pisanga’ to kapowa, micomod to picodadan ko cacodadan no Yincumin, tadasen to ko Pangcah a misa’atomo. mipasifana’ to sa’ang to niyao’ a finawlan ko ’atomo, o koreng ato masamaamaanay a lalosidan. == O nikalopisak no Fahol (人口分佈) == Itiniay i [[Guangfu]] Syang(光復鄉) no Hualien-Syien(花蓮縣) ko [[Fahol]] a niyaro’, 133 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 337 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 68% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 229 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 32% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 108 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)65%, Truku(太魯閣族)2%, roma(其他)1%. Ira ko picodadan(西富國小) i niyaro’. == O finacadan no Yincomi(所屬阿美族群) == itiniay i Guangfun-syang (光復鄉 sowal no holam ) no Hualien-siyen(花蓮縣sowal no holam) ko Fahol a niyaro’, na itira i Guangfu misa’odax kaysiyaan talatimol tangasa i Tafalong. o tatapangan a niyaro’, ira ko Tafalong, Fata’an, Kiwit, mililis to tarawadaw no Siwkolang a siniyaro’, na itira i tarawadaw no Kalingko talatimol tangasa i Cilamitay, nawhani maemin paniyaro’ i lawac no Siwkolan a tarawadaw sa mapangangan to Siwkolan a ‘amis. ira ko Fata’an a niyaro’, Tafalong a niyaro’, Sadoa niyaro’, Atomo a niyaro’, Kalotong a niyaro’, , Fahol a niyaro’, Laso‘ay a niyaro’ ato '''o kakay''' a niyaro, falo a niyaro’ ko pipolongan. == O pitooran no finawlan (族人信仰) == O pitooran ko finawlan no Fahol i, ira ko tosa a kinkay , o tingsi-kiw ato ciwlo-kiwkay i Fahol , o ciwlo-kiwkay a tamdaw ko ka adihay. mamaan ca ko deamk no sapitolon ko niyaro’. mapastek no Kawas i raraw ko tatiihay a tamdaw, o mamawanik ko ciraraway a tamdaw nai kasakapot no mocelay a tamdaw. kalimelaan ko sowal no Kawas, to sakafana’ to ’orip no tamdaw. == O Tahapinangan 參考文獻 == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] hkxgd1oqtuq713y77i6tq1m4bx044yi 0 306 36067 36066 2023-04-22T03:09:23Z Safulo 35 36067 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Fengbin HL.svg|縮圖|Kaitiraan no Fakong Etal]] == '''Fakong (豐濱鄉: 'Amis a sowal:Fakong;'''Kafalang a sowal :'''Bakung;'''Sakizaya a sowal:'''Bakung'''） == O itiraay i sawalian no Kalinko kowan, o dengan onini ko misi'ayaway to riyar i sakawalian [[:zh:海岸山脈|Lilis no Riyar Lotok]] a etal, o iraayay kona kamaro'an orasaka manikaway to saka'orip, o pala sa itini [[:zh:侵蚀作用|macingcing no riyar]],<ref>花蓮海岸遭大海侵蝕豐濱鄉民後院在海中. [2020-01-20]. （原始內容存檔於2020-02-11）.</ref> orasaka nornor sato a mafaraw misatokay ko tamdaw, cowa to ka paka lima patek ko maro'ay itini a tamdaw. O maro'ay itini a tamdaw a yincumincu o sakakaay o 'Amis a finacadan, ira kono to'asan ho a so'elinay a ponka a niyaro', o cinganganay o Fakong niyaro' ato Makotaay niyaro', i 2014 miheca matoro' kona tosa a niyaro' o [[:zh:花蓮縣文化資產|Dafong no Ponka no Kalinko kowan]]. oroma sato i, o Sinsiya niyaro' no Kafalan ato Karoroan niyaro' no Sakizaya finacadan. O sakakaay saka'orip o mifotingay ato liomah, nikawrira, tona pinapina mihecaan misa'icel a micokeroh to [[:zh:旅游|Pisalamaan-Tayal]]. == O ngangan no Fakong (豐濱部落由來) == Oya [[Fakong]] a niyaro’, saca yo i niyaro’ ho ‘adihay ko fakong hananay a talod itini. i ‘ayaw ho, adihay ko 'a'adopen i tokos. Misafakong ko finawlan i omomahan a pangangan. ira ko pakayni itini ‘ayaway, o saka'ayaway a tini mipaloma' ko Madawdaw a finawlan. Ona niyaro’ o [[Olaw]](舞鶴村) hananay a pangangan (sowal no holam ) Wolosiya 烏漏社（imatiniay: [[Olaw]](舞鶴村)a niyaro’ ）a pangcah ko sa'alomanay. o nika pikilim to saka’orip saka mafolaw talawali a ma’orip sa ko sowal. Ira to ko Xīn-she(新社) ato [[Cikasuwan|Cikasowan]](七腳川社) a masaPangcah a tayni. to pakayniay itini i demek no i Fkong, o sowal są a cecay, caay ka lacodad. == Rikisi(歷史) == O nanoto'asan a ngangan ko "Fakong", ilaloma' no Fakong adihay ko niyaro' a mapatireng no yincumin a tamdaw, nani timol pasi'amis ira ko Dafdaf niyaro', La'eno niyaro', Makotaay niyaro', Fakong niyaro',Sinsiya niyaro' ato Karoroan niyaro'.i 1909 miheca yo mapatireng ko Kalinko kowan mapatko ko Fakong tayra i Makotaay niyaro',o Kalinko kowan ko mikowanay, Makotaay-Etal ira ko siwa a niyaro'.<ref>施添福等編纂. 第九章·豐濱鄉. 《臺灣地名辭書》 '''卷二·花蓮縣'''. 南投縣南投市: 國史館臺灣文獻館. 2005. <nowiki>ISBN 986-00-3013-8</nowiki> '''（中文（臺灣））'''.</ref> 1916 miheca, o ngangan no Makotaay-Etal mafalic to Fakong-Etal,<ref>施添福等編纂. 第九章·豐濱鄉. 《臺灣地名辭書》 '''卷二·花蓮縣'''. 南投縣南投市: 國史館臺灣文獻館. 2005. <nowiki>ISBN 986-00-3013-8</nowiki> '''（中文（臺灣））'''.</ref> 1920 miheca ona Fakong-Etal mafalic ho to " Sinsiya-Etal".<ref>施添福等編纂. 第九章·豐濱鄉. 《臺灣地名辭書》 '''卷二·花蓮縣'''. 南投縣南投市: 國史館臺灣文獻館. 2005. <nowiki>ISBN 986-00-3013-8</nowiki> '''（中文（臺灣））'''.第229 頁。</ref> 1937 miheca ona Sinsiya-Etal mafalic to " Sinsiya-niyaro' ", o Folin-Etal no Kalinko-kowan ko mikowanay.<ref>施添福等編纂. 第九章·豐濱鄉. 《臺灣地名辭書》 '''卷二·花蓮縣'''. 南投縣南投市: 國史館臺灣文獻館. 2005. <nowiki>ISBN 986-00-3013-8</nowiki> '''（中文（臺灣））'''.第229 頁。</ref> Tahira to i 1945 miheca saka 12 folad, Sinsiya-niyaro mafalic to " Sinsiya-siyang", tangsol sa o Kalinko-kowan ko mikowanay,<ref>施添福等編纂. 第九章·豐濱鄉. 《臺灣地名辭書》 '''卷二·花蓮縣'''. 南投縣南投市: 國史館臺灣文獻館. 2005. <nowiki>ISBN 986-00-3013-8</nowiki> '''（中文（臺灣））'''.第229 頁。</ref> itiya to i 1946 miheca, oya Sinsiya-siyang mafalic to aniniay a ngangan to "Fongpin-siyang".<ref>施添福等編纂. 第九章·豐濱鄉. 《臺灣地名辭書》 '''卷二·花蓮縣'''. 南投縣南投市: 國史館臺灣文獻館. 2005. <nowiki>ISBN 986-00-3013-8</nowiki> '''（中文（臺灣））'''.第229 頁。</ref> == Sieci(政治) == === O faco no kofa(鄉政組織) === O kofa no Fakong ko sakakaay a citodongay to demak no polong no Fakong, pakitinien i faco no Conghuwa-minko ono etal a niyah pikowan a citodongay sakowan, patokeded han o matayal to nipatorodan no kalinko-kowan ato no Sakakaay -Sifo, o mitomadaway a skowan o Kinsifo no Kalinko. O tapang no kofa o nisinkiwan no polong a finawlan no Fakong, sepat miheca ko katayalan, manga'ay to a paradid ano miliyaw pakaala to sinkiw to kinacecay.ilaloma' no kofa ira ko mipatirengan a sakadademak a kayki, o sakakaay misetekay to hadademaken a sakowan, i la'eno no tapang no kofa ira ko sepat a ka(課) ato tosa ko si(室) enem ko ilalomaay no kofa katayalan, i papotal ira ho ko tolo makakafitay a sakowan, polongen siwa ko cotodongay to hatayal. O kalomaocan no taypiyaw no Fakong o sakakaay nisafaloco'ay-sakowan no finawlan,mapaocor ko taypiyaw misanga' to rikec ato mitomadaw to tayal no kofa.Sepat miheca ko katayalan no taypiyaw, manga'ay a pararid ano miliyaw pakaala to sinkiw.O polong no taypiyaw patipoay ko tamdaw, o sakilac i, itiraay i sakacecay a etal pisinkiwan cecay ko taypiyaw, i sakatosa etal a pisinkiwan a Dafdafay Yincumin ira ko enem ko tamdaw. O kakeridan ato sadama kakeridan no pikaykian no taypiyaw ona patitoay taypiyaw ko alamitopaay misinkiw. === o tapang no kofa no Fakong(歷屆鄉長) === {| class="wikitable" !saka !ngangan !katayalan romi'ad !pileponan romi'ad !pacefaday |- |1 | rowspan="3" |Cen Cengci (陳正治) |1951.2.14 |1953.3.31 | |- |2 |1953.4.1 |1956.3.31 | |- |3 |1956.4.1 |1960.3.31 | |- |4 |Ru Cin cu (呂金租) |1960.1.5 |1964.2.28 | |- |5 | rowspan="2" |Ciyang Minto (江明德) |1964.3.1 |1968.2.28 | |- |6 |1968.3.1 |1972.2.28 | |- |7 | rowspan="2" |Cen Ciencong (陳健忠) |1972.3.1 |1976.2.28 | |- |8 |1976.3.1 |1980.2.28 | |- |9 | rowspan="2" |Wun Sowangyu (溫雙裕) |1980.3.1 |1984.2.28 | |- |10 |1984.3.1 |1988.2.28 | |- |11 |Liw Yungcin (劉永靜) |1988.3.1 |1992.2.28 | |- |12 | rowspan="2" |Li Cicen (李啟誠) |1992.3.1 |1996.2.28 | |- |13 |1996.3.1 |2000.2.28 | |- |14 |Liw Yungcin (劉永靜) |2000.3.1 |2004.2.28 | |- |15 |Kalikes (張進德) |2006.3.12.25 |2010.12.24 | |- |16 | rowspan="2" |Liw Cinfang (劉靜芳) |2010,12.25 |2014.12.24 | |- |17 |2014.12.25 |2018.12.24 | |- | rowspan="3" |18 |Ciw Foson (邱福順) |2018.12.25 |2019.12.24 |cilafo to sinkiw mapalasawad<ref>遭判當選無效 豐濱鄉長邱福順將上訴. [2020-02-23]. （原始內容存檔於2020-02-23）.</ref> |- |Lin Cinsi (林錦師) |2019.12.25 |2020.12.24 |nipacalcalay<ref>縣府人事命令 張仁智代理壽豐鄉長 林錦師代理豐濱鄉長. [2020-02-23]. （原始內容存檔於2020-02-23）.</ref> |- |Ciyang Lipin (江莉婷) |2020.12.25 |2022.12.24 |patarod |- |19 |Ciw Foson (邱福順) |2022.12.25 | |aniniay |} === Sakilac no etal (行政區劃) === o polong a niyaro' no Fakong ira ko 19 ko niyaro', o etal no cotatodongay no niyaro' ira ko 5 a etal: 1.Kaloloan niyaro' (磯崎村): o itiraay i saka'amisan no Fakong no Kalinko kowan,misi'ayaway to Taypin-yang riyar , isaka'etipo Lilis no Riyar a Lotok, i salawacan no Kaloloan-'alo ko paniyaro'an. * Kaluluan（磯崎部落，加路蘭） * Dagumu（龜庵部落，打古目） * Culiw (高山部落) 2.Paterungan niyaro (新社村)：o itiraay i sifo no saka'amisan no Fakong no Kalinko kowan,misi'ayaway to Taypin-yang riyar , isaka'etipo Lilis no Riyar a Lotok, i salawacan no Tafokan-'alo ko paniyaro'an. * Dipid（復興部落） * Paterungan（新社部落） * Malaloong（東興部落，宮下） * 新莊蚊子山（富光） [[Faylo:螢幕擷取畫面 2023-04-21 083426.png|縮圖|Sakilac no etal no Fakong(行政區劃)]] 3.Fakong niyaro (豐濱村)：o itiraay i sifo no Fakong no Kalinko kowan,misi'ayaway to Taypin-yang riyar , isaka'etipo Lilis no Riyar a Lotok, i salawacan no Fakong-'alo ko paniyaro'an. * 深橋（永豐） * 深橋（永豐） * Fakong（豐濱部落，貓公） * Tingalaw（豐富部落，丁子漏） * Haciliwan（新興部落，八里灣） * Kodic（立德部落，姑律） 4.Makotaay niyaro' (港口村)：o itiraay i satimolan no Fakong no Kalinko kowan,misi'ayaway to Taypin-yang riyar , isaka'etipo Lilis no Riyar a Lotok, i salawacan no Tarawadaw ko paniyaro'an. * Morito（石梯） * Makotaay（港口部落，北頭溪） * La'eno（大港口） 5.Cawi' niyaro' (靜浦村)：o itiraay i sakatimolan no Fakong no Kalinko kowan,misi'ayaway to Taypin-yang riyar , isaka'etipo Lilis no Riyar a Lotok, i salawacan no Tafokan-'alo ko paniyaro'an. * Ticilan（靜安部落） * Cawi（靜浦部落，納納） * Tafugan（三富部落，葵扇埔）caho ko cicu == Kaitiraan (地理) == === Kaitiraan ato faco no sera (位置與地形) === O itiraay i sawalian no Kalinko-kowan, o dengan onini ko misi'ayaway to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B Taypin-yang riyar] i sakawalian [[:zh:海岸山脈|Lilis no Riyar Lotok]] a etal, malala'ed tona lotok ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%B3%B3%E6%9E%97%E9%8E%AE_(%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3) Cingaroan], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%85%89%E5%BE%A9%E9%84%89 Tafalong], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%91%9E%E7%A9%97%E9%84%89 Kohkoh], ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%8E%89%E9%87%8C%E9%8E%AE Posko], isakatimolan madado'edo ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%95%B7%E6%BF%B1%E9%84%89 Kakacawan] no Posong-kowan, isaka'amisan madado'edo ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A3%BD%E8%B1%90%E9%84%89 Kotofoki] a etal.<ref>施添福等編纂. 第九章·豐濱鄉. 《臺灣地名辭書》 '''卷二·花蓮縣'''. 南投縣南投市: 國史館臺灣文獻館. 2005. <nowiki>ISBN 986-00-3013-8</nowiki> '''（中文（臺灣））'''.</ref> o 'edef no Fakong itiraay i sakawalian no Lilis no Riyar Lotok, o to'edaw no lilis no riyar ira ko pinapina a kilo (km), o tafotafokan a lilis no riyar cowa ka hakowa, o roma sahetoaay a rakarakaan. o nikowanan no Fokong ira ko 162 km2, ilaloma' nonini i, ira ko 7.8% o nipamatangan no tamdaw, o roma sato i, sahetoay o kitakita a pala, no sanlinka, 'alo'aloan ato lawacay no riyar a sera.<ref>施添福等編纂. 第九章·豐濱鄉. 《臺灣地名辭書》 '''卷二·花蓮縣'''. 南投縣南投市: 國史館臺灣文獻館. 2005. <nowiki>ISBN 986-00-3013-8</nowiki> '''（中文（臺灣））. 第230 頁.'''</ref> === O kasiikedan no niyaro’ (部落特色) === O kaitiraan no Fakong , i kawili no ‘alo ato Cilangasan ko pisaopoan naira. o satakaraway a tokos no pasiwali koya Cilangasan. itini i ira ko talo’an no niyaro’ ,to laday to romi’ad, i talo’an ko mato’asay matayal to tatayalen no tireng, mato misanga’ to kopid hatapes, miwikwik misanga’ to sakatayal a lalosidan. caay to kalecad ko ‘orip no aniniay a tamdaw ato i ‘ayaway. ira ko 'eto a patiyaman (sowal mo holam o 7-11 hananay) i tatihi no katatalaan no paso. [[Faylo:許金木頭目在第一次紀念大會上口述歷史(1995年4月21日).jpg|縮圖|1996 miheca sa'ayaway piharatengan romi'ad(1996 第一次紀念大會)]] === O Lalood i Cepo' ato nikalopisak no tamdaw(大港口戰役與人口分佈) === I 1877 mihecaan ira a tayni ko nani Congkoay a Cinpin mi'wco to pala no 'Amis, mipalakoli heca to finawlan no 'Amis tayra i Folalacay micoro' to dafong no sofitay no Cinpin. oya maro'ay i niyaro' a niocoran no Manci ci Tangayhay(林東涯) tatolo ko fafahi ningra mikarona ho to fafahiyan no niyaro' mi'afas to fafahiyan no kapah. Orasaka macekil ko kalalood no 'Amis ato sofitay no Cinpin.kinatolo ko kasariyariyad a malalood cowa ka pakalowid ko sofitay no Cinpin to kapah no 'Amis, saikoray to mitahidang to ko tapang no sofitay no Cinpin to 'alomanay a sofitay nani Kilong, nani Takaw malalitemoh i Folalacay. Pasi'amis sato a tayra i riyar no Cepo' pasiniyaro' to a mikowang to salifong paradid to pito romi'ad. nikawrira, caay ho kalowid 'Amis. Pacalcal milimek tayra i Cilangasan. Latek ira ko cecay a mihecaan, ciherateng to ko Cinpin to sapisa'efitaw to 'Amis, ira to ko sowal no Cinpin, lawidang sato kita cato kalalood saan. Tada ma'ecel ko faloco' no 'Amis a tamdaw toor saan to sowal no Cinpin, papicoro'aen ho tayra i Folalacay to felac ato dafong no sofitay, patatiko tayra i cawi' ira: to nipataheka no sofitay no Cinpin, o roray ato cahiw tangsol sa a micomd i polol no Cinpin i dafdaf, cini'epahan to i, pala'idef han no sofitay koya polol a mitodoh a pasilaloma' mikowang, oya kapah no 'Amis ira 165 ko tamdaw, cecay to ko 'osaw ci Tomon, saheto mahadefek mapatay. Oninian a lalood mangodoen to ko payrang, orasaka cowa ko pahadaken i papotal, oninian to ko saka ca kafana' ko teloc no 'Amis ato wawa no payran.Ciharateng sato ko teloc no Makotaay niyaro o Cikatopay ngasaw ci Safulo (蔡中涵) mililiw to finawlan a pasifana' tonini tata'angay a demak no 'Amis to sapidipotaw to sera, finawlan ato rayray no to'as kona Lalood, ira ko kaci'icel no to'as no mita a mipa'ading titanan sa ira kita anini, o payrang ko milengatay tona lalood cowa ko 'Amis a tamdaw ko milooday to Kuwaping. ira to a mapacicel ko faloco' no 'alomanay cowa ko sasawaden a miharateng konini a tadamaanay demak sato ko 'alomanay. Orasaka, i 1996 miheca misahalaka ci Safulo midemak to piharateng to mapatayay a liteng no mita, patireng han ni Asoy(曾金水) i aikor no loma' ningra ko tata'angay a 'ongcoy todongay piharateng tona mapatayan,ira ko nanicowacowaay a tamdaw mikapot tona sa'ayaway a piharatengan saopo i Cawi'. Tona lalood maforaw to ko finawlan pasi'amis, pasi'etip, pasitimol sato a maliposak.I 1998 miheca mapatireng ko piharatengan a 'otoc i lawac no pitilidan no Cawi. Do'edoen ko Kalinko-kowa a citodongay tono finawlan a sa'osi to tamdaw, i 2022 miheca ira ko 17,000 ko parod, latek {| class="wikitable" |+Kafalic no tamdaw !mihecaan !sa'osi no tamdaw !% |- |1981 |8,747 | --- |- |1986 |8,382 | -4,2% |- |1991 |7,634 | -8.9% |- |1996 |7,203 | -5.6% |- |2001 |6,345 | -11.9% |- |2006 |5,472 | -13.8% |- |2011 |4,857 | -11.2% |- |2016 |4,439 | -8.6% |- |2021 |4,327 | -2.5% |} ira ko 4300 ko tamdaw, itini i Kalinko-Kowan o sasafaay ko tamdaw a etal.<ref>人口統計-人口統計各式列表. 花蓮縣政府民政處. [2022-10-27]. （原始內容存檔於2022-11-08） '''（中文（臺灣））'''.</ref> i laloma' no Fakong o sasafaay ko tamdaw o Karoroan niyaro' dengan 416 ko tamdaw, o sakakaay ko tamdaw o Fajong niyaro' ira ko 1,753 ko tamdaw.<ref>人口統計-人口統計各式列表. 花蓮縣政府民政處. [2022-10-27]. （原始內容存檔於2022-11-08） '''（中文（臺灣））'''.</ref> O tamdaw no Fakong sa'alomanay ko tamdaw a mihecaan itiraay i 1966 miheca, tangasa i 14,600 ko tamdaw, nano yanan nornor sa ko tamdaw mafaraw misatokay.<ref>施添福等編纂. 第九章·豐濱鄉. 《臺灣地名辭書》 '''卷二·花蓮縣'''. 南投縣南投市: 國史館臺灣文獻館. 2005. <nowiki>ISBN 986-00-3013-8</nowiki> '''（中文（臺灣））'''.</ref> I 2018 miheca a sinkiw to tapang no Fakong a kofa, ira ko masa'adingoay ko sa'osi a tamdaw, orasaka 'aloman a nengengen toya mihecaan.<ref>鄭有財. 半年人口「異常增」！花蓮豐濱驚爆「450名幽靈人」投票　檢調緊急偵辦. ETtoday新聞雲. 2018-12-03 [2021-10-06]. （原始內容存檔於2022-04-23） '''（中文（臺灣））'''.</ref> Itiniay i no Hualien(花蓮縣) ko [[Fakong]] a niyaro’, 443 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 1,193 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 69% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 821 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 31% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 372 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko [[Amis.Pangach|Amis]](阿美族)64%, Tayal(泰雅族)1%, [[Puyuma]](卑南族)1%, Kebalan(噶瑪蘭)1%, roma(其他)2%. === Sowal (語言) === O niyaro'ay sowal ira ko sowal no 'Amis, sowal no Kafalan<ref>55公所 原民「地方通行語」公告了. [2017-10-13]. （原始內容存檔於2017-10-13）.</ref> ato sowal no Sakizaya.<ref>台灣原住民族文化知識網 撒奇萊雅族. [2022-09-12]. （原始內容存檔於2022-09-12）.</ref> == O finacadan no Yincomin (所屬阿美族群) == Itini i nowalian a lotok, mililis to riyar, mihifalat to Kalingko na itira i [[Fakong]] talatimol tangasa i Madawdaw, saka pasawali 'Amis/ [[Amis.Pangach|Pangcah]] hananay. o pasawalian a 'Amis han, o sa’alomanay a finacadan no Yincomin i Taywan. Caay ka cango’ot kita to saka ’orip ato kakaenen i [[Fakong]]. o niyaro' iraay to Fakong a niyaro’, [[Tafugan]] a niyaro’, [[Malaloong]] niyaro’, [[Culiu]] a niyaro’, '''[[Tida'an]]''' a niyaro’, [[Haciliwan]] a niyaro’, [[Laeno|La'eno]] a niyaro’, '''[[Makotaay]]''' a niyaro’ , '''[[Cawi]]''' a niyaro’ ato [[Tingalaw]] a niyaro, '''polo'''' a niyaro’ ko kasaniyaro’aro’ i [[Fengbin|Fengpin]]-syang. o na niyaro’ a ma'emin i, caayay kalalecad ko rayray no lalengawan, o rakat no kafolaw, o taliyok no paniyaro’an ato kasasiroma no saka’orip, caayay kalecad ko ngarngar no ponka. == O pitooran no finawlan (族人信仰) == O pitooran no finawlan no Malaloong i, ira ko tosa a [[Kiwkay|kyokay]] itini, o Tingsikiw ato kirisito-kiw. itini i ira ko pito’oran ngara, pakayni sa’opo no kiyokay, malosakarikec ato sakacakat no ’orip no Yincomin. mamaan ca ko demak no sapitolon to niyaro’. == O pitilidan (教育) == === Congsiye(中學) === o nipatirengan no Kalinko-kowan a Congsiye no Fakong(花蓮縣立豐濱國民中學) === Ka'emangay a pitilidan(國民小學) === * nipatirengan no Kalinko-kowan a pitilidan no ka'emangay no Paterungan (花蓮縣立新社國民小學) * nipatirengan no Kalinko-kowan a pitilidan no ka'emangay no Fakong (花蓮縣立豐濱國民小學) o mitanamay pitilidan no Cilangasan^. * nipatirengan no Kalinko-kowan a pitilidan no ka'emangay no La'eno (花蓮縣立港口國民小學) * nipatirengan no Kalinko-kowan a pitilidan no ka'emangay no Cawi' (花蓮縣立靜浦國民小學) == Pacefaday Tilid(參考文獻 == [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] <references /> == Kakafitan i papotal(外部連接) == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Sawali'an 'Amis]] fk1v5wukpq2sdru5fujpcdwtpr1c2wt 0 307 42656 39497 2024-04-03T01:01:51Z Ｍayawtowid 44 42656 wikitext text/x-wiki == O ngangan no Falangaw (馬蘭部落由來) == [[Faylo:馬蘭部落聚會所入口.jpg|縮圖|sefi no Falangaw]] Falangaw Niyaro'（[[kuwaping a sowal]]：馬蘭部落） 123 O itiraay i [[Congcin-li|Congsin-li]](中心里) no Taitong-si no Posong-kowan.<ref>馬蘭部落【Falangaw】. 臺灣原住民族資訊資源網. 原住民族委員會. [2019-06-26]. （原始內容存檔於2017-03-24）.</ref> itiya ho i kadiponan ho 1912 miheca a sa'osi ira ko 312 ko parod,<ref>蔡中涵，'''原住民族傳統祭儀的變遷與傳承之調查研究---以台東阿美族豐年祭典為例，2008:71。'''</ref> nikawrira o nipakaenan a kolong ira ko 3,400 ko kolong<ref>蔡中涵，'''原住民族傳統祭儀的變遷與傳承之調查研究---以台東阿美族豐年祭典為例，2008:71。'''</ref>,ci Kolas Mahengheng kakitaan ko mikeriday to finawlan a patireng tona niyaro', masakapotay no Falangaw niyaro' paca'edongay to fa'elohay kakopt to kasatoloan no mihecaan, cinganganay tono niyah a ngangan ko kasakapot, midemak to kasasiromaroma a tayal no niyaro.itiya ho ino to'asana ho a mihecaan , yo patireng to sefi ira ko pisahareteng no malitengay to sapidipotaw to fanawlan ato niyaro', orasaka palalikel han i taliyok no niyaro ko 7 a sefi mipatireng. nikawrira, i no Diponan ho matastas ko pinapina a sefi, ira to ko sifo no Kuwapin ma'afas no kitakit, ha'emin sato a malahedaw. aniniay to ingataay a mihecaan a miliyaw a patireng to sefi, nikawrira, ono kapolongan a pidemakan to masamaanay a tayal konini, cowa ko teked no 'Amis a sefi,anini sato misafa'eloh mipatireng to sefi saan ko sowal to pidemakan to kiloma'an. == Rikis(歷史) == [[Faylo:Kolas Mahengheng.jpg|縮圖|Kolas Mahengheng]] Latek i 1850 miheca, o Falangaway a tamdaw maforaw nani [[Likafong]] (Likavung han no Piyuma tamdaw) tayni i dafdaf no aniniay a Posong,ikor to kinatolo tahafodo' ira heca ko ada milifong, orasaka kinatolo a miliyas maforaw. 1887 miheca yahira i 1892 miheca, malakakitaan ci Kolas Mahengheng, keriden ningra ko finawlan nani katiol no sawalian no Kinafalangaw maforaw a tayni mipatireng to Falangaw-Niyaro'<ref>李玉芬. 馬蘭社阿美族集會所的區位、功能與臺東平原社會環境的變遷. 地理學報. 2006, '''45''': 73-94 [2019-06-27]. （原始內容存檔於2020-09-25）.</ref>,ona Falangaw hananay i, o ngangan nona tokos.<ref>太麻里鄉志 (PDF). 文化篇. 臺東縣太麻里鄉公所. 2013.</ref> Tayni to ko 'Amis a finawlan misakali, mipamatang, misa'icel heca malawidang ato roma a niyaro', mipasanatektek to paranaan no sakacomahad no niyaro' ato milikot tona 'Amis a taliyok,<ref>馬蘭部落【Falangaw】. 臺灣原住民族資訊資源網. 原住民族委員會. [2019-06-26]. （原始內容存檔於2017-03-24）.</ref> patireng to 7 a sefi ira ko Amisay, Iwaliay, Itimolay, Tafokoan, Lala, Pinali ato Tankuwtan, ilaloma' nona 7 a sefi o Amisay a sefi ko i sifo'ay no niyaro', cowa kapadeng ko tangiroan namal no sefi, italiyo no laloma'an masanga' ko citongrohay a takar no 'oway to hapilafinan no kapah, o pikaykian heca no lofang itini, o pikilomaan ho itini. oya roma a 6 sefi itiraay i saicomod no niyaro',milafing ko pakarongay ato cowa ho kacifafahi a kapah itini mikacaw to niyaro'.<ref>李玉芬. 馬蘭社阿美族集會所的區位、功能與臺東平原社會環境的變遷. 地理學報. 2006, '''45''': 73-94 [2019-06-27]. （原始內容存檔於2020-09-25）.</ref> O roma sato i, itira i lotok no posi ato salawacan no Likafong-'alo patireng to 'akawangay a pikacawan ato kali, sapitaker to pilifong no Likafongay a Piyuma tamdaw.<ref>高淑娟、阿布伊·布達兒. 吳慧琴 , 編. 阿美族馬蘭部落 Kiloma'an豐年祭聚會所長歌(ko'edaway a radiw)各單元. 106年度台東縣原住民族馬蘭部落祭典歌謠 (臺東縣政府). 2017-12-25.</ref>. Ikor to malowid no Kolas Mahengheng ko i saka'amisan no Likafong-'alo a Cilo'an Piyuma a tamdaw, masasowal ato roma a niyaro' no Piyuma to sakalawidangaw. I 1896 miheca saka 6 folad,keriden ni Kolas Mahengheng ko 197 a fainayan no Falangaw malakapot ato Piyuma tayra i Roykongso( aniniay a Tingkoli niyaro' no Kuwansan) mipadang to Dipon milood to ma'osaway sofitay no Kuwapin .<ref>廖秋娥. 地名權的歷史地理面向-以台東市的街道名為例 (PDF). 語言人權與語言復振學術研討會論文集. 2004: 1-9 [2019-06-28]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2021-02-10）.</ref><ref>卑南族. 原住民數位博物館. 國立臺灣史前文化博物館. [2019-06-28]. （原始內容存檔於2022-06-29）.</ref> Mici 30 miheca(1987) patireng to pecih a pitilidan no Falangaw(aniniay a Sinsenpitlidan), o kakitaan ko citatodongay a mikilim to ma'emangay a papitilid,ira ko salongan 50 ko sapicomdaw a mitilid. mipatireng ko sifo no Dipon to Yakofa no niyaro', o tayhing ko mitomadaway to demak no niyaro', pafeli heca ko Dipon to tinki no omah i yincumin,milalang to Piyuma tayra i niyaro' no 'Amis a milisata, orasaka rihaday ko sapitaker to fangafang. Taysiyo 8 miheca(1919) cilifong ko niyaro' no Falangaw to kolila, malowan ko tamdaw no niyaro', orasaka malowan ko sefi to tolo 'osaw sa i,sepat to ko sefi, mapalahedaw ko Tafakoan, Pinaili, ato iwaliay. i syowa 10 miheca (1935) micidek a patireng ko Falangaw a tamdaw i tatihi no imeng to kasaopoan no kapah a sefi malopikaykian, aptokeled han o pipatenakan no Dipon to tayal no sifo. Itira to i Sakatos-lalood no Hekal maala no Dipon ko kapah malasofitay milood to ada no Dipon, orasaka malowan ko sa'osi no kapah,malecad a malowan ko sapipa'ading to niyaro', oninian to ko malowan heca ko sefi no Falangaw sacecay sato ko ma'osaway o isifo'ay no niyaro a Amisay sefi. Syowa 17 miheca(昭和17 年1942), o polong a tamdaw no Falangaw ira ko 2915 ko tamdaw, i laloma' nonini i,o fainayan ira ko 1475 ko tamdaw,fafahiyan ira ko 1441 ko tamdaw,<ref>李玉芬. 馬蘭社阿美族集會所的區位、功能與臺東平原社會環境的變遷. 地理學報. 2006, '''45''': 73-94 [2019-06-27]. （原始內容存檔於2020-09-25）.</ref> ikor to matongal ko tamdaw, orasaka pasipapotal a maforaw patireng to fa'elohay a niyaro' o Matang, Alapanay,'Ining, Fokid,Pongodan, Posong ato Asiloay.<ref>高淑娟、阿布伊·布達兒. 吳慧琴 , 編. 阿美族馬蘭部落 Kiloma'an豐年祭聚會所長歌(ku'edaway a radiw)各單元. 106年度台東縣原住民族馬蘭部落祭典歌謠 (臺東縣政府). 2017-12-25.</ref> Ikor to no Sakatosa Lalood no Hekal ,sa'aloman sa ko Payrang a maforaw a tayni, masa'efit ma'aca no payrang ko loma' ato sera no 'Amis, tahira to i 1959 mihecaan matafesiw to no payrang ko 'Amis ko ka'aloman no payrang. i 1961 miheca haloya dengan to a 'Amisay sefi mapa'aca i payrang lahedaw sato kono to'asan a sefi no Falangaw, awa to ko pilafinan no kapah a sefi, mapalahedaw to kono to'asan a lekakawa no 'Amis. ikor to nonini, ira ko pilongoc no 'Amis a tamdaw to sapiliyawaw a palolol tona sefi, mipadang ko Kofa no Posong a padahof a patireng to " kapolongan pidemakan no Sanpaw no Falangaw" (馬蘭山胞活動中心,ikor to i, mafalic to "kapolongan pidemakan no yincumin no Falangaw, nikawrira, o nano ma'acaay to no payrang cowa to ka kakahad ko pa'enan to pidemakan to kiloma'an, orasaka ikiloma'an micaliw to pikiloma'an. Oya sa i tatihiay no imeng a sefi no kapah mapacaliw i Citodongay tono Sofitay Sakowan, mapatireng no sofitay to kamaro'an no sofitay a loma'.<ref>李玉芬. 馬蘭社阿美族集會所的區位、功能與臺東平原社會環境的變遷. 地理學報. 2006, '''45''': 73-94 [2019-06-27]. （原始內容存檔於2020-09-25）.</ref> Mapala'idef ko sefi, maala no sifo ko ko sera to sapipacemahadaw to tata'angay niyaro', awa sato ko kaitiraan, ora to ko saka caka losimet no misakapotay a demak.<ref>李玉芬、高淑娟. 台東市馬蘭社阿美族的傳統集會所與部落社會的中心性. 東台灣研究. 2005, '''10''': 65-110. doi:10.6275/JETS.10.65-110.2005.</ref> I 2004 miheca, o finawlan no Falangaw liyawen a mipatireng koya "kapolongan pidemakan no yincumin no Falangaw to toloay tongroh a solafo, o sakacecay tongroh o pidemakan to kalotayal, sakatosa tongroh o pihatatanaman a lawang, sakatolo a tongroh o pipasadakan to dafong a panengneng,<ref>李玉芬. 馬蘭社阿美族集會所的區位、功能與臺東平原社會環境的變遷. 地理學報. 2006, '''45''': 73-94 [2019-06-27]. （原始內容存檔於2020-09-25）.</ref>. misaharaterantengay to mikilim to sera to sapisafa'elohaw a patireng to tata'angay sefi ta mapolo ko 'alomanay a tamdaw ikiloma'an, nikawrira, matekes ko 'aca no sera ira heca ko pilalanga no payrang, orasaka sako'esit sa caka laheci koni haratengan no finawlan, onini ko patireng han to a miliyaw koya a sefi a patongroh.<ref>李玉芬. 馬蘭社阿美族集會所的區位、功能與臺東平原社會環境的變遷. 地理學報. 2006, '''45''': 73-94 [2019-06-27]. （原始內容存檔於2020-09-25）.</ref> I 2018 miheca, longocen to no finawlan no Falangaw ko tapang no sofitay ato Suilihuy masa'eli a patikol toya sefi no kapah, itini a patireng to fa'elohay a sefi saan ko pisafaloco', tona mihecaan saka 7 folad midemak tono to'asan a lisin to pisatapang a matayal, a patireng to hecek to sapahapingang.<ref>黃明堂. 向軍方買回土地 台東馬蘭部落舊址重建聚會所. 自由時報. 2018-07-15 [2019-06-27]. （原始內容存檔於2018-10-21）.</ref><ref>羅紹平. 馬蘭部落文化廣場 祈福定樁. 聯合報. 2018-07-15 [2019-06-27]. （原始內容存檔於2018-07-17）.</ref> == O faco no niyaro' (部落組織) == [[Faylo:C K Yang - Southern Campus 1960 crop.jpg|縮圖|Ci Maysan Yo Tingko]] Nano to'asan malalekkoay to ko faco no niyaro' no Falangaw, iraay to ko lekakawa to da'edoen no fanawlan. O Falangaw a niyaro' iraay ko masasiromaromaay a ngasaw, o Pawtawan,Odos, Pacidal, Ciwidian,Fafokod, Raranges, Oa'anifong, Tarisikan,Talakop ato Fafoyol, mo'etep ko ngasaw.<ref>高淑娟、阿布伊·布達兒. 吳慧琴 , 編. 阿美族馬蘭部落 Kiloma'an豐年祭聚會所長歌(ku'edaway a radiw)各單元. 106年度台東縣原住民族馬蘭部落祭典歌謠 (臺東縣政府). 2017-12-25.</ref> O masakapotay no Falangaw nani 1819 mihecaan iraay to ko kapot, o Lakahil ko ngangan tahanini ko demak no kapot. O panganga to kapot o demak toya tolo mihecaan ko pi'arawan, patinako han yo tayni ko Dipong i Taywan a mikowan toya mihecaan o macakatay a kapot o " La Dipong " hananay a pangangan, i 1962 miheca pakaala ci Maysang to konpay no Olinpik i Roma toya mihecaan a macakatay a kapot o " La Tingko " hananay a pangangn, i 1996 mihecaan a macakatay a kapot o "La o Yincumin " hananay a pangang, hatiniay a pangangan to kapot cowa ka tawal koya tata'angay demak toya mihecaan.<ref>蔡中涵，原住民族傳統祭儀的變遷與傳承之調查研究---以台東阿美族豐年祭典為例，2008:78-79。</ref> [[Faylo:La yincumin.png|縮圖|o ngangan no kapot]] O polong no misakapotay limaay ko kasasa'er, nani lalem o Pakalongay kasasa'er, o kapah kasasa'er, mikowanay kasasa'er ato Isefiay 4 a kilac.<ref>蔡中涵，原住民族傳統祭儀的變遷與傳承之調查研究---以台東阿美族豐年祭典為例，2008:84。</ref>Ona mikowanay kasasa'er sakilac ho sepat a cefang, nani lalem pasifafaw o Mihiningay,Milomlomay, Palawilay ato Itukaray.<ref>蔡中涵，原住民族傳統祭儀的變遷與傳承之調查研究---以台東阿美族豐年祭典為例，2008，12,15:111-2頁</ref> ono kararem no no itukaray iraay ko 9 a kasakapot, o mikomoday to niyaro' a itukaray lima ko citodongay to tayal a kasacefang.<ref>高淑娟、阿布伊·布達兒. 吳慧琴 , 編. 阿美族馬蘭部落 Kiloma'an豐年祭聚會所長歌(ku'edaway a radiw)各單元. 106年度台東縣原住民族馬蘭部落祭典歌謠 (臺東縣政府). 2017-12-25.</ref> o fainayan a wawa tahira i 12 ko mihecaan macakat malapakalongay matayal i sefi o taocooran no i fafaway a kakot, sahetoay itira i sefi a milafin, mapakonlin no kaka a kapot ato malitengay to maamaan a taneng ato fana',midipot to malitengay,<ref>林芳誠. 穿梭現代與過去: 以都蘭部落為例談阿美族年齡組織Pakalungay 的文化重建. 文資學報. 2012, '''7''': 1-45 [2019-06-27]. ISSN 1814-3121. （原始內容存檔於2019-06-27）.</ref>sakatolo mihecaan macakat malakapah mapangangan tono niyah kapot a ngangan, mikapot to to tayal no niyaro'<ref>蔡政良. 阿美族(Amis/Pangcah People) (PDF). 台灣原住民數位博物館計畫. 國立台灣史前文化博物館. 2004 [2019-06-27]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2018-08-28）.</ref> manga'ay to minokay a mafoti' manga'ay to ciromod.<ref>李玉芬. 馬蘭社阿美族集會所的區位、功能與臺東平原社會環境的變遷. 地理學報. 2006, '''45''': 73-94 [2019-06-27]. （原始內容存檔於2020-09-25）.</ref> [[Faylo:Kuo Hsing-Chun 20170907 (cropped).jpg|縮圖|2020 Olimpik no Takyo pakaalaay to 'Ekim a kompay ci Ko Sincun]] O ilisin no Falangaw tangongol ko pirecep no ponka no payrang,itira i 1851 tahira i 1861 a mihecahecaan, satapang a patireng ko payrang to niyaro' i ngata no Falangaw, masacofelis to ko 'orip no 'Amis a tamdaw ato payrang a tamdaw, tahira to i Kadipongan i loma no 'Amis iraay to a mapateli kopakawasan no to'as,o misalao'ay a lisin no payrang ikakaay no kiloma'an ko pidemak no 'Amis a tamdaw a ma'acang, itiya ho o lawla ato sakero ko pi'acang tona lisin, to i ngataay a mihecaaan iraay to ko sano payrangay a mirakatay to lalan a pi'acang to kawas a demak.<ref>孫俊彥. 原住民的音樂接觸與交融──以馬蘭阿美為例(1880-1990) (PDF). 關渡音樂學刊. 2014, '''19''': 7-42 [2019-06-27]. ISSN 1814-1889. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2022-03-16）.</ref> o matiniay misapayrangay lisin mipatongalan tono 'Amis a lalosidan.<ref>^{[永久失效連結]}</ref> 1960 miheca satapng, iraay to ko patirengay to samiyay i niyaro' a 'Amis a tamdaw, itira tona pitooran ngangra mipalamlaman tono 'Amis a lalosidan, patinako han o mita'ongan no payrang a kawas malakawasay no 'Amis a tamdaw.<ref>林素珍、陳耀芳. 台東馬蘭阿美族信仰民間宗教之研究. 台灣原住民族研究. 2009, '''2''' (2): 33-68. doi:10.29910/TJIS.200906.0002.</ref> o roma sato i, cowa ka matiya to roma a niyaro' no 'Amis, o Falangaw a niyaro' matenakay ko mitooray to misakeristoay,nikawria cowa ka 'aloman ko mitooray,tahira to i 1963 miheca ta ira a mapatireng ko kyoka no misakeristoay. == O tamdaw(人口) == Itiniay i [[Taitung]](台東) Cen no Taitung ko [[Falangaw]] a niyaro’, 1,382 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 4,212 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 17% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 731 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 83% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 3,481 ko tamdaw.O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)12%, Paiwan(排灣族)2%, Bunun(布農族)1%, Rukai(魯凱族)1%, Puyuma(卑南族)1%, roma(其他)1%. == Pitilidan(教育) == Sinsen kocong(新生國中) == Payofingan(郵局) == Sinsen payofingan(新生郵局) == O katadamaanan no niyaro’ == o falangaw a niyaro', fangcalay niyaro, == pacefaday a tilid(註腳) == [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis|Sawalian 'Amis]] <references /> == O pikafitan i papotal(外部連接) == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] ch90yty2tj2uu5xavitfwumzvuua8n4 0 308 6708 6707 2021-10-28T12:09:56Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 75 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 6707 wikitext text/x-wiki Falidas (sarengad) （山棕） Itiya ho cipangsoy ho ko Taywan, o nano tapangan a ’akaway masangisngisay no [[falidas]] ko sapisang’ to pangsoy. adihay i palapalaan a manengneng ko tapangan no falidas, o kamolengawan itira i laeno no 300 a fakeciw takaraw no lotok, anca salaedan no padiyadiyacan to’emanay ko kaolahan nira a molengaw. Maraod to ko kacifaloan to mihecahecaan no falidas, edef no lotok safangsis sa masanek, ya masadodohay no falidas mangaay a maala malolalawlaen no wawa. sa ciheci sa ko falidas kangdaw ko cengel, masafalilingan. Marohen to i sa kaliyalaw sato, masalipay sa kahengan sato, kaen han cipelak micedem to miming, o tada kaolahan no wawa. epoc: 1. No pala kakaenen, o dongec no falidas, tadakaeso’ay kaenen, micedem to miming, pinangan nira sasifoan no ’oway a dongec ato no ’icep a kaenen. 2. Sapisanga’ to towaso, ’akaway no papah no falidas carcar han misa miming mangaay sapisanga’ to towaso, pinangan i ’orip no Pangcah, a milidong to hafay, pahpah no falidas ato fadicen ko ’akaway malosafalod to mikitocan a hafay. 3. Sapisanga’ to lalosidan, masangisngisay no falidas mangaay misang’ to saasik, tawasi ato sangsoy, lalosidan no itiyaay ho konini. 4. Wikwiken malo towaso, i’ayaw pilidong to hafay, fadic han ko ’akaway no falidas, wikwik han to tata’akay malokeliw, sakalalifet mitengtengay to keliw, todongay makadofah ko hafay, tengteng han caka lafot. 5. Sapatoaya misacepo’, Pilidongan to hafay itira i ’ayaw no pisacepo’an “sakaenem a folad” sapatoaya to pisacepo’an, edeng o hafay caayay, ira ho ko dongec no falidas ato talod. == Pi’arawan to lakaw == *[https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E6%A3%97 中文維基百科] *李景崇，1998，《阿美族歷史》，臺北：師大書苑。 *黄宣衞，2008，《阿美族》，臺北：三民。 *達西烏拉彎‧畢馬，2001，《臺灣的原住民 : 阿美族》，臺北：臺原。 *李景崇，1998，《阿美族歷史》，臺北：師大書苑。 *黄宣衞，2008，《阿美族》，臺北：三民。 *達西烏拉彎‧畢馬，2001，《臺灣的原住民 : 阿美族》，臺北：臺原。 [[Kasasiwasiw:Siwkulang 'Amis]] ectpp6atb8pg7x9aw1hfdry0dymx4xs 0 309 6710 6709 2021-10-28T12:09:58Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 1 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 6709 wikitext text/x-wiki == Faliyos (颱風) == [[Faylo:Cyclone Catarina from the ISS on March 26 2004.JPG|thumb|Faliyos]] Sasifu'an no kaciherangan ato laloodan, mihca^can caka^ca ira:ito ko ci haklongay to tadamaanay 'orad ato fali a Faliyos; mahicera tayni i Taywan. Pakatanamayho a tamdaw ma^min i matalaw. Naw sadak saca ko faliyos saw? Itini i fa^detay a riyariyaran i, ano mapa’dilho no cidal ko nanom no riyar, fae:detto i, malalahod pawpaw sato i dohadohawan, la'ed no kakarayan ato kafaed no riyar. Ikor i ira ko falohayay a ki^tecay micelol, malecad ko faco—mapacidal(日曬)malalahod(水氣)mala fa^detay dohaw(空氣). Haen saan a misatikotiko away ko pahrekan, sopspo sato a mala[fa^detay a Ticiya](熱帶低氣壓),masalaleko kona Ticiya i, masolot koya ilawacay a Kawciya(高氣壓) pasaynito i Ticiya, ta sacifali sato. Matatama to lifes kanca mala 'adiyoc, ta patongalen no kalileng no Cikiw, cakat sato mala [Fa^detay 'Adiyoc], o yanansato, ngalef sato ko 'adiyoc a talolong, tata'ang a tata:'ang ko fali, tahira i 17.2 m/1miyaw ko 'icel nira, o Faliyos han ko sa'osi. Ya rakat nira i riyar, ira:ko lahod no riyar a pacelol saka, tata'ang a molahad ci'icel a ci'icel ko faliyos, koengel a mikari'ang to maamaan no ihekalay a panaloma. Kakafana'an ita to rakat no Faliyos i, hacikay aca honi masawsoy to a tonerep; macokacok pasi'amis kanca maliklon pasitimol, awa saan ko pinang no pali'ayaway pasifana'(預報) to 'alomanay. Onian haw i, minengneng to mita'elifan nona Faliyos, masamanay ko fa^det ato kietec no dohaw,[ Kawciya] ko roma mamisa’et to rakat ira.Itini pasawali no Taywan, Taytong ato Hoalyin, I ’aya:wto no canglalan a folad ko saka ira no Faliyos. Sasifo'an no [teleng no wali]( 下弦月)ato [teleng no etip](上弦月), caay ko mamicomod tayni i pala no Taywan. O fali no faliyos, ano o lifes(東北風) i, masinanotay ho, mafalic to safalat(南風)i, cicamol to 'adiyoc tada ci'icelayto.Cayay kalalecad ko Faliyos, ira ko ika'ayaway ko 'orad, ta pakaikoray ko fali; alatek o fali ko 'a'ayaway ta cinaniyocay to 'orad pakaikor, ccay romi'ad kanca salipay saan, awa ko pinang.Saka, ano ira ko Faliyos aka katayra i papotal mirarakat, mapaloaw no maeferay a maamaan. Hatiniay to ka tata'ang no fali ato 'orad, ano i riyarto ano i rotokto; awa ko pinang ita to tahacowaayto ko kaitiraan no Faliyos. Itiya i, si'ayaw han ko fali a misaciwcika(十字架) ko tireng iso, mitoro'an no kawanan masaka'aya'ayaw, o katahiraanto no sasifo'an(中心) no Faliyos. Saccaccay han tatokian misatanatanam, mahapinang ko kasasiroma no pinatoro', toor saan a masiwic tala'amis. Itiyato i, ano eca kafalic ko pitoro’iso i, o pasayniay tisowanan ko rakat ira kanca masaenger itira ito eca kalinah cingra.Nikawrira, ano masa'enger ko rakat ira i, o mamatongal ko'icel no faliyos a maolatek kanca mafalic a maliyoc ko rakat ira, pina'on kita! Na o lifes ho ko fali, kafahalan safa^det saca; masaenger ko fali ato 'orad, aka ka safana’ a lipahak, nawhani, o tahiniayto ko sasifo'an no Faliyos. Caho ka satatokian, mafalicto ko fali to fadat(東風) rara sa mafalic to nanitimolay, honito fiyok sa ko safalat, lahakelong sa ko 'orad ato fali. Onian ko katalawan; I lotokay ko aro’matalaw to kari'ri' an no lotok maslen ko tamdaw ato kalimaamaan, i dafdafay ko aro’matalaw ka fetasan no tifo(堤防) ma'alol no cedas, I lilisay no riyar ko aro’ matalaw to kapicomodan no riyar ma'emek no nanom. Dadaya ko saka hicera no Faliyos, to’man awa ma'araw ko salawacan; lahakloklong sa ko 'orar to fali, matiya pek:pek sanay to fadahongan ato sasingaran, patoor han no keleng ato kalapiyatay, honi taengad honi to'eman, samatiya saan o saikorayto a romi'ad i hekal(末日). Conihar ko wali sanga'ay sato ko faloco’nengneng han ko naikoran no cedas (洪水) a mirakat, samatiya sato o 'alo ko lalan a makari'ang awato ko fafana'en a romakat. Milaliw sato ko Faliyos i, satapangto ko tata'angay a tayal. Ano tano fali saca omaan ko maan, piasik a ccay rahoday.Nikawrira, ira saca ko mari'ri'ay(土石流), manawpay no nanom ato marakatay no 'alo, adihay ko fafalahen a lakaw ato cacolo'en a sota; salipalipay, safolafolad sa ko malahitayay a kapah mipadang. Maanen ko fana’to katatama to kaferengan(天災) hananay, payfaloco’sato palitemek a mipakamay(救助) a mipa'icel. Kaadadaan no faloco’no Yincomin(原住民) i, adihay ko ma'alolay a datong ato cikacik i 'alo'aloan ato riyariyaran. Anini 'efecento ko sapipodpodaw, cima ko mipodpoday tangsol to repeten a mipalit.Saka, moceng hanto ko mata a minengneng tonika pohed kanca maliyawho a ma'alol kona Datong(漂流木) <ref>高清興. (2011). Wikipedia 維基百科 族語詞條試寫─原住民族語詞條 2011作品集. 教育部.</ref> jkldqyw5y17zf82g5zcc14f1il4lu4e 0 310 38482 6714 2023-06-25T19:24:42Z CommonsDelinker 39 Replacing Haiyan_Nov_7_2013_1345Z.png with [[File:Haiyan_2013-11-07_1345Z_(alternate).png]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR4|Criterion 4]] (harmonizing names of file set)). 38482 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} [[Faylo:Haiyan 2013-11-07 1345Z (alternate).png|thumb|Faliyus]] bi90jgkiuwf24m4rlsxhcnd0yrt1kz3 0 311 45415 40475 2025-01-09T09:44:51Z KaoShengHan 2751 45415 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Thumb 2x.jpg|縮圖|Ilisin no 'Amis a tamdaw i Fanaw]] [[Faylo:Vanaw.ogg|縮圖|I satimulan nu vanaw ku luma’ nu maku.]] == <ref>池上的阿美族人因密切跟漢人生活，也用一些漢語借詞, 如學校 kongkuwan_{， 這跟馬蘭地區類似；上學 Mitakcie ， 這是漢語的讀冊(讀書之意)。}</ref>Fanaw (池上鄉) == O ititraay I kakala’edan no Sifo’ay-lotok ato Sawalian-lotok kona Fanaw kowan. O niyaro’ i, ira ko Cicala’ay (福文部落),Ciataw (福原部落),Kalokapuk (大埔部落),Dihekoay (隆安部落),Kawaliwal (大坡部落),Cipuwa (慶豐部落),Fangafangasan (新興部落),Cikowa’ay (富興部落), Muliyaw (振興部落), Cinyin (錦園部落), polong han mo’eteo ko niyaro’. O kaitiraan no kofa,pitilidan ato patiyamay itirray i Ciataw niyaro’, o kacacofelisan no a lalan itini, nano ’amis mitorso pasitimol ko tata’angay lalan tona hadhad.’Adihay ko kasasiromaay a finacadan a maro’ itini, orasaka, makalitosaay ko Kalokapuk a niyaro’ to kawaliay ato ka’etipay etal. o i kawaliay o ’Amis a finacadan ato Ngayngay a finacadan i laled no Ciataw ato Fangafangsan niyaro’, mingata’ay to patiyamay. O isaka’etipay etal itiraay i saowac no Sawalian-lotok nani ’amis pasitimol o Kawaliwal niyaro’, Cipuwa niyaro’, Cinyin niyaro’,Wangan niyaro’, Cikowa’ay niyaro’ ato Muliyaw niyaro’ enem a niyaro’. Ona ika’ayaway a sepat niyaro’ o mapolongay ko kamaro’ no loma’, Cikowa’ay niyaro’ ato Muliyaw niyaro malaklakay ko kamaro’ no loma’. Kawaliwal niyro’ ato Muliyaw niyaro’ mingataay to tata’angay sakasiwa lalan, tada rahodayay ko ‘orip, ora sa Cinyin niyaro, Wanan niyaro’, Cikowa’ay niyaro’ ato Muliyaw niyaro’ kona sepat a niyaro’ mililisay to 197 lalan no kinsifo ko kaitiraan, milaayay to tat’angay lalan ato patiyamay, sa pangangan han to ilaloma’ay niyaro’.o Cinyin niyaro ato Wanan niyaro’ o sa’yaway a mapamatang ira ko maro’ay tamdaw itini. == Nikafalic no rikisi (歷史沿革) == Ono Posong kowan ko Fanaw, isakawali malafiyaw ato Fafokod, iska’ami malalaed to Tarawadaw makakecor ato Foli no Kalinko, ikatimol malalaed to ’alo makakecor ato Takofan.ona Fanaw a kowan itiya ho i Kuwapingan(清光緒)polong hananay a pangangan to 「Nisafa’elohan a pamatang」(新開園) ; I kadipongan i, o 「Fanaw kasaniyaro’an no Takofan no Posong」ananay a pangangan. Itira i Minkoku 34 miheca mapalolo ko Taywan i Ciwkamimkoku, o Posong i,o Posong kowan hananay a mifalic ko ngangan,noa to Fanaw o 「Fanaw a kowan」hananay to ko pangangan. Maplol to ko Taiwan nani Dipong a pikowan, i sa’aya’ayaw ho mihecaan masakilac to Cicala’ay (福文村),Ciataw (福原村),Kalokapuk (大埔村),Dihekoay (隆安村),Kawaliwal (大坡村), Fangafangasan (新興村), Cinyin (錦園村), Suisui (水墜村) falo a niyaro’. I Minko 39 miheca mafalic ko saetal a pikowan, o Kawaliwak niyaro’ mapapecih to Kaliwal niyaro’(大坡部落) ato Cipuwa’(慶豐部落). I Minko 45 miheca falicen ko Suisui niyaro’ pangangan to Cikowa’ay (富興部落), to ikor to i Minko 56 miheca matongal to Muliyaw (振興部落). Orasaka malomatiniay a 10 ko niyaro’. Cicala’ay (福文部落),Ciataw (福原部落),Kalokapuk (大埔部落),Dihekoay (隆安部落),Kawaliwal (大坡部落),Cipuwa (慶豐部落),Fangafangasan (新興部落),Cikowa’ay (富興部落), Muliyaw (振興部落), Cinyin (錦園部落). == Tamdaw (人口) == I Minko 97 miheca ira ko polong a tamdaw to 9366 ko tamdaw, o Yincuminco ira ko 2224 ko tamdaw, mihaop to polong no 23.7%, ilaloma’ noni o ‘Amis a tamdaw ko sa’alomanay. Tahanini sato mafalic to ko ’orip no I niyaro’ay, misatokay to ko tamtamdaw, orasaka, malowan ko tamdaw to mihecahecaan, I Minko 108 miheca saka5 folad o polong ira ko 8180 ko tamdaw. == Pacefaday a tilid (注釋) == dupfgpnui6q1h9a65l2eg5l223lmg5i 0 312 6743 6742 2021-10-28T12:10:05Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 3 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 6742 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} [[Faylo:Mansarovar.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Fanaway ni Tibet]] e687udh5nw824w8nrvtsxc88jjd7vo4 0 313 6767 6766 2021-10-28T12:10:08Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 23 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 6766 wikitext text/x-wiki Fangafangasan（新興部落） Itiniay i [[Chishang]](池上) Cen no Taitung(台東縣) ko [[Fangafangasan]] a niyaro’, 376 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 1,013 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 22% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 222 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 78% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 791 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)18%, Bunun(布農族)2%, Paiwan(排灣族)1%, Truku(太魯閣族)1%. Ira ko picodadan(池上國中) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] dqcejyumeyyyyxu41umeovd6qaa6win 0 314 43129 6771 2024-05-03T17:05:39Z LiouShowShya 36 43129 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Faniw.ogg|縮圖|faniw ]] faniw milada' kami to sapaloma a faniw {{stub}} [[Faylo:Lentinula edodes.jpg|thumb|Faniw|left|390px]] hmgm4qrja8t1uffqjbto8sufia1zego 0 315 37734 6781 2023-06-05T02:48:30Z Safulo 35 37734 wikitext text/x-wiki [馬蘭] Farangaw--Posong                                                          kahemekan kasapaan  no tamdamdaw ko 'orip nonini makapahay a kaying no Falangaw . o wawa no mita o Amis（Pangcah)  a finacadan i Posong ci Kwo Sin-Cung[郭婞淳]✓ Pakalifet cingra a mikakoy to sakaleten：ngay a sapisiay(siay 日 malalifet ma'a'ised) to polon no hekal, orasaka, mapa'edil a  mapalosiang ko ngangan no Taywan i polon no kitakit i hekal, Makapah ko pawacay ato pa'icel ni Kwo Sin-Cung to kalahad no 'orip ningra, O wawa no pakoyoc, pakahadidi cingra a milakowit to pades ato roray tangic no 'orip, orasaka. pakalifet cingra to masamaamaanay a karetengay a 'inorong,  tahanini, pakalayap cingra to satakara:way a sapakaloha no Olympic Game.  Makapah a nengnengen ko 'orip ato pinangan ningra; misapoeneray ato mangodoay to tamdamdaw, o pinanaman ato pido'do'an to no kapah ato kaemmangay anini. Lipahak kita o Taywan a tamdaw. Farangaw(馬蘭部落) Itiya ho makowanay no Piwma ko Farangaw. O kaitiraan no Farangaw no hatini i, itiniay i Con-sin-li(中心里) no Posong. Ano milicay ho ko cima to icowaay ko [[Farangaw]] sa i, oya Posong ko nilicayan nira. Itiya ho, masamsam a makari'ang no Piwma ko Farangaw. O tomok a maemin mapatapatay i kalalood to Piwma. Malatomok ci Kolas Mahengheng nga, misawaday ko Piwma a misamsam to Farangaw, hay si'icelay ci Kolas Mahengheng kira, mansa matalaw ko Piwma. O roma sa to, mafana' a mikowan ato midipot to niyaro' ci Kolas Mahengheng, mafana' haca misawidang to sanyaro', saka si'icel a si'icel ko Farangaw, sawad sa to ko Piwma a mikari'ang to Farangaw. [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] rf9ydf9dl237wsot1o9sxupd3uj4y2o 0 316 31247 31245 2022-05-21T10:40:23Z Amire80 14 Bot: Cleaning up old interwiki links 31247 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} [[Faylo:Heritage Routemaster.jpg|center|150px|thumb|Faso|]] [[Faylo:MTA_NYCT_Orion_VII_HEV_6679.jpg|right|150px|thumb|Faso]] is5wkknyhta4qywusvgrv00xn1mpd8p 0 317 30115 6791 2022-01-06T22:49:47Z UrbanecmBot 380 Bot: Cleaning up old interwiki links 30115 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} Fasol a simal(''Sowal no Holam'':餿水油) [[yue:坑渠油]] 1ij7a0shy0r9nozmzz2do2o4k80c2hm 0 318 43238 39603 2024-05-10T02:58:35Z 嚴美鳳 41 43238 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Fata'an.ogg|縮圖|Mapala ko fata'an i taliyok no loma' niyam.]] == O ngangan no Fata’an (馬太鞍部落由來) == Malinah ko i ’ayaway a moto’asay a tayni . o no Fata’an no [[Amis.Pangach|pangcah]] i, o sowal są, Fata’an a [[Niyaro'|niyaro’]], itiniay i sakawali a lilis no Sasifo’an lotok.[[:zh:中央山脈|(中央山脈]]), malecaday to macikang(馬鞍) koya tokos. sapangangan han. o roma a sowal, toya kataynianho tada adihay ko fata’an , sa hawikiden cangra ko fata’an a hasapaloma. mingataay to lotok mikitado to lotok a ma’orip, to rarikor how i , o fata’an ko sakaorip no ’Amis itiyaho. saka, mapangangan no moto’asay ko niyaro’ ningra to Fata’an. == O kasiikedan no niyaro’(部落特色) == O Fata’an a riyaro’, o ta’akay a niyaro’i ilaloma’ay no Guangfu-syang (光復鄉 sowal no holam ) no Hualien-siyen (花蓮縣 sowal no holam ) ko Fata’an , itini i ira ko enem a niyaro’ pisaopoan, o tatong a niyaro’(大同村)、o tahwa a niyaro’(大華村)、o tapin a [[Niyaro'|niyaro’]](大平村) 、o tama a niyaro’(大馬村) 、o taxan a niyaro’(大全村) ato tasing a niyaro’(大興村) a masaopo itini i Fata’an, itira i Fata’anan iraay ko patiyamay iraay ko matayalay, oya to ko saka’aloman. sa o sowal no holam i o 馬太鞍 han.[https://web.archive.org/web/20210427180422/http://tour-hualien.hl.gov.tw/%E8%8A%B1%E8%93%AE%E8%A7%80%E5%85%89%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E7%B6%B2] Itiniay i sakawali a lilis no Sasifo’an lotok.(中央山脈), pakayni i saka’orip no fata’an haw i, o panay ko nipaloma itini,oroma sato, mifoting, mi’adop, misakolong, misa’ayam, micekiw ato midateng ko ’Amis a finacadan. fangcal ko pisapala no fata’an a niyaro’, mikaomah to lotok, misa hafay i loma’ ko i ’ayaway a moto’asay, i matini i, o panay to ko nipalomaan, caay to koya ’ayaway a hafay, faliyasan, konga, rihom, tefo’ ato dateng ko nipalomaan. itini i taliyok no loma’ no finawlan i ,o ’icep ato facidol i tihi ko manengnengay , caay kanca ira ko nipaloma to ’icep ato facidol, saka o cecay no kacipinangan no niyaro’ no Pangcah konini. pakoyoc ko ‘orip no i’ayaway a tamdaw, nika rihaday to ko aniniay. ora ma’araway i niyaro’ i, Ira ko patiyamay, o payofingan ato paisingan ,o cinamalayan itira., manga’ay a tayra i picodadan minanam to sowal no ’Amis, manga’ay a talapaisingan a paising, manga’ay to kita a talapatiyamay a mi’aca to lalosidan ato masamaamaanay sapicakay ato talacowaco:wa a misalama. onini a kalomipatirengan i, o sakarahoday no ’orip no finawlan anini. '''Guangfu misa’odax kaysiyaan (光復糖廠)''' [[Itiraw pitalaan|Itiyaho]] i 1921 i Guangfu(光復) Cen no Hualien(花蓮縣) ko pipaloma’an to Tahe(大和) kaysiyaan（i matiniay Guangfu misa’odax kaysiyaan）, adihayen a misa’odax ! Sapipafeli to Ripong safitay (軍隊) i ‘ayawho. Adihay ko folaw i ka Dipongan. i Kalalooan no kafafolwan, malood no laco’ no Amerika(美軍) ko Guangfu misa’odax kaysiyaan. ta tangasa to i matini, mikowanay ko Taytang toni a misa’odax kaysiyaan, tafesiw to masakaliki to mafalic to mihaca ko pising no misa’odax kaysiyaan. i matini i ,tada kanga’ayan no palafangay a misalama, manga’ay a cakayen ko kiyaping i patiyamay, Kaso’ yo ! '''Palakaw-fana’ no to’as no mita o ’Amis''' Pakayni i saka’orip o pala ko pinengnengan no Fata’an, itini i ka’oripan no mita o ’Amis itiya ho, ira ko i palaay, ira ko I hadhaday, ira ko i lawacay no riyar ato taliyokay no fanaw. kaetip no Fata’an a niyaro’, ira ko poeneray pala itira, adihay ko nanom saka, o seloselotan a ’arawen iti:ya ho, matiya o awaayay ko epoc a ma’orip itira. nikaorira adihay ko masamaamaanay a foting, taliyok no loma’ ira ko fanaw. adihayay ko nanom tora pipaloma’an nangra, adihay to ko masamaamaanay a foting itira. saka ira to ko Palakaw haanay a mipalomaay to foting. o palakaw haanay haw i , o paloma’ay to foting, o nicidekay a taneng ato fana’ no to’as no mita o ’Amis to pifoting konini. onini a palakaw haw i, o cecay to pipahapinang to taneng ato fana’ no to’as no mita o Pangcah, sa iraay ko fongoh no niyaro’ay a tamdaw, oya to ko sakacitaneng no ’Amis. == O nikalopisak no Fata’an (人口分佈) == Itiniay i [[Guangfu]](光復) Cen no Hualien(花蓮縣) ko [[Fata’an]] a niyaro’, 1,988 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 5,474 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 54% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 2,968 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 46% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 2,506 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)50%, Tayal(泰雅族)1%, Truku(太魯閣族)1%, roma(其他)2%. Ira ko picodadan(光復國小、光復國小附幼、光復商工、光復國中、光復高中、花蓮縣原住民部落大學、馬太鞍部落圖書資訊站) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(鳳林分局光復分駐所、花蓮消防第二大隊光復分隊) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(光復衛生所) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(光復戶政所、光復郵局、光復鄉代會) i niyaro’. == O finacadan no Yincomin (所屬阿美族群) == itiniay i Guangfun-syang (光復鄉 sowal no holam ) no Hualien-siyen(花蓮縣sowal no holam) ko Fata’an a niyaro’, O tatapangan a niyaro’, ira ko Tafalong, o Fata’an, o Kiwit a mililis to tarawadaw no Siwkolang a siniyaro’, na itira i tarawadaw no Kalingko talatimol tangasa i Cilamitay, nawhani maemin paniyaro’ i lawac no Siwkolan a tarawadaw sa mapangangan to Siwkolan a ‘amis. ira ko Fata’an a niyaro’, Tafalong a niyaro’, Sadoa niyaro’, Atomo a niyaro’, Kalotong a niyaro’, Kalotong a niyaro’, Fahol a niyaro’, Laso‘ay a niyaro’ ato O kakay a niyaro, falo a niyaro’ ko pipolongan. == O pitooran no finawlan (族人信仰) == O pitooran ko finawlan no Fata’an i, ora ma’araway a kiwkay i, ira ko tosa a kinkay i Fata’an , o tingsikiw ato ciwlokiwkay, o ciwlokiwkay a tamdaw ko ka adihay. kalimelaan ko sowal no Kawas, to sakafana’ to ’orip no tamdaw, ato awaay to ko kaka to nikafana’ to codad how i . itini i ira ko pitooran ngara, pakayni sa’opo no kinkay, malosakarikec sto sakavakat no ’orip no Yincomin, mamaan ca ko deamk no sapitolon ko niyaro’. == O tahapinangan (參考文獻) == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] <references /> 7p49grct8ia2c7ui14uyts4ca4xj0nc 0 319 44469 6854 2024-08-31T13:41:52Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 福雷·埃索齊姆納·納辛貝,全名 44469 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Faure Gnassingbé 2014.png|縮圖|Gnassingbé, 2014|alt=Faure Gnassingbé 2014.png]] I 1966 a miheca(年) saka 6 folad saka 6 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci '''Faure Gnassingbé'''(福雷·埃索齊姆納·納辛貝,全名), malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Togo]](多哥) anini i ci Faure Gnassingbé, patirengan a romi’ad i 2005 a miheca saka 5 folad saka 4 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] aq8nyrblc50am5nmoqzkdqynnbfwy86 0 320 44470 6868 2024-08-31T13:44:02Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 福斯坦-阿爾尚熱·圖瓦德拉 44470 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Faustin Touadera.jpg|縮圖|Touadera, 2010|alt=Faustin Touadera.jpg]] I 1957 a miheca(年) saka 4 folad saka 21 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci '''Faustin-Archange Touadéra'''(福斯坦-阿爾尚熱·圖瓦德拉), malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Central african republic]](中非共和國) anini i ci Faustin-Archange Touadéra, patirengan a romi’ad i 2016 a miheca saka 3 folad saka 30 a romi’ad. == No papotalay a kakafit == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] erncjvpq7vd735yqaqu9ju86kww2i52 0 321 38476 32720 2023-06-24T04:16:04Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38476 wikitext text/x-wiki ===== Takaray a sowal ===== o [[fawahan]] hananay i, adihay ko imi nona tilid, o picomodan no marorayay a matayal masaromi'ad a tamdw a minokay, roma sa i ,o kahadakan a malingad no laloma'an. Ano awa ko fawahan i,awa ko picomodan no minokayay, awa ko pahiceraan no tamdaw, itini to a malaholhol ko laloma'an. === Tahapinangan a Tilid === Oni patirengan ho a loma' i,o mamasanga' aca ko fawahan, o picomodan o kasadakan no tamdaw. Itini to no [[Kawping a sowal]] i, ira ko ngasaw ato laloma'an a imi. === Pikafitan i Papotal === bnyowndvjxucoglyo3jxun51vnfv8d5 0 322 45479 44652 2025-01-19T09:54:33Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 Fayez al-Sarraj idi 2017年 45479 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Fayez al-Sarraj in Washington - 2017 (38751877521) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Fayez al-Sarraj idi 2017年|alt=Fayez al-Sarraj in Washington in 2017]] I 1960 a miheca(年) saka folad saka a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci '''Fayez al-Sarraj''' (法耶茲·薩拉傑), malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Libya]](利比亞) anini i ci Fayez al-Sarraj, patirengan a romi’ad i 2016 a miheca saka 3 folad saka 30 a romi’ad. == No papotalay a kakafit == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] phqclhcpzpqits4zih24nvno5h7n5u2 0 323 6901 6900 2021-10-28T12:10:34Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 10 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 6900 wikitext text/x-wiki == Mikoronisiya(密克羅尼西亞聯邦Federated States of Micronesia) == [[Faylo:Micronesian Cultural Area.png|thumb|Micronesian Cultural Area]] == Takaray sowal(概略) == I kawaliay no Taywan ko ka itiraan nona kitakit, o hadahal no kanatal I 700㎢, o polong 112,6490 tamdaw(I 2018miheca misa’osi, sahetoay o Mikoronisiya a finacadan,o syoto I 1989miheca nani Koroniya malida tayra I Parokil. O sowal I faloay ko kasasiromaroma, o kapolongan I o Ikiris a sowal. O kiristo ato Tinsikio ko pitooran no tamtamdaw. == Rikisi(歷史) == I’ayaw no 4000miheca, iraay to ko a maro’ ko Mikoronisiya a tamdaw sanay ko sowal.[[Faylo:Chronological dispersal of Austronesian people across the Pacific (per Benton et al, 2012, adapt Itiya 1500 a mihecahecaan, o Sipanya ko sa’ayaway a tayni tona riyaran kanatal, yo tahira to I 1886miheca toro’ han no Sipanya ko Maliyana ato Karorina a kanatal no niyam to konini saan,itiya to I 1899miheca, pakido han no Sipanya a pacakay I Toic ko Mikoronisiya a riyaran palapalaan. Malalood sato to sakacecay a kalokitakit a lalood, lakamkam a mi’eco ko Dipon to Mikoronisiya Polongan kitakit,Palau,Masyalu ato ka’amisay a Maliyana kanatal. I sakatosa a lalood no kalokitakit,o Amirika to ko mi’ecoay a maro’ itini. 1947miheca toro’en no Linhoko ko Amirika a mikowan tona kanatal,tahira to I 1965miheca sakacecay folad patireng to no kitakit a pikaykian, masasowal to saliyasaw to pikowan no Amirika a mi’iked. 1979miheca mihalalaka ko Linhoko ato Amirika mihalalaka to sapisangaaw to Kinpo o tatapangan rikec no kitakit, maloparanaan to sapatireng to kitakit. 1990miheca 12folad, mikayki ko Linhoko mapasetek to tilid to pipalasawad no Amirika a mikowan tona kitakit,to cila a mihea toya1991miheca, saka 9folad 17romi’ad,malakopot no Linhoko ko Mikoronisiya Malikowatay Kitakit. == Sakowan(行政區劃) == [[Faylo:Map of the Federated States of Micronesia CIA.jpg|thumb|Map of the Federated States of Micron]] O polong I sepatay ko kasapecih no sakowan:Yapu(Yap)、Cuku(chuuk)、Ponapi(Pohnapei) ato Kosiri(Kosraw). == Sici(政治) == Dodoen koya masanga’at I 1979miheca saka5folad 10romi’ad a Tatapangan Rikec no kitakit tora Kinpo a sarikec I, o Congton ko tapang no kitakit, o kakeridan no sifo.o congtong ato sapadang congtong o Lipoiing(國會議員)ko alamisinkiway, ya saadihayay ko satopa a Lipoiing ko malacongtongay ato sapadang congtong. Yo malacongton to kona tatosa I,cingla’ to tosa ko Lipoiing, miliyaw a misingkiw koya kaitiraan nona malacongtongay to sapiporo to ngala’ no Lipoiing. Cecaay aca ko misanga’ay to rikec a Lipoiing,onani sepat a pecih sakowan ko masadakay a malalipoiing, ilaloma’ nonini to 10 ko tamdaw tosaay miheca ko kalalipoiingan, o ‘osaw a 4 lipoiing I 4miheca ko kalalipoiingan, mileponay to 4 kalalipoiingan. == Tamdaw(人口) == Itiya 2019miheca a misa’osi to tamdaw 1500 ko polong tamdaw. Ilaloma’ no nini ‘I, Mikoronisiya tamdaw 97%, o kakaketonan a tilid no Mikoronisiya Malikowatay Kitakit ato Amirika o tamdaw no Mikoronisiya Malikowatay Kitakit manga’ay to paytemek sa a ciloma’、mitilid ato matayal I Amirika, caay ka masa’eli to sapiwacay to tiring a tilid, onini ka sakacisafaw ko cecay ‘emang ko tamdaw a maro’ I Amirika, do’edo sa itira I Hawai, Kuantaw ato ka’amisay Maliana a kanatanatal ko ‘alomanay tamdaw no Mikoronisiya Malikowatay Kitakit. == Sowal (語言) == Tada ‘adihay ko kasasiromaroma a sowal itini, nikawrira, sahetoay o Satimolan Finacadan Sowal ko lamit. Cecay kanatal cecay ko sowal,sepat ko kalapecih sakowan sa sepat ko kapolongan sowal(sifo sowal),o Ikiris sowal ko hasowal no roma a sakowan, I pitilidan o caay aca ko hatatanamen ko ikiris sowal. == Pitooran(宗教) == Tada talolongay ko nika cirep no punka no Yoropa, i saka’etip no Mikoronisiya Malikowatay Kitakit I mingataay to Filipin, sa ‘aloman ko mitooray to Tinsikiw,mahaop ko 50% no tamdaw, I sakawali I o Kiristo ko ‘alomanay mahaop ko 47% no tamdaw, o osaw to 3% o romaroma to a pitooran. [[Faylo:Ponape_Handicraft_Shop.jpg|thumb|Ponape Handicraft Shop]] 9pyk4s9op4gf78x72hinhzer9dj87nf 0 324 44355 30560 2024-08-29T07:29:59Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 Felipe VI, 2017 44355 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:King of Spain (2017, cropped).jpg|縮圖|Felipe VI, 2017|alt=King of Spain (2017, cropped).jpg]] I 1968 a miheca(年) saka 1 folad saka 30 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci '''Felipe VI''' (費利佩六世), malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Spain]](西班牙) anini i ci Felipe VI, patirengan a romi’ad i 2014 a miheca saka 6 folad saka 19 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 5qmrex5tyge5t8ssmxmri1ijzbzr3ir 0 325 32444 32443 2022-09-20T07:29:34Z Ｍayawtowid 44 /* O katadamaanan no niyaro’ */ #ALCD 32444 wikitext text/x-wiki Fengbin（豐濱鄉） Itini i Hualien(花蓮) ko [[Fengbin]] Siyang. sa’osi han ko po:long no palaan i, ira ko 157.26 km² (lalotolotokan a plalan no sa’osi i ira ko 61.89 km², o palaan noto’as i'a:yaw i ira ko 12.67 km²), 4,464 ko tamdaw i Fengbin Siyang, 1,704 ko parod no loma’, itini i niyaro’ a Yincomin(原住民) sa’osi han ira ko 3,695 a tamdaw, pakaala to 83%(Amis[[:zh:阿美族|阿美族]], Kebalan[[:zh:噶瑪蘭族|噶瑪蘭族]], Sakizaya[[:zh:撒奇萊雅族|撒奇萊雅族]], Bunun[[:zh:布農族|布農族]]) no polong no tamdaw. o Amis, Kebalan, Sakizaya, Bunun ko sa’alomanay i Hualien. == O katadamaanan no niyaro’ == ==O kasaniyarona== 5 ko cun, 15 ko niyaro’ i Fengbin Siyang. [[Laeno]]（[[Laeno|大港口部落]]）, [[Makotaay]]（[[Makotaay|港口部落]]）, [[Tida'an]]（[[Tida'an|石梯坪部落]]）, [[Kodic]]（[[Kodic|立德部落]]）, [[Fakong]]（[[Fakong|豐濱部落]]）, [[Haciliwan]]（[[Haciliwan|八里灣部落]]）, [[Tingalaw]]（[[Tingalaw|豐富部落]]）, [[Tisilan]]（[[Tisilan|靜安部落]]）, [[Tafugan]]（[[Tafugan|三富橋部落]]）, [[Cawi]]（[[Cawi|靜浦部落]]）, [[Malaloong]]（[[Malaloong|東興部落]]）, [[Dipit]]（[[Dipit|復興部落]]）, [[Paterungan]]（新社部落）, [[Kaluluwan]]（[[Kaluluwan|磯崎部落]]）, [[Culiu]]（[[Culiu|高山部落]]）. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] rl0oa790hah82z78izkgdy0lx80g964 0 326 6963 6962 2021-10-28T12:10:43Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 15 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 6962 wikitext text/x-wiki Fenglin（鳳林鎮） Itini i Hualien(花蓮縣) ko [[Fenglin]]. sa’osi han ko po:long no palaan i, ira ko 127.45 km² (lalotolotokan a plalan no sa’osi i ira ko 1.5 km², o palaan noto’as i'a:yaw i ira ko 9.08 km²), 1,855 ko tamdaw i Fenglin, 763 ko parod no loma’, itini i niyaro’ a Yincomin(原住民) sa’osi han ira ko 1,120 a tamdaw, pakaala to 60%(Amis阿美族) no polong no tamdaw. o Amis ko sa’alomanay i Hualien. ==O kasaniyarona== 12 ko cun, 6 ko niyaro’ i Fenglin. [[Cingaroan]]（鳳信部落）, [[Cirakayan]]（山興部落）, [[Cihafayan]]（中興部落）, [[Sariwsiw]]（大榮部落）, [[Tangahang]]（長橋部落）, [[Cilo'ohay]]（森榮部落）. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] 7e3inq9ubedka203vq0ggqzg0p0l9pe 0 327 30901 6977 2022-03-30T03:30:00Z Chongkian 441 30901 wikitext text/x-wiki Fernando Chui Sai On(崔世安) [[Faylo:Fernando Chui Sai On.jpg|thumb|Fernando Chui Sai On|alt=Fernando Chui Sai On.jpg]] I 1957 a miheca(年) saka 1 folad saka 13 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci [[Fernando Chui Sai On]], malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Macau]](澳門) anini i ci Fernando Chui Sai On, patirengan a romi’ad i 2009 a miheca saka 12 folad saka 20 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Macau]] p3h0zwtunjnjwdw2796jwshxggde3ch 0 328 32846 32845 2022-11-03T04:47:40Z Masaonikar 570 32846 wikitext text/x-wiki == Fiji(斐濟) == == Fici(斐濟) == Fici kapolongan kitakit (Inkilis: Republic of Fiji;Fici sowal: Matanitu Tugalala o Viti), itiniay i timolay Taypinyang, kawali no Mannato, kaetip no Tongka, katimol no Towaro a palapalaan kitakit, o 330 a pala (malitosaay ko awaayay tamdaw a pala, o Witi ato Wanoa pala tasaay pala ko alomanay tamdaw maawaid ko 87%). Ngangan no kitakit nai Fici a sowa “Viti” no Tongka a ngiha. == Takaray sowal (概略) == O Fici hananay a kitakit I itiraay I Satimolan a Riyar,isawalian I o [[Panato]](萬拿杜)、isaka’etip I o [[Tonga]](東加)、isakatimol I o Tuparo(吐瓦魯). O Fici hananay a kitakit I ira ko 330 a [[Faylo:Fiji_divisions_named_zh.png|縮圖|Fiji divisions named zh]] ko palo ngingra,o fatad nona kanatal I tadamimingay tato sa awaay ko tamdaw itira a maro’,nikawrira itira toya tata’angay a kanatal Fiti ato Fanua I o maro’ay a tamdaw tahira’ay to I 87% ko ka’aloman no tamdaw. Pakany tona ngangan no Fici I nani tiraay I sowal no Fici a tamdaw tora「Viti」, ono Tonga a ngiha’ orasak Fici Kapolongan Kitakit（Ikilis：Republic of Fiji；Fici：Matanitu Tugalala o Viti；Ficiinto：रिपब्लिक ऑफ फीजी）,ano somowal I Fici hananay aca a misa’amoko’. == Rikisi(歷史) == I’ayaw no 500 a so’ot miheca iraay to a tahini ko nani Aciya a tamdaw, I ikor to nonini I sa tahini sanay to ko kohecalay a tamdaw nani Yoropa,na tahini cangra I iraay to ko Fici a tamdaw a maro’ itini tona palapalaan. I 1871 miheca I mapatireng ko sa’ayaway a sifo Hontian Kitakit(斐濟王國) mikowan a palacecay tona palapalaan. [[Faylo:Fijian_mountain_warrior,_Kai_Colo.jpg|縮圖|1870 Fijian mountain warrior, Kai Colo]] Nikawrira,I 1874 miheca matekop no Ikilis kona Hontian Kitakit,malamikowanan to no Ikilis kona kitakit. 1970 miheca malifet no Fici ko Ikilis ta o Fici to ko mikowanay tono hiyah a kitakit. 1987 miheca kinatosa ko pifelih no sofitay, sa’ayaway ira ko macangalay to sifo nai masaIntiyaay nipitekad, sakatosa milongoc to palasawad to hongtian rikec, nidemak to kapolongan kitakit, makotay no congtong ko tapang no misimaway,roma a kitakit nai “Fici salongocay” mafalic “Fici kapolongan kitakit” ahan. 1990 miheca mafalic ko ngangan “Fici salongoc kapolongan kitakit”. 1998 miheca miliyaw mafalic “Fici palapalaan kitakit”. I 2006 miheca 5 folad 6 romi’ad, kalomaocan misingkiw itiya. 5 folad 18 romi’ad, o singkiw wiyyinhuy misaheci, i fafa’eday kalomaocan 71 ko iing, Fici marikecaytang ira ko 36 iing, Fici kongtang 31 iing, papolong finawlan tang 2 ko iing, roma a 2 iing o misatekaday misingkiw. Fici marikecaytang a kakeridan ci Lainiya Enkasa mipatireng to todong no kakomodan mikowanay[4]. I 2006 miheca 12 folad 5 romi’ad, kakeridan no mifolaway ci Felanke Mopaynimalama a sowal, maeminay no sofitay mikowan mi’emet ko polong no kitakit, mapalasawad ko kalamikowanay ni Enkalasay a demak, o cingra ko micarcaray citodong mikowan saan[5]. 12 folad 6 romi’ad, palakecay sifo a kakeridan ci Ciona Saynilankakali mipatireng[6]. 2007 miheca 1 folad 4 romi’ad, ci Mopaynimalama mihapiw o congtong patorodan ci Yosifo Iloiloan[7]. 1 folad 5 romi’ad, ci Mopaynimalama mihapiw to sakacitodong to pacarcaray sifo a mikeriday. 2011 miheca, mipatikol to yana ngangan no kitakit “Fici kapolongan kitakit”. == Sici (政治) == No Fici a sici a masalaloma’ i kalomaocan mipalowadan, pakayni i kasasiroma no kasasiiked no cefang ko pilaheci, o kakomoan no Fici o tatapangan no sifo, o congtong patodong aca patorodan i kalomaocan a iing ’alomanay micokeray a pipatorodan, saka o nai kalomaocan nisingkiwan ko congtong. Sakidademaken i o congli ko citodongay ato kasalekad no kasahira mamikerid to sifo; mirikecay o kalomaocan ato sifo; mi  siiked midemak ato mirikec. O Fici tahacila i 2012 miheca kopihayda to fafahiya hoti ci Ilisapay saka tosa o sakakaay tatakosan, nika nai 1987 mihecaan miteka o congtong to ko sakakaay kakeridan no kitakit; o Fici pakayni i 2006 miheca masasiwtoc paterep to Sakakaay a Micowatay no Inkilis Hongtian Kitakit a aro’, o dengan mapaterepay tina micowatay kitakit a laloma’an kitakit. Ikor i 2014 miheca 3 folad mapaterep mikihatiya tinakalomaoc[9], toya miheca 9 folad nao laloma’an no kitakit misingkiw a mihayda ko kasakitakit mapalowad ko kalacefang[10]. Mapatot i 1987 miheca kinatosa masasiwtoc maketon ko minco sici no Fici, nawhani itiya calemcem to sifo o Intiya a finacadan ko mi’emetay to Fici sanay. I 1990 miheca a kimpo mipatodong to Fici a finacadan a todong, nakawrira o saka’aloman no Intiya finacadan a mafolaw, saka malasawad ko tamdaw sakaserer no kicay a mapades, nika madipot aca ko Milanisiya tamdaw no ka’aloman. 1997 miheca mihapiw to nisalofan a kimpo no Fici malasaka lalen. 1999 mihecaan pakonira sanay a singkiw masadak ko Intiya finacadan citodongay mikowan to sifo. Ikor no 1 miheca, oya ’atekakay no Fici finacadan i 2000 miheca mipalasawad a misiwtoc. I paherekan no 2000 miheca mapalowad ko minco sici. 2006 miheca a pisiwtoc no sofitay paherek ko sakiminco a rakat, tangasa 2014 miheca itiya mapalowad ko minco a singkiw. === Sofitay 軍事 === Fici kapolongan kitakit a sofitay (RFMF), polong no sofitay 3,500 ko tamdaw, o caayay ka ’aloman a sofitay. Toni 3,200 tamdaw ono hekal (pakaseraay), enemay ko kasasiiked a cefang; roma, ira ko 6,000 ko pataroday, mamangay sofitay. Ira ko 3200 tamdaw ko tadahitay, ’Enemay masasiiked ko hitay (makatay) ato cecay a hitay (malingaday); roma, ira ko 6,000 tamdaw pataroday malitoloay makatay hitay. I ’ayaw ira ko culu (Zulu) mifelihay a sofitay (ira ko 80 hitay), i 2,000 miheca na mirapot to kasasiwtoc a malacinowas. === Kicay 經濟 === O kicay no Fici o maomahay, mifotingay, misakilang, misanga’ay, misafodawan, miparatohay ato kalocalay, ikakangan. Maomahay paloma to kalolosay: tali, afinong, keke, kowa’, ato kasasiromaroma no losay ato dating, kafa (kava) ato panay. Pakaenay to kalong, cihacolay kolong, fafoy, ’aya’ayam, siri, tadasiri ato ’odal. Mifotingay satadamaanay kicay no Fici, nawhan sakaira no ’icel no tatirengan, ato sakaira no kalingadan ato sakaira no picomod no kinaira no kitakit. Misakilangay dadahal ira ko 956,860 kofo, o iraay ko 1.3% (GDF) no kitakit. Misanga’ay o saka tatenaan no kalingadan. Misafodawan ato misafokelohay kinaira ira ko 1.4% no kitakit. Miparatohay ato kalocalay a fana’ no Fici, masolot ko tadamaanay no hekal to kasakaysya pihatatanaman (back office services) tatorod to i Ficiay kosi midemak. saki ikakangan, ira ko ika, ninengnengan, ngiha, tingnaw, kalocalay kasasowal, taingwa a pisanga’ ato pasadakan. == Tamdaw(人口) == O misa’osian a tamdaw I 2003miheca o polong 837.000 tamdaw. O kadetek no tamdaw I cecay a likot ira ko 45.8 ko maro’ay a tamdaw.palalenen a mihapinang ko kato’edaw no ‘orip ira ko 72.1 ko miheca no kalotamdaw. I ‘ayaw no cecay a so’ot mihecah o katongal no tamdaw to kalomihecaan I 1.1%. ona tamdaw I o 15-64ko mihecaan ko ‘alomanay, o I tatelongan a mihecaan I 27.9miheca, o fafahiyan ko ‘alomanay to fa’inayan. O polong atamdaw I o Milanisya 54.3%,o Indo a tamdaw I 38.1%. 2003 miheca nipolongan misa’osi ko tamdaw no Fici 837,000 tamdaw. Kasacoco no tamdaw 45.8 tamdaw/pinfang kongli. Kala’isal no ’orip 72.1. nai 20 sici 30 miheca miteka, to mihecahecaan macakat ko tamdaw 1.1%. tamdaw no Fici nai 15-64 mihecaan o masakapahay a todong, mihecaan 27.9. kasasiiked no tamdaw to fainayan/fafahiyan 103 (fafahiyan=100). == o sowal(語言) == Pakaynien I sarikec no Kenpo no Fici toloay ko no kitakit asowal,oriran I Ikilis asowal、Fici a sowal ato Indo a sowal(Hindustani)。Ona Hindustani hananay a sowal i o teloc no nani Indoay a tamdaw a sowal,ora Fici a sowal i o sowal no itinitiniay a maro’ i Fici a tamdaw o Yuencumin no Fici cangra. Pakaynien i sarikec no Kenpo i o tamdaw no Fici iraay ko niyah a salongac to pakiniyahay a harateng a somowal to sowal, ano ira ko mafokiray to loma a sowal i tangsolen no midemakay a komuyng to mamifelih to kafana’an ningra a sowal. O Ikilis a sowal I o sakasasowal no Fici ato Indo a tamdaw, o sowal no kasasilomaloma a tamdaw o Ikilis a sowal ko sakacacofel, o matayal I sifo、I pitilidan、I kingko ato no rikec a tayal I saheto’ay o Ikilis ko sakasasowal. Matelek i kimpo no Fici ko malatoloay sowal no kitakit, Inkilis, Fici ato Intiya Setan (Hindustani) a sowal. Sakitini, Intiya Setan sowal o maro’ay i Fici a Intiya finacadan a sowal, Fici a sowal o no Fici finawlan a sowal. Midotoc to telak no kimpo no Fici, o Fici a finawklan a salonoc kasacecay a sowal o sakalalicay i citodongay no sifo, ano kacana’oran ira ko mamifalicay tosowal a tamdaw. O Inkilis o sakasasowal no Fici finacadan ato Intiya finacadan sakacaca’of. Kasasiroma finacadan o Inkilis a sowal ko citodongay sifo, citodongay kiiko, citodongay payso ato norikec citodongay ko pisa Inkilis a sowal. Fici a sowal ono Fici finacadan a sowal, ono Notimolan kalokanatal a finacadan. Mangangataay to no Notimolan kalokanatal a finacadan a Milanisiya, nika halafin marara’od masasiini to Polinisiya finacadan, saka masasicalay to Malay-Polinisiya a sowal no Tongka sowal masangilay. O Intiya Setan sowal i Fici maro’ay Intiya finacadan ato Islan-Moselin ko pitooran ka sakasowalan. Ato itiniay Intiya a pala a nisowalan caay to kalecad ato Wol sowal sasiromaan, nika caay ko sakasicara ko kalalicay, saki kasasowal no Fici a Intiya Setan sowal, minengneng i Fici Intiya sowal. Dengan tona toloay a kasasowal, ira ho ko romaroma a sowal i Fici. Kaetipay no Fici adihay ko sasiroma a sowal, no saki no sifo a nisowalan (Bau Standard) caay kalecad, ono roma finacadan a sowal. Oroma, ’adihay ko i Ficiay a Intiya tamdaw somowal to Intiya-Setan, masasowal to no Tamiel a sowal. Ira ko caay kapapina a somowalay to Pihari (Bihari) a sowal, Pangkalatis sowal ato romaroma a sowal. Itini i kitakit a Lotuma sowal (ono Polinisiya cecay a sowal).[[Faylo:Fijian_women_ceremonial.jpg|縮圖|1935nmihecaan a fafahiyan no Fici . Fijian women ceremonial]] == Sera(土地) == [[Faylo:Flag of Fiji.svg|thumb|Flag of Fiji|alt=Flag of Fiji]] [[Faylo:Fiji on the globe (small islands magnified) (Polynesia centered).svg|thumb|Location of Fiji]] Itini i 18 00 S, 175 00 E, no Osiniya ko Fiji. Polong no sekalay i 18,274 sq km “saka 157 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 18,274 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 0 sq km ” Polong i 915,303 ko tamdaw. Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 23.30%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 55.70%, malo no roma to a sera 21%. === O kasasikiked a sakowan 行政區劃 === Fici masiiked 2 ko cisyasi, 4 ko kadademakan ato Lotuma pala. Cisyasi masiiked o Suwa ato Lawtoka; kadademakan masiiked kasasifoay, sakaetipay, saka’amisay ato sakawaliay. Mapapecih ko 14 ko liyad: Namosi, La, Riwa, Sayloa, Taylaywo, Naytasili, Natelokanousa, Pa, Poa, Kakawtelowi, Kantau, Law, Romaywiti, Makoata a liyad. === Palapalaan 地理 === O dadahal no Fici a pala (halo riyar) 194,000 pinfang kongli, laloma’ 10% ko hekal. O Fici 322 ko pala, o nitaliyokan no raka ko nanomacelalay a pala, laloma’ 1/3 ko niaro’an no tamdaw. Satata’akay pala o Witi pala ato Wanoa pala. O kadademakan no sifo i Sowa itiniay i Witi a pala. Malitoloay (4/3) ko tamdaw maro’ i Witi pala. Oni a pala ’adihay ko lotolotok, sa’akawangay i Tomabiwi lotok (Tomaniivi), nai toroh no riyar ira ko 1,324 ko laya’, o fa’edetay kala’oraday. Roma a maci ira ko Natii, Sausau ato Lawtuka. === Sailalan 交通 === Nanti kasakitakit hikokiciw itini i Witi a pala sakaetipay no Fici saka tolo maci a Nanti, malasatadamaanay no mirarakatay micomod i minato. Nawsoli kasakitakit hikociw itira i Sowa a maci. == Romi’ad (氣候) == O romi’ad no Fici o falawfaway faedetay tono riyar a romi’ad, masamihecaan ko falawfaway laloma’. Falawfaway i 11 folad tangasa sakatosa miheca 4 folad, sa’emelay romi’ad nai 5 folad tangasa 10 folad. Ano sa’eme’emal ko romi’ad tahira to i 22˚C (72˚F). ka’oradan a romi’ad, o kafalawfawan o ka’oradan, mangalef i hekalan. Talacowa cecay miheca ira ko sakaciherang a fali (mo^etep miheca masadak 10-12), ano haenen ko sowal, o so^emetayto ko romi’ad no Fici. == Kacacofelan (外交) == I 1975 miheca 11 folad 5 romi’ad, Congko ato Fici kapolongan kitakit masasitelek, mihapiw to kacacofelan a demak; mihayda ko Fici kapolongan kitakit i caay pahoda misedef to kacacofelan to Taywan a citodongay. Fici kapolongan kitakit mipatereng i Koalalompo no Malaysiya ko takaraway citodongay no sifo, o Malaysiya mipatireng ito i Sowa ko takaraway citodongay no sifo. Onini tosaay kitakit nano mikowanan no Tata'akay Inkilis a Lekatep itiya, nai 1952 tangasa 1956 miheca kacalemceman itiya, o ’alomanay sofitay nai Ficiay tayni i Malaysiya[11]. == Pitooan (宗教) == Mitooray to Kristokaw a tamdaw micalap to 52.9%, mitooray to Intiyakiw ato Islankiw micalap to 38.1% ato 7.8%. Pahahanan kitakit i pitooran, o kasahirahira no pakayraananay ko Fici. Nawhani kasasiroma no finacadan ko maro’ay i Fici, orasaka, nai pahanhanan no kitakit pahapinang to kasasiroma no finacadan ko kasasinga’ay no ponka. No kitakit pahanhanan {| class="wikitable" |Romi’ad |Ngangan no hanhan |Paini |- |Saka 1 folad 1 romi’ad |Syongac lisin |O syongac no Fici, roma niyaro’ masalipay, tangasa masafolaay. |- |Saka 2 ato 3 folad to mihecaan |Holi romi’ad lisin |No Intiyakiw a romi’ad - sakacicengel |- |Saka 3 ato 4 folad to mihecaan |Rama Navami lisin |No Intiyakiw a romi’ad – mihemek to kasofocan ni Lomo (kalatamdaw Piseno) |- |Saka 3 ato 4 folad to mihecaan |Piliyawan ni Yis ma’orip nai patay lisin |Rayray pitoor no Kristokiw a romi’ad O sifo no Fici, patodong to pahanhanan pa’aliwacan kalomowadan ato ’ayaw sakalima kasemseman |- |Saka 5 folad 30 romi’ad |Pihiratengan to mama no kitakit |Sarakatay no Fici a sici tamdaw, o “mama no kitakit” ci Lala Sukuna, saikoray no falad a lipay ato romi’adan ko pihemakan. |- |Saka 7 folad |Kimpo romi’ad lisin |Pihiraten to pipatirengan to kimpo |- |Islan kalinta 3 falad 12 romi’ad |Tadamaanay pihiratengan lisin |Tadamaanay pihiratengan romi’ad, kasofocan ni Mohammote |- |Saka 9 folad |Pisatefosan romi’ad lisin |I Lautoka maci ko pidemakan, caay kaketon ko romi’ad |- |Saka 10 folad 10 romi’ad |Patirengan to kitakit no Fici lisin |O pihiratengan to pa’isal to Inkilis (1874 miheca) ato pisiikedan nai Inkilis (1970 miheca) Masalipay ko pidemak no sifo “o lioay no Fici”, kasasiromaroma no ponka ko kaaini no lisin |- |Saka 10 folad 11 folad |Pitisilan to dawdaw (pata’engaday) lisin |No Intiyakiw a lisin, mitooray to Intiyakiw taypiaw no palemad sakakadofah a kawas to fafdahiyan ci Lakesemian, caay kaketon ko romi’ad |- |Saka 12 folad 25 romi’ad |Korosimas lisin |Rayray no lecok no Kristokiw |} == (首都) == O [Suva](蘇瓦) ko Siyoto. === Onto 體育 === 2016 miheca 8 folad 11 romi’ad, no Fici papitoay tamdaw (7 tamdaw) a kanglangciyo cefang i Lio Olimpiko kalalifetan 43-7 mapidah ko Inkilis a cefang, i a’oc no rayray ko tada^ekim, sarakatay a maala tono Olimpiko a tada^ekim[12][13][14]. Itiya romi’ad, o Fici kitakit a sofo mihapiw tiya romi’ad mitelek o pihiratengan no kitakit. === Singpon mitiya 新聞媒體 === Satadamaanay no Fici a singpon ira ko Fici sepow (Inkilis), romi’ad singpon, Fici pacidal singpon, Holam singpon ira ko Fici sepow ato Fici holam ngiha singpon. O satadamaanay no Fici a casi ira ko no kitakit kaliaca, taypinyang kanatal (folad), i taypinyang palapala kasa’etal mapahapiw, o pihapiw 1 ’ofad a tilid. I Fici ira ko paratohay kosi, patireng i 1985 miheca, ono sifo a paratohay, polong no kitakit no Fici paratohay calay, ira ko 6 a sakapot, o Fici a sowal, Inkilis sowal, Intiya sowal polong no kitakit. I Fici ira ko tilifi, patireng i 1993 miheca, ira ko cecay caay kaciaca a calay (Fiji One) ato ciacaay a tilifi (SKY Pacific), polong no kitakit ko paratoh[15]. == katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) == Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakasiwa 7 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[|George Konrote|George Konrote]](喬治·孔羅特), patirengan a romi’ad i 2015 a miheca(年) saka 11 folad saka 12 a romi’ad.ci Safulo. == Pinengnengan tilid. (參考文獻) == 1. Fiji. World Economic Outlook Database. International Monetary Fund (IMF). April 2022 [2022-07-29] (Inkilis). 2. Gini Index. World Bank. [5 November 2017]. (nano nina’angan tilid i 7 November 2017). 3. Human Development Report 2019 (PDF). UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME. [2019-12-21]. (nano nina’angan tilid i (PDF) 2019-12-09). 4. Nano nina’angan tilid i [2006-05-23]. (nano nina’angan tilid I 2010-01-18). 5. Nano nina’angan tilid i [2006-12-05]. (nano nina’angan tilid I 2015-04-02). 6. Nano nina’angan tilid i [2006-12-06]. (nano nina’angan tilid I 2016-03-24). 7. Nano nina’angan tilid i [2007-01-05]. (nano nina’angan tilid I 2015-04-02). 8. Nano nina’angan tilid i [2007-01-07]. (nano nina’angan tilid I 2016-03-24). 9. Fiji suspended from Commonwealth. BBC. 8 December 2006 [2019-08-05]. (nano nina’angan tilid I 2006-12-10). 10. Fiji rejoins Commonwealth as a full member. The Commonwealth. 26 September 2014 [28 September 2014]. (nano nina’angan tilid i 2019-09-01). 11. Minister Kubuabola Discusses Development and Trade Cooperation with Malaysia. Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation of Fiji. 2011-08-03 [2014-01-22]. (nano nina’angan tilid i 2014-02-02). 12. Olympics Daytime. Rio 2016. 2016miheca 8 folad 11 romi’ad. CBC. 13. Fiji thrash Great Britain to win Olympic men’s rugby sevens gold. Guardian. 2016 miheca 8 folad 11 romi’ad [2016 miheca 8 folad 12romi’ad]. (nano nina’angan tilid i 2019-05-02). 14. Rio Olympics 2016: Silver for GB as Fiji win sevens gold. BBC Sport. 2016 miheca 8 folad 12 romi’ad (nano nina’angan tilid i 2016-08-12). 15. Fici nikadademak. [2011-05-12]. (nano nina’angan tilid i 2010-10-20). == Pihapinangan a tilid(註腳) == * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 6413jph3ywyfll96bptoepeqwq1e31z 0 329 44514 44513 2024-08-31T19:45:34Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 Vujanović, 2016 44514 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:F Vujanovic (crop).jpg|縮圖|Vujanović, 2016|alt=F Vujanovic (crop).jpg]] I 1954 a miheca(年) saka 9 folad saka 1 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci '''Filip Vujanović'''(菲利普·武亞諾維奇), malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Montenegro]](蒙特內哥羅) anini i ci Filip Vujanović, patirengan a romi’ad i 2003 a miheca saka 5 folad saka 22 a romi’ad. == No papotalay a kakafit == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 6kxd1tzvw1462qmvolsbfzjpelgqr2t 0 330 44516 44515 2024-08-31T19:46:37Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 Nyusi, 2014 44516 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Filipe Nyusi cropped.png|縮圖|Nyusi, 2014|alt=Filipe Nyusi cropped.png]] I 1959 a miheca(年) saka 2 folad saka 9 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci '''Filipe Nyusi'''(菲利佩·紐西), malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Mozambique]](莫三比克) anini i ci Filipe Nyusi, patirengan a romi’ad i 2015 a miheca saka 1 folad saka 15 a romi’ad. == No papotalay a kakafit == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] orieiv8hmsa6swygy4pe88rqdgc97z7 0 331 7040 7039 2021-10-28T12:10:55Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 4 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 7039 wikitext text/x-wiki == Finacadan no katimolay a kanatal (南島民族) == Finacadan no katimolay a kanatalan i,odengan a maroay i kanatalaan a finacadan i hkal,O komod no caciyaw nangra i ,anca’ tahira i 1,300 ko pinangan.O kamaroan nara i tadakatimol i ,tangasa i ka^tip no Nanmico a kafowakan a kanatal；O ka^tip i ,tangasa i kawaliay no liyar no Afikan a Ma- takaska a kanatal；O katimol i, tangasa i Niwsilan；O kaamis i tangasa i Taywan ato Liwkiw a kanatal no Dipong . I ayaw no mikingkiway to i kaayaway no Tawan a finacada sanay a sowal i, o pasaniay i kawali ato katimolay a mafolaw san,nikawrira, ono aniniay a pikinkiw a sowal i ,o satapangan（kalitngan, kalingatowaan） no finacadan no katimolay a kanatal ko Taywan sanay. === 語系 === O caciyaw(語言) no finacadan no katimolay a kanatal i, tosaay ko tadapi- nangan,sakaccay i, o”Taywanay a caciyaw”；sakatosa i ,o”Ma- layo-Polynesian a caciyaw”.O sowal no itiniay i Taywan a finacadan a caci- yaw i,caay ka^ca a talolongca ko kalawilawit nangra,malaliniliniay ho to caciyaw no i “Taypin a liyar”, “Into a liyar”a finacadan,mato misowalan no mikingkiway to『caciyaw no katimolay a kanatal 』 san.Ano pakani to sa’osi ato pinanga a caciyaw no finacadan no katimolay a kanatal i ,ira ko mal- ecaday nangra, malo sa’osi no “tosa”, “lima”,ato”mata”, “loma^”, “makaen”（komaen） hanaay a caciyaw,o ngaay a sasongilaen konini a mikingkiw. <ref>陳振雄. (2011). Wikipedia 維基百科 族語詞條試寫─原住民族語詞條 2011作品集. 教育部.</ref> [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 7hx0smtqxze3o3bb9fw1a4ewd829d2u 0 332 35097 32904 2023-03-18T19:10:42Z Dušan Kreheľ 393 [[:m:User:Dušan Kreheľ/Bot:Merging identical references by the bot|Merging identical references by the bot]] (new references: 3, new reference calls: 5) 35097 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Flag of Finland.svg|縮圖|Hata no Fenlan]] == Fenlan Kapolongan-Kitakit(芬蘭共和國;Fenla a sowal:''Suomen tasavalta''; Roytin a sowal:''Republiken Finland''） == [[Faylo:EU-Finland.svg|縮圖|kaitiraan no Fenlan]] Matakaray sowal:O itiraay i Ka’amisan-Yoropa a kirakit, o cecay no Limayay kitakit no Ka’amisan-Yoropa. O sera no kitakit i, o tateko no i karopaway a sera ato 17 ‘ofad ira ko pito cicing a kanatal, sakilacen to 19 sakowan mahaop ko 309 niyaro’, kakahad i,ira ko 33.8 ‘ofad km². itini i Fenlan ira ko 18.8 ‘ofad ko fanaw, sa ira ko”Ipatekay fanaw a kitakit” a pacimir to makapahay a ngangan. Isaka’amis no saka’etipan madado’edo ato Roytin, I saka’amis mingata to Norway, ikawali madado’edo ato Rosiya. Isak’etipan mataliyok no Potiniya-Kihaw(波斯尼亞灣;Fenlan a sowal:''Pohjanlahti''；Roytin a sowal:''Bottniska viken''), ikatimol no saka’etipan misi’ayaw to Poroti-Riyar, katimol o Fenla-kihaw.<ref name="Unnamed-20230318190957">芬兰国家概况. 中華人民共和國外交部. [2021-02-11]. （原始內容存檔於2021-12-12） （中文（中國大陸））.</ref> O tamdaw no Fenlan ira ko 550 ‘ofad, sahetoay o Fenlan finacadan. Itini i Yoropa o saka25 rayray ko ka’adihay no tamdaw. o sifoan a sowal i,o Fenlan sowal ato Roytin a sowal.<ref name="Unnamed-20230318190957"/> nikawrira, o sowal no Roytin itiniay i lilis no riyar ato Awlan-kanatanatalan. O Fenlan a kitakit o Comahaday-kitakit ato Rihadayay-kitakit, ira ko sakakaay ko kafangcal no ‘orip no tamtamdaw. O pisolap no Linheko to “Rihadayay ko faloco’ i Hekal” i 2018 miheca tahira i 2022 mihecaan matokitok to lima a mihecaan o sakakaay rayray ko karihaday a kitakit ko Fenlan. == '''Rikisi (歷史)''' == Pacomoden no honti no Fenlan ci Ayliko sakasiwa ko Kristo-Pitooran tayni i Fenlan i 1154 miheca.o sowal no Norway to hatiniay a halafin o skakaay kalosowal no Fenlan i katayalan no sifo, pipasifana’an to mitiliday, o sowal sa no Fenla i,tahira to saka 19sici macakat to Finacadan-Harateng, itira I cecay a ‘olic “kalawal” ('''卡勒瓦拉''';Fenla a sowal:''Kalevala'') ta matenak ko sowal no Fenlan. [[Faylo:Diet of Porvoo.jpg|縮圖|O Honti no Rosiya ko milsaotay (Diet of Porvoo)]] I 1808 miheca malalood ko Fenlan, Roytin ato Rosiya, malowid ko Roytin, o Fenlan sa i,ocoren no honti no Rosiya ko sofitay a mi’eco ko Fenlan, to ikor to i,mapateko no Rosiya ko Fenlan mala niyah-pikowan a kitakit, o honti no Rosiya ko mikowanay tahira tahira I 1917 mihecaan. 1917 miheca saka 12 folad saka 6 romi’ad malingato ko Nipilolol mifelih ko Rosiya(十月革命;Rosiya a sowal:''Октя́брьская револю́ция''), ca ka halafin milekal ko Fenlan to pisiied nani Rosiya. [[Faylo:LapinSota.jpeg|縮圖|Lapolan-Lalood]] 1918 miheca ira ko lalood ilaloma' nona kitakit.i Sakatosa-Lalood malalooda haca ato Solin, o 1939-1940 miheaan a Kasi'enawan-Lalood ato 1941-1944 matokitok kona laloos, oninian i, o mikapotay to Solin ko Fenlan milood to Toic, 1941 miheca saka 6 folad saka25 romi'ad, Naci-Toic mi'eco a milood to Solin,micomod to ko sofitay no Toic i Solin mikihamon ko sofitay no Fenlan milood to Solin,mapasadak ko 47 'ofad ko sofitay mi'eco to Solin, mapalolol koya ma'afasay no Solin a sera i Kasi'enawan-Lalood, sa patireng sa to ”Tata’akay-Fenalan”, mico’eco haca ko sofitay no Fenlan i Sakawaliay-Kalilina(''Finnish invasion of East Karelia'') , saka9 folad ma’eco haca no Fenlan ko Awnika-fanaw. Hatiniay ko pidama no Fenlan to Naci-Toic a milood o malakapotay to ato Toic sanay to ko pinengengen no Tokodan-Kitakit(軸心國; Ikiris a sowal:''Axis power''; Toic a sowal:''Die Achsenmächte),'' caay ka picomod i “Toloay-Kitakit Lekapep a Kakaketonan”(德意日三國同盟條約; Ikiris a sowal:''Tripartite Pact''；Toic a sowal:''Dreimächtepakt''；Italiya a sowal:Patto tripartito；Dipon a sowal:日独伊三国間条約), o Ikiris lekal sato to milood to Fenlan i 1941 miheca saka 12 folad saka 6 romi’ad. 1944 miheca saka 6 folad micowat ko Solin to Fenlan, itira i Wipao-Pitorocawoceko(維堡-彼得羅札沃茨克)malowid ko Fenlan,toyanan malowid no Sofitay no Solin ko Toic i Aysaniya,toya saka 9 folad matatilid to “Sapisawad a malalood a Mosko Kakaketonan”, sawadaen no Solin koya nano Fenlan a Kariliya-Tata’eman(卡累利阿地峽; Rosiya a sowal:''Карельский перешеек''; Fenla a sowal:''Karjalankannas),''Latociakaliliya ,Picinka-Etal(佩琴加區; Rosiya a sowal:''Пе́ченгский райо́н''; Fenla a sowal:''Petsamo)'' ato Sala(薩拉;Fenlan a sowal:：''Salla).'' Ira ko pipacici no Nisakapotay-Kitakit(''Allies of World War II'') ato Solin ko Fenlan sa milood to Tpic i Lapolan-Lalood(拉普蘭戰爭;Ikiris a sowal'':Lapland War''; Fenla a sowal'':Lapin sota),'' tona lalood malaplap no Fenlan ko sofitay no Toic nani sa’amisan no Fenlan a Lapolan-Etal. I 1947 miheca ato 1948 miheca ira ko pinapina a katatilid no Solin ato Fenlan, mirikec to salongoc ato hatayal no Fenlan sakisolin, o Fenlan sato i, mido’edo to ninian a kakaketonan mihayi to kamaro’ no sofitay no Solin i sakawaliay a sera. Lacemcem to ko Roytin ato Awtili to ka’ecoan no Solin alamilekallekal sato ”Caay-Pisahakinih Kitakit”. Orasaka, mina’ay mikapot to ” Saka’amisay Tata'angay Sa'etipay Riyaran a Kakaketonan Lekatep” (''North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO'') to ato ”Fasa-Kakaketonan Lekatep” (華沙公約組織;''Организация Варшавского Договора'') to. 1991 miheca, matekop ko Solin(蘇聯解體; Rosiya a sowal:''Распад СССР),'' laheci sato ko kapisiiked no Fenlan,i 1995 miheca mikapot Yoropa-Lekatep. I 2022 miheca saka 5 folad saka 18 romi'ad mipasingsi to sapikapotaw to ” Saka’amisay Tata'angay Sa'etipay Riyaran a Kakaketonan Lekatep”.<ref>Suomi jätti Nato-jäsenhakemuksensa Brysselissä. Yle. 2022-05-18 [2022-05-26]. （原始內容存檔於2022-06-05） （芬蘭語）.</ref> == Kaitiraan(地理) == [[Faylo:Top of Halti fjeld - Finland - 07-09-2006.jpg|縮圖]] O kakahad no sera no Fenlan ira ko 228,000km², o sakafalo ko tata’ang i Yoropa, nani ’amis tahira i katimol ira ko 1,157 km ko kato’edaw no sera, nani kawali tahira i ka’etip ira ko 542km. sa ira ko”patekay-kanatal a kitakit” ano ca ” patekay-fanaw a kitakit” a pacimir to makapahay a ngangan. Ano songila’en a misa’osi polong no Fenla kitakit ira ko 188,000 ko fanaw ato 179,000 ko kanatal. O pala no Fenlan i, sahetoay masadafdafay,o Lapolan-etal itiraay i kalal’edan no Fenlan ato Norway, o Hartiya-pocok itiraay i Norway, nani tongroh no riyar ira ko 1,365 laya’, o pasitiraay i Fenlan nani tongroh no riyar ira ko 1,328 laya’ o sakakaay a takalaway no Fenlan.<ref>Kangasniemi, Tuomas. Halti ei ole Suomen korkein huippu. tekniikkatalous.fi. 2009-10-26 [2016-08-23]. （原始內容存檔於2016-09-02） （芬蘭語）.</ref>o sato’edaway ’alo o Kaymi-’Alo, ira ko 550 km.<ref>水域 > 河流. FishinginFinland.fi. [2018-04-28]. （原始內容存檔於2018-04-29） （中文）.</ref> Caay ko fanaw aca ko adihayay, o matahepoay no kilakilangan a sera mahaop ko 69%, nikawrira, o liomah i, cowa ka adihay, dengan 8%. o masa’opoay a kanatal itiraay i la’ed no karopaw no Fenlan ato Awlan-kanatanatalan a Kanatalan-Riyar.(群島海;Fenlan a sowal:''Saaristomeri''; Roytin a sowal:''Skärgårdshavet''). O saka’aisay-rafa’efaay ko kakarayan no Fenlan, si’enaway to kasi’enawan, latek i,caay ka firo no tamdaw ko kasi’enaw no romi’ad, ikacifelangan sa’emelay ko kakarayan. O kaitiraan no Fenlan itiraay i kalala’edan no 60° N ato 70° N, ira ko cecay no kalisepat itirray i Ska’amisan-Poco’ no cikiw,<ref>国家概况- 人口地理- 地理概况. 芬蘭國家旅遊局. 2006-08-04 [2007-12-26]. （原始內容存檔於2007-08-31） （中文（簡體））.</ref>o saka’amisay a pala i kacifrangan ira ko 73 romi’ad cowa ka picelem ko cidal, i kasi’enawan ira ko 51 romi’ad cowa ka sadak ko cidal. == '''Sakipili’etan'''(經濟) == O sakakaay misanga’ay to dafong, paitemekay ko pili’etan a kitakit ko Fenlan, o lalen a ni’etanan no kalotamdaw tada i kakaay no lalen no Yoropa, matatoktokay ato fiyaw a kitakit Roytin. O sakakaay a tayal o misangaay to dafong, o kilang,’eki’ekiman, misanga’ to loma’ ato lalan, o tinwa ato calayay a tayal.o cinganganay a calayay dafong o Nokiya, orasak malita’ang to ka’aloman no kakafitifit i calay ato iraay ko kapalay-tingwa. O sakakaay a demak ko kali’aca to dafong i roma a kitakit, o ’etan no cecay no kalitolo no GDP o nipasadakan i roma a kitakit to dafong a paliwal, o kilang ato mamang a tadafokeloh aca ko patahtahan, o i sapasanga’ a dafong, saparakat to kikay a simal ato saparing a dafong no kikay sahetoay o mi’acaan nani roma a kitakit. [[Faylo:Saami Family 1900.jpg|縮圖|Sami-tamdaw(1990 miheca)]] Orasaka, ko’esit ko pikafit no Fenlan ato roma a kitakit to saka’orip, o mitayalan a maamaan ira ko cecay no kalitolo o nipasadakan a paliwal. O kali’acaan ato Yoropa-Lekatep mahaop ko 60%. O kali’acaan a kitakit ira ko Toic,Rosiya, Roytin, Ikiris, Amirika, Holan ato Congko. O rikec no kali’aca o Yoropa-Lekatep ko misana’ay a miketon, itini i Yoropa-Lekatep edeng o losay no liomah ko no niyah a tayal, oroma sa i, paitemek sanay ko kali’aca no tamtamdaw. I 1999 miheca mikapot to Yoropa-Payso a Faco, anini edengan o Fenlan ko miraoyay to Yoropa-Payso i Ka’amisay-Yoropa. == Tamdaw(人口) == I 2017 mihecaan a pisa’osi no Fenlan, o polong a tamdaw no Fenlan ira ko 552’ofad.<ref>Finland’s preliminary population 5,516,224 at the end of 2017. Tilastokeskus.fi. Statistics Finland. 2018-02-15 [2018-02-22]. （原始內容存檔於2018-02-16） （英語）.</ref> itini i Fenlan ira ko tosa a kalosowal no sifo, o Fenlan-Sowal, mahaop ko 88.3% ko tamdaw, ato Roytin-Sowal, mahaop ko 5.3% ko tamdaw. O mamangay a sowal i, ira ko Sami-tamdaw, Rosiya-tamdaw, Yotaya-tamdaw ato Tatan-finacadan. [[Faylo:Ymär Abdrahimin kangas- ja lyhyttavarakauppa, Iso Roobertinkatu 28.jpg|縮圖|Patiyamay no Tatan-tamdaw i Hersinci]] Itiya ho i Kasi’enawan-Lalood ira ko 12% a tamdaw milongoc to kamaro’an. Yo malaheci sato ko lalood ira ko kaletengay a demak to sapatefoc to lalood, mikilim to katayalan no awaay ko tayal, ato i’ayaw no pisiiked no Fenlan tadamanikaw ko kitakit, orasaka, ’aloman ko mafolaway a tamdaw i 1970 mihecaan. Tahira sato i 1990 mihecaan rahoday to ko ’orip, mahaneknek to ko sieci, ahihay ko saparihaday no sifo to tamdaw, oria to ko saka patatikor a minokay kaya mafolaway, ato ira ho ko fa’elohay a mafoloaway a tayni. == Sowal(語言) == O kalosowal no sifoan o Fenlan-sowal ato Roytin-sowal, nikawrira, i ’edef no kitakit o sakakaay ko sowal no Fenlan,o sowal no Roytin itiraay i saka’etipan, i sakatimoan a lilis no riyar ato Awla-Niyah Pikowan a etal. Mahaop ko 88.3% no tamdaw o Fenlan-sowal ko kalosowal to romi’ami’ad,<ref name="Unnamed_2-20230318190957">Language according to age and sex by region in 1990 to 2016. Statistics Finland. 2016-12-31 [2018-02-22]. （原始內容存檔於2018-02-22） （英語）.</ref>o cecay a capa’ no Olar-Sowal a rayray ko sowal no Fenlan. O mingataay a sowal i, o Kaliliya a sowal ato Aysaniya sowal, ano kadkaden ko iraayay a kakafitan ira ko Sami a sowal ato Siyongyali a sowal.ira ko 5.3% a tamdaw o Roytin sowal ko kalasowal.<ref name="Unnamed_2-20230318190957"/> o saka’amisay-Yoropa a sowal ato Kaliliya a sowal ira ko pipasiiked no sifo misapatenak. I saka’amisan no Fenlan ira ko pinapina a niyaro’ o sowal no Sami-tamdaw ko kalosowal no sifo, latek ira ko 7,000 a Sami-tamdaw o nihayian no sifo to yincumin.cecay no kalisepat no Sami-tamdaw o cecay no kasasiromaroma a Sami-sowal ko kalosowal. Itini i Fenlan a Sami-sowal ira ko Ka’amisay-Sami sowal, Yinali-Sami sowal ato Skorto-Sami a sowal. Itini i Fenlan ira ko 5000~6000 a tamdaw o Romo-sowal ko kalosowal, ona Romo-sowal o nihayian no Tatapangan-Rikec no Fenlan. Itini i Fenlan tosa ko Kamayan-Sowal, onini i, o Fenlan Kamayan-Sowal ato Fenlan-Roytin Kamayan-Sowal. Latek ira ko 800 a Tatan-tam daw o Tatan-sowal ko kalosowal, onian a Tatan-tamdaw o itiyaay ho i nikowanan no Honti no Rosiya i 1870 tahira i 1920 mihecaan mapaci’eci a mapaforaw a tayni i Fenlan. O mamangay a finacadan(Sami-tamdaw ato Romo-tamdaw) mapa’ading i Tatapangan-Rikec no Fenlan.<ref>Suomen perustuslaki (11.6.1999/731). finlex.fi. [2018-02-22]. （原始內容存檔於2018-02-21） （芬蘭語）. <q>芬蘭憲法第17條和第121條</q></ref> ona mamangay a finacadan o somowalay to Rosiya(1.4%) ko sa’alomanay, Aysaniya-sowal (0.9%), Arapiya-sowal(0.4%) Somaliya-sowal(0.3%) ato Ikiris-sowal(0.3%).<ref name="Unnamed_2-20230318190957"/> O mitiliday a ka’emangay to saka 3 mihecaan ato saka 5 mihecaan (9 ko mihecaan tahira i 11 mihecaan) mipaci’ecian a papinanam to Ikiris-sowal.<ref name="Unnamed_2-20230318190957"/> O sowal no Toic, Fransu ato Rosiya nani saka 8 mihecaan (14 ko mihecaan) o sakatosa a hatatanamen a sowal.   == '''Pitooran'''(宗教) == [[Faylo:Turku Cathedral on December morning.jpg|縮圖|Rote-kasafelaw a kyokai(Turku Cathedral)]] O mipa’adingay to paifaloco’ay a mitoor to pitooran ko Fenlan a kitakit, paitemek sa ko tamtamdaw a mitoor to kasasiromaroma a pitooran, cowa ka pilalang ko sifo. Ano ca to kahapinang ko piri’ang to rikec no kitakit ato mideamk to katalawan a tayal, pakaso’elin to miri’angay to tamdaw a pitooran, cowa ka pilalang ko sifo. O misakristoay a pitooran i saka 12 sici iraay to a matenak tayni i Fenlan,<ref>Milloin opetussuunnitelman perusteet omaavat uskonnot ja uskonnolliset yhdyskunnat tulivat Suomeen?. edu.fi. 2015-10-30 [2016-06-29]. （原始內容存檔於2016-01-25） （芬蘭語）.</ref> nikawrira, i saka 19sici itini i maomahay a niyaro’ matanakay ho ko to’asan a cikawasay pitooran. 2019 miheca mahaop ko 68.6% a tamdaw o mitooray to Rote-Kasafelaw(路德宗；''Suomen evankelis-luterilainen kirkko'').<ref>Kirkon jäsenyydessä arvostetaan perinteitä ja kirkollisia toimituksia. Suomen evankelis-luterilainen kirkko. 2020-01-27 [2020-01-28]. （原始內容存檔於2020-01-28） （芬蘭語）.</ref> ona Rote-Kasafelaw malowanay to 1% to cecaay a mihecaan. O sakatosa a skakaay a pitooran o Sakawaliay So’elinay Kyokai(芬蘭正教會; Fenla a sowal:''Suomen ortodoksinen kirkko;'' Roytin a sowal:''Ortodoxa kyrkan i Finland),'' o motooray a tamdaw ira ko 1.1% no Fenlan.<ref name="Unnamed_3-20230318190957">Population. Statistics Finland. 2019-04-01 [2020-01-28]. （原始內容存檔於2017-10-18） （英語）.</ref>misiikedan a mipatosek ko kaira no Rote-Kasafelaw itini i Tatapangan-Rikec no kitakit,<ref>Suomen perustuslaki (11.6.1999/731). finlex.fi. [2016-06-29]. （原始內容存檔於2019-04-30） （芬蘭語）. <q>芬蘭憲法第76條</q></ref> nikawrira,o Sakawaliay So’elinay Kyokai mipatekedan a misanga’ ko rikec to sapipa’ading.<ref>Laki ortodoksisesta kirkosta. finlex.fi. [2016-06-29]. （原始內容存檔於2016-06-21） （芬蘭語）.</ref> orasaka,ona tosaay a pitooran matiyaay to no kitakita a pitooran ko tiring, ano hatiratiraay mapa’adingay no rikec ko roma a pitooran to paitemek a mitoor ko tamtamdaw.<ref>Suomen perustuslaki (11.6.1999/731). finlex.fi. [2016-06-29]. （原始內容存檔於2019-04-30） （芬蘭語）. <q>芬蘭憲法第11條</q></ref> o cowa ka pitoor to pitooran a tamdaw nornor sanay a matongal to mihecahecan. Tahira I 2018 miheca o caay ka pitoor to pitooran a tamdaw mahaopay to 27.4%.<ref name="Unnamed_3-20230318190957"/>oninian a sa’osi latek ira ko caay ka fana’ to pipatenak no pitooran. Roma sato, latek ira ko 47,000 tamdaw no Fenlan, onini mahaop ko 1% tamdaw no Fenlan mitokiay i Fa’elohay-Misakristoay(五旬節運動; ''Pentecostalism),'' ona pitooran misasiromaay ko pisa’icel a somowal tono winaan sowal.ono wina a sowal ko pidipot no Seilie sanay, matiyaay o “Liongkay”. O roma a pitooran ira ko roma a kasafelaw no Fa’elohay-Misakristoay, mitooran to Roma-Tinsikiw, Muslim ato Yotaya a pitooran.                                                                                                   == Pacefaday a tilid(註腳) == [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 1rkm2vp5mnyvdaj4wzwvj5knp8k85k5 0 333 7061 7060 2021-10-28T12:11:00Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 3 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 7060 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} [[Faylo:Mu Err Pilz.jpg|50px|miniatur|Fitawnfi']] 696incnb62jtoc4trguhuzeweerjg1r 0 334 40048 40047 2023-11-06T02:23:51Z Ｍayawtowid 44 40048 wikitext text/x-wiki == O ngangan no Folalacay(小港部落由來) == Oninian a folalacay hananay i, awaay iti:ni i niyaro’ no mita masa’Amisay mala o pangch hanay kita oninian. Pakayni i kongko a kimad no to’as i, == O kasiikedan no niyaro’(部落特色) == == O Rikisi no Folalacay (歷史) == == O nikalopisak no Folalacay (人口分佈)== o itiniay i Folalacay（小港部落）no [[Chenggong]](成功) Cen no Taitung(台東) ko [[Folalacay]] a niyaro’, makaala to 115 ko sa’osi no paro no loma’, 278 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 52% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 145 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 48% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 133 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)48%, Bunun(布農族)1%, roma(其他)3%. Ira ko imeng(成功分局忠孝派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(海巡署小港港安檢所) i niyaro’. == O finacadan no Yincomin(所屬阿美族群)== == O pitooran no finawlan (族人信仰) == == O tahapinangan（參考文獻）== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] e25c3mt3d4faa4i2jbeu1ux1h1wmlva 0 335 38562 7146 2023-06-27T20:25:08Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38562 wikitext text/x-wiki Folo’ （[[kuwaping a sowal]]: 箭竹） O roma ko lengaw no folo’ i [[Taywan]], o folo’ pinaloma’ i Taywan tosa ira ko tampo sanay a folo’ ato ’akawangay no Isan a folo’, saheto no palapalaan a molengaw ko folo’, fangcal ko tapangan nira koengel paci’im a molengaw, ano cato pikari’ang a mida’eci cakakari’ang ko ’orip nira, adihay a manengneng masamatini. Itiya ho ko malingaday a tamdaw, o da’eci nira mangaay maala malokakaenen, ma’ikesay to a folo’ mangaay sapifadic to loma’ safangcalay malo sapisaloma’ a lalosidan. Da’eci “’[[Amis]] a ’etal ’adeci han, no Siwkilan da’eci han”, mangangol micedem, caka ’angrer, sakohawen, ciyanen to titi anca dohdoh han maemin mangaay, fangcal sakitatirengan, misasaw to tina’i ato fitoka, mifalah to simal ato ma’oningay malasakafeso. O malingaday no niyaro’ itiya ho, miala to folo’ sapipatireng to talalokan, ’adipel ato sapitolik to tapila’ fakar, ato talawlaan no wawa, adihay ko sapimaan. Nika macakat to ko kicay, malosapifadic a lalosidan ato sapisanga to lalosidan caayay to piala malowan ito, anini sato deng to piala aca to da’eci nira malokakaenen. Mida’eci sa ko finacadan marocek ko kaciriko’, nawhan paener ko folo’ maditek, sacitefo’ sa mato talodo’ ka tata’ak, miala sa hakakan sa, mikoyod ho to lofoc, wata ko roray. Maherek mapanokay ko da’eci, caayay ko sasafaen ko pipodac nira, mato talodo ka tata’ak ko da’eci, ano ca kafana’, hacecacecay han a mitipelak ko podac, tahateloc ya ngangol to awaay to. Orasaka, pakaynien i teloc a mipitek, tata’akay aca a folo’ malo patakecan a miliyon, liyon han koya podac nira, osaw to oya heci to nira, oyanan koya. [[Kasasiwasiw:Siwkulang 'Amis]] jfblj11haj94cycyyivskybiij9unib 0 336 7150 7149 2021-10-28T12:11:08Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 3 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 7149 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} [[Faylo:Ipomoea batatasL ja01.jpg|thumb|100px|left|Fonga]] h9phg72c62zllrdkxmcccakj4aw0jpf 0 337 38468 30767 2023-06-24T04:06:56Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38468 wikitext text/x-wiki ==France（法國）== [[Faylo:Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1974, 2020–present).svg|thumb|Fayfay no France|alt=Flag of France]] [[Faylo:EU-France.svg|thumb|Pikitakitan i Yiropa]] Itini i 46°00'N, 2°00'E, no Yoropa ko [[France]]. Polong i 6.6 patek a ’ofad ko tamdaw. ==Sera（土地）== Polong no sekalay i 551,500 km². Saka 43 ko rayray i kanatanatalan. O sekalay no sera i, 549,970 km², no nanom a sekalay i, 1,530 km². Masakilac ko sera. O malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 52.70%, malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 29.20%, malo no roma to a sera 18.10%. ==Siyoto（首都）== O [[Paris]](巴黎) ko Siyoto. ==Katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad（國家紀念日）== Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i 2–folad 14–romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Emmanuel Macron]], patirengan a romi’ad i 2017 a miheca saka 5 folad saka 14 a romi’ad. ==Pi’arawan to lakaw（參考資料）== * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] [[Kasasiwasiw:France]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Kitakit]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Yoropa]] r6xxjuc8hx9dqf0l9savxv14r0lun8n 0 338 46376 45472 2025-04-03T19:01:13Z Sura Shukurlu 2974 46376 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Frank-Walter Steinmeier in 2025 (cropped).jpg|縮圖|Steinmeier idi 2025年|alt=Steinmeier Cropped (cropped).jpg]] I 1956 a miheca(年) saka 1 folad saka 5 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci '''Frank-Walter Steinmeier''', malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Germany]] anini i ci Frank-Walter Steinmeier, patirengan a romi’ad i 2017 a miheca saka 3 folad saka 19 a romi’ad. == No papotalay a kakafit == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 6c4trqb8doo1h30i5leo3600t0gt2xl 0 339 44374 30101 2024-08-30T23:05:59Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 François Hollande(法蘭索瓦·歐蘭德) / Hollande, 2017 44374 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:François Hollande - 2017 (27869823159).jpg|縮圖|Hollande, 2017|alt=François Hollande - 2017 (27869823159).jpg]] I 1954 a miheca(年) saka 8 folad saka 12 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci '''François Hollande'''(法蘭索瓦·歐蘭德), malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[France]](法國) anini i ci François Hollande, patirengan a romi’ad i 2012 a miheca saka 5 folad saka 15 a romi’ad. His presidential term ended on 14 May 2017. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] lzz4hm77qykueme2ieo0ffvdrji554i 0 340 42651 38182 2024-04-01T06:57:33Z LiouShowShya 36 42651 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} [[Faylo:Starsinthesky.jpg|thumb|Fu'is no ''LH 95 nebula'' (Ira i ''Large Magellanic Cloud'')]] [[Faylo:Fo'is.ogg|縮圖|ta'engad ko fo'is i niyaro' a nengnengen]] == Molahad no fu'is == === Protostar === === Main-sequence === == Cinganganay a fu'is == * [[Algol]] (B8V ato K0IV ato F1V) * [[Alpha Centauri]] (G2V ato K1V) * [[Betelgeuse]] (M1-M2 Ia-ab) * [[Cidal]] (G2V) * [[Deneb]] (A2Ia) * [[Eta Carinae]] (LBVs ato O) * [[Gliese 581]] (M3V) * [[R136a1]] (WN5h) * [[Rigel]] (B8Ia ato tosa a B9V) 3zjnmrngxbvvh7lwz5z3ct47o4nqgs0 0 341 45478 44318 2025-01-19T09:54:08Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 Fuad Masum idi 2014年 45478 wikitext text/x-wiki Fuad Masum(福阿德·馬素姆) [[Faylo:Fuad Masum 2014.jpg|縮圖|Fuad Masum idi 2014年|alt=Fuad Masum 2014.jpg]] I 1938 a miheca(年) saka 1 folad saka 1 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci [[Fuad Masum]], malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Iraq]](伊拉克) anini i ci Fuad Masum, patirengan a romi’ad i 2014 a miheca saka 7 folad saka 24 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] q1iuewhkbnkbhhsinwyysuluqsh7qkb 0 342 7229 7228 2021-10-28T12:11:24Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 20 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 7228 wikitext text/x-wiki Fudafudak（莿桐部落） Itiniay i [[Beinan]](卑南) Cen no Taitung(台東) ko [[Fudafudak]] a niyaro’, 67 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 152 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 7% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 10 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 93% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 142 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)3%, Paiwan(排灣族)1%, Puyuma(卑南族)2%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] ed0d8052rx9k3exvstkjw73p27g4f7e 0 343 7253 7252 2021-10-28T12:11:27Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 23 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 7252 wikitext text/x-wiki Fukid（新馬蘭部落） Itiniay i [[Taitung]](台東) Cen no Taitung(台東) ko [[Fukid]] a niyaro’, 69 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 199 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 52% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 103 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 48% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 96 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)42%, Paiwan(排灣族)5%, Bunun(布農族)1%, Puyuma(卑南族)3%, roma(其他)1%. == O katadamaanan no niyaro’ == == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 4mdhuy4d36r2oxel2yb0mp6ns6h2qcj 0 344 44641 40952 2024-09-07T07:07:58Z 臺灣語言繼承者 2320 44641 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Full Moon Luc Viatour.jpg|thumb|Fulad]] [[file:Moon symbol (planetary color).svg|frameless|upright=0.35|☾]] '''Fulad''' (月亮、月份; silosi: [[file:Moon decrescent symbol (fixed width).svg|16px|☾]]) malecad to fulad ko mata ni ina, makapahay nengnengen, ira ko cecay a [[radiw]], matiya o fulad ko mata ni ina sanay a radiw, itini i saka lima a fulad, ira ko no malawinaay a fulad sanay a [[sowal]]. Nga'ay ho Chongkian, ano sapitilidan i, lahecien ko nangatoan no miso, sa awaay i, tahiraen i 800~1000 ko tilid, Aray. Oninian Ta'arawan tona fulad hananay i, o misyokayay to o maan ko fulad yo sanay, cowa ko paratohay to radiw a cecay ko tatiliden. O sakacacay a niliso'an no tamdaw i roma a kanatal no serayan(宇宙) ko folad. Ira ko [[sowal no Pangcah|sowal no 'Amis/Pangcah]], o mararamoday ko [[cidal]] ato folad, misimaw ko folad to cidal, maolah ko cidal to folad. Matiya o fa'inayan no 'Amis/Pangcah ko folad, o midipotay i ikor no cidal ko folad, o cidal i, matiya o fafahiyan no 'Amis/Pangcah, mipa'oripay to sera. [[Kasasiwasiw:Fulad]] iz85b9qy5x54ikz0tik57ynzf07lp4e 0 345 7276 7275 2021-10-28T12:11:33Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 17 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 7275 wikitext text/x-wiki Fuli（富里鄉） Itini i Hualien(花蓮) ko [[Fuli]](富里) Siyang. sa’osi han ko po:long no palaan i, ira ko 172.01 km² (lalotolotokan a plalan no sa’osi i ira ko 67.31 km², o palaan noto’as i'a:yaw i ira ko 1.93 km²), 2,030 ko tamdaw i Fuli Siyang, 783 ko parod no loma’, itini i niyaro’ a Yincomin(原住民) sa’osi han ira ko 1,086 a tamdaw, pakaala to 53%(Amis) no polong no tamdaw. Itini i niyaro’ a finawlan, o Payrang ko sa’alomanay. ==O kasaniyarona== 13 ko cun, 9 ko niyaro’ i Fuli Siyang. [[Cilamitay]]（吉拉米代部落）, [[Talampo]]（達蘭埠部落）, [[Monating]]（姆拉丁部落）, [[Cirakesay]]（基拉歌賽）, [[Pacuya]]（巴族耶部落）, [[Ancoh]]（安住部落）, [[Maliwang]]（馬里旺部落）, [[Lupo]]（露埔部落）, [[Cihalaay]]（黑暗部落）. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] 5u4qwl1o2zl08t7jye0nqxhc84q0b0j 0 346 7298 7297 2021-10-28T12:11:36Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 21 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 7297 wikitext text/x-wiki Fulufuluan（勝安部落） Itiniay i [[Ji’an]](吉安) Cen no Hualien(花蓮) ko [[Fulufuluan]] a niyaro’, 2,180 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 5,725 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 6% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 348 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 94% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 5,377 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)5%, Truku(太魯凱族)1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] b5mzdogt3kibfdm0w5y6jpu4t2ynpfv 0 347 7366 7365 2021-10-28T12:11:40Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 67 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 7365 wikitext text/x-wiki Fuxing（復興區） Itini i Taoyuan(桃園) ko [[Fuxing]]. sa’osi han ko po:long no palaan i, ira ko 336.75 km² (lalotolotokan a plalan no sa’osi i ira ko 195.32 km², o palaan noto’as i'a:yaw i ira ko 120.65 km²), 10,692 ko tamdaw i Fuxing Cen/ Siyang, 3,655 ko parod no loma’, itini i niyaro’ a Yincomin(原住民) sa’osi han ira ko 6,817 a tamdaw, pakaala to 64%(Tayal泰雅族) no polong no tamdaw. o Tayal ko sa’alomanay(最多的) i Taoyuan. ==O kasaniyarona== 10 ko cun, 58 ko niyaro’ i Fuxing. [[Pyasan]]（比雅山(角板山)部落）, [[Rahaw]]（Takan）（溪口台部落）, [[Wsilung]]（詩朗部落）, [[Hbun]]（霞雲坪部落）, [[Hbun-sinqumi]]（合流部落）, [[Kinyawpan]]（羅浮部落）, [[Rangay]]（斷匯部落）, [[Kawbu’]]（高坡部落）, [[Khpan]]（大彎部落）, [[Raga’]]（楓香部落）, [[Rahu’]]（下宇內（小烏來）部落）, [[Qapu’]]（卡普部落）, [[Qus]]（和平部落）, [[Yubang]]（上宇內部落）, [[Triqan]]（大利幹部落）, [[Zihing]]（義興部落）, [[Kayu-baliq]]（新村部落）, [[Kzyay]]（水流東部落）, [[Tuba]]（大窩部落）, [[Luhung]]（基國派部落）, [[Blhuy]]（枕頭山1部落）, [[Blhuy]]（枕頭山2部落）, [[Bilus]]（石門部落）, [[Qoyaw]]（下高遶部落）, [[Qoyaw]]（中高遶部落）, [[Silong]]（喜龍部落）, [[Qoyaw]]（上高遶部落）, [[Snazi]]（竹頭角部落）, [[Kin‘lwan]]（金暖部落）, [[Sqiy]]（志繼部落）, [[Cyasi]]（佳志部落）, [[Yuwhbun raka]]（優霞雲部落）, [[Kayway]]（卡外部落）, [[Qus]]（庫志部落）, [[Qmocyan]]（下奎輝部落）, [[Babau]]（中奎輝部落）, [[Qnau]]（上奎輝部落）, [[Ksunu']]（嘎色鬧部落）, [[Qehuy]]（內奎輝部落）, [[Kuli]]（上高義部落）, [[Sbunaw]]（雪霧鬧部落）, [[Quri]]（下高義部落）, [[Uruw]]（中高義部落）, [[Tkasan]]（下蘇樂部落）, [[Raka]]（上蘇樂部落）, [[Piyaway]]（比亞外部落）, [[Tgleq]]（鐵立庫部落）, [[Saruc]]（砂崙子部落）, [[Twan nokan]]（武道能敢部落）, [[Zihing]]（爺亨部落）, [[Qrahu]]（嘎拉賀部落）, [[Tqwiy]]（哈嘎灣部落）, [[Ngurus]]（後光華部落）, [[Qphay]]（下巴陵部落）, [[Balung]]（中巴陵部落）, [[‘Bu balung|‘Bu balung]]（上巴陵部落）, [[Qara]]（卡拉部落）, [[Quzi]]（中心部落）. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] ftn30vm003v00h4flmotw3q1succ58l 0 348 32937 32936 2022-11-17T02:19:42Z Safulo 35 32937 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Flag of Gabon.svg|縮圖|Hata no Kapon kitakit]] == Kapon kapolongan-kitakit(加彭共和國; Fransu a sowal:''République gabonaise'' ;''Gabon''） == Takaray a sowal:Ititaay i saka’etipan sifo’ no Afrika a kitakit,isaka’etipan mi’ayaw to Cinoya-Kihaw([https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E5%87%A0%E5%86%85%E4%BA%9A%E6%B9%BE 幾內亞灣]; Ikiris a sowal:''Gulf of Guinea''; Fransu a sowal:''Golfe de Guinée),'' isaka’amis no saka’etipan o Kunisan-nocikiw [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E8%B5%A4%E9%81%93%E5%87%A0%E5%86%85%E4%BA%9A Cinoya], ika’amis o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E5%96%80%E9%BA%A6%E9%9A%86 Komaylong], sakwalian ato katimol mataliyok no Konko Kapolongan-[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E5%88%9A%E6%9E%9C%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD kitakit]. O kakahad no sera ira ko 27 ’ofad km², o tamdaw ira ko 200 ’ofad, o Tatapangan niyaro’ ato sakakaay niyaro’ o Ceyo-Si(自由市 ; Fransu a sowal :''Libreville).'' == '''Rikisi'''(歷史) == [[Faylo:Gabon (orthographic projection).svg|縮圖|kaitiraan no Kapon kitakit i Afrika]] === '''To’asan''' '''rikisi'''(古代歷史) === I’ayaw no kataynian no Yoropa a tamdaw, caay ka hakowa ko kafana’an tona kitakit. I saka 14 sici, satapang ko somowalay to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E7%8F%AD%E5%9B%BE%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF Panto-sowal] a tamdaw tayni a maro’. Ikor to no saka 15sici, o misasolapay-tamdaw no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99 Potawya] ato mipaliwalay to dafong a tamdaw micomod to a tayni tona pala. Ilawac no riyar malapikali’acaan to koli [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B8%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93 no] Holan, Inkolan ato Fransu. 1839 mihecaan ato 1841 mihecaan patireng to milikowatan a pala ko Fransu. === '''Isarakatay rikisi'''(早期歷史) === Nani saka 14 sici satapang maforaw a tayni ko Panto-tamdaw.o sarakatay a tayni tona pala a Yoropa o tamdaw o Potawya tamdaw, pangangan han nangra to ” ''gabão”'' kona pala, o imi nona sowal i,matiya o “tataca’edongan no riko’ ’’. O Holan, Inkolan ato Fransu a paliwalay tamdaw itiraay to i saka 16 sici a tayni. === Ma’eco no Fransu(法國占領) === [[Faylo:Slave market Khartoum 19th c.png|縮圖|Kali'acaan to koli i Sotan Kesomo]] Itiya i 1839 miheca ato 1841 mihecaan, mapatireng no Fransu to ” papa’adingen a pala ” no Fransu. 1910 miheca malacecay no kalisepatay a malamikotoday Kunisan-Afrika(法屬赤道非洲 ; Fransu a sowal :''Afrique Équatoriale Française''，簡稱''AEF'' ) ko Kapon. 1960 miheca saka 7 folad saka 15 romi’ad mihayi to ko Frensu to pisiiked no Kapon, tahira to i 1960 miheca saka 8 folad saka 17 romi’ad laheci sato ko pisiiked no Kapon kitakit. === '''Misiiked''' (獨立) === [[Faylo:Omar Bongo 1973.jpg|縮圖|Haci-Awmar-Pangko tahada'ocay congtong]] Yo misiiked ko Kapon i 1960 miheca iraay ko tosa a sieci kasafelaw, cowa ka halafing malacecay ko kasasowal nona tosaay kasafelaw hatatosa sa a mipasadak to mamiliko to congtong a sinkiwa. 1968 miheca saka 3 folad, milakal ci Haci-Awmar-Pangko(哈吉·奧馬爾·邦戈'';El Hadj Omar Bongo Ondimba)'' to dengan cecay ko sieci kasafelaw no Kapon kitakit.palasawaden ningra koya itiyaay ho a sieci kasafelaw ''BDG,'' misafa’eloh a patireng to Finawlan-kasafelaw no Kapon. I 1973 miheca saka tolofolad, 1979 miheca saka 12 folad ato 1986 miheca saka12 folad a patokitok a malacongtong. 1990 miheca tatiih ko pili’etan mapatongal heca no pilongoc no finawlan to paifaloco’ay a ‘otip. Orasaka, pasela’ sa a matayal ko finawlan ta marawraw. 1990 miheca saka 4 folad mihayi ko Kalomaocan no kitakit to sapisongila’aw a misalof to sieci. 2006 miheca saka12 folad saka 17 romi’ad, misatapang a misinkiw ko Kalomaocan no Finawlan.<ref name=":0">新華網，2006年12月17日，加彭議會選舉投票秩序井然</ref><ref name=":0" />pakaala to 81 a kiing ko Finawlan-kasafelaw no Kapon to polong 120 a kiing, Finawlan-Lekatep no Kapon fafalo ko kiing, ato roma a kasafelaw 4 ko kiing.<ref>新華網，2006年12月28日，執政的加彭民主黨在議會大選中獲勝</ref> 2007 miheca saka 1 folad saka 25 romi’ad, tomireng ko Fa’elohay sifo,patokitok ho ci Lang-Ayie-Entong(Fransu a sowal:''Jean Eyeghe Ndong)'' a malacongli.<ref>新華網，2007年1月26日，加彭組成新政府 Archive.is的存檔，存檔日期2012-07-12</ref> 2022 miheca saka 6 folad saka 24 romi’ad mikapot to Tata'akay Ikiris a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E8%8B%B1%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6 Lekatep].<ref>Gabon and Togo join the Commonwealth. The Commonwealth. 2022-06-25 [2022-06-30]. （原始內容存檔於2022-08-15） （英語）.</ref> == Kaitiraan(地理) == i Kunis-nocikiw ingata no Sifo’an-Afrika, i lawac no Taysiyo ko Kapon kitakit, o kala’oraday ko kakarayan, mahaop ko 85% no kitakit matahepo no Fa’edtay-Kilakilangan.ira ko toloay a tada masasikeday a palapalaan : dafdaf i lawac no riyar(nani lilis no riyar miliyas to 20~300km), lotolotokan(isaka’amis no sakawalian a ''Cristal-lotok,'' isifo’ay a ''Chaillu-Massif'' lotolotkan, o pocok nona lotok ''lboundji'' ira ko 1575 laya’), ato ikawalyay a matakaray rengorengosan. Ilawac no riyar a dafdaf i o nikowanan no “Kiking-kay i hekal to mamipa’ading to ‘a’adopen” ko kahirahira no killing ato rengos, mahaop ko itiraay sifo’an-Afrika a kahrngangay-[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E7%BA%A2%E6%A0%91%E6%9E%97 kilang](紅樹林; Ikiris a sowal:''Mangrove),'' itiraay i cepo’ no Moni-‘Alo ko saadihayay a molengaw. O satata’angay a ’alo no Kapon o Awkowi-’[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E5%A5%A5%E6%9E%9C%E9%9F%A6%E6%B2%B3 Alo], ira ko 1200 km. Itini i Kapon ira ko taolo a Kosto-Tataparan Pala(喀斯特地形或'''石灰石地形''';''karst topography),'' sasemoomo’ot ko kaadihay no dihif, adihay ko kahecalay a ’adicaw('''白雲石)[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E7%99%BD%E4%BA%91%E7%9F%B3]''' ato ci’apolay a fakeloh(石灰岩)[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E7%9F%B3%E7%81%B0%E5%B2%A9],o cinganganay i, o ''Lastoursvil le,Lebamba,Bongolo'' ato ''Kessipougou,''iraay ho ko adihayay a dihif ko cacay ho ka laheci no tamdaw a misolap.misolapan no masacefangay no kitakit kona dihif sa ira aca ko nitilidan pakayni tona dihif. O Kapon kitakit o cinganganay i hekal to kaci’icel a midipot to papapalaan. 2002 miheca o congtong no Kapon ci Awmaer-Panko-Awtipa mitketon to sowal aka ka isafaen no 11% ko malakonyin no kitakit, polong ira ko 13 a no kitakitan a konyin, o sakakahaday a konyin no palapalaan itini i hekal, to ikor to i,o kaka’olahan no tamtamdaw a pisalamaan. == '''Tamdaw'''(人口) == [[Faylo:2 Masken aus Afrika.JPG|縮圖|Satahepo pising no Panto tamdaw]] O tamdaw no Kapon ira ko 150 ‘ofad, sahetoay o to’as no Panto-[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E7%8F%AD%E5%9C%96%E4%BA%BA Finacadan], nikawrira, latek ira ko 40 a finacadan itini i Kapon, oninian a finacadan milekal to nika ira no niyah a sowal ato punka. Sakakaay a finacadan o Fang-tamdaw(芳人;''Fang''), nikawrira, tona pinapina a mihecaan o Fanciyapi-Nipi finacadan ko ikakakaay ho ko k’'aloman no tamdaw. O roma ira ho ko ''Myene、Bakota、Eshira、Bapounou'' ato ''Okande'' a finacadan.toninan a kasasiromaroma a finacadan cowa ka hapinang ko kalala’ed no finacadan cowa kahatira to roam a kitakit itini i Afrika a mahapinang. Ono sifoan a sowal o Fransu a sowal, o sakalacecay no polong a tamdaw no Kapon kona sowal.itini tona kitakit latek mahaop ko 80% a tamdaw mafana’ay to sowal no Fransu, cecay no kalitolo no Lipor-tamdaw o Fransu a sowal ko kalosowal nona finacadan. Cisafaw ko cecay ’ofad ko maro’ay itini a Fransu a tamdaw, o kasasiroma a punka ato pinangan no Fransu talolongay ko pirecep itini i ’orip no tamdaw no Kapon. I 1900 miheca tahira i 1940 mihecaan malowan ko tamdaw no Kapon, saka saan o nani rikisi ato taliyokan, o sasafaay ko ka’aloman no tamdaw itini i Afrika ko Kapon, ora saka tada manikaw to mamatayal a tamdaw, ira ko saka piala to tamdaw no roma a kitakit. O tamdaw no Kapon sahetoay ko Misakristoay to mitooray to Tinsikiw, latek mahahop ko 55% ko tamdaw no polong no Kapon, o roma i, o pakaso’elinay to Ilisinay-Pitooran, Muslim ato To’asan-Pipakaso’elinan. O mafana’ay to tilid a tamdaw tahiraay aca ko kahaop i 63.2%. == '''Sapili’etan'''(經濟) == [[Faylo:MOSQUEEPORTGENTIL.JPG|縮圖|Tatapangan tokay]] O tadamaanay dafong no pala ira ko kasolin-simal,Yiu-Tadafekeloh, Tada’ekim,Ni, lo,Sin. O losay ira ko Kiyasafa, pawli,tali no lotok, ‘alilay, tali, koko,kofi, deteng ato simal no nanges. Ano pasasotili’en ato itiniay i Afrika roma a kitakit o idahiay ho ko sapili’etan a kinairaira no Kapon, o lalen a ‘eten no kalotamdaw sepatay ko kasatepian pasasotili’en ato i katimolay no Sahala Afrika.nawhani, ‘adihay ko ‘etan no kaso-simal no itiniay i riyar. Ira ko langiengieay tona kitakit to ‘etan no kalotamdaw cowa ka patelien i sakacomahad no aniniay a ’orip ato sakacidafong a kikay. O nipasadakan a tadafokeloh a Mon,’eric ato kilang o sakakaay a sapili’etan a dafong ko nini. Caka ka pakafilo to kala’ised ato roma a kitakit,sawad hananay to koya [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E6%96%AF%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94 Folangswir](弗朗斯維爾;Fransu a sowal '':Franceville'') a pikarkaran to Yiu-fokeloh i 2001 miheca. Nikawria, misahalaka ho to sapiliyawaw a mikarkar, o pikarkar to ’Eric-fokeloh misatapangay to i 2012 mihecaan i ka’amis no sakawalian no Makokou tokay. I saka 90 mihecahecaan matefad ko ‘epoc no Falang-Payso i Afrika, ora saka maroray a patikol to kiyam i roma a kitakit, Fransu ato Hekalay a Kiking no Payso a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E8%B2%A8%E5%B9%A3%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94 Lekatep](''International Monetary Fund，IMF'') mipadang a paini to halafinay-picaliw ato pipadang to sakacomahad no sapili’etan, nikawrira, oninian to a kitakit ato Lekatep ko midemakay to sakafalic no sapili’etan a tayal. O sakakaay a pipasadakan to dafong a paliwal o Amirika, Conko ato Rosiya, o pipacomodan to dafong a kitakit o Fransu ko sakakaay. I 2007 miheca saka 12 folad saka 5 romi’ad, [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E6%91%A9%E6%A0%B9%E5%A4%A7%E9%80%9A Mokentatong](摩根大通集團; Ikiris asowal:''JPMorgan Chase & Co)'' mipadang a paliwal Sapili’etan-Paya no Kapon mo’etep miheca mo’etep ko ok a Amirika Sapili’etan-Paya. Mikapotay ko Kapon to Malacecaay-Rikec no Paliwalay ato misanga’ay to dafong a lekatep no Afrika.  == Pacefaday a tilid (註腳) == [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] <references /> == Pikafitan i papotal(外部連結) == * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] 8uin8zmn2gpn5axnl8u1a8qer8fmqen 0 349 7404 7403 2021-10-28T12:11:45Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 20 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 7403 wikitext text/x-wiki Gadu（卡多部落） Itiniay i [[Jinfeng]](金峰) Cen no Taitung(台東) ko [[Gadu]] a niyaro’, 65 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 208 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 95% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 198 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 5% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 10 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko . Ira ko picodadan(新興國小、新興國小附幼) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(新興村衛生室) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] tbjb6lz64h1i3oqqt5dd02luead8qsq 0 350 7432 7431 2021-10-28T12:11:48Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 27 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 7431 wikitext text/x-wiki Gali-hwan（南灣部落） Itiniay i [[Tai’an]](泰安) Cen no [[Miaoli]](苗栗) ko [[Gali-hwan]] a niyaro’, 61 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 188 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 86% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 162 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 14% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 26 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)82%, Amis(阿美族)1%, Saysiyat(賽夏族)2%, Bunun(布農族)3%. Ira ko Kiwkay(大興神召會) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] b9m106e87lmm0rxa1xoegf04vs80o2p 0 351 33070 33067 2022-12-03T03:02:54Z Safulo 35 33070 wikitext text/x-wiki == Kanpiya Kapolongan Kitakit == [[Faylo:Flag of The Gambia.svg|縮圖|Hata no Kanpiya kitakit]]('''甘比亞共和國'''; Ikiris a sowal: ''Republic of the Gambia'';<ref>Adama Barrow removes Islamic from Gambia's name. naij.com. 2017-01-29 [2017-02-27]. （原始內容存檔於2017-10-25）.</ref> 通稱'''甘比亞'''; Ikiris a sowal: ''The Gambia''） O itiraay i saka’etipan no Afrika,5 mataliyok no Sayniciyaer ko sera, o kakahad ira ko 11,295 km², o sasafaay a kitakit i Afrika.<ref>甘比亞退出英聯邦. 頭條日報. 2013-10-03 [2013-11-19]. （原始內容存檔於2020-04-16）. <q>西非國家甘比亞2日宣布退出大英國協</q></ref> Mihefalat a romakat ko Kanpiya-’Alo tona kitakit pasitira i Tasiyang-[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%86%88%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A Riyar]a micomod. 1965 miheca, miliyas to pikowan no Ikiris a misiiked patireng to niyah a kitakit. o polong a tamdaw ira 191 ’ofad (2014 mihecaan a sa’osi), o sasafaay ko kacomahad itini i hekal. [[Faylo:Gambia in its region.svg|縮圖|kaitiraan no Kanpiya kitakit]] == '''Ngangan no kitakit''' (國名) == Ona “Kanpiya” hananay a sowal o nani sowal no Mantinka (''kambra/kambaa)[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%9B%BC%E4%B8%81%E5%93%A5%E8%AF%AD], o'' Kanpiya –‘Alo Sanany ko imi ona sowal. Do’edoen ko Sifo’ay-[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%83%85%E6%8A%A5%E5%B1%80 Spay] (no Amirika) a nipasadakan a tilid, Midemakay-Lalomaan no kitakit no Amirika, Tawosi-[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%B3%B0%E6%99%A4%E5%A3%AB%E6%8A%A5 Sinpon] a nipasadakan a cicu ato Tahada’ocay-Pangangan [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%98%E7%94%A8%E5%9C%B0%E5%90%8D%E6%B0%B8%E4%B9%85%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83 Iiknkay] no Ikiris, dengan o Kanpiya ko nipacipingan i ka’ayaw no ngangan to “''the''” (o roma i, Pahama).<ref>Why Africa's 'smiling coast' is officially referred to as 'The' Gambia. www.africanews.com. [2018-09-12]. （原始內容存檔於2018-09-12）.</ref> 1965 miheca misiiked to i, laheci han to ko pangangan to Kanpiya. 1970 mihecaan ikor to pilekal patireng to kapolongan kitakit, o malaheciay a ngangan o Kanpiya Kapolongan Kitakit.<ref>Constitution of the Republic of the Gambia (PDF). 1996 [2016-01-29]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2016-02-04）.</ref> 2015 miheca saka 12 folad o I’yaway a congtong no Kanpiya ci Yiehayya-[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8F%B6%E6%B5%B7%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E8%B4%BE%E6%A2%85 Ciyami] (葉海亞·賈梅''; Yahya Jammeh)'', falicen ningra to Kanpiya Islam-kapolongan kitakit.<ref>La Gambie s'autoproclame "État islamique". Europe 1. 2015-12-13 [2015-12-14]. （原始內容存檔於2015-12-14） （法語）.</ref> 2017 miheca saka 1 folad saka 29 romi’ad Atama-[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%98%BF%E9%81%94%E9%A6%AC%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E7%BE%85 Palo] congtong paloloen ho a mifalic patatikor to Kanpiya Kapolongan-kitakit.<ref>Adegun, Aanu. Adama Barrow removes 'Islamic' title from Gambia's name. Naij. 2017-01-29 [2017-01-31]. （原始內容存檔於2017-10-25） （美國英語）.</ref><ref>The Gambia: President Adama Barrow pledges reforms. Al Jazeera. 2017-01-28 [2017-01-31]. （原始內容存檔於2017-01-31）.</ref> == Rikisi (歷史) == [[Faylo:Elizabeth1England.jpg|縮圖|Ilicapid sakacecay (1558-1603)]] O cecay a pecih no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%BF%A6%E7%B4%8D%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B Kana Hontian-Kitaki]t (迦納帝國/瓦加杜; ''Wagadou)'' ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%A1%91%E6%B5%B7%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD Sonhay Hontian-Kitakit] (桑海帝國; ''Empire of Songhai ko Kanpiya''). O satelangay a kirok ono Arapiya a paliwalay tamdaw i saka 9 sici ato saka 10 sici. Patireng ko paliwalay tamdaw no Arapiya to mihefalatay a lalan i Sahara kanahikoan to sapipaliwalaw to koli, ‘ekim ato pacekis no ‘eco. I saka15 sici maala no Potawaya ko iriyaray a lalan to sapipaliwal, itiya i, o cecay no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD Mali Hotian-Kitakit] ko Kanpiya. 1588 miheca i’ayaw no kalahontian no Potawaya a tamdaw ci Antongniaw, mapa’aca ko mitekeday salongoc a kalali’aca i Kanpiya-‘Alo i Ikiris a paliwalay tamdaw, nani Ilisapay sakacecay ko pipawacay tona kalali’acan. 1618 miheca, honti no Ikiris ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E5%A3%AB%E5%85%AD%E4%B8%96%E5%8F%8A%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96 Camusi sakacecay] paliwalen ningra i kosi no Ikiris ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%8B%B1%E5%B1%AC%E9%BB%83%E9%87%91%E6%B5%B7%E5%B2%B8 Msa’ekimay-Salawacan] no riyar (aniniay a Kana kitakit) a katatilidan tona kalali’aca ko sapipawacay.nani 1651 miheca tahira I 1661 miheca ma’aca no wawa no Kurlan hoti ci Yakopo-Kotole ko Kanpiya, malamikowanan no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%B6%E5%AE%9B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6 Polan-Litawan Patatekoan kitakit] ko Kanpiya. Itiya ho o nikowanan no Polan ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%BA%AB%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD Kurlan]. Nani saikoran no saka 17 sici misatapang tahira i kaleponan no saka 18 sici, cacorocorok sa ko Inkelan ato Fransu a mala’afas to sapikowanaw to sieci ato kali’aca tayal no Kanpiya. 1783 miheca matatilid to [[:zh:凡尔赛条约|Fanersay-Karihaday Kakaketonan]] (《凡爾賽條約》或《凡爾賽和約》; Fransu a sowal: ''Traité de Versailles''; Ikiris a sowal: ''Treaty of Versailles)'' laheci sato ko kamaro’ no Ikiris to Kanpiya kitakit, nikawrira, ma’osaw ho no Fransu ko i saka’amisay lawac no Kanpiya-‘Alo a malala’eday sera ''(exclave)'', tahira to i 1857 miheca nga’ pafeli han to i Ikiris. [[Faylo:Yahya Jammeh with Obamas.jpg|縮圖|Yahay-Ciyami congtong aci Opama congtong no Amirika]] Itini i tolo so’ot ko mihecaan a pakariyaray a paliwal to koli, mata’elif ko 3 so’ot ‘ofad a koli nani tiniay i Kanpiya a palowad. 1807 miheca palasawaden no Ikiris Hontian-Kitakit ko kali’aca to koli, itira ko sapitakeraw no Ikiris to kali’aca to koli, nikawrira, cowa ka laheci. 1816 miheca pa’aroen no Ikiris ko sofitay i Pasosto (aniniay a Pancu). Ikora to no nini Layong-tolos a sotok no Ikiris ko mikowanay to Pancu. 1888 miheca palaliyasen ko Kanpiya a misiiked, 1889 miheca malasakowan no Ikiris. Nikawrira,o nili’etanan i Kanpiya caay ko mamalawis ko kaadihay no sakatayal a payso, kinapinapina a pacoli ko Kalisa’otan-Kitakit to sapilowanaw to sakowan ano ca sapipalasawadaw, nikawrira, mitoker ko Riyaran-Sofitay i Cinoya to sapipalasawadaw to kali’aca to koli, sa caay ka piliyas tona Kanpiya. [[Faylo:Adama Barrow, President, Republic of the Gambia - 2018 (cropped).jpg|縮圖|240x240像素|Atama-Paro congtong]] Iikor no Sakatos-Lalood no Hekal, macaloh to sapisongila’aw to sieci a faco. 1962 miheca a kapolongan sinkiw, mahayi no roma a kitakit ko kalaheci no niyah-pikowan to lalomaan demak. 1965 miheca saka 2 folad saka 18 romi’ad laheci sato ko Kanpiya a misiiked, mapatireng ko Hontian-Rikec a kitakit I laloma no Tata'akay Ikiris a Lekatep (大英國協; Ikiris a sowal: ''Commonwealth of Nations''). I 1970 miheca saka 4 folad saka 24 romi’ad, midemak to Kapolongan-Pitopa to pikaheci a patireng to Kapolongan-Kitakit.i’ayaw no pakakowangay-pifelih no sofitay i 1994 miheca, ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%BE%BE%E4%B9%8C%E8%BE%BE%C2%B7%E8%B4%BE%E7%93%A6%E6%8B%89#/media/File:Dawda_Jawara_(1979).jpg Tawuta-Kaylapa-Ciyawala] (Sir ''Dawda Kairaba David Kweissi Jawara)'' ko malacongtongay, kana’enemay a pararid malacongtong.i 1994 miheca saka 7 folad, patireng to pacarcaray a Mamatayal-Iinkay (''The Armed Forces Provisional Ruling Council, AFPRC)'' mifelih a palasawad to kalacongtong ni Ciyawala, o kakeridan no sofitay ci Tiehaya-Ciyami (''Yahya A.J.J. Jammeh)'' ko malatapangay no kitakit. 2013 miheca saka 10 folad saka 2 romi’ad, milekal to piliyas to Tata'akay Ikiris a Lekatep. Saka 11 folad saka 14 romi’ad, o kaci’epoc no kitakit a demak sa a milekal to palasawad malawidang ato Ciwka-Minkok. 2015 miheca saka 12 folad saka 11 romi’ad, milakal ci Yiehaya-Ciyami to pifalic to ngangan no kitakit to Islam-Kapolongan kitakit, to sapipahapinangaw to ka’aloman no mitooray to Islam ato mi’ecoay mikowan a rikis, nikawrira, mifelihay to Tatapangan-Rikec no kitakit sa ko pipacoli no mitokeray cefang.<ref>冈比亚宣布成为伊斯兰共和国 标志着与英国决裂. 環球時報. 2015年12月14日. （原始內容存檔於2020年11月19日）.</ref><ref>岡比亞改名岡比亞伊斯蘭共和國. now新聞. 2015-12-14 [2015-12-15]. （原始內容存檔於2020-06-06）.</ref> 2016 miheca saka 12 folad, malowid ni [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%98%BF%E9%81%94%E9%A6%AC%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E7%BE%85#/media/File:Adama_Barrow,_President,_Republic_of_the_Gambia_-_2018_(cropped).jpg Atama-Paro] ci Ciyami i sinkiw no congtong, cakayoyang ci Ciyami caka patorod to salongoc no sakowan no kitakit, ikor to adihay to ko pipenec no roma a kitakit, foraw sato ci Ciyami tayra i roma a kitakit.<ref>Gambia: Defeated leader Jammeh leaves country after election loss. CNN. 2017-01-22 [2017-02-26]. （原始內容存檔於2017-01-20）.</ref> 2017 miheca saka 1 folad, oya maalaay to sinkiw no congtong ci Atama-Paro patatikoren ho ko ngangan no kitakit to Kanpiya-Kapolongan kitakit.<ref>Adama Barrow removes Islamic from Gambia's name. naij.com. 2017-01-29 [2017-02-27]. （原始內容存檔於2017-10-25）.</ref> == Kaitiraan (地理) == [[Faylo:Market galleryfull1.jpg|縮圖|Patiyamay i lawac no lalan.]] Itiraay I saka’etipan no Afrika karopaw, sahetoay o dafdaf no salawacan no Kanpiya-‘alo, masadasdasay ko faco no sera, nani tongroh no riyar ira ko 40-50 laya’. Sato’edaw a ma’ipoc, micomod i Sanikar-kapolongan kitakit. Mihifalat ko rakat nani kawali tara’etip ko Kanpiya-‘Alo, ta micomod i Taysiyang-Riyar. O fa’etay ko kakarayan itini, kodefet ko rakat no nanom, orasak adihay ko malafanaway no fodo’ to kasasiroma no kakarayan, o mamangay a tamina manga’ay a romakat i Kanpiya-‘alo to masaradesay no miheca tahira i kalalaedan no kitakit, i kafodo’an ira ko 5,79 laya ko pirecepan to nanom a tamina tahiraay miso’edac 240 km tangasa i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%98%86%E9%99%B6%E7%88%BE Kontawr.] == '''Sapili’etan''' (經濟) == Tada o manikaway to kinaira no palapalaan ko Kanpiya a kitakit, o sakakaay a sapili’etan o pisalamaan no lafang, do’edo sa i, o palaliyon a paliwal to dafong ato liomah, o misanga’ay to dafong a kofa rakrak sanay i tata’angay niyaro’ Sayerkonta-si ato lawac no tatayra i Pancu-si a lalan. O tadahecek no sapili’etan no kitakit ko pisalamaan no lafang, nikawrira, tona pinapina a mihecaan malowan ko sata no taliyokay kitakit, ono niyah sa a kitakit macakat, orasaka, away to koya kahemaway ko sata sanay kakahemekan no nipaliwalay to dafong a tamdaw, o pipsasiwar a micolo’ to dafong a tayal sa mamiming sanay to. o nipalomaan no liomah i, o kodasing, panay ato ‘alilay. Cowa ka hakowa ko misamatangan a omah, adihay ko hadhad, ora cowa ka hakowa a liomah i,dengan i ka’oradan a palama to losay, sowalaw, caay ka ‘edeng to kaka’enen, mi’acaan nani roma a kitakit ko kaka’enen ato dafong. == '''Tamdaw ato pitooran''' (人口與宗教) == [[Faylo:1915278-Dancing singing and drumming-The Gambia.jpg|縮圖|Masakeroay i ilisinan.]] I 2014 mihecaan a sa’osi ira ko 191 ‘ofad ko tamdaw no Kanpiya. O sakakaay a finacadan ira ko Mantinko-finacadan (mahaop ko 42%), Fola-finacadan (Poer finacadan hananay ho a pangangan, mahaop ko 16%), Wolofo-finacadan (mahaop ko 16%), Cula-finacadan (mahaop ko 10%) ato Saylafuli-finacadan (mahaop ko 9%). Latek ira ko pinapina a patek ko kohecalay tamdaw, o Yoropa ato Lipanen a tamdaw. No sifoan a sowal o Ikiris a sowal, no finacadan a sowal o Mantinko-sowal, Wolofo-sowal, Fola-sowal (Poer-sowal) ato Saylafuli-sowal. Mahaop ko 90% a tamdaw no Kanpiya o mitooray to Islam-Pitooran, o ‘osaw to i,o Fa’elohay-Misakeristoay, tinsikiw ato mita’ongay to maamaan.ira ko 95% a tamdaw no Kanpiya o Muslim, mikapotay ko Kanpiya to Kaloma’ocan-Islam a Lekatep. O finacadan no Kanpiya awaay ko kalali’ang, o cecay a finacadan ira kono niyah a sowal ato pinangan.19 o Ikiris a sowal kono sifoan a sowal. Itiyay ho i 1993 miheca a sa’osi ira ko 63% a tamdaw maro’ay i niyaro’, nawhani, matongalmatongal ko kapah miliyas to niyaro’ tayra misatokay a matayal ato mitilid. I 2003 miheca a pisa’osi , adihay to ko mitoro’an no sifo a malataokay, orasaka, samamang sato ko kalala’ed no ‘orip no i tokayay ato i niyaro’ay. O kamaro’ i tokay, halaka no sapipatirengaw to loma’ ato mitoor tono aniniay a ‘orip, fana’ sanay to ko tamdaw no Kanpiya to pinangan ato harateng no ‘epoc no Sa’etipay-kitakit. nikawrira, ono to’asan a pinangan misalimelaay to kapolongan loma’ ato maninaay, riko’ no to’as ato ilisin. == Pacefaday a tilid (註腳) == [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] <references /> == Kakafitan i Papotal (外部連接) == * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] j3l6drd2ghogmv01vzakjjv3zgbkhxz 0 352 7473 7472 2021-10-28T12:11:54Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 23 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 7472 wikitext text/x-wiki Gbayang（新白楊部落） Itiniay i [[Wanrong]](萬榮) Cen no Hualien(花蓮) ko [[Gbayang]] a niyaro’, 120 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 368 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 98% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 359 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 2% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 9 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Truku(太魯閣族)88%, Amis(阿美族)1%, Tayal(泰雅族)2%, Kebalan(噶瑪蘭族)1%, roma(其他)5%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] q3xa5llrlkuqyqmxhm2qylp1p9lddb1 0 353 44486 30691 2024-08-31T19:15:01Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 喬治·孔羅特 44486 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Jioji Konrote 2017.jpg|縮圖|Konrote, 2017|alt=Jioji Konrote 2017.jpg]] I 1947 a miheca(年) saka 12 folad saka 26 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci '''George Konrote'''(喬治·孔羅特), malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Fiji]](斐濟) anini i ci George Konrote, patirengan a romi’ad i 2015 a miheca saka 11 folad saka 12 a romi’ad. == No papotalay a kakafit == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] huli65d6gghstxwsox7wcpb211w27il 0 354 33068 33065 2022-12-03T02:56:50Z Safulo 35 33068 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Flag of Georgia.svg|縮圖|Hata no Korociya kitakit]] == Korociya kitait(格魯吉亞; a sowal'':საქართველო)'' == Omi ‘awasay to tosaay karopaw a kitakit, mihifalatay to Aciya ato Yoropa a koeopaw. Nikawrira, wataay ko pirecep no ponka no Yoropa,orasaka, o Yoropa a kitakit sanany ko pinengneng tona kitakit.<ref>Fernando de Mello, ''International Geographic Encyclopaedia and Atlas.'' Springer, 24 November 1979, p. 273 [4] （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）</ref> <ref>Texts adopted - Thursday, 17 July 2014 - Situation in Ukraine - P8_TA(2014)0009. www.europarl.europa.eu. 歐洲議會. [2018-03-01]. （原始內容存檔於2016-01-24） （英語）. <q>...pursuant to Article 49 of the Treaty on European Union, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine – like any other European state – have a European perspective and may apply to become members of the Union provided that they adhere to the principles of democracy, respect fundamental freedoms and human and minority rights and ensure the rule of law</q></ref><ref>Stephen White. Valentina Feklyunina. ''Identities and Foreign Policies: The Other Europes'', 施普林格科學+商業媒體, 350, 2014</ref><ref>10 things you might not know about Georgia. BBC. 2013-07-04 [2019-12-30]. （原始內容存檔於2019-12-29）.</ref>itiya ho mikapotay i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E5%8A%A0%E7%9B%9F%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD Solin Misakapotay-Lekatep], 1994 mihecasaka4 folad saka 24 folad malaheci ko pisiiked a patireng to niyah a kitakit, o sarakatay a congtong ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E8%8C%B2%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%9E%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%8A%A0%E5%A7%86%E8%96%A9%E8%83%A1%E7%88%BE%E5%AD%A3%E9%98%BF Ciwiyato-Kamusahorciya](茲維亞德·加姆薩胡爾季阿; Korociya a sowal:''ზვიად გამსახურდია),'' yo misiiked to i,mafalic ko ngangan no kitakit to “Korociya kapolongan-kitakit”, mikapotay i “[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E9%AB%94 Misiikeday kitakit Lekatep]” ‘arawhan ira ko lalood i Katimolay-Awsayti, ira ko piketon no Kalomaocan-kitakit to sapiliyasw to “Misiikeday kitakit Lekatep”, i 2009 miheca saka 8 folad saka 18 romi’ad malaheci ko ko sapiliyas a demak, tangsol sato miliyas.<ref>格鲁吉亚外交部称18日将正式退出独联体. 俄新網. 2009-08-17. （原始內容存檔於2009-08-30）.</ref> [[Faylo:Europe Georgia.svg|縮圖|Kaitiraan no Korociya kitakit]] O kakahad no sera ira ko 69,700 (mahaop ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%83%E5%93%88%E8%8C%B2 Apuhaci] ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E5%8D%97%E5%A5%A5%E5%A1%9E%E6%A2%AF Katimolay-Awsayti])<ref>Fernando de Mello, ''International Geographic Encyclopaedia and Atlas.'' Springer, 24 November 1979, p. 273 [5] （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）</ref>, o tamdaw ira ko 4,352,224 ko tamdaw(2011 mihecaan a sa’osi). Sakakaay a finacadan o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%E4%BA%9E%E4%BA%BA Korociya finacadan](79.1%), oroma ira ho ko mamangay a finacadan [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E4%BA%9A%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E4%BA%BA Yaminiya-finacadan],[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E4%BA%BA Rosiya-finacadan] ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E9%98%BF%E5%A1%9E%E6%8B%9C%E7%96%86%E6%97%8F Asaupayciyang-finacadan;] ono sifoan a sowal o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E6%A0%BC%E9%B2%81%E5%90%89%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD sowal no Korociya], nikawrira, ‘alomanay ko somowalay to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E4%BF%84%E8%AF%AD sowal no Rosiya]. Sahetoay o mitooray to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E6%AD%A3%E7%B5%B1%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83 Kawaliay-So’elinay Pitooran], ira ko papinapina mitooray to I[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99 slam pitooran.] O kaitiraan no Korociya itiraay i lawac no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7 Kohetingay-Riyar](''Black Sea'')ka’amis o Rosiya, katimol mada’o'edo ko sera ato Torki, Yaminiya, Asaypayciyang kitakit. o kasofocan no Kakeridan no Solin ci Setalin itini. Anini sato o Comahaday-Kitakit ko Korociya, ira ko takaraway a , ato mamangay a ka’engid no sifo.<ref>Georgia Poll Reflects Widespread Concern over Economic Issues （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, International Republican Institute, 2019</ref> O cecay a kitakit to sa’ayaway ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E5%A4%A7%E9%BA%BB%E7%9A%84%E5%90%88%E6%B3%95%E6%80%A7 pihaipakarikec to Ahiyan], odengan a i’ayaway a misakiwsantoay kitakit to mihayiay to ahiyan.<ref>Wayne, Shawn. Smoking Marijuana Legalized in Georgia. Georgia Today. 30 July 2018 [9 August 2018]. （原始內容存檔於2018-08-08）.</ref> O cieci pasitiraay tona Yoropa-Lekatep ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C Sa’etipay-Kitakit], mangalefay malalood ato Rosiya a malasawad ko kalawidang to sieci. 2022 miheca saka 3 folad saka3 romi’ad malaheci ko pikapot to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F Yoropa-Lekatep]. == '''Ngangan no kitakit'''(國名) == [[Faylo:Kartvelian languages-zh.svg|縮圖|o sowal no Korociya.]] O “Kartofilo”(ქართველები,''Kartvelebi)'' sanay ko pitahidang to niyah a finacadan ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%E4%BA%9E%E4%BA%BA Korociya tamdaw],o pangangan to niyah kitakit i,o “საქართველო;''Sakartvelo”,'' o sowal i,o “ქართული;''Kartuli”.'' O palatoh no itiniay a tamdaw i,o tato’asan no Korociya ci “ქართლოს” (Ikiris a sowal: ''Kartlos),'' o wawa no wawa ni Yafo i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E8%81%96%E7%B6%93 Fangcalay Cudad] a tamdaw konini. Ona Korociya(საქართველო,''Sakartvelo)'' mipatatekoan to tosaay tilid, o tatapangan o Kartifili “ ქართველ-ი, ''kartvel-i” ,'' o ikawaliay no Korociya a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E5%8D%A1%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A9 Katoli]-[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E9%AB%98%E5%8A%A0%E7%B4%A2%E4%BC%8A%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B Ipiliya] (Ikiris a sowal'': Kartli-Iberia'') tamdaw,itiyaay ho i Kawaliay Roma-Hontian kitakit kona pitahidang; o ka’ayaway ciping “სა”(sa) o teked no palapalan ano pangangan,o “ …niaro'an a pala” sanay, macacafi’ ko kafangcal ato ikoray ciping no Posi-sowal to -[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6 setan.] Patateko han kona tosa a tilid o “ Kamaro’an no Katoliya-Ipiliya tamdaw” sanay, o aniniay a “ Katoliya-Ipiliya”. O pifakic tona tilid to hangangan no Korociya ira ko tolo kasasiroma: 1.[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E8%A5%BF%E6%AC%A7 Sa’etipay-Yoropa] o ngiha’ konialaan(polong) 2. [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E4%BF%84%E8%AF%AD Rosiya o ngiha]’ konialaan(mamang) 3.o itiraay a tilid a ngiha’ konialaan to Korociya(Litawan) [[Faylo:Dürer St. Georg.JPG|縮圖|Sie-Coci |260x260像素]] Toloay ko kasasirom no ngiha’ a nialaan no Sa’etipay-Yoropa, Ka’amisay-Yoropa, Ka’amisay-Amirika, Riyariyaan-Kitakit: 1.     Latin-sowal ato Kirisiya-sowal a tatapang o “omah”. O Kirisiya tilid “ γεωργος ;''Georgos'') o maomahay sanay ko imi nonini, ono Latin a tilid to “''Georgicus''” o liomah sanay ko imi nonini.<ref>Wilson, Nigel Guy. Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece. Routledge. 2006: 320. <nowiki>ISBN 0415973341</nowiki>.</ref> 2.     O ngangan no sofitay no Roma Hontian-kitakit ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E5%9C%A3%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB Sie-Coci](''St. George''). 3.     O pangangan no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF Posi Hontian-kitakit](‘ayaw ni Yisoan 536 miheca tahira ikor ni Yiso to 638 miheca) o "''Gurjhān／Gurzhan／Gurjan''" hananay a pangangan. <ref>A New Theory on the Etymology of the Designations of the Georgians. [2018-03-04]. （原始內容存檔於2007-09-30）.</ref> O [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B Conghwa-Minkoku] nialaay tono Ikiris a sowal to Ciyociya. I 1939 miheca tahira 1991 miheca o mikapotay to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E5%8A%A0%E7%9B%9F%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD Rosiya Nipatekoan-kitaki]t. itiya tosaay a sowal koni hatatanaman no Korociya a tamdaw, o no wina a sowal—Korociya-sowal ato no kapolongan a sowal—Rosiya-sowal, orasaka, ira ko masaangeray a pangangan to “Гру́зия(''Gruziya)”'' o matiniay a pangangan mitodong ko Dipon to “グルジア;''Gurujia)'', to ikor to i,ono Yoropa a pangangan ko nitodongan to “ジョージア”,no Kuwaping a tilid a pipangangan o “''喬治亜”,'' ono [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E5%A4%A7%E9%9F%A9%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD Hanko] “그루지야”(''Geurujiya)'', to ikor to i,”조지아”(''Jojia''）, o Posiniya ato Hesaykowina o ''“Gruzija”.'' O [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD Congko] i,ono Rosiya a pangangan ko nido’edoan o “格魯吉亞;''Gélǔjíyà'' “. 2020 miheca saka 12 folad, malaheci no Litawan sifo ko pido’edo to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E6%A0%BC%E9%B2%81%E5%90%89%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD sowal no Korociya] a pangangan to “ ''Sakartvelas”.''<ref>今日格魯吉亞. Lithuania Approves Sakartvelo as Georgia’s Official Name. [2021-01-11]. （原始內容存檔於2021-11-03）.</ref> == '''Rikisi'''(歷史) == [[Faylo:Tamerlan.jpg|縮圖|305x305像素|Timor(帖木兒)]] 帖木兒 to’asan ho a mihecaan matenakay to ko punka no Korociya, miso'edac to mihecaan mikafitay to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E9%9D%92%E9%93%9C%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3 Fodawan-Mihecaan](青銅時代'';Bronze Age),'' i Korociya maheraay ko i’ayaw no 180 ‘ofad ko mihecaan a Katerangay-Fokelohan a nalacolan, tona mihecahecaan iraay to ko masafacoay a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E9%83%A8%E8%90%BD niyaro’], wataay to ko fangcal to pisanga’ to fodawan a dafong, mapoliwal i kasasiromaroma a niyaro’. I 337 miheca iraay to ko misakeristoay a pitooran, nikawrira, na micomod ko Keristo mapalasawad ko punka no Korociya, o tilid to macacamolay to Kirisiya ato Siliya ko fa’elohay a tilid. Ikor to tolo so’ot a mihecaan mahaop no lalood no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E6%9D%B1%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B Kawaliay Roma Hontian-Kitakit] ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF Posi Hontian-Kitakit], to ikor to nonini makowan ho no Arapiya ato Arminiya; 1220 miheca mi’eco ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD Monko Hontian-Kitakit] nani Kaociyaso; 1386 miheca tahira i 1403 mihecaan milood ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E5%B8%96%E6%9C%A8%E5%84%BF Timor], mahadefek ko saka’orip ato punka no Korociya, sano yanan sato caka lomowad. 1453 miheca [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD Awtoman Hontian-Kitakit] matekop ningra ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E5%90%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E5%A0%A1 Cinsetantin](君士坦丁堡; Kirisiya a sowal:''Κωνσταντινούπολις Κωνσταντινούπολη''；Latin a sowal: ''Constantinopolis),'' na onian ko kaketon no kakafit no Korociya ato Sa’etipay-Kitakit to tolo so’ot mihecaan. [[Faylo:Михаил Горбачёв (03-12-1989).png|縮圖|Korpaciyafo]] 1783 miheca micomod a tayni ko pikowan a ‘icel no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD Hontian-Rosiya], madipot no Rosiya ko Korociya, ngalef sa ira ho ko kacitatapangan no Rosiya to Korociya. 1804 miheca tahira i 1864 mihecaan, o kasapecipecih a pala no Korociya mahaop no Hotian-Rosiya.1918 miheca saka4 folad i Sakacecay-Lalood no hekal mala o cecay no Papotalay-Kaociyaso Patatekan-Kapolongan Kitakit a misiiked, saka 5 folad mi’eco ko Awtoman Hontian-Kitakit, orasaka matekop kona Patatekan-Kapolongan Kitakit,madipot no Awtoman-Torki ato Toic Hontian-Kitakit ko Korociya a patireng to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%E4%BA%9E%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B Finawlan-Kapolongan kitakit]. 1921 miheca i saka 2,3 folad, maaro’ no Rosiya kona Korociya Finawlan-Kapolongan kitakit, mapatireng to Siyakaysiyuki a sifo, i 1936 mihecaan papateko i Solin, falicen ko ngangan no kitakit to “[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E6%A0%BC%E9%B2%81%E5%90%89%E4%BA%9A%E8%8B%8F%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%83%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD Korociya Sowiay-Siyakaysiyuki Kapolongan-Kitakit]”. I 1985 miheca malakakeridan no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E8%8B%8F%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E4%B8%BB%E8%A6%81%E8%B4%9F%E8%B4%A3%E4%BA%BA%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8 Solin-Kyosanto Sakakaay-Iinkay] ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E7%B1%B3%E5%93%88%E4%BC%8A%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%88%88%E5%B0%94%E5%B7%B4%E4%B9%94%E5%A4%AB Korpaciyafo], misa’icel a micokeroh to Mafawahay ato Mifelicay a demak, oya sato mikapotay i Solin a kitakit ala sapiliyasaw sato to Solin; 1990 miheca o Sakakaay-Kalomaocan no Korociya ira ko piketon to sowal: o miri’angay to rikec ko Kapolongan-Rikec saan, milekal heca to kaira no Tatapangan-Salongoc, falicen ko ngangan no kitakit to Korociya Kapolongan-Kitakit. 1991 miheca saka4 folad saka 9 romi’ad milekal to miliyas to Solin a misiiked. 1991 miheca saka 8 folad, yo caay ka laheci ko pifelih no sapi’afasaw to kamaro’an i sifo a cefang a milofo ci Korpaciyafo, makerid no Solin ko mikapot a 11 kitakit a mipatireng to “Misiikeday kitakit a Patatekoan Lekatep”, isa’aya’ayaw ho cowa ka pikapot ko Korociya tonin lekatep, tahira to i 1993 miheca saka 12 folad nga’ mikapotay tona Lekatep, 2008 miheca saka 8 folad saka 12 romi’ad milakel a miliyas. 1996 miheca saka 4 folad, “Korociya Kapolongan-Kitakit” mafalic ko ngangan no kitakit to Korociya. 2003 miheca ira ko Miekun-Mapalol mapacici a mapalasawad ko congtong ci Aytofa-Siewartonaci(愛德華·阿姆夫羅西耶維奇·謝瓦爾德納澤; Korociya a sowal:''ედუარდ შევარდნაძე''; Rosiya a sowal:''Эдуард Амвросьевич Шеварднадзе''; Ikiris a sowal:''Eduard Ambrosiyevich Shevardnadze'''''),''' ci Mihair-Sakasinwili(米哈伊爾·薩卡什維利; Korociya a sowal:მიხეილ სააკაშვილი; Wukolan a sowal:''Міхеіл Саакашвілі),''patokitok to Finacadan-Ca’emot a harateng, mangalef a pasitira i Sa’etioay-Kitakit a Demak. [[Faylo:Карачаево-Черкесия, Архыз, Вершины Пшиш и Аманауз.jpg|縮圖|Tata’angay Kaociyaso-Lotolotokan]] 2008muheca saka 8 folad saka7 romi’ad, mamahop ko sofitay no Korociya to malafiyaway to Rosiya a Katimolay-Awsayti a niyah pikowan, misaharateng to sapi’afasaw a pateko i Korociya.15 oni ko lalengatan no “Katimolay-AwsaytiLalood”. 2008 miheca saka8 folad saka8 romi’ad,milifong ko sofitay no Rosiya to Korociya. Pasowal ci Mihair-Sakasinwili i caay ko kallodan a niyaro’ malifong to no sofitay no Solin, misaharateng to sapisawadaw a mikapot to Awun, nikawrira, cowa ka pihai ko Rosiya to pilifong to Korociya. Tangsol sa ko Yoropa-Lekatep to sapipasasowalaw to Rihaday-Demak, nikawrira, tangsol ko Rosiya a mirarang to “ Pihidefong no Yoropa ato Amirika”. 2008 miheca saka 8 folad saka28 romi’ad mihayi ko Rosiya to pisiiked no Katimolay-Awsayti ato Apohaci. Mipacoli ko Korociya tonini a demak, orasaka, to cila a romi’ad misawad to kalawidang ato Rosiya. == Kaitiraan(地理) == [[Faylo:Rioni river - Georgia (Europe).jpg|縮圖|Liawni-‘Alo]] Omihefalat to Aciya Karopaw ato Yoropa Karopaw, <ref>格魯吉亞可被歸為亞洲或歐洲。聯合國 classification of world regions 將格魯吉亞歸類為西亞; 中央情報局的世界概況 [1], National Geographic和''大英百科全書'' 歸為亞洲地區。但是BBC [2], ''Oxford Reference Online'' [3], ''Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary''和 www.worldatlas.com，則將其歸屬於歐洲</ref> o saka’etipan no Korociya madado’edo ato Kahetingay-Riyar, ira ko 310 km ko kakaya’; isaka’amisan ira ko 723 km ko kalafiyaw ato Rosiya. O tosa no kalitolo no sera o taporo, ika’amisan o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E5%A4%A7%E9%AB%98%E5%8A%A0%E7%B4%A2%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88 Tata’angay Kaociyaso-Lotolotokan](大高加索山脈; Ikiris a sowal:''Greater Caucasus)'',isakatimolan o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E5%B0%8F%E9%AB%98%E5%8A%A0%E7%B4%A2%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88 Mamangay Kaociyaso-Lotolotokan](小高加索山脈; Ikiris a sowal:''Little Caucasus),'' sahetoay cirafasay ko 1,000 laya’ ko ka’akawang. Isasifo’an o dasdas, dafdaf ato taporo, o lilis no Kohetingay-Riyar o Korsita Dasdas. O satakaraway a ’oco' o kalala’edan ato Rosiya isaka’amisay a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E4%BB%80%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E5%B1%B1 Sinhala-Lotok], nani tongroh no riyar ira ko 5,194 laya’.<ref>''International Geographic Encyclopaedia and Atlas.'' 或施普林格, 11/24/1979, 273</ref> O sakakaay a ‘alo ira ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E5%BA%93%E6%8B%89%E6%B2%B3 Kola-‘Alo] ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%BC%E6%B2%B3 Liawni-‘Alo], o rakat no nanom tadamatatifacay ko ‘akawangay ato po’eneray, orasaka, patahtahay to nanom a sakatayal. O fa’edet no romi’ad o Safaay-Fa’edet a kakarayan, isaka’etipan so’emetay ko romi’ad, isakawalian o ma'icangay ko romi’ad. Maciro’ay ko kasasiromaroma no kakarayan i cowacowa to a sera. Isaka’etipan sa’emelay to kasi’enawan, roma sa i, i sakawalian ikakaay ko kasi’enaw, i kacifrangan fa’etay. O ‘orad to kasamihecaan ika’etipan ira ko 1,000 – 3,000mm, isakawalian ira ko 300-800 mm aca ko ‘orad. == Saka’orip(經濟) == [[Faylo:Chateau Zegaani Grand Vine.jpg|縮圖|fadisoso' 'epah]] Nano tato’asn o maomahay a kitakit ko Korociya, orasaka, o sakakaay a nipalomaan o losay ato ociya. i laloma’ nonini i o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%E4%BA%9E%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E9%85%92 fadisoso’ 'epah] no Korociya matafesiw ko 8 patek ko katelang no rikisi. Orama sa i, ira ho ko tadamaanay fakeloh a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E9%93%9C fodawan.] Tata’ang ko pisiwar no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94 Solin] to Korociya, sanoyanan sa o mido’edoay to mili’ayawan ko halaka a saka’orip a demak. Nikawrira, ilalomaan no kitakit ca ka lahoday,ira ho lalood i laloma’ no kitakit, oninian ko saka ca ka comahad no saka’orip a tayal, i 2001 miheca o manikaway a tamdaw no polong no kitakit mahaopay ko 54%. Tada mirecepay i saka’orip ko pisiwar no Rosiya, 2006 miheca mataker no Rosiya ko fadiso’ ‘epah no Korociya, hato mamatekop ko saka’orip no Korociya. Patokeled sa pacakaten ho Rosiya ko poli’aca to kaso, tongal sa ko katekes no maamaan a dafong.tahira i 2014 miheca o awaay ko katayalan a tamdaw ira ko 13.7%,o Kapolongan a Nitayalan 'Epoc Ilaloma' no kitakit( Gross Domestic Product ,GDP), ilaloma’ nonini o masanga’ay to dafong mahaop ko 17%, kali’aca mahaop ko 17.3%, roma sa i, o micolo’ay, o dingwa/calay ato patirengay mahaop ko 16.8%, ono maomahay sa i, dengan 6.2%. Nani saka 21 sici, ira to kacomahad no saka’orip no Korociya. 2007 miheca, o so’elinay a Kapolongan a Nitayalan 'Epoc Ilaloma' no kitakit macakat to 12%, malasakakaay a comahaday a kitakit itini i Sawalian-Yoropa.<ref>Georgia. Cia.gov. [2016-04-20]. （原始內容存檔於2020-04-11）.</ref> i cecay a miheca nani 112 rayray no polong kitakit i hekal macakat tayra i saka 18 rayray, ira sato ko sowal no Hekalay-Kinko( ''World Bank:WB'') o “ o sakakaay a nifalicay to saka’orip i hekal” <ref>World Bank Economy Rankings （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）.</ref> saan. I 2019 miheca a “nikatayal to sapisolingaaw to kalali’aca” sowal no Hekalay-Kinko, macakat tangasa i saka 6 rayray. Tona pinapina a mihecaan o pisalamaan no lafang a tayal, macakat ko kaikaka itini saka’orip, itini i Korociya adihay ko makapahay a pala ato nalacolan no ponka, ilaloma’ nonini ira ko 4 matoro’ no Sakakaay-Taneng ato punka a saopo no Linheko to “rocok no hekalay kitakit”, 2016 miheca ira ko 2,714,773 ko mipalafangay a tamdaw.<ref>Georgian National Tourism Administration – Researches. Georgian National Tourism Administration. [26 January 2017]. （原始內容存檔於28 February 2017）.</ref> == '''Tamdaw(人口)''' == O sa’osi i 2005 miheca saka 7 folad,o polong a tamdaw no Korociya ira ko 4,677,401 tamdaw, silsilen ko kasasiromaroma no finacadan: Korociya tamdaw:83.8% Asaypayciyang tamdaw:6.5% Yaminiya tamdaw:5.7% Rosiya tamdaw:1.5% [[Faylo:Sabinin. Glory of Iveria.jpg|縮圖|Sawalian-Mo’ecelay Pitoooran]] Ono Rosiya a tamdaw yo misiiked ko Korociya tatootoor sa a maforaw miliyas tona kitakit. Oya sa itiraay i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%83%E5%93%88%E8%8C%B2 Apohaci kowan] a Hapohaci tamdaw ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E5%8D%97%E5%A5%A5%E5%A1%9E%E6%A2%AF Katimolay-Awsayti] a Awsayti yamdaw sapisiikedaw nani Korociya. I laloma’ nona kitakit ira ho tosa a Korociya a finacadan, o Sifan-tamdaw ato Minkolir-tamdaw, ato mamangay a Laci-tamdaw. Ona Laci- tamdaw itiraay i Torki ko ‘orip nangra. I laloma’ no Korociya a mamangay finacadan ira ko Siriya-tamdaw , Kirisiya-tamdaw, Korto-tamdaw ato Ukolan-tamdaw, Maysiheto-Torki tamdaw. Ikor no katekop no Solin, o sapiliyasaw no Apohaci a kasafelaw, ato Acala ato Katimolay-Awsayti a fangafang, tada tata’ang ko pifolkok to sakarihaday no tamdaw no Korociya, tongal sa ko kakeror no ‘orip no tamtamdaw. Malahedaw ko katayalan, orasaka, cilafas ko mo’etep ‘ofad ko miliyas to kitakit a tayra i roma a kitakit mikilim to saka’orip, ilaloma’ nona maforaway sahetoay tayraay i Rosiya. Cowa ka rihaday ko kitakit, orasaka, cowa ka ci’angil ko tamdaw a misawawa, o sasafaay ko sofoc itini, malecad ko Aminiya. Aniniay a sa’osi no tamdaw makeroray to 50 ‘ofad patili’en i 1990 miheca toya no Solin a mihecaan, nikawrira, ira ko minengnengay anini o sa’osi no tamdaw no aniniay mapacakatay ko pisa’osi sanay. == '''Pitooran'''(宗教) == O sakakaay a pitooran no Korociya o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E6%AD%A3%E7%B5%B1%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83 Sawalian-Mo’ecelay Pitoooran](Korociya So’elinay-Pitooran)mahaop ko 83.4%, oroma i,[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E6%AD%A3%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A Rosiya-So'elinay Pitooran](1%), [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E4%BA%9A%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E4%BD%BF%E5%BE%92%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A Aminiya Mitooray-Kiyokay], mahaop ko 2.9%, Roma Tinsikiw(0.8%), Fa’elohay-Keristoay Pitooran,Islam Pitooran(10.7%).itira i tatapangan a tokay ira ko cecay tata’angay a niyaro’ no Yutaya, tosa ko kiyokay. Ano irairaay ko fodfod i kalala’dan no kitakit, o kiyokay itini i, halafinay to ko kalawidang ato rihaday to pitooran. O mamangay a finacadan mitooora to masasiromaroma a pitooran itini i Korociya matafesiw to ko pinapina patek ko mihecaan, itini awaay ko pisakakinih to roma a pitooran.<ref>Spilling, Michael. Georgia (Cultures of the world). 1997</ref> Yotaya a tamdaw matenakay a maro’ tona kitakit, o sakakaay i, masa’opoay i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E7%AC%AC%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF Tipilis-tokay](第比利斯;Korociya a sowal:თბილისი;falicen to tilid no Lati:''T'bilisi)'' ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E5%BA%AB%E5%A1%94%E4%BC%8A%E8%A5%BF Kotaisi-tokay](庫塔伊西 ; Korociya a sowal:ქუთაისი) tona tosa tokay. [[Faylo:ხანმეტი ოთხთავი.png|縮圖|6-7sici a kimolmolay tilid]] == Ponka(文化) == O tilid no Korociya misanga’an no Honti ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E6%B3%95%E5%B0%94%E7%BA%B3%E7%93%A6%E5%85%B9%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96 Farnawaci sakacecay](法爾納瓦茲一世;Korociya a sowal:ფარნავაზი) no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E9%AB%98%E5%8A%A0%E7%B4%A2%E4%BC%8A%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B Kaociyaso Ipiliya-Hontian Kitakit](伊比利亞王國;''Kingdom of Iberia'') i 284 miheca sanay ko sowal, nikawrira, tahanini o maheraay a samatelangay a tilid ira to i ska 5 sici sanay ko wacay. O ponka no Korociya nani saka 4 sici satapang masiwar no Sawalian-Mo’ecelay Pitooran ato Korociya Sawalian-Mo’ecelay Misawawaan, latek oninian ko misiwaray to katelangay niyaro’ no Kirisiya [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD Paycantin](拜占庭; Kirisiya a sowal:''Βυζάντιον''; Latin a sowal:''Byzantium),''na onian ko masasiparaheker ta adihay ko misanga’an a dafong no pitooran, ona dafong ira ko kiyokay, pita’ongan, ato songila’ay-dafong,ilaloma’ nonini ira ko sapsanengseng a kunis ato cuka no Fangcalay tamdaw ato mitooray. Roma sa i, ira ho ko no kalo’orip a dafong o pakayniay i kitakit ato kawasay kimad. Talacowa ma’eco no Arapiya i saka 7 sici, masiwar ho no Muslim-ponka i saka 8 sici, toya mihecahecaan macomahad ko niyah a ponka no Korociya, matongalmatongal ko kacacafi’ ato Paycantin. I saka 9 sici tahira i saka 10 sici,o edef no kitakit micoker to piraroy tono niyah a tilid, mangalef o nitilidan ato cuka. Ikor no pitedal ato kalacecay no kitakit o tilid no Korociya ko sakakaay mirecepay a misiwar, o sowal no Korociya matenakay a kalasowalen, o kalosowal ato fiyaw a kitakit a misawidang.<ref>Heinz Fähnrich: ''Geschichte Georgiens von den Anfängen bis zur Mongolenherrschaft'' S. 108 ff. Shaker, Aachen 1993, <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-86111-683-7</nowiki>.</ref> == Pacefaday a Tilid(註腳) == [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] <references /> == Pikafitan i papotal(外部連結) == * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [[:en:List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government|List of current heads of state and government]] ji6wgrj57z80doilud3ezn2su25b8c9 0 355 7521 7520 2021-10-28T12:12:03Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 16 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 7520 wikitext text/x-wiki Germany（德國） [[Faylo:Flag of Germany.svg|thumb|Flag of Germany|alt=Flag of Germany]] [[Faylo:EU-Germany.svg|thumb|Location of  Germany  (dark green)– in Europe  (green & dark grey)– in the European Union  (green)]] Itini i 51 00 N, 9 00 E, noYoropi ko [[Germany]]. Polong no sekalay i 357,022 sq km “saka 63 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 348,672 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 8,350 sq km ” Polong i 80,722,792 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 48%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 31.80%, malo no roma to a sera 20.20%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Berlin]](柏林) ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakamoetep 3 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Frank-Walter Steinmeier]](法蘭克-華特·史坦麥爾), patirengan a romi’ad i 2017 a miheca(年) saka 3 folad saka 19 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] kp4s95bmzsyo86kbmdwj19s12o7pxms 0 356 34071 33080 2023-02-04T19:42:53Z MB-one 1282 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[File:Volta Lake.JPG]] → [[File:Volta River Adomi.jpg]] 34071 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Flag of Ghana.svg|縮圖|hata no Kana kapolongan kitakit]] == Kana Kapolongan-Kitakit == (Ikiris a sowal:''Republic of Ghana''; Kana hananay kalopitahidang(通稱'''迦納'''; Ikiris a sowal:''Ghana),'' o itiraay I sa’etipan no Afrika a kitakit, o tatapangan a niyaro’ o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%98%BF%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89 Akola]('''阿克拉'''; Ikiris a sowal:''Accra'').i saka’etipan malafiyaw ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%A7%91%E7%89%B9%E8%BF%AA%E7%93%A6 Pacekis no Co Kapolongan kitakit](象牙海岸共和國; Fransu a sowal:''République de Côte d'Ivoire'') isaka’amisan o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B8%83%E5%90%89%E7%B4%8D%E6%B3%95%E7%B4%A2 Pokinafaso](布吉納法索; Fransu a sowal:''Burkina Faso''),isakawalian o Toko(多哥共和國;Fransu a sowal:''République togolaise) ,'' isakatimolan o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%87%A0%E5%86%85%E4%BA%9A%E6%B9%BE Ciniya-Kihaw](幾內亞灣; Ikiris a sowal:''Gulf of Guinea''; Fransu a sowal:''Golfe de Guinée).'' i 8 00 N, 2 00 W, noAfilika ko [[Ghana]]. Polong no sekalay i 238,533 sq km “saka 82 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 227,533 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 11,000 sq km ” Polong i 26,908,262 ko tamdaw. [[Faylo:Ghana Togo Locator (orthographic projection).svg|縮圖|kaitiraan no Kana]] == '''Ngangan no kitakit'''(國名) == Tadangangan tono Ikiris a sowal o “Republic of Ghana”, dacdacan a tilid o ''“Ghana”''.ono Kuwaping a pangangan, ono [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B Conghwa-Minkoko] o “Kana Kapolongan-Kitakit”, dacdacan pangangan o “Kana”, ono [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD Congko], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A Malaysiya] ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%96%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%9D%A1 Sinkapor] a pangangan o malecaday to o “Kana Kapolongan-Kitakit”, dacdacan a tilid o “Kana”. == '''Rikis'''i(歷史) == Nani saka 3 tahira sak 4 sici, o cecay a pecih no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%BF%A6%E7%B4%8D%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B Kana Hontian-Kitakit], i saka 13 sici o Aken-tamdaw, Mosi-tamdaw tatootoran sa patireng to hotian kitakit i ka’amis ato katimol, 1471 miheca mi’eco ko Potawya palasakowan tona sera, mi’afas to tada’ekim, o lawac no riyar pangangan han to “Tada’ekim salawacan no riyar” han a pangangan. 1595 miheca Holan, Ikiris tatootoor sa macacafi’ tona kitakit, paliwal to koli. 1844 miheca maaro’ no Ikiris ko salawacan no riyar, 1901 miheca malamikowanan no Ikiris ko edef nona kitakit, pangangan han to “ [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%8B%B1%E5%B1%AC%E9%BB%83%E9%87%91%E6%B5%B7%E5%B2%B8 malamicongacongay a tada’ekim salawacan no riyar kitakit no Ikiris”.] I 1957 miheca saka 3 folad saka6 romi’ad milekal to pisiiked a patireng to kitakit; onini haw i,o mipatatekoan nona micowatan no Ikiris a “ malamicongacongay a tada’ekim salawacan no riyar kitakit no Ikiris” ato nikowanan no Toic a “malamicongacongay to Ikiris a Tokolan”, o sa’ayaway a misiikeday no Ikiris a micowatan a kitakit. o sa’ayaway a congli ci Enkoroma(夸梅·恩克魯瑪; Ikiris a sowal:''Kwame Nkrumah)'' palasawaden ningra ko pitokelad no Honti no Ikiris, palasawaden hec ningra ko telang a ngangan no kitakit misafa’eloh pangangan to Kana Kapolongan-Kitakit, malasa’ayaway a congtong. [[Faylo:King Asantehene Osei Tutu II of Ashanti (Ashanti region) Asanteman.png|縮圖|272x272像素|Awsay toto hongti no Asanti.]] Ci Enkoroma o cecay no milekalay to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%B3%9B%E9%9D%9E%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89 Sahetoay-Afrika] sanay a harateng, tata mapacakat a macoroh ni [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%AF%9B%E6%B3%BD%E4%B8%9C Maocetong] o kakerida no Congko, micoroh to pisiiked ato kalacecay no Sahetoay-Afrika a harateng. Mafalic no milololay a kasafelaw i 1966 mihecaan. 1981 miheca mipalasawad ko Tatapangan-Rikec no Kitakit to misanga’ to kasafelaw tono cieci, orasaka, malalang ko misanga’ to kasafelaw no Sici. 1992 miheca malaheci ko fa’elohay a Tatapangan-Rikec no Kitakit, miliyaw heca ko pihayi no sifo to misanga’ to fa’elohay a Tatapangan-Rikec no kitakit, mihayi haca to pisang; to kasafelaw no sieci. Nikawrira, aloman ho ko ma’oripay i “awaay ko kitakit” sanay a ‘orip.Ira ho ko mitooray toya awaay to sakowan-‘icel a Asantito-hongti, oninian a tamdaw a harateng itini i hekal dengan o “ Asanti Finacadan-Haraten”, awaay ko “Kana Finacadan-Harateng” sanay.  O Asanti hananay itiraay i katimol no sasifo’an no Kana, o tata’angay a kitakit i Saka’etipan no Afrika, o tada tata’angay kitakit i sa’etipan-Afrika, o tatapanan a niyaro’ itiraay i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%BA%93%E9%A9%AC%E8%A5%BF Kosima], o pipafelian to kohetingay-koli no isa’etipay a kohecalay tamdaw, toikor mala nicowatan-pala no Ikiris, nornor sa a pasi’amis a milood to Asanti kitakit, sanoyanay sato a mapatireng ko Asanti. O demak no Ikiris makadkad ko telii’ Asanti tamdaw, o honti no Asanti malaplap i 1902 miheca, orasaka, mangalefay ko cakafili a kowanen ko Kana, I 1924 miheca mihamham ko Ikiris to pinokay no honti, 1938 miheca midemak to “Palolol no Asanti-kitakit a lisin”, mapalolol ko “Kalomaocan no Kakita’an no Asanti” tonika mamikowan tona kitakit. Yo misiiked ko Kana ikor no Sakatosa-[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98 Lalood], kinapinapina ko Ikiris micorcor to pisaroma a misiiked no Asanti, nikawrira, cowa ka laheci, tahanini o honti no Asanti ira ho ikakaay a kamaro’an i Kana. O honti no Asanti tahanini alacecay aca ko wawa, orasaka, o aniniay a hongti ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A5%A5%E9%80%9A%E5%AF%8C%E6%B2%83%C2%B7%E7%BA%B3%E7%BA%B3%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E5%A1%9E%C2%B7%E5%9B%BE%E5%9B%BE%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96Awtongfowo-Nana-Awsay-Toto&#x20;sakatosa Awtongfowo-Nana-Awsay-Toto sakatosa], i 1999 miheca a malahongti, pakaalaay to hakasi no Amirika, o “ aniniay a honti no Solomen”. == '''Kaitiraan'''(地理) == [[Faylo:Volta River Adomi.jpg|縮圖|Worta-Acer]] Itiraay i salawacan no riyar ato likis no Worta-’Alo ko masadangahay sera, dafdaf, ilawaca no riya ira ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%B2%99%E6%B4%B2 tafok-kanatal] ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%BD%9F%E6%B9%96 masafanaway]; i katimolan no saka’etip ato saka’amisan o taporo, katimolan no sakawali ato sifo’an o tokos, nani tongroh no riyar ira ko 600-700 laya’ ko ka’akawang. Mingata’ay to sifo’an [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%B5%A4%E9%81%93 kunis no cikiw] ko Kana, ira masafacoay a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%83%AD%E5%B8%A6 Fa’edetay-Kakarayan], sahetoay o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%86%B1%E5%B8%B6%E4%B9%BE%E6%BF%95%E5%AD%A3%E6%B0%A3%E5%80%99 Fa’edetay-Rebgorengosan Kakarayan], o ‘orad to mihecaan ira ko 800~1200 mm; katimolan no saka’etip o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%86%B1%E5%B8%B6%E9%9B%A8%E6%9E%97%E6%B0%A3%E5%80%99 Fa’edetay-‘ora’oradan-kilakilangan kakarayan], ira ko 1200~2200 mm ko ‘orad to mihecaan. Isaktimol ira ko tosa a kafodo’an:i saka 5 folad~saka 6 folad, ato i saka 8 folad ~saka 9 folad. Isaka’amisan madado’edoay kona tosaan kafodo’an, i saka 1folad tahira i saka 2 folad o malifesay a fali. I katimolay no sakawalian a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%E6%B0%B4%E5%BA%93 Worto-Acer] o sakakaay o mikarkaran no tmadaw a palafanaw, nani Yapi niyaro’ tathira i Akosompo tata’akay acer, ira ko 520 km ko kato’edaw, o sapisanga’ to nanoman-dingki ato karomakatan no tamina, ato sapananom to omah ato pifotingan. == '''Saka’orip'''(經濟) == [[Faylo:Sleek Garments Industry in Ghana.jpg|縮圖|mita'isay to riko' a katayalan.]] Adihay ko kinairaira no palapalaan no Kana kitakit,o mili’etanan no kalotamdaw isafaay ho sakakaay ko kanikaw a kitakit i sa’etipan Arika to tosa a ta’edip. Talacowa ko kanikaw no ‘orip,tahanini palawinaay to kali’acaan to dafong ato pipado’ no roma a kitakit, ato mipanokayan payso no i romaay kitakit ko aro’ a tamdaw no Kana.Latek mahaop ko 28% a tamdaw no Kana ila’enoay ho nikaawa no ihekalay kunis, o mili’etanan to cecay a romi’ad deng 1,25 Amirika payso(falicen to payso no Taywan latek 37 payso). Ono sa’osi no Hekalay-Kinko tona 45 mihecaan dengan cecay ko felih ko macakat no ‘etan. Yo malamicowatan a sakowan no roma a kitakit ko Kana, cinganganay to maci’etan to paliwal to tada’ekim, tahanini o cecay ho no sakakaay ci’ekimay a kitakit(o sakatosa ci’ekimay kitakit i Afrika). O roma a nipasadakan a paliwal a dafong ira ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8F%AF%E5%8F%AF%E6%A8%B9 koko], kilang, dingki, [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%92%BB%E7%9F%B3 tayamonto] ato kodasing, ato misanga’an dafong nani citiliday a fodawan. Ano mipasadak paliwal toninian dafong o citodongay to paliwal to losay a sakowan, o saka ca ka pifelih to rikec no kitakit a patelas a paliwal to tada’ekim, fodawan ato koko, ta macemahad ko niyah a kitakit. 2008 miheca o matayalay no Kana ira ko 1150’ofad ko tamdaw. o saka’orip a pili’etan o liomah ko sakakaay, mahop ko 56% no polong a matayalay ato mahaop ko37.3% no GDP ko muli’etanan, nikawrira, sahetoay ko mamangay a sera ko liomah. Cowa ka hakowa ko misanga’ay to dafong, i 2007 miheca dengan 7.9% no GDP. 2007 miheca saka 7 folad, mifelic to fa’elohay a payso:[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%BF%A6%E7%B4%8D%E5%A1%9E%E5%9C%B0 Kanasayti], maharineknekay kona payso, i 2009 miheca to pifelic ato payso no Amirika 5.52:1. O sata to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A2%9E%E5%80%BC%E7%A8%8E cilafasay-sata] nani [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%B6%88%E8%B4%B9%E7%A8%8E pi’aca to dafong] ko piala to sata. Yo misatapang a milisata i 1998 miheca sacecay hananay ko piala, tahira to i 2007 miheca sak 9 folad misasiromaromaan to ko pilisata. [[Faylo:Daniel Mensah "Hello" 2006. Foto Regula Tschumi.jpg|縮圖|takenip no Kana]] 1998 mihecaan 10% kopilisata, i 2000 mihecaan macakat to 12.5%. O maomahay a kitakit ko Kana, mahaop ko 60% a polong tamdaw o maomahay, mili’etan to 40% no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E6%80%BB%E5%80%BC Kapolongan a Nitayalan ’Epoc Ilaloma' no kitakit]: GDP(國內生產總值;Gross Domestic Product). O sakakaay itini i hekal ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%B6%88%E8%B2%BB%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E7%94%A2%E5%93%81 pililakaw no dingki], o pisongila’ to taliyokan ikaka no to tolo ato kalokitakit. O mikarkaran a ‘ekim cilafasay ato 90 mihecahecaan to lima.8 O misanga’ay to takenip(tangolan) a sayho no Kana tadamafana’ay a patatodong to sa’eli no pasanga’ay, adihay ko masasiromaromay a makapahay tilid no takenip, anini sato cinganganay to ko “ takenip no Kana]” i hekal, orasaka, ci’epoc a patongal ko saka’orip ‘etan no Kana. == Pikafitan i Papotal(外部連接) == * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [[:en:List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government|List of current heads of state and government]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 97y3588zhmhbv9zqtkps6emyif0h1yg 0 357 44487 34691 2024-08-31T19:16:35Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 格奧爾基·馬爾格韋拉什維利 44487 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Prasidenten Margvelashvili (cropped).jpg|縮圖|Margvelashvili, 2014|alt=Prasidenten Margvelashvili (cropped).jpg]] I 1969 a miheca(年) saka 9 folad saka 4 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci '''Giorgi Margvelashvili'''(格奧爾基·馬爾格韋拉什維利), malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Georgia]](喬治亞) anini i ci Giorgi Margvelashvili, patirengan a romi’ad i 2013 a miheca saka 11 folad saka 17 a romi’ad. == No papotalay a kakafit == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 3j0g0333qgaohw82c1n0nnlurih0hs6 0 358 44488 44303 2024-08-31T19:17:36Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 格奧爾基·伊萬諾夫 44488 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Ǵorge Ivanov 2012-04-27.jpg|縮圖|Ivanov, 2012|alt=Ǵorge Ivanov 2012-04-27.jpg]] I 1960 a miheca(年) saka 5 folad saka 2 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci '''Gjorge Ivanov'''(格奧爾基·伊萬諾夫), malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Macedonia]](馬其頓) anini i ci Gjorge Ivanov, patirengan a romi’ad i 2009 a miheca(年) saka 5 folad saka 12 a romi’ad. His second and the last presidential term ended on 12 May 2019. [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] hpnj209lvp5pad9xpg29m3eydpjcfpg 0 359 42370 42368 2024-03-18T10:25:43Z EPIC 2107 回退[[Special:Contributions/2409:40E2:100B:5B34:8000:0:0:0|2409:40E2:100B:5B34:8000:0:0:0]]（[[User talk:2409:40E2:100B:5B34:8000:0:0:0|留言]]）的編輯，改回[[User:Yahya|Yahya]]的先前版本 41144 wikitext text/x-wiki O tatapangan a nona Ko-kol hananay a kosi i, itiniay i Padaka(美國) roma sato ira haca i roma a kitakit ko kosi nira (o no In-ke-lis a sowal：Google Inc.) O tayal nona kosi i, ira ko pikilim i wang-ci-wang-lo(網際網路) i tingnaw, pisa’osi i in-tewan(雲端), sakilosiyang a fana’. Adihay ko nisanga’an naira to sakacaloway no mikitinaway to maamaan a tamdaw, o sakasietan nona kosi i, ona pikilosiyang a tayal nira. Oya mitiliday I se-tan-fo Ta-sey(史丹佛大學) a po-se ci Lay-li Piy-ci ato ci Siy-e-kay Po-li ko patirengay tona Ko-kol(Google), mansa ca Ko-kol malacafayay hananay no ’alomanay a pangangan kona tatosaay. == google pikilim == Ona google pikilim hananay i, o nipahadakan no google kosi a incing to sapikilim i wang-ci-wang-lo(網際網路), o sata’angay, saadihayay a sapiklim a incing i wang-ci-wang-lo(網際網路). Mata’eli to tosa a co’ol no ca’ol to pikakilim no nanicowacowaay a tamdaw ko pitayal nona incing nona google pikilim, cowa aca pikilim to wang-yi(網頁) a cecay ko nitayalan nira, ira haca ko pikilim to conga, sinpon, sipon wang-yi(網頁), ika. == Google Chrome sakinengneng == O Wep-kit(WebKit) hananaya incing to sakinengneng i wang-yi(網頁) kona Google Chrome. I 2012 miheca 5 folad 21 romi’ad i, 33% ko no Chrome a nitayalan, makiysoay nira ko IE, o sakakaay to cira, halo o IE ato Firefox a makatatolo naira a miala to sakinengneng i wang-yi(網頁) a tayal. == Android sakitayal == O niparoan i kikay a sakitayal kona Android. 2010 miheca, itini i nikinkiwan i ki-na-les(Canalys) i, o saetanay a sakitayal kona Android i ce-howay-sing so-ci(智慧型手機) saan. == Google conga == O sapikilim to kaitiraan kona Ku-kol conga nona Ku-kol kosi. Nga’ayay to sapikilim to taliyok no lalan no hatini. == Pi’arawan to lakaw == [https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google 中文維基百科] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 37shb5u7r02bze5l4tm9y7s73dun28w 0 360 7679 7678 2021-10-28T12:12:17Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 24 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 7678 wikitext text/x-wiki Gowryu（合流部落） Itiniay i [[Jianshi]](尖石) Cen no [[Hsinchu]](新竹) ko [[Gowryu]] a niyaro’, 53 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 156 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 52% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 81 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 48% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 75 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)47%, Amis(阿美族)3%, Paiwan(排灣族)2%. Ira ko picodadan(新樂國小、新樂國小附幼) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(橫山分局新樂派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko Kiwkay(新樂天主堂) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] pa8jh9taj4un02u5x3l1z981va4ak0b 0 361 47619 41257 2025-09-28T22:07:21Z Chhetri Sux 3278 /* I Sakatos-lalood(第二次世界大戰期間) */ 47619 wikitext text/x-wiki == Greece（希臘） == [[Faylo:Flag of Greece.svg|thumb|Flag of Greece|alt=Flag of Greece]] [[Faylo:EU-Greece.svg|thumb|Location of  Greece  (dark green)– in Europe  (green & dark grey)– in the European Union  (green)  –  [Legend]]] == Kirisiya-kapolongan kitakit(希臘共和國; Kirisiya a sowal:''Ελληνική Δημοκρατία'';通稱希臘:''Ελλάδα''). == O itiraay i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%9C%E5%8D%97%E6%AC%A7 katimol no sakawalian no Yoropa], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%B7%A8%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8 mihawangay to karopaw a kitakit],nawhani, o pinapina akanatal no Aycin-riyar ono Aciya. I kacacapa’an no Yoropa, Aciya ato Afrika ko kaitiraan no Kirisiya, tadakakalimelan ko kaitiraan, isakatimolan no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%94%E5%B9%B2%E5%8D%8A%E5%B2%9B Paerkan Pecihan-kanatal] (巴爾幹半島Ikiris a sowal:''Balkans'') , isaka’amis no saka’etipan malafiyaw ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A Aerpaniya], isaka’amisan malafiyaw ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8C%97%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%B6%E9%A0%93 Maciton] ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%BF%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A Pawciyaliya], isaka’amis no sakawalian malafiyaw ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6 Torki.] Siwaay ko kasa’eta’etal no Kirisiya: Maciton, Sifo’an-Kirisiya,Polopennisa, Sesali, Ypilos, Aycin-riyaran patatekoan-kanatanatal( mahaop ko 12 a kanatanatal ato Cikolaces), Seroys, Kolito ato Yiawniya-kanatanatal. Isakawaliay no kitakit ko Aycin-riyar,isaka’etipay ko Ayawniya-riyar, o Kolito-riyar ato Sifo’ay-riyar isakatimolay. O kakaya’ no lilis no riyar no Kirisiya ira ko 13,676 km, itini i masadangahay a Sifo’ay-riyar o sakakaay ko ka to’edaw no lilis no riyar i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7%E7%9B%86%E5%9C%B0 masadangahay Sifo'ay-riyar]. Patahtahay to kanatanatal ko Kirisiya, olaloma’ noninian kanatal ira ko 227 a kanatal iraay ko tamdaw a maro’. O polong no kitakit mahaop ko 80% o tokos, [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A5%A5%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E6%96%AF%E5%B1%B1 Awlipos-tokos] ko pocok, nani tongroh no riyar ira ko 2,918 laya’. O tadamato’asay ko rikisi a kitakit ko Kirisiya itini i hekal, nani ‘ayawan ni Yiso to 2700 miheca iraay to ko taamdaw a maro’ itini. O kaitiraan ato kapatahtah palalafang, o cananoyan no sa’etipay-ponka hananay a pangangan, o kalengawan no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%9B%85%E5%85%B8%E5%BC%8F%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB finawlan-faco no sieci], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6 sa’etipay-haratengan], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A5%A5%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E5%85%8B%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E4%BC%9A Awlinpiko-ontokay], sa’etipay-nipitilidan, rikis,sieci,sakakaay-nikafana’ ato nipisa’osi, [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6 sa’etipay-sifay]([https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%96%9C%E5%8A%87 kakahemekan] ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%96%9C%E5%8A%87 kakeseman]).<ref>Carol Strickland. The Illustrated Timeline of Western Literature: A Crash Course in Words & Pictures. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. 2007: 2 [2016-10-10]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4027-4860-8</nowiki>. （原始內容存檔於2016-12-07）. <q>Although the first writing originates in the cradle of civilization along Middle Eastern rivers — the Tigris, Euphrates, and Nile — the true cradle of Western literature is Athens. As the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley says, "We are all Greeks."</q></ref> i’ayaw ni Yiso to saka 4 sici mapalacecay ni [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%85%93%E5%8A%9B%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%B6%E9%A1%BF) Fili-sakatosa]('''腓力二世;'''Kirisiya a sowal:''Φίλιππος Β' ο Μακεδών'') <ref>《Alexander the Great in His World》 Carol G. Thomas著..</ref> <ref>《Perseus》 Daniel Ogden著; 《A History of Greece to 322 B.C.》， N. G. L. Hammond著.<nowiki>ISBN 0-19-873095-0</nowiki>,page 56,1986。.</ref> no Maciton ko Kirisiya, o wawa ningra ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%9D Alisanta Tata’angay-honti](馬其頓的亞歷山大三世;Katelangay sowal no kirisiya:''Ἀλέξανδρος Γ' ὁ Μακεδών'') cowa ka pahoda a micowat to kakahaday sera no to’asan hekal, mapatenak nani saka’etipan no Sifo’ay-riyar ko ponka ato sakakaay-fana’ patayra i taliyokan no Indo-‘alo. I’ayaw no saka 2 sici macowat no Roma ko Kirisiya, mala [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B Roma-hontian-kitakit] ato mirocokay a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%9D%B1%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B Paycantin hotian-kitakit] ko i kakocay a heci no kitakit, ona Paycantin hotian-kitakit o masiwaray no ponka ato nipitilidan no Kirisiya. I sakacecay sici mapatireng ko Kirisiya So’elina-kyokay, masaloma’ ko aniniay a ponka no Kirisiya, mapatenak heca ko tato’asan pinangan no Kirisiya tayra i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%AD%A3%E7%B5%B1%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83 So’elinay-Kyokay](正統教會; Kirisiya a sowal:Ορθόδοξη Εκκλησία; Romaan tilid:''Orthódoxi Ekklisía''; Rosiya a sowal:''Православная Церковь'', Romaan tilid:''Pravoslavnaja Cerkovʹ'') a hekal.<ref>Greece during the Byzantine period (c. AD 300–c. 1453), Population and languages, Emerging Greek identity. Encyclopædia Britannica. United States: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. 2008. Online Edition.</ref> Isasifo’an no saka 15 sici, ma’afas no Wotoman hontian-kitakit ko Kirisiya. Isaka 19sici tahira isaka 20 sici mapalaheci ko sapisiikedaw-lalood, 1830 miheca mihayi to polong a kasakitakit to o fainacadan-kitakit ko Kirisiya saan. Ira ko 18 a rocokan no hekalay-kitakit, ilaloma’ nonini ira ko 16 rocokan no ponka, 2 ko matata’edipay rocokan ko ponka ato palapalan, ika’ayaway rayray itini i Yoropa ato kasakitakit koninian sa’osi no rocokan.<ref>Greece Properties inscribed on the World Heritage List (17). Unesco. Unesco. [2016-10-10]. （原始內容存檔於2017-03-24）.</ref> O Finawlan-sieci a faco a kitakit, macemahay-kitakit ato takaraway ko pilipayso a kitakit, cemahaday-kitakit, Sa’osi no Kacemahadan no Tamdaw(''Human Development Index'') takaraway ko heci no ‘orip. O mioatirengay to Linheko a kitakit, o sakamo’etep a kapot no Masakapotay-Yoropa(’ayaway no Yoropa-Lekatep),nani 2001 miheca o kapot no Yoropa-payso a etal. Adihay ho ko pikapotan, tinako han o Yoropa-Licikay, Saka’amisay Tasiyang-Riyaran a Kakaketonan Lekatep(''North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO''), Mapapadangay to Saka’orip ato Kacemahadan-kapot, Hekalay-malali’acaay Lekatep(''World Trade Organization, WTO''), Sakarihaday ato Sakapapadang a Lekatep no Yoropa(''Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe，OSCE''), ato Somowalay-Fransu a Hekalay-Saopo. O misiieday a ponka, mihamhamay-tayal, micolo’ay ato sofitayan-kamaro’an no Kirisiya ko sakacakat malasifo’ay Ci’icelay-kitakit.<ref>Aronsson, Albin. The Geostrategic Value of Greece and Sweden in the Current Struggle between Russia and NATO. [2016-10-10]. （原始內容存檔於2021-03-17）.</ref><ref><nowiki>http://europesworld.org/2013/06/01/greece-can-still-be-a-geopolitical-asset-for-the-eu/#.V-ljaCQbP9s</nowiki> 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2017-01-11.</ref><ref>Geopolitical Consequences Of 'Grexit' Would Be Huge, Country Risk-Defence and Security-Financial Markets. 2015-07-01 [2016-10-10]. （原始內容存檔於2017-10-10）.</ref> == '''Rikisi'''(歷史) == [[Faylo:Parthenon from west.jpg|縮圖|Potonen-pita'aongan]] === I'ayaway no kacirikisian(史前史) === Do’edoen ko to’asan ho a nitilidan, latek i’ayaw no 20 ’ofa a mihecaan isasifo’an no katelangay-fokelohan miheca iraay to ko masaniyaro’ay tamdaw a maro’ itini. Latek i’ayaw no no 3200 miheca, i fodawan-miheca mapalengaw to ko samatelangay a ponka no Yoropa, onini i, o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%B1%B3%E8%AF%BA%E6%96%AF%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E Maynos-payrayrang](邁諾斯文明;''Minoan civilization,'' itiraay i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E7%89%B9 Koriko-kanatal]), [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E6%B3%BD%E6%96%AF%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E Cikolaces-payrayrang](基克拉澤斯文明,itiraay i Cikolaces-kanatanatalan) ato Helas-payrayranga(赫拉斯文明,Ikieis a sowal:''Helladic,'' Kirisiya a sowal:''Ελλαδικός;'' itiraay i Kirisiya-karopaw). Latek i’ayaw ni Yisoan to 1600 miheca maceror no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%BF%88%E9%94%A1%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E Maysini-payrayrang] (邁錫尼文明; Ikiris a sowal:''Mycenaean Greece;''Fransu a sowal: ''Civilisation mycénne)'', o polong no nini o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%88%B1%E7%90%B4%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E Acin-payrayrang]( 愛琴文明'';The Orehistoric Archaeology of Aegean)'' hananay konini ponka.maceror no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A4%9A%E5%88%A9%E5%AE%89%E4%BA%BA%E5%85%A5%E4%BE%B5 Tolian-tamdaw] (多利安人入侵;Ikiris a aowal:''Dorian invasion'') ko Maysini-payrayrang, ikor to nonini marimamoh ko Kirisiya to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E9%BB%91%E6%9A%97%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3 To’emanay-mihecahecan]<ref>'''希臘黑暗時代'''（英語：'''Greek Dark Ages'''），又稱'''荷馬時代'''（根據荷馬史詩）、'''幾何時代'''（根據當時的幾何藝術），是指希臘歷史中從公元前11世紀邁錫尼文明覆滅到公元前9世紀第一個城邦的建立的歷史時期，也是荷馬史詩的年代。</ref>, tahira i’ayaw ni Yisoan to saka 9 sici yo mapatireng ko Kirisiya-niyaro’an kitakit, ira masadak ko matiyaay o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%8D%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%8F%B2%E8%AF%97 Homa Rikisian-’olic] a Kirisiya tilid a ponka-nitilidan, onini i, o katelangay-faco a mihecahecaan hananay, tona mihecahecaan patireng i lilis no Sifo’an-riyar ato Kohetingay-riyar to niyahan a nocowatan-sera, patokeled sa i’ayaw ni Yisoan to 776 miheca midemak to sarakatay a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A5%A5%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E5%85%8B%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E4%BC%9A Awlinpiko-ontokay](奧林匹克運動會;Kirisiya a sowal:''Ολυμπιακοί Αγώνες''; Fransu a sowal:J''eux olympiques''; Ikiris a sowal:''Olympic Games''). I’ayaw ni Yisoan to saka 5 sici, makafili a mitaker to pi’eco no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF Posi hontian-kitakit] ko sofitay no Niyaroan-kitakit no Kirisiya, tona mihecahecaan macakat tahapocok ko sakakaay-fana’ ato ponka no Kirisiya, o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3 To’asan-mihecahecaan](古典時代; Ikiris a sowal:''classical antiquity'') hananay konini. O Kirisiya, Maciton ato Seroys-etal a payrayrang polong han o Hayloniko(''Ελληνιστική'') hananay a pangangan, o lalengawan no "Kiris»ya" a ngangan konini. [[Faylo:Βρυζάκης, Θεόδωρος - Ο Παλαιών Πατρών Γερμανός ευλογεί τη σημαία της Επανάστασης, 1865.jpg|縮圖|Pisiiked-Lalood no Kirisiya 1828]] === Maha'emin ma'eco no Roma hontian-kitaki tahira i pisiikedan(被羅馬共和國征服到獨立) === Talacowa madocepay a malowid no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD Roma Kapolongan-kitakit]( 羅馬共和國; Latin a sowal:''Res publica Romana'') ko Kirisiya i 'ayaw ni Yisoan to 168 miheca, nikawrira mafelih a marecep no ponka ko ‘orip no Roma-tamdaw. Talacowa o cecaay a kowan no Roma Hontian-kitakit ko Kirisiya, nikawrira pararid a misiwar ko ponka no Kirisiya to sakawalian Sifo’an-riyar, tahira to mapecih makilatosa ko Roma Hontian-kitakit. O sasifo’an kahiceraan no Sawalian-Roma hontian kitakit(Paycantin hontian-kitakit) a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%90%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E5%A0%A1 Cinstantinpaw]('''君士坦丁堡'''; Kirisiya a sowal:''Κωνσταντινούπολις'', Romaan tilid:''Κωνσταντινούπολη;'' Latin a sowal:''Constantinopolis''), tahakokoc malakirisiyaay ko wayway. Sawalian-Rom a hontian kitakit mataker ko nani sawalianay to saka’etipanay to a pilood to pinapina a sici, tahira to i 1453 miheca matekop ko Cinstantinpaw, noyanan to nornor sato ko Awtoman hontian-kitakit a ’eco to polong a Kirisiya. O pikowan no Awtoman hontian-kitakit pararid tahira i 1821 miheca to milekalan no Kirisiya a misiiked. 1828 miheca malaheci to ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89 Pisiikedaw-Lalood no Kirisiya],ptireng to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8 Hontian-faco no sieci] ko Kirisiya. === Patireng to Kapolongan-kitakit(建立共和國) === 1922-1927 mihecaan, nanoHontian-faco no sieci mafalic mala no kapolongan-kitakit ko Kirisiya, caka halafing o sofitay ko mitekeday-mikowan, to ikor palolol haeca malakapolongan-kitakit; Kinatolo a misanga’ to kinpo i toloay mihecaan, to ikor tono nini ira ko sepat a miheca to temenekay a mihecaan, nikawrira, marawraw no kaawaan no saka’oirip, ma’emed ko payso to tolo no kalisepay, awaawa ko sap’songila' a tayal no sifo. Tahira to i 1936 miheca tekep sato ko sifo o mitekeday-mikowan ko miceroray, mipalasawad to Kitakit-Kalomaocan, palasawad to kinpo, mipa’eker to mitokeray-sieci kasafelaw ato milalang to saopo, laheci sato a ma’afas ko paifaloco’an a sieci, matongal ko pipenec no sofitay a mikowan, sacicicing sa ko misaopoan a pakamaro’ a mipespes, mipatireng heca to matyaay o Fasise-saopo no kapah no kitakit, nisafaloco’an a misanga’ ko sapipLtata’ang to Tapang no kitakit.<ref>Ian Kershew著、林華譯. 地獄之行:1914-1949. 中信出版集團. 2018年12月: 202、282. <nowiki>ISBN 978-7-5086-8300-3</nowiki>.</ref> i edef no saka 19sici ato satapangan no saka 20 sici, pararid a micowat to sera no tao, masolot ko somowalay to sowal no Kirisiya a tamdaw no Awtoman hontian-kitakit malatamdaw no Kirisiya, tahira to i 1947 miheca ta malaheci masafaco to aniniay a Kirisiya a kitakit. === I Sakatos-lalood(第二次世界大戰期間) === [[Faylo:Map of Cyprus, Greece and Turkey.svg|縮圖|266x266像素|Rawraw no Sayporoso(mala'afas ko Kirisiya ato Torki)]] [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98 I Sakatos-lalood], mi’eco ko sofitay no Itali nani niyahan [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E6%84%8F%E5%8D%A0%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F Aerpaniya] to Kirisiya, mapacekil ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B8%8C%E6%84%8F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD lalood no Itali ato Kirisiya] (希義戰爭;Kirisiya a sowal:''Ελληνοϊταλικός Πόλεμος''或''Πόλεμος του Σαράντα; Italiya a sowal:Guerra di Grecia)'',malowid no Kirisiya ko Itali, ikor mikihar ko Nacoy-Toic to Paerkan-pecihan kanatal, malacafay ato Itali, Pawciyaliya milood to Kirisiya, [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%BB%B8%E5%BF%83%E5%9C%8B%E4%BD%94%E9%A0%98%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F ma’eco a maaro’ no Tokodan-Kitakit](軸心國;Ikiris a sowal:''Axis power''; Toic a sowal:''Die Achsenmächte'') ko Kirisiya. I 1944 miheca pasitira i Nisakapotay-Kitakit (同盟國; Ikiris a sowal:''Allies of World War II''; Rosiya a sowal:''Антигитлеровская коалиция''), miliyas ko sofitay no Toic nani Kirisiya,mapalolol ko Kirisiya a kitakit. Ikor no Sakatosa-lalood ira ho ko kinacecay a laloma’an-lalood ko Kirisiya. === Mihayi to Yoropa-payso(接受歐元) === 1949 miheca malepon to kona laloma’an-lalood, mikapot ko Kirisiya i Saka’amisay Tasiyang-Riyaran a Kakaketonan-Lekatep(北大西洋公約組織; ''North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO'').1967 miheca saka 4 folad saka 21 romi’ad mifelih to sifo ko sofitay, mato’or sa mipalasawad to honti. I 1974 miheca matekop kona nikowanan no sofitay a sifo to nika [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%B3%BD%E6%99%AE%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C Rawraw no Sayporoso](賽普勒斯問題; Kirisiya a sowal:''Κυπριακό (ζήτημα; Torki a sowal:Kıbrıs Sorunu)'',tona mihecaan midemak to kapolongan-pitopa milaheci palasawad to Sawara’an-faco no sieci, patireng to Kapolongan-kitakit. 1977 miheca a pisinkiw matongal ko ‘icel no misakawiliay ko harateng a kasafelaw, nikawrira malemed cowa ka sasifod ko sieci, sanoyanan sato a temonek ko sieci no Kirisiya. 1981 miheca makapot to Kapolongan-Yoropa(歐洲共同體; Ikiris a sowal:''European Community''), i 2001 miheca mihayi to Yoropa-payso malapayso no niyah o Kirisiya.<ref>劉增泉. 第十章第七節〈民主政治的新起點〉. 《希臘史—歐洲文明的起源》. 2003: 165-168頁.</ref> 2009 miheca, nika [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%9C%8B%E5%82%B5%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F kakatalawan ko kacikiyam no kitakit] ko pasitira no kasakitakit.<ref>George Matlock. Peripheral euro zone government bond spreads widen. Reuters. 16 February 2010 [28 April 2010]. （原始內容存檔於2019-12-14）.</ref><ref>Acropolis now. The Economist. 29 April 2010 [22 June 2011]. （原始內容存檔於2017-10-20）.</ref> == '''Sieci(政治)''' == [[Faylo:Hellenic Parliament from high above.jpg|縮圖|Kalomaocan no kitakit]] Oya mipatalahekalan a kinpo i 1975 miheca mahaopay ko sapi’ading to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%B0%91%E6%9D%83 salongoc no kalotandaw], ira heca matilid ko cecay a sasinkiwen a congtong malatapang no kitakit. O [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E6%80%BB%E7%90%86 congli] ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%85%A7%E9%96%A3 kakeirdan no sifo] ko matayalay,o kacingangan aca a congtong ira ko mamang a tayal no sifo. O katayalan no congtong ato congli sepat miheca, o kalomaocan ko misinkiway, manga’ay a pararid to kinacecay riyad. O cecayay ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A kalomaocan] ko pikaykian no kitakit, o kiing no pikaykian tahira i sepat ko mihecaan ko tolas no katayalan, nikawrira, pali’ayaway ko sinkiw ano roma. O tadamasasifoday faco ko pisinkiw to mamalakiing to tatinakoan a niocoran,itini tona matinay a faco no sinkiw awaay ko ‘icel no mamangay a kasafelaw a misiwar to sieci, ano tata’angay a kasafelaw to ano cowa ka ira ko kalitosa no kiing, ira ko ’icel a misiwar to demak no kalomaocan. O kahacecacecay a kasafelaw no sieci sa awaay pakaala to 3% no 300 a kiing ta cikilac to kiing. O Kirisiya cowa ka lecad ato fiyaw a Pawciyaliya ato Aerpaniya, dengan o Kirisiya ko cowa ka pidemak to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89 siyakaysyuki] a kitakit i kalepongan no Li’etecay-lalood itini i katimol no sakawalian no Yoropa. == '''Kaitiraan'''(地理) == [[Faylo:Olympus National Park 30.jpg|縮圖|Awlinpis-lotok]] O sakakaay a sera o itiraay i sakatimolan no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%94%E5%B9%B2%E5%8D%8A%E5%B2%9B Paerkan-pecihan kanatal](Ikiris a sowal: ''Balkans'')a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%BC%AF%E7%BD%97%E5%A5%94%E5%B0%BC%E6%92%92 Polopenisa-pecihan-kanatal], mahaop ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E7%89%B9 Korito-kanatal], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%97%E5%B2%9B Loto-kanatal] ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%88%B1%E7%90%B4%E6%B5%B7 Aycin-riyar] kanatanatal. O to’edaw no lilis no riyar ira ko 14,880 km,ono sera a kalalaedan ira ko 1,160 km. Mahaop ko 80% o tokotokosan ko Kirisiya, sahetoay o ma’icangay ko sera: dengan 28% a sera ka matatodongay maomahen. I saka’etipan ira ko henot ato fanaw. I sasifoan a lotok nani tongroh no riyar ira ko 2,650 laya’ ko takaraww. O kakafahekan a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A5%A5%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E6%96%AF%E5%B1%B1 Awlinpis-lotok] o ’apocok no Kirisiya, nani tongroh no riyar ira ko 2,917 laya’. == Kakarayan(氣候) == O kakarayan no Kirisiya ono [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7%E5%BC%8F%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99 Sifo’an-kakarayan]. O kasasiromaan no matiniay a kakarayan i, o makedalay i kaciferangan kala’oraday i kasi’enawan, orasaka dengan kasi’enawan ira ko ‘orad, roma i cowa ka ’orad. Patahtahay to cidal itini, icowacowa to ira ko 2000 toki ko lalen no cecay a romi’ad. O sasafaay ko kafa’edetan itiraay i saka 1 ato saka 2 folad, o sakakaay ko kafa’edet itiraay i saka 7 ato saka 8 folad, i saka 1 folad a lalen kafa’edet 13°C i saka7 ato saka 8 folad a lalen kafa’edet 33°C. I tokotokosan mangalef i misatokayay a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%9B%85%E5%85%B8 Yatin] ciso’eday ano roma a kakarayan. == '''Saka’orip'''(經濟) == [[Faylo:Olive oil from Oneglia.jpg|縮圖|simal no olif]] O saka’orip a tayal no Kirisiya patatekoan ko mali’acaay demak ato no sifoan a demak to saka’orip(onini i makalitosaay ko ''GDP'' no Kirisiya), o mihamhamay to lafang a tayal ko sakakaay mahaop ko adihayay a ''GDP'' ato kaci’etan to payso no roma a kitakit(latek 15%). O milayapay to padafo’an mikomi no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%AC%A7%E7%9B%9F Yoropa-Lekatep], o nipadafo’an no Yoropa-Lekatep mahaop ko 3.3% no ''GDP,'' orasaka hato matemenekay to ko saka’orip no Kirisiya tona pinapina a mihecaan. O kacalohan a lalahecien a tayal o pikeror to awaay ko tayal a tamdaw, miliyaw a misongila’ to faco no saka’orip, ona tayal mahaop ko sapipafeli to kalotamdaw to katayalan no kitakit mala no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%96 kalotamdawan katayalan]( 私有化; Ikiris a sowal:''Privatisation;'' Amilika a sowal:''Privatization''）, misongila’ heca to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%BF%9D%E9%9A%9C sapipa’ading to ’orip no tamdaw](社會保障:Ikiris a sowal:''social security'') , misalof heca to pilisata no sifo ato mipalahedaw to patelacay a tayal no sifo. I 2002 miheca saka 1 folad saka 1 romi’ad malacecay ato Yoropa-payso a kitakit miraoy to Yoropa-payso malopayso no kaloromi’ad palasawaden ko payso no Kirisiya. I 2020 miheca saka 2 folad o kiyam no Kirisiya sifo ira ko 3000 ok a Yoropa-payso, karihanawan to caka pakapatikol a mapinko ko kitakit, matalaw ko roma a kitakit no Yoropa makihar kono niyah a kitakit, anana to matekop ko Yoropa-payso etal i 2011 miheca.<ref>希臘應借鑑愛爾蘭 實事求是由奢入儉 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2011-11-06.</ref> 2014 miheca lacemcem ko Yoropa a kitakit to sapiliyasaw no Kirisiya to Yoropa-payso etal , macekil ko katekes no pacaliwan-payso no Kirisiya, matefad to ko kupiyaw mamafetas to ko kacikiyam no Yoropa.<ref>希腊股市暴跌6.25% 欧债危机忧虑重燃. [2014-11-02]. （原始內容存檔於2021-03-07）.</ref> O maomahay a tamdaw no Kirisiya cecay no kalitolo. O sakakaay a losay o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%B2%B9%E6%A9%84%E6%AC%96 olif,] parok ato tamako. O [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%A9%84%E6%AC%96%E6%B2%B9 simal no olif] cowa ko palaheker aca to tamdaw no Kirisiya,adihay ho konipasadakan a paliwal. Ira ho moki,’arilay,kodasing, tamato,fadisoso, mami’ ato limon. Mahaop ko 30% no polong a sera no Kirisiya o omah, nikawrira, ‘akawang kona pala, orasaka cowa ka patahtah to kaka’enen no nipa’oripan, dengan to o siri ko nipaka’enan. == '''Tamdaw'''(人口) == I 2011 miheca a sa’osi ira ko 10,816,286 ko polong a tamdaw. Sahetoay o Kirisiya a tamdaw(98%) mitooray to Kawaliay-Mo’ecelay pitooran. Mapa’adingay no kitakit ko Kawaliay-Mo’ecelay pitooran, ira heca ko niyah-pikowan salongoc,nikawrira, mapasifana’ no mato’asay no misakeristoay i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%90%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E5%A0%A1 Cinstantingpaw](君士坦丁堡;Kirisiya a sowal:''Κωνσταντινούπολις''; Romaan a tilid:''Κωνσταντινούπολη'': Latin a sowal:''Constantinopolis''). O roma a pitooran ira ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99 Islam-pitooran], o nihayian no sifo konini a pitooran. == Pitooran(宗教) == [[Faylo:Christ Pantocrator mosaic from Hagia Sophia 2744 x 2900 pixels 3.1 MB.jpg|縮圖|Mo'ecelay-Kyokay]] Mihayi ko “[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95 Kinpo no Kirisiya]” to o mihayian no ‘alomanay ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%9D%B1%E6%AD%A3%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83 Kawaliay-Mo’ecelay pitooran]sanay, talacowa mahaen to ko sowal, malecaday ko pipa’ading to polong a apitooran. Ano misa’osi to tamdaw ko sifo no Kirisiya cowa ka pipahapingang to pitooran no tamdaw. Do’edo’en ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8A%A1%E9%99%A2 Sakakaay-sakowan no Amilika]('''美國國務院''';Ikiris a sowal:''United States Department of State'') a pisa’osi ira ko 97% a tamdaw no Kirisiya o Kawaliay-Mo’ecelay pitooran kako sanay, ono [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E6%AD%A3%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83 Kirisiya a Mo’ecelay-Kyokay](希臘正教會; Kirisiya a sowal:''Ελληνορθόδοξη Εκκλησία; Ikiris a sowal:Greek Orthodox Church)''. I 2005 miheca a pisa’osi no Yoropa-pisa’osian, mahaop ko 81% tamdaw no nilicayan a paca’ofay ” pakaso’elinay to kaira no Pa’oripay kawas” saan, mido’edoay to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%A9%AC%E8%80%B3%E4%BB%96 Marta](馬爾他共和國:Marta a sowal:''Repubblika ta' Malta''; Ikiris a sowal:''Republic of Malta'') ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%B3%BD%E6%99%AE%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF Sayporoso](賽普勒斯共和國;Kirisiya a sowal:''Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία'';Torki a sowal:''Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti'') ko ka’aloman no paka so’elinay to kawas a tamdaw itini i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F Yoropa-Lekatep]. Do’edoen ho koroma a sa’osi, ira ko 15.8% a tamdaw no Kirisiya o “ci’icelay ko pakaso’elin ako” sanay, o sakakaay kona sa’osi itini i Yoropa a kasakitakit,tona sa’osi ira ko 3.5% cowa ka tayra i kyokay sanay. Mahapinang ko mitooray to Islam a Muslin a mamangay finacadan,itiraay i Soroys a maro’ cangra, latek ira ko safar no mo’etep ’ofad tamdaw no Kirisiya ira ko 20-30 ’ofad ko Muslin a maforaway. == '''Sowal(語言)''' == Ono sifoan a sowal ono Kirisiya a sowal. Nikawrira matanekay ko roma kitakit a sowal a Ikiris sowal. Roma sato i, o tiraay i Yiatin tokay a tamdaw sahetoay a Fransu ko hasowal to daday romi’ad, ora sa tiraay i Ayawniya-kanatal ato Yipiros a tamdaw ono Italiya a sowal ko kalosowal to romi’ami’ad. [[Faylo:Fresco of a Mycenaean woman, circa 1300 BC.jpg|縮圖|Maysini fafahiyan, o to'asan Kirisiya-finacadan]] == '''Maysini fafahiyan, o to'asan Kirisiya-finacadan no Kirisiya'''(希臘文化) == Nani pinapinaay patak a mihecahecan ko nikafalic no Ponka no Kirisiya, nani [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%BF%88%E9%94%A1%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E Maysini-ponka]( 邁錫尼文明;Ikiris a sowal:''Mycenaean Greece;Fransu a sowal:'' ''Civilisation mycénne)'' i nikalata’angan a T[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F o’asan a Kirisiya-ponka mihecaan], ikor to marecep no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B Roma hontian-kitakit] ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%9D%B1%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B Paycantin hontian-kitakit]( 東羅馬帝國;''Imperium Romanum'')<ref>西歐學界普遍稱之為'''拜占庭帝國'''。然而其國祚一千餘年期間仍自封為'''羅馬帝國'''（拉丁語：Imperium Romanum；希臘語：Βασιλεία Ρωμαίων；中古希臘語：Βασιλεία Ῥωμαίων <small>轉寫：Basileía Rhōmaíōn</small>）正統繼承國、公民皆自認為羅馬人（中古希臘語：Ῥωμαῖοι <small>轉寫：Rhōmaîoi</small>），而非「拜占庭人」或「希臘人」。</ref> ato roma a ponka ato kitakit, tinako han o Latin-ponka, Faranko hontian-kitakit, [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD Awtoman-Torki hontian-kitakit], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD Winis kapolongan]-kitakit, [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%83%AD%E9%82%A3%E4%BA%9A%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD Reniya kapolongan-kitakit], ato Tata’angay-Ikiris hontian-kitakit, sahetoay misiwaray to aniniay a Kirisiya. O ‘alomanay a citanengay to rikis a tamdaw, oya [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89 Pisiikedan-Lalood no Kirisiya] <ref>'''希臘獨立戰爭'''（希臘語：Ελληνική Επανάσταση，<small>羅馬化：</small>''Elliniki Epanastasi''；鄂圖曼土耳其語：يونان عصياني‎，<small>羅馬化：</small>''Yunan İsyanı''），或可之稱為'''希臘革命'''、'''希臘起義'''，是由希臘革命者於1821年至1832年間發起的成功反抗鄂圖曼帝國的獨立戰爭</ref>o tatapangan to pilolol to ponka no Kirisiya, orasaka mapalacecay ko masasiromaromaay a ponka. Itiya no to’asan ho a mihecaan, o malalalengawan to no Sa’etipay-Payrayrang( 西方文明)ko Kirisiya. O lalengatan no aniniay a Finawlan-sieci ko Kirisiya-sieci, midamaay-misawkit a faco ato malalenay ko tamtamdaw i ’ayaw no rikec. Mapacemahad no Kirisiya tamdaw ko Sakakaay-kacitaneng, tinako han o Kina’orip-taneng, Sa’osi-taneng, Rikisi-taneng, Haratengan-taneng ato Nadafongan-taneng, nawhan ni masado’edoay ko pisaharateng nangra. ’Adihay ko kasafaco no Nitilidan-ponka no Kirisiya-tamdaw, tinako han o olic no rikisi, olic a radiw, rikisi, kakakesman-sifay, kakaolahan-sifay. Miroroday sidateng ato pisi’erod to sakarihadayaw, o matiniay a salongan harateng mirecep to i Sa’etipay-kitakit a Nipinengnengan. == Pacefaday a tilid(註腳) == [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] <references /> == Pikafitan i papotal(外部連接) == * CIA * 外交部 * List of current heads of state and government nruvafw3lplt6cmrdyjgg78qjhrmllu 0 362 38564 33243 2023-06-27T20:26:23Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38564 wikitext text/x-wiki == Kolinlan(格陵蘭） == [[Faylo:Flag of Greenland.svg|thumb|Flag of Greenland|alt=Flag of Greenland]] [[Faylo:Greenland (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Location of Greenland]] Kolinlan([[:zh:格陵兰语|Kolinla a sowal]]:''Kalaallit Nunaat''; [[:zh:丹麦语|Tanmay a sowal]]:''Grønland''）o sakakay a kanatal itini i hekal, o kakahad i, ira2,166,086 km², mahaop a matahepo no so’eda ko 80% a sera. O sowal no Tanmay to “Kolinlan” hananay i, o “kandaway pala” anoca o “langsaway sera” , o ilaloma’ay no [[:zh:丹麥王國|Tanmay Hontian-Kitakit]] a Niyah-pikowan a [[Kitakit]]. nikawrira, i 2008 mihecaan a [[:zh:格陵蘭自治公投|Kapolongan-Pitopa]] malaheci i 2009 mihecaan a mafalic ko faco no kitakit malamisiieday to niyah-pikowan i lalomaan a demak, o kacacefelisan-demak ato roma a kitakti, o sofitay ato paysoan a demak o Tanmay sifo ko citodongay. O tatapangan a kitakit no Kolinla o Tanmay i 1973 miheca mikapot to kasasiromaroma a saopo no Yoropa, nikawrira, i 1982 mihecan a Kapolongan-Pitopa mihayi ko ‘alomanay i 1985 miheca a “[[:zh:格陵兰退出欧洲各共同体|Kakaketon no Kolinlan]]” to piliyas to [[:zh:欧洲各共同体|Yoropa-Lekatep]],orasaka tahanini cowa ko cefang no Yoropa-Lekatep, nikawrira, o siiked sanay a kapot no Yoropa-Patekoan Lekatep. O tamdaw no Kolinlan o tamdaw no Tanmay hananay ko pisa’osi, patokeled sa ira ko solongoc no Tamdaw no Yoropa-Lekatep. O Kolinlan matiya o [[:zh:法罗群岛|Falo-kanatanatal]], manga’ay a miocor to tosa a tamdaw mikapot to [[:zh:丹麥議會|Kalomaocan no Tanmay kitakit]]. O sera no kolinlan sahetoay itiraay i [[:zh:北極圈|Saka’amisay-Poco’ no cikiw]], ikakaay ko kasi’enaw. Malalaeday to riyar makakecor ato [[:zh:冰岛|So’eda-Kanatal]] ato Kanata. Kolinlan-Kanatal(''Kalaallit Nunaat；Grønland)'' ira2,166,086 km², mahaop a matahepo no so’eda ko 80% a sera, itiraay i saka’amisan no sakawali no Ka Amisay-[[Amirika]], ila’eday no Ka’amisay So’edaan-Riyar ato [[Tasiyang]]. O sa’osi i 2019 mihecaan ira ko 55,992 ko tamdaw, o kaditek no tamdaw 0.028 km².Mapangangan to Sakatosa-Karopaw ko Kolinlan, sakakaay ko kakahad no So’edaan-‘Alo a karopaw,dengan i ka’amisay ato kawali ato ka’etipay-poco’ ko cowa ka tahepo no so’eda, nawhani, fa’edetay ko romi’ad itini, orasaka, ira a masadak ko sera a manengneng. Ano waniken no mitahepoay a so’eda i sasifo’an wa ila’eno to ko sera. I sakawaliwalian no sasifo’an ko takaraway nani tongroh no riyar ira ko 3300 laya’, i salawacan nani tongroh no riyar ira ko 1000~2000 laya’. Ano ha’eminen a mikarkar ko so’eda no Kolinlan, masakanatanatal ko namangicngicay no So’eda-‘Alo,macakar to tongroh no riya to 7 laya’. == '''Rikisi'''(歷史) == [[Faylo:Inuit Grandma 1 1995 06 11.jpg|縮圖|Yiniwto-tamdaw]] O Yincomin no Kolinla o [[:zh:因纽特人|Yiniwto-tamdaw]](伊努特人;Yinniwto a sowal:ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ''Inuit''，或譯為因努伊特人), o cecay a yincomin no Amirika-karopaw, matenakay i [[:zh:北極圈|Ka’amisan-Poco no cikiw]],mhahop ko Kolinlan, [[:zh:阿拉斯加州|Alaseka]] ato [[:zh:努納武特地區Nunafuto-etal|Nunafuto-etal]], ka’amisan no saka’etip etal, [[:zh:育空地區|yikon-etal]] ato [[:zh:魁北克省|Kupiko]], o [[:zh:伊努克提圖特語|sowal no yiniwto]] ko kalosowal to romi’ad. Ona finacadan i, o cecay no [[:zh:爱斯基摩人|Aysokimo-tamdaw]](o roma i,o [[:zh:尤皮克人|Piciwko-tamdaw]], o salawinawina no [[:zh:阿留申人|Aliwsin-tamdaw]]). nikawrira, cowa ka olah to Aysokimo a ngangan, nawhani o pilikaf no [[:zh:阿尔衮琴部|Arkuncin-Indian tamdaw]] kano pangangan, o imi nona sowal o “misimangta’ay koma’en to titi no ‘a’adopen a tamdaw” sanay, o mipalatepesay konini a sowal.onini ko yiniwto-tamdaw sanay ko pitahidang to niyah tiring, o sowal no yiniwto o “tamdaw”sanay, orasaka onini ko kananaman no kalotamdaw a mitahidang, o pingodo konini.o itiraay i Kolinlan a yiniwto tamdaw o Kolinlan-tamdaw hananay a mitahidang. O nani cowaay ko tatapangan, mana tama han kona away to ko kaka a si’enaw a pala a maro’, tahanini away ho ko miketonan a sowal. O micowatay a tamdaw no Ka’amisay-Yoropa i 982 miheca macakat i So’eday-Kanatal, onian tamdaw mipatireng to tolo a kamaro’an i saktimolan no Kolinlan, tahanini ko aro’ itini. O nipanganganan no Sekantinawiya-tamdaw, do’edoen ko Kawasan-kimad no Ka’amisay-Yoropa toya Saki-‘olic, oya kahengangay ko ngisngis ci Ayloyko cilafo to mipatayay to tamdaw sa milaliw nani So’eday-Kanatal a tayni. Pangangan han ningra to “Langdaway-sera” to sapisorotaw to ‘alomanay tamdaw a tayni. Tada malaheci kona nisafaloco’an ningra, ikor to ira ko 4000 a tamdaw tayni a mahaneknek maro’. I saka 12 sici, mipatirengay to [[:zh:主教|Sikyo-Etal]] ko Tinsikiw. 1386 miheca, ma’eco no Norwi, malamikowanan no toloay kitakit a [[:zh:卡尔马联盟|Karma-Patatekoan Lekatep]]. Yo miliyas ko Roytin, tekop sato kona Lekatep, malanikowanan tono Tanmay-Roytin ko Kolinlan. [[Faylo:Eric the Red.png|縮圖|269x269像素|Kahengangay ko ngisngis ci Ayroyko]] Ikor to no mapararid to 500 miheaan, lahedaw sa ko ko kamaro’an no Ka’amisay-Yoropa i saka 15 sici, latek matahepo no “[[:zh:小冰期|mamangay so’edaan mihecaan]]”(小冰期;Ikiris a sowal:''Little Ice Age'') awa ko maamaan a kaka’enen. O wacay nonini o makarkaray itini a ‘okak no tamdaw sahetoay [[:zh:營養不良|cowa ka ‘edeng ko do’es no tatirengan]]. Ira ko cecay a tikami i 1424 miheca nani Kolinlan tayra i So’eday-Kanatal, o saikoray to a wacay no maro’ay itini a Ka’amisay-Yoropa tamdaw, to ikor awaay to ko maamaan a sapipawacay to kamaro’ no Ka’amisay-Yoropa tamdaw i Kolinla. Nikawrira, awa ko maamaan kasiwar no Yiniwto-Tamdaw. 1814 miheca, ‘ecoen no Norwi ko awaay ko maro’ay i sakawalian no Kolinlan, lekal sa o “[[:zh:无主地|cowa ho ka aro’en no tamdaw a sera]]” (無主地; Latin a sowal:''terra nullius''), cisalongoc tonni a sera ko Norwi saan.1833 miheca, hatatosa a mihyi ko Norwi ato Tanmay, patayraen i “[[:zh:常设国际法院|Parariday-Pisawkitan no Hekal]]” no “[[:zh:國際聯盟|Patatekoan-Lekatep no Hekal]]”(''League of Nations)''kona fangafang, o laheci i maala no Tanmay ko polong a salongoc. I [[:zh:第二次世界大战|Sakatosa-Lalood,]] maketon ko katatongod no Kolinlan ato Tanmay, hawhani,ma’eco no Nacoi-Toic ko Tanmay, micawat ho to Norwi, tangsol sa ko sofitay no Ikiris ato Amirika miki’ayaw a maro’ i Kolinlan to sapitakeraw to kacakat no Toic. O Kolinlan sato i,mikarkar i [[:zh:冰晶石|Yiwituto to talid]](冰晶石; Ikiris a sowal:''Cryolite'') misaharateng to sapili’acaaw ato Amirika ato Kanata, to sakacidafongaw. Ona kali’aca pararid tahira i kaleponan no Lalood. 1943 miheca, yo kalaloodan ho mapatay ko cecay a sofitay no Tanmay, ikor to cecay a mihecaan mapatay ko cecay a sofitay no Toic itini. == '''Kaitiraan'''(地理) == O sakakaay i hekal ko Kolinla-Kanatal, ono [[:zh:大陆岛|karopaw-kanatal]], itiraay i ka’amisan no sakawali no Ka’amisay-Amirika, ilaed no [[:zh:北冰洋|Ka;amisay-So’edaan Riyar]] ato [[:zh:大西洋|Tasiyang-Riyar]], malalaed ato [[:zh:巴芬灣|Pafen-Kihaw]] ato [[:zh:戴维斯海峡|Taywis-Riyaran Ta’eman]] makakecor ato ipoco’ay-kanatal no Kanata, isakawalian malalaed to [[:zh:丹麦海峡|Tanmay Riyaran-Ta’eman]] makakecor ato So’eday-Kanatal. Mapangangan to Sakatosa-Karopaw ko Kolinlan, nawhani, tadakakahaday kona pala. Latek mahaop ko sepat no kalilima itiraay i taliyok no Ka’amisay-Poco’ no cikiw, o sakakaay ko kasi’enaw no kakarayan. Edeng o [[:zh:南极洲|Katimolay-Karopaw]] o Kolinlan ko sakakaay ko kakahad no hekal. Sahetoay matahepo no so’eda, mapangangan to Sakatosa-Karopaw ko Kolinlan, sakakaay ko kakahad no So’edaan-‘Alo a karopaw,dengan i ka’amisay ato kawali ato ka’etipay-poco’ ko cowa ka tahepo no so’eda, nawhani, fa’edetay ko romi’ad itini, orasaka, ira a masadak ko sera a manengneng. Ano waniken no mitahepoay a so’eda i sasifo’an wa ila’eno to ko sera. I sakawaliwalian no sasifo’an ko takaraway nani tongroh no riyar ira ko 3300 laya’, i salawacan nani tongroh no riyar ira ko 1000~2000 laya’. Ano ha’eminen a mikarkar ko so’eda no Kolinlan, masakanatanatal ko [[:zh:侵蚀作用|namangicngicay no So’eda-‘Alo]](侵蝕作用; Ikiris a sowal:''erosion''),macakar to tongroh no riya to 7 laya’. I 1989 miheca tahira i 1993 nihecaan, o misasolapay a mikinkiw to kakarayan a tamdaw no Yoropa ato Amirika macakat tayra i poco’ no Kolinlan, karkaren nangra ko 3.2km a kakoc no so’eda, kinkiwen nangra ko laloma’an nona kakoc. O fali ilaloma’ cowa ka pakafilo a mita’esel to so’eda a masadak, o ikemoday a fali o sa’ayaway maparo i laloma’ a fali, oninian fali ko kafana’an to kakarayan no Saka’amisan-Karopaw i ‘ayaw ho no 10’ofad a mihecaan ko [[:zh:上古时代|katelang]], itini ko kafana’an to kakarayan no cikiw,halafin to ko katemenek i,fahal saan a mafalic ko kakarayan, to ikor pahinake heca, o [[:zh:洋流|rakat no riyar]] no Tasiyang-Riyar tada masiwar no salawacan no saka’amian no kawali no Kolinla. [[Faylo:RareEarthOreUSGOV.jpg|縮圖|cikarocekay-sota']] == '''Saka’orip'''(經濟) == I’ayaway sici saka 90 mihecahecaan, makedec ko dafong to saka’orip, nikawrira, ikor no 1993 miheca palaliyaw a [[:zh:通货膨胀|macakat ko 'aca no maamaan dafong]](通貨膨脹; Ikiris a sowal:''inflation)''. Nani 1980 mihecaan, cowa ka lisawad ko sifo no Kolinlan to pikedec to lakakawa no payso, mihayda to sakikapolongan yosan ato mineker ko macakat no ‘aca no dafong. Nani 1990 mihecan ma’edef ko saikoray a pikarkaran to [[:zh:铅|‘oteng]] ato [[:zh:锌|sin]] a tadafokeloh, pararid ko kanikaw no Kolinlan sifo. I saka’amisan no saka’etip ato saka’amisan no sakawali ira ko kakafahekaan a soped no kasolin-simal, latek ira ko 500 ‘ok ko tolamokang a [[:zh:石油|kasolin-simal]] ato [[:zh:天然气|kaso]]. Oram sa i,taporo ikatimolay niyaro’ Nahesako makera ko tadamaanay a fokeloh no [[:zh:稀土元素|cikarocekay-sota']] a soped.(稀土元素;Ikiris a sowal:ra''re-earth element''). O pitieran to saka’orip nona kanatal o mifotingay ato misangaan nani foting a dafong, o li’etan nonin ikaka ko kahaop to 80%, ilaloma’ nonini o ‘afar ko sa’adihayay, iraay ko pipakaen to siri, nikawrira, o mi’acaan nani papotal ko sapakaen. [[Faylo:Upernavik first day in class 2007-08-14 2.jpg|縮圖|ka'emangay no Yiniwto-tamdaw]] O tayal no pisalamaan no lafang o ranikaray a ci’etan a tayal konini, nikawrira masiwar no kakarayan a citolas ko tayal. Ono kitakit ato sifoan a kofa ko skakaay micorohay to sapili’etan. O payso no Kolinlan makalitosa o padahof no Tanmay sifo, o skakaay a payso no kapolongan mili’etanan. == '''Sici''' (政治) == Kacingangan aca no kitakit a kakeridan a sawara'an hongti no Danmrk, aniniay ci Margaret saka 2, Danmark sifo maocor ko cecay sakakaay citodongay (Rigsombudsmand／High Commissioner) taypiaw no Danmark hongti ato sifo. Greenland lomaocan o pisingkiwan, 4 miheca ko lekad, patireng to 31 lomaocay. Siikeday sifo a citodongay Greenlan congli o sa’alomanay a cefang ko kakeridan. Talacowa o Danmark a kitakit o Europe Lekatep, nakawrira o Greenland caay ko no Europe Lekatep. Greenland i 2008 miheca 11 folad 25 romi’ad mikapolongan pitopa, polong no kanatal 80 kasaniyaro’ kapolongan pitopa, toya lafii, mihapiw paheci, ira ko 71.96% mitopaay, 75.54% ko mihaydaay misiiked, 23.57% ko miliyangay. kapolongan pitopa mata’elif ko 75% ko finawlan micokeray ko pihayda, mahayda ko kapolongan pitopa, o kasiiked no Greenland nai 2009 miheca 6 folad 21 romi’ad pitekaan, mala o misiikeday so’elinay sici i kasakitakit a rikec, o niyah ko citodongay to laloma’an, sakiholic ato misalilam tokinaira a midemak, nikawrira o sapi’ading, kacacofelan a demak ato sakipayso a kalocalay a demak o Danmark ko mikowanay. I 2019 miheca 8 folad, midotoc to “Washington sinpon” paratoh, tatosaay a pakatengilay tamdaw to malacongtongay ci Downaer Trump paocor to tadamaanay mipadangay misapalita sakanga’ay no Amilika sifo mi’aca to Greenland. Ikor, itiraay i White House (Kohecalay loma’) a komong no kicay ci Larry Kudlow pahepinang tonian a sowal. === O kasasikiked a sakowan (行政劃區) === I ’ayaw malitoloay ko pisaliyad a da’etal no Greenland, 18 ko kasaniyaro’. Mahaenay a pisaliyad i 2009 miheca mapalasawaday, nanoya ikor a laliyad no Greenland ira ko pina a ta’akay maci (Greenland sowal: kommuneqarfiit, Danmark a sowal: kommuner): Semesok (halo tdamaci Nook ato pasawali a niyaro’), Cualek (Farwell pt. a liyok), Kekata (paka’amis no tadamaci fafaeday no Davis ’efong), Keketalik (Disco Bay liyok a niyaro’) ato Avannata (kaetip ka’amsay niyaro’ no Greenland). Saikoray tosaay a saniyaro’ o nano sepatay a niyaro’ a Kasuytrup i 2018 miheca malitosaay sakapot. Kawali ka’amisay no pala o caayay ko ptirengan a niyaro’ a kawali ka’amisay kitakit koing no Greenland. Thule a kaitiraan no karayan sofotay o caayay kanga’ay patirengan a niyaro’, o Avannata a maci a cecay kaeferan, sakidademaken o karayan sofitay no Amilika ko mikowanay. Oni a kaitiraan pipatireng sa’alomanay ira 12,000 ko finawlan no Amilika, nikawrira to pina miheca o itiniay tina kaitiraan pala malowanay to 1,000 tamdaw ko maro’ay. == '''Tamdaw(人口)''' == O kadadico no tamdaw tadamatakaray, o roma sato i makeror ko tamdaw itini. Nawhani, tadamasasiromaay ko kafalic no romi’ad ato dadaya, masiwar ko kalo’orip no tamdaw. ora saka o sakakaay ko katalawan to kaciadada no harenteng itini i hekal, orasaka, ikaka ko ka’adihay no [[:zh:自殺|kinapatayay]]. O sa’osi no tamdaw: 56,370 ko polong a tamdaw(2013 miheca a sa’osi) mahaop ko 88% o Yiniwto-tamdaw(mahaop ko ko ciramramay to ‘irang a [[:zh:格陵蘭因紐特人|Yiniwto-tamdaw]]), o roma i, o mirocokay to ‘irang no Yoropa a maforaway tayni a tamdaw, o sakakaay o maforaway a Tanmay-tamdaw.ira ko pinapina a Kolinlan tamdaw maforaw tayra i Tanmay. [[Faylo:20121123 SantaClaus-Chicago.JPG|縮圖|o kasadakan no mama no krismas]] == Ponka (文化) == O sakakaay a ponka no Kolinlan ono Yiniwto tamdaw,marecep no misasolapay a [[:zh:維京人|Wicin]](維京人; Katelang Nors a sowal:''víkingr''). Tahanini mifotingay ho ko ‘orip no papinapina a Yiniwto tamdaw. macacafi’ to mihecaan to mitengtengan no waco selic, mifoting,romakat ato milacal a miposisir to so’eda. I saka 40 liyad a lomaocan no mama no krismas , mapahapinang ko o so’elinay a kasofocan no [[:zh:圣诞老人|mama no krismas]] ( 聖誕老人或稱耶誕老人; Ikiris a sowal:S''anta Claus、Saint Nicholas、Father Christmas)'' ko Kolinlan.<ref>格陵兰击败拉普兰成为圣诞老人故乡. [2008-12-07]. （原始內容存檔於2008-12-13）.</ref> Tata’angay-Pitilidan mapatireng i 1987 miheca. == pacefaday tilid(註腳) == # 格陵兰击败拉普兰成为圣诞老人故乡. [2008-12-07]. （原始內容存檔於2008-12-13）. == Pikafitan i papotal(外部連接) == * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Denmark]] <references /> mpkt76mct3ox90pymd98h85egunzj72 0 363 32228 32227 2022-08-25T04:31:06Z Ｍayawtowid 44 /* O kasaniyarona */#ALCD 32228 wikitext text/x-wiki Guangfu（光復鄉） Itini i Hualien(花蓮) ko [[Guangfu]] Siyang. sa’osi han ko po:long no palaan i, ira ko 131.63 km² (lalotolotokan a plalan no sa’osi i ira ko 28.44 km², o palaan noto’as i'a:yaw i ira ko 5.67 km²), 10,741 ko tamdaw i Guangfu Siyang, 3,865 ko parod no loma’, itini i niyaro’ a Yincomin(原住民) sa’osi han ira ko 6,982 a tamdaw, pakaala to 65%(Amis) no polong no tamdaw. o Amis ko sa’alomanay i Hualien Siyang. ==O kasaniyarona== 14 ko cun, 9 ko niyaro’ i Guangfu Siyang. [[Tafalong]]（[[Tafalong|太巴塱部落]]）, [[Fata’ an]]（[[Fata’ an|馬太鞍部落]]）, [[Laso‘ay]]（[[Laso‘ay|拉索艾部落]]）, [[Alolong]]（[[Alolong|阿囉隆部落]]）, [[Sado]]（[[Sado|砂荖部落]]）, [[Kalotong]]（[[Kalotong|加里洞部落]]）, [[O kakay]]（[[O kakay|烏卡蓋部落]]）, [[Atomo]]（[[Atomo|阿陶模部落]]）, [[Fahol]]（[[Fahol|馬佛部落]]）. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] eqdqm3f0ihk0vxrro25cwmhsk7y8lpq 0 364 30741 30739 2022-02-18T17:58:40Z 111.184.28.146 30741 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Guanshan Town.svg|thumb|]] Ira i TAKOFAN no Guanshan（關山鎮) ko omah niyam, makapahay komi paloma'an a panay i Takofan, nawhani makapahay ko aera. adihayay ko nanom itira Itini i Taitung(台東縣) ko [[Guanshan]]. sa’osi han ko po:long no palaan i, ira ko 60.34 km² (lalotolotokan a palalan no sa’osi i ira ko 5.4 km², o palaan noto’as i'a:yaw i ira ko 1.18 km²), 3,845 ko tamdaw i Guanshan, 1,392 ko parod no loma’, itini i niyaro’ a Yincomin(原住民) sa’osi han ira ko 1,704 a tamdaw, pakaala to 44%('Amis阿美族) no polong no tamdaw. Itini i niyaro’ a finawlan, o Payrang ko sa’alomanay. ==O kasaniyaro'== 7 ko cun, 6 ko niyaro’ i Guanshan. [[Parupu]]（新福部落）, [[Takofan]]（德高部落）, [[Himoti]]（Tingkoli hahanay ho a mitahidang,電光部落）, [[Ciwcia]]（豐泉部落）, [[Cu ki ngo]]（月眉部落）, [[Cipurungan]]（隆興部落）. == o kasadakan no Tilid == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] bpvef88tz6gc96ukjt603g5xwzo7nbj 0 365 7761 7760 2021-10-28T12:12:30Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 11 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 7760 wikitext text/x-wiki Guanxi（關西鎮） Itini i [[Hsinchu]](新竹) ko [[Guanxi]] Cen. sa’osi han ko po:long no palaan i, ira ko 125.2 km² (lalotolotokan a plalan no sa’osi i ira ko 3.89 km², o palaan noto’as i'a:yaw i ira ko 2.37 km²), 468 ko tamdaw i Guanxi Cen, 177 ko parod no loma’, itini i niyaro’ a Yincomin(原住民) sa’osi han ira ko 267 a tamdaw, pakaala to 57%(Tayal泰雅族)) no polong no tamdaw. Itini i niyaro’ a finawlan, o Payrang ko sa’alomanay. ==O kasaniyarona== 21 ko cun, 2 ko niyaro’ i Guanxi Cen. [[Qalang m’utu]]（馬武督部落）, [[Qalang q’yulang]]（戈尤浪部落）. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] jyfceht01yje1gmr12tez5h2z4i6212 0 366 33357 33356 2022-12-25T13:13:47Z Masaonikar 570 33357 wikitext text/x-wiki Guatemala（瓜地馬拉） [[Faylo:Flag of Guatemala.svg|thumb|Flag of Guatemala|alt=Flag of Guatemala]] [[Faylo:Guatemala (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Location of Guatemala]] == Takalay a sowal == Kuatimala Kapolongan Kitakit(Sipanya a sowal:''República de Guatemala''；Kuwaping a sowal:瓜地馬拉共和國), itiraay i Sifo’an Amirika, misi’ayaway to Taypinyang, i kawali o Karipi Riyar, i ka’amis o Misiko kitakit, i ka’amis no sakawali o Pilis, i katimol no sakwali o Hontoras ato Sarwato. == O lalengatan no ngangan(名詞來源) == O Kuatimala sanay ’i, o sowal no Nawato(''Nāhuatl;''納瓦特語), o cecay a sowal Acitiko. O imi nona sowal o「adihayay ko kilang a pala」ano ca edeng o「kilang」koni sowalan. == '''Rikisi'''(歷史) == Nani saka 4 sici tahira i saka 10 sici , o sakakahaday a sakowan Piteng('''貝登省''';Departamento de Petén, ira ko 33566 km²) o sasifo’an no Maya Punka, i kaleponan no saka 10 sici mapalahedaw ko Maya Punka i la’enay pala, nikawrira, ifafa’eday pala ira ho maosaw kona Punka. I 1524 miheca tayni a micowat ko Sipanya a tamdaw tekopen nangra ko Maya Punka misatang a mideak to Nicowatan Sakowan. O demak no Sipaya itini ’i, o sapilaheciaw a palasawad to Maya Punka, orasaka, matodoh ko maamaan a nitilidan, cowa to ka hakowa ko maosaway. 1821 miheca saka 9 folad saka 15 romi’ad misatapang a milekal to sapisiikedaw nani Sipanya ko Sifo’ay Amirika, i 1824 miheca tahira i 1839 miheca cecay a kitakit no Sifo’an Amirika Matatekoay Kitakit (Kuwaping a sowal:中美洲聯邦共和國; Sipanya a sowal: República Federal de Centroamérica), tahira to i 1840 miheca nga’ malaheci ko pisiiked no Kuatimala. 1871 miheca ci Fusto Rufino Palios (Kuwaping a sowal:胡斯托·魯菲諾·巴里奧斯;Sipangya a sowal: Justo Rufino Barrios) ko congton no Kuatimala satapang a midemak to sakarihaday no ‘orip no finawlan. Tahira to i 1944 miheca micomod to kosi no Amirika Patatekoay to Losay a Kosi(Kuwaping a sowal:聯合果品公司; Ikiris a sowal:United Fruit Company),mipaci’ci a micakay to kakahaday a sera to cilosay to kafi ato pawli, misatapng to ko picara to sici ato demak no Kuatimala. 1944 miheca  masanga’ ko sapipa’ading to maomahay a tamdaw a rikec. 1950 miheca tahira i 1954 miheca o teloc no Roysi ci Hakowo Apens Kosman(Kuwaping a sowal:哈科沃·阿本斯·古斯曼; Sipangya a sowal: Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán) ko malacongtonay, midemak to sakanga’ay to pitayal ato kacisera no kalotamdaw. Nawhani, o polong no kitakit edeng 2% a tamdaw ko ciseraay to 70% a [[Faylo:1920UnitedFruitCompanyEntrance.jpg|縮圖|Amirika Patatekoay to Losay a Kosi(1920UnitedFruitCompanyEntrance)]] ni Apens ko sera nora cipaysoay pacilacen ningra ko awaay ko sera a tamdaw, ira ko 10 ofad a maomahay ko mililamay to sera. Oya sato kosi no Amirika Patatekoay to Losay a Kosi, o sahadihayay ko mi’ecoan a sera, cowa konini aca ko dafong nona kosi, ira heca ko Sifo’ay Amirika a Cinamalay Kosi ato minato no Kuatimala. Mikitadipi tono niyah a kitakit o Amirika, o Kyosanto ci Apens han nangra pakarat ko sowal, orasaka, milood ko Amirika to Kuatimala. O sepay no Amirika malacafay ato mitokeray ci Aprnsan a Kutimala a kasafelaw, mitakaw a midemak to sapifelihaw ci Apensan. Yo malowid sato ci Apens milaliw tayra i roma a kitakit, ci Kalos Arpito Kastino Amas(Kuwaping a sowal:卡洛斯·阿爾貝托·卡斯蒂略·阿馬斯; Sipanya a sowal: ''Carlos Alberto Castillo Armas)'' ko malapaitekday mikowanay.[3] Tangsol han nona fa’elohay a sifo palasawad koya sapipakilacaw to sera a demak ni Apens. 1957 miheca mapatay no nima ci Amas,oya mikotayay a tamdaw mangalefay ko kali’ang to finawlan a sofitay ci Mikor Itikolas Foentos. Oya sato o moamahay a tamdaw misang’ to Maomahay Mihokhokay Sofitay, satapang ko kalalais to sifo to 36 mihecan ko Laloma’ay Lalood no Kitakit. I 1996 miheca matatilid ko sifo ato Maomahay Mihokhokay Sofitay to Rihaday Kakaketonan Tilid, misawad to malalood. Tona lalood ira ko 10 ofad ko mapatayay,matafesiw ko cecay so’ot ko maforaway a tamdaw. O pipatay no sofita no Kuwatimala to Finawlan Maya Finacadan o sapipalahedaway to finacadan(Kuwaping a sowal:種族滅絕; Ikiris a sowal: ''genocide''). Kalacongtonan ni Hosay Ayfolaing Lios Monto(Kuwaping a sowal:'''何塞·埃弗拉因·李歐斯·蒙特;''' Sipanya a sowal: ''José Efraín Ríos Montt),'' edeng i 1982 miheca saka 9 folad ira ko 9000 tamdaw ko mipatayan a Maya tamdaw. 1983 miheca sa’emang sanay to ko pipaeker no sifo to yincumin,1985 miheca misingkiw. Nikawrira, o sakakinih no cipaysoay ato macahiway a tamdaw caay ho ka lahedaw, tahanini o 1% a cipaysoaay tamdaw miaro’ to 60% a omah. == '''Palapalaan''' (地理) == Itiraay i Sifo’an Amirika ko kamaro’an no Kuwatimala,isak’amisan i,o masadafdafay a dasdas a Fa'edetay Kakarayan a Kilakilanan,isasifo’an ira ko cilamalay lotok 4200laya’ ko ka’akawang, o misi’ayaway to Taypinyang a dafdaf o cihanekay a pala [[Faylo:Santa_Catalina_Arch_-_Antigua_Guatemala_Feb_2020.jpg|縮圖|Antikuwa (Santa Catalina Arch - Antigua Guatemala Feb 2020)]] Fa'etay kilakilangan pala koninian. O sasifo’an a tapolo i, o sasifo’an no ‘orip ato punka no Kuwatimala, ona tapolo ira ko 1300 athira i 1800 laya’ ko ka’akawang, edef no mihecaan sa’emelay ko kakarayan, romi’ad nani 18°C tahira i 28°C,i sakacecay ato sakatosa a folad si’enaway. O tatapangan niyaro’ o syoto i, itiniay i sasifo’an. Itini tona syoto i ira ko 250 ofad ko tamdaw maro’ay itini, o sakakaay a niyaro’ no Kuwatimala, o pihololan no lafang a Atitolan Fanaw,Atitolan fanaw, katelang a syoto Kuwatimala, no to’asan a niyaro’ Tikar ato Kosartonanko ato Cicikastonan. O cilamalay tokos no Kuwatimala ira ko 37 a lotok, oroma saoti,adihay ko fanaw, o sakakaay i, Pokaya,Sie-Yacito cilamalay lotok. '''Tamdaw'''(人口) Mahaop ko 43% a tamdaw no Kuwatimala o teloc no Maya finacadan. Ira ngata no salawacan no Karepi Riyar iraay maro’ ko teloc no Afrika a tamdaw. O tamdaw no Kuwatimala sahetoay itiraay ni nitaro’ ko aro’, nikawrira, kahenayay malatokay noriraan niyaro’. O pitooran skakaay i, o Tinsikyo, nikawrira, ono to’asan a pitoora a lekakawa maparamram i lisin no Tinsikyo,mahaop ko 40% mitooray to Fa’elohay a Misakeristoay, ira ko 1% mitooran to to’asan a Maya Pitooran. Ono sifoan a sowal o Sipanya a sowal, nikawrira, makalasowal ho kasasiromaroma a Maya Sowal, mangalefay i niyaro’ ira ho caay ka fana’ to sowal no Sipanya. 1996 miheca i Sakarihaday Kakaketon papilaheci to sifo to tilid no sifo ato no sinkiw a tilid falicen sano niyaro’ay sowal. == O kasasikiked a sakowan (行政區劃) == Guatemala masasi’isal 22 ko kanatal (Spain sowal: Departamentos), tangasa i 2014 miheca ira ko 335 kasademakan(si) (Spain sowal: Municipios) [11]. {| class="wikitable" |＃ |Kanatal |Soto |＃ |Kanatal |Soto |- |1 |Alta Verapaz |Cobán |12 |Jalapa |Jalapa |- |2 |Baja Verapaz |Salamá |13 |Jutiapa |Jutiapa |- |3 |Chimaltenango |Chimaltenango |14 |Quetzaltenango |Quetzaltenango |- |4 |Chiquimula |Chiquimula |15 |Retalhuleu |Retalhuleu |- |5 |Petén |Flores |16 |Sacatepéquez |Antigua |- |6 |El Progreso |Guastatoya |17 |San Marcos |San Marcos |- |7 |Quiché |Santa Cruz del Quiché |18 |Santa Rosa |Cuilapa |- |8 |Escuintla  |Escuintla  |19 |Sololá |Sololá |- |9 |Guatemala |Guatemala City |20 |Suchitepequez |Mazatenango |- |10 |Huehuetenango |Huehuetenango |21 |Totonicapan |Totonicapan |- |11 |Izabal |Puerto Barrios |22 |Zacapa |Zacapa |} == '''Sowal''' (語言) == Ono sifoan a sowal o Sipanya a sowal, nikawrira, makalasowal ho kasasiromaroma a Maya Sowal, mangalefay i niyaro’ ira ho caay ka fana’ to sowal no Sipanya.i Karipi Riyar pala ira ko Karifuna sowal. [[Faylo:Tikal_mayan_ruins_2009.jpg|縮圖|Tikar(Tikal mayan ruins 2009)]] {| class="wikitable" |sowal |rayray no sowal |winaan sowal |tamdaw |- |Kica |Maya a rayray |Kica sowal |1,000,000 |- |Sipanya |Indo-Yoropa rayray |Roman sowal |9,481,907 |- |Kaykoci |Maya a rayray |Kica sowal |555,461 |- |Kokocihoy |Maya a rayray |Kica sowal |500,000 |- |Mami |Maya a rayray |Man |480,000 |- |Pociomci |Maya a rayray |Kica sowal |92,000 |- |Cutuli |Maya a rayray |Kica sowal |88,300 |- |Aci |Maya a rayray |Kica sowal |85,552 |- |Kencupa |Maya a rayray |Kencupa sowal |77,700 |- |Isir |Maya a rayray |Man sowal |70,000 |- |Akatiko |Maya a rayray |Kencupa sowal |48,500 |- |Poti |Maya a rayray |Kencupa sowal |40,000 |- |Cuhe |Maya a rayray |Kencupa sowal |40,000 |- |Pokoman |Maya a rayray |Kica sowal |30,000 |- |Ciawti |Maya a rayray |Ciawr |30.00 |- |Awakatiko |Maya a rayray |Man sowal |18,000 |- |Sakapotiko |Maya a rayray |Kica sowal |9,763 |- |Sipakaense |Maya a rayray |Kica sowal |8,000 |- |Karifuna |Arowako rayray |Karipi sowal |5,860 |- |Ospantiko |Maya a rayray |Kica sowal |3,000 |- |Tektiteko |Maya a rayray |Man sowal |2,265 |- |Mopan |Maya a rayray |Yukaton Maya sowal |2,000 |- |Indioma xinka |Aislada |Lenkuas Hinka |16 |- |Ica |Maya a rayray |Yukaton Maya sowal |12 |} == Sici (政治) == Guatemala o kasahirahiraay ko sician a kasarekarekad, misiikeday a nikapolongan kitakit. I 1986 miheca 1 folad 15 romi’ad pahapiw ko kimpo matelek toloay ko kasasiiked no sakowan 'icel, o nipidemak (congtong ato micokeray congtong), patirengay to rikec (Guatemala lomaocan), ato hoying (sakakaay hoying) a kasasiiked. I 1993 miheca mifalic to kimpo, ato mitongal to sakakakaay hoying mitefocay nai 9 tamdaw tangasa 13 tamdaw, o congtong ato micokeray congtong ato kalomaocan taypiaw nao 5 miheca malowan 4 mihecaan, sakakakaay hoying mitefocay nai 6 miheca malowan 5 miheca, ciciw ato ciyiing nao 2.5 miheca matongal 4 miheca. O congtong maraod ko mihecaan masingkiway, kinacecay aca liyad, eca kanga’ay pato’eto (manga’ay palaed misingkiw). Kalomaocan no kitakit ato congtong 4 miheca kina cecay misingkiw, polong maraoday ko 18 miheca citodong to finawlan a singkiw, o hitay awaay ko todong misingkiw. Kalomaocan no kitakit patorod to satakaraway hoying a tamdaw, 4 miheca ko lekad. I 2003 miheca misingkiw ko Guatemala o taypiaw no polong kitakit nipatatekoan ci Oscar Beh 54.1% maala malacongtong, itiya polong kitakit nipatatekoan o sata’akay a sician a kasarekarekad i kalomaocan. Mitiya romaroma Latin Amilika kitakit, Guatemala caay ka halafin ko Nikapolongan to’as, sician a kasarekarekad caay ka tomenek, adihayay sician a kasarekarekad ira ko mikowanay i malicinowasto. Roma a sician a kasarekad tinako sofitay ato maliacaay ira ko pikihamon to sician a mi’iwas. I 2007 miheca ta’akay singkiw no Guatemala[12], taypiaw o Kawiliay-Kasafelaw polong kitakit pafaloco’an nipatatekoan ci Alvaro Colom i sakinatosa a singkiw maala 52.82% Guatemala congtong[13], cingra o sa’ayaway Kawiliay-Kasafelaw a congtong. I 2011 miheca a singkiw no Guatemala, taypiaw no Kawananay-Kasafelaw Ay-ko kasarekad ci Otto Perez Molina i sakinatosa misingkiw maala to 53.74%, maala to congtong no Guatemala. I 2015 miheca singkiw no Guatemala, taypiaw no kitakit komoday a calay (FCN-Nación) ci Jimmy Morales i sakatosa singkiw maala to 67.44%, maala to congtong no Guatemala[14]. I 2019 miheca singkiw no Guatemala, taypiaw no Vamos party (kasarekad) ci Alejandro Giammattei sakinatosa singkiw maala to 57.95%, maala to congtong no Guatemala[15]. Ira ko somowalay, onini a kitakit a saki no tamdawan solongoc caayka nga’ay, o no yincumin ko sowal a mipahoso o caayay kacitodong i sarikec, tangasa i 1986 miheca malalenay ko sowal nasaan itiya a masalalan[16]. == kacacofelan a demak (外交) == Nawhani mararid ko laloma'ay no Kitakit a lalood, o saki kacacofelan a demak no Guatemala mapakacecay, nai 1980 mihecaan nikapolongan ato miforiforay-sofitay masasitelek to sakanga’ay i, itiya to a micomod i kasakitakit ko Guatemala. === O fangafang i kalingangan no Belize (與貝里斯的邊界糾紛) === O Inkiris ato Guatemala i 1859 miheca masasitelek to Aycinena-Wyke a tatoneken, mitonek to itiyaay a no Inkiris a Honduras a kalingangan i, o nia lingangan tangasa aniniay a laloma’an no Belize, nawhani itiya 18 sici Inkiris ato Spain masasitelekay to, midotoc tina katatelekan, nai Sibun River raremay sera ato i riyaray a palapala aniniay katimolay no Belize 4627 pinfang inli a sera, sahetoay o no Inkiris a caay ko no rekec a nicalapan. Tia sacisowal sa halo i Belize a sera na no Guatemala a todong, 1981 miheca o Belize misiiked itiya i, caay pasoelinen no Guatemala, i laloma’an no kitakit a palilaman cicu, o Belize i laloma’a ho no kitakit, tangasa i 1991 miheca 9 folad 6 romi’ad itiya a mihayda ko Guatemala to Belize a kitakit, tatosaay kitakit masasipatireng to sasitoki micomod, manga’ay micomod ato micolo’ to lali’aca a dafong. Nikawrira caayho kasongila’ sakilingangan nia tosaay kitakit, tangasa i 2003 miheca 10 folad tosaay kitakit i pihaopan no Amilika kitakit lekapot itiya saka 2 folad kasasitiri’ lomaoc a masasitelek “palakecay ato paso’elinan” katatelekan kasapakayraan midemak, misafaloco’ mikilim to sakasalof no kalaliyangan masasili’ay. 2018 miheca 4 folad 15 romi’ad kapolongan pitopa ko Guatemala[17]. O Belize sifo i 2019 miheca 5 folad 8 romi’ad mikapolongan pitopa to pilecad sapaco’ay[18], o nilahecian no finawlan nia tosaay kitakit to kapolongan pitopa mihai patorod tina kalaliyangan a sera i hoying no kasakitakit (ICJ) mitomadaw, mitala to pisawkit no hoying no kasakitakit. === Saki Taywan (ROC) a cacofel (與中華民國關係) === Ona talatosaay nai 1933 miheca 6 folad 15 romi’ad patireng to kacacofelan a demak tangasa anini, Ona talatosaay i kasakicay lali’aca a sasipadang, kiwiko ponka, nisangaan kicik, tatenaan patireng, sakihitay, isi a kafafolodan[19]. O sa’alomanay ko tamdaw a kitakit ko Guatemala kasasicofelan a demak no Taywan. == Kicay (經濟) == == Mirarakatay (旅遊) == == Rarakatan (交通) == == Liomah(農業) == O ‘etan no liomah a pinaroma polongen ira cecay no kalisepat, o nipasadakan a paliwal tosa no kalitolo. O matayalay no polong a tamdaw no kitakit ira ko fatad o maomahay, [[Faylo:Vendeuse_de_souvenirs_(Antigua,_Guatemala)_(6941638140).jpg|縮圖|pa'acaay to sapakining a Maya fafahiyan(Vendeuse de souvenirs (Antigua, Guatemala) (6941638140))]] o pinaloma ira ko kafi, waneng, pawli ato fata’an, ilaloma’ nonini i, o kafi ko sakakaay, sakaenem itini kalokitakit,o pipalamaan itiraay i Antikuwa, Atitolan Fanaw, Kowang,Wiwitonanko, Folayhanays, Siemakos. I Kuwatimala iraay ko cecay a Saop no Kafi(ANACAFE) o midemakay to pipaliwal to kafi. Tadakakahad ko sera to nipalomaan a tefos no Kuwatimala, orasaka, o sakatosa ko kaadihay nipasadakan a paliwal i roma a kitakit, o pawli o sakatolo ko kaadihay a losay. \ I Guatemala dadahal ko pipalomaan to tefos a pala, o sakatosa a nilitodan a nilingadan. Sakatolo i o pawli. O romasato polong no hekal o sa’adihayay ko nipalomaan a kalitang ato nipasadakan no kitakit, mapatayra i congtong a kasakitakit. == Misanga’ay to dafong(工業) == Misang'ay to lalosidan ato pipatireng limaay ko cecay (5/1) ko sakikicay. 1996 miheca masasitelek to sakalali’ay paherek to 36 mihecaan ko lafin a kalalood, o sakalasawad no papotalay sapisiwfay a sakadipang. Pacakat to sakaira micomoday no sifo, no kasakitakit a pacomod to sakilaliacaan kasasowal ato pa’icel ko sifo ato no tekedan kalalipaysoay a katemik ato mapatalahekalay sakiikor a dademaken. Ano caay kaserer ko ’aca no dafong i, ikoray to pinapina mihecaan no Guatemala a kicay macakat maedeng i 2000 mihecaan. O polong a ‘etan no misanga’ay to dafong ato sapatireng to loma’ edeng cecay no kalilima.1996 miheca matatilid to Sakarihaday a Kakaketonan Tilid, malasawad koya36 miheca ko kahalafin a Laloma’an Lalood, malahedaw ko pitaker to roma a kitakit a mili’etanay a patireng ko kofa itini. Orasaka, matongal ko ‘etan no kitakit rahoday ko ‘orip no finawlan. 1998 miheca a ta’akay faliyos i Guatemala ato sakafiyaw kitakit wata ko makari’angay. == a tilid (註腳) == [[Guatemala#%20ftnref1|[1]]] Campbell 1997 [[Guatemala#%20ftnref2|[2]]] Troika study abroad programs 2006 [3] John Vandermeer, Ivette Perfecto（2009）。《生物多樣性的早餐》，頁70-73。臺北市：綠色陣線協會，ISBN 978-986-84095-4-5 * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [[:en:List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government|List of current heads of state and government]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] gyhz20qd2ldrfwcg02e5sf720hya8hz 0 367 7804 7803 2021-10-28T12:12:36Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 25 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 7803 wikitext text/x-wiki Guguc（哥各滋部落） Itiniay i [[Nan’ao]](南澳) Cen no [[Yilan]](宜蘭) ko [[Guguc]] a niyaro’, 98 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 331 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 89% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 295 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 11% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 36 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)81%, Amis(阿美族)2%, Truku(太魯閣族)1%, Cou(鄒族)1%, roma(其他)2%. Ira ko picodadan(東澳國小、東澳國小附幼) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] hfd7v5qjjgb22pyadgosozo61yz2vp0 0 368 45396 33176 2024-12-14T21:23:50Z Aboubacarkhoraa 2245 /* Pacefaday a tilid(註腳) */ 45396 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Flag of Guinea.svg|縮圖|Hata no Kiniya]] == Kiniya（幾內亞）Kiniya Kapolongan-Kitakit(Fransu a sowal:''République de Guinée)'' == kalopangangan o Kiniya( Fransu a sowal : ''Guinée''), o itiraay i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%A5%BF%E9%9D%9E Saka’etipay Afrika] a kitakit, katimol no sakawalian o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%A7%91%E7%89%B9%E8%BF%AA%E7%93%A6 Pacekis no Co Salawacan Riyar], ikatimol misi’ayaw to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%88%A9%E6%AF%94%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A Laypiroya], isaka’etipan malafiyaw ato Lokedawan-Lotok, ika’amis malafiyaw ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B9%BE%E5%85%A7%E4%BA%9E%E6%AF%94%E7%B4%A2 Kiniyapiso], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A1%9E%E5%86%85%E5%8A%A0%E5%B0%94 Sayniciyar], isaka’amisan ato ka’amis no sakawalian madado’edo ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C Mali.] O [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B0%BC%E6%97%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%B2%B3 Nile-‘Alo], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A1%9E%E5%86%85%E5%8A%A0%E5%B0%94%E6%B2%B3 Sayniciyar-‘Alo] ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%86%88%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A%E6%B2%B3 Kanpiya-‘Alo] itiniay i Kiniya ko kahadakan nona ‘alo. o Kiniya hananay i,o satimolan no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%92%92%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E6%B2%99%E6%BC%A0 Sahara-tafotafokan] no Afrika, isaka’amisan no Kiniya-Kihaw a etal, o imi nona ngangan i,o nani [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9F%8F%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F sowal no Popor], o “fafahiyan a kitakit” ko tatodong nona sowal. [[Faylo:Location Guinea AU Africa.svg|縮圖|Kaitiraan]] O sak’orip no Kiniya sahetoay o liomah ato dafong no tadafokeloh.<ref>Guinea Conakry: Major Imports, Exports, Industries & Business Opportunities in Guinea Conakry, Africa. [2014-10-15]. （原始內容存檔於2010-11-05）.</ref> o sakatosa a rayray i hekal ko mikarkaran a adihay ko tayamonto ato tada’ekim a soped.<ref>Guinea Conakry Support – Guinee Conakry Trade and Support. (GCTS). [2014-10-15]. （原始內容存檔於2015-01-05）.</ref> I 2014 miheca o kahiceraan no Ipora-Lifong]. Cifangafangay ho to salongoc no kalotamdaw. 2011 miheca, milekal ko sifo no Amirika, o pipenec ato pipades to fafahiyan ato ka’emangay(keriten ko poki no fafahiyan]) o mahapinangay a mico’ayay to salongoc no kalotamdaw.<ref name=":0">Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011: Guinea. United States Department of State. 2012 [2012-08-27]. （原始內容存檔於2020-04-16）</ref> == '''Rikisi'''(歷史) == Ilaloma’ tona anininiay a Ciniya itiya ho adihay ko maro’ay a hontian-kitakit, macemahaday matekopay. 1235 miheca Santiyata-Kayta yo patireng to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD Mali Hontian-Kittakit] mspstrkop ko Soso Hontian-Kitakit.Oya sa Mali Hontian-Kitakit malowid no nanika’amisay a micowatay a finacadan. 1501 miheca [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%94%E4%BA%BA Mo’or Finacadan] miccafi’ to aniniay a Ciniya. Nani 1735 mihecaan tahira i 1898 mihecaan, Mo;or Finacadan patireng to mikirikecay a kitakit i sasifo’an no Ciniya. O Yoropa tamdaw nani saka 16 sici tahira i saka 19 sici mipaliwal to koli i lawac no riyar, nani 1850 miheca o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E8%A5%BF%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B Sakatosa Kapolongan Kitakit] no Fransu satapang micowat to Ciniya, tahalitemoh to ci’icelay a mitokeray nani laloma’an no Ciniya. Anini sato o i’ayaway o nipatirengan no  Ciniya a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD Sakatolo Kapolongan Kitakit] no Fransu a nicoeatan sakowan, o syoto tatapangan nitaro’ i 1890 miheca a mapatireng. 1958 miheca mihayi ko Kapolongan-Pitopa no Ciniya to dengan a nicowatan-kitakit to cowa ka pikapot to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%93 Fransu-Nipatekoan Saopo], misiiked nani Fransu,malasatapangan a congton no Ciniya Kaplongan-Kitakit ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%89%BE%E5%93%88%E8%BF%88%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%A1%9E%E5%8F%A4%C2%B7%E6%9D%9C%E5%B0%94 Ayhamayto-Sayko-Toor.] [[Faylo:Abd el-Ouahed ben Messaoud ben Mohammed Anoun, Moorish ambassador to Elizabeth I, who may have been the inspiration for the character Othello (4004295055).jpg|縮圖|262x262像素|Mo'or finacadan]] 1965 miheca congtong ci Toor “ micaraay to laloma’an demak” saan a miketon to kalawidang ato Tatapangan a Kitakit o Fransu, tahira i 1975 miheca ta mapalolol ko kalawidang. 1970 miheca saka 11 folad, micacafi ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99 Potawya tamdaw] to Ciniya, sapidama’aw to milaliway tayra i papotal a sifo patireng to fa’elohay a sifo nikawrira, malakisaw kona demak. 1978 miheca saka 12 folad, falicen ko ngangan no kitakit to “Ciniya Milololay-Finawlan a Kapolongan Kitaki”.tahira I 1984 miheca saka 4 folad, patatikolen to “Ciniya Kapolongan Kitakit” ko ngangan no kitakit. 1984 miheca saka 3 folad saka 26 romi’ad mapatay ci Toor,ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%85%B0%E8%90%A8%E7%BA%B3%C2%B7%E5%AD%94%E6%88%B4 Lansana-Kontay] ira ko picoker no Sofitay-Saopo ta macakat malacongton patireng to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD Sakatosa Kapolongan-Kitaki.] 1990 miheca malalood ko fiyaw Laypiroya ato Lakedawan-Tokos Kitakit, ‘aloman ko maforaway tayni i Ciniya. O roma i, malafasay ko 70 ‘ofad ko tamdaw, tahira to i 2004 miheca ira ho ko 15 ‘ofad ko maforaway a tamdaw itini i Ciniya. I 1993 miheca saka 12 folad saka 19 romi’ad midemak ko Ciniya to sa’ayaway a pisinkiw no kalotamdaw,oya kakeridan no sofitay ci Lansana-Kontay tona cifangafangay a pisinkiw maala malacongtong, to cila a mihecaan patireng to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD Sakatolo-Kapolongan Kitakit],makeroray ko kakatalawan a romi’ad, nikawrira, cowa ka lasawad ko fodfod. 1996 miheca saka 2 folad,ira ko sakacecay pilolol no sofitay, nikawria cowa ka laheci. 1998 miheca saka 12 folad saka 18 romi’ad ci Lansana-Kontay pakaala to 54% a satopa no sinkiw, o mitokeray a Kasafelaw-Sieci ira ko pipakokot tona sinkiw, ca ka halafin mapalit ko kakeridan no mitokeray Kasafelaw-Sieci. Nani 2000 miheca saka 9 folad tahira i 2001 miheca saka 3 folad, malaheci ko pitaker to sapicowataw no mifelihay sofitay no Laypiroya ato Lakedawan-Tokos Kitakit. 2001 miheca saka 11 folad masolinga’ koya sakacecay a fodfod no Kapolongan-Pitopa a mifalic to Tatapangan-Rikec no kitakit, sakanga’ayaw ni Lansana-Kontay a pararid a malacongton i 2003 miheca. 2007 miheca saka2 folad saka 9 romi’ad, toro’en ni Lansana-Kontay ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%AC%A7%E4%BB%81%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89 Wolin-Kamala] malaconli no sifo, matoker no Matayalay-Saopo ; i saka2 folad saka 26 romi’ad falicen ni Kontay a mitoro’ ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%85%B0%E8%90%A8%E7%BA%B3%C2%B7%E5%BA%93%E4%BA%9A%E7%89%B9 Lansana-Koyato] malacongli. 2008 miheca saka 12 folad saka 23 romi’ad,milekal ko Ciniya sifo, o congtong no Ciniya ci Lansana-Kontay mapatayay i syoto-Konakoli pipaisingan i saka 22 romi’ad sanany, 74 ko mihecaan.ira ko lihaf o sofitay no Ciniya tangsolay misapifelihaw tosifo mapalasawad ko sifo ato lomaocan no kitakit sanay. Toya romi’ad, irako cecay a tamdaw ci Musa-Kamala kakaeridan no cefang no sofitay, mipakimad i palosiyangan no kitakit, tangsol to a misawad ko demak no sieci ato matayal, patokeled han o sofitay ato kalotamdaw a saopo ko masasowal to pacarcaray a mikowan to kitakit sanay.8 [[Faylo:Sonneratia alba - Manado (2).JPG|縮圖|256x256像素|'''紅樹林'''（英語：''Mangrove)'']] 2010 miheca tahira i 2020 miheca kinatolo a pararid malacongtong ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E6%B3%95%C2%B7%E5%AD%94%E6%88%B4 Arfa-Kontay](''Alpha Conde'').2021 miheca saka 9 folad saka5 romi’ad, ira ko pifelih no sofitay to sifo, mapalit ci Arfa-Kontay == '''Kaitiraan''' (地理) == kalopangangan o Kiniya( Fransu a sowal : ''Guinée''), o itiraay i saka’etipan no Afrika a kitakit, katimol no sakawalian o Pacekis no Co Salawacan Riyar, ikatimol misi’ayaw to Laypiroyya, isaka’etipan malafiyaw ato Lokedawan-Lotok, ika’amis malafiyaw ato Kiniyapiso, Sayniciyar, isaka’amisan ato ka’amis no sakawalian madado’edo ato Mali. O Nile-‘Alo, Sayniciyar-‘Alo ato Kanpiya-‘Alo itiniay i Kiniya ko kahadakan nona ‘alo. o Kiniya hananay i,o satimolan no Sahara-tafotafokan no Afrika, isaka’amisan no Kiniya-Kihaw a etal, o imi nona ngangan i,o nani sowal no Popor, o “fafahiyan a kitakit” ko tatodong nona sowal.o kakaya’ no lawac no riyar ira ko 352 km,kakahad no sera ira ko 24.6 km² ko 'ofad, tadamasasifeday ko faco no pala, makalisepat ko kasasiroma no pala:, o === '''Isaka’etipan''' === [[Faylo:Senegal River Saint Louis.jpg|縮圖|Sayniciyar-‘Alo]] (o Kiniya anoca o lilis no riyar no Kiniya), 36,133 km², o lihecoay a to’edaw a dafdaf i lawac no riyar. Ma’edefay ko mahedotay a pala, mado’etay ko kakarayan, ira ko 6~8 ko folad o kafodo’an i polong no mihecaan,o ‘orad ira ko 5000mm. ona pala i, o sakakay a kaliomahan, tadakakahad ko kitiraan no monkoropo(紅樹林; Ikiris a sowal:''Mangrove''). === '''Isasifo’an''' === (isifo’ay Kiniya), o lalen no ka’akawang ira ko 900 laya’ a Fotaciyalon-Taporo, itiniay ko kasadakan no toloay a sakakaay ‘alo: o Nile-‘Alo, Sayniciyar-‘Alo ato Kanpiya-‘Alo, orasaka pangangan han to “Tangko no Nanom”. === '''Isaka’amis no sakwalian''' === (fafa’eday Kiniya), ira ko 97000 km² ko kakahad no sera, nani tongroh no riyar lalen ira ko 300 laya’ a taporo sahetoay o masadafdafay a pala, adihay ko ‘akawanay a kilang. O cinganganay itini i hekal o makarkaray a tada’ekim itini. O sakakaay a saka’orip o paka’enay to kolong ato sira. === Ikatimol no sakawalian === (Okilakilangan Kiniya),o taporo no Kiniya, o kakahad ira ko 49374 km², nani tongroh no riyar ira ko 500~600 laya’, ira ko kakahaday a oyanan ho kilakilangan , ira itini ko nani tongoh no riyar 1752 laya’ a Linpa-Lotok, o poco’ nona etal. I lawacay no riya a Kiniya o fa’edetay kalafalian kakarayan, i laloma’an no karopaw o Fa’edetay-Rengorengosan a kakarayan. O ‘orad i laloma’am a pala ira ko 1000~1500mm, ilawaca no riyar ira ko4000 mm. == '''Tamdaw'''(人口) == [[Faylo:East - Fulbe.jpg|縮圖|Fulani-tamdaw]] I Kiniya kitakit ira ko safaw to 20 ko kasasiromarom a finacadan, ilaloma’ nonini o sakakaay tolo ko finacadan, Fulani-tamdaw(''Fulani)''mahaop ko 40% ikaka; Malinkay-tamdaw(''Malinke,''o ''kalinka'' hananay ho a pangangan) cisafaw ko 30% ko mahaopay, doe’do sa i,o Soso-tamdaw(''Soussou'') mahaop ko 16%. O sakakaay a pitooran itini I Kiniya o Sonni-Siiked no Islam Pitooran.o tamdaw no polong ira ko 87% o mitooray to Islam Pitooran, 5% o Tinsikiw, oroma omita’ongay to dafong a pitooran. Ono sifoan a sowal o Frasu, nikawrira, adihay ko sowal no kasaniyaroaro’ o kalasowal to ro’miad.o mitooray to Islam a Muslin nano mamgangan mihatatanamay to to sowal no Arapiya, roma sa i,o somowalay to sowal no Arapiya a Lipanen-tamdaw maala nangra ko pecih a pi’etanan no kitakit,oninian ko katongal no katenek no sowal no Arapiya. O katongal no tamdaw tomihecaan ira ko 2.75%(2018 mihecaan a sa’osi), o Kuwaping a tamdaw awaay ko malaheciay a sa’osi, latek ira ko 2 ‘ofad ko tamdaw, macekcekay i tatapangan a Konakoli niyaro’. == '''Saka’orip'''(經濟) == Oni pasadakan no Linheko o sasafaay ko kacemahad a kitakit ko Kiniya,o sakakaay a saka’orip o liomah, tadafokeloh, o misanga’ay to dafong caay ho ko maamaan ko ‘icel.o kaka’enen sahetoay ni’acaan nani roma a kitakit. o ‘oteng-a sera(鋁土礦; Ikiris a sowal:''Bauxite),''kafi, koko ato komu ko sapaliwal a dafong, o tayal to sapicemahad to saka’orip a dafong tadaawaay ko ‘icel a palalinien ato Isaka’etipay-Afrika a kitakit.Citolasay ko dafong to papasadaken a paliwal, orasaka, manikaw ko ‘etan no kitakit, sahetoay a mi’acaan i roma a kitakit ko saka’orip dafong. O ni’acaan i roma a kitakit a dafong ira ko saparakat to maamaan a simal, o sapikarkar to tadafokeloh ato sapipatireng a dafong, o felac, amoto, cisapayioay-dafong, dingko-dafong.o sakakaay a nipaliwal a dafong o ’oteng-sera, tada’ekim,ciremremay to ’oteng a dafong(氧化鋁;''Aluminium oxide).'' O nikarkaran a ’oteng serasahetoay nipaliwalan tayra i Congko.<ref>中國大陸主要鋁土礦供應國幾內亞爆政變 特種部隊奪權. [2021-09-06]. （原始內容存檔於2021-10-19）.</ref> o tatamanikaway a kitakit itini i hekal. == Galerie == <gallery> File:Guinea sat.png|atlas Guinea File:Dame de Mali Guinée.jpg|[[w:fr:Mont Loura|Dame de Mali]] File:Chute de Tabouna à Kindia 01.jpg|[[w:fr:Chute de Tabouna|Chute de Tabouna]] à [[w:fr:Kindia|Kindia]] File:Chute de Saala vue à 360° Labé.jpg|[[w:fr:Chute de Saala|Chute de Saala]] [[w:fr:Labé|Labé]] File:Chimpanzé de Bossou 33.jpg|Chimpanzé de Bossou File:Plage de Roume.jpg|Plage sur les [[w:fr:Îles de Loos|Ile de Loos]] </gallery> == Pacefaday a tilid(註腳) == [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] <references /> == Pikafitan i papotal(外部連接) == * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] 20xle3ddr0cqnvol02v9l6kuivd5j4f 0 369 33212 33211 2022-12-15T04:43:17Z Safulo 35 33212 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg|縮圖|Hata no Kiniya-Piso]] == Kiniya-Piso Kapolongan-Kitakit(幾內亞比索共和國; Potawya a sowla:''República da Guiné-Bissau'' ; Roma a tilid:''Gine-Bisaawo).'' == O itiraay i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%A5%BF%E9%9D%9E sa’etipay-Afrika a kitakit], o nano [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%91%A1%E5%B1%AC%E5%B9%BE%E5%85%A7%E4%BA%9E micowatan a kowan a Kiniya no Potawya]. Isa’amisan malafiyaw ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A1%9E%E5%86%85%E5%8A%A0%E5%B0%94 Sayniciyar kitakit], isakawalian ato isakatimolan malafiyaw ato Kiniya, isaka’etipan miingid ato Tasiyang-Riyar. O tamdaw ira ko 1,600,000 tamdaw. o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%9C%80%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%91%E8%BE%BE%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6 sasafaay ko kacaayan ka cemahaf a kitakit] itini i hekal ko Kiniya-piso. == Rikisi(歷史) == [[Faylo:Guinea-Bissau in Africa (-mini map -rivers).svg|縮圖|Kaitiraan no Kiniya-Piso kitakit]] I 1446 miheca milekal ko Potawya o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%91%A1%E5%B1%AC%E5%B9%BE%E5%85%A7%E4%BA%9E malamicongacongay kitakit no Potawya] ko Kiniya-Piso sanay, nikawrira, i‘ayaw no 1600 miheaan, mipatirngay to ko Potawya to kali’acaan to sapipaliwal to koli nani Kiniya-Piso tayra i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%BD%9B%E5%BE%97%E8%A7%92 Witociyaw](維德角:Potawya a sowal:''Cabo Verde).'' Itiya ho talacowa milekal ko Potawya o polong no Kiniya-Piso cisalongocay to sakowan saan, nikawrira, o malaheciay a makowan cowa ka hakowa ko taliyok. Tahira to i saka 19 sici, malowand to ko ‘etan no pipaliwal to koli siwar sato ko Potawya pasitira i laloma’ no korapaw mikilim to sakaci’eten a tayal. O picowat no Potawya pasilaloma’an cowa ka kali’eki, nawhani ira ko pitoker no tao. Roma sato i,macacoli ato Ikiris a mala’afas to Bolama sera, mihidefong ko congton no Amirika ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B0%A4%E5%88%A9%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0%E7%89%B9 Yulis-Kolanto](尤利西斯·S·格蘭特; Ikiris a sowal:''Ulysses S. Grant''), ikor to malo malamicongacongay kitakit no Potawya saan ko piketon to sowal. 1915 mihecaan ko kalahecian no pida’econg no Potawya to sapicowataw mikowan, ira ko malalakay a mitokeray, i 1936 miheca mapaterep ko mitokeray a demak. I 1941 miheca linahen ko syoto tatapangan niyaro’ nani [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%9A%E6%8B%89%E9%A9%AC_(%E5%87%A0%E5%86%85%E4%BA%9A%E6%AF%94%E7%BB%8D) Polama] tayra i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%AF%94%E7%BB%8D Piso.] 1952 miheca misalof to kinpo tatapangan-rikec no kitakit, oya [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%91%A1%E5%B1%AC%E5%B9%BE%E5%85%A7%E4%BA%9E malamicongacongay kitakit no Potawya] a ngangan falicen to “ipapotalay-sera no Potawya” hananay. I 1956 miheca mapatireng ko kasafelaw no sieci “[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%87%A0%E5%86%85%E4%BA%9A%E5%92%8C%E4%BD%9B%E5%BE%97%E8%A7%92%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E5%85%9A Kiniya ato Witociya misikeday kasafelaw no Saka’etipay Afrika”]. I 1961 miheca ona kasafelaw no sieci misatapang to a misopsop to tamdaw to sapitokeraw to Potawya, talacowa mitongal to sofitay ko Potawya to 3 ‘ofad 5 patek ko sofitay, oya kasafelaw no sieci matongalmatongal ko mikapotay a tamdaw. 1968 mihec ona “Kiniya ato Witociya misikeday kasafelaw no Saka’etipay Afrika” ma’aro to nangra ko kakahaday a pala. 1973 miheca saka 9 folad saka 24 romi’ad milekal to pisiiked ko Kiniya-Piso. Toya miheca saka 11 folad, mitopa ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A Linheko] 93 ko mihayiay 7 ko milalangay, mihayiay ko ‘alomanay to pisiiked no Kiniya-Piso.<ref>Guinea-Bissau. World Economic Outlook Database. International Monetary Fund (IMF). April 2022 [2022-07-27]. （原始內容存檔於2022-07-27） '''（英語）'''.</ref> [[Faylo:Koumbayala.jpg|縮圖|Anngpa-Yala congtong]] 1974 miheca saka 9 folad saka 10 romi’ad malahecice ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B pisiiked] no Kiniya-Piso nani Potawya. 1980 miheca oya i’ayaway a congli kakeridan no sifo ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%8B%A5%E6%98%82%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E7%BA%B3%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%83%E6%8B%89 Loang-Pirnato-Wiayla](若昂·貝爾納多·維埃拉;Potawya a sowal:''João Bernardo Vieira),''midemak to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A Paka'icelay-Pifelih to Sifo]. Tocila a mihecaan i 1981 miheca saka 11 folad tahira i 1984 miheca saka 5 folad malakakeridan no Milololay-Inkay mikowan to kitakit. 1984 miheca oya mitekeday-kasafelaw milaheci a misanga’ to fa’elohay a kinpo tatapangan-rikec no kitakit, maala no sinkiw malacongtong to ikor. Do’edoen kona kinpo o congtong mitokeleday malakakeridan no kitakit atono sifo, o kakeridan no kasafelaw no sieci ato tapang no sofitay. 1983, 1985 ato 193 miheca parariday a ira ko lihaf to sapifelihaw to nikalatapang ni Wiayla. 1994 miheca midemak to sarakatay a Adihayay-Kasafelaw a contong ato kiing no lomaocan no kitakit. 1998 miheca irako kafodfod no sofitay sakalaloodan han to no lalomaan no kitakit, to cila a mihecaan i 1999 miheca malaplap ci Wiayla congtong. 2000 miheca misinkiw to congtong ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%98%86%E5%B7%B4%C2%B7%E9%9B%85%E6%8B%89 Angpa-Yala](''Kumba Ialá'') ko malacongtongay. 2003 miheca mifelih to sifo ko kakeridan no sofitay ci Wilisimon-Koroyya-Sayyapola(''Veríssimo Correia Seabra'') paliten ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%98%86%E5%B7%B4%C2%B7%E9%9B%85%E6%8B%89 Angpa-Yala] congtong, o sakasaan i “ci AAngpa- Yala cowa to kapakafilo a misongila to demak” , o sinkiw to Kalomaocan-nokitakit papanayal han to, ikor to i, i 2004 miheca saka 3 folad a misinkiw. 2004 miheca saka 10 folad mapatay ko kafodfodan no sofitay ko kakeridan no sofitay ci Sanyapola ato roma a tamdaw, kalalalengatan han to no karawraw no kitakit. 2005 miheca ska 6 folad misinkiw to naikoran ni Angpa-Yala, mikapot ci Angpa-Yala tona sinkiw, saikoray to i, oya ‘ayaway a congtong ci Wiayla ko maalaay malacongtong. [[Faylo:Guinea Bissaus interim President Raimundo Pereira (cropped).jpg|縮圖|Roymonto-Piroyla congtong]] 2007 miheca saka 4 folad saka9 romi’ad, toro’en ni Wiayla congtong ci Martino-Tafa-Kapi malacongli.<ref>陳順，幾內亞比索總統任命新總理，新華網</ref> 2009 miheca saka 3 folad saka1 romi’ad o tata’angay loma’ to pikademan mapakohac mapatay ko midamaay a kakeridan no sofitay ci Nawai, o nicorcoran no congtogn ko nipatayay saan ko sofitay polong sato a kowang to kamaro’an no congtong a loma’ a mipatay to congtong ci Loang-Pirnato-Wiayla, o congli tapang no sifo ci Kalos-Komis ato komong no sifo ci Roys-Santka ko mipaso’elinay tokapatay no congtong.saka 3 fplad saka 3 romi’ad tala’ayaw sato a maro’ ko pacarcaray a congtong ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%9B%B7%E8%92%99%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E9%9B%B7%E6%8B%89 Roymonto-Piroyla](雷蒙多·佩雷拉;Potawya a sowal:''Raimundo Pereira'').milekal cingra a misetek to sowal do’edoen ako ko kinpo i laloma’ no 60 romi’ad midemak to pisinkiw to fa’elohay congtong misocok to tayal no kakeridan no kitakit saan.tona miheca saka 9 folad saka 8 folad fa’elohay a malacongtong ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%B0%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E5%8D%A1%E4%BC%8A%C2%B7%E8%90%A8%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A Malan-Pakayi-Saniya] maro’ i katayalan no congtong. 2012 miheca saka 1 folad mapatay ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%B0%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E5%8D%A1%E4%BC%8A%C2%B7%E8%90%A8%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A Malan-Pakayi-Saniya] congtong to adada, o tapang no kalomaocan-nokitakit ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%9B%B7%E8%92%99%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E9%9B%B7%E6%8B%89 Roymonto-Piroyla] [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%BB%A3%E7%90%86_(%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB) malapacarcaray a congtong]. Ska 3 folad midemak to sinkiw no congtong. I saka 4 folad saka 12 romi’ad mipakokot ko milololay sofitay milowanan no sifo ko payso no sofitay saan a mifelih to sifo, paliteng nangra ko pacarcaray congtong ci Roymonto-Piroyla, i’ayaway a kakeridan no sifo congli, sapiliyawaw a misinkiw ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%A1%E6%B4%9B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%88%88%E6%A2%85%E6%96%AF Kalos-Komis] ato roma a tapang no sifo. Saka 4 folad saka 18 romi’ad, ona milololay-sofitay ato mifelihay-kasafelaw masasowal a matatilid, lekal sato to pipalasawad to polong katayalan no sifo, tona ikor o pacarcaran to tosa a ihecaan saan, malepon to kona pacarcaran a romi’ad ta midemak to sinkiw to congtong ato kiing no kalomaocan-nokitakit.<ref>安理會要求幾內亞比索政變軍方恢復合法政府 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館），鳳凰網</ref> == '''Kaitiraan'''(地理) == Itirray i saka’etipan no Afrika ko Kiniya-Piso, mahaop ko Pirokos-Kanatanatal(''Bijagos Archipelago),'' isaka’etipan misi’ayaw to Tasiyang, ka’amis malafiyaw ato Saniciyar, isakawalian ato isakatimolan miingid to Kiniya. O polong a sera ira ko 36,120km², o lislis no riyar ira ko 350 km ko to’edaw, o poco’ no taporo ira ko 262 laya’, iskawalian o fa’edetay a matakaray a rengorengosan(''savanna'') ’akawangay ko pala, o roma i, sahetoay o lislis no riyar a dafdaf. Kiniya-Piso o fa’edetay a riyariyaran-kakarayan. i saka 6 folad tahira i saka 11 folad o kafodo’an a kakarayan. o safalat ko fali. Nani saka 12 folad tahira i saka 5 folad o kakedalan, o hamatan(''harmattan'') a lifes ko fali. [[Faylo:Guinea-bissau-bissau-1.jpg|縮圖|Tatapangan niyaro']] == '''Saka’orip'''(經濟) == O nitoro’an no Linheko o cecay no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%9C%80%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%91%E8%BE%BE%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6 sasafaay ko kacaayan ka cemahaf a kitakit] itini i hekal ko Kiniya-piso. O liomah ato pifoting ko sakakaay saka’orip no tamtamdaw. I 1998 miheca tahira i 2000 mihecaan a lalood i laloma’an tada tata’ang ko kapelpel no nipatirengan dafong ato makari’ang ko saka’orip. Ikor tono 2013 mihecaan, matongal ko kaciheci no kasatefi’an, malasaka’enem ko rayray i hekal a kitakit. o nipaliwalan i roma a kitakit a foting ato mamang a kodasing, [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%A3%95%E6%A6%88 ongangil-nonanges] ato kilang. O sakakaay a kaka’enen no Kiniya-Piso o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%A8%BB panay]. O kiyam no Kiniya-Piso malawisay to ko 16 ’ok no Amirika-Payso(2020 mihecaan a sa’osi) [[Faylo:20130609-IMG 2455 (9086556687).jpg|縮圖|Pasanga'an to kuliciw]] == '''Tamdaw'''(人口) == Tahira i 2009 miheca saka 3 folad a pisa’osi to tamdaw no Kiniya-Piso ira ko 1,548,159 ko tamdaw, i 2017 mihecaan tahiraay to 190 ‘ofad ko tamdaw, o itinitiniay a kaohetingay tamdaw mahaop ko 99%, oninian i,makinatoloay ho ‘isalen, o maro’ay i saka’amisan ato isaka’amisan no sakawali a Fula tamdaw ato o Mandinka ko sowal a tamdaw, sakatolo o maro’ay i sakatimolan a lislis no riyar a ''Balanta'' ato ''Papel'' tamdaw ato maro’ay isifan ato saka’amisan kiskis no riyar a ''Manjaco'' ato ''Mancanha'' tamdaw, ilaloma’ nonini o “ itinitiniay ko ‘orip a kahetingay-finacadan”, ma’isal ho to 27 kasasiroma a finacadan, ilaloma’ no nini o Palanto tamdaw 27 %, Fula-tamdaw 23%, Mantinko-tamdaw 12%, o roma i, Molato-tamdaw( o maramramay ko ‘irang no kahetingay tamdaw ato Potawya tamdaw a teloc, Molato hananay a mitahidang). Cowa ka hakowa ko so’elinay a Potawya tamdaw, nawhani, yo misiiked ko Kiniya-Piso nani Porawya-Micowatan Kowan maforaway to ko Potawya tamdaw. O katongal no fosoc no mihecaan ira ko 2.07%. tada’akawangay ko nikalecad no sofoc, 1000 tamdaw ira ko 49.92ko masofocay wawa, palalenen o cecay a fafahiyan ira ko 7.56 ko wawa. Nikawrira, nikalecad no mapatayay ’akawangay to, 1000 ko tamdaw ira ko 16.53% ko mapatayay. O ’orip no Kiniya-Piso tada’amoto’ay pasatili’en to Comahaday-Kitakit, o pali’ayaw a misa’osi tono fainayan a ’orip ‘edengan 45.05 miheca, no fafahiyan 49.75 miheca. [[Faylo:Guadeloupe creole 2010-03-30.JPG|縮圖|Keriyol a sowal;Aka pacikay, iraanko ma'emangay misalama itini!]] == '''Sowal ato Punka'''(語言和文化) == Mahaop ko 44% a tamdaw o Keriyol a sowal(paramram hananay ko masasiromaromaay a sowal) nawhani, tadatalolong ko pirecep no sowal no Potawya toya Keriyol sowal(克里奧爾語; Ikiris a sowal:''Creole Lan.guage'' ano ca ''Creole''), ’edengan 14% a tamdaw o sifoan a Potawya-sowal ko kalosowal, oroma sahetoay ono Afrika-sowla ko kalosowal to romi’ami’ad. Latek ira ko 50% a tamdaw mitooray to to’asan-pitooran. Nahaop ko 45% no polong a tamdaw mitooray to Islam-Pitooran, o sakakaay a mitooray o Fula-tamdaw ato o Mantinkosowal a tamdaw, 5% mitooray to Keristo-Pitooran, I laloma’ nonini sahaetoay o Tinsikiw. Adihay ko radiw ato macacawiay a Ngunpa radiw no Kiniya-Piso, ona Ngunpa o tahapinangan no radiwa no Kiniya-Piso, nikawrira, cilacila marawraw ko kitakit malowan ko romadiway ato mitengeilay a tamdaw. O toto’ ko sakakaay a datok nona kitakit, o sakaromadiw to kahemaway ato masasifeday radiw. O keriyol-sowal ko sapisanga’ to radiw, orasaka, ma’angaay, mikakafitay to aniniay a ‘orip, mangalef o Ayci-Adada. Ngunpa o polong a radiw no Kiniya-Piso ko nisowalan, o maramramay a cisafaway a kasasiroma a finacadan a to’asan ato mitekeday a radiw, o Tina ato Tinga ko malenakay radiw. == Pacefaday a tilid(註腳) == [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] <references /> == Pikafitan i Papotal(外部連接)[misinanot | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot] == * CIA * 外交部 * List of current heads of state and government barwfav3hj4dzvk4v5fenljotvw4coc 0 370 7862 7861 2021-10-28T12:12:43Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 23 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 7861 wikitext text/x-wiki Gukut（吾谷子部落） Itiniay i [[Xiulin]](秀林) Cen no Hualien(花蓮) ko [[Gukut]] a niyaro’, 174 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 543 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 94% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 508 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 6% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 35 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Truku(太魯閣族)83%, Amis(阿美族)3%, Tayal(泰雅族)4%, Paiwan(排灣)2%, roma(其他)3%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] jk39yrrifverylsmct3mu99hrgzcs9q 0 371 47014 44480 2025-07-16T14:32:41Z Sura Shukurlu 2974 47014 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov in July 2025 (cropped).jpg|縮圖|Berdimuhamedow, 2025|alt=Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow 2012-09-11.jpg]] I 1957 a miheca(年) saka 6 folad saka 29 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci '''Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow'''(古爾班古力·別迪穆罕默多夫), malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Turkmenistan]](土庫曼) anini i ci Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow, patirengan a romi’ad i 2006 a miheca saka 12 folad saka 21 a romi’ad. == No papotalay a kakafit == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] iczfh0s1nil9ngsu58mzfftx7fx9kwq 0 372 39975 38572 2023-10-24T00:52:46Z Chqaz 1746 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[File:Flag of Guyana (2000 World Factbook).svg]] → [[File:Flag of Guyana (WFB 2000).svg]] [[c:COM:FR#FR4|Criterion 4]] (harmonizing names of file set) 39975 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Flag of Guyana (WFB 2000).svg|縮圖|Hata no Kayana kitakit]] == '''Guyana蓋亞那''' == == Kayana Mapapadangay-Kapolongan kitakit ( [[kuwaping a sowal]]: 蓋亞那合作共和國; [[Ikiris a sowal]]:''Co-operative Republic of Guyana'',kalopangangan o Kaya(通稱'''蓋亞那'''; Ikiris a sowal:''Guyana''） == [[Faylo:Guyana (orthographic projection).svg|縮圖|Kaitiraan no Kayana kitakit]] O itiraay i saka’amisan no [[:zh:南美洲|Katimolay-Amirika Karopaw]], odengan ko nini a kitakit ko ono [[Ikiris]] a sowal ko kalosowal no sifo itini, o mikapotay to Tata'akay Ikiris a Lekatep(''Commonwealth of Nations''). Iskawalian malafiyaw ato Solinan, isaktimolan miingid to Pasi kitakit, isaka’etipan malafiyaw ato Winoyroyla(''República Bolivariana de Venezuela),''isaka’amisan o [[Tasiyang-riyar]]. Ira ko fangafang to sera ato Solinan ato Winoyroyla, mangalefay ko Winoyroyla cilacila milekal isak’etip no Aysaykoypo-‘Alo a malamicongacongay no Sipanya a Kayana ono Winoyroyla a sera saan.<ref>約佔蓋亞那面積的三分之二</ref>Talacowa itiraay i Katimolan-Amirika Karopaw ko Kayana, o mikapotay heca i Katimolan-Amirika Karopaw a Malekatepay-kitakit(南美洲國家聯盟;Potawya a sowal:''União Sul-Americana de Nações''; Sipanya a sowal:''Unión de Naciones Suramericanas;'' Holan a sowal:''Unie van Zuid-Amerikaanse Naties;''Ikiris a sowal;''Union of South American Nations''), nikawrira, nano to’asan ato nano rikisian o Karopyriyaran-kanatal ko mangataay ko kalawidang. == Tatapangan no ngangan(國名語源) == O Kayana hananay a ngangan o nani “''Guiana''”, o imi ona tilid mahaop ho ko Kayana(malamicongacongay no Ikiris a Kayana), Solinan(malamicongacongay no Holan a Kayana), malamicongacongay no Fransu a Kayana ato Kolonpiya, Winoyroyla ato Pasi a pecih. Do’edoen ko [[:zh:牛津英語詞典|Niwcin Ikiris-Citing]], “Kayana” o nano sowal no Yincumin no Amirika-Karopaw, o totodong nonini i,”patahtahay to nanom a kitakit” sanay.34 Mapapadangay-Kapolongan kitakit a ngangan i, nani “ mapapadangay-syakaysyuki”. No kuwaping a pifelic i,isaka’amisan no katimolay-amirika a Kayana-pala iraay ko tosa a miliniay ko ngangan a kitakit, o nisiikeday a Kayana “''Guyana''” ato ipapotalay a malamicongacongay no Fransu a sera “ ''Guyane française”.'' Oya misiikeday a kitakit o ''“''Koyana''”(Guyana)'' hananay, oya malamicongacongay no Fransu a sera o “ malamicongacongay no Fransu a Koyana” (''Guyane française'' ) hananay. Ono Taywan a pangangan i, Oya misiikeday a kitakit o ''“''Kayana''”'' hananay, oya malamicongacongay no Fransu a sera o “ malamicongacongay no Fransu a Koyana” (''Guyane française'' ) hananay a pangangan,5<ref>法屬圭亞那 - 外交部領事事務局全球資訊網. 外交部領事事務局. [2014-12-30]. （原始內容存檔於2014-12-30） '''（中文（臺灣））'''. <q>法屬圭亞那</q></ref> ano ca “malamicongacongay no Fransu a Koyana” hananay ko pipangangan. [[Faylo:President Arthur Chung.jpg|縮圖|Con Yaso sa'ayaway congton no Kayana]] == '''Rikisi'''(歷史) == I 1498 miheca ikor no kahera ni [[:zh:克里斯托弗·哥伦布|Kolistofo-Kolompo]] ko Kayana ato ilawacay a pala, malalifelifet ko Yoropa a tamdaw a mafolaw a tayni. To ikor to tolo a sici cacorok sa ko Ikiris,Holan ato Fransu a mi’eco a maro’ itini, tahira to i pisatapangan no saka 19 sici i 1814 mihecaan, o Ikiris,Fransu ato Holan mipatireng to hecek to ngangan no sera, malaheci ko pikowan no Ikiris, o “[[:zh:英属圭亚那|malamicongacongay no Ikiris a Kayana]]” ko ninian. 1961 miheca pakaala tono niyah-pikowan ta pangangan han to “ Kayana” ,1966 miheca saka 5 folad saka 26 romi’ad misiiked ko Kayana. 1970 miheca saka 2 folad saka 23 romi’ad, oya kakeridan no matayal a Siecian-Kasarekad, o congli ci Fopos-Ponamo milekal to patireng to “mapapadangay-syakaysyuki”, oyanan ko pifalic to ngangan no kitakit to “ mapapadangay-kapolongan kitakit”<ref>David A. Granger. Forbes Burnham and the Liberation of Southern Africa (PDF). [1 August 2015]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於8 December 2015）.</ref>, midemakay to nikapolongan faco, kalomaocan-nokitakit, misinkiw to sa’ayaway a congtong, ona congtong o teloc no Kuwapin a ngayngay ci [[:zh:鍾亞瑟|Con Yaso]](Arthur Raymond Chung). == '''Sieci'''(政治) == Yo ikor tono Niyah-Pikowan ko Kayana, oyanan to o “ Kapolong-lomaocan no Finawlan” ato Cemahaday-Kasarekad no Finawlan a macocorok a matayal tono sifo a demak. 1980 miheca malaheci a masanga’ ko “Tatapangan-Rikec no Mapapadangay-Kapolongan kitakit”, o pipatosoken i, “ o milacalay nani milipaysoay-co’enot tayra i Syakaysyuki-ca’enotan ko Kayana, ona kitakit cowa ko mamapecih, ono ihekalay, finawlan ko sakakaay a kitakit, o Mapapadangay-Kapolongan Kayana kitakit”<ref>Constitution of the Co-operative Republic of Guyana. [2021-02-05]. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-14）.</ref> Itini i katimolay-amirika a kitakit o ‘edengan mi’osaway ho papatayen ko cilafoay to mipatayay raraw. == Tamdaw(人口) == Mademetay ko kilang no Kayana, o tamdaw sa i, matakaray latek ira ko 80 ‘ofad ko tamdaw, oya mi’ecoay a mikowan a Ikiris ‘acaen nangra ko koli nani Afrika a tayni mipamatang, 1834 miheca mapalasawad ko paliwalay to koli a demak, o mikowanay pasitira to i satimolan no Aciya a Indo ato satimolan no sakawalian no Aciya, makaketon to tilid ato mamalakoli a tayni matayal to ka’emeday ko lifong a tayal, onini ko samacemahad no liomah ato pikarkar to tada0fokeloh, no onian ko ka’aloman no masasiromaromaay a finacadan m’ro' itini, o teloc no Indo ira ko 39% ko tamdaw, teloc no Afrika 29%, ciramramay to ‘irang no Indo ato Afrika ira ko 19%, Yincumin 10%, o Kuwaping ato Yoropa a teloc latek ira ko 0.5%.<ref>Archived copy. [25 August 2018]. （原始內容存檔於2018-07-09）.</ref> [[Faylo:Port Kaituma1.jpg|縮圖|Katima kahicaraan no tamina]] == '''Kaitiraan ato kasasikiked a sakowan'''(地理和行政區劃) == Itiraay i saka’amisan a salawacan no Katimolay-Amirika Karopaw, isaka’amisan o Tasiyang-riyar, isakawalian o Solinan, isakatimolan malafiyaw ato Pasi, isaka’etipan madado’edo ato Winoyroyla. Mo’etepay ko kasasiiked sakowan. O Finawlan-Iinkay ko mikowanay, ona iinkay ira ko cecay a kakeridan citodongay to kalotayal. == '''Saka’orip'''(經濟) == O lalen no kaci’etan ato nira’oman i, o ‘etan ira ko 2 ‘ok 8700 ‘ofad a payso no Amirika, o nira’oyan a payso ira ko 3’ok 700’ofad a payso no Amirika. O polong a ‘etan toni pasadakan a paliwal 4,994 ‘ok payso no Amirika(2007 mihecaan a sa’osi);o polong a nipacomodan a ni’acaan to dafong ira ko 8,357 ‘ok payso no Amirika(2007 miheca a sa’osi). o nipasadakan a paliwal a dafong o ‘oteng, ‘odax,’afar, killing, tada’ekim ato panay. O sakakaay ni’acaan a dafong ira ko sakipayso, simal-kasolin, kikay, dafon no kakak, sapisaloma’ ato dafong to sakikalo’orip. O sakakaay pipaliwalan to dafong ‘edeng ci [[:zh:加勒比共同體|Karopi-Riyaran Patatekoan]](加勒比共同體'';Carribean Community''''';'''decdecan a tilid:''CARICOM)'' a cefang, roma i,Amirika, Ikiris ato Kanata a kitakit, o pi’acaan to dafong a kitakit o Amirika, Ikiris ato Kanata. == Pacefaday a tilid(註腳) == [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] <references /> 86nzx6jrt48kmxq74igxmnv8wzmbwni 0 373 7928 7927 2021-10-28T12:12:52Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 34 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 7927 wikitext text/x-wiki == O ngangan no Haciliwan (八里灣部落由來) == Haciliwan, o niyaro’no pangcah i Fakong. ira ko pakayni itini‘ayaway, pakayni i likisi no Haciliwan, caay kanga’ay a komaen koya mapalomaay a konga I tiyaho. saka pangangan han nganra o “ Haciliwan”. o roma sato ira haca nipasowalay, yo o riyar ko Cepo’ i ‘ayaw ho. nanoya sarara sato a malahedaw ko nanom, naikoran to no tapelik a matapesi’ oya to koya sa’owac, ’alo, o masahefongay o tarawadaw to. sa paloma' ko to’as i Haciliwan, nanoya pakayni i Haciliwan malinah ko finawlan. onini a sera, o satapangan no masaPangcah. == O kasiikedan no niyaro’ (部落特色) == I sa'amisan no Haciliwan a pala, i sakatimol no (sowal no Holam) Fengbin ’alo ko apilipilisan. nanilotokay minengneg ko Haciliwan, maa’araw ita mapatakecay no paliwan ’alo, manengneng iso ko fangcalay a niyaro’ no Haciliwan. tona mahecad ko nganagan no konga, saka mapangangan ko Haciliwan. i‘ayaw o Ripong ko mikowanany itini i, ano mangalay tayra i picodadan no Fengbin ato mimaanman, milacal to folo a lokiyol no riyar ko ittiniay a tamdaw. o roma i, sapifoting a rayray no Haciliwan, o tapas no mita no pangcah, misa'et to nanom no 'alo iti:yaho. orasaka, i tiniay i Haciliwan a lomowad ko misa'et to ‘alo hananay a rayray no demak a mifoting. mipasifana' to misa'et to ‘alo a demak kokakita'an, ala han nganra ko impi a mikarkar to kali. Sooten nangra to ma'icangay a talod、fonak ato fekeloh ko ngoyos noya ‘alo, talahan to no finwlan ko kakerah no nanom no cepo'. == O nikalopisak no Haciliwan (人口分佈) == Itiniay i [[Fengbin]](豐濱) Cen no Hualien(花蓮) ko [[Haciliwan]] a niyaro’, 28 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 79 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 97% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 77 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 3% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 2 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko 'Amis(阿美族)94%, roma(其他)3%. == O finacadan no Yincomin (所屬阿美族群) == Itini i nowalian a lotok, mililis to riyar, mifater to Kalingko na itira i Fakong talatimol tangasa i Madawdaw, saka pasawali a 'Amis/Pangcah han. o pasawalian a Pangcah han, o sa’alomanay a finacadan no Yincomin i Taywan. == O pitooran no finawlan (族人信仰) == O pito'oran no finawlan no Haciliwan i, ira ko cecay aca a Ciwlokiwkay itini, o kirisito-kiw. itini i ira ko pito’oran ngara, pakayni sa’opo no kiwkay, malosakarikec sato sakacakat no ’orip no Yincomin. mamaan ca ko demak no sapitolon ko niyaro’. == o Pikafitan i Papotal(外部連接) == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 3vk2yp7jjei2h3aqnc7oxwo7ap47gw2 0 374 7953 7952 2021-10-28T12:12:54Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 24 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 7952 wikitext text/x-wiki Hacining（干城部落） Itiniay i [[Ji’an]](吉安) Cen no Hualien(花蓮) ko [[Hacining]] a niyaro’, 319 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 573 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 39% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 225 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 61% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 348 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Truku(太魯閣族)20%, Amis(阿美族)12%, Tayal(泰雅族)5%, Puyuma(卑南族)1%, Kebalan(噶瑪蘭族)1%, roma(其他)1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] o6i3vi0c7f0mmpqqepm6m7qw311k6xx 0 375 43581 42970 2024-06-16T11:21:53Z 嚴美鳳 41 43581 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} [[Faylo:Hafay.ogg|縮圖]] [[Faylo:Japanese Foxtail millet 02.jpg|thumb|Hafay nu Ripon]] [[File:Setaria italica MHNT.BOT.2015.34.19.jpg|thumb|''Setaria italica'']] gbxtsm0x0z2c52ho774t87ukitpy13a 0 376 7982 7981 2021-10-28T12:12:59Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 24 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 7981 wikitext text/x-wiki Hagaparis（哈卡巴里斯部落） Itiniay i [[Nan’ao]](南澳) Cen no [[Yilan]](宜蘭縣) ko [[Hagaparis]] a niyaro’, 35 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 113 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 99% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 112 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 1% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 1 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)95%, Amis(阿美族)3%, Truku(太魯閣族)1%, roma(其他)1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] r6fw612bwhexsd59eqibdq6y0ifwaee 0 377 44305 42572 2024-08-27T08:54:50Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 Hage Geingob, 2011 44305 wikitext text/x-wiki Hage Geingob(哈格·根哥布) [[Faylo:Hage Geingob.jpg|thumb|Hage Geingob, 2011|alt=Hage Geingob.jpg]] I 1941 a miheca(年) saka 8 folad saka 3 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci [[Hage Geingob]], malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Namibia]] anini i ci Hage Geingob, patirengan a romi’ad i 2015 a miheca(年) saka 3 folad saka 21 a romi’ad. 哈格·戈特弗里德·根哥布（Hage Gottfried Geingob，1941年8月3日至2024年2月4日）是一位納米比亞政治家，自2015年起擔任納米比亞第三任總統直至2024年2月去世。根哥佈於1990年至2002年期間擔任納米比亞首任總理，並擔任總理2012年至2015年再次擔任部長。[1] 2008年至2012年間，根哥布擔任貿易及工業部長。[2] 2014年11月，根哥布以壓倒性優勢當選納米比亞總統。 2017年11月，根哥佈在執政黨人組黨第六次代表大會上以大幅優勢獲勝，成為該黨第三任主席。 他一直擔任該黨主席直至去世。 2018年8月，根哥布開始擔任南部非洲發展共同體主席，為期一年。 ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] ecuem0l0skhm8c804d0sto03cdvdpco 0 378 30740 8020 2022-02-18T17:57:37Z 111.184.28.146 30740 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Taitou kaitankyou.svg|thumb|]] Haiduan（海端鄉） Itini i Taitung(台東) ko [[Haiduan]] Siyang. sa’osi han ko po:long no palaan i, ira ko 892.99 km² (lalotolotokan a plalan no sa’osi i ira ko 817.5 km², o palaan noto’as i'a:yaw i ira ko 74.18 km²), 4,278 ko tamdaw i Haiduan Siyang, 1,090 ko parod no loma’, itini i niyaro’ a Yincomin(原住民) sa’osi han ira ko 4,032 a tamdaw, pakaala to 94%(Bunun布農族) no polong no tamdaw. o Bunun ko sa’alomanay i Taitung. ==O kasaniyarona== 6 ko cun, 15 ko niyaro’ i Haiduan Siyang. [[Kanahcian]]（加和部落）, [[Kanaluk]]（加樂部落）, [[Bacingul]]（加平部落）, [[Kamcing]]（崁頂部落）, [[Kusunuki]]（紅石部落）, [[Haitutuan]]（山平部落）, [[Takinusta]]（瀧下部落）, [[Sulai-iaz]]（初來部落）, [[Samuluh]]（新武部落）, [[Tuapuu]]（大埔部落）, [[Takimi]]（龍泉部落）, [[Likau-uan]]（錦屏部落）, [[Bulbul]]（霧鹿部落）, [[Vahu]]（下馬部落）, [[Litu]]（利稻部落）. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] jlhv86arm8tkhfjkf5kb126c1h18ghd 0 379 33290 33280 2022-12-20T08:44:24Z Safulo 35 33290 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Flag of Haiti (1964–1986).svg|縮圖|Hata no Hayti kitakit]] == Hayti Kapolongan-Kitakit(海地共和國;Fransu a sowal:''République d'Haïti''；Keriyolsowal no Hayti:''Repiblik d Ayiti''），kalopangangan o Hayti('''海地'''); Fransu a sowal:''Haïti''；Keriyolsowal no Hayti:''Ayiti''） == O itiraay i Karopi-Riyaran a kanatal. O polong nona kitakit itiraay i saka’etipan no sakatosa a katata’angay kanatal o Yisponiawla-Kanatal(Hayti-kanatal hananay ho a pangangan), isakawalian malafiyaw ato Tominika Kapolongan-kitakit. [[Faylo:Haiti (orthographic projection).svg|縮圖|Kaitiraan no Hayti kitakit]] O tamdaw no Hayti o itinitiniay aca a Intian-Yincumin o Alawako-tamdaw.nama’eco no Sipanya mahadefek a payayen no Sipangya, sanoyanan sato ko Alawako-tamdaw malowan,lahedaw sanay to. Oya sa o mikowanay ton apala a kohecalay tamdaw misaadihay a mipacomod to kaohetingay-tamdaw nani Afrika to mamatayal, oninian ko sakamalakohetingay-kitakit ko Hayti, matayal to liomah to saka’orip. Ona Hayti o sa’ayaway a teloc no Afrika a kohetinay-tamdaw ko mikowanay, o koli ko patirengay tona kitakit, yo malamicowatan-sakowan ko Amirika-Karopaw o sakatosa misiieday a kitakit, o sakacecay misiikeday o Karopi-Riyaran Eyal(o sakatolo kapolongan-kitakit ato sakacecay Kohetingay-tamdaw a kapolongan-kitakit). I 2012 miheca milekal ko Hayti to sakalakapotaw no Afrika-Patatekoan Lekatep. O saadihayay ko kohetingay tamdaw i Amirika-Karopaw ko Hayti(mahaop ko safaw no 95%) a misiikeday-kitakit. nikawrira, tada matatiwtiw ko kacemahad ato fiyaw Tominika kitakit o teloc no Latin-tamdaw ko maro’ay itini. O samanikaway ko Hayti-kitakit i Amirika-Karopaw, I 2021 miheca a lalen no ni’etanan no kalotamdaw ‘edengan 1943 payso no Amirika, itiraay i la’eno ho Sa’osi no Kacemahadan no Tamdaw(人類發展指數;Ikiris a sowal:''Human  Development Index),'' o cecay no sasafaay ko kacemahad a kitakit('''最低度開發國家''';Ikiris a sowal:''Least developed country''，decdecan a tilid:LDC、LDCs) ihekal. I 2019 miheca, o lalen a ‘orip no Hayti a tamdaw 64 mihecaan. == '''Rikisi'''(歷史) == [[Faylo:Arowak woman by John Gabriel Stedman.jpg|縮圖|202x202像素|fafahiyan no Arawako tamdaw]] Ono to’asan a kamaro’an no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E7%93%A6%E5%85%8B%E4%BA%BA Hayti Indian-Alawako] kona sera. 1492 miheca saka 12 folad saka 6 romi’ad pahicera ko tamina ni Kolompo itini, pangangan han nira to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%95%E5%B0%BC%E5%A5%A5%E6%8B%89%E5%B2%9B Ispaniawla-kanata]l(伊斯帕尼奧拉島; Sipanya a sowal:''Isla de La Española''; Fransu a sowal:''Île d’Hispaniola''; Hayti-Keriyol sowal:''Ispayola''),1502 miheca laheci sato malamicowatan-sakowan no Sipanya. Mahawikid no Yoropa a tamdaw ko kefing a lifong ato pihadefek a mipatay to itiniay a yincumin, hadefek sato malahedaw ko Alawako-Indian. To ikor misaadihay a micoro’ to kohetingay-koli nani Afirika, malamatayal no itiniay. Do’edoen ko “[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%9B%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%A8%81%E5%85%8B%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84 Leswiko-Kakaketonan”] I 1697 miheca, mapa’aca no Sipanya ko Hayti i Fransu, [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%B3%95%E5%B1%9E%E5%9C%A3%E5%A4%9A%E6%98%8E%E6%88%88 malamicongacongay no Fransu a Sietominiko]. 1791 miheca o kakeridan no kohetingay-tamdaw ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%9D%9C%E6%A1%91%C2%B7%E7%9B%A7%E7%B6%AD%E6%9D%9C%E7%88%BE Tosang-Lowitor](杜桑·盧維杜爾; Sipanya a sowal:''Toussaint L'Ouverture'') milengat to sapisiikedaw a lalood, o sa’ayaway a midemakay to sapisiikedaw a tamdaw i Latin-Amirika Karopaw. 1804 miheca, o sofitay ningra ma’afas a maro’ ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A4%AA%E5%AD%90%E6%B8%AF Tayci-Minato](太子港;Fransu a sowal:''Port-au-Prince'') milekal to kalaheci a misiiked, patireng to Kapolongan-Kitakit. I 1822 miheca tahira i 1844 niaro’an no Hayti ko isakwaliay a sera(aniniay a Tominiko kitakit). Nikawrira, yo misiiked to ko Hayti cowa ka songila’ ko faco no kitakit, orasaka, cacororok sa ko nisatekeday-pikowan a tapang, cilacila mafalic ko malamikowanay mafelih ko sifo, ira ko pisa’osi nani pisiikedan no Hayti tahira i 1915 miheca, tona 100 ko mihecaan ira ko 90 a mikowan macacorok matayal. I 1957 miheca ira ko padama no sofitay malacongtong ci Toawliay, o satapangan a kalotamdaw malacongtongay, patireng tono laloma’an a pikowan, tahira i 1986 miheca mafelih. Ikor to o tapang no sofitay ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E5%8D%97%E8%8F%B2 Henli-Nafi](亨利·南菲; Fransu a sowal:''Henri Namphy'') malakakeridan no ” matayalay to polong demak no kitakit a saopo” , o sofitay ko mikowanay to kitakit. 1990 miheca malacongtong ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%AE%A9-%E8%B4%9D%E7%89%B9%E6%9C%97%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E5%BE%B7 Lang-Pitolang-Atilistito](讓-貝特朗·阿里斯蒂德'';Jean-Bertrand Aristide),'' nikawria mafelih no sofitay. 1994 miheca [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8B%92%E5%86%85%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E9%9B%B7%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94 Leni-Poroywar](勒內·蒲雷華;Fransu a sowal:''René Garcia Préval'') to ko malacongtongay. 2000 miheca, miliyaw heca ci Atilistito malacongtong. 2004 miheca saka 2 folad o mifelihay to sifo a sofitay mipacici a papisawad ci Atilistito malacongtong malaplap tayra iroma a kitakit tahira i 2011 mihecaan. [[Faylo:Toussaint L'Ouverture.jpg|縮圖|Tosang-Lowitor o mama no Hayti kitakit]] To ikor to i, do’edoen ko piketon no kimpo malapacarcaray congtong ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%9A%E5%B0%BC%E8%B4%B9%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7 Ponifis-Alisanta] o tapang no Sakakaay-Pisawkitan, ocoren no Linheko ko misimaway to rihaday a sofitay. 2006 miheca saka 2 folad saka 7 romi’ad, midemak to sinkiw to congtong ato Kalomaocan-nokitakit, ira ko 33 tamdaw masadakay to sinkiw no congtong, roma i,ira ko 1300 ko tamdaw mala’afas to 129 kiing no Kalomaocan-nokitakit.<ref>冷彤，周確，海地選民踴躍參加大選 部分地區計票工作已經開始 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館），新華網</ref>saka 2 folad saka 16 romi’ad, mipatarahekal to sowal ko pacarcaray a kakeridan no midemakay to sinkiw, pakaalaay to 51.15% ko masadakay to sinkiw no cacirihaday-siecian kasarekad ci Poroywar a malacongtong.<ref>海地官方宣布普雷瓦爾贏得總統選舉 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館），新華網</ref> tahira i 2011 miheca ko katayalan. 2010 miheca saka 1 folad saka 12 romi’ad, ira ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/2010%E5%B9%B4%E6%B5%B7%E5%9C%B0%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87 Loysi7.0 a ‘atoray], mingataay to Tayci-Minato(太子港;Fransu a sowal:''Port-au-Prince'') to 16 km,orasaka, tata’ang ko kapeleng no maamaan. Latek ira ko 10-20 ‘ofad ko tamdaw to mapatayay, nikawrira, ono sifo a pisa’osi ’edengan 15 ‘ofad ko maalaay ko tatirengan, osaw to 20 ’ofad maselenay i mapelpelay a loma’, oninian i, ira ko 35 ‘ofad ko mapatayay yo sanay.2021 miheca saka7 folad saka 8 romi’ad mapacok a mapatay ko congtong ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%8B%A5%E5%BC%97%E5%86%85%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E4%BC%8A%E5%85%B9%E9%81%87%E5%88%BA%E6%A1%88 Lofonir-Moisi](若弗內爾·摩依士 ; Faransu a sowal :''Jovenel Moïse''), oya nili’ayawan a nitoro’an to mamisawad a congli ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%85%8B%E6%B4%9B%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB Kolawto-Yiesofo](克洛德·約瑟夫;Fransu a sowal:''Claude Joseph'') toro’ han to pakatayal to tayal no congtong, milekal to ” kakafolawan-rikec ” i ‘edef no kitakit.<ref>海地總統遇刺身亡 警方稱殺死4名僱傭兵 - RTHK. news.rthk.hk. [2021-07-08]. （原始內容存檔於2021-11-25） '''（中文（臺灣））'''.</ref> saka7 folad saka 21 romi’ad, de’edoen no sifo no Hayti ko palimo’otan ni Moisi mitoro’ ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9 Aliayr-Henli(]阿里埃爾·亨利 ;Fransu a sowal :''Ariel Henry'') malaheci a malacongli, mipatokeled ho to tayal no congtong, ci Yiesofo patatikor ho to tayal no midemakay to tayal no roma a kitakit.<ref>海地20日成立新政府 總理為摩依士生前指定人選 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館），中央通訊社，2021/7/20</ref> Tona miheca saka 8 folad saka 14 romi’ad ira heca ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/2021%E5%B9%B4%E6%B5%B7%E5%9C%B0%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87 Loysi7.3 a ‘atoray], ira ko 1419 ko mapatayay a tamdaw, 5700 ko madoka’ayay a tomdaw<ref>Haïti - FLASH : Séisme de magnitude 7.2 dans les Nippes. Haiti Libre. [2021-08-14]. （原始內容存檔於2021-12-12）.</ref><ref>賴筱青. 海地地震死亡人数升至304人. 聯合早報. 2021-08-15 [2021-08-14]. （原始內容存檔於2021-12-12） '''（中文）'''.</ref><ref>7.2 magnitude earthquake hits Haiti; at least 304 killed. 美聯社. 2021-08-14 [2021-08-14]. （原始內容存檔於2022-01-07） '''（英語）'''.</ref>; oya satapang sanay ho ko katayal a congli ci Aliayr-Henli milekal ho to ” [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%B4%A7%E6%80%A5%E7%8A%B6%E6%80%81 kakafolawan-rikec] ” to ‘edef nona kitakit, cecay folad ko pidemakan tonini ; o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD Linheko] misa’icel a padang to sak’orip no Hayti, o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87 Sakanga’ay-Sakitatirengan a Lekatep] (''World Health Organization, WHO'') nipaini to sapipaada to madoka’ay. == Kaitiraan(地理) == Isaka’amisay no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%95%E5%B0%BC%E5%A5%A5%E6%8B%89%E5%B2%9B Yisponiawla-Kanatal] ko kaitiraan no Hayti, o kakahad no sera ira ko 17,750 km², ilaloma’ no nini i,mahaop ko 27.560 km² o sera, 190 km² o nanonanoman. O kato’edaw no lislis no riyar ira ko1,771km, o kalala’edan ato fiyaw [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A4%9A%E6%98%8E%E5%B0%BC%E5%8A%A0 Tominika] ira ko 360 km. O saka’etipan a lislis no riyar no Yisponiawla-Kanatal o sapikopiko saan, nikawrira, cowa ka pina ko kanatal i lawac no riyar. Itiraay i sasifo’an no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%A7%91%E8%BF%AA%E5%8B%92%E6%8B%89%E5%B1%B1%E7%B3%BB Kotilela-lotolotokan], ira ko masahapinangan a faco no sera, sepatay ko tata’angay a naniwali pasitira i ka’etip ko rakat no lotolotokan. Adihay ko masamaanay a tekedan a fa’edetay-kakarayan, o dafdaf i,o makedalay, o tokos i,o so’emetay, o Kotilela-lotolotokan o si’enaway ko kakarayan. tada maso’emetay ko sera,patinako han o miharharay to fali a ‘apilis no tokos, o ‘orad ira ko 1.905mm, malecad ko i ‘apilis no tokos a miki’adingay a ‘apilis, ‘edengan 559mm ko ‘orad. O polong no sera no Hayti sakilacen: saka’amisan dafdaf, saka’amisan tokos, sasifo’an taporo, saka’amis no saka’etipan a tokos, sasifo’an tokos,Altiponito, Ciertosako, Layawkan, katimolan tokos siwa ko sakasiromaromaan no pitaparan. Cilacila miletek to kilang, o rengos i,o fa’elohay to a cengo’, onini i,o fa’edetay-kakarayan a matakaray rengorengosan, fa’edetay- kakarayan a ilakelalay kilang,masatafotafokan a fa’edetay- kakarayan a ilakelalay semot, fa’edetay- kakarayan a kilang, no ’ora’oradan-kilang, o fa’edetay-kakarayan kilang, tokotokosan a langdaway kilang. O kinaira no pala ira ko ‘oteng, fodawan, tada’ekim, ‘adicaw ato nanomay-saprakat to kikay. O sato’edaway a ‘alo o Atiponi-‘Alo, nikawrira, awaay ko manga’ay a parakat to tamina. O mikowanan a lawacay-riyar 12 km no riyaran, o ingataay ira ko 24 kmno riyaran, o tekedan a riyar 200 km no riyaran. == '''Saka’orip(經濟)''' == [[Faylo:Port Au Prince, Haiti (7664274188).jpg|縮圖|Mililam to sak'orip kp pakosiya tamdaw]] O samanikaway ko Hayti-kitakit i Amirika-Karopaw, I 2021 miheca a lalen no ni’etanan no kalotamdaw ‘edengan 1943 payso no Amirika, o pinengneng no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92%E7%BD%B2 Pacemahaday-Demak no Linheko](聯合國開發計劃署;Fransu a sowal:''Le Programme des Nations unies pour le développement'' ; Ikiris a sowal:''The United Nations Development Programme''，decdecan atilid: ''PNUD ; UNDP)'' itiraay i la’eno ho Sa’osi no Kacemahadan no Tamdaw(人類發展指數;Ikiris a sowal:''Human  Development Index),'' o cecay no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%9C%80%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%91%E8%BE%BE%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6 Sasafaay-Kacemahad a kitakit]('''最低度開發國家''';Ikiris a sowal:''Least developed country''，decdecan a tilid:''LDC、LDCs'') ihekal. I 2019 miheca, o lalen a ‘orip no Hayti a tamdaw 64 mihecaan. Itini i polong a 189 kitakit a rayray o saka 170 ko Hayti, tada mahapinang ko kasasiroma pasasotiri’en to i taliyokay a kitakit. I 2004 miheca, o ''GDP'' no Hayti ira ko 120.5 ’ok no Amirika a payso, o saka145 rayray ihekal; o lalen a ''GDP'' no kalotamdaw ira ko 380 no Amirika a payso, o saka 150 rayray ihekal. O kacakat no ‘aca no dafong a lalen ira ko 22%, o kiyam no kitakit ira ko 14 ’ok no Amirika a payso, cecay no kalimo’etep a tamdaw no Hayti cecay anoca tosa Amirika payso ko saka’orip to kaloromi’ad. O payso no Hayti o Koerto(''Gourde''), decdecan a tilid o ''HTG,'' cecay a Koerto matatodong to 100 payci. O saka’orip no Hayti a tamdaw sakakaay o liomah, nikawrira, sahetoay a paloma sanay aca I taliyok no loma’ a mamangay sera, dedengdeng sanay aca o kaka’enen no lalomaan. O matiniay ‘edeng o kaka’enen aca ko nipalomaan cowa ka paliwal to nipalomaan a losay a maomahay ira ko 70%, nawhani oya kakahaday a pipalomaan to tefos a omah cikcik han ni [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E8%92%82%E7%BF%81 Alisanta-Pitiong] iikor no pisiiked nona kitakit pakilac i kohetingay-tamdaw(1791miheca oni paca’acaan i roma a kitakit a ‘odax no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%94%98%E8%94%97 tefos] ira ko 74,000 ton, tahira to i 1825 miheca malowan dengan 20,000 ton, tahira to i 1960 miheca malowan ho ‘edengan 13,000 ton). I pilololan no Hayti i 1791-1802 mihecaan , mapelen no kohetingay-tamdaw ko nipatirengan no kohecalay-tamdaw i saka’amisan a kanahikoan a sapipananoman a lalan, tahira to pisatapangan nis aka 19sici, matayi’ to koya sapipananoman a marad laheci sato a mapeleng, orasaka oya maro’ay i saka’amisan a 50% a tamdaw ‘edengan 17% ko sasaliomahen a sera. 1915-1934 miheca yo [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E4%BD%94%E9%A0%98%E6%B5%B7%E5%9C%B0 ma’eco no Amirika ko Hayti], miliyaw heca ko kohecalay-tamdaw a mipatireng to tata’angay-kaliomahan, o kakahad no kaliomahan mahaop ko 7% a sera no polong no kitakit, ira ko 30% a nipalomaan losay no polong no kitakit. talacowa o papa’acaen i kohecalay-tamdaw ko ninian losay, nikawrira, ira to ko ‘etan rihaday to mamangan ko ’orip. == '''Tamdaw'''(人口) == O pisa’osi no Linheko i 2008 miheca, o polong a tamdaw no Hayti ira ko 980 ’ofad,<ref>Country profile: Haiti, BBC News, 10 November 2008. Retrieved 2010-02-16.</ref> madedetay ko kamaro’ no tamdaw. sahetoay itira i lawac no riyar ato ita’emanay a dafdaf. Laltek ira ko 95 % a tamdaw no Hayti o teloc no Sa’etipay-Afrika a kohetingay tamdaw, o roma i,[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%A9%86%E6%8B%89%E6%89%98%E4%BA%BA Mula-tamdaw], ira ko 93 % a tamdaw no Hayti itiraay ato i safaay no 1,000 ko tamdaw a niyaro’, 85% o maomahay. O sakakaay ko tiring no Mula-tamdaw, orasaka, itiraay i lawac no Taci-Minato matayal to no sofitay, sieci ato mala’acaay a tayal, o kohetingay a tamdaw itiraay i sanosa’etipay-loma’  Kanpayto hananay a niyaro a maomah, malasofitay ato matayal to kalokatayalan. O tamdaw no Hayti o laciramram to ’ireng no kohetingay tamdaw, o saawaay ko ramram takaraway ko tiring. O cecay a sowal ko [[:zh:法语|Fransu a sowa]]l ko kalosowal no sifo, nikawrira,’edengan 10% ko somowalay to sowal no Fransu. O polong no tamdaw no Hayti somowalay to [[:zh:海地克里奧爾語|Keriyol-sowal]] no Hayti ko kalosowal nangra, o ma’emangay ato nipaliwalay a tamdaw o Ikiris a sowal. O sakakaay a pitooran bo Hayti o [[:zh:天主教會|Roma Tinsikiw]], nikaweiea, ’alomanay ko pakaso’elinay to to’asan a pitooran o Wuto-Pitooran(巫毒教''';'''''Vodun vodṹ''). O skakakaay a tokay no Hayti o [[:zh:太子港|Taci-Minato]], itiraay i Konafo-Kihaw, cisafaw to 200 ’ofad. Isaka’amisay no Hayti a Hayti-Waa’ o sakatosa a sakakaay a tokay ato minato, o syoto no Micongacongay-Faransu a Tatapangan tokay ato syoto no Hayti, i tini tona tokay ira ko ‘akawangay makapahay a loma’ ato kakahaday a lalan.potal. ikatimol nona tokay to 18 km ira ko nalacolan no pisalamaan ni [[:zh:亨利·克里斯托夫|Henli-Keristof Honti]], ona nalacolan misositiri’an ko Tata’angay-Loma’ [[:zh:波茨坦|Pocitan]] no Toic(''Palais Sanssucci''), ato nalacolan ni Lafiayr-Nalacolan(o nalacolan no punka no hekal). == '''[[:zh:基督教|Pitooran]]'''(宗教) == Ira ko 85% a tamdaw o miskristoay kako sanay,sahetoay o mitooray to [[:zh:天主教會|Roma Tinsikiw]]. Itini i Hayti tada ’alomanay ko mitooray to Tinsikiw, itini i tona mi’ecoan a mikowan a sera itiya ho ira ho a ma’osaw ko nipatirengan a Kyokay, roma sa i,ira ko mitooray to [[:zh:伏都教|Wuto-Pitooran]](巫毒教''';'''''Vodun vodṹ''), o nani Afirkaay ko kalengawan nona pitooran to [[:zh:多神論|mita’ongay to ’adihayay a kawas]], tokeled sa i, o nani tiraay i ono Tinsikiw to pita’ong to tato’asan konini a harateng, orasaka, misafaan no nipatenakay to sowal ni Yieso a tamdaw konini a harateng. Nahani tada’aloman ko ni palitan a kohetingay a tamdaw no Fransu nani Afrika a tayni, orasaka, mohawiket kona Wuto-Pitooran. Oya i’ayaway a congtong no Hayti ci [[:zh:弗朗索瓦·杜瓦利埃|Forangsowa-Towaliay]](弗朗索瓦·杜瓦利埃; Fransu a asowal:''François Duvalier'') a nalacolan mala Rocokan no Hekalay-kitakit(世界遺產; Ikiris a sowal:''World Heritage;'' Fransu a sowal'':Patrimoine mondia).ona ci [[:zh:弗朗索瓦·杜瓦利埃|Forangsowa-Towaliay]] congtong mira'oy tona Wuto-Pitooran a patireng to "''Tonton Makoto''"(Tonton Macoute)a tekedan sofitay to midemak to katalawan a pikowan.'' == Pacefaday a tilid(註腳) == [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] <references /> == Pikafitan i Papotal(外部連接) == * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [[:en:List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government|List of current heads of state and government]] ag1hdjg791r59za1f3tlofy72ztv8e1 0 380 8064 8063 2021-10-28T12:13:10Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 26 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 8063 wikitext text/x-wiki Haitutuan（山平部落） Itiniay i [[Haiduan]](海端) Cen no Taitung(台東) ko [[Haitutuan]] a niyaro’, 108 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 344 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 83% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 286 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 17% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 58 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Bunun(布農族)69%, Amis(阿美族)3%, Paiwan(卑南族)3%, Puyuma(排灣族)1%, Rukai(魯凱族)1%, Tayal(泰雅族)1%, roma5%. Ira ko picodadan(海端國中、海端國小、海端圖書館) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(海端分駐所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(海端衛生所) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(海端戶政所、海端鄉公所、海端鄉代會、海端郵局'台東縣鄉防局海端分隊) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 43cdry52s8kzfryi4q1d5v25494fkth 0 381 30566 30395 2022-01-26T17:11:49Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q57327]] 30566 wikitext text/x-wiki Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Mu'izzaddin Waddaulah(哈吉哈山納·包奇亞·穆伊扎丁·瓦達烏拉) [[Faylo:Hassanal Bolkiah 2013.jpg|thumb|Hassanal Bolkiah 2013|alt=Hassanal Bolkiah 2013.jpg]] I 1946 a miheca(年) saka 7 folad saka 15 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci [[Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Mu'izzaddin Waddaulah]], malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Brunei]](汶萊) anini i ci Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Mu'izzaddin Waddaulah, patirengan a romi’ad i 1967 a miheca saka 10 folad saka 5 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] fg9rccplcx7pl27tx3wyk79rrzg057x 0 382 8100 8099 2021-10-28T12:13:15Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 21 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 8099 wikitext text/x-wiki Halusipun（筆石部落） Itiniay i [[Xinyi]](信義) Cen no Nantou(南投) ko [[Halusipun]] a niyaro’, 46 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 128 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 40% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 51 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 60% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 77 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Bunun(布農族)38%, Amis(阿美族)1%, Cou(鄒族)2%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] rryvpov3f161ca10xfzhufus2o4zeiw 0 383 44482 31248 2024-08-31T14:28:04Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 伊薩·本·薩勒曼·阿勒哈利法 44482 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa 1998.jpg|縮圖|Hamad bin Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa, 1998|alt=Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa 1998.jpg]] I 1950 a miheca(年) saka 1 folad saka 28 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci '''Hamad bin Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa'''(伊薩·本·薩勒曼·阿勒哈利法), malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Bahrain]](巴林) anini i ci Hamad bin Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa, patirengan a romi’ad i 1999 a miheca saka 3 folad saka 6 a romi’ad. == No papotalay a kakafit == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] qgsh4jtv8ekxearxqy4nkz437xxg98j 0 384 38807 8134 2023-06-30T01:04:29Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38807 wikitext text/x-wiki Hanbizan（涵碧蘭部落） Itiniay i [[Xinyi]](信義) Cen no [[Nantou]](南投) ko [[Hanbizan]] a niyaro’, 74 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 245 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 64% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 158 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 36% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 87 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko [[Bunun]](布農族)64%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 3c7kftjbhq6n3r0ihnbmqn0g30mpmyq 0 385 44483 30545 2024-08-31T14:30:41Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 漢斯·亞當二世 44483 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Ιωάννης Αδάμ Β΄ του Λίχτενσταϊν.jpg|縮圖|Hans-Adam II, 2013|alt=Ιωάννης Αδάμ Β΄ του Λίχτενσταϊν.jpg]] I 1945 a miheca(年) saka 2 folad saka 14 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci '''Hans-Adam II'''(漢斯·亞當二世), malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Liechtenstein]](列支敦斯登) anini i ci Hans-Adam II, patirengan a romi’ad i 1989 a miheca saka 11 folad saka 13 a romi’ad. == No papotalay a kakafit == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] qoqs0y9zdiq37rhig8kkwll0wewan22 0 386 45466 44352 2025-01-19T09:26:09Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 Harald V idi 2013年 45466 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:H.M. Kong Harald taler (10308347696)- edit.jpg|縮圖|Harald V idi 2013年|alt=H.M. Kong Harald taler (10308347696)- edit.jpg]] I 1937 a miheca(年) saka 2 folad saka 21 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci '''Harald V''', malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Norway]](挪威) anini i ci Harald V, patirengan a romi’ad i 1991 a miheca saka 1 folad saka 17 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] q12xguidn8juj3u024xx1npixby9y4n 0 387 8183 8182 2021-10-28T12:13:27Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 20 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 8182 wikitext text/x-wiki Harawan（哈拉灣部落） Itiniay i [[Yuli]](玉里) Cen no Hualien(花蓮) ko [[Harawan]] a niyaro’, 203 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 519 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 97% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 501 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 3% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 18 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)88%, roma(其他)8%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] dv0zjq76p5szp1cla5t92kqnepjebyj 0 388 44484 8197 2024-08-31T14:32:48Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 哈希姆·薩奇 44484 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Hashim Thaçi, 2012.jpg|縮圖|Hashim Thaçi, 2012|alt=Hashim Thaçi, 2012.jpg]] I 1968 a miheca(年) saka 4 folad saka 24 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci '''Hashim Thaçi'''(哈希姆·薩奇), malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Kosovo]](科索沃) anini i ci Hashim Thaçi, patirengan a romi’ad i 2016 a miheca saka 4 folad saka 7 a romi’ad. == No papotalay a kakafit == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] f70tumcmmuh2hzt7hj2pluaknfa8h8q 0 389 45471 44485 2025-01-19T09:31:41Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 Rouhani idi 2017年 45471 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Endorsement of Hassan Rouhani's second term 18.jpg|縮圖|Rouhani idi 2017年|alt=Endorsement of Hassan Rouhani's second term 18.jpg]] I 1992 a miheca(年) saka 8 folad saka 1 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci '''Hassan Rouhani'''(حسن روحانی), malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Iran]](伊朗) anini i ci Hassan Rouhani, patirengan a romi’ad i 2013 a miheca saka 8 folad saka 4 a romi’ad. == No papotalay a kakafit == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 1wj432hjqw6gjlpho7vyasldcyes6z6 0 390 30783 30782 2022-03-06T10:57:57Z Safulo 35 /* Pihapinangan Tilid (註腳) */ 30783 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''Hawai''' == == '''Takalay sowal (概略) ''' == [[Faylo:Pacific_Culture_Areas.jpg|thumb|Pacific Culture Areas]] Ona Hawai katal (Ono Hawai a sowal: Mokuʻāina o Hawaiʻi; Ikiris sowal: State of Hawaii ,Kuwaping sowal:夏威夷) o cecay a sakowan no Amirika anini, o kanatanatal ko kalacecay nona sakowan. itiya i 1778 miheca tayra i 1898 miheca ma’eco no tapan no riyaran sofitay ci Sanminci sa pangangan han to Sanminci Kanatal (''Sandwich Islands''), nikawrira, i ikor to 'i, matawal to no tamtamdaw kona ngangan lahedaw sato. [[Faylo:Flag_of_Hawaii.svg|thumb|Flag of Hawaii]] O tatapang a niyaro’ itiraay i Honolulu (Tansyaangsan han no kaping a sowal), o isatimoaly a sakowan no Amirika, ikatimola nonini i iraho ko tada katimolay a sera no Amirika oya malanikowanan no Amirika a kanatal o Samoa hananay. O tandaw no itiniay i cowa ko kohecalay, miliniay tono Aciya ko tatirengan. O taliyokay pala o saadihayay ko kina’orip i nitahepoan no kakarayan, nikawrira, ona masamaamaanay kina’orip adhihayay to ko sakapatayaw sanay, o liomah i o kafi ko nipalomaan, dengan onini sakowan no Amirika ko o kikay to ko sapisanga’ to kafi. == '''Rikisi (歷史) ''' == === '''To’asan (史前時期) ''' === Itiya i 1776 miheca o mikalicay to tata’angay tamina a tamdaw no Yoropa ci Kuku, o sa’ayaway a tamdaw no Yoropa macakat tona kanatal, sa pangangan han to Kuku tapangan no mikalicay to tamina kona tamdaw. Ona ngangan to Hawai sanay i, o nani tiraay to sowal no Polinisya to kasofocan niyaro’ ''Sawaiki'' ko pangangan. [[Faylo:Kamehamehaii.jpg|thumb|Kamehamehaii]] === '''Kamihamiha Hontian Kitakit (Kamehameha 王國) ''' === I 1795 miheca mapalacecay no kakitaan ci Kamihamiha kona polong a kanatal, tireng sa a malahonti, tona miheca matatangaay to kacakat ni Kuku tapang no tamina I Ofu kanatal ona kanatanatal. i 1818 miheca mahemek a mingengeng toya cifelacay tilid no kaping hata no Ikiris ci Kamihamiha [1], sa todong han nira a misanga’ malo hata no Hawai kanatal, tahanini malo hata no Sakowan no Amirika. Yo mapatay sato koya sakacecay a honti o sakakaay a wawa ningra ko malahontiay o sakatosa Kamihamiha (''Kamehameha II'', 1797 miheca－1824 miheca, sakapito folad 14 romi’ad) hananay, o ngangan ningra i ci Liholiho, o tadangangan i ci ''Kalaninui kua Liholiho i ke kapu `Iolani.'' [[Faylo:Liliuokalani, _c._1891.jpg|thumb|Liliwkalani fafahiyan honti (Liliuokalani, c. 1891) ]] === '''Mapateko no Amirika (美國兼併時期) ''' === Nikawrira, nani 1843 miheca tatootor sa ko Yoropa a kitakit i 1843 miheca o Ikiris, 1849 miheca o Feransu a milekal ono miyam a sakowan konini saan. Tahira to i 1893 miheca, o misanga’ay to odax a kohecalay tamdaw rawrawen nangra ko hoti a miriyang, o ngangan no Kristo tintosi ato kyokay ko sapifelih to Hawai Hontian Kitakit. Mapalasawad ko sa’ayaway a Fafahiyan Honti ci Liliwkalani (Hawai sowal: ''Liliʻuokalani'', Ikiris: ''Queen Liliuokalani of Hawaii''; 1838 miheca, sakasiwa folad, sakatosa romi’ad－1917 miheca, cecay safaw folad, cecay safaw romi’ad), o tada ngangan nira Litiya·Kamakaiha (''Lydia Liliʻu Loloku Walania Wewehi Kamakaʻeha''), o salikolay to a fafahiayan honti koni. Ona mifelihay to honti no Hawai a kohecalay tamdaw patireng sa to loma a sifo kami to ko mamicaliw a malamikowanay saan. 1893 miheca sakatolo folad sakasiwa romi’ad, oya sakakinatosa a malacontong ci Kelifulan (''Stephen Grover Cleveland'', ''1837 miheca, 3 folad, 18 romi’ad－1908 miheca, 6 folad, '' ''24 romi’ad'') caay ka pihai a mipatateko ko Hawai to Amirika, nikawrira, itini I fafa’eday a pikaykian no kitakit ono Mincutang a lipoin ko ‘alomanay, sahetoay o miliyangay ci Kelifulan congtongan, o kakridan nona masacefangay i ci Sanfuto Tor, i 1893 miheca saopoen ningra ko ‘alomanay a kohecay tamdaw a parawraw a mipalasawad to Honti no Hawai ci Liliwkalani, patireng sa to kohecalay tamdaw a sifo Hawai Polongan Kitakit sifo.[1] Mapatireng to kona no kohecalay a sifo i, 1898 miheca sakafalo folad tosasafaw romi’ad laheci sato a malosera no Amirika, 1894 miheca patireng sato ko kohecalay tamdaw tono nganra a sifo, 1894 niheca pacalcal to malapala no Amirika ko Hawai. 1959 miheca falo folad tosapolo’ ira ko cecay romi’ad mapateko mala o cecay a sakowan no Amirika, o saka lima polo’ a sakowan no Amirika, oya no Yincumin no Hawai a hontian sakowan pacici sato a mapalahedaw. '''Palapalaan (地理) ''' O Hawai a kitakit i 19 ko tata’angay kanatal ato rakarakaan ko polong, itiraay i sifo’ no Tayhiyow ko aro’ nnona kitakit, ano halomamangay a kanatal sa’osien mapolong i iraay ko 137 ko kanatal, o polong nona kanatal i, sahetoay o cinamalay tokas, tahanini mapakohacay ho ko tata’angay a Hawai kanatal, oromaroma a kanatal i, i’ayaw no 200 miheca a mapakohac. O kaliwasak nona kanatal i: {| class="wikitable" |'''Ngangan no kanatal''' |'''o cimil''' |'''kaitiraan''' |'''dadahal (km<sup>2</sup>) ''' |'''tamdaw''' '''[2010 miheca]''' |- |Hawai (Hawaii) |Tata’angay kanatal (大島) |19°34′N 155°30′W |10,432.5 km<sup>2</sup> |185,079 |- |Kaoay kanatal (''Kauai'') |Potal a kanatal (庭園島) |22°05′N 159°30′W |1,430.5 km<sup>2</sup> |66,921 |- |Kafolawi kanatal (''Kaho’olawe'') |Patosokankanatal (目標島) |20°33′N 156°36′W |115.5 km<sup>2</sup> |0 |- |Lanay kanatal (''Lanai'') |Citalacayay kanatal (鳯梨島) |20°50′N 156°56′W |363.9 km<sup>2</sup> |3,135 |- |Maoi kanatal (Maui) |Ta’eman kanatal (峡谷島) |20°48′N 156°20′W |1,883.4 km<sup>2</sup> |144,444 |- |Molokay kanatal (''Molokai'') |Misawidangaykanatal (友好島) |21°08′N 157°02′W |673.4 km<sup>2</sup> |7,345 |- |Nihaw kanatal (Niihau) |Kacipaysinankanatal (禁断島) |21°54′N 160°10′W |180.0 km<sup>2</sup> |170 |- |Ofo kanatal (Oahu) |Kasaopoan kanatal (集合島) |21°28′N 157°59′W |1,545.4 km<sup>2</sup> |953,207 |} == '''O tamdaw (人口) ''' == O maro’ay tamdaw itini i, ono Aciya a tamdaw ko ‘alomanay mahaop ko 40%, ini kowanan no Amirika a sakowan i, odeng o Hawai ko matiniay, caay ko nini aca, o cilamlamay to roma a ‘ilang a tamdaw i, adihay ko mahaopay. I lamoma’ no nini i, o teloc no Sipanya ko matongalay, siwatik sanay ko kaca ka hakowa no kohecaly ato kohetingay a tamdaw. Orasaka itini i, o kohecalay a mitiliday ko masamsamay i pitilidan. Ona maro’ay itini a tamdaw i, o i Amirikaay ko sofoc 82.2%, ono i romaay kitakit a sofocen i mahaop ko 75%, i raroma’ no nini i o nani Aciyaay kako sanay a tamdaw. === '''O Yincumin no Hawai (夏威夷原住民) ''' === Oya ititiay a maro’ a tamdaw no Hawai Yincumin rowan sanay to anini.[3] Nikataynian ho kohecalay tamdaw i ’ayaw no 200 ko miheca yo macakat ci Kuku tapang no tamina iraay ko 30 ofad ko Yincumin a tamdaw, to ikor to i 19 sici (19世紀) rowan sa sepatay to ofad ko osaw, mapatay no mihawikidan no kohecalay tamdaw a lifong, ’aloman ko mipatayan no kohecaly tamdaw. Tahini to aniniay a mihecaan mararamod to roma a finacadan, tongal sato ko karahedaw no tada Yincumin no Hawai. I 1959 miheca mapateko malocecay a sakowan no Amirika ko Hawai, mapenec ko ’orip no Yincumin tahanini o sakararem ko ’orip nangra.[4] O Yincumin kako sanay a tamdaw i, iraay ho ko mo’etep a ofad sanay ko sowal, nikawrira, ona tamtamdaw o caay ka ciramram to roma a finacadan ko ’ilang i caay to ka hakowa ko osaw. O caay ka ciramram to roma a finacadan ko ’ilang i 8, 000 to ko tamdaw sa ko sa’osi, o romaroma sa i mahaop ko 98% ciramramay to roma a finacadan.[5] O pisetek to sowal o so’elinay a Yincumin no Hawai sanay a rikec i, oya misanga’an i 1920 miheca a 「Hawai Tmadaw」sanay a rikec, tona rikec i, i’ayaw ni Kuku tapang no tamina yo macakat tona kanatal maro’ay to itini a tamdaw ko ni toro’an, o itirengay a remes i mirocokay ho to 50% nani to’as sanay ko pisetekan nona rikec. Nikawrira, o pihaop no Yincumin i polong tamdaw no Hawai i, ’edengan 5.9% aca, o sapiparocokaw tono niyah a punka i, mapatireng nangra ko 「Citodongay tono Hawai Demak」 (OHA, Office of Hawaiian Affairs) , citodong a dademak to kalodemak no Hawai Yincumin.[6] Ona OHA caay ka piala to payso no sifo ta caay ka ngoyangoyen no sifo ko paiyincuminay a demak. Oyasato i 1990 mihecahecan, saadihay sato ko dademakay to sapipatikoaw tono niyah a salongac.[7] === '''O pisawkit to Kamihamiha Pitilidan (Kamehameha 裁判) ''' === Oya nano to’asan a pitilidan no Yincumin no Hawai toya Kamihamiha Pitilidan, edeng o teloc no Yincumin ko mihaian a papicomod itini a mitilid, o ni’osawan no sa’ayaway a honti a dafong ko sapidemak tonini, caay ka piala to payso no sifo, o mitiliday a ka’emangay cidafohay, sa mapakokot no kohecay a tamdw o misakakinihay to roma afinacadan.[8] Nikawrira, misawkit sato ko sakaka’ay a pisawkitan i, ono Hawai Yincumin a teked pitilidan konini sa ko pipatosok sawkit, caay ka tama toya misakakinihay to roma a finacadan sanay a pikokot. Onini i, o todongay o sapipatikoaw to niyah a salongoc sanay a demak, nawhani, na o mi’ecoan no kohecalay a tamdaw a pateko i Amirika a kitakit, mapalahedaw ko niyah mikowanay a honti no Hawai. Mido’edo tona pisawkit i, 2009 miheca 12 folad 28 romi’ad, masongra’ ko pihai no Kinairaira no Pala a Iinkay no Lipoiing no Amirika (''Congressional committee of the United States House of Representatives'') ko Miliyaw a Patiren Niyah Sifo tono Yincumin no Hawai (''The Native Hawaiian Government Reorganization Act of 2009 S1011/HR2314''), ci AkaPil fafa’eday pikaykian no kitakit a kiing koni patarahekalay tona rikec, sa pangangan to Akak Rikec (''the Akaka Bill after Senator Daniel Akaka of Hawaii'') Pakayni tona Niyah Pikowan a Sifo no Hawai Yincumin, ira ko sapifelihaw a kiing, nikawrira, micoker ci Opama congtong to Niyah Pikowan a Sifo no Hawai Yincumin. == '''Sowal (語言) ''' == [[Faylo:Austronesian_languages.PNG|thumb|Austronesian languages]] I 1978 miheca malaheciay to a patalahekalen no kinpo no Amirika ko halasowal no Hawai i o Hawai sowal ato Ikiris sowal. O nano to’asan a sowal no Hawai o nani capa’ay no Aostoronisya sowal (sakacecay a cicu), o to’as atamdaw no Hawai i, nano capa’ay no Aostoronisya a Polinisya tamdaw (sakatosa cicu). Orasaka matiya to i Taywanay a finacadan no Aostoronisya caay to ka hakowa ko mafana’ay a somowal. Nikawrira, tona pinapina a mihecaan matongalay ko o ngiha’ no sowal no Hawai ko pitooran a mitilid to ngangan no pala. == '''Pitooran (宗教) ''' == O pitooran no ta’asan Hawai tamdaw i o kimad, o kongko no ’orip, ato o patinako. To ikor to i, tayni to a micomod ko Kristo Pitooran. O kawasan ho a kimad i, o nani Polinisya a kimad ko adihayay, nikawrira, kakaya’ to ko mihecan, mafalic mafalic ko pakimaday i, masasiromaay ko nikimadan, I ’ayaw no 1800 miheca, o Kawasan kimad i oraay kono Hawai a kacidekan, malalitilitingay to pitooran nangra, tahira to i 19sici malalang to ko no to’asan a pitooran, nikawrira, tahanini iraay ho ko mitooray sa maosaw tahanini kono to’asan a punka. O Yincumin no Hawai o mita’ongay to palapalan a masasiromaromay a kawas, ano silsilen koriaan i o milooday kawas ci Ku (''Kū'')、o ’orip kawas ci Kani (''Kāne'')、o liomah kawas ci Lono (''Lono'') ato no riyar kawas ci Kanaloa (''Kanaloa''). Caay ko nini aca, ira ho ko romaroma a kawas, ci Laka (''Laka'')、ci Kihawanihi (''Kihawahine'')、ci Papahanaumoku (''Papahānaumoku''), ato midipotay to karolomaan a kawas ci Aumakua (''Aumakua''). [[Faylo:Kuka'ilimoku.jpg|thumb|Tatapangan kawas (Kuka'ilimoku) ]] Adihay ta to ko kawas silsilen a mitilid ta nalikay a mafana’: * Tatapangan Kawas 4 ko tireng: Ku、Kani、Lono、Kanaloa. * Fainayan Kawas 40 ko tiring:o nani Kaniay a masadak. (''ke kanahā'' 之化身) * Fainayan ato fafahiyan kawas 400 ko tireng (''ka lau'') * Kasiromaroma a Fainayan ato fafahiyan kawas (''ke kini akua'') * O romaroma kawas (''na ʻunihipili'') * O midipotay kawas (''na ʻaumākua'')[9] [[Faylo:USMC-101120-M-2339L-009.jpg|thumb|Pafilongan (USMC-101120-M-2339L-009) ]] Tooren ko nini a pinangan no ’orip no Hawai tamdaw, o pafilongan a romi’ad itiraay i micelem ko Supalu Fo’is do’edo sa a masadakay a folad, o pihafayan ato pahanhanan a romi’ad ko nini, ma’edemg I saka 4folad no aniniay. Ona pafilingan i o Makalii’ hananay no Hawai tamdaw. (''Makali`i''; ''Maka'' o mata sanay, ''lii’'' o mamangay sanay) Tona pafilongan i, itiya i piceleman no Supalu fo’is ko finawlan macakat nani riyar. == '''Punka (文化) ''' == Ono to’asan ho a kaka’enen i o Luawa (''lūʻau'') hananay no Hawai a tamdaw, o todongay o mikocisoay koranan, o pisacacak tonini i, i potal korkor han a miofang ko sera, tafo han to papah no facidol ato tali ko foting ato titi, teli han tora ofang a mitamek. [[Faylo:Hula_Kahiko_Hawaii_Volcanoes_National_Park_01.jpg|thumb|Fula Sakero (Hula Kahiko Hawaii Volcanoes National Park 01) ]] Nano to’asan o Pa·ina (''pāʻina'') anoca o Aha·Aina (''’aha’aina'') hananay ko pangangan tona tangidaf, o dengan i Pakarowid a milood, Pipakelangan to kaherekan no dodang, Sakacecay miheca nasofocen ko wawa, Kararamodan ato Pihemekan to kato’edaw no ‘orip a komaen tona kociso. Nano to’asan cipaysinay a malacafay komaen ko fainayan ato fafahiyan, mikociso sato i malacidekay a komaen. Itiya to i 1819 miheca o honti Kamihamiha 2 ko mifalicay tona lisin ta manga’ay to polong sa ko fainayan ato fafahiyan a mitaheka. O ’epah koroma aniniay to a mangaay a mili’epah ko tamtamdaw. Ano mikociso i, caay aca ka ira ko radiw ato sakero, o sakero no Hawai to kafana’an no cimacima a tamdaw i, o Fula (sowal no Hawai: ''hula'') hananay a sakero, onini ira ko sekero, ira ko romadiway, ira ko mi’olicay, ira ho ko misoniay to tiftif ato potoy. Ona Fula hananay a sakero ono to’asan i o Kahiko hananay, ono aniniay i o Auana hananay a pangangan, o polong nonini i o todengay o heci no punka ato pipakaso’elin to to’asan a kawas. == '''Pihapinangan Tilid (註腳) ''' == [1] Kamihamiha sanay i, o mato’olay, o matemoyay sanay ko imi ira. [2] McWilliams, Tennant S. James H. Blount, the South, and Hawaiian Annexation. Pacific Historical Review. 1988-02, 57 (1) : 25–36 [2014-10-08]. (原始內容存檔於2016-02-16) . [3] (大林純子・山中速人「<ハワイ> 12 カナカ・マオリ/ハワイアン」/ 綾部恒雄監修 前川啓治・訓棚橋編集『講座 世界の先住民族 －ファースト・ピープルズの現在－ 09 オセアニア』 明石書店 2005年 217ページ) [4] 大林純子・山中速人「<ハワイ> 12 カナカ・マオリ/ハワイアン」/ 綾部恒雄監修 前川啓治・訓棚橋編集『講座 世界の先住民族 －ファースト・ピープルズの現在－ 09 オセアニア』 明石書店 2005年 218ページ [5] 大林純子・山中速人「<ハワイ> 12 カナカ・マオリ/ハワイアン」/ 綾部恒雄監修 前川啓治・訓棚橋編集『講座 世界の先住民族 －ファースト・ピープルズの現在－ 09 オセアニア』 明石書店 2005年 219ページ [6] 中嶋弓子『ハワイ・さまよえる楽園』東京書籍、1993年、p.129-130。<nowiki>ISBN 4-487-75396-1</nowiki>。 [7] ハワイ人の主権回復運動④ 井上昭洋 Glocal Tenri, Vol.11 No.1 January 2010. 2015年9月9日閲覧。 [8] ハワイ人の主権回復運動④ 井上昭洋 Glocal Tenri, Vol.11 No.1 January 2010. 2015年9月9日閲覧。 [9] Gutmanis, June (1983). Na Pule Kahiko: Ancient Hawaiian Prayers. Editions Limited. pp. 4–14. ISBN 0-9607938-6-0 === Pili'an a tikid(參考文獻) === # '''^''' McWilliams, Tennant S. James H. Blount, the South, and Hawaiian Annexation. Pacific Historical Review. 1988-02, '''57''' (1): 25–36 [2014-10-08]. （原始內容存檔於2016-02-16）. # '''^''' Blay, Chuck, and Siemers, Robert. ''Kauai『’s Geologic History: A Simplified Guide.'' Kaua『i: TEOK Investigations, 2004. <nowiki>ISBN 9780974472300</nowiki>. (Cited in ) # '''^''' USGS GNIS: Island of Hawaiʻi # '''^''' USGS GNIS: Maui Island # '''^''' USGS GNIS: Oʻahu Island # '''^''' USGS GNIS: Kauaʻi Island # '''^''' USGS GNIS: Molokaʻi Island # '''^''' USGS GNIS: Lānaʻi Island # '''^''' USGS GNIS: Niʻihau Island # '''^''' USGS GNIS: Kahoʻolawe Island # '''^''' Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2018 - 2018 Population Estimates. US Census Bureau. US Census Bureau. [2019-09-16]. （原始內容存檔於2020-02-13）. == Makakafit i papotal(外部連結) == * Star-Bulletin Newspaper -- 英文的日報 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） * University of Hawaii -- 夏威夷大學 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） * 夏威夷官方旅遊網站 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） * OpenStreetMap上有關夏威夷州的地理資訊 gmff9pz1b6y1ixbwox98juj8ne36qgg 0 391 8262 8261 2021-10-28T12:13:38Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 20 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 8261 wikitext text/x-wiki Hbun（霞雲坪部落） Itiniay i [[Fuxing]](復興) Cen no Taoyuan(桃園) ko [[Hbun]] a niyaro’, 69 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 180 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 64% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 116 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 36% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 64 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)62%, roma(其他)3%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 5h8vxb1owl7zzo3qa71le5qcnmvm38m 0 392 8284 8283 2021-10-28T12:13:40Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 21 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 8283 wikitext text/x-wiki Hbun-Qramay（煤源部落） Itiniay i [[Jianshi]](尖石) Cen no Hsinchu(新竹) ko [[Hbun-Qramay]] a niyaro’, 109 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 386 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 93% ko ka’aloman(最多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 359 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 7% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 27 ko tamdaw. Ira ko Kiwkay(台灣基督長老教會煤源教會) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 7fwdgsa0afy3i5krnnhdflfrbkyp0q1 0 393 8311 8310 2021-10-28T12:13:43Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 26 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 8310 wikitext text/x-wiki Hbun-Rangay（下水田部落） Itiniay i [[Jianshi]](尖石) Cen no Hsinchu(新竹) ko [[Hbun-Rangay]] a niyaro’, 108 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 293 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 89% ko ka’aloman(最多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 262 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 11% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 31 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)88%, roma(其他)1%. Ira ko Kiwkay(水田天主堂、改革宗新樂教會) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] k4m8hjna5ypljn5xc7vrru9492a65uk 0 394 8339 8338 2021-10-28T12:13:46Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 27 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 8338 wikitext text/x-wiki Hbun-lesa（合汶壘上部落） Itiniay i [[Jianshi]](尖石) Cen no [[Hsinchu]](新竹) ko [[Hbun-lesa]] a niyaro’, 19 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 61 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 82% ko ka’aloman(最多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 50 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 18% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 11 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)75%, Amis(阿美族)2%, roma(其他)5%. Ira ko Kiwkay(台灣基督長老教會錦屏教會、真耶穌教會錦屏教會) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 4an8iiqy7ihhqgnwrhhtw7rwf5fpg48 0 395 8368 8367 2021-10-28T12:13:49Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 28 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 8367 wikitext text/x-wiki Hbun-sinqumi（合流部落） Itiniay i [[Fuxing]](復興) Cen no [[Taoyuan]](桃園) ko [[Hbun-sinqumi]] a niyaro’, 91 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 233 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 73% ko ka’aloman(最多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 170 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 27% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 63 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)67%, Bunun(布農族)1%, Paiwan(排灣族)1%, roma(其他)3%. Ira ko imeng(大溪分局溪內派出所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] ide58v8k0tcp52herloxxkptgxtiwad 0 396 35302 8398 2023-03-30T03:32:14Z Kai3952 413 35302 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Xiuluan Village 秀巒村 - panoramio.jpg|thumb|200px|Ira ko paisingan]] Hbun-tunan（控溪部落） Itiniay i [[Jianshi]](尖石) Cen no [[Hsinchu]](新竹) ko [[Hbun-tunan]] a niyaro’, 105 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 318 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 93% ko ka’aloman(最多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 295 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 7% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 23 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)84%, Amis(阿美族)2%, Bunun(布農族)2%, Paiwan(排灣族)1%, Truku(太魯閣族)1%, roma(其他)1%. Ira ko picodadan(秀巒國小、秀巒國小附小、秀巒學區部落圖書館總庫) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(橫山分局秀巒派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(秀巒衛生室) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(秀巒村辦公處) i niyaro’. Ira ko Kiwkay(秀巒天主堂) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 5gyzpsx91ad318d3fp8cul5i73gimuz 0 397 8418 8417 2021-10-28T12:13:55Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 19 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 8417 wikitext text/x-wiki Hbun kramay（煤源中部落） Itiniay i [[Jianshi]](尖石) Cen no [[Hsinchu]](新竹) ko [[Hbun kramay]] a niyaro’, 109 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 386 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 93% ko ka’aloman(最多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 359 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 7% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 27 ko tamdaw. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] cwroq5k2582is42ygh015cw0pxslsib 0 398 8442 8441 2021-10-28T12:13:58Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 23 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 8441 wikitext text/x-wiki Heku’（黑崮部落） Itiniay i [[Wufeng]](五峰) Cen no [[Hsinchu]](新竹) ko [[Heku’]] a niyaro’, 24 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 59 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 97% ko ka’aloman(最多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 57 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 3% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 2 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)92%, Saysiyat(賽夏族)3%, Amis(阿美族)2%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] glw0frlag6but6kzdlv87qghgmqojbt 0 399 45458 8468 2025-01-19T09:15:18Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 Grand Duke Luxembourg Royal Wedding idi 2012年 45458 wikitext text/x-wiki Henri(亨利) [[Faylo:Grand Duke Luxembourg Royal Wedding 2012.jpg|thumb|Grand Duke Luxembourg Royal Wedding idi 2012年|alt=Grand Duke Luxembourg Royal Wedding 2012.jpg]] I 1955 a miheca(年) saka 4 folad saka 16 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci [[Henri]](Ftansu a sowal: ''Henri Albert Gabriel Félix Marie Guillaume''), malamikomoday a tamdaw. Ona ci Henri titiya i 18 ko mihecaan matoor to mamirocok to kamaro’an no hinti no Losinpaw. 1974 miheca malepon ko pitilid to Consie tayra i Ikiris a mihatatanam to no sofitay a kacitaneng i Santoheseto-Sofitayan Pitilidan(Ikiris a sowal :''Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, RMAS'' ; Kuwaping a sowal:桑德赫斯特皇家軍事學院), misawad to i,malakakeridan no sofitay. Patokitok ho a mihatatanam i Losipaw, Fransu ato Ruisu, saikoray to i, mala ko Siecian Sosi a konpay no Rinoywa Tasie (Fransu a sowal:''Université de Genève'', ''UNIGE''; Kuwaping a sowal:日內瓦大學). I 1998 miheca matoro’ malaso’elinay a citodongay to tayal no honti, malamiocoran to tayal no honti. Malasakasiwa a mikowanay to Losinpaw a Tata’angay-Sawara’an, o saka’emangay ko mihecaan a malasawara’an i Yoropaay a hotian a kitakit. I 1988 miheca ci wawa to fainayan ci Kiporan Rakapoming Raka (''Gibran Rakabuming Raka''), i 1991 miheca ci wawa to fafahiyan ci KahiyangAwo( ''Kahiyang Ayu''), i 1995 miheca ci wawa ho to fainayan ci Kasang Pangarep (''Kaesang Pangarep'').O wawa ningra tatos mitiliday i Sinkapor. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Luxembourg]](盧森堡) anini i ci Henri, patirengan a romi’ad i 2000 a miheca saka 10 folad saka 7 a romi’ad. == lalamod 配偶 == Itini ho i Reneywa(''日內瓦''), masaso’araw a mafana’ to ci Henri ci Maliya Telisaan(Ikiris a sowal: ''Maria Teresa;''kowapin a sowal:''瑪麗亞•德蕾莎''), lalamod sato i 1981 mihaca saka tosa a folad saka 14 a romi’ad, lalimaay ko wawa nangra, sasepat ko fa’inayan cecay ko fafahiyan. Malalamod to cangra i, nai 1997 a miheca saka 6 a folad saka polo’ a romi’ad, ci Maliya Telisa o citodongay to demak no聯合國教科文組織( Ikirsi a sowal:'''U'''nited '''N'''ations '''E'''ducational, '''S'''cientific and '''C'''ultural '''O'''rganization，decdec: UNESCO), misa’icel a midama’ to pakayniay tono fafahiyan, pasifanaen nira to manga’ayay a sifana’. == salikaka 兄弟姐妹 == == natayalan 事蹟 == == pitooran 信仰 == ==no papotalay a kakafitan== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] n6fb9r40cnoda8bgegyjzcrjvb19q8z 0 400 8491 8490 2021-10-28T12:14:04Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 22 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 8490 wikitext text/x-wiki Heping（和平區） Itini i [[Taichung]](台中) ko [[Heping]]. sa’osi han ko po:long no palaan i, ira ko 1,006.12 km² (lalotolotokan a plalan no sa’osi i ira ko 900.79 km², o palaan noto’as i'a:yaw i ira ko 62.11 km²), 6,503 ko tamdaw i Heping, 2,544 ko parod no loma’, itini i niyaro’ a Yincomin(原住民) sa’osi han ira ko 3,838 a tamdaw, pakaala to 59%(Tayal泰雅族) no polong no tamdaw. Itini i niyaro’ a finawlan, o Payrang ko sa’alomanay. ==O kasaniyarona== 8 ko cun, 13 ko niyaro’ i Heping Cen. [[Sqoyaw]]（環山部落）, [[Tabuk]]（松茂部落）, [[Slamaw]]（佳陽部落）, [[Lilang]]（裡冷部落）, [[M’ihu]]（雙崎部落）, [[Tgbin]]（桃山部落）, [[L’olu]]（達觀部落）, [[Kling]]（竹林部落）, [[Pasing]]（南勢部落）, [[Slamaw]]（梨山部落）, [[Tbulan]]（松鶴部落）, [[S’yux]]（三叉坑部落）, [[Hrung]]（哈崙台部落）. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] 9woeh9rcbcr9pnbynu0h0293vy92tk6 0 401 44379 30546 2024-08-30T23:19:27Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 Rajaonarimampianina, 2014 44379 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Hery Rajaonarimampianina 2014.jpg|縮圖|Rajaonarimampianina, 2014|alt=Hery Rajaonarimampianina 2014.jpg]] I 1958 a miheca(年) saka 11 folad saka 6 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci '''Hery Rajaonarimampianina'''(埃里·拉喬納里馬曼皮亞尼納), malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Madagascar]](馬達加斯加) anini i ci Hery Rajaonarimampianina, patirengan a romi’ad i 2014 a miheca saka 1 folad saka 25 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 3n6f8vic5zu3uy3nv2y510pg0ea3ip3 0 402 8530 8529 2021-10-28T12:14:09Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 24 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 8529 wikitext text/x-wiki Himoti（電光部落） Itiniay i [[Guanshan]](關山) Cen no Taitung(台東) ko [[Himoti]] a niyaro’, 230 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 635 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 66% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 421 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 34% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 214 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)63%, Puyuma(卑南族)2%, roma(其他)2%. Ira ko picodadan(電光國小、電光國小附幼) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(關山分局電光派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(電光衛生室) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] tw13rtnirdqo84ngnm23ls6ek5xl78t 0 403 34230 8534 2023-02-11T04:49:44Z YiFeiBot 1295 Bot: Migrating 82 langlinks, now provided by [[d:|Wikidata]] on [[d:q40614]]; 1 langlinks remaining 34230 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} [[Faylo:Ammonite Asteroceras.jpg|thumb|Holac|left|250px]] [[ug:تاشقا ئايلانغان جىسىم]] [[yue:化石]] 2kuiwsemk0b8mi0kdfhfwe7b2hw67us 0 404 47244 46653 2025-08-29T11:54:32Z Ziv 3016 → File has been renamed on Commons ([[:c:GR]]) 47244 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Flag of Honduras (2022–present).svg|縮圖|Hata no Hongtolas kitakit]] == Hongtolas（宏都拉斯） == Hongtolas Kapolongan-Kitakit('''宏都拉斯共和國''';Sipanya a sowal: República de Honduras; kalopangangan no Sipanya a sowal:Honduras）O itiraay [[:zh:中美洲|Isifo’ay-Amirika Korapaw]] a [[:zh:共和制|Nikapolongan-Kitakit]], isaka’etipan a kalala’edan isaka’amisan a pecih malala’ed ato [[:zh:危地马拉|Kuwatimala]], isakatimola a pecih mada’edo ko sera ato [[:zh:萨尔瓦多|Sarwato]]; isakatimolan malafiyaw ato Nikalakuwa; isakawalian ato saka’amisan miingid to [[:zh:加勒比海|Karopi-Riyar;]] masiwar pasitira i saka’etipan no sakatimol o lalan ko [[:zh:豐塞卡灣|Fongsayka-Kihaw]] masadak tayra i Taypin-Yang. Miliyas tono kanatal i Karopi-Riyar ira ho [[:zh:天鵝群島|Masamaymayay-Kanatal]]('''天鵝群島''';''Islas Santanilla'') ato [[:zh:海灣群島省|Kihawan-Kanatanatal]]('''海灣群島省'''; Sipanya a sowal:''Islas de la Bahía'') a kowan. O syoto i, o [[:zh:特古西加尔巴|Tokusiciyapa]](德古西加巴;Sipanya a sowal:''Tegucigalpa''). [[Faylo:Honduras (orthographic projection).svg|縮圖|Kaitiraan no Hongtolas]] == '''Ngangan no kitakit'''(國名) == O [[:zh:航海家|mikalicay to tamina]] do’edo han ko lilis no riyar makera ko tangongoaly a nanom, sano Sipanya a sowal o ''Las Honduras'', ''fondos'' ano ca ''profundidades,'' o imi noni i, o talolongay,para’ ato po’elacan. O lihaf i, ci Kolonpo i saikorayto a pakatamina i 1502 miheca tayra i [[:zh:新大陸|Fa’elohay-Karopaw]], talacowa tahafali awa ko maan, sowal sato ci Kolonpo: “''Gracias a Dios que salimos de estas honduras''!” (Miaray to Wama to kasadak nani katalawan a talolongay nanom!). to ikor ira ko pangangan to [[:zh:格拉西亞斯-阿迪奧斯角|nipaflian no Paoripay a waa’]](ikor to mapatireng to [[:zh:格拉西亚斯-阿迪奥斯省|nipaflian no Paoripay kowan]]), [[:zh:科隆省_(宏都拉斯)|Kolonpo-kowan]] ato Hontolas kowan.<ref>綜合網文。</ref> O sa’ayaway mitiliday tona Hongtolas a tilid latek ca Foan-Tiyas-Tosolis aci Pisonto-Yanis-Pinsong, i 1508 miheca mipatosok to harateng mikilim ton apala. Ona pala latek o pa’edoran I Torosilie-Kihaw, pakasowalen no Sipangya o “ pa’enoran” i,o “Fondura” hananay. I’ayaw no 1508 miheca, ‘edengan o itiraay i sakawalian a i taliyok no Tinen a dadahay pala koni toro’an o Hongtolas; tahira to i saka16 sici “Hongtolas”o polong a pala koni toro’an. I’ayaw no kafolaw no Yoropa a tamdaw a tayni, o Kuskatolan a Nawa-Tamdaw o “Solan”(''Sola'') hananay ko aniniay a Hongtolas, o sowal no Nawator o “Poro’ “(日本鵪鶉;學名：''Coturnix japonica).'' O roma i, ira ho ko “Kuwayimulas”(''Guaymuras)'' ato “Atonantitoko”(''Atenantitech) a pangangan.7'' ira itiya ho o micowatay-tamdaw o “Fa’elohay Aystoroymatola” han nira a pangangan kona pala. == '''Rikisi'''(歷史) == I saka4sici tahitra i saka7 sici, isaka’etipan no Hontolas o cecay a kahiceraan no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%91%AA%E9%9B%85%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E Maya-payrayran](馬雅文明;Sipanya a sowal:''Cultura maya''), i laloma’an no Hontolas ira ko sakakaay katata’ang, sacinganganay ato sa’alomanay ko mikinkiwan a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%A7%91%E6%BD%98 Kofan-nalacolan](科潘;''Copán''）, onini a nalacolan itiraay i salawacan no Maya Maya-Payrayran, itiya ho i saka 9 sici mapolong ato ya itiraay i dasdas a payrayran makedi’.<ref>Danny Law. Language Contact, Inherited Similarity and Social Difference: The story of linguistic interaction in the Maya lowlands. John Benjamins Publishing Company: 105. 2014-06-15.</ref> 1502 miheca pahicera ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E5%BC%97%C2%B7%E5%93%A5%E4%BC%A6%E5%B8%83 Kolonpo] i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%B5%B7%E7%81%A3%E7%BE%A4%E5%B3%B6%E7%9C%81 Kihawan-Kanatanatal](海灣群島省; Sipanys a sowal:''Islas de la Bahía)'' no Hontolas, itini ko pisatapangan no Hontolas a masaso’araw ato Yoropa a tamdaw.<ref>Columbus and the History of Honduras. Office of the Honduras National Chamber of Tourism. [2010-06-27]. （原始內容存檔於2010-07-23）.</ref> 1524 miheca misatapang ko sofitay no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99 Sipanya] a milood to Hontolas, toya mihecaan malamicowatan-pala no Sipanya.<ref>Vera, Robustiano (編). Apuntes para la Historia de Honduras [Notes on the History of Honduras]. Santiago: Santiago de Chile : Imp. de "El Correo,". 1899 [2016-02-09] '''（西班牙語）'''.</ref> <ref>Kilgore, Cindy; Moore, Alan. Adventure Guide to Copan & Western Honduras. Hunter publishing. 2014-05-27 [2011-01-29]. <nowiki>ISBN 9781588439222</nowiki>. （原始內容存檔於2022-02-03）. <q>Spanish conquistadores did not become interested in colonization of Honduras until the 1520s when Cristobal de Olid the first European colony in Triunfo de la Cruz in 1524. A previous expedition headed by Gil Gonzalez Davila ...</q></ref> [[Faylo:1920UnitedFruitCompanyEntrance.jpg|縮圖|Kapolongan-Losay Kaysya itira i Niwawerlian no Amirika]] I 1821 miheca saka 9 folad saka 15 romi’ad milekal to pisiiked ko Hontolas, nikawrira, tocila a mihecaan i 1822 miheca mapaci’eci a matateko i Mosiko Sakacecay-Hontian kitakit(墨西哥第一帝國;Sipanya a sowal:''Imperio Mexicano)''. 1823 miheca mikapot to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%AD%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD Sifo’ay-Amirika Matatekoay-Kitakit](中美洲聯邦共和國; Sipanya a sowal:''República Federal de Centroamérica)'' 1838 miheca saka 10 folad misawad a mikapot, paiteked sa a patireng to Kapolongan-Kitakit, nikawrira,cowa ka fasaw ko fa’edetay a faloco’ tona Sifo’ay-Amirika Matatekoay-Kitakit. 1840 miheca ira ko pipadang no Paitekeday-Mikowa no Kuwatimala ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%BD%95%E5%A1%9E%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E6%96%90%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E9%9B%B7%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E5%9B%BE%E5%B0%94%E8%A5%BF%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF Lafier-Karoyla](何塞·拉斐爾·卡雷拉·圖爾西奧斯;J''osé Rafael Carrera Turcios''), oya mitekeday ko faloco’ ci Foangsisko-Firoyla patireng to Paitekeday-Mikowa a sifo. 1853 miheca sanoyanan sato ko kalalood no Paifaloco’ay-Rekad ato Paitekeday-Rekad, cilacila mafalic ko sifo, nani 1821miheca misiiked tahira i miheca kina139 liyad ko kapaci’ecian ko kafalic no sifo. o saadihayay ko kafalic no sifo itini Latin-Amirika. O pikarkaran to tada’ekim,’ekim cilacila marawraw, tadata’ang ko pisiwar to kacemahad no saka’orip.Nani 1840 miheca, mi’eco ko Ikiris to sakawalian ato kihaw-kanatanatalan no Hontolas, misanga’ to karomakatan no cinamalay, mipaci’eci a micaliw to kakahaday a sera.<ref>United States. Department of State. Bureau of Public Affairs. Office of Public, Communication. Honduras.. Department of State Publication. Background Notes Series. May 1992: 1–5 [2021-12-02]. <nowiki>PMID 12178036</nowiki>. （原始內容存檔於2022-02-03）.</ref><ref>Honduras (05/03). U.S. Department of State. [2021-12-02]. （原始內容存檔於2022-02-03）.</ref> Isatapangan no saka 20 sici, [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E6%9E%9C%E5%93%81%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8 Kapolongan-Losay a Kaysya](聯合果品公司'';United Fruit Company''''')''' ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%83%BD%E6%A8%82%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8 Lalekoan-Losay a kaysiya](都樂食品公司;Ikiris a sowal:''Dole Food Company, Inc''.) , micowat to kakahaday sera isaka’amisan lilis no riyar a dafdaf, to pipalomaan to pawli a lilomahan.<ref>Becker, Marc. History of U.S. Interventions in Latin America. Marc Becker. 2011 [2016-02-09]. （原始內容存檔於2019-11-07）.</ref> I pineker no Kapolongan-Losay a Kaysya masacecay ko Hontolas a mipaloma to pawli masacecay sa ko saka’orip, tahira to 1930 miheca o sakakaay ko pipasadak a paliwal to pawli itini i hekal, o “[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%A6%99%E8%95%89%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B pawli kapolongan-kitakit]”( 香蕉共和國; Ikiris a sowal:''Banana Republic)'' to a pacimil pangangan.<ref>Economist explains. Where did banana republics get their name?. The Economist. 2013-11-21 [2016-02-16]. （原始內容存檔於2017-08-17）.</ref> I 1969 miheca malalood ko Hontolas ato fiyaw Saerwato, nawhani, ira ko kalalifet no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/1970%E5%B9%B4%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E8%B6%B3%E5%8D%94%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%9B%83 Oo’an-mali no Hekal] (1970年國際足總世界盃) i 1970 miheca ko lalengatan,sakasaan macacoli ko palosiyangay mitiya mapacikel ko tamdaw nona tosaay a kitakit, malaplap ko sa’ofa’ofad sanay a matayal no Saerwato, ora ko ka ira no “[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%B6%B3%E7%90%83%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD Oo’an-Mali Lalood]”.(足球戰爭; Sipanya a sowal:''La guerra del fútbol'')<ref>Honduras v El Salvador: The football match that kicked off a war. BBC News. 2019-06-27 [2022-01-29]. （原始內容存檔於2022-02-03）.</ref> [[Faylo:Xiomara Castro 2022 (cropped).jpg|縮圖|Syumala-Kasico congtong]] 1982 miheca mapalasawad to ko halafinay a piteked pikowan no sofitay, masanga’ ko Tatapangan-Rikec no Kitakit misatapang tono Finawlan-Sieci.<ref>Cuevas, Freddy; Gomez, Adriana. Peace Corps Honduras: Why are all the US volunteers leaving?. The Christian Science Monitor. Associated Press. 2012-01-18 [2016-02-09]. （原始內容存檔於2022-02-03）.</ref> nikawrira, caay sa ka temenek ko siyakay, ikor no sofitay-pifalic to sifo i 2009 miheca malaplap no sofitay koya nisinkiwan kalotamdaw a congtong ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%9B%BC%E5%8A%AA%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%A1%9E%E6%8B%89%E4%BA%9A Mannuayer-Saylaya] tayra i roma a kitakit.<ref>洪都拉斯總統被軍方逮捕 BBC. [2009-06-28]. （原始內容存檔於2009-07-01）.</ref> 2014 miheca saka 1 folad yo maro’ay i kamaro’an no congtong ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%83%A1%E5%AE%89%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E5%85%B0%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%E5%8D%97%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%AF Foan-Awlanto-Yienanto]( 胡安·奧蘭多·葉南德茲·阿爾瓦拉多;Sipanya a sowal:''Juan Orlando Hernández Alvarado''), tona mo’etep mihecaan ira ko pilalang to pararid malacongtong, o sakakinatosa a pararid ni Foan-Awlanto-Yienanto ko nini, i 2017 mihecaan pararid ho kako saan cingra mapacekil ko fodfod no kitakit a marawraw.<ref>Honduras profile - Leaders. BBC News. 2014-01-31 [2021-07-14]. （原始內容存檔於2022-02-03）.</ref> <ref>de Córdoba, José. Honduran President Juan Orlando Hernández Inaugurated for Historic Second Term. The Wall Street Journal. 2018-01-28 [2021-01-14]. （原始內容存檔於2022-02-03）.</ref> 2021 miheca saka 11 folad saka 28 romi’ad, o mitokeray-rekad mipatireng to sapatarod tamdaw o sa’ayaway fafahi no congtong ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B8%8C%E5%A5%A5%E7%8E%9B%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E7%BD%97 Syumala-Kasico], tona sinkiw pakaala to 53% a satopa, malasa’ayaway a fafahiyan a congtong.<ref>Honduras elected its first female president, Xiomara Castro. NBC News. 2021-12-01 [2022-01-29]. （原始內容存檔於2022-02-04） '''（英語）'''.</ref> == '''Sieci('''政治) == O piketong to tilid no Kinpo no Hongtolas, mideamk to kapolongan,finawlan ko sakakaay ato kalomaocan a faco no sieci. [[:zh:洪都拉斯国民议会|Finawlan-Kalomaocan]]([[:zh:一院制|cecayay-kalomaocan]]) o sakakaay a misanga’ay to rikec a sakowan. O tapatang no kitakit, kakeridan no sifo ato kakeridan no sofitay ko congtong. O kiing no Finawlan-Kalomaocan ira ko 128 ko tamdaw, o tinako tayhyo ko kalakiing, sepat miheca ko katayalan.<ref>Honduras. The World Factbook. 2016-01-05 [2016-02-09]. （原始內容存檔於2021-04-11）.</ref> ikalepolan no 2012 miheca, o “misaharatengay a [[:zh:耶稣会|Saopo no Misakeristoay]], mitadtad ato palosiyangay a rekad”(''ERIC'') matateko ato [[:zh:中美洲大學|Sifo’ay-Amirika Karopaw Taykak]] mitengil to sowal no 1,540 ko tamdaw, itini a mafana’ ira ko 60.3% to mikapotay ko tayhin to palafoay a rekad sanay, 44.9% cowa ka pakaso’elin to Sakakaay-Pisawkitan, 72 % oya sinkiw i 2012 miheca saka 11 folad a sinkiw ira ko palafoay, 56% oya 2013 mihecaan a sinkiw to congtong, kiing ato kasakowan ira ko palafoay.<ref>Arce, Alberto. Honduras: sondeo muestra pesimismo y desconfianza. 2013-01-22 [2019-01-19]. （原始內容存檔於2021-04-15） '''（美國英語）'''.</ref> yo pakalowid ci [[:zh:胡安·奥兰多·埃尔南德斯|Foan-Awlanto-Yienantoci]] 2017 miheca a sinkiw a pararid malacongtong, mapacekil ko pikangyi ato rawraw. 2017 miheca saka 12 folad ira ko pinapina a pitopaan miliyaw a misa’osi to paya ci Yienantoci ko pakalowiday, orasaka, i 2018 miheca saka 1 folad milekal a malacongtong to sakakinatosa riyad.<ref>Freddy Curves. Opposition calls for re-run of disputed vote. San Jose Mercury-News (Bay Area News Group). AP. 2017-12-03: A5.</ref><ref>Hernández announced winner of disputed Honduras election. BBC News. 2017-12-18 [2021-07-14]. （原始內容存檔於2022-02-03）.</ref><ref>Honduran President Hernández sworn in amid protests. BBC News. 2018-01-27 [2021-07-14]. （原始內容存檔於2022-02-03）.</ref> Ira ko saka fodfod i [[:zh:莫斯基托海岸|Cilikesay-Lislis no Riyar(]]莫斯基托海岸;Ikiris a sowal:''Mosquito Coast'') itira i lilis no Tasiyang-Riyar, masaso’iring koHongtolas ato [[:zh:尼加拉瓜|Nikarakuwa]] i 2000 miheca ato 2001 mihecaan. Orasaka miala to sata no dafong no Hongtolas to35% ko Nikarakuwa.<ref>Honduras (4/01). U.S. Department of State. [2016-10-12]. （原始內容存檔於2022-02-03）.</ref> 2009 miheca saka6 folad, ira ko [[:zh:2009年宏都拉斯軍事政變|pifelih to sifo]] a demak ta mafelih ci [[:zh:曼努埃尔·塞拉亚|Mannuayer-Saylaya]] congtong, macepet tayra i [[:zh:哥斯达黎加|Kostalika]] pakahikoki. O [[:zh:联合国大会|Tata’angay-kalomaocan no Linheko]] mapoi’ tona mifelihay a demak, patikolen ci Saylaya malacongtong saan a milekal. Mahaop ko [[:zh:墨西哥|Mosiko-]]kitakit o itiraay i [[:zh:拉丁美洲|Latin-Amirika a kitakit]] malasawad ko kalawidang ato Hongtolas.<ref>México restablece las relaciones diplomáticas con Honduras [Mexico restores diplomatic relations with Honduras]. CNN. 2010-07-31. （原始內容存檔於2015-03-30） '''（西班牙語）'''.</ref> == Saka’orip(經濟) == I le’enoay no sasifo’an ko ‘orip no Hongtolas i Sifo’ay-Amirika, 2012 mheca latek 2,323 Amirika-Payso ko lalen a nipili’etan no Hongtolas, o i’sayaway a sakakaay a nili’etanan o kafi-liomah, pawli-liomah, pakaen to ’afar ato Wukoyu, simal no nanges ato misanga’ay to riko’ a katayalan.<ref>宏都拉斯投資環境簡介 Investment Guide to Honduras 經濟部投資業務處 編印 (PDF). [2</ref> O sakakaay a saka’orip no Hongtolas o liomah, 2013 miheca mahaop ko 14% no polong no kitakit a nili’etanan. O nipasadakan i roma a kitakit a paliwal o kafi(3.4’ok Amirika-Payso), mahaop ko 22 % no nipasadakan a paliwal no polong no Hongtolas. Itiya i 1998 mihecaan a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E9%A3%93%E9%A3%8E%E7%B1%B3%E5%A5%87 Mici-faliyos] haoto a ma’emin malefek ko pawli, ’ayaw nona faliyos o sakatosa o sakakaay ko nipasadakan a paliwal ko pawli, yahira to i 2000 miheca malolol to 57% ka maalaay a heci. O paka’enenay to ’afar ko roma a sakakaay a nipasadakan a paliwal. Nani 1970 miheca, isaka’amisan a tokay patireng to misongila’ay to dafong a katayalan, mangalefay itira i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E5%9C%A3%E4%BD%A9%E5%BE%B7%E7%BD%97%E8%8B%8F%E6%8B%89 Sinfo](聖佩德羅蘇拉; Sipanya a sowal:''San Pedro Sulaato'') ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E7%A7%91%E7%88%BE%E7%89%B9%E6%96%AF%E6%B8%AF Kortos-minato].<ref>Medvedev, Denis. Preferential Liberalization and Its Economy Wide Effects in Honduras. World Bank Publications. 2008 [2022-01-29]. （原始內容存檔於2022-02-03） '''（英語）'''.</ref> [[Faylo:Ojojona Honduras street 4.jpg|縮圖|248x248像素|Awhehena niyaro']] O tadamaanay a fokeloh ira ko tada’ekim, ‘ekim, fodawan, ‘enor, marad, sikitang, ira ho ko kilang ato foting, patahtahay to nanom-dinki ato kinairaira no liomah, o nipasadakan o sakakaay o kafi ato pawli, mahaopay no Amirika ko 60% a dafong no Hongtolas a mi’aca, o cecay no sakakaay pili’etan to Amirika-Payso. 2012 miheca ono liomah a nipili’etan mahaop ko 12.6% no GDP, o misanga’ay to dafong mahaop ko 26.7%, a mihamhamay to lafang a tayal mahaop ko 60.5%2<ref>宏都拉斯國情摘要. [2013-09-14]. （原始內容存檔於2019-05-02）.</ref>pasasotiri’en to roma a tayal, o misanga’ay to dafong manikaw to sakadademak, halafin to takaraw ko kiyam no Hongtolas, orasaka, o takaraway ko i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E5%A4%96%E5%80%BA potalay-kiyam] a manikaway kitakit han no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E8%B2%A8%E5%B9%A3%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94 Hekalay a Kiking a Lekatep](''International Monetary Fund，IMF).'' I satapangan no miheca i 2010 tomireng ko fa’elohay a sifo, midekam to macacorocorokay a tayal to sakacemahad no saka’orip, orasaka, tona mihecaan macakat ko saka’orip pasasotiri’en to 2009 miheca, tahiraay to i 2.6% ko kacakat, nikawrira, miti’eray ta to to pi’aca to sapisanga’ to dafong ato saka’orip to kaloromi’ad, manikaw heca to sapatireng to maamaan, caho ka pakatorro to roma a kitakit ko tadamaanay taneng, orasaka, sahetoay miti’eray to roma akitakit a padahof to sakaemahad no saka’orip.<ref>台商網- 宏都拉斯- 經濟環境. [2013-09-14]. （原始內容存檔於2020-02-12）.</ref> 2015 miheca, pararid ko pipanakay no matayalay i roma akitakit a tamdaw no Hongtolas to payso, mararid heca ko katekes no ‘aca no nipaliwalan a kafi , oniian ko sakaidahi no kasipon i 2014 miheca toya pifalic to faco no sata, latek i’ayaway a pinengneng ira ko 2.5~3.5% ko kacemahad no kaci’etan no tamtamdaw.<ref>宏都拉斯經濟看好 今年GDP約3%. [2015-04-25]. （原始內容存檔於2021-03-06）.</ref> [[Faylo:Copan sculpture.jpg|縮圖|Kafan Maya-Nalacolan]] == '''Punka(文化)''' == Ira ko tosa a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7 rocokan no hekalay kitakit] i Hongtolas, itiraay i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E7%A7%91%E6%BD%98 Kofan] a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E7%91%AA%E9%9B%85%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E Maya-Nalacolan] ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E9%9B%B7%E5%A5%A5%E6%99%AE%E6%8B%89%E5%A1%94%E8%AF%BA%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%9C%88%E4%BF%9D%E7%95%99%E5%9C%B0 Pidipotan to kina’orip i Polatano-’Alo].<ref>Honduras - UNESCO World Heritage Centre. [2014-06-14]. （原始內容存檔於2021-04-02）.</ref> Tahira i 2004 mihecaan, o mitiliday no Hongtolas mahaop ko 83.6% no polong a tandaw no Hongtolas, o mitiliday i no Ka’emangay-Pitilidan a nikalecad ira ko 94%.<ref>Human Development Report 2009 – Honduras. Hdrstats.undp.org. [2010-06-27]. （原始內容存檔於2009-04-29）.</ref> adihay ko mahatosaay-sowal(Sipangya sowal ato Ikiris sowal) ato mahatoloay-Sowal( Ikiris sowal,Arapiya sosowal ato Toic sowal) a pitlidan.<ref>Hondureños bilingües tendrán más ventajas [Bilingual Hondurans have more advantages]. LaPrensa. 2009-10-14 [2016-02-09]. （原始內容存檔於2021-04-15） '''（西班牙語）'''.</ref> o tata;angay pitilidan o Hongtolas kitakitan-niyahpikowan Tasie, itiraay i pinapina a tadamaanay tokay. O cinganganay a tata’angay pitilidan ira ho [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E5%AE%8F%E9%83%BD%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8 Hongtolas Tinsikiw-Tasie,] Siepitoro-Tasie, Sifo’ay-Amirika Citanengay-Tasie, Hongtolas Citanengay-Tasie. == '''Pitooran'''(宗教) == Talacowa o mitooray to Tinsikiw(o sakakaay a pitooran sanay) sanay to tireng, nikawrira, malowanay ko salikaka, roma sato i, matongelay ko Fa’elohay-Pitooran a mitooray. Itiya i 2008 miheca sowal no Paifaloco’ay pitoor i Hekal, do’edoen ko pisahapinang no Kayropo to harateng no kalotamdaw,ira ko 51.4% o mitooray to Tinsikiw, 36.2% o mitooray to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E7%A6%8F%E9%9F%B3%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9 Fangcalay-Sowal Rekad] no Fa’elohay-Pitooran, 1.3% ono roma a pitoooran, tinako han o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99 Islam-Pitooran], Fociyaw(mipaypayay), [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E6%95%99 Yotaya-Pitooran], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E6%B3%95%E9%87%8C%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8 Lastafali-Pitooran], ira ho ko 11.1% awaay ko pitooran ano ca cowa ka paca’of tp licay. 8% a tamdaw o caay ka pakaso’elin to maamaan a pitooran ano ca Awaay ko kafana’an.<ref>Annuario Pontificio. Cardinal Secretary of State. 2009. <nowiki>ISBN 978-88209-81914</nowiki>.</ref> <ref>Bunson, Matthew E.; Min, D. Catholic Almanac. Huntington, Ind.: Sunday Visitor Publishing. 2015-11-04: 312–13. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1612789446</nowiki>.</ref> == Tamdaw(人口) == [[Faylo:Porfirio Diaz civilian.jpg|縮圖|Mitiso-tamdaw]] Tahira i 2018 miheca, o polong a tamdaw no Hongtolas ira ko 9,587,522 ko tamdaw.<ref>"World Population prospects – Population division". population.un.org. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Population Division. [2019-11-09].</ref><ref>"Overall total population" – World Population Prospects: The 2019 Revision (xslx). population.un.org (custom data acquired via website). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Population Division. [2019-11-09].</ref> itiya ho i 2015 mihecaan o ila’enoay no 15 ko mihecaan a tamdaw mahaop ko 36%, nani 15 tahira i 65 ko mihecaan ira ko 58.9 %, isaka no 65 ko mihecaan mahaop ko 4.3%.<ref>World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision. 聯合國經濟和社會事務部. 2015. （原始內容存檔於2011-05-06）</ref> O kasalilac no finacadan i, 90% o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E9%BA%A5%E5%A3%AB%E8%92%82%E7%B4%A2%E4%BA%BA Mitiso-tamdaw], 7% o Amirika-Karopaw a Indian ato 1% a kohecalay-tamdaw(2017 miheca a sa’osi).<ref>The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency. www.cia.gov. [2017-11-26]. （原始內容存檔於2018-12-25） '''（英語）'''.</ref> o nikalecad no fainayan ato fafahiya 1:01.o sofoc 1:05, 15~24 mihecaan a nikalecad 1:04, 25~54 mihecaan a nikalecad 1:02, 55~64 mihecaan a nikalecad 0:88, 65 ano ca ikaka no 65 ko mihecaana nikalecad 0:77.<ref>The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency. www.cia.gov. [2017-11-26]. （原始內容存檔於2018-12-25） '''（英語）'''.</ref> o pa’ayaway pinengneng to ‘orip no nisofocan ho a fainayan ato fafahiyan 70.9 ato 75.9.<ref>Human Development Report 2016: Human Development for Everyone (PDF). （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2021-02-25）.</ref> Nani 1975 miheca, nikaira no cipaysoay a maforaway ato maforaway no sieci, mapacekil ko kaforaw no tamdaw no Hongtolas. O maforaway a tamdaw no Hongtolas sahetoay itiraay i Amirika a maro’. I 2012 mihecaan a sa’osi no Cotodongay to Demak no Amirika, latek ira ko 80 ’oaf tahira i 1oo ‘ofad ko maro’ay i Amirika a tamdaw no Hongtolas. I 2010 miheca a sa’osi no tamdaw no Amirika, ira ko 617,392 ko Hongtolas tamdaw, tahira to i 2000 mihecaan ‘edengan 217,569 ko tamdaw no Hongtolas.<ref>American Fact Finder: Allocation of Hispanic or Latino Origin. United States Census Bureau. [2016-02-07]. （原始內容存檔於2020-02-14）.</ref> Tadatakaraw ko cilafoay no Hongtolas, inian sato o kanikaw to maamaan, itiraay i 2015 miheca a mapatayay 10 ’ofad ko tamdaw ira ko 60 ko mapatayan tamdaw, o cecay a sakakaay a cilafoay a kitakit i hekal. Misahalaka ko sifo ato katayalan to sapisongila’aw to taliyo ato pisalamaan no lafang, orasaka, otiraay i Loatan ato Kihaw-Kanatanatalan isafaay no roma a tokay ko palafoay a mipatay to tamdaw. O caowa ka hakowa ko tamdaw a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%AF-%E9%98%BF%E8%BF%AA%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E7%9C%81 Kolasiyas-Atiaws Etal,] resap hato sananay ko mipaliwalay to sawarak.<ref>Honduras Travel Warning. Travel.State.Gov. U.S. State Department. [2016-08-17]. （原始內容存檔於2017-11-24）.</ref> o pipalitan no Hongtolas o kalawan, cilacila ira ko makakowangay, i 2013 miheca yo itiraay i ngata no syoto tatapangan-niyaro’ a pipalitan ira ko rawraw, tatolo ko mapatayay, 12 ko madoka’ay, palimo’ot sato ko congtong ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E6%B3%A2%E5%B0%94%E8%8F%B2%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E6%B4%9B%E6%B2%83 Poerfiliaw Lowo] ( 波爾菲里奧·洛沃·索薩:Sipanya a sowal:''Porfirio Lobo Sosa)'' o sofitay to ko mamikowan tona pipalitan sato.<ref>發生暴動 宏都拉斯監獄進行軍事化管理. [2013-09-13]. （原始內容存檔於2021-12-25）.</ref> == Pacefaday a Tilid(註腳) == [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] <references /> == pikafitan i Papotal(外部連結) == * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [[:en:List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government|List of current heads of state and government]] jhmvvfh69wncso4d99pvj5b8paxivvp 0 405 38450 32335 2023-06-24T03:41:47Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38450 wikitext text/x-wiki Hong kong（香港） [[Faylo:Flag of Hong Kong.svg|thumb|Flag of Hong Kong|alt=Flag of Hong Kong]] [[Faylo:China Hong Kong 4 levels localisation.svg|thumb|Location of Hong Kong within China|alt=Location of Hong Kong within China]] Itini i 22 15 N, 114 10 E, noAsiya ko [[Hong kong]]. Polong no sekalay i 1,108 sq km “saka 184 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 1,073 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 35 sq km ” Polong i 7,167,403 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 5%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 0%, malo no roma to a sera 95%. siyoto(首都) O [[[]] ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakapito 1 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Leung Chun-ying]](梁振英), patirengan a romi’ad i 2012 a miheca(年) saka 7 folad saka 1 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Hong kong| ]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Sawaliay Asiya]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Kitakit]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Asiya]] hnl1tpk8fp7ls4nubvc9imgovfa0lul 0 406 44354 8588 2024-08-29T07:25:52Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 Cartes, 2013 44354 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Horacio Cartes con banda.jpg|縮圖|Cartes, 2013|alt=Horacio Cartes con banda.jpg]] I 1956 a miheca(年) saka 7 folad saka 5 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci '''Horacio Cartes'''(歐拉西歐·卡提斯), malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Paraguay]](巴拉圭) anini i ci Horacio Cartes, patirengan a romi’ad i 2013 a miheca saka 8 folad saka 15 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] c1481qwe9vdgpgurzoekoo7h4675a98 0 407 8609 8608 2021-10-28T12:14:22Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 20 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 8608 wikitext text/x-wiki Howak（乎哇固部落） Itiniay i [[Donghe]](東河) Cen no Taitung(台東) ko [[Howak]] a niyaro’, 342 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 471 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 23% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 106 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 77% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 365 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)22%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] oeel4qyjh16n9w9e38ew701hm57s1wz 0 408 8635 8634 2021-10-28T12:14:25Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 25 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 8634 wikitext text/x-wiki Hrung（哈崙台部落） Itiniay i [[Heping]](和平) Cen no Taichung(台中) ko [[Hrung]] a niyaro’, 231 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 553 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 42% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 230 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 58% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 323 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)38%, Amis(阿美族)1%, Bunun(布農族)1%, roma(其他)1%. Ira ko imeng(和平分局谷關派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(谷關郵局、東勢林管處麗陽工作站) i niyaro’. Ira ko Kiwkay(台灣基督長老教會哈崙台教會) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] glqskimc8z8j93hdw30bkcyag3k5pb9 0 409 30694 30520 2022-01-26T17:13:49Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q23020990]] 30694 wikitext text/x-wiki Htin Kyaw(碇喬，或譯作丁覺) [[Faylo:President Htin Kyaw.jpg|thumb|President Htin Kyaw|alt=President Htin Kyaw.jpg]] I 1946 a miheca(年) saka 7 folad saka 20 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci [[Htin Kyaw]], malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Burma]](緬甸) anini i ci Htin Kyaw, patirengan a romi’ad i 2016 a miheca saka 3 folad saka 30 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] ciqtfqks30lkbspl4a961hufuynkzcy 0 410 31182 8669 2022-05-02T11:21:03Z Sdf 668 Sdf malinah to ko felih nani [[Hualien]] tangasa i [[Kalingko]]：​原住民族語言線上辭典：https://e-dictionary.ilrdf.org.tw/ami/search/list.htm 8668 wikitext text/x-wiki Hualien（花蓮市） Itini i [[Hualien]] ko Hualien. sa’osi han ko po:long no palaan i, ira ko 29.31 km² (lalotolotokan a plalan no sa’osi i ira ko 0 km², o palaan noto’as i'a:yaw i ira ko 0..22 km²), 53,601 ko tamdaw i Hualien, 21,389 ko parod no loma’, itini i niyaro’ a Yincomin(原住民) sa’osi han ira ko 13,788 a tamdaw, pakaala to 26%(Amis阿美族, Sakizaya撒奇萊雅族) no polong no tamdaw. Itini i niyaro’ a finawlan, o Payrang ko sa’alomanay. ==O kasaniyarona== 45 ko cun, 12 ko niyaro’ i Hualien. [[Cibarbaran]]（主農部落）, [[Cipawkan]]（德安部落）, [[Cikep]]（幾可普部落）, [[Tuwapun]]（華東部落）, [[Singsiya]]（新夏部落）, [[Kenuy]]（根努夷部落）, [[Ciku]]（磯固部落）, [[Sakur]]（撒固兒部落）, [[Takubuwan]]（達固部灣部落）, [[Lasutan]]（拉署旦部落）, [[Kanian]]（嘎尼按部落）, [[Tasutasunan]]（達蘇達蘇湳部落）. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] idqeqfzxpv9xjd4bccx7faf7criduz0 0 411 38480 38479 2023-06-24T04:21:20Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38480 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Flag of Hungary.svg|縮圖|Hata no Syongyali]] == Syongyali(匈牙利:Syongyali a sowal:Magyarország) == [[Faylo:EU-Hungary.svg|縮圖|Kaitiraan no Syongyali [[kitakit]].]] == Takaray sowal(概要) == O itiraay i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%85%A7%E9%99%B8%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6 laloma’an no Yoropa Karopaw] a kitakit. O faco no sera ira ko masasiromaay a sowal, o itiraay i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%AD%E6%AC%A7 Sifo’an-Yoropa] ano ca itiraay i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%9C%E6%AC%A7 Sawalian-Yoropa] a kitakit saan, isaka’amisan o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%90%E5%85%8B Selofako],isaka’amis no sakawalian o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B9%8C%E5%85%8B%E5%85%B0 Wukolan], isakawalian ato isakatimol no sakawalian malafiyaw ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E Romaniya], isakatimola malafiyaw ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A Sayerwiya], isakatimol no saka’etipan malafiyaw ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%85%8B%E7%BD%97%E5%9C%B0%E4%BA%9A Koroaysiya], isaka’eyipa malafiyaw ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E6%96%87%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A Selofiniya], isaka’amis no sak’etipa malafiyaw ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A5%A5%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9 Awtili.] Ono sifoan a sowal o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8C%88%E7%89%99%E5%88%A9%E8%AF%AD Macar-sowal], o kalasowalan no Yoropa to cowa ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E6%AC%A7%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB Indo-Yoropa a Rayray sowal].<ref>Globally speaking: motives for adopting English vocabulary in other languages – Google Books. Google Books. [2010-09-20]. （原始內容存檔於2014-07-03）.</ref> o isifo’ay rayray ko kakahad no sera no kapot no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F Yoropa-Lekatep]. O syoto ato sakakaay a tokay o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B8%83%E8%BE%BE%E4%BD%A9%E6%96%AF Potapiso], o roma a tata’angay a tokay ira ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%BE%B7%E5%B8%83%E5%8B%92%E6%A3%AE Topolesong], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A1%9E%E6%A0%BC%E5%BE%B7 Saykoto], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%B1%B3%E4%BB%80%E7%A7%91%E5%B0%94%E8%8C%A8 Misenkorci], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%BD%A9%E5%A5%87 Pice] ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%84%A6%E8%80%B3 Cyoer]. Itiya ho to pinapina a patek ko mihecaan makowan no romaroma a finacadan ko Syongyali, ona mikowanay ira ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%81%94%E5%A5%91%E4%BA%9E%E4%BA%BA Taciya-tamdaw,] [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%87%AF%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%E4%BA%BA Kayerto-tamadaw], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91 Roma-tamdaw], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA Lerman-tamdaw], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA Syong-tamdaw], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F Sa’etipay-Selafo tamdaw] ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%98%BF%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%E4%BA%BA Awaer-tamdaw] ko kaadihay. I saikoray no saka 9 sici, ira ko pikerid ni [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%B8%95%E5%BE%B7%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%AC Aerpoto-Kakitaan] ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%A9%AC%E6%89%8E%E5%B0%94%E4%BA%BA Macaer-tamdaw] pakacowat to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%BD%98%E8%AB%BE%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%B9%B3%E5%8E%9F Koerpasin-masafodawanay pala].(潘諾尼亞平原;Toic a sowal:''Pannonische Tiefebene'' ;Syongyali a sowal:''Kárpát-medence''),<ref>Hungary in the Carpathian Basin (PDF). Lajos Gubcsi, PhD. 2017-06-06 [2017-06-06]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2020-03-12）.</ref> o wawa no wawa nona kakitaan ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%BC%8A%E4%BB%80%E7%89%B9%E4%B8%87%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96 Siesetifen-Sakacecay] malahongti i 1000 miheca, patireng to misakeristoay o malokitakitan pitooran. I saka 12 sici, o cecay no sakakaay to ko ’icel itini Yoropa. I saka 15 sici. o punka ato sieci o sakakaay ko ka fangcal.<ref>Kristó Gyula – Barta János – Gergely Jenő: Magyarország története előidőktől 2000-ig (History of Hungary from the prehistory to 2000), Pannonica Kiadó, Budapest, 2002, <nowiki>ISBN 963-9252-56-5</nowiki>, p. 687, pp. 37, pp. 113 ("Magyarország a 12. század második felére jelentős európai tényezővé, középhatalommá vált"/"By the 12th century Hungary became an important European constituent, became a middle power", "A Nyugat részévé vált Magyarország ... /Hungary became part of the West"), pp. 616–644</ref> ikor no 1526 miheca i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%91%A9%E5%93%88%E8%B5%A4%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9 Sakacecay Mohace-Lalood] ( 摩哈赤戰役; Syongyali a sowal:''mohácsi csata'' anoca ''mohácsi vész'') makowan no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD Awtoman-Hontian Kitakit] ko Syongyali(1541-1699). I saka 18 sici satapang mokowan no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%93%88%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%A1%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%9C%8B Hapospoaw-Hontian kitakit]. I 19 sici matateko ato Awtili mipatireng to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A5%A5%E5%8C%88%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD Aw-Syong Hontian kitakit,] malasakakaay (away to ko kaka) a kitakit i Yoropa.<ref>Austria-Hungary, HISTORICAL EMPIRE, EUROPE. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2017-06-06 [2017-06-06]. （原始內容存檔於2020-12-15）.</ref> Iikor tono [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98 Sakacecay-Lalood], matekop ko Aw-Syong Hontian kitakit, maherek matatilid to T[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9E%E8%BE%B2%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84 ayroyyanong-Kakaketonan], ma’afas ko 71%a sera ato 58% a atamdaw, mahaop ko 32% a Macaer-Tamdaw.<ref>Richard C. Frucht. Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture. ABC-CLIO. 2004-12-31: 360 [2020-12-25]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-57607-800-6</nowiki>. （原始內容存檔於2019-12-13）.</ref> <ref>Trianon, Treaty of. The Columbia Encyclopedia. 2009 [2020-12-25]. （原始內容存檔於2012-07-01）.</ref><ref>Text of the Treaty, Treaty of Peace Between The Allied and Associated Powers and Hungary And Protocol and Declaration, Signed at Trianon June 4, 1920. [2009-06-10]. （原始內容存檔於2008-12-04）.</ref>To ikor a karawrawan no kitakit mikapot ko Syongyali to Tokodan-Kitakit(Ikiris a sowal:''Axis power''; Toic a sowal:''Die Achsenmächte'') mikapot to Sakatosa-Lalood, wataay ko mapatayay ato madoka’ay a tamdaw.<ref>''Hungary: The Unwilling Satellite'' 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2007-02-16. John F. Montgomery, ''Hungary: The Unwilling Satellite''.<nowiki>http://kapos.hu/hirek/kis_szines/2018-06-16/megerkezett_az_idei_balaton_sound_himnusza.html</nowiki> Devin-Adair Company, New York, 1947. Reprint: Simon Publications, 2002.</ref> <ref>Thomas, ''The Royal Hungarian Army in World War II'', pg. 11</ref>ikor tono [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98 Sakatosa-Lalood] malatawtaw i taliyok no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94 Solin] tahira i 1989 miheca. Itiya i 1956 miheca cakalaheci koya [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/1956%E5%B9%B4%E5%8C%88%E7%89%99%E5%88%A9%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD milololay a demak], misawad ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E8%AF%BA Koro-Ayno,] ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%A1%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%BA%E4%BB%80 Katoer-Yanosin] (卡達爾·亞諾什; Syongyali a sowal:''Kádár János'' ) to ko malasakakaay-soci no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8C%88%E7%89%99%E5%88%A9%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%B7%A5%E4%BA%BA%E5%85%9A Syongyali Syakaysyuki-Matayalay Siecian Reka], pasitira to i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%E4%BB%80%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89 Kolasen-Kyosangsyuki] ko Syongyali. 1989 miheca, macacafelis ko pifawah a palalan to kalala’edan no kitakit ko Syongyali ato Awtili,mapacoecoe ko katekop no Fasa-Kakaketonan Lekatep(華沙公約組織;''Организация Варшавского Договора'') ato Solin. 1989 miheca saka 10 folad saka 23 romi’ad malalomaocay-faco no adihayay-reka a kitakit ko Syongyali, nikawrira, ira ko mihayian a rikec no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A Yoropa-Kalomaocan](歐洲議會;Ikiris a sowal:''European'' ''Parliament'') i 2022 miheca saka 9 folad saka 15 romi’ad, nani 2018 miheca cowa to ko malaheciay a Finawlan-Siecia ko Syongyali saan, oya nikowanan ni [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A5%A7%E7%8F%AD%C2%B7%E7%B6%AD%E5%85%8B%E5%A4%9A Awpan-Wikoto] a Syongyali-sifo o matatekotekoay-faco ko pisinkiw a tekedan-pikowan a sifo saan kona rikec.<ref>匈牙利民主倒退 歐洲議會列為非完全民主國家. Rti 中央廣播電臺. 2022-09-15 [2022-09-16]. （原始內容存檔於2022-09-16） '''（中文（臺灣））'''.</ref> == '''Ngangan no kitakti'''(國名) == [[Faylo:Historical map of the Balkans around 582-612 AD-zh.svg|縮圖|582-612 Awaer Hontian-kitakit]] Ona Syongyali tatapangan ngangan pakolatin a sowal to “ ''Hungaria''” hato sanay, nawhani itiniay a maro’ ko Syong-tamdaw, nani tilid a minengneng i,''Hungaria'' sanay a tilid ono Kirisiya a “''Oungori'' ” malalatingay, ora sa tilid no Kirisiya tona “''Oungroi”'' o nani katelangay kyokay a Selafo sowal to “''ągrinŭ''” malakirisiyaay a tilid.itini i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8F%A4%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E8%AA%9E katelangay kyokay a Selafo sowal] tona “''ągrinŭ''” sanay i,onani Wukoer-sowal to “''Onogur''” a malaselafoay to a tilid. Itini i Wukoer-sowal tona “''Onogur''” o itiyaay ho a mikapotay to Pawciyaliya-Tatakopay Kitakit a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%98%BF%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%E4%BA%BA Awawer-tamdaw], yo maserer to ko ‘otip mikowanay to polong isawaliay a niyaro’ no aniniay a Syongyali, cowa ko finacadan ano niyar’' ko nitoro’an.<ref>Király, Péter. A magyarok elnevezése a korai európai forrásokban ''(The Names of the Magyars in Early European Sources)'' /In: Honfoglalás és nyelvészet ("The Occupation of Our county" and Linguistics)/. Budapest: Balassi Kiadó. 1997: 266 [2020-12-25]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-963-506-108-2</nowiki>. （原始內容存檔於2014-04-13）.</ref> <ref>Peter F. Sugar (編). A History of Hungary. Indiana University Press. 1990-11-22: 9 [2020-12-25]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-253-20867-5</nowiki>. （原始內容存檔於2020-10-21）.</ref> O syongyali a ngangan itini tona kitakit a sakakaay finacadan [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8C%88%E7%89%99%E5%88%A9%E8%AF%AD Macaer-sowal] o “''Magyarország''” sanay, o imi nona sowal i, ono “ Macaer-tamdaw a kitakit” sanay. Itinien i sowal no Torko ato Posi o “Macaer” hananay ko pitahidang to kitakit, paciping hananay to i wikor no tilid tona niyahan a ngiha’. ora o “ macaer” (Magyar) o nialaan nani pitoay a pacarcaray-nipaka’en to kina’orip a kakeridan no Lekatep “''Magyeri''” <ref>György Balázs, Károly Szelényi, The Magyars: the birth of a European nation （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, Corvina, 1989, p. 8</ref><ref>Alan W. Ertl, Toward an Understanding of Europe: A Political Economic Précis of Continental Integration （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, Universal-Publishers, 2008, p. 358</ref><ref>Z. J. Kosztolnyik, Hungary under the early Árpáds: 890s to 1063 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, Eastern European Monographs, 2002, p. 3</ref> I sa’ayaway a pecih nona tilid ”''Magy''” nani tiraay o sowal no Wukoer-sowal tora “''Mäńć''”, o imi nonini o “tamdaw “ sanay, iraay a makera i sowal no Mansi-tamdaw to ''Mäńćī,Mańśi,Måńś.'' Iikoray a pecih no Magyeri a “''eri''” o “fainayan”, “rocok no ‘irang”, ona tilid itini i Macaer mafalic to “''Férj''” o “ fainay” sanay to a mafalic. O malecaday ko tatapangan nona tilid ato tilid no Mansi-sowal “''Wrge''”(wawa to fainayan) ato katelangay a sowal no Finlan to ''“Yrkä”(''o kapah'').''<ref>Uralic etymology : Query result. starling.rinet.ru. [2020-12-25]. （原始內容存檔於2021-10-06</ref> == '''Rikisi'''(歷史) == === '''I’ayaw no 895 miheca(895 年之前)''' === I’ayaw ni Yiesoan to 9 miheca, mi’eco ko [[:zh:羅馬公民|Roma-tamdaw]] to itiniay a yincumin [[:zh:達契亞人|Taciya-tamdaw]] patireng to Panoniya-kowan. 395 miheca, mapecih ko Roma-Hontian kitakit, oya tamdaw tatootoor sa a tayni maforawraw. I saka 5 sici, Syong-tamdaw keriden no Atila-tamdaw patireng to [[:zh:匈人帝國|Syongnu-Hontian kitakit]](434-453). 453 miheca yo mapatay ci Atila, matekop ko Syongnu-Hontian kitakit, oya nikowanan ningra a kitakit cacorocorok sa ko masaniyaro’ay no Lierman o Kopito-tamdaw, Koto-tamdaw, Wangtoer-tamdaw,Lonpati-tamdaw a mikowan tona pala mangata to cecay a so’ot ko mihecaan, oya mikotoday to Syong-tamdaw a Kotopi-tamdaw sa’ayaway patireng to Koto-Hontian kitakit itini, ikor to casorocorok sato kasaniyaro’ no Selafo tayni a mikowan.560 miheca Awaer-tamdaw patireng to [[:zh:阿瓦尔汗国|Awaer-Kakita’an kitakit]] itini midemak to paki’icelay a pikowan,orasaka 200 ko kahalafin a mikowan tona apala. 790 miheca, matekop no honti no Falanko-Hontian ci [[:zh:查理曼|Cali-Tata’angay Honti]] ko [[:zh:阿瓦尔汗国|Awaer-Kakita’an kitakit]]. I sasifo’an no saka 9 sici, oya mikotoday to Falanko-tamdaw a Sa’etipay-Selafo tamdaw patireng to Palaton-Kakita’an kitakit i saka’etipan lilis no Tonaw-’Alo, oya sa [[:zh:保加利亚第一帝国|Pawciyaliya-Sakacecay Hontian kitakit]] isakawalian no lilis no Tonaw-’Alo a maro’ a mikowan to Selafo niyaro’ ato kina’osaway a Awaer-tamdaw. === '''Sasifo’an sici(中世紀895-1526)''' === [[Faylo:Stephen I on the throne (Chronicon Pictum 040).jpg|縮圖|Honti no Syongyali , honti no Macaer.]] O kasafacoan no kitakit no Syongyali itiraay i saka 9 sici satapang, o itiraay i sawaliay a pacarcaray-finawlan o Macaer-tamdaw maforaw nani saka’etipan ‘apilis no [[:zh:烏拉山|Wulaer-tokos]] ato ingata no [[:zh:伏尔加河|Foerka-‘Alo,]]( 窩瓦河; Rosiya a sowal:''Волга'' )aniniay a [[:zh:巴什科尔托斯坦共和国|Pasincier]] pasi’etip a maforaw. I 896 miheca sahinater sato ko kamaro’ nangra i Fodawan-Pala no [[:zh:多瑙河|Tonaw-’Alo]] (多瑙河; Toic a sowal:''Donau'' )Yo tayni to ko Macaer-tamdaw itini a maro’ malahedaw to rawraw no itiniay pala. I noto’asan, o kitakit no Macaer-tamdaw ci Aerpoto-kakita’an ko patirengay sanay, i kaleponan no saka 9 sici keriden ningra ko Macaer-tamdaw tayni i Panoniya-Dafdaf. 1000 miheca, o kakita’an no Syongyali ci [[:zh:伊什特万一世|Siesetifen-Sakacecay Honti]] ( 聖史蒂芬一世; Syongyali a sowal:''I. (Szent) István)'' a micoroh to malokitakitan-pitooran ko misakristoay, mapacaloh no [[:zh:教宗|Ciyawcong]]('''教宗'''; Latin a sowal:''Papa'') malasa’ayaway honti no Syonyali, patireng to Syongyali-Hontian kitakit. Yo sa’ayaway a rikisi tadamakakafitay ato Polan ato Posimiya, malecaday masiwar no honti no [[:zh:神聖羅馬皇帝|Fancalay-Rona Hontian kitakit.]](神聖羅馬皇帝;Latin a sowal:''Imperator Romanorum'') 1241miheca tahira i 1242 miheca, [[:zh:长子西征|pasi’etip milood ci Pato]] ( 拔都西征; Ikiris a sowal:''Mongol invasion of Europe'') wataay ko kapeleng no Syongyali. To ikor, saday sato a malaci’icelay a misiikeday kitakit i Sifo’an-Yoropa ko Syongyali, ira ko mahapinangay a pisiikedan no punka no niyah, makakafit heca ato Sa’etipay-Yoropa, mikowan ci [[:zh:马加什一世|Syongyati-Makasin]] i 1458 miheca tahira i 1490 miheca to Syongyali. Matongal heca ningra ko ‘icel no kitakit ato kakangodoan no sifo. Itini i pikowanan ningra, itini i [[:zh:文艺复兴|“pilolo to punka]]” (文藝復興;Renaissance) a mihecahecaan  malakahiceraan no Songila’ay-Punka no Yoropa. === '''Awtili Hontian-Kitakit-Aw-Syong Hotian-Kitakit:1526-1918(奧地利帝國-奧匃帝國''' === I 1526 miheca, milood ko Awtoman Hontian-Kitakit, matekop ko Mikasalaloma’anay kitakti, lacinowas sa a malitolo, o Aw-Syong Hontian kitakit ‘edengan to pecih no [[:zh:奧地利哈布斯堡王朝|Awtili Hapospaw-Lalomaan a sera]]([[:zh:匈牙利王国_(1526年－1867年)|Hapospaw-Syongyali Hontian Kitakit]]) ko ma’osaway hano Syongyali Hontian kitakit. O punka no Syongyali mirecep to taliyokay a kitakit, tinako o [[:zh:波蘭立陶宛聯邦|Poaln-Litawan Matatekoay-Kitakit.]] [[Faylo:Emperor Francis Joseph.jpg|縮圖|Falanci-Yiefo honti]] O polan, Posimiya ato Syongyali misanga’ay to [[:zh:維謝格拉德集團|Wisakola-Malekatepay Saopo]](1991 miheca malasawad ko pikowan no kyosanto no Polan, Syongyali, Cieko ato Selofako matateko to cecay a lekatep, onian a Wisakola-Malekatepay Saopo ko ngangan) Ikor no 1969 miheca [[:zh:大土耳其战争|Lalood no Tata’angay-Torki]], Hapospaw-Syongyali Hontian Kitakit pakalowid to [[:zh:奥斯曼帝国|Awtoman Hontian-Kitakit]], yo makalitoloay a Syongyali palacecayen, pateko han i [[:zh:奧地利帝國|Awtili Hontian-Kitakit,]] malokakowanen no Honti a sera. 1848 miheca, mapacekil ko nikeridan ni [[:zh:科苏特·拉约什|Kosoto-Layiesin]] a [[:zh:1848年革命|Naifaloco’ay-Pi’odot Saopo]].(1848年革命，也稱民族之春; Ikiris a sowal:''Spring of Nations'' ) 1849 miheca saka 4 folad, milekal ko Lomaocan no Siyongyali to pisiiked, patireng to Syongyali Kapolongan-Kitakit, nikawrira, caka halafing matekop no Awtili ato [[:zh:俄罗斯帝国|Rosiya Hontian-Kitakit.]] 1867 miheca, mahayi ko [[:zh:1867年奥地利-匈牙利折衷方案|1867 Aw-Siyong Patatodongan-Halaka]], miliyaw a patireng Aw-Siyong Hontian-Kitakit ko [[:zh:匈牙利王国_(1526年－1867年)|Hapospaw-Syongyali Hontian Kitaki]]t ato Awtili Hontian-Kitakit, o honti no Awtili ci [[:zh:弗朗茨·约瑟夫一世|Falanciyiefo-Sakacecay]] (法蘭茲·約瑟夫一世;Toic a sowal''':'''''Franz Josef I'') patokeled malahonti no Siyongyali Hontian-Kitakit(patokeled a malahonti ato kakita’an no polong a kitakit ato mikowanan no kakita’an a sera i laloma’an). Mapacakat ko kacitireng no [[:zh:聖史蒂芬王冠領|Waylaytaniya]](Awtili Nilataniya) malahonti no Siyongyali, malacecay a mikowan to taliyokay kitakit ato Yoropa ko Siyongyali sifo ato Awtili, cisakowan heca to [[:zh:克羅埃西亞-斯拉沃尼亞王國|Koroaysiya]] [[:zh:克羅埃西亞-斯拉沃尼亞王國|ato Selawoniya hontian kitakit]] malaniyah pikowan a hontian kitakit i laloma’an. === '''I tosaay Kalalood no Hekal:1918-1944(兩次大戰期間:1918-1944)''' === Iikor no [[:zh:第一次世界大战|Sakacecay-Lalood no Hekal]] [[:zh:奧匈帝國解體|matepek ko Aw-Siyong Hontian-Kitakit]], misiiked ko Siyongyali, patireng to [[:zh:匈牙利第一共和国|Sakacecay Kapolongan-Kitakit]].1919 miheca saka 3 folad saka 21 romi’ad, mihakeno to saikpray a sowal no Kakaketonan-Kitakit, onian ko sapifelih no kyosanto to Sakacecay-Kapolongan Kitakit, patokeled sa milekal to pipatireng to [[:zh:匈牙利蘇維埃共和國|Siyongyali Sowiay-Kapolongan kitakit,]] midemak to pakoyocay-tekedan a pikowan. Ona sifo ‘edengan sepat a folaf ko pisa’icel a mihedefong to hano kitakit ko polong a katayalan, mi’afas to kinko, paci’eci a miala to kaka’enen, mipeleng to kiyokay, mapalit ko pinapina a so'ot a tamdaw, ilaloma' nona mapalitay ira ko papaysoay a matedal, ira ko mipatayan, o polong no Siyongyali samatiya sato o awaay ko sifo a mikowan, makilomot heca no Romaniya, Ciyeko-Selofako ato Katimolay-Selafo Hontian kitakit; saka 8 folad, awa to ko lalan no kiyosanto a sifo, mapaco’ay heca no kalotamdaw, maomahay ato matayalay, roma soto i, o kakeridan a mapolong sahetoay o Yotaya-tamdaw, tongal sa ko katelii’ no finawlan, matatanga’ay to ira ko laloma’an-lalood no Rosiya cato ka pakaliwa to rawraw no Siyongyali, saikoray to i tepek saot kona sifo, itiya micomoday to ko sofitay no Romaniya i Potapis syoto, laheci sato a malasawad ko sifo no kiyosanto, ono finawlan a saopo to ko maro’ay a mikowan to Siyongyali, malalang ko cipaysoay a tamdaw maro’ to kakahaday a sera ato mitatoy to pakinaliay a dafong, o sofitay, o malatapangay ato cipaysoaay a ciomahay tada mana’ay to kiyosanto, orasaka, mihamham to tekedan-pikowan.<ref>Ian Kershew著、林華譯. 地獄之行:1914-1949. 中信出版集團. 2018年12月: 142~3. <nowiki>ISBN 978-7-5086-8300-3</nowiki>.</ref> tona miheca saka 11 folad miliyas ko sofitay no Romaniya, o kakeridan no ‘ayaway riyaran-sofitay ci Hersi micomod i awaay to ko tamdaw a Potapis-Siyoto a mikowan, palolol tono Hontian a Siyongayali kitakit, Hersi mina’ay to ‘ayaway a Honti no Aw-Siyong Hontian tokeled Honti no Siyongyali ci [[:zh:卡爾一世|Kaer Sakacecay]] ato patoleleday Sakasepay a patatikol malahonti, ci [[:zh:霍爾蒂·米克洛什|Hersi]] ko [[:zh:攝政|patatodongay a mikowan]](攝政; Ikiris a sowal:''Regent''), tahira i mafelih no [[:zh:納粹德國|Naci-Toic]]. Itya ho to pikowan no Hersi o pico’ay to [[:zh:協約國|Kahenganay-Katalawan Pikowan]] midemak to mangalefay a Kohecalay-Katalawan Pikowan, o Sakawananay-Kasafelaw no sofitay mangalefay ko pipenec to kiyosanto, siyakay-kasafelaw ato Yotaya-tamdaw, o sowal ira ko ko pinapina patek a tamdaw to mapaloay a mapatay, pinapina apatek a tamdaw ko mapalitay.<ref>Ian Kershew著、林華譯. 地獄之行:1914-1949. 中信出版集團. 2018年12月: 143. <nowiki>ISBN 978-7-5086-8300-3</nowiki>.</ref> mipenec haca to pakinaliay ko pasikawanan a tamdaw, tinako pipenec to Kahengangay-Ciwcika a rekad(箭十字黨; Siyongyali a sowal:''Nyilaskeresztes Part Hungarista Mozgalom''). [[Faylo:1938 Naka yoshi sangoku.jpg|縮圖|Toic,Italiya ato Dipon malawidan]] 1920 miheca, malowiday a Siyongyali ato Kakaketonan-Kitakit matatilid to “[[:zh:特里亞農條約|Tayroyanong-Kakaketonan]]”, mapalasawad ko 72% a sera ato 64 % a tamdaw no Siyongyali. 1938 miheca i [[:zh:第一次維也納仲裁裁決|Sakacecay-kasasowal i Wiyiena]], ira ko pipadang no Naci-Toic ato Italiya Hontian kitakit mapatatiko a mala no Siyongyali ko mamang a sera no Selofako, i 1940 miheca saka 8 folad [[:zh:維也納仲裁裁決|Sakakinatos-kasasowal i Wiyiena]], maala a patatikor ko Saka’amisanTolansiwaniya no Romaniya. 1940 miheca Herti sifo mikapot to [[:zh:轴心国|Tokodan-Kitakit]] (軸心國;Ikiris a sowal:''Axis power''; Toic a sowal'':Die Achsenmächte''), malakapot no Toic, Italiya ato Dipon, i 1941 miheca saka 4 folad Katimolay-Selafo a kalaloodan mi’afas to kakahaday a sera, saka 6 folad milekal to sakalalood ato Rosiya ko Siyongyali ato Toic, mikapot a milood to kalalood no Toic ato Rosiya, nikawrira, itira i [[:zh:斯大林格勒战役|Stalinkolo-Kalaloodan]] ( 史達林格勒戰役; Rosiya s sowal;''Сталинградская битва; Toic a sowal:Schlacht von Stalingrad)'' ko mapatayay no sofita no Siyongyali. Yo mitakaw a milood ko Dipon to [[:zh:珍珠港事件|Cangawan-Minato]] no Amirika, to ikor to 6 romi’ad i saka12 folad saka 12 romi’ad milekal to sakalalood ato Amirika ko Siyongyali ato Toic ato Italiya. 1944 miheca mico’ay to a milood ko Solin to Toic, micomod ko sofitay no Solin i saka’amisan a Tolansiwaniya no Siyongyali. Saka 3 folad yo mafana’ to ko Toic to sapiliyasaw no Siyongyali to Tokodan-Kitakit a masasowal ato Solin tangsol sa a mi’eco ko Toic to Siyongyali, saka10 folad macepet no sofitay no Toic ci Herti i siyoto- Potapiso, o mingataay to Toic a Kahengangay-Ciwcika Kasafelaw ira ko pipadang no Toic a mitatoy to sakowan to Siyongyali, laheci sato a malamikotoday-sifo to Toic ko Siyongyali. Nikawrira, pakalowid to Toic ko sofitay no Solin i [[:zh:匈牙利#%E5%85%A9%E6%AC%A1%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B0%E6%9C%9F%E9%96%93%EF%BC%9A1918%EF%BC%8D1944|kalalood i Potapiso]], ha’eming han to a mikowan ko Siyongyali no Solin. == '''Syakaysyuki a mihecahecaan:1944-1990(社會主義時期:1944-1990)''' == 1944 miheca, ma’eco no Solin ko Syongyali. 1946 miheca, milekal to pisawad to Pailalo’a'an-Pikowan a faco no sieci, patireng to Kapolongan-Kitakit. 1949 miheca malaheci ko pisanga’ Kinpo, mifalic to ngangan no kitakit to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8C%88%E7%89%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD Siyongyali Kapolongan-Kitakit]. 1949 miheca saka 8 folad saka 20 romi’ad milekal to pipatireng to Siyongyali Kapolongan-Kitakit. I 1956 miheca mapacekil ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/1956%E5%B9%B4%E5%8C%88%E7%89%99%E5%88%A9%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD palolol no Siyongyali](1956年匈牙利革命;Siyongyali a sowal:''1956-os forradalom''), mapecec no sofitay no Solin. == '''Ikor no Ki’etecay-Lalood:1990-2010(後冷戰時期 1990-2010)''' == [[Faylo:Color flag of 1956.jpg|縮圖|376x376像素|Pilololan no Siyongyali, matepong ko hata.]] 1989 miheca saka 2 folad saka 1 romi’ad, matatilid to sakalawidang a kakaketonan ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A4%A7%E9%9F%A9%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD Hankuo], onini i, o sa’ayway no Saka’etipay-Kitakit matatilid to sakalawidang a kakaketonan ato Hankuo, toikor tatootor sato ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6 Siyakaysyki-Kitakit] a matatilid to sakalawidang kakaketonan. Tona miheca saka 10 folad saka 23 romi’ad, matatodong to saka 33 mihecaan a pikiningan to Sakamo’etep-folad a Rawraw, mifalic to ngangan no kitakit to “Siyongyali-Kapolongan Kitakit”, patokeled sa a misawad to Siyakaysyuki faco, mipalasawad to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%80%E5%85%9A%E5%88%B6 Cecaay-kasafelaw no Sieci,] salof han to koya telangay a kinpo patatodong to sa’eli no finawlan. 1990 miheca, oya mitokeray a kasafelaw no sieci pakalowid to sakakinacecay a sinkiw no Lomaocan-nokitakti ko Adihayay a kasafelaw no sieci, o sa’ayaway a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%94%BF%E9%BB%A8%E8%BC%AA%E6%9B%BF kacacorok no kasafelaw no sieci] a pikowan to kitakit. 1994 miheca, oya [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8C%88%E7%89%99%E5%88%A9%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%B7%A5%E4%BA%BA%E5%85%9A Siyongyali Siyakay-Matayalay Kasafelaw no Sieci] mafalic mala [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8C%88%E7%89%99%E5%88%A9%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E9%BB%A8 Siyongyali-Siyakay Kasafelaw], pakaala to adihayay a kiing, milyaw heca mikowan to kitakit. 1998 miheca, o kakeridan no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%9D%92%E5%B9%B4%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E8%80%85%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F%EF%BC%8D%E5%8C%88%E7%89%99%E5%88%A9%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F Kawananay-Kasafelaw Kapahay-nikifinawlan a Matatekoay Saopo-Siyaongyali-Finawlan Matatekoay] ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A5%A7%E7%8F%AD%C2%B7%E7%B6%AD%E5%85%8B%E5%A4%9A Awpan-Wikoto] malacongli. 2002 miheca malowid co singkiw ci Awpan-Wikoto, o Kawiliay-Kasafelaw a Siyakay-tang to ko mikowanay to kitakit, mapolong ato Paifaloco’ay-Kapolongan Kasafelaw ato Finawlan-Nikasasowalan Saopo kano toloay a kasafelaw ko matatekoay a mikowan to kitakit. 1999 miheca, mikapot to Saka’amisay Tasiyang-Riyaran a Kakaketonan Lekatep(北大西洋公約組織; ''North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO''), 2007 miheca saka 12 folad saka 21 romi’ad mikapot to Sinken-kakaketonan. 2006 miheca saka 4 folad saka 9 romi’ad, sakakinacecay a riyad no pitopa to sinkiw to kiing a sinkiw, Kawiliay-Kasafelaw a Siyakay-tow to ko mikowanay to kitakit, mapolong ato Paifaloco’ay-Kapolongan Kasafelaw ato Finawlan-Nikasasowalan Saopo kano toloay a kasafelaw ko matatekoay a mikowan to kitakit.28 i saka 4 foald saka 23 romi’ad, i sakatosa a pitopa to kiing, pakaala ko Siyakay-Tang to 186 a kiing i 386 a kiing, Kapah-Matatekoay pakaala to 164 kiing, Paifaloco’ay-Tateko pakaala to 18 kiing, o Finawlan-Nikasasowalan Saopo pakaala to 11 kiing, o ‘osaw to i, o roma a kasafelaw ko cikilacay.<ref>存档副本. [2006-04-24]. （原始內容存檔於2014-04-25）.</ref> saka 6 folaf saka 9 romi’ad satapang ko tayal i sifo ko nikeridan ni [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B9%85%E5%B0%94%E6%81%B0%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E8%B4%B9%E4%BC%A6%E8%8C%A8 Ciwerciyani-Fironci] congli a roma a tapang no sifo, matateko ko Siyakay-Tow ato Paifaloco’ay-Kapolongan Kasafelaw ko matatekoay pararid a matayal to demak no sifo.<ref>存档副本. [2006-09-19]. （原始內容存檔於2014-04-25）.</ref> 2008 miheca misawad ko Paifaloco’ay-Kapolongan Kasafelaw tona matatekoay-sifo, cango’ot to ko kiing no Siyakay-Tow, cirawraw heca ilaloma’an no Siyakay-Tow, matongal ho no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/2007%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%8D2008%E5%B9%B4%E7%92%B0%E7%90%83%E9%87%91%E8%9E%8D%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F Fokafok no Pakipaysoay] mapacekil ko katarawan no sak’orip, orasaka, makeror ko micokeray tona sifo. === '''Awpan a mihecahecaan:2010 tahanini(奧班時期：2010至今)''' === [[Faylo:Виктор Орбан (18-01-2022).jpg|縮圖|Awpan-Wikoto congli no Siyongyali]] I 2010 mihecaan a sinkiw no Lomaocan no kitakit, sakahadefekan saan ko mikowanany yo kitakit a Siyakay-Tang, ‘edengan 19.3% ko maalaay a satopa, o cowa ka tayal tono sifo a demak a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%9D%92%E5%B9%B4%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E8%80%85%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F%EF%BC%8D%E5%8C%88%E7%89%99%E5%88%A9%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F Kawananay So’elinay-Finawlan Tang ato Kapah-Finawlan Matatekoay-Kasafelaw-Siyongyali-Matatekoay] pakaala to tosa no kalitolo no satopa, ma’edengay to sacecay sa a misalof to kinpo to sapitatoyayaw to sapikowan a salongoc. O [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%A5%B5%E5%8F%B3%E6%B4%BE Pasikawanan-Tang] sa’ayaway anini pakaala to 16.7% a satopa mangengay a mikapot to Lomaocan no kitakit. Saka 5 folad saka 14 romi’ad, congtong no Siyongyali ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%BB%8D%E7%BA%A6%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B Sawyiemo-Laslo] toro’en ningra ko kakeridan no Kapah-Finawlan Matatekoay Kasafelaw ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A5%A7%E7%8F%AD%C2%B7%E7%B6%AD%E5%85%8B%E5%A4%9A Awpan-Wikoto] malacongli no fa’ehelohay sifo. Saka 5 folad saka 29 romi’ad ira ko 261 a kiing to mihayiay to kalacongli ningra, ira ho ko 107 kiing micowa ka pihayi, ira ko 18 kiing cowa ka pikapot to pahyi a pitopa to congli, i 386 kiing oya pakaalaay to saadihayay a satopa ci Awpan-Wikoto ko malaheciay a malacongli. Tona sakatosa a katayal ni Awpan to demak no sifo, mifalah toya katelangay a Finawlan-Faco a sieci, patireng to so’elinay a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%80%E5%85%9A%E5%88%B6 Tekaedan-Pikowan] (一黨制; Ikiris a sowal:''one-party system)'' no cecay a kasafelaw no sieci. Mipa’ekel to pinapina a saopo no kalotamdaw, onini mahaop ko mitiya, pisawkitan. Awpan a sifo masanga’ to ko rikec to sapipatirengaw to Tekedan-Pikowan.<ref>纽约时报：欧尔班的系统是一个新的一党制. [2020-04-05]. （原始內容存檔於2022-02-03）.</ref> 2011 miheca saka 4 folad saka 18 romi’ad, o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A_(%E5%8C%88%E7%89%99%E5%88%A9) Kalomaocan-Nokitakit] ira ko 262 satopa ko mihayiay, 44 satopa ko mina’ayay malaheci a misanga’ ko “Tatapangan-Rikec” sanay a kinpo, mapalahedaw koya 1949 miheca a kinpo, oya fa’elohay a kinpo mapasadak i 2012 miheca saka 1 folad saka 1 romi’ad, falicen ko ngangan no kitakit to “Siyongyali”. Tona miheca mifalic to faco no sinkiw,oya [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%A4%E8%BD%AE%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE%E5%88%B6 kinatosay a mitopa a sinkiw] mafalic to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%96%AE%E4%B8%80%E9%81%B8%E5%8D%80%E5%85%A9%E7%A5%A8%E5%88%B6 cecay-etal tosa ko satopa a faco]( 單一選區兩票制;''single-district two-votes system'') o kiing malowan to fatad, oya itiyaay ho a 386 kiing malowan to 199 king,106 kiing o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B0%8F%E9%81%B8%E5%8D%80%E5%88%B6 kaloetal ko mamisinkiw]( 小選區制; Ikiris a sowal:''Small constituency system.'' ano ca 單一選區制; Ikiris a sowal:''Single-Member District)'' 93 kiing o nani [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%AF%94%E4%BE%8B%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E5%88%B6 tatinakoan a niocoran](比例代表制; Ikiris a sowal:''proportional representation'' ), onini i a niocoran pakaala to 5% a satopa nga’ malakiing no tatinakoan i kalomaocan. 2014 miheca saka 4 folad saka 6 romi’ad, misinkiw to sakakinapito ko Siyongyali, o fa’elohay a faco no sinkiw, orasaka, pakaala ho to tosa no kalitolo(133 kiing) ko Kapah-Finawlan Matatekoay Kasafelaw kinatolo a malacongli ci Awpan. 2018 miheca saka 3 folad ira ko pipasadak no Pisman-Kikingkay no Toic, mingataay to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%8B%AC%E8%A3%81 Tekedan-Pikowan] ko Siyongyali saan.<ref>欧尔班与匈牙利的再转型. [2020-04-05]. （原始內容存檔於2022-02-03）.</ref> 2018 miheca saka 4 folad saka 9 romi’ad, misinkiw to sakafalo ko Siyongyali, pakaala heca ko Kapah-Finawlan Matatekoay Kasafelaw to ikakaay a tosa no kalitolo a satopa(134 kiing) sakakinasepat a malacongli ci Awpan. [[Faylo:DonauknieVisegrad.jpg|縮圖|ilaloma'ay no SIyongyali a Tonaw-'alo]] == '''Kaitiraan(地理)''' == Sahetoay itira i Koerpacin-Fodawan dafdaf ko kaitiraan no Siyongyali, isaka’amisan malalaed ato Selogsko yo taporo ato tokos. Makalitosay no Tonaw-’Alo ko sera no Siyongyali, oroma a ‘alo ira ko Tisa-’alo ato Tolawa-’alo, isaka’etipan ira ko Palaton-fanaw, o sakakaay kona fanaw itini i Yoropa, o skakaay a fa’edetay-nanom(onsin) Hewici-fanaw itiniay i Siyongyali. O tatapangan-tokay(syoto) Potapis o falatfatay a odo’ no Tonaw-’alo hananay a pangangan. == '''Kakarayan(氣候)''' == Itiraay i Saka’amisan-Pecih no cikiw ko kaitiraan no Siyongyali, o kahiceraan no Fala'efaay-Karopawan kakarayan, Fala’efaay-Riyaran kakarayanato Sifoay-Riyar kakarayan itini, ikakaay ko pisiwar no Karopaway-Kakarayan, o Fala’efaay-Karopawan Kakarayan. Tata’angay ko kafalic no romi’ad no Siyongyali, orasaka, tata’ang ko kafalic no fa’edet, lalen no cecay a miheca itiraay i 10.8 ℃. Ikaciferangan to sakapito folad ato sakafolo folad o lalen no fa’edet ira ko 21.7℃. iksi’enawan ikakaay ko kaki’etec ila’eno to -1.2℃.To cecay a cicidalay a romi’ad ira ko 2038 ko romi’ad, isakatimolan ikakaay ko kacicidalan. [[Faylo:Panorama-budapeszt2.jpg|縮圖|mihawangay to Tonaw-'alo a Potapis tokay]] == '''Saka’orip'''(經濟) == Tada manikaway to kinaira no palak on kitakit, o skakaay a nikarkaran a tadafokeloh o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%93%9D%E5%9C%9F%E7%9F%BF fadito](鋁土礦; Ikiris a sowal:''Bauxite''''')''', ikemoday no sera a fadito o sakatolo rayray itini Yoropa. Ira ko tosa no kalitolo a pala nona kitakit ira ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%9C%B0%E7%86%B1%E8%83%BD Fa’edetay-Kinaira] no pala. O liomah o sakakaay saka’oripa itini, o sakakaay a losay ira ko moki, ‘alilay, malinso ato ko’esanay-dateng. O misanga’ay to dafong ira ko kikay, masongila’ay kikay, o misanga’an-kakaenen ato tinonoy, o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E9%85%92 fadisoso’ a ‘epah] o cinganganay itini I hekal. Nani 2004 miheca saka 5 folad saka 1 romi’ad mikapot to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F Yoropa-Lekatep](歐洲聯盟/European Union, EU), macakat ko kacemahad no saka’orip no Siyongyali, anini sato o kalotamdawan a midanga’ay to dafong pili’etan mahahop ko 80% no polong no kitakit a ''GDP.'' Ikor no 2007 miheca, marecep no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/2007%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%8D2008%E5%B9%B4%E7%92%B0%E7%90%83%E9%87%91%E8%9E%8D%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F katalawan-nosaka’orip no hekal], sakkedi’aw sa ko saka’orip no Siyongyali. O sa’osi ira ko kosowal, itini tona katalawan-nosaka’orip wataay ko kasipon no Siyongyali sanay. O patosokan sapicomodaw i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%AC%A7%E5%85%83%E5%8C%BA Yoropa-Paysoan Etal](歐元區;''Eurozone''.no sifoan sowal:''euro area)''i 2022 miheca, mipatongal a misongila’ to saka’otip a demak micoroh to paifaloco’ay-paliwal to dafong a faco.<ref>Realdeal.hu. [2011-05-28]. （原始內容存檔於2022-02-03）.</ref> [[Faylo:Hng2 2.jpg|縮圖|'''Macaer-Finacadan 94%''']] == '''Tamdaw(人口)''' == I 2013 mihecaan a pisa’osi to tamdaw no Siyongyali,ira ko 9,909,000 ko polong a tamdaw, I ikor no Sakatosa-Lalood no hekal wataay ko kafalic no niaro’an sera no Siyongyali, orasak, pakitiraay to finacadan ko kalapecih no sera, ’alomanay ko kasasiromaroma no finacadan itiya ho, na mafalic to ko sera masacecay sato ko finacadan. O Macaer-Finacadan mahaop ko 94%, o Macaer-sowal ko kalosowal(o Siyongyali- sowal). Oroma i,ira ho [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%BD%97%E5%A7%86%E4%BA%BA Romo-finacadan] ( 羅姆人,ano ca 吉普賽人或吉卜賽人hananay ho a mitahidang, Romo a sowal:''Roma''）<ref>《牛津英語詞典》：member of a wandering race (by themselves called Romany), of Indian origin, which first appeared in England about the beginning of the 16th c.</ref><ref>根據英國法律《Caravan Sites and Control of Development Act 1960》定義了吉普賽人</ref> roma a mamangay finacadan . O Siyongyali tamdaw sahetoay i saka 11 sici mitoor to Keristo-Pitooran. Anini sato o sakakaay a pitooran ko Misakeristoay,<ref>2011 Hungary Census Report (PDF). [2015-01-06]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2017-11-07）.</ref> ilaloma’ no nini o Tinsikiw ko saalomanay,<ref>Population by religions, 2001 census (English). [2015-01-06]. （原始內容存檔於2010-01-26）.</ref>nikawrira ira ko pakaso’elinay to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8A%A0%E7%88%BE%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9 Kaerwen-Harateng](喀爾文主義、歸正主義; Fransu a sowal ato Holan a sowal:''Calvinisme''; Ikiris a sowal:''Calvinism'') [[Faylo:Pearson, Transylvanian Gipsy group.png|縮圖|Romo-Finacadan i saka19 sici.(吉普賽人)]] == '''Pitooran (宗教)''' == Mahaop ko 77% o mitooray to pitooran, ilaloma’a no nini o misakeristoay ko sakakaay, mahaop ko 99% o miskeristoay (76.4% no tamdaw no Siyongyali), ira ko mitooran to Islam ato Yotay-pitooran. O roma i,cowa pitooran, o cowaka pakaso’elin to kawas ato Cowa ko Kafana’an. Itini i Siyongyali ikakaay no pecih ko tamdaw no polong no kitakit mitooray to Tinsikiw(54.5%,ira ho ko Sakwaliay-Tinsikiw Kyokay(東儀天主教會; Ikiris a sowal:''Eastern Catholic Churches''; Latin a sowal:''Ecclesiae Catholicae Orientales'')(0,8%), o Fa’elohay-Misakeristoay a Nifalicay-Rekad(改革宗; Ikiris a sowal: Reformed church) (16.3%) ato Roto-Rekad(路德宗;Toic a sowal:''Evangelisch-lutherische Kirchen''; Ikiris a sowal:''Lutheranism'')(3.3%). Ira ho ko mamangay a pitooran o Sakawali-So’elonay Pitooran(0.4%), Cecaay-Wama Pitooran(0.1%), ato roma misiikeday a pitooran. == '''Punka(文化)''' == O sowal no Siyongyali o Wukaoer-Capa’ a sowal no Wulaer-Finlan Raray-Wukaoer Finacadan,i rayray no sowal itini i hekal o ska 40 a rayray, itini i Yoropa o saka 12 ko rayray. O Pasifana’ay-Faco toloay ko kasasa’er:wawa tahira 6 ko mihecaan mitilid i no ka’emangay pitilidan(o sakilac 6,8,12 sa’er ko pitlidan). Malepon to konini mikiniyah faloco’an macakat tayra i congsie(4 miheca), o sarocoday mitilid to sowal, o mamatayal a pitlidan(4 miheca) mamatayal sarocodan-pitilidan(3 miheca) ano o nipatongalay pitilidan(2 miheca). 18 ko mihecaan misikin to sapicomod to Tata’angay-Pitilidan(5-6 miheca) ano o Sarocoday-Pitilidan(3-4 miheca). == Pacefaday a tilid(註腳) == <references /> == Pikafitan i papotal(外部連結) == [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] [[:en:List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government|List of current heads of state and government]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Hungary]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Yoropa]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Kitakit]] 2wtdjldkf0twxgbpdepkh2ivpks6spi 0 412 8712 8711 2021-10-28T12:14:36Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 22 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 8711 wikitext text/x-wiki Hunhungaz（古楓部落） Itiniay i [[Zhuoxi]](卓溪) Cen no Hualien(花蓮) ko [[Hunhungaz]] a niyaro’, 65 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 229 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 96% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 219 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 4% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 10 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Bunun(布農族)84%, Amis(阿美族)4%, Tayal(泰雅族)1%, roma(其他)6%. Ira ko picodadan(卓楓國小) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(花蓮縣消防局卓溪分隊) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] quxcpxv3itpk0w0nyagxs4a2cmr8e7k 0 413 8737 8736 2021-10-28T12:14:38Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 24 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 8736 wikitext text/x-wiki Hupu（北埔部落） Itiniay i [[Xincheng]](新城) Cen no Hualien(花蓮) ko [[Hupu]] a niyaro’, 56 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 167 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 66% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 111 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 34% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 56 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)16%, 撒奇拉雅族1%, Bunun(布農族)3%, Tayal(泰雅族)1%, Truku(太魯閣族)6%, Paiwan(排灣族)1%, roma(其他)1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] r1frd9nj64hz1x573bnd6bic74858ce 0 414 8762 8761 2021-10-28T12:14:41Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 24 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 8761 wikitext text/x-wiki Husida（藤枝部落） Itiniay i [[Taoyuan]](桃源) Cen no [[Kaohsiung]](高雄) ko [[Husida]] a niyaro’, 41 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 133 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 92% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 123 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 8% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 10 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Bunun(布農族)86%, Rukai(魯凱族)5%, Cou(鄒族)1%, Paiwan(排灣族)1%. Ira ko imeng(六龜分局森濤派出所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 4ov1lw0qdocws3guerlplocp59lujs5 0 415 8776 8775 2021-10-28T12:14:43Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 13 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 8775 wikitext text/x-wiki Hwang Kyo-ahn(黃教安) [[Faylo:Hwang Kyo-ahn December 2016.jpg|thumb|Hwang Kyo-ahn December 2016|alt=Hwang Kyo-ahn December 2016.jpg]] I 1957 a miheca(年) saka 4 folad saka 15 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci [[Hwang Kyo-ahn]], malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Korea, south]](南韓) anini i ci Hwang Kyo-ahn, patirengan a romi’ad i 2016 a miheca saka 12 folad saka 9 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] klg85dphlxd5ojilw5erhyke7ornre6 0 416 45483 30246 2025-01-19T09:56:37Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 Ian Khama idi 2014年 45483 wikitext text/x-wiki Ian Khama(伊恩·卡馬) [[Faylo:Ian Khama (2014) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Ian Khama idi 2014年|alt=Ian Khama (2014) (cropped).jpg]] I 1953 a miheca(年) saka 2 folad saka 27 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci [[Ian Khama]], malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Botswana]](波札那) anini i ci Ian Khama, patirengan a romi’ad i 2008 a miheca saka 4 folad saka 1 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 7wxjmq9a5xasoinn44ix6181ztnow3n 0 417 44475 30567 2024-08-31T14:04:42Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 易卜拉欣·布巴卡爾·凱塔 44475 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta par Claude Truong-Ngoc décembre 2013 (cropped).jpg|縮圖|Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta, 2013|alt=Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta par Claude Truong-Ngoc décembre 2013 (cropped).jpg]] I 1945 a miheca(年) saka 1 folad saka 29 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci '''Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta'''(易卜拉欣·布巴卡爾·凱塔), malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Mali]](馬里) anini i ci Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta, patirengan a romi’ad i 2013 a miheca saka 9 folad saka 4 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] jqad2mxda2ttpnk7ir6urk3xfrc0rsh 0 418 8829 8828 2021-10-28T12:14:51Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 24 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 8828 wikitext text/x-wiki Ibuh（依柏合部落） Itiniay i [[Xiulin]](秀林) Cen no Hualien(花蓮) ko [[Ibuh]] a niyaro’, 164 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 583 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 95% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 554 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 5% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 29 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Truku(太魯閣族)83%, Amis(阿美族)2%, Tayal(泰雅族)3%, Paiwan(排灣族)1%, Bunun(布農族)1%, roma(其他)3%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 8vq9quam6i8qk4fwk3ac77nxrirqwvh 0 419 44990 38574 2024-10-15T03:01:05Z Frank Schulenburg 2643 /* Saka’orip(經濟) */ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Featured_picture_candidates/removal/File:Church_of_light.jpg 44990 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Flag of Iceland.svg|縮圖|[[Hata]] no So'edaay-Kanatal]] == So’edaay-Kanatal<ref>冰島時常被稱為「冰島共和國」（[1] [2]），在冰島語中亦時稱「Lýðveldið Ísland」，但該國官方名稱僅為「冰島」。《冰島憲法》的冰島語名稱為「Stjórnarskrá lýðveldisins Íslands」即「冰島共和國憲法」，但「共和國」一詞並未加注大寫。冰島總統的官方頭銜為「Forseti Íslands」，亦不包括「共和國」一詞。</ref> == ([[kuwaping a sowal]]: 冰島; [[sowal no So’edaay-kitakit]]:''Ísland)''O itiraay i Saka’amisan Tasiyang-Riyar a Kanatalan-Kitakit, o kamaro’an itira i katatekoan no Saka’amisan Tasiyang-Riyar ato Ska’amisay-ciso’edaay-Riyar, o cecay a [[kitakit]] no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8C%97%E6%AD%90%E4%BA%94%E5%9C%8B Saka’amisay-Yoropa] kitakit.<ref>''The Encyclopedia of World Geography'', Greenwich Editions, London, UK(2004), <nowiki>ISBN 0-96288-328-8</nowiki>, P.211 "The Nordic Countries".</ref>o kakahad sera nona kitakit ira ko 10.3 ’ofad km², o tamdaw ira ko 36 ’ofad ko tamdaw, nikawrira, o sasafaay ko kaditek no tamdaw itini i Yoropa.<ref>Statistics Iceland. Government. The National Statistical Institute of Iceland. 2008-09-14 [2008-09-14]. （原始內容存檔於2008-09-14）.</ref> o sasafaay ko kaditek itini i kalokitakit. O tatapangan tokay no So‘edaay-Kanatal o Roykoyawiko, o sakakaay a tokay no So‘edaay-Kanatal.<ref>Don Young. Reykjavik Iceland & its Surroundings. Hunter Publishing, Inc. 2009-09-02: 30 [2011-05-20]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-58843-798-3</nowiki>. （原始內容存檔於2012-11-12）.</ref> i ngata no syoto i sakatimolan-sa‘etip a macekcek ko tamdaw to tosa no kalitolo, latek ira ko 24 ’ofad. Ona kitakit itiraay i kolol no[[Tasiyan-Riyar]],<ref>CIA – The World Fact book – Iceland. United States Government. 2006-07-20 [2006-08-06]. （原始內容存檔於2008-03-06）.</ref> adihay ko Cinamalay-lotok, cilacila ira ko kangernger no sota’. I laloma’ay a karopaw o dafdaf, malaklak ko kaira no tafotafokan, o mafasawyay to matododay a fokeloh ato so’eda-‘alo. talacowa itiraay i saka’amisan a poco’ no cikiw ko kaitirran, nikawria ira ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8C%97%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E6%BC%82%E6%B5%81 cirahoday-rakat no Saka’amisay-Tasiyang] itini. [[Faylo:Iceland (orthographic projection).svg|縮圖|Kaitiraan no So'edaay-Kanatal]] Nengnengen ko “micowatay tamdaw a nitilidan”, so'edacen ko mihecaan o tayniay a tamdaw no Yoropa itiraay i 874 mihecaan, oya [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%AC%E4%BA%BA Wicin-tamdaw] ca [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E7%BA%B3%E5%B0%94%E6%9D%BE Inko-Yanason] masafeleng ko sa’ayaway a tayni maro’ ton apala, i’ayaw nangra ‘edengan o milafin aca itini i So’eday-Kanatal to kasi’enawan,<ref>Tomasson, Richard F. Iceland, the first new society. U of Minnesota Press. 1980: 63. <nowiki>ISBN 0-8166-0913-6</nowiki>.</ref> to ikor pinapina a sici, o Sekantinawiya-tamdaw tayniay a maro’, mihawikit to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%93%8B%E7%88%BE%E6%97%8F Kayer-Koli] a tayni. 1262 miheca tahira i 1814 mihecaan malocecay a pecih no Norway ko Sa’edaay-Kanatal, ikor to i,makowan no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A5-%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81 Tanmay-Norwi Matateko’ay Hontian-Kitakit]. 1918 miheca milekal ko So’edaay-Kanatal to misiiked tahira to i 1944 miheca mipatireng to kapolongan-kitakit. i’ayaw no saka 20 sici, o sakakaay saka’orip no So’edaay-Kanatal o mifotingay ato liomah, orasaka o sasafaay ko kacemahad a kitakit itini i Yoropa. I Sakatosa-Lalood i 1940 miheca saka 4 folad saka 9 romi’ad licoen no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%B4%8D%E7%B2%B9%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B Nacoy-Toic] ko Tanmay miso’eco a mifolaw to Norwi, pacarcar a misiiked ko So’edaay-Kanatal. O Riyaray-sofitay no Toic misarakarakat i Ka’amisay-Riyar patalaw to Ikiris na onian ko sapi’eco no Ikiris to So’edaay-Kanatal i 1940 miheca saka 5 folad, to sapitakeraw to kacakat no sofitay no Toic i So’edaay-Kantal mafolkok ko sak’amisan no Ikiris, 1941 miheca saka 6 folad o sofitay no Amirika ato Kanata aro’ sa to i So’edaay-Kanatal, tahira to kaleponan no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98 Sakatosa-Lalood] o sofitay no Ikiris, Amirika ato Kanata miliyas to So’edaay-Kanatal, itini a mahapinang ko kakalimelaan no kaitiraan no So’edaay-Kanatal. Ono kikayan a pifoting ato pidahof no Amirika [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%A9%AC%E6%AD%87%E5%B0%94%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92 Masiyar-Halaka] to ikor no Sakatosa-Lalood ko sakacemahad no So’edaay-Kanatal, 1990 miheca macakat malacemahaday-kitakit ko So’edaay-Kanatal. 1994 miheca mikapot to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%8D%80 Yoropa-Sakacemahad Etal], o faco no saka’orip mipacomod to paysoan demak, orasako adihay ko kasasiromaroma a saka’orip. O cefang no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%9C%8B Linheko], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8C%97%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E5%85%AC%E7%BA%A6%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87 Saka’amisay Tasiyang-Riyaran a Kakaketonan Lekatep](''North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO''), [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F Paifaloco'ay-Kali'aca a katatelekan](''European Free Trade Association''),[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%8D%80 Sakacemahad-Etal no Yoropa], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8C%97%E6%AD%90%E7%90%86%E4%BA%8B%E6%9C%83 Saka’amisay-Licikay no Yoropa], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E4%B8%8E%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87 Sakapapadang ato sakacemahad a Lekatep] ko So’edaay-Kanatal, nikawrira, cowa ka pikapot to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F Yoropa Lekatep](''European Union, EU''). O [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%BA%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E malali’acaay ko kiecay] no So’edaay-Kanatal, i safaay ko sata no So’edaay-Kanatal pasasositiri’en ato cefang no Sakapapadang ato sakacemahad a Lekatep, ira heca ko paini no sifo to sakarihaday a hokin no sakanatektek no tatirengan ato tata’angay pitilidan. 2014 mihecaan itiraay i saka 13 rayray no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B0 Sa’osi no Kacemahadan no Tamdaw](''Human Development Index'') no pisa’osi no Linheko, ianiniay hekal o sacipaysoay, sakakaay ko ‘orip no tamdaw ko So’edaay-Kantal, tada mamangay ko kasatiwtiw no cipaysoay ato pakoyoc. O punka no So’edaay-Kanatal tada malareceapy ato Saka’amisay-Yoropa o punka no Sekantinawiya, sahetoay o teloc no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%AA%E7%9A%84%E7%BA%B3%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A Sekantinawiya-tamdaw] ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%93%8B%E7%88%BE%E4%BA%BA Kayer-tamdaw]. o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%86%B0%E5%B2%9B%E8%AF%AD sowal no So’edaay-Kanatal] ono cecay a ca’ang no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8C%97%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF Ka’amisay-Lerman a sowal], itiraay i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8F%A4%E8%AB%BE%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E Katelangay Nors-sowal], mingatay ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%B3%95%E7%BD%97%E8%AF%AD Falo-soal] ato caciyaw no saka’etipay no Norwi. O rocok no punka o to’asan dateng no So’edaay-Kanatal, ’olic, ato isasifo’ay-sici a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%90%A8%E8%BF%A6_(%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6) Saka](薩迦;So’edaay-Kanatal sowal:''saga'').<ref>是指冰島及北歐地區的一種特有文學。此語語源本意之一是「小故事」，後來演變成「史詩」、「傳奇」的意思。薩迦廣義的意義可用於廣泛的文學作品，例如聖徒傳記、史著和各類的世俗小說，包括用冰島文或挪威文翻譯的他國傳說及歷史。而狹義上的意義，薩迦僅指傳奇小說和歷史小說。</ref> I cefang no Saka’amisay Tasiyang-Riyaran a Kakaketonan Lekatep o saawaay ko tamdaw a kitakit ko So’edaay-Kanatal, orasaka, awaay ko sofitay, ‘edengan o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%B5%B7%E5%B2%B8%E5%B7%A1%E9%98%B2%E9%9A%8A mitapalay a sofitay] no riyar, yo itiya ho [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%86%B7%E6%88%98 Ki’etecay-Lalood] sahetoay o sofitay no Amirika ko maro‘ay itini a midipot. == '''Rikisi'''(歷史) == [[Faylo:Ingolf by Raadsig.jpg|縮圖|Sa'ayaway maro'ay i So'edaay-Kanatal]] I saka 9 sici ato saka 10 sici mafolaway i’ayaw no katayni tona pala ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%AA%E7%9A%84%E7%BA%B3%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A Sekantinawiya-tamdaw] ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%87%AF%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%E4%BA%BA Kayerto-tamdaw,] dengan to o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%96%B0%E8%A5%BF%E5%85%B0 Niwsilan] ko saikoray a aro’en no tamdaw. I 930 miheca, mipatireng to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%86%B0%E5%B2%9B%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A sa’ayaway a Kalomaocan] itini i hekal, patokeled sa patireng to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%86%B0%E5%B3%B6%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E9%82%A6 Paifaloco’ay-Kitakit a So’edaay-Kanatal], talcowa ca ka halafing ko kairaan nonini Kalomaocan. ira ko tilid to pahapinangan, o sinpo no Ayerlan i’ayaw no kataynian no saka’amisay-tamdaw tayniay to i So’edaay-Kanatal a maro’ sanany, nikawrira awaay kosapipawacay a mikarkaran a dafong. Patokitok a misiiked ko So’edaay-Kanatal to 300 mihecaan, to ikor makowan no Norwi ato Tanmay. 1814 miheca o Norwi-Tanmay Patatekoan Hontian-Kitakit mido’edo to “[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%9F%BA%E7%88%BE%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84 Cier-Kakaketonan]” misalilam a mikowan, ikor to i,malamicongcongay-kitakit no Tanmay. 1874 miheca, pafelien no sifo no Tanmay ko So’edaay-Kanatal to citolasay a sakowan, 1918 miheca matatilid to kapolongan-rikec ko Tanmay ato So’edaay-Kanatal, mihayi ko Tanmay to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%86%B0%E5%B3%B6%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B So’edaay-Kanatal Hontian-Kitakit](o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A6%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8 Honti no Tanmay] ko patokeleday), malamicongacongay-kitakit no Tanmay a cisalongocay kitakit, nanoyanan pakaala to matiyaay o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%BF%9D%E6%8A%A4%E5%9B%BD nidipotan-kitakit] pisiiked ato salongoc i laloma’an a demak, o sapisawidang to roma a kitakit ato sapidipot to kitakit a sofitay o Tanmay ho komitatoyay. 1940 miheca, [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%B4%8D%E7%B2%B9%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B Nacoy-Toic] i Sakatosa-Laloodan mi’eco a maro’ to So’edaay-Kanatal, tangsol sa a milekal ko So’edaay-Kanatal miliyas to pikowan no Tanmay a misiiked, nikawrira, cowa ka pisawad to cowa ka pisakakinih a lekakawa, o Kalomaocan no So’edaay-Kanatal milekal to miala patatikol to salongoc no sapisawidang to roma kitakit ato roma a demak. O fa’elohay a So’edaay-Kanatal o mikapotay to Saka’amisay Tasiyang-Riyaran a Kakaketonan Lekatep''(NATO''), patokeled sa makaketon ato Amirika to sapipa’adingaw to So’edaay-Kanatal a kakaketonan, ano do’edoen kano kakaketonan maro’ ko sofitay no Amirika i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%87%AF%E5%A4%AB%E6%8B%89%E7%BB%B4%E5%85%8B Cifolawiko,] tahira i 2006 miheca saka 9 folad ha’emin sato ko sofitay no Amirika miliyas tona kitakit, tahanini awaay ho ko noniyah a sofitay ko So’edaay-Kanatal. [[Faylo:Iceland Dettifoss 1972-4.jpg|縮圖|Tayti-Cascas, sa'akawangay, saktalawan i Yoropa.]] Ikor to pinapina a polo’ ko mihecaan, o pasitiraay to mifotingay ko sakakaay saka’orip nona kitakit,oninian ko cilacila macacoli ato malafiyaway a kitakit a mala’afas to pifotingan a kinaira, ilaloma’ nonini i,ira ko “[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%B3%95%E9%B1%BC%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89 Lalood no Tala-foting]” <ref>Habeeb, William. 6. Power and Tactics in International Negotiations: How Weak Nations Bargain with Strong Nations. Johns Hopkins University Press. 1988.</ref><ref>Cook, Bernard A. Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. 27 January 2014: 605. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-135-17932-8</nowiki> '''（英語）'''.</ref>ato Ikiris. Tona pina a mihecaan, misa’adihay to katayalan to misanga’ay to dafong a demak, macemahad ko pisanga’ to ’oteng-tayal, caay ka patolas ko paifaloco’ay ato paitekeday a demak to saka’orip. I 2008 mihecaan, ira ko fangafang no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/2008%E2%80%9311%E5%B9%B4%E5%86%B0%E5%B2%9B%E9%87%91%E8%9E%8D%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA pakipaysoay demak], makadkad ko adihayay a kafalic no sieci. Pakaynien no So’edaay-Kanatal i ''EEZ'' ko sapikapot to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%8D%80 Yoropa Sak’oripa-Etal,] nikawrira cowa ka picomod to Yoropa-Lekatep. 2009 miheca saka 7 folad saka 17 romi’ad, mipahapinang to sapicomodaw a mikapot to Yoropa-Lekatep a misinsi, nikawrira, mafalah to pisinsi i 2015 miheca saka 3 folad saka 12 romi’ad. == '''Kaitiraan'''(地理) == Matatapal ato [[:zh:格陵兰岛|Kolinlan-Kanatal]], isaka’etipan malaladed to [[:zh:丹麦海峡|Tanmay-riyaran Ta’eman]], isakwlaian misi’ayaw to [[:zh:挪威海|Norwi-riyar]], isaka’amisan o [[:zh:格陵兰海|Kolinla-riyar]], isakatimolan o Tasiyang-Riyar. O saka’amisan a Yoropa-Kitakit. Mingata’ay to saka’amisan poco’ no cikiw, katimol i,o [[:zh:温带海洋性气候|Lafafaay- riyariyaan kakarayan]]., isaka’amisan o [[:zh:苔原气候|cidamayay-kakarayan.]] o kakahad no sera ira ko 10.3km². Tadamasiwar no [[:zh:北大西洋漂流|Saka’amisay Tasiyang-riyar a rakat no nanom]], sakakaay nani kakitmol a romakat, ira ko cinowas rakat pasika’etip ato pasika’amis ko rakat. Orasaka, talacowa itiniay i Saka’amisan-Poco’ no cikiw, cowa ka tadasi’enaw ko romi’ad i kasi’enawan, [[:zh:夏季|ikaciferangan]] o ‘edef nona kanatal itiraay i 7~12°C. Kalifalicay ko romi’ad itini,o ‘aliyos no fali mihawikid to adihayay a ‘orad, sakatimolan no saka’etip ato saka’etip o ‘orad to cecay amihecan ira ko 1000-2000mm ko kaadihay, isaka’amisan ato saka’amis no sakawalian mamangay to ko ‘orad irak ko 400-600 mm. ano icowaay to kakarayan latek ma’orad ato ciso’eda. Matenakay ko damay no pala, ocirengosay a sera mahaop ko 24% ko kakahad, orasaka, cemahad ko paka’enay to ’a’adopen. O kakahad no kilakilangan latek ira mahaop ko 1.37%, itiraay i misoikoray to fali ato misi’ayaway to cidal a ‘apilisan ato ta’eman no lotok, o sirakapa a kililang ko sakakaay, tona pinapina a miheca mipacomoday tono kasi’enawan a caleng no Yoropa, manga’ay ko ka lengaw nona caleng. == '''Saka’orip'''(經濟) == [[Faylo:Akureyri.JPG|縮圖|Akoroyli tokay ]] O skakaay a saka’orip no So’edaay-Kanatal o mifotingay a tayal, o [[:zh:渔业|nifotingan]] ira ko 60% o mala’etan a mipaliwal i roma a kitakit, o mifotingay tamdaw mahaop ko 8%. 2005 mihecaan a mila’oman a dafong no kahacecay a loma’ macakat to 11.9%, o dafong no loma’ macakat to 34.5% onini ko sakacakat no [[:zh:国内生产总值|Kapolongan Nitayalan 'Epoc no Ilaloma'an no kitakit]]( ''GDP''). O nipacomodan a dafong macakat to 28.4% ko kaadihay oninian ko sakacakat no sipon to 1620 kolang(24.3’ok no Amirika pasyso), mahaop ko ''GDP to 16.3%,'' ona sipon ko miso’otay to kacomahad no saka’orip. I 2008 mihecaan, ira ko fangafang no pakipaysoay demak,inacilaay a cecay mihecaan, o serer ko payso no So’edaay-Kanatal to pifalic to payso no Yoropa to 80%. i saka9 folad saka 30 romi’ad, o sifo to ko mikowanay to tolo a kinko. i saka 10 folad saka 7 romi’ad tongalen heca no sifo a mikowan ko sakakaay kinko nona kitakit o “kitakit-kinko no So’edaay-Kanantal”(''Landsbanki Islands'')<ref>陳家齊. 冰島面臨全國破產. 台灣經濟日報. 2008-10-08 [2008-10-08]. （原始內容存檔於2008-10-11） '''（中文（臺灣））'''.</ref>. O kalomaocan no So’edaay-Kanatal miopod a misanga’ to rikec to sapisamadahaw no kasipon nona fangafang no paysoan. Oninian a kinko siwaay ko ta’edipan to Kapolongan Nitayalan 'Epoc no Ilaloma'an no kitakit( ''GDP''), o polong a payso ira ko 140 ‘ok a Yoropa-Payso, hato mamapinko sato ko kinko no So’edaay-Kanatal.<ref>Yahoo Finance - Business Finance, Stock Market, Quotes, News. biz.yahoo.com. [2008-10-08]. （原始內容存檔於2008-10-11）.</ref>o congli ci Kayer-Haerto mipasifana’ a somowal o mamapinko to So’edaay-Kanatal saan,<ref>存档副本. [2009-07-08]. （原始內容存檔於2012-07-02）.</ref> O sa’osi i 1980 miheca, o malaan a foting ira ko 1,500,839 ton, ma’icangay-rengos ira ko 3,879,000 m3,[[:zh:马铃薯|malinso]] 15,341 ton, saytaw 902 ton, [[:zh:綿羊|siri]] 827,927, [[:zh:马|‘efa]] 52,346, kolong 59,933, [[:zh:家豬|diyong]] 12,965, [[:zh:家禽|koko’ ato maymay]] 310,724. == '''Tamdaw''' (人口) == Itiyaay ho i 1703 miheca ko sakakinacecay a pisa’osi to tamdaw, itiya ira ko 50358 ko tamdaw, tahira to i 1801 miheca makerer ira ko 47240 ko tamdaw. I saka 19sici matongalay to mamang ko tamdaw, i 1901 miheca matongal tahira i 78470 ko tamdaw. I satapangan no saka 20 sici macakat ko kacemahad no saka’orip, ngalef sa ko ka’aloman no tamdaw, i 1940 miheca ira ko 121474 ko tamdaw. I kalaloodan i Sakatosa-Laloodan ato ikor no lalood, macakat ko ‘orip no tamtamdaw, macakat ko ka’aloman no tamdaw; i 1950 mihecahecan ko sakakaay ko ka’aloman no tamdaw, nikawrira, tahira to i ikor no 1960 mihecaan malowan sanay to ko tamdaw, nawhani malowanay ko sofoc, mafolaw ho tayra i roma a kitakit. tahira to i ikor no 1990 mihecaan sakali’eki sa ko kacemahad no saka’orip no So’edaay-Kanatal, macakat ko sofoc no wawa, malowan ko mafolaway tamdaw no So’edaay-Kanatal, ‘aloman heca ko tayniay a mafolaw ko Sa’etipay-Yoropa ato Aciya a tamdaw. tahira to i 2006 miheca saka 1 folad saka 9 romi’ad, o tamdaw no So’edaay-Kanatal tahiraay to i 30 ‘ofad ko tamdaw, oni pasadakan no So’edaay-Kanatal Pisa’osian no Kitakit i 2006 miheca saka 3 folad saka 28 romi’ad a sa’osi, i 2005 mihecaan, o polong a mapatayay tamdaw no So’edaay-Kanatal ira ko 1836 ko tamdaw, o fainayan 945 ko tamdaw, fafahiyan 891 ko tamdaw, o nikalecad no mapatayay 0.645, o lalen a ‘orip no fainayan 78.9%, fafahiyan82.8%. Cowa ka hakowa kotamdaw, orasaka so'edacen ko mihecaan to tolo a kasa’orip o malawinawinaay to. [[Faylo:Johanna sigurdardottir official portrait trim.jpg|縮圖|Yohana-Siyielcatoti congtong]] Ono aniniay ira ko 332,529 ko tamdaw, malaklakay a maro’ i 103,000km² a sera nona kitakit. == Pitooran (宗教) == O [[:zh:基督教|miskristoay]] ko sakakaay a pitooran no So’edaay-Kanatal, mahaop ko 86% no polong a tamdaw o mitooray to [[:zh:新教|Fa’elohay-Pitooran]]([[:zh:信義宗|Loto-Rekad]]), o roma i, o [[:zh:天主教會|Roma Tinsikiw]] ato roma a kasarekad no pitooran. == Punka (文化) == O sowal no [[:zh:经济合作与发展组织|Sakapapadang ato sakacemahad a Lekatep]](經濟合作暨發展組織,簡稱'''經合組織'''; Ikiris a sowal:''Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development，OECD''), o pihareteng no tamdaw no So’edaay-Kanatal tadamasasirahekeray.<ref>OECD Better Life Index. oecdbetterlifeindex.org. [2022-12-08] '''（英語）'''.</ref> I 2010 miheca saka 6 folad saka 27 romi’ad, o saka 9 rayray to mihayiay to [[:zh:冰岛同性婚姻|Malecaday-tatirengan a raramod]] itini i hekal, tona romi’ad o congtong no So’edaay-Kanatal ci Yohana-Siyielcatoti laheci sato ko kararamod ato halafingay to malacafay a fafahiyan.                                                                                                                                                                                                                          == Pacefaday a tilid(註腳) == [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] <references /> == Pikafitan i Papotal(外部連接)[misinanot | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot] == * CIA * 外交部 * List of current heads of state and government agdzbw916kk7o8v40mvfz0rbndb7rtq 0 420 8850 8849 2021-10-28T12:14:55Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 2 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 8849 wikitext text/x-wiki Ci Idek wa, o kawas no Pangcah.<br> O mimaanay ko tayal ni Idek i kakarayan, awaay to ko mafana'ay anini. == Tilo ni Idek == 'Adihay ko sowal no Pancah i ci Idekan. O sa'adihayay i, o "tilo ni Idek" (彩虹). I roma a niyaro', o "tarakar ni Idek", o "tekar ni Idek", o "sapatiked ni Idek", ato o "pana' ni Idek" saan ko sowal. 08ab56qmprx8psdd7z8l5ioay5dlt0r 0 421 44477 30229 2024-08-31T14:11:08Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 伊德里斯·德比 44477 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Idriss Déby at the White House in 2014.jpg|縮圖|Déby, 2014|alt=Idriss Déby at the White House in 2014.jpg]] I 1952 a miheca(年) saka 6 folad saka 18 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci '''Idriss Déby'''(伊德里斯·德比), malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Chad]](查得) anini i ci Idriss Déby, patirengan a romi’ad i 1990 a miheca saka 12 folad saka 2 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 9abaowhat2a8vg04lsy06scv9e2etcx 0 422 44474 30549 2024-08-31T14:02:15Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 伊果爾·杜登 44474 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Igor Dodon (01.2017; cropped).jpg|縮圖|Dodon, 2017|alt=Igor Dodon (01.2017; cropped).jpg]] I 1975 a miheca(年) saka 2 folad saka 18 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci '''Igor Dodon'''(伊果爾·杜登), malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Moldova]](摩爾多瓦) anini i ci Igor Dodon, patirengan a romi’ad i 2016 a miheca saka 12 folad saka 23 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] lrfgomm4uuu6732nbu7l5nk1byfmclk 0 423 8906 8905 2021-10-28T12:15:03Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 27 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 8905 wikitext text/x-wiki Ihownang（紅葉部落） Itiniay i [[Wanrong]](萬榮) Cen no Hualien(花蓮) ko [[Ihownang]] a niyaro’, 436 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 1,296 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 94% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 1,223 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 6% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 73 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Truku(太魯閣族)75%, Amis(阿美族)2%, Tayal(泰雅族)2%, Seediq(賽德克族)1%, Bunun(布農族)6%, roma(其他)8%. Ira ko picodadan(紅葉國小) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(鳳林分局紅葉派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(紅葉衛生室) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] h2cs4uqp3bfbgenod2ee51epozg095q 0 424 35306 8932 2023-03-30T03:48:57Z Kai3952 413 35306 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:東埔村 Dongpu Village - panoramio.jpg|thumb|200px|Ilausan]] Ilausan（依勞善部落） Itiniay i [[Xinyi]](信義) Cen no [[Nantou]](南投) ko [[Ilausan]] a niyaro’, 110 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 392 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 68% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 266 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 32% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 126 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Bunun(布農族)67%, Tayal(泰雅族)1%, Puyuma(卑南族)1%. Ira ko picodadan(東埔國小) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(信義分局東埔派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(東埔衛生室) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] m5ignghrmfi32mz7tkwztnh9iwtzgef 0 425 45332 44476 2024-12-08T20:16:42Z Ooligan 2744 better photo/ foto/ image 45332 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Ilham Aliyev 2024 (İlham Əliyevin) (cropped).jpg|替代文字|縮圖|Ilham Aliyev, 2014]] I 1961 a miheca(年) saka 12 folad saka 24 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci '''Ilham Aliyev'''(伊利哈姆·阿利耶夫), malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Azerbaijan]](亞塞拜然) anini i ci Ilham Aliyev, patirengan a romi’ad i 2003 a miheca saka 10 folad saka 31 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 4onvzdiqxr4gu1ibhpvaq6hfbbuff91 0 426 8953 8952 2021-10-28T12:15:11Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 6 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 8952 wikitext text/x-wiki == 1. O tato'asan no Fata'an == I ti:yaho, O Helam tamdaw ho mikowannay to Taywan. Ira to ko Fata'a niyaro'ato Tafalong(太巴塱). dodo'sato tangasa itini i ka Holam hongti,saka tosapolo' a mihca'an(1894). kingsifo no Posong matilid to i cudad ko pi'asip nganra to Fata'an(馬太鞍部落), polong laloma'an, sepat li'an ira ko tosa polo' to sepat, polong tamdaw ira ko tosa pa'tk ira ko 'nem polo'to lima. Tafalong,polong laloma'an,tosali'an ira ko sepat polo' to pito, polong tamdaw cecay pa'tk ira ko pito li'an irako tolo polo'to pito.yo,i itiya O tatapang'an no sarikec no Fata'an taha matini i o ni'an saka; # Sapalengau,Afudoay # papeluay #Sikawasay. sanay ko laylay,serangawan no Fata'an. == 2. O laylay na fata'an(sinafer) == I ti:yaho mapa sari'pa no matoa'say ko sera' no Fata'an niyaro'. sil'sil sako lengaw no fata'an. a malofic ko heci no fata'an 'tatodong masa kakita'an ko paro' no loma'ato finawlam sa'an ko sowal no matoa'say. nai tiya 'a'aparo:ma' ko laloma'an no fata'an i pala omah ato liyoliyok no loma. == 3. O ilisin no Fata'an == I 'ayaw no iilisin mapatakus to ko Icowacowa'ay a ngangasawan no Fata'an a tamdaw. saka falo' no fulad a mihca'an ko kalikuda'an no niyaro'. polong a'nem ko romi'ad; === saka cecay a romi'ad; === # mapolong ko fucingkay i sulalatang a misanga to 'pah. # pakalongay a kapah minanam to tatoa'san a kimad saka i'cel to orip. === saka tosa a romi'ad; === # mapolong ko pakalongay a kapah, ma polong macakat i tatapang'an no Fata'an a lotok Masisan. saka tolo a romi'ad; 1.mapolong a masaawid'awid pangangan i kalikuda'an a putal. # misanga' to polong no talo'an. # masasi'araw ko misa'awid'awiday. === saka sepat a romi'ad; === # misatapang to ilisin,misakawas ko sikawasay to orip namihca'an. # mipi'say to pana'idoc. # mipi'say to sakero'ato minengneng to iti:yaho a sasing. # mapolong a malikuda to dadaya. === saka lima a romi'ad; === # malaholo:holo ko'awid'awid. # mipi'say to macowa:cowa'ay 'ondo ato radiw no tatoa'san. # saka lafi paka'en to matoa'say,kalas ato tayni'ay a lafang. # O kalikuda'an no kapah awid. === saka 'nem a romi'ad; === # mipi'say totatoa'san a kero'ato malikuda. # mipi'say to macowacowa'ay a kimad no loma'. # saikor a malikuda,O sapaini to wa'ay fafahi a kapah, kayoing fafahiyan ci pikaput to likuda, itra sai liyok a minengneng ami tapal to kaolah'an nengra. ama tama' nira ko kaolah nira so'rot han nira ko alofu nora kapah todong ci faloco'ciira'an, sanay ko dmak kina imi'. == 4. O sowal no matoa'say O sari'kec no pang'cah i,O paka ina'ay. hay,maleku, ko finawlam a sa'an. == itiya tala ayaw ci lamod ko kapah pasifana'aca ko matoa'say to fainayan a kapah to # palakaw ato mifuting # mikasoy ato mifalot to kasoy # misanga to sa'asik ato rakar. # mafana misanga' to adipal liyok no loma. # kayoing sa'an a minanam ami saturon ato mikanit to fudoy ato misanga to'pah. == 5. O awid no Fata'an(sla) == {| class="wikitable" ! !ngangan noawid !mihca'an no Holam !'imi  |- |1. |Lasana' |1~5 |todong o ci sapayo'ay a semot,mafana' padama to tamdaw. |- |2. |Maorad |6~10 |maorad,todong o fangcalay a faloco' to tamdamdaw. |- |3. |Latiram |11~15 |sadadaya o'cor sa'an ko lalok nira a matayal. |- |4. |Kalafi |16~20 |malafi todong mi safacal to tandamdaw. |- |5. |Lafukah |21~25 |hato kakarayan a tina'i,kaolah'han no tamdaw. |- |6. |Laturun |26~30 |o turun todong,ca'ay kac'dis to tamdaw. |- |7. |Lauwau |31~35 |pangi'ha,todong tane'tek a madmak to tayal. |- |8. |Mauway |36~40 |matiya o'uway a icel paka hadi'di. |- |9. |Lafolo |41~45 |matiya yo folo,mamo'cel ko wayway no tamdaw. |- |10. |Lalamay |46~50 |matiya yo damay no niyar a misafaloh to fana'. |- |11. |Latomay |51~55 |matiya o tomay ci a kapah. |- |12. |Laonoc |56~60 |todong  o mafana a mirifata' to inolong. |- |13. |Lafodo |61~65 |todong mafana a mi safacal limo'ot to tamdaw. |- |14. |Lakelin |66~70 |masa kolong a mi konglin, ca'ay kataraw to lolay no cidal ato orad. |- |15. |Latiyol |71~75 |misatiyol'tiyol a matayal. |- |16. |Lafangas |76~80 |matiya yo lafangas a kilang, lalok a sa'an to tayal. |} <ref>高進財. (2011). Wikipedia 維基百科 族語詞條試寫─原住民族語詞條 2011作品集. 教育部.</ref> bgw8l1d67eivu9kmk3j73w0598ffbiw 0 427 32721 8958 2022-10-20T17:37:09Z Alofay 51 32721 wikitext text/x-wiki O kalipahakan no 'Amis ko ilisin [[Kasasiwasiw:Siwkulang 'Amis]] bf3ibvbxuyr3sfoklqzoj6oojaz67fz 0 428 38950 8995 2023-06-30T08:04:57Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38950 wikitext text/x-wiki Imaorod（紅頭部落） Itiniay i [[Lanyu]](蘭嶼) Cen no [[Taitung]](台東) ko [[Imaorod]] a niyaro’, 306 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 726 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 70% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 511 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 30% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 215 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko [[Yami]](Tao)(達悟族)63%, [[Amis]](阿美族)4%, [[Paiwan]](排灣族)1%, [[Bunun]](布農族)1%, roma(其他)1%. Ira ko picodadan(蘭嶼國小) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(台東縣建蘭派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(蘭嶼衛生所醫療大樓) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(蘭嶼郵局) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 4kc4ngdu6rpxalgr0ry18i5oirhrwl8 0 429 47606 47605 2025-09-23T05:03:11Z Asko Ulay 3239 47606 wikitext text/x-wiki == O mama ato ina. == == O palimo’ot no mama 爸爸的叮嚀 == === Pa’ayaway a sowal: 前言 === “ Matiya o ’orad ko ngiha no mama,sakahemaw sa i tanginga a masoni’’,O kaka ci Siwley, tadaki’mel ato maolah a malawla, i fongngoh ningra ci kafong to landaway a hangkaci,maolah a maro’ i papapapahan a minengneng to adiyoc no ’orad i fanaw.O safa ci Siwi,tadamitengil to sowal,i falohang ningra mapakafit ko kahengaay a sasifing. ==== Damsayay a ngiha’ no mama 爸爸慈祥的聲音 ==== Ira ko tatoloay a takola’ ci loma i fanaw,kaloromi’ami’ad malacecay cangra itini a ma’orip .O mama a takalo i, o tadamama nangra, nika oroma mato o widang ato o kapot no wawa a misalama. Kaloromi’ami’ad mararid a pakaynien no mama i damsayay a tawa ato mipakongko, a mipalimo’ot to wawa ningra "kasasiolah, kasasidama ato kalalok a matayal saan”. ”nikaorira, o kaka ci Siwley paca’of sa ,"mafa’ to kako, mafana’ to kako saan". Nika o safa ci Siwi tadamaolah a mitengil to sawal no mama, i mata ningra iraay ko mato malikatay a losa’, nanay o sowal no mama ma’emin a matilid i faloco’ningra. ==== O radiw no takola’ 青蛙的歌聲 ==== Nai fanaway a ngiha no takola’ tadamakeling a matengil ko soni, kowa kowa sa a romadiw ci Siwley,matiya o romadiway to radiw ningra,arawhan i,mato mipaca’ofay to damasayay a pipalimo’ot no mama. O matiniay ko ’orip nangra to romi’ami’ad’,ano masadak to ko cidal,salipahak sa to cangra a malacecay,masadak a matayal,ano micelem ko cidal nai wali salihaday sato cangra a minokay. O kalipahakan a ’orip nangra matiya makawitay to i kaloromi’ami’ad,fiw:fiw sa ko fali,o radiw a fadihang,miliyaw a makero i fafaet no fanaw,mato salihaday sanay a pasowal to matatodongay ato tadasoelinay a lipah.Matomies i faloco’ nangra ko ’icel, awa’ay toko katalawan nangra, nawhai,iraay ko mama a mipatiha.Yaradiw no takola’,malo midipotay to i kaemangay ho a ’orip nangra, o tadafangcalay a olic. === Mipatihi i kacifalian 風中的陪伴 === [[Faylo:On_Mangyong_Hill_05.JPG|替代文字|右|213x213像素]] Yo cecay a romi’ad,mato’as to ko mihecaan ni mama, salihaday sato a mati^enang a miliyas to kaolahan nira ci Siwley ato ci Siwi. Fiw:fiw sa ko fali,caay toko mamatengil ko ngiha’no mama,nika mahapingan ni Siwley manangangay i fali ko ngiha’ no mama. Matomes no losa’ ko mata nangra,o soni no ’orad ato soni no fali mato ngiha’ no mama a pasowal ”mararid kako a patihi i tamowanan saan”. ==== Caay ka tawal a palimo’ot 忘不了的叮嚀 ==== Itiya to,maharateng nangra a malakaka ko palimo’ot no mama,O soni no ’orad ato soni no fali,mato o ngiha’ no mama i tanginga a pasowal " kasasiolah, kasasidama ,kalalok a matayal sanay a sowal”. Itiya a malaecay cangra a miharateng to i ’ayaway a romi’ad,pikapot no mama i cangraan toya tera’tera’ay a romi’ami’ad. ==== Mairol i ka’oradan 雨中的思念 ==== Saramasmas sa ko ’orad i fanaw, ya i fanaway a papah ira ko mato falatfatay a tera’ no nanom.Aro’sa ci Siwley i papahan,ngengeng han ningra ko i seraay a adiyoc no ’orad,maharateng ko palimo’ot no mama ningra. O soni no ’orad mato o ngiha’ no mama.Tata’angta’ang sa ko ’orad i,sa’ada:da sa ko faloco’ nangra, caayay kanga’ay a pakaynien i sowal a mirayray. O ’irol no faloco’matiya o radiw,na’on sa a masadak. ==== kasasidama 互相扶持 ==== Yo cecay a romi’ad,masadak cangra a miala to kakaenen ,cay pina’on matoro’ i lalan ci Siwi,tangsol han no kaka a mikiting ko kamay ni Siwi,itiya to a misatapang cangra a minanam to masasiolah ato masasidamaay a ’orip. I kaikor no tireng nangra,mato iraay a ma’araw ko damsayay a tireng no mama a mipa’icel i cangraan , sa’icelen a misiayaw to rarakaten. Salihaday sato ko faloc’ ni Siwi,itiya to a mafana’ ci Siwley a mamihapopo a midipot to safa ningra.Onian ko tadamaanay a kalimelaan a lalosidan ko niowaan no mama nangra . ==== O ngiha’ no ’orad ko mihinomay 雨聲的安慰 ==== O dadaya’ay a fanaw,titatita sa ko ngiha’ no ’orad ,fiw:fiw sa ko honi i papapapahan.Takec han ni Siwley ci Siwi,matengil nangra ko piceli no takola’,mato palimo’ot no mama nangra i cangraan,sadiheko sa ko faloco’nangra. Ano kakayakaya ko dadaya,ano i ka’ayaw no lalan matomes ko cekacekaan,o olah no mama,malecad to o ’ool no nemnem a micepa’ to makedahay a faloco’,matiya o fo’is a mipataengad to i ka’ayaway a lalan.Ona ’olah,caay ka kakaya ko toki a mafalic,caay ka hakowa ko la’ed a malahedaw,mangalef a mangalef to a mangaang i lalinik no faloco’,o damsayay ato o tanetekay,a mararid malo saka ’orip nangra a pitadiecan. ==== Kairolan a kacifo’isan 星空下的想念 ==== Masa’esa to,matomes i kakarayan ko fo’is.Torohan ni Siwley koya satata’angay a fo’is,sowal sa” minengnengay ci mama i titaanan”. Ca’a sako fongoh ni Siwi a minengneng to fo’is,na’on sa a mita’ong ,sedisa a matawa,i faloco’nangra,matomes ko pacafay ato olah. === Caay ko mamalahedaw a olah 愛永不消失 === Ano titatita sa a matengil ko soni no ’orad,mamatengil ko piceli no takola’ a ngiha. Yomatera’ to ko ’orad,seli sa a malesa ko losa’ no mata i pising nangra,caykanca mararom to ko falocao’,o irol no faloco’ mato falihang a soni,o palimo’ot no mama,miliyaw a pangiha i tanginga. Mafana’ ko wawawawa, caayay ko mamalahedaw ko olah no mama nangra,i ca^enot (harateng)a marayray ato mikadado’edo’ ,i ka’oripan nangra a malikat, o mamararid a mipacafay i cangraan.{{stub}} [[Kasasiwasiw:Ina]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Siwkulang 'Amis]] Ina o miliput ko wawa!midemak aca to tatayalen no loma' ato matayal i papotal. oz7ionefwxfbts3da5ck4wt8vqukbh2 0 430 30116 9008 2022-01-06T22:50:20Z UrbanecmBot 380 Bot: Cleaning up old interwiki links 30116 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Ipomoea aquatica (2).JPG|thumb|Incay|400px|left]] rpvx98j74c0v2ec0k6qqe8oi04grczb 0 431 46609 45640 2025-05-10T09:09:47Z Ziv 3016 → File has been renamed on Commons ([[:c:GR]]) 46609 wikitext text/x-wiki == Inуdia（印度） == Цголуф3лвлцлл года нувый == Ngangan no kitakit(國名釋義) == O pipangangan no Conko to Indo kinapinapina a mafalic, [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%A5%BF%E6%B1%89 Sa’etipan-Han] o Ciyang-Tow hananay, i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%9C%E6%B1%89 Sakawalian-Han] o Tien-Tow hananay. Tahira to i Tang-Mihecahecaan o Indo han to mipasetek ko pangangan to Indo.23 Oninian a ngangan o Ciyang-Tow to, o Sen-Tow to, o Indo to sahetoay o nani [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD Fan-sowal] no itiraay i Indo’Alo toya सिंधु(''Sindhu''), ngiha’ no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E8%AF%AD Posi-sowal] o هندو‎（''Hindu''）, [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD Kirisiya a sowal]:Ίνδό（''Indu''）, o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%90%90%E7%81%AB%E7%BD%97%E8%AF%AD#%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E Kuice-sowal]'': Indaka(吐火羅語;'' Ikiris a sowal'':Tocharian languages)''<ref>龜茲語;'''吐火羅語'''（英語：Tocharian languages）是印歐語系最東方的一族顎音類語言，現已滅亡。</ref> O Poloto hananay no Indo ko niyah pitahidang. Away ko pasicowaan to ka’adihay no ngangan no Indo,ano do’edoen ko palatoh no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%80%86%E9%82%A3%E6%95%99 Cina-Pitooran](耆'''那教''',Fan-sowal:जैनधर्म ''Jainadharma''; Tanmier-sowal:''சமணம் Samaṇam'';Ikiris a sowal:''Jainism'') oya nupatirengay tona pitooran ci Lisepitowof, o sakakaay a wawa ci “Piloto” o kakaolahan no tatamdaw konini a honti, orasaka pangangan han to “Poloto” ko nikowanan ningra a kitakit. Ira ho ko roma a kitakit to panganganay tono niyah a kitakit toninian, ikoray a tamdaw ona ngangan o pakadofahay to kitakit saan, orasaka kalangangan han to no ‘adihayay kitakit. itiya ho o “Poloti” (o Poloto-tamdaw) sanay ko pitahidang to niyah a tireng ko to’asan ho tamdaw no Indo, o teloc no honti ci Poloto koninian mapolong. == Rikisi(歷史) == [[Faylo:Lord Clive meeting with Mir Jafar after the Battle of Plassey.jpg|縮圖|Micowat a milood ko Ikiris--Posila Lalood]] === Nanoliteng-Payrayrang(古老文明) === Iraay ko katelangan-fakelohan mihecahecaan ato Fa’elohay-fakelohan mihecahecaan. O itirray i Pakistan a katelangay-Indo a Indo’alo a ponka no Indo, o cecay a katelangay-Payrayrang, isaikoray itiyaay i ‘ayaw no yiesoan to 2500 miheca, o itirray i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6 Pakistan] a katelangay-Indo a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B2%B3 Indo’alo] ira ko nipatirengan no katelangay-Indo tamdaw a ponka no Indo, o sa’ayaway pakakera tona nalacolan no ponka itiraay i Halapo ato Mohengco-Talo no Pakistan, orasaka o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81%E5%9F%9F%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E Payrayrang no Indo-’alo] (''Indus Valley Civilization'') ano ca o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81%E5%9F%9F%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E Halapo-payrayrang] hananay a pangangan. O nipatirengan no Indo a finawlan-kasasa’er tada makedecay, nikawrira latek i’ayaw niyisoan to 2000 mihecaan talifahal sa a makedi’, matekop ko Indo-‘alo a payrayrang, o micolo’ay to ponka a sowal ato tilid matiya to makedi’, awa ko mafana’ay to nika kedi’, tahanini ira ko masamaamaanay a sowal pakayni toni kakedi’, nikawrira awaay ko pakaso’elinay toninian sowal.<ref>10 Civilizations That Disappeared Under Mysterious Circumstances. [2017-08-25]. （原始內容存檔於2017-08-25）.</ref> ono aniniay to a pikinkiw to kakoc no ‘irang, cowa ka tata’ang ko kasasirom no kakoc no ‘irang no Indo-tamdaw, orasaka latek ira ko tata’angay a lenlen. Oroma a sowal i, maca’efas ko Indo-‘alo ta malenlen ano ca makedal.<ref>Indus Valley Civilization. [2017-08-25]. （原始內容存檔於2017-08-25）.</ref> === '''Macowat no Yalian-tamdaw(雅利安人入侵)''' === I'ayaw ni yieso to 1500 mihecaan, micowat ko nani sa’amisan no sak’etip a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%9B%85%E5%88%A9%E5%AE%89%E4%BA%BA Yalian-tamdaw] to sa’amisan no sak’etip a Indo-‘alo ato ika’amisay a Heng-‘alo’aloan. Ikor to pinapina a sici, nornor sato ko Yalian-tamdaw a maro’ itini a maomah. O sowal no Yalian malasowal tono itiniay tamdaw, macacamol ato itiniay a ponka, masang’ ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%90%A0%E9%99%80%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96 Fito-ponka]. Ona ponka iikoray tono Indo’alo ponka ko pinapina a sici, orasak o Hen-’alo ponka hahanay. Yo micomod to ko Yalian-tamdaw siromaen nangra ko itiniay tamdaw ato Yalian-tamdaw, nornor sato ko kasassa’er-‘orip a faco itini i Indo. === '''Kongcie-Sawara’an kitakit (孔雀王朝)''' === [[Faylo:Portrait Gandhi.jpg|縮圖|Kanri, o mama no Indo-kitakit]] I’ayaw no saka 3 sici a sasifo’an, o honti no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%AD%94%E9%9B%80%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D Kongcie-Sawara’an kitakit] ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%98%BF%E8%82%B2%E7%8E%8B Ayi honti] mapalacecay a pateko ko polong no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%AC%A1%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8 Indo-Pecihan Kanatal] ’edeng ni [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%BF%88%E7%B4%A2%E5%B0%94 Maysoer-Etal] no Katimolan-Indo, yo mapatay sato ci Ayi-Sawara’an, mafadi’ ko Kongcie-Sawara’an. To ikor to i, halafin ko kafodfod no kalokitakit i Indo. I laloma’ nonini, pacarcaray a mapateko a malacecay ko ka’amisay-Indo ni [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%B2%B4%E9%9C%9C%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B Kuisang-hontian kitakit] ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%AC%88%E5%A4%9A%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D Cito-Sawara’an] itiniay a masadak ko masamaanay a pitooran, mahaop ko Indo-pitooran ato nani Nipaloan a Fociyaw; o sacomahaday a mihecahecaan no citanengay-fana’, Fangcalay-tanengnengan ato ponka. === '''Arapiya hontian-kitakit pacomod to Islam-pitooran(阿拉伯帝國引入伊斯蘭教)''' === Isaka 8 sici, satapang ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD Arapiya hontian-kitakit] a micowat to Indo, hawikedan nangra ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96 Islam-ponka],iikor no saka 15sici sa’aloman sa to ko miracaray to riyar a tayni ko mili’acaay a Yoropa tamdaw i Indo, itira to a mafana’ to kakalimelaan no Indo, misa’icel to a misafaloco’ to patireng to nicowatan-kowan. Yo matekop to ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E8%98%87%E4%B8%B9%E5%9C%8B Toli-Sotan kitakit], matiya to o teloc no nani Sifo’an-Aciya a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B8%96%E6%9C%A8%E5%84%BF Timoer](帖木兒;Posi-Arapiya tilid:'''تیمور'''，falicen to Latin tilid:''Tēmōr'') ci Papoer matekop ningra ko saikoray to a sawara’an no Indo-Toli-Sotan kitakit patireng to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%8E%AB%E5%8D%A7%E5%84%BF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD Mowoer Hontian-kitakit]('''蒙兀兒帝國'''; Woerto sowal:مغلیہ سلطنت‎，nifalican tilid:''Mughliyah Saltanat‎'';Posi-sowal:مغلیہ سلطنت‎; Roman a tilid:''mug͟hliyah saltanat'', o MontoerSotan-kitakit sanay ko imi nonini意為「蒙兀兒蘇丹國」) o teloc to papinapina a mikowanay haoto ma’emin a mapalacecay ko Indo-Pecihankanatal. === '''Masafeleng a micowat ko Yoropa kitakit'''(歐洲列國相繼建立殖民地) === Nikawrira o pikowan ni Timoer matiya to o pitooran ko lalengatan a mafodfod a mafadi’, patokeled sa tona mihecahecaan o ci’icelay a Potawya, Olanta, Ikiris ato Franso safeleng saan a tayni i Indo-karopaw, mala’afas to Indo a malalood. 1757 miheca, malalood ko Mowoer Hontian-kitakit ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E4%B8%9C%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8 Sawalian-Indo Kosi no Ikiris](不列顛東印度公司; Ikiris a sowal:''British East India Company'') mapacikel to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%99%AE%E6%8B%89%E8%A5%BF%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9 Polasi-lalood]('''普拉西戰役''';''Battle of Plassey''),  malowid ko Indo, orasaka nornor sato a malanicowatan-kowan no Ikiris. Tahira to i 1849 mihecaan, malaheci to ko pipolong a pikowan to Indo no Sawalian-Indo Kosi no Ikiris, ‘edengan o mamangay a sera ko ma’osaway nikowanan no Potawya ato Fransu. 1857 miheca, mapacekil [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89 Tata’angay-Pacekil no Indo-Finacadan](''Indian Uprising'' of 1857; ''First War of Independence'') mipatoker to pipades no Ikiris,nikawrira, cowa ka halafin mapenec no Ikiris. O tangsolay pikowan no Linheko a Indo([https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%8B%B1%E5%B1%9E%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6 malamicongacongay kitakit no Ikiris] ;英屬印度;Ikiris a sowal:''British India'' 或 ''British Raj'' ) ira ko 13 a kowan, ilaloma’ nonini mahaopay ko Miyanma. Latek ira ho ko 700 a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%9C%9F%E9%82%A6 sawara’an-kowan] (土邦; Ikiris a sowal:''Princely state''), o Ikiris ko mikontokay tonini, o sera nona sawara’an-kowan mahaop ko 2/5. Talacowa o Linheko ko mikowanay, o so’elinay i, oni kowanan no Ikiris a sera ato sawara’an-kowan, ilaloma’ no kitakit ira ho ko kitakit, o kakafahekan ko matiniyay a kowan. I 1877 miheca pacaloken ko honti no Ikiris ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%BB%B4%E5%A4%9A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%A5%B3%E7%8E%8B Witoliya-Fafahiyan honti] malahonti no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%8B%B1%E5%B1%9E%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6 Indo Hontian-kitakit], 1911 miheca, malinah ko Tatapangan-Tokay(syoto) nani Ciyaerkota tayra i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C Toli]. Iita i tosa a lalood no hekal, tadaci’icelay ko sofitay no Indo i sofitay no Ikiris. === '''Micoro ci Kanti to cowa ka patomaliw onto'''(甘地推動不合作運動) === [[Faylo:Jawaharlal Nehru, 1947.jpg|縮圖|Nihelo, sa'ayaway congli no Indo]] Yo macemahad to Indo nirnir sato a talipa’elal ko finawlan no Indo, o pikowan no Ikiris tadamilokesay a pakangodo to tiring no Indo-tamdaw, o hatiniyay a harateng nornor sato a mirecep i tamtamdaw, orasaka i 1885 miheca patireng to Indo [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A%E5%85%9A Finawlan-Kalomaocan Kasafelaw] no Indo ko citanengay a tamdaw no Indo. I 1920 miheca misafa’eloh to mamatayal, o milekalay to pisiiked nani Ikiris ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%9C%A3%E9%9B%84%E7%94%98%E5%9C%B0 Mohanmoto-Kanti] ko matoro’ay no ‘alomanay,tangsol sato midemak to sapialaaw to pisiikedaw a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%8D%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95 “cowa ka patomaliw onto”] (不合作運動;Ikiris a sowal:Non-cooperation movement; Indo a tilid:''Satyagraha''). Nikawria, oya mikowanay a Ikiris oacofcofen nangra ko kasaso’iring no mitooray to Indo-pitooran ato mitooray to Muslin a palakalat, nanginang sato ko kalaodot nona tosa a pitooran, ikor to patireng to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%85%A8%E5%8D%B0%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F Polong-Indo Muslin Lekatep], ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E7%9C%9F%E7%B4%8D Mahonmoto-Ali-Cena] ko malakakeridan, sanoyanan sato caka lacecay kona tosaay a pitooran. === '''Ikor no Sakatosa-Lalood kakedi’ ko ‘icel no Ikiris'''(第二次世界大戰之後，英國實力迅速衰落) === Ikor no Sakatosa-Lalood, sakali’eki sato makedi’ ko ‘icel no Ikiris, matenak heca ko Finawlan-kitakit sanay a harateng ato cowa ka patomaliw a demak, hayi han to no Ikiris ko pisiiked no Indo. Nikawria, oya Muslin-Lekatep misafaloco’ to sapipatirengaw to Muslin-kitakit---Pakistan, cowa ko kafilo no Ikiris aci Kanti a milalang ko Muslin, orasaka yo misiiked sato ko Indo mapapecih to Pakistan tosa a kitakit. 1947 miheca pasadak ko Ikiris to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%86%E6%B2%BB “Monpa-sahalaka”] (印巴分治; Ikiris a sowal:''Partition of India)'', toya mihecaan saka 8 folad saka 15 romi’ad, malaheci to ko pisiiked no Indo ato Pakistan, nikawrira ma’osaw ho i Tata’angay Ikiris-Lekatep, 1950 miheca saka 5 folad saka 26 romi’ad milekal ko Indo patireng to Indo Kapolongan-kitakit, ma’sosaw ho o cefang no Tata’angay Ikiris-Lekatep. Saikoray to ona Sakatos-Karopaw no Aciya mapapecih to o Indo-pitooran a kalotamdawan a Indo ato o Islam-pitooran a mamangay Pakistan kitakit. === '''Yo misiiked tahanini'''(獨立後到今日) === Yo misiiked sato, ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%B4%BE%E7%93%A6%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%B0%BC%E8%B5%AB%E9%B2%81 Ciyawahalaer-Nihelo] ko sakakaay mikowanay, pasitira i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89 Siyakaysyuki](社會主義; Ikiris a sowal:''socialism'') ko harateng, mido’edo tono Solin a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%BA%94%E5%B9%B4%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83 Limaay-halaka] a demak to saka’orip, o demak to sakipapotal o xowa ka patomaliw demak, cowa ka pikapot to ipocokay ko kacemahad a Solin ato Amirika a lekatep. Na misiiked sato ko Indo ’acaen no sifo ko sera no Sawara’an a patateko, ikor to i,mapalahedaw to ko paloniyah sanay a mapapecihpech to sera a sawara’an. Matatokeled malalood ato Pakistan pakayni fangafang no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%85%8B%E4%BB%80%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94 Kosinmier](喀什米爾; Indo a sowal:कश्मीर; Woerto a sowal:کشمیر‎‎) maala no Indo ko tosa no kalitolo a sera no Kosinmier. 1949 miheca i satapangan no saka 6 folad, ocoren no Indo ko sofitay maro’ i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%94%A1%E9%87%91%E9%82%A6 Sikim](錫金邦; Sikim a sowal:འབྲས་ལྗོངས།;Wili a tilid:''Bras Ljongs;'' Latin a tilid:''Sikkim),'' ocoren ko Indo-tamdaw ci Laer malaconli no Sikim. 1949 miheca saka 8 folad, matatilid to “tahada’ocay sakrihaday a kakaketonan” ko Indo ato Potan, ira ko pirikec to demak no Potan to sakipapotal o Indo ko mamikantok saan. I 1950 miheca saka 12 folad matatilid to “ Indo ato Sikim tahada’pcay sakarihaday kakaketonan”, mirikec o “ papa’adingen a kitakit ko Sikim no Indo” , ocoren no Indo ko matayalay a tapang to mamitayal to tayal no conli no Indo, ocoren heca ko mamikantok to sofitay demak, sak’orip ato sakipapotal demak. I 1975 miheca laheci han to no Indo a pateko ko Sikim i Indo. I 1959 miheca hamhamen no Indo ci Talay-lama Tanciyaco, masaso’iring to ko Indo ato Conko. I 1961 miheca malalood ato Potawya ko Indo [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/1961%E5%B9%B4%E6%9E%9C%E9%98%BF%E5%B9%B6%E5%85%A5%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6 maala no Indo ko Koa sera]. I 1962 miheca micomod ko sofitay no Indo i kalalaedan ato Conko patireng to pikacawan, orasak mapacekil ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%B0%E8%BE%B9%E5%A2%83%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89 Lalood i Kalala’edan no Conko ato Indo]('''中印邊境戰爭'''; Ikiris a sowal'':Sino-Indian War''), mataker ko sapikakahadaw micowat to sera a harateng. 1965 miheca ato 1971 miheca kinatosa mapacekil ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/1971%E5%B9%B4%E5%8D%B0%E5%B7%B4%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89 tata’angay lalood ato Pakistan], oya i 1971 mihecaan a lalood tata’ang ko kalowid no Indo, miliyas ko “ [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%9D%B1%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6 Sawalian-Pakistan]”( to Pakistan a misiiked, milekal patireng to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BD Monciyali-kitakit].(孟加拉人民共和國; ''Bangladesh'') I 1974 miheca mitanam [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%A0%B8%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C mipakohac to Cikakocay-Pakotan](核試驗; Ikiris a sowal:''nuclear test''), oya itiyaay i 1998 miheca a pitanam to Cikakocay-Pakotan mitodong ko Pakistan a mitanam mipakohac to Cikakocay-Pakotan. O kasaso’iring no pitooran ilaloma’ no Indo o micawcaway to sakacemahad no kitakit, pararid tahira i 1990 mihecahecaan. I 1991 miheca, o congli no Indo ci Laaw misatapang a midemak to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%BA%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E Kali’acaan-saka’orip] a tayal, ira ko heci no natayalan ta nornor sato manga’ay ko saka’orip no kitakit. nikawrira, mapatolas no cowa ka ‘aloman ko mitiliday no finawlan, orasak ira ko tolas no sakacemahad, cowa konini aca o rikec no mamatayal ato komi no matayalay mitolasay to pipateli to payso no roma a kitakit. Oya fangafang to Kosinmier parariday a ira, nikawrira i 2002 mihea masasowal to sakaca tongal no kafodfod itini. O saka’orip no Indo ’adihayay ko tadamaanay a heci, nikawria ma’asi tato ko ka’adihay no tamdaw(14’ok), tatiih ko taliyok no katayal ato ka’aloman no pakoyoc a tamdaw, ira heca ko kafodfod no finacadan to pitooran. [[Faylo:NorthBlock.jpg|縮圖|Kamaro'an no sifo]] == '''Sieci'''(政治) == O [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6 Matekoay-kapolongan kitakit] ko Indo, ira ko 7.14’ok a tamdaw to mamitopa to sinkiw, cilafas to 1,000 ko kasafelaw no sieci midemak to sinkiw no Kitakit-Kalomaocan, ilaloma’ nonini ira ko 7 mi’edefay to kitakit a tata’angay kasafelaw no sieci, 40 ko i kowanay a kasafelaw no sieci, ato 980 ko mamangaya kasafelaw no sieci, o sakakaay a no finawlan a sinkiw sanay ko tonini.(2009 miheca)<ref>印度啟動世界最大規模選舉選民達7.14億 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館），新浪網新聞中心，2009年3月14日</ref> O congtong ko tatapang no kitakit, sakakaay kakeridan no sofitay. Nikawrira o madohaway ko ‘icel no congton, to kaloromi’ad o congli ko mimetmetay to sakowan ’icel. Nikawrira, ano matalaw no roma a kitakit, mamacowat ato rawraw no kitakit, o congtong ko pasadakay a milekal to Kakafolawan-demak; ano mafodfod ko sifo cato katayal i, manga’ay ko congton miceror a mikowan to kitakit; ano marawraw to sinkiw ko Kitakit-Kalomaocan, o congtong ko mamisanga’ to sifo; ira ko ‘icel no congtong a mifelih to nipasadakan no sifo a rikec ato halaka.<ref>印度总统选举开始投票. 新華網. 2017-07-17 [2019-05-07]. （原始內容存檔於2019-05-07）.</ref><ref>印度总统科温德宣誓就职. 新華網. 2017-07-25 [2019-05-07]. （原始內容存檔於2019-05-07）.</ref><ref>印度新总统出炉！其实在印度，“贱民”、女性都可以做总统_私家历史. 澎湃新聞. 2017-07-20 [2019-05-07]. （原始內容存檔於2019-05-07）.</ref> [[Faylo:PM Modi 2015.jpg|縮圖|Aniniay congli ci Nalontola-Moti]] Lima miheca ko katayalan no congtong ato midamaay-congtong, o misiikedan a sakowan ko misinkiway to congtong.<ref>印度执政联盟候选人奈杜当选副总统. 新華網. 2017-08-06 [2019-05-07]. （原始內容存檔於2019-05-07）.</ref> o nipadangay-congton ano cowa to pakatayal ko congtong cowa ka tangsol sa miceror malacongtong. O so’elinay midemakay to polong a tayal no kitakit o nikeridan no congli a saopo no malatapangay no tayal no sifo. o sakakaay a kasafelaw-sieci i kitakit-kalomaocan ko mipasadakay to mamalaconli a tamdaw, ta o congtong to ko mitoro’ay, ikor to i,o congli to ko mioro’ay to mamatayal a tapang no kalocitodongay no sifo. O kitakit-kalomaocan o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%85%A9%E9%99%A2%E5%88%B6 Tosaay-faco Kalomaocan],o Fafa’eday a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E9%99%A2 Ptatekoan-Kalisaocan] ato La’enoay a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%8B%E8%AD%B0%E9%99%A2 Finawlan-Kalisaocan], o nikaykian no tatapang no matayalay no sifo ko citodongay a pasowal i Finawlan-Kalisaocan. O kiing no Ptatekoan-Kalisaocan 6 miheca ko katayalan, mifalic a sikiwen ko cecay no kalitolo to tosa miheca, ilaloma’ noni to 233 a kiing o iniyaro’ay ko mitopaay, orama a 12 kiing o congtong ko mitoro’ay palakiing. O kiing no Finawlan-Kalisaocan ira ko 545 ko tamdaw 5 miheca ko katayalan, ilaloma’ nonini to 543 kiibg o finawlan ko mitopaay, o’osaw to 2 kiing o congtong ko mitoro’ay malakiing. Ira ko masongila’ay a kinpo to mirikecay to faco no kalomaocan, o tahapinangan no sieci no Indo konini. Kinapinapina a misalof cilafas to 395 satoko, cilafas to 1000 ko cihecaiay a hecek, o “ o sakakaay ko to’edaw a kinpo i hekal” sanay ko kalita’ang. Ira ko pipatosek a tilid o cisalongocay, Finalawlan ko kaka, Siyakaysyuki a kapolongan kitakit, mipa’ading to Mo’ecel, Malalen ato Paifaloco’ no kalotamdaw, misa’icel heca micokeroh to kasasonga’ay no tamtamdaw. == '''Kaitiraan'''(地理) == [[Faylo:Gandhi Setu Bridge in Patna, India.jpg|縮圖|O milacalay to Hen-'alo a kayakay]] Itiraay i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%AC%A1%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8 Indo Sakatosa-karopaw], o sakakaay ira ko toloay etal: o takaraway tokotokosan a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%96%9C%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E9%9B%85%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89 Simalaya-tokos]( o pocok nani tongroh no riyar ira 8,598 laya’ a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B9%B2%E5%9F%8E%E7%AB%A0%E5%98%89%E5%B3%B0 Kancenciya -pocok]), sasifo'an-dafdaf/Hen'alo( ''Indo-Gangetic Plain'') ato satimolan a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%BE%B7%E5%B9%B2%E9%AB%98%E5%8E%9F Tokan-tapolo]. Ika’amis no saka’etipan madado’edo ko sera ato Pakistan ato Afohan, isaka’amisan malalaed ato Conko, Potan ato Nipalo, isakawalian malala’ed ato Miyanma.o Monciyala-Kowan no Indo maaingid ato Monciyala kitakit. isakatimolan o Sililangka kanatalan-kitakit ato Maerif-kanatalan kitakit. I katimol no saka’etipan misi’ayaw to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E6%B5%B7 Arapiya-riyar], ikawali ato katimol no sakawalian misi’ayaw to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E7%81%A3 Monciyala-kihaw.] O sakapito ko katata’ang no sera i hekal ko Indo, o polong no kakahad no sera ira ko 317 km² , nani ka’amis tayra i katimol ira ko 3,214 km ko kato’edaw, nani kawali tahira i saka’etip ira ko 2,993 km, o sakakaay a pala no Skatimolan-Aciya ko Pecihan-Kanatal a Indo. === '''O faco no sera'''(地形) === Masasiromaroma ko pala no Indo:ira ko ciso’eaday tokas, ira ko tafotafokan, ira ko ’apapolo ira ko tapolo, ira ko kasasiromaroma a tatapalan no pala. Ira heca ko 7000 km a lilis no riyar, sahetoay itiniay i sakatimolan no Aciya, micomod i Indo-Riyar. O kadofahay a Hen-’alo dafdaf matahepoay ko Saka’amisan-Indo, ato sasifo’an ato sawali’an no Indo. O [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%BE%B7%E5%B9%B2%E9%AB%98%E5%8E%9F Tokan-tapolo] ma’edefay ko satimolan no Indo. O saka’etian no Indo o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%94%E6%B2%99%E6%BC%A0 Taer-tafotafokan], onini i, o ciramramay to fokeloh ato tafok a tafotafokan. O sakawalian ato saka’amis-sawalian matahepoay ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%96%9C%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E9%9B%85%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89 Simalaya-tokos.] === '''Kakarayan''' (氣候) === O Indo sahetoay o tadafa’edetay ma’emin, sahetoay o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%83%AD%E5%B8%A6%E5%AD%A3%E9%A3%8E%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99 Fa’edetay-kafodo’an kakarayan], o itiraay isa’etipan no Indo a Taer-tafotafokan ono [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%83%AD%E5%B8%A6%E5%B9%B2%E6%97%B1%E5%8D%8A%E5%B9%B2%E6%97%B1%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99 Fa’edetay-tafotafokan kakarayan]. mahapinangay ko kafodo’an-fali i kaciferangan, ikasi’enawan away ko mahapinangay a kafodo’an-fali. sakilace ko kakarayan no Indo o ka’oradan-kakarayan(6-10 folad) ato kakedalan-kakarayan(3-5 folad) ato kasi’emelan-kakarayan(11-12folad),ikasi’enawan ma’ading no Simalaya-tokos, away ko ki’etecay fali pasitimol misiwar to kakarayan no Indo. === '''Kinaira no pala'''(自然資源) === O sakasepat ko ka tata’ang no nisopedan [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%85%A4 sikitang] itini i hekal ko Indo. Oroma a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90 kinaira no pala] ira ho ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%93%81%E7%9F%BF marad],[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%94%B0 mong], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%BA%91%E6%AF%8D yinmo], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%93%AC%E9%93%81%E7%9F%BF lo], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A4%A9%E7%84%B6%E6%B0%94 kaso], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A4%A9%E7%84%B6%E6%B0%94 simal-kasolin], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%92%BB%E7%9F%B3 taya],’[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%9F%B3%E7%81%B0%E5%B2%A9 apol] ato kamaomahan. == '''Saka’orip'''(經濟) == [[Faylo:An Indian call center.jpg|縮圖|Mi'awasay to kitakit a tayal pakidingwa]] O cecay a kitakit no hekal to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E6%80%BB%E5%80%BC%E5%AE%9E%E9%99%85%E5%A2%9E%E9%95%BF%E7%8E%87%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8 sakali’ekiay ko kacemahad],<ref>Nayak, Goldar & Agrawal 2010，第xxv頁.</ref> masorot ko mata no tamdaw to kafaheka to kacemohad no saka’orip. 2017 miheca o pali’ayaw a pinengneng no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E8%B2%A8%E5%B9%A3%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94 Hekalay-Kiking Lekatep](''International Monetary Fund，IMF'') to polong a pili’etan no laloma’an no Indo ira ko 2.611-caw Amirika-payso, o saka’enem katata’ang no cisaka’oripay i hekal.<ref name="Unnamed-20230318190903">World Economic Outlook Database. IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. October 2022 [2022-10-29].</ref> <ref>International Monetary Fund.</ref> cowa ka hakowa ko kasa’owa’owac ato Ikiris ato Fransu; 2017 miheca o pali’ayaw a pinengneng no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%93%B6%E8%A1%8C Hekalay-kinko](''World Bank,WB'') to polong a pili’etan no laloma’an no Indo ira ko 2.59-caw Amirika-payso, malecad ko pinengneng o saka’enem katata’ang cisaka’otipay i hekal<ref>簡采倫. 悄悄崛起！印度超越法國成全球第6大經濟體. 上報 UP Media. 2018-07-13 [2018-07-16]. （原始內容存檔於2018-07-16） '''（中文（臺灣））'''.</ref>. Ano i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%B4%AD%E4%B9%B0%E5%8A%9B%E5%B9%B3%E4%BB%B7 ’icel no pi’aca] to dafong konengnengen i 2017 mihecaan a polong a pili’etan no laloma’an no Indo ira ko 9.459-caw Amirika-payso, mata’elif ko Dipon o sakatolo rayray itini i hekal,<ref name="Unnamed-20230318190903"/> mitooray to Amirika, Conko. Itiya i’ayaw no 20 mihecaan, o lalen no kacemahad no Indo ira ko 5.8%, i 2011 miheca tahira i 2012 miheca malawisay to ko 6.1% ko kacemahadan.<ref>International Monetary Fund 2011，第2頁.Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: India, Indonesia, Islamic Republic of Iran, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, International Monetary Fund, April 2011 [2011-07-23], （原始內容存檔於2021-02-24）</ref> Nikawrira, o kacidafong no tamtamdaw cowa ka lalen, ipolong nona kitakit a 10% a tamdaw mimetmetay to 33% a li’etan no kapolongan. Adihay sa ko tamdaw no Indo palalen han to i,cowa to ka hakowa ko kilac no li’etan no tamtamdaw, tinako han i 2011 miheca o lalen nili’etanan no tamdaw ‘edengan 3,694 Amirika-payso, o saka 129 ko rayray i hekal, o pifakican to Amirika-payso ‘edengan 1,389 Amirika-payso, o saka140 rayray i heakl(o plong kitakit no ira ko189 kitakit).<ref>India, International Monetary Fund, [2011-10-14], （原始內容存檔於2021-03-24）</ref> O matayalay tamdaw no Indo ira ko 5.137 ’ok o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E5%8A%B3%E5%8A%A8%E5%8A%9B%E4%BA%BA%E6%95%B0%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8 sakatosa ko ka adihay no matayalay i hekal,] ilaloma’ noni ira ko 50% o maomahay ano o mikiharay to maomahay tayal, ira 28% o matayalay to mihamhamay to lafang a tayal ato mikiharay tona tayal;o matayal to misanga’ay to dafong ira ko 18%. O matayalay i roma a roma a kitakit a tamdaw no Indo latek ira ko 2.500 ’oafd ko tamdaw, o ni’etanan nangra to cecay miheca(2014mihecaan a sa’osi) ira ko 700 ’ok Amirika-payso, o sakakaay nipifalican to roma kitakit a payso i hekal.<ref>Sakib Sherani. Pakistan's remittances. dawn.com. [17 December 2015]. （原始內容存檔於2015-12-16）.</ref> O sakakaay nipalomaan losay ira ko panay, moki, dateng, takomod ociya, tefos ato malinso.<ref name="Unnamed_2-20230318190903">Country Profile: India (PDF), Library of Congress Country Studies 5th (Library of Congress Federal Research Division), December 2004 [2011-09-30], （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2009-03-24）</ref> o misanga’an dafong o sakakaay ira ko tinaw-ranti,tosiya,amoto,hiliyo, sakatayal dafong no dingki, misanga’an kaka’enen, kikay,mikarkar to fakeloh,simal-kasolin,misanga’ to sapaiyo, marad, dafong no micolo’ay ato dafong no mililecay.<ref name="Unnamed_2-20230318190903"/> I 2001 miheca tahira i 2011 mihecaan, o nipasadakan a simalan-dagong ato sakatayal dafong matongal ko ka’adihay nani 14% matongal tahira i 42%.<ref>India's Economy: Not Just Rubies and Polyester Shirts, 經濟學人, 2011-10-08 [2011-10-09], （原始內容存檔於2017-10-19）</ref> == '''Tamdaw'''(人口) == [[Faylo:Indiadem.jpg|縮圖|cica'edongay tono to'as a fafahiyan no Indo]] I 2011 mihecaan a sa’osi to tamdaw, ira ko 1,210,193,422 ko tamdaw no Indo,<ref name="Unnamed_3-20230318190903">Provisional Population Totals – Census 2011, Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner (Ministry of Home Affairs,印度政府), 2011 [2011-03-29], （原始內容存檔於2018-12-24）</ref> motooray to Conko ko ka’aloman no tamdaw, nani 2001 miheca tahira i 2011 mihecaan a katongal no tamdaw 1.76%.<ref name="Unnamed_3-20230318190903"/> isafaay to i’ayaway a mo’etep miheca (1991-2001) to 2.13%.<ref>Census Data 2001, Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner (Ministry of Home Affairs, 印度政府), 2010–2011 [2011-07-22], （原始內容存檔於2008-12-18）</ref> o sakilac to fafahiyan ato fainayan 0.94,<ref name="Unnamed_3-20230318190903"/> tahira to i 2019 miheca ira ko 1368,737,513 ko tamdaw, 1.08% ko katongal to mihecahecaan.<ref>Population by Country (2019) - Worldometers. www.worldometers.info. [2019-03-22]. （原始內容存檔於2016-02-04） '''（英語）'''.</ref> do’edoen ko Sakanga’ay-Sakitatirengan a Lekatep(''World Health Organization, WHO'') a pisa’soi to mihecahecan ira ko 90 ’ofad ko mapatayay nika ’oning no nanom ato fali.<ref>Robinson, S., India's Medical Emergency, 時代, 2008-05-01 [2011-07-23], （原始內容存檔於2013-07-26）</ref> 10 ’ofad ko tamdaw 50 aca ko ising.<ref>Dev, S. M.; Rao, N. C., India: Perspectives on Equitable Development, Academic Foundation, 2009 [2012-05-10], <nowiki>ISBN 978-8171886852</nowiki>, （原始內容存檔於2020-07-05）</ref> O mafana’ay to tilid a tamdaw i 2011 miheca a sa’osi 74.04 %( fainayan 82.14%, fafahiyan 65.46%)<ref name="Unnamed_3-20230318190903"/> o sakakaay mafana’ay to tilid o Kalala-kowan,<ref>Skolnik, R. L., Essentials of Global Health, Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2008 [2012-05-10], <nowiki>ISBN 978-0763734213</nowiki>, （原始內容存檔於2020-08-01）</ref> Pihali-kowan ko sasafaay;<ref>Singh, S., Library and Literacy Movement for National Development, Concept, 2004 [2012-05-10], <nowiki>ISBN 978-8180690655</nowiki>, （原始內容存檔於2020-07-27）</ref> o lalen a ’orip 68.59 mihecaan. Tata’angay ko kasatiwtiw no cipaysoay ato manikaway, orasaka ‘aloman ko maro’ay i manikaway loma’ i tokay, o lifong ira ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%AA%A8%E7%97%9B%E7%86%B1%E7%97%87 Tinkolo], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%96%9F%E7%96%BE malaliya], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%94%B2%E5%9E%8B%E8%82%9D%E7%82%8E A-faco ’atay adada], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%88%8A%E5%9E%8B%E8%82%9D%E7%82%8E E-faco ’atay adada]. == Finacadan(民族) == tosa ko sakakaay finacadan no Indo, o mihaopay to 72% a Indo-Yalian finacadan ato mihaopay to 25% a Talopica-tamdaw. ira ho pacarcaray maro' a finacadan, tinako han o cinganganay i hekal a misamaraday a Katoliyakohaer-tamdaw, ira ho ko milacalay ko 'orip a Palali-tamdaw; ira ho mi'a'adopay modatengay tamdaw, ano ca o paliwalay to cinah, mi'edaway.kowaniay,Ayifito-pa'adaay, ticinaay,micadiway to fokeloh,mitiliday to tireng a kasasiromaroma a tayal.ira ko sowal no mikinkiway itini i Indo ira ko 500 a pacarcaray ko aro' a kasafelaw, latek ira ko 8000 'ofad ko polong noninian tamdaw. == Kasasa'er no 'orip(種性制度) == Indo pitooran ato Fociyaw tosa a pitooran, nawhani, oninian tamtamdaw mikihamonay to kasasa’er-no’orip(種姓; Ikiris a sowal:''Caste'';卡斯特) no Indo, orasaka mirecep itini tona kasasa’er-no’orip, saikoray to i,layap sato tona faco no kasasa’er-no’orip, nikawrira, ona tosaay a pitooran sahetoay to macacamolay. [[Faylo:From left to right- A Gurkha, a Brahmin and a Sood.jpg|縮圖|sakawananay o Sotolo fainayan]] Kasasa'er no 'orip(種性制度): itini i siyakay no Indo iraay ho ko makedecay kasasa’er no orip’ a faco. Do’edoen no Indo a tamdaw ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%90%A0%E9%99%80 Fito-Cin] i,kalisepaten a misiiked ko kasasa’er no ’orip no tamdaw: 1.[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A9%86%E7%BD%97%E9%97%A8 Polomen] o Cikawasay(婆羅門; Fan-sowal:ब्राह्मण;Romaan tilid:''brāhmaṇa''; Ikiris a tilid:''Brahmin''): o cikawasay a tamdaw itini i kasasa’er-no’orip a faco no Indo, o cisakowanay to ’icel no kawas, mi’edaw, misatekeday to ponka ato kiwiku, mipahapinangay to kamaomahan romi’ad, mikemed to ilisin no honti, o sakakaay ko tireng i siyakay no Indo. 2.[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%88%B9%E5%B8%9D%E5%88%A9 Satili] o Tadamaanay tamdaw ato cipo’otay(剎帝利; Fan-sowal:क्षत्रिय ''kṣatriya''; Pafali a sowal:''khattiyā''): o tadamaanay tamdaw ilaloma’ no sofitay a tamdaw itini i kasasa’er-no’orip a faco no Indo. Mahaop ko honti a kasasiromaroma a malatapangay no sifo, cisakowanay to polong a ‘icel-sakowan ‘edeng no kawasan’icel ko awaay. 3.[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%90%A0%E8%88%8D Fise] o kalotamdaw('''吠舍'''; Fan-tilid:वैश्य ''Vaiśya''): o kalotamdaw a matayalay ilaloma’ no sofitay a tamdaw itini i kasasa’er-no’orip a faco no Indo.o sasafaay ko tireng itini Ylian-tamdaw. o maomahay ato paka’enay to ‘a’adopen, ira ko inanengay matayal mahoped ko payso ato dafong malacipaysoay paliwalay-tamdaw, ciseraay, ato mipapacaliway to payso.<ref>Boesche, Roger. The First Great Political Realist. 1 March 2003: 24 [2022-07-29]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-73910-607-5</nowiki>. （原始內容存檔於2022-05-17）.</ref> 4.[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%A6%96%E9%99%80%E7%BD%97 Sotolo] o koli(首陀羅; Fan-sowal:शूद्र,''Śūdra'') o sakasepat kasasa’er ko ’orip ilaloma’ no kasasa’er-no’orip a faco no Indo, o maomahay, ikakaay a misatofangay ato misamoraday konini.itiya ho o matayalay to ma’acekan tayal tora mipacokay to ‘a’adopen ato mipatayay to tamdaw a tayal ato mifalahay to tai’ ko tayal, orasaka, cowako tatefingen koninian tamadaw(不可接觸者'';untouchables'')<ref>存档副本. [2012-05-09]. （原始內容存檔於2011-11-30）.</ref> hananay. Ona sepatay a kasasa’er mafalic to tolo a kasasa’er, onini i, o Plomon, Satili ato Fise a ikakaay-kasasa’er, ato itiyaay ho a Sotolo isafaay-kasasa’er. Ona sakasepat a Sotolo awaay ko ngangan no tireng a makaditay-tamdaw, o sasafaay ko ‘orip itini i siyakay no Indo, o cowa ko a ingiden a tamdaw hananay konini, latek ira ko 1 ’ok tamdaw, mahaop ko 1/14 no polong tamdaw no Indo. Ona kasasa’eran cilacila mala’odot nawhani tadamasasiromaay ko tireng itini i siyakay,siwci ato saka’orip.Iro matini i misatokayay ato macemahaday niyaro’ cowa to ka pakafet ko pisakakinih, nikawrira itini i maomahay niyaro’ tata’angay ho ko pirecep no matiniya harateng.<ref>歐東明. 印度教与印度种姓制度. 南亞研究季刊, 2002(3):P64-P69.</ref> == '''Sowal'''(語言) == O sakakaay a sowal no Indo o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6-%E9%9B%85%E5%88%A9%E5%AE%89%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF Indo-Yalian capa’ a sowal]( 印度-雅利安語支; Ikiris a sowal:''Indo-Aryan languages''） ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%BE%BE%E7%BD%97%E6%AF%97%E8%8D%BC%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB Talopito Nikadado’edoan-sowal]( 達羅毗語系''';'''''Dravida'' ) , alamihaop i polong a tamdaw no Indo to 74% ato 24%, o roma a sowal ira ho kono [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%97%8F%E7%B7%AC%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F Cang-Miyanma Nikadado’edoan-sowal](藏緬語族) ,[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB Satimolan-Aciya Nikadado’edoan-sowal](南亞語系，也譯作澳斯特羅-亞細亞語系或澳亞語系) , cowa ka pisetek tono kitakitan sowal ko Indo.<ref>Dharwadker, A., Representing India's Pasts: Time, Culture, and Problems of Performance Historiography, Canning, C. M.; Postlewait, T. (編), Representing the Past: Essays in Performance Historiography, University of Iowa Press, 2010-10-28 [2011-07-24], <nowiki>ISBN 978-1587299056</nowiki>, （原始內容存檔於2020-12-19）</ref> imatini o sakacecay a sowal no sifo o Indi-sowal, latek ira ko 30% ko somowalay, o sa’alomanay ko somowal tonini a sowal; <ref>Ottenheimer, H. J., The Anthropology of Language: An Introduction to Linguistic Anthropology, Cengage, 2008 [2012-05-10], <nowiki>ISBN 978-0495508847</nowiki>, （原始內容存檔於2020-10-30）</ref> <ref>Mallikarjun, B, Fifty Years of Language Planning for Modern Hindi—The Official Language of India, Language in India, November 2004, '''4''' (11) [2011-07-24], ISSN 1930-2940, （原始內容存檔於2008-12-24）</ref>o Ikiris a sowal mapaterep to i 1965 miheca ko ‘edengan hasowal no sifo, nikawria ma’osaw ho “nipatongalan hasowal no sifo ” sanay, ono kapolongan hasowal i polong no Indo kitakit, sakakaay kalasowalan itini i sieci ato mali’aca to dafong.<ref>Notification No. 2/8/60-O.L, Ministry of Home Affairs, 印度政府, 1960-04-27 [2011-05-13], （原始內容存檔於2011-05-02）</ref> o sakakaay hasowal ko Ikiris a sowal itini i kiwiku, mangalefay itini i kowcong ato kawcong a pipasifana’an. Roma sato ira ho 21 a sowal mamalahasowal no sifo, onini i, o Malayalamo-sowal, Tanmier-sowal, Tayroko-sowal, Kanata-sowal, Konkani-sowal, Malati-sowal,Werto-sowal, Kokalato-sowal, Awliya-sowal, Pancepo-sowal, Asamo-sowal, Kesinmier-sowal, Sinto-sowal, Nipalo-sowal, Fan-sowal, Manipoer-sowal, ira ho mitokian malafas ko 1,600 ko sowal. O pisa'osi to polong tamdaw no Indo, o somowalay tamdaw to sakakaay sowal a nitokian: {| class="wikitable" |+ !rayray !sowal !somowalay !lalen |- |1 |Indisowal |422,048,642 |41.03 |- |2 |Monciyala |83,369,769 |8.11 |- |3 |Tayroko-sowal |74,002,856 |7.19 |- |4 |Malati |71,936,894 |6.99 |- |5 |Tanmier-sowal |60,793,814 |5.91 |- |6 |Werto-sowal |51,536,111 |5.01 |- |7 |Kokalato-sowal |46,091,617 |4.48 |- |8 |Kanata |37,924,011 |3.69 |- |9 |Malayalamo-sowal |33,066,392 |3.21 |- |10 |Awliya-sowal |33,017,446 |3.21 |- |11 |Pancepo-sowal |29,102,477 |2.83 |- |12 |Asamo-sowal |13,168,484 |1.28 |- |13 |Maytili |12,179,122 |1.18 |} [[Faylo:Akshardham Delhi.jpg|縮圖|Pita'ongan no Indo-pitooran]] == Pitooran(宗教) == O tadatalolongay ko pitoor to kawas ko Indo a tamdaw, orasaka o lalengawan no masamaamaanay a pitooran itini, wayawaya ira itini ko polong ihekalay a pitooran, sa pangangan han to “pina’angan loma’ no pitooran” hananay. O polong a tamdaw no Indo mahaop ko 80.5% mitooray to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99 Indo-pitooran], oroma a ikakaay a pitooran ira ho [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99 Islam-pitooran](15%), [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%94%A1%E5%85%8B%E6%95%99 Siko-pitooran](1.9%),[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%80%86%E9%82%A3%E6%95%99 Cina-pitooran](0.4), isa’ayaway a mihecahecaan micomod ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99 Misakristoay no Siliya], ira heca ko pikowan no Ikiris, orasak ira ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99 Kristo-pitooran](2.3%).111Talacowa itiniay i Indo ko lalengawan no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99 Faciyaw-pitooran,] mamangay to ko pisiwar a ‘icel anini, ‘edengan 0.8% ko mitooray, nikawrira, tata’ang ko pisiwar no katenak no Faciyaw-pitooran to italiyokay a kitakit. [[Faylo:Asanathon.jpg|縮圖|Yiciya no Indo]] == '''Ponka'''(文化) == O Indo-ponka hananay i,marapot ko kahirahira no ‘orip no Indo-tamdaw:o sowal, o pitooran,o sakero, o radiw, patireng to laloma’, kaka’enen. O pinangan no ‘orip o kaitiraan a masasiroma ko faco no pidemak.<ref>John Keay (2011), ''India: A History'', 2nd Ed - Revised and Updated, Grove Press / HarperCollins, <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-8021-4558-1</nowiki>, see Introduction and Chapters 3 through 11</ref> <ref>Mohammada, Malika. The foundations of the composite culture in India. Aakar Books, 2007. 2007. <nowiki>ISBN 81-89833-18-9</nowiki>.</ref>O macacamolay to masasiromaromaay a kamaro’an no tamdaw, kahawang ko Indo-Karopaw, masiwar ho no pinapinaay patek a mihecaan. Ona kahirahira sanay a ponka, ira ko tadamaanay a kakoc misiwaray tona hekal, patinako han o “[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%91%9C%E4%BC%BD yuciya]”(''yoga'') ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E9%A3%B2%E9%A3%9F sika’en no Indo]. == '''Pacefaday a tilid'''(註腳) == <references /> == Pikafitan i papotal(外部連接) == * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Asiya]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Satimolan Asiya]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Kitakit]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Indo]] gu1qhferar5nlm5muth6evdh6f9qd5z 0 432 45162 30909 2024-11-23T16:01:56Z 103.141.108.148 45162 wikitext text/x-wiki IG:zyfz_hsan [[Faylo:Flag of Indonesia.svg|thumb|Flag of Indonesia|alt=Flag of Indonesia]] [[Faylo:Indonesia (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Area controlled by Indonesia shown in green]] Itini i 5 00 S, 120 00 E, noAsiya ko [[Indonesia]]. Polong no sekalay i 1,904,569 sq km “saka 15 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 1,811,569 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 93,000 sq km ” Polong i 258,316,051 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 31.20%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 51.70%, malo no roma to a sera 17.10%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Jakarta]](雅加達) ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakafalo 17 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Joko Widodo]](佐科·維多多), patirengan a romi’ad i 2014 a miheca(年) saka 10 folad saka 20 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Indonesia| ]] 2cak0b64ry1y7c43itze4pqgvicurso 0 433 42664 38490 2024-04-03T01:13:27Z Ｍayawtowid 44 42664 wikitext text/x-wiki == O ngangan no Ining (伊濘部落由來) == Itiniay i [[Taitung]](台東) Cen no Taitung ko [[Ining]] a niyaro’, 769 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 2,487 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 23% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 581 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 77% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 1,906 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko [[Amis]](阿美族)18%, Paiwan(排灣族)3%, Puyuma(卑南族)1%, roma(其他)1%. Ira ko picodadan(台東專科、原住民族部落大學、空中大學) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(台東分局永樂縣派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(台東監理站) i niyaro’. == O katadamaanan no niyaro’ == == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] o0fppii3qmxkyqd1zqab0pkistpgbwg 0 434 9092 9091 2021-10-28T12:15:34Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 24 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 9091 wikitext text/x-wiki Ip’ipa’an bato（朱家莊部落） Itiniay i [[Wufeng]](五峰) Cen no Hsinchu(新竹) ko [[Ip’ipa’an bato]] a niyaro’, 25 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 69 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 99% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 68 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 1% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 1 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Saysiyat(賽夏族)87%, Tayal(泰雅族)9%, Bunun(布農族)1%, roma(其他)1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 8aaqckmrwacuarbsk086bbzfnbtunf2 0 435 30568 30397 2022-01-26T17:11:51Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q794]] 30568 wikitext text/x-wiki Iran（伊朗） [[Faylo:Flag of Iran.svg|thumb|Flag of Iran|alt=Flag of Iran]] [[Faylo:Iran (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Location of Iran]] Itini i 32 00 N, 53 00 E, noAsiya ko [[Iran]]. Polong no sekalay i 1,648,195 sq km “saka 18 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 1,531,595 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 116,600 sq km ” Polong i 82,801,633 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 30.10%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 6.80%, malo no roma to a sera 63.10%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Tehran]](德黑蘭) ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakasepat 1 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Hassan Rouhani]](哈桑·羅哈尼), patirengan a romi’ad i 2013 a miheca(年) saka 8 folad saka 4 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 9f5rhxm4zjj9uj4vc30ium58somvghl 0 436 9136 9135 2021-10-28T12:15:40Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 26 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 9135 wikitext text/x-wiki Iranmeylek（東清部落） Itiniay i [[Lanyu]](蘭嶼) Cen no Taitung(台東) ko [[Iranmeylek]] a niyaro’, 205 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 596 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 87% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 521 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 13% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 75 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Yami(Tao)(達悟族)81%, Amis(阿美族)2%, Paiwan(排灣族)1%, Bunun(布農族)1%, Puyuma(卑南族)1%, roma(其他)1%. Ira ko picodadan(東清國小) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(台東縣東清派出所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] dd6j1zvlxhwvrfbk5ajgy8v33nszjfm 0 437 30763 30762 2022-02-19T10:30:50Z Firefly 521 Reverted to revision 30730 by [[Special:Contributions/Hogweard|Hogweard]] ([[User talk:Hogweard|talk]]): Rvv (TwinkleGlobal) 30763 wikitext text/x-wiki Iraq（伊拉克） [[Faylo:Flag of Iraq.svg|thumb|Flag of Iraq|alt=Flag of Iraq]] [[Faylo:Iraq (orthographic-projection).svg|thumb|Location of Iraq]] Itini i 33 00 N, 44 00 E, noAsiya ko [[Iraq]]. Polong no sekalay i 438,317 sq km “saka 59 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 437,367 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 950 sq km ” Polong i 38,146,025 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 18.10%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 1.90%, malo no roma to a sera 80%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Baghdad]] ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakapito 14 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Fuad Masum]], patirengan a romi’ad i 2014 a miheca(年) saka 7 folad saka 24 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] js2tokhmkcqhl81v07a1n33zlsyckcn 0 438 9184 9183 2021-10-28T12:15:49Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 34 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 9183 wikitext text/x-wiki Iraraley（朗島部落） Itiniay i [[Lanyu]](蘭嶼) Cen no Taitung(台東) ko [[Iraraley]] a niyaro’, 320 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 921 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 91% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 842 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 9% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 79 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Yami(Tao)(達悟族)87%, Amis(阿美族)1%, Paiwan(排灣族)1%, Puyuma(卑南族)1%, roma(其他)2%. Ira ko picodadan(朗島國小) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(台東縣朗島派出所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 18p53n36h2v6dezngghstziijsxgxwm 0 439 9206 9205 2021-10-28T12:15:52Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 21 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 9205 wikitext text/x-wiki Iratay（漁人部落） Itiniay i [[Lanyu]](蘭嶼) Cen no Taitung(台東) ko [[Iratay]] a niyaro’, 260 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 751 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 84% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 632 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 16% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 119 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Yami(Tao)(達悟族)81%, Amis(阿美族)2%, Paiwan(排灣族)1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 6tkff4ehabmxwelr1kmx59aqbci1o4s 0 440 33679 33678 2023-01-16T10:46:03Z Masaonikar 570 33679 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Flag of Ireland.svg|縮圖|Hata no Ayerlan]] '''Ayerlan Kapolongan-kitakit''' Ayerlan(愛爾蘭;Ikiris a sowal:''Ireland''; Ayerlan a sowal:''Éire''）常稱呼為愛爾蘭共和國;Ikiris a sowal:''Republic of Ireland''；Ayerlan a sowal:''Poblacht na hÉireann''). O itiraay i Saka’etipan-Yoropa a Kanatalan-kitakit, o nipatatekoan to 26 a kanatal no 32 kanatal no Ayerlan-kanatal, o kakahad no sera latek ira ko 7 ‘ofad km² (o Taywan 3.3 ‘ofad km²), o madado’edoay to sera ato Saka’a,isay-Ayerlan no Ikiris a Salongocay-kitakit. [[Faylo:EU-Ireland.svg|縮圖|Kaitiraan no Ayerlan]] O Cecayay-faco Kalomaocan a kapolongan kitakit. mataliyokay no Tasiyang-Riyar ko polong nona kitakit, isakatimolan o Kayerto-Riyar, isakatimol no sakawalian malala’ed to Sie-Ciyawci Tata’eman, makakecor ato Wiersi, isakawalian mingato to Ayerlan-Riyar. O tatapangan tokay ato sakakaay tokay o Topolin, itiraay I sakawalian no Ayerlan-kanatal. O tamdaw ira ko 500 ’ofad, ilal’ma' nonini mahaop ko 40% itiraay i Topolin a maro’Ireland (Inkiris: Ireland, Ireland sowal: Éire) [1], o sakasomowal to Ireland nikapolongan kitakit (Inkiris: Republic of Ireland; Ireland sowal: Poblacht na hÉireann), kaetipay Yoropa a cecay kitakit, nai Ireland kanatal ira ko 32 a sakowan a nipakapotan. O dengan o nano Inkiris a ka’amisay Ireland a milakapotay to sekal salawac a citatapangay salongoc kitakit. O maci ato ta’akay niyaro’ i o Doblin, i sakawali no kanatal. O tamdaw no kitakit ira ko 500 ’ofad ko tamdaw ira ko 40% maroay i Doblin a niyaro’. Mitaliyokan no Tasiyang, katimol io Celtic riyar, kawali katimol o St George ’efong a riyar, kawali o Ireland riyar. O cecayay kalomaoc a nikapolongan kitakit. Itini i 53 00 N, 8 00 W, noYoropi ko [[Ireland]]. Polong no sekalay i 70,273 sq km “saka 120 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 68,883 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 1,390 sq km ” Polong i 4,952,473 ko tamdaw. == Ngangan (名稱) == Nano to’as misolapay no Greece ci Pythias o kafana’an a sa’ayaway a matiliday no Ireland tamdaw, i nitilidan ningra a nikimadan “Iérnē”, itiya no Loma a matanengay ci Ptolemy toya ngangan pala “Iouerníā” ko tilid. Loma likisi a hakasi ci Tacitus i nitilidan ningra Agricola kimad i, oya a ngangan falican to Latin tilid “Hibernia” (Hibernia, si^enaway a sera), Ireland a kanatal mapapaya to “Himalayan”. Anini a Edinburgh mimaliay kapot Hibernian micokaray to mali a Club ko sakacingangan. Aniniay pangangan to kitakit “Ireland”, itiyaay ho mapapolong hongti kitakit ato Ireland a kalaliyangan. Masadak ko matiniay khinapecan, o final a sera no Ireland ira ko no Inkiris, yansaka Ireland a ngangan i nengneng no Inkiris caay ko matatodongay kina ngangan. I 1937 mihecaan mahayda ko “Ireland kimpo” matelek, oni a kitakit a ngangan o no Ireland a sowal: Éire, ano eca no Inkiris a sowal to Ireland. I 1948 miheca mihayda to lekapotan kitakit Ireland a rikec, o kitakit pala Nikapolongan Kitakit, saka 2 liyad masowal, manga’ay “patinakoen” kina kitakit to o Ireland Nikapolongan Kitakit (Republic of Ireland) a han. Nikawrira o sakaecaaw ka pifelih to kimpo, oni a rikec caay patodong mifalic to ngangan to Nikapolongan Kitakit Ireland, orasaka kimpo a ngangan oya to “Irelan”. I 1989 mihecaan, Nikapolongan Kitakit Ireland a takaraway hoying nasa, o Nikapolongan Kitakit Ireland o citodongay caay kanga’ay paci’eci misetek to no tao kitakit pala Ireland a misongila’ pangangan[7]. Sacisowal sa ko hoying: “Ano saki tonian a kitakit mikilim to sadama to hoying no kitakit maemin caay ka kahi micoker to ni kitakit a kimpo o matatodongay, nikawrira pinengneng no mako, no kasakitakit a nihaydaan a ngangan, o tatayra tina kitakit a pihayda a salongoc tangasa i pisolof a masongila’.” Paherek to kokasararimokay, I 1998 mihecaan kapatayan ni Yis a romi’ad a mahayda kinapatonekan, masalof ko katatelekan to pakayniay i Ireland a demak, ato I Nikapolongan Kitakit Ireland a pihapiw a sasowalen. Ikor milayap to ko Inkiris to Ireland kitakit pangangan sa “Ireland” ato Dublin sifo a kasakitakit a katatelekan, o nian sato ko pangangan[8]. == Likisi (歷史) == O Ireland nai 1801-1922 miheca o nano tata'akay Ikiris a lekatep ato Ireland tapangan kitakit mikowanan. 1845 miheca nawhani pakayniay to kakakedalan to cango’ot ko pilitod to potato, o Inkiris a sifo a cisafangad to nai Amilika a kakaenen, caay patodong to matatodngay sadama, mafo’ot kopipacomodan to kakaenen, saka malowan to ko tamdaw no Ireland to sepatay ira ko cecay, alomanay Ireland a tamdaw macangal to Inkiris. I 1916 miheca 4 folad kalomowadan ni Yis mikowad ko Ireland, tatodong sa i saka 1 kalaloodanno hekal Inkiris ato Germany malalood itiya, o Germany kitakit misanga’ to kalifotan no Inkiris patayraen i Ireland ko sakalalood ato kakaenen sapico’ay to Inkiris, ano mitiratira aca, saikor oya pikowat mapaterep ito. I 1919 miheca, alomanay i 1918 mihecaan a nipisingkiw maalaay a Ireland a iing mana’ay i Kararemay pikaykian midemak, lonok saan cangra patireng to Ireland kalomaocan, itiya I 1919 miheca 1 folad o misiikeday ko “Nikapolongan Kitakit Ireland” ko pipangangan mihapiw to niya pisiikedan. Itiya, o Ireland caay ka haydaen no kasakitakit, nikawrira i Inkiris ato Ireland kalalood (roma sowal o pisiiked no Ireland a lalood) ikor, o Inkiris at Ireland masasitelek to Inkiris at Ireland tatonekan, pafeli to Ireland matatodongay i kimpo to no niya pikowan no solongoc, oya kacitodong no niya pikowan to sera todong. Mapatireng no Ireland ko Ireland pakoniraay lekatep, mikowang to polong no Ireland a sera, nikawrira pihayda aca to ka’amisay enemay a sa’etal (ka’amis Ireland) caay pikihatiya toIreland pakoniraay sa’etal. Itiya matelek ko Ireland pakoniraay sa’etal a kimpo, o Ireland o nano Hontian Rikec, o hongti no Ireland o hongti no Inkiris ko citodongay, itiya patireng to congto dademakay, midemak ko kalomaocan to Tosaay ko pikaykian faco no kitakit, patireng to “sapidemak a wiyyinhuy” (laloma’ay), patireng to kakeridan no sapidemak a wiyyinhuy. I 1937 miheca 12 folad 29 romi’ad, o Ireland pakoniraay sa’etal midemak to fa^elohay Ireland kimpo, misetek to ngangan “Ireland (Ireland sowal : Éire), patireng to Ireland congtong a dademakan, nikawrira hongti mido’edo midotoc to 1936 mihecaan to sakadademak salongoc (sician nipalafang) rikec i kasakitait o pasalongan aca a Ireland kitakit. Saka 2 kalaloodan, o Ireland pakasasifo’an, itiya o pikowan no Tata'akay Ikiris a Lekatep dengan mio pakasasifo’anay kitakit. Nikawrira i 1940 miheca 5 folad Nazi Germany o sapipatodongaw to no riyar a laion halaka a micalap to Inkiris, patonek to sapicalapaw to Ireland kalalood a halakaan, o pahapinang o langdaway a dademakan. Saka 6 folad Inkiris ato Ireland mitelek to sapico’ay a demak to “W halaka” sapitena’ to mamicalap, nikawrira o pi’imer no Inkiris to kitakit, mapidah k Germany i Tata'akay Ikiris a Lekatep a lalood, o langdaway halaka mapaterep aca. I 1949 miheca 4 folad 1 romi’ad mihayda to i 1948 miheca a Ireland Nikapolongan Kitakit a rikec, so’elin mapalasawad ko sawara'an, o demak no hongti mapafeli i congtong a todong, o Ireland mala o Nikapolongan Kitakit. Midotoc to kimpo no Ireland saka 4 liyad, “Ireland (Éire)” o ngangan no kitakit, mahecad i saka 2, 3 liyad ko pihapiw no Ireland to ka’amisay Ireland ira ko piraoy toni a salongoc (I 1999 mihecaan mapalasawad to), orasaka o Nikapolongan Kitakit a Ireland i saki kacacofelan a demak a patodong o “Éire” (tinako kimpo no Ireland, congtong no Ireland). Nikawrira nao Inkiris to ka’amisay sa’etal nipidemak to salongoc, alomanay kitakit miliyas to “Éire” a sowal, o sapidipot a ka’amisay Ireland, miliyas to misakakinih. O Ireland i 1949 miheca 4 folad mhapiw patireng to Nikapolongan Kitakit to ikor, lonok sa miliyas to Tata'akay Ikiris a Lekatep. (Tata'akay Ikiris a Lekatep i 1950 mihecaan mafalic ko sarikec, mihayda to Intia o Nikapolongan Kitakit a ngangan mirenok to i Tata'akay Ikiris a Lekatep.) talacowa o Ireland caay to piliyaw misingsi to pikapotaw to Tata'akay Ikiris a Lekatep, nikawrira maparenok to o lekapotan to a salongoc, i Tata'akay Ikiris a Lekatep ko piraoy. Ireland i 1955 miheca micomod i Linhoko[9], i 1973 miheca mikapot i Kicay Lekatep no Europe (aniniay a Lekatep no Yoropa). O Ireland to kasarayray a sifo misa’icel to sakalacecayaw no Ireland, malecad to Inkiris malakapot misalof to ka’amisay Ireland a mifolaway a siwtoc. Ireland ato ka’amis Ireland a pisingkiw i 1998 miheca mahayda ko Belfast katatelekan a pidemak[10]. == Sici (政治) == O Ireland o masacecayay ko pikaykian faco no Nikapolongan Kitakit a rikec, midemak to Nikapolongan a kalomaoc. O sakakaay ko congtong no Ireland kitakit, 7 miheca ko lekad, no nipisingkiw no finawlan, kinacecay aca ko lekad. Awaay kosakadademak no congtong, nikawrira i Ireland no Kitakit a kadademakan pacecay iraen ko sapikowan ato dademaken, halopipalasawad to kalomaocan. O congli no Ireland o kalomaocan ko mitoro’ay, ocongtong k patodongay, o nai sata’akay a sacefang ano eca mapapolongay sifo a kakeridan ko cacitodong. No kimpo a nitelekan to dademakay caay ka ta’elif ko 15 ko tamdaw, no Fafa'eday pikaykian a iing caay kataelif ko 2 tamdaw, malecad to congli, micokeray congli, citodongay to payso kakeridan o Kararemay pikaykian a iing ko ciodongay. No Ireland a citodongay mikowan a cefang a congli ci Michael Martin mikeriday to Nikapolongan Kitakit no Ireland ato Ireland lekapot a cefang ato Ireland li cefang matateko mikowan to sifo. Ka’ayaw a tosaay talacowa mangangata ko sici, nika o rayray no likisi o mamasasi’adaay, ’ayaw noni caayho kapapolong milekapot to sifo. O miliyangay a cefang o fa^elohay Fenland(sinfen) cefang, malalokay a Kawiliay cefang, misaakoay to pifolaw to pakiraan mipalakomod to Ireland. Laloma’ay no kitakit a pasayraan no kasacefang halo Nikapolongan cefang, papolongay cefang ato malingaday cefang, o kicay ato syakay to sakadademak masasingataay, dengan o saki Inkiris ato Europe nipatatekoan a pinangan masasifelihay. == Sifo a saceker (政府架構) == O Ireland Tosaay ko pikaykian faco no kitakit, o Ireland Fafa'eday pikaykian ato Kararemay pikaykian. Fafa'eday pikaykian a sa’icel mimingay, ira ko 60 lomaocay, lalomaan ira ko 11 tamdaw o congli ko mitoro’ay pangangan, 3 tamdaw o misawaday to daykako no Ireland ko misingkiway, 3 tamdaw o misawaday to  ko Dublin daykako misingkiway, 43 tamdaw nai limaay malingaday sa’etal (ponka, maomahay mifotingay, malingaday, malal’'acaay, syakay) ko misingkiway. Tata’akay ko ’icel no Kararemay pikaykian, nai 166 tamdaw lomaocan sakapot, kasacecay a sa’etal 3-5 ko taypiaw, taypiaw no Nikapolongan Kitakit no Ireland to 42 a sa’etal, o pisingkiw citodong to taypiaw manga’ay to masacecayay ko pidemak. Midotoc to Ireland kimpo, kalomaocan 5 miheca ko cecay lekad, nikawrira congli manga’ay paini to congtong mipalasawad to lomaocay. 2016 miheca a singkiw malowan ko 8 no lomaocaay. o pisingkiw citodong to taypiaw manga’ay to masacecayay ko pidemak. Halo Kararemay pikaykian singkiw (I 1921 mihecaan), Europe lomaocan singkiw, kasaniyaro’ sifo a singkiw. == Rikec (法律) == Sepat ko hoying, i 1802 miheca mapatireng, o sa’akawangay hoying no Ireland, ’akawangay hoying ato Dublin maliyokay hoying. == Sofitay (軍事) == No Ireland mi’adingay sofitay halo lalan hitay, riyar hitay, kakarayan hitay ato mihopedan sofitay. Hitay kamimingay nika marocek ko sapidemak, ira ko 10.000 tamdaw no sofitay. I 1922 mihecaan patireng, o sapipa’ading a ’icel o nai sofitay (PDF) ato pasatarod (RDF). O pa’adingay sofitay halo lalan, riyar, kakaraya toloay sofotay, o satarod a sofitay o sakilalanay hitay ato riyaray hitay a sakapot. Sakakaay a kakeridan no sofitay ko congtong. Sofitay o mi’adingay ko kakeridan. O sakimangalayay a hitay, 6 miheca ko lekad, tadasofitay 3 miheca. 2008 miheca 3 folad, maolahay mi’adingay mihapiw “2008 miheca -2012 miheca lalood a halaka”, pasadak to sapipatireng i laloma’ay papotalay a sapidipot, ta maleko ko sofitay a ’icel, maolahay mileko to sasifo’ay a sofitay nikawrira micoker to no Linhoko a parihadayay a demak, mido’edo micoker to Europe Lekatep sakarihaday ato sapi’ading a halaka, midotoc mikapot to ka’amisay kalatelek kalanga’ay, o sapipa’ading a payso to mihecaan 18 walalan payso no Europe[11]. == Palapala (地理) == == Taliyok no kaitiraan (位置範圍) == O dadahal no Ireland ira ko 84,421 pinfang kongli, ono Ireland Nikapolongan Kitakit ira ko 70,273 pinfang kongli, roma i ono Inkiris a nikowanan a ka’amis Ireland. O Ireland kanatal kaetip miingiray to Tasiyang, kawali ka’amis milaed to ka’amis a ’efong ato Scotland masasikecor, kawali o Ireland a riyar, kawali katimol cilaed to St George ’efong ato Wells masasikecor, katimol o Celtic riyar. == Salong a sera (地表景觀) == O masatono’ay ko lawac no kaetip no Ireland, o ’apapolo (sa’akawangay o Carenteo lotok, 1,041 m takaraw). Laloma’ no kanatal masadafdaf, saheto o kaliomahan, Shannon ’alo ko tada’alo, roma ’alo i o Profit ’alo, ira ko pinapina a fanaw. Laloma’ no kanatal o senasenaan, o sota’ a ’afelan. O papotal no Ireland atya o cecay a kakangdaway a tomay ko fatiian (liyok no Ireland), o nano ’apolopoloay ato rafar, maledefay no kilakilan ato fanaw. Kaetipay a lilis no riyar o Moher a kasatono’ ko Ireland, o sa’akawangay tonotono’ no Europe, kaetipay no Ireland lilis no riyar o kasatono’ 8 kongli ko kakaya’, o tadamaanay kahiceraan pacarcaran no ’ayam no riyar, itira toya tonotono’an adihay ko tadamaanay a molengaway a rengorengos, o kaolahan no misaikaay pasyasing. == Kafafalic no romi’ad (氣候) == O fala’faay ko nano riyar a kafafalic noromi’ad no Ireland, o nai ka’amisay Tasiyang a fala’fa, kasi’enawan fala’fa kaciherangan saemelay[12], i kasienawan caay ka i -5˚C ko kacekel (25 °F), kaciherangan caay ka kaelif i 29℃ (79 °F) [13]. Ira ko tilid i ’ayaw sakakaay fa’edet no Ireland tangasa i 33.3℃ (91.9 °F) i 1987 miheca 6 folad 26 romi’ad i Kilkenny niyaro’ malalat, o tilid to li^etecay -19.1℃ (-2.4 °F), i Sligo niyaro’ malalat[14]. Maedeng ko kara’orad, ira ko pala 275 ko romi’ad to a’oraden to cecay miheca. Tadamaanay maci i sakawali a Dublin, kaetip katimol a Cork, kaetip Limerick ato Galway, kawali katimol Watford. (sapinang i Ireland mac) i kasi^enawan romi’ad mararid ko a’oraden, ’ayaw no kaciherangan o rasmasay ko ’orad. Sakaetip a niyaro’ matakop no kaetip katimolay fali kala’oraday, malecad tono kawakiay ato Dublin caay kala’orad. Pinatedi no cidal a toki i kawali katimolay no Ireland. Ka’amis ato kaetip a lilis no riyar o polong no Europe satata’akay ko kalafaliay, manga’ay o pipatirengan to no fali ’icel pisadingkian[15]. == O rocek no hakal (世界遺產) == Tangasa i 2011 mihecaan, ira ko tosaay a rocek no hakal i Ireland, I Boyne Palace ato Kesliga Micheal pala. I Ireland kawali ka’amisan a Mies niyaro’ a pi’ot’otan pikomod (Boyne Palace), ira ko Newgrange tomb o satadamaanay no Ireland a nano ’ayaway to’as a pitademan, Newgrange tomb salongan mapatireng i fa^elohay nofokeloh to’asan ’ayaw ni Tis to 3,200 mihecaan itiya, tangasa katayni no Celtic tamdaw, ikor Newgrange tomb o kamaro’an no kawas naira saan. Newgrange tomb a sacomod salongan ira ko 60 incm ko kakaya’, pasayra i toloay a fawahan (recess) no rawang. O Boyne Palace i kimad no Celtic marariday masadak. O patademan masongila’ay ko piadifat. O sapitahepo to patademan a fokeloh salongan ira ko 20 ’ofad ton ko kareteng, yo 97 ko sa’apelad no fokeloh malaparena’an a miceker. Newgrange tomb lakapot to kakarayanay pifana’an mikingkiw, nai tina demak mahapinang i Newgrange tomb a pipatirengan maki’ayaway toi Icip a masa’ipocay to 500 mihecaan, i ’ayaw to kasatisil no ta’akay ’ongcoy to 1,000 kiheca. Alatek o pahapinang to nipipatireng pahapinangay to satapangan no fa^elohay mihecaan, ano eca o lalowadan no saka’orip ato sakapatay. == Kacacofelan a demak (外交) == Ireland nai 1973 miheca misatapang mala o Europe Lekatep. O kacacofelan a demak saheto o pikinengneng to Europe Lekatep a kacacofelan a demak, masasiket ato masasinga’ay to Inkiris ato Amilika. Midotoc ko Ireland to kacaay pilekatep, o pipatongal to sakinahekalan a tadamaanay a sici, kicay ato ponka ko safaloco’an, sakimasararemay ato i kalaloodan a niyaro’ paini to masamaanay kicay ato sadama to tamdaw, nawhani midotocay ko Ireland to masasifo’ay to Kacacofelan a demak, orasaka caay ko no Saka’amisay Tasitang a Kakaketonan Lekatep a nikapotay kitakit, nika ira ko kasasili’ay a malahakelong[16]. == O kasasikiked a sakowan (行政區域) == Nikapolongan Kitakit a Ireland pala 26 ko niyaro’ (Ireland: contae, Inkiris: county, caay kacitodong to ka’amisay Ireland enemay niyaro’), matelangay a Ireland a kanatal (Ireland: cúige), no to’asan rayray mali 4 ko kanatal, oya Ulster kanatal, Leinster kanatal, Munster kanatal ato Connaught kanatal, i Dublin sa’etal mali tolo ko niyaro’ ato cecay ko maci, roma a sa’etal mapatireng ko tosaay maci, 2014 miheca niyaro’ a sifo mafalic to sarikec a mitelek, mafalic a 31 ko niyaro’ay sifo: 26 ko niyaro’ kalomaocan sifo, tosa ko ci niyaro’ lomaocan sifo ato toloay maci lomaoc a sifo. Laeno (dengan o Dublin niyaro’ ato toloay sisifo) a si a kowan, caay to katayra i si lomaoc sifo a ’ayaway faco[17]. == Sakaromakat (交通) == O tadamaanay no Ireland a kasakitakit a hikokiciw i Dublin, Shannon ato Cork, ira ko adihayay nai Europe ato calay a nirakatan no hikoki paromi’adan ato mi^efawan hikoki a sapatado. O nai London ato Dublin a calay a rakat saadihayay a tayal i Europe no kasakitakit a calay, to mihacaan ira ko 450 ’ofad tamdaw romakatay toni tosaay maci a ma^efer, 2006 mihecaan[18][19], o Ireland hikoki kosi ko no Ireland hikoki, nikawrira Ryan hikoki ko sata’akay hikoki kosi i kitakit no Ireland. Ryan hikoki kosi o sata’akay a ka’emeday ko ’aca a hikoki i Europe[20], o midadakaway a lafang o saka tosoa i hakal. Laloma’an no kitakit o marar lalan ko sakaromakat, citodongay to laloma’ay a calay no kitakit , saki lafang ato lalosidan no Ireland ko pipatado. O Dublin pitalaan ko sakatayra i Hughes ato Connolly, matatongod i kasa maci ato niyaro’ no kitakit. Ira ko citodongay to nai Dublin ato Belfast a lalan. Dublin maci masongila’ ko sacalay a lalan, halo Dublin sa’etal a cyi-in, maci a kahemaway lalan (Luas), Dublin paso, ato kasasicaliwan to sakaromakat a safaco (dublinbikes). O tada lalan no Ireland malitoloay, iro ko feriway lalan, sakacecay lalan ato sakatosa lalan, ono sa’etal lalan ato niyaro’ay lalan o niyaro’ay sifo ko citodongay mikowan. Masiiked i maciay calay a lalan, feriway lalan misadadahal patayra i romaroma a niyaro’, tadamaan ko sakilalan pisahalaka. Patosokan i 2006-2015 mihecaan kahapinangan ko pisadadahal ato pifalic to sakilalan a calay no Ireland. I Dublin ko tadamaanay a fafalicen lalan a halaka, tinako kawali calay a lalan ato kaetip calay a lalan a kayakay to pa’acaan, ato Dublin minato a pongkang pa’acaan. I Cork a maci tadapongkang mata’esel i Li ’alo a Jack Lynch a pongkang, oroma i Limerick a pongkang mita’esel tayra i Shannon ’alo. No Ireland a tadamaan a hikoki kosi ira o Ireland hikoki, Ryan hikoki, Chengjie hikoki. == Kicay (經濟) == === Cacowatan (發展) === Miming ko kicay no Ireland, saheto o picangray to nai papotalay a lali’aca. I 1995 miheca tangasa 2000 mihecaan, o Ireland pakaala to 10% a kacakat no kcay, malaka’ayaway i Europe, i 2003 miheca malasaka tosa to no tamdawan a GDP a kitakit (aikor no Luxembourg), itiya pakaala to Kyart a lokedaw a makapahay kacingangan. O kaliomahan maceroray to no kikay a tayal, o no kikat a nitayalan a GDP ira ko 38%, masadakay 80%, ato no dademakay a tayal ira ko 28%. Talacowa masadakay lali’aca a kicay o sacoker no Ireland, nikawrira tona pina mihecaan to sakidafong no finawlan no kitakit macakatay ato saki pipatireng ato pakadom sakalomowad no kicay a midotoc comahad. === I Wexford County a no fali ’icelan pisadingki (在威克斯福郡的風力發電場) === Tina mo^etep miheca, mi’emet ko sifo no Ireland kamoleto no dafong, malowan ko localiw no sata, sapiserer to masadakay no sifo, pacakat to fana’ no matayalay, patoror to papotalay a malali’acaay mipakadom ko patosokan, to sakikicay a pasayraan. I 1999 miheca 1 folad, Ireland ato roma 11 ko kitakit mikihatiya to Europe a paysoan sa’etal. I 2001 mihecaan a no hekalan kicay a kacedengan, masa’et ko Ireland, o papasadaken a ’akawangay kacik malitosaay ko kaserer. O GDP oyaan to a macakat, 2001 miheca ato 2002 mihecaan 6%. O GNP caay kasalongan ko kacakat, 2001 miheca malitoloay to cecay ko kaserer, 2002 miheca pado’edo a maserer. I 2008 miheca a ikor no mihecaan polong no hakal a paysoan a rodis, yaan saka pado’edo to 3 folad ko makofelet ko kicay no Ireland[22]. I 2010 miheca, paherek ko kaserer no kicay no Ireland, lomowad to ko masadakay[23]. Nikawrira o nano nicaliwan a payso ato no kingko a sapasadak miliyaw misomimet a macakat, mipasadak ko Ireland to 85 walwalan Europe a payso to sapidama, ato nai Europe Lekatep, Hekalay a Kiking no Payso a Lekatep(IMF) ato Inkiris, Sweden ato Danmark a kalocaliwan to payso[24]. == Kaliomah (農業) == Kaliomah atokalodafong sakicowatpo no Ireland, o citodongay to liomahan dafong a kingkiwan no Ireland, pinanaman ato pilicayan a pipatado a malitosaay no kitakit a citatodongay. Oni a citatodongay ira ko kasasirarem no pilicayan, hakyin ato kingkiwan ko mamidemak. Ireland a liomah ato dafongan kacomahadan a kamaro’an no citodongay i Carlo a Oak koying niyaro’ (Oak Park Estate). == Pidan (貨幣) == O Ireland tangasa 1999 miheca 1 folad 1 romi’ad mikapot to Europe a payso. == Sakicalay (通訊) == === Tingwa (電話) === No Ireland a tingwa a fangko patodong i misatingwaay. No Ireland a kasakitakit tingwa fangko＋353, o kasa’etal ko aikoray. == Tamdaw (人口) == Midotoc to Ireland sakakaay mipolongay i 2006 miheca mirina’an tamdaw a tilid, tangasa 2006 miheca 4 folad, polong no tamdaw tahira 420 ’ofad, nai 2002 mihecaan matongal to 8.1%, onian ngataay miheca, ira ko malinahan tayni i Ireland, nai Europe lekatep tamdaw o Inkiris, Germany, France, Romania, POlan tamdaw, papotalan no Europe lekatek tamdaw o Amilika, Nigeria ato Holan tamdaw. O polong no tamdaw 98.7% o maro’ay a Ireland finacadan (nano Celtic tamdaw), caayay kapapina a England tamdaw (30,000), Scotland tamdaw (5,000), Yotaya tamdaw (4,000) papotalay a dotoc. 2011 miheca mitoki pangangan a polong no tamdaw tangasa 4,581,269 tamdaw. No Ireland a masofocay sa’akawangay no Europe lekatep, o masofocay fafahiyan aikoray no Iceland i Europe. 2016 miheca 4 folad a mitomadawan polong no tamdaw tangasa 4,761,865, midotoc to ’ayaway 5 miheca macakat to 3.8% tongal to 173,613 ko tamdaw. Pa’ayaw to saki’orip 80.6 ’ayaway macakat to 1.3% mihecaan. I ’ayaw sa’alomanay tamdaw no Ireland ira ko 800 ’ofad. Nikawrira o kakedalan, kalofongan aloman ko mapatayay ato talapapotal malinah saka malowan ko tamdaw, tangasa anini, o polong tamdaw no Ireland a sa’alomanay no kalitosaan. Nika aniniay, ira ko 7,000 ’ofad ko teloc no Ireland pasataliyokay no hekal a kasaniyaro’, i Amilika a Ireland teloc tangaa to i 3,200 ’ofad ko tamdaw[25]. == Sowal (語言) == O sakasasowal no kitakit o Ireland sowal (o Celtic sowal) ato Inkiris. O Inkiris no ’alomanay a sakasasowal, no Ireland a sowal i ka’etipay niyaro’ somowalay, masa’ofadan ko tamdaw. O Ireland a sowal o nananamen i pitilidan. Kalisaotan no tamdaw tosaay a sowal ko matiliday, o pipahoso no kitakit tosaay ko sowal. O Ireland a sowal o nano Indo-Europe a sowalan a Caltic sowal no finacadan, atomalecaday a ngasaw Brittany sowal, Wells sowal, ato Scotland Gail sowal ira ko kasasiingiran. Ireland sowal o no Ireland Nikapolongan Kitakit a sowal, itiya o ka’amisay Ireland mihayda to no kanatal a sowal, nikawrira ka’amisay Ireland misasowal dengan 26 ’ofad ko tamdaw. == Pakayraan (宗教) == O Tingsokiw ko pitooran no Ireland, salongan micalap to 84% tamdaw, o Ireland sainanengay mitoor to pakayraan a kitakit, 1973 miheca mirocokay to pikihatiya to Misa mata’elif ko 90%. I ’ayaw no 2014 miheca o pipesi’ to wawa o ma’odangay, i 2014-2018 mihecaan o sakanga’ay tomenek ko tireng no citiyaday ano eca sakaeca pikinapatay saan a micolek; 2019 miheca misitapang ko citiyaday fafahiyan i ’ayaw to saka 12 lipay manga’ay mipesi’. O Tingsokiw a kiwha o parana’an no syakay ato saka’orip no Ireland, nikawrira pina mihecaan a pitoor mato masereray to. I 1996 mhecaan tangasa 2009 mhecaan, o mikihatiyaay to kiwkay a tamdaw nai 66% maserer to 46% ko tamdaw, nika i kaka ho ka;’aloman to no Europe a kitakit. I 1990 mihecaan, kapolongan-pitopa ko Ireland 50.28% ko paya miketon palasawad to nikadadoedoan to 58 miheca a pilalang malaliyas ko ramod. O Ireland kiwkay (Ireland Anglican church, no Kristokiw fa^elohay kiwha) saka tosa kiwha, 20 sici rarimaay to, pina romi’ad o Tingsokiw mafetiray, fa^elohay mimingay kiwha ato Islam a mitooray matongalay to ko mitooray. O i Ireland a Yotayakiw a niyaro’ masereray ko tamdaw. == Ponka (文化) == == Picokaay (美術) == == Radiw (音樂) == Talacowa o ’icel no kalohekal, no to’asan radiw no Ireland oya to a tariktik, masiday ho ko adihayay no tato’asan. Mipalalan ho ko kasaroma a radiw, tinako Amilika a niyaro’ay radiw ato lamitan radiw, mapatodong to saki aniniay radiwan. Mikapot to romaroma a pakayraan, tinako misa’iwa’iway ato Punk rock. I kasasiromaroma a radiw no Ireland, tinako rock, ’arosaysay, jazz, blue mapalowad ko maradiway i kasakitakit. == Kero (舞蹈) == == Kakaenen (飲食) == Kahirahira milecokan kakaenen no Ireland o titi ato hacil ko kaen, sapacamol ko lateng ato foting. Potato i 16 sici mapacomoday, o lecokan kakaenen no Ireland[28]. I sakatimolan no Ireland ira ko Guppie cheese ko kakaenen, I 1980 mihecaan a masanga’ay, kaolahan no Ireland. Guppie cheese masakihepicay a moloay, kaliyalaway ko papotal, ira ko fangiitay sanek. i ’ayaw no tolo lipay ko pipa’aca, rariden misasaw to malananomay cilah. == Pinengnengan ato pa’arawan (博物館及圖書館) == === Pinengnengan (博物館) === Queer pina’angan Iitiraay i Dublin, misa’icel mihoped to salaloma’ay no Ireland a LGBT likisi a tilid ato pinasanga’an. Ireland Queer pina’angan nai pipatirengan i Ireland LGBT pikingkiw tadamaanay, nawhani mapadamso ko mikingkiway to sakakadofahaw to nikingkiwan a tilid no likisi. === Pa’arawan (圖書館) === == Onto (體育) == Gail picokaran mali ato sapadan mali o kasalongan no Ireland a onto[29], nai Gail onto cefang ko picokeroh to sapatay ta’akay Gail onto a tosa. Oya wa’ayay mali o sakapolongan mihalhal no finawlan a onto, o wa;ay mali o todong no kitakit a salongan. 2011 miheca Europe kalalifetan saka 5 folad 18 romi’ad itiya, i Dublin a ontofa no Ireland malalifet. Nawhani o Europe a citodongay to wa’ay pimalisaka’ecaaw kao mili’acaay ko kacingangan, o pimalian a kalalifet mafalic to “Dublin pimalian (ontofa)” saan. == Kiwiko (教育) == == Pinengnengan tilid (參考文獻) == 1. Official Languages Act 2003. Office of the Attorney General. [2012-02-18]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2012-08-21）. 2. Ireland. CIA World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. [2011-08-28]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2008-12-10）. 3. CSO 2011 Census – Volume 5 – Ethnic or Cultural Background (including the Irish Traveller Community) (PDF). 2011 [2009-07-09]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2012-03-31）. 4.<nowiki>https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-pme/populationandmigrationestimatesapril2021/mainresults/</nowiki> 5. Ireland. World Economic Outlook Database. International Monetary Fund (IMF). April 2022 [2022-05-15] （Inkiris）. 6. Human Development Report 2019 (PDF). UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME. [2019-12-21]. （nano nina’angan tilid (PDF) i 2018-10- 24）. 7. Government of Ireland. Article 2. Republic of Ireland Act, 1948. Dublin: Government of Ireland. 1948 [2013-11-13]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2013-10-29）. It is hereby declared that the description of the State shall be the Republic of Ireland. 8. Official text of Ireland Act 1949 (PDF). [2011-11-04]. （nano nina’angan tilid (PDF) i 2012-01-13）. 9. November getaways. Ireland at the UN. Independent.ie. 2010-08-22 [2010-11-12]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2010-08-25）. 10. November getaways. Ireland's UN affairs. Independent.ie. 2010-06-26 [2010-11-12]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2011-05-13）. 11. Lally, Conor. Numbers in Defence Forces hit 40-year low. Irish Times. 2009-11-25 [2010-11-12]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2010-12-31）. 12. Climate in Ireland. Met.ie. [2009-10-22]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2010-02-09）. 13. The Ireland Climate and What to Wear. TravelInIreland.com. [2009-10-22]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2009-09-19）. 14. Temperature in Ireland. Met.ie. [2009-10-22]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2011-07-23）. 15. Wind over Ireland. Met.ie. [2009-10-22]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2008-05-08）. 16. Nina’angan a kapi tilid. [2014-01-10]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2011-09-24）. 17. Local Government Reform Act 2014 (PDF). Environ.ie. [2014-06-02]. （nano nina’angan tilid (PDF) i 2015-9-24）. 18. Seán McCárthaigh, Dublin–London busiest air traffic route within EU i kalocalay mana’ang, pina’angan romi’ad. 2010-12-06., Irish Examiner, 31 March 2003 19. Mark Frary. Heathrow dominates top 20. The Times (London). 2007-03-19 [2007-07-04]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2010-05-25）. 20. Ash makes Ryanair cancel flights until Monday alocalay mana’ang, pina’angan romi’ad.2010-04-19.. Forbes. 16 April 2010. 21. WATS Scheduled Passengers Carried 53rd Edition. International Air Transport Association. 2008 [2013-11-13]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2012-02-17）. 22. CSO–Central Statistics Office Ireland. Central Statistics Office Ireland. 2004-11-09 [2009-07-09]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2011-02-23）. 23. Fottrell, Quentin. Ireland Officially Exits Recession. Wall Street Journal (Online.wsj.com). 2010-06-30 [2011-06-30]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2011-06-23）. 24. Ireland to receive €85 billion bailout at 5.8% interest rate. Irishtimes.com. 2010-11-28 [2011-06-30]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2011-07-16）. 25. The Irish-American population is seven times larger than Ireland. Washington Post. [2022-05-26]. ISSN 0190-8286 （Amilika Inkiris）. 26. Press Statement Census 2016 Results Profile 8 - Irish Travellers, Ethnicity and Religion. [2020-09-26]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2021-04-07）. 27. Contemporary Music Ireland. Contemporary Music Centre–Links. [2009-07-09]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2009-2-24）. 28. Traditional Irish Cuisine. [2011-01-19]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2012-08-01）. 29. ireland-information.com. [2008-03-06]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2008-01-09）. ''sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農耕) a sera 66.10%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 10.90%, malo no roma to a sera 23%.'' ''siyoto(首都) O [[[Dublin]](都柏林) ko Siyoto.'' ''katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakatolo 17 a romi’ad.'' ''O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Michael D. Higgins]](麥克·丹尼爾·希金斯), patirengan a romi’ad i 2011 a miheca(年) saka 11 folad saka 11 a romi’ad.'' ''Pi’arawan to lakaw'' * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 4b33ekzghm8r2by35ddcz36kj4dhdmy 0 441 9246 9245 2021-10-28T12:15:58Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 22 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 9245 wikitext text/x-wiki Isaetipan pahikukian(仁和部落) Itiniay i [[Ji’an]](吉安) Cen no Hualien(花蓮) ko [[Isaetipan pahikukian]] a niyaro’, 1,927 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 5,066 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 25% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 1,247 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 75% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 3,819 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)20%, Truku(太魯閣族)2%, Tayal(泰雅族)1%, Bunun(布農族)1%. Ira ko picodadan(花蓮高農畜產保健科) i niyaro’. == O micidekay kalimelaan i niyaro'（部落特色） == Isaetipan pahikukian hananay a niyaro’. O patirengan to faelohay a niyaro’ no icowacowaay a finacadan no Pangcah/’Amis mafolaw tayni. == O liklik no serayan（地理環境） == dafdaf == O lihaf no pakapalidingay（交通資訊） == pakapaliding == no niyaro' a kasa'etal（部落所屬族群） == Pangcah/’Amis == o sowal（使用語言） == no ’Amis a sowal, o Payrang a sowal == o lalowadan no niyaro'（部落由來） == Ono pokpok a taliyok no niyaro’ koni itiyaho, o mafolaway tayni ko alomanay a maro’ itini tahanini, o nai Kohkoh, Cirakayan, Tafalong ato Posong a niyaro’, patireng tona Isaetipan pahikukian a niyaro mangata to 20 a mihecaan. == O kasadakan no lihaf（參考資料） == 《續修花蓮縣志》─族群篇 地名檢索系統<nowiki>http://gis210.sinica.edu.tw/placename/</nowiki> th1t4iwx7noo9j14hpn6xl7ladoqxz3 0 442 30577 30408 2022-01-26T17:12:00Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q57348]] 30577 wikitext text/x-wiki Isaias Afwerki(伊薩亞斯·阿費沃爾基) I 1946 a miheca(年) saka 2 folad saka 2 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci [[Isaias Afwerki]], malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Eritrea]](厄利垂亞) anini i ci Isaias Afwerki, patirengan a romi’ad i 1993 a miheca(年) saka 5 folad saka 24 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] rpja92swjyhrfzf8x9u5z64sfzusllh 0 443 9287 9286 2021-10-28T12:16:03Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 23 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 9286 wikitext text/x-wiki Isawalian pahikukian（仁安部落） Itiniay i [[Ji’an]](吉安) Cen no Hualien(花蓮) ko [[Isawalian pahikukian]] a niyaro’, 972 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 2,516 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 26% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 646 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 74% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 1,870 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)18%, Tayal(泰雅族)1%, Bunun(布農族)1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] m93uufnnfk1bvio3gii68cx7j8g30g8 0 444 9310 9309 2021-10-28T12:16:07Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 22 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 9309 wikitext text/x-wiki Isingan（雙龍部落） Itiniay i [[Xinyi]](信義) Cen no Nantou(南投) ko [[Isingan]] a niyaro’, 227 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 819 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 99% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 808 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 1% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 11 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Bunun(布農族)95%, Tayal(泰雅族)3%. Ira ko picodadan(雙龍國小、博幼部落圖書資訊站_雙龍) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 7tazrinnqyn9jyd0f8i654jjoxirxca 0 445 43195 42896 2024-05-06T10:25:17Z ס.ג'יבלי 2322 43195 wikitext text/x-wiki Itini i 31 30 N, 34 45 E, noAsiya ko [[Israel]]. Polong no sekalay i 20,770 sq km “saka 154 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 20,330 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 440 sq km ” Polong i 8,174,527 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農耕) a sera 23.80%, Malo no kilakilangan(森林) a sera 7.10%, malo no roma to a sera 69.10%. siyoto(首都) O [[Jerusalem]](耶路撒冷) ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakalima 14 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Reuven Rivlin]](魯文·李佛林), patirengan a romi’ad i 2014 a miheca(年) saka 7 folad saka 24 a romi’ad. <br><gallery class="center" caption="Israel"> Jerusalem-Mauerrundgang-64-Sportplatz-2010-gje.jpg|Jerusalem Beth Alpha-04-Mosaik-2010-gje.jpg|Beth Alpha Golan-16-Abfahrt-2010-gje.jpg|Golan Kafarnaum-18-Kirche-2010-gje.jpg|Kafarnaum Totes Meer-Kalia Beach-04-2010-gje.jpg|Dead Sea Jordantal-14-Kamele-2010-gje.jpg|Jordan Valley Ein Gedi-10-Fels-Weg-1985-gje.jpg|Ein Gedi Yotvata Hai-Bar Naturpark-02-Antilopen-1985-gje.jpg|Yotvata Hai-Bar </gallery> == Pi’arawan to lakaw == * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Israel| ]] 6rvhcry8vyyhqqo82ejvbqh9why7p6m 0 446 9353 9352 2021-10-28T12:16:13Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 24 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 9352 wikitext text/x-wiki Ita thao（伊達邵部落） Itiniay i [[Yuchi]](魚池) Cen no Nantou(南投) ko [[Ita thao]] a niyaro’, 348 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 970 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 31% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 296 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 69% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 674 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Thau(邵族)27%, Bunun(布農族)2%, Amis(阿美族)1%, Tayal(泰雅族)1%. Ira ko picodadan(德化國小、德化國小附幼、伊達邵部落圖書資訊站) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(集集分局德化派出所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] hdxohyjxp6zfjcelrkgytz371eiybl1 0 447 42569 30570 2024-03-26T10:20:49Z Quinlan83 1494 Not necessary 42569 wikitext text/x-wiki Italy（義大利） [[Faylo:Flag of Italy.svg|thumb|Flag of Italy|alt=Flag of Italy]] [[Faylo:EU-Italy.svg|thumb|Location of  Italy  (dark green)– in Europe  (light green & dark grey)– in the European Union  (light green)  –  [Legend]]] Itini i 42 50 N, 12 50 E, noYoropi ko Italy. Polong no sekalay i 301,340 sq km “saka 72 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 294,140 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 7,200 sq km ” Polong i 62,007,540 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農耕) a sera 47.10%, Malo no kilakilangan(森林) a sera 31.40%, malo no roma to a sera 21.50%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Rome]](羅馬) ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakaenem 2 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Sergio Mattarella]](塞爾焦·馬達雷拉), patirengan a romi’ad i 2015 a miheca(年) saka 2 folad saka 3 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] nig49mrujxsm8cnqvr4gf6iq266i6s3 0 448 9374 9373 2021-10-28T12:16:18Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 3 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 9373 wikitext text/x-wiki Halafin to itini kako, nama’araw to ko kararoman ato kalipahakan, ma'araw ko kacakat ato katolo' no tamdaw i rakat no 'orip, nika o maharatengay no mako i, ko nanay matikeda kiso saan ko harateng.O macokacok malikelon ko tapelik no riyar, seriwseriw sa ko fali, hato matala kiso awaay kiso.Anca ira tayni kiso, nika awa to itini kako, nika sakasomowalan i kisowanan, na tayniay to kako. [[Kasasiwasiw:Siwkulang 'Amis]] 74n1idrizp3qq09oknygo1ek3ljezdm 0 449 35307 9397 2023-03-30T03:51:06Z Kai3952 413 35307 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ivalino.jpg|thumb|200px|Ivalino]] Ivalino（野銀部落） Itiniay i [[Lanyu]](蘭嶼) Cen no Taitung(台東) ko [[Ivalino]] a niyaro’, 299 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 891 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 93% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 831 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 7% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 60 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Yami(Tao)(達悟族)89%, Amis(阿美族)2%, Paiwan(排灣族)1%, roma(其他)1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] edeiuzmm897swaxvvogo6adbk4qnzt7 0 450 9401 9400 2021-10-28T12:16:23Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 3 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 9400 wikitext text/x-wiki == Iyong (隘勇) == O [[iyong]] hanany i, o misanga’an no Ripon yo mikowanho to Taiwan i 1895-1945 a mihcan. O tatapongan no Ripon a misanga’ to iyong i, o sapalacidek to i lotokay ato i ^naray ko ’orip a Yin-cumin. O halikani ato tartar no kilang ko sapi’alat a mi’adipel, onini i o celay no iyong han. O misakoliay a mikacaw to nini a celay no iyong a tamdaw i o mala iyongay han no mato’asay. Yo tahini i Kalinko ko pikowan no Ripon i,mapod ko Taloko i niyaro' no Pangcah a militafad, saka liyoken no Ripon to halikani^ ko sinara'ed no Pangcah ato Taloko. o Cikasoan a tamdaw ko mamikacaw to nian a miliyokan to halikani^, tona caay kahacowa ko sapalifun to mikacaway a tamdaw, saka cihian no Cikasoan a tamdaw ko ci todongay a Ripon, o nian a demakan ko nipifulaw no Ripon to Cikasoan a tamdaw i 1908 a mihcaan. <ref>林茂德. (2011). Wikipedia 維基百科 族語詞條試寫─原住民族語詞條 2011作品集. 教育部.</ref> 76pti7ndhu5tp9zexat47gwcgob9wd8 0 451 9423 9422 2021-10-28T12:16:26Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 21 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 9422 wikitext text/x-wiki Izukan（崙天部落） Itiniay i [[Zhuoxi]](卓溪) Cen no Hualien(花蓮) ko [[Izukan]] a niyaro’, 109 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 403 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 97% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 391 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 3% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 12 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Bunun(布農族)86%, Amis(阿美族)3%, Tayal(泰雅族)2%, roma(其他)5%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] bdxcq7pmfiqvqlsaydid2ggcr9yts92 0 452 9471 9470 2021-10-28T12:16:29Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 47 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 9470 wikitext text/x-wiki I’ayaw no parengreng a konglin （成年禮前集訓） O mamikapot to parengreng a pakarongay(報信者) i o ’ayaw parengreng a konglin no satimolan a Pangcah konian, i’ayaw mamicomod o sasafaay a selal ko mamikerid tayra i palapalaan cecay a lipay anca moetep a romi’ad tatootoor sa ko pikonglin. O ka konglinen i, i palapalaan a ma’orip, mi’adop, sapila’is, sakafana’ matayal, radiw to kero, sakilisin, sakingodo, mikasoy, misaloma’, palalan, misanga’ to kayakay hatira ka sifana’ to saka’orip. Hatiniay a romi’ad, sinanoten ko faloco’, kingodoen ko pinanam, mimaan ko demak tatiih miala to kakaenen a tayra, no pala ko kakaenen, ano ngosngosen anca tangtangen o kakaenen ko kacipinangan ko sapifecol to cahiw. Saka ira ko pisaliway a sa’osi, ano o kopir to, o lolo no tali, o ’adiyam, no papahan a kolang ato foting tatiih a komaen. Onini pisaliway, o pilifet to ’icel no faloco’, sa milalang komaen to cipapahay a dateng, o pa’icel to pakarongay mitanam mikilim anca mi’adop to pinanowan. Hatiniay a konglin i, o pi’araw to pakarongay no Pangcah tahacowa ko ’icel a milifet to serayan a ma’orip konini. == Pi’arawan to lakaw == *[http://210.240.125.35/citing/citing_content.asp?id=3071&keyword=%A6%A8%A6~%C2%A7%ABe%B6%B0%B0V 台灣原住民族歷史語言文化大辭典] *李景崇，1998，《阿美族歷史》，臺北：師大書苑。 *黄宣衞，2008，《阿美族》，臺北：三民。 *達西烏拉彎‧畢馬，2001，《臺灣的原住民 : 阿美族》，臺北：臺原。 [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] gbkpwvjm0143ym039kg4sa4bh0x5500 0 453 30571 30401 2022-01-26T17:11:55Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q57282]] 30571 wikitext text/x-wiki Jacob Zuma(雅各布·朱瑪) [[Faylo:Malcolm Turnbull and Jacob Zuma in Jakarta 2017 11 cropped.jpg|thumb|Malcolm Turnbull and Jacob Zuma in Jakarta 2017 11 cropped|alt=Malcolm Turnbull and Jacob Zuma in Jakarta 2017 11 cropped.jpg]] I 1942 a miheca(年) saka 4 folad(月) saka 12 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci [[Jacob Zuma]], malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[South africa]](南非) anini i ci Jacob Zuma, patirengan(擔任) a romi’ad i 2009 a miheca(年) saka 5 folad saka 9 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] f6gd9p7ybq0whpzh6yzshil6kkwfs8c 0 454 39976 34690 2023-10-24T01:27:24Z Chqaz 1746 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[File:Flag of Jamaica (2000 World Factbook).svg]] → [[File:Flag of Jamaica (WFB 2000).svg]] [[c:COM:FR#FR4|Criterion 4]] (harmonizing names of file set) 39976 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Flag of Jamaica (WFB 2000).svg|縮圖|Hata no Yamayka]] == Yamayka(牙買加; Ikiris a sowal:''Jamaica'') == O itiraay i Karopi-Riyaran a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B3%B6%E5%B6%BC%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6 kanatal kitakit], o kakahad no sera ira ko 10,990 km²<ref>4,240平方英里</ref> o sakatolo ko katata’ang<ref>僅次於古巴島和伊斯帕尼奧拉島</ref> i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A4%A7%E5%AE%89%E7%9A%84%E5%88%97%E6%96%AF%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B Tata’angay Antilis-Kanatanatal](大安地列斯群島;Ikiris a sowal:''Greater Antilles''; Sipanya a sowal:''Antillas Mayores'').2 o kaitiraan no Yamaka itiraay i katimol no Kupa latek 145 km, i saka’etip no Isponiawla<ref>包含海地和多明尼加共和國的島嶼</ref> to 191 km. [[Faylo:LocationJamaica.svg|縮圖|Kaitiraan no Yamayka]] O kamaro’an no somowalay to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E7%93%A6%E5%85%8B%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F Alawako-sowal] a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E7%93%A6%E5%85%8B%E4%BA%BA Alawako-tamdaw] ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%B3%B0%E8%AF%BA%E6%97%8F Tayno-tamdaw] itiyaho, to ikor [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0 ma’eco no Sipanya a mikowan.] O itiniay a yuincumin caka pakafilo to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%89%99%E4%B9%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%91%95%E5%90%90%E7%97%85 Yamayka Maota’ay-Adada]( 牙買加嘔吐'''病;'''Ikiris a asowal:''Jamaican vomiting sickness'')orasaka, ’aloman ko mapatayay,onian ko pisa’aloman no Sipanya a mirepet to koli nani Afrika mamalamatayalay i Yamayka. 1494 miheca, tahini ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E5%BC%97%C2%B7%E5%93%A5%E4%BC%A6%E5%B8%83 Karonpo] i Yamayka, 1509 miheca malanicowatan-sakowan no Sipanya ko Yamayka.i 1655 miheca o Ikiris to ko mi’ecoay, i 1866 miheca malanicowatan-sakowan no Ikiris. 1962 miheca saka 8 folad saka 6 romi’ad milekal to pisiiked, iro matini o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%BB Cisalongocay-Kitakit] itini i lalomaan no Tata'akay-Ikiris Lekatep(大英國協;''Commonwealth of Nations''). O polong a tamdaw no Yamayka ira ko 290 ’ofad, o sakatolo ko ka’adihay no somowalay to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8 Ikiris a kitakit] i Amirika-Karopaw,<ref>僅次於美國和加拿大</ref> o sakasepat ko ka’adihay ko tamdaw i Karopi-Riyar. O skakaay ato syoto [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%BA%AC%E6%96%AF%E6%95%A6 Cinston tokay]. Ona maro’ay itini a tamdaw saheyoay o teloc no nani [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%92%92%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E4%BB%A5%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2 satimolan no Sahara-Tafotafokan a Afrika] tamdaw, ira ko ’alomanay [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%BA%9A%E6%AC%A7%E6%B7%B7%E8%A1%80 ciramramay to ’ilang no Yoropa ato Aciya] a tamdaw. == '''Rikisi''' (歷史) == I ‘ayaw ni yiesoan to saka 5 sici o kamaro’an tono Alawako-finacadan no Amirika-Karopaw ko Yamayka, ona ngangan tonini Yamayka sanay i, o nani sowal no Alawako to “''Xaymaca''” o “ pala no nanom ato kilang” sanay ko imi ningra. 1494 miheca macakat ci Kolompo itini, 1509 miheca milekal ko Sipanya o Nicowatan-Sakowan ko Yamaka saan, falic han ko ngangan to Sietiyako(''Santiago''). Kalakolien no Sipanya koya itinitiniay a maro’ a yuincumin, oninian ko sakalahedaw no Alawako-tamdaw, to nika lalood, adada ato kalakoli. O sapiparoaw to mamatayal a tamdaw ko Sipanya, nani 1517 miheca satapang paliwal to koli i Yamayka, orasaka matongal ko ka’aloman no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%BB%91%E4%BA%BA Kohetingay-tamdaw], to ikor malasakakaay a finacadan. 1538 miheca, patireng to Pisitalaan-Niyaro’ ko Sipanya, malosyoto no Yamayka. Nani saikoran to no saka 16 sici a misatapang, kataharifaan malood no riyaran-kokong no Fransu,Inkolan, Holan.1655 miheca saka 5 folad, o kalakapotan ni [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E6%81%A9 Wilin-Pin] aci Lawpo-Winapoers mikeridan riyaran-sofitay no Ikiris mi’eco to Yamayka. Tangasol han nangra a mitahidang koya riyaran-kokong tayra i sakakaay a minato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%B6%E6%B8%AF Heyaer-minato](hontian-minato), mipadang a misimaw a mikacaw to pico’ay no Sipanya. Itira to i 1657 miheca tahira i 1658 mihecaan, kinapinapina a milood ko Sipanya nani Kupa, nikawrira, sahetoay malowiday no Ikiris. 1670 miheca, do’edoen ko “Matoli kakaketonan tilid” laheci han to no Sipanya a pafeli ko Yamayka i Ikiris, o Ikiris sato tangsol han to a malakamaro’an no riyaran-kokong itini, i 1692 miheca i ‘ayaw no katekopan no Heyaer-minato, o “syoto” no riyaran-kokong kona minato. Ikor to i, salofen a misongila’ no Ikiris ko Cinston, nornor sato malakahiceran-tokay no Yamayka. [[Faylo:Portia Simpson-Miller.jpg|縮圖|Posiyiya Miro sa'yaway a fafahiyan congli no Ymayka]] Toikor to 150 mihecaan,malacinganganay nipasadakay i hekal to Tefos, [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%85%B0%E5%A7%86%E9%85%92 Lamo-’epah] ato kafi ko Yamayka. O sapipa’adingaw to ‘adihayay a pipaloman to losay, patireng to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%B6%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8 Hontian-Afrika Kosi](皇家非洲公司; Ikiris a sowal"''Royal African Company'') ko Ikiris i 1672 miheca, misa’aloman a paliwal to kohetinay-koli nani Layong-Kitakit. ma’asiay ta to ko pipalakoli, cilacila icowacowa palolo sato ko kohetingay-koli, mangalefay, patireng sanay to misiikeday niyaro’ i lotolotokan, o Malong-tamdaw hananay a mitahidang. 1831 miheca,Samuer-Syapo keriden ningra ko kohetingay-tamdaw mipcekil to Kerismas-Pilolol, talacowa caka pakamo’etep ko romi’ad malowiday to kona pilolol, misorot to pinengnengen no ‘alomanay tamdaw no Ikiris. Ira ko sowal no micekiway tona fodfod, oninian ko saka pipalasawad to Koli-faco no Ikiris i 1834 miheca saka 8 folad saka 1 romi’ad. Toikor to, rihaday to mamang ko 'orip no koli. I 1865 mihea ira h.ko tata’angay pirawraw no koli o Rawraw i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%8E%AB%E5%85%B0%E7%89%B9%E6%B9%BE%E6%9A%B4%E5%8A%A8 Molanto-Kihaw]( 莫蘭特灣暴動; Ikiris a soal:''Morant Bay Rebellion''), 1866 miheca milekal ko Ikiris to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%9B%B4%E8%BD%84%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0 malatangsolay-sakowan]( 直轄殖民地; Ikiris a sowal:''Crown colony'') no Ikiris ko Ymayka. I kaleponan no saka 19 sici, nornor sato a mafadi’ kono tefoas a tayal, pacofay sa i, o pawli to konipalomaan. 1872 miheca laheci sato malasyoto no Yamayka ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%BA%AC%E6%96%AF%E6%95%A6 Cinston-tokay.] To ikor to pina ko mo’etep a mihecaan,nornor sato a cemahad ko saka’orip no Yamayka, nikawrira, o ‘orip no kalotamdaw ato kacemahadaw no punka iraay ho ko pipa’ekel no micowatay-pikowan. Mangalefay i kanikawan a mihecaan, adihay ko langiwngiw no finawlan. 1939 miheca pakarawraw ko polong a matayal. Ikor to, o tapang no micowatay-pikowan mapaci’eci a patorod to niyah-pikowan salongoc, 1944 miheca, midemak to kapolongansimkiw. 1958 miheca mikapot ko Yamayka i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%A5%BF%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E7%BE%A4%E5%B3%B6%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6 Sa’etipan-Indo Patekoan-kitakit], nikawrira, i 1961 miheca na’ayen no finawlan kona Patekoan-kitakit a kakaketonan tilid, sawad sato ko pikapot no Yamayka tona Patekoan-kitakit. 1962 miheca saka 8 folad saka 6 romi’ad milekal to pisiiked ko Yamayka, ikor no pisiiked mikapot to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%8B%B1%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6 Tata'akay-Ikiris Lekatep](大英國協;''Commonwealth of Nations''). 2006 miheca saka 3 folad saka 30 romi’ad, paloko to mamatayal to congli ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%B3%A2%E8%92%82%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E8%BE%9B%E6%99%AE%E6%A3%AE-%E7%B1%B3%E5%8B%92 Posiya-Miro]( 波蒂亞·柳克麗霞·辛普森-米勒;''Portia Lucretia Simpson-Mille'''''r)''' o sa’ayaway nakairaan no rikisi a fafahiyan [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%89%99%E4%B9%B0%E5%8A%A0%E6%80%BB%E7%90%86 congli.] [[Faylo:Blue Starfish.jpg|縮圖|Kina'orip no rakrakaan]] == '''Kaitiraan''' (地理) == O kaitiraan no Yamaka itiraay i katimol no Kupa latek 145 km, i saka’etip no Isponiawla to 191 km, i saka’etipan no Hayti to 118 km. O kakahad no sera ira ko 10,911 km². O sakatolo ko tata’ang i Tata’angay Antilis-kanatanatalan, mido’edoay to Kupa-kanatal ato Isponiawla-kanatal. I ngata no lilis no riyar isakatimolan ira ho mamangay a kanatal. Ipangtaay riyar ira ko rakarakan. Ano do’edoen ko faco no sera, kalitoloen a mikilac ko Yamayka: sakawalian-tokos, sasifo’an tata’eman ato kasapangcahan ato dafdaf i lilisa no riyar. O sa’akawangay a masapangcahay ko Lansan-tokos. Ikaciferangan ira ko faliyos. O kakarayan tosaan ko kasasirom, o fa’edet no romi’ad kinaheray saheto no mihecaan Ipolong a pala no Yamayka ‘adihay ko lotolotokan, ci’aporay kasapangcahan ato cinemnemay, ililis no riyar ira ko kakahaday a dafdaf. O kakarayan itini o Fa’edetay ‘oraday-kilakilangan, omisi’ayaway to fali a ’apilisan ira ko 1800-2000mm ko ’orad. Saheto no mihecaan a fa’edet lalen to 27℃. == '''Saka’orip'''(經濟) == O [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%93%9D%E5%9C%9F%E7%9F%BF fadito], tefos ato pihamham-tayal ko sakakaay tayal ato ‘etan no Yamayka. O konair no pala o fadito,pakemoday ira ko 19’ok ton, o sakatolo rayray ko katata’ang ihekal. Oroma a tadafakeloh ira ho ko fodawan, marad,’oteng, sin ato ’apol. O kakahad no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%A3%AE%E6%9E%97 kilakilangan pala] ira ko 26.5 ‘ofad kofo, sahetoay a kalokilang. O sakakaay a tayal no Ymayka ko pikarkar to fadito. O roma ira ho ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E5%8A%A0%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A misongila’ay to kaka’enen], nananomen, tamako, maradan-dafong, tinkian-dafong, sapisaloma’ dafong,kakak-dafong ato mitono’oyay, O omah ira ko 27’ofad kofo, o mitahepoan no kilang a pala mahaop ko 20%. O sakakaay nipalomaan a losay ira ko tefos ato pawli, oroma ira ho ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8F%AF%E5%8F%AF%E6%A8%B9 koko],kafi ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%BE%A3%E6%A4%92%E5%B1%9E kahenganay-damdam]. O mihamhamay to lafang a tayal o sakakaay saka’orip ato mili’etanay to payso no roma a kitakit. == '''Tamdaw ato Punka'''(人口和文化) == I 2915 mihecaan a pisa’osi to polong tamdaw no Ymayka ira ko 2,731,832 ko tamdaw. kohetingay ato Molato-tamdaw mahaop ko ikaka no 90%, orama i,o Indo-tamdaw, kohecalay-tamdaw ato Kuwaping. Itini i Ymayka ira ko mita’ongay to honti no Isopiya ci Hayer-Saylasi Sakacecay a kiyokay o Lastofali-Onto, tadaci’icelay ko pirecep. == Pacefaday a tilid(註腳) == [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] <references /> == Pikafitan i papotal( 外部連結) == *[http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [[:en:List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government|List of current heads of state and government]] ounnofq0ubqwsti2nv1lrhgrgsw3qdo 0 455 44363 40634 2024-08-30T07:23:42Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 縮圖 44363 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Flag of Japan.svg|縮圖|Flag of Japan|alt=Centered deep red circle on a white rectangle[1]]] [[Faylo:Japan (orthographic projection).svg|縮圖|Area controlled by Japan shown in green—claimed, but uncontrolled shown in light green]] Itini i 36 00 N, 138 00 E, noAsiya ko '''Japan'''（日本）. Polong no sekalay i 377,915 sq km “saka 62 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 364,485 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 13,430 sq km ” Polong i 126,702,133 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 12.50%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 68.50%, malo no roma to a sera 19%. siyoto(首都) O [[Tokyo]](東京) ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakatosa ko safaw 23 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Akihito]](明仁), patirengan a romi’ad i 1989 a miheca(年) saka 1 folad saka 7 a romi’ad. == Pi’arawan to lakaw == * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Kitakit]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Asiya]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Japan]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Sawaliay Asiya]] kzrah4fnvky7b6aeei2mvuv5jh54q7m 0 456 9588 9587 2021-10-28T12:16:41Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 58 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 9587 wikitext text/x-wiki Jianshi（尖石鄉） Itini i Hsinchu(新竹) ko [[Jianshi]] Siyang. sa’osi han ko po:long no palaan i, ira ko 522.98 km² (lalotolotokan a plalan no sa’osi i ira ko 397.38 km², o palaan noto’as i'a:yaw i ira ko 114.53 km²), 9,456 ko tamdaw i Jianshi Siyang, 2,825 ko parod no loma’, itini i niyaro’ a Yincomin(原住民) sa’osi han ira ko 8,569 a tamdaw, pakaala to 91%(Tayal泰雅族) no polong no tamdaw. o Tayal ko sa’alomanay i Hsinchu. ==O kasaniyarona== 7 ko cun, 49 ko niyaro’ i Jianshi Siyang. [[Mkzihing]]（義興部落）, [[Mkmatuy]]（馬胎部落）, [[Piling]]（比麟部落）, [[Paqiy]]（吹上部落）, [[Yutak]]（小錦屏部落）, [[Kbaqeh]]（那羅一部落）, [[Cinbulan]]（那羅二、三部落）, [[Kuxan]]（那羅四部落）, [[Ageq]]（那羅五部落）, [[Micista]]（那羅六部落）, [[Mknahuy]]（拿互伊部落）, [[Mksuzing]]（麥樹仁部落）, [[Mklapay]]（加拉排部落）, [[Lkuxan]]（過水橋部落）, [[Hbun-Rangay]]（下水田部落）, [[Mkslaq]]（上水田部落）, [[Qalang-Qwayux]]（武漢部落）, [[Hbun-Qramay]]（煤源部落）, [[Pololan]]（福祿灣部落）, [[Uraw]]（宇老部落）, [[Libu]]（李埔部落）, [[Llyung]]（馬里光部落）, [[Ulay]]（烏來部落）, [[Batul]]（泰平部落）, [[Ｍami]]（馬美部落）, [[Quri]]（石磊部落）, [[Plmwan]]（平論文部落）, [[Tayax]]（抬耀部落）, [[Ponaway]]（帛納外部落）, [[Smangus]]（司馬庫斯部落）, [[Thyakan]]（泰崗部落）, [[Smangus]]（斯馬庫斯部落）, [[Cinsbu]]（鎮西堡部落）, [[Yuluw]]（養老部落）, [[Gowryu]]（合流部落）, [[Rahaw]]（拉號部落）, [[Cyocuy]]（鳥嘴部落）, [[Hbun kramay]]（煤源中部落）, [[Hbun-tunan]]（控溪部落）, [[Kin lwan]]（錦路部落）, [[Qolu]]（上田埔部落）, [[Qyuws]]（下田埔部落）, [[Hbun-lesa]]（合汶壘上部落）, [[Metapay]]（梅達拜部落）, [[M’yutak]]（梅阿尤達克部落）, [[Mrmurak]]（梅拉姆拉克部落）, [[Spwan]]（司普萬部落）, [[Melukux]]（梅魯庫互部落）, [[Metuiy]]（梅杜依部落）. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] ajvj1luslrhjeahrewr0a0s173oqmsw 0 457 44467 44308 2024-08-31T13:20:35Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 吉格梅·凱薩爾·納姆耶爾·旺楚克 44467 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck (edit).jpg|縮圖|Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck, 2007|alt=King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck (edit).jpg]] I 1980 a miheca(年) saka 2 folad saka 21 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci '''Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck'''(吉格梅·凱薩爾·納姆耶爾·旺楚克), malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Bhutan]](不丹) anini i ci Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck, patirengan a romi’ad i 2006 a miheca(年) saka 12 folad saka 14 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] t6r8muy09uwsz3bnqo656jxd5ze790t 0 458 44496 44306 2024-08-31T19:27:17Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 吉米·莫拉雷斯 44496 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Reunión OPIC (cropped).jpg|縮圖|Jimmy Morales, 2017|alt=Reunión OPIC (cropped).jpg]] I 1969 a miheca(年) saka 3 folad saka 18 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci '''Jimmy Morales'''(吉米·莫拉雷斯), malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Guatemala]](瓜地馬拉) anini i ci Jimmy Morales, patirengan a romi’ad i 2016 a miheca saka 1 folad saka 14 a romi’ad. == No papotalay a kakafit == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 3ywwv63cmxf1th3eisyr6s88t27s2yv 0 459 9655 9654 2021-10-28T12:16:50Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 38 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 9654 wikitext text/x-wiki Jinfeng（金峰鄉） Itini i Taitung(台東) ko [[Jinfeng]] Siyang. sa’osi han ko po:long no palaan i, ira ko 387.53 km² (lalotolotokan a plalan no sa’osi i ira ko 271.51 km², o palaan noto’as i'a:yaw i ira ko 87.22 km²), 5,168 ko tamdaw i Jinfeng Siyang, 1,617 ko parod no loma’, itini i niyaro’ a Yincomin(原住民) sa’osi han ira ko 5,002 a tamdaw, pakaala to 97%(Paiwan, Rukai) no polong no tamdaw. o Paiwan(排灣族), Rukai(魯凱族) ko sa’alomanay(最多的) i Taitung. ==O kasaniyarona== 5 ko cun, 27 ko niyaro’ i Jinfeng. [[Vukide]]（富給特部落）, [[Tjaviljaul]]（叉飛勞巫勒部落）, [[Sapuljuv]]（撒布優部落）, [[Gadu]]（卡多部落）, [[Pudun]]（布頓部落）, [[Tjudjaas]]（都達卡斯部落）, [[Kinilukuljan]]（給你路古洋部落）, [[Djelunavunavuk]]（德路那弗那弗克部落）, [[Djumulj]]（賓茂部落）, [[Tjukuvulj]]（讀古物部落）, [[Tjukuvulj-viri]]（肚久武部落）, [[Tudrivuan]]（篤立富安部落）, [[Laliavan]]（拉里亞灣部落）, [[Mananigay]]（馬拿尼開部落）, [[Tjulitjulik]]（斗里斗里部落）, [[Paumeli]]（包霧目力部落）, [[Viljauljaul]]（比魯部落）, [[Kalatadrang]]（卡拉達蘭部落）, [[Kaaluan]]（卡阿魯彎部落）, [[Maljivel]]（馬里弗勒部落）, [[Valjulu]]（娃優魯部落）, [[Madaljalu]]（馬達壓路部落）, [[Tjuletevetevek]]（督魯得福得福閣部落）, [[Maledep]]（麻勒得泊部落）, [[Tjuluuai]]（都魯烏外部落）, [[Ngudra-drekai]]（新富社區Rukai部落）, [[Rulakes]]（魯拉克斯部落）. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] rcq647ek3dfptog376dcydnqncqrhoz 0 460 9688 9687 2021-10-28T12:16:54Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 32 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 9687 wikitext text/x-wiki Ji’an（吉安鄉） Itini i Hualien(花蓮) ko [[Ji’an]] Siyang. sa’osi han ko po:long no palaan i, ira ko 62.65 km² (lalotolotokan a plalan no sa’osi i ira ko 0 km², o palaan noto’as i'a:yaw i ira ko 0.68 km²), 78,633 ko tamdaw i Ji’an Siyang, 29,613 ko parod no loma’, itini i niyaro’ a Yincomin(原住民) sa’osi han ira ko 14,299 a tamdaw, pakaala to 18%(Amis阿美族, Truku太魯閣族) no polong no tamdaw. Itini i niyaro’ a finawlan, o Payrang ko sa’alomanay. ==O kasaniyarona== 18 ko cun, 23 ko niyaro’ i Ji’an Siyang. [[Natawran]]（那荳蘭部落）, [[Pukpuk]]（簿簿部落）, [[Lidaw]]（里漏部落）, [[Mabuwakay]]（南華部落）, [[Cikasuwan]]（七腳川部落）, [[Isaetipan pahikukian]]（仁和部落）, [[Isawalian pahikukian]]（仁安部落）, [[Taracan]]（達拉贊部落）, [[Citekudan]]（小台東部落）, [[Cikeliwan]]（歌柳灣部落）, [[Atonan]]（阿都南部落）, [[Ciripunan]]（慶豐部落）, [[Sarad]]（撒樂部落）, [[Kungkung]]（大鼓部落）, [[Hacining]]（干城部落）, [[Fulufuluan]]（勝安部落）, [[Alang gnaalu]]（博愛新村部落）, [[Alang mkibuhw]]（南華部落）, [[Alang kiyumi]]（福興部落）, [[Alang miyamay]]（慶豐部落）, [[Buner]]（宜昌部落）, [[Sirakesay]]（永安部落）, [[Ciyibangcalay]]（吉野汎扎萊部落）. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] rhbsdcbavmtwz5sm6tf69ne1hwtrjii 0 461 44307 40513 2024-08-27T08:58:55Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 Mons. Vives, 2022 44307 wikitext text/x-wiki Joan-Enric Vives i Sicília(祖安-恩里克·維韋斯·西西利亞) [[Faylo:Joan-Enric Vives, 2022.jpg|thumb|Mons. Vives, 2022|alt=Joan-Enric Vives, 2022.jpg]] I 1949 a miheca(年) saka 7 folad saka 24 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci [[Joan-Enric Vives i Sicília]], malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Andorra]](安道爾) anini i ci Joan-Enric Vives i Sicília, patirengan a romi’ad i 2003 a miheca(年) saka 5 folad saka 12 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 39c8unh2m59xmns3rj2bgf4sww5kgin 0 462 9707 9706 2021-10-28T12:16:59Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 3 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 9706 wikitext text/x-wiki Joe Binion 3 bulad 26 demiad, 1961 a mihca, Joe Binion, miunduay. ==namakayniay a nasulitan nasakamuan atu natinengan== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_National_Basketball_Association_players Lists of National Basketball Association players] ra7mc4ax7a2a3ygnqjyxe91nlgeqwl7 0 463 45487 44690 2025-01-19T09:58:03Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 John Magufuli idi 2015年 45487 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:John Magufuli 2015.png|thumb|John Magufuli idi 2015年|alt=John Magufuli 2015.png]] I 1959 a miheca(年) saka 10 folad saka 29 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci '''John Magufuli''' (約翰·馬古富利), malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Tanzania]](坦尚尼亞) anini i ci John Magufuli, patirengan a romi’ad i 2015 a miheca(年) saka 11 folad saka 5 a romi’ad. == No papotalay a kakafit == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] s4o688gf2vvn3klh2pb0nnvquoz6tr0 0 464 45465 44466 2025-01-19T09:25:29Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 Joko Widodo idi 2019年 45465 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Joko Widodo 2019 official portrait.jpg|縮圖|Joko Widodo idi 2019年]] == Joko Widodo (佐科·維多多) == I 1961 a miheca (年) saka 6 folad saka 21 a romi’ad masofoc (出生) ci [[Joko Widodo]], malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit (國家) no [[Indonesia]] (印度尼西亞或簡稱印尼) anini i ci [https://web.archive.org/web/20230217132944/https://www.indo-web.my.id/photos/kumpulan-foto-jokowidodo-jokowi-versi-hd/ Joko Widodo], patirengan a romi’ad i 2014 a miheca (年) saka 10 folad saka 20 a romi’ad. Nai 2005 tangasa i 2012 a miheca malakakelidan no Solaciyata (蘇拉加逹), itini to 2012 tangasa to 2014 malakakelidan no Yaciata (雅加逹). == laloma'an 家庭 == I 1986 miheca malalamod aci Iliyana (Iriana), I 1988 miheca saka 10 folad saka 1 romi'ad ci wawa to fainayan ci Kiporan Rakapoming Raka (''Gibran Rakabuming Raka''), i 1991 miheca saka 4 folda saka 20 romi'ad ci wawa to fafahiyan ci Kahiyang Awo (''Kahiyang Ayu''), i 1994 miheca saka 12folad saka 25 romi'ad ci wawa ho to fainayan ci Kasang Pangarep (''Kaesang Pangarep''). O wawa ningra tatos mitiliday i Sinkapor. Sasepay to ko suna ni Joko Widodo. == Pasifana' 教育 == == lalamod 配偶 == Ci Iriyana (''Iriana'') ko fafahi ni Jokowi, i 1963 miheca saka mo^etep a folad ko kahofocan nira, 2014 miheca saka mo^etep a folad, malafahahi tono congtong ci Jokowian, Yamala kakeridan ho no Yiciyata a niyaro' i, O kakeridan no sakanga'ayay no kilomaan to palatamdaway a katayalan (''家庭福利教育組織''), to ci Lliyana, ono Intonisiya (''印度尼西亞'') kapolongan no onto no fafahiyan. itini to 2005 miheca tangasa i 2012 miheca, matayal a malakakeridan tono Solakaeta (''蘇拉卡爾塔''), ttiya ho o 市長 no Solakaeta (''蘇拉卡爾塔'') ci Jokowi. == pitooran 宗教 == == mikapot to sieci 加入政治 == I 2012 a miheca saka polo’ a folad mikomod ci Ciyokowi, mikelid misafa^loh to Yaciyata (雅加逹), itiya iraay ko mirarakatay a mipatenakay to sowal, ano mirarakat ko malatapangay i, o misatengitengilay to ngiha no finawlan, ano ira ko kacango’otang no i niyaro’ay, padama’en to ni Ciyokowi. Falicen nira ko tatiihay a demak no citodongay, milowan to caay ka fangcal a pinangan. Oromasato misafangcal to ’orip no tamdamdaw, mipatireng to sakanga’ay no paisingan ato misakapah to lalan no nanom, caay to mamiliyaw a ira ko lenlen, mipatireng to pirakatan no seraay a marad. === natayalan 事蹟 === Mikomod a mamisinkiw ci Jokowi i, alomanay ko maolahay cingraan, itini tona PDI-P (intinisiya a sowl: ''Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan''; kowapin a sowal: ''鬥爭民主黨'', ''民主鬥爭黨'') hananay, o tadacifenekay a tamdaw cingra. Aloman aloman ko mitopaay cingraan, tayni sato i 2014 a miheca saka 7 a folad 22 a romi’ad ko pikomod ningra to mamalacontong, caay ka pihai koya ci Polapaw Sopianto (''普拉博沃·蘇比安托''), maketer cingra, sowal sa == No papotalay a kakafitan == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Indonesia]] re1ahbk7325efo6hswhxgfaufk82536 0 465 30574 30404 2022-01-26T17:11:57Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q810]] 30574 wikitext text/x-wiki Jordan（約旦） [[Faylo:Flag of Jordan.svg|thumb|Flag of Jordan|alt=Flag of Jordan]] [[Faylo:Jordan (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Location of Jordan]] Itini i 31 00 N, 36 00 E, noAsiya ko [[Jordan]]. Polong no sekalay i 89,342 sq km “saka 112 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 88,802 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 540 sq km ” Polong i 8,185,384 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 11.40%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 1.10%, malo no roma to a sera 87.50%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Amman]](安曼) ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakalima 25 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Abdullah II of Jordan]](阿卜杜拉二世·本·胡笙), patirengan a romi’ad i 1999 a miheca(年) saka 2 folad saka 7 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 7j9ftfhlqv2papps3dko05y3whk1byt 0 466 45456 44692 2025-01-19T09:12:11Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 Joseph Kabila idi 2016年 45456 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Joseph Kabila April 2016.jpg|thumb|Joseph Kabila idi 2016年|alt=Joseph Kabila April 2016.jpg]] I 1971 a miheca(年) saka 6 folad saka 4 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci '''Joseph Kabila''' (約瑟夫·卡比拉), malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Congo, domocratic republic of the]](剛果民主共和國) anini i ci Joseph Kabila, patirengan a romi’ad i 2001 a miheca(年) saka 1 folad saka 26 a romi’ad. == No papotalay a kakafit == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] pfh1hf6vbib8wmz0agxdf8ngtkfp6bt 0 467 30576 30406 2022-01-26T17:11:59Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q57313]] 30576 wikitext text/x-wiki José Eduardo dos Santos(若澤·愛德華多·多斯·桑托斯) [[Faylo:José Eduardo dos Santos 3.jpg|thumb|José Eduardo dos Santos 3|alt=José Eduardo dos Santos 3.jpg]] I 1942 a miheca(年) saka 8 folad saka 28 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci [[José Eduardo dos Santos]], malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Angola]](安哥拉) anini i ci José Eduardo dos Santos, patirengan a romi’ad i 1979 a miheca(年) saka 9 folad saka 10 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 8xr0084j5riah1yt2eo7fgtnuj68kbl 0 468 30695 30534 2022-01-26T17:13:50Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q16908893]] 30695 wikitext text/x-wiki José Mário Vaz(若澤·馬里奧·瓦斯) [[Faylo:José Mário Vaz 2014.jpg|thumb|José Mário Vaz 2014|alt=José Mário Vaz 2014.jpg]] I 1957 a miheca(年) saka 12 folad saka 10 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci [[José Mário Vaz]], malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Guinea-bissau]]（幾內亞比索） anini i ci José Mário Vaz, patirengan a romi’ad i 2014 a miheca(年) saka 6 folad saka 23 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] gn97tijd47v9j3wybr0hmq46nxpgncw 0 469 30696 30535 2022-01-26T17:13:51Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q21294765]] 30696 wikitext text/x-wiki Jovenel Moïse(若弗內爾·摩依士) [[Faylo:Jovenel Moise.jpg|thumb|Jovenel Moise|alt=Jovenel Moise.jpg]] I 1968 a miheca(年) saka 6 folad saka 26 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci [[Jovenel Moïse]], malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Haiti]](海地) anini i ci Jovenel Moïse, patirengan a romi’ad i 2017 a miheca(年) saka 2 folad saka 7 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 27s8koe6xxp8cq0syimhkstplhmub4w 0 470 44309 30579 2024-08-27T09:01:35Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 Juan Carlos Varela, 2014 44309 wikitext text/x-wiki Juan Carlos Varela(胡安·卡洛斯·瓦雷拉·羅德里格斯) [[Faylo:Juan Carlos Varela (2014).jpg|thumb|Juan Carlos Varela, 2014|alt=Juan Carlos Varela (2014).jpg]] I 1963 a miheca(年) saka 12 folad saka 12 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci [[Juan Carlos Varela]], malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Panama]](巴拿馬) anini i ci Juan Carlos Varela, patirengan a romi’ad i 2014 a miheca(年) saka 7 folad saka 1 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] hw6e6ssbaz2aswi2vzw1xv23o45tur3 0 471 44373 44310 2024-08-30T19:18:51Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 胡安·曼努埃爾·桑托斯·卡爾德隆 44373 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Juan Manuel Santos and Lula (cropped).jpg|縮圖|Juan Manuel Santos, 2010|alt=Juan Manuel Santos and Lula (cropped).jpg]] I 1951 a miheca(年) saka 8 folad saka 10 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci '''Juan Manuel Santos'''(胡安·曼努埃爾·桑托斯·卡爾德隆), malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Columbia]](哥倫比亞) anini i ci Juan Manuel Santos, patirengan a romi’ad i 2010 a miheca(年) saka 8 folad saka 7 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] htp5hwh6vby1xl9gaxrxxktvst7zw8x 0 472 44495 44311 2024-08-31T19:26:25Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 胡安·奧蘭多·葉南德茲 44495 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Juan Orlando Hernandez-Enrique Peña (cropped).jpg|縮圖|Juan Orlando Hernandez, 2015|alt=Juan Orlando Hernandez-Enrique Peña (cropped).jpg]] I 1968 a miheca(年) saka 10 folad saka 28 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci '''Juan Orlando Hernández'''(胡安·奧蘭多·葉南德茲), malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Honduras]](宏都拉斯) anini i ci Juan Orlando Hernández, patirengan a romi’ad i 2014 a miheca(年) saka 1 folad saka 27 a romi’ad. == No papotalay a kakafit == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 5emlroc5vytyigpcpnxl0oxexl5ncv4 0 473 44494 44312 2024-08-31T19:25:21Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 艾德·亞諾什 44494 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Ader Janos.jpg|縮圖|János Áder, 2012|alt=Ader Janos.jpg]] I 1959 a miheca(年) saka 5 folad saka 3 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci '''János Áder'''(艾德·亞諾什), malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Hungary]](匈牙利) anini i ci János Áder, patirengan a romi’ad i 2012 a miheca(年) saka 5 folad saka 10 a romi’ad. == No papotalay a kakafit == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] tvhqt85f3bh9q05da2zhxr1dxpvug2r 0 474 9918 9917 2021-10-28T12:17:29Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 24 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 9917 wikitext text/x-wiki K`yang（金洋部落） Itiniay i [[Nan’ao]](南澳) Cen no Yilan(宜蘭) ko [[K`yang]] a niyaro’, 159 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 440 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 96% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 423 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 4% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 17 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)88%, Amis(阿美族)1%, Truku(太魯閣族)2%, Bunun(布農族)1%, Puyuma(卑南族)2%, roma(其他)3%. Ira ko picodadan(金洋國小) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] pr3ft0okuodacxkmhf9ughuvgcfk1tj 0 475 9938 9937 2021-10-28T12:17:32Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 19 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 9937 wikitext text/x-wiki Kaaluan（卡阿魯彎部落） Itiniay i [[Jinfeng]](金峰) Cen no Taitung(台東) ko [[Kaaluan]] a niyaro’, 129 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 395 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 97% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 385 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 3% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 10 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko . Ira ko kofa(金峰鄉代會) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] o12e6uuzdf0wt3us09qtfapv1wk14gw 0 476 9964 9963 2021-10-28T12:17:34Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 25 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 9963 wikitext text/x-wiki Kabalelradhane（神山部落） Itiniay i [[Wutai]](霧台) Cen no Pingtung(屏東) ko [[Kabalelradhane]] a niyaro’, 130 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 405 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 99% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 399 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 1% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 6 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Rukai(魯凱族)93%, Paiwan(排灣族)4%, Amis(阿美族)1%. Ira ko picodadan(霧台圖書館、神山部落圖書資訊站) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(內埔戶政所霧台辦公室、消防局霧台分隊) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(里港分局霧台分駐所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(霧台衛生所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 96gb1vz4cyj544eje1hh72fhrkkte8j 0 477 31254 31253 2022-05-21T10:45:04Z Amire80 14 Bot: Cleaning up old interwiki links 31254 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} [[Faylo:M25 motorway 2004-04-25.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Kacalowayan a lalan]] [[Faylo:I-495 (NY) 4.JPG|thumb|right|150px|Kacalowayan a lalan]] n1hhst36787m5slsxd2q112rz57khja 0 478 44695 10004 2024-09-11T02:21:53Z 186.126.90.14 44695 wikitext text/x-wiki Kacanglahan(春季) [[Faylo:Heliopsis July 2011-2.jpg|縮圖|]] O sa’ayway a palapatan no cecay a miheca ko kacanglahan. O pisatapangan(開始) no kacanglahana a romi’ad i, itiraay i saka 3 tahira i saka 5 no saka 2 a folad; o kalahecian no kacanglahan i, saka 5 tahira i saka 7 a romi’ad no saka 5 a folad. Itira i roma a kasa’etal i, nano satapangan no kacalahan tahira i kaherekan no lo’odan ko kacanglahan hananay. O pipalomaan to pinalengaw ko kacanglahan a palapatan. == Pi’arawan to lakaw == 1.中文維基百科https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E5%AD%A3 2.李景崇，1998，《阿美族歷史》，臺北：師大書苑。 3.黄宣衞，2008，《阿美族》，臺北：三民。 4.達西烏拉彎‧畢馬，2001，《臺灣的原住民 : 阿美族》，臺北：臺原。 [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] nejjsp5qgxtbyrbmrtk7cbvn9t8t80r 0 479 10027 10026 2021-10-28T12:17:43Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 22 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 10026 wikitext text/x-wiki Kacedas（內獅部落） Itiniay i [[Shizi]](獅子) Cen no [[Pingtung]](屏東) ko [[Kacedas]] a niyaro’, 209 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 728 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 96% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 701 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 4% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 27 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Paiwan(排灣族)94%, Amis(阿美族)1%, Tayal(泰雅族)1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] t3xfyu5uvh3daja56jlazitrjve5aij 0 480 31256 31255 2022-05-21T10:50:12Z Amire80 14 Bot: Cleaning up old interwiki links 31256 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} [[Faylo:Palaemon serratus Croazia.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|Kafos|left]] 95av16fjl5l3ov6apr6k5zo4up214yq 0 481 10052 10051 2021-10-28T12:17:48Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 20 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 10051 wikitext text/x-wiki Kahaehaeoan（泰平部落） Itiniay i [[Wufeng]](五峰) Cen no Hsinchu(新竹) ko [[Kahaehaeoan]] a niyaro’, 27 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 60 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 90% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 54 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 10% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 6 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Saysiyat(賽夏族)73%, Tayal(泰雅族)15%, Amis(阿美族)2%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 3py749ao9kwp12mw4vy0bgymonkfmnu 0 482 42655 10078 2024-04-03T01:00:18Z Ｍayawtowid 44 42655 wikitext text/x-wiki == O ngangan no Kahciday (和平部落由來) == O niyaro' no 'Amis ko [[Kaheciday]], o Paridaw a kasa'etal. Itiya ho, ira ko Raranges, Usod, Kakopa a ngangasawan mafolaw tayni tona Kaheciday a niyaro'. O kaitiraan a ngangan no hatini i, o He-pin-li(和平里) i Posong. Itiniay i [[Chenggong]](成功) Cen no Taitung(台東) ko Kahciday a niyaro’, 351 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 859 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 82% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 706 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 18% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan(族群), polong han i, 153 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)76%, Bunun(布農族)1%, roma(其他)5%. == O katadamaanan no niyaro’ == == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 6g94h37d9tqpumjce6fg8s0vo0bgo4o 0 483 10090 10089 2021-10-28T12:17:54Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 11 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 10089 wikitext text/x-wiki Kaheciday （和平部落） O niyaro’ no ’Amis ko [[Kaheciday]], o Paridaw a kasa’etal. Itiya ho, ira ko Raranges, Usod, Kakopa a ngangasawan mafolaw tayni tona Kaheciday a niyaro’. O kaitiraan(所在地) a ngangan no hatini i, o He-pin-li(和平里) i Posong. [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] se75q22fqc1d0pezlz5a95fjjdp3g5t 0 484 38709 10113 2023-06-29T11:56:12Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38709 wikitext text/x-wiki Kaidi（楓林部落） Itiniay i [[Shizi]](獅子) Cen no [[Pingtung]](屏東) ko [[Kaidi]] a niyaro’, 174 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 530 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 93% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 492 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 7% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 38 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko [[Paiwan]](排灣族)88%, [[Bunun]](布農族)1%, [[Amis]](阿美族)2%, roma(其他)2%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 2hd1jnhbsnmv29z385ajquz5vm56zff 0 485 10139 10138 2021-10-28T12:18:00Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 25 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 10138 wikitext text/x-wiki Kainisungan（卡努舒岸部落） Itiniay i [[Yanping]](延平) Cen no Taitung(台東) ko [[Kainisungan]] a niyaro’, 27 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 89 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 89% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 79 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 11% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 10 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Bunun(布農族)66%, Amis(阿美族)4%, Paiwan(排灣族)1%, Truku(太魯閣族)6%, Rukai(魯凱族)1%, Tayal(泰雅族)4%, roma(其他)6%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] aatsbq7jsxaxfb6bkmjbnrjn6d55zrb 0 486 42658 39079 2024-04-03T01:04:18Z Ｍayawtowid 44 42658 wikitext text/x-wiki == O ngangan no Kakawasan（石山部落的由來) == Itiraay i [[Fo-fong-li]](富豐里) no [[Posong]](台東市). Itiniay i [[Taitung]](台東) Cen no Taitung ko [[Kakawasan]] a niyaro’, 180 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 478 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 77% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 367 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 23% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 111 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko [[Amis]](阿美族)72%, [[Paiwan]](排灣族)1%, [[Bunun]](布農族)1%, [[Puyuma]](卑南族)2%, roma(其他)1%. O kaitiraan no kawas sanay ko imi no Kakawasan. Itiya ho, ira koya mipaliwalay(販售) to marad(鐵製品) a patiyaman(商店). Mi'aca(購買) ko Piwma a pasanga'(製造) to po'ot. Masamaanay ko demak i, mapatay koya tamdaw a mapatadem itira. Mafana' to ko finawlan(部落族人) nira i, looden naira kona paliwalay to marad halo niyaro'ay a tamdaw maemin. Mafolaw(搬遷) ko niyaro' to nikatapi' no Piwma. Dafongen no Piwma koya sapimarad noya patiyamay. Naikoran nona demak to pina to a mihecaan, mahadak ko namal nani sera. Deng o kawas ko mihaenay sa ko piharateng(思考) no 'Amis, mansa o kaitiraan no kawas kona pala sa to. == O katadamaanan no niyaro’ == == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] jgswg3jbiu5alw5cawds109x66b9r3p 0 487 30117 10178 2022-01-06T22:51:11Z UrbanecmBot 380 Bot: Cleaning up old interwiki links 30117 wikitext text/x-wiki Takaray a sowal O kakawit hananay i, o mamangay a kawkaw, o kamit hananay ko roma a pangangan, o sapipanay a po'ot, itini i sawalian a niyaro' o minik hananay ko kamit. ona kakawit hananay a sowal i, ira ho ko roma a imi nona tilid, o sapikawit to kakawiten a dafong. Tahapinangan a Tilid Pikafitan i Papotal{{stub}} [[Faylo:Sickle33.jpg|left|thumb|100|Kakawit]] 86f4bwm1c9hbg28lektuzb0zvhs277h 0 488 10184 10183 2021-10-28T12:18:09Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 5 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 10183 wikitext text/x-wiki == Kakorot 野苦瓜 == == takaray a sowal (概要) == o kakorot hananay i, ira ko nipaloma'an ira ko rengaw sanay i taliyok no loma' ato palapalaan. yo itiraay i taliyok no loma' a kakorot i,o tayaling han nita a pangangan, nawhan matiya o tayaling to tosiya a nengnengen sa pangangan han to tayalin. nikawrira mamamamangay cowa ka tata'ang, malecaday toya nipalomaan a 'angrer. == tahapinangan a tilid (參考文獻) == == pikafitan i papital (外部連接) == k34iq5jomij65gg91d7n763ti1nt5zn 0 489 10210 10209 2021-10-28T12:18:12Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 25 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 10209 wikitext text/x-wiki Kalahaay（民豐部落） Itiniay i [[Chenggong]](成功) Cen no Taitung(台東) ko [[Kalahaay]] a niyaro’, 738 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 2,154 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 15% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 316 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 85% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 1,838 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)13%, Paiwan(排灣族)0.4%, Puyuma(卑南族)0.4%, roma(其他)0.5%. Ira ko picodadan(成功國小、成功國小附幼、海洋環境教室、成功商水、成功商水附設進修學校) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(成功戶政所、成功鎮公所、海巡署新港漁港安檢所、農委會水試所生態海洋展示館、水試所東部海域研究中心、台東縣消防局成功分隊) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(成功衛生所、衛福部台東醫院成功分院) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] atmynh30j7iwed0l3tmsrbq5ebq9mm3 0 490 39660 38729 2023-10-07T07:29:40Z Ｍayawtowid 44 39660 wikitext text/x-wiki == O ngangan no Kalala (迦納納部落由來) == O Kalala a niyaro’, nawhan malecaday a manengneng to kopid i ’apilis no lotok , saka Kalala han ko pangangan. ka raayay a mihecaan a miaro’ no niyaro' no Kalala, na itiraay i mirenok to maro’ ko Iwantan, yo a micomod tora palaan ko kasakapingan i, ta away to ikol ko mirenokay a 'ada i niyaro', minokay sato ko malinahay a aro' a finacalan a Pangcah. Misalinalinahan kora paniyaro’an no Kalaka. sakatolo a palaan a misalinalinahan. i ’ayaw i ira ho ko tosa, sake cecay a paniyaro’an no Kalala i Satoko, ira ko hecek no loma’ hananay a heci, nikarira onini a Satoko a pala i, caayay ko so’elinay a Satoko a pala, o Satokoaay ko so’elinay a ngangan, ira ko limaw no fokeloh a hecek a sowal, marawraw sato ko ititiay a finawlan no niyaro’. sake tosa a paniyaro’an i Lalacolan, ira to ko taw-kiw ato talo'an no wangle to misa’opoay itini, sakatolo i Kalala to ko saiklay, nano kecor han ko ka kakahad no kasahefong no dafdaf, melecad 'aol a cayna ta Kalala han. == O kasiikedan no niyaro’(部落特色) == O Kalala a riyaro’, o mamangay a niyaro’i ilaloma'ay no [[Ruysuy]]-syang (瑞穗鄉 sowal no holam ) no [[Hualien]]-siyen (花蓮縣 sowal no holam ) ko Kalala , itiniay i Taywan 9 a lalan（台9線） to laloma’ay no sakawali a lilis no [[Cya-cya-na'an a lotok]] (加加納山) . manmaan a fana’ no to’as ato kasaselal cilekakawaay a finawlan no Pangcah. onini a taneng no rayray no tato’asan no mita, pa’oripaw no mita ko makapahay a rayray no mita o Pangcah. '''Kalimelaan a halaka no niyaro’''' I ayaw, oni kapahay a Kalala a riyaro’, itiniay i [[O-he]](舞鶴) a pala no Ruysuy-syangno Hualien-siyen, o finawlan no Pangcah a tamdaw ko adihayay. nano kecor han ko ka kakahad no kasahefong no dafdaf, melecad ’aol a cayna , o so’elinay tora sowal, o matiniay a masacaynaay a pala, tangasa i herek no lahok no romi'ami'ad, manengneng to ko mitaliyokay a to'em i tirengtirengan, kilangkilangan, lotoklotokan, matena’ ko rakat no fali saka no riyaran ko romi’ad fa’edet kala’orad, ano caeca ko fangcalay ka’oripan, nika fangcal ko liomah, matatodong paloma to [[ka-pi]](咖啡). yo tayni to ko Dipon a mikowan to Taywan i, o matatodong a paloma to ka-pi a pala itini. '''kinaira no Kalala a pisapala''' Itini i Kalala a niyaro’, dadoedoan ko nipalomaan a orip, i Kalala a pisapala i, pisapala, sakatolo to sakasepat a folad mikelet to talacay, sakalima to sakaenem a folad mikelet to panay, mipahanhan I sakapito a folad ,tangasa i sakafalo to sakasiwa a folad mikelet to moraw, sakamoetep a folad mikelet to Ka-pi, saka safaw cecay a folad , o misatapang a Paloma to panay. I enaray ko ’orip a Pangcah haw i, fangcal ko pisapala nangra, o panay to ko nipalomaan, caay to koya ’ayaway a hafay, faliyasan, fonga, rihom, tefo’ ato dateng ko nipalomaan. ira ko matiyaay a sowal, o kalasemeray i, sowal sa, o matokaay to ko lamit no pinaloma, latek caay ka fangcal ko kinaira tona nihecaan saan. o kalahemekay i, sowal sa, malalokay to ko kalomanmaan a pinaloma, maemin to fangcal, caay to pitolas ko lengaw no pinaloma saan. == O nikalopisak no Kalala (人口分佈) == Itiniay i [[Ruisui]](瑞穗) Cen no Hualien(花蓮) ko [[Kalala]] a niyaro’, 151 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 459 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 76% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 347 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 24% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 112 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko [[Amis]](阿美族)73%, [[Bunun]](布農族)1%, roma(其他)2%. == O finacadan no Yincomin (所屬阿美族群) == O Siwkolan a ’amis han ko Kalala a niyaro' , o tatapangan a niyaro’, ira ko Tafalong, Fata’an, Kiwit, mililis to tarawadaw no Siwkolang a siniyaro’, na itira i tarawadaw no Kalingko talatimol tangasa i Cilamitay, nawhani maemin paniyaro’ i lawac no Siwkolan a tarawadaw sa mapangangan to Siwkolan a ‘amis. iraay ko Kiwit a niyaro’, [[Olaw]] a niyaro’, Olalip niyaro’, [[Kalala]] a niyaro’, [[Sapat]] a niyaro’, [[Atolan]] a niyaro’, [[Langas]] a niyaro’, [[Lacihakan]] a niyaro’ , [[Koyo]] a niyaro’ ato [[Morocan]] a niyaro, falo a niyaro' ko kasaniyaro'aro' i Ruysuy-syang. == O pitooran no finawlan (族人信仰) == itini i ira ko pitooran nangra, pakayni sa’opo no kiwkay, malosakarikec sto sakacakat no ’orip no Yincumin, mamaan ca ko deamk no sapitolon ko niyaro’. ora ma’araway a kiwkay i, ira ko tosaay a kinkay i Kalala, o tingsikiw ato ciwlokiwkay, o ciwlokiwkay a tamdaw ko ka adihay. kalimelaan ko sowal no Kawas, to sakafana’ to ’orip no tamdaw, ato awaay to ko kaka to nikafana’ to codad how i. ta masalimela to sakalacecay no faloco’ no finawlan no niyaro’. o so'linay a piti'eran ita ko miktonay to sowal a Kawas. saka, aka ka ngyangi ko faloco' ita. aka pisawad kita a miharateng to nipatalahkalan ita a kacifaloco'an. == O kasadakan Tilid(參考文獻) == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] qnedli9wnez3wv3ao3sc825q6cs79sd 0 491 39074 10268 2023-06-30T10:00:11Z 陳鷹馬 1604 39074 wikitext text/x-wiki Kalaluran（卡拉魯然部落） Itiniay i [[Taitung]](台東) Cen no [[Taitung]] ko [[Kalaluran]] a niyaro’, 193 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 536 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 90% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 484 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 10% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 52 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko [[Paiwan]](排灣族)74%, [[Amis]](阿美族)5%, [[Tayal]](泰雅族)1%, [[Rukai]](魯凱族)2%, [[Puyuma]](卑南族)2%, roma(其他)5%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] itdxj3vwc6tyd9s4vi2ilqkgddsjkix 0 492 10295 10294 2021-10-28T12:18:21Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 26 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 10294 wikitext text/x-wiki Kalan dalah（崙埤部落） Itiniay i [[Datong]](大同) Cen no Yilan(宜蘭) ko [[Kalan dalah]] a niyaro’, 173 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 611 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 92% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 560 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 8% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 51 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)83%, Amis(阿美族)2%, Truku(太魯閣族)1%, roma(其他)4%. Ira ko picodadan(大同國小、大同國小附幼、大同鄉立圖書館) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(大同鄉公所、大同戶政事務所、大同郵局) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(三星分局大同分駐所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(大同衛生所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 81yeyatbovqm5rg7mhdssby1aevk00y 0 493 43134 43133 2024-05-04T08:51:47Z Emic5826 567 43134 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}}[[Faylo:Collectie krabben in Muzee.JPG|thumb|350px|Kalang]] == Takaray a sowal (概要) == [[Faylo:Kalang.ogg|縮圖|kalang, Adihay  ko kalang i 'alo.]] O komaenay to rengos no riyar ko [[kalang]], roma komaen to fao, ano matikeda ko mapatayay a foting, mapatayay a ’afar, anca maponiay a titi’, anca o matefaday no mipacemotay a sapariri’, o mifalahan no tamdaw a lakaw, la’afas’afas sa kona kalang maemin. == Kasasiromaroma (種類) == Matilid i [[codad]] tahiraay i enem so’ot ko kaaloma’ no kasasiromaroma no [[kalang]], ira ko li-mi-siy(黎明蟹), so-se-siy(梭子蟹), cing-siy(青蟹), wa-siy(蛙蟹),kwan-kong(關公蟹), saheto o ngaayay a kaenen.Itini i riyariyaray manenengay tono mita ko rakat no kalang, itini i ’alo aca i fanaw manengneng no mita ko kalang. Manga’ay i nanonanoman sotasotaan a ma’orip. Nawhan o pokoh no cepi’ nangra i, samatini sakaliki sa a misafalat a romakat ko kalang, nika ira kono roma a kalang, o mahecad to sano takora’ay a kalang(蛙蟹) moecelay anca pasi’ikolay ko rakat nangra. O li-mi-siy-ke(黎明蟹科), o so-se siy-ke (梭子蟹科)a kalang  malecaday to roma a kalang mafana’ay a midangoy, O kalang hananay i mafana’ay a misacikacikay a ma’orip, o kamaroan nangra i kahilahila saan, malaliday cangra a mikilim to kakaenen, mafana’ cangra pakayni i sakalat nangra a pasadak to soni a malalicay. Roma sato o kalang ho i mafanaay a mikali’ang, mangalef ko okang a kalang pakayni a macacefis to fafahi aca to kakaenen malalo’olo’od macacefiscefis, ano sapi’odotan sako kalang i, tafekang ha ira ko sakalat no mira a misi’ayaw to a ’odoten no mira, o hatiniay a demak i, o mimingay a kalang mafana’ a miliyas, ano malecaday toko ta’angay i kalang la’odo’odot sanay to, mafana’ay i fikelohan a ci loma’ cangra, roma i mafana’ay a macacefiscefis to paloma’an, anca o romaan a kalang itiniay i tafotafokan ko kaciloma’ nangra, o roma’ i itiniay i rakarakaan a ciloma’. == Tahapinangan (特徵) == == kakarayan ( 氣候) == == Mafolaw (遷移) == == Kakaenen (食物) == O maan ko kakaenen no kalang hani? O rengos ko mikaenan o roma a kalang mafana’ay a komaen to mimingay a kalangan. Kahirahira saan ko mikaenan no kalang o mapatayay to a fao, anca o masamaamaanay a pinalengaw o papah ato heci no losay makaenan aca no kalang. Ono sotasotaan a kalang saheto no sotaan a kakaenen ko mikaenen nangra, roma sa ano makerah ko riyar ira ko roma a kalang itiniay i sotasotaan a mikorkor to tafok, pakayni to pikorkor nangra to sota mangaay ko sapa’orip to kilang ato rengos ato masamaamaanay ma’oripay. O roma a kalang maolahay a mingicngic to papah no pinaloma ato awakay, itiya ho o maomahay a tamdaw caay ka o fao aca ko katarawan nangra mataraw aca cangra to i dihifay a kalang, mafalic to ko taliyok no ka’oripan no mita, anini sato cisawarakay to ko omah awa:ay to a manengneng ko kalang i omaomahan. Tohatiniay ya taangayay a kalang i, maolahay aca a milepel to mimingay a kalang, ano cango’ot to kakaenen nangra kaen han to nangra ko fita’ol to nangra. == patinako a tilid (寓言故事) == Sowal sa ko ina a kalang to wawa a kalang, akaa falati ko kamakat, akaa papikerisen ko tireng namo to so^metay a fokloh han niira. Sowal sa ko wawa a kalang: "Haito ina. Ano pasifana' aca kiso itakowan, pa'arawen kako a mipamecel ko rakat hana, ta todongen no mako," han niira. [[Kasasiwasiw:Kalang]] dlv303j8axvke5j0c98i4pcymd3rf7n 0 494 10319 10318 2021-10-28T12:18:26Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 19 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 10318 wikitext text/x-wiki Kalatadrang（卡拉達蘭部落） Itiniay i [[Jinfeng]](金峰) Cen no Taitung(台東縣) ko [[Kalatadrang]] a niyaro’, 69 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 230 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 93% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 214 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 7% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 16 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko . Ira ko picodadan(介達國小) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] gdiqm7d3ve3qjrhqqesf2d8wc040xqb 0 495 35360 10346 2023-04-02T06:09:28Z Kai3952 413 35360 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wanghsiang with mountains in the background.jpg|thumb|200px|Kalibuan]] Kalibuan（望鄉部落） Itiniay i [[Xinyi]](信義) Cen no [[Nantou]](南投) ko [[Kalibuan]] a niyaro’, 191 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 692 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 91% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 632 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 9% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 60 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Bunun(布農族)86%, Tayal(泰雅族)1%, Amis(阿美族)2%, Cou(鄒族)12%, Paiwan(排灣族)1%, roma(其他)1%. Ira ko picodadan(信義幼兒園、博幼部落圖書資訊站_望鄉) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] qcpmyscmwuxmwn1yr57p0fkqkg4caz2 0 496 10368 10367 2021-10-28T12:18:32Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 21 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 10367 wikitext text/x-wiki Kalifangar（佳尼發納部落） Itiniay i [[Donghe]](東河) Cen no Taitung(台東) ko [[Kalifangar]] a niyaro’, 272 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 589 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 61% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 360 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 39% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 229 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)59%, roma(其他)2%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] qsmqswmpoh2lc4ics8cmz845jiwl3o1 0 497 10393 10392 2021-10-28T12:18:34Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 24 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 10392 wikitext text/x-wiki Kalisahan（卡里沙汗部落） Itiniay i [[Yanping]](延平) Cen no Taitung(台東) ko [[Kalisahan]] a niyaro’, 51 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 180 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 98% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 176 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 2% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 4 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Bunun(布農族)82%, Amis(阿美族)4%, Paiwan(排灣族)1%, Puyuma(卑南族)1%, Thau(邵族)1%, roma(其他)10%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] lx7ym2y0gsheme6hkl3i7hp46ztytkx 0 498 10417 10416 2021-10-28T12:18:37Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 23 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 10416 wikitext text/x-wiki Kalito'od（山里部落） Itiniay i [[Beinan]](卑南) Cen no Taitung(台東) ko [[Kalito'od]] a niyaro’, 97 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 276 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 91% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 251 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 9% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 25 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)79%, [[Bunun]](布農族)1%, Puyuma(卑南族)7%, roma(其他)3%. Ira ko picodadan(初鹿國小山里分校) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 2grrfjwse7fe2ny4queupcxstpq5vyf 0 499 10444 10443 2021-10-28T12:18:40Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 26 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 10443 wikitext text/x-wiki Kaliyawan（嘉里部落） Itiniay i [[Xincheng]](新城) Cen no Hualien(花蓮) ko [[Kaliyawan]] a niyaro’, 1,751 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 4,493 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 28% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 1,266 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 72% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 3,227 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)15%, Bunun(布農族)2%, Taya(泰雅族)l2%, Truku(太魯閣族)6%, Kebalan(噶瑪蘭族)2%, Paiwan(排灣族)1%, roma(其他)1%. Ira ko picodadan(嘉里國小) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(新城分局嘉里派出所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] s42apo1lku8is0jfgg1t5o6zfxlzyud 0 500 10466 10465 2021-10-28T12:18:43Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 21 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 10465 wikitext text/x-wiki Kalokapuk（大埔部落） Itiniay i [[Chishang]](池上) Cen no Taitung(台東) ko Kalokapuk a niyaro’, 259 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 715 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 41% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 296 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 59% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 419 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)39%, Bunun(布農族)1%, Puyuma(卑南族)1%. Ira ko picodadan(池上圖書館) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 45gx8sn96onknfgg23ozeunk13ppt8d 0 501 10503 10502 2021-10-28T12:18:47Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 36 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 10502 wikitext text/x-wiki == O ngangan no Kalotong（加里洞部落） == O Kalotong hananay a sowal, adihay ko lotong i pala sanay. nawhan tada adihay ko lotong misa'opo itini, sa mapangangan to Kalotong. ya makowan ho no Ripon ko Taywan, Malinaha ko finawlan itira, ira ko pakayni i Tafalonay, i Olalip ato i Tingnaglaway a finawlan a tayni. == O kasiikedan no niyaro’(部落特色) == Kalotong a niyaro’, cya-li-tong ko sowal no holam. pakayni i saka’orip o pala ko pinengnengan no Kalotong, o sailoh no Kalotong a niyaro’, itiniay i saka’etip a lilis no Sawalian lotok(海岸山脈). caay ka ’alomanay a niyaro’i ilaloma’ay no Guangfu-syang (光復鄉 sowal no holam ) no Hualien-siyen (花蓮縣 sowal no holam ) , i Paiang alo’, Loin alo’ ato Hualien alo’ ko niyaro’ ngara. I kawili no katatopitopan no toloay a sa’owac ko paniyaro’an no niyaro’. o dafdaf ko sailoh no niyaro’ itini. nawhan o inaka ko niyaro no Kalotong, saka ano tayraay i syataw(車站) no cinamalay i Fata’an how i, mangata to safaw lima a fun ko parakat to paliding. Ano caay ka ’aloman ko tamdaw I tini, nikaorira tada kanga’ayan no palafangay a misalama no mikoliciway a tamdaw i pilipayan. nengneng han i lalan tadamahapinang ko fati'ian, i kawanan manengneng to ko kapahay dadahalay a Hualien alo’, i kawilian nengneng han ko potal mato nicokaan ledef sa ko nika, fangcal no omaomahan. itini awa’ay ko intoc no kaysiya, awa ko malaliyangay marawraway a soni. tada masaniyaro’ no Pangcah, pakaomaomahan ko mimingay a lalan, nengneng han ko potal mato nicokaan ledef sa ko nika fangcal no omaomahan. Kalotong a niyaro’, itini maro'ay ira ko Holam, o Ngayngay, o Sakilaya ato Pangcah a finawlan, o Pangcah a tamdaw ko ’alomanay, caay ka ’edeng to cecay so’ot a tamdaw. Doedoen no sowal ni Lin-siw-lan(林阿蘭), Misatapang mafalic ko kicay no Taywan, o finawlan no niyaro’ mitoor to a mafalic, o kapah no niyaro’, maemin to miliyas to niyaro’ tayni i tokay mikilim to saka’orip ato micakay to loma’, edeng ko to’as ato wawa i tinito. Saka itira ho ciira i mikowanay to hacitanengaw no tamdaw a sa’opo how i, cacekerohen to malacafay a kaen ato malacafay a miomah, o mipaloman ngara ko kakomaenay ngara. o roma i, o mikamayan a singsi cingra, saka mipasifanaay to to’as no niyaro ko mikamayan a safon. o roma sato, misakosoy ko niyaro’ a finawlan, sapisanga' to fancgalay to tireng a simal, ano marawraw ko rarima ko tatirengan no tamdamdaw,onini a simal ira ko sapipahanhan. itiya ho, caayay ka cifaloco’ to sapa’acaaw to nakamayan a nitayal ato nilingadan, kiemel to ko aniniay maa’ise’ised, orasaka misatapang to ko finacadan misaharateng to sakanga’ay no lalan a pa’aca ato sakaira no nilingadan. == O nikalopisak no Kalotong(人口分佈) == Itiniay i [[Guangfu]](光復) Cen no Hualien(花蓮) ko [[Kalotong]] a niyaro’, 88 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 214 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 72% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 154 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 28% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 60 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)65%, roma(其他)7%. == O finacadan no Yincomin (所屬阿美族群) == itiniay i Guangfun-syang (光復鄉 sowal no holam ) no Hualien-siyen(花蓮縣sowal no holam) ko Kalotong a niyaro’, i tatihi no kawalian a niyaro’no Tafalong. o tatapangan a niyaro’, ira ko Tafalong, Fata’an, Kiwit, mililis to tarawadaw no Siwkolang a siniyaro’, na itira i tarawadaw no Kalingko talatimol tangasa i Cilamitay, nawhani maemin paniyaro’ i lawac no Siwkolan a tarawadaw sa mapangangan to Siwkolan a ‘amis. ira ko Fata’an a niyaro’, Tafalong a niyaro’, Sadoa niyaro’, Atomo a niyaro’, Kalotong a niyaro’, Kalotong a niyaro’, Fahol a niyaro’, Laso‘ay a niyaro’ ato o kakay a niyaro, falo a niyaro' ko pipolongan. == O pitooran no finawlan (族人信仰) == O tolon to sakinomalotayay a tamdaw. o pitooran ko finawlan no Kalotong i, ora ma’araway a kiwkay i, ira ko tosa a kinkay i Kalotong , o tingsikiw ato ciwlokiwkay, o ciwlokiwkay a tamdaw ko ka adihay. kalimelaan ko sowal no Kawas, to sakafana’ to ’orip no tamdaw, ato awaay to ko kaka to nikafana’ to codad how i . itini i ira ko pitooran ngara, pakayni sa’opo no kinkay, malosakarikec sto sakavakat no ’orip no Yincomin, mamaan ca ko deamk no sapitolon ko niyaro’. == O tahapinangan (參考文獻) == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 4blkoj2grf1si2ey1b6xyzlx1dqf14t 0 502 35357 10527 2023-04-02T05:49:08Z Kai3952 413 35357 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Jici Beach, Taiwan.jpg|thumb|200px|Kaluluwan]] Kaluluwan（磯崎部落） Itiniay i [[Fengbin]](豐濱) Cen no Hualien(花蓮) ko [[Kaluluwan]] a niyaro’, 125 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 305 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 82% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 249 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 18% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 56 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)55%, 撒奇拉雅族9%, Kebalan(噶瑪蘭族)4%, Tayal(泰雅族)2%, Bunun(布農族)2%, roma(其他)10%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 3qgvyiv76vpfbcrb9wik0z4e0whnl5k 0 503 10556 10555 2021-10-28T12:18:52Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 28 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 10555 wikitext text/x-wiki Kalʉvʉnga, Ngani（桃源部落） Itiniay i [[Taoyuan]](桃源) Cen no Kaohsiung(高雄) ko [[Kalʉvʉnga/Ngani]] a niyaro’, 252 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 825 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 90% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 739 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 10% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 86 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Bunun(布農族)80%, Tayal(泰雅族)1%, Cou(鄒族)3%, Hla’alua(拉阿魯哇族)4%, Paiwan(排灣族)1%. Ira ko picodadan(桃源國小、桃源國小附幼、高雄圖書館桃源分館、桃源部落圖書資訊站) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(桃源區公所、桃源郵局、桃源戶政事務所、桃源清潔隊) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(桃源分隊、六龜分局桃源分駐所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(桃源衛生所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] qep428mheymn1jce853jr3aj2jpk72j 0 504 10582 10581 2021-10-28T12:18:55Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 25 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 10581 wikitext text/x-wiki Kamcing（崁頂部落） Itiniay i [[Haiduan]](海端) Cen no Taitung(台東) ko [[Kamcing]] a niyaro’, 135 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 472 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 96% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 452 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 4% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 20 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Bunun(布農族)82%, Amis(阿美族)6%, Puyuma(卑南族)1%, roma(其他)6%. Ira ko picodadan(崁頂國小、崁頂國小附幼) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(關山分局崁頂派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(海端鄉衛生所、崁頂衛生室) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] o158oif60apehs3afvvrf5s8xnfa9em 0 505 10605 10604 2021-10-28T12:18:58Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 22 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 10604 wikitext text/x-wiki Kaminu（卡米努部落） Itiniay i [[Yanping]](延平) Cen no Taitung(台東) ko [[Kaminu]] a niyaro’, 27 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 75 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 87% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 65 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 13% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 10 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Bunun(布農族)67%, Amis(阿美族)12%, Tayal(泰雅族)1%, roma(其他)7%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 5pzn8mdsajr14y01fmlbasmzvmx98e5 0 506 10624 10623 2021-10-28T12:19:00Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 18 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 10623 wikitext text/x-wiki Kamisatu（卡米莎度部落） Itiniay i [[Yanping]](延平) Cen no Taitung(台東) ko [[Kamisatu]] a niyaro’, ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, ko sa’osi no tamdaw. ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko . == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] j5lffhrg36lp0n5cogp2owbp6xgfo24 0 507 10643 10642 2021-10-28T12:19:03Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 18 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 10642 wikitext text/x-wiki Kanadun（金崙部落） Itiniay i [[Taimali]](太麻里) Cen no Taitung(台東) ko [[Kanadun]] a niyaro’, 611 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 1,469 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 82% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 1,211 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 18% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 258 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko 與大武窟部落混居. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] s0ys4i7l322tuu4j8rkrna4sfxj28bz 0 508 10670 10669 2021-10-28T12:19:06Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 26 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 10669 wikitext text/x-wiki Kanahcian（加和部落） Itiniay i [[Haiduan]](海端) Cen no Taitung(台東) ko [[Kanahcian]] a niyaro’, 39 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 145 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 98% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 142 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 2% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 3 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Bunun(布農族)89%, Amis(阿美族)1%, Paiwan(排灣族)1%, Puyuma(卑南族)1%, Truku(太魯閣族)1%, roma(其他)5%. Ira ko picodadan(加拿國小、加拿國小附幼、加拿部落圖書資訊站) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(加拿衛生室) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 2ejpoqwu22jf21iehl1dhqcwz1g4j0f 0 509 10693 10692 2021-10-28T12:19:08Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 22 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 10692 wikitext text/x-wiki Kanaluk（加樂部落） Itiniay i [[Haiduan]](海端) Cen no Taitung(台東) ko [[Kanaluk]] a niyaro’, 50 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 232 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 99% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(台東), polong han i, 229 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 1% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 3 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Bunun(布農族)88%, Amis(阿美族)5%, Paiwan(排灣族)3%, roma(其他)3%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 6ltn6vcml85dkgj0dqknz7ihnkbm08w 0 510 10715 10714 2021-10-28T12:19:11Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 21 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 10714 wikitext text/x-wiki Kanao’pu（卡拿吾部部落） Itiniay i [[Luye]](鹿野) Cen no Taitung(台東) ko [[Kanao’pu]] a niyaro’, 363 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 884 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 28% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 244 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 72% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 640 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)24%, Bunun(布農族)1%, roma(其他)2%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] bvs2hxofzcgjw8erzyxgwulqgnkukjv 0 511 10718 10717 2021-10-28T12:19:13Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 2 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 10717 wikitext text/x-wiki Kangkang(耕耘機) laKO kangkang i taloan. 00hn7we27farnbn82kx130mvciev7kb 0 512 10741 10740 2021-10-28T12:19:16Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 22 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 10740 wikitext text/x-wiki Kanian（嘎尼按部落） Itiniay i [[Hualien]](花蓮) Cen no Hualien(花蓮巿) ko [[Kanian]] a niyaro’, 1,864 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 4,713 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 11% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 517 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 89% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 4,196 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)8%, Bunun(布農族)1%, Truku(太魯閣族)1%. Ira ko picodadan(太昌國小、慈濟技術學院) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 8pof1izwll5wdqm65uzk89pur4tm80r 0 513 10767 10766 2021-10-28T12:19:19Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 25 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 10766 wikitext text/x-wiki Kapanan（石門部落） Itiniay i [[Mudan]](牡丹) Cen no Pingtung(屏東縣) ko [[Kapanan]] a niyaro’, 404 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 1,002 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 94% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 938 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 6% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 64 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Paiwan(排灣族)89%, Amis(阿美族)2%, roma(其他)2%. Ira ko picodadan(石門國小、石門國小附幼、牡丹國中、牡丹圖書館、石門部落圖書資訊站) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(恆春戶政所牡丹辦事處、牡丹鄉公所) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(恆春分局牡丹派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(牡丹村衛生室) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 09rs11cszm4ll0i2g69njbrcgl0rguy 0 514 10791 10790 2021-10-28T12:19:22Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 23 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 10790 wikitext text/x-wiki Karamemedesane（佳暮部落） Itiniay i [[Wutai]](霧台) Cen no Pingtung(屏東) ko [[Karamemedesane]] a niyaro’, 127 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 417 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 99% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 414 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 1% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 3 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Rukai(魯凱族)88%, Paiwan(排灣族)9%, roma(其他)1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] hrm60c7nynixojiefzqgps5b0cuo5m0 0 515 42660 10816 2024-04-03T01:06:23Z Ｍayawtowid 44 42660 wikitext text/x-wiki == O ngangan no Karoroan (加路蘭部落由來) == Itiniay i [[Taitung]](台東) Cen no Taitung(台東巿) ko [[Karoroan]] a niyaro’, 114 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 284 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 67% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 191 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 33% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 93 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)61%, roma(其他)6%. Ira ko picodadan(富岡國小、富岡國小附幼) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(台東分局富岡派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(台東縣警察局富岡綜合體技館) i niyaro’. == O katadamaanan no niyaro’ == == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] rqil6s0hp5xddck29fgkpbc7pbyl960 0 516 31100 30118 2022-04-25T06:55:04Z CommonsDelinker 39 Replacing Marukin_at_Sanja_Matsuri_2.jpg with [[File:Yakuza_at_Sanja_Matsuri.jpg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:Duplicate|Duplicate]]: Exact or scaled-down duplicate: [[:c::File:Yakuza at Sanja Matsuri.jpg|]]). 31100 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} [[Faylo:Yakuza at Sanja Matsuri.jpg|thumb|90px|left|Kasalekad no maliangay]] [[Faylo:Marasalvatrucha13arrest.png|thumb|90px|left|Kasalekad no maliangay]] t3iv6kcmee7d7t820f9mpo6a4ja0kco 0 517 10847 10846 2021-10-28T12:19:30Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 26 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 10846 wikitext text/x-wiki Kasavakan（射馬干部落） Itiniay i [[Taitung]](台東) Cen no Taitung(台東) ko [[Kasavakan]] a niyaro’, 604 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 1,637 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 49% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 799 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 51% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 838 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Puyuma(卑南族)38%, Amis(阿美族)5%, Bunun(布農族)1%, Paiwan(排灣族)2%, Rukai(魯凱族)1%, roma(其他)1%. Ira ko picodadan(知本國中、建和國小) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(建和社區衛生室) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] hz27ixrbfpc5m1wr6nbze0g4nsy0hxw 0 518 10951 10950 2021-10-28T12:19:35Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 103 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 10950 wikitext text/x-wiki Kasa’etal no Pangcah （南勢阿美） Makilalima kasa’etal ko Pangcah ira ko ’Amisan a ’etal, Siwkolang a ’etal, Pasawali(東邊) a ’etal, Falangaw(馬蘭地區) a ’etal ato Palidaw a ’etal, onini pisakilac midoedoay to pala ato kahiceraan no kafolaw(遷移) a niyaro’ koni, caayay ko serangawan, o caciyaw, o tatirengan ko pisakilac, mato o sowal noya cifenekay no Dipong ci 伊能嘉矩, “ O sakamatini ko pisakilac, o sakalahoday aca pakafana, caayay pakino tamdawan ko pinengneng, kitini han i pala mihalaka mitayal.” O matiniay ko pisakilac, sarakat i pinana’ang a tilid i 1899 a miheca(年) ci 伊能嘉矩 ato ci 粟野傳之丞 nisanga’an “ O demak no Pangcah i Taywan.” a codad, ira masowal, “O sakalahoday a pakafana’, sa pacarcar sa makilalima ko kasafinacadan(族群), (1)Palidaw Pangcah. (2)Falangaw Pangcah, (3)Pasawali Pangcah, (4)Siwkolang Pangcah, (5)Cilay Pangcah.” Nika tahira to i 1914 a miheca, ci fenekay no Dipong(鳥巢) ci 佐山融吉 ni tilidan nangra a codad, pakaynien nangra i serangawan malikatolo ko pisakilac, ira ko ’amis, sasifo’an, satimolan, nika itini sa’amisan ira ho ko micidekay itiniay maro’ i Rinahem, ka’amis no ciyakan a ’alo, oni kamaro’an no ’Amisan a ’etal, pangangan han cangra Pangcah satimolan, ira ko Natawlan, Pokpok, Lidaw tolo a niyaro’. I 1935 a miheca cifenekay no Dipong ci 移川子之藏, 馬淵東一 ato ci 宮本延人 nisanga’an nangra a codad sowal sa, to kinapinaan a miciyosa ko paranaan, miliyaw haca pakipalaen to kasasiroma ko pisakilac nangra, ’Amis a ’etal “O ka’amis, ” Siwkolang a ’etal “ Kaetip no pasawali a lotok tora sasifo’an”,Pasawali a ’etal “ I kawali no pasawali a lotok a sasifoan” Falangaw a ’etal “Nai Madawdaw talatimol tangasa i masadafdafay no Posong”, Palidaw a ’etel “Itini i Palidaw no Pintong” makilalimaay kasa’etal. Tongod to tahira i 1941 a miheca, ci fenekay no Dipong ci 鹿野忠雄 pisakilac nira, palacecay hanira ko nisilsilan no i’ayaway ko pisakilac, ona Pangcah sakilac hanira, Ka’amis o ’Amis a ’etal, sifo’ay marapot ko Siwkolang a ’etal Pasawali a ’etal, timol a ’etal ira ko Falangaw ato Palidaw. Ano doedoen pakaynien toni a pala ko pisilsil i, o kamaro’an no ’Amisan a ’etal nai sa’amisan i Hopo no Paepo talatimol tahira i ’alo no Rinahem, marapot ko Hopo, Cikaso’an, Rinahem Fakong ato Kalingko Holin. Nawhan matatapal to sa’amisan no Tayan, itira i satimolan ko inain, orasaka satimolan Pangcah han ko pangangan, malikatolo ho kasarayray, no Sakilaya a rayray i tosa ko safaw ko nyaro’, ira ko Sakor, Pawkan, Karoroan, Cirakayay, Ma’ifor, Copo’, Sinsya, Parik, Towapon, Katangka, Kalingan, Paypo. Fanaw, Ci’adetomay No Cikasowan a rayray i marapot ko Mafowakay, Cikasowan, Fanaw, Ci’adetomay, Rinahem, Ci’alopalay ato Kiko, Saakatolo a rayray i marapot ko Natawran, Pokpok, Lidaw, Tomay, Ciwidian, Dawlik ato Cihafayan. Nika, ano matinitini paki’etal ko pisilsil i, mapangangan sa makilalima, nika pakayni i serangawan i ira ko caay kalalecad tona laloma’, itini i tapang no rayray, o kafolaw no finacadan a rakat, no kasasiroma ato saka’orip, o pidefon a ’icel no kanatal ato sakatatodong no pala maemin mararangirangi, malasaka- tadamaan no kasa’etal konini. Samanen a mifana’ to ka tadamaan no kasa’etel padefongen itini to nisafaloco’an no finacadan, ta mangaay a mirayray a mikadkad ta mahapinang koni a demak. [[Kasasiwasiw:Siwkulang 'Amis]] 787fxs5er3qgrebqzx223g5et4pa127 0 519 10979 10978 2021-10-28T12:19:38Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 27 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 10978 wikitext text/x-wiki Kasuga（春日部落） Itiniay i [[Chunri]](春日) Cen no [[Pingtung]](屏東) ko [[Kasuga]] a niyaro’, 342 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 1,125 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 98% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 1,098 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 2% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 27 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Paiwan(排灣族)95%, Amis(阿美族)1%, Bunun(布農族)0.5%, Rukai(魯凱族)0.5%. Ira ko picodadan(春日國小、春日國小附幼、春日圖書館) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(春日戶政所) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(枋寮分局春日派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(春日衛生所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] i34mkav4ntcb04jj8iazivelyr1hkt5 0 520 11003 11002 2021-10-28T12:19:41Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 23 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 11002 wikitext text/x-wiki Katanka（佳林部落） Itiniay i [[Xincheng]](新城) Cen no Hualien(花蓮) ko [[Katanka]] a niyaro’, 415 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 1,143 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 29% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 327 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 71% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 816 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)26%, Bunun(布農族)4%, Truku(太魯閣族)15%, Tayal(泰雅族)2%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] lw9l11dnyyxc9no4tudr03fp6g1dq0a 0 521 11030 11029 2021-10-28T12:19:44Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 26 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 11029 wikitext text/x-wiki Katatipul（卡地布部落） Itiniay i [[Taitung]](台東) Cen no Taitung(台東) ko [[Katatipul]] a niyaro’, 542 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 1,521 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 34% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 510 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 66% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 1,011 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Puyuma(卑南族)25%, Amis(阿美族)4%, Tayal(泰雅族)1%, Paiwan(排灣族)2%, roma(其他)2%. Ira ko picodadan(知本國小) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(台東縣知本派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(台東縣消防局知本分隊) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] o7zr7ycublmrx7875kik93qxxvioqj7 0 522 11033 11032 2021-10-28T12:19:46Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 2 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 11032 wikitext text/x-wiki == Katekup no pisikitangan no Hay-san (海山礦災) == 海山礦災katekup no pisikitangan no Hay-san misalikaay.misikitangay.mifutingay ato ing-cia(鷹架),ko pangangan no cimacima a tamdaw ko yan-cu-ming, mafolaway a tayni i tokay a misakoli to tayal. roma sato,saa;yaw a katayraan no kapah no ‘Amis a matayal a satato’emanay ofang no pisikitangan i,o Hay-san(海山) no To-cen(土城), o Ciyan-ci (建基)no Roy-fang(瑞芳),hatiraay ko katatayraan no ‘Amisa matayal.o masa’Amisay ko saikakaay a aloman ko tayrayraay.ano itniay i kalingkoay aca,i posongay aca a tamdaw saheto matayalay to katalawan;kalolayan hatiraay ko kamawmahan no ‘Amis tamdaw .marawud ko katatiihan a mihecan i niyayro’ madeng talacowa kami kini a mikilim to mamatemo saan,tayni to imisasikitang-ay hatiraay ko demak. Sa’ayaw i, i tiya ay ho i 1960 a miheca iraay to ko nani Fanaway ato nani Tay-mali-ay a ‘Amis no Posong, mafolaw tayra i misatoemanay ko kataylan. O pitingking itiya, i laloma’ no ra1980s a mihecaan,u na pisikitangan i Hay-san faloay a so’ot ko ‘aloman no mawmahay itiya,o yan-co-ming hananay tora i,tahiraray i lima so’ot ko ka’aloman. ira ko sowal no simpong itiya, “itira:sanay i caka pimelang a talo’an a paloma’ ko misikitangay no yen-co-ming no Fay-san” sanay :土城鄉永寧村番仔寮, 四座寮ato十四洞 tolo ko kalaloma’an no misikitangay a yen-co-ming.o ‘akawangay ko liton han to maan, o pifalah to ‘orip koya, kacelemcemceman ko katayalan. tahacowa ko pilifon han toya demak, fohal ci adada to katalawan.mabgalef ko fala’ ato fitoka.o roma sato a katalatalawan no msikitangay i, o mipatayay to tamdaw a lahod no sera, o tekup,mapulin a mi’orong,ma’emek no nanom, cowa ka kilimen ko katatiihan.arahan ko ko tawki no ci sikitangay,cu:wa ka ci harateng to kanga’aynga’ay-yan no kamawmahan. Masakena maxera to ko kararuman a demak. Ya romi’ad toya 1984.06.20,matekup to ko pisikitangan no Hay-san.pito polo’ ira ko pito ko yan-co-ming, mata’lifay ko kalitosa no mapatayay aca, pararinien i likisi Tai-wan i, o sataangay a lekal no misikitangay koni, macekokay cimacima itiya.matama’ay ci a mala itiya, pasowal to cingra: ano masamaamaan haw i, tahira i kaxera ko tolas ssanay ko sowal ira to malekalay, roma sato i, patorod to sapaddiheko to loma’,45han ko folad to pipalifon, han nira ko ci todongay a ci sikitang. o cifaloco’ay a sani’adaay ato sidaitay to i cowacowaay a tamdaw i, malekal to a pateli to pinapina no payci o sapatayra i Hay-san. ikor to no Hay-san i, cowa ka pinapina a romi'ad, ira ho ko roma a matekupay pisikitangan no Tay-pak. hatiraay ko samo’ no miheca itiya. ‘osien i, toya miheca no1984, nani saka enem folad tayhira i teloc no miheca, a latekutekup sanay ko pisikitangan no Tay-wan i tiya. Pakayni i Hay-san saka cecay a ofang,ato saka tatolo ho rayaray sa a matekup ko pisikitangan,’osien ko mapatayay itiya i, toloay a so’ot ko mapatayay no misikitangay. To ya laloma’ no 1980s hananay a miheca i,cowa kanga’ay kita toni sa ko sifo itiya, falicen ita ko demak nga sa to, cowa ka nga’ay kita a misasikitang sa.yanan to i,tahini to i 1990 a miheca i, ma’edef to ko pisikitangan, talaciwa to kita kini sa to ko misikitangay a marawraw. nani 1960 tahira i 1990, tato’oto’or sanay ko ‘Amis a tayni i pisikitangan a matayal, ira ko 20~ 30 no mihecaan a itini a matayal, hatiraay ko pikakilim no ‘Amis to saka’oripan. yanto i, ikor to no lekal toya i, ma’edef to ko pisikitangan, milalaplap to ko kosi, tatalacowa to kita a mikilim to ka’orpan kini sato, koya ‘Ami’amis a tamdaw.ira a ma’osi i tini i singpong, "tayra-ay i howing a mipatingki ko kosi no Hay-san"I 1983 a mihecaan,o sapilaplap ira to matayatayalay a tamdaw kona demak ira to ra.aka to ka itini , aka to pifadic to loma’ , aka to pitingeroh to loma’ sato ko pilalalang no kosi no Hay-san, pa’icel sa a milalaplap.o fadoc no lekal no misikitangay han to maan koya maro’ay ho i tira a yan-co-ming, kasini’adaan ko ‘orip ngara. Tahini to i 2005.6.3, ya pisikitangan a pala no Hay-san i, misakapahan to no sifo o mala pisalamaan.pangangan han to原住民生態公園,milihay to pisitapang a misanga’. ira ko報導,toloay lefot a cepo(三千多坪) ko kakahad nora 原住民生態公園 hananay.ira ko pisalaman, ira ko pisa’opoan to malitengay no kiloma’an no yan-co-ming ato kasaopoan a sefi, iraay ko nihayan a pisalamaan a misaromaomaan ira ko pala, manga’ay ho mala pipafanaan no icowacowaay a mitiliday a tayra, tadafangcalay kona masamaamaanay a pinanaman aca ato pipahanhanan aca no tamdaw. <ref>黃麗美. (2011). Wikipedia 維基百科 族語詞條試寫─原住民族語詞條 2011作品集. 教育部.</ref> kd5s0tw5lhy5ujg1w0bd9a740zfkaif 0 523 38717 11035 2023-06-29T12:02:45Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38717 wikitext text/x-wiki == Kau-san-cu 高山族(高砂) == O maan a sowalan ko Kau-san-cu ([[kuwaping a sowal]]: 高山族) hananay a sowal? Cima ko sasowalen toya Kau-san-cu hananay hakiya? Maoratay kita a maemin toya sowal. Caay ko nga’ayay a sowal kora sowal no Kwaping, o cecay no misepenay, milikafay, misa kakinihay, milokesay to tamdaw haca a sowal korira a tengilen. Itini i Taywan, awaay ko somowalay no kaloPangcah to nika o高山族kami a saan. O nitoro’ay to tao koya a高山族saanay a sowal. Ano cima kiso ano han no tao a milicay ko Pangcah? Pasowal sa a paca’of haw i, o ngangan no tireng aca ko malo sapaca’of. Ano o maan ko no miso a finacadan ano saan ko licay haw i, o ca’of i, o Pangcah ano ^ca i, o Tao, o Iwatan, o Taloko saan ko paca’of, awaayho ko katengilan to o高山族kako saanay a sapaca’of. Naicowaay a masadak a sowal konini hakiya, oya sowa to高山族ato高砂saanay haw i, o matiniay, o高山族haw i, o no Holam/kwaping a sowal, 高山族han naira ko Pangcah no Taywan. Itni i Congko a kanatal haw i, o nanaman naira a somowal to高山族a saan ko pangangan to Pangcah no Taywan. Ato o roma sato, oya高砂hananay a sowal i, o no Ripon a sowal. O pangangan no Ripon tonini a kitakit no Taywan. Ta o tamdaw nonini a Taywan haw i, o高砂族(takasakocok)han no Ripon a pangangan. O Takasako han no [[Japan|Ripon]] ko [[Taywan]], nawhani, o [[Pangcah]] ko sa’ayaway a maro’ a midefong tonini a sano papahay no tamako a Taywan. Ato o so’linay o Pangcah ko tadafinawlan no Taywan, awaay ko kahinapecan tonini a sowal. Ma^deng 14 ko kasasi – roma no finacadan, o roma ko caciyaw, o roma ko ’orip, o roma ko ladiaw ato kero. O komod no nikalecad no pinangan no Taywan a Pangcah haw i, mararingiay to no itiraay i Notimolan a kasakitakit, malecad ko laleko no tireng, ano caicaiho ka lecad ko sowal haw i, mato malecaday ko faloco’, ano malalitemoh haw i, tangsol sa a makakafana’, alatek, o nika malecaday ko kasadakan no pona. == Pi'arawan to lakaw == * 星歐拉姆. (2011). Wikipedia 維基百科 族語詞條試寫─原住民族語詞條 2011作品集. 教育部. 9acj95njio0rzbnca5h6kma7kzm4bbd 0 524 11062 11061 2021-10-28T12:19:51Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 26 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 11061 wikitext text/x-wiki Kaviyangan（佳平部落） Itiniay i [[Taiwu]](泰武) Cen no Pingtung(屏東) ko [[Kaviyangan]] a niyaro’, 185 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 761 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 95% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 721 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 5% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 40 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Paiwan(排灣族)92%, Amis(阿美族)1%, roma(其他)2%. Ira ko picodadan(武潭國小佳平分校、泰武國中、泰武鄉立圖書館) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(泰武戶政所、消防局泰武分隊) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(內埔分局泰武分駐所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(泰武鄉衛生所) i niyaro’. Ira ko Kiwkay(佳平教堂) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 8nuaghbbzzduw4l4pjlx7mw2chpploo 0 525 11085 11084 2021-10-28T12:19:53Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 22 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 11084 wikitext text/x-wiki Kawabata（河頭部落） Itiniay i [[Wufeng]](五峰) Cen no Hsinchu(新竹) ko [[Kawabata]] a niyaro’, 54 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 174 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 94% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 164 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 6% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 10 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)91%, Amis(阿美族)1%, Paiwan(排灣族)1%, Saysiyat(賽夏族)2%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] nxh46syqhqhwietmg7jm8rcuy29h8rh 0 526 11108 11107 2021-10-28T12:19:56Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 22 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 11107 wikitext text/x-wiki Kawaliwali（大坡部落） Itiniay i [[Chishang]](池上) Cen no Taitung(台東) ko [[Kawaliwali]] a niyaro’, 147 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 371 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 74% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 276 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 26% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 95 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)71%, Puyuma(排灣族)1%, Kebalan(噶瑪蘭族)1%, roma(其他)1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] ibfmvjxt1fijt4h6xfslqbu80bij3e5 0 527 11133 11132 2021-10-28T12:19:59Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 24 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 11132 wikitext text/x-wiki Kawbu’（高坡部落） Itiniay i [[Fuxing]](復興) Cen no Taoyuan(桃園) ko [[Kawbu’]] a niyaro’, 31 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 110 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 85% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 93 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 15% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 17 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)76%, Amis(阿美族)6%, roma(其他)2%. == O katadamaanan no niyaro’ == == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 9e6huk3jiahav0zfwl8pltbjgw9b2wq 0 528 11156 11155 2021-10-28T12:20:02Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 22 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 11155 wikitext text/x-wiki Kayu-baliq（新村部落） Itiniay i [[Fuxing]](復興) Cen no Taoyuan(桃園) ko [[Kayu-baliq]] a niyaro’, 150 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 359 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 2% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 8 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 98% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 351 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)1.4%, Amis(阿美族)0.3%, Puyuma(卑南族)0.3%, roma(其他)0.3%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] tlte778brvj83eq366hzdbeh30nq6ln 0 529 11177 11176 2021-10-28T12:20:05Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 20 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 11176 wikitext text/x-wiki Kayway（卡外部落） Itiniay i [[Fuxing]](復興) Cen no Taoyuan(桃園) ko [[Kayway]] a niyaro’, 7 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 15 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 100% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 15 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 0% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)100%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 2zbi7mv6v164fivtap4b5ql2hdbdyyk 0 530 39277 39276 2023-08-17T09:56:16Z MathXplore 1279 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/92.55.178.154|92.55.178.154]] ([[User talk:92.55.178.154|talk]]): Xwiki spam (TwinkleGlobal) 39277 wikitext text/x-wiki Kazakhstan（哈薩克斯坦） [[Faylo:Flag of Kazakhstan.svg|thumb|Flag of Kazakhstan|alt=Flag of Kazakhstan]] [[Faylo:Kazakhstan on the globe (Kazakhstan centered).svg|thumb|Location of  Kazakhstan  (red)]] Itini i 48 00 N, 68 00 E, noAsiya ko [[Kazakhstan]]. Polong no sekalay i 2,724,900 sq km “saka 9 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 2,699,700 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 25,200 sq km ” Polong i 18,360,353 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 77.40%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 1.20%, malo no roma to a sera 21.40%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Astana]](阿斯塔納) ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakatosa ko safaw 16 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Almazbek Atambayev]](阿爾馬茲別克·阿坦巴耶夫), patirengan a romi’ad i 2011 a miheca(年) saka 12 folad saka 1 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] b49wvwchwgs2rjy6hhhj13w39weyurc 0 531 11220 11219 2021-10-28T12:20:10Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 25 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 11219 wikitext text/x-wiki Kazangiljan（佳義部落） Itiniay i [[Majia]](瑪家) Cen no Pingtung(屏東) ko [[Kazangiljan]] a niyaro’, 294 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 1,052 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 96% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 1,015 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 4% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 37 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Paiwan(排灣族)93%, Rukai(魯凱族)1%, Tayal(泰雅族)1%, roma(其他)1%. Ira ko picodadan(佳義國小) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(內埔分局佳義派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(佳義鄉衛生室) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 4c1t4v7y1seifodm3ejwd233r22by52 0 532 11245 11244 2021-10-28T12:20:13Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 24 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 11244 wikitext text/x-wiki Kbaqeh（那羅一部落） Itiniay i [[Jianshi]](尖石) Cen no Hsinchu(新竹) ko [[Kbaqeh]] a niyaro’, 34 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 109 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 83% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 90 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 17% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 19 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)77%, Bunun(布農族)2%, roma(其他)4%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] fahw41f20ast76h9abksjkj39u9tl63 0 533 11272 11271 2021-10-28T12:20:16Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 26 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 11271 wikitext text/x-wiki Kb’bu（庫巴博部落） Itiniay i [[Nan’ao]](南澳) Cen no Yilan(宜蘭) ko [[Kb’bu]] a niyaro’, 70 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 268 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 93% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 250 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 7% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 18 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)85%, Amis(阿美族)1%, Truku(太魯閣族)2%, Bunun(布農族)1%, roma(其他)2%. Ira ko picodadan(澳花國小、澳花國小附幼) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(蘇澳分局澳花派出所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] b3iccdwuodt2wzx0sm12fhdufunzja5 0 534 11301 11300 2021-10-28T12:20:19Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 28 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 11300 wikitext text/x-wiki Kdusan（格督尚部落） Itiniay i [[Xiulin]](秀林) Cen no Hualien(花蓮) ko [[Kdusan]] a niyaro’, 364 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 1,201 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 89% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 1,069 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 11% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 132 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Truku(太魯閣族)70%, Amis(阿美族)9%, Tayal(泰雅族)3%, Bunun(布農族)1%, Seediq(賽德克族)0.5%, roma(其他)4%. Ira ko picodadan(佳民國小) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(新城分局佳民派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(佳民衛生室) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] qx3pu3imuluw2ib8dnln5tv6f5zas57 0 535 43241 38887 2024-05-10T13:39:52Z 嚴美鳳 41 43241 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} [[Faylo:Scallion.jpg|100px|left|thumb|Kenaw]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Siwkulang 'Amis]] [[Faylo:Kenaw.ogg|縮圖|Ngosngos han ni Kacaw ko kenaw.]] '''Kenaw'''（[[kuwaping a sowal]]：蔥） Maolah komaen to kenaw ci kaka no mako. 76mvcq19tnnza2s7jf3wyf20yz4bf9n 0 536 11338 11337 2021-10-28T12:20:25Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 30 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 11337 wikitext text/x-wiki Kenuy(根努部落） Itiniay i [[Hualien]](花蓮) Cen no Hualien ko [[Kenuy]] a niyaro’, 2,351 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 5,974 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 10% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 597 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 90% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 5,377 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)7%, Bunun(布農族)1%, Truku(太魯閣族)1%. Ira ko picodadan(名廉國小、名廉國小附幼、國福原住民部落圖書資訊站) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(花蓮自強派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(花蓮消防局第一大隊自強分隊) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:U suwal nu i amisay a Pangcah]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] cz5860v5rzpbkhei0cbcupteazz2zho 0 537 46651 35095 2025-05-21T02:00:21Z Jcornelius 3049 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:Duplicate|Duplicate]]: [[File:Flag of Kenya (variant).svg]] → [[File:Flag of Kenya.svg]] Exact or scaled-down duplicate: [[c::File:Flag of Kenya.svg]] 46651 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Flag of Kenya.svg|縮圖|Hata no Kenya]] == Kenya Kapolongan-Kitakit(肯亞共和國) == Kenya Kapolongan-Kitakit(肯亞共和國; Swahili a sowal:Jamhuri ya Kenya; Ikiris a sowal:Republic of Kenya) o Kenya hananay kalopitahidang.O itiraay i [[:zh:东非|Sakawalian-Afrika]], misi’ayaway to [[:zh:印度洋|Indo-Riyar,]] madado’edo’edoay ko sera ato [[:zh:索马里|Somaliya]], [[:zh:埃塞俄比亚|Isopiya]], [[:zh:南蘇丹|Katimolay-Sotan]], [[:zh:乌干达|Wukanta,]] [[:zh:坦桑尼亚|Tansangniya]], o kakahad no sera ira ko 58 ’ofad km².<ref name="Unnamed-20230318190816">Central Intelligence Agency. Kenya. The World Factbook. 2012 [2013-05-28]. （原始內容存檔於2018-02-13）.</ref> o tamdaw no Kenya latek ira ko 5051 ‘ofad, ira ko 42 kasasiroma a finacadan,<ref>肯尼亚人口. [2016-10-13]. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-20）.</ref>masakilac to toloay a tata’angay rayray no sowal.<ref>肯尼亚人口概况. [2016-10-13]. （原始內容存檔於2016-10-14）.</ref> :o [[:zh:班图语支|Panto-sowa]]l,o [[:zh:尼罗-撒哈拉语系|Niro-sowal]] ato o [[:zh:庫希特語族|Kusto-sowal]],ono sifo a sowal o Ikiris a sowal ato [[:zh:斯瓦希里语|Swahili]] a sowal. O polong no kitakit ira ko [[:zh:肯尼亚行政区划|47 a sakowan]] <ref name="Unnamed-20230318190816"/>, o syoto Nairopi.<ref name="Unnamed_2-20230318190816">肯尼亚国家概况. 中華人民共和國駐肯亞共和國大使館. 2011年3月 [2016-10-04]. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-08）.</ref> [[Faylo:Kenya (orthographic projection).svg|縮圖|Kaitiraan no Kenya]] Itiya ho o [[:zh:大英帝国|nikowanan no Ikiris]] ko Kenya,1963 miheca saka 12 folad saka 12 romi’ad misiiked nani Ikiris. Hatosa mapecih no [[:zh:東非大裂谷|Tata’angay-Ta'eman no Sakawalian-Afrika]]( 東非大裂谷;''Great Rift Valley''）ko Kenya, mahifalat ato Sifo’ay-Konis no cikiw, sacingangan to “Ciwcika no Sakawalian-Afrika”.11 O cecay no Afrika a sanga’ay ko saka’orip no Kenia isakatimolan no Sahara-Tafotafokan,o liomah, o [[:zh:第三产业|mihamhamay-tolafang a Tayal]],ato misang’ay to dafong o sakakaay piti’eran no tamtamdaw, ira ko pipadahof no kalotamdaw to misanga’ to maamaan ato ira ho ko pira’oy no kalotamdaw to dafong, orasaka, o ‘etan no polong no kitakit i 2015 miheca mara’oday ko 614.1 ‘ok a Payso no Amirika,<ref name="Unnamed-20230318190816"/> o kacemahad no saka’orip tahiraay to i 5.6%.<ref>肯尼亚财政部公布2015年GDP增长5.6%，预计2016年增速可达6%. [2016-10-13]. （原始內容存檔於2019-05-02）.</ref> O cefang no [[:zh:联合国|Linheko]], [[:zh:非洲联盟|Afrika-Lekatep]],[[:zh:不结盟运动|Cowa Pisakakinih-Lekatep]],[[:zh:七十七国集团|Saopo no 77 kitakit]], ato [[:zh:东非共同体|Sakawaliay-Afrika Patatekoan-Lekatep]]( 東非共同體（簡稱東共體；Ikiris a sowal:'''''E'''ast '''A'''frican '''C'''ommunity，EAC''）. Itiniay i syoto no Kenya i [[:zh:奈洛比|Nairopi]] ko Tatatpangan-Loma’ no [[:zh:聯合國人居署Citodongay to Kamaro’an no tamdaw|Citodongay to Kamaro’an no tamdaw]](聯合國人居署;聯合國人類住區規劃署; Ikiris a sowal:United Nations Human Settlements Programme) ato [[:zh:联合国环境署|Citodongay to Sakafangcal no Taliyokan]](聯合國環境署，又稱為聯合國環境規劃署; Ikiris a sowal:United Nations Environment Programme, UNEP；或 UN Environment).<ref name="Unnamed_2-20230318190816"/> == '''Rikisi(歷史)''' == O cecay a katenakan no tamdaw ko Kenya,<ref>周幸叡. 站在赤道吶喊「Jambo！」─肯亞中部遊記. 自由時報. 2015-09-21 [2016-10-24]. （原始內容存檔於2019-06-26）.</ref> itini ira ko makarkaray i’ayaway no 250 ’ofad a malafakelohay to a okak no tamdaw.<ref>Glynn Llywelyn Isaac, Barbara Isaac. Olorgesailie: archeological studies of a Middle Pleistocene lake basin in Kenya. University of Chicago Press. 1977: xiii [2016-10-12]. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-08）.</ref> tahira to saka 7sici, ikatimolan no sakawaliay a lislis no riyar adihayay to ko patiyamay, itiniay to ko [[:zh:阿拉伯人|Arapiya a tamdaw]] maro’ a patiyam itini. I saka 26 sici, ma’eco no Potawya malanikowan ko lislis no riyar.<ref>Ali, Shanti Sadiq. The African Dispersal in the Deccan. Orient Blackswan. 1996. <nowiki>ISBN 978-81-250-0485-1</nowiki>.</ref> [[Faylo:Uhuru Kenyatta.png|縮圖|Wuforo-Kenyata congtong]] 1890 miheca, o Ikiris ato Toic maa’isal a mi’eco to Sakawalian-Afrika, o lilam no Ikiris ko Kenya. 1895 miheca, milekal ko sifo no Ikiris to “nidipotan a Sakawalian-Afrika” ko Kenya saan. 1920 miheca, malanikowanan no Ikiris ko Kenya, itiya i 1956 tahira i 1960 miheca, o [[:zh:基庫尤人|Cikoyo-Tamdaw]](基庫尤; Cikoyo a sowal:''Gĩkũyũ'') mipacekil to [[:zh:茅茅起義|Maomao-pilolol]](茅茅起義; Ikiris a sowal:''Mau Mau Uprising、Mau Mau Revolt''), to sapifelihaw to pikowan no Ikiris.<ref>Blakeley, Ruth. State Terrorism and Neoliberalism: The North in the South. Routledge. 2009-04-03. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-134-04246-3</nowiki>.</ref> o mikapotay tona Maomao-pilolol a tamdaw cowa ka o Maomao kako sanay to tireng, o "o naifaloco'ay-sofitay no Kenya a sera" (''Kenya Land and Freedom Army''，decdec a stilid'':KLFA'') sa ko pitahidang to niyah a tireng.<ref>Kanogo (1992), pp. 23–5.</ref> 1963 miheca saka 5 folad midemak to tata’angay sinkiw, Finacadan-Lekatep no Kenya Afrika pakalowaid tona sinkiw. Tona mihecaan saka 6 folad saka 1 romi’ad patireng to Niyah-Pikowan a sifo, saka12 folad saka 12 rom’ad milekal to pisiikedan, mapalasawad to ko 70 ko kakaya’ a pikowan no Ikiris. 1964 miheca saka 12 folad saka 12 romi’ad mapatireng ko Kenya Kapolongan-Kitakit, nikawrira, tahasiay ho i [[:zh:英联邦|Tata'akay-Ikiris a Lekatep]](大英國協;''Commonwealth of Nations'').<ref>News.xinhuanet.com. [2016-10-05]. （原始內容存檔於2014-12-01）.</ref> 1978 miheca, o sa’ayaway a congtong ci [[:zh:乔莫·肯雅塔|Ciyawmo-Kenyata]] ato Sapadang congtong ci [[:zh:丹尼尔·阿拉普·莫伊|Tannier-Alapo-Moyi]] satapang matayal.1982 miheca saka 6 folad mideamk to [[:zh:一党制|Cecayay-Kasafelaw Faco]] ('''一黨制:'''Ikiris a sowal:''one-party system,''又稱單黨制:''single-party system;''或一黨專政:''single-party state)'' no sieci. 1991 miheca saka 12 folad mafalic a midemak to [[:zh:多黨制|Adihayay-Kasafelaw Faco]] no sieci. O kalacongtong ni Moyi ira ko 24 mihecaan ko kato’edaw no mihecaan, tahira i 2002 miheca ko tolas. 2007 miheca saka 12 folad saka 27 romi’ad pakalowid ci [[:zh:姆瓦伊·齐贝吉|Mowayi-Cipici]] tona mihecaan a sinkiw malacongtong,oya Pacoliay a [[:zh:橙色民主運動|Koletoay-Cenger a Finawla-Demak]] ( '''橙色民主運動''' ; Orange Democratic Movement) to ikakaay a kiing i kalomaocan, oya kakeridan no pacoliay ci [[:zh:拉伊拉·奥廷加|Layila-Awtinka]] malacongli. Oya sato micokeray ci Layila-Awtinka mipacekil to [[:zh:2007-2008年肯亞危機|fodfod icowacowa]] a niyaro’. 2013 miheca, [[:zh:乌胡鲁·肯雅塔|Wuforo-Kenyata]] pakalowid to sinkiw malacongtong.<ref>关于肯尼亚-历史. 肯亞旅遊局. [2016-10-04]. （原始內容存檔於2016-10-05）.</ref> 2022 miheca [[:zh:2022年非洲之角旱灾|tahakedal to sakakaay i Sakawalian-Afrika]].<ref>非洲之角日益恶化的干旱使2000万人处于危险之中. 聯合國新聞. 2022-04-19 [2022-05-06]. （原始內容存檔於2022-05-03） '''（中文（簡體））'''.</ref> == '''Kaitiraan(地理)''' == [[Faylo:Mount Kilimanjaro.jpg|縮圖|245x245像素|Cilimacaro-Tokos]] Itiniay i Sakwalian-Afrika ko Kenya, mingataay to [[:zh:印度洋|Indo-Riyar]], itiniay kalalaedan no Somaliya ato Tansaniya. O kakahad no sera ira ko 582,650 km², ilaloma’ nonini o sera 140 km², o [[:zh:沼泽|nanonanoman]] 11,227 km². o mililisay to lawac no Indo-Riyar ira ko 536km. O kakarayan o kaitiraan ko pi’arawan a mafalic, oroma a pala sa’emeray, ira ko cowa kafilo ko fa’edet a kakarayan pala.<ref name="Unnamed_3-20230318190816">"NairobiDagoretti, Kenya: Climate, Global Warming, and Daylight Charts and Data", Climate-Charts.com, 2008, web: CC741 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）: 比較奈洛比/Dagoretti和基塔萊/蒙巴薩的資料</ref><ref name="Unnamed_4-20230318190816">"Kitale, Kenya: Climate, Global Warming, and Daylight Charts and Data", Climate-Charts.com, 2008, web: CC661 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）.</ref><ref name="Unnamed_5-20230318190816">"Mombasa, Kenya: Climate, Global Warming, and Daylight Charts and Data", Climate-Charts.com, 2008, web: CC820 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）: May precipitation was reset as "246" mm, converting 9.7 in.</ref> o itiraay i lilis no riyar o fa’edetay-romi’ad, cecay miheca sahetoay o fa’edetay kala’oraday a romi’ad. Patinako ham Mompasa, Lamolincen ato Malinti a lilisay no riyar a niyaro’, masafalifalic to cecay a romi’ad to fa’edetay ato sa’emeray.<ref name="Unnamed_5-20230318190816"/> Tayra to i kemod no Kenya,mangalefay ko ka’icang a makedal ko romi’ad. Itini i kakedalan awaay ko mamamang a ‘orad, o fa’edet matongalay ko kasasiroma to romi’ad ato dadaya,tahiraay to 20°C ko kafalic.<ref name="Unnamed_3-20230318190816"/> <ref name="Unnamed_4-20230318190816"/> <ref name="Unnamed_5-20230318190816"/> o tongroh no riyar ko misiwaray tona fa’edet, i taka’raway tongroh no riyar malowanay ko fa’edet.<ref name="Unnamed_3-20230318190816"/><ref name="Unnamed_4-20230318190816"/><ref name="Unnamed_5-20230318190816"/> Tata’angany ko kasasirom no faci no sera no Kenya,mingataay to Indo-Riyar, mahaop ko sina’sina’an a Mangoropo i sakawalian-Afrika, ira heca ko kakahaday a dafdaf ato taporo. Mahatosa mapecih no [[:zh:東非大裂谷|Tata’angay-Ta'eman]] (東非大裂谷;''Great Rift Valley)'' no Sakawalian-Afrika ko Kenya o sifo’ay-Kenya ato sa’etipay-Kenya, mahifalat ato Sifo’ay-Konis no cikiw, sacingangan to “Ciwcika no Sakawalian-Afrika”. O sa’akawanay a tokos o [[:zh:肯尼亚山|Kenya-tokos]], ato itiraay i laed no Kenya ato Wukanta a [[:zh:埃爾貢山|Ayerkong-tokos]]. O itiraay i saka’etipan-Kenya a Kakami-Kilakilangan o naikoran no ‘ora’oradan-kilang no Saka’etipan-Afrika. Ikakaay ko katata’ang no Mao-kilakilangan pasasotili’en ato Kakami-Kilakilangan, onini i,o iakakaay i Saka’etipan-Arika a macacamoray a kilakilangan. o ikakaay ko ka’akawang a lotok itini i Afrika a [[:zh:乞力马扎罗山|Cilimancaro-Tokos]] ( 吉力馬札羅山; Swahli a aowal:''Kilimanjaro'') itiniay i Kenya. == '''Saka’orip'''(經濟) == Itira i 1994 miheca tahira i 1996 miheca,o polong a nili’etan no kitakit a lalen ikakakaay no 4%.<ref>David Bigman. Globalization and the Developing Countries: Emerging Strategies for Rural Development and Poverty Alleviation. CABI. 2002: 136. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-85199-575-5</nowiki>.</ref> satapang i 1997 miheca, pacarcar ho ko kacemohad no kalotayal; 2003 miheca ‘edengan 1.4%, tahira to i 2004 miheca macakat to 2.3%, i 2005 ato 2006 mihecaan mingataay i 6% ko karongal. O saka’orip no Kenya ono kitakit a katatalan ko sakakkaay, midemak to paitekeday faloco’ a paliwal to dafong. O mihamhamay to lafang a tayal tata’angay ko tatinakoan i polong a saka’orip, mingataay to 60% o mihamhamay-tayal a ''GDP''. [[Faylo:Nairobi economic capital of africa.jpg|縮圖|Patiyamay-Etal no Nairopi]] O liomahan ira ko kacemahadan ira ko kakedi’an, nawhani, o ‘orad ko pi’arawan, cecay no kalisepat ko ‘etan no liomah. Oroma sato i, talacowa o cemahaday ko misanga’ay tayal no Kenya i Saka’etipan-Afrika, o ‘etan no misanga’ay to dafong ‘edengan 14% no ''GDP''. I 2006 miheca, o polong nili’etanan no Kenya kitakit ira ko 173.9 ’ok ko Amirika-Payso, o lalen no cecay tamdaw nipili’etanan ira ko 450 Amirika-Payso.2014 miheca o polong nili’etanan no Kenya kitakit ira ko 609,37 ’ok ko Amirika-Payso.<ref>肯尼亚GDP数据及经济发展状况2015-2016年. [2016-10-13]. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-08）.</ref> O nipasadakan a dafong no Kenya o sakakaay o potal-sapanasensen ato ociya, oninian a ‘etan i 2005 miheca ira ko 11.5’ok Amirika-Payso. 2011 mihecaan a nipaliwalan i roma a kitakit o ta’elifay ko [[:zh:斯里蘭卡|Slilanka]], malasakakaay nipaliwalay to ociya a kitakit i hekal, o sakakakaay pipaliwalan itiraay i Afrika, do’edo sa i, o Yoropa, o sakakakay pipaliwaln o Ikiris,Tansangniya, [[:zh:乌干达|Wukanta]] ato [[:zh:荷兰|Holan]], o sakakaay pi’acaan to dafong nani tiraay i Congko, [[:zh:印度|Indo]], [[:zh:阿拉伯联合酋长国|Arapiya-Lekatepay kitakit]], [[:zh:沙特阿拉伯|Sawuti-Arapiya]] ato [[:zh:南非|Katimolay-Afrika kitakit]]. O nipa’acaan i Amirika o riko’.<ref>enya country profile （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Library of Congress Federal Research Division (June 2007). ''This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.''</ref> o malakapotay mali’aca ato Wukanta(pasadakan 12,3%,mi’acaan 15,6%) ato [[:zh:卢旺达|Roanta]](pasadakan 30,5%, mi’acaan 17,3%).<ref>Uganda country profile （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, CIA World Factbook</ref><ref>Rwanda country profile （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, CIA World Factbook</ref> O ociya ko cecay no sakakaay sapili’etan to payso no roma a kitakit. nikawrira, masiwar no kafalic no kakarayan no hekal, malowanany ko pipalomaan to ociya a sera, masiwar ko saka’orip no pinapina ’ofad a tamdaw.<ref>肯尼亚:气候变化影响茶叶种植. RFI - 法國國際廣播電台. 2022-04-30 [2022-05-06]. （原始內容存檔於2022-06-02） '''（中文（簡體））'''.</ref> O syoto Nairopi no Kenya o [[:zh:国际金融中心|kahiceraan no pakipaysoay-demak]]. Tahira i kaleponan no 2009 miheca, o i kinkoay a payso ira ko 40 ’ok Amirika-Payso, o kiyam ira ko 8603 Kenya payso(Kensinlin), onini i,o halafinay a pikiyam, ilaloma’ nonini o kiyam i roma a kitakit ira ko 4297 Kensinlin. Mahaop ko 21% no ''GDP''. Tahira i 2008 miheca, ira ko 42 kinko, cecay ko cowa ko kinko a pakipaysoay-kowan, tosa ko pilikiyaman kaysya, tosa ko lekatep no loma’ ato 95 pifalican to payso no roma a kitakit, iloma’ nonini sepat ko tata’angay kinko, tinako Pakolay-Kinko, Cata-Kinko, Kenya Patiyamay-Kinko ato Kenya Finawlan-Kinko, o nitayalan mahaop ko 60% no kinko no Kenya.<ref>肯尼亚财政金融. [2016-10-13]. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-20）.</ref> == '''Tamdaw''' (人口) == [[Faylo:President Barack Obama.jpg|縮圖|Mama ato wina o Kenya a tamdaw]] I 2009 mihecaan a sa’osi ira ko 3861 ’ofad ko tamdaw no Kenya;<ref>. www.knbs.or.ke.</ref> 2014 mihecaan matongal tangasa i 45000 ’ofad ko tamdaw,<ref>Country Comparison :: Population （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. ''The World Factbook''.</ref> tosilen ira ko 42 ko kasasiroma a finacadan o sakakaay o [[:zh:基庫尤人|Cikuyu-finacadan]] ko sakakay(mahaop ko 18%), do’edo sa o [[:zh:卢希亚族|Rosiya-finacadan]](14%), [[:zh:卢奥族|Rowo-finacadan]](13%), [[:zh:卡伦金人|Kalonkin-tamdaw]](12%), [[:zh:坎巴族|Kanpa-finacadan]](11%) [[:zh:索馬里人|Somaliya-tamdaw]](10%) ato [[:zh:梅鲁族|Miro-finacadan]](6%). O roma sato i, ira ho ko mamangay finacadan o Inpa-tamdaw, Arapiya-tamdaw ato Yoropa-tamdaw, ano polongen mahaop ko 1%.<ref name="Unnamed-20230318190816"/>Nanoto’asan a pinangan o mihayiay to [[:zh:多配偶制|Ka’alomanay-Ramod]], tahira to i 2014 miheca nga’ masanga’ ko Romad-Rikec, malaheci ko [[:zh:一夫多妻制|Cecay Fainayan ’Aloman ko Fafahi Ramod-Faco]] sanay a rikec.<ref>Muhumed, Malkhadir. 2014."Polygamy bill allows Kenyan men many wives （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）". ''Aljazeera''. Retrieved 13 April 2014</ref> O cinganganay i hekal a tamdaw no Kenya ci Ciyawmo-Kenyata o mama no kitakit, ’ayaway congtong ci Tannier-Alapo-Moyi, ’ayaway congtong ci Mowati-Cipici, 2004 miheca milayapay to Nopier Rihadayay-Hofi ci Wangkali-Matayi, ’ayaway congli ci Layila-Awtinka, o cinganganay a mikinkiway to kicay a [[:zh:老巴拉克·奧巴馬|mama ci Palako-Awpama]]. Iloma’an nonini ci mama Palako-Awpama mala saka 44 riyad congtong no Amirika ko wawa ningra ci Palako-Awpama. == '''Punka'''(文化) == Maramramay to [[:zh:西方文化|Swahili-Punka]], [[:zh:斯瓦希里文化|Sawalian-Punka]], [[:zh:伊斯兰文化|Selilangka-Punka]] ato [[:zh:印度文化|Indo-Punka]] ko punka no Kenya. O iriniay a 42 finacadan mangangodoay roma finacadan a punka ato pinangan no ‘oripa, tahanini ma’osaway ho kono litengan kararamod, pitadem ato macakat malakapah.<ref>肯尼亚：保护文化遗产 彰显国家尊严. [2016-10-15]. （原始內容存檔於2016-10-19）.</ref> Itini i Kenya ira ko ’enem rocokan no hekalay, sakilac o Kitakitan [[:zh:图尔卡纳湖国家公园|Toerkana-fanaw Pisalamaan]](801), [[:zh:肯尼亚山国家公园|Kitakitan-Pisalamaan no Kenya]],(800 ) ato [[:zh:肯尼亚东非大裂谷的湖泊系统|Rayray no Fanaw i Sakawalian-Afrika Tata’angay-Ta’eman]](1060) kona tolo [[:zh:世界遗产|Kinaira no Pala a Rocokan]].ira ho ko roma o [[:zh:拉穆镇|Lamo Katelangay-Niyaro]](1055),[[:zh:米吉肯达圣林|Micikenta-Fangcalay Kilang]](1231), [[:zh:耶稣堡|Monpasa Yieso-Niyaro’]] ona tolo a [[:zh:世界遗产|Punka-Rocokan]] i Hekal. == '''Sowal''' (語言) == Ono sifo a sowal o Ikiris ato [[:zh:斯瓦希里语|Swahili Sowal]].<ref>Constitution (2009) Art. 7 [National, official and other languages] "(1) The national language of the Republic is Kiswahili. (2) The official languages of the Republic are Kiswahili and English. (3) The State shall–-–- (a) promote and protect the diversity of language of the people of Kenya; and (b) promote the development and use of indigenous languages, Kenyan Sign language, Braille and other communication formats and technologies accessible to persons with disabilities."</ref> o sowal no Swahili ono [[:zh:班图语支|Panto-Finacadan a sowal]] ko nini, ato [[:zh:阿拉伯语|Arapiya-sowal]] ato [[:zh:豪萨语|Hawsa-sowla]] o skakaay a [[:zh:非洲语言|sowal itini i Afrika]].<ref>韓基韜. 斯瓦希里语成为肯尼亚官方语言. 國際在線. 2010-08-31 [2013-12-12]. （原始內容存檔於2016-10-19）.</ref> itini i Swahili-sowal adihayay ko [[:zh:外来语|nicaliwan nani Arapiya]].<ref>^{[永久失效連結]}</ref> o ngangan to “Swahili” sanay i,o nani Arapiya a sowal to سواحيل‎（''Sawahil''）o “mingataay to riyar a sera” sanay ko imi nonini.<ref>“这是阿拉伯语”——源于阿拉伯语的英文词汇. 杜拜人. 2013-03-23 [2013-12-12]. （原始內容存檔於2015-03-20）</ref>o tayniay a palafangay to romi’ami’ad o matengilay a sowal “kadepo” i,o mihamhamay sanay ko imi a Swahili-sowal.<ref>关于肯尼亚 文化. 肯亞旅遊局. 肯亞旅遊局中國代表處. [2016-10-13]. （原始內容存檔於2016-10-13）.</ref> == Pacefaday a tilid(註腳) == [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] <references /> == Pikafitan i papotal(外部連結) == [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [[:en:List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government|List of current heads of state and government]] e6lyg07ru4umk7xf3499uji4u2uo6ox 0 538 11423 11422 2021-10-28T12:20:33Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 67 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 11422 wikitext text/x-wiki Kero no Pangcah （阿美族歌舞） O sakero no Pangcah, saheto o sakino ’alomanay, Awaay ko no tomeked sanay a kero anca tano tireng sanay a miwakawak, matini ko sakero no Pangcah caayay ko hahaenen ko sowalo. O kero hananay i harateng no Pangcah, o radiw ko pitooran a miperok to waay, samaneng ako a miwakawak miniwaniw to tatirengan anosa, itini ko pilitapangan misanga’ to malo tatodong no sakero, ano o fa’inayan to, o fafahiyan to, ano o nano rayray to, ano o aniniay to, saheto onini ko pidoedoan a lekakawa. Saka ira to ko sowal, minanam kako to kero no Pangcah anosa kiso haw i, itini i piperok to wa’ ay ko pisatapang a minanam. O tada kasasiroma to kero no Pangcah i, itini i kalacecay no piperok, ano pasicowa ko ’ingay, ano masamaan ko ngiha, harakaten tayoen, takarawen paeneren ko radiw, o mikapotay a tamdaw maemin to misalongoc to saka lacecayaw, naw milongoc to saka lacecayaw saw? O faloco’ nangra i ko nanay to rakat tona sakero i, tooren ko kalacecay ato karikec no faloco’. Ano pakaynien i kalakayat masakero no Pangcah, ato wakawak no tatirengan a minengneng, mangaay no mita a mihapinang, itini tona ka ’aloman masakero no Pangcah, “mikayatay hakiya!” onini i todongay to no paytemek to patalahekal to ni faloco’an, “Iraay kako mikapot” sanay, mato o sowal, caayay kanga’ay toor sa tono tireng a faloco’ ko pikayat hananay, itinien i ’alomanay ko piharateng a patalahekal to faloco’ no paytemek. Itiya ho o matiniay ’alomanay ko masakeroay, ira ko patalomaay, miwangkang to loma’ aca miingkayay, saheto o matiniay ko sakero, o matiniay a kero i, taliyok sa malakayat, ira ko miti’eciwaay lecaden no ’alomanay, anini sato awaay to ma’araw ko matiniay a kero, deng to i kailisinan malikoda ta manengneng ko malakayatay a kero. == Tahapinangan a Tilid (參考文獻) == *[https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%88%9E%E8%B9%88 中文維基百科] *獻李景崇，1998，《阿美族歷史》，臺北：師大書苑。 *黄宣衞，2008，《阿美族》，臺北：三民。 *達西烏拉彎‧畢馬，2001，《臺灣的原住民 : 阿美族》，臺北：臺原。 [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 9hc26wbnq9uvnk8s9umu9q3zugi65vy 0 539 44503 44502 2024-08-31T19:36:49Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 Kaljulaid, 2017 44503 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Future of Work- Making It e-Easy (37202211355) (cropped).jpg|縮圖|Kaljulaid, 2017|alt=Future of Work- Making It e-Easy (37202211355) (cropped).jpg]] I 1969 a miheca(年) saka 12 folad saka 30 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci '''Kersti Kaljulaid'''(克爾斯季·卡尤萊德), malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Estonia]](愛沙尼亞) anini i ci Kersti Kaljulaid, patirengan a romi’ad i 2016 a miheca(年) saka 10 folad saka 10 a romi’ad. Her presidential term ended on 11 October 2021. == No papotalay a kakafit == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 54nafmwazkaujwtud9zmtcfo4nnhbps 0 540 44499 11452 2024-08-31T19:33:01Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 哈利法·本·扎耶德·阿勒納哈揚 44499 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Sheikh Khalifa.jpg|縮圖|Khalifa, 2013|alt=Sheikh Khalifa.jpg]] I 1948 a miheca(年) saka folad saka a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci '''Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan'''(哈利法·本·扎耶德·阿勒納哈揚), malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[United arab emirates]](阿拉伯聯合酋長國) anini i ci Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, patirengan a romi’ad i 2004 a miheca(年) saka 11 folad saka 3 a romi’ad. == No papotalay a kakafit == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 3kx3dygd0j87bmz6fc77odwsg3vl3zw 0 541 11476 11475 2021-10-28T12:20:40Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 23 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 11475 wikitext text/x-wiki Khpan（大彎部落） Itiniay i [[Fuxing]](復興) Cen no Taoyuan(桃園巿) ko [[Khpan]] a niyaro’, 30 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 91 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 88% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 80 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 12% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 11 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)75%, Amis(阿美族)3%, roma(其他)10%. Ira ko Kiwkay(真耶穌教會大灣教會) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 4mirbw1nt36m3yrdbn301kqrrgs0vbq 0 542 38714 36942 2023-06-29T12:00:55Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38714 wikitext text/x-wiki == O ngangan no Kihaw  (八尺門由來) == == Kihaw niyaro' ([[kuwaping a sowal]]: 八尺門社區) == O mifotingay no [[Yencomin]] i ’ayaw, i Kilong ato Takaw ko sa ’alomanay a kafolawan. 1960 a mihecaan(年), sa ’aloman sa ko [[mifotingay]](漁夫) no ’Amis a tayni i [[Kilong]](基隆巿) a maro’, sa’opo sa i Cong ceng komi ato Alapawan komi. 1968 a mihecaan, ira ko papina(幾個) a ’Amis, tayra i sakaraeno no Pacemen a lotok a mikerar, o kinafalah no tamina a sapad ko sapisataloan nangra. 1973 a mihacaan, safeleng sato ko fafahi no mifutingay a tayra toya lotok a mifaliw, milopay to sota’, salafiifii sa cangra a patireng to loma’, nga’ay ira ko pikilidongan(遮擋風雨的地方) to ’orad, pilimekan to fali, toya i, sa niyaro’ sato kora pala. Oya Pacemen a niyaro’ i, miingiday to minato, malinahay tayni a ’Amis i, o i lilisay no riyar a paniyaro’an no Kalingko ato Posaong ko alomanay, o sa’ayaway a masaniyaro’ay no yen-co-min i Taypak kona niyaro’. tona Pacemen a niyaro’ i, caay ka o ’Amis aca ko maro’ay, citongalay to Punon ato payrang. nikawrira, o mifutingay aca ko demak no fa’inayan, saka, o maamaanto a demakan no niyaro’ i, saheto o fafahiyan ko misakimokimolay. tangasa i 1990 a mihecaan, caayto ka nga’ay ko tayal no mifutingay, saka o misamokongayto ko tayal nangra. 1988 a mihecaan, patirengan ni Litenghwy a tapan ko “Tay-ping-yang-howa-iyen-sing-ceng” a loma’, pakamaro’ to itiraay maro’ a yen-co-min. o sa’ayaway no seyfo mipatado mipatireng to loma’ , wa malo no yen-co-min a kamaro’an saan. （1995 a mihecaan a micomod a maro’）, anini, o Kihw niyaro’ han no ’[[Amis]] a mipangangan kona niyaro’, tahanini, cecay so’ot ira ko mo^tep ko polong no miacaay a ’Amis tona loma’. tona niyaro’ i iraay ko sefi, pahanhanan, pikilidongan, pipatelian to tosiya, manga’ay ko piilising no finawlan, iraay aca ko kakitaan nangra, miilisinay cangra to mihecahecaan. <ref>林慧美. (2011). Wikipedia 維基百科 族語詞條試寫─原住民族語詞條 2011作品集. 教育部.</ref> kqnosv7rlvxmn6axo1fst8z7qwoqsae 0 543 11508 11507 2021-10-28T12:20:45Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 24 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 11507 wikitext text/x-wiki Kiku（溪口部落） Itiniay i [[Shoufeng]](壽豐) Cen no Hualien(花蓮) ko [[Kiku]] a niyaro’, 420 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 1,084 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 38% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 413 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 62% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 671 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)33%, Truku(太魯閣族)1%, Tayal(泰雅族)1%, roma(其他)2%. Ira ko picodadan(溪口國小) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 5aa9r9un41jtc5s3zftlvnn4mlp1s7k 0 544 11513 11512 2021-10-28T12:20:47Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 4 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 11512 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} [[Faylo:台灣的森林.jpg|thumb| O kilakilangan no [[Taywan]]]] ==Kilakilangan(樹林)== O 'adihayay kilang a pala. [[Kasasiwasiw:Siwkulang 'Amis]] dwmj75fwu40jomwrt30b7oya3k7yly8 0 545 38677 11653 2023-06-29T04:40:43Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38677 wikitext text/x-wiki u sulit nu Hulam: 年祭 Angongol ko pakainaay ngangasawan no ’[[Amis]] i siyakay ato cinganganay to masakapotay a potipot ko fa’inayan. O saki coker no “Toor to fafahi a maro’” sanay a likakawa, saka o fafahiyan itini i potipot no ngangasawan o tadamaanay ko tireng, kawrira pakayni no niyaro’an to a demak saheto to o fa’inayan ko citodsongay, mansa, mikapot ko fa’inayan to tatayalen no niyaro itinien i potipot no masakapotay ko pitayal, pakaynien no mita pikiloma’an nano litengan ho a rayray no demak ta mahapinang ko todongay no lalekoan no demak. Kitinien no mita i “kiloma’an” no Makotaay a niyaro’ mihapinang a somowal i laeno, Ira ho ko nano liteng a rayray ko kiloma’an no Makotaay a niyaro’, marawed to ko kalikelonan to no sakapito a folad to mihecahecaan maherek to mipanay mimalikoda ko Makotaay, nano liteng a rayray i harateng no finawlan cowa kafalic, o kiloma’an hananay maherek to mipanay mireko to kiloma’an a demak, o piahowiday to ’adingo no kawas ato pifahfahan to lifong a lisin. O demak no kiloma’an o potipot no fa’inayan a kasakapot ko cacitodong mireko, saka tona romi’ami’ad mireko midoedo to rikec, cima ko cowa pitoor malitefoc, itini to tadamahapinang ko ’icel no kasakapot , o manmaan a tatayalen doedo sa to sakakakakaay ko tayal. Pisatapangan malikoda toya a dadaya moetep ko toki salafii sa tahira sakatosa a romi’ad moetep ko toki, pifolodan han. O malitengay a selal maro’ i tenok no taliyok, romadiw malaliepah, mangaay misasadak, papotal a taliyok o kapah a kapot ato makakaay a kapot a romadiw ma kero, ano ira ko tadademak, saka tatiih miliyas to ’alomanay anca miki’ayaw milaliw, ano awaay ko pidoedo o kakeridan no kapah ko mamirikec to likakawa, kamokomoko’ ko cikan cuwa pilaliw a mikerid ato misakawanan to sakero’ no ’alomanay. Sakatosa tolo sepat a romi’ad, lima ko toki maherek malahok tahira lafii moetep ko toki, o radiw ato kero mahecad to mifoloday, satikotiko sa cuwa kafalic, o masakeroay saheto o fa’inayan no niyaro’, ano caeca kasamaan ko hawang makero, nika o kero no fa’inayan ira ko tadamaanay nira, patalahekal to piyok ato kaci’icel no piperok, mapacamol to pasifana’ to limecedan ato kaying pasaso’araw, mipili’ palosiyang to calowayay a kapah, mingodo mitakid palimo to mato’asay ato saikoray a radiw no sakiilisin, malecad to o tapelik no riyar ko sapaherek a malikoda, dadoedo sa ko kasaselal mita’ong to malitengymato’asay no niyaro’ ko demak no ilisin. Saikoray a romi’ad o fafahiyan to ko makeroay, deng to o mama no kapah ato malakacaway a selal ko padamaay to demak no niyaro’, o kero ato radiw malecad to no fa’inayan, deng ira ko cecay todongay no fafahiyan a kero ato radiw, mipihay hananay. sasifo’an ira ko pacakat ko “mama no kapah” itini i kailisinan o satadamaanay koni a demak. Itini i niyaro’ no makotaay o mama no kapah ko cacitodong mikerid, o satakaraway a selal, o roma pangangan i “kakeridan a sekak no kapah” saan saka o mamacakat mala no mama no kapah salafii sa tahira kacakatan no cidal to dafak, milifet to cecay kaysin mita’owak to epah, onini palemaed to sakaci’icel ci taneng mikowan mikerid to kalaeno a selal, ci’icel midipot to niyaro’, papisa’icel to kasaselal, ko marikec marikec ko niyaro’. onini ko sapilowid mita’owak to epah ko nini, konanay awaay ko talaw misi’ayaw to katalawan a demak. == Pi’arawan to lakaw == 阮昌銳，1969，《大港口的阿美族（上）、（下）》。臺北：中央研究院民族學研究所。 [[Kasasiwasiw:Palidaw 'Amis]] ai3ml420sx4432y8ms9oz72tut3t6kc 0 546 45482 44501 2025-01-19T09:55:48Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 Kim Jong-un idi 2018年 45482 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Kim Jong-un at the Workers' Party of Korea main building.png|縮圖|Kim Jong-un idi 2018年|alt=Kim Jong-un at the Workers' Party of Korea main building.png]] I 1984 a miheca(年) saka 1 folad saka 8 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci '''Kim Jong-un'''(金正恩), malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Korea, north]](北韓) anini i ci Kim Jong-un, patirengan a romi’ad i 2016 a miheca(年) saka 5 folad saka 9 a romi’ad. == No papotalay a kakafit == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] dzegrf08gcz0cvde219uosfnowub3m7 0 547 11694 11693 2021-10-28T12:21:00Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 25 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 11693 wikitext text/x-wiki Kin lwan（錦路部落） Itiniay i [[Jianshi]](尖石) Cen no Hsinchu(新竹) ko [[Kin lwan]] a niyaro’, 54 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 183 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 94% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 172 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 6% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 11 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)91%, Amis(阿美族)2%, Paiwan(排灣族)1%, roma(其他)1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] j57os9yj2rt6eat1sm3s4om2xo9bzi9 0 548 11716 11715 2021-10-28T12:21:03Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 21 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 11715 wikitext text/x-wiki Kinanoka（僅那鹿角部落） Itiniay i [[Changbin]](長濱) Cen no Taitung(台東) ko [[Kinanoka]] a niyaro’, 93 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 249 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 99% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 246 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 1% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 3 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)97%, roma(其他)2%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] gcjbyqxs8gp8t6qrscud4jj3k2zjjf1 0 549 11740 11739 2021-10-28T12:21:05Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 23 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 11739 wikitext text/x-wiki Kinayiman（歸崇部落） Itiniay i [[Chunri]](春日) Cen no Pingtung(屏東) ko [[Kinayiman]] a niyaro’, 243 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 781 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 89% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 696 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 11% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 85 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Paiwan(排灣族)88%, Bunun(布農族)1%, roma(其他)1%. Ira ko imeng(枋寮分局歸崇派出所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] equrmuafv2tnwa5gsnyi0aqh0v27qhz 0 550 32485 32378 2022-09-29T04:29:01Z LiouShowShya 36 32485 wikitext text/x-wiki == Kincac 警察 == Adihay ko kasasiroma no Kincac a sowal, o Tayhing, Tayring, Imeng ato kincal han no roma. Nikaorira, o misafangcalay tonini a sekal, micepetay to maliangay a tamdaw, I Dipongan ho o kincac ko mikowanay to niyaro’ no ‘Amis, cowa ko kofa, orasaka, tadamatalaway ko cimacima to kincac, away ko caay ka ngodo to kincac, tadamarorayay to kiso sanay mipangiha ano ma’araw i cowa. O misimaway to niyaro’ ko tayal nangra, sa ka adihay ko masamaamaanay a tayal, matiya to o misatofangay ko pinengneng no tamdaw, patinako han, ira ko makaratay no waco tahidangen ko kincac, ira ko malapoi’ay a kararamoday mitahidang to kincac, tadamisafaay to to kincac ko kalotamdaw haratengen. Ano awaay ko kincac i cima a sato ko mamisimaw mamipa’ading to niyaro’, onini ko haharateng a mingodo a mipalata’ang to tayal nangra.   === tatodong 身份 === O milifetan konini a tayal, caay ka kangtan, ira kono pilifet to tireng, pilifet to tanek ato o roma a kitakit a sowal, pilicay aca to tireng no niyah, masamaanay ko harateng no miso a malakincac, tadamaroray ko tayal. == tahapinangan 特色 == [[Faylo:Taipei Police New Years Eve.jpg|210px|right|thumb|kingcal]] [[Faylo:Chicago_police_officer_on_segway.jpg|110px|right|thumb|Kingcal]] [[Faylo:HH Polizeihauptmeister MZ.jpg|thumb|150px|Kingcal]] == Papotalay a pakafit 外部連結 == 31akszowki62berprez17mbcnv784i6 0 551 11767 11766 2021-10-28T12:21:10Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 22 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 11766 wikitext text/x-wiki Kingdalruwane（金大露安部落） Itiniay i [[Sandimen]](三地門) Cen no Pingtung(屏東) ko [[Kingdalruwane]] a niyaro’, 17 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 62 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 98% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 61 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 2% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 1 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Rukai(魯凱族)66%, Paiwan(排灣族)21%, roma(其他)11%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 2wmd33gvj2ljigijvxx5mt4fmvoj4jf 0 552 11787 11786 2021-10-28T12:21:13Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 19 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 11786 wikitext text/x-wiki Kinilukuljan（給你路古洋部落） Itiniay i [[Jinfeng]](金峰) Cen no Taitung(台東) ko [[Kinilukuljan]] a niyaro’, 52 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 205 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 97% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 198 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 3% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 7 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko . == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] c34ohfmaa74afb5d8mtqspupb8hwfrh 0 553 11810 11809 2021-10-28T12:21:16Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 22 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 11809 wikitext text/x-wiki Kinulane（吉露部落） Itiniay i [[Wutai]](霧台) Cen no Pingtung(屏東) ko [[Kinulane]] a niyaro’, 53 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 209 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 96% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 201 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 4% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 8 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Rukai(魯凱族)93%, Paiwan(排灣族)3%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 87f7ekjo2m211oddkq3t2aw12pd0moa 0 554 11837 11836 2021-10-28T12:21:18Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 26 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 11836 wikitext text/x-wiki Kinus（基諾斯部落） Itiniay i [[Nan’ao]](南澳) Cen no Yilan(宜蘭) ko [[Kinus]] a niyaro’, 60 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 179 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 97% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 174 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 3% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 5 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)88%, Amis(阿美族)1%, Truku(太魯閣族)2%, Bunun(布農族)3%, Paiwan(排灣族)2%, roma(其他)2%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] tabyn1x86cski7v58ll289q4ees3nmi 0 555 39474 35366 2023-09-10T04:32:51Z LR0725 1505 39474 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Luofu Village and Luofu Bridge 20090725b.jpg|thumb|200px|Kinyawpan]] Kinyawpan（羅浮部落） Itiniay i [[Fuxing]](復興) Cen no Taoyuan(桃園) ko [[Kinyawpan]] a niyaro’, 245 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 667 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 62% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 411 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 38% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 256 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)58%, Cou(鄒族)1%, Paiwan(排灣族)1%, roma(其他)1%. Ira ko picodadan(羅浮國小、羅浮國小附幼) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(大溪分局羅浮派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko Kiwkay(台灣基督長老教會羅浮教會) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 1qa2skochyddvok9n8jij9tui8nokfo 0 556 11884 11883 2021-10-28T12:21:24Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 21 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 11883 wikitext text/x-wiki Kin‘lwan（金暖部落） Itiniay i [[Fuxing]](復興) Cen no Taoyuan(桃園) ko [[Kin‘lwan]] a niyaro’, 21 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 66 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 95% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 63 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 5% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 3 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)95%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 5f1zgy6xqjbpq1b96bssuw27q5w4i10 0 557 41254 41253 2024-02-02T19:23:14Z Kwamikagami 348 /* I malomakowanan a mihecahecaan(殖民地時期): */ 41254 wikitext text/x-wiki Sano sowalen no Kiripas o Ribaberiki Kiribati hananay, sano Ikilisen o Republic of Kiribati hananay a pangangan, nikawrira, o maalaay a ngangan i Kiripas(吉里巴斯). [[Faylo:Coat_of_arms_of_Kiribati.svg|thumb|upright]] Mingataay to isifo’ay a kinis no cikiw(赤道) ko aro’ nona kitakit, sahetoay o rakarakaan ko pala, ira ko 33 a kimolmolay a rakarakan pala, maliposak i Rihadayay Riyar(太平洋) to 350 ’emang km2 o sakatolo ko dadahal no riyar itnini i kalokitakit. Itini i polong no kalokitakit o cecay no samanikaway ko ninian a kitakit. I 1999 miheca malakapot no [[Linhoko]].(聯合國會員)。 == Rikis(歷史) == O likisi no Kiripas malikatoloen a pakitoh: === '''No to’as a mihecahecaan(早期):''' === I ‘ayaw no 5000 patek ko mihecan o malecaday ko sowal a nani Mikeronisya a tamdaw mafolaw a maro’ itini, itiyaho away ho ko kitakit hananay a palapalaan, polong sanay ko nani Tongaay, nani Samoaay ato nani Ficiay a tamdaw a maro’ itini, o pinangan no ‘orip nona tamtamdaw i sahetoay o Polinisya a punka. === '''I malomakowanan a mihecahecaan(殖民地時期):''' === I 1820miheca o tapang no sofitay no Rosya ci Kolusen macakat a midefong tona sera, pangangan han ningra koya satata’angay a riyariyaran pala to Kirberti,to ikor to cacorok sato ko mifotingay to ‘eso a tamina ato mipacakayay to koli a tamina atayni ton apala, mitatoy cangra to kowang mapahawikid nangra ko adada no kohecalay a tamdaw. [[Faylo:Robert_Louis_Stevenson_Portrait_Vailima_Letters.jpg|thumb|right|Robert Louis Stevenson]] I 1916miheca malamikowanan no Ikiris. Do’edo sa I o Kurismas a riyariyaran pala I 1919miheca, o Fonghowangtao I 1937miheca malamikowanan no Ikilis, patateko han I Kiripas. Itiya I kalaloodan to sakatosa no kalokitakit,ma’eco no Dipong a maro’, matatoker ko sofitay no Dipang ato Amirika a malalood I Tarawa pala, naka iraan no lalood no tamdaw I o satatiihay a lalood konini saan.Oya Layen palapalaan o pitanaman no Amirika to ‘icel no Kinsipakotang(核爆試驗場)。 === Misiiked a Niyahpikowan(獨立後) === Oya Kiripot ato Aylis riyariyaran pala malaniyahpikowan nani Ikilis I 1971miheca,1978miheca mi’iked ko Aylis a patireng to Tufalo a kitakit,toya miheca 7folad 12 romi’ad o Kiripot milekal to pi’iked a niyahpikowan, falicen ko ngangan to Kiripas. I 1983miheca matatilid ato Amilika ko Kiripas to kakaketonan atilid,milekal ko Amirika to pisawad a mikowan to Fonhuang ato Layen a riyariyaran pala, mala pala tono Kiripas konini. I 1994miheca, maala ci Saypulolo．Seto malacongtong,lahecien ngingra ko pilinah to pifalican to romi’ad a kunis pasawali, ta malacecay to ko romi’ad no polong no Kiripas, caay to ka matiya to I ‘ayaway o I tatihi’ay to pala I o roma ko romi’ad, o romi’ad konini pala o dadaya konora pala,caay ka depoc a matayal. I 1999miheca mikapot to Linhoko. I 2003miheca miliyaw heca a maala to sinkiw malacongton ci Saypulolo．Seto, nikawrira, mafalic no Lipoing, o mitokeray ci Tananno to ko maalaay malacongtong,2007miheca miliyaw heca maala malacongtong. == Palapalaan (地理) == O Kiripas a kitakit I ira ko 32 a rakarakaan pala,mihawangay to kalitosa no cikiw kona kitakit,o polong a riyariyaran pala: [[Faylo:Kiribati_map_LOC.jpg|thumb|Kiribati map LOC]] ·  Panapa riyaran pala(巴納巴島) ·  Kiripot riyaran palapala(吉爾伯特群島) ·  Fonhuwang riyaran palapala(鳳凰群島) ·  Layen riyaran palapala(萊恩群島) O kakahad no kamaro’an nona kitakit nani kawali tara sa’etip mata’elifay to cecay patek kilo.O kakahad no niyah a riyar ira ko 3,800km², o rakarakan kona kitakit sa kohepic ko sota’ adihay aca ko ’apol no sera, sa caay ka nga’ay saliomahen, ano maleno sa I matahepoay ko sera saka o sota’ to o nanom to kaheciday,tatiihay kalananomen, soped hananay to ko orad i tangko to halananom. [[Faylo:Fresh_water_in_Kiribati_(10696895295).jpg|thumb|Fresh water in Kiribati (10696895295)]] O pipahadak no Masahadhaday Riyar(太平洋) a Taliyok Saopo, oya awaay ko tamdaw a maro’ a tosa pala Tebua Tarawa ato Abanuea matenengay a malahedaw to I 1999miheca sananay. O 「nikafalic no kakarayan a saopo no Linhoko」(聯合國政府間氣候變化專門委員會) pali’ayaw to sowal caka pakatahira I cecay so’ot ko miheca ha’emin sato ko Kiripas a mateneng I riyar sanay. == Tamdaw (人口) == O tamdaw no Kiripas pangangan sa totireng no niyah i, I-Kiripas sanay,ona ngangan toninian i, nani Kirpat a Kiripas sowal, orasa Kiripat hananay i nani tiraay toya mikowanan no Ikilis a Kiripat palapalan no riyar. Itiya to yo mapatireng to Teked Niyahpikowan, pangangan hananay to pasacecay to Kiripat. [[Faylo:Children_in_Bairiki_Square,_Tarawa,_Kiribati.JPG|thumb|Children in Bairiki Square, Tarawa, Kiribati]] <nowiki>[[Faylo:Children in Bairiki Square, Tarawa, Kiribati.JPG|thumb|Children in Bairiki Square, Tarawa, Kiribati]]</nowiki> I-Kiripas a tamdaw I ono Mikulonisya a tamdaw. O pipawacay no mikakinkiway to telang a okak no tamdaw I, cisowal saan o Satimolan Finacadan I ‘ayaw pinapina a mihecaan maro’ay to itini I Kiripat a riyariyaran pala. I 14sici o Fici tamdaw,o Samoa tamdaw, ato Tonga tamdaw,mafolaw a tayni mararamod to roma a finacadan ta citahapinangan sato tono Polinisya, maralamlam to ko tahapinangan no tireng. O no sifo a kapolongan sowal I o Ikiris a sowal, nikawrira , itiraay aca I tata’angay niyaro’ o Ikiris ko sowal, itira I romaroma a pala I o Kiripas sowal ko sakasasowal no kalotamdaw,nawhani, o maritengay a tamdaw I maolahay a somowal to  malawalaway sowal(複雜的語言) == '''O pitoran''' (宗教) == O pitoran no tamtamdaw o Tinsikiw(天主教), nikawrira, hadihay ko masasiromaromaay a pitoran, patinako han I Fukuin a kyokai(福音神學派), ira ko Yihofa kyokai(耶和華見證人), ira ko Molomon kiyokai(摩門教), ira ho nani Arapiya a Pahai kiyokai. === Tatiri'an a tilid(參考資料) === == 參考資料[編輯原始碼] == # '''^''' 中華民國外交部亞東太平洋司. 吉里巴斯共和國 Republic of Kiribati. 中華民國外交部. [2019-12-10]. （原始內容存檔於2020-02-25） （中文（臺灣））. <q>首都：塔拉瓦</q> # '''^''' 華人民共和國外交部. 基里巴斯国家概况. 中華人民共和國外交部. 2019-11 [2019-12-10]. （原始內容存檔於2019-12-10） （中文（中國大陸））. <q>【首都】塔拉瓦（Tarawa），人口約5萬。</q> # '''^''' CIA. AUSTRALIA - OCEANIA :: KIRIBATI. CIA World Factbook. [2019-12-10]. （原始內容存檔於2017-09-07） （英語）. <q>Capital: name: Tarawa</q> # '''^''' Government of Kiribati. About Kiribati. Government of Kiribati. [2019-12-10] # ^ CIA Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). [2018-11-13]. # ^ World Economic Outlook Database. International Monetary Fund (IMF). April 2016 [2016-06-25]. # '''^''' Human Development Report 2019 (PDF). UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME. [2019-12-22] # '''^''' <nowiki>http://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSSP231103</nowiki> （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） REUTERS # '''^''' I-Kiribati Ministry of Finance and Economic Development: "History" 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2009-10-14. # ^ BBC. 15 May 2008 [29 Jul 2008]. # '''^''' Early New Zealand Books (NZETC). 1952 [16 Oct 2011]. # '''^''' Reilly Ridgell. "Pacific Nations and Territories: The Islands of Micronesia, Melanesia, and Polynesia". 3rd Edition. Honolulu: Bess Press, 1995. p. 95 # '''^''' Un.org. 1 Oct 2003 [14 May 2010]. # '''^''' Electionguide.org. [14 May 2010]. # '''^''' 2011-11-21]. （原始內容存檔於2017-07-12）. # '''^''' Honolulu Magazine. April 1999 [14 Jun 2006]. （原始內容存檔於2006-06-28）. # '''^''' BBC News. 1999-06-14 [2010-05-14]. （原始內容存檔於2017-12-07） （英語）. # '''^''' 蘋果日報 (香港). 2016-08-25 [2016-08-25]. （原始內容存檔於2016-08-28） （中文（繁體））. # '''^''' The Washington Post. 2006-01-29 [2010-05-07]. （原始內容存檔於2018-05-17） （英語）. # '''^''' The Daily Telegraph (London). 7 March 2012 [2019-09-21]. （原始內容存檔於2017-10-28） # '''^''' Spektor, Dina (7 March 2012) Rising Sea Levels Threaten South Pacific Nation Of Kiribati （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Business Insider. Retrieved 2 March 2013. # '''^''' Business Insider. Retrieved 2 March 2013.Spektor, Dina (7 March 2012) Rising Sea Levels Threaten South Pacific Nation Of Kiribati. # '''^''' Kiribati: A Nation Going Under 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期23 April 2013., ''The Global Mail'', 15 April 2013 # '''^''' Kiribati Buys a Piece of Fiji （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, ''Kiribati Climate Change', 30 May 2014'' # '''^''' Kirbati Presidential Web Portal. 2016-01-07 [2019-01-30]. （原始內容存檔於2019-01-30）. # '''^''' Hazegray.org. 2002-03-25 [2010-05-14]. （原始內容存檔於2016-03-05）. # '''^''' RNZ News. 2017-08-21 [2019-09-21]. （原始內容存檔於2018-06-15）. # '''^''' Newsweek. 2019-04-04 [2019-09-21]. （原始內容存檔於2019-12-11）. # ^ International Monetary Fund Country Report No. 11/114. 24 May 2011 [10 September 2011]. （原始內容存檔於2011-11-07）. # '''^''' International Monetary Fund Country Report No. 11/113. 24 May 2011 [10 September 2011]. （原始內容存檔於2016-12-24）. # '''^''' Sovereign Wealth Fund Institute [2011-11-21]. （原始內容存檔於2013-01-20） # '''^''' Global Mormonism » Kiribati （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） at globalmormonism.byu.edu # '''^''' 台湾与中太平洋岛国基里巴斯断交,聯合早報. 2019-09-20 [2019-09-20]. （原始內容存檔於2019-09-20）. # '''^''' 台湾再失邦交国 基里巴斯倒向北京的重要原因 -BBC News 中文,[2019-09-21]. （原始內容存檔於2019-10-01）. # '''^''' 台媒稱大陸對吉里巴斯開展「金元外交」 北京回應_中國-多維新聞網 # '''^''' prisonstudies.org. [2019-09-24]. （原始內容存檔於2019-09-24）. e3busmmjy4wk3ph8znbmga9nnhxqot9 0 558 11919 11918 2021-10-28T12:21:29Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 22 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 11918 wikitext text/x-wiki Kiring（給陵部落） Itiniay i [[Taimali]](太麻里) Cen no Taitung(台東) ko [[Kiring]] a niyaro’, 18 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 38 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 97% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 37 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 3% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 1 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Paiwan(排灣族)89%, roma(其他)8%. Ira ko kofa(台東縣消防局大武大隊) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 0btuhuc14wm7p2kifn1yhgkh128jzt0 0 559 39657 39232 2023-10-07T06:41:22Z Ｍayawtowid 44 39657 wikitext text/x-wiki == [[Kiwit|O]] ngangan no Kiwit (奇美部落由來) == O sowal no ’amis to Kiwit, nano Kimi ato Kimisya to falicay to Kiwit. i laloma’ay a harateng no Pangcah i, ira ko ’ekimay a tafok no riyar hannanay a sowal. onni tafok i, ira ko kodaitay, ci’oripay hananay a pasalong. i ’ayaw o pikalangan to kalang a sera i alo’, nawhan caay to misoni to kimit hannanay a ngiha’, saka falic han ko Ripon to kimi hannanay a ngiha’ i Ming-kok 26 mihecaan. ikol soto no Taywan ceng-fo i, mafalic to Kiwit ko ngangan no niyaro tangasa i matini. O mato’asay a niyaro’ ko Kiwit i Pangcah a finacadan, o cecay no laloma’ no cong-po- siya（崇爻九社 sowal no Holam）, itiya ho o Kimi-saya han no Ripon, ira matilid i likisi no kasakapingan. i sasifo’an no Ci-me patademan ato Ci-me kosiyaw ko saka’ayaway a tapang no Kiwit a niyaro’. nawhani caka depoc to finawlan a minanom itini no ‘ayaway a maro’. Saka Malinah ko finawlan itira i laeno no Siwkolan a tarawadaw. Itiya a mihecaan, ’edeng cecay ci O-kwang-liang misanga’ay a lalan ko sapitayra i awtal no niyaro’ i tiyaho. nani ming-kok 68 a miheca, cimiomahay to niyarowaro’ a sa’opo to misanga’ to lalan no saka’orip no finacadan i Kiwit , pakayni i ’etip no Re-kwang a kayakay, kawalian i mililis to kawili no Siwkolan a tarawadaw tanngasa i Cepo’, nengneng han i lalan tadamahapinang ko tarawadaw. == O kasiikedan no niyaro’(部落特色) == Oni adihay ko kongko no mato’asay i niyao no Kiwit, o tatapangan no finawlan masaPangcahay itini. ona niyaro’ no kiwit , o rayray no lilengawan, o rakat no kafolaw, iraay to satelangay a serangawan no Taywan koni. o Pangcah no Siwkolan a ‘amis ko Kiwit, o cecay no tatapangan ko mato’asay a niyaro’ itini. sowal sa i ’ayaw, o saka’ayaway a tayni to maro’ ko Pangcah a finacadan. o todong to sa’ayaway mipalowad to ko kakomaenan ato pilafinan no tamdaw a niyaro’. o kiwit a riyaro’, o ta’akay a niyaro’i ilaloma’ay no Ruysuy-syang (瑞穗鄉 sowal no holam ) no Hualien-siyen (花蓮縣 sowal no holam ) ko kiwit , itini i re-kwang a lalan i kawili no Siwkolan a tarawadaw, tadafangcal ko talihoc no salawacan mililis to lawac no tarawadaw a niyaro no Pangcah, o todong to sapitatadok a pipahanhan no tayraay a misalama a tamdaw. O roma i, i lotkay to a maro’ a niyao’ no Pangcah a finacalan, nawhani caka depoc to rakat no lalan iti:yaho, sa kakinaira no lotok, iraay to satelangay a serangawan ato saka’orip a demak, saka maledo to mana’ang ko rayray no Kiwit, Orasaka, masadak malingad, mifoting mi’adop , manmaan a fana’ no to’as ato kasaselal cilekakawaay a finawlan no Pangcah. onini a taneng no rayray no tato’asan no mita, pa’oripaw no mita ko makapahay a rayray no mita o Pangcah. '''Loma’ i ’ayaway no Pangcah''' Misatapang ko i ‘ayaway a loma’ no Pangcah a demak , ira ko hananay a harateng no finawlan no Kiwit. itiya to loma’ no Pangcah how i o limela to sakalacecay no faloco’, miridrid to kalas to salikaka no niyaro’, o pisaloma no Pangcah to sanga’ to loma’, anini sato, mipalowad to ko kakomaenan ato pilafinan no tamdaw ko loma’ no Pangcah, tata mifoti’ to cecay a romi’ad, mitanam ko kapahay a dadaya no Kiwit, tanamen toya facalay ato tadamaanay a pinangan i ’orip no Kiwit a niyaro’. '''Tatadok''' O maan ko tatadok no fonka saw? o maan ko pinangan no fonka saw? do’edo han to nanom a rakat ko Tatadak(達達鹿) hananay a sowal no Pangcah, caay kalecaday to hacikayay a mitafesiw ko tarawadaw a sapisalama a pasonol to cifar. oya Tatadok no Kiwit i, pacedengen ko rakat no pasonol to cifar, pacedengen to rakat, pacedengen: to rakat. saka  hacikayay i ira to. nika mitafokod, mifoting, parakar, mikongko ato mipatines i rakat no pasonol to cifar. o kakaenen a foting, ’afar atokalang, saheto itira i tarawadaw a miala, fangcal ho ko romi’ad ira to ko kalomaan a kakaenen, sa ira ko mapalosiyangay a sowal. do’edo han ita to nanom a rakat to laeno no pasetokan, mitafesiw to pongkang no ‘orip, tatengilen to kongko no Kiwit, micaengaw patapal a minengneng to takaraway a lotolotokan, kecor han ko ka talolong no kasahefong no ’alo. '''Kiwit a pinaangan to likisi no to’as''' Edeng i sasing to ko nikafana’ no mita, pakimade to saka’orip a kongko, losid no Pancah, mipanengneng to mitenooy misanga’ to sakatayal a lalosidan ato micengel a tayal. nawhani mapatirengan to pinaangan to likisi no toa’s, saka , matatood a mapanokay to tadamaanay a likisi no toa’s i niyaro’. oya malahedaway a kongko ato kalolalosidan a ’epoc ira to ko falohay a ’orip. Itini i Kiwit a pinaangan to likisi no to’as i, mana’ang ko folis no rayray a losid, nikawitan a tatayalen ato masamaanay a kalimaamaan no to’as, o kakalimelaan ko fonka no mita, katayni miki’araw, mahapinang no miso ko tadaso’elinay a ’orip no Pangcah. == O nikalopisak no Kiwit (人口分佈) == Itiniay i [[Ruisui|Ruisui|]](瑞穗) Cen no [[Kalingko|Hualien]](花蓮) ko [[Kiwit]] a niyaro’, 120 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 396 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 90% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 356 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 10% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 40 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)66%, Bunun(布農族)22%, roma(其他)1%. Ira ko picodadan(奇美國小) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(鳳林分局奇美派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(奇美衛生室) i niyaro’. == O finacadan no Yincomin (所屬阿美族群) == Itiniay i Ruysuy-syang (瑞穗鄉 sowal no holam ) no Hualien-siyen(花蓮縣sowal no holam) ko Kiwit a niyaro’, o tatapangan a niyaro’, ira ko [[Tafalong]], [[Fata'an|Fata’an]], Kiwit, mililis to tarawadaw no Siwkolang a siniyaro’, na itira i tarawadaw no Kalingko talatimol tangasa i Cilamitay, nawhani maemin paniyaro’ i lawac no Siwkolan a tarawadaw sa mapangangan to Siwkolan a ‘amis. ira ko [[Kiwit]] a niyaro’, [[Olaw]] a niyaro’, [[Olalip]] niyaro’, [[Kalala]] a niyaro’, [[Sapat]] a niyaro’, [[Atolan]] a niyaro’, [[Langas]] a niyaro’, [[Lacihakan]] a niyaro’ , [[Koyo]] a niyaro’ ato [[Morocan]] a niyaro, falo a niyaro' ko pipolongan. Ona niyaro’ a maemin i, caayay kalalecad ko rayray no lilengawan, o rakat no kafolaw, o taliyok no paniyaro’an ato kasasiroma no saka’orip, caayay kalecad ko ngarngar no serangawan. == O pitooran no finawlan (族人信仰)Y == O pitooran ko finawlan no Kiwit i, ora ma’araway a kiwkay i, ira ko tosa a kinkay i Kiwit, o tingsi-kiw ato ciwlo-kiwkay, o ciwlo-kiwkay a tamdaw ko ka adihay. pakayni itini i nyaro’ kina kiwkay, mipafeli cangra to kakaenen, mipafeli cangra to masamaa:nay a pipa’icel to tireng ita hananay. kalimelaan ko sowal no Kawas, to sakafana’ to ’orip no tamdaw, ato awaay to ko kaka to nikafana’ to codad how i . itini i ira ko pitooran ngara, pakayni sa’opo no kinkay, malosakarikec sto sakavakat no ’orip no Yincumin, mamaan ca ko deamk no sapitolon ko niyaro’. == O kasadakan Tilid(參考文獻) == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] pcv6iram053ofntctr77g669ax5rfj9 0 560 11964 11963 2021-10-28T12:21:35Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 2 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 11963 wikitext text/x-wiki == Kiwkay (教會) == O kiwkay hananay i, o sa’opo no misakiristoay. I fangcalay a cudad Matay 18:20 “sowal sa ci Yis, Ano pakayni i pitoor namo Takowanan ko sakasa’opo no tatosa tatolo a tamdaw icuwacuwa i, ira Kako a mikapot itira,” han ni Yis. O nian ko lalangatan no tamdaw a mafana’ to nikatomireng no kiwkay. Nika, ano nengnengen ita ko demak a cudad ato tikami ni Pawlo,pitilo,yahani tangasa i pa’arawan a cudad i, mapahapinang ni pawlo, cecay ko niyaro’ cecay ko kiwkay, sa ira ko Roma, kolinto, ipiso, filipi, kolosay, tisaloniki, antiyoki hananay a kiwkay, o nini a kasaniyaro’ i, cecacecay ko kiwkay, nikawrira, ano cecacecay ko kiwkay i, o komodto no finawlan koni. Ano pakaynien ita i sowal no kiris-siyaεκκλησία(（ekklesia）sanay a sowal i, o kiwkay hananay i “mapili’ay a malemeday a tamdaw” sanay. Matay 16:18 sowal sa ci Yis “sowalen Ako kiso, o ’ongcuy kiso Pitiro. O papatireng Kako to sa’opo Ako itini tona ’ongcuy. Caay ko mamalowid no ’icel no patay konini.” Pakayni tonini a sowal a pahapinang ci Yis, cingra ko tapang no kiwkay, o tireng Ningra ko kiwkay. Orasaka, o kiwkay hananay i, caay koya kalokiwha ato kalosa’opo, caayay haca koya ci ciwcikaay a loma’ ko mihaenan, matiya o Antiwki, Kolinto a kiwkay. O “mapili’ay a malemeday a tamdaw” ko mihaenan a matatodongay a kiwkay. I kalomahad no kiwkay i kasaniyaro’ i, paytemek no finawlan a paso’lin i, mapatireng ko kasaromarom no pakayraan ato kiwkay, ira ko macicihay a malitosa a kiwkay, o nian ko saka adihay no pakayraan ato kiwkay, ira ko tinsokiw, ira ko cin-sinhoy, ira ko seiy-kiwkay, ira ko ansokonic a kiwkay,ira ko ciwlo kiwkay. Itini i falohay a kataterekan a cudad i, o fangcalay a pita’ongan han ko kiwkay ano ca i o loma’ no Tapang. Nika o sowal ni Pawlo i “o tireng ni Kiristo” han ningra ko kiwkay. Nawhani, nai ci Kiristoan a mapatiren ko kiwkay, o cecay a tireng ni Kiristo ko kiwkay. Matilid i Loma5-8 a cefang, ^min no ’orip no tamdaw i ci Apolohaman a militapang, saka, yo moraraw ci Apoloham i litapangto kita a ciraraw, o nian ko saka pacek ni Yis Kiristo i ciwcika, yo malaliyaw a ma’orip ci Kiristo i patay i, malaliyaw kita a ma’orip nai patay. Orasaka, pakayni i kinafalah ni Kiristo a mapacek i ciwcika ko sakalemed ita, onini a malemeday a tamdaw ko misowalan ni Pawlo toya Kiwkay hananay. <ref>林茂德. (2011). Wikipedia 維基百科 族語詞條試寫─原住民族語詞條 2011作品集. 教育部.</ref> he7y1a9comko1cgawu8og9jnuyb3zkh 0 561 11968 11967 2021-10-28T12:21:37Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 3 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 11967 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} [[Faylo:Psidium guajava fruit.jpg|thumb|Kiyafes|100px|left]] n28x76s3zzaaly14mu1v0nixldoyhhb 0 562 44497 34063 2024-08-31T19:30:22Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 克勞斯·約翰尼斯 44497 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Klaus Iohannis din interviul cu Dan Tapalagă.tif|縮圖|Iohannis, 2014|alt=Klaus Iohannis din interviul cu Dan Tapalagă.tif]] I 1959 a miheca(年) saka 6 folad saka 13 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci '''Klaus Werner Iohannis'''(克勞斯·約翰尼斯), malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Romania]](羅馬尼亞) anini i ci Klaus Iohannis, patirengan a romi’ad i 2014 a miheca(年) saka 12 folad saka 21 a romi’ad. == No papotalay a kakafit == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 82nqq0lx6vfvyqjfchok3kzw0hsjyys 0 563 12008 12007 2021-10-28T12:21:43Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 24 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 12007 wikitext text/x-wiki Kling（竹林部落） Itiniay i [[Heping]](和平) Cen no Taichung(台中市) ko [[Kling]] a niyaro’, 154 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 368 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 37% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 135 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 63% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 233 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)35%, Amis(阿美族)2%, Paiwan(排灣族)1%. Ira ko Kiwkay(真耶穌教會竹林教會) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 2pvl6whgi9bjyksji9c0xelprdvugac 0 564 12033 12032 2021-10-28T12:21:45Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 24 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 12032 wikitext text/x-wiki Kmuyaw（莫瑤部落） Itiniay i [[Nan’ao]](南澳) Cen no Yilan(宜蘭) ko [[Kmuyaw]] a niyaro’, 101 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 309 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 95% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 293 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 5% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 16 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)86%, Amis(阿美族)3%, Truku(太魯閣族)3%, Rukai(魯凱族)1%, roma(其他)2%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] nhndbnucr85vv215xfdhf77eigcygs9 0 565 12059 12058 2021-10-28T12:21:48Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 25 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 12058 wikitext text/x-wiki Knaziy（紅香部落） Itiniay i [[Ren’ai]](仁愛) Cen no Nantou(南投) ko [[Knaziy]] a niyaro’, 84 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 264 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 96% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 253 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 4% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 11 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)88%, Bunun(布農族)2%, Seediq(賽德克族)3%, Cou(鄒族)1%. Ira ko picodadan(紅葉國小、紅葉國小附幼) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(仁愛分局紅香派出所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] m37q6jwht0gh2jhcfj4xkjj9q8ito5w 0 566 12085 12084 2021-10-28T12:21:51Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 25 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 12084 wikitext text/x-wiki Knbung（梵梵部落） Itiniay i [[Datong]](大同) Cen no Yilan(宜蘭) ko [[Knbung]] a niyaro’, 128 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 377 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 90% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 339 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 10% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 38 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)83%, Amis(阿美族)2%, roma(其他)5%. Ira ko picodadan(四季國小梵梵分校) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(三星分局英士派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(英士村衛生室) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] bmggsyxbyaqhxkancv5bpie156l8oky 0 567 12110 12109 2021-10-28T12:21:54Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 24 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 12109 wikitext text/x-wiki Kngungu（各姆姆部落） Itiniay i [[Nan’ao]](南澳) Cen no Yilan(宜蘭) ko [[Kngungu]] a niyaro’, 97 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 351 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 95% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 332 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 5% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 19 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)88%, Amis(阿美族)3%, Truku(太魯閣族)1%, Bunun(布農族)1%, Saysiyat(賽夏族)1%, roma(其他)1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] opyfhvuos2j62xmcsgx7n9grbzammbp 0 568 12137 12136 2021-10-28T12:21:57Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 26 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 12136 wikitext text/x-wiki Knlibu（克尼布部落） Itiniay i [[Xiulin]](秀林) Cen no Hualien(花蓮) ko [[Knlibu]] a niyaro’, 326 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 1,044 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 62% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 648 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 38% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 396 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Truku(太魯閣族)52%, Amis(阿美族)4%, Tayal(泰雅族)3%, roma(其他)2%. Ira ko picodadan(和平國小、和平國小附幼) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(新城分局和平派出所、鐵路警察和平派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(新城郵局、花蓮縣消防局和平分隊、工業局和平工業區服務中心、礦務局和平礦場保安中心、台電和平服務所、台鐵和平站) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 5watgmwzshersw8y8n10n0a1wubefs6 0 569 12162 12161 2021-10-28T12:22:00Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 24 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 12161 wikitext text/x-wiki Kodic（立德部落） Itiniay i [[Fengbin]](豐濱) Cen no Hualien(花蓮) ko [[Kodic]] a niyaro’, 77 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 208 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 83% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 173 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 17% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 35 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Kebalan(噶瑪蘭族)46%, Amis(阿美族)31%, Tayal(泰雅族)1%, Paiwan(排灣族)1%, Rukai(魯凱族)1%, roma4%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] rv0t7qunv80gxhzggfazuer7fuub9e7 0 570 12185 12184 2021-10-28T12:22:03Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 22 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 12184 wikitext text/x-wiki Kolado't（樟原部落） Itiniay i [[Changbin]](長濱) Cen no Taitung(台東) ko [[Kolado't]] a niyaro’, 106 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 266 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 92% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 244 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 8% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 22 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)87%, Kebalan(噶瑪蘭族)1%, roma(其他)4%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] n6ts2gup1gzhauimxyijxc3aymka83m 0 571 44291 12417 2024-08-26T19:44:58Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 /* Kolas Mahengheng (古拉斯‧馬亨亨) */''' 44291 wikitext text/x-wiki == Kolas Mahengheng (古拉斯‧馬亨亨) == I 1852 a miheccaan itira i ’Anasolay a hofocen ci '''Kolas Mahengheng''', I 1911 a mihecaan itira i Falangaw a mapatay ci Kolas Mahengheng, Ci Kolas Mahengheng ko misatapangay to sakanga’ayaw no Falangaw. O tadangangan nira kora ci Kolas, o cimil nira kora ci Maheng. Sowal sa ko finawlan, ta’angayay ko tatiregnan nira, o ngiha nira i ato^ kakerengay, mansa ci Kolas Mahengheng han no finawlan. Kina pina a mafolaw ko finawlan, tahira i 1875 a mihecaan malakakitaan ci Kolas Mahengheng i, na cowa to kalinah ko finawlan i Falanaw. I tiya ho i, marariday a malali’ang ko Falangaw ato Piwma. Misanga ko finawlan to tolo a sarefongan, sepat a tatekasan, lima a sefi , o hasakasa’opoan no finawlan, o sapitapal, sapisefel to ’ada, masasowal haca to Piwma to sakanganga’ayaw no finawlan, matata’os, nga’ay cato kalacongicongis, kala’afa’afas, kangangayaw. I 1877 a mihecaan, macacongis ko Lidaw ato Teroko, tahiraay ci Kolas Mahengheng a miwakay, ma’alaw no niyaro’ ko rakat ni Mahengheng i, mahemek mitooray tayra, maherekto a miwakay i, lapohapohay sanay ko kasaniyaro’ a pakaen to epah, pinaayto a folad a milafin i kasaniyaniyaro’ to hemek nira, ta tahaloma’ i Falanaw. I 1883 a mihecaan, malawlaw ko i tokotokosay a 'Amis to pisefeng no Maowan, sapitodohaw sanay ko 'Amis to tokos no Manowan, tayra aca ci Kolas Mahengheng a miwakay, yo matata’os ko ’Amis ato Manowan i tira i Takatay. I 1888 a mihecaan, miwakay ci Kolas Mahengheng to pi’odot no Tangafolan to Piwma, herek to i, mitatoy to sapakaolah koya mipacoyakay no Piwma ci 潘骨力 a misi’ayaw ci Kolas Mahenghengan. I 1895 a mihecaan misatapang ko Dipon a mikowan(mirikec) to Taywan, maherek itira i etip no Taywan a mirikec ko sofitay no Dipon i, pasitimol ko rakat a tatayra i kawali, mitaelif i 屏東 i, patadoen ni 潘文杰 o kakitaan no niyaro’ a milociyang to finawlan no Posongay a mihakelong to Dipon. Toya mihecaan i, o tapang no sofitay no Kowapin 劉德杓mihalaka to sapilo’odaw to Dipon, mipacafay ci 潘文杰to tapang no Dipon a milociyang to finawlan no Yin-co-min a milo’od to Kowapin. Keriden ni Kolas Mahengheng ko kapah no Falangaw, makakomod to Piwma a misi’ayaw to Kowapin, matapi’ koya naika’amisay a sofitay no Kowapin. Kalitosato no mihecaan i, pakaenen no Dipon ko Yin-co-min o todongto no kelang. I 1900 a mihecaan, mirakat ko tapang 相良長剛 to kasaniyaniyaro’, tahidangen nira ci Kolas Mahengheng a mihakelong, ta awa ko mili’angay. Talacowacowa ko mira i, malotapang hananay no finawlan a militemoh. Tahira i Tafalong ato Fata’an i, mipalanga’ay to Tafalong ato Fata’an a mifalah to tatiihay a raraw. Namisatapang a mikowan ko Dipon to Taywan i, paci^ci sa mipohay to mamisakoli a kapah no niyaro’, a mipalalan, amekang, ponkang, minato, mikilang, mifakeloh, misaloma’. Lasawad sato ko sakatayraaw i omah, riyal tokos, ora hanto i, awa aca ko lifon, mansa liyang sato ko finawlan. I 1908 a mihecaan, malalood ko Cikasoan ato Dipon, tayra ci Kolas Mahengheng a miwakay, ta malowan ko mapatayay nora kalalo^od. I 1911 a mihecaan, caay to pakaemet ko Madawdaw, Turik ato pasawaliay a ’Amis to pisamsam no Dipon, toya sakapito a folad, misatapang to a miliyang a milo^od ko ’Amis to Dipon. Kanatosaay ci Kolas Mahengheng tayra a miwakay, cowa to kalalang kora tao, i sakafalo a folad mahapinangto a mamakita ko ’Amis, ta papisowalen no tao ci Maheng to Dipon, to “o kami ko makitaay a milo^od” . ’Ara han i, malitengayto ci Kolas Mahengheng adaday ko mila, matalaw ko mila toni kaadihay no mapatayay i kalaloolood , tahidangen nira ko kapah a mi’orong miraan a tayra i karaloodan a masasowal to kincat no Dipon. Mahemekay ko Dipon to pinangan ato demak ni Kolas Mahengheng i tiya ho, mansa hateltel sato ko Dipon a milo^od. Maolahay a mipatado to kanga’ayan ci Kolas Mahengheng, mirakat to kasaniyaro'aro’ misaysay to kalacongicongis, saka mafana’ ko cimacima no sawaliay a ’Amis cingraan. Maherk a misaysay toya demak (成廣澳事件) i, ^nem polo’ ko mihecaan ningra, laocep sanay ko adada ningra, horirek sanay to ko ’orip ningra. 2000 a mihecaan, pangangan hananay no Posong ko lalan to ngangan ni Kolas Mahengheng, nga’ay caka tawal ita ci Kolas Mahengheng o sanay. <ref>朱珍靜. (2011). Wikipedia 維基百科 族語詞條試寫─原住民族語詞條 2011作品集. 教育部.</ref> == Farangaw 'Amis == Nano 1852 tangasa i 1911 ko ’orip ni Kolas Mahengheng. O kakitaan no Falangaw cira it:ya ho. Ci Kolas ko tadangangan nira, ora Mahengheng a ngangan i, o piala to lahengheng sanay ko sasela’an nira, mansa singangan cira to “Mahengheng”. I 2000 a mihecaan i, makahi ko Sey-fo no Posong a mipangangan toya lalan sakatayra i siyataw no kasolin to “Mahengheng” a ta’angayay a lalan, hatala’oyan to narorayan ni Mahengheng to tayal no niyaro’ itiya ho. == Pasawalian 'Amis == “Ci Kolas Mahengheng nai 1852~1911”, kahofocan nira i “1852 a mihecaan” Ngangasolan hananay a niyaro’ “Itini i Cipon no Posong ato salaed no Apaporo a lotok anini.” mapatay i “1911 a mihecaan” niyaro no Falangaw, o mipalowaday to Falangaw a tamdaw. Tada ngangan nira i ci Kolas, no rayray a sowal no finacadan i, tata’ak takaraw ko tatirengan nira, caciyaw sa tata’ang ko ngiha, saka Mahengheng han mato “Soni no safolaw hong hong hong, roma i, mato soni no keleng” sanay ko patinako no finacadan i cingraan. Itiya ho kinapinapinaay mafafolaw malinah itini to i 1878 a miheca malakakitaan to no niyaro’ ci Mahengheng sa ira to ko aniniay a niyaro’ no Falangaw, itiya ho itira i katelang naniyaro’an sa honihoni sa malala’is to Piyoma ko finacadan, orasaka tora falohay paniyaro’an no Falangaw mapatireng ko tolo a fokoko, sepat ko pikacawan, lima ko sefi no fa’inayan, mato o pohong no kolong haysa, sakangaay a mifolaw, roma i mikilim to sakangay to niyaro’ no Piyoma a niyaro’, matatelek to sakaca pingayaw ato kalala’is. Itini i 1877 a miheca, malala’is ko Lidaw ato Teloko no Kalingko, mafana’ ci Kolas Mahengheng tangsol to tayra pakayakay a miwaray, mitaelif to kasa niyaro’ maemin mihamham mitoor a tayra, maherek miwaray cingra, latahidangay han to no kasa niyaro’ pataheka a malafi, safolad sa i lalan ta tahira i Falangaw a niyaro’. I 1888 a miheca, i saetip a kasaniyaro’, ira ko lihaf sa honihoni han no Iwatan mirawraw misamsam to fafahiyan, sapilengatan a micorah to lotok, paliyaw ho ci Kolas Mahengheng tayra miwaray, itira i Takatay a pala mikayki pasasonga’ay. I 1888 a miheca, maherek miwaray ci Kolas Mahengheng to pifolaw no Tangfolan to safitay cing-pin i Piyoma a demak, o tongsu itiraay i Piyoma ci Pakoli(潘骨力) mihawikid to sapiaray milongoc to sakasaso’araw ci Kolasan Mahengheng. I 1895 a miheca maala to no Dipong misatapang to mikomod to Taywan, masalof to ko i saetipay a sa’etal, tangsol to mihalaka nai Pin-tong masiyor micomod tayni i sawali a etal o Posong, makafana’ no safitay no Dipong micoker ko tomok no Palidaw ci 潘文杰, saka ci 潘文杰 to ko pakayakayay tayni i Posong i kasaniyaro’ no Yincomin, nanay pasayni a mihai o Dipong to ko mamikomod. Toyaan a mihecaan, cifo’isay a safitay no cing-pin ci 劉德杓 milikakawa sapicoa’angan to Dipong, mafana’ ci 潘文杰 tangsol to tayra mahakelong to tapang itiraay i Palidaw, tayni somowal i kasaniyaro’ no Yincomin milisaot, micapopo to safitay ni 劉德杓, ci Kolas Mahengheng mikerid ato kapah no Piyoma, itini to i Tinkoli no Kang-cang pakalowid toya pasitimolay a milaliw a safitay no cing-pin, toya sakaenem a folad, itiniay i Palidaw a tapang no Dipong ci 相良長綱 pataheka pakalafi misayal to roray no mifolaw a tamdaw. 1900 a mihecaan, tapang no itiraay i Palidaw ci 相良長綱 tayra i kasa niyaro’, tahidangen nira ci Kolas Mahengheng papitoor, patada to ano ira ko mamirawraway, tahira i katahiraan, maemin minengneng to pising ni Kolas Mahengheng, malatadamaanay to a lafang cingra, toya rakat tayra ho i Fata’an ato Tafalong malakayakay mitedal misanga’ay to kasasiintel no niyaro’. Nika na misatapang ko Dipong mikomod mikowan to Taywan, sahonihoni sa mitahidang pasaopo to kapah no kasaniyaro’ no pasawali a Pangcah, matayal to karetengay a tayal misakoli, mipatireng to pasawali a ’etal to sakafangcal no aniniay a saka’orip, mato mipalalan, misanga’ to kayakay, pananoman, pongkang, minato, saki no safitay a tayal, mikilang, mifokeloh, misaekim ato patireng to loma’ hatiniay ko tayal, onini i macara to ko tayal ko ’orip no loma’, roma i, ’idepet mimin ko palifong to matayalay, maka’osi to ko pinangan, paherekan to adihay to ko micoa’angay a demak masadak. 1908 a mihecaan itini Cikasoan a rawraw, matalaw ci Kolas Mahengheng to kacowatan no demak, tayra ho pakayakay a miwaray, mala sakalowan no mapatayay a tamdaw itiya. 1911 a miheca, itini i Madawdaw, Torik tapangan no pasawali a niyaro’ no Pangcah, caay to pakahadidi to pilokes, pisamsam, toya mihecaan saka pito a folad, malangto to ko “成廣澳sanay a demak”, kinatosa ci Kolas Mahengheng tayra a miwaray, nika caay to kafilo a milalang, saka toya sakafalo a folad mahapinang to ko kalowid no Pangcah, ci Kolas Mahengheng to ko masaaliay to Dipong papitolas, itiya i mato’as to ci Kolas mahengheng mafoti’ay to i kafotian adada, o saka cakacowat koni a demak mahaopaw ko romaroma nasa sa, saopo han to ko kapah papililid ci Kolas Mahenghengan tangsolen to patayra i kafafolawan malakayakay miwaray ato imeng no Dipong, o piaray no faloco’ no imeng itiya ho ko paini ato faloco’ nira, sa hai sato ko Dipon cato kacowat sakahemaw sato ko naikoran a demak. Wata ko faloco’ ni Kolas Mahengheng to sakifinawlan a demak, mirarakat top kasaniyaro’ miwaray to kalala’is no demak, malasaka cingangan to itini i pasawali a niyaro’ no Pangcah, malaheci nira koya pakayniay to “成廣澳sanay a demak” to cecay a folad, mataring to ko roray malasaka adada to no tireng nira, enem polo’ ko mihecaan nira mapatay to. 2000 a mihecaan, o sapita’ongaw to ilol i cingraan, itini i Posong, ala han ko ngangan nira pangangan toni a lalan “Mahengheng a lalan” han. == Pi’arawan to lakaw == *[http://210.240.125.35/citing/citing_content.asp?id=2290&keyword= 台灣原住民族歷史語言文化大辭典] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20170305015857/http://beta.nmp.gov.tw/main/04/4-2/valangaw/ma/ma02.html 政權交替中的勇士馬亨亨] *李景崇，1998，《阿美族歷史》，臺北：師大書苑。 *黄宣衞，2008，《阿美族》，臺北：三民。 *達西烏拉彎‧畢馬，2001，《臺灣的原住民 : 阿美族》，臺北：臺原。 [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] czn94vaasnaot897s3svxu1svvuqit0 0 572 44498 41940 2024-08-31T19:31:31Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 柯琳達·葛拉巴爾-季塔洛維奇 44498 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Official portrait of Kolinda Grabar-Kitarovic.jpg|替代文字|縮圖|Grabar-Kitarović, 2015]] I 1968 a miheca(年) saka 4 folad saka 29 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci '''Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović'''(柯琳達·葛拉巴爾-季塔洛維奇), malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Croatia]](克羅埃西亞) anini i ci Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović, patirengan a romi’ad i 2015 a miheca(年) saka 2 folad saka 19 a romi’ad. Her presidential term ended on 18 February 2020. [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] p81mmhb5mexi21s86dgrx4boo4lkzwr 0 573 38715 12437 2023-06-29T12:01:13Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38715 wikitext text/x-wiki == Komoris ([[kuwaping a sowal]]: 河祭) == pikomorisan mihcahca’an saca mikomoris ko niyaro,o nokapolongan masaselalay a demak. itira 5 fulad ko pikomorisan,no apoko’ay tusa koromiad cecay ko dadaya ,roma sepat ko romiad tolo ko dadaya, piaraw to ko demak no kapolongan. O sowal no tatoasan it:yaho ,ira I parik a niyaro Saopo amaro ko arikakay a tamdaw, tata’ang ko tatirengan nangra, pasadak han nira ko kamay marawis ko fu’is I kakarayan, cecay arihawak marihawak ko riyar, mafana mi sakawas, o tada tati’ihay a tamdaw, arikakay han ko pangangan cangra’an. Kina Arikakay itini I niyaro mitakaw to lalusidan misamangah ko wawa milawla to fafahiyan, yana rihadayay ko orip i, madawdaw to ko orip no finawlan. Ca’ay to pakahadidi ko finawlanko kadingni arikakay, patayanta tiya mapalasawad kora arikakay sako finawlan, saopen no tapang ko kapah papinanam cumikay mi’idoc milefo Mitaekod, halafin to kopinanam araw han notapang maedeng to misiayaw patayen kira arikakay. Misatapang to o nonamalay a odoc sape kari’ang,araw han Ca’ay kama’ama’an kora arikakay, aloman ko madoka’ay nyakapah irako mapatayay. Cecay aromiadan tayra iriyar ko tapang, mihirateng sama’anen tiya malowid kora arikakay,yapahanhan merek komata, talaremed kora tapang, sowalsa ko kawas no nanom, arikakay hananay ca’ay ko tamdaw ciira, o tati’ihay a kawas ca’ay ko mamafilo no tamdaw.. Pakawanan han no kawas nanom, pinokay to sanga’en ko polong(o talod), pakafiten I a’ayaw no idoc, dodo han no tapang koyasowal, hakerid no tapang ko alomanay a Kapah, sacecaycecay pateli ko polong kina sanga. miteka to misalisin mitatotatoy to polong ko kapah, fuhal san misaceliceli kora arikakay, pasaikor to pakayra I riyar milaliw, Saikor san ko tapang no arikakay pasowal, miaray kami tamowanan ano marawod to ko mihca’hca’an,ya lima fulad saca ala’en ko icep ato epah, salisinen kami tiya adihay ko kina’ala namo kofuting ato afar. Pakani to komoris ademaki otodong kangodoen ko matoasa, tiya kadofaw kinaira masasipadang ko salikaka marayaray ko serangawan. <ref>林金輝. (2011). Wikipedia 維基百科 族語詞條試寫─原住民族語詞條 2011作品集. 教育部.</ref> dsc9n7wm81rtuz93778nmjp8jcrv49e 0 574 12440 12439 2021-10-28T12:22:22Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 2 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 12439 wikitext text/x-wiki == Komoris no i Siwkulanay a Pangcah (秀姑巒阿美的河祭) == Komoris no i Siwkulanay a Pangcah O komoris hananay i, o lalowaden no niyaro’ to mihecahecaan. Ro:ma, satokeled han no cecay a naniyaro’an a cilowad. Ro:ma, malaladof ko pinapina a niyaro’ a malacecay ko lowad. I ka’ayaw no ilisin saca a cilowad to komoris. Cecay a lowad, ano ranikay i, tosa ko romi’ad cecay ko dadaya. Ano mangayar i, tosa ko dadaya tolo ko romi’ad. O tata’ang no nanom ko pi’arawan to saka ranikay ato saka ngayar no lowad. O kacilowadan to komoris i, o Siwkulan a Tarawadaw. O demak a komoris i, Tafa’en ko sawa’eran no kacacinowasan a pasayra i roma a sonol no nanom. Ta i tiya yo makerah to ko nanom a mifoting. O lalosimeten to sipitafa’ i, o kilang malotartar, o eli’ ato talod, o tafayar, o fokeloh, ato fonak ato si’elac, hatira. Yo miteka a mitafa’ to nanom i, cecay ko sowal no mama no kapah, saferiferih sato ko safasafa a kapah pakinacecay to tayal a mitafa’, awaay ko matayoay. O saka saan a pakinacecay to tayal i, nga’ay caay kasarocod ko nanom a misetol to satafa’ o sanay. Naw hani, ano masarocod ho ko nanom a mipelox to tafa’ i, caay to ko mamafilo ko nanom a liyawen a mitafa’. Orasaka, satariktiken ko tayal a maemin. Sasitahefod sato ko narikoran no kapah a comikay. O kahemekan a minengneng ko kafarihfih no kapah a mitafa’. O nokay nai pala Ano maherek ko pifoting, maedeng kami a minokay ano dafak i ano saan ko piditek no mama no kapah to lowad naira i, ocoren no mama no kapah ko sadosidos no ciopihay a selal. Patakec han naira ko cohcoh i laeno no coho’ i safaled no ’amatorod naira. Itiya i kasademseman no foti’ to dadaya, na’on saan caira a comikay a mitaliyok to niyaro’ a paratoh to i loma'ay. Sowal saan：“ Oy! Ina! Tekong ’araway, ’arirawraw no folad, keliw sasefet, minokay kami ano dafak” saan a palatoh to i loma’ay. Pakatengil ko i loma’ay to piparatoh no kapah i, maratar a manikar ko fafahiyan a misahakhak to sasatoronen. Ta sa’apeladen naira ko toron a misapangkiw no kawat ko pisakofetol, cecay a kamat ko nika pisadadahal. Ta patayraen naira i ’adawang a patorod i teloc no lofang koya toron i mamalahok . Ta sirimrimen no pakarongay no lofang a mipili’ ko fangcalay, o sakaay ko nini, o sasafa'ay ko nini a apelad saan a misiwatid. Yaan yo safangcalay i, o malosapaka'en to mato'asay saan ko pisakilac no sasafa'ay a lofang. Ano minokay sato ko kapah i, tangsol han no mama no kapah ko foting a misakilac.Tata’akay a foting i, malo no Kalas a kilac; mimingay a foting i, o sapakilac to teloc. Matiraay ko pisakilac no Pangcah a masasereserer. O ’osaw a misakilac a foting i, malosakalahok to no finawlan i ’adawang. O komoris hananay i, todongay o sapalatamdaw to kapah ato teloteloc a mingodo to mato’asay, ato sakafana’ no misina’el to niyaro’. <ref>吳明義. (2011). Wikipedia 維基百科 族語詞條試寫─原住民族語詞條 2011作品集. 教育部.</ref> [[Kasasiwasiw:Siwkulang 'Amis]] 374ihh6jw9gnh72l0oalo1w96rzxesc 0 575 38453 12457 2023-06-24T03:44:30Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38453 wikitext text/x-wiki Korea, north（北韓） [[Faylo:Flag of North Korea.svg|thumb|Flag of North Korea|alt=Flag of North Korea]] [[Faylo:Democratic People's Republic of Korea (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Area controlled by the North Korean state are shown in dark green; North Korean-claimed but uncontrolled regions shown in light green.]] Itini i 40 00 N, 127 00 E, noAsiya ko [[Korea, north]]. Polong no sekalay i 120,538 sq km “saka 99 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 120,408 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 130 sq km ” Polong i 25,115,311 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 21.80%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 46%, malo no roma to a sera 32.20%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Pyongyang]](平壤) ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakafalo 15 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Kim Jong-un]](金正恩), patirengan a romi’ad i 2016 a miheca(年) saka 5 folad saka 9 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Sawaliay Asiya]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Asiya]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Kitakit]] [[Kasasiwasiw:North Korea]] nr94jgc8bf7m9pwucuhj7k2z2v93ngk 0 576 44459 38455 2024-08-31T07:20:27Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 縮圖 44459 wikitext text/x-wiki Korea, south（南韓） [[Faylo:Flag of South Korea.svg|縮圖|Flag of South Korea|alt=Centered taegeuk on a white rectangle inclusive of four black trigrams]] [[Faylo:Republic of Korea (orthographic projection).svg|縮圖|Area controlled by South Korea is shown in dark green; South Korean-claimed but uncontrolled regions shown in light green.]] Itini i 37 00 N, 127 30 E, noAsiya ko [[Korea, south]]. Polong no sekalay i 99,720 sq km “saka 109 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 96,920 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 2,800 sq km ” Polong i 50,924,172 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 18.10%, Malo no kilakilangan(林農) a sera 63.90%, malo no roma to a sera 18%. siyoto(首都) O [[Seoul]](首爾) ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakafalo 15 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Hwang Kyo-ahn]], patirengan a romi’ad i 2016 a miheca(年) saka 12 folad saka 9 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Kitakit]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Asiya]] [[Kasasiwasiw:South Korea]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Sawaliay Asiya]] ewww56f5xzwqksa4fv12s8mjfp8yt30 0 577 12491 12490 2021-10-28T12:22:29Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 16 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 12490 wikitext text/x-wiki Kosovo（科索沃） [[Faylo:Flag of Kosovo.svg|thumb|Flag of Kosovo|alt=Flag of Kosovo]] [[Faylo:Europe-Republic of Kosovo.svg|thumb|Location and extent of Kosovo in Europe.]] Itini i 42 35 N, 21 00 E, noYoropi ko [[Kosovo]]. Polong no sekalay i 10,887 sq km “saka 169 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 10,887 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 0 sq km ” Polong i 1,883,018 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 52.80%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 41.70%, malo no roma to a sera 5.50%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Pristina]](普里斯提納) ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakatosa 17 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Hashim Thaçi]](哈希姆·薩奇, patirengan a romi’ad i 2016 a miheca(年) saka 4 folad saka 7 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] lkzm7aaf1p7fokcka0vfq8378yc0pei 0 578 12516 12515 2021-10-28T12:22:32Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 24 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 12515 wikitext text/x-wiki Koyo（溫泉部落） Itiniay i [[Ruisui]](瑞穗) Cen no Hualien(花蓮) ko [[Koyo]] a niyaro’, 424 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 976 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 29% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 283 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 71% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 693 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)20%, 撒奇拉雅族1%, Truku(太魯閣族)3%, Tayal(泰雅族)3%, Bunun(布農族)1%, roma(其他)1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] jted9ai8wg6v97fdydw005nsesnndx3 0 579 12542 12541 2021-10-28T12:22:34Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 25 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 12541 wikitext text/x-wiki Ksunu'（嘎色鬧部落） Itiniay i [[Fuxing]](復興) Cen no Taoyuan(桃園巿) ko [[Ksunu']] a niyaro’, 71 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 245 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 94% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 231 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 6% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 14 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)89%, Amis(阿美族)1%, Bunun(布農族)2%, Paiwan(排灣族)1%, roma(其他)1%. Ira ko Kiwkay(台灣基督長老教會光輝教會、嘎色鬧天主堂) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] qbwz2j01b2xw38bw24b0iu6292xdq50 0 580 12568 12567 2021-10-28T12:22:37Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 25 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 12567 wikitext text/x-wiki Ku shu shu（和平部落） Itiniay i [[Dawu]](大武) Cen no Taitung(台東縣) ko [[Ku shu shu]] a niyaro’, 67 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 141 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 82% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 116 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 18% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 25 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Paiwan(排灣族)74%, Amis(阿美族)2%, Tayal(泰雅族)1%, Puyuma(卑南族)1%, Rukai(魯凱族)1%, roma(其他)1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] if992ziytb41nsb44kwcrg0hai18c69 0 581 12592 12591 2021-10-28T12:22:41Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 23 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 12591 wikitext text/x-wiki Kuabar（古華部落） Itiniay i [[Chunri]](春日) Cen no Pingtung(屏東) ko [[Kuabar]] a niyaro’, 224 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 821 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 96% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 788 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 4% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 33 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Paiwan(排灣族)94%, Amis(阿美族)1%, roma(其他)1%. Ira ko picodadan(古華國小、古華幼兒園) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] m3m4ba23nk8englcjzxrg36xx00b91q 0 582 12614 12613 2021-10-28T12:22:43Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 21 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 12613 wikitext text/x-wiki Kuangka（橋西部落） Itiniay i [[Shizi]](獅子) Cen no Pingtung(屏東) ko [[Kuangka]] a niyaro’, 87 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 261 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 96% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 250 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 4% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 11 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Paiwan(排灣族)81%, Amis(阿美族)1%, roma(其他)13%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 9524mazkatllkapkg87zw1bjsayvyhy 0 583 12638 12637 2021-10-28T12:22:46Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 23 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 12637 wikitext text/x-wiki Kucapungane（好茶部落） Itiniay i [[Wutai]](霧台) Cen no Pingtung(屏東) ko [[Kucapungane]] a niyaro’, 181 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 495 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 97% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 480 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 3% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 15 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Rukai(魯凱族)91%, Paiwan(排灣族)4%, roma(其他)1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 77kvvdddl8hh8sdqrv0tzcx5v8s1mjx 0 584 45195 12640 2024-11-25T13:50:54Z Sifopiday 2166 pasadak 45195 wikitext text/x-wiki == Kudiwis/Takoril 兔子 == === '''O pinagan no kudiwis/takoril 兔子的外觀''' === Masamanay ko papotal a tileng no kudiwis/takoril a nenengen. v'''🐰'''Tagila: ci’icelay pakatengilay mafana’ay malaliyon a mi-tingil, romasato mafana’ay ami pihpih to saka^ca ka fa^edet no tileng nira. v'''🐰'''Mata: tosakomata nira ikawili ato i kawanan, paka’alaway to laay ato ano to’man to i paka’laway to, dengsa cecay aca atilidan koma’laway nira to fafaled ato lalan^no i, caay ka fangcal kopi ‘alaw nira. v'''🐰'''Ngoso’: mafana’ay ami sangek, caay pitolas ami sasangek, mafana’ay ami hapinang to sasangeken, ano macaloh i sakalamkam sanay a dademak kia ngoso’ nira a dademak. v'''🐰'''ngoyos: makakafitay ko ifaleday a firfir no ngoyos ato ngoso’ to sakanga’ayaw nira a komaen to kakaenen, 28 ko wadis nira, tosaay a tati^dip ko faleday a wadis nira, caay ka citolas a malahad kola wadis nira, sanaw caay ka citolas ami ^eloc to wadis, ano ko^edew tato kora wadis nira i, caay kangaay nira a komaen, tosakapatay nira, iraay 17000 ko sapisanek nira, mikikaka to tamdaw a 1000 ko sapisanekan, sanaw mafana’ ami pili’ to kaolahan a kakaenen. v'''🐰'''Ngisngis: o sapisapingan nira to ka’oripan a pala, caay ka siwala to sakadademak. v'''🐰'''O lanoay firfir no ngoyos: ci siletay to sapasilosi nira to todongay a ka‘oripan nira pala. v'''🐰'''Ka’ayaway a o’o: limaay ko talodo’, macidemay ko kanoos, kalikiay a dademak to sakadademak nira ato sapi kolkol nira to sela/sota’, lomasato i to sapi pohpoh nira to fongoh ato laway ato tangila, kalamkamay a madademak. v'''🐰'''Kalikoray a o’o: sepatay ko talodo’,ka^edaway to ka’ayaway, cicediay ci’icelay manga’ay ami satakotakod, pakatakoday to 50~100 a lalat to Kongfen(公分) saan,romasato haw i nga’ayay a sakacomikay, pakaalaay to 80 a Kongli(公里) an ko kalamkam nira, cifanohay ko salipa’ nira to saka tada to palipa’ a palipa’. v'''🐰'''Wikol:papoyo’ay a masako’edaw, caayay ka salimolo, ano pahahan i masa’anengangay, ano maceka i, o sapipatalaw nira, ano mihamham to pipakaen no damdaw i, mi wihawihay a madademak. v'''🐰'''O fanoh: so^metay caayay ko feloh, nga’ayay mato liko ano sienaw. === '''O ‘orip no kudiwis. 兔子的生命''' === v'''🐰'''O cecay a ‘orip no mihecaan : pakatangasaay 5~12 a mihecaan.( lomasa, papoto’ay ko ‘orip no ki^emingay ko tileng ato tata’akay ko tileng a kudiwis. ) v'''🐰''' O sakako^doway a ‘orip a mihecaan : o sowa to matididay i tangasa i 18 a mihecaan ira ko 10 a foladan saan. v'''🐰'''O fa^det no tileng : 38.5~41.5 C’ ( miki fa^detay ko tileng no mato’asay, pakafiloay to fa^de ko ki^mingay ho a kudiwis.) v'''🐰'''O pita^kod no remes foloco’ : 180~250 to cecay a widian. v'''🐰'''O cahacah : 30~60 to cecay a widian. v'''🐰'''O ‘ikes no fa’inayan : 22 a lipay, o ki^mingay a kudiwis tangasa i 13 a lipay ma’ikisay to. v'''🐰'''O kaciwawa no mihecaan : o fa’inayan a kudiwis 5~6 a mihecaan, o fafahiyan a kudiwis 2~3 a mihecaan ma^engay to ci wawa. v'''🐰'''mangalay a cilamo : ma’ikis toko fa’inayang a kudiwis i lonok sanay a mikilim to lalamoden, awaay ko pinang to cecay a mihecaan. v'''🐰'''O pilamod no fa’inayan a kudiwis : tosa aca a widian no toki ma^dengay to. v'''🐰'''O kacipoyapoy no fafahian a kudiwis : alatek 28~31 lomi’ad aca. v'''🐰'''Oka citiyad to wawa : 4~12 a wawa kudiwis, o ki^mingay ko tileng a kudiwis i, caay ka papina ko wawa nira. v'''🐰'''O kacengaw no wawaho kudiwis : alatek 7~10 a lomi’ad tiya macengaway to. v'''🐰'''O pihacolan a lomi’ad : 8 lipayan. v'''🐰'''O kakako’daw no fanoh : alatek ma^eng 1.5~4 a Kongfenan(公分) v'''🐰'''O matatodongay a fa^det no lomi’ad : 18~25 C. v'''🐰'''O co^med no lomi’ad : 40~65 % === '''O pinangan no kudiwis/takoril. 兔子的特性''' === &'''🐰'''O komaennay to kalorengos ko kudiwis/takoril, itini i dafak ato tala’ayaw no dadaya a komaen, ano to’eman to mafana’ay mikilim to kakaenen. &'''🐰'''Kiemingay ko fala’ no kudiwis/takoril, ano fa^ded ko lomi’ad i ato macaloh cangera i, sakalamkam sanay a dademak koya ngoso’ nira. &'''🐰'''Kahenayay a mapetek ko ‘okak no kudiwis/takoril, sanaw tiih pikalihen i takalaway amapolin. &'''🐰'''Tiih a pacici sa ami repel to tileng no kudiwis/takoril, to sakadoka’aw nira. &'''🐰'''Iraay ko todongay tonira a ka’oripan, mafana’ay amipasilosi. &'''🐰'''Aka pakaen tono tamdaw a kakaenen, mawhani caay kafancal to tiyad nira, maso^ed ko tina’ie, ano masoed ko tinaie nira alatek o papaisingen to, ano tadamaan to ko kaso^ed i, alatek o tatokadeng to. &'''🐰'''O kudiwis/takoril hananay i, kala talaway to kakoki’an, ano tatiih ko lomi’ad, ano kafaliyosan to, ano ira ko fitili’, macekokay ko kudiwis/takoril, malarawraw cangla, sakatatiih no tileng nira, deng sa ano mananamay to tokalawlaw haw i manga’ayay to. &'''🐰'''Kalatalaway to fa^detay a lomi’ad nowhani, saheto o cifanohay ko tileng nira, awaay ko kaci cohelan nira, ano tangasa i 30C ko kafa^det no lomi’ad i, kalamkamay ko ka sasela’ nayra, nikaolira caay ka talaw to si^enaw cangla. &'''🐰'''Maolahay ami kakemkem ato mikakolkol cangra, sanaw ano ira ko kakemkemem i, manga’ayay pafelien api kakemkem. &'''🐰'''Ano komaenay to ta’i nira a kudiwis i, pa’ayaw haan, nawhani caayay to katatiih to tiyad nangra, ilaay ko mananamay ami kakaen to ta’i nira a kudiwis/takoril tosaka fecolaw no tiyad nira. '''O sakafana’ ami pakaen pa’orip to kudiwis/takoril a sowal.如何養兔的常識''' Ano iraay ko pipakaen to kudiwis/takoril i, caay kanga’ay a mafokil ami pakaen ato pa’orip, nawhani ano mafana’ ami pakaen, osakafangcal no ‘orip a lomahad nangra o kudiwis/takoril, aca o sapasifana’ haca to roma ami pakanenay to kudiwis/takoril a tamdaw, nawhani ano mafokil ami pakaen alatek maara tosaka kali’ang aca tosa ka patay no kudiwis/takoril. ==== '''@ O pinanom no kudiwis/takoril ?''' ==== Hatilaay to, ano o tadaw to ano kalomaamaan to i, caay ka^ca caay kanga’ay awa ko fali、nanom、cidal、ato kakaenen, ano awaay kolilanang i, caay kangaay a ma’orip ko kalomaamaan, hatiraay to ko kudiwis/takoril a pananom, nikaolira, dengansa caay ka halinanom cangra, sanaw irato ko pipatatodong a pananom. ==== '''@ Mapatay to nanom ?''' ==== Osakapatay no kudiwis/takoril to nanom i, aratek manamomay nira ko tatiihay a nanom, oma ngotaay a nanom, yacifaoay a nanom, yakacekanan a nanom, tosaka adada no tiyad nangra, sanaw irako sakapatay nira, caay kanga’ay ami pananom to kudiwis/takoril, ano o tingalaway、 o matangtangay、ano o caay kaci fao a nanom kosapa nanom i, osaka fangcal to no ‘orip nira, malalok a malalid ami pakotay ami safa^loh to nanom nangra ==== '''@O nanom ko saka to’as no kudiwis/takoril haw?''' ==== O polong no ma’oripay i, irasaca koka to’as nara, o kudiwis/takoril i hatilaay to, dengsa iraay ko tata’akay ko tileng ato ki^mingay ko tileng a kudiwis, osaka sasiloma nara i, caay ka deng o nanom aca, halopolong no nanom ato kakaenen komi to’asay, aka to pitengil to caay ko so’elingnay a sowal. ==== '''@Samaanen ami pananom ko kudiwis/takoril?''' ==== Ora kudiwis/takoril hananay i, iraay ko kafana’ nira a minanom to nanom, caay ko nano mi patadoan, nikaorila, ano ca ka^en kopi pananam i, caay ka fangcal ko to’as nara a mara^emang, alatek matiya o ka^mangay a kudiwis/takoril saan ko pi’alaw no tamdaw, nengha o caay ka^eng kopi pananom, matiya o tamdaw ano kasienawan i, caay kahalinanom, to kacihelangan i halinanomay, lomasato nawhani o ma’icangay ko kakaenen nangra sanaw, laliden to ami pananom, tiya caay toka kali’ang ko to’as no kudiwis/takoril. ==== '''@kalolayan ami pakaen ko kudiwis/takoril haw?''' ==== Caay ka hakowa ko longoc no kudiwis/takoril ami pakaen, ano ira toko pipatatodong to pa’oripan ato patatodong ami pafeli to nanam to kakaenen i, ma^dengay to, caay kapi celi’ a lalawlaw matiya o waco ato o posi cangra, sanaw facalay kahemaway ami pakaen to kudiwis/takoril, ano ira to kafana’ ami pakaen ma^dengay to. ==== '''@Hakowaay koka halafin no to’as no kudiwis/takoril?''' ==== Ano ira kopi patatodon ama fana’ ami pakaen i, omi hecaan no kudiwis/takoril alatek pakaalaay to 5~12 a mihecaan, dengansa o ki^mingay a kudiwis/takoril ko kalamkamay mapatay to tatangangay a kudiwis/takoril, ano o waco to ano o posi to malecaday to kudiwis/takoril, ami to’as a pakaen ato pina’ong toka ci adadaan nangela, minanam to sakafana ami dipo ami pakaen tosaka fangcalaw no to’as no kudiwis/takoril. ==== '''@Manga’ayay ami pangingo to kudiwis/takoril haw?''' ==== Ano pakadi ko fanoh a tileng no kudiwis/takoril i, nga’ayay to ami pangingoy, kapina’on to kasienawan ami pangingoy, ya ki^ming ho ko kudiwis/takoril matalaw toka si’enawan sanaw akato pipangingoy to Ki^mingay a kudiwis/takorilo. ==== '''@Ano mipangingo to kudiwis/takoril i tosakafana’ ami na’ong:''' ==== 1.Itira todongay ono kudiwis/takoril a pingingoan ato sapingingo a safon. 2.Patatodong to fa^ded no nanom a pangingo. 3.Songiraen ami sasaw to nanom tangasa kakolacan. 4.Sisiten to sasifin ato saiyof ami ‘ican. 5.Maolahay ami kolac to tileng ko kudiwis/takoril, sanaw laliden ami sasaw ami kolac ko tileng. nangra, ano tosa ano tolo folad ami sasaw nga’ayay to. ==== '''@Kaheteng ko tileng no kudiwis/takoril haw?''' ==== Maolahay to fangcalay makolacay ko kudiwis/takoril, o ta’i nira caayay ka kaheteng, masacecacecayay, ma’icangay ko ta’i nira, o issi’ nira ko masanekay to mamang, ano pasifana’en cangra to katoma’ian ato kamisi’an i, manga’ayay to, sanaw ano maralok ami solime’ to ka’oripan nara, awaay to ko kaheteng. ==== '''@Den o kahengangay a saytaw kokaolahan no kudiwis/takoril komaen haw?''' ==== Caayay ka denga o kahengangay a saytaw koka olahan no kudiwis/takoril a kamaen, caay kanga’ay a saheto sa o kahengangay a saytaw ko sapakaen, nawhani ano haenen a pakaen i, malosaka adada no tiyad nara, yawo-wawaay ho a kudiwis/takoril i, caay kangaay haenen kopi pakaen. ==== '''@Omaan kosakakahengan no mata no kudiwis/takoril?''' ==== Caayay ko nano kaadihayay a kakomaen nara to kaengangay a saytaw ko saka kangengan no mata nara, nawhani tingalaway komata no kudiwis/takoril, sanaw ma’laway ko remes i mata no kudiwis/takoril, sanaw kahengan ko mata nira a nenengen. ==== '''@Samaanen ami reper ko kudiwis/takoril?''' ==== Alatek ira ko pasowal a tamdal, pakaynien i tangira a mirepel saan, nikaolira caay katama o hatiniay asowal, nawhani tadamaanay ko tangira no kudiwis, o mamitengi ato saka palasawad to cifelang no tileng, ano mawiled makali’ang ko tangira nira i, caay to ka fangcal ami ca’a ami tengil to taliyokay a soni, sanaw akaka pakaynien i tangira ami reper, na^on hanca ami reper ko tileng nira ami ‘afofo. ==== '''@Omanan kora tosaay a tata’akay a wadis i ka’ayaw no ngoyos nira ?''' ==== Ano ‘alaw hani ko ngoyos no kudiwis, mato iraay ko tosaay a tata’akay a wadis nira nenengen, nikaolira ano solinga’ haan ami neneng i, deng iraay sepatay a wadis nira, oranan a wadis i osapi ara nira to kakaenen a komaen. ==== '''@Masamaanay nenengen ko pinangan no kudiwis/takoril?''' ==== ‘Adihayay ko kasasiloma no kalo-kudiwis/takoril a nenegen, irako tata’akay ko tileng, irako ki^mingay ko tileng, irako temeli’ay ato kohetingay ato masamaamaanay ko tilid a tileng nira, irako kahengangay ato kohetingay ko mata, irako maolahay ami sacikacikay ato misa takotakod, irako matokaay a dademak, sanaw caay ka lecad ko kasasiloma no kudiwis/takoril, sanaw adihayay ko kasasilomaloma no pinangan nira. （Suman siwkolan ‘Amis/Pancah 11/14’24） === '''Tahapinanang參考文獻：''' === 關於兔不可不知的常識 - 農業知識入口網 農業知識入口網 <nowiki>https://kmweb.moa.gov.tw</nowiki> › subject › subject <nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://kmweb.moa.gov.tw/subject/subject.php%3Fid%3D10215&ved=2ahUKEwiv-</nowiki>[[Faylo:Side_view_close_up_of_rabbit_sitting_on_gravel_under_brush.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Kudiwis.]] Kudiwis. fyxu1dxg4cv03dhjfj7hubl6q1fai3n 0 585 12665 12664 2021-10-28T12:22:51Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 24 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 12664 wikitext text/x-wiki Kudrengere（谷川部落） Itiniay i [[Wutai]](霧台) Cen no Pingtung(屏東) ko [[Kudrengere]] a niyaro’, 68 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 193 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 97% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 187 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 3% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 6 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Paiwan(排灣族)48%, Rukai(魯凱族)47%, Bunun(布農族)1%, Amis(阿美族)1%, roma(其他)1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 3e4qn0mcmm5xwb6bv1ml29aaevlglk5 0 586 12685 12684 2021-10-28T12:22:53Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 19 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 12684 wikitext text/x-wiki Kukung（出河部落） Itiniay i [[Wufeng]](五峰) Cen no Hsinchu(新竹) ko [[Kukung]] a niyaro’, 25 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 67 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 94% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 63 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 6% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 4 ko tamdaw. Ira ko picodadan(桃山國小、桃山國小附幼) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] r5ftw0usvxjechpxr5qkdzc4bj9s4ip 0 587 12713 12712 2021-10-28T12:22:56Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 27 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 12712 wikitext text/x-wiki Kuli（上高義部落） Itiniay i [[Fuxing]](復興) Cen no Taoyuan(桃園) ko [[Kuli]] a niyaro’, 33 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 130 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 95% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 124 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 5% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 6 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)86%, Amis(阿美族)3%, Paiwan(排灣族)2%, Truku(太魯閣族)2%, roma(其他)3%. Ira ko Kiwkay(台灣基督長老教會高義教會、真耶穌教會高義祈禱所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] aktv79drhd9im3c4ke4jzrm3mdvsx3v 0 588 12736 12735 2021-10-28T12:22:59Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 22 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 12735 wikitext text/x-wiki Kuljaljau（古樓部落） Itiniay i [[Laiyi]](來義) Cen no Pingtung(屏東) ko [[Kuljaljau]] a niyaro’, 389 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 1,321 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 97% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 1,275 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 3% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 46 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Paiwan(排灣族)92%, Amis(阿美族)1%, roma(其他)2%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 3xx5vqhans18af2wrsmf36phadgat85 0 589 12800 12799 2021-10-28T12:23:04Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 63 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 12799 wikitext text/x-wiki Kulu（固祿部落） Itiniay i [[Xiulin]](秀林) Cen no Hualien(花蓮) ko [[Kulu]] a niyaro’, 213 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 760 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 96% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 728 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 4% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 32 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Truku(太魯閣族)81%, Amis(阿美族)5%, Tayal(泰雅族)4%, Bunun(布農族)1%, Seediq(賽德克)1%, roma(其他)4%. Kulu（水源部落） Itiniay i [[Xiulin]](秀林) Cen no Hualien(花蓮) ko [[Kulu]] a niyaro’, 414 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 1,510 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 92% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 1,383 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 8% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 127 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Truku(太魯閣族)84%, Amis(阿美族)3%, Tayal(泰雅族)2%, roma(其他)2%. Ira ko picodadan(水源國小、水源附幼) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(吉安分局水源派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(水源衛生室) i niyaro’. Kulu（華興部落） Itiniay i [[Datong]](大同) Cen no Yilan(宜蘭) ko [[Kulu]] a niyaro’, 75 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 235 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 80% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 187 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 20% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 48 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)72%, Amis(阿美族)1%, Truku(太魯閣族)1%, Puyuma(卑南族)2%, roma(其他)3%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] ej1shaefkdxeas8afeju5gzb1h2xrm2 0 590 12827 12826 2021-10-28T12:23:07Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 26 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 12826 wikitext text/x-wiki Kungadavane（多納部落） Itiniay i [[Maolin]](茂林) Cen no Kaohsiung(高雄) ko [[Kungadavane]] a niyaro’, 186 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 614 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 96% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 592 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 4% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 22 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Rukai(魯凱族)87%, Paiwan(排灣族)6%, Bunun(布農族)1%, Amis(阿美族)1%, roma(其他)1%. Ira ko picodadan(多納國小、多納國小附幼、古納達望部落圖書資訊站) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(多納派出所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 7532ws0ky98xq1y2lvc7j7mgthmejsi 0 591 12846 12845 2021-10-28T12:23:09Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 18 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 12845 wikitext text/x-wiki Kungkung（大鼓部落） Itiniay i [[Ji’an]](吉安) Cen no Hualien(花蓮) ko [[Kungkung]] a niyaro’, 1,212 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 3,340 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 20% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 670 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 80% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 2,670 ko tamdaw. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] bflf96550fo19pqpbd0xb5yqok5856p 0 592 12873 12872 2021-10-28T12:23:12Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 26 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 12872 wikitext text/x-wiki Kunuan（固努安部落） Itiniay i [[Wanrong]](萬榮) Cen no Hualien(花蓮) ko [[Kunuan]] a niyaro’, 141 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 521 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 98% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 512 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 2% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 9 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Bunun(布農族)89%, Amis(阿美族)2%, Tayal(泰雅族)1%, Truku(太魯閣族)1%, roma(其他)5%. Ira ko picodadan(馬遠國小) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(馬遠村衛生室) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] s9iiuskb2gd4mvb35h7zglt8ikakloq 0 593 40700 30248 2024-01-10T22:21:44Z CommonsDelinker 39 Removing [[:c:File:Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg|Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Billinghurst|Billinghurst]] because: CSD G6 (uncontroversial maintenance): To make way for page move, see File:Flag of Kyrgyzstan (2023).svg 40700 wikitext text/x-wiki Kurgyzstan（吉爾吉斯） [[Faylo:Kyrgyzstan (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Location of  Kyrgyzstan  (green)]] Itini i 41 00 N, 75 00 E, noAsiya ko [[Kurgyzstan]]. Polong no sekalay i 199,951 sq km “saka 87 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 191,801 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 8,150 sq km ” Polong i 5,727,553 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 55.40%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 5.10%, malo no roma to a sera 39.50%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Bishkek]](比斯凱克) ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakafalo 31 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Almazbek Atambayev]](阿爾馬茲別克·阿坦巴耶夫), patirengan a romi’ad i 2011 a miheca(年) saka 12 folad saka 1 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] s1wj5razwvxptzg8h7n81sbe6pl2oy5 0 594 12914 12913 2021-10-28T12:23:18Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 23 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 12913 wikitext text/x-wiki Kus kus（高士部落） Itiniay i [[Mudan]](牡丹) Cen no Pingtung(屏東) ko [[Kus kus]] a niyaro’, 225 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 631 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 96% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 606 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 4% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 25 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Paiwan(排灣族)93%, Amis(阿美族)1%, roma(其他)2%. Ira ko picodadan(高士部落圖書資訊站) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] i4mhq5qgsmq4ww4sjshl7lfoxm8hioo 0 595 12941 12940 2021-10-28T12:23:21Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 26 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 12940 wikitext text/x-wiki Kusunuki（紅石部落） Itiniay i [[Haiduan]](海端) Cen no Taitung(台東) ko [[Kusunuki]] a niyaro’, 68 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 267 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 96% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 255 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 4% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 12 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Bunun(布農族)85%, Amis(阿美族)3%, Paiwan(排灣族)2%, Puyuma(卑南族)1%, Cou(鄒族)1%, roma(其他)3%. Ira ko picodadan(崁頂國小紅石分校) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] kw8wl4fe7qc8wwlq9yaug67yxptij96 0 596 33800 33799 2023-01-21T10:31:38Z Masaonikar 570 33800 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Flag of Kuwait (3-2).svg|縮圖|Fayafay no Kuwait]] == Kuwait (科威特) == Kuwait kitakit (Arab sowal: دولة الكويت‎), nikasasowalan Kuwait (Arab sowal: الكويت‎), itira i kaetip Asia Arab litosaan pala i kawali ka’amis, Persian ’efong sakaetip ka’amis a Sawara'an Kitakit, o katimol marariting to Saudi Arabia, ka’amis mifiyaw to Iraq, masasikecor to Iran, o nano nicingcingan no Inkiris i ’ayaw, i 1961 miheca 6 folad 19 romi’ad misiiked, i 1990 miheca 5angasa 1991 miheca nano pacena’an nicalapan no Iraq. No Kuwait a simal ato kadofahay ko tatapaan a kinaira, masapinang to o mana’angay a simal o saka 6 i polong no cikiw, orasaka msapasadakay a simal o malocoker no kicay no finawlan. O tadamaci no kitakit o Kuwait malecad ngangan no kitakit. [[Faylo:Kuwait on the globe (Afro-Eurasia centered).svg|縮圖|Kaitiraan no Kuwait]] == Likisi (歷史) == === ’Ayaway kairaan no tamdaw ho (史前時代) === I Obaid itiya (’ayaway ni Yis 6500 miheca tangasa ’ayaway ni Yis 3800 miheca), misa’atomoay a demak ato pisafodawanan a demak mapatayra i Kuwait. === Arabia ato pakalonanay ho (阿拉伯與大航海時代) === 7 sici itiya, mala no Arabia kitakit ko Kuwait. I 1521 miheca, Kuwait o Portugal tamdaw ko miemetay. I 1581 mihecaan miteka, o Hontian Rikec ni Khalid laloma’an ko mikowanay to Kuwait. Oya ho, i 16 sici an, Portugal tamdaw patireng to pi’adingan a ’adipel. I 1613 miheca, i aniniay Kuwait itatihi patireng to Kuwait a niyaro’. === Pangangan to niyaro’ (城市命名) === I 1705 miheca, Hontian Rikec ni Khalid hongti laloma’an miserer to, o salongan a sera no Kuwait macalap no “Utbah ngasaw (Bani; o pasowal Guraine) ko mikowanay. Bani Utbah a ngasaw a Sadir Utbah itini patireng to niyaro’ ato minato, pangangan sa Kuwait hananay (mimingay niyaro’, nai kut a tayni, o sowal to nian i o polol ’adipel, nano Persia a tilid to Kud, o todong no sowal maci sanay. [[Faylo:Kuwaitgate.jpg|縮圖|Adawang no Nipa'adingan-Kuwait, ]] === Tapang no niyaro’ patireng to kitakit (酋長建國) === I 1756 miheca, Sabah laloma’an tapang no niyaro’ ci Sheikh Sabah Abu Abdullah mapalowad mala sa’ayaway tapang no niyaro’(Amir) no Kuwait, mapatireng ko tapang no niyaro’ no Kuwait kitakit (Heikhdom of Kuwait). === Picalap no Persia (波斯入侵) === I 1776 miheca, Persia Sander hongti micalap to Basra, ikor a salongan Persia pa’acaay tamdaw micomod i Kuwait, ikor o Inkiris a kawali-Into kosi nai Basra a citodongay malalinah tayni i Kuwait, itiya sakacomahad to ko Kuwait. Nikawrira o sakaira no misiikeday salongaoc, o Kuwait ato Ottoman Turkey pararidsa a masasinga’ayay, saan mihayda to Turkey to niyah a salongoc. I 1822 miheca Inkiris a congto nai Basra malinah tayra i Kuwait. === Mikapot to Ottoman (加入奧斯曼) === I 1871 miheca, Kuwait tapang no niyaro’ kitakit mala no Ottoman hongtian kitakit a kanatal, o sera mapasatoris i Basra sa’etal (aniniay Iraq a cecay sa’etal), patireng to “Kaza”, nikawrira no Kuwait tapang no niyaro’ kitakit ira ko misiikeday salongoc. I 1896 miheca, Sabah laloma’an tapang no niyaro’ ci Mubarak misateked patireng malahongti, nikawrira paseka’ to Turkey mikihar to sakowan no Kuwait, saka mingitangit to sadipot no Inkiris. I 1897 miheca 7 folad, ci Mubarak mitahidang to patireng no Inkiris to citimeraay tamina i lilis a riyar no Kuwait. Itiya mala “sa’ayaw calemcem no Kuwait”, itiya Turkey tamdaw milongoc to Inkiris mipaterep mikihar to nangra hongti kitakit. Ikor, Ottoman hongtian kitakit miheyda aca, sakaeca ka lalood. [[Faylo:A kuwaiti M-84.JPEG|縮圖|256x256像素|i Posi-kihaw kalaloodan o sinsiya no Kuwait]] === Pidipot no Inkiris a siikeday sakowan (受英國保護的自治) === I 1899 miheca, nawhani ci Mubarak ato Turkey tamdaw a kasasifodan, o cecay kakeridan no Inkiris mipakalat to Inkiris Kuwait mitilid to “Inkiris Kuwait milinikay tatelek”, I katatelek i, ci Mubarak hai, dengan o Inkiris caay pipaisal pacaliw to roma kitakit ano eca roma tapang; caay pihai ko Inkiris, caay ka nga’ay to roma kitakit taypiaw itiniay kitakit nira. Mihayda aca o Kuwait salaloma’an no Inkiris a misiikeday kitakit, madipot caay ka calap, o papasadak to nano npadangan a payso. I 1913 miheca, Inkiris ato Turkey masasitelek to “ ’Efong no riyar kasasitelek”, onini a telek: “o Kuwait itiniay i laloma’an no Ottoman sifo solongoc a sakowan, nikawrira sifo caay ka omaanan ko sapikihar to dademaken, caay piocor to sofitay a tayra”; Ottoman hongti kitakit mihayda to nidamaan no Inkiris ko noniyah pikowan no Kuwait. ’Ayaw saka 1 kalalood no hekal, i 1913 miheca 7 folad 29 romi’ad, o nano Ottoman Turkey hongti kitakit a Barras a cecay ko niyah sakowan a Kuwait. === Siiked (獨立) === O Kuwait i 1961 miheca 6 folad 19 romi’ad misiiked. O Iraq mihayda to nai “1913 mihecaan a “’Efong no riyar kasasitelek” a Iraq ato Kuwait a salawacan[4], nikawrira nai 1961 miheca o nano pisiiked no Kuwait i, o Iraq a sifo mikilimay misamawmaw to sapicalap to Kuwait, samasa payakyak to ratoh ko Iraq sapicalapaw to Kuwait, o Arab nipatatekoan misahalaka patireng to cecay kasakitakit no Arab sofitay miliyang to sakamatiraaw a demak no Iraq to Kuwait, caay ka eca ira ko picalap a demak[5][6]. Tona miteka ko Iran ato Iraq malalood, ikor tosaay kitakit masasiterep to 10 miheca, o Kuwait micoker to Iraq mipacoli to Iran. [[Faylo:Saad Al-Salim Al-Sabah.jpg|縮圖|Saad Al-Abdullah Al-Salim Al-Sabah]] === Micalap ko Iraq (伊拉克入侵) === I 1990 miheca 8 folad 2 romi’ad, Kuwait mipatado sa a mikerod to ’aca no simal matestes no Iraq, itiyaay a congtong no Iraq ci Saddam Hussein pasipapotal mihapiw “Kuwait o cecay no Iraq a kanatal”, miocor to sofitay micalap, nanoya caay kaci’icel ko sofitay no Kuwait ranikay mateneng. Malokasasowalen a mikaketer no sakarihaday licikay no Linhoko, itiya misahalaka to saki Iraq midemak to pipacofcof saliyang to kicay, nanoya o Iraq i kasakitakit a mapakacecay. I 1991 miheca 1 folad 17 romi’ad, nai Inkiris Amilika tosa kitakit a sawara’an lekatep sofitay milipalaw to “no misatafokay faliyos a demakan” itiya, miteka to saki Iraq ato nano nicalapan a Kuwait miparekpek milefek. O piparekpek milefek oya miheca 2 folad 28 romi’ad paherek, o sofitay no Iraq to nikeridan ni Saddam Hussein miketon itiya misawad to picalap to Kuwait. Saad Al-Abdullah Al-Salim Al-Sabah === Kuwait miliyaw patireng to kitakit (科威特復國) === I 1991 miheca 2 folad 26 romi’ad, o Kuwait miliyaw patireng to kitakit. 3 folad 6 romi’ad, o Kuwait ni Emir Jaber a sifo malatapangay patiko minokay tayni i Kuwait a sera[7]. I 2006 miheca 1 folad 15 romi’ad, mapatay ci Emir Jaber Ahmed Sabah laloma’an tapang no niyaro’, 77 ko ’orip i hekal. Itiya o sasafaen to ci Saad Abdullah Salim Sabah ko midotocay. I falad 21 romi’ad, o sawara’an ci aad Abdullah Salim Sabah ko mikeriday to salaloma’an no lomaocan miketon palowad to sakadademak no kimpo a rayray, miroharoh ci Saadan midotoc, saka padoedo ni Sabah malasawara’an. Nikawrira ci Saad misalongoc to kalomaocan i saka tosa romi’ad a lomaoc, sakanga’ay ningra a mapatireng. 1 folad 24 romi’ad ci Saad mapaitoros misawad to sakalahongti. 1 folad 29 romi’ad, kalomaocan no Kuwait awaay ko miliyangay mihayda ci Sabahan sawara’an citodongto Emir. Sawara’an ci Sabah nanoya sa mapatireng to sakaEmir, o Sabah saka sepat. I 2006 miheca 5 folad 21 romi’ad, nawhani romaroma a lomaocay misalof mifalic to cango’otay no singkiw ato ma’isiday to sawara’an, Emir Sabah mihapiw to sahepol, mipalasawad to kalomaocan, mili’ayaw misingkiw[8]. 6 folad 29 romi’ad, finawlan a kalomaocan misongila’ misingkiw, o fafahiyan no Kuwait nano ’ayaw citodong to sa’ayaway misingkiw ato masikiw a salongoc[9]. == Palapala (地理) == [[Faylo:Overview of Huacachina.jpg|縮圖|Langdaway-niyaro']] O taliyok no Kuwait o masafokafokay a tafok, ira ko caayay ka dadahal a kangdaway a pala. Ira ho ko rama a seraan o Bubiyan, Faraka 10 a miliyasay a palapalaan. O sera kaetip ’akawang kawali paeneray. Kaetip katimol 275m ko Dub Dib ’akawangay a dafdaf. Saka’amis ira ko takaraway pala, kaetip ira Leah ’apapoloay. Kawali ka’amisan o nipataringan a dafdaf ato tafokan a dafdaf, palaed han to masasifoday a tapolo. Talacowa Kuwait mingataay to riyar a sa’etal, nikawrira o cango’otay to nanom ko ’alo ato fanaw. Nika saseraay a nanom kadofah ko kinaira, nika caayay ko kafesa’ay nanom, orasaka o kafesa’ay nanom i Kuwait o satadamaanay kinaira, o nananomen saheto o nai Iraq ato misakafesa’an a nanom no riyar. Oni a kitakit o marafrafay to fa’edet tafotafokan a romi’ad, ma’icangay ato fa’edetay romi’ad, kaciherangan (5 folad tangasa 11 folad) 6 folad ko halafin, ma^edesay ’akawangay ko hemhem a makedal awa ko ’orar, salongan farawfaw 45°C, sa’akawangay a farawfaw 51ºC; kasienawan (12 folad -roma miheca 2 folad) mamoko’ay, hemhem matatodongay soemet kala’oraday, sapoeneray a hemhem tangasa i -6ºC, kacinanoman to mihecaan i 25 tangasa 177mm salaedan[10]. == Sici (政治) == [[Faylo:Pahlavi Crown of Imperial Iran (heraldry).svg|縮圖|Kafong no honti]] === Kimpo (憲法) === No Kuwait kitakit a kimpo i 1962 miheca 11 folad 12 romi’ad masongila’ mahapiw, matelek ko masongila’ay solongoc sakowan no Kuwait, masiikeday a kitakit no Arab. Islam ko pidotocan mipatireng to rikec. O Sabah a teloc no laloma’an ko mamidotoc to Emir. === Lomaocan (議會) === Kuwait finawlan kalomaocan (Majlis al-Umma) i 1963 miheca 1 folad 23 romi’ad patireng, o cecayay ko kalomaocan faco no kitakit mirikecay a citodangay. Nai 50 a lomaocay masakapot, lomaocay 4 miheca lekad ko polong no kitakit a masingkiw. Nikawrira Kuwait finawlan dengan salongan 10 % ko citodongay misingkiw. Kalomaocan o piketon ato mihayda to rikec, mikantok to pidamak to payso no kitakit, miliclic to sawara’an ato salaloma’an a kakeridan, nikawrira o polong no nihaydaan no lomaocay a rikec ato roma kitakit a kasasitelek a tatoneken ato sapatonek o nipihai no Emir to nisakalifetan ta manga’ay[11] === Sician a kasarekarekad (政黨) === O sarikec no Kuwait milalang to no sician a kasarekarekad a kadademak, nika i pisingkiwan ira ko adihayay kalosaopo no sician a kasarekad. ’alomanay a finawlan kalomaocan a lomaocay o noniyah siiked ko pikihatiya to singkiw, nikawrira maala to singkiw i, ’alomanay a lomaocay i finawlan kalomaocan malekapot a mitopa a kasacefang. So’elinay to o kasasician kasarekad (caay ka haydaen no rikec) ira ko finacadan nikapolongan a nipatatekoan, finawlan dademak saselal, Hadas (Kuwait muslim malikakaay), finacadan Islamic nipatatekoan ato mo’ecalay ato rihadayay nipatatekoan a kasacefang. [[Faylo:Prokudin-Gorskii-19-v2.png|縮圖|Mohanmoto Honti ()1911)]] === Kakomodan (君主) === Aniniay Emir (sawara’an kitakit): Nawaf Ahmad Jaber Sabah O midotocay to tapang no niyaro’ a kakomodan ko kitakit no Kuwait, Emir o sakakaay sawara’an no kitakit ato sakakaay no sofitay. Mitelak ko kimpo o Emir ko midamakay to kadademakan no kitakit, mirikecay o Emir ato finawlan kalomaocan mapolong midemak, sakihoying o i hoyingay nao Emir a ngangan ko sapidemak. === Sifo (政府) === O citodongay no sifo o satakaraway kakeridan, salaloma’an no sifo o satakaraway kakeridan ato laloma’ay no kasalekad a malakaspot, citodong midemak to halaka no kitakit, pasi Emir kacitodong. O kasaira: Satakaraway kakeridan Saka cecay micokeray to satakaraway kakeridan matateko to laloma’an demak ato sapidipot to kitakit. Micokeray to satakaraway kakeridan matateko to kacacofelan kakeridan Micokeray to satakaraway kakeridan matateko to hoying kakeridan Micokeray to satakaraway kakeridan matateko to sakacomahad a demak ato sakiloma’an a citodongay Salaloma’an a dademaken o laloma’ay no hongti ko citodongay, orasaka o nano kakomodan Hontian Rikec a kitakit, satakaraway kakeridan a todong tangasa anini o nano hongtian ko citodongay, hongtian a sakowan awaay ko sasowalen. == Kacacofelan kakeridan (外交) == Midotoc ko Kuwait to sakarihaday a kacacofelan kakeridan. Misa’icel midama to sakarikec no Arab kitakit ato riyaran kasakomod wiyyinhuy a kasasikomodan, midipot to riyar a kasa’efong a rihaday macekal. Kuwait o no Linhoko, Arab kitakit nipatatekoan, riyar sa’efong kasakomod wiyyinhuy a no kasakitakit ato kasa’etal sakapot a laloma’an, tangasa anini matiya 110 kitakit mapatireng ko nga’ayay kacacofelan kakeridan, i matini ira ko 87 a kitakit i Kuwait patireng to milafinay a citodongay[12]. === Kuwait ato Congko a sasinga’ay (科威特與中華人民共和國關係) === I 1971 miheca 3 folad 22 romi’ad, Congko ato Kuwait masasicofel, o Kuwait o pasicecayay to Congko ko pidotoc, sa’ayaway mipatirengay to kasasinga’ay to Congko i no Persian sa’efong a kitakit. Tasaay a kakeridan no kitakit makakapi masasicaliw. Mapatireng to kasasinga’ay, ikor tatosaay masasicowat to kasasisomeletan. Kasasicaliw no kalali’aca macakat to mihecaan, kalali’acaan matongal. I 2008 miheca Congko kaki kali’aca 67.84% walwalan ko Amilika payso, masadakay no Congko 17.44 walwalan Amilika payso, micomoday 50.4 walwalan Amilika payso13]. I 2014 miheca 6 folad 2 romi’ad, o Satakaraway kakeridan no Kuwait ci Sabah miliso’ to Congko, masasilicay ci Si-cin-pinan[14]. === Kuwait ato Taywan a sasinga’ay (科威特與中華民國關係) === Nawhani o Kuwait midotoc to cecayay Congko, orasaka sakina Taywan i 1971 mihecaan awaay to ko kacacofelan to Taywan, nikawrira o kasasicalay no kalali’acaan a sakadamso’, mirayas to sakalacalay, Taywan i Kuwait patireng to Kuwait kitakit Taypi kala’aca a taypiawco[15]. == O kasasikiked a sakowan (行政區劃) == {| class="wikitable" |kasasilsil |Sa’etal ngangan |Tada maci |- |1 |Jahra sa’tal |Jahra |- |2 |Capital sa’etal |Kuwait niyaro’ |- |3 |Ferwanier sa’etal |Ferwanier |- |4 |Hawali sa’etal |Hawali |- |5 |Grand Mubarak sa’etal |Grand Mubarak |- |6 |Ahmadi sa’etal |Ahmadi |} == Tenokan pala (中立區) == I kawali katimol no Kuwait milecad to Saudi Arabia sala’edan ira ko cecay salongan 5770 pinfang kongli, o kacisimalan a pala itira. I 1922 miheca 12 folad 2 romi’ad, tatosaay kitakit masasitelek to tenokan pala, tasaay kitakit sakitoni pala patireng to kalecadan salongoc. I 1970 miheca tasaay kitakit masasitelak to la’edan calay, masasiiked to sapikowan, nikawrira onini a pala a kinaira no simal caayho kasasiiked, o iraay no simal lalitosaan maaisal[16]. == Sofitay (軍事) == Kuwait midemak to mipatadoay a sofitay, aniniay a sofitay raridsa i 2 ’ofad tamdaw. O Emir ko satakaraway a kakeridan no sofitay. Salongan no sofitay a masadakay ira ko 12 walwalan no Amilika payso, micalap to 10.3% sakipayso kadademak a yosang. Ikor no kalaloodan no Persian, nawhani o sakisadama to kitakit a sadamso’ ato mi’aca to adihayay a sapilood, saki no sofitay sadamso’ mihecahecaan matongal ko masadakay[17]. == Kicay (經濟) == === Simal (石油) === Kadofah i Kuwait ko masopeday lahod no simal, anini solapen ko materekay simal ira ko 140 walwalan ton, saki lahod a materekay ira ko 1.8 ’ofad walwalan m3 (lifang m). O sacoker to kicay no finawlan ko simal, tataparan lahod kikayan, o iraay macalap ko laloma’an no kitakit a kinaira to 45%, masadakay lali’aca 92%, macalap ko sakaira no sifo to kakaay no 95%[18]. == Liomahan (農業) == Manga’ayay maliomahen a sera no Kuwait salongan 14182 kofo, o awaayay ko sera salongan ira ko 156 kofo. Nikawrira nawhan caay kanga’ay ko romi’ad to sakiliomah, o liomah ato mipakaenay (misakolongay) caay kacomahad, o adihayay a hakakaenen ato sakadademak no finawlan saheto nai romaay kitakit. Pinapina mihecaan, piifaloco’ ko sifo to sakacomahad no kaloomah, o sakinaira no maomahay i laloma’ no kitakit salongan 0.5% ko kinaira. O saki datengan, roma a nilingadan a kinaira o militadoay to nai papotalay[19]. I ’ayaw no pi’ot’ot to adihayay simal i, o sakaira no kinaira ato sakaira no Kuwait o nipifoting, kadofah ko nipifoting no kitakit, ira ko ta’akay ’afar, pirek ato porot foting. Pakaala to 1 ’ofad ton ko kinaira no mihecaan, iraay salongan 1300 ’ofad Kuwait a dinar. == Kalali’acaan (金融業) == I pinapina a mihecaan, micowat ko sifo to sakisimal, sakilahod a kikayan demak i, pacecay micowat to kasasiroma no kicay, misered to pilitado to no simal. Saka micekeroh to kinairaira, marad lalan, dingki calay makakomod, tatenaan a pipatireng, tingwa ato patireng to fa^elohay niyaro’ kahirahira a cacowaten, misa’icel patireng i riyar ’efong no Kuwait to kalali’acaan a ciwsing[20]. == Syakay (社會) == == Kalolalan (交通) == O nisahalakaan lalan no Kuwait ato nipatirengan o ’a’ayaway ko lalecad no hekal[21], kasahifalat pasatisil ko hicikayay a kalolalan i kasaniyaro’, masapinang ko nipalalan kacipinang. Nawhani ’akwang ko kinaira no finawlan,  ira ko 2-3 no paliding no pailoma’an, masadak paitemek sa a parakat, orasaka o kapolongan a faso caay ka comahad. I Kuwait awaay ko no maradan a lalan, o faso o no roma kitakit tamdaw a matayalay sakaromakat a minokay ato sakalingad. Ira a manengneng i Kuwait ko takosi, nika caay ka sarikec ko faco, caay ka pisa’osi to nirakatan ko takosi, saheto o mili’ayawan to ’aca no nirakatan, manga’ay mikerod to ’aca no rakat. Itiraay i Ferwanier sa’etal a kasakitakit hikokiciw no Kuwait tadakararimaan, to romi’ami’ad maala ko semo’otay ko hikoki, masamihecaan ira ko 400 ’ofad a tamdawan, i Arabia o tadamaanay kalokiyolan no hikoki itini[22]. O tadamaanay no Kuwait micolo’ a minato ira i Schweicher minato ato Shuaiba minato. == Isingan (醫療) == O sa’akawangay ko kinaira no Kuwait kitakit, orasaka salaloma’an fangcal ko isi isingan no kitakit. Isingan a sakadama manga’ay ko patodong, no sifo, no tekedan a isingan citodongay adihay. Polong no kitakit 5 ko isingan a sa’etal, kasacecay ira ko nipatirengan no sifo a ising, padamso to masaromi’aday kacalohan piising sadama. Laloma’an kasa niyaro’ a ising citodongay to saki kitakit a finawlan mapatodong ko tamdaw to sapipasamso to sakiisingan a sadama. O finawlan no Kuwait manga’ay i kasa isingan no sifo caay pa’aca to sapipaising to tireng, romaay kitakit a adadaay manga’ay minengneng to pipaising a pa’aca[23]. Nai 2000 miheca 4 folad 1 roma’ad, o Kuwait to saki roma kitakit a tamdaw midemak to nipatangican micomod to sapipaising a hoking halaka. O roma kitakit mipalolol to pipaising a hoking to manga’ay misingsi, minayar to sakamaro’ paising. == Tamdaw saki’orip (人文) == === Tamdaw (人口數) === I 2022 miheca, o tamdaw no Kuwait ira ko 467 ’ofad, o Kuwait a tamdaw 185 ’ofad, roma kitakit a tamdaw ira ko 282 ’ofad (halo awaayay ko kitakit), roma a tamdaw saheto o no AArabic kitakit ato Into, Pakistan, Bengal, Thailand, Philippines a katimolay Asia ato kawali katimol Asia kitakit a matayalay[24]. O Arabic a sowal no kitakit, nika hahani ’aloman ko roma kitakit a tamdaw, orasaka o Inkiris ko sakasasowal. Midotoc to no Gallup finawlan a seking tenokan mihapiw nai 2010 miheca tangasa 2012 miheca “ilalinikay pikorac mafolaway a pitomadaw” (Potential Net Migration Index) panengneng, Asia taypinyang a kasaniyaro’ o masolotay milinah i Kuwait o saka 2 [25]. Nawhani o lahod no simal kinaira o sakaira no kinaira, finawlan tamdaw salongan semo’otay a ’ofad, midemak to ’akawangay to sakalemed a telek ko Kuwait, o finawlan caay pipatodong to tekadan a sapasata, miraoy to caayay papaso to kiwiko ato sapipaising, ira ko kataylan, sakidafong, localiw to loma’ ato kararamod a sapadafoh, o finawlan masolot no Islam, caay pihayda ko Kuwait to tasaay ko kitakit, orasaka romaay kitakit a tamdaw micomad to Kuwait kika caay ko rahodayay. === Pakayraan ponka (宗教文化) === O Islam ko pakayraan no Kuwait kitakit, fanawlan 95% mitooray to Islam, solongan ira ko 70% sunni, 30% o Shia. Islam a rikec micomod i syakay kasasiromaan, micamol i ’orip no tamdaw to romi’ami’ad. Polong no kitakit caay ka komaen to titi no fafoy, milalang to piliepah ato ciepahay nanom, ano pa’aca matefoc to pipatay. Talacowa o syakay misasimeday to kanga’ay no fiyaw kitakit Saudi Arabia ko nika dihoway, nikawrira masadak ko fafahiyan caay ka patedo ko kaciriko’[26]. == Mitiya calay (媒體網絡) == O sinpon no Kuwait macelakay, pakoniraay, o sinpon saheto o tekedan ko citodongay. Polong ko kitakit ira ko 8 laloma’an romi’ad sinpon, no Arab tilid sinpon 5 lalomaan: “kasasowalan sinpon”, “sici sinpon”, “marafrafay sinpon”, “tato’asan kitakit sinpon” ato “ratoh sinpon”; Inkiris sinpon 3 lalomaan: “Kuwait sinpon”, “Arab sinpon” ato “romi’adan fois sinpon”. Ira ko 3 lalomaan no sifo sinpon citodongay: Kuwait parotohay, Kuwait hokok raciw ato Kuwait tilifi[27]. Midotoc to no Kuwait a “marafrafay sinpon” micaliw to nai Amilika kawali ka’amis daykak mihapiwan a ratoh sowal sa, o polong no Kuwait kitakit talacowa dengan 100 ’ofad aca ko cicalayay, nika polong no cikiw midemakay to Twitter o saadihayay a kitakit[28]. == Onto (體育) == Kamaro’an no Asia Olimpiko a licikay mapatireng i Kuwait maci. == Pinengnengan tilid. (參考文獻) == 1.Do not copy this site's content!. economictimes. [2020-09-13]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2020-10-17）. 2.Kuwait. World Economic Outlook Database. International Monetary Fund (IMF). April 2022 [2022-06-04]. （nano   nina’angan tilid i2022-06-04） （Inkiris）. 3.3.Human Development Report 2019 (PDF). UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME. [2019-12-21]. （nano   nina’angan tilid (PDF) i 2020-04-16）. 4.Cenliciaw. Iraq-Kuwait a sapacako ato Inkiris. Pakoniraay sinpon. [2020-09-13]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2021-04-10）. 5.Helene von Bismarck, "The Kuwait Crisis of 1961 and its Consequences for Great Britain’s Persian Gulf Policy" British Scholar, vol. II, no. 1 (September 2009) pp. 75-96 6."Independence for Kuwait: UK protection withdrawn" The Guardian, June 20, 1961. [2020-09-13]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2021-04-10）. 7.Liyokiw fa^elohay sofitay/riyar ’efong lalood(2014-6-20misapinang) kalocalay nina’angan a tilid, mana’ang romi’ad 2014-07-15. 8.Kuwait Emir mipatoroday palasawad lomaoc-fa^elohay calay (2014-6-20 misapinang). [2006-05-26]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2013-11-14）. 9.Kuwait fafahiyan sa’ayaway mikihatiya kalomaoc a singkiw (2014-6-20misapinang). [2007-03-19]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2013-11-14）. 10.Congko i Kuwait kitakit a kakeridan/sakatayra i Kuwait kafana’an/ palalanan (2014-6-20 pisapinangan). [2014-06-20]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2021-04-10）. 11.U.S.A takaraway paocoran/kalodemak no hekal/Kuwait/sici/ singkiw (2014-6-20 pisapinang). [2014-06-21]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2014-07-02）. 12.Congko kacacofelan Kuwait kitakit dademakan/saki kacacofelan, 2014-3 misafa^eloh (2014-6-20 pisapinangan). [2014-06-20]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2015-09-24）. 13.Congko kacacofelan Kuwait kitakit dademakan/ tatosaay kitakit a kafana’an (2014-6-20pisapinangan). [2014-06-20]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2016-03-04）. 14.Congko kacacofelan Kuwait kitakit dademakan kicay kalali’aca/ sicinpin militemoh to kakeridan no Kuwait, 2014-06-05 misafa^eloh (2014-6-20 misapinangan). [2014-06-20]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2021-06-06）. 15.maro’ay i Kuwait kitakit Taypi kalali’aca taypiawco calay/Home/About us，2010/4/9 (2014-6-20 pisapinangan) kalocalay mana’ang pina’angan, pina’angan romi’ad i 2016-03-04. 16.Taywan kacacofelan/kitakit ato sa’etal/tenokay Asia sa’etal/Kuwait/kitakit kalocalay sakafana’. [2014-06-20]. （pina’angan romi’ad i 2014-07-07）. 17.Kuwait sofitay a ’ical pilalatan-sakilood calay (2014-6-20 pisapinangan). [2014-06-20]. （pnano nina’angan tilid i 2014-08-03）. 18.Taywan kacacofelan citodongay/Kuwait/ kicay (2014-6-20 pisapinangan). [2014-06-20]. （nano nina’angan tilid i   2017-09-13）. 19.Congko Kuwait kitakit citodangay/Kuwait kitakit kacipinangan/maomah mifotingay (2014-6-20 pisapinangan). [2014-06-20]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2021-04-10）. 20.Kuwait aniniay kacomahad, Tangpawcay (2014-6-20 pisapinangan)[mada’oc malasawad calay] 21.Congko kacacofelan citodongay/Kuwait/tadamanay kafanaan (2014-6-20 pisapinangan). [2014-06-20]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2016-04-03）. 22.Congko Kuwait kitakit citodongay/sakatayra Kuwait kafana’an/saka 6 tosir, karomakat ato sakatay (2014-6-20 pisapinangan). [2014-06-20]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2021-04-10）. 23.Congko Kuwait kitakit citodongay/sakatayra Kuwait kafana’an/saka 3 tosir, manengnengay adada ato pipaising ademak (2014-6-20 pisapinangan). [2014-06-20]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2021-04-10）. 24.Congko Kuwait kitakit citodongay/Kuwait kitakit kadademakan /tamdaw, 2014-3 safa^eloh (2014-6-20 pisapinangan). [2014-06-20]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2015-09-24）. 25.Wangyiwen, “Asia Tapinyang pakasolotay mafolaw kitakit-Autralia”, Congko tenokansya, 2014-2-5 (2014-6-20 pisapinangan). [2014-2-5]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2014/--21）. 26.Congko Kuwait kitakit citodongay/sakatayra Kuwait kafana’an/saka 4 tosir, i niyaro’ay lekakawa ato satelek (2014-6-20 pisapinangan). [2014-06-20]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2021-04-10）. 27.Congko Kuwait kitakit citodongay/sakatayra Kuwait kafana’an/ sinpon mirina’an, 2014-3 safa^eloh (2014-6-20 pisapinangan). [2014-06-20]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2015-09-24）. 28.O Kuwait satada tariktikay ko Kuwait to Twitter a kitakit, 2014-05-27 safa^eloh (2014-6-20 pisapinangan). Kuwait（科威特） Itini i 29 30 N, 45 45 E, noAsiya ko [[Kuwait]]. Polong no sekalay i 17,818 sq km “saka 158 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 17,818 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 0 sq km ” Polong i 2,832,776 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 8.50%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 0.40%, malo no roma to a sera 91.10%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Kuwait City]](科威特城) ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakatosa 25 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah]](薩巴赫·艾哈邁德·賈比爾·薩巴赫), patirengan a romi’ad i 2006 a miheca(年) saka 1 folad saka 29 a romi’ad. == Pikafitan i papotal(外部連接) == * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] m9jkerphm471gffhurf5z950rrlapr8 0 597 12982 12981 2021-10-28T12:23:26Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 23 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 12981 wikitext text/x-wiki Kuxan（那羅四部落） Itiniay i [[Jianshi]](尖石) Cen no Hsinchu(新竹) ko [[Kuxan]] a niyaro’, 51 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 142 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 94% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 133 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 6% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 9 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)90%, roma(其他)4%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] i6ig9ccismf2s1bh2g2atda1pz25srm 0 598 13005 13004 2021-10-28T12:23:29Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 22 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 13004 wikitext text/x-wiki Kyu’ang（下比來部落） Itiniay i [[Wufeng]](五峰) Cen no Hsinchu(新竹) ko [[Kyu’ang]] a niyaro’, 20 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 40 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 90% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 36 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 10% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 4 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Saysiyat(賽夏族)75%, Tayal(泰雅族)15%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] sxo6azfu3gb6yjjgmjq8se7ebyimfjq 0 599 13027 13026 2021-10-28T12:23:32Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 21 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 13026 wikitext text/x-wiki Kzyay（水流東部落） Itiniay i [[Fuxing]](復興) Cen no Taoyuan(桃園) ko [[Kzyay]] a niyaro’, 141 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 355 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 12% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 42 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 88% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 313 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)11%, Seediq(賽德克族)1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] ngd4x5cr2gbsh9ip0p35u7os4v049om 0 600 13051 13050 2021-10-28T12:23:35Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 23 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 13050 wikitext text/x-wiki K’babaw（庫巴博部落） Itiniay i [[Nan’ao]](南澳) Cen no Yilan(宜蘭) ko [[K’babaw]] a niyaro’, 31 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 101 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 98% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 99 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 2% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 2 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)92%, Rukai(魯凱)1%, Truku(太魯閣族)3%, roma(其他)2%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 5da8dcw8ewb1iqg9ucghm5cprlj9mvy 0 601 13078 13077 2021-10-28T12:23:38Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 26 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 13077 wikitext text/x-wiki L.muan（茂安部落） Itiniay i [[Datong]](大同) Cen no Yilan(宜蘭) ko [[L.muan]] a niyaro’, 72 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 223 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 96% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 213 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 4% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 10 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)85%, Amis(阿美族)2%, roma(其他)7%. Ira ko picodadan(四季國小茂安分校) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(茂安衛生室) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] cdncssx1w1dxnkiqt3tgy9rgugr1n80 0 602 13100 13099 2021-10-28T12:23:40Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 21 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 13099 wikitext text/x-wiki Labuwan（大武部落） Itiniay i [[Wutai]](霧台) Cen no Pingtung(屏東) ko [[Labuwan]] a niyaro’, 159 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 490 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 98% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 480 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 2% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 10 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Rukai(魯凱族)92%, Paiwan(排灣族)5%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] l95ixmaou764nmhfqhrcuro3mkoiigz 0 603 32748 32747 2022-10-24T09:10:48Z Ｍayawtowid 44 /* O pitooran no finawlan (族人信仰) */ #ALCD 32748 wikitext text/x-wiki == O ngangan no Lacihakan（拉基禾幹部落） == Malinah ko i ’ayaway a moto’asay a tayni, o no Lacihaka no pangcah i, o sowal są, Lacihaka a niyaro’, Adihayay ko kilang tira i palapalaan itiyaho. Lacihakan a niyaro’, nasapiomahay no Langas a niyaro’ a finawlan i ayawho. Malinah sato ko kowaping itira i,ta ira to ko tamdaw pakayni a misatapang. == O kasiikedan no niyaro’(部落特色) == Misi’ayaw mililis to riyar ko Lacihaka a niyaro’, tada kanga’ayan no palafangay a misalama, nengneng han i nowalian no == O nikalopisak no Tafugan (人口分佈) == Lacihakan（拉基禾幹部落） Itiniay i [[Ruisui]](瑞穗) Cen no Hualien(花蓮) ko [[Lacihakan]] a niyaro’, 197 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 497 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 53% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 262 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 47% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 235 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)51%, roma(其他)1%. == O finacadan no Yincomin (所屬阿美族群) == O Siwkolan a ’amis ko Lacihakan a niyaro’, na itira i tarawadaw no Kalingko talatimol tangasa i Cilamitay, nawhani maemin paniyaro’ i lawac no Siwkolan a tarawadaw sa mapangangan to Siwkolan a ’amis. i tiniay i laloma' no Ruysuy-syang (瑞穗鄉 sowal no holam ) no Hualien-siyen (花蓮縣 sowal no holam ) ko [[Lacihakan]] a niyaro’. ira ko [[Kiwit]] a niyaro’, [[Olaw]] a niyaro’, [[Olalip]] niyaro’, [[Kalala]] a niyaro’, [[Sapat]] a niyaro’, [[Atolan]] a niyaro’, [[Langas]] a niyaro’, Lacihakan a niyaro’ , [[Ukang]] a niyaro’ , [[Narowan]] a niyaro’ , [[Morocan]] a niyaro’ ato [[Koyo]] a niyaro, tosa ko safaw a niyaro’ ko kasaniyaro’aro’ i Ruysuy-syang. ona niyaro’ a maemin i, caayay kalalecad ko rayray no lilengawan, o rakat no kafolaw, o taliyok no paniyaro’an ato kasasiroma no saka’orip, caayay kalecad ko ngarngar no serangawan. == O pitooran no finawlan (族人信仰) == Tadasakenaay a pitooran no finawlan ko San-fo-kiw tingsikiway, o pitooran ko finawlan no Lacihakan i, kalimelaan ko sowal no Kawas, to sakafana’ to ’orip no tamdaw, ato awaay to ko kaka to nikafana’to codad how i. ora ma’araway a kiwkay i, o tingsikiw ato ciwlokiwkay, o ciwlokiwkay a tamdaw ko ka adihay. pakayni sa’opo no kinkay, malosakarikec sto sakarakat no ’orip no Yincomin, mamaan ca ko deamk no sapitolon ko niyaro’. == O Pikafitan i Papotal(外部連接) == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 184nmw89x8cm6i62kdrja28rpdmy7qj 0 604 46991 46990 2025-07-13T10:18:33Z Quinlan83 1494 Restore 46991 wikitext text/x-wiki == O ngangan no La’eno (大港口部落由來) == Ｏ kimad itiya ho, o sa’ayaway a tayni ko Ciporan a ngasawan. pakayni i Sanasay milacal to riyar tangasa i posong. saikor, tangasa to i La’eno no cepo’ ato Makotaay paloma’ ko Ciporan ngasaw. Nikawria ikarira,yo kasakapingan ho i, ira ko Karawrawan a demak no Cepo’ hananay, misalalan ko kaping no kasakapingan , mari'angay ko kaping to finawlan. sa linahen ngara ko kamaro’an tayra i  katimol no sa’etip a （sowal no holam）Cekongsan(赤公山) tokos a makotaay ’alo. kirami i (1924 -1925 ), sąadihaysa to ko tamdaw i Makotaay a niyaro’. linah saan to ko finawlan tayra i la’eno no Makotaay, sa La’eno a niyaro’ han ngara. == O kasiikedan no niyaro’ (部落特色) == I kawili no lawacay no Siwkolan(Tarawadaw) a ’alo ko paniyaro’an no La’eno, makakecor ato ikatimolay a Cawi’ niyaro’, Tatapangan no Karawrawan a demak no Cepo' intini, i 1878 miheca ira ko lalood no 'Amis ato micowatay a tani a Cinping, pito a romi'ad ko pisalifong no Cinping nani riyar sa mahadefek ko niyaro' no La'eno, tada citaneng ko kakita'an ci Mayaw Apin a pali'ayaw to finawlan milimek tayra i Cilangasan sa maosaw ko tamdaw no 'Amis. O roma i, O tata’akay pisa’atomoan a niyaro’ itini,O nakamayan misanga’an a lalosidan i, ira ko ’atomo, o koreng, o tatoronan, o tamangan...ato masamaamaanay. misanga.Sakafalo folad to mihecahecaan miilisin to ko kasaniyaro’ no La’eno a masaPangcah, sa tadamaanay a demak to mihecahecaan konini, manga’ay kakayakayat sa to mato’asay ato wawa malacecay salafii’, sa masakero ato miraradiw. == O nikalopisak no Laeno (人口分佈) == Itiniay i [[Fengbin]] Syang(豐濱) no Hualien Syien(花蓮) ko [[Laeno]] a niyaro’, 65 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 145 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 82% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 119 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 18% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 26 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)74%, Paiwan(排灣族)1%, Puyuma(卑南族)1%, 撒奇拉雅族1%, roma(其他)6%. Ira ko picodadan(港口部落) i niyaro’. == O finacadan no Yincomin (所屬阿美族群) == O pasawalian a Pangcah, o sa’alomanay a finacadan no Yincomin. itini i nowalian a lotok, mililis to riyar, mifater to Kalingko na itira i Fakong talatimol tangasa i Madawdaw, saka o pasawali a Pangcah han. == O pitooran no finawlan (族人信仰) == O pito'oran ko finawlan no Laeno i ,itini a niyaro’ ira ko tosa nipatirengan a kiwkay a maneneng. O pito’oran nira i o tingsikiw ato kirisito-kiw. itini i ira ko pito’oran ngara, pakayni sa’opo no kinkay, malosakarikec sto sakafakat no ’orip no Yin-cu-min. mamaan ca ko deamk no sapitolon ko niyaro’. == O Tahapinangan a Tilid (參考文獻) == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 206amaj0xt3jbvrsvfgcepz3njom4kd 0 605 13198 13197 2021-10-28T12:23:50Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 28 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 13197 wikitext text/x-wiki Lahaw（信賢部落） Itiniay i [[Wulai]](烏來) Cen no New Taipei(新北) City ko [[Lahaw]] a niyaro’, 193 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 605 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 44% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 266 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 56% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 339 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)41%, Amis(阿美族)2%, Paiwan(排灣族)1%, Truku(太魯閣族)1%. Ira ko picodadan(信賢種籽實小) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(新店分局信賢派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(信賢衛生室) i niyaro’. Ira ko Kiwkay(台灣基督長老教會信賢教會) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] sa91p9oogqencihhynz9df362exmgnr 0 606 13224 13223 2021-10-28T12:23:53Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 25 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 13223 wikitext text/x-wiki Laidazuan(malavi)（潭南部落） Itiniay i [[Xinyi]](信義) Cen no Nantou(南投) ko [[Laidazuan(malavi)]] a niyaro’, 227 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 782 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 97% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 757 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 3% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 25 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Bunun(布農族)94%, Seediq(賽德克族)1%, Amis(阿美族)1%, roma(其他)1%. Ira ko picodadan(譚南派出所圖書館) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(信義分局譚南派出所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] bx7zzn7f7qlptub1ldcmmq6jrlxlpqn 0 607 13244 13243 2021-10-28T12:23:56Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 19 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 13243 wikitext text/x-wiki Laiyi（來義鄉） Itini i [[Pingtung]](屏東) ko [[Laiyi]] Siyang. sa’osi han ko po:long no palaan i, ira ko 162.27 km² (lalotolotokan a plalan no sa’osi i ira ko 70.84 km², o palaan noto’as i'a:yaw i ira ko 86.37 km²), 7,556 ko tamdaw i Laiyi Siyang, 2,230 ko parod no loma’, itini i niyaro’ a Yincomin(原住民) sa’osi han ira ko 7,327 a tamdaw, pakaala to 97%(Paiwan排灣族\) no polong no tamdaw. o Paiwan ko sa’alomanay i Pingtung Siyang. ==O kasaniyarona== 7 ko cun, 10 ko niyaro’ i Laiyi Siyang. [[Kuljaljau]]（古樓部落）, [[Vungalid]]（望嘉部落）, [[Payljus]]（白鷺部落）, [[Calasiv]]（丹林部落）, [[Tjuwaqau]]（大後部落）, [[Siljevavav]]（喜樂發發吾部落）, [[Tjana’asiya]]（義林部落）, [[Pucunug]]（文樂部落）, [[Tjalja’avus]]（來義部落）, [[Takamimura]]（高見部落）. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] 65i8crypztr5o5868pz8hva5udoan48 0 608 45417 13248 2025-01-09T10:25:30Z KaoShengHan 2751 45417 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} [[Faylo:Indiana-rural-road.jpg|left|200px|thumb|Lalan]] [[Faylo:Lalan 道路.ogg|縮圖|Adihay ku karireng i lalan.]] 7w96h33vwuabh5s048y8b126avi6zpt 0 609 13267 13266 2021-10-28T12:24:01Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 18 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 13266 wikitext text/x-wiki Lalauran（拉勞蘭部落） Itiniay i [[Taimali]](太麻里) Cen no Taitung(台東縣) ko [[Lalauran]] a niyaro’, 60 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 151 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 90% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 136 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 10% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 15 ko tamdaw. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] r38egj02pwsj3b6mmf7qsgg2s3ywudc 0 610 35336 13293 2023-04-01T03:37:28Z Kai3952 413 35336 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Lalauya.JPG|thumb|200px|Lalauya]] Lalauya（樂野部落） Itiniay i [[Alishan]](阿里山) Cen no Chiayi(嘉義) ko [[Lalauya]] a niyaro’, 378 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 1,165 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 68% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 787 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 32% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 378 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Cou(鄒族)56%, Bunun(布農族)1%, roma(其他)2%. Ira ko picodadan(阿里山國小、阿里山國中、阿里山小學附幼、拉拉吾雅部落圖書資訊站) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(阿里山鄉公所、阿里山戶政事務所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(阿里山衛生所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] pzoc8sy8s77mouc4ztq1vi6opdn5d9y 0 611 13317 13316 2021-10-28T12:24:07Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 23 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 13316 wikitext text/x-wiki Lalekeleke（力里部落） Itiniay i [[Chunri]](春日) Cen no Pingtung(屏東) ko [[Lalekeleke]] a niyaro’, 154 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 577 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 97% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 562 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 3% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 15 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Paiwan(排灣族)97%. Ira ko paisingan(力裡村衛生室) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(消防局春日分隊) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 0b0cv91k7mnq9i932xqlt8apucxcpud 0 612 13336 13335 2021-10-28T12:24:09Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 18 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 13335 wikitext text/x-wiki Laliavan（拉里亞灣部落） Itiniay i [[Jinfeng]] Cen no Taitung(台東) ko [[Laliavan]] a niyaro’, 26 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 83 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 96% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 80 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 4% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 3 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko . == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] j0k580a9076nd0frq7nl2fzqwi4kpfv 0 613 13363 13362 2021-10-28T12:24:12Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 26 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 13362 wikitext text/x-wiki Lalumaang（東方羅馬部落） Itiniay i [[Xincheng]](新城) Cen no Hualien(花蓮) ko [[Lalumaang]] a niyaro’, 204 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 542 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 39% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 214 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 61% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 328 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)26%, Bunun(布農族)1%, Tayal(泰雅族)1%, Truku(太魯閣族)7%, Kebalan(噶瑪蘭族)2%, Paiwan(排灣族)1%, roma(其他)2%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] pie41fpw499t68zmkdg3o9lmy5yn2c9 0 614 13388 13387 2021-10-28T12:24:15Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 24 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 13387 wikitext text/x-wiki Lamuan（南安部落） Itiniay i [[Zhuoxi]](卓溪) Cen no Hualien(花蓮縣) ko [[Lamuan]] a niyaro’, 34 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 146 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 99% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 144 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 1% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 2 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Bunun(布農族)88%, Amis(阿美族)1%, Paiwan(排灣族)1%, Cou(鄒族)1%, roma(其他)8%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] aine1mure13zedkwi1kcbn6m5wt2w3a 0 615 39664 39662 2023-10-07T07:38:29Z Ｍayawtowid 44 39664 wikitext text/x-wiki == O ngangan no Langas (拉加善部落由來) == O ngangan no Langas a niyaro’ , o pakayniay i sowal no ’amis, iraay a matilid i cacod no likisi (台東洲採訪冊) a「len-san-cay-saya」(人山仔社) hananay a matiliday, ira ko cingangafolanay a epoc i ’ayaw. malosiyangay to ngangafolan tonini a sera, sa mapangangan to「Langas 」hananay a sowal ko masaPangcahay, o ngangan no niyaro’ itiya ho, icowaay ko aro’ a tamdaw ato caciyaw nangra, o cecayay ko pinangan maemin a malecad, roma i, caayay ka adihay ko paniyaro’an no to’as ho no mita, Langas han to ngangan ko niyaro’. i ka Riponan ho, Pa’ilasen han no Ripon a pangangan koni a niyaro’, mapapolong to Langasan, Morocan, Atolan, polong han a pangangan to cecay Pa’ilasen sanay a ngangan. tahira to i Minko’ko tolo polo’ ira ko enem a miheca, '''sa kalitolo''' han to a paliyaw a pangangan ko Pi’ilasen,Fo-ming a niyaro’ han to tahamatini. talacowa adihay ko kongko no mato’asay i kasaniyaroaro’ , nikaorira awaay ko tilid no mita, orasaka adihay ko kapawanan to. == O kasiikedan no niyaro’(部落特色) == O Langas a riyaro’, i cinamalay a Cya-tao(車站) no Fo-yen to 2 Kongliay (公里) a pala, i notimolan no Atolan a niyaro , i no’amisan no Fo-yen ’alo. itini i Fo-ming (富民村) a niyaro’ a 11 to 17 Lin (鄰) ko limaw no Langas a riyaro’. na i lalom’ay no Atolan ko Langas a riyaro’ i tiya ho, nawhani mitodongay a malinah ko finawlan no Kiwit a niyaro’ no Langas, saka o cecay ko niyaro cangra a masa’opo i Langas. Itini i Fo-ming (富民村) a niyaro’ haw i, ira ko Langas a niyaro, Atolan a niyaro’ ato Morocan a niyaro’ a malacacay a tata’akay a niyaro’ to makalalima i Fo-ming a niyaro. nawhani o cecayay ko ngangan no niyarao’ no to’as ita i ‘ayaw. nikaorira, aniniay to a tamdaw, dodo han to nangra ko pikakonis a pala no mikingkiway. == O demak no niyaro’(部落重大事件) == '''Langiwngiwan no Langasa a taloan''' Mikaykiay ko malitengay, '''kapah''' ato mikowanay to kalofinacadan a sa’opo i taloan no Langasa, mikayki to wen-ciyen-can(文建站) ta manga’ay sa ko picomod a maro’ i taloan. onini a demak i, nawhani adihay ko caay ka lecad ko herateng no Tapang ato wen-ciyen-can. saka ira ko mipifalic to tapang no niyaro’ a harateng no kapah no niyaro , to’eman sato ko pising no itiraay. == O nikalopisak no Langas (人口分佈) == Itiniay i [[Ruisui]]-Syiang(瑞穗) no HualienSiyen(花蓮縣) ko [[Langas]] a niyaro’, 136 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 342 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 89% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 304 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 11% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 38 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)68%, Bunun(布農族)18%, Paiwan(排灣族)1%, Truku(太魯閣族)1%, roma(其他)1%. == O finacadan no Yincomin (所屬阿美族群) == Na itira i tarawadaw no Kalingko talatimol tangasa i Cilamitay, nawhani maemin paniyaro’ i lawac no Siwkolan a tarawadaw sa mapangangan to Siwkolan a ’amis. i tiniay i Ruysuy-syang (瑞穗鄉 sowal no holam ) no Hualien-siyen (花蓮縣 sowal no holam ) ko Atolan a niyaro’, i tatihitihi no nyato’ i ira ko Atolan ato Morocan a niyaro. iraay ko Kiwit a niyaro’, [[Olaw]] a niyaro’, [[Olalip]] niyaro’, [[Kalala]] a niyaro’, [[Sapat]] a niyaro’, [[Atolan]] a niyaro’, [[Langas]] a niyaro’, [[Lacihakan]] a niyaro’ , [[Koyo]] a niyaro’ ato [[Morocan]] a niyaro, falo a niyaro' ko kasaniyaro'aro' i Ruysuy-syang. == O pitooran no finawlan (族人信仰) == Ira to 60 a miheca a likisi ko Fo-ming tingsikiw 富民天主堂, o makatelang a elieli'an a kiwkay no langasan, ikor i cifaloco' ko finawlan no kiwkay a misanga' to kiwkayl no niyaro’. ta ira ko matiniay a ‘amoto a pitooran. o pitooran ko finawlan no Langas,. mamaan ca ko deamk no sapitolon ko niyaro’. pakayni sa’opo no kinkay，malosakarikec sto sakarakat no ’orip no Yincumin, ano iraay ko adada, o pades ato ira ko tatiihay a manmaan a demakan, maemin mitahidang to kiwkay mipadang. == O kasadakan Tilid(參考文獻) == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 9j3lod777o7lsfeharzwvo48tgqlkp9 0 616 13456 13455 2021-10-28T12:24:22Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 24 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 13455 wikitext text/x-wiki Lanngdun（人倫部落） Itiniay i [[Xinyi]](信義) Cen no Nantou(南投縣) ko [[Lanngdun]] a niyaro’, 312 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 1,219 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 95% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 1,156 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 5% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 63 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Bunun(布農族)91%, Tayal(泰雅族)2%, Amis(阿美族)1%. Ira ko picodadan(人和國小、博幼部落圖書資訊站_人和) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(信義分局人倫派出所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 2ssp9m8qyclq9zoduohgzb50ul1gn5t 0 617 13473 13472 2021-10-28T12:24:25Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 16 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 13472 wikitext text/x-wiki Lanyu（蘭嶼鄉） Itini i Taitung(台東) ko [[Lanyu]] Siyang. sa’osi han ko po:long no palaan i, ira ko 47.04 km² (lalotolotokan a plalan no sa’osi i ira ko 0 km², o palaan noto’as i'a:yaw i ira ko 43.17 km²), 5,035 ko tamdaw i Lanyu Siyang, 1,798 ko parod no loma’, itini i niyaro’ a Yincomin(原住民) sa’osi han ira ko 4,243 a tamdaw, pakaala to 84%(Yami(Tao)(達悟族) no polong(全部) no tamdaw. o Yami(Tao) ko sa’alomanay i Taitung. ==O kasaniyarona== 4 ko cun, 6 ko niyaro’ i Lanyu Siyang. [[Ivalino]]（野銀部落）, [[Iranmeylek]]（東清部落）, [[Yayo]]（椰油部落）, [[Iratay]](漁人部落）, [[Imaorod]]（紅頭部落）, [[Iraraley]]（朗島部落）. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] ofcjavpcaldyyduyocugkpdu1o948bq 0 618 44460 38439 2024-08-31T07:23:01Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 縮圖 44460 wikitext text/x-wiki Laos（寮國） [[Faylo:Flag of Laos.svg|縮圖|Flag of Laos|alt=Flag of Laos]] [[Faylo:Location Laos ASEAN.svg|縮圖|Location of  Laos  (green)in ASEAN  (dark grey)  –  [Legend]]] Itini i 18 00 N, 105 00 E, noAsiya ko [[Laos]]. Polong no sekalay i 236,800 sq km “saka 84 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 230,800 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 6,000 sq km ” Polong i 7,019,073 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 10.60%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 67.90%, malo no roma to a sera 21.50%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Vientiane]](永珍) ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakatosa ko safaw 2 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Bounnhang Vorachith]](本揚·沃拉吉), patirengan a romi’ad i 2016 a miheca(年) saka 1 folad saka 22 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Laos]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Kitakit]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Asiya]] 2gahe5b7ut9ah2fr7pmowmy0srzbv71 0 619 13514 13513 2021-10-28T12:24:30Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 23 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 13513 wikitext text/x-wiki Larepaq（拉里巴部落） Itiniay i [[Daren]](達仁) Cen no Taitung(台東) ko [[Larepaq]] a niyaro’, 126 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 326 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 99% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 324 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 1% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 2 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Paiwan(排灣族)96%, Amis(阿美族)1%, Truku(太魯閣族)1%, roma(其他)2%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] t79dp8wsih58hojl270g7xidvbvrivw 0 620 13557 13556 2021-10-28T12:24:34Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 42 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 13556 wikitext text/x-wiki == O ngangan no Laso’ay（拉索艾部落） == Cen-ping a niyaro’ (sowal no holam), nano malinahay tayni tona pala ko Kabalaen a finawlan i ikor no Ka-li-wan a Fangafang a demak, mapangangan no Pangcah a finawlan konini a pala to Laso’ay , pakayni maro'ay a tamdaw, o Fata’an a finawlan ko ka adihayay. == O kasiikedan no niyaro’(部落特色) == Laso’ay a niyaro, itiniay i saka’etip a lilis no Sawalian lotok.(海岸山脈) caay ka ’alomanay a niyaro’ i ilaloma'ay no Taxan (大全村) no Guangfu-syang (光復鄉 sowal no holam ) no Hualien-siyen (花蓮縣 sowal no holam ) ko Laso’ay a niyaro’ , itihi i ira ko tosa a niyaro’, o Tafalong ato Fata’an. itini i o pangcah ko ka’aloman no Yincomin. O Laso’ay hananayay a sowal i, o makoracay a sera ta ira ko kaeso’ay tingalaway a nanom sanay. itini i Laso’ay a niyaro, itihi no Guangfu Misa’odax Kaysiyaan, ira ko apeneray a pala itira, adihay ko nanom, saka adihay ko masamaamaanay a foting, adihayay ko mifotingay tayra i tora sena’ sena’ a pala. taliyok no loma’ ira ko fanaw. adihayay ko nanom tora pipaloma’an nangra, ira ko kahirahira no serangawan no niyaro’ no Yincomin . Nawhan adihayay ko nanom tora pipaloma’an i Laso’ay a niyaro, saka ira to ko Palakaw haanay a mipalomaay to foting. o palakaw haanay haw i , o paloma’ay to foting, o nicidekay a taneng ato fana’ no to’as no mita o ’Amis to pifoting konini. onini a palakaw haw i, o cecay to pipahapinang. '''Minanam to mifoting no to’as''' Pakayni’ay palakaw haanay haw i, citangalay ko mato’asay no mita, mafana’ a misanga' to loma’ no foting, caay to ka talacowacowa a mifoting ko itiya:ay a mato’asay no mita. nawhan caay i taliyok no riyar ato mamangay tora alo’ko Laso’ay a niyaro, caay ka nikaw cangra to kakaenen to ko mato’asay no mita a mafana’ misanga’ to kaka’oripan a serayan. Saka ira to ko palakaw haanay a mifotingan. o Palakaw how i, ira ko tolo a tongroh ko pisanga’ toya palakawan, saka cecay a tongroh o ’awol i kalaeno, saka tosa a tongroh o lalidec, saka tolo a tongroh o ’arifakar, nawhan misanga’ to tolo a tongroh. Saka cecay a tongroh, i kalaeno no palakawan i, o ta’akay a ’awol ko mapateliay, o kakamaro'an no ta’akay a foting , i kalaeno noya ’awol i laloma’ no sera i, ira ko caay ciriko'ay malecadlay to 'oneray a foting, o toda ato 'arifakar. saka tosa a tongroh, o caay ka lecaday to foting a foting, i masetatihiay to rakat ko cecay, caay ka 'araway to mata ko tosa, o kakamaro'an no kalang ato kafos itira. saka tolo a tongroh, o ’arifakar ko mapateliay, o kakamokoan no cicikafay a nampokoy ato masamaamaanay a foting no ’alo itira. mapapilimekan nora foting ko loma’ nangra, ta caay ka kaen no ta’akay a foting ko mamangay a foting. == O nikalopisak no Laso‘ay (人口分佈) == Itiniay i [[Guangfu]]Syang(光復鄉) no HualienSyen(花蓮縣) ko [[Laso‘ay]] a niyaro’, 237 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 641 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 44% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 284 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 56% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 357 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, o 'Amis(阿美族)42%, roma(其他)2%. Ira ko picodadan no ka'emangay(大進國小) i niyaro’. == O finacadan no Yincomin(所屬阿美族群) == itiniay i Guangfun-syang (光復鄉 sowal no holam ) no Hualien-siyen(花蓮縣sowal no holam) ko Laso’ay a niyaro’, na itira i Taxan talatimol tangasa i Guangfu misa’odax kaysiyaan. o tatapangan a niyaro’, ira ko Tafalong, o Fata’an, o Kiwit, mililis to tarawadaw no Siwkolang a siniyaro’, na itira i tarawadaw no Kalingko talatimol tangasa i Cilamitay, nawhani maemin paniyaro’ i lawac no Siwkolan a tarawadaw sa mapangangan to Siwkolan a ’amis. ira ko Fata’an a niyaro’, o Tafalong a niyaro’, o Sadoa niyaro’, o Atomo a niyaro’, o Kalotong a niyaro’, o Kalotong a niyaro’, o Fahol a niyaro’,o Laso‘ay a niyaro’ ato o kakay a niyaro, falo a niyaro' ko pipolongan. == O pitooran no finawlan (族人信仰) == O tolon to saki i taliyokay no mita a tamdaw, itini i ira ko pitooran ngara, pakayni sa’opo no kinkay, malosakarikec sto sakavakat no ’orip no Yincomin, mamaan ca ko deamk no sapitolon ko niyaro’. o pitooran ko finawlan no Laso’ay i, ora ma’araway a kiwkay i, ira ko tosa a kinkay i Fata’an , o tingsi-kiw ato ciwlo-kiwkay, o ciwlo-kiwkay a tamdaw ko ka adihay. kalimelaan ko sowal no Kawas, to sakafana’ to ’orip no tamdaw, ato awaay to ko kaka to nikafana’ to codad. == O tahapinangan (參考文獻) == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] e3xhlo2mmsi5gimnu3ukj9xvlhpqniy 0 621 13580 13579 2021-10-28T12:24:36Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 22 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 13579 wikitext text/x-wiki Lasutan（拉署旦部落） Itiniay i [[Hualien]](花蓮縣) Cen no Hualien(花蓮巿) ko [[Lasutan]] a niyaro’, 1,940 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 4,942 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 13% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 633 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 87% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 4,309 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)9%, Tayal(泰雅族)1%, Truku(太魯閣族)1%. Ira ko picodadan(自強國中) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] dsbleg470f5dd5h7vlm8kdd3sqvb14s 0 622 30251 30210 2022-01-22T00:32:50Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q211]] 30251 wikitext text/x-wiki Latvia（拉脫維亞） [[Faylo:Flag of Latvia.svg|thumb|Flag of Latvia|alt=Flag of Latvia]] [[Faylo:EU-Latvia.svg|thumb|Location of  Latvia  (dark green)– in Europe  (green & dark grey)– in the European Union  (green)  –  [Legend]]] Itini i 57 00 N, 25 00 E, noYoropi ko [[Latvia]]. Polong no sekalay i 64,589 sq km “saka 124 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 62,249 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 2,340 sq km ” Polong i 1,965,686 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 29.20%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 54.10%, malo no roma to a sera 16.70%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Riga]](里加) ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakacecay ko safaw 18 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Raimonds Vējonis]](萊伊蒙茨·維尤尼斯), patirengan a romi’ad i 2015 a miheca(年) saka 7 folad saka 8 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] eedkskr33w3hljk72d9n1vmhix15msy 0 623 13621 13620 2021-10-28T12:24:41Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 23 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 13620 wikitext text/x-wiki Laulauzan（美園部落） Itiniay i [[Majia]](瑪家) Cen no Pingtung(屏東縣) ko [[Laulauzan]] a niyaro’, 224 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 759 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 95% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 718 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 5% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 41 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Rukai(魯凱族)73%, Paiwan(排灣族)17%, Amis(阿美族)1%, Bunun(布農族)1%, roma(其他)3%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 3pkjb2t2v4ddx62j4niarhg0vcexkvl 0 624 13649 13648 2021-10-28T12:24:45Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 27 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 13648 wikitext text/x-wiki Lavulan（拉芙蘭部落） Itiniay i [[Taoyuan]](桃源) Cen no Kaohsiung(高雄市) ko [[Lavulan]] a niyaro’, 81 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 222 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 99% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 219 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 1% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 3 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Bunun(布農族)96%, Tayal(泰雅族)0.5%, Rukai(魯凱族)0.5%, Puyuma(卑南族)0.5%, Paiwan(排灣族)0.5%, roma(其他)0.5%. Ira ko imeng(六龜分局拉芙蘭派出所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 8hwjwjx10235dhybcpp3845pzaa7bay 0 625 30252 30211 2022-01-22T00:32:52Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q822]] 30252 wikitext text/x-wiki Lebanon（黎巴嫩） [[Faylo:Flag of Lebanon.svg|thumb|Flag of Lebanon|alt=Flag of Lebanon]] [[Faylo:Lebanon (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Location of Lebanon]] Itini i 33 50 N, 35 50 E, noAsiya ko [[Lebanon]]. Polong no sekalay i 10,400 sq km “saka 170 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 10,230 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 170 sq km ” Polong i 6,237,738 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 63.30%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 13.40%, malo no roma to a sera 23.30%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Beirut]](貝魯特) ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakacecay ko safaw 22 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Michel Aoun]](密歇爾·奧恩), patirengan a romi’ad i 2016 a miheca(年) saka 10 folad saka 31 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 8vfys1qw4zblzynv30qf3ag3g81go79 0 626 13689 13688 2021-10-28T12:24:50Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 22 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 13688 wikitext text/x-wiki Lemiyau（伊屯部落） Itiniay i [[Shizi]](獅子) Cen no Pingtung(屏東縣) ko [[Lemiyau]] a niyaro’, 59 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 146 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 93% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 136 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 7% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 10 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Paiwan(排灣族)90%, Rukai(魯凱族)1%, roma(其他)3%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 7n8fc5jvo61g7t0n3b81sgpin4io5rn 0 627 40199 40198 2023-11-29T22:11:41Z CommonsDelinker 39 Removing [[:c:File:Kamaro'an_no_sifo.png|Kamaro'an_no_sifo.png]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Jameslwoodward|Jameslwoodward]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/Files by Masaonikar|]]. 40199 wikitext text/x-wiki == Lesotho（賴索托） == [[Faylo:Flag of Lesotho.svg|縮圖|O fayafay no Lesotho.]] Lesotho hongti a kitakit (Sesoto sowal: Mmuso wa Lesotho, Inkiris: Kingdom of Lesotho), kasomowal Lesotho, ino katimolay a Africa faniyot, o sata’akay kitakit a kitakit i hekal, o polong mataliyokay no South Africa nikapolongan kitakit, katatongodan a ngapir calay 909 kongli ko kakaya’. Nawhani o takaraway a dafdaf, sasowalen ko Lesotho o “I kakarayanay hongti a kitakit” [3]. Oni Lesotho kitakit sanay a sowal “o somowalay to Sesoto a tamdaw” sanay. O nano Inkiris a nicingcingan a sera, orasaka sacisowal sa ko Europe to Lesotho o Basutilan saan. O Lesotho o nano lekapot no tata'akay Inkiris a lekatep, i 1966 miheca 10 folad 4 romi’ad nai Inkiris misiiked. O dadahal no kitakit ira ko 30355 pinfang kongli, 2018 miheca tamdaw salongam 210 ’ofad 8328 ko tamdaw. O tararikoray ko kicay no Lesotho, o saawaay ko kacowat a kitakit, salongan ira ko 49% a tamdaw ko ’orip o sasafaay no kasakitakit manikaway calay cecay romi’ad 1.25 Amilika payso, orasaka o AIDS caay ka ’emed[4]. == Likisi (歷史) == === ’Aya:way likisi (早期歷史) === Saan ko mikingkiway to likisi nihaydaan a sowal, o San tamdaw i o nano Basuto finacadan, Coy tamdaw ato cecay nai kawaliay no sifo’ay a Africa sahefong mafolaway tayni a Bantu sowal dotoc a fanacadan[5] I 19 sici, katimolay no Africa Bantu a tamdaw o kacacefis to sera ato nanom, oarasaka mararawraw masala’eday rimi’ad halafinay a “lalood no niyaro’”, o sasowalen a likisi “Zulu Civil War” hananay[6]. I 1818 miheca, tona ka’amisay a Zulu hongti kitakit sodsod sa malamikowanay, katimolay sa a malopisakay ko aro’ aniniay Lesotho (itiya o Basutulan) katimolay a niyaro malowid ni Moshushu saka cecay a tapang palekatep. === O ’aya:way Basutulan hongti kitakit (巴蘇陀王國早期) === I 1822 miheca, ci Moshushu saka cecay a tapang patireng to Basuto hongti kitakit. Nikawrira ikor no 1 miheca to 1823 miheca miteka marawraw a malalood ato pahiceraay itini a Netherland a micingcingay Boolean tamdaw, ikor masasitilid to katatelek. I 1853 miheca, malaliyaw hace ato Inkiris rarawraw to salongan a siwtoc, ikor paterep masasitelek to kasasinga’ay. I 1858 miheca, malaliyaw rarawraw ato Boolean tamdaw macacefisay to sera a siwtoc, itiya i 1865 mihecaan mangalef a mangalef. === O Basutulan picingcingan (巴蘇陀蘭殖民時期) === I 1868 miheca, o sapiliyang to Boolean tamdaw micalap a katalawan, ci Moshushu saka cecay a tapang mingitangit to Inkiris a mala no Inkiris a dadipoten a sera, itiya o Basutulan han ito. I 1870 miheca, mapatay to ci Moshushu. I 1871 miheca, itiya pacomod han to no Inkiris ko Basutulan i Cape nicingcingan a sera, kaliyangen no finawlan a milifet, ikor tatongotongodsa ko kalaloodan. I 1884 miheca, nengneng han o caayay to ka’emet ko nia demak no niyaro’, mihapiw ko Inkiris to Basutulan mala o “satakaraway citodongay a sera”, pasasiikeden to 7 ko dademakan sa’etal, kasa’etal miocor ko citodongay no Inkiris a maro’ itira. I 1945 miheca, paherek ko saka 2 kalaloodan, Inkiris, France i Africa nicingcingan mikowan a nitatenaan mapeleng. I 1955 miheca, o Basutulan pasayra i Inkiris milongoc to patikoaw to sapidemak ato sapirikec a salongoc. I 1959 miheca, o Inkiris mihayda no Basutulan to sapifalic a tilid, midotoc patireng to “patirengay to kimpo kalomaocan” ato “noniyah pikowan a sifo” (ano ’arawen o pafelian ko sakowan, so’elinay oya: to o Inkiris ko citodongay mitelek). Oya mihecaan, mihapiw to fa^elohay kimpo, misitapang patala to citodongay to pirikecan “patirengay to kimpo kalomaocan” a singkiw. I 1960 miheca, o “patirengay to kimpo kalomaocan” a singkiwan, o Basutulan ta’akay a sarekad (BCP) ko pakalowiday. I 1965 miheca 4 folad 29 romi’ad, midemak ko Basutulan sakinacecay polong no kitakit to kalomaocan a singkiw, nawhani o Souyh Africa sifo a nicoderan a payso, saka o Basutulan Komin sarekad (BNP) ko ’alimanay ko lomaocay, saka tosa romi’ad patireng to noniyah pikowan a sifo, o tapang ci Moshushu saka tosa hongti kitakit masongila’ to kacitodong. === Lesotho hongti kitakit kacitodongan (賴索托王國時期) === I 1966 miheca 10 folad 4 romi’ad, Moshushu saka tosa mihapiw to pisiiked, patireng to ngangan no kitakit o Lesotho hongti kitakit, midemak to no hontian rikec, o Basutulan Komin sarekad (BNP) a kakeridan tamdaw ci Jonathan. I 1970 miheca 1 folad, ci Jonathan nai pisikedan a singkiw malasawad to ’alomanay a sarekad a kacitodong. I 1970 miheca 2 folad, ci Jonathan caay ka kahi patorod to sapikowang, mihapiw to matamoray a demak, mihapiw ko niyah o kakeridan no kitakit. O hongti no kitakit ci Moshushu saka tosa a marofo, ikor malafel milaliw to. I 1970 miheca 6 folad, ci Moshushu saka tosa mangalay milayap a caay to pikihar to sici, i 12 folad patiko minokay i kitakit, ci Jonathan midemak to nisateked a mikowan. I 1973 miheca 3 folad, mapatangic no laloma’ay papotalay kitakit a kasasowalen, ci Jonathan misatapang mitahidang to sapipartireng to “linci finawlan kalomaocan” a fa^elohay kimpo. I 1973 miheca 7 fola, ci Jonathan mihapiw palasawa to to matamoray a demak. I 1986 miheca 1 folad 1 romi’ad, o Lesotho mifilih ko sofitay, ci Lekhanya kakerian mifelih to sifo ni Jonathan. Nanoya “linci finawlan kalomaocan” makotay no sofitay wuyyinhuy. I 1988 miheca 4 folad, no Lesotho lalimaay a miliyangay a sarekad milongoc to sakalomowadaw no finawlan a sakowan to sifo. Caay kahalafin, o Basotho ta’akay sarekad (BCP) kakeridan tamdaw ci Nzu Mohle paherek ko kalafel a minokay i kitakit. I 1990 miheca 2 folad, sofitay sifo ato hongti macacefis to sakowan, ci Moshushu saka tosa malingangan ko pisarikec ato sakadademak a salongo. 11 folad, sofitay sifo mapalasawad ko kacingangan ni Moshushu saka tosa, patireng to sakakaay wawa ci Letzier saka tolo ko hongti no kitakit. I 1991 miheca 4 folad 30 romi’ad, miliyaw rarawraw masasifelih ko sofitay, matefad ci Lekhanya, ci Elias Ramaema a kakeridan ko mikeriday to sofitay wuyyinhuy. I 1992 miheca 6 folad, o sofitay wuyyinhuy mihapiw i 11 folad misingkiw. Ta miocor to tamdaw tayra i London miala ci Moshushu saka tosa panokay. I 1993 miheca 3 folad, sofitay sifo pafeli to sakowan i finawlan midemak to saka 2 a singkiw. O Basotho ta’akay sarekad (BCP) a kakeridan ci Nzu Mohle mala kakeriday no kitakit. I 1994 miheca, sofitay pakayni i kakaenen ato kalipidaan a macangal rarawraw masasietoc. Toya miheca 8 folad, ci Letzier saka tolo i kararawrawan mipalowad to sapifelih, macefis to ko sapikowan, mihapiw to sapiiliyaw a misingkiw no kalomaocan, midakdak to patiko ci Moshushu saka tosa a kacingangan. I 1995 miheca 1 folad 25 romi’ad, ci Moshushu saka tosa mapalowad ko kacingangan. I 1996 miheca 1 fola, ci Moshushu saka tosa matolo’ a mapatay. Saka 2 folad, ci Letzier saka tolo miliyaw mapatireng ko kalahongti no kitakit. I 1998 miheca 5 fola, midemak to saka tolo a singkiw, Lesotho pakoniraay ta’akay sarekad ci Pacalita Mosicili to ko kakerida no kitakit, miliyangay a sarekad milifet to fa^elohay sifo, sofitay tamaw mafafelih, mararawraw mafafelih ko sofitay. I 2002 miheca 5 folad, midotoc to macamolay singkiw sakafangcal ko demak misingkiw, o Lesotho pakoniraay ta’akay sarekad pakalowid ho, kakeridan no sarekad ci Pacalita Mosicili to ko kakerida no kitakit. I 2007 miheca 2 folad 17 romi’ad, midemak to fa^elohay kalomaocan singkiw. O Lesotho pakoniraay ta’akay sarekad pakalowid ho to kalomaocan nao 120 ko ngangan to 61 ngangan, polong no Basuto ta’akay sareka ira ko 17 ko ngangan[7]. == Palapalaan (地理) == === Aaro’an (位置) === O Lesotho o i katimolay no Africa a safaniyot kaitiraan. O dadahal ira ko 30355 pinfang kongli, o i takaraway dafdaf laloma’ay kitakit, o salawacan no kitakit saheto maliyokay no South Africa. ==== Cahedal no sera (地貌) ==== Makarotoday ko sera no Lesotho, takaraw ko kawali paener ko kaetip, takaraway lotok ira ko 58%, dafdaf ira ko 17%, o masa’apoloay 15%, ’alo ira ko 10%, manga;ayay kaliomahen a sera iro ko 24 ’ofad a kofo, o 13% i polong no kitakit. Kawali ka’amis o iraay 1800-3000m a lotolotok ato takaraway dafdaf, o Orange ’alo ato Tugela ’alo a tatapangan; Kaetip katimol mililis to salawacan ira ko dadahalay to 40 kongli dadahalay a masa’apoloay, polong tamdaw no kitakit 70% itira a masaopo[8]. === Kafafalic no romi’ad (氣候) === O Lesotho nao fa'edetay kakarayan karaso’emetay romi’ad. 5-9 folad o kakedalan, 10-4 folad o ka’oradan, sa’akaraway a falawfaw 33˚C, o sapoeneray -7˚C. == sici (政治) == === Kimpo (憲法) === Aniniay kimpo nai 1993 miheca 3 folad mihapiw misitapang. Matelek i kimpo: hongti no kitakit o kakeridan no kitakit ato mirikecay a hongti, laloma’an citodongay to kadademak, kakeridan o tapang no  sifo. === Sifo (政府) === Laloma’an no citodongay ira ko: Kakeridan tapang citodong to pilaocan no kitait, kincac ato sakarihaday no kitakit ko todong. Micokeray to Kakeridan tapang citodong to no niyaro’ a sifo, tapang no niyaro’ ato kalomaocan a demak ko todong. Fafahiyan, kapah, onto ato kalawlaan ko todong. Pacomahad mihalaka ko todong. Kapolongan patadoay ko todong. Kinairaira, kasafalifalic ato nanom ko todong. Kapolongan dafong ko todong. Pirarakatan, taloyok nap alas ato ponka ko todong. Kapolongan dadekakan ato picolo’an ko todong. Sarikec, tamdaw salongoc ato kimpo a dademaken ko todong. Kasacalay paratoh ato kaki ko todong. Kilingan ato sera pisaomah ko todong. Kalaliaca, kikayan sakatayal, kakomod ato icifa ko todong. Fodawan ko todong. Kaliomahan ato karihaday no kakaenen ko todong. Kiwiko ato pinanam ko todong. Kacowat no syakay ko todong. Katayalan ato kalingadan ko todong. Kakeridan tapang laloma’an ko todong. Hoying ato palatamdaway ko todong. Kacacofelan a demak ato kasakitakit demak ko todong. Isian ko todong. Laloma’an demak ko todong. === Lamaocan (議會) === Tosaay ko kalomaocan faco no kitakit[9]. Fafa'eday kalomaocan ira ko 33 no lomaocay, nidotoc tono kakeridan no dademakay ko hongti to patoro’an a 11 ko lomaocay ato 22 ko tapang no niyaro’ a sakapot. Kararemay kalomaocan ira ko 120 ko lomaocay sakapot, lomaocay nai sa’etal nisingkiwan a taypiaw ato patodongan taypiaw k sakareko, 5 miheca k rekad. === Sician a kasarekad (政黨) === Mitokiay ira ko 19 a sician a kasarekad, maparapot ko 12 a sician a kasarekad i tona rekad kalomaocan a ngangan. Ira ko 7 a tadamaanay sician a kasarekad sasiiked: 1. Basotho National Party 2. All Basotho Convention Party 3. Lesotho Congress for Democracy 4. Democratic Congress 5. National Independent Party 6. Lesotho Workers Party O romaroma to o mimingay a sician a kasarekad: o Basotholand Convention Party, Lesotho people Convention Party, Mari Matlu-freeden Party, Lesotho communist party, All Congress forgroup party. === kacacofelan a demak dademaken (外交政策) === Nawhani dahdah ko kaitiraan no pala, miti’er to no South Africa ko sici ato kicay ko Lesotho, o nia tosaay kitakit masasinga’ayay. O Europe a kitakit masasinga’ay ko kacacofelan to Lesotho, nika dengan o Congko ato pina kitakit ko patirengay to kadademakan itira. O Lesotho o mikapoay to katimolay Africa faniyot to cowatan lekatep ato katimolay Africa faniyot lisataan lekatep. Roma, o mikapotay to Linhoko ko Lesotho, o Africa faniyot nipatatekoan ato Tata'akay Inkiris a Lekatep. I 1983 miheca 4 folad 30 romi’ad, o Lesotho ato Congko kitakit patireng to kacacofelan a demak. I 1990 miheca 4 folad malaliyaw ko Lesotho ato Taywan (ROC) kacacofelan a demak, itiya o Congko ato Lesotho kitakit misasisawad to acacofelan a demak. 1994 miheca 1 folad 12 romi’ad, Congko kitakit ato Lesotho kitakit miketon malaliyaw ko kacacofelan a demak. 2005 miheca 11 folad 30 romi’a tangasa 12 folad 6 romi’ad, o Lesotho hongti kitakit a citodongay kakeridan ci Pacalita Mosicili miliso’ to Congko. == O kasasiiked a sakowan (行政區劃) == Polong no kasasiiked 10 ko sakowan. O kasaniyaro’ citodongay caay ho ka patireng, oya sa o tapang no niyaro’ ko midemakay citodongay to no niyaro’, anini ira ko 1084 tamdaw ko tapang no niyaro’ [11]. {| class="wikitable" |Kasarayray (tamdaw) |Kasa’etal |Ta’akay maci |Sakowat (pinfang kongli) |Tamdaw (2001) |- |1 |Maseru District |Maseru |4,279 |477,599 |- |2 |Leribe District |Leribe |2,828 |362,339 |- |3 |Berea District |Teyateyaneng |2,222 |300,557 |- |4 |Mafeteng District |Mafeteng |2,119 |238,946 |- |5 |Mohale's Hoek District |Mohale's Hoek |3,530 |206,842 |- |6 |Quthing District |Quthing |2,916 |140,641 |- |7 |Thaba-Tseka District |Thaba-Tseka |4,270 |133,680 |- |8 |Butha-Buthe District |Butha-Buthe |1,767 |126,907 |- |9 |Mokhotlong District |Mokhotlong |4,075 |89,705 |- |10 |Qacha's Nek District |Qacha's Nek |2,349 |80,323 |} == Kicay (經濟) == Nawhan i 1998 miheca rarawraw masasiwtoc to singkiw, saka fafelih no sofitay, mararawraw ko finawlan, masapater ko kicay[12]. Ikor no 2000 mihecaan, o kicay cemahad tira to i 3-4%, o macekelay ko kacemahad. === O finawlan ko pi’arawan a sa’osi (國民生產總值) === O kinaira no finawlan o nai katayra i South Africa a misafodawanay a pinafalic a payso, maomahan kinaira, katinolay Africa faniyot lisataan lekatep a sata malsalan ato padama no papotalay kitakit. O payso masasdakay no sifo a GDP ira ko 27%[13]. === Kaliomah (農業) === I laloma’an no kitakit ira ko faloay a finawlan maro’ay i maomahan sa’etal a malingaday, nikawrira nawhani masonol ko sera ato mihecaan kafodo’an, o kakaenen caay ka’edeng ko no niyah, mata’elif ko pito mitado to no South Africa a pacomodan, takaraw ko ’aca, caay ko karenecan no finawlan koni, orasaka to mihecahecaan a makedal[14]. Oni kaomahan a kinaira ira ko: ’ariray, ^mi, kalitangan, falisan, kalo’emi, pina’orip. Maomahan kinaira a GDP ira ko 7.4%. === Kikay ko sakatayal (工業) === Laloma’ no kitakit awaayay ko katayalan ira ko 25%. Kasakapah a tamdaw o madengaay no AIDS sakatolo no hekal, saka malasawad to ko matayalal, o matayalay tamdaw no kitakit dengan 874,200. Tona mihecaan, ono Taywan patodongan a misariko’ay macowatay[15], saki Amilika a nitenooyan pasadakan o saka cecay i katimolay Africa safaniyot, o micokeray to kicay no finawlan a nitayalan, to mihecaan micomod to 5 payso no Amilika. Nikawrira macakat ko rand no South Africa, pinayar no Amilika to “Africa safaniyot kacakat ato sakapatodong a rikec” mahayda ko no Africa safoniyot salaenoay a cemahad a kitakit matayalay a militado to saka tolo kitakit a lalosidan patayra i Amilika tenooyan dafong manayar ko sapakahafay ato hekalan tenooyan a malacecayay caayay ko sakanga’ay, i 2010 mihecaan, o misanga’ay to riko’ a tayal talahenotay. I 2013 miheca, mapasadakay polong ira ko 941,200,000 payso no Amilika, saheto nano nisanga’an a (riko’ ato kacu), fanoh no siri ato fanoh efa no riyar, kakaenen ato ma’oripay ’a’adopen, dingki, nanom, falatfatay fokeloh[16]. == Patadoay tayal (服務業) == Mipalowad pacomahad ko sifo to pirarakatan, pina miheca miliyaw mifaic to hotel ato i lotokay pirarakatan ato cecay kitakit koying, o marsarakatay saho to nai South Africa, 2012 mihecaan micomoday kinaira no mirarakatay ira 6 walwalan malotti payso (7300 ’ofa Amilika payso) [17]. Oni kitakit o itiniay i riyaran 1000m, malo caayay kanengneng ira ko katefa no so^ea niyaro’ no Africa safaniyot, matatoong ko kaciso^eda, manga’ay macoker ko Africa safaniyot pieseran to so^ea pisalamaan[18]. I 2006 miheca ira ko salongan 5.2 ’ofad matayalay tayra i Saouth Africa matayal to misamararay mietan to papotalay payso. Ira ko salongan fafahiyan mapatangicay tayra roma kitakit paamso tasalamaan pataoay tayal. Sifo maedes ko pi’emet to paci’ciay to sakacilafo. == Papotalay sadama (外國援助) == Tosaay padamaan nai Inkiris, Amilika, Irelan, Germany, Dipong kitakit padamsoay; adihayay padama nai Europe nipatatekoan, Africa cowatan kiking no payso, Linhoko kakaenen halakaan ato kasakitakit sapicemahad kasacefang. I 2011 miheca, o hekalay-kinko padamso to 5000 ’ofad Amilika payso a sapadang, saki kiwiko, isi, maomah, salawacan rihaday patirengan ato Metron tafa’ a kamok patirengan. I 2013 miheca 6 folad, hekalay-kinko padamso to 1.8 walwalan malotti payso caayay patikoen, padama midemak macowat pidamak to halaka; oya folad o Saudi Arabia mihayda to hekalan kakaenen halaka padamso to 19.6 ’ofad Amilika payso a kakaenen sadama. I 2013 miheca 7 folad, masasitelek to Europe nipatatekoan, o Europe nipatatekoan pasamso to 680 ’ofad Europe payso, sapadang patireng to pasomso, pifalahan to nanom a faco. == Syakay (社會) == === Parana’an patirengan (基礎設施) === Laloma’an a takaraway dafdaf pananoman katayalen nai 1911 miheca mademak, o sata’akay a pananoman tayalen i Africa safanoyot, nai Lesotho ato South Africa kapolongan patireng. Kalalaedan to maci Maseru ira ko 35 kongli a Matron tafa’ ato padamso to nanom kamok (MDWSP) patireng nai 2010 miheca, o sapipatireng a payso polong saheto nai roma kitakit nipadangan, itini i 2014 miheca misitapang. O Congko tingkian kakeridan o 8000 ’ofad Amilika payso ko citodongay tina tafa’ a demak ato nano sapompo katayalan. == Karomakat (交通) == === Lalan (公路) === Polong no kakaya’ ira ko 5,940 kongli, ira ko mapatangiiway a lalan to 1069 kongli, roma o si’elac lalan ato yaan a lalan. === Marar lalan (鐵路) === Away ko masiikeday faco no marar a lalan, dengan minayatay tangasa i maci Maseru a 2.6 kongli a marar lalan sapicolo’ to dafong pasadak. === Hikoki (航空) === Laloma’an no kitakit mahalaka ko 24 hikokiciw, itiraay i Maseru maci a Moshushu saka cecay kasakitakit hikokiciw manga’ay maefer ko kamimingay hikoki[19]. == Tamdaw (人口) == O ka’aloman no tamdaw. O tamdaw no Lesotho salongan ira ko 1,942,008[20]. O finawlan 99.7% ko tamdaw o nano Bantu sowal a Basuto finacadan ato Zulu finacadan, ira ko papina a Europe tamdaw ato Asia tamdaw[21]. Masamaciay tomdaw ira ko 27.6%, roma maro’ay i inaka maomahay sa’etal. == Sakasasowal pakayraan (語言宗教) == O Inkiris sowal, Sesoto sowal o no Lesotho hingti kitakit a sowal. Finawlan o mitooray to Kristokiw pakayraan, ira ko Islam ato to’asan pakayraan[22]. == Kapolongan isi (公共衛生) == O Lesotho maledefay to AIDS a mapades. Nai 2009 miheca o ciadadaay to AID ato cihakelongay to sadenga adada ira ko 26 ’ofad tamdaw, mato’asay tamdaw a ciadadaay ira 23.6%, o satakaraway i hekal a sa’etal. I maci sa’etal, safaay no 40 ko mihecaana fafahiyan salongan ira ko 50% ko madengaay to nia AIDS[23]. Nai 1990 mihecaan miteka, o Lesotho salongan a ’orip nai 60 mihecaan masereray tangasa 35 miheca, 15-60 mihecaan a mapatayay ira ko 78.65%. o takaraway ko kapatay, maomahay a kinaira malowanay to[24]. O masararemay ko isi no Lesotho, nai 2011 miheca 9 folad miteka, o padamaay a Congko to Lesotho misatapong i ngataay no Masaru Laribe sa’etal ising midama to paisingan tayal. == Ponka (文化) == == Kiwiko (教育) == I 2000 mihecaan miteka, o mimingay pitilidan misitapang mirara midemak to caay ka li’aca kiwiko, mimingay pitilidan ira 85% ko mitiliday, o congsi ira ko 23%. I 2001 mihecaan, finawlan to pikiwiko macakatay to, mafana’ay to tilid ira ko 89.6%, sa’ayaway kiwiko malenak tangasa 69.3%, o sapipasadak to sakikiwiko a GDP a ni polongan 13%, katimolay no Sahera a Africa safaniyot a kitakit o sa’ayaway to[25]. I 2013 miheca, no kiwiko a yosang ira ko 19.85 walwalan no Malotti, macalap to polong a yosang to 23.6%. == Saparatoh pitiya (傳媒) == No tipelok a paratoh ono Inkiris a sinpon “finawlan mata sinpon”, “ta’asan sinpon”, “dadingo sinpon”, “misa’imeray” ato “aniniay romi’ad a Lesotho”. Sesoto tipelok “Malotti”, “Mosoto” 10 laloma’an ko misasinponay[26]. Laloma’an no kitakit ira ko no kitakit tilifi cecayay ato no kitakit a radio tasaay, mi’emet ko sifo to polong no miparatohay a pitiya. Laloma’an no kitakit a wikidtingwa maredefay, i 2009 miheca polong no kitakit ira 76,800 ko calay a laloma’an[27]. == Losid (服飾) == To’asay a losid o miwikwikan a saong ato caefayen a pata’edip. Itiniay tamdaw maolah micaedong to miwikwikan a saong, o sowal posoto saong, todong o losid no Lesotho kitakit, roma o coka malafayafay no kitakit. O saong masakimoloay, fafaed limaay ko fedfedan to rengos, o lilis no saong mapatodong to niwikwikan to rengos a masakool. O caefayen a pata’edip manga’ay to romi’ad dadaya kafafalic no romi’ad. kasienawan caefayen a pata’edip; mafoti’ kalosapata’edip; maorad sa kalokaepa[28]. == Onto (體育) == I 2008 mihecaan i Beijing Olimpiko ontokay ira ko lalima a ontoyin mikihatiyaay to masasikemoay ato malasong a lalifet. O Lesotho ira ko taypiaw no kitakit, patireng to Lesotho kitakit a micokaray to mali, nikawrira caay ho pikihatiya to kasakitakit a lalifetan. == Raramod (婚姻) == I Lesotho, midemak to cecay ko fainay ’aloman ko fafahi. Nikawrira anini o ’alomanay tamdaw cecayay ko fafahi. Aniniay hongti no kitakit miala to fafahi i, nano pa’ayaway to sowal cecayay ko fafahi yasanay picekeroh to cecay fainay cecay fafahi telek. == Pinengnengan tilid (參考資料) == 1. Lesotho. World Economic Outlook Database. International Monetary Fund (IMF). April 2022 [2022-07-27]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2022-07-27） （Inkiris）. 2. Human Development Report 2019 (PDF). UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME. [2019-12-21]. （o nano tilid (PDF) mateli i 2020-01-18）. 3. Welcome to the Kingdom in the Sky. [2014-04-25]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2021-02-25）. 4. THE FUTURE OF ADULT MORTALITY UNDER THE AIDS (PDF). [2014-04-25]. （o nano tilid (PDF) mateli i 2021-02-08）. 5. Lesotho a fanacadan ato kitakit a sapa’ayaw. [2014-04-25]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2014-04-26）. 6. Congko syakay kakkoyin kaetipay no Asia Africa kingkiwyin- Lesotho, kalocalay mana’angan ko tilid. 2014-04-29. 7. Ministry of foreign affairs of the People's Republic of China Lesotho country profiles（history）. [2014-04-25]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2015-10-03）. 8. Earth from Space: Winter in southern Africa. [2014-04-25]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2019-06-15）. 9. Ministry of foreign affairs of the People's Republic of China Lesotho country profiles（parliament）. [2014-04-25]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2015-10-03）. 10. Ministry of foreign affairs of the People's Republic of China Lesotho country profiles(political party). [2014-04-25]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2015-10-03）. 11. Ministry of foreign affairs of the People's Republic of China Lesotho country profiles（population）. [2014-07-07]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2014-04-26）. 12.Cien koanyici. [2014-04-25]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2015-10-03）. 13. Economy - overview. [2014-04-25]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2007-06-12）. 14. Labor force - by occupation. [2014-04-25]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2007-06-12）. 15. Xuanzang Universitynikingkiwan- Taywan malinahay i Lesotho, calay a mina’angan, 2009-03-06. 16. CIA-Exports. [2014-04-25]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2007-06-12）. 17. Lesotho 2012 miheca rarakatan micomoday kinaira 6 walwalan Malotti, matongalay to mirarakatay to 6.14%. [2014-04-25]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2014-04-26）. 18. Cu yiyiaw. Africa safaniyot mimingay kitakit fafaway misimeday no so’eda pieseran, masapakoyocay micomahat to sakanga’ayaw, Hongkong. 01. 2022- 08-08. 19. Travel to Lesotho. [2014-04-25]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2014-03-02）. 20. CIA Library：Lesotho population. [2014-04-25]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2007-06-12）. 21. People in Lesotho. [2014-04-25]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2014-04-26）. 22. Ministry of foreign affairs of the People's Republic of China Lesotho country profiles（population）. [2014-04-25]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2015-10-03）. 23. HIV and AIDS in Lesotho. [2014-04-25]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2015-09-25）. 24. VITAL REGISTRATION. [2014-04-25]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2021-02-08）. 25. No hekal kingko patosokan kacomahad no hekal- Lesotho. [2014-04-25]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2021-02-27）. 26. Ministry of foreign affairs of the People's Republic of China Lesotho country profiles（Press and Publication）. [2014-04-25]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2015-10-03）. 27. Internet users. [2014-04-25]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2007-06-12）. 28. Lesotho Holam sa’etal. [2014-04-26]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2014-04-26）. [[Faylo:Flag of Lesotho.svg|thumb|Flag of Lesotho|alt=Flag of Lesotho]] [[Faylo:Location Lesotho AU Africa.svg|thumb|Location of  Lesotho  (dark blue)– in Africa  (light blue & dark grey)– in the African Union  (light blue)]] Itini i 29 30 S, 28 30 E, noAfilika ko [[Lesotho]]. Polong no sekalay i 30,355 sq km “saka 142 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 30,355 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 0 sq km ” Polong i 1,953,070 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 76.10%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 1.50%, malo no roma to a sera 22.40%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Maseru]](馬塞盧) ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakamoetep 4 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Letsie III]](萊齊耶三世), patirengan a romi’ad i 1996 a miheca(年) saka 2 folad saka 7 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] epej0k27cyy5ld7i2lv82renvnoyz5v 0 628 30581 30407 2022-01-26T17:12:03Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q57537]] 30581 wikitext text/x-wiki Letsie III(萊齊耶三世) [[Faylo:Letsie III.jpg|thumb|Letsie III|alt=Letsie III.jpg]] I 1963 a miheca(年) saka 7 folad saka 17 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci [[Letsie III]], malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Lesotho]](賴索托) anini i ci Letsie III, patirengan a romi’ad i 1996 a miheca(年) saka 2 folad saka 7 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] iolshbbi90hnafn0kw2lyk4gsuzej7g 0 629 30898 30895 2022-03-30T03:28:59Z Chongkian 441 30898 wikitext text/x-wiki Leung Chun-ying(梁振英) [[Faylo:Leung Chun-ying 2017 3.jpg|thumb|Leung Chun-ying 2017 3|alt=Leung Chun-ying 2017 3.jpg]] I 1954 a miheca(年) saka 8 folad saka 12 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci [[Leung Chun-ying]], malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Hong kong]](香港) anini i ci Leung Chun-ying, patirengan a romi’ad i 2012 a miheca saka 7 folad saka 1 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Hong kong]] fipovsunui5kr0njd6qw4jhqz8t0n7x 0 630 38593 37998 2023-06-27T20:53:20Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38593 wikitext text/x-wiki Liberia（[[kuwaping a sowal]]: 賴比瑞亞） Liberia nikapolongan kitakit ([[Inkiris a sowal]]: Republic of Liberia), o sasowalen to Liberia (Inkiris a sowal: Liberia, tengilen i/laɪˈbɪəriə/), o tadasowal pangangan i Liberia nikapolongan kitakit, itiniay i kaetipay no [[Africa]] safaniyot mililisay to riyar a [[kitakit]], ka’amis o [[Guinea]], kaetip ka’amis o lion rock, kawali o [[Ivory Coast]], kaetip katimol o Tasiyang a no congtong a nipatatekoan kitakit. O finawlan no kitakit salongan ira ko 500 ’ofad tamdaw, o dadahal no sera 43,000 pinfang mile (11 ’ofad 1,369 pinfang kongli). O tadasowal no kitakit o Inkiris a sowal, nika oni kitakit ira ko 20 no kasasiroma a sowal no niyaro’ sowal, pahapinang o nia kitakit a finacadan ato kasairaira no ponka. O tadamaanay a maci ato sata’akay maci o Monrovia. O Liberia nai 19 sician, o micingcingay sacefang no Amilika micokeray to pipatireng to kitakit, oni a sacefang minengneng to kohetingay tamdaw i Africa safaniyot ikaka to i Amilikaay ko nga;ay to pakonira ato kacemahadan no kitakit[4]. Nai 1822 miheca tangasa 1861 miheca o ma lalooday ko laloma’ay no kitakit itiya, ira ko 15,000 no tamdaw i milika to sakisyakay ato sarikec a mapenec a mifades ko sakapakonira ato pakoniraay kasofocan a kohetingay tamdaw[5] milinah tayra i Liberia a sa’etal, onini a maro’ay mihawikid to kaitiraay nangra i Amilika a ponka ato to’asan, mirara mala o Amilika – Liberia ko niyah[6][7]. O Liberia a kimpo ato fayfay mitodongay to no Amilika, o tadamaci o ACS a micokeray ato Amilika congtong ci James Monroe a ngangan ko panganganan. Liberia i 1847 miheca 7 folad 26 romi’ad mihapiw to pisiiked, o Amilika tangasa i 1862 miheca 2 folad 5 romi’ad a mihayda. 1848 miheca 1 folad 3 romi’ad, nao masofocay i Norfolk si no Virginia kanatal o Africa teloc a Amilika cidafongay tamdaw ci Joseph Jenkins Roberts mipadang to Liberia to sapisiiked, nanoya misiiked ko Liberia itiya mala o sa’ayaway congtong, o ngangan no Liberia i Inkiris a sowal “pakonira” (liberty) ato “masedal” (liberated) sanay a sasowalen. I 20 sician, o Liberia ato Ethiopia i Africa safaniyot caayay kacingcing a misiikeday a kitakit. O sa’ayaway no Africa safaniyot mihapiw to pisiikeday a nikapolongan kitakit ko Liberia, o samato’asay no Africa safaniyot aniniay a nikapolongan kitakit. I Africa safaniyot kacacefisan micingcing miimeray to solongoc a Africa safaniyot a kitakit. I saka 2 kalaloodan no hekal itiya, micokeray to Amilika a milood to Germany ko Liberia, nanoya pakalayap to picoker no Amilika a mipacefong to patireng to tatenaan no kitakit, mapadama ko Liberia a cemahad ato kasenengan no kasakitakit. O Liberia o nipatatekoan i kasakitakit, Linhoko ato Africa safaniyot kapolongan sakapot patirengan. O maro’ay i Liberia Amilika tamdaw malitemoh nangra ko caayay kasasinga’ay to yincumin no Liberia, mangalef oya ma’oripay mapateked ko i sekalay sa’etal a yincomin. Nicingcingan a sera malefo no sekalay kakeridan no Crewe finacadan ato Grebo finacadan a malipalaw. O maro’ay i Liberia Amilika tamdaw mipalowad micekeroh to selal mipatireng to kiwkay ato pitilidan, mikiwiko to itiniay finawlang[8]. I sa’ayaw, o Amilika a teloc Liberia tamdaw masatadamanay a mimingay selal, mirepet to caayay ka salongan mirepetay to sakowan no sici; tangasa 1904 miheca o yincomin itini to no niyah a sera a malasawad ko sakacingangan no Liberia[8][9]. I 1980 miheca, ci William R Tolbert ko mikowanay to sici a o katalawan mifalic ko sofitay, ci Tolbert i kafalican no sici a mapatay, pahapinang o paherekan no Amilika a teloc Liberia tamdaw itini kitakit ko sakowan, nanoya o Liberia ira ko 20 mihecaan ko caayay ka cekal ko sici itiya. I nano finawlan palowad to kitakit wiyyinhuy 5 miheca ko no sofitay pikowan ato Liberia kitakit kapolongan kasarekad 5 miheca no finawlan sakowan, ikor ira ko laloma’ay no kitakit a lalood to saka 1 ato saka 2 i Liberia. O nia kalalood ci mapatayay to 25 ’ofad tamdaw (salongan 8% ko tamdaw) ato awaayay ko pinakayan a ’alomanay tamdaw, nanoya i laloma’ay no kitakit a lalood o sakasokedet no kicay no Liberia to 90%. I 2003 mihecaan a kasasinga’ay a katateletelakan, o Liberia itiya to i 2005 miheca citodong to fa’elohay nikapolongan a singkiw, ci Ellen Johnson Sirleaf toya singkiw maala malacongtong, ao misanga’ay to likisi a sa’ayaway fafahiyan congtong i Africa safaniyot kitakit. O pipatireng to parana’an no kitakit ato ona syakay sapatado masasisiwtoc ato 2013 – 2016 mihecaan a masangil no katalawan Ebola virus (salofong), tangasa i 2015 miheca, o kitakit ira ko 83% a tamdaw itiniay a macahiway a ’orip i kasakitakit[11]. == Kacedengan romi’ad (節日) == Satadamaanay kacedengan no Liberia o sakicima tamdaw ato no Kristokiw a sacedeng. Fa’elohay miheca (1 folad 1 romi’ad); patirengan to sofitay (2 folad 11 romi’ad); piasikan to tadam (3 folad saka 2 lipay saka 3 romi’ad); kasofocan ni Roberts congtong a romi’ad (3 folad 15 romi’ad); pitolonan romi’ad (4 folad saka 2 lipay saka 5 romi’ad); papolongan romi’ad (5 folad 14 romi’ad); pisiikedan romi’ad (7 folad 26 romi’ad); pafayfayan romi’ad no kitakit (8 folad 24 romi’ad); kansyasay (11 folad saka 1 lipay a saka 4); kasofocan ni Duberman congtong romi’ad (11 folad 29 romi’ad); Kristmas romi’ad (12 folad 25 romi’ad). == Likisi (歷史) == Nai 1462 mihecaan, madado’edo ko Portugal, Netherland, Inkiris, Fance tayni micingcing, o Europe tamdaw pangangan to itiniay “o damdam a lislis no riyar”, itini mifades a malali’aca to tamdaw. I 1821 miheca o micingcingay sacefang no Amilika i lilisay no riyar patireng to kohetingay tamdaw to “mafolaway sa’etal”. I 1822 miheca tangasa 19 sici 60 mihecaan, o patodong a maro’ay o pakalayap to pakoniraay a nifadesan, o salongan kohetingay tamdaw pacomod iAmilika, pasowal “Monrovia”, I 1824 mihecaan mafalic ko ngangan to Liberia, ikor pasayra to i sekal ko pilenak, i 1838 miheca mapatateko ko kasamafolaway sa’etal, mafalic ko pangangan “Liberia nipatatekoan a kitakit”. O Liberia i 1847 miheca 7 folad 26 romi’ad mihapiw to pisiiked, o sa’ayaway misiikeday aniniay cisalongoc kitakit i Africa safaniyot. O ’ayaway picingcingan no Abyssinia hongti kitakit to Africa safaniyot a misiikeday a kitakit. I 1878 mihecaan, o True Whig kasarekad midotoc cisakowan to 102 miheca, mi’efet to miliyangay a sarekad a demakan, o nia sarekad malao mihecaan a kasarekad lekakawa patireng to parariday mikowan to halafinay. I 1885 miheca, o Liberia mapidah i Inkiris, pakelac to ka’amisay no Mano ’alo a sera; i 1892 miheca, mapidah haca to France, mapakelac haca to dadahalay Maryland kafolawan sa’etal. Ikor kinapinapina pakelac to sera to Inkiris, France a tasaay kitakit. I 1908 mihecaan itiya, awaayay ho ko masongila’ay a kalangangan. I 1944 miheca tangasa 1971 miheca, ci William Wakanarath Shadrach Tubman malacongtong to 27 miheca, nanoya pacakat to sakacingangan no yincumin Africa safaniyot a tamdaw, midakdak to kalacecayan no finacadan a telek, misa’icel palasawad to no Amilika kohetingay tamdaw ato no yincumin a kalalaedan. I 1971 miheca mapatay ci Duberman, ci William Richard Tolbert to ko midotocay malacongtong. I 1979 miheca, miliyangay mipalowad to sakarawraw, mapenec no hitay. I 1980 miheca 4 folad, o nano Crane finacadan congtong a misarokoay kakeridan ci Samuel Canon Doe a 17 sofitay mipalowad mifelih, mafelih ato mapatay ci Tolbert, paherek sa ko halafinay no Amilika teloc Liberia tamdaw to picalap mikowan to kitakit, mala o sa’ayaway kohetingay tamdaw kakeridan no kitakit. I 1984 miheca, o sakowan ni Doe pafelien ko finawlan mikowan, miliyaw malomaoc, patireng to kimpo. Tona miliyas ci Doe to kalahitay ningra i 1985 miheca maala malacongtong. I1989 miheca 12 folad 24 romi’ad, Liberia o polong no kitakit maolahay to kitakit a sarekad i Ivory coast patireng to sakapot mamifelih to sifo a hitay, i ci Charles Taylor ko mikeriday milood to Liberia, polong no laloma’ay no kitakit a lalood. I 1990 miheca 7 folad, oya maolahay to kitakit a sarekad itira i Monrovia, malitosa a sasiiked, oya Liberia mangalef talahenot ko rarawraw no lalood. 8 folad, o Lekatep no Europe miocor to palarihadayay hitay micomod i Monrovia, masasiwtoc to ni Taylor a hitay. O kasakitakit a syakay to ko mipalali’ayay, mipaocor to taypiaw I Banjul ta’angay maci no Gambia a lomaoc, patireng to “polong kitakit marikecay linci a sifo”. I 9 folad, marofo ci Doe, itiya makowang mapatay i lalan no Monrovia. 11 folad, ci Sawyer mapatireng a mala congtong no polong kitakit marikecay linci a sifo, nika liyangen ni Taylor. I 1991 mihrca 3 folad, o laloma'ay no kitakit a lalood no Liberia macowat to tayra i sakafiyaw a kitakit i Lion rock ato Guinea. I 1993 miheca 7 folad, o kacacofelan kalalood itira i Banning no Cotonou maci malaheci ko katatelek, patireng to limaay tamdaw kitakitan wiyyinhuy satakaraway ’icel mikowan to kitakit. I 1994 miheca 5 folad, masakapot ko pacena’an sifo. I 1995 miheca, nawhani kasacefang caay ka raheked ko palaisal to kacitodong, malaliyaw haca ko kalalood. 8 folad, masasiocor haca ko kasacefang itira i Abuja maci no Nigeria matatelek, o a enemay tamdaw kitakit ko wiyyinhuy mikotay to limaay tamdaw kitakitan wiyyinhuy. 9 folad, militaw hace ko masakapot ko pacena’an sifo. I 1996 miheca, misamawmaw ci Taylor mirepet to kakeridan misa’adaay a cefang, saka malaliyaw haca ko laloma'ay no kitakit a malalood, 8 folad, itini i no kasakitakit a syakay pipenec, o kasacefang miliyaw haca masasitelek, mapolong mihayda palasawad to sakarari’ang. 7 miheca ko halafin no laloma'ay no kitakit a lalood cimapatayay ira ko 15 ’ofad no tamdaw, 85 ’ofad no tamdaw ko malafelay finawlan, mamaledoay malasawad ko kicay no Liberia a kitakit. I 1997 miheca 2 folad, kasacefang mapolong mihayda palasawad to sakarari’ang mipatireng to kasarekad. 7 folad, misingkiw, maala ci Taylor malacongtong. O ’atekakay ko sapi’emet ni Taylor to kitakit, milaheci to sakarihaday no laloma' no kitakit, misatatas palowad to kicay. Nikawrira, 1999 miheca, ka’amisay no Liberia masadak ko cecay mifelihay to sifo a hitay, katengilan ira ko picoker no Guinea safo, itiya malaliyaw haca to laloma'ay no kitakit a lalood. Tangasa i 2003 miheca, o nisa’etan no sifo a polong no sera ni Taylor toloay ira ko cecay (3/1), o Monrovia talahenotay i kalaloodan. O nano Nigeria a citodongay i kaetipay no Africa kitakit palekapotay miliyaw miocor to parihadayay a sofitay. 8 folad 11 romi’ad, ci Taylor mihapiw to pisawad, pasi micokeray to congtong ci Moses Bulla ko cacitodong to sakowan, itiya milaliw tayra i Nigeria. Talacowa kasakitakit a yimeng sacefang ao ka’anof ato lalood ko patodong to kaciraraw ni Taylor a mirepet, caay ka kahien no Nigeria pasadak. Sacisowal sa dengan o Liberia citodongay i rikec a sakowan ko pasadakay to sapipatayra a salongoc, caay ko mamakahi ko Nigeria ci Tayloran. I 2003 miheca 10 folad 1 romi’ad, o Linhoko a miparihadayay a sofitay ko citodongay to Liberia, o pipalasawad to laloma’ay no kitakit a lalood a kasacefang a sakarari’ang. Tangasa anini, oya to 5500 tamdaw no Linhoko itiraay i Liberia kitakit. Talacowa o rarawraway a demak caay ka lasawad, nikawrira matayoay ko pipalasawad sakarari’ang a tayal. I 2003 miheca 8 folad 18 romi’ad, ni Bra a sifo ato kasarekadan a cefang masasi tilid to telek “Accra rihaday kasasitelek”, itiya i 10 folad misakapot patireng to polong kitakit a linci sifo. Itiya mapatoro’ ci Charles Judd Bryant ko kakeridan linci a sifo, itira i 10 folad 14 romi’ad mihapiw patireng. Mata’elif ko tosa miheca, i 2005 miheca 10 folad 11 romi’ad, i pikantok no Linhoko miliyaw to nikapolongan a singkiw. Sakacecay a pitopaan, ci George Weah ko ka’ayaway, nika caay pakalatosa, nikawrira i 11 folad 8 romi’ad miliyaw to sakatosa i, ci Ellen Johnson Hillleaf pakalowiday a maalaay. I 2006 miheca, mipatireng ko sifo to so’elinay ato malali’ayay wiyyinhuy, misapalita to nano demak no laloma’ay no kitakit a lalood ato nikalalood no demak a raraw[12]. I 2011 miheca, ci Ellen Johnson Hillleaf congtong mihapiw i 7 folad 26 romi’ad o romi’ad pisiikedan no kitakit[13]. I 2011 miheca 10 folad, o parihadayay tamdaw ci Leymah Gbowee nawhani mikeriday to fafahiyan sakarihaday a onto i 2003 miheca paherek to saka tosa no Liberia a laloma'ay no kitakit a lalood a mapakompay to Nobel peace prize[14]. I 2011 miheca 11 folad, ci Ellen Johnson Hillleaf pado’edo a maala to congtong, pado’edo 6 miheca ko liyad[15]. I 2013 hiheca, oya Ebola virus (lifong) milesap i kaetipay no Africa, saka tosa miheca 3 folad micomod i Liberia, tangasa i 2016 miheca, ira ko 10,675 tamdaw madengaay, ira ko 4,809 tamdaw mapatayay. O i Monrovia tadamaci ira ko 7 tamdaw mapatayay. I 2017 miheca misingkiw ko Liberia, ’ayaway wa’ayay mali, tadamaanay to i likisi a no Africa safaniyot mimaliay ci George Weah i 2018 miheca 1 folad 22 romi’ad mihapiw mapatireng to congtong[16][17], o saka sepat malakapahay no Africa safaniyot a Ci Weah misekongay to mapoheday, mifalicay to kicay, misekong to mafokilay to tilid ato sapipacakat to saka’orip a congtong ko patosokan a lekadan[20].congtong[18]. I pipatirengan pasowal sa 74 mihecaan sakinacecay no Liberia koni to mirocokay a pita’elifan a kasakapolongan[19]. == O kasasiiked a sakowan (行政區域) == O Liberia masasiiked to 15 ko kanatal, o nia kanatal malaisal polong ira ko 90 sa’etal, sahecien ko nian a kasasiiked no finacadan no niyaro’. o sahalafinay a likisi oya tosaay kanatal o Grand Bassa kanatal ato Montserrado kanatal, saheto nai 1839 mihecaan ’ayaw no pisiikedan no Liberia iraay to mapatireng. O Bapolu fa’elohay a kanatal, i 2001 mihecaan mapatireng. O Nimba o sadadahalay a sakowan, ira ko 11,551 pinfang kongli (4,460 pinfang inli), o Montserrado samimingay kanatal, ira ko 737.069 pinfang kongli (1,909.00 pinfang inli) [21]. O Montserrado kanatal o sa’alomanay tamdaw no kitakit, tangasa 2008 miheca a pipalita to tamdaw, polong ira ko 114 ’ofad 4806 ko tamdaw no finawlan[21]. Ona 15 a kanatal o congtong ko patoroday to mamikantok mikowan. O kimpo milongoc to kahacecay no kanatal ato kasaniyaro’ misingkiw to kasakakitaan, nika nawhan kalalood ato sakidafong payso a madahdah, o nia singkiw nai 1985 mihecaan caay sato pisngkiw[22]. Manga’ayay pi’enecen ko cicu no Liberia, mahapinang ko 15 a kanatal. Saki nia cicu O no kitakit a kasasiiked a sakowan malalenay to no niyaro’ ato si a kasasiiked a sakowan. Imatinib awaay ho i kimpo mapatodong ano eca mapolongay lekakawa ko sapidemak to sakiniyaro’ a sifo mapatireng ato sapipalasawadaw[23]. == Sifo ato sici (政府與政治) == Milecaday to no Amilika a sifo ko Liberia sifo, midotoc “kimpo” a telek, o cecay mapolongay rikec a nikapolongan kitakit ato kakotakotay no kalomaocan a nikapolongan kitakit. Toloay ko malalenay no citodongay midemak no sifo: midemakay, o congtong ko mikeriday; mitelekay, o tosaay a kalomaocan  faco mipatirengay citodongay a masakapot; mitefocay, satakaraway a hoying ato pina a safaay hoying masakapot. [milongoc to naicowaay] O congtong citodong to tatapangan no sifo, kakeridan no kitakit ato todong kakeridan no sofitay no Liberia[25]. O roma a tayal no congtong halo mitelekay ano eca miliyang to nitelekan no kalomaocan, sapihepol, ato citodong miocor to cacitodong, rikec a tapang ato roma a komoying. O congtong ato micokeray to congtong malakapot, pakayni kinatosaay ko pitopa, a o satakaraway ko paya ko mamaala, 6 miheca ko rekad, sa’adihayay kina 2 rekad[25]. Mitelekay citodongay o fafa'eday kalomaocan ato kararemay kalomaocan sakapot. O kararemay kalomaocan nao cecay ko kakeridan, ira ko 73 ko lomaocay, midotoc to polong no tamdaw nipalitaan i 15 a kanatal a tamdaw ko nipatodongan, kasa kanatal salongan 2 ko lomaocay[25]. Kasacecay no kararemay lomaocay a taypiaw o cecay kanatal nisingkiwan, nai polong no kitakit a singkiw wuyyinhuy nisiikedan, o kaitiraan a pisingkiw a ’etal a finawlan ko misingkiway, maala 6 miheca ko rekad. O fafa'eday kalomaocan nai kasacecay kanatal 2 ko fafa'eday lomaocay sakapot, polong ira ko 30 no fafa'eday lomaocay[25]. O fafa'eday lomaocay 9 miheca ko rekad, nao finawlan ko mitopaay adihayay no singkiw ko maalaay[25]. O micokeray to congtong citodong to kakeridan no fafa'eday lomaocay, ano awaay mikihatiya mikerid o linci a kakeridan ko citodongay. O satakaraway rikecan citodongay o sakakaay hoying no Liberia, nao 5 ko sakapot, nai Liberia satadamanay mitefocay ko mikeriday. Laloma’an nao congtong ko mitoro’ay micomod i hoying, o fafa'eday lomaocay ko mihaydaay, tangasa 70 mihecaan ko rekad. O rikecan citodongay malaisal o mirakatay mililis a hoying ato sarocoday hoying, misimaw parihaday hoying ato parihadayay tapang[25]. O sakirikecan a faco nai Inkris, Amilika, France a salongan rikec ato kananaman rikec a macacamolan. O no kitakit a maliomahay sa’etal mileko to nanota’asan a pitefoc a faco, ano saasaan ko sifo a mihapiw to no cikawasay a satefoc a patelacay, nika maedef ko no cikawasay a satefoc[26]. Nai 1877 miheca tangasa 1980 miheca, o sifo nai True Whig sarekad ko mirepetay mikowan[27]. Anini, o Liberia polong no kitakit ira ko 20 ko kasarekad mitokiay, o nai tekedan ato finacadan a sakapotan[28]. Nikawarira o ’alomanay a sarekad a masasiroma ko ’icel no sakapot. I 2005 mihecaan a singkiw pahapinang to no kasarekad a congtong awaay ko kacitodong to nitelekan a ’alomanay a todong[28]. == Sofitay (軍事) == O sofitay (AFL) no Liberia o sakaci’icel no kitaklit. O nia sofitay (AFL) nai 1908 mihecaan mapatireng, sacingangan sa o hadimalay to lilis no kitakt no Liberia, I 1956 miheca mafalic ko pangangan. Itini i likisi, o Liberia a hitay mapadamaay no Amilika to dafong ato sapinanam. I 1941 – 1989 mihecaan a romi’adan, o sapinanam padamso ko Amilika to pitengilan, saka 2 kalalood no hekal a sapilifet nao mapatodong to nipinanaman. I 2003 miheca 9 folad a Linhoko rihaday licikay saka 1509 haw mahayda to ikor, nano Lihoko a saocoran tahira i Liberia kitakit, to nai Ghana, Nigeria, Pakistan ato Congko a parihadayay sofitay a misawkit to paterep no lalood, mipadang to Liberia kitakit a linci a sifo patireng to fa’elohay sofitay no Liberia[29]. == O kacacofelan a demak (外交關係) == O nano mitanengay to rarawraw i saka 1 ato saka 2 a laloma'ay no kitakit a lalood, o Liberia i 21 sici a lalomaan a sakacekal saka nga’ay no fiyaw kitakit ato i no Europe a kitakit misafa’eloh masasiwidang. Ato matiya romaroma no Africa safaniyot kitakit, citodong ko Congko to naikoran no lalood patireng a tayal[30]. I ’ayaw, o sakafiyaw a tosaay kitakit a Guinea ato Lion rock o nicokeran to nangra o Liberia a mifelihay a sakapot saan[31]. == Sapidemak to rikec ato ciraraway (執法和犯罪) == O imeng no Liberia a kitakit o na no kitakit a imengan. Tangasa i 2007 miheca 10 folad, nai Montserrado kanatal (halo Monrovia) a 33 ko kaitiraan no imeng ira ko 844 ko malaimengay a tamdaw[32]. O nano kitakit a imengan i pitilidan a kakoyin i Paynesvillesi a minanam. O likisi a kapehed no malaimengay sakaserer no pipaso’elin no finawlan ato katadaeca no demak. Salaloma’an no sakarihaday maledeh ko tadaecaan, tongal sa to kalalood no laloma’ay no kitakit o laliyawen a patireng ko no finawlan a sofitay a sakapot, milifet to saki dademakay no finawlan[33]. I kasasiwtocan mihecaan no Liberia itiya, ma’alipay ato mi’odangan mararid. O Liberia a kitakit o sakakaay i hakal ko pi’odang to fafahiyan a miri’ang a kitakit. O nano ma’alipay a demak mararid masowal, makilatolo ira ko cecay (3/1) ko mitiniay a demak. Orasaka o fafahiyan mararid masamsam, ira ko 40% to nano kafana’an a tamdaw ko misamsamay a fainayan[34]. Itini i Liberia, o mararaway i rikec i malecaday ko no fainayan ato no fafahiyan a angilan[35][36]. I 2012 miheca 7 folad 20 romi’ad, o i fafa'eday kalomaocan mapolong mihayda mirikec, milalang to masasi angilay a raramod ao ciraraway ko pisetek[37]. == Palapalaan (地理) == No Liberia a lawac no riyar ira ko 537 kongli ko kakaya’. O nano fa’edetay fali ko romi’ad[38], salongan no mihecaan a hemhem solongan 25˚C. Kaitiraan no Liberia i kaetipay no Africa safaniyot, ngataay saka’amis no tenokay sakonis, kaetip katimol mililisay to Tasiyang, ato katimolay Amilika safaniyot a Brazil milaeday to Tasiyang kasasilaay ira ko 2575 kongli. Kaetip ka’amis ato masasiingiday to Lion Rock, ka’amis mikafit to Guinea, kawali masasilaed to Ivory Coast; polong no kitakit a dadahal ira ko 111369 pinfang kongli. === ’Etal no Palaan (地理區) === Malitoloay ko pala no Liberia masaisal a o mililisay to riyar, takaraway dafdaf ato takaraway sera a sa’etal[39]. ==== Mililisay to riyar ’etal (沿海區) ==== O kaetip katimol mililisay to riyar a sa’etal saheto o apeneray sera a dafdaf, to hatiniay o makirkiray no leno kerah no nanom no riyar, kadofah ko foting to kairaira, dengan toloay a sangoso’an o nga’ayay ko lilis no riyar. Saka cecay a sangoso’an no riyar masalotok, takaraw salongan 304 cm; saka tosa o Mysolado sangoso’, takaraw salongan 91.5 cm; saka tolo o Balmas sangoso’ no Maryland kanatal, o takaraw salongan 30.5 cm. ==== Takaraway dafdaf ’etal (高原區) ==== I aikoray no lilisay no riyar a sa’etal o takaraway dafdaf ’etal a rengosan, salongan ko takaraw ira ko 915.5cm. kaetip ka’amis o Mandingo takaraway dafdaf, tangasa i salawacan. ==== Takaraway sera a sa’etal (高地區) ==== O takaraway sera a sa’etal i saka’amisay no Liberia mikiting to no Guinea ato Ivory Coast a sa’etal, poeneray a lotolotok caay kalalen, o takaraway 1524 cm. == Nanoman rocok (水系) == === ’Alo (河流) === I laloma’ no Liberia a tada ’alo ira ko Mansa ’alo, Roffa ’alo, sao paulo ’alo, Saint John ’alo ato Gavala ’alo; toni a Mansa ’alo o no Liberia ato Lion Rock a kalingangan a ’alo, o Gavala ’alo o Liberia ato Ivory Coast kalingangan a ’alo. Laloma’ay no kitakt a mimingay ’alo ira ko Morrow ’alo, Dukvi ’alo, Strong ’alo, Farmington ’alo, Sankun ’alo ato Xinao ’alo, awaay ko cecay ’aloan iraay ko ikakaay no 32 kongli ko sakanga’ay a rakaten, polong no ’alo saheto micomoday i Tasiyang. === Fanawan (湖泊) === I laloma’ no kitakit ira ko tata’angay fanaw o itiniay i Mount Ohmi kanatal a Fisherman (Mifotingay) fanaw, ano eca Picasso (Pakaenay) fanaw han ko sowal; ira ho ko cecay tata’akay fanaw i Maryland Kanatal a Shepherd fanaw. == Palapalaan (島嶼) == I laloma’an no kitakit ira ko tadamaanay a pala o Monte Sarando niyaro’ sakowan a God (Kawas pala) ato Bushillo pala, ato sasifo’an a kanatal a Dubilly pala ato i laloma’ay no Maryland sakowan a Die (patay) pala. == Kafafalic no romi’ad (氣候) == O mingataay to sasifo’ay sakonis ko Liberia a sera; talacowa o fa’edetay ko romi’ad, nika awaay ko no fa’edetay mararid ira ko ciherang ato micepa’ay ato caayay ka nga’ay ko someletay a romi’ad. Safa’edetay folad i saka 2 folad ato 3 folad, o hemhem tangasa 32.2˚C (W 90˚). Sasi’enaway a folad i 8 folad ato 9 flad, o romi’ad a falawfaw matefad 18.3˚C (W 65˚). O lilis no riyar a sa’etal nawhani no riyar a seriw a fali, pasaemelay to tamdaw; sasekalay ira ko dadaya si’enaw tangasa cikarapoyay ko lotok. O kaso’emetan romi’ad o cifaliay ato macidalay romi’ad, kafo’edasan ira ko katefad no karapoy, orasaa caay ka sapinangan. Nika to mihecaan i 11 folad tangas aroma miheca to saka 4 folad o kafo’edasan romi’ad, 5 folad tangasa 10 folad o so’emetay romi’ad. I 7 folad ano eca 8 folad ira ko mato’etoay 2 lipay a tadengalay romi’ad, o sasowalen “kafo’edasan romi’ad”. Laloma’an no kitakit awaay ko kafodo’an, lonen ato faliyos. == Kicay (經濟) == O maomahay kitakit ko Liberia, pihapiw no Linhoko o masararemay ko kacemahad a kitakit i hekal. Polongen ko maomahay tamdaw ira ko 70%, manga’ayay maomahen a sera no kitakit ira ko 380 ’ofad kofo, tahamatini caay ho katangasa i 15% ko kacemahad, cango’otay kokakaenen. O tamdaw no kitakit a GDP i 1980 miheca tangasaay i tingeroh, i 496 Amilika payso, itiya milicad to Icip tamdaw ko GDP (itiya eca)[42]. I 2011 miheca, oni kitakit GDP a ngangan ira ko 11.54 walwalan Amilika payso, o GDP no tamdaw ira ko 297 Amilika payso, o saka 3 a masararemay kitakit i hekal. I likisi, o kicay no Liberia o miti’eray to roma kitakit a sadama, pamo’ecel sa ko roma kitakit mipacefong ato sakinaira no paraparatan a pasadak, tinako o marar a fokeloh, cica’ a kilang ato kilang. Paraparatang a cica’. Sasakilangen ato marar a tafok a kinaira o sacoker to kicay no finawlan, saheto o nipasadakan, o sakaira no kinaira to micomoday a payso. O misang'ay to lalosidan caay ka kimeto, dengan caayay ka papina a mimingay misanga’ay to lalosidan no romi’adan. 1989 miheca tangasa 1996 miheca 8 folad a laloma'ay no kitakit a kalalood, naitiya ma’epi ko kicay. I 2000 miheca, misitapang ko Liberia midemak to no kasakitakit paysoan a kiking masakapot sapikantok a halaka, o sakafalicaw to sakipaysoan a dademaken, milaheci to pakoniyah a kalaliacaan, pifalic to no komoing a lakakawa ato pafalic to kalingadan no kitakit. Toya mihecaan, mihayda to ko kalomaocan to no fadawan a rikec, sakifodawan a pisolap ato pikarkar citodong to sapawacay a lakakawa. I 2001 miheca 5 folad, mimitonek ko Liberia a sifo to 2001 – 2010 mihecaan a sakadademak, patosokan o sapilaheci to hakairaira no kicay, mapacakat ko ’aca ni kinaira, misadadahal to pakoniyahay kicay. I 2003 miheca 10 folad, polong no kitakit citodong koya pacarcaran sifo, misi’icel palowad to kicay, micekal to ’aca, nanoya masasiiked ko kasaselal a milosimet no kasierod no icifa, malaheci masongila’ ko pilisata a lekakawa, misarocod mipatireng to “pipacefong a rikec”, pasadak to fa’elohay kanga’ayan a lekakawa, misa’icel militado to kasakinaira a nga’ayay misolot to nai papotalay mamipacefong. I 2003 miheca a Liberia tangasa i 85% ko awaayay katayalan. == Likisi no kicay (經濟史) == I 1979 mihecaan kacakatan itiya, nikawrira i 1980 miheca mafafalic ko mikowanay sifo saka eca ka nga’ay ko kicay, nanoya o kicay no Liberia masatapang marara matefad[43]. I 1979 miheca malengat ko laloma'ay no kitakit a lalood saranikay sato tararikor; I 1989 miheca tangasa 1995 mihecaan, o laloma'an no kitakit a kinaira macakat maserer 90%, o aniniay likisi saranikayay tararikod[43]. 2003 miheca paherek ko lalood, o GDP misitapang macakat, i 2007 miheca tangasa 9.4%[44]. Polong no cikiw a pakapaysoay a katalawan saka i 2009 mihecaan a laloma'an no kitakit a kinaira macakat tangasa 4.6%[44], nikawrira, saki cica’ a kilang ato kilang nipasadakan a mapalowad, o maomahay citodongay lomahad i 2010 miheca macakat i 5.1%, I 2011 miheca pa’ayaw to 7.3%, o nia kitakit a kicay ranikay lomahad tangasa i hekalan 20 a kitakit[45][46]. Tahamatini misaetay to sakalomahad no kicay o nai laloma’ay no kitakit a icifa mimingay, cango’ot to ma;edengay parana’an, o sapicolo’ takaraw, caay ka fangcal ko kalali’acaan to sakifiyaw a kitakit, ato o kicay mapatakaraw to no Amilika a payso[45]. O Liberia nai 1943 miheca tangasa 1982 miheca oyaan o Amilika payso ko sakafafalifalic, midemak to no Liberia payso ato Amilika payso ko pidemak[47]. I 2003 miheca kacakatan no dafong misitapang a maserer, i 2008 miheca nawhani o hekalan a kakaenen ato cikatalawan to kinairaira, ranikay macakat ko kalodafong[48], tangasa i 17.5%, itiya i 2009 miheca miserer tangasa 7.4%[44]. I 2006 miheca, o Liberia a papotalay tadah alatak ira ko 45 walwalan Amilika payso, macalap to ko no lalomaay no kitakit a kinaira to 800%[43]. Nawhani i 2007 miheca tangasa 2010 mihecaan a kasairaan, adihayay kasairaan ato kalali’acaan a tadah mapalasawaday, o nia kitakit a tadah i papotal tangasa I 2011 miheca maserer tangasa 2.229 walwalan Amilika payso[49]. == Maomahay (農業) == O no Liberia laloma’an 3.43% a sera manga’ayay kaliomahen[50]. Manga’ay ko kalokilakilang pinaloma. Manga’ayay maomahen oya mililisay to lawac no riyar to 564 kongli a nga’ayay sera. O nipalomaan a kinaira o felac, cica’ a kilang, kaisyafa, kohi, tefos, pawli, keke, kalaha’ay simal, kalaha’ay falo, ’Ariray, panay, kodasing, talacay, nimon, mami’ ato kalodatengan. Tadamaanay a nipalomaan o ica’ a kilang. O pipaloma to panay, i saetalay a finawlan o nipipalomaan o nipacarcaran ko paloma, todohan nangra ko demedematan, paloma to saka cecay, saka tosa, tona awaay to ko tayhi no sera, malinah to tayra roma a pala a maomah. Caay paka’aca awaay ko pi’acaan to tayhi sapakoyasi, caay ka fangcal ko pilitod awaay ko sapipalasawad to fao ato ’ayam pikari’ang, orasaka o citodongay cango’ot to kinaira. O lotolotokan ira ko 30336 pinfang kongli, matahepoay no kilakilang salongan 31.5%[51]. O kilakilangan adihay ko kasasiroma, ira 235 ko kasasiroma[52], kilangan halo kahemaway matoni’ay kilang tangasa ’atekakay kilang kilang, kilangan a kasacifolatak masasiroma. Polong no kasakilangan, ira ko 21 kasasiromaan sapisanga’ to lalosidan, ira ko 21 kasasiroma a nga’ayay sanga’en ko sakadademak, hook ato satafo, ira ko 20 kasasiroma sapipatireng to loma’ lalosidan, ira ko 16 kasasiroma manga’ay sakadademak a kawil, ira ko 20 manga’ayay sapisanga’ to dadokap (kami); lalomaan no kitakit a kilakilangan midotoc sapikinaira ko pidemak. Aniniay lalan calay misadadahal to kilangan to pasakilangan, saki Liberia a sifo itini i faloco’an a saetal ko sapicowat to kinaira no kilangan ko satata’akay pisahalaka. Patongal to Monrovia pakoniyah a minato a pipatireng, saka nga’ay no kilang patayra i roma kitakit. === Pakaenay to ’a’adopen (畜牧業) === O Pakaenay to ’a’adopen, o paka’enay to ’ayam ato fafoy. Orasaka laloma’an no kitakit ira ko mangta’ay titi, ’ayam ato fitaol caay ka cango’oten, roma mapatala roma kitakit. Nawhani laloma’an o fa’edetay kilakilangan, orasaka o ’aadopen adihay, ko malonem, takolil, fafoy no lotok, ’aya’ayam, wani, ’alimedas, ta’akay lotong ato lotong, malo kinaira a kakaenen no tamdaw. O fanges no fafoy no lotok ato fanges no ’alimedas, fanges no wani ato wa’a no malonem, sarahoday han ko pilosimet manga’ay to pa’acaen. === Misafotingay (漁業) === Misafotingay o kimetoay, foting i lomama’ no Liberia a tamdaw o koemeday samanga’ayay sakinaira a protein kadofahay kakaenen. I ngataay no sekal a riyar adihay ko foting, marocok ko patodong to kangalayan no icifo. No kafesa’ay nanom a pisafoting misarocod a mipatenak, miledaf ko fanaw i polong no kitakit. === Fodawan (礦業) === I Liberia adihay ko masimeday a fodawan itini, ira ko marar, ^ekim, oteng, antang, ferric niobium, tungsten, manganese, diamond(adicacaw fokeloh), graphite, magnet, tadamarar tafok ato Mica. Nikawrira saheto o caayay ka cowat, dengan o marar, ^ekim ato diamond ko mikorkoran. Itiniay a marar a tafok o nga’ayay. === Misang'ay to lalosidan (工業) === Laloma’ay no kitakit dengan o mimingay a misanga’ay to lalosidan, o misanga’an ira ko mikarkaray to fodawan, misatingkiay, cica’ a kilang, tayhi, kilang, marar, misasimal, tenooy, sariko’ay, amoto, ’emi, teking, lingka, safon, misadadokap, misatangso, kakaenen, safalakoay, misamadaray, misanga’ay to kikay, misanga’ay to tosiya, misataminaay, sapisebged ato lalosidan a kaysya. == Kasakitakit a kalali’aca (國際貿易) == === Pasadakan kali’aca (出口貿易) === Saki pasadakay kali’acaan, Liberia i 2006 miheca pasadakan a ira 11.97 walwalan Amilika payso[53], o nipasadakan ira ko cica’ kilang, marar tafok, kohi, kilang, fodawan, afinong simal, afinaong heci, afinong canot, titi ato nisanga’an, dafongan pasadakan tangasa i Into, Amilika, Poland, Germany ato Belgium[54]. === Micomoday kali’aca (進口貿易) === O Liberia i 2006 miheca micomoday ira ko 71.43 walwalan Amilika payso[55], o nipacomodan ira simal, kakay, sapicolo’ sakadademak ato sakatayal, ratoh calay, isingan sakatayal, sapiiyo, sapisanga’ to dafong, tayhi, tenooy, kalosakadademak, sadadingoay, tingce. Tingkian, sasalamaen, pisafangod a lalosidan, epah tamako ato nananomen. Kalodafong nai Korea, Singapore, Taywan, Dipon, Congko nipacomodan[56]. == Tamdaw (人口) == Midotoc i 2022 mihecaan Amilika tenokan sakarong nisa’osian, o Liberia a finawlan ira 5,358,483 tamdaw[25], itini ira ko 30% maro’ay i Monrovia a maci. Polong no finawlan malaisal mafolaway tayni ato itiniay a finawlan, o finawlan 95%. O finacadan ira Keppel, Barcelona, Dan, Crewe, Grebo, Mano, Loma, Gora, Mandingo, Bell ato 19 sician nai Amilika safaniyot mafolaway a kohetingay tamdaw teloc. O Keppel satata’angay finacadan i polong no kitakit, micalap to 20%[57]. Nai Amilika ato kaetipay Into palapalaan a Amilika teloc a Liberia tamdaw, ato nai Congo ato Caribbean sa’etal a Congo tamdaw, micalap to 2.5% to finawlan[58]. Ikoray tosa nai 19 sici o mi’emetay to sici no Liberia. O Inkiris a sowal ko sakasowal no Liberia ato sakasasowal[59]. Itini i Liberia ira ko 31 a sowal no finacadan, nikawrira o mipasowalay to no ina a sowal caay ka’aloman[60]. O Liberia a Inkiris sowal (no Creole a Inkiris a sowal) malifongay. Midotoc to i 2008 mihecaan polong no pipalita, o Liberia 85.5% tamdaw ko mitooray to Kristokiw, roma i 12.2% o Muslim[61]. Itiniay a to’asan pakayraan dengan 0.5%, roma ira ko 1.5% mitokian to awaayay ko pakayraan.   Ono Liberia a kimpo a matelek o finawlan ira ko pakoniyah a pitooran, o sifo mingodo to finawlan to nia salongoc. Talacowa o kimpo a matelek i Liberia malasiyasay to pakayraan ato sician a kitakit, nikawrira o Liberia o Kristokiw a kitakit[62]. Ono kitakit a pitilidan padamso to Fangcalay Cudad a nananamen, orasaka sarikec a matelak mi’efec to pa’aliwacan ano eca no Kristokiw a kacedengan romi’ad a kalali’acaan a demak. == Kiwiko (教育) == I 2010 mihecaan a Liberia o mapohaway to tilid 60.8% (fainayan 64.8%, fafahiyan 56.8%)[63], o roma a sa’etal a mimingay pitilidan ato tenokan pitilidan caay ka ci’aca a kiwiko[64], nikawrira ira ko roma a ’etal mangalay pasadak to sapitilid a payso itiya manga’ay to mimingay pitilidan ato tenokay pitilidan. Salongan kahacecay a ka’emangay i Liberia a kiwiko o 10 miheca (fainayan 11 miheca, fafahiyan 8 miheca) [63], o nia kitakit sapasifana’ ato malasingsiay o cango’otay[65]. Ono Liberia takaraway kiwiko citodangay ira ko no kitakit ira ko no tekedan. O no kitakit a Liberia daykako o nano kitakit satata’akay mato’asay a daykako, itiniay i Monrovia[66], i 1862 mihecaan mapatireng. Anini ira ko 6 a kakoying, halo 1 a ising kakoying ato polong dengan a sarikec kakoying Louis Arthur Greens rikec kakoying[67]. I 2009 mihecaan, no i Harper a Tubman daykako o saka 2 no kitakit a daykako[68]. O Keddington daykako o nano Amilika Anglican Church nipatirengan i 1889 mihecaan, o samato’asay no tekedan daykako. Nai 2006 mihecaan, o sifo itira i Buchanan, Sanikole, Voinjama mipatirengay to syako kakoying[69][70][71]. Nawhani i 2018 mihecaan 10 folad miliyang ko mitiliday, fa’elohay maalaay congtong ci George M Weah mipalasawad to no kitakit a daykako mitiliday a sapitilid a payso[72]. === Tekadan daykako (私立大學) === O Cartington daykako i 1889 mihecaan nai Amilika Anglican Church i state kanatal a Suakoko patireng, malo saki yincumin a finawlan patenakay kiwiko a tayal. O samatelangay no Amilika tekedan daykako. O Stella Maris Polytechnic, o cecay tekedan takaraway kiwiko citodongay. Oni pitilidan mapatireng nai 1988 miheca, o nano Monrovia a Loma tingsokiw tata’angay citodongay a nidemakan. Pitilidan itiraay i kalomaocan a lotok, ira ko 2,000 ko tamdaw no mitiliday[73]. Kaetipay Kristo ansokonic (Seventh-day Adventist Church) daykako, itiniay i Magibi kanatal a Roberts kasakitakit hikokiciw[74]. O United Methodist Church daykako a cecay itiniay i kaetipay Africa Liberia a tekedan Kristokiw daykako, itiniay tamdaw sowal sa UMU. Tangasa i 2016 mihecaan, ira ko 9,118 tamdaw a mitiliday. O nia citodongay mapatireng i 1998 mihecaan[75]. == Kakolalan no picolo’an (交通運輸) == O tadamaci ira ko kalocalay a lalan matatongod i polong no kitakit kasatata’angay kadademakan citodongay ’etal. Kawali a Roberts kasakitakit hikokiciw o satata’angay i Africa safaniyot a hikokiciw. O Liberia a pakariyaray a picolo’an cingangan i hekal, i tadamaci ira ko 20 a kasakitakit noriyaray picolo’ marariday ko rakat ato kasatongodan malacalay, i Monrovia minato o kaetipay Africa sa’etal satata’akay aniniay a minato, o dadahal no minato ira ko 300 kofo, mihecaan a pi’enoc 1000 ’ofad ton. === Marar lalan (鐵路) === Polong no kitakit dengan 2 ko marar a lalan, o kakaya’ ira ko 490 kongli[76], to nia 145 kongli o ki’ecoay a marar lalan. Saheto o midemakay mi’ot’otay to fodawan a kosi, o sapicolo’ to marar fodawan, laloma’ay kalaloodan mapeleng makari’ang itiya, ta anini caay to karomakat. === Lalan (公路) === I Liberia a lalan o kakaya’ ira 10600 kongli[77], o nian masaromi’aday a lalan 2036 kongli, mapatangiiway lalan ira ko 739 kongli. Laloma’an no kitakit a lalood tadamaan ko kakari’ang. === Nanom a picolo’ (水運) === O Liberia i olong no cikiw a pakariyaray picolo’ ira ko tadamaanay a todong, o Liberia caay ka pina ko tamina nira, nikawrira nai Liberia ka’emeday ko sapitoki a payso, malosaka tadamaan no Liberia i hekal a kacingangan no tamina (Flag of convenience) a pitokian a kitakit, nai Amilikaay a “Liberian International Ship & Corporate Registry” (decdec a tilid LISCR) taypiaw to Liberia nikapolongan kitakit sifo riyaran citodongay paini to kakingangan no tamina a nipitokian a demak. I 2008 miheca ira ko 2204 tamina mipakafitay to fayfay no kitakit[78], o sa’adihayay o Amilika ato Greece a kosi a tamina, o sapisakahemaw to sata. Saki Liberia kitakit a tamina saheto o mimingay, eca ka papina, nai 1961 mihecaan i, misitapang ira ko patelekan romi’ad to mirarakatay tamina ato France a malalifetay to efa ato Congo kohetingay wa’a minato a karomakat. Laloma’an no kitakit ira ko Monrovia pakoniyah minato, Geville minato, Harbor minato, Buchanan minato ato Roberts minato, no mihecaan a nicolo’an a dafong ira 20 ’ofad ton. === Kakarayan nicolo’ay (空運) === I 2009 miheca laloma’ay kitakit ira ko 33 a hikokiciw[79], itini ira ko 2 tata;akay hikokiciw, tadamaci ato kasa kanatal sifo ira ko pafesotay a hikoki. Itini i tadamaanay maci a Roberts kasakitakit hikokiciw nao Africa satata’akay hikokiciw, i 1990 miheca mapeleng i laloma’ay no kitakit a kalaloodan, I 1997 miheca 12 folad miliyaw mapatireng. Ta anini ira ko Brussels hilkoki kosi, Ghana hikoki kosi ko midemakay to nian. == Pinengnengan tilid. (參考文獻) == 1. Template:Cite CIA World Factbook 2. Liberia. World Economic Outlook Database. International Monetary Fund (IMF). April 2022 [2022-07-27]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2022-07-27） （Inkiris sowal）. 3. Human Development Report 2019 (PDF). UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME. [2019-12-22]. （o nano tilid (PDF)mana’ang i 2018-10-24）. 4. 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Rand Corp website calay a pina’angan mana’ang, pina’angan romi’ad, October 14, 2018，. Retrieved December 7, 2017. 36. Nicola Jones, Janice Cooper, Elizabeth Presler-Marshall and David Walker, June 2014; "The fallout of rape as a weapon of war", ODI; <nowiki>http://www.odi.org/publications/8464-rape-weapon-war-liberia</nowiki> State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition (PDF). International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association. May 17, 2016. 37. Avery, Daniel. 71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal. Newsweek. April 4, 2019. "Senate Passes 'No Same Sex Marriage' Bill ", Daily Observer, 21 July 2012. [September 1, 2019]. （nano nina’angan tilid i August 5, 2012）. 38. “Na no tilid no kaocong a palapalaan-1”, Longten mirina’ay, 2010-5 nirina’, 2016-6 saka 6 mirina’. 39. Miliyaw mitilid nai “Africa safaniyot kitakit”-- Liberia, felih 141,1981 40. Schoenurl, John W. 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October 25, 2018 [March 20, 2018]. 72.Stella Maris Polytechnic. smp>edu. 2013 [March 20, 2019]. （nano nina’angan tilid i March 30, 2019）. 73.Adventist University of West Africa. auwa,edu. [March 20, 2019]. （nano nina’angan tilid i March 27, 2019）. 74.United Methodist University. umu'edu. 2019 [March 20, 2019]. （nano nina’angan tilid i March 20, 2019）. 75. Takaraway misolapay to hekalan a kadademak –marar lalan. [2010-08-02]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2010-06-03）. 76. Takaraway misolapay to hekalan a kadademak --lalan. [2010-08-02]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2014-08-30）. 77. Takaraway misolapay to hekalan a kadademak –sa’osi no tamina. [2010-08-02]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2010-06-03）. 78. Takaraway misolapay to hekalan a kadademak –sa’osi no hikokiciw. [2010-08-02]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2010-04-25）. [[Faylo:Flag of Liberia.svg|thumb|Flag of Liberia|alt=Flag of Liberia]] [[Faylo:Location Liberia AU Africa.svg|thumb|Location of  Liberia  (dark blue)– in Africa  (light blue & dark grey)– in the African Union  (light blue)]] Itini i 6 30 N, 9 30 W, noAfilika ko [[Liberia]]. Polong no sekalay i 111,369 sq km “saka 104 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 96,320 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 15,049 sq km ” Polong i 4,299,944 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 28.10%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 44.60%, malo no roma to a sera 27.30%. siyoto(首都) O [[Monrovia]](蒙羅維亞) ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakapito 26 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]](艾倫·強森·瑟利夫), patirengan a romi’ad i 2006 a miheca saka 1 folad saka 18 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Liberia]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Afrika]] lu1zpawzfcuc4lky3nbd269hwk7f9dy 0 631 13777 13776 2021-10-28T12:25:03Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 24 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 13776 wikitext text/x-wiki Libu（李埔部落） Itiniay i [[Jianshi]](尖石) Cen no Hsinchu(新竹縣) ko [[Libu]] a niyaro’, 27 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 103 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 96% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 99 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 4% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 4 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)93%, Bunun(布農族)1%, roma(其他)2%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] bw2vs1bgghtuqmhjezjmnx3zp4nb8ms 0 632 30751 30743 2022-02-19T02:24:43Z 1234qwer1234qwer4 245 取消[[Special:Contributions/180.129.123.157|180.129.123.157]]（[[User talk:180.129.123.157|留言]]）作出的修訂30743 30751 wikitext text/x-wiki Libya（利比亞） [[Faylo:Flag of Libya.svg|thumb|Flag of Libya]] [[Faylo:Libya (Libya centered; orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Location of Libya]] Itini i 25 00 N, 17 00 E, noAfilika ko [[Libya]]. Polong no sekalay i 1,759,540 sq km “saka 17 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 1,759,540 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 0 sq km ” Polong i 6,541,948 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 8.80%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 0.10%, malo no roma to a sera 91.10%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Tripoli]](的黎波里) ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakamoetep 23 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Fayez al-Sarraj]](法耶茲·薩拉傑), patirengan a romi’ad i 2016 a miheca(年) saka 3 folad saka 30 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] ic6x3d005kb8rkm86xnod5ps35ropyi 0 633 13818 13817 2021-10-28T12:25:08Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 23 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 13817 wikitext text/x-wiki Lidaw（里漏部落） Itiniay i [[Ji’an]](吉安) Cen no Hualien(花蓮縣) ko [[Lidaw]]| a niyaro’, 1,118 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 2,835 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 32% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 899 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 68% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 1,936 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)29%, Truku(太魯閣族)1%, roma(其他)1%. Ira ko picodadan(化仁國中) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] s3mku7nifzxv4ibq9pgn78q7whpfunh 0 634 30256 30217 2022-01-22T00:32:56Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q347]] 30256 wikitext text/x-wiki Liechtenstein（列支敦斯登） [[Faylo:Flag of Liechtenstein.svg|thumb|Flag of Liechtenstein|alt=Flag of Liechtenstein]] [[Faylo:Europe-Liechtenstein.svg|thumb|Location of  Liechtenstein  (green)in Europe  (dark grey)  –  [Legend]]] Itini i 47 16 N, 9 32 E, noYoropi ko [[Liechtenstein]]. Polong no sekalay i 160 sq km “saka 219 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 160 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 0 sq km ” Polong i 37,937 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 37.60%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 43.10%, malo no roma to a sera 19.30%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Vaduz]](瓦都茲) ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakafalo 15 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Hans-Adam II]](漢斯·亞當二世, Prince of Liechtenstein, patirengan a romi’ad i 1989 a miheca(年) saka 11 folad saka 13 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] qnalo7n57phsnoaih6qrtsykt1b9cpg 0 635 13861 13860 2021-10-28T12:25:13Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 25 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 13860 wikitext text/x-wiki Likau-uan（錦屏部落） Itiniay i [[Haiduan]](海端) Cen no Taitung(台東縣) ko [[Likau-uan]] a niyaro’, 103 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 443 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 95% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 419 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 5% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 24 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Bunun(布農族)82%, Amis(阿美族)4%, Paiwan(排灣族)1%, Tayal(泰雅族)1%, roma(其他)7%. Ira ko picodadan(錦屏國小、錦屏國小附幼) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 6rl2v1l5pnicaf4ubfpxekbtvj0jjng 0 636 13889 13888 2021-10-28T12:25:16Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 27 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 13888 wikitext text/x-wiki Likavung（利嘉部落） Itiniay i [[Beinan]](卑南) Cen no Taitung(台東縣) ko [[Likavung]] a niyaro’, 466 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 1,247 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 69% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 857 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 31% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 390 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Puyuma(卑南族)54%, Amis(阿美族)7%, Paiwan(排灣族)3%, Bunun(布農族)1%, Rukai(魯凱族)2%, roma(其他)2%. Ira ko picodadan(利嘉國小) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(台東分局利嘉派出所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 287vnw7gga7m106e9kz6izv0b3n4q07 0 637 13916 13915 2021-10-28T12:25:19Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 26 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 13915 wikitext text/x-wiki Lilang（裡冷部落） Itiniay i [[Heping]](和平) Cen no Taichung(台中市) ko [[Lilang]] a niyaro’, 145 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 388 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 76% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 294 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 24% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 94 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)71%, Amis(阿美族)2%, Bunun(布農族)1%, Cou(鄒族)1%, Truku(太魯閣族)1%. Ira ko picodadan(裡冷部落圖書資訊站) i niyaro’. Ira ko Kiwkay(真耶穌教會裡冷教會) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] bta21ml2n3yte8ogp6wc68nj9gm4mmx 0 638 13977 13976 2021-10-28T12:25:23Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 60 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 13976 wikitext text/x-wiki Limecedan no Pangcah （阿美族的少女） Itini i kasafinacadan takarakaraw ko tatirengan no limecedan no Pangcah, o mafana’ay a romadiw ato kero’ a masafelaway. Nano kaemangan damsay malalokay a matayal, maratar to dafak miradom, mifaca’, misakaranam, malepon konini tatayalen aca no loma’, to romi’ad i talariyar micekiw, mirengos tono riyar, anca talalotok maomah, pakaen to kolong, tahakakerem to ko romi’ad ta minokay, tangsol to misakalafi sapakalafi to mato’asay. Maraod to ko katatodongan no mihecan ko limecedan no Pangcah, ira to ko kahemekan malotatodong, maedeng to ko kalalacal, malacecay to ko faloco’ ano saan, misafaloco’ to sakararamod. Sa honihoni sato tayra i loma’ no fa’inayan a mitapi’, mipadang miasik to salawacan no loma’, mipadang a miradom, masakaranam, pacafay to mato’asay. O roma i, ano o kapah ko maolahay toya limecadan i, tayra i loma’ no fafahiyan a pakasoy, kaliwmahan mipadang malingad, tadafa’inayan kako anosa talalotok midongec pakaolah to mato’asay no fafahiyan, onini koya sowal ano mamikadafo to ko limecedan a kaying, o rarakaten konini a demak. Itiya ho o kato’asan a talihocan no limecedan i niyaro, ano palecad han to aniniay i tokay ma’orip a limecedan, wata ko kasasiroma. nika oya nano kakaemangan, ya damsayay lipahakay malalokay a matayal fangcalay nano rayray manengneng i tatirengan no limecedan no Pangcah. Caay ko sasafaen ko maro’ay i tokay ko aniniay a limecedan no Pangcah, teked sa cacay tayni tona falohay a talihocan a milifet a matayal, mi’em’em to ’ilol miliyas to niyaro’, milifet ho minanam to ’orip itini i tokay. So’elin to malalok cangra matayal, o roray koni caay kasaan, pacena’an makakaleto ko tao misalama, cangra sa, palasawad sa to pahanhanan, nanam sato a matayal, ano mimimiming ko lifon, o faloco’ sapifalicaw to ’orip no loma’ i niyaro, o roray koni caay kasaan hadidi sa to roray cangra. == Pi’arawan to lakaw == *李景崇，1998，《阿美族歷史》，臺北：師大書苑。 *達西烏拉彎‧畢馬，2001，《臺灣的原住民 : 阿美族》，臺北：臺原。 *林淳毅，2001，《阿美族傳說：邦查的山海故事，後山的美麗傳奇》，臺中：晨星。 *達西烏拉彎畢馬，2003，《阿美族神話與傳說：再創生、彩虹的傳說、人頭祭、鍬與刀、製陶的口傳故事》，臺中：晨星。 *黄宣衞，2008，《阿美族》，臺北：三民。 [[Kasasiwasiw:Siwkulang 'Amis]] moxwp3islphgpsfpf1lfg6f3a17fpeb 0 639 43334 30119 2024-05-19T15:06:03Z 嚴美鳳 41 43334 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Ombrelles.jpg|thumb|Linay]] [[Faylo:Linay.ogg|縮圖|Tosaay ko linay ako.]] Linay('''Cacelakan''') 1q38bacnx2npv2fscmh8672t4olztjg 0 640 14006 14005 2021-10-28T12:25:28Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 24 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 14005 wikitext text/x-wiki Lingacay（苓雅仔部落） Itiniay i [[Yuli]](玉里) Cen no Hualien(花蓮縣) ko [[Lingacay]] a niyaro’, 223 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 741 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 94% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 700 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 6% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 41 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)89%, Bunun(布農族)1%, roma(其他)4%. Ira ko picodadan(德武國小) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(德武衛生室) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 2vf8z3039km22ix0amzcbf0cac2bo5p 0 641 38573 14179 2023-06-27T20:37:18Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38573 wikitext text/x-wiki Litapangan a milingayaw （[[kuwaping a sowal]]: 馘首起源） Matiniay ko litapangan no pingayaw, yo mikerid to tatosaay a wawa ci Itongan ato ci damayan a mikasoy ci [[Calaw]], maso’aw to ci Calaw, ocor han nira koya malakakaay a tatosa tayra i sawaeran a miradom, nika o sapalimo’otan toya tatosaay a malekaka koya ci Calaw, palingata sa cingra miki’ayaw mingota toya nanom, minokay koya tatosaay awawa sowal sa, “Mamaaw! mangota koya nanom, saka maosoy kami a minokay.” Paca’of han ni Calaw a somowal, “Cadiwen ko po’ot ato ’idoc namo, samada han a miraod tayra toya sawaeran no nanom, nengnengen cima koya tatiihay a tamdaw mingotaay to nanom, ma’araw namo tepoc han ko fongoh nira.” Oya to malekakaay paliyaw to a tayra. Tonini, makera to nangra tatosa ira itira mingota to nanom no sawa’eran, orasa samadah sa a miraod mingata toya tati’ihay a tamdaw, kawilikawanan ko cecay kitatosa han nangra a micocok ta mapatay, awaay to ko limalimaw noya tamdaw a paco’ay, tepoc han to nora malekakaay ko fongoh, nengneng han nangra pacekok o mama nangra koya mitepocan! Tatangic sato cangra a minokay pakafana’ to ina tona litapangan a demak, tangsol to mikaketer cangranan tatosa sowal sa “Pingayaw to fongoh han no mama namo, wata ko olah namo a mingayaw, o fongoh to no mama namo tepocen to, a matira aca oli pi’adop mingayaw to fongoh! ” orasa mingayaw to to fongoh cangra malekaka, lima a romi’ad caka komaen to kakaenen, maherek to talataporo palokelon to fokeloh, mitanam milifet to cikay no fokeloh, nika caka piharakat to foeloh, orasa caho kaedeng a mingayaw to fongoh sa cangra. Caay pitolas cangra a misalifelifet a minanam misaliway to kakaenen, malecad ho ko pilifet nangra to kalekelon no fokeloh, toni pilifet malowid to nangra, sowal sato, “Ira to ko ’icel niyam, haydaen kami misanga’ to safang.” Tafo han nangra malekaka ko fokeloh, mangaay sapipaekel to ’ada a safang, mangaay aca sapirepet to malonem, o remes no malonem paro han tacefoan no malonem. Masadak cangra tayra i niyaro’ no ’ada, i laawac no niyaro’ mikowan pasoni, mikadoh to ’ada hay masadak a mifolaw, nika paka’araw ko ’ada cangranan tatosa aca a malekaka, salahoday sa misatapang to a milaop. Tangsol to milaliw koya malekakaay, comkay cangra pasiyasi’en nangra koya miparoan i tacefoan a remes, mato cidoka haysa, maherek to tayra to toya maromotay i salo’akong toya mica’itan a safang, emin hanto koya remes miseni’ i safang, minengneng koya ’ada toya pinatera’ a remes, keton hanto koya keliw no safang, o safang ato fokeloh malokelon to maemin mapaekel to ko ’ada a tamdaw, itiya to sa lahoday sa cangra malekaka hacecacecay hanto nangra a mitepoc ko fongoh. O fokeloh ko tadek no kaka a miketon, orasaka kinacecay miketon ceca ko ngici’ no po’ot; no safa han o kilang ko tadek a pitepoc, orasaka caay katalec caay kangici’ harakat ko pitepoc nira. O sapanokayaw aca tora fongoh no ’ada, ala sa to talopo a kilang malo’onoc nira, nika koengel ko caang, cahocaho mapitek to, nika no safa han na pakatengilay to soni no ’ayam sowal sa, “Taciwlalaw, taciwlalaw ” saan saka ala sa cingra to taciwlalaw a kilang malo’onoc nira, orasaka caayay ka pitek. Lata’ang sa cangra a minokay pafeli han nangra ko ina toya fongoh no ’ada, nika caay ka lipahak sowal sa, “Sapimaan ko fongoh no tamdaw, ma’osi kako to matiniay a lalosidan.” orasa malekakaay sowal sa, “Naw hatira to ko keter ni ina? liyas sato kita to loma’ mikilim to maloramod sato!” Tahira cangra toya cecay a pala, mipeco’ cangra to mami’. sowal sa ko kakak, “No makoay a mami’ ko marohemay itiniay ” ala sa to cecay podac han nira ira ko mato’asay to a fafahiyan, marihaw ko ngiha. No safa han kandaway ho, podac han nira, masadak ko limecedan ho a fafahiyan. Hakelongen to nangra malekaka ko fafahi minokay, makera ira to ko falohay kaolahan no ina nangra ma’osi cangranan, orasa o rarom no faloco’ nangra malekaka sakafong to sapikpik no ’ayam mihawikid to cifo’isay to tilid a po’ot pasowal to ina, “Inaaw, ano matiratira ka la’eto ko faloco’ iso, nengnengen ho iso kami itini i potal! ikor to edeng to kafangcalan ko romi’ad to dadaya, ta mangaay no miso minengneng tamiyanan.” orasa hatosa to wa’ay takod han nangra, “Peng” sa cecay ko soni, miripa’ to sota’ ko wa’ay, masoni ho, micomod to ko pakih talalinik no sota’, sakinatolo masoni, o wa’ay maemin to malafong i sota’, saikoray to pitakod maemin to malafong i lalinik no sota’ awaay to a ma’araw! sakalima to a romi’ad, masadak to ci ina minengneng to kakarayan, deng manengnengay samiyamiyat sanay i kakarayan ci linamay ato ci Itong tosa ko fo’is. [[Kasasiwasiw:Siwkulang 'Amis]] iunz5dn5w1fbblciq1a6oue5npmvf0m 0 642 30257 30218 2022-01-22T00:32:57Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q37]] 30257 wikitext text/x-wiki Lithuania（立陶宛） [[Faylo:Flag of Lithuania.svg|thumb|Flag of Lithuania|alt=Flag of Lithuania]] [[Faylo:EU-Lithuania.svg|thumb|Location of  Lithuania  (dark green)– in Europe  (green & dark grey)– in the European Union  (green)  –  [Legend]]] Itini i 56 00 N, 24 00 E, noYoropi ko [[Lithuania]]. Polong no sekalay i 65,300 sq km “saka 123 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 62,680 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 2,620 sq km ” Polong i 2,854,235 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 44.80%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 34.60%, malo no roma to a sera 20.60%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Vilnius]](維爾紐斯) ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakatosa 16 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Dalia Grybauskaitė]](達利婭·格里包斯凱特), patirengan a romi’ad i 2009 a miheca(年) saka 7 folad saka 12 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] kfy399k342dyvnqyk7d0hke7o6vjn3v 0 643 14224 14223 2021-10-28T12:25:42Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 27 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 14223 wikitext text/x-wiki Litu（利稻部落） Itiniay i [[Haiduan]](海端) Cen no Taitung(台東縣) ko [[Litu]] a niyaro’, 80 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 335 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 95% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 318 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 5% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 17 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Bunun(布農族)82%, Amis(阿美族)2%, Paiwan(排灣族)2%, Tayal(泰雅族)1%, roma(其他)8%. Ira ko imeng(關山分局利稻派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(利稻村衛生室) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(台東消防局利稻分隊) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 7q5orlze5wfqj8kl2brrfxi1tv88fdt 0 644 14247 14246 2021-10-28T12:25:45Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 22 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 14246 wikitext text/x-wiki Lkuxan（過水橋部落） Itiniay i [[Jianshi]](尖石) Cen no Hsinchu(新竹縣) ko [[Lkuxan]] a niyaro’, 11 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 18 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 72% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 13 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 28% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 5 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)61%, Paiwan(排灣族)6%, roma(其他)6%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] kdz1h7xhwbfsi4k24g5awx6fm17x514 0 645 14276 14275 2021-10-28T12:25:48Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 28 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 14275 wikitext text/x-wiki Llyung（馬里光部落） Itiniay i [[Jianshi]](尖石) Cen no Hsinchu(新竹縣) ko [[Llyung]] a niyaro’, 13 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 69 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 97% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 67 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 3% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 2 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)75%, Amis(阿美族)13%, Saysiyat(賽夏族)1%, roma(其他)7%. Ira ko picodadan(玉峰國小、玉峰國小附幼) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(橫山分局玉峰派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko Kiwkay(玉峰天主堂) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 94iy33mv2s6jp934f9njwdzvxxdck2s 0 646 14300 14299 2021-10-28T12:25:51Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 23 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 14299 wikitext text/x-wiki Lohok（洛合谷部落） Itiniay i [[Yuli]](玉里) Cen no Hualien(花蓮縣) ko [[Lohok]] a niyaro’, 289 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 791 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 63% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 499 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 37% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 292 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)59%, Bunun(布農族)1%, Truku(太魯閣族)1%, roma(其他)2%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 2pncv0vmalcyag5aoyc5d9ks7tokv4x 0 647 45426 43329 2025-01-16T08:04:42Z 2A02:8308:210:5D00:3951:133A:D904:7289 45426 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Lokot.ogg|縮圖|Safelan ako ko lokot.]] Lokot（山蘇）[[Faylo:Asplenium nidus 003.jpg|thumb|Lokot|275x275px]]Sakakaya'(很長) sanay ko papah(葉子), cecacecay laya' no kamay ko kakaya'. Malalid a romahad i semot, i kilakilangan(樹上). Ma'osi(不喜歡) to cidal(太陽不會直射之樹蔭下), tatiih ko lengaw ano matalang i cidal. Maolah a lomahad i masoemetay a sata' ato kilang. Kiemel ko lamit nira a mikafit i kilakilangan(附生在樹上). Anini, 'aloman to komaenay to lokot, 'aloman 'aloman to ko mipalomaay to lokot i facal, i tatihi no loma', i semot no omaomahan. == siiked(特徵) == O sakoengelay a papah nira ko kakaenen no tamdaw. Fangcal ano matangtang anoca maciyan. Roma sato mapolong to katacomoli a masafel. O papah nira, maosoy a mafail, fangcal a masahana(拿來做成漂亮的盆栽). Maolahay a malengaw i lidolidongan, itini i saemelay a sota ko kalengaw no lokot. Ikorto, o harateng no ci todongay to no lotolotokan(林務局) i, o pipaloma no aniniay a tamdaw i, saheto sa pahiliwan anca o cisawarakay, tongal sato atekakay ko ’aca no lokot. O papah no lokot i mangaay pacamolen to kohaw no foting, ka’esoay kaenen. I tini i, noTaywan i, kasa falifalic no romi’ad, Takaraway a lotlotkan ’edeng ira ko 50~870kongco. Matatorongay a takalaway a lotolotokan400~1200kongco, I tirataatlaway i kilangkilanganamalengaw。 gci806mwx4lnwsy5mwti40t75qhc6wy 0 648 14324 14323 2021-10-28T12:25:56Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 3 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 14323 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} [[Faylo:Flameprince peaches.jpg|left|100px|thumb|Lopas]] ftn5dw6dee6913dxs3zw2qczmfmcjol 0 649 39969 39967 2023-10-22T12:17:42Z LiouShowShya 36 39969 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:LL-Q35132 (ami)-LiouShowShya-kahengangay ko hemot no lotong.wav|縮圖|kahengangay ko hemot no lotong]] kahengangay ko hemot no lotong{{stub}} [[Faylo:Monkey_Acts.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Lotong.]] Ono 哺乳類 a [['a'adopen]] konini. O {{Ruby|台|Tay}}{{Ruby|灣|wan}}{{Ruby|獼猴|lotong}} ko Lotong a ma'min i [[Taywan]]. [[Category:'a'adopen]] 4xg9ktkufdbmwwcvshk48ucmttxx045 0 650 14354 14353 2021-10-28T12:26:01Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 22 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 14353 wikitext text/x-wiki Ludja（安平部落） Itiniay i [[Taiwu]](泰武) Cen no Pingtung(屏東縣) ko [[Ludja]] a niyaro’, 42 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 184 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 95% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 175 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 5% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 9 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Paiwan(排灣族)93%, Amis(阿美族)1%, Bunun(布農族)1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] cwskovsegpfaerox1vdielgk22dt2c9 0 651 14381 14380 2021-10-28T12:26:04Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 26 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 14380 wikitext text/x-wiki Luhung（基國派部落） Itiniay i [[Fuxing]](復興) Cen no Taoyuan(桃園市) ko [[Luhung]] a niyaro’, 248 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 749 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 80% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 597 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 20% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 152 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)75%, Amis(阿美族)2%, Paiwan(排灣族)1%, roma(其他)2%. Ira ko Kiwkay(台灣基督長老教會三民教會、三民天主堂) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] imhewhpv824995qdaxy1vwuoi8w44kp 0 652 44378 30583 2024-08-30T23:11:09Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 Luis Guillermo Solis, 2017 44378 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:President Luis Guillermo Solis.jpg|縮圖|Luis Guillermo Solis, 2017|alt=President Luis Guillermo Solis.jpg]] I 1958 a miheca(年) saka 4 folad saka 25 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci '''Luis Guillermo Solís'''(路易斯·吉列爾莫·索利斯), malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Costa riga]](哥斯大黎加) anini i ci Luis Guillermo Solís, patirengan a romi’ad i 2014 a miheca(年) saka 5 folad saka 8 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] taecm1oc2vnjww9dioa036jzc6gufe9 0 653 14423 14422 2021-10-28T12:26:09Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 26 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 14422 wikitext text/x-wiki Luluna（羅娜部落） Itiniay i [[Xinyi]](信義) Cen no Nantou(南投縣) ko [[Luluna]] a niyaro’, 467 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 1,617 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 86% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 1,394 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 14% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 223 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Bunun(布農族)83%, Tayal(泰雅族)1%, Amis(阿美族)1%, Paiwan(排灣族)1%. Ira ko picodadan(羅娜國小、羅娜國小附幼) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(信義分局羅娜派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(羅娜衛生所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] jp1r5sc7qit9vli0g4us2knthqvfzbl 0 654 34676 34511 2023-02-19T05:58:25Z Mtarch11 659 取消[[Special:Contributions/69.193.69.245|69.193.69.245]]（[[User talk:69.193.69.245|留言]]）的編輯，改回[[User:Sotiale|Sotiale]]的先前版本 14447 wikitext text/x-wiki Lupakatj（魯巴卡茲部落） Itiniay i [[Taimali]](太麻里) Cen no Taitung(台東縣) ko [[Lupakatj]] a niyaro’, 220 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 484 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 52% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 250 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 48% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 234 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Paiwan(排灣族)48%, Amis(阿美族)1%, Bunun(布農族)1%, Puyuma(卑南族)1%, roma(其他)1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] g5uu2an9sgmjssn7uzyz9px52d4tvc6 0 655 36878 36877 2023-05-12T12:59:01Z Ｍayawtowid 44 /* O ngangan no Lupo */ 36878 wikitext text/x-wiki Lupo（露埔部落） Itiniay i [[Fuli]](富里) Cen no Hualien(花蓮縣) ko [[Lupo]] a niyaro’, 91 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 251 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 24% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 61 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 76% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 190 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)24%. == O ngangan no Lupo (露埔部落由來) == == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 1c4wmci9a89xyqcrchjkmmm7ymynzsh 0 656 34688 34499 2023-02-19T05:58:30Z Mtarch11 659 取消[[Special:Contributions/69.193.69.245|69.193.69.245]]（[[User talk:69.193.69.245|留言]]）的編輯，改回[[User:Masaonikar|Masaonikar]]的先前版本 33662 wikitext text/x-wiki == Luxemburg (盧森堡) == Luxemburg (Luxemburg sowal: Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg, France: Grand-Duché de Luxembourg; Germany: Großherzogtum Luxemburg), masowal Luxemburg (Luxemburg sowal: Lëtzebuerg, France: Luxembourg, Germany: Luxemburg), o ilaloma’ay no Europe a kitakit, o fiyaw a kitakit no France, Germany ato Belgium mataliyok, o ta’akay maci o Luxemburg si. O Luxemburg o kapot no Europe lekatep, laloma’ no kitakit ira ko hoying no Europe, pitomadaw yin no Europe, o pitelian to payso no Europe adihayay kacitodongan no Europe a lekatep masowal midotoc to Brusseis ato Strasbourg a “saka tolo ta’akay maci” no Europe lekatep. == Likisi (歷史) == O likis no Luxemburg nai tenok n sici miteka misalof to polol no Luxemburg niyaro’. maherek mapatireng i, ngataay a niyaro’ miteka a comahad, a masaniyaro’. O satadamaanay kacidamaan no lalood ko Luxemburg, ikaka ko nengneng no France, Germany ato Netherland, honihoni i roma a kitakit ko Luxemburg. I 19 sici, o Luxemburg miteka a malasiikeday a kitakit o Netherland a kapolongan hontian kitakit a nipatatekoan, tangasa i pisiiked no Belgium itiya, miliyas ko Luxemburg to pikowan no Netherland. Talacowa pasowal ko Luxemburg to tenokay ko pidotoc, nikawrira i 20 sici, kinapinapina macingcing no Germany ko Luxemburg. Saka 1 kalaloodan no hekal 1914 miheca 8 folad 2 romi’ad, Germany midemak to Schlieffen halaka lipalaw sa a micalap to Luxemburg ta micalap to Belgium ato France, mafohat ko kaetipay calay a kalaloodan, saka 2 kalalood no hekal itiya, ira ko pinapinaay a romakatay pakaefaay a sofitay no Luxemburg malafo no Nazi Germany a micalap to Belgium ato France a mimicingcing, mapatanic a malalekatep mikihatiya to lalood, nanoya i picalap no Germany cefit sa a katapi’an, mala o saka 2 lalood dengan cecay a mikihatiyaay to lalood awaayay ko madoka’ay mapatayay kitakit. Ikor no saka 2 lalood, caay to ko tenokay kitakit ko Luxemburg, mikihataya to Rihadayay a Malakapotay Faco no Saka'amisay Lekatep ato Europe Lekatep a kapot. == Sici (政治) == O midemakay to Hontian Rikec ko Luxemburg. O sawara’an no kitakit o Luxemburg hongtian, o dengan to cecay i Europe ko hongtian kitakit. O citodongay to sakadademak o laloma’ay, mirikecay ono Kararemay kalomaocan citodongay. Kararemay kalomaocan ira ko 60 a lomaocay, 5 miheca ko rakad. == O kasasikiked a sakowan (行政區劃) == Luxemburg malaliyaday to 12 sakowan (France: canton; Germany: Kanton; Luxemburg: Kanton), pasilaeno ko piliyad ira ko 102 a sicen niyaro’ (France: commune; Germany: Gemeinde; Luxemburg: Gemeng) [5]. Luxemburg ira ko 12 a sicen a niyaro’, o sata’akay maci ko Luxemburg. Sa’etal (France: district; Germany: Distrikt; Luxemburg: Distrikt) o nano sa’ayaway kadademakan no Luxemburg itiya, I 2015 miheca 10 folad 3 romi’ad mapalasawaday to. == Pala (地理) == O Luxemburg itiraay i sakaetip no Europe a laloma’ay sekal, o takaraw ko ka’amis paneer ko katimol, kawali mingata to Germany, katimol miingir to France, ka’amis ato kaetip o Belgium ko kakafit. Ka’amis ko Jardin ’akawangay sera, mademet ko kilakilang, katimol o masa’apoloay. O farawfaway ko romi’ad, farawfaw ko nai riyaray romi’ad, fangcalay ko talapalaen. O tadamaci ko Luxemburg ira ko “hana a maci” (city of flowers) ko pangangan. Kadofah ko marad. O tadamaanay a satena’ i tenok sici ko nian. Sa’akawangay ko Kneff lotok, ira ko 560 cm. mikikaka ho ko Burgplatz to 1 cm, nika o Burgplatz pala o satakaraway no Luxemburg ahan. == Karomakatan (交通) == == Kicay (經濟) == O Luxemburg o sa’akawangay i polong no cikiw a GDP. Nai 1999 mihecaan, o no Europe a pida ko Luxemburg. I ’ayaw o misang'ay to lalosidan ko kicay no Luxemburg, aniniay a Luxemburg o sata’akay i polong no cikiw to sakipaysoan. O Luxemburg o kaitiraan no tekedan tamdaw a kingko to Europe payso ato sakatosa i polong no cikiw a pipadafohan (safa no Amilika). == Syakay (社會) == == Nikapolongan (民主) == Luxemburg a tamdaw salongan 50.9% ko tamdaw. Luxemburg a tamdaw o nano Europa tamdaw ato Tasiyang-Baltic sea tamdaw. == Sowal (語言) == O sakasasowal no Luxemburg o France sowal, Germany sowal, Luxemburg sowal. == Melia hotilo lekatep a rocek (美利亞酒店集團分部) == “Cikoan a kitakit” adihayay sowal o nano masasiromaay finacadan ko aro’, ka caay kamitini ko Luxemburg, rocoken ko nia kitakit o cecayay ko tatapangan no finacadan – Luxemburg finacadan, o nia finacadan tahatini o “tadamaanay Loma a kitakit” a cecay, Europe a loma’ no kafekangay o France a sowal ko sakalalicay a rocok, o saka latosaan to Germany France a sowal palakapotan a tilid nanga’ayan, tahatini caay ho kao tilidan a sowal no Luxemburg, malasakasasowalan. Luxemburg a sowal o nano Frank a sowal, sakasasowalen no i Mosel ’alo ato mikafit to Germany, France maci a tamdaw. Talacowa Luxemburg a sowal o nai ‘akawangay sera a Germany a tenok kaetip sowal no finacadan, nika ira ko mat’elifay to 5000 a nano France a sasowalen. Malosowal no ina, o pinengneng no Luxemburg a tamdaw to sowal no Luxemburg o “faloco’ no sowal” saan, o saka sasowal to romi’ami’ad caay ko sakitilia a sowal. Sakikiwiko Luxemburg, Germany, France tolo a sowal kasarayray a tala’ayaw, caay ka sasiliyang. Kosiw safaay o Luxemburg a sowal ko sapasifana’, sakakaay miteka o Germany a sowal ko sapasifana’, micomod i kocong o France a sowal ko sapasifana’. Mananam tina toloay a sowal o sakapisawad a patodong to no mitiliday, onini malitosaay ko mitilid caay pakaala to sapisawad a kompay. Pakayni toni a telek, malinah (caay ko no Europe kalinahan) masipon ko kaemangay. ’Aloman ko tamdaw no roma kitakit i Luxemburg, salongan 3% ko tamdaw no kitakit, sata’akay malinahay tayni o Portugal tamdaw ato Italia tamdaw. Hawikidaen naira ko saowal a tayni. Nikawrira, Portugal sowal ato Italia sowal dengan i malinahay a kapot ko sakasasowalan, saki’alomanay caay ko sakasasowal a malenak. == Pakayraan (宗教) == == Ponka (文化) == Matelangay niyaro’ maci ato sapidama mitena’ o rocek no ponka i hekal ko Luxemburg. == Kiwiko (教育) == === Kiwiko rikec (教育制度) === I Luxemburg, o pipatado a kiwiko no finawlan i 11 miheca: nai 2 miheca ’ol’olan, 6 miheca ko tatenaan a kiwiko ato 3 miheca sakacakat kiwiko sakapot. Orasaka malitoloay tokar ko kiwiko rekec no Luxemburg (’ol’olan(yociing), kosiaw, kawcong). Nai 1999 mihecaan, i 2 miheca a ’ol’olan(yociing) mapatireng ko 1 miheca a patalaay pinanam; onian ko sapa’ayaw to ka’emangay tinako sowal, syakay, pitilidan, cimapatodongay ira ko nga’ayay to sakisyakay. I 6 mihecaan a tatenaan a kiwiko manga’ay malitosa ko pakayraan mipili’ to rarakaten: Kaki kawcong (67% mitiliday), 3 miheca a rekad tangasa pisawadan (CATP) ano eca ’ayaw no picomod to daykako salongan 6-7 miheca. O kawcong (33% ko mitiliday). Ikor no 7 miheca misawad pakaala t kompay ta manga’ay micomod to daykako mitilid. === 'Akawangay kiwiko (高等教育) === Nai ikor no 2003 miheca ira ko misiikeday a daykako, nai 2001 mihecaan miteka misanga’. I isingan, kinaira kakhak, kaki, sarikec, kicay, syakaykako ato kiwikokak, mitiliday pakayni tina 7 a kakoyin milayap to kiwiko. Nikawrira o Luxemburg caay patodong to sapilaheci a mihecaan, i roma kitakit adihayay a ninanaman o nga’ayay. Saki Belgium, France ato Germany a daykako cisalongan ko patodong. O mitiliday no Luxemburg tahamatini oyaan to i roma a kitakit ko sakacikompay to pitilid, i roma a kitakit mitiliday mataelif ko 6000 tamdaw. Salongan 19.6% a mitiliday i Germany mitoki (sakikaki a todong ano eca kinaira kakhak), o 22.6% a mitiliday i Belgium ato i France a daykako ko pitilid. Tona patireng to daykako no Luxemburg, o mamipa’icel palowad to sapikingkiw, nanoya tanektek ko tatena ko kicay no Luxemburg. Roma misadadahal to pitahidang to roma a kitakit tayni i Luxemburg a mitilid. Nikawrira oya sapihayda to roma kitakit a pitilidan a kompay ira ko kalifotan no Luxemburg, mangalef o nai Germany misawaday to todongay pitilid a mitiliday, tinako Germanay EG misaloma’ay patelek to 4 miheca a katayala a taneng, i Luxemburg away ko tatinakoan. Orasaka ira i Luxemburg ko cecay patirengan no niyah a patodongan daykako Institut Supérieur de Technologie. === Kalingadan a kiwiko (職業教育) === Kaki patokaran kiwiko nai 3 mihecaan rafas, tadamaanay miheca mapakapot, ira ko toloay kiwiko pakayraan. Tolo miheca a misakararay ano eca malali’acaay a pinanaman tosakatayal, caay ka dengan o sakikosi ato France kitakit kaki kawcong (Lycée Technique) tosaay pidoedoan a rocek, masongila’ i masarocoday a tatenaan no pitilid. Misawad a ira ko kaki ato katayalan a pilifetan to piseking CATP. Mahaenay a katayalan a kiwiko a pakayraan cango’ot to minanamay ’adihay masapingan ko katayalan. 4 miheca a kaki kiwiko, pakaala to kaki a kompay. I kaki tatenokan to 4 miheca a kiwiko, pakalayap to kaki tokaran kiwiko a kompay. == Sofitay (軍事) == Luxemburg ira ko lalanay sofitay ato karayan sofitay no Luxemburg, nawhani o Luxemburg i laloma’ay hetal kitakit, saka away ko no riyar a sofitay. == Pinengnengan tilid (參考文獻) == 1. Statistiques // Luxembourg. statistiques.public.lu. [19 December 2019]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2021-02-24）. 2. Luxembourg. World Economic Outlook Database. International Monetary Fund (IMF). April 2022 [2022-05-15]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2022-05-15） （Inkiris）. 3. Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income (source: SILC). Eurostat Data Explorer. [13 August 2013]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2019-05-13）. 4. Human Development Report 2019 (PDF). UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME. [2019-12-21]. （nano tilid (PDF) nina’angan tilid i 2018-10-24）. 5. Carte des communes – Luxembourg.lu – Cartes du Luxembourg. Luxembourg.public.lu. 21 September 2011 [1 February 2013]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2015-04-23）. Luxembourg（盧森堡） [[Faylo:Flag of Luxembourg.svg|thumb|Flag of Luxembourg|alt=Flag of Luxembourg]] [[Faylo:EU-Luxembourg.svg|thumb|Location of  Luxembourg  (dark green)– in Europe  (green & dark grey)– in the European Union  (green)]] Itini i 49 45 N, 6 10 E, noYoropi ko [[Luxembourg]]. Polong no sekalay i 2,586 sq km “saka 179 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 2,586 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 0 sq km ” Polong i 582,291 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 50.70%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 33.50%, malo no roma to a sera 15.80%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Luxembourg]](盧森堡城) ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakaenem 23 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Henri]](亨利), patirengan a romi’ad i 2000 a miheca(年) saka 10 folad saka 7 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] ovqzxxvketjevxnufccqaytclneoka6 0 657 14507 14506 2021-10-28T12:26:20Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 19 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 14506 wikitext text/x-wiki Luye（鹿野鄉） Itini i Taitung(台東縣) ko [[Luye]] Siyang. sa’osi han ko po:long no palaan i, ira ko 79.75 km² (lalotolotokan a plalan no sa’osi i ira ko 17.39 km², o palaan noto’as i'a:yaw i ira ko 0.74 km²), 3,727 ko tamdaw i Luye Siyang, 1,397 ko parod no loma’, itini i niyaro’ a Yincomin(原住民) sa’osi han ira ko 1,998 a tamdaw, pakaala(佔) to 54%(Amis阿美族) no polong(全部) no tamdaw. Itini i niyaro’ a finawlan, o Payrang(閩南人) ko sa’alomanay(最多的). ==O kasaniyarona== 7 ko cun, 7 ko niyaro’ i Luye Cen/ Siyang. [[Parayapay]]（和平部落）, [[Rekat]]（永昌部落）, [[Efong]]（瑞源部落）, [[Pakala’ac]]（瑞興部落）, [[Pailasan|（Pailasan|]]八伊拉善部落）, [[Salinliw]]（山領榴部落）, [[Kanao’pu]]（卡拿吾部部落）. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] g0smj5nxc5exrwmiw1hb5c7112k1tv8 0 658 14531 14530 2021-10-28T12:26:23Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 23 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 14530 wikitext text/x-wiki Lwax khu’（雲山部落） Itiniay i [[Wufeng]](五峰) Cen no Hsinchu(新竹縣) ko [[Lwax khu’]] a niyaro’, 44 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 80 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 39% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 31 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 61% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 49 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)34%, Saysiyat(賽夏族)4%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 9dw1ixozbv0ezqstyi7usi67o9k841v 0 659 14559 14558 2021-10-28T12:26:26Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 27 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 14558 wikitext text/x-wiki L’olu（達觀部落） Itiniay i [[Heping]](和平) Cen no Taichung(台中市) ko [[L’olu]] a niyaro’, 123 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 385 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 57% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 221 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 43% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 164 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)54%, Paiwan(排灣族)1%, Bunun(布農族)2%, Seediq(賽德克族)1%, roma(其他)1%. Ira ko picodadan(達觀國小) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(達觀里衛生室) i niyaro’. Ira ko Kiwkay(台灣基督長老教會達觀教會、真耶穌教會達觀教會) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] fvhky0fbk4vgheh9b7pbd8a2sb9izhh 0 660 14584 14583 2021-10-28T12:26:29Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 24 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 14583 wikitext text/x-wiki Mabanan（永安部落） Itiniay i [[Tai’an]](泰安) Cen no Miaoli(苗栗縣) ko [[Mabanan]] a niyaro’, 87 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 235 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 94% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 221 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 6% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 14 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)92%, Paiwan(排灣族)1%. Ira ko Kiwkay(真耶穌教會永安教會、永安天主堂) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] ceoanxzyv3vh8uhfa5amgqzbal58tvw 0 661 14613 14612 2021-10-28T12:26:32Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 28 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 14612 wikitext text/x-wiki Mabatuan（大坪部落） Itiniay i [[Tai’an]](泰安) Cen no Miaoli(苗栗縣) ko [[Mabatuan]] a niyaro’, 99 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 327 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 69% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 226 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 31% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 101 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)65%, Amis(阿美族)1%, Saysiyat(賽夏族)1%, Bunun(布農族)1%, roma(其他)1%. Ira ko picodadan(清安國民小學) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(泰安分駐所) i niyaro’. Ira ko Kiwkay(台灣基督長老教會馬巴督安教會、清安天主堂) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 6svb4huv6w1vrkkmtpp7cw84gq5cfys 0 662 14636 14635 2021-10-28T12:26:35Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 22 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 14635 wikitext text/x-wiki Mabuwakay（南華部落） Itiniay i [[Ji’an]](吉安) Cen no Hualien(花蓮縣) ko [[Mabuwakay]] a niyaro’, 484 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 1,344 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 29% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 388 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 71% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 956 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)26%, Truku(太魯閣族)2%, Tayal(泰雅族)1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] fiup7pipoism0fuz87ndgggynjgvvj4 0 663 14660 14659 2021-10-28T12:26:38Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 23 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 14659 wikitext text/x-wiki Macaran（旭海/馬查蘭部落） Itiniay i [[Mudan]](牡丹) Cen no Pingtung(屏東縣) ko [[Macaran]] a niyaro’, 193 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 420 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 79% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 333 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 21% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 87 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)50%, Paiwan(排灣族)27%, roma(其他)2%. Ira ko kofa(海巡署旭海漁港安檢所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 9w189gmkd6hn9dktg4m1s3f10bby4yi 0 664 44462 38451 2024-08-31T07:24:55Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 縮圖 44462 wikitext text/x-wiki Macau（澳門） [[Faylo:Flag of Macau.svg|縮圖|Flag of Macau|alt=Flag of Macau]] [[Faylo:Macau locator map.svg|縮圖|Location of Macau within China]] Itini i 22 10 N, 113 33 E, noAsiya ko [[Macau]]. Polong no sekalay i 28.2 sq km “saka 237 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 28.2 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 0 sq km ” Polong i 597,425 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 0%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 0%, malo no roma to a sera 100%. siyoto(首都) O [[[]] ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakatosa ko safaw 20 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Ho Iat-seng]](賀一誠), patirengan a romi’ad i 2019 a miheca(年) saka 12 folad saka 20 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Macau| ]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Sawaliay Asiya]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Asiya]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Kitakit]] q5yyh0amkjncb8a2wit9vrj64qhk18j 0 665 33430 30096 2023-01-07T20:29:50Z CommonsDelinker 39 Replacing Cyril-methodius-small.jpg with [[File:Sv_Kiril_Metodij_Zahari_Zograf_Trojanski_mon_1848.jpg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:Duplicate|Duplicate]]: Exact or scaled-down duplicate: [[:c::File:Sv Kiril Metodij Za 33430 wikitext text/x-wiki Macedonia（馬其頓） == Maciton Kapolongan Kitakit(馬其頓共和國) == == Takaray Sowal(概要) == Itiraay i katimo a sakawali no Yoropa a Parkan-Pecihay- Kanatal, nano to’asan tata’ang ko kafalic, nawhani, marapotay ko 6 a kitakit no Parkan-Pecihay- Kanatal: Kirisiya(isaka’amisay a Maciton), Ka’amisay Maciton Kapolongan Kitakit, [[Faylo:Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg|thumb|Hata no Maciton (Flag of North Macedonia)]] (Област Благоевград Sakowan), Arpaniya, Sayrwiya ato Kosofo.[1] O dadahal no pala i,67,000㎢, ira ko 376 ofad ko tamdaw. Nani 1992 miheca mapatireng ko Maciton kitakit, sanoyaan sa o '''Maciton Kapolongan Kitakit'''( Maciton a sowal:''Република Македонија''，Latin a tilid:''Republika Makedonija; Holam a sowal:''馬其頓共和國) ko ngangan no kitakit, maparariday o「Maciton」hananay a mitahidang;nikawrira, o Maciton Kapolongan Kitakit ato Maciton Etal cowa ka lecad koninian a mitoro’an sanay ko karawraw, o Kirisiya a pikaysyaku o「Maciton」hananay i,o todongay nano rikis no Kirisiya, orasaka mifantoy(milalang) to Maciton Kapolongan Kitakit a pangangan to「Maciton」, [[Faylo:Europe-Republic_of_North_Macedonia.svg|thumb|Kaitiran no Maciton (Europe-Republic of North Macedonia)]] han a pangangan to '''’Ayaway Naslafo-Maciton-Kapolongan Kitakit'''(Maciton a sowal:''Поранешна Југословенска Република Македонија, ПЈРМ；''Latin a tilid:''Poranešna Jugoslovenska Republika Makedonija, PJRM ;'' Holam a sowal:前南斯拉夫馬其頓共和國) tahira to i 2019 miheca saka 2 foald falic han to a pangangan to「Ka’amisay Maciton」, ta lahedaw sato koya fangafang pakayni to ngangan no kitakit. O「Maciton Etal」hananay a pala i,miso’edac to mihecaan ’ayaw no 9000 miheca iraay to ko maro’ay tamdaw itini. I’ayaway ni Yieso to saka 4 sici, o Maciton Hontian Kitakit mikowanay to to Parkan-Pecihay-Kanatal, ikor to i, saadihay sato ko kasasiromaroma a rikisi ato punka. == '''Fangafangan no ngangan'''(國名爭議) == I’ayaw ni Filip II(Philip II(Kirisiya asowal:Φίλιππος Β' ο Μακεδών; Holam a sowal:腓力二世)pasipapotal a micowat to pala, o to’asan a Maciton Hotian Kitakit itiraay i ka’etip no sasifoan a Maciton Sakowan no Kirisiya.[2] [[Faylo:Macedonia_overview_zh.svg|thumb|Macedonia overview zh馬其頓地區現在分屬 :北馬其頓、 希臘及 保加利亞（而小部分屬 阿爾巴尼亞、 塞爾維亞及 科索沃）]] I saka 2 sici, o kaitiraan no Maciton itiniay i aniniay a pala, nikawria, o saka’amisay no aniniay a Maciton KapolonganKitakit cowa ka ilaloma’ no「Maciton Etal」,[3] naw matini sa i, awaay ko pa’ecasan, to ikor to i sifo’ no saka 11 sici, satata’ang sato ko kafalic no kaitiraan no Maciton. Itiya i Roma Hotian Kitakit a Maciton mahaopay ko aniiay a saka’amis ato sasifo’an no Kirisiya, o saheto no Maciton Kapolongan Kitakit ato satimolan no sakawali no Arpaniya. Rahodayen ko sowal, o nipatirengan no Roma a tamdaw a milecaday ko ngangan a Maciton ikakaay ko kakadah tona Maciton Hotian Kitakit. I saikoray to no Roma a mikowan safa’elohen a mipasilsil ko kunis no kalala’edan no sakowan mala no Sikyo Etal, mahaop ko aniniay a polong no Kirisiya, ato malala’eday to Aycin-Riyar a Korito Kanatal(Kirisiya asowal:''Κρήτη''; Romaantilid:''Kriti / Crete''),satimolan no Arpaniya,pecih no Pawciyaliya ato Maciton Kapolongan Kitakit. Itiya sato i pikowanan no Paycantin(Sa’etipay a Roma Hotian Kitakit), ono sofiaty sakowan a etal no Maciton (Kirisiya a sowal:''Μακεδονία, θέμα Μακεδονίας'' ; Holam a sowal:馬其頓軍區) itiraay i sakawali no Stoloma ’alo(Pawciyaliya asowal:''Струма'';Kirisiya asowal:''Στρυμόνας;'' Holam a sowal'':''斯特魯馬河) a pecih no Seloys sofitay sakowan(Kirisiya asowal:''θέμα Θρᾴκης'';''θέμα Θρᾳκῷον''; Holam a sowal:色雷斯軍區).[4] Sakasaan, tona a mihecahecaan a niosawan tilid no Paycantin, o nitoro’an a「Maciton」 latek ono sofiaty sakowan a etal no Maciton. O ronma sa i,itiya ho i saka 9 sici ato saka10 sici, o Maciton-Etal o nikowanan no Sakacecay Nicowatay Hontian Kitaki no Pawciliya, ikor to i 1018 miheca mapapolong i sofitayan a sakowan no Paycatin Nicowatay Hontian Kitakit.[5] Tahira sato i kaleponan no saka14 sici,nornor sa ko picowat no Otoman Hontian Kitakit to katimol no sakawali no Yoropa, mapalasawd ko ngangan no「Maciton」to pinapina a sici, awa a ma’araw i cico. Ona ngangan i,itiraay i pihapinang i palapala ta masadak.[6] Iaikor tono saka 19 sici, sahapinang sato ko aniniay a konis no kalala’edan.[7]  == '''Pisa’osi to tamdaw'''(人口統計) == Itiya ho i sasifo’an ato cilaay a sici, itiniay i Parkan-Peih Kanatal a Maciton, adihay ko masasiromaromaay a finacadan a maro’ itini, ira ko Kirisiya a tamdaw, ira ko Arpaniya atamdaw, ira ko Walaci a tamdaw, ira ko Sayrwiya a tamdaw, ira ko Pawcialiya atamdaw, Yutaya atamdaw ato Torki a tamdaw.[8] Onini ko sakasaan no Maciton o kacacofelisan no masasiromaromaay a punka, o finacadan sa i,matiya to a masasiromaroma. 1.    Kirisiya a Maciton tamdaw:pakitinien i punka ato rekad o「Maciton tamdaw kami」(''"Macedonians"''，Kirisiya atilid:''Μακεδόνε，Makedónes'') sanay to niyah a tiring. Mahop ko 51% ko tamdaw i kapolongan, latek irako 250 ofad, sahetoay i Maciton(Kirisiya) a maro’. 2.    Maciton Finacadan(Silir a tilid:''Македонци''; Latin a tilid:''Makedonci'' ; Holam a tilid:馬其頓民族), o Maciton Slafo tamdaw hananay ho a pangangan. Pakitinien i Finacadan a Ca’enot ato Palapalaan a Ca’enot o「Maciton tamdaw kami」(Maciton a sowal:''Македонци，Makedonci''), o saka tosa ko ka’aloman no tamdaw,o tatapangan nangra o Slafo tamdaw,「Maciton Slafo tamdaw」ato  「Salafo Maciton tamdaw」(Kirisiya atilid:''Σλαβομακεδόνες，"Slavomakedones")'' hananay amitahidang. Do’edo’en ko 2002 miheca a pisa’osi to tamdaw, latek ira ko 130 ofad ko ka’aloman o「Maciton tamdaw kako」sanany, o sakakaay a finacadan no Maciton Kapolongan Kitakit. 3.    O Maciton tamdaw no Pawciyaliya i,o「Maciton tamdaw kako」sanany to niyah a tiring a Pawciyaliya tamdaw(Pawciyaliya a sowal:''Mакедонци，Makedontsi''). Sahetoay o Pawciyaliya a Maciton tamdaw, latek ira ko 37 ofad ko tamdaw, itiraay i Polakoyiefokole Sakowan a maro’. [[Faylo:Deesis_mosaic_Hagia_Sophia.jpg|thumb|TongCen-Ciyaw(Deesis mosaic Hagia Sophia)]] 4.    Arpaniya tamdaw ho ko sakakaay a finacadan itini. Itiraay i ka’amis, ka’etip a tekedan sakowan a maro’, pakaini i 2002 miheca a pisa’osi to tamdaw, mahaop ko 25.2% no kapolongan a tamdaw no Maciton Kapolongan Kitakit. 5.    O roma a mamangay a finacadan: Toci tamdaw, Posiniya tamdaw, Lomu tamdaw, Sayrwiya tamdaw, Walaci tamdaw, Aycipoto tamdaw ato Yutaya tamdaw(Sayfati Yutaya tamdaw ato Kirisiya Yutaya tamdaw) ira itini a maro’. == '''Pitooran''' (宗教) == O itiniay a tamdaw sahetoay o mitooray to TongCen-Ciyaw(Ikiris a sowal:''Orthodox Catholic Church''; Holam a sowal:東正教,正教會). Ira ho ko kasasiromaroma a kyokai, o Kirisiya Toncen-Ciyaw, Pawciliya Toncen-Ciyaw, Sayrwiya Toncen-Ciyaw ato Maciton Toncen-Ciyaw. O mamangay a Muslin caay ko sasawaden a minengneng: ira ko Arpaniya tamdaw, Pawciliya tamdaw Teloc no Maciton Posiniya tamdaw ato Torki Tamdaw. == '''Rikisi''' (歷史) == === '''I ka ci Fokelohay-Mihecahecaan''' (新石器時代)[9] === [[Faylo:Petralona_skull_covered_by_stalagmite.jpg|thumb|i'ayaway to 80 ko ofad ko mihecaan (skull covered by stalagmite)]] Itiya ho Fokelohay Mihecahecaan(Ikiris a sowal:''Paleolithic age'')iraay to ko tamdaw a maro’ itini sanaay ko pipawacay, miso’edac to mihecaan tahira i ’ayaw na anini to 9000 ko miheca.[10] oya Pitolalona Dihif(Kirisiya a sowal'':Σπήλαιο Πετραλώνων ; Ikiris a sowal:Mount Katsika; Holam a sowal:'' 紅石山洞) makera ko i'ayaway to 80 ko ofad ko mihecaan a malafokelohay to a fongoh no tamdaw. O ‘orip no tamdaw i,iraay to ko loma’ sa mahinakeray to ko kamaro’, o maomahay ko tayal, mipaloma to moki, kalitang, mipakaen to siri, kolong ato diyong, pasasa sanany to ko pi’adop. Iraay to ko lisin itiya, o sapawacay i, Pulomahenas-Topolnika(''Topolnica)'' a nalacolan, mihafalatay to ka’amis no Sayloy a Kirisiya pala-kalala’edan no Pawciyaliya. === '''To’asan Maciton'''(古馬其頓) === O to’as no Maciton itiyay ho i ’ayaway ni Yieso to 500 miheca tahira i 146 miheca, itini tona palapalaan makalitolo no Maciton, Ililiya ato Seloys, na ira ko Piawniya, Taerniya, Maciton ato Pilakongniya sepat a hontian kitakit. [[Faylo:IllyrianKingorNoble.jpg|thumb|Ililian a tamdaw (IllyrianKingorNoble)]] I’ayaw no kairaan no Maciton, itini isakatimol a pala iraay ko niyaro’ no Pucili a tamdaw,[11] i sak’etip (Fafa’eday aMaciton) iraay kono Maciton tamdaw ato Iliiya tamdaw niyaro’aro’, yo malalood ko Maciton tamdaw ato Iliiya tamdaw, latek malacafayay a maro’ ko Pucili a tamdaw ato Maciton a tamdaw.[12] I to’asan ho no Kirisiya a mihecaan, o sa’ayaway a mi’ecoan no Piawniya Hontian Kitakit(Ikiris a sowal:''Paeonia;'' Holam a sowal:培奧尼亞王國) i, o polong no lilis no Wata ’Alo(Maciton a sowal: ''Вардар''; Kirisiya a sowal:''Αξιός;'' Holam a sowal:發達河) ato taliyokay a pala, mahaop ko aniniay asaka’amis no Kirisiya-Maciton, polong no Maciton Kapolongan Kitakit, ato mamang a pecih no Pawciyaliya.[13] Itiya sato i kalaloodan no Posi ato Kirisiya-Niyaroan-Kitakit(’ayaw ni Yieso 499 miheca tayhira 449 miheca) malamicongaconga no Posi a tamdaw ko Maciton Hotian Kitakit, nikawrira, i Pulatiya Lalood(''Battle of Plataea;''普拉提亞戰役）pakalowid a misiiked ko Maciton. Itira i kalagontian ni Filip II(Philip II; Kirisiya asowal:Φίλιππος Β' ο Μακεδών; Holam a sowal:腓力二世) , saharakat sato ko kacemahad a micowat to romaroma a pala, polong han ningra ko Maciton mala no niyah a pala. Tahira to i kalahontian ni Alisanta, mapatemak ko Punka ato Harateng no Kirisaya tayra Ngataay-Sawalian( ''the Middle East'' ), naikoran ni Alisanta maliposak to ko kitakit, pakoniyah sato ko tapang no sofitay a patireng to kitakit, ora sa Maciton ma’afas ni Katasan(Kirisiya a sowal:Κάσσανδρος; Holam a sowal:卡山德). Talacowaan matiya to ko kaci’icel no Maciton Hontian Kitakit, o ’icel no sakowan to Seloys-Ililian Etal nornor sanay to a malahedaw. Itini tona mihecahecaan, mipecoh ko Kawlu-Tamdaw i Parkan-Pecih-Kanatal, malowid ni Katasan Honti ato Antiko(''Antigonus II Gonatas),'' cowa ka samaamaan ko Maciton Kitakit.[14] === '''Roma a mihecahecaan''' (羅馬時期) === ’Iayaw NI Yiesoan miheca to tosa sici(200 so’ot miheca) malowid no Roma ko pikowan no Maciton ton apala. I kalahontian ni Fili saka 5(Kirisiya a sowal:''Φίλιππος Ε''; 腓力五世. ’iayaw ni Yieso238miheca－179miheca）kinatosa a malalood ato Roma. I saka cecay a lalood(’iayaway 215-’iayaway 205 miheca) pakalowid ko Maciton to Roma,nikawrira, i saka tosa a lalood (’iayaway 200-’iayaway 197 miheca) malowid no Roma ko Maciton. Itira to i sakatolo a lalood(’iayaway 171-’iayaway 168 miheca) malowid ko Maciton, na onian ko saka tekop no Hotian Kitakit. Ikor tona katekop no kitakit kalasepaten a mipecih malamicongcongay no Roma, saikoray to i ’ayaway 146 miheca papolong han to no Roma malasakowan no Micowatay Hontian Kitakit.[15] Sanoyanan sato a matenak ko sowal no Latin i Parkan-Pecihay-Kanatal. Yo matekop sato ko Roma-Cowatay-Hontian-Kitakit i 298 miheca, oya no Maciton a mikowanay mala Paycantic-Nicowaty-Hontian-Kitakit. Ci’icelay ko sofitay nona Hotian Kitakit, nikawrira, cilacila ira ko piparawraw no Salafo Finacadan, halafin tato konikafodfod itini ton apala, sa tata’ang konikafalic no punka ato tamdaw, mapapolng tono Slafo ko Maciton. Mitiya sato mahineknek to ko ’aro no Slafo a Finacadan i salawacan no niyaro’ ato kalala’edan no kitakit, o「Sklaviniai」hananay no mikakinkiway a pangangan congra. Itiya i pikowanan ni Cinstans saka 2 (Kirisiya a sowal:''Ιουστινιανός Β' ο Ρινότμητος;''Holam a sowal:君士坦斯二世)honti no Sa’etipay-Roma Hontian Kitakit, laplapen a miforaw ko Slafo a tamdaw tayra i Sifo’an no Mamangay Aciya(Ikiris a sowal:''Anatolia''; Torki a sowal:''Anadolu''; Kirisiya a sowal:''ανατολή ;''Holam a sowal:安納托利亞), maforaw a tayni ko Slafo a tamdaw pasitira sato a mingodo to sakowan ’icel no Paycantin Hongti. Ikor to no saka 7 sici, miliyaw heca ci Cinstans saka 2 Honti a mipecoh to niyaro’ no Slafo, patirengen ningra i Saysaloniki ko 「Seloy-Sakowan no Sofitay」. Itiya sato to pinokayan ningra, ma’adapaw no Slafo-Pawcial tamdaw, ’aloman ko mapatayay no sofitay, ma’afas ho ko adihayay a sapanocay, onini ko sakapisawad a malahonti.[16] [[Faylo:Sv Kiril Metodij Zahari Zograf Trojanski mon 1848.jpg|thumb|misanga'ay to Silil Tilid(Cyril-methodius-small)]] Tahira to i ikor no saka 8 sici, linahan to ko sakowan no sofitay pasitimol i ngata no Aycin-Riyar, lowanen ko mamang no Seloy ato Kirisya a sakowan no sofitay a papapolong a malafa’elohay a「Maciton Sakowan no Sofitay」, miliyasay to aniniay a Maciton ko kaitiran nona Sakowan. === '''Sifo’an Sici''' (中世紀) === Itiya ho i 836 miheca anoca itira i 837 mihea, awaay to i kirok(nitilidan) no Paycantin ko Salafo a Finacadan, naw hanni masolotay to no micowatay a Sakacecay-Hontian Kitakit no Pawciyaliya. I 837 miheca, mapolong no Sakacecay-Hontian Kitakit no Pawciyaliya ko pinapina apecih no Maciton Etal, malaliyaw ko ’icel no Slafo tamdaw itini tona Hontian-Kitakit no Pawciyaliya. Itiniya i 860 miheca, ira ko nani  Saysaloniki a Paycantin-Kirisiya tamdaw: o Silil ato Mitote(Kirisiya a sowal:''Κύριλλος καὶ Μεθόδιος'' ; Holam a sowal:西里爾與美多德) a malikakaay,o cinganganay to kainaneng a patenak to sowal no Kawas, sanga’en nangra a malikaka ko sarakatay a tilid no Slafo(sa’aya’ayaw o sapikirok to Katelangay Kyokai no Slafo), sapangangan han cangra o Niocoran no Slafo. I 885 miheca , o「sarakatay a pasowalay tono Pawciyaliya a sowal a Tata’angay Sikyo」a Fangcalay Tamdaw ci Sie-Awhelito itini i Awhelito Etal(aniniay a Maciton Kapolongan Kitakit) a maro’, sa malakahiceraan no pitooran kona pala. I ikor no saka 10 sici, o Honti no Paycantin ci Yohani saka1(Kirisiya asowal:Ιωάννης A' Τσιμισκής; Holam a sowal:約翰一世·齊米斯基斯) itira i kalaloodan no Las-Paycantin(970-971) cowaten ningra ko Pawciyaliya, malaliyoc to ko kahiceraan no Sakacecay-Hontian Kitakit no Pawciyaliya pasitira to i Maciton Kapolongan Kitakit. [[Faylo:Eugène_Ferdinand_Victor_Delacroix_012.jpg|thumb|Sofitay no Ciwcika mitekop to Cinstancin(Eugène Ferdinand Victor Delacroix 012)]] Nani 12 sici satapang a macowat no Sayrwiya Hontian Kitakit ko Maciton Etal, i 13 sici iikor to no sakasepat a pilood no Sofitay no Ciwcika(''The Crusades;''十字軍), matekop ko satata’angay o cinganganay a tokai Cinstancin (Kirisiya asowal:''Κωνσταντινούπολις Κωνσταντινούπολη''; Latin a sowal:''Constantinopolis ;'' Ikiris a sowal:''Constantinople;Holam a sowal:君士坦丁堡'' )[1] no Kristo. Noyanan to i,cifangafang ko Paycantin-Kirisiya tamdaw, Salonika-Hontian Kitakit ato Pawciyaliya Sakatosa Micowatay-Hotinan Kitakit to hano nima ko Maciton sanay a kacacoli. Nawhani, o sakatimol no Maciton o nipa’adingan no IpiplosTekedan-Pikowan Kitakit(Kirisiya asowal:''Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων''; Holam a sowal:伊庇魯斯專制國）; o saka’amisay pala no Maciton o Pawciyaliya ko mikowanay. Tahira to i ikor no 1261 miheca nga’ papolong han to o Paycantin a mikowan ko Maciton.  Itiya sato i saka14 sici, malowid no Awtoman Micowatay-Hontian Kitakit ko adihay ko mitekopan a kitakit, ira ko Sayrwiya, Pawciyaliya ato Kirisiya, nornor sato ko sapi’ecoaw to Parkan-Pecihay-Kanatal. I 1371 miheca, pakalowid ko Awtoman i Matolica Lalood i, o saheto no Maciton malamicongacongay a kitakit, tahira to i 14 sici haemin han to polongen koya Maciton Kitakit. Nano inian to ikor to 500 ko miheca sahetoay mamamikowanan no Awtoman Micowatay-Hontian Kitakit ko mikowanay to Maciton.  === '''Kacemahadan''' (復興) === I 19 sici, o Kirisiya, Sayrwiya ato Pawciyaliya a tolo kitakit micoroh to miliyaw a palowad to kitakit sanay a demak,ira ko pipacoli to itiraay i Yoropa a pala no Awtoman Micowatay-Hontian Kitakit (nisapinangan a「Maciton」), onini ko lalengatan no malatosa ko kasarekad i ikor no 19 sici ato isatapangan no 20 sici. Itini tona tosay a kasarekad, o sakakaay o Pawciyaliya-Maciton Mipalolo Iinkai(Pawciliya a sowal:''Вътрешна македонска революционна организация'';Decdec:''ВМРО;'' Maciton a sowal:''Внатрешна Македонска Револуционерна Организација'', Decdec:''ВМРО；''Holam a sowal:馬其頓內部革命組織), i 1903 miheca keriden ni Kocai-Torciefo( Pawciyaliya/Maciton :''Bulgarian/Macedonian: Георги/Ѓорѓи Николов Делчев ;'' Holama sowal:''戈采·德爾切夫'') ona Rekad i,itira i Ilinteng Etal (''Општина Илинден'';伊林登區) o romi’ad no Pali’ayaway ci Iliya a mi’inger to sapialaaw to Niyah-Pikowan anaca o sapisiikedaw a patireng tona niyah a kitakit. === '''Parkan-Lalood(第一次、第二次巴爾幹戰爭)''' === I satapangan no 20 sici, ira ko Sakacecay a Parkan-Lalood(1912-10-8~1913-5-30), Sakatosa a Parkan-Lalood(1913-6-29~8-10), na malepon kona lalood makinatolo a mapapecih ko Maciton, o Kirisiya Hontian Kitakit, Inacilaay Sayrwiya Hontian Kitakit, ato Inacilaay Pawciyaliya Hontian Kitakit, oya kalala’edan nona toloaay a kitakit i, tado han to no Kirisiya-Maciton, Ka’amisay-Maciton ato Pawciyali-Maciton a kalala’edan. Malaheci ko Sakatosa Lalood no tahepoan no Kakarayan tahira 1949 miheca ko Lalomaay-Lalood no Kirisiya. 1963 miheca Nanslafo Kapolongan-Kitakit mafalic kongangan to「Nanslafo-Syakaisyuki-Kapolongan-Kitakit」, oya ilalomaay a Maciton itira to i 1991 miheca a mala Misiikeday Kitakit. Na pisiikedan ira ko 17 miheca a cifangafang to ngangan no kitakit,ano「Maciton」hannaca a pangangan caay ka tatodong, awaay ko mihaiay,mihantay ko Kirisiya. Tahira sato i 2018 miheca saka 6 folad,o「Ka’amisay Maciton」han to a milaheci mifalic,[18] malaheci to ko pisanga’ to rikec ona tosa a kitakit, i 2019 miheca saka 2 folad laheci sato ko pangangan. To cila to a miheca saka 3 folad o「Ka’amisay Maciton」ko ngangan a mikapot to Saka’amisay- Riyaran a Kakaketonan Lekatep(''North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO''), mihai to ko Licikay no Yoropa(''Council of Europe:''歐洲理事會) a masasowal to sapikapotaw i Yoropa-Lekatep(European Union, EU;歐洲聯盟). == Tahapinangan a Tilid (參考文獻) == ----[1]科索沃是一個在科索沃共和國與塞爾維亞共和國之間的爭議領土。科索沃已於2008年單方面宣布獨立並成立了科索沃共和國，但塞爾維亞仍堅持認為科索沃是其主權領土的一個自治區。聯合國193個成員國中有113個已承認科索沃的獨立地位。 [2] The Ancient Greeks: New Perspectives, Stephanie Lynn Budin, ABC-CLIO, 2004, <nowiki>ISBN 1576078140</nowiki>, p. 12. （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） [3] Entangled Histories of the Balkans: Volume One, Roumen Daskalov, Tchavdar Marinov, BRILL, 2013, <nowiki>ISBN 900425076X</nowiki>, pp. 278-279. [4] Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia, Dimitar Bechev, Scarecrow Press, 2009, <nowiki>ISBN 0810862956</nowiki>, p. Iii （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. [5] Contested Ethnic Identity: The Case of Macedonian Immigrants in Toronto, 1900-1996, Chris Kostov, Peter Lang, 2010, <nowiki>ISBN 3034301960</nowiki>, p. 48. （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） [6] Oxford Handbook of the History of Nationalism, John Breuilly, Oxford University Press, 2013, <nowiki>ISBN 0199209197</nowiki>, p. 192. （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） [7] Collective Memory, National Identity, and Ethnic Conflict: Greece, Bulgaria, and the Macedonian Question, Victor Roudometof, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002, <nowiki>ISBN 0275976483</nowiki>, p. 89 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. [8] "Macedonia Redux", Eugene N. Borza, The Eye Expanded: Life and the Arts in Greco-Roman Antiquity. [9] O pisetek to mihecaan i ’ayaw no 260 ofad anoca 250 ofad ko miheca nani anini. [10] R.J. Rodden and K.A. Wardle, Nea Nikomedia: The Excavation of an Early Neolithic Village in Northern Greece 1961–1964, Vol I, The Excavation and the Ceramic Assemblage, British School at Athens Supplementary Volume 25, 1996 [11] Thucydides. The Peloponnesian War,2.99. [12] Borza, Eugene N. In the Shadow of Olympus: the Emergence of Macedon. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1990, <nowiki>ISBN 0-691-00880-9</nowiki>, p. 65. "There is no record of conflict between the Bryges and the local population; they are described as synoikoi ("fellow inhabitant" or neighbors) of the Macedonians." [13] Encyclopædia Britannica online – Paeonia. [2016-04-28]. （原始內容存檔於2008-04-18） [14] The Celts. A history. Daithi O Hogain. Boydell Press. ISBN 0-85115-923-0 [15] 本條目出自公有領域：Chisholm, Hugh (編). Andriscus. 大英百科全書 1 (11th ed.). 劍橋大學出版社. 1911. [16] The Early Medieval Balkans. John Fine. Page 71： [17] Nicolle, David. The Fourth Crusade 1202–04 – the Betrayal of Byzantium. Oxford: Osprey Publishing Ltd. 2011: 15. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-84908-319-5</nowiki>. O telang a ngangan no syoto no Torki Istanpaw. [18] “マケドニア、国名変更でギリシャと合意 「北マケドニア」に”. AFPBB News. フランス通信社. (2018年6月13日) 2018年6月13日閲覧 Itini i 41 50 N, 22 00 E, noYoropi ko [[Macedonia]]. Polong no sekalay i 25,713 sq km “saka 150 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 25,433 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 280 sq km ” Polong i 2,100,025 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 44.30%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 39.80%, malo no roma to a sera 15.90%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Skopje]](史高比耶) ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakasiwa 8 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Stevo Pendarovski]](格奧爾基·伊萬諾夫), patirengan a romi’ad i 2019 a miheca(年) saka 5 folad saka 12 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 1a16q733afbk789k5f1i5wpyce3g7o5 0 666 44660 44659 2024-09-10T03:38:02Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 Macky Sall (麥基·薩爾) 44660 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Macky Sall - 2008.jpg|thumb|Macky Sall, 2008]] I 1961 a miheca(年) saka 12 folad saka 11 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci '''Macky Sall''' (麥基·薩爾), malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Senegal]](塞內加爾) anini i ci Macky Sall, patirengan a romi’ad i 2012 a miheca saka 4 folad saka 2 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 1myabsc758ljh7xai095ndryljin4ic 0 667 38707 30180 2023-06-29T11:54:47Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38707 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''Madagascar,''République de Madagascar''''' == == Matakaskar Kapolongan Kitakit ([[kuwaping a sowal]]: 馬達加斯加共和國) == == Takaray sowal(概略) == O saka’etipay no Satimalan Kanatanatal a Finacadan ko ka itiraan nona [[kitakit]], pakinien I sowal no Matakaskar I ''Repoblikan'i Madagasikara[[Madagascar#%20ftn1|'''[1]''']],'' na o mikowanan no Ferans itiya ho, sano Feransuen a sowal I ''République de Madagascar.'' Matakaskar Kapolongan Kitakit sanay ko tadangangan, i’ayaw no nini I Matakasi Kapolongan Kitakit hananay, sakamoko’ han a mitahidang to Matakaskar, oninian to ko ma’alaay a pangangan. Itiraay I katimol saka’etip no Afrika ko kaitiraan, o saksepat ko ka tata’ang itini I polong no kitakit. Na malakitingay ho sera ato Into, I’ayaw no 8,800’emang ko mihecaan a malaliyas sacecay sa tomireng itini, malaay to icowacowaay a pala, sa ma’osaw ho kina’orip ato maamaan no hakal, o sa’adihayay ko maamaan kina’orip I hakal, mahaop ko 80% a kina’orip awaay iroma akanatal, ‘edeng itini ko iraay. Nikawrira, ona kakafahekaan a kina’orip mafolkok no ka’aloman no tamdaw a mafolaw a tayni. O ngangan tora Matakaskar hananay caay ko nano sowal no itiniay tamdaw sanay, o nani ngoyosay no Yoropa a tamdaw i ka citelongan(中世紀)[[Madagascar#%20ftn2|[2]]], I 13sici o nani Winisu a mihahinamay a tamdaw ci Makopolo ko sa’ayaway a mitilid to 「Madageiscar」sanay a tilid, masasifod ningra ko itiraay I minato no Samaliya a sowal toya Mokatisyu（Mogadishu）sa ko sowal. <nowiki>[[Faylo:Isbaheysiga Mosque in Mogadishu (2).jpg|thumb|Isbaheysiga Mosque in Mogadishu (2)]]</nowiki>. Itiya to I 1500miheca, o mihahinamay a tamdaw no [[Portugal|Polutokaru]] ci Tiaoku·Tiyas macakat tona kanatal pangangan han ningra to「São Lourenço」（聖洛倫索）, nikawrira, oni Makopolo ho a pangangan ko pido’edoan no Yoropa a pangangan to rayaray kanatal,sa tahanini o maalaay a pangangan i oya to「Madagasikara」ko matenakay. I sowal no itiniay a tamdaw away ho ko i’ayaway no「Madagasikara」sanay a ngangan.[[Madagascar#%20ftn3|[3]]] == Rikisi (歷史) == O rikisi no Matakaskar I sepatay ko kasasaer: To’asan, Hontian, Mikowanan no Ferans ato Pi’ikedan a Mikowan. === To'asan Miheca (早期) === I to’asan miheca i’ayaw no 2500miheca itiniay to a maro’ ko Matakaskar tamdaw sanay ko sowal no mikakarkaray tono to’asan ho a dafong a singsi no tata’angay pitilidan. Iraho ko masasiromaromaay a sowal, o miriniay a pawacay no singsi I caay ka telang ko mihecan ko tamdaw a maro’ itini sanay.[4] Itiya ho o dodang ko pikalican nani Poloco mafolaw a tayni,nikawrira, o lamit no remes tora DNA I mingataay tono I Afrika a kohetingay tamdaw. [[Faylo:Malagasy_girls_Madagascar_Merina.jpg|thumb|Cilamlam to remes no Afrika (Malagasy girls Madagascar Merina)]] Yo kahatayni ho tamdaw adihay ho a manengneng ko matiyaay o co ko tata’ang a ‘ayam, o ‘aloay ‘efa,to ikor to I ma’adop ko ma’adopay , ma’eco no tamdaw ko kaitiraan malahedaw ko ka’oripan no ‘a’adopen.[6] === Matakaskar Hontian Kitakit(馬達加斯加王國) === Itiya I pisatapangan no 17sici Milina fanacadan mipatireng to Imolina Hontian kitakit takaraway tokatokasan, pasasitiri’en to ilawacay no riyar a hontian kitakit, caay ka samaan ko ‘icel nona kitakit.[7] Isatapangan no 18sici kalisepaten ni Anteliyamasinnawalona(''Andriamasinavalona'')Honti kona kitakit, alacecaen ningra a palilam ko sepat a wawa ningra, tongal sa ko kaawa no ‘icel no kitakit. Cecay a so’ot ko mihecan a malalaood, ci Anteliyananpoynaymilina(''Andrianampoinimerina''安德里亞南普伊奈梅里納)Honti ko miliyaway a palacecay to Imolina Hontian Kitakit. [[Faylo:Andrianampoinimerina.jpg|thumb|Andrianampoinimerina]] Namikowan kona honti macowat ningra ko ilawacay a kitakit sa tata’ang sato ko sera. O wawa to ni Anteliya ci Ratama Sakacecay(''Radama I'') ko milaheciay a matireng ko malacecayay a kitakit. [[Faylo:Ranavalona_I.jpg|thumb|Ranavalona I]] Na mapatay ci Ratama Sakacecay honti, o fafahi to ningra ci Ranafalona sakacecay(''Ranavalona I''；1778年—1861)ko malahontiay, na kalahontian ni Ranafalona matongalmatongal pakisici to pakisaka’orip to pakipunka to ko pi’enec no Ikiris, sa itira to a milalang to pipatenak to Kristo pitooran,laplapen ko Yoropa a tamdaw. Namikowan kona honti macowat ningra ko ilawacay a kitakit sa tata’ang sato ko sera. O wawa to ni Anteliya ci Ratama Sakacecay(''Radama I'') ko milaheciay a matireng ko malacecayay a kitakit. Na mapatay ci Ratama Sakacecay honti, o fafahi to ningra ci Ranafalona sakacecay(''Ranavalona I''；1778年—1861)ko malahontiay, na kalahontian ni Ranafalona matongalmatongal pakisici to, pakisaka’orip to, pakipunka to,mai’enec no Ikiris, sa itira to a milalang to pipatenak tono Kristo pitooran,laplapen ko Yoropa a tamdaw. O wawa ni Ranafalona sakacecay ci Latama sakatosa(''RadamaⅡ,1861~1863'') mido’edo a malahonti i, falicen nako koya ca’edasay a demak no winaan kalahonti, sadamsay nako ko pidipot to finawlan saan. Nikawrira,palahedawen to kono hontian a pikowan sanay ko kakeridan no kitakit ci Raynifoninahiteliniawni''(Rainivoninahitriniony''，1852~1865 ko kalakakeridan no kitakit), itira a mikomod toya I sifo’aay a Mirina Hongtian Kitaki(''Kingdom of Madagascar，1540–1897,or Kingdom of Imerina''）ato Hofa tamdaw malacafay a miwarwar mipalasawad ko Latama sakatosa honti(''RadamaⅡ).'''[1]''''' Yo mapalasawad to ko kalahonti ni Latama sakatosa(''RadamaⅡ)''i,mihayi ko finawlan to fafahi ningra ci Rasohirina(''Rasoherina，1863~1868)''a malahonti, nikawrira , irako salongoc no fanawlan to malalamod kiso aci Raynifoninahiteliniawni''(Rainivoninahitriniony)'' nga’ mihayi kami to pikowan iso han no fanawlan,malacecay kamo a mikowan malalikel to tatayalen nga’ caka sakakinih ko ’icel. Milayap ci Rasohirina''(Rasoherina)''to hatiniay a sa’ali no finawlan lalamod sato ci Raynifoninahiteliniawnian,lalamoda saho sawaden ningra, paliyaw a cifainay to safa ni Raynifoninahiteliniawnian, ona safa a Raynifoninahiteliniawnian i,30miheca ko kalakakeridan no kitakit. Nakalakakeridan cingra i patireng icowacowa to pitilidan,paci’ecien a papitilid ko ka’emangay, tahidangen ningra ko Ikiris tamdaw malakomon no sofitay, sa matongal ko kaci’icel no sofitay.[2] Oloma sato mifalican a demak o pipalasawad to aduhayay ko kacifafahi,o kristo pitooran malapitooran no lalomaan no honti,sanoyanan sato a ‘aloman ko mitooray, nika caay ka sawad kono to’asan ho a pitooran demak.[3] O rikec no kitakit mitodongay tono Ikiris a rikec,i tatapangan aniyaro’ mikihatiya tono Yoropa tolo ko kasafatafatd.[4] ===  N'''ikowanan no Fransu a mihecahecaan(法國殖民時期)''' === Micomod ko Fransu to sapi’ecoaw amikowan I 1883miheca, mitoker ko tamdaw no Matakaskar ta malalood ato Fransu.[8] Yo malahecai to ko lalood kelit han no Matakaskar ko isaka’amisay a minato Ancilanana pafeli ko Fransu, mipatefoc ho to 50’emang Falang(法郎).[9] Itiya sato i 1890miheca, pakidosaan a sapafeliaw i Ikiris ko Fransu to Matakaskar, caka pihai ko Matakaskar to matiniay pakidosanay demak, o Fransu to I nani 1894miheca 12folad tahira I 1895miheca sakacecay folad ko pisalifong ta ‘ecoen ko ikawaliay a minato Towamasina''(Toamasina)'' ato ika’etipay a niyaro’ Mahacanca(''Mahajanga'').[10] Hatini to ko pisalifong no Fransu macangalen ho to sapipelengaw to Matakaskar, tahidangen ho nani Afrika ko ‘alomanay sofitay a mipadang milood, tatiih ko lemed taha ‘adada to Malaliya(niyieci han no kaping) ‘aloman ko mapatayay.1895miheca 9folad,tangasa to koya mamipadang a sofitay saromi’ami’ad hanto nangra a misalifong ko kamaro’an no honti, cato ka pakolilo ko Matakaskar kosang sato ko honti Linawalona sakatosa.[11] Toya cila a mihecaan 1896,paci’eci han to no Fransu a mi’eco a maro’ ko Matakaskar,malnikowanan niyam sato a palosiyang i papotal, la’eto sato a mapalasawad ko Imolina Hontian Kitakit, o laloma’an saato no honti i malaplap tayra i Alciliya i Afrika. 1896miheca,mapalahedaw ko mali’acaay to koli a demak,nikawrira, 50’emang ko ka’adihay no koli away ko kalaklakan a maro’ sa kinaitiratira I loma’ no tawki a maro’, malamimaomahay , anca malatofangay.[12] I lawac no kakahaday lalan no syoto Antanalifopo adihay mapatireng ko malokasopsopan a loma’[13] to pilafinan no koli. Oya sa loma’ no honti malapiterian to tadamaanay dafong.[14] Adihay to ko mipatirengan a pitilidan, halo ya caayay ho ka tahiraan no Milina tamdaw toya maraayay ikemoday a niyaro’ ato salawacan no riyar mapatireng ko pitiridan. 6~13 ko mihecaan a ka’emangay mipaci’ecian a papitilid a mihatatanam to sowal no Fransu ato sakatayal a kicic. Itiya I no hontian ho, o tayal ko sapasata no kalotamdaw to honti, onini a demak I mi’osawan no Fransu to sapisanga’ to lalan no cilamalay ato kalolalan.[15] Itiya sato I sakacecay a kalaloodan no polong a kitakit,mikapot I sofitay no Fransu ko Matakaskar.[16] Tahayni sato I 20sici(‘ayaw no cecay so’ot miheca) ira ko pasaharateng no sifo no Toic to sapifaolawaw to Yotaya tamdaw tayra I Matakaskar.[17] Namalowid to ko Toic I caay sato ka laheci kona sapifolawaw to Yotaya a demak. [[Faylo:Hitler,_Speer_y_Breker_en_París,_23_de_junio_de_1940.jpg|thumb|ci Hitora o congtong no Toic(Hitler, Speer y Breker en París, 23 de junio de 1940)]] I sakatosa a kaloodan no polong a kitakit, ma’eco no Toic ko Fransu, mangoyangoy ko faloco’ no tamdaw no Matakaskar to pikowan no Fransu,ka o pisa’iked to a miniyahpikowan sato a misaharterateng no Matakaskar tamdaw, yo laheci saho ko lsakatosa lalood, i 1947miheca looden to no Matakaskar to mikowanay a Fransu.[18] I 1958miheca 10folad 14romi’ad, palosyang to pitatireng to Marakasi Kapolongan Kitaki,o cecay no komodan no Fransu a Niyahpikowan a kitakit,i 1959miheca malaheci a masanga’ ko Kinpo,ta patireng to Pacarcaray Sifo, 1960miheca saka’enem folad sakasepat safaw romi’ad malaheci to tomireng ko Malakasi Kapolongan Kitakit.[19] === Niyahpikowan a kitakit(獨立後) === Mapatireng ko Malakasi Kapolongan Kitakit, kinasepatay to misariyariyad ko kapolongan kitakit, mipatireng to fa’elohay kitakit I miriyad a misang’ amisafa’eloh to kinpo. Nani 1960miheca tahira 1972miheca o sakacecay a kapolongan kitakit,o mitoro’an no Fransu ci Filipir．Cilanana(''Philibert Tsiranana''，1912年10月18日－1978年4月16日）)ko malacongtongay. [[Faylo:Philibert_Tsiranana_1962.jpg|thumb|o sa'ayaway congtong Filipir．Cilanana(Philibert Tsiranana 1962)]] O mitoro’an no Fransu sanaw o mitayalan ningra o sakaci’etan to, o sapikowan to toor hananay ko sowal no Fransu. Patinako han, o malakakeridan nomaamaan to a tatayalen sahetoay o Fransu a tamdaw,o singsi o Fransu to atamdaw, o sapipasifana’ o no Fransu tilid. Ciharateng sato ko finawlan ona tayal ni Cilanana caay ka sasiroma to pikowan no Fransu, o「fa’elohay a palatepesay mikowan」sa onian ko pakarawraw to finawlan a misapifelihaw tona sifo, 1972miheca saso’eli’elin sato a mafelih no finawlan.[20] Toyanan to a miheca,o kakeridan no i palaay sofita malapacarcaray a congtong ato kakeridan no kitakit, caay ko mihaian no finawlan ko kalacongtong ningra,sakatolo miheca i 1975 tararikor sato a misawad. Do’edo’ sa ci Risyal Racimantorawa(''Richard Ratsimandrava'') ko malacongtongay, ’edeng’edeng ’enem a romi’ad ko kalacongtongan mapacok ta mapatay. O mido’edo’ay ci Cir Antoliyamahaco(''Gilles Andriamahazo'') ko malacongtongay,sepat a folad ko kalacongtong mafalic ni Titir Raciraka(''Didier Ratsiraka''，1975年－1993年；1997年－2002年) <nowiki>[[Faylo:Gvtratsiraka1.jpg|thumb|Gvtratsiraka1]]</nowiki> sanosofitay han ningra kopikowan to finawlan, falicen ko ngangan no kitakit to Matakaskar,misasyakaysyuki demak no kitakit. Itiya sato i sakacecay kanikawan to simal(1973~1974), awa to ko katayalan mataring to ko tada no kitakit, o ‘orip sato no finawlan tadapakoyoc to,[21] i 1979miheca la’eto sato a mapeleng kona sifo. Awa to ko kakeridan no sifo I, ci Aropet Cafi(Albert Zafy) ko micadaay a patireng to pacarcaray sifo, maala cingra i1992miheca a sinkiw to congtong, nipatirengan to sakakinatolo kapolongan a kitakit.[22] O misafa’elohan a kinpo i mihai to kasasiromaroma a saopo no sici, masaroma ko salongoc no finawlan,onini ko faco no fa’elohay a sifo. 2010miheca, mitopa ko polong tamdaw to pihai to misafa’elohan heca a kinpo, patireng to sakasept a kapolongan a kitakit,itini tona miliyawan a misafa’eloh a kinpo matiliday ama’osaw ko o finawlan ko pi’arawan a mikowan ato pihai to kasasiromaroma saopo no sici.[23] [[Faylo:Hery Rajaonarimampianina 2014.jpg|thumb|Hery Rajaonarimampianina [[Faylo:Hery_Rajaonarimampianina_2014.jpg|thumb|Hery Rajaonarimampianina 2014]] 2014]2013miheca,saka10folad,saka25romi’ad,misinkiw to congtong ato lipoiing, awaay ko paka’alaay to fatad no satopa no fanawlan, sa miliyaw ho to sakakinatosa a mitopa ko finawlan tono congtong a sinkiw I 2013miheca saka12folad,saka20romi’ad. I 2014miheca sakacecay folad saka7romi’ad, mapatalahekal ko lekal,ci Aili Matiyal Rakotoyalimanana Raciyawlimamanpiyani(Hery Martial Rakotoarimanana Rajaonarimampianina) 53.5% ko maalaay a satopa ta malacongtong.[24] == Palapalaan ato Taliyokan(地理和生態) == O dadahal no pala 59,2800㎢ saka47 laylay i polong kitakit , o sakasepat ko katata’ang a kanatal. I sawaliay no Afrika, o sangataay a kitakit i, o Mosanpiko. I kawali misi’ayaway to riyar no Into, o lawac no riyar i kawali i, sahetoay o kilakilangan, i sifo’ an i, o masa’apilisay a omaomahan. I ’ayaw no 1,35’ok(億)miheca, malipowak ko cikiw malapecih ko Matakaskar,katimolay lawac no cikiw , Into a karopaw ato Afrika ato Satimolan Amirika. I ‘ayaw no 8899 ofad miheca, miliyaw heca a mapecih lacinowas sato ko Matalaslar ato Into, maraay ko piliyas to romaroma a hekal sa ma’osaw ho ko caay kafalic ko kalahad no maamaan a kina’orip, o kilakilangan ato ’a’adopen.[25] O sera no Matakaskar ira ko tafotafokan, ira ko semosemotan, ira ko sena’sena’an, adihay ko kasasiromaroma no pala. <nowiki>[[Faylo:Biogeographic timetable of Madagascar - journal.pone.0062086.g003.png|thumb|Biogeographic timetable of Madagascar - journal.pone.0062086.g003]]</nowiki> O romi’ad 'i, saka11folad~saka4folad, kafodo’an ato kafaliyosan, i saka5folad~saka10folad kasi’emelan, o ka’oradan, sa kahenay a malahad ko kinairaira. I sasifo’an a takaraway a pala ma’icangay sa’emelay. I 2004miheca ira ko tata’angay afaliyos, 172tamdaw ko mapatayay,21’ofad 4260tamdaw ko mafolaway. Nano katelangan a miheca malaliyas to karopaw, sa caay ka cilamlam to samaamaanay a kinairaira, 90% odeng itini a ira, o lotong to, o ‘ayam to sahetoay o kakafahekaan a kinaira.[26] I matakaskar iraay ko cecay ’ofad no kasasiromaroma no kina’orip,80% o itiniay aca a ira ko nini.patinako han o Lan hana(蘭花)ira ko 860 ko kasasiromaroma, o kalitolo no sepat o tadamaanay no nini.[27] Ira ho koroma a patinakoan, itini i mitahepoan no kakarayan i faloay ko kasasiroma no lotong hanaay facidol,o itiratiraay aca i Afrika cecay,i Awco cecay, ’enem i Matakaskar.[28][[Faylo:Penang Malaysia Ravenala-madagascariensis-01.jpg|thumb|Penang Malaysia Ravenala-madaga [[Faylo:Penang_Malaysia_Ravenala-madagascariensis-01.jpg|thumb|Penang Malaysia Ravenala-madagascariensis-01]] Oroma sa o nangesan a kilang(棕櫚科)ira ko 170 ko kasasiroma,o sa’adihayay i tini Afrika, tona 170 no kasasiroma 165 itiniay aca i Matakaskar a malengaw.[29] Adihay ho ko masasiromaromaay a talod, manga’ayay kalasapa’iyoen, patinako han oya cangcunhua(長春花) o lalengawan i nani Matakaskar a matenak taracowacowa to akitakit, faloay ko tatapngan a kahirahira, pito ko kahirahira itini i Matkaskar.[30] ona hana tonini i,o sapisanga’ sapi’ada to kang(癌症)adada a sapaiyo sanay ko mikakinkiway.O kakafahekan a kilang i o rafinala(''ravinala'')hananay o itiniay a tamdaw a pangang, matiya o macelakay ko wikor a ‘ayam, tadamakapahay sa malatahapinangan no kitakit ato hikoki no Matakaskar.[31] [[Faylo:Biogeographic_timetable_of_Madagascar_-_journal.pone.0062086.g003.png|thumb|O kasasiromaroma a kina'orip(Biogeographic timetable of Madagascar - journal.pone.0062086.g003)]] == Tamdaw(人口) == I 2016miheca a misa’osi 2500 ’ofad ko polong tamdaw no Matakaskar.[32] Ilaloma’ nona tamtamdaw I,90% ko Matakaskar tamdaw, 18 kokasasiromaroma a finacadan.[33] I’ayaw no cecay so’ot miheca to pihapinang to lamit no ‘ilang oya DNA hananay, mapawacay to makalitosaay no Satimolan Finacadan a ‘ilang ato nani Afrikaay Panto Finacadan a ’ilang.[34] Oya maro’ay i sifo’ay no kitakit a tokotokasan pala a tamdaw o Satimalon Finacadan ko ‘alomanay, mahaop ko 26% no polong tamdaw no Matakaskar, o itiraay i lawac no riyariyaran a maro’ay tamdaw o Panto ko ‘alomanay, o polong no maro’ay I salawacan no riyar a tamdaw I o Pieti tamdaw ko sa’alomanay mahaop ko 14% no polong no kitakit tamdaw,do’edo sa I o Cimiheti tamdaw 6% ko haop, ato Sakalawa tamdaw.[35] O caay ka hakowa ko tamdaw a finacadan ira ko Kaping, Into ato Tomo tamdaw,o cilamlamay to ‘ilang ko Yoropa a tamdaw caay to ka hakowa, naw iro malowan ko tamdaw hani, namasakakinih no itinitiniay aca a maro’, patinako han I 1976miheca marawraw a malaplap no Mahacanciya ko Kotomo atamdaw sa milaliw a mafolaw. O teloc no Yoropa matiya to a malowan. [[Faylo:Ethnic_groups_of_Madagascar_Map.png|thumb|230x230px|Kasasiromaroma Finacadan(Ethnic groups of Madagascar Map)]] 2009miheca o katongal no masofocay tamdaw i 2.7%, o polong tamdaw nani 1900miheca 220 ‘ofad, macakat i 2012miheca to 2200 ’ofad. Kamoko’ay ko ‘orip, o caay ho ka tangasa i 15 ko mihecan mahaop 42.5%, nani 15 ko mihecan tahira 64 ko mihecan a tamdaw mahaop ko 54.5%, orasaka, o mata’elifay ko 65 ko mihecaan a malitengay haop sa to 3% aca. == '''Sowal (語言)''' == O lalengawan sowal no Mtakaskar nano Malay-Polinisya Finacadan,o matenakay a sowal tona kanatal, nikawrira, adihay ho ko masasiromaromaay a sowal, nika talikeda ko tamtamdaw to masasiromaay sowal.[36] O na kasaniyaro’ a sowal i,tosa ko pecih o sakawli a Matakaskar ato o saka’etip a Matakaskar: o sakawali a niyaro’an sowal itiraay o sakawali a lilis no kilakilangan pala ato takaraway pala, o Milina niyaro’an sowal no Antananalifo o capa’ to onini sowal; o maro’ay I ka’etip a lilis no riyar a finawlan sahetoay ono saka’etipay Matakaskar sowal. Yo pikowanan ho Fransu o sowal no Fransu ko hasasowal no sifo i Matakaskar, 1958 mihea masanga’ ko sa’ayaway a kinpo, itini tona kinpo a rikec I, o Matakaskar ato Fransu sowal kono sifoan sowal sanay ko tilid, malamikapotay sato ko Matakaskar to o Fransu sowal a kitakitakit, orasak o mitiliday ma’emin maafana’ to sowal no Fransu. O miliyawan a misanga’ kinpo i1992miheca ono sifoan to sowal ko Matakaskar sowal, ono kitakit to sowal saan ko rikec,orasaka ono Fransu sowal ko tilid, ono Fransu sowal ko tilid no sifo,naw iro sato ko fanawlan ora ko saka pakokot i Hoing(法院) mipacalalay to kinpo saan. Nika caayay ho kalatiliden no rikec ko tilid no Matakaskar, sa o hasowal ho no sifo ko Fransu sowal sato ko pisawkit no Kinpo Pisawkitan(高等憲法法院). 2007miheca a fa’elohay kinpo palaliyad heca a patalehekal tono sifoan sowal, o sowal no Matakaskar, sowal no Fransu ato sowal no Ikiris mapolong to malasowal no sifo.[37] 2010miheca 11folad a Polongan Pitopa no Finawlan(全民公投) mapalahedaw ko kalasowal no sifo ko Ikiris sowal. == '''Pitooran(宗教)''' == Malakitosa ko tamdaw no Matakaskar mipaso’elinay ho tono to’asan a pitooran,o sowal no to’as i,o ma’oripay a tamdaw ato mapatayay iraay ho ko kali’eki’ay akalakiting sanay. Orasaka, adihay ko lisin to pingodo to to’as, o demak no mitooray i misafangcal to tadem, o itiraay i takaraway pala ko ‘orip a tamdaw ira ko「mifelih to tatirengan no mapatayay a pariko a lisin」(''famadihana''),onini haw i,karkaren nani tadem ko tatirengan no mapatayay, mahelek a misawsaw pariko’en to [[Faylo:Famadihana reburial razana ancestor Madagascar.jpg|thumb|Famadihana reburial razana ancesfa’elahy a fancalay kiradom ta liyawen ho a mitadem(misawsaw to ’okak lisin), itini to matiniyay a lisin i mapolongay ko salawinawina ato niyaro’ a malipahak a mingodo to to’as, o roma i matahidang ko fiyaw a niyaro’ tayni a palafang mili’epah, ma’acang, nikawrira, o paysin no to’as i misa’icelan a mido’edo ta madipot no to’as yo sanay. Ano ira ko citatiihay a tamdaw ato loma’ onika caay ka pingodo to to’as, mapalafo to no to’as sanay ko tatodong. O citatiihay sato a tamdaw ato ciloma’ay misakolong paka’en to to’as to sapisaysay to faloco’ no to’as ta caay to ka palatiih to i hekalay ho laloma’an. O tamdaw no Matakaskar ira ko kalitosa to mitooray ci Yisoan, o Ciwlokiw ato Tinsikiw makalitos ko tamdaw. Anini sato sahetoay to mapalamlam ko pitoor to Kristo ato to’asay a pitooran,patinako han ano midemak to「mifelih to tatirengan no mapatayay a pariko a lisin」(famadihana) a lisin i, itira ho i kyokay a miinori, malaheci to itira to i pitademan kono to’as a lisin. O mitooray to Kristo ira ko Tinsikiw, Fa’elohay Pitooran, Sini Pitooran ato Senko Pitooran, wataay ko picirep to sici nona kitakit.[38] Ira a matenak ko Islam Pitooran ato Into Pitooran tona kitakit, o mitooray to Islam a tamdaw ira ko Matakaskar, Into, Pakistan ato Komo tamdaw. == '''Punka (文化)''' == Tada ahihay ko kasasiromaroma no finacadan no Matakaskar kitakit, oya cecay a finacadan o cecay a punka, halafin to ko ’orip itini sa masasifasif kono niyah punka, faco no ’orip, lekakawa, ato pitooran. Nilawrira, ira ko pinapina a kasasitekelo no punka, malopatosokan no Matakaskar punka. Caay ko ’edengan o sowal aca ko malaliniay a mafana’ a somowal a mitengil, malacecay ko rarengawan to’as ato pita’omg to to’as a lisin, ono to’asan a nitahafan nokakarayan a harateng i,o 「madadama」''(fihavanana)'',「lemed」''(vintana)'' ,「nokay no safalat」''(tody)'' ato 「hasina」(''hasina'') ko micerepay i faloco’ no tamtadaw. [[Faylo:Famadihana_reburial_razana_ancestor_Madagascar.jpg|thumb|karkaren nani tadem liyawen pariko' a mitadem.(Famadihana reburial razana ancestor Madagascar)]] O「hasina」hananay i fancalay a ’icel no ’orip sanay ko tatodong nona sowal, nika paso’elin ko finawlan ona fancalay ’icel ko midipotay to niyaro’ ato lalomaan ato ha’icel no malatapangay. Orama a heci no punka ira ho ko: mitalikay mikelit to ofil no panga, misalimela to ngasaw, paso’elin to cikawasay, mi’edaw misalisin ato no to’as a sapa’iyo, o paifatafatadan no tamdaw: ira ko fafaway tamdaw, ira ko kalotamdaw ato koli.[39] Pakaynien I rikec no kitakit mapalahedaway to ko paifatafatadan no tamdaw alekakawa,nikawrira, o nano nika sa tisil i syakay , o pili’etan a tayal ato hakowaay ko ‘icel iso a pakangiyangi to syakay nani tiniay i tisil no ’orip(社會種性).[40] Ano mimaaman to, o pi’edaw(''Mpanandro'') ko pinengnengan to kalotayal. O punka no Matakaskar mipalatalahekalay to kasasiroma a rarengawa no punka, patinakohan , o tiftif a potoy(''valiha'') o ’aol ko sapisanga’, o Citola tiftif hananay, o nani satimolan Kalimantan Sakowan a tamdaw ko mihawikiday a tayni, miriniay tono aniniay Inni ato Filipin a tiftif.  == Pihapinangan a Tilid(註腳) == [[Madagascar#%20ftnref1|[1]]] National Geographic. Style Manual. [2015-07-17]. （原始內容存檔於2015-07-17）. [[Madagascar#%20ftnref2|[2]]] Cousins, William Edward. Madagascar of to-day: A sketch of the island, with chapters on its past history and present prospects. London: The Religious Tract Society. 1895: 11–12 [2014-05-07]. [[Madagascar#%20ftnref3|[3]]] Room, Adrian. Placenames of the world: origins and meanings of the names for 6,600 countries, cities, territories, natural features, and historic sites. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. 2006: 230 [2014-05-07]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7864-2248-7</nowiki>. （原始內容存檔於2014-05-13）. [4] Crowley, B.E. A refined chronology of prehistoric Madagascar and the demise of the megafauna. Quaternary Science Reviews. 2010, 29 (19-20): 2591–2603. Bibcode:2010QSRv...29.2591C. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.06.030. [5] Peter Forster, Shuichi Matsumutra, Matthieu Vizuete-Forster, Petya Belinda Blumbach & Robert Dewar. The Genetic Prehistory of Madagascar's Female Asian Lineages. Shuichi Matsumura, Peter Forster, Colin Renfrew (編). Simulations, Genetics and Human Prehistory. Cambridge: McDonald Institute Press. 2008: 71–77. [6] Virah-Sawmy, M.; Willis, K.J.; Gillson, L. Evidence for drought and forest declines during the recent megafaunal extinctions in Madagascar. Journal of Biogeography. 2010, '''37''' (3): 506–519. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02203.x. [7] Ogot, Bethwell. Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century. Paris: UNESCO. 1992: 418 [2014-05-08]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-92-3-101711-7</nowiki>. （原始內容存檔於2020-08-20）. [8] Van Den Boogaerde, Pierre. Shipwrecks of Madagascar. New York: AEG Publishing Group. 2008: 7 [2014-05-09]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-60693-494-4</nowiki>. [9] Randier, Jean. La Royale: L'histoire illustrée de la Marine nationale française. Maîtres du Vent – La Falaise: Babouji. 2006: 400. <nowiki>ISBN 2-35261-022-2</nowiki>. [10] Curtin, Philip D. Disease and empire: the health of European troops in the conquest of Africa. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. 1998: 186 [2014-05-09]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-521-59835-4</nowiki>. （原始內容存檔於2014-05-27）. [11] Oliver, Roland; Fage, John Donnelly; Sanderson, G.N. The Cambridge History of Africa 6. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. 1985 [2014-05-10]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-521-22803-9</nowiki>. （原始內容存檔於2020-11-28）. [12] Shillington, Kevin. Encyclopedia of African history. New York: CRC Press. 2005: 878. <nowiki>ISBN 1-57958-453-5</nowiki>. [13] Fournet-Guérin, Catherine. Vivre à Tananarive: géographie du changement dans la capitale malgache. Antananarivo, Madagascar: Karthala Editions. 2007: 45–54 [2014-05-09]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-2-84586-869-4</nowiki>. （原始內容存檔於2020-07-26）. [14] Frémigacci, Jean. Le Rova de Tananarive: Destruction d'un lieu saint ou constitution d'une référence identitaire?. Chrétien, Jean-Pierre (編). Histoire d'Afrique. Paris: Editions Karthala. 1999: 421-444. <nowiki>ISBN 978-2-86537-904-0</nowiki>. [15] Reinsch, Paul Samuel. Colonial Administration. New York: Macmillan. 1905: 377 [2014-05-09]. （原始內容存檔於2020-07-08）. [16] Bureau of African Affairs. Background Note: Madagascar. U.S. Department of State. 2011-05-03 [2014-05-07]. （原始內容存檔於2011-08-24） [17] Browning, Christopher R. The Origins of the Final Solution. Jerusalem: Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority. 2004: 81–89 [2014-05-09]. <nowiki>ISBN 3-540-63293-X</nowiki>. （原始內容存檔於2020-09-13）. [18] Lehoullier, Sara. Madagascar: Travel Companion. New York: Other Places Publishing. 2010: 107 [2014-05-09]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-9822619-5-8</nowiki>. （原始內容存檔於2020-07-08）. [19] Pryor, Frederic L. The political economy of poverty, equity, and growth: Malawi and Madagascar. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. 1990: 209–210 [2014-05-09]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-19-520823-8</nowiki>. （原始內容存檔於2020-05-22） [20] Metz, Helen Chapin. Library of Congress Country Studies: Madagascar. 1994 [2014-05-07]. （原始內容存檔於2013-08-26）. [21] Metz, Helen Chapin. Library of Congress Country Studies: Madagascar. 1994 [2014-05-07]. （原始內容存檔於2013-08-26）. [22] Madagascar: La Crise a un Tournant Critique?. International Crisis Group. [2014-05-09]. （原始內容存檔於2013-08-09）. [23] Madagascar: La Crise a un Tournant Critique?. International Crisis Group. [2014-05-09]. （原始內容存檔於2013-08-09）. [24] Madagascar Court confirms President-elect. Voice Of America. 2014-01-17 [2014-05-09]. （原始內容存檔於2014-02-04）. [25] University of Berkeley: Understanding Evolution. Where did all of Madagascar's species come from?. 2009-10 [2014-05-07]. （原始內容存檔於2013-11-05）. [26] Hobbes, Joseph; Dolan, Andrew. World Regional Geography. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning. 2008: 517 [2014-05-07]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-495-38950-7</nowiki>. （原始內容存檔於2020-06-19）. [27] Bradt, Hilary. Madagascar, 10th Ed.: The Bradt Travel Guide. London: Bradt Travel Guides. 2011 [2014-05-07]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-84162-341-2</nowiki>. （原始內容存檔於2020-08-13）. [28] Baum DA, Small RL, Wendel JF. Biogeography and floral evolution of baobabs (Adansonia, Bombacaceae) as inferred from multiple data sets. Systematic Biology. 1998, 47 (2): 181–207. <nowiki>PMID 12064226</nowiki>. doi:10.1080/106351598260879. [29] Bradt, Hilary. Madagascar, 10th Ed.: The Bradt Travel Guide. London: Bradt Travel Guides. 2011 [2014-05-07]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-84162-341-2</nowiki>. （原始內容存檔於2020-08-13）. [30] Foster, Steven. From Herbs to Medicines: The Madagascar Periwinkle's Impact on Childhood Leukemia: A Serendipitous Discovery for Treatment. Alternative and Complementary Therapies. 2010-12, 16 (6): 347–350. doi:10.1089/act.2010.16609. [31] Lambahoany Ecotourism Centre. Nature of Madagascar. Lambahoany Ecotourism Centre. 2011-08-24 [2014-05-07]. （原始內容存檔於2013-11-03） [32] "World Population prospects – Population division". population.un.org. 聯合國經濟和社會事務部人口司. [2019-11-09]. [33] Bureau of African Affairs. Background Note: Madagascar. U.S. Department of State. 2011-05-03 [2014-05-07]. （原始內容存檔於2011-08-24）. [34] Hurles ME, Sykes BC, Jobling MA, Forster P. The dual origin of the Malagasy in Island Southeast Asia and East Africa: evidence from maternal and paternal lineages. American Journal of Human Genetics. 2005-05-04, 76 (5): 894–901 [2014-05-10]. PMC 1199379. <nowiki>PMID 15793703</nowiki>. doi:10.1086/430051. （原始內容存檔於2013-10-19）. [35] Metz, Helen Chapin. Library of Congress Country Studies: Madagascar. 1994 [2014-05-07]. （原始內容存檔於2013-08-26）. '''i'ayaway a tilid ko nini''' Itini i 20 00 S, 47 00 E, noAfilika ko [[|Madagascar|Madagascar]]. Polong no sekalay i 587,041 sq km “saka 47 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 581,540 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 5,501 sq km ” Polong i 24,430,325 ko tamdaw. [36] Rajaonarimanana, Narivelo. Grammaire moderne de la langue malgache. Langues INALCO. Paris: Langues et mondes – l'Asiatheque. 2001: 8. <nowiki>ISBN 2-911053-79-6</nowiki>. [37] Madagascar: 2007 Constitutional referendum. Electoral Institute for the Sustainability of Democracy in Africa. 2010-06 [2014-05-10]. （原始內容存檔於2013-12-13）. [38] Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. International Religious Freedom Report: Madagascar. U.S. Department of State. 2006 [2014-05-10]. （原始內容存檔於2014-04-14）. [39] Metz, Helen Chapin. Library of Congress Country Studies: Madagascar. 1994 [2014-05-07]. （原始內容存檔於2013-08-26）. [40] Middleton, Karen. Ancestors, Power, and History in Madagascar. Los Angeles: Brill. 1999: 259–262, 272, 309 [2014-05-10]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-90-04-11289-6</nowiki>. （原始內容存檔於2014-04-21）. == Pitiri'an tilid(參考文件) == sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 71.10%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 21.50%, malo no roma to a sera 7.40%. siyoto(首都) O [[|[Antananarivo]](安塔那那利佛) ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakaenem 26 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[|Hery Rajaonarimampianina|Hery Rajaonarimampianina]](埃里·拉喬納里馬曼皮亞尼納), patirengan a romi’ad i 2014 a miheca(年) saka 1 folad saka 25 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 4rbgdwwbuk6r3slhanm36by51m8zlh5 0 668 14798 14797 2021-10-28T12:26:55Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 22 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 14797 wikitext text/x-wiki Madaljalu（馬達壓路部落） Itiniay i [[Jinfeng]](金峰) Cen no Taitung(台東縣) ko [[Madaljalu]] a niyaro’, 99 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 278 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 98% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 273 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 2% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 5 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko . Ira ko kofa(太麻里戶政金鋒辦公室) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(大武分局金鋒分駐所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(嘉蘭村衛生所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] oi4gkn46z4hrdrfb3a7p7wq3vkwbl4m 0 669 37737 36943 2023-06-05T03:17:14Z Safulo 35 37737 wikitext text/x-wiki == Cenkongcen 成功鎮 == o([https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%98%BF%E7%BE%8E%E8%AA%9E 'Amis a sowal]:'',Madawdaw,''麻荖漏部落; Kuwaping a sowal: a sowl :''Chenggong-Cen;'' [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E8%AF%9D Ngayngay a sowal]:''Sṳ̀n-kûng-chṳ́n''; [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E8%A9%B1 Payrang a sowa]l:''Sîng-kong-tìn'') , itiniraay i ka'amis no sakawalian no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%87%BA%E6%9D%B1%E7%B8%A3 Posong kowan] , isak'amisan malafiyaw ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%95%B7%E6%BF%B1%E9%84%89 Kakacawan], kawali o Taypinyang, katimol ato cila'ed to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%B5%B7%E5%B2%B8%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88 Lilisan-lotok] (sawalian lotok)malafiyaw ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%9D%B1%E6%B2%B3%E9%84%89_(%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3) Fafokod], isaka'amisan no saka'etip madado'edo ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%AF%8C%E9%87%8C%E9%84%89 Foli-siyang](Kongpo) no Kalinko kowan.o kakahad ira ko 144 km², o sakasepat ko katata'ang i polong no Taywan,<ref>僅次於花蓮縣玉里鎮、南投縣竹山鎮、南投縣埔里鎮</ref> o faco no sera maiheco a to'edaw,o kato'edaw no lilis no riyar o sakakaay i Taytong kowan, isakwalian o lihecoay a dafdaf, isaka'etipan o Riyaran-tokos. o kalosowal to ladayay romi'ad o sowal no 'Amis.<ref>55公所 原民「地方通行語」公告了 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）自由時報 2017-10-12.</ref> Tada patahtahay to foting a saka'orip itini, nawhani, mita'elifay ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%BB%91%E6%BD%AE kurosiyo](黑潮 Dipon a sowal:くろしお Kuroshio Current;o 日本暖流 hananay ho a mitahidang), o sakakaay konifotingan itini i Posong ato Kalinko,orasaka malasakakaay a niyaro' no Posong, o kakahiceraan ho no Posong a kowan.o == Rikisi(歷史) == [[Faylo:1930 Taito Cho.svg|縮圖|kowan no Posong i 1930 mihecaan]] o telang a ngangan o " Madawdaw", ikor to mafalic to "singko" kongangan, ikor tono Sakatosa-lalood no kasakitakit ta miliyaw heca mafalic to "cenkong", o sakakaay a kahiceraan no mifotingay tamina i sakawalian no Taywan. o lalengatan no Madawdaw a ngangan adihay ko masasiromaromay a pangangan, tahira i saikoray to a mihecaan no Mancin o niyaro' ato liomah no 'Amis a finacadan itini.Tahira to Minko34 miheca tangsoay i kaleponan no Sakatosa-lalood, ira ko tolo a niryaro' ko cinganganay to "singko", o sakarawraw ko niha'enan no Syosifo ko kapifalic tono aniniay a ngangan. o kakitaan ato tadamaanay tamdaw no singko nona singko a kaitiraan matiya o faco no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%AE%89%E5%B9%B3%E6%B8%AF Anpin-minato](''ānpíng gǎng),'' ira heca ko pilingangan to ''[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%88%90%E5%8A%9F%E9%8E%AE Cengkuwangaw](Folalacay), ora sa o "cengkon", "cengkuang" ato "singkang)'' a ngangan sano payrangen miliniay kongiha' ora to ko palaheci a mifalic a pangangan to "cengkon" tahanini. o nanomihecaan a kowan: {| class="wikitable" |+ !satapang ato paherekan miheca !etal no kowan |- |1901-1921 |Taytong-tin cengkuwangaw capa kowan cengkuwangaw-etal ,Torik etal |- |1921-1931 |Taytong-tin singko capa kowa cengkuwangaw-etal ,singko etal |- |1931-1937 |Taytong-tin singko capa kowa singko-etal |- |1937-1945 |Taytong-kowan singko etal singko- siyang |- |1946 |Taytong-kowan cengkong-cen |} == '''Tatapangan no Ngangan''' == [[Faylo:2010 07 13420 6400 Chenggong Chenggong Fishing Harbor Taiwan.JPG|縮圖|minto no singko]] I’ayaw no 1920 miheca o kahiceraan no mikowanay ato sofitay no Cenkongcen ko Folalacay, ikor to no 1920 miheca malinah ko mikowanay ato pacemahadan to ‘orip tayra Singko, pasasotiri’en ko Folalacay ato Singko, isafaay ho ko paniyaro’an no Folalacay to Singko, orasaka o Mamangay Singko hananay a pangangan ko Folalacay.<ref>孟祥瀚. 《成功鎮志歷史篇》. 臺東縣成功鎮: 成功鎮公所. 2003. <nowiki>ISBN 957-01-4382-7</nowiki>.</ref><ref>陳憲明. 《成功鎮志經濟篇》. 臺東縣成功鎮: 成功鎮公所. 2003. <nowiki>ISBN 957-01-4063-1</nowiki>.</ref> '''Folalacay:'''o paniyaro’an no Folalacay ira ko kasajihaway a patelian to tamina, itiya ho I sakawalian no Taywan ‘edeng o Kalinko ato Piyuma(aniniay a Posong), o Folalacay to ko sakakaay I sawali, i sasifo’an no niyaro’ no ‘Amis ato niyaro’ no Kaliyawan ko kaitiraan no Folalacay, kaci’epocan no kacacofelisan no maamaan dafong, orasaka ’aloman ko mipatiyamay a payrang maro’ itini, o dengan o kamaro’an no payran kona niyaro’ i sawalian. Yo pacemahad to lotolotokan ato misawidang to Yincumin(開山撫番) sanay a demak no Kuwaping, malaparanaan ko Folalacay to pipamatang no Kuwaping to tata’eman no lotok no Kalinko ato Posong, caay ka o nipaliwalay aca tayal itini, ira ho kona sofitay ato katayalan, orasaka tongal sato ko kacemahad itini. 1889 miheca mipatireng ko Kuwaping to “Kuwangsiyang”(廣鄉) kadademakan, o Folalacay ko kahiceraan. I pikowanan no Dipon, i kadademakan a faco matokitok mapatireng ko aocoran, capa’kadademakan a masasiromaromaay a ngangan no katayalan, nikawrira o Folalacay ko kahicerran no polong a demak, tahira to i 1921 miheca malinah ko capa’kadademakan tayra i Singko, 1931 miheca mapalasawad ko Folalacay a kowan, laheci sato a mapalasawad ko polong a tayal no sifo i Folalacay. Ono saka’orip a demak, i kalala’edan no 1912 miheca tahira i 1919 miheaan, mapatireng ko “kacemahadan no katayalan kumiay no Posong”, “nipatatekoan ko payso saktayal no Kuwangsiyang”, “aocoran no nisanga’ay to lakes a kaysiya no Taywan” ko kaadihay no matayalay kumiay, onini ko sakacemahad no Folalacay. '''Singko:''' o so’elinay a kacemahadan no nitaro’ no Singko latek i 1920 mihecaan, matatoor a pahicera ko lonan itini, malaheci to ko lalan tahira i Posong, 1921 miheca malinah ko niocoran kowan tayra i Singko, 1922 miheca mapado’edo a malaheci ko sapifalah to nanom a ci’eci’, sapinanom a demak, nisahalakaan a lalan, patireng to katayalan no niocoran kowan, sanoyanan sato malakahiceraan no sawalian a kadademakn, paliwalay ko Singko. Yo malaheci to ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%88%90%E5%8A%9F%E6%BC%81%E6%B8%AF minato no singko] tongal sa ko kali’eki no kacemahad no Singko,mahapinang ko katongal no patiyamay ato kumiay. Ikor to no Sakatosa-lalood oy ani patirengan a niyaro’ i 1922 miheca mahapinang ko kalacecay no katelangay niyaro’ ato Madawdaw niyaro’, o sakakaay a patiyamay itiraay to i masalipaay a maci, o conghuwa-ro o sakakaay a kinko ato patiyamay no Singko, itira i kacacofelisan ato cengko-ro iraay itiya ho ko pasera’an no paso, ora ko sakacemahad no itiniay a patiyamay. i tatong-ro ato congsan-ro adihay ko paseraan no lafang ato kakomaenan to iriyaray a kakaenen,o kahiceraan no tayniay a lafang itini.<ref>孟祥瀚. 《成功鎮志歷史篇》. 臺東縣成功鎮: 成功鎮公所. 2003. <nowiki>ISBN 957-01-4382-7</nowiki>.</ref><ref>臺東廳報314號</ref> [[Faylo:Ciywlo kiwkay.jpg|縮圖|Ciwlo kiwkay no Madawdaw]] == '''Tamdaw (人口)''' == Do’edoen ko pisa’osi no citodongay to demak no kalotamdaw no Posong kowan ato citondongay to kika no Sakakaay Citondongay to Laloma’an Demak, i 2022 mihecaan ira ko 5.4 cicing ko parod, ira ko 1.3 ‘ofad ko tamdaw<ref>人口統計. 臺東縣成功戶政事務所. [2022-10-26] '''（中文（臺灣））'''.</ref> no Cengkong-Cen,o sakatolo ko ka’aloman no kowan no Posong(mido’edoay to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%87%BA%E6%9D%B1%E5%B8%82 Taytong-si] ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%91%E5%8D%97%E9%84%89 Pinan-siyang])<ref>人口統計. 臺東縣政府民政處. [2022-10-26] '''（中文（臺灣））'''.</ref>; o kaditek no tamdaw dengan 92 km² ko tamdaw, i polong kowan no Taywan a kaditek o sakatolo nani ikoren a misa’osi( dengan ci kaka to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%B3%B3%E6%9E%97%E9%8E%AE_(%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3) Fonglin-cen] ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%8E%89%E9%87%8C%E9%8E%AE Poseko] no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%8A%B1%E8%93%AE%E7%B8%A3 Kalinko kowan])<ref>內政部戶政司. 人口統計資料. 中華民國 內政部戶政司 全球資訊網. [2022-10-26] '''（中文（臺灣））'''.</ref>. O sakakaay ko kaadihay no tamdaw o Madawdaw niyaro’ , o sasafaay ko tamdaw o Poay-li, i 2022 miheca a sa’osi o Madawdaw ira ko 2,938 ko tamdaw, o Poay-li ira ko 608 ko tamdaw.<ref>人口統計. 臺東縣成功戶政事務所. [2022-10-26] '''（中文（臺灣））'''.</ref> == '''Taliyokan no ’orip''' (成功次生活圈) == O taliyokan no ’orip o Kakacawan, Madawdaw ato Fafokod<ref>臺東縣綜合發展計畫</ref>, o Sinko ko kahiceran no ladayay ’orip. Itini tona toloay a kowan o Sinko ko malikecay ko maamaan saka’orip, o kaitiraan no kalosakowan itini, ira heca ko Sakakkaay a Niocoran a Paisingan no Posong itini, o mido’edoay to Posong ko kaira no maamaan. == '''Sieci(政治)''' == O sakakaay a kowan no Cengkong-cen ko kofa no Madawdaw,ono [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E6%9C%BA%E5%85%B3 niyahpikowanan] itini i faco no sieci no Conghuwa-Minko, o citodongay patokeled a midemak to nipatorodan no Kinsifo ato Sakakaay-sakowan no kitakit,o mikantokay to demak no kofa o Kinsifo no Posong. O tapang no kofa oni sinkiwan no finawlan no misasingkoay, sepat ko katayal, manga’ay pararid to kinacecay riyad. Itini i kofa ira ko kalomaocan to hademak, o sakakaay misetekay to hadademaken konini. I la’eno no tapang no kofa sakilacen to enemay ke tosa si polong han falo ko ilaloma’ay a matayalay ato tolo mikotoday matayalay.<ref>公所介紹-組織架構. 臺東縣成功鎮公所. [2021-10-01]. （原始內容存檔於2021-09-03） '''（中文（臺灣））'''.</ref> O kalomaocan no taypiyaw ko sakakaay a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%AB%8B%E6%B3%95%E6%9C%BA%E5%85%B3 haratengan-sakowan] (民意機關) no finawlan, mitayhiw to polong a tandaw no misasingkoay. O taypiyaw o finawlan ko misinkiway, sepat miheca ko katayalan, manga’ay pararid to kinacecay riyad. O polon a taypiyaw ira ko cecay safaw ko tamdaw, malakilac to tosa a pisinkiwan etal, o sakacecay pisinkiwan etal Lalima ko taypiyaw, o sakatosa pisinkiwan etal ono i dafdafay yincumin, enem ko sasinkiwn a taypiyaw,<ref>成功鎮民代表會的第一選區與第二選區範圍皆為全鎮。</ref> o kakeridan ato midamaay kakeridan o polong a taypiyaw ko misinkiway.<ref>代表會議事公開專區-代表會簡介. 臺東縣成功鎮公所. [2021-10-01]. （原始內容存檔於2021-09-05） '''（中文（臺灣））'''.</ref> == O tapang no kofa: == {| class="wikitable" |+ !saka !ngangan !katayalan romi'ad !kaleponan romi'ad !pacefaday |- !1 !Malon-tong (馬榮通) !1946.2.1 !1946.12.14 !o niocoran a sa'ayway tapang |- !2 !Wu si-ling (吳石麟) !1946.12.15 !1947.4.15 !o misinkiwan no taypiyaw, i kafangafangan o 228 mapalit |- !patarod !Lin fo’an (林福安) !1947.8.20 !1948.12.31 ! |- !3 !Yie liang-tin (葉良田) !1949.1.1. !1951.2.13 !’Amis Sa’ayaway a tapang no kofa |- | colspan="5" |Misatanga to ko pisinkiw to tapang no kofa |- |1 |Yie liang-tin (葉良田) |1951.2.14 |1953.3.31 |Nisinkiwan no finawaln a sa’ayaway tapang no kofa |- |2 |Ma lon-tong (馬榮通) |1953.4.1 |1956.3.31 | |- |3 |Si taw (許挑) |1956.4.1 |1960.1.4 | |- |4 |Si taw (許挑) |1960.1.5 |1961.8.30 |Mapatay i katayalan |- |patarod |Apas (陳世忠) |1961.11.16 |1964.2.28 | |- |5 |Apas (陳世忠) |1964.3.1 |1968.2.28 | |- |6 |Song sin-ing (宋賢英) |1968.3.1. |1972.2.28. | |- |7 |Song sin-ing (宋賢英) |1972.3.1 |1976.9.26 |Mapatay i katayalan |- |niocoran |項燮臣 |1976.10.2 |1977.12.29 |Niocoran no Posong kowan |- |8 |Cen si-fa (曾士華) |1977.12.30 |1982.2.28 | |- |9 |Cen si-fa (曾士華) |1982.3.1 |1986.2.28 | |- |10 |Son wen-in (宋文英) |1986.3.1 |1990.2.28 | |- |11 |Son wen-in (宋文英) |1990.3.1 |1994.2.28 | |- |12 |侯武成 (Takora’) |1994.3.1 |1998.2.28 | |- |13 |侯武成 (Takora’) |1998.3.1 |2001.9.22 |Cilafo a mapalit |- |niocoran |Wu long-cin (吳榮慶) |2001.10.19 |2001.12.23 |O niocoran no Posong kowan |- |niocoran |Ceng kuo-cang (曾國昌) |2001.12.24 |2002.2.28 |O niocoran no Posong kowan a kaciyo no maomahay |- |14 |Ciang wen-long (江文隆) |2002.3.1 |2006.2.28 | |- |15 |侯武成 (Takora’) |2006.3.1 |2006.3.1 |Cilafo tangsol sa a mapalit |- |patarod |侯武成 (Takora’) |2007.4.22 |2010.2.28 |Cilafo mapalit mapalsawad ko kalatapang |- |16 |侯武成 (Takora’) |2010.3.1 |2013.9.26 | |- |niocoran |Yien ci-kuwan (顔志光) |2013.10.8 |2014.12.24 |O niocoran no Posong kowan |- |17 |Huang po-cang (黃博昌) |2014.12.25 |2018.12.24 | |- |18 |Huang po-cang (黃博昌) |2018.12.25 |2022.12.24 | |- |19 |Siye su-cen (謝淑貞) |2022.12.25 | |aniniay |} == '''O niyar’ kowan('''行政區劃) == [[Faylo:Chenggong River.jpg|左|縮圖|Pananiwan 'alo]] [[Faylo:螢幕擷取畫面 2023-04-06 101244.png|縮圖|567x567像素|o sakilac etal no kowan no niyaro']] '''Poayli(大濱): itiraay i salawacan no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%B2%99%E7%81%A3%E6%BA%AA ‘alo no Sa’aniwan].''' '''  ''' Sa’aniwan niyaro’   Tomiyac niyaro’ '''Folalacay etal(小湊):itiraay i Folalacay''' '''  ''' [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%9F%B3%E9%9B%A8%E5%82%98 ’Aw’awan] niyaro’   Dadowacen niyaro’   Folalacay niyaro’   Mararo’ong niyaro’ [[Faylo:Fuchia River.jpg|左|縮圖|Kinafuka alo(Pisirian)']] '''Pisilian etal(三仙里): itiraay i sakatimoalan-’alo(富家溪)''' '''  ''' [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%89%E4%BB%99%E5%8F%B0 Pisirian niyaro]’(Nowalian)   Tapolp niyaro’   Singnong niyaro’   Cirokohay niyaro’ '''Madawdaw, Congci ato Conglin:itiraay I sakatimolan no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%96%B0%E6%B8%AF%E6%BA%AA Singko-’alo](Pananiwan)''' '''  ''' Madawdaw niyaro’   Cikomihay niyaro’   Cilikesay niyaro’ '''Hepin-li(鹽濱, Kaheciday):itiraay i katimol no Madawdaw''' '''  ''' Pa’epian niyaro’   Kaheciday niyaro’   Fafungan niyaro’ [[Faylo:Mawuku Creek, Taiwan.JPG|左|縮圖|Marongarong 'alo(Fafokod)]] '''Sinki-li etal(Torik): itiraay i salawacan no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%A6%AC%E6%AD%A6%E7%AA%9F%E6%BA%AA Marongarong 'alo]''' '''  ''' Paongaongan niyaro’   Fongcien niyaro’    Torik niyaro’   Sincun niyaro’   Piyoxo niyaro’ == '''Minato(港口)''' == '''[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%88%90%E5%8A%9F%E6%BC%81%E6%B8%AF Cengkong minato]:''' o Singko minato hananay ho a pangangan, o sakakaay a pahiceraan no mifotingay tamina i sawalian no Taywan, ira ho ko roma a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%AF%8C%E5%B2%A1%E6%BC%81%E6%B8%AF Fokang minato], o sakatosa kasasa’eran no minato, o kaciki a foting ko cinganganay itini. '''[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B0%8F%E6%B8%AF%E6%BC%81%E6%B8%AF Folalacay minato]:'''o masakihaway kona pahiceraan no tamina itini, cowa ka tata’ang, nikawrira i’yaw cecay so’ot ko mihecaan pahiceraay to ko tamina no Kuwapin itini, o kasaopoan noya milooday to Cepo’ a sofitay no Kuwapin. '''[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%9F%BA%E7%BF%AC%E6%BC%81%E6%B8%AF Kihaw minato]:'''itiraay i katimol no Pisirian a kihaw, itiya ho o dadangoyan aca ko pahiceray itini, i 1986 miheca a misanga’ tona minato. Ono Kuwaping a pangangan o “基翬” hananay i, o miriniay to pangangan no ’Amis a sowal to kihaw hananay.<ref>台東縣政府 台東觀光網 基翬漁港. [2015-02-20]. （原始內容存檔於2015-02-20）.</ref><ref>成功鎮公所 觀光旅遊網 基翬. （原始內容存檔於2018-12-27）.</ref> == '''Pitilidan(教育)''' == [[Faylo:新港國中1.jpg|縮圖|351x351像素|台東縣立新港初級中學(民國46年創校)]] Itini i Singko ira ko cecay a kocong ato enem a no kaemangay a pitilidan: Nipatirengan no kinsifo a kocong no Singko(臺東縣立新港國中) o sa'yaway mipatirengan i sawalian a Ccong (第一所東部的初級中學) Cengkong ka’emangay pitilidanno Cengkong-cen(成功國民小學) Sanmin ka’emangay pitilidanno Cengkong-cen(三民國民小學) Congsiyaw ka’emangay pitilidanno Cengkong-cen(忠孝國民小學) Sansien ka’emangay pitilidanno Cengkong-cen(三仙國民小學) Sinyi ka’emangay pitilidanno Cengkong-cen(信義國民小學) == '''Paisingan(醫療)''' == ’ Aocoran no Posong paisingan a paisingan i Cengkong no Sakakaay Citodongay to Paisingay Demak(衛生福利部臺東醫院成功分院). Eisiesiyo no Cengkong-cen'''('''成功鎮衛生所). == '''O rocokan no ponka'''(文化遺產) == [[Faylo:菅宮勝 太郎.jpg|縮圖|Loma ni Sokamiya Kacutalo(菅宮勝太郎)]] === '''1.Loma’ ni [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%8F%85%E5%AE%AE%E5%8B%9D%E5%A4%AA%E9%83%8E Songamiya Kacutaro]('''菅宮勝太郎，Dipon a sowal:すがみや かつたろう,故居). === Malatapang no padamaay-kowan no Singko i 1922 miheca sakapito folad saka 4 romi’ad(ono aniniay a tapang no kofa)<ref>鍾石若 (編). <bdi>躍進東臺灣</bdi>. 臺灣公論社東部支社. 1938-06-08. NCID BB13149085.</ref>, I’ayaway ho tapang no padamaay-kowan no Singko, kiing no Posong-kowan a kalomaocan, kakeridan no picaliwan to payso a kumiay. Misa’icelay mipalalan to nani Singko tayra i Kakacawan ato Koladot a lalan<ref>王河盛. 〈菅宮勝太郎<small>（1883－1943）</small>〉. 陳建年、顏志光、施添福、詹素娟、王河盛、李玉芬、林志興、林建成、林韻梅、姜祝山、孫民英、張金生、張堯城、陳孫華、陳清正、黃天來、黃學堂、廖中勳、趙川明、鄭玉妹、鄭國正、羅福慶 (編). 《臺東縣史：人物篇》. 臺東縣政府. 2001-11. <nowiki>ISBN 957-02-9591-0</nowiki>.</ref>,no Singko ato minato no Singko. I 1932 miheca ira ko sowal no tapang to sapipalinahaw tayra I roma a niyaro’ , ona sato ci Songamiya Kacutaro mana’ay a malinah, orasaka sawad sato malatang, I 1937 miheca saka 10 folad mala kiing no Posong-kowan a kalomaocan<ref>王河盛. 〈新港教會紀念會館（菅宮勝太郎宅）〉. 劉櫂豪、林永發、黃展富、黃武吉、賴好美、姜祝山、徐肇駿、徐明正 (編). 《台東縣歷史建築導覽專輯》. 台東縣政府. 2005-12. <nowiki>ISBN 986-00-4323-X</nowiki>.</ref>, sakatahada’ocaw a maro’ itini I Singko saka patireng han ko sakarihadayaw a loma’ itini<ref>王河盛. 〈新港教會紀念會館（菅宮勝太郎宅）〉. 劉櫂豪、林永發、黃展富、黃武吉、賴好美、姜祝山、徐肇駿、徐明正 (編). 《台東縣歷史建築導覽專輯》. 台東縣政府. 2005-12. <nowiki>ISBN 986-00-4323-X</nowiki>.</ref>. 1943 miheca mapatay, mado’edo ko pipalimo’ot ningra a matadem I Singko, I 1974 miheca ira ko teloc ningra a tayni I Singko a mi’asik to tadem ningra. 1990 miheca mipatireng ko sifo to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%9C%8B%E7%AB%8B%E6%88%90%E5%8A%9F%E5%95%86%E6%A5%AD%E6%B0%B4%E7%94%A2%E8%81%B7%E6%A5%AD%E5%AD%B8%E6%A0%A1 Cengkon Riyaran-Kaocong Pitilidan] I tadetademanno Singko itiya ho, orasaka mapalinah ko polong a tadem, yo makarkar to ko tadem ningra away to ko maamaan a mapohed orasaka away to ko ni’osawan.<ref>王河盛. 〈菅宮勝太郎<small>（1883－1943）</small>〉. 陳建年、顏志光、施添福、詹素娟、王河盛、李玉芬、林志興、林建成、林韻梅、姜祝山、孫民英、張金生、張堯城、陳孫華、陳清正、黃天來、黃學堂、廖中勳、趙川明、鄭玉妹、鄭國正、羅福慶 (編). 《臺東縣史：人物篇》. 臺東縣政府. 2001-11. <nowiki>ISBN 957-02-9591-0</nowiki>.</ref> === 2.Kyokai no Sa’aniwan no Ciwlo (宜灣長老教會): === I1951 miheca saka 12 folad saka 1 romi’ad a mapatireng, I 1953 miheca saka 3 folad a malaheci, I 1974 miheca maprleng no faliyos orasaka miliyaw a misafaheloh a patireng. O misanga’ay tono aniniay a faco no kyokai ci Lay min-to(賴明德), nengengen I papotal matiya o tatipelok siyasing no Krismas, sa ira ko pacimil a pangangan to “ tatipelok kyokai”. 2003 miheca, matoro’ no Posong kowan to “[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%87%BA%E6%9D%B1%E7%B8%A3%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E8%B3%87%E7%94%A2 cirikisiay loma]”. [[Faylo:直灣天主堂.jpg|縮圖|kiwakay no tinsikiw no Sa'aniwan]] === 3.Kyokai no Tinsikiw no Sa’aniwan (宜灣天主教會): === I 1953 miheca ni Yaw pin-yi sinpo to sapipatekaw to sowal no Pa’oripa itini lilis no riyar no Posong kowan. I 1957 saka 10 folad saka 21 romi’ad malaheci mapatireng. O ipapotalay a nengnengen matiya ko calok no honti, o cengel o kaohecalay o todongay o karihaday no hekal, orasaka pangangan heca to “[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%AE%9C%E7%81%A3%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E5%A0%82 rihadayay fafahi bo honti a loma]’ “. === 4. Kyokai no Piyoxo (小馬聖尼克教會): === tiraay I niyaro’ no Piyoxo no Cengkon cen, o Payreng-huwi ko mipatirengay tona kyokai, o so’elinay a ngangan i o “Sieniko Katelangay kyokay no Piroxo”, oroma a pangangan i o “Sieniko Malitengay kyokai”.i 2005 miheca saka 9 folad saka29 romi’ad matoro’ no Posong kowan malarikisiay -loma’, ona kyokai mapahapinang to cidekay loma itini I Posong kowan, ciracira ira ko mitiliday to pakayniay tona kyokai a demak a mapalosiyang.  I 1954 miheca kalakyokai han ni Yaw pin-ti simpo ko loma’ no pacoyakuay ci Lama’eni Takofan(張明祥) mipatenak to sowal no Pa’oripay ato mimisa. Oyabab sato matongal ko mitooray tamdaw no Piwoxo niyaro’,orasaka, misitapang to a patireng to kyokai, ‘aloman ko salikaka a mipadang a patireng.o sapatireng a payso o nani sa’elian ni Ce co-ci(''Rev. Meinard Tschirky''，1930-1992) I roma a kitakit ato nipa’acaan no salikaka to panay a payso, I 1968 miheca saka 8 folad saka 20 romi’ad a pateloc to kyokai, ira a tayni ko sikiyo ci Fi Sen-yin mipalemed to kalaheci nona kyokai, pangangan han to “[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B0%8F%E9%A6%AC%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E5%A0%82 Tinsikiw Sieniko kyokai no Piyoxo]”. [[Faylo:'otoc.jpg|縮圖|o pitaratengan to Lalood no Madawdaw]] === 5. Pikiningan ‘otoc no lalood no Madawaw(麻荖漏事件紀念碑): === Mapatirengay i sak'etipan no Madawdaw a niyaro' ko piharatengan to sapanocay a 'otoc.Yo tayni i sawalaian no Taywan ko Dipon a mikowan, enengeng han nangra ko ‘’Amis a tamdaw masinanot ko pinangan, manga’ay a ocoren lahaday a mowanaen a papisakoli, itira to a milaplap tp finawlan a mipalalan, minga’a to lalan no cinamalay,mikarkar to minato. Orasaka matahidang ko I Folalacay tahira i Torik a tamdaw misakoli. I Mieci(1911) miheca saka 3 folad, milekal ko mikowanay a Dipong to o payci ko sapi’aca to kina’orip a payso saan, miha’emin a paci’eci a mi’aca to sapi’adop a kowang no ’Amis, orasaka, falic sato ko mi’adopay ko ladayay ‘orip no ‘Amis a tamdaw, palawina sato to liomah. Toya miheca ma’eminay to ko kowang a ma’aca yosanany no Sotok skakaay mikowanany no Dipon to Taywan, orasaka, tona mihecaan saka 6 folad satapang cowa to kapafeli to nikarorayan no kakita’an a payso saan. Tona miheca saka 5 folad, tayra ni Folalacay a mipadangay kowan no Dipon a ala to saikoray to a lifon ko kakita’an, minokay sato alalangiwngiw sato ko kakita’an, maala heca ko sapi’adop a kowang,ca ka palifong to katayalan, cifaloco’ sato ko ‘alomanay laplapen ita kona Dipon nga’ sato. Saka7 foald saka 25 romi’ad miocor heca papisanga’ to lalan, caka pakalaheci ko nipatorodan sa a mapoi’ tepi’ han no Dipon ko maipadangay kakita’an, ira to ko kilomot han to a mipalo no tayhin no Dipon. [[Faylo:2010 07 14710 5388 Amis Folk Center Roofs in Chenggong Township Straw roofs Cobblestones Taiwan.JPG|縮圖|O pinengnengan to ponka no 'Amis('''阿美族民俗中心''')]] === 6.O pinengnengan to ponka no 'Amis('''阿美族民俗中心''') === O [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83 pinengnengan to ponka] no 'Amis i saka'amisay lawac no maci no Singko([https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%88%90%E5%8A%9F%E9%8E%AE Cennkong -Cen]), o patekeday a misyokay to ponka no 'Amis a tamdaw. i 1995 miheca malahieci a patireng tangsol han pacomod ko cifaloco'ay a lafang ato kalo tamdaw a panengneng, ira ko tosa a kofo ko kakahad no kaitiraan. ona nipatirengan a loma' no 'Amis i, nitiri'an ko nicukaan ni [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%83%E5%8D%83%E5%B2%A9%E5%8A%A9%E5%A4%AA%E9%83%8E Ciciiwa Sukietalo](千千岩助太郎ちぢいわ すけたろう)i 1943 miheca a pisalisinan loma' ato kamaro'an no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%8A%B1%E8%93%AE%E7%B8%A3 Kalinko] a loma ni 'Amis no itiyaay ho to'asan mihecahecaan, orasak ono Kalinko a loma' koninian cowa kono itiniay i sawalian a loma' no 'Amis, o pipasasotiri'an aca konini.I papotal ira ko nito'eto'an a dafong ato karawlaan a to pinengnengan, ano 'aloman ko lafang ma'edengay to a mapalo ko 2000 ko tamdaw, ona pinengnengan misakeray to sapihamham to lafang, o matiniay a pinengnengan to ponka no 'Amis iraay ho ingataay a niyaro' o Torik.<ref>阿美族民俗中心. 東部海岸國家風景區. [2015-03-11]. （原始內容存檔於2021-03-03）.</ref> == Pacefaday a tilid(註腳) == <references /> == Pikafitan i papotal(外部連接) == *[https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Sawali'an 'Amis]] hi79nimkged7swzl17947q3k96wl1md 0 670 45486 45485 2025-01-19T09:57:39Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 Issoufou idi 2012年 45486 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Mahamadou Issoufou-IMG 3648 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Issoufou idi 2012年|alt=Mahamadou Issoufou-IMG 3648 (cropped).jpg]] I 1951 a miheca(年) saka folad saka a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci '''Mahamadou Issoufou''' (馬哈馬杜·伊素福), malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Niger]](尼日) anini i ci Mahamadou Issoufou, patirengan a romi’ad i 2011 a miheca(年) saka 4 folad saka 7 a romi’ad. == No papotalay a kakafit == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 6o60dteo1bgz9p8blbfffnqgy0889p3 0 671 35361 14864 2023-04-02T06:14:10Z Kai3952 413 35361 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:River terraces in Jiumei.jpg|thumb|250px|Mahavun （Mamahavunna）]] Mahavun （Mamahavunna）（久美部落） Itiniay i [[Xinyi]](信義) Cen no Nantou(南投縣) ko [[Mahavun]] （Mamahavunna） a niyaro’, 256 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 943 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 88% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 830 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 12% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 113 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Bunun(布農族)69%, Cou(鄒族)15%, Tayal(泰雅族)2%, Amis(阿美族)1%. Ira ko picodadan(久美國小) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(信義分局久美派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(望美村衛生所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] spsr4cgjbb3ti73i2zit96y4pk20603 0 672 35372 14896 2023-04-03T04:50:03Z Kai3952 413 35372 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:View south towards Mangacun from Qingshan Industrial Road, on 1st October 2020.jpg|thumb|200px|Maia（Mangacun）]] Maia, Mangacun, Mangacun（瑪雅部落） Itiniay i [[Namasia]](那瑪夏) Cen no Kaohsiung(高雄市) ko [[Maia]]/Mangacun/Mangacun a niyaro’, 218 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 788 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 96% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 757 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 4% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 31 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Bunun(布農族)60%, Paiwan(排灣族)5%, Tayal(泰雅族)3%, Amis(阿美族)1%, Cou(鄒族)10%, Hla’alua(拉阿魯哇族)7%, Kanakanavu(卡那卡那富族)9%, roma(其他)1%. Ira ko picodadan(民權國小、那瑪夏國中、民權國小附幼、高雄圖書館那瑪夏分館) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(六龜分局那瑪夏分駐所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(那瑪夏衛生所) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(那瑪夏郵局) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 3scltk2w22mwc7gan0lxtlkql6u8bop 0 673 14923 14922 2021-10-28T12:27:09Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 26 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 14922 wikitext text/x-wiki Maibagah（司馬限部落） Itiniay i [[Tai’an]](泰安) Cen no Miaoli(苗栗縣) ko [[Maibagah]] a niyaro’, 64 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 239 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 92% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 221 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 8% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 18 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)88%, Saysiyat(賽夏族)2%, Bunun(布農族)1%. Ira ko Kiwkay(台灣基督長老教會司馬限教會) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 875e9qnizj0lantlo8yo5dykzchsmdj 0 674 14948 14947 2021-10-28T12:27:12Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 24 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 14947 wikitext text/x-wiki Maifor（馬立雲部落） Itiniay i [[Ruisui]](瑞穗) Cen no Hualien(花蓮縣) ko [[Maifor]] a niyaro’, 108 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 245 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 73% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 180 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 27% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 65 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)39%, Bunun(布農族)3%, Tayal(泰雅族)4%, Paiwan(排灣族)1%, 撒奇拉雅族25%, roma(其他)1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] nfwypvyc46fsnzjjb7z4ztk6ia8jzg5 0 675 46185 46184 2025-03-10T03:24:35Z Akamycoco 27 46185 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- 頂欄開始 --> <div id="mp_header" class="mp_outerbox" style="border:1px solid #a7d7f9; margin: 0 0 0.5em;vertical-align: top; overflow: hidden; padding: 0.5em; font-size: small; -moz-border-radius: 10px; -webkit-border-radius: 10px; border-radius:10px;"> {| width="100%" | <div style="float: left; width: 10em; height: 0em; margin: -0.9em 5em 0em -2.5em; overflow: visiable;">[[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-200px-transparent.png|225px|link=|Wikipedia Phiêu-chì]]</div> | |- | style="width:100%; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#38b;" | <div style="font-size:222%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;"><span style="color: #17b;font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:30pt">Wikipitiya </span> </div> <div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:102%;"> Iraay to ko '''[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]]''' a nitilidan no mita <div style="color:542;"> </span> malacafay kita mitilid to Wikipitiya</div> |style="width:100%; font-size:95%; color:#000; text-align:left;"| {|style="width:100%; background:transparent;" | style="width:10%; font-size:99%;" | |} |} </div> <div id="mp_header" class="mp_outerbox" style="border:1px solid #a7d7f9; margin: 0 0 0.5em;vertical-align: top; overflow: hidden; padding: 0.5em; font-size: medium; -moz-border-radius: 10px; -webkit-border-radius: 10px; border-radius:10px;"> {| style="width:100%; text-align:center;" |<div style="text-align: center;><ul> <span class="mw-ui-button mw-ui-quiet">[[:Category:kitakit|kitakit]]</span></li> <span class="mw-ui-button mw-ui-quiet">[[:Category:niyaro’ ato sakowan|niyaro’ ato sakowan]]</span></li> <span class="mw-ui-button mw-ui-quiet">[[:Category:kawakawasan ratoh|kawakawasan ratoh]]</span></li> <span class="mw-ui-button mw-ui-quiet">[[:Category:ngasaw|ngasaw]]</span></li> <span class="mw-ui-button mw-ui-quiet">[[:Category:dafong|dafong]]</span></li> <div style="text-align: center;><ul> <span class="mw-ui-button mw-ui-quiet">[[:Category:pinaloma|pinaloma]]</span></li> <span class="mw-ui-button mw-ui-quiet">[[:Category:tamdaw|tamdaw]]</span></li> <span class="mw-ui-button mw-ui-quiet">[[:Category:ponka|ponka]]</span></li> <span class="mw-ui-button mw-ui-quiet">[[:Category:’orip no ’Amis|’orip no ’Amis]]</span></li> <span class="mw-ui-button mw-ui-quiet">[[:Category:a’adopen|a’adopen]]</span></li> <span class="mw-ui-button mw-ui-quiet">[[:Category:pakariyar|pakariyar]]</span></li> |} </div> <!-- 頂欄結束 --> <div id="mp_header" class="mp_outerbox" style="border:1px solid #a7d7f9; margin: 0 0 0.5em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0.5em; font-size: small; -moz-border-radius: 10px; -webkit-border-radius: 10px; border-radius:10px; background:#f5faff"> {| style="border-spacing:8px;margin:0px -8px" |class="MainPageBG" style="width: 30%; border: 1px solid: #f5faff; background-color: #f5faff; vertical-align: top; border-radius:10px" | {| width="100%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="5" style="vertical-align:top; background-color:f5faff; -moz-border-radius:10px" |<div class="skin-invert-image" style="text-align:left; position:relative; left:2px; top:2px; margin:0;"> [[Image:Yellow-bg rounded cropped.svg|link=]] <div style="position:absolute; left:10px; top:-15px;"><h2 style="font-weight:bold; border-bottom:none; font-size:120%; padding:.15em .4em;">Ostorariya</h2></div></div> |- | O ngangan nona kitakit ’i, '''[[Ostorariya|Ostorariya]]''' (Ikiris sowal: Commonwealth of Australia) ano ca. Australia; Holam a sowal: 澳洲. I satimolan riyar ko aro’ nona kitakit, adihayay ko kanatanatal a misakapotay patireng to kitakit, o ’icel no mikowanay o kinpo ko pido’edoan. O Tatapangan a niyaro’ o Kyanpira, o satata’angay a niyaro’ o Sitoni, Sieli hananay no kaping a sowal. Ona kitakit toniniam ’i, caayay ka laliting to roma a karoapw (陸地), o taliyok sahetoay o riyar, sa caay ko recep no pinangan no roma a kitakit, caay ka siwar no roma a finacadan ko nika’orip, yo sa’aloman sa to ko tata’angay a tamina nani Yoropa a tayni ta sa ’aloman sato ko mafana’ay to kairay nona palapalaan no Yincumin. I sa’ayaw ’i, o pipasonolan to ciraraway tamdaw, iikor ira ko pakaheraay to tada ’ekim, sano riri’ sato a masafelengaw a tayni ko kohecalay tamdaw a mili’ekim, ititi to a ma’eco ko kamaro’an no itinitiniay aca a maro’ a Yincumin. <div style="float:center;"> <gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="180px"> <!--<gallery mode=packed-overlay heights=180px>--> <!--<gallery mode=slideshow heights=80px>--> File:Australian states history.gif|Ostorariya </gallery> </div> |} |class="MainPageBG" style="width: 30%; border: 1px solid: #f5faff; background-color: #f5faff; vertical-align: top; border-radius:10px" | {| width="100%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="5" style="vertical-align:top; background-color: #f5faff; -moz-border-radius:10px" |<div class="skin-invert-image" style="text-align:left; position:relative; left:10px; top:2px; margin:0;"> [[Image:Red-bg rounded cropped.svg|link=]] <div style="position:absolute; left:10px; top:-15px;"><h2 style="font-weight:bold; border-bottom:none; font-size:120%; padding:.15em .4em;">Maysang Kalimud</h2></div></div> |- | <div style="float:center;"> <gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="180px"> <!--<gallery mode=packed-overlay heights=100px>--> <!--<gallery mode=slideshow heights=80px>--> Faylo:C_K_Yang_-_Southern_Campus_1960_crop.jpg|I 1933 a miheca(年) saka 7 folad saka 10 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci [[Maysang|Maysang Kalimud]] </gallery> </div> <div> '''[[Maysang|Maysang Kalimud]]''' (kuwaping a sowal: 楊傳廣, 1933 miheca 7 folad 10 romi’ad - 2007 miheca 1 folad 28 romi’ad) kananaman no niya a mitilid to ngangan Misun saan ko pangangan. Masofoc i no Dipong pikowan Taywan Posong kofa, niyaro’ no Falangaw a ’Amis a tamdaw. Na o dayhiw maocor no kitakit (ROC) mikihatiya to Olimpiko mo^etepay a kalalifet, pakaala 1960 mihecaan Loma Olimpiko saka tosa a kompay, o sakacecay no Taywan pakaalaay to kompay no Olimpiko, ato i likisi sakacecay pakaalaay to kompay no Olimpiko Taywan a tamdaw, onini haw i o sakacecay a kompay no kitakit (ROC) Olimpiko a kompay. Maysang, i mo^etepay a kalalifet pakata’elifay mirocokay to 9000 tinso, mapangangan to “Asiya a ’ekeng fainayan” (Asian Iron Man). Itiya ci ’Atongol (Ciong-kay-sik) a contong kina 7 matahidang, o sakacecay no Taywan a ontoing. Nanoya, ikor pakaala cingra to kompay no Olimpiko, Faladaw a niyaro’ fa^elohay selal a kapah panganganen to “Latingko” a han, oni a selal i 2005 miheca mapacakat i kalas no niyaro’ o “Isefi’ay” a han. I 2000 mihecaan ci Maysang mapatireng no kakalas no niyaro’ to Tomok no Falangaw niyaro’. |} |class="MainPageBG" style="width: 30%; border: 1px solid: #f5faff; background-color: #f5faff; vertical-align: top; border-radius:10px" | {| width="100%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="5" style="vertical-align:top; background-color:f5faff; -moz-border-radius:10px" |<div class="skin-invert-image" style="text-align:left; position:relative; left:2px; top:2px; margin:0;"> [[Image:Blue-bg rounded cropped.svg|link=]] <div style="position:absolute; left:10px; top:-15px;"><h2 style="font-weight:bold; border-bottom:none; font-size:120%; padding:.15em .4em;">Codad</h2></div></div> |- | O sowal no Sawaliay ’Amis a Finacadan to '''[[codad]]''', o ohong hananay. O citodotodongay iparo no kadopak, o citiliday ato sasing, o pitilidan to masamaamaanay a taneng, matiyaay o citing. Itini i pasawalian no Taywan a ’Amis a tamdaw i, o tilid hananay nangra ko ohong, mahecaday ko imi nona tosa a tilid. O tanengnengan no tamdamdaw a ohong, o pitongalan to taneng no tamdaw. O ohong hananay i, adihay ko kasaromaroma no tilid. Ira ko kongkoan a ohong, ira ko tanengnengan no ka’emangay a ohong, Cilamlamay to masamaamaanay tilid a Cace (雜誌). Saheto sa o kaolahan no tamdamdaw a ohong. O pipahacean to ohong i, o pa’acaay to ohong a patiyamay (書店) hananay. O ’ariri no ohong (圖書館) i, opicaliwan to ohong. 2010 a mihecaan mikisang ko Kuko (谷歌) a kosi i, mi insaco kingkiw tangasa tahanini. </span> <div style="float:right;"> <gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="180px"> <!--<gallery mode=packed-overlay heights=100px>--> File:Eslite Bookstore Dunnan Interior 201507.jpg|o pa’acaay to ohong a patiyamay. <!--<gallery mode=slideshow heights=80px>--> </gallery> </div> |} |} {| style="border-spacing:8px;margin:0px -8px" |class="MainPageBG" style="width: 100%; border: 1px solid: #f5faff; background-color: #f5faff; vertical-align: top; border-radius:10px" | {| width="100%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="5" style="vertical-align:top; background-color: #f5faff; -moz-border-radius:10px" |<div class="skin-invert-image" style="text-align:left; position:relative; left:2px; top:2px; margin:0;"> [[Image:Green-bg rounded cropped.svg|link=]] <div style="position:absolute; left:20px; top:-15px;"><h2 style="font-weight:bold; border-bottom:none; font-size:120%; padding:.15em .4em;">La’eno</h2></div></div> |- |Ｏ kimad itiya ho, o sa’ayaway a tayni ko Ciporan a ngasawan. pakayni i Sanasay milacal to riyar tangasa i posong. saikor, tangasa to i '''[[Laeno|La’eno (大港口部落)]]''' no cepo’ ato Makotaay paloma’ ko Ciporan ngasaw. Nikawria ikarira, yo kasakapingan ho i, ira ko Karawrawan a demak no Cepo’ hananay, misalalan ko kaping no kasakapingan, mari'angay ko kaping to finawlan. sa linahen ngara ko kamaro’an tayra i katimol no sa’etip a (sowal no holam) Cekongsan (赤公山) tokos a makotaay ’alo. kirami i (1924-1925), sąadihaysa to ko tamdaw i Makotaay a niyaro’. linah saan to ko finawlan tayra i la’eno no Makotaay, sa La’eno a niyaro’ han ngara. |} |} </div> <div id="mp_header" class="mp_outerbox" style="border:1px solid #a7d7f9; margin: 0 0 0.5em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0.5em; font-size: small; -moz-border-radius: 10px; -webkit-border-radius: 10px; border-radius:10px; background:#f5faff"> {| style="border-spacing:8px;margin:0px -8px" |class="MainPageBG" style="width: 30%; border: 1px solid: #f5faff; background-color: #f5faff; vertical-align: top; border-radius:10px" | {| width="100%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="5" style="vertical-align:top; background-color:f5faff; -moz-border-radius:10px" |<div style="text-align:center; position:relative; left:2px; top:2px; margin:0;">| <inputbox> type = create width = 30 bgcolor = #f5faff preload = Template:Standard content for new page editintro = Template:Instructions default = </inputbox> |- |style="width:100%; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#38b;"| <span class="mw-ui-button mw-ui-quiet">[[:Category:U suwal nu i amisay a Pangcah|U Suwal nu i Amisay (南勢阿美語)]]</span></li> <span class="mw-ui-button mw-ui-quiet">[[:Category:Siwkulang 'Amis|Siwkulang 'Amis (秀姑巒阿美語)]]</span></li> <div style="text-align: center;><ul> <span class="mw-ui-button mw-ui-quiet">[[:Category:Pasawalian 'Amis| Pasawalian 'Amis (海岸阿美語)]]</span></li> <span class="mw-ui-button mw-ui-quiet">[[:Category:Farangaw 'Amis| Farangaw 'Amis (馬蘭阿美語)]]</span></li> <span class="mw-ui-button mw-ui-quiet">[[:Category:Palidaw 'Amis| Palidaw 'Amis (恆春阿美語)]]</span></li> </ul> </div> </div> __NOEDITSECTION__ __NOTOC__ 1lpbkq9yxkelcpfccnjvb2450a40h2x 0 676 15086 15085 2021-10-28T12:27:34Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 2 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 15085 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:C K Yang - Southern Campus 1960 crop.jpg|thumb|C K Yang - Southern Campus 1960 crop]] Isying yonghyaku yongzyu yongnyin,subucen itini i taitu farangawan,onganganhan nu mira tunu Pnangcah hananayi ci 「Misun」han kunu panganga(命名) ciraan，o wama atu wina tunu mira i oyana:min o kilemelay a mabekac,mararit nu niyan o subana' nu wina atu wama nu mira tu niyan sakay untu kapahay a tatudungan. Ci楊傳廣(Yuzingku) hananay a tamdawi,naadidi'tu a mamelaw ku wayway nu mira, o kulemelay a miontu hananay a kakawaw. sipakayni i Taiwan atu syikai naytini bekac hananay ondu kakawaw,o nikala malatamdaw 楊傳廣 hananayi,o kapahay sapaturutui tu aniniyai a tamdaw. Anusibakaini Aziya hananay,sayaway cira amakakala tu ekim hananay,Aziya nu kimpay. Natainitu itini syikay undu, o saayaway cira kyru a makarepet makatangasa itini o ekim hananay a paya'.( ekim nu paya') Anuitini Pangcah hananay, u saaya:way a pangangan a mirawis lansyikai undu a nipaseneng tu demak nu nira.Anu uniyanundu hananay a nikasingangan iri, uruma nika tangelal nu kakawaw nu nira, tunamahaensa nira, mabetas namin nira nika nganganga:ngaan namin itiniyay zyinsyilay. Iniyanhantu a tamdawi,sakaytini i undu hananay a rakat nira a nila demaki, sulinay sikahemek nu maoripay. Sipakayni nu mabekacay hananayi,awaay ku u mibetasay tiya kiluku nira, kakahemekan a nipatangasa nu miratuya tinsu nira. Nayi ripun caaykakapah ku ni tahekal nu nira, lietec lietec tu itini i undu ku kakawaw a mamelaw nu syikai, kyanca mahaentu ku sipisumuwat nu pisimsim namin nu tamdaw. Sakalietec hananayi,caaytu pisimsim tinademak tiniyan,iniyanhananay i isukamu hananay tatahuden nu mita a misimsim kina demak nira. Onamahansisa ku kakawau ni 楊傳廣,o Pangcahay hananay ku nika orip nirai,sipasenengtuway makahemek nu mita nikaorip nu Pangcah hananay itini i tamtamdaw. Makayni i undu ni 楊傳廣 hananayi,naun satu kuemin i tiniyai pataputalan nanay caika itini i tita'an cacay,amihulyintu kuheni tu saka itini undu hananay tu saka kilemel nuheni a kitakut nuni angangan mapalilit kuna wawa nu Pnacah. Tunamahaensatui,adihaitu kiniyan misimsim milepeltuaca kutaw tu kilemel nu Pangcah hananay, misakatuaca cira a malalipuing tuwa tahekaltuaca itini i kacudu, o nikaorip nira kiniyan ku nika bana' nu taw i tiniyan o kaleciday sananay ku nika orip, iratu kuniya kacudu itira nika orip nu Pangcah. Kanca caytu ka hatiya nu ayaway ku nika demak nirahani,situas hantui, maserepmaserepkya kuya balucu' nunirai,sakaini itini maoripaytu iniya sabasabamaorip a tamdaw, ira kya balucu' nu nira amisumuwad tu nika orip nu wawa nu Pangcah hananay iraundu ku atekak misimsim o miseneng a misuayaw. Mahansatui,iraaca kya adada' nira tu takaraw ku remes, pihaceng ku adada' nu mira, adada' satu i Amulika nu 洛杉磯 a maaber cira. Nikaoripsatu nu mira, ci 楊傳廣 hananay itini i paturturi tangasa anini apipurtuh nika orip nira, mahansa tangasa anini ku hinucinu mirai,sasimsimen numita a mitela'tela',a mahemek tu nikaorip ni 楊傳廣. Anu simsim:han numita anini,solinay o ticuzing hananay a tamdaw maraday a nika orip hananayi, ini:tu i balucu' numita kina orip ni 楊傳廣. == Pi'arawan to lakaw == * 吳惠芳. (2011). Wikipedia 維基百科 族語詞條試寫─原住民族語詞條 2011作品集. 教育部. oijkp0t3jw1ke3sannaroyasa0w7p6l 0 677 44664 44663 2024-09-10T03:40:21Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 ''' 44664 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Maithripala- Russia (cropped).jpg|thumb|Maithripala Sirisena, 2017|alt=Maithripala- Russia (cropped).jpg]] I 1951 a miheca(年) saka 9 folad saka 3 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci '''Maithripala Sirisena''' (邁特里帕拉·席瑞塞納), malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Sri lanka]](斯里蘭卡) anini i ci Maithripala Sirisena, patirengan a romi’ad i 2015 a miheca saka 1 folad saka 9 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 3b68nrclea4rkbar44nwhc2cbmki0n7 0 678 15122 15121 2021-10-28T12:27:39Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 21 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 15121 wikitext text/x-wiki Majia（瑪家鄉） Itini i Pingtung(屏東縣) ko [[Majia]] Siyang. sa’osi han ko po:long no palaan i, ira ko 61.68 km² (lalotolotokan a plalan no sa’osi i ira ko 11.05 km², o palaan noto’as i'a:yaw i ira ko 49.62 km²), 6,757 ko tamdaw i Majia Siyang, 2,029 ko parod no loma’, itini i niyaro’ a Yincomin(原住民) sa’osi han ira ko 6,507 a tamdaw, pakaala to 96%(Paiwan排灣族, Rukai魯凱族) no polong(全部) no tamdaw. o Paiwan, Rukai ko sa’alomanay(最多的) i Pingtung. ==O kasaniyarona== 6 ko cun, 10 ko niyaro’ i Majia Cen/ Siyang. [[Paljur]]（白露部落）, [[Zayazayan]]（玉泉部落）, [[Vecekadan]]（三和部落）, [[Laulauzan]]（美園部落）, [[Payuwan]]（排灣部落）, [[Kazangiljan]]（佳義部落）, [[Wakaba]]（涼山部落）, [[Masilid]]（北葉部落）, [[Makazayazaya]]（瑪家部落）, [[Tjanavakung]]（達那瓦功部落）. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] dvka1m7croscf8rh1gpmbzwrjmj3mn3 0 679 15124 15123 2021-10-28T12:27:41Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 1 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 15123 wikitext text/x-wiki == Makapahay a niyaro' (花東新村) == Makapahay a niyaro’ Ma kapahhay hananay a niyaro’i .o ka lisawotan no masa Amis say a tamdaw. nai(1980.7) tangasa i 1996.6. sadodododo’ saan ko salikaka. na i Kalinko. ato sawari. a mahicla’. i MAKAPAH- HAY a niyaro. to saka salocoddaw a misakoli’ to sakangaay no o- rip. tonika pakoyoc ko orip. pacici saan a mi sa taroan i ci ka Ta- la‘arlan (白匏湖)hannanay a pala’. ayaw no 1980 to pinapina a mihecaan i. o hitay ko maroay i ciKatala’arlan a pala’. ikor sato. tonika pi tawos no masa amissay a pa niyaro’. ta pangangan han to Makapahay a niyaro’to nini a pala’. tolo a kofoc ko kakahad noni a pala. itiya i ila toko tosalian ila ko lima(205戶)ko mapati- rengngay a loma’.polong no tamdaw i . tangasato i enem a lian i- la ko pinapina a tatamdawwan. o sa alomannay no Amis i tini i tokay a niyaro’ko nini. Pakayni i pipa tirergnang i . midodoto li- kakawa no niyaro’ ami saloma’. romasato, Palowar haca’to tom- ok no niyaro’. mi dodo a mi laheci to ilisin(豐年祭).o nini a niyaro’ i . awaay ko pi dipot no mikowannay .itiyai awaay ko nanom a to dingki . a no mangray i .tayra i saowac a miradom . dadaya sa to i . o rosok ko todong no dingki . tona o rosok ko dingki . ato sasi- maansan pakayni i kanaayan no mimokongngay a sapad ko sapi saloma i . honi honi a matengngir ko mairohay a demak. I. 1997 yumangata to kasiennawwan i . mairoh ko niyaro’ no Amis. i makapahhay a niyaro’. itiya i safaw‘enm a laroma- na(16戶) ko mairohay . tada kasiniadan. I 1980 a mihecan matengr ko ccay a ngha’ . o mami sanga to lalan no cinemaray saan. o mama ala ko niyaro’ to sapa lafin to kisay saan . mi safaloco ko tomok no niyayo’. mikilim to ki- ing(議員). Ato tayhiyo(代表). a pangiha to larom no a lo man- nay. ato caloh no demak.1998a mihecaan. tayni a papising ci(李登輝總統). mi rafraf ami polita’. laheci han nila a pasowar ko 行政院原民會. sangaayn koni a niyaro’saan. yanan i mi songa’ ito . tangasa i paherekan i . tosa a mihecaan ko halafin.o台北縣政府toko mi dodoay ami songila pa lalan to finnawran . o maroay tina niyaro’i . ccay a sakataterekan i . enm a mihecan ko kamalo’. malawod to ko lomiad i . mi nanay ko alomannay. na- nay mangaay haca kona loma a maro’. ta- raheker toko a- ro‘manay . nanay ma songila konini a demak. <ref>黃明珠. (2011). Wikipedia 維基百科 族語詞條試寫─原住民族語詞條 2011作品集. 教育部.</ref> n2dj8vvdlf833ko1nm20lgzsnmfs79f 0 680 15148 15147 2021-10-28T12:27:43Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 23 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 15147 wikitext text/x-wiki Makazayazaya（瑪家部落） Itiniay i [[Majia]](瑪家) Cen no Pingtung(屏東縣) ko [[Makazayazaya]] a niyaro’, 86 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 261 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 98% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 256 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 2% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 5 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Paiwan(排灣族)92%, Rukai(魯凱族)1%, Tayal(泰雅族)1%, roma(其他)3%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 3r4ce7gowyp2wv4iquasa3t18cayj7i 0 681 40126 32446 2023-11-16T15:32:07Z Andre Engels 545 merge (?) 40126 wikitext text/x-wiki {{merge|Makutaay}} == O ngangan no Makotaay (港口部落由來) == Itiya a mihecahan, malinah ko to’as no Makotaay tayni, manengneng nagnra kora mangotaay a ‘alo, saka o Makotaay han a pangangan kona niyaro’. o kimad itiya ho, o sa’ayaway a tani ko ci’poran. pakayni i posong miliacal to rimar tangasa i Sanasay. pakayni Sanasay miliacal to riyar tangasa i Posong.. saikor, tangasa to i cepo’ no Laeno ato Makotaay a paloma’ patireng to niyaro’ sa o Ciporan han kona ngasaw a pangangan. nikarira,yo kasakapingan ho i, misalalan ko kaping no kasakapingan , mari'angay ko kaping to finawlan. sarikoray sato, malacinowasay ko finawlan no riyaro' nangra. cecay a mihecahan how i, minokay ko mamangay a tamdaw, copah sa kapatayan ko fain’nayan no riyaro' na kaping. o nikatenglan to sowal, kora a gemak saan, saka caay pitaloma’ to Ci'poran ko finawlan. sa linahen ngara ko kamaro’an tayra i katimol no ‘etip a （''sowal no holam : ce-kong-san''）tokos a makotaay ‘alo, saka Makotaay a riyaro han. == O kasiikedan no niyaro’ (部落特色) == Itira i Makotaay no Fakong palowad to no sayfosayfoan a niyaro’. misi’ayaw to riyar ko Makotaay, tadafangcal ko talihoc no salawacan mililis to lawac no riyar, ’aloman ko sayfo no mito’eto’ay misateka misanga. == O nikalopisak no Makotaay (人口分佈) == Itiniay i [[Fengbin]](豐濱) Cen no Hualien(花蓮縣) ko [[Makotaay]] a niyaro’, 146 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 415 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 97% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 402 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 3% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 13 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)93%, Kebalan(噶瑪蘭族)1%, roma(其他)3%. Makotaay（瑪谷達璦部落） Itiniay i [[Yuli]](玉里) Cen no Hualien(花蓮縣) ko [[Makotaay]] a niyaro’, 159 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 524 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 84% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 438 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 16% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 86 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)79%, Paiwan(排灣族)1%, roma(其他)3%. Ira ko picodadan(玉東國中) i niyaro’. == O finacadan no Yincomin (所屬阿美族群) == O pasawalian a Pangcah, o sa’alomanay a finacadan no Yincomin. itini i nowalian a lotok, mililis to riyar, mifater to Kalingko na itira i Fakong talatimol tangasa i Madawdaw, saka pasawali a Pangcah han. == O pito'oran no finawlan (族人信仰) == O pito'oran ko finawlan no Makotaay i ,itini a niyaro’ ira ko tosa nipatirengan a kiwkay a maneneng. O pito’oran nira i o tingsikiw ato kirisito-kiw. itini i ira ko pito’oran ngara, pakayni sa’opo no kiwkay, malosakarikec sto sakafakat no ’orip no Yin-cu-min. mamaan ca ko deamk no sapitolon ko niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] nqz0bnuo31qamhpfbfgp0v3ho9ujjew 0 682 15226 15225 2021-10-28T12:27:50Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 21 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 15225 wikitext text/x-wiki Makrahay（真柄部落） Itiniay i [[Changbin]](長濱) Cen no Taitung(台東縣) ko [[Makrahay]] a niyaro’, 180 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 496 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 96% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 478 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 4% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 18 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)92%, roma(其他)3%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] eejhplhcjpjtnczl0b45ucqh7oaztjd 0 683 32073 15228 2022-07-28T12:47:09Z Lisinusay 885 32073 wikitext text/x-wiki == Makutaay (港口部落) == [[Makutaay]](港口部落) hananay, itiniay i pasawali nu [[Taywan]], mililis tu lutuk mikecur tu Taypinyang ku kasa niyaru' nu Makutaay. Katimul nuna niyaru' u cepu' nu Talawadaw. Anu paka'amis ku rakat isu,matafesiwhu ku talawadaw i,ira kuya sacecay sanay a lutuk tumireng i kawali ,mahapinang tu kuna niaru' itatihi. I ti:yahu i, caayay kaitini ku paluma'an nuna niyaru', na miingidayho i tatihi nu talawadaw ku paluma'an nu tu'asan nangra. Kairaan nu Holam tayni i Taywan,malala'is, caay pakafilu,fulaw saan tayra i [[Cilangasan]](奇拉阿山)hananay a lutuk a maru' ku tamdaw nuna Makutaay ma'emin. Naikuran tu i,ira ku suwal tu caayay tu pisa'ada ku kwaping nu holam saan i ,mafulaw aca ma'epud nai Cilangasan ,ta hicera saan tona paniyaru'an tahanini. Anu u Makutaay hanen a mipangangan kuna niyaru' saw? Pakayniay i ka’amis nuna niyaru’ ira kuya ‘alu., anu ma’uradtu anca macidaltu, manguta:itu ku nanum nuna ‘alu,saka pangangan hantu nu matu’asay ku “mangutaay” , nika masasirumatu ku ngiha’ tahanini, "Makutaay" saan toko pangangang. Una Makutaay a niyaru', u satapangan kahiceraan nu misapancahay saan. Tiri' han i cuka nu Taywan i, i ka'amis nu patatikuan nu [[cidal]] kunis(北回歸線), tatudung i sasifu'an nu Taywan ku Makutaay. Ira ku suwal nu matu'asay atu tilid nu mitiliday, ya miliyas tu [Cilangasan} a lutuk maluklun a mafulaw i, ma^min itini i taliyok nu talawadaw pacarcar a maru'. Nanuyaan i,palitemek satu masangsangasaw a maliwaswas; pasi'amis ku pasi'amisay,pasitimul ku pasitimulay, ira ku talaetipay.Lupisak satu a mafulaw, dengantu ya talaikuray tu cekiw atu pudaw ku ma'usaway a masaniyaru'. Kacanglahan itu, anu matatama tu sa'ayaway a keleng atu cedas i, kaluklunan nu kalang tala riyar. Micadiway ku i niyaru'ay a tamdaw i, salufulufuc sapawtiwti saan ku kalang, malu sapalada' tu tamdaw nu fiyafiyaway a niyaru'. Uruma satu kadufahay ku pudaw i talawadaw, caay ka nikaw tu sasimi. Limaay ku kasangasaw nuna niyaru'--pacidalan, cilangasan, sadipungan, munali ato cikatupay. Anini, caayaytu pipalafang a malahulul, nikawrira, caay pisawad a mapulung a misangasaw tu mihca^caan, itini a mahapinan ku rayray nu kasalawinawina. Maherek ku kapanayan nu kaciherangan i,u piilisinan itu.Tahanini i,masaslalslal ho ku kasa'upu^ nu niyaru'. U mama nu kapah a selal ku milikakawaay tu demak nu niyru',ya ruma sasafaay a selal i,iraay a masilsil ku malu tayal nangra.Romasatu, misacepu' ku tadamanay a demak nu niyaru'Ayaw no kaciherangan i,mapulun ko fa’inayan no niyaro’ i riyar,tudung pi'aray tu pafeli no kawas to kakaenen.Tahanini i,ilisin atu misacepu' tata'angay a demak nu Makutaay.Anu cilimaw i, katayni i niyaru' nu Makutaay a minengneng tuna fangcalay a serangwan,ta mafana' kiso tu 'urip nu misapancahay. <ref>林志明. (2011). Wikipedia 維基百科 族語詞條試寫─原住民族語詞條 2011作品集. 教育部.</ref> 3u7ble1218vjnrpul3zjv3hjla5tllj 0 684 15256 15255 2021-10-28T12:27:55Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 27 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 15255 wikitext text/x-wiki Malabang（馬那邦部落） Itiniay i [[Tai’an]](泰安) Cen no Miaoli(苗栗縣) ko [[Malabang]] a niyaro’, 51 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 200 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 94% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 187 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 7% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 13 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)89%, Amis(阿美族)2%, Bunun(布農族)2%, Paiwan(排灣族)1%. Ira ko picodadan(士林國小、士林國小附幼) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(士林派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko Kiwkay(台灣基督長老教會士林教會、士林天主堂、真耶穌教會士林教會) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 2j5b9ynbf0pj2de89mn20bdo03gvcjp 0 685 30729 30722 2022-02-04T17:15:22Z WikiEditor50 43 30729 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Petrified wood closeup 2.jpg|thumb|Malakonac a kilang]] {{stub}} 1j36eqeemzi1lidbk1v7kdzmilxikg2 0 687 15314 15313 2021-10-28T12:28:04Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 49 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 15313 wikitext text/x-wiki == O ngangan no Malaloong (東興部落由來) == Matlangay a ngangan no Malaloong o Gong-xia hananay. saheto o finawlan masaPangcahay misao’po i titni. i ’ayaw ho, ira ko sakarawraw no niyaro’, o paloma’ay a misatapangay a pangcah itini. nawhani, mapakafolaw no Leno a Pangcah ko malooday a misatapangay a panecah. i ikor no (sowal no holam）Carewan a demak, malinah sato ko aro’ no Sakizaya ato Kavalanay itini. anini how i, o Kiwit a tamdaw ka ‘alomanay i Malaloong a niyaro’. == kasiikedan no niyaro’ (部落特色) == Misi’ayaw to Taypinyan ko Malaloong, nai Paterungan talatimol tahira i Fakong, mikilawac to riyar a paloma’ ko Pangcah,misafonon a malingad paedeng sa to kakaenen, o rama i, ira ko ’osaw mana’ang tada kanga’ayan no palafangay a misalama. o talakapahay a niyaro’ no pasawali a ’Amis i Malaloong. itini i caay ka ’alomanay a tamdaw. o tadafangcalay a niyaro’ ko Malaloong. o kamaro’an no Malaloong i pasawali i laeno no lotok mililisay to riyar. ano tatra itini i, o saka’ayaway kora fonofonon a manegngen, wa:ta o mamaanay fonon kinian, tadkapahay a nengnengen kora a fonon. Itiya ho, o paherekan to a tayal no omah, o kolong ho ko sakatayal i fonon, saka misaromi’ad a mitalod ko cecay a tamdaw to sapakaen to kolong. o roma i, pasasa’ ho to kolong, saka, caay kanca’ milirengos a pakaen to kolong, ano pacarcar to a masasa’, o papakaenen to ko kolong, komaen to rengos ko kolong i, caay kasasa’ ko tamdaw a matayal no omah, minisnis to alaneng ho, miropay ho to ca’ayay karawis a cikaw, mifowahho to nanom a patayra no laenoan a fonon, karorayan ko hatiniay a demak. Tangasa i dadaya, mahaholoholol to idang ko mato’asay i miwikwikan a fasoian i potal no loma’, o wawawawa i , mati’enang i ca’ca’ minengneng to nika tanengal no fo’is a falatfat i kakarayan. itini i niyaro’ ca’edes ko pikalat no cidal to romi’ad, nikaorira mafali to dadaya, makakoeko ko kamangay ho a wawa misataliyoliyok i potal, mikihatiya to nika haholoholol no mato’asay. onini ko orip no i’ayaway a tamdaw, o lekakawa no finawlan no niyaro’. == O nikalopisak no Malaloong (人口分佈) == Itiniay i [[Fengbin|Fengpi]]<nowiki/>n-Siyang(豐濱鄉) no Hualien Siyen(花蓮縣) ko [[Malaloong]] a niyaro’, 137 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 342 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 91% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 310 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 9% ko ka’aloman(很多) no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 32 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)68%, Paiwan(排灣族)1%, Rukai(魯凱族)1%, Kebalan(噶瑪蘭族)18%, roma(其他)4%. Ira ko picodadan(新社國小、新社國小附幼) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(新社派出所) i niyaro’. == O finacadan no Yincomin (所屬阿美族群) == Itini i nowalian a lotok, mililis to riyar, o pasawalian a Pangcah han, o saka’alomanay a finacadan no Yin-cu-min i Taywan. o Pasawali a ’amis ko Malaloong a niyaro' , itini i nowalian a lotok, mililis to riyar, mifater to Kalingko na itira i Fakong talatimol tangasa i Madawdaw, saka pasawali a ‘amis han. i tiniay i Fengbin-syang (豐濱鄉 sowal no holam ) no Hualien-siyen (花蓮縣 sowal no holam ) ko Malaloong a niyaro’. o Malalo’ong a niyaro , o Tingalaw a niyaro, o Fakong a niyaro, o Haciliwan a niyaro, o Tidaan a niyaro, o Makota’ay a niyaro, o Laeno a niyaro, o Ticilan a niyaro, o Cawi’a niyaro ato Tafugan a niyaro, moetep a niyaro ko pipolongan. == O pitooran no finawlan (族人信仰) == O pitooran ko finawlan no Malaloong i, ora ma’araway a kiwkay i, ira ko tosa a kinkay i Fata’an, o tingsikiw ato ciwlokiwkay, o ciwlokiwkay a tamdaw ko ka adihay. kalimelaan ko sowal no Kawas, to sakafana’ to ’orip no tamdaw, ato awaay to ko kaka to nikafana’ to codad how i. itini i ira ko pitooran nangra, pakayni sa’opo no kiwkay, malosakarikec sto sakarakat no ’orip no Yincumin, mamaan ca ko deamk no sapitolon ko niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] my5z9s2f88qdsj36bx5pkzcg9i7uv9h 0 688 30258 30219 2022-01-22T00:32:58Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q1020]] 30258 wikitext text/x-wiki Malawi（馬拉威） [[Faylo:Flag of Malawi.svg|thumb|Flag of Malawi|alt=Flag of Malawi]] [[Faylo:Location Malawi AU Africa.svg|thumb|Location of  Malawi  (dark blue)– in Africa  (light blue & dark grey)– in the African Union  (light blue)]] Itini i 13 30 S, 34 00 E, noAfilika ko [[Malawi]]. Polong no sekalay i 118,484 sq km “saka 100 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 94,080 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 24,404 sq km ” Polong i 18,570,321 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 59.20%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 34%, malo no roma to a sera 6.80%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Lilongwe]](里郎威) ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakaenem 6 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Peter Mutharika]](彼得·穆薩里卡), patirengan(建立) a romi’ad i 2014 a miheca(年) saka 5 folad saka 31 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 02m63pa6b32ynwmf2a21ybqsajknlqy 0 689 30904 15350 2022-03-30T03:31:22Z Chongkian 441 30904 wikitext text/x-wiki Malaysia（馬來西亞） [[Faylo:Flag of Malaysia.svg|thumb|Flag of Malaysia|alt=A blue rectangle with a gold star and crescent in the canton, with 14 horizontal red and white lines on the rest of the flag]] [[Faylo:Malaysia (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Location of Malaysia]] Itini i 2 30 N, 112 30 E, noAsiya ko [[Malaysia]]. Polong no sekalay i 329,847 sq km “saka 67 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 328,657 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 1,190 sq km ” Polong(全部) i 30,949,962 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 23.20%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 62%, malo no roma to a sera 14.80%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Kuala Lumpur]](吉隆坡) ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakafalo 31 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]], patirengan(建立) a romi’ad i 2016 a miheca(年) saka 12 folad saka 31 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Malaysia| ]] avibvoks0ebqtognddrg8noeym5nx1l 0 690 30259 30220 2022-01-22T00:32:59Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q826]] 30259 wikitext text/x-wiki Maldives（馬爾地夫） [[Faylo:Flag of Maldives.svg|thumb|Flag of Maldives|alt=Flag of Maldives]] [[Faylo:Maldives (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Location of Maldives in the Indian Ocean]] Itini i 3 15 N, 73 00 E, noAsiya ko [[Maldives]]. Polong no sekalay i 298 sq km “saka 210 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 298 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 0 sq km ” Polong i 392,960 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 23.30%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 3%, malo no roma to a sera 73.70%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Male]](馬利) ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakapito 26 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Abdulla Yameen]](阿卜杜拉·雅門), patirengan(建立) a romi’ad i 2013 a miheca(年) saka 11 folad saka 17 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] pkttu545lh88258auww0wzm2i4xmghy 0 691 15391 15390 2021-10-28T12:28:15Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 22 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 15390 wikitext text/x-wiki Maledep（麻勒得泊部落） Itiniay i [[Jinfeng]](金峰) Cen no Taitung(台東縣) ko [[Maledep]] a niyaro’, 94 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 242 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 99% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 239 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 1% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 3 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko . Ira ko kofa(太麻里戶政金鋒辦公室) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(大武分局金鋒分駐所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] ttmr9ossrip1igg4t0clbsxmed5dcdn 0 692 15418 15417 2021-10-28T12:28:18Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 26 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 15417 wikitext text/x-wiki Malepa（新望洋部落） Itiniay i [[Ren’ai]](仁愛) Cen no Nantou(南投縣) ko [[Malepa]] a niyaro’, 200 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 645 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 97% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 625 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 3% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 20 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)93%, Seediq(賽德克族)2%, Bunun(布農族)1%, Amis(阿美族)1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 9npjdpyfpbapmibumolktax4mu7te66 0 693 30260 30221 2022-01-22T00:33:00Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q912]] 30260 wikitext text/x-wiki Mali（馬利） [[Faylo:Flag of Mali.svg|thumb|Flag of Mali|alt=Flag of Mali]] [[Faylo:Mali (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Location of  Mali  (green)]] Itini i 17 00 N, 4 00 W, noAfilika ko [[Mali]]. Polong no sekalay i 1,240,192 sq km “saka 24 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 1,220,190 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 20,002 sq km ” Polong i 17,467,108 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 34.10%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 10.20%, malo no roma to a sera 55.70%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Bamako]](巴馬科) ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakasiwa 22 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta]](易卜拉欣·布巴卡爾·凱塔), patirengan a romi’ad i 2013 a miheca(年) saka 9 folad saka 4 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 95j0bya6d63qbsxv6jbag021gwn963v 0 694 15461 15460 2021-10-28T12:28:23Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 25 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 15460 wikitext text/x-wiki Maliwang（馬里旺部落） Itiniay i [[Fuli]](富里) Cen no Hualien(花蓮縣) ko [[Maliwang]] a niyaro’, 112 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 327 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 17% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 54 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 83% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 273 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)13%, Paiwan(排灣族)1%, Bunun(布農族)1%, roma(其他)1%. Ira ko picodadan(學田國小) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] d7280p14a7pbmatofa82r9alak1lyxx 0 695 15486 15485 2021-10-28T12:28:26Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 24 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 15485 wikitext text/x-wiki Maljipa（東源部落） Itiniay i [[Mudan]](牡丹) Cen no Pingtung(屏東縣) ko [[Maljipa]] a niyaro’, 180 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 492 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 97% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 477 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 3% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 15 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Paiwan(排灣族)94%, Bunun(布農族)1%, roma(其他)2%. Ira ko paisingan(東源村衛生室) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] rjz6qk9xigrsmdrf49jgrqqbajlkxgs 0 696 15508 15507 2021-10-28T12:28:29Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 21 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 15507 wikitext text/x-wiki Maljivel（馬里弗勒部落） Itiniay i [[Jinfeng]](金峰) Cen no Taitung(台東縣) ko [[Maljivel]] a niyaro’, 32 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 124 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 96% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 119 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 4% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 5 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko . == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 9fi7doalgynzb3hjoqkhbtfac5zlmg2 0 697 39977 33429 2023-10-25T06:48:25Z Chqaz 1746 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[File:Flag of Malta (2000 World Factbook).svg]] → [[File:Flag of Malta (WFB 2000).svg]] [[c:COM:FR#FR4|Criterion 4]] (harmonizing names of file set) 39977 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Flag of Malta (WFB 2000).svg|縮圖|Hata no Malta]] == Malta（馬爾他）Malta kKapolongan kitakit(馬爾他共和國; [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%A9%AC%E8%80%B3%E4%BB%96%E8%AF%AD Malta a sowal]:''Repubblika ta' Malta''; Ikirisa sowal:''Republic of Malta'') == O itiraay i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%97%E6%AC%A7 Katimolay-Yoropa] a kapolongan a kitakit, o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%BE%AE%E5%9E%8B%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6 mamangay-faco a kitakit] ( 微型國家; Ikiris a sowal:''Microstateo; Ministate)'' syoto o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%93%A6%E8%8E%B1%E5%A1%94 Waleta tokay].itirray i sasifo’an no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7 Sifo’an-Riyar] kano kanatal a Malta Kapolongan-Kitakit, o nipayatekoan to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%A6%AC%E8%80%B3%E4%BB%96%E5%B3%B6 Malta-kanatal], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%88%88%E4%BD%90%E5%B2%9B Koco-kanatal], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%A7%91%E7%B1%B3%E8%AF%BA%E5%B2%9B Komino-kanatal] ato pinapina a mamangay kanatal.ilaloma’ noniian a kanatal o Komino-kanatal i, o pipa’adingan to ’ayam ato pipa’adingan to kinairaira no pala,tadacinganganay to “o faloco’ no Sifo’an-Riyar”, mapangangan ho to “isaikoran pahanaan no Yoropa”. [[Faylo:EU-Malta.svg|縮圖|Kaitiraan no Malta]] Ono sifoan a sowal o Ikiris a sowal ato Malta-sowal. O pipasifana’ to mitiliday o Ikiris a sowal.O mikapotay to Tata’angay-Ikiris Lekatep, Yoropa-Lekatep ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%94%B3%E6%A0%B9%E5%8C%BA Sinken-kakaketonan] (申根區;Fansu a sowal:''Espace Schengen''; Toic a sowal:''Schengen-Raum'') O kahiceraan no Punka no Yoropa ko syoto no Malta i 2018 miheca. O sakakaay saka’orip no Malta o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%9A mihamhamay-tayal] ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%87%91%E8%9E%8D pakipaysoay-tayal], o sakakaay a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A4%96%E6%B1%87 sapili’etan to roma kitakit] a payso ko mihamhamay-tayal no Malta. O roma sato i,malaheciay ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%BF%9D%E9%9A%9C Sapipa’ading-faco] (社會保障; Ikiris a sowal::''social security )'' no Malta, cowa ka papayso a mitilid,mipaising ato hoking no misawaday matayal. O pisanga’an to “[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%89%B9%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%8A%EF%BC%9A%E6%9C%A8%E9%A6%AC%E5%B1%A0%E5%9F%8E Toroy: kilang-’efa ka hadefek]”(《特洛伊：木馬屠城》;Ikiris asowal:''Troy''), “[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%A7%92%E6%96%97%E5%A3%AB_(%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1) Mapa’icelay no kawas a sofitay]”(《神鬼戰士》;Ikiris a sowal: ''Gladiator''), “Ilawac no riyar”(《海邊》), “ Ikakaay ko kaci’ice a mikalicay to tamina”(《大力水手》) ato “[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%9D%83%E5%8A%9B%E7%9A%84%E6%B8%B8%E6%88%8F_(%E7%94%B5%E8%A7%86%E5%89%A7) Pisalama to Salongoc]” (《冰與火之歌：權力遊戲》;Ikiris a sowal:''Game of Thrones''), adihay ko itiniay a misanga’ to ika. == '''Ngangan no kitakit'''(國名) == O so’elinay a ngangan nona kitakit sano sowal no Malta o ''Repubblika ta' Malta, kalopitahidang o Malta hananay,'' sano Ikiris a sowal o ''Republic of Malta,'' kalopitahidan o ''Malta.'' No Kuwaoing a sowal:馬爾他共和國，通稱馬爾他.Ona Malta hananay i,nani cowaay ko tatapangan nona sowal, o sowal no mikinkiway nani Kirisiya-sowal to “μέλι”(ngiha’ mili), o “waneng” sanay ko imi nona tilid. O Kirisiya a tamdaw o “''Μελίτη''（ngiha’:''Melite''）, o “waneng” ano ca o “ko’esanay” ko imi nonini a tilid. Oroma a sowal na ira ko misiieday ko fanohong a waneng no ‘odal itini, sa pangangan han to “ciwanengay pala” han itini. I’yaw ni Yieso to 700 mihecaan ci’icel ko paisiwar no Kirisiya to Malta, o somowalay to sowal no Kirisiya a Sak’etipay Roma-Hontian Kitakit i 394 miheca tahira i 295 mihecaan mikowan to Malta.O roma sa sowal, o “Malta” hananay i,o nani sowal no Finici “''Maleth''”, o “ piki’adingan to fali a minato” sanay. == '''Rikisi(歷史)''' == [[Faylo:Knights hospitaller.JPG|縮圖|O kakeridan no Paka'efay-Sofitay i saka14 sici]] I’ayaw ni Yieso i saka 10 sici tahir i saka 8 sici,tayniay to ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%85%93%E5%B0%BC%E5%9F%BA Finici-tamdaw] itini a maro’ to ikor ma’eco no Kirisiya ko Malta, i’ayaw no saka 4 sici ma’eco heca no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%BF%A6%E5%A4%AA%E5%9F%BA Katayci-tamdaw] . I’ayaw ni Yieso 218 miheca mokuwan no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC Katelang-Roma].yo itira i no Katayci ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD Roma-Kapolongan kitakit], adihay ko kali’acan no Sifo’ay-Riyar, onini ko sakacemohad no Malta. Nani saka 9 sici tatootoor sa ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%9D%B1%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B Paycantin Hontian-kitakit], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD Arapiya Hontian-kitakit] ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%AB%BE%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA Noman-tamdaw] a mikowan to Malta. 1192 miheca o honti no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%A5%BF%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8 Sisili Hontian-kitakit] ci T[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%A5%BF%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E7%9A%84%E5%9D%A6%E5%85%8B%E9%9B%B7%E8%BF%AA ankoroyti] latek na mapadang no faki ningra o riyaran tapang no sofitay ci Tankoroyti safana’ sa ko pipalit ningra to mamilifet a mirocok malahonti o fafahi no honti ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%A7%91%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%AF%9F_(%E8%A5%BF%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%B3%E7%8E%8B) Kangstans], mapangangan to Malta-Pocie. 1523 miheca,maforaw pasi’amis nani [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%97%E5%B2%9B Roto-kanatal] no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%88%B1%E7%90%B4%E6%B5%B7 Aycin-Riyar] ko Yielsalim [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8C%BB%E9%99%A2%E9%AA%91%E5%A3%AB%E5%9B%A2 SieYohani Paisingan Paka’efay sofitay](耶路撒冷聖約翰醫院騎士團; Latin a sowal:''Ordo Fratrum Hospitalis Sancti Ioannis Hierosolymitani''; Fransu a sowal:''Ordre de Saint-Jean de Jérusalem''), ira ko pihamham no honti no Fangcalay Roma-Hontian kitakit(神聖羅馬帝國; Toic a sowal:Heiliges Römisches Reich; Latin a sowal:''Sacrum Romanum Imperium'')1 ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%9F%A5%E7%90%86%E4%BA%94%E4%B8%96_(%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD) Cali Sakalima]. Ona Paka’efaay-sofitay falicen ko ngangan to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%A6%AC%E7%88%BE%E4%BB%96%E9%A8%8E%E5%A3%AB%E5%9C%98 Malta Paka’efaay-sofitay.] 1565 miheca ira ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%A9%AC%E8%80%B3%E4%BB%96%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%B4_(1565%E5%B9%B4) lalood to milikotay to Malta], malowid no Paka’efaay-sofitay ko sofitay no Awtoman Hontian-kitakit, itini i rikis no Malta o skakaay a fodfod ko nini, malaheci ko pitaker to sofitay no Awtoman Hontian-kitakit to sapikowataw Sa’etipan-Yoropa. 1798 miheca, keriden no honti no Fransu ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%8B%BF%E7%A0%B4%E4%BB%91%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96 Napolon] ko sofitay milaplap to Paka’efaay-sofitay, orasak, patireng to Kamaro’an-loma’ i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC Roma] ko Malta Paka’efaay-sofitay malamisiikeday a kasafelaw. 1800 miheca ma’eco no Ikiris ko Malt 1814 mihea malaheci mala nicowatan-sakowan no Tata’angay-Ikiris Hontian-kitakit. I sakatosa-Laloodan kinapinapina a mapahicera no salifong no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%9D%E9%83%A8%E9%9A%8A Hikoki no Italiya], malikot heca no Italiya, ira to pali’ayaway halaka no Italiya to sapico’ecoaw a macakat to Malta-kanatal, o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8A%9B%E5%A3%AB%E4%BD%9C%E6%88%B0 Cicediay-tamdaw a Sapilood-Halaka]( 大力士作戰;Toic a sowal:''Unternehmen Herkules)'' ko nisimeday a ngangan nona sapilood, nikawrira, cowa kafilo no sofitay no Italiya Honttian-kitakit ko pitoker no tamdaw no Malta, sa caka cakat tona kanatal ko sofitay no Italiya. 1064 miheca saka 9 folad saka i romi’ad milekal to pisiiked, cingangan sa o Malta-kitakit, mikapot to Tata’angay Ikiris-Lekatep. 1974 miheca patireng to Malta-Kapolongan kitakit, 1004 miheca mikapot to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F Yoropa-Lekatep.] [[Faylo:Malta-CIA WFB Map-zh.png|縮圖|Malta kitakit]] == '''Kaitiraan'''(地理) == Itiraay i sasifo’an no Sifo’ay-Riyar ko Malta, o kakahad no sera ira ko 316km²,o karara’ay to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%A5%BF%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E5%B2%9B Sisili-Kanatal](西西里; Italiya a sowal:''Sicilia'') irako 90 km. o katatekoan no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%A6%AC%E8%80%B3%E4%BB%96%E5%B3%B6 Malta-kanatal], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%88%88%E4%BD%90%E5%B2%9B Koco-Kanatal](''Gozo''), [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%88%88%E4%BD%90%E5%B2%9B Komino-Kanatal](''Comino''), Kominoto ato Fierla-Kanatal lima a kanatal, ilaloma’ nonian kanatal o Malta-kanatal ko sakakaay, latek ira ko 245km²,’edengan o Malta-kanatal, Koco-kanatal ato Komino-kanatal ko iraay ko tamdaw a maro’. O faco no pala nani sa’etipan ko ‘akawangay pasiwali sa a malikelon,sahetoay o taporo, tada manikaway to nanom. Sakilacen ‘enemay ko etal: Satimolan-minato: kakahad 26km², ira ko 83,234 ko tamdaw; saka’amisan:74 km², ira ko 44,852 ko tamdaw; saka’amis-minato:24 km²,ira ko 118,409 ko tamdaw; sakatimolan no sakawali:50 km², ira ko 50,650 ko tamdaw; sa’etipan:73 km², ira ko 51,961 ko tamdaw. Koxo-Komino: 69 km², 29,026 ko tamdaw. O kakarayan o lafafa’efaay a Sifo’an-Riyar,i kasi’enawan patahtahay to ‘orad, ikaciferangan tadafa’edetay a makedalay. == '''Saka’orip'''(經濟) == [[Faylo:Ile de la Cite from Pont de la Tournelle.jpg|縮圖|Pakataminaay pisalama]] O nanoto’asan a saka’orip o liomah ato mifoting. Itira i Koco-kanatal o pifotingan itini. Talacowa manikaway to nanom(‘orad), ci’apol heca ko sota’ ato tadafa’edet ko ro’miad, cowa ka tatodong sakiomah, nikawrira, adihay ko misadatengay ato palomaay to kalitang,ikakaay ko kaadihay no misafadisoso’ay, tadaci’etanay konini. O nipalomaan a kaka’enen ‘edengan mahaop ko 20% no polong a kaka’enen. O katayalan i pipatelian to tamina, o sakatosa a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%80%A0%E8%88%B9%E5%8E%82 misanga’ay to tamina] i Yoropa. O [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%97%85%E6%B8%B8 mihamhamay-Tayal] ikakaay to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E6%80%BB%E5%80%BC pili’etan i polong a li’etan] no 40% no kitakit a mili’etanan, o pakapaysoay-tayal a li’etan mahop ko 11 %. O tayniay a palafang i, o nani tiraay i Ikiris, Toic,Italiya ato Rosiya. Nani 1965 miheca matongal ko lafang to 10 ta’edip, to mihecahecaan ira ko 100’ofad o tayniay a minengneng to salawacan no makapahay riyar, ono to’asan a niyaro’ ato kapiciikedan no ‘ongcoy, oramo a 100’ofad a lafang o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%81%8A%E8%BC%AA pakatamina] a tayni. To mihecahecaan ira ko 7 ‘ofad a tamdaw tayni a mihatatanam to sowal no Ikiris. Ona pasifana’ay a demak o sifo ko micorohay, mikantokay to tayal. O mihatatanamay to sowal a pitilidan a ‘etan to mihecaan mahaop ko 1.8% no ''GDP''. O riko’ ato mililecay-tayal o skakaay a tayal itini. I 1992 miheca patireng ko Malta tono niyah a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%AF%81%E5%88%B8%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93%E6%89%80 kafo-pikali’acan]. Adihay ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%9F%B3%E7%81%B0%E5%B2%A9 ci’aporay a tadafekeloh] ko Malta, tata’ang ko karihaday to patireng to loma’ ,ingataay a riyar no niyahan kitakit adihay ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A4%A9%E7%84%B6%E6%B0%94 palaan-kaso] ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%9F%B3%E6%B2%B9 simal-kasolin].<ref>Streit um Mittelmeer-Öl. web.archive.org. 2013-06-13 [2022-11-13]. 原始內容存檔於2013-06-13.</ref> Nani 70 mihecahecaan no saka 20 sici, masorot ko Kosi no Yoropa nika ka’emed no sata no Malta. Latek ira ko 55 a kosi no Toic itni mitayal to mipasadakay to dafong a tayal, tinako han o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%91%A9%E6%AF%94 Payropaw] ato Royto-kuco. Ono tinkian a tayal [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%84%8F%E6%B3%95%E5%8D%8A%E5%B0%8E%E9%AB%94 Ifa-Pantawti](意法半導體; Ikiris a sowal:''STMicroelectronics'') ira itini ko kakahaday a katayalan kofa. I 2015 o sa’osi no Malta 89. Itini i piharatengan ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E7%AB%B6%E7%88%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%A0%B1%E5%91%8A kalalifet no kalokitakit] a Sa’osi no ‘icel no kalalifet i Hekal,itiraay i saka 39 rayray ko Malta i laloma’ no 138 kitakit(tahira i 2016 miheca).<ref>World Economic Forum. World Economic Forum. [2022-11-13]. （原始內容存檔於2022-12-29） '''（英語）'''.</ref> i sa’osi no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%BA%A6%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B0 paitekeday to kali’aca], i 2017 miheca itiraay i saka 50 rayray i polong no 180 kitakit ko Malta.<ref>Country Rankings: World & Global Economy Rankings on Economic Freedom. www.heritage.org. [2022-11-13]. （原始內容存檔於2017-10-26）.</ref> Tahira i 2018 miheca saka 6 folad tona cecay a mihecaan, o awaay ko katayalan a sa’osi matefad to 3.9%, i la’eno ho no lalen no Yoropa.<ref>Home - Eurostat. ec.europa.eu. [2022-11-13]. （原始內容存檔於2023-01-04）.</ref> 2017 miheca, o awaay ko katayalan a kapah 10.0%.<ref>Unemployment, youth total (% of total labor force ages 15-24) (modeled ILO estimate) | Data. data.worldbank.org. [2022-11-13]. （原始內容存檔於2017-09-29）.</ref> [[Faylo:Uni-20malta.jpg|縮圖|Malta-Taykak]] == '''Tamdaw ato sowal'''(人口和語言) == O cecay a sakodefetay ko tamdaw a kitakit ko Malta i hekal, o hasacecay a m2 maco’eco a maro’ ko 1250 ko tamdaw. O sakakaay i o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%A6%AC%E7%88%BE%E4%BB%96%E4%BA%BA Malta-tamdaw], mahaop kp 90%, o rama i, o Arapiya-tamdaw, Italiya-tamdaw, Ikiris-tamdaw. Ono sifo’an a sowal o Malta ato Ikiris a sowal, mafana’ay to Italiya a sowal. O pisa’osi no Yoropa misa’osiay, ira ko 100% a tamdaw mafana’ay to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%A9%AC%E8%80%B3%E4%BB%96%E8%AF%AD sowal no Malta], ira ko 88% mafana’ay to Ikiris a sowal,66% mafana’ to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%AF%AD Italiya a sowal,] 17% mafana’ to Fransu a sowal. Sahetoay mafana’ to Ikiris sowal. == '''Pitooran ato punka'''(宗教與文化) == O [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83 tinsikiw] kono kitakitan a pitooran, ira ko mamang a tamdaw mitooray to Fa’elohay-misakeristoay ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%9D%B1%E6%AD%A3%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83 Mo’celay-Kirisiya pitooran]. O punka no Malta, o heci no masamaanay a punka malalitemoh mapapa’edil ittini i Malta-kanatal, mahaop ko i ngata’ay a sifo’an-riyar a punka ato i’ayaw no 1964 miheca misiiked ko Malta o mikowanay to Malta a punka no kasasiromaroma a kitakit. == Pacefaday a tilid(註腳) == [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] <references /> == Pikafitan i Papotal(外部連結) == * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] ipoqc9z09v1x6g9jdx0d32oucnmi7iv 0 698 15532 15531 2021-10-28T12:28:33Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 6 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 15531 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Ina]] brma6layz6ekyu9n43axnwiuxkje9qs 0 699 44666 44665 2024-09-10T03:41:20Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 馬姆努恩·海珊 44666 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Mamnoon Hussain 2014.jpg|thumb|Mamnoon Hussain, 2014|alt=Mamnoon Hussain 2014.jpg]] I 1940 a miheca(年) saka 12 folad saka 23 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci '''Mamnoon Hussain''' (馬姆努恩·海珊), malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Pakistan]](巴基斯坦) anini i ci Mamnoon Hussain, patirengan(建立) a romi’ad i 2013 a miheca saka 9 folad saka 9 a romi’ad. == No papotalay a kakafit == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 9l7z0hdvw2kfcx98hcjsyze12kg2wlb 0 700 38798 30750 2023-06-30T00:59:15Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38798 wikitext text/x-wiki Mamo^tepay a tafedo no pinalengaw （十心菜） O nikaenan no’[[Amis]] a dateng to sarariday masowalay(被告知) no ’alomanay i, “mamo^tapay a faloco’ a dateng” hananay ko ngangan(名稱) i sowal no Kowaping(中文). Ira ko dongec no [[’oway]](藤心), [[talacay]](林投樹), [[naliti’]], [[lengac]](月桃), [[’icep]](檳榔心), [[cangrad]], [[tefo'|tefos]](甘蔗), tiy-so, ’afinong, hay-caw. “Faloco’” hananay i, oya tafedo no pinalengaw(嫩葉). Ona mamo^pay a tafedo’ no pinalengaw i, o dongec ato naliti’ ko saadihayay a malo hakakaenen(最常吃的), hasakadademak no tamdaw ko lengaw(芽) naira. Makari’ang to ko ka’oripan nopinalengaw, awaay to ko lengaw no hay-caw, saka cowa to kakomaen ko ’Amis to tafedo no hay-caw. == Pi’arawan to lakaw == *[http://210.240.125.35/citing/citing_content.asp?id=1504&keyword=%A4Q%A4%DF%B5%E6 台灣原住民族歷史語言文化大辭典] *李景崇，1998，《阿美族歷史》，臺北：師大書苑。 *黄宣衞，2008，《阿美族》，臺北：三民。 *達西烏拉彎‧畢馬，2001，《臺灣的原住民 : 阿美族》，臺北：臺原。 [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 6sniw5p9mek1a2l048hhv33lvru67m8 0 701 15628 15627 2021-10-28T12:28:42Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 21 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 15627 wikitext text/x-wiki Mananigay（馬拿尼開部落） Itiniay i [[Jinfeng]](金峰) Cen no Taitung(台東縣) ko [[Mananigay]] a niyaro’, 34 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 116 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 98% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 114 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 2% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 2 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko . Ira ko paisingan(金鋒衛生所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] gnabwzpbuwasygwkafabjro065y3y92 0 702 40275 40274 2023-12-18T16:02:50Z Apay naomi 1518 40275 wikitext text/x-wiki Mangcel 山羌 “Muntiacus reevesi” hananay a mapangangan, o “ reeves’s muntjac” hananay no padaka, o wawa no mangcel, huang -chin hananay no Aping、o mamangay a malonem、o wawa no malonem, o koma^enay to rengos a malonem, o kao’ripan nira ko Taiwan ato katimoly a kowan no kitakit no Aping. O malonem no Taiwani i mamangay ko tiring, 47~70 kongfen, o areteng nira i 10 a tingting, o wa’ay nira i mamangay. O okang a mangcel i ciwa’a’ay, nikaorira caay ka ta^elif ko 10 a kongfon, caay ka cica’ang, tangasa i 12 a folad misatapang a lomahad ko wa’a, tangasa i saka 6 a folad i, matefad koya wa’a; o tawinaan a away ko wa’a, o korul nira i kaliyaliyawan a to^eman, o falohang nira i, misakohecal a tomeri’, o wa’ay nira i, micamol ko kohetingay. O tilid no mata nira i, mato sepatay a nengnengen i laay, saka ilako pangangan to sepatay ko mata malonem. Oniniya aadopen i, o rengos ko mikaenan nira, itini iTaiwan o calowayay a ‘a’adopen no misapangcahay a tamdaw. Saka 9 alomi’ad no saka ccay no folad i 2019 a mihcaan, malo malalangay a ‘a’adopen ko niniya malonem.[[Faylo:Formosan Reeve's muntjac.jpg|thumb|Mangcel]] == O kakawa no tiring (型態) == Ccay paka tolo a fakeciw ko kakaya’ no tiring, o okang ci wa’a’ay, o tawinaan sa’ikawang ko ‘okak to miming, itini no tokosan a okang malonem i, caay ka sasiloma pakaynien nira to pina’om to pidipot ato latingtingay kakawa nira ami liyas to ‘ada. O okang a mangcel ilako kohetingay  tilid ami lilis tangasa itapang no wa’a nira, nikaorira o tawinaan i, ila ko sapenopeno sanay a tilid, ato kohcalay itiyad nira ato kohcalay i salanoan no wikol, o nini haw i, o ccay no ilaay i tiring nira, o ngiha mato ngiha no mamangay ho a mangcel. == O kasasiloma ato kahengangay a mangcel (與赤麂的分別) == O ‘alomanay a tamdaw moraraw ko pipalita nangra to tokosay mangcel ato kahengangay a malonem, saka moraraw ko loma a tamdaw to nika sasiloma no niniya ‘a’adopen, itini pakakilac no citongay masongila’ nangra ko kasasiloma no niniya tosa ‘a’adopen. Ano nengengen ko aotal malo marecaday, o mangcel miming ko tatirengan, o fanges ilako kaliyawan ato linmadacay; o kahengangay a malonem tata’ang to miming ko tiring, kahengahengan a limadac. i 2006 a mihcaan i Hongkong ila ko pipalita ami kerap, mahapinang nangra kono ilotokay a mangcel sahto sa o kahengangay amalonem, nikaorira pitena’ ami’adop, oyana no tokosay a mangcel, caay koya kahengangay a malonem. == Oni ka laklak (分佈) == O mangcel i satimolan a kowan ato sasifo’an no kitakit no Aping, oloma ilako nika laklak i Fang-cong ato ito hananay a pala no Dipong, ato isatimolan no Tepi a pala no Englan a kitakit; ilako kala^enoay riyar ato kanafekangay no riyar to 3,000 fakciw konika laklak, itini i tatapangan no nanom ato ci kilangay a pala konika laklak. == Tosa ko kasasiloma (2個亞種) == Ono Tasiwan ito kosay a mangcel ( M.reevesi Micrurus), ono padaka a pangangan (Formosa Reeve’s muntjac),itini i kitakit no Taiwan, nanitini sala^eno no riyar tangsa i 3000 fakciw amalalak i laloma’ no cikilangay ato i tatapanga no nanom. O Yacong hananay a ‘adopen o dengan ato nononanoman a malonem ato cipenoay a malonem odeng o Taiwan ko ilaay. == O pinangan(習性) == O ‘adihayay no tokos a mangcel I micidekay amalo’, caay ka takekokeko saan koni kamalo’, ccay a o kang a mangcel latek ila ko tolo ato sepat ko tawinaan. == O kalenak (繁殖) == Ono tokosan a tawinaan a mangcel lima a folad ma’ikesay to, 14 a lomi’ad ci fita’or to, ccay a nika cipoyapoy 7 tangsa i saka 8 a folad, maharek a mahofoc 3~4 a lomi’ad misatapang to a cipoyapoy, caay ka cala konika pacoco to wawa, saka malalid aci wawa to ccay a mihcaan, saka o tawinaan aci tiyad lapolopolong sanay a sitiyad, saka o wawaho mihofocan lalecalecad sayay hofocen. O okang a mangcel tangsa i saka 9 a folad a maliteng to, o pifalican to wa’a folad i, o pipengpengan nira to soloy, caay a lecad to malonem ko pinangan. == O pipalita (註釋) == Muntiacus reevesi. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008. [5 April 2009]. Noycenpo Incawsu no Taiwan. Masasiloma’ay koying no Taiwan a no tokos mangcel. Noycenpo Ingcawsu- ato pisiwkay no kitakit a koen. Noycenpo Ingcawsu(2023-04=11),( rayray no rikec 2023-04-11) O mikowanay to notokos no iingkay no Singcenyan. Ato pakayni pisalof to rekec sapi dipotaw to kahilahila no ‘a’adopen(2019-01-09  2019-02-13) ato olaay to a rikec 2019-02-13) == tahapinangan a tilid 參考文獻 == 參考文獻 維基共享資源中相關的多媒體資源：山羌（分類） 維基物種上的相關資訊：山羌 《香港方物古今》，饒玖才 著，天地圖書 出版，1999年。105-107頁。<nowiki>ISBN 962-950-671-8</nowiki>。 香港法例《野生動物保護條例》附表2: 山羌是受保護的野生動物（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） 可以參考其他相關資料 <nowiki>https://teia.tw/archives/natural_valley_star/am2017-01-01</nowiki>{{stub}} ''Muntiacus reevesi'' 4lz9o8pi8c4msynosfacg9c8blwvu6e 0 703 32067 32025 2022-07-28T12:27:38Z Niauah 882 #ALCD 32067 wikitext text/x-wiki Mangcelan（滿自然部落） Itiniay i [[Posko]](玉里) Cen no [[Kalingko]](花蓮縣) ko [[Mangcelan]] a niyaro’, 164 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 502 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 92% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 460 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 8% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 42 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko [[Pangcah|Amis]](阿美族)85%, roma(其他)5%. Ira ko picodadan(松浦國小、松浦國小附幼) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(松浦衛生室) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] tw4scav3p5k8x31n8kr45ylooudn8sq 0 704 38941 38676 2023-06-30T07:52:44Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38941 wikitext text/x-wiki Manzhou（滿州鄉） Itini i [[Pingtung]](屏東) ko [[Manzhou]] Siyang. sa’osi han ko po:long no palaan i, ira ko 147.35 km² (lalotolotokan a plalan no sa’osi i ira ko 74.2 km², o palaan noto’as i'a:yaw i ira ko 7.17 km²), 1,329 ko tamdaw i [[Manzhou]] Siyang, 490 ko parod no loma’, itini i niyaro’ a Yincomin(原住民) sa’osi han ira ko 802 a tamdaw, pakaala to 60%([[Paiwan]]排灣族) no polong(全部) no tamdaw. o Paiwan ko sa’alomanay(最多的) i Pingtung. ==O kasaniyarona== 8 ko cun, 3 ko niyaro’ i Manzhou Siyang. [[Ride]]（里德部落）, [[Parius]]（分水嶺部落）, [[Tjadukudukung]]（長樂部落）. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] pm6gyq362xcyx9ency5aesnzvnpdg6c 0 705 15683 15682 2021-10-28T12:28:52Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 13 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 15682 wikitext text/x-wiki Maolin（茂林區） Itini i Kaohsiung(高雄) ko [[Maolin|Maoli]]. sa’osi han ko po:long no palaan i, ira ko 241.39 km² (lalotolotokan a plalan no sa’osi i ira ko 109.93 km², o palaan noto’as i'a:yaw i ira ko 40.14 km²), 1,896 ko tamdaw i Maolin,581 ko parod no loma’, itini i niyaro’ a Yincomin(原住民) sa’osi han ira ko 1,797 a tamdaw, pakaala to 95%(Rukai) no polong(全部) no tamdaw. o Rukai(魯凱族) ko sa’alomanay(最多的) i Kaohsiung. ==O kasaniyarona== 3 ko cun, 3 ko niyaro’ i Maolin. [[Teldreka]]（茂林部落）, [['Oponoho|'Oponoho]]（萬山部落）, [[Kungadavane]]（多納部落）. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] stm65141ytieqx4qveyr8hugs2dutko 0 706 38501 15687 2023-06-27T19:11:11Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38501 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} [[Faylo:Iron electrolytic and 1cm3 cube.jpg|thumb|Marad]] [[Faylo:Electron shell 026 Iron - no label.svg|thumb|]] '''Marad'''（[[Kuwaping a sowal]]：鐵） 8aoyt9k1bd2qzuiuqvek86adp8tth1w 0 707 15714 15713 2021-10-28T12:28:58Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 26 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 15713 wikitext text/x-wiki Mararo’ong（美山部落） Itiniay i [[Chenggong]](成功) Cen no Taitung(台東縣) ko [[Mararo’ong]] a niyaro’, 250 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 579 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 63% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 363 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 37% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 216 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)58%, Paiwan(排灣族)1%, roma(其他)3%. == O katadamaanan no niyaro’ == == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 25ejgj2pwood64y49tp2iwoo0huooo8 0 708 44668 44667 2024-09-10T03:42:46Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 馬塞洛·雷貝洛·德索薩 44668 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, Visita de Estado ao México 2017-07-17.png|thumb|Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, 2017|alt=Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, Visita de Estado ao México 2017-07-17.png]] I 1948 a miheca(年) saka 12 folad saka 12 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci '''Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa''' (馬塞洛·雷貝洛·德索薩), malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Portugal]](葡萄牙) anini i ci Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, patirengan(建立) a romi’ad i 2016 a miheca saka 3 folad saka 9 a romi’ad. == No papotalay a kakafit == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 86vkm3aie7nyrbzwvaw0aq72pmpyoeq 0 709 15732 15731 2021-10-28T12:29:02Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 2 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 15731 wikitext text/x-wiki == Marengreng (荳蘭豐年祭) == === Masaselal atu marengreng (年齡層階編制及短距馬拉松) === Kalu niyaru nu Pangcah, ira ‘amin ku marengreng hananay a lisin. Urasa, adihay ku caayay kalecad a kakawau nu lisin. U inian nisuwalan anini, u nu Natauran a niyaru’ (南勢阿美族部落) a kakawau: # U ngangan nu selal – siwa a saselalan. Anu nau maan a kaput ku nisaselalan nu misu, tangasa i nikapatay nu tireng, a caay pacelul tu ngangan nu selal. # Ma’edem a pitu a mihca malingatu aca tu sakaruma a liyut nu selal a marengreng. # Milecinuwasay atu misatataday: ## Sa’yaway a nikala mamiselal, naw milecinuwasay tu marengrengay a tamdaw, u mangalaay a malapapeluway nu nia selal. ## A caay henay pakadungdung a sidemak tu nu selal a tamdaw. ## Uruma hantu, ira ku demak nu lalabu nu luma’, anu miselal, amaanen henay a mipadang tu demak nu luma’. U sananay sisa, milecinuwas tu nikarengreng nuini a kaput. U suwal tu matiniay a tamdaw u misataday han ku nipangangan. Anu satada suwalen, u sa’ayaway a ma’ala nu inian a selal, u mamiselal han ku nipangangan. ## Anu tangasatu i pituay a mihca, i ayaw nu cacay a mihca nu pilisinan, caay kanca pi’ala tu mamiselal a tamdaw. Anu mi’ala tu mamiselal, u matilaay u namilecinuwas a tamdaw, anu aluman sabawtusa. Alamaanan walu a tatamdawan ku nipapicumud. Sakatusa a nipi’ala tu miselalay, u tangasaay nu mihca a kapah a wawaan. U mihmihcaan i pilisinan haen sa a mitakus tu tamdaw, tangsa ini karengrengan a mihecaan ku nisatukur(終止). Tangasa tu i karengrengan a mihcaan, ma’dem ku pitu’ay a mihcaan, silalamlam sa ku tamdaw anu aluman. Walu a pulu’ siwa a pulu’ ira ku rabas ku mikihatiyaay a kapah i matia a mihca. Urasa, acaay kanca ka similecinuwasay i karengrengan. Anini satu, caaytu ka aluman ku mikihatiyaay a misaselal. Mahrek a milisin i sakamuktep a remi’ad, a malingatu tuway a semamsam (忍受馬拉松前之各種訓練) a pakasaw tu mamarengreng a selal. U kakawau hantu nu nipakasaw iri. # Sa’yaway a muk’tep a remi’ad(第一個十日) - cacay a kaysing ku nipiluwan a keman tu ranam tu lahuk tu labi. # Sakatusa a muk’tep a remi’ad - tusa a kaysin ku nipiluwan tu ni kakeman. # Sakatulu a muk’tep a remi’ad - hani ka cacayen tu kakeman. U a’am satu atu nanum, ini kaw kalingatuwan a semamsam. U dabak atu sangsangdeb, i uma’umahan, i taluan a minanam a malalikid, palecalecad tu kuku’ tu kamay a misakeru, u radiw ku ruma. Anu cima ku caayay pitengil a tamdaw, ta’eseng nu misatataday, u nikasibuduy ku ruma a melawan. Alama’anan minanam a marengreng misatatirebudan ku ruma, cacay a saselalan awaay ku misiwatiday tu kuput. # Salikulay a muk’tep a remi’ad - milaup i amis, u emin nu selal a milalaba tu ayam, kuliyul. Awaay ku nikapetan tu lakaw tu maamaan aca, walsay sa. Anu mapatay ku nilepelan iri, u sara’ecusay a kakawau. Aranikay (古語/說不定) a mapatay kia tamdaw naw makalepelay sa ku suwal nu matuasay. Mahrek satu taluma’, palecapuen kia nilepelan, sipabeli i matuasay sa tuduhen sipakaen tu papeluway. Tuwa mibetik pakarumud tu suwal. Sapaka tulu a remiad, milaup aca itimul, anu awaay ku mapatayai nu nilepelan niya selal iri, uruma ku ulah nu selal, nu matuasay, u malemeday sa ku suwal nu niyaru’. Uruma hantu, ira u mabanaay a papelu a tamdaw tatulu, sasepat tuwa mahkulung a tayra i paleluway a matuasat, mitengil minanam tu sapapelu, mipalita aca tu sasadademakan nu selal. Alamaanan pakasemuwalen nu matuasay, papinanam a papelu. Itini inika semamsam a remi’ad, u dabak, sangsangdeb caay kanca pinanam a misakeru, mabekac, remadiw papelu awaay ku misiwatiday. Tuwa tangasatu i sakatulu a pulu’ ira ku siwa a remi’ad, pahanhan. Mirasur tu mamisanga’ tu sasalusidan nu tireng. Tuwa tangsatu tu labi i muktepay a tuki, malecapu tu i kakilumaan i makawali a luma’. Anini a labi a malecapu ku mamarengreng a selal, a sewalen nu matuasay pasebanaen tu sasademaken nu marengrengay. Maherek a suwal ku matuasay iri, maru’ satu ‘amin ku selal tangasa i nikalingad. I kalingadan a dabak, i hararbaran(曙光) masilsil tu i putal maitala tu palingaday nu papeluway a matuasay. U mamarengrengay hantu a selal, sisatamec ‘amin tu busuk sirenget tu papah nu daydam u nisalalapian, mikapet ‘amin tu tayu u kakemkeman anu mabekac, anu tu’eman ku mipimelaw. Tuwasaan, initu ku papeluway, palekal a palingatu tu selal a mabekac. U makalikul hantu a tamdaw, u papakarusay tu salikulay a mabekacay, Mikapet tu tukal u diwas, u buhcalay a ma’inayan mihakulung tu selal a mabekac, makalepel tu salikulay a tamdaw, mikemkem tu daidam micupelas tu kulul mikuduc tu banuh nu ayam sipabulsak i kulul nia salikulay. “sakilmelen kapah!! tanglalay niama aku han, kasamata!!” sa a paceruh (激勵/加油). U pakarusay hantu a tamdaw masakilmel a mipadang, maykitin maycekeruh, sulinay tangasatu i kakatangasaan. Saan, masasa’tu ‘amin ku namabekacay, satu misuayaw tu cidal a malalikid, lima a raradiwan a misakeru. Tangasa i sabau cacay ku tuki kia misengar(停止), ruyaruy satu ‘amin a taluma’ a malahuk i luma’. I namalahuk, paremiad satu a malalikid tangasa i sabaw cacay a tuki nu labii a misengar a misakeru. Malecapu aca a mitengil tu suwal nu matuasay, pasebana’ tu sademakan nu selal, tuwa hatini tu ku demak tu nu marengrengay a kakawau. Ngangan nu selal: # Alabangas : 14-21 a mihcaan (na i 2008 a miselal,saka telucay nu selal anini) # Matabuk : 22-29 # Ma’urad : 30-37 # Ma’ulac : 38-45 # Ma’uway : 46-53 # Alemet : 54-61 # Raraw : 62-69 # Alamay : 70-77 # Aladiwas : 78-85 <ref>李文廣. (2011). Wikipedia 維基百科 族語詞條試寫─原住民族語詞條 2011作品集. 教育部.</ref> 70nmx4sdra0hz7s2ippydberw929c0z 0 710 44351 30914 2024-08-29T07:20:52Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 Margrethe II, 2012 44351 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Drottning Margrethe av Danmark.jpg|縮圖|Margrethe II, 2012|alt=Drottning Margrethe av Danmark.jpg]] I 1940 a miheca(年) saka 4 folad saka 16 a romi’ad a mahofoc(出生) ci '''Margrethe II''', malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Denmark]](丹麥) anini i ci Margrethe II, patirengan(建立) i 1972 a miheca saka 1 folad saka 14 a romi’ad. == '''Kahofocan a loma’ 出生家庭''' == == '''nikalahongtian 繼承王位''' == == '''lalamod 配偶''' == == No papotalay a kakafit == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Denmark]] o90nndr4fowlwdq4b0aer465p6f5lee 0 711 15776 15775 2021-10-28T12:29:07Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 27 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 15775 wikitext text/x-wiki Maribasi（馬里巴西部落） Itiniay i [[Wanrong]](萬榮) Cen no Hualien(花蓮) ko [[Maribasi]] a niyaro’, 104 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 365 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 92% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 335 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 8% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 30 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Truku(太魯閣族)65%, Amis(阿美族)4%, Tayal(泰雅族)10%, Seediq(賽德克族)3%, Bunun(布農族)1%, roma(其他)8%. Ira ko paisingan(明利村衛生室) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 864mx4g8l2eaoh4ihnwq234f6ukftvy 0 712 44670 44669 2024-09-10T03:43:46Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 瑪麗·路易斯·科勒略·普雷卡 44670 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Marie-Louise Coleiro Preca.jpg|thumb|Marie-Louise Coleiro Preca, 2017|alt=Marie-Louise Coleiro Preca.jpg]] I 1958 a miheca(年) saka 12 folad saka 7 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci '''Marie-Louise Coleiro Preca''' (瑪麗·路易斯·科勒略·普雷卡), malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Malta]](馬爾他) anini i ci Marie-Louise Coleiro Preca, patirengan(建立) a romi’ad i 2014 a miheca(年) saka 4 folad saka 4 a romi’ad. == No papotalay a kakafit == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] qwahdyhuqipf25o60d0lhtzj591x7w3 0 713 44671 30587 2024-09-10T03:44:18Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 馬里諾·里卡爾迪 44671 wikitext text/x-wiki I 1958 a miheca(年) saka 7 folad saka 9 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci '''Marino Riccardi''' (馬里諾·里卡爾迪), malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[San marino]](聖馬利諾​) anini i ci Marino Riccardi, patirengan(建立) a romi’ad i 2016 a miheca(年) saka 10 folad saka 1 a romi’ad. == No papotalay a kakafit == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] q5olxzacmrrdaon2o4vt8pacdbs5fqr 0 714 34678 34509 2023-02-19T05:58:26Z Mtarch11 659 取消[[Special:Contributions/69.193.69.245|69.193.69.245]]（[[User talk:69.193.69.245|留言]]）的編輯，改回[[User:Sotiale|Sotiale]]的先前版本 15877 wikitext text/x-wiki == O ngangan no Marocan (牧魯棧部落由來) == O ngangan no Morocan a kongko no ’Aims how i, o kaci ngangan no Morocan i, ira ko adada no finawlan itiya ho to ciadadaay a fanges (皮膚病), sa morimoricen a mimoric sa, itiya to maala a pangangan to Morocan sanay a ngangan. sowal sa ira ko cecay a cipaysoay a tamdaw, mipaadadaan kora wawa to Lagsan, o molotsan ko manengneng’ay i tirengan. itira i tilidan no kasakapingan i o「 O-law-cen」(無老僧) ko sowal nangra. o todong no cecayay a kitakit ko sa’osi to itiya:ay ho a kasaniyaro’. midoedo to kimad no to’as i, kakakonis no niyaro’ o Kiwit a ngasaw ato Fasay ngasaw ko to’asay a sowal. nano to’as na i Sanasay ko tapangan no aro’, ikol stao I malinah to i Kalingko a pakamaro’ saan. na o malecaday a maro’ a niyaro’ ko Kiwit, nawhani caay ka’edeng ko mikaomahan, sa linahan to i ’ no’amisan no Fo-yen ’alo, misacacay a kopot to Pa’ilasen to Atolan a niyaro’ ato Langas a niyaro’. i ka Riponan ho, Pa’ilasen han no Ripon a pangangan koni a niyaro’, mapapolong to Morocan, Atolan, Langasan , polong han a pangangan to cecay Pa’ilasen sanay a ngangan. tahira to i Ｍinko’ko(民國) tolo polo’ ira ko enem a miheca, salatolo han to a paliyaw a pangangan ko Pi’ilasen, Fo-ming (富民村), Lacihakan, han to tahamatini. na i Cilangsan a malinah i Oyaw a Talaalan niyaro’, ikor to matiniay a aro’. == O kasiikedan no niyaro’(部落特色) == Morocan hanaay a niyaro’ itira i Taywan a kitakit, i Kalingko i kohkohan ko Pa’ilasen a niyaro’. o kasiromaan no Morocan i, nano i katelangay ho ko pangangan to Palaceng (Pa’ilasen) saanay. ko ’aro i malatolo ira ko cecay a todong ko kasaniyaro’an (Morocan, Atolan, Langasan), lawac no Mrocan a sera nai ciyataw no Pa’ilasen i sakatimol pasaetip, saka ’amis no Fo-ming a niyaro’ , matelek ko Fo-yen a niyaro’ i ’amis, i timol i metelek to ’Atolan a niyaro, saka’etip i matelek to Wan-long syang (萬榮鄉 sowal no holam). i tini i 1 to 4 Lin (鄰) ato 18 to 20 Lin ko limaw no Fo-ming a niyaro’ i sakatimol no Fo-yen a alo’, o kalalitemohan no Pa’ilasen a lalan ko aro no Morocan, saheto o dafdaf palapalan ko sera. O makapahay ko niyaro’ no Mrocan, ano tayra a misalama i, o pitedal pisakahemaw to faloco’ no tatirengan a mirakat to niyaro’ no Morocan. sakarakat a rarakaten a lalan dakawen ko cinamalay pasayraay i Fo-yen (富源), i fatad maepod ciyataw no Pa’ilasen, ta rakat han a pasatimol tangasa to i Morocan, ano aca nai Kalingko tahira i Posong do’edo han ko lalan no Tay ciw syen (台９線) tangsa to. ya maro’ay i tini i Morocan saheto o Pangcah maemin a finacadan. o sakalalicay a sowal i, o no Pangcah a sowal ato o no holam a caciyaw. '''Ilisin no niyaro’''' O ilisin no serangawan, i faloay a folad a mi’ilisin ko finawlan, cecay miheca kina cecay, tolo romiad ko pi’ilisin. o kakenen a kinapaloma’, sakadofah sako kinapaloma no Morocan, ira ko wirok, ira ko talacay, o lokot, o daeci ato panay, o kodasing ato ariray, ya ariray ato kodasing i makakotakotay a mipaloma. == O nikalopisak no Marocan (人口分佈) == Itiniay i [[Ruisui]](瑞穗) Cen no Hualien(花蓮縣) ko [[Langas]] a niyaro’, 161 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 389 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 66% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin (原住民), polong han i, 256 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 11% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong (全部) han i, 38 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to (百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan (族群) i, ko Amis (阿美族) 58%, Bunun (布農族) 5%, Truku (太魯閣族) 1%, roma (其他) 1%. == O finacadan no Yincomin (所屬阿美族群) == O Siwkolan a ’amis han ko Morocan a niyaro’ , nano to’as ho kita o Pangcah na itiniay to i kalala’ed no matelengay i sifo no Taywan a lotok. na itira i tarawadaw no Kalingko talatimol tangasa i Cilamitay, nawhani maemin paniyaro’ i lawac no Siwkolan a tarawadaw sa mapangangan to Siwkolan a ’amis. i tiniay i Ruysuy-syang (瑞穗鄉 sowal no holam) no Hualien-siyen (花蓮縣 sowal no holam) ko Morocan a niyaro’,  Itiniay i sa’amisan ira ko Fo-yen, i satimolan ira ko Atolan a niyaro’. == O pitooran no finawlan (族人信仰) == Tadasakenaay a pitooran no finawlan ko Fo-yen ciwlokiwkay, na o makatelang a elieli’an a kiwkay, ikor i cifaloco’ ko finawlan no kiwkay a misanga’ to kiwkay no niyaro’. ta ira ko matiniay a ’amoto a pitooran. o pitooran no finawlan no Morocan i, kalimelaan ko sowal no Kawas, to sakafana’ to ’orip no tamdaw, ato awaay to ko kaka to nikafana’to codad how i. ora ma’araway a kiwkay i, o tingsikiw ato ciwlokiwkay, o ciwlokiwkay a tamdaw ko ka adihay. pakayni sa’opo no kinkay, malosakarikec sto sakarakat no ’orip no Yincumin, mamaan ca ko demak no sapitolon ko niyaro’. == O kasadakan Tilid (參考文獻) == [[Kasasiwasiw:Siwkulang 'Amis]] pjj89cb1n3y96orrluvvusb85up47l5 0 715 15905 15904 2021-10-28T12:29:20Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 26 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 15904 wikitext text/x-wiki Marorok（馬聚集部落） Itiniay i [[Ruisui]](瑞穗) Cen no Hualien(花蓮) ko [[Marorok]] a niyaro’, 267 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 708 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 46% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 328 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 54% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 380 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)38%, Paiwan(排灣族)2%, Bunun(布農族)3%, Truku(太魯閣族)2%, roma(其他)1%. Ira ko picodadan(瑞北國小) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] btlljm30277zv475v84qu6ryf5fkr8a 0 716 41241 31952 2024-02-02T19:14:46Z Kwamikagami 348 /* Kaitiraan a sera(地理) */ 41241 wikitext text/x-wiki :→ [[Marshall Islands]] Masyalu kanatanatal a kitakit(馬紹爾群島共和國) == Takaray sowal(概要) == O Masyalu kanatanatal a kitakit I o pangangan no Masyalo a tamdaw I 「Aolepān Aorōkin M̧ajeļ」,o no Ikilis I 「Marshall Islands」,o ma’alaay a ngangan I o Masyalo, itini’ay I saka’amis no Masinanotay a riyar(太平洋).O cecay a pala no Mikronisya palapalan ko Masylo,o dadahal no pala I 181 sq km,o no riyar a kakahad I cirafasay to tosa a ‘emang sq km, o tamdaw I 68.480,laklak sanay a maro’ I 1,156 a pala ato rakarakan, o sa’alomanay ko tamdaw a maro’I itiraay I Maciwlu a niyaro’ o tatapangan a niyaro’ no kitakit. [[Faylo:Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg|thumb|Flag of the Marshall Islands]] O Masyalo a kitakit I o kapolongan ko sici o congtong ko mikowanay,o mitidapi’ay I Amirika, orira ko pidama no Amirika to sofitay a mipidipot,a mipa’orip. Nawhany, caay ka hakowa ko kinaira no maamaan nona kitakit,sa orira ko pitadipi to pipadahof no Amirika, o mifotingay ko saka’rip no tamdaw itini. O payso no itiniay I o no Amirika. O kapolongan a sowal no itiniay I o Masylo ato Ikilis. [[Faylo:Seal_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg|thumb|Seal of the Marshall Islands]] O tahapinangan no Masyalo palapalan kitakit.(la'enoay a cuka) == Rikisi (歷史) == O tamdaw nona kitakit I ono Satimolan a Sowal ko sowal ngara, o tamdaw sa I ono Satimolan Kitakit, nikawrira,I 1885miheca ma’eco no Toic, tahira I Sakakinacecay Lalood I o Dipong to ko mikowanay.1944miheca,o Amirika to ko mi’ecoay a mikowan, maherek to ko sakakinatosa a lalood I o patoroden no [[Linhoko]] ko Amirika a mikowan. Toya pikowanan no Amirika nani 1946miheca tahira I 1968miheca,mipatireng ko Amirika to pitanaman to ‘icel no pakotang, o kafana’an aca I kina 66 a misaliyaliyaw a mitanam to pakotang, onini ko sakaciadada ko itiniay a tamdaw mapatidi’ to lintokin, ono adada toni’an I caay kafilo a paadahen, ano ciwawa sa I sahetoay o mangilosay. 1979miheca,misawad to pikapot I Mikulonisya, sa’iked sato a mipatireng tono niyah a kitakit,o niyah ko mikowan tono niyah a kitakit.1986miheca,matatilid ato Amirika toniyah a nisafaloco’an a pikapot,toya to a miheca 10folad,21romi’ad,si’iked sato a tomireng ko Masylo, caay to ko tao ko mikowanay.1991miheca,1991miheca mikapot to I Linhoko. == Kaitiraan a sera(地理) == [[Faylo:MH_-map_A.png|thumb|MH -map A]] O kaitiraan no RapaNui I tosaay ko pecih sakawali ato sa’etip.O sakawali a malilisay a pala I o Lalatak(o kahadakan no cidal sanay),o saka’etio a mililisay a pala I o Lalik(o piceleman no cidal sanay), o kslala’ed no sawali ato sa’etip 208km ko kararaay(nani Posong tahira I Taypak ). O tosa no kalitolo a tamdaw I itiray maro’ I Maciwlo ato Ipay. [[Faylo:JJ7V2741_(40325750).jpg|thumb|JJ7V2741 (40325750)]] [[Faylo:Castle_Bravo_Blast.jpg|thumb|Castle Bravo Blast]] == Sici(政治) == 1979miheca malaheci a masanga’ ko Kinpo(憲法),do’edoen ko rikec nona Kinpo I o congtong ko sakakaay tapang no kitakit, o mikowanay,o mamalatapang a tamdaw I nani tiraay I kakitaan no niyaro’ a piri’en. O sakakaay a pikaykian no kitakit ko misanga’ay to polong a rikec no kitakit(matiya o Lipoing no Taywan),o polong no iing I 33 ko tamdaw, sepat miheca kinacecay a liyawen a misingkiw. Ira ho ko roma a sakakaay a pikaykian o Iroji hananay, o iing nonini I o kalo pala aniyaro’, ano caay ka tatodong ko misanga’an no Lipoing a rikec to rayray no to’as I manga’ayay a mifelih kona Iroji papiliyaw a papisanga’ anoca papisalof to rikec no kitakit,sa oninian ko sakacaay ka doka’ ko to’as a wayway ato pinangan no niyaro’, to ma’osaw ko kalacecay no to’as a sera. == Mitanam to 'icel no pakotang(核試爆) == 1946miheca tahira I 1968miheca,mipatireng ko Amirika to pitanaman to ‘icel no pakotang, o kafana’an aca I kina 66 a misaliyaliyaw a mitanam to pakotang, onini ko sakaciadada ko itiniay a tamdaw mapatidi’ to lintokin, ono adada toni’an I caay kafilo a paadahen, ano ciwawa sa I sahetoay o mangilosay. [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] faxvqqkq1k6kgydsmtuxe6l2bazqyqy 0 717 38662 15980 2023-06-29T04:29:54Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38662 wikitext text/x-wiki Masafalat（[[Kuwaping a sowal]]: 焚風） [[Mitodohay]](焚燒) a fali ko roma a ngangan nona faedetay(熱的) a fali, (o sowal no Payrang: siyo-hong (sio-hong）), o nani kaikolay no tokos kona faedetay ma’icangay a fali, soni ira soni awa ko pinangan nona fali, o nani kafekang no tokos a mido^do to ’apilis pasikaeno ko feriw nira. Macakat ko fali talakafekang mita’elif to tingroh no tokos, tahira toya misiikolay to fali i, ma’icangay to ko fali, itiya a makolemi ko fali a matongal ko faedet nira. Yo pasayra kaeno ko fali i, faedet to ko kaenoay, o sakahatini nira i, oya katalakaeno no fali to molefot a laya’ to kong-ce(公尺) i, macakatay ko faedet to mo^tep a faedet no se-ses(攝氏), ano nani tosa a molefot a laya’ to kong-ce(公尺) i, macakatay ko faedet to mo^tep a faedet no se-ses(攝氏), onini ko sakafaedet no kaenoay, o faedet no kaenoay ikaka to kafekangay ma’icangay haca kona fali, mansa o mitodohay a fali han kona ma’icangay faedetay a fali. == ngangan == O nano sowal i misaLatingay a finawlan ko ngangan nona mitodohay a fali. Adihay ko roma a ngangan nira i kasakitakit, i Taywan i, o kafaedet nona fali a singangan to mitodohay a fali. == Ma’orad == Kanca ka’orad ca kasaan ano(阿爾卑斯) hananay a tokos, 10% awa ko mihakelongay a ’orad toya kaira no faedetay a fali. == O nikafiyor to tamdaw == O kairaan no faedetay a fali i, mafiyor nira ko faloco’ ato pirakat no ’irang ato o maamaan no tireng, o mahapinangay i, adadaay ko fongoh, satatiih sanay to mamang ko tireng. == Pi’arawan to lakaw == 中文維基百科https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%84%9A%E9%A2%A9 [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] hcb0zjg6zr6ht94n1ije24hufq4npg3 0 718 16009 16008 2021-10-28T12:29:29Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 28 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 16008 wikitext text/x-wiki Masilid（北葉部落） Itiniay i [[Majia]](瑪家) Cen no Pingtung(屏東縣) ko [[Masilid]] a niyaro’, 334 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 994 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 95% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 946 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 5% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 48 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Paiwan(排灣族)90%, Amis(阿美族)1%, Rukai(魯凱族)3%, roma(其他)1%. Ira ko picodadan(北葉國小、北葉國小附幼、VUSAM圖書館、佳義部落文化資訊站) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(內埔瑪家鄉戶政所、瑪家鄉文化中心) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(內埔分局瑪家分駐所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(瑪家鄉衛生室) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] ojvrrpkkvxv458q0bmurwbooh2vjyuv 0 719 35371 16038 2023-04-03T04:47:38Z Kai3952 413 35371 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Masinghalan, as taken on 1st October 2020.jpg|thumb|200px|Masinghalan]] Masinghalan（瑪星哈蘭部落） Itiniay i [[Namasia]](那瑪夏) Cen no Kaohsiung(高雄) ko [[Masinghalan]] a niyaro’, 147 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 592 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 96% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 569 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 4% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 23 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Bunun(布農族)89%, Cou(鄒族)5%, Paiwan(排灣族)1%, Kanakanavu(卡那卡那富族)1%. Ira ko picodadan(民生國小、民生國小附幼) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(那瑪夏區公所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 9ilu2mez988k9uz6ipq146q8y2y549s 0 720 16063 16062 2021-10-28T12:29:34Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 24 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 16062 wikitext text/x-wiki Masisi（馬仕部落） Itiniay i [[Taiwu]](泰武) Cen no Pingtung(屏東縣) ko [[Masisi]] a niyaro’, 70 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 239 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 96% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 229 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 4% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 10 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Paiwan(排灣族)92%, Bunun(布農族)1%, roma(其他)3%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] iafpb68754aq19vyehhik2q9r2ojuc4 0 721 35358 16091 2023-04-02T06:03:21Z Kai3952 413 35358 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Looking northwest towards Masitoban tribe at the foot of the green mountain in the morning on 4 December 2017.jpg|thumb|200px|Masitoban]] Masitoban（瑞岩部落） Itiniay i [[Ren’ai]](仁愛) Cen no Nantou(南投縣) ko [[Masitoban]] a niyaro’, 188 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 450 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 94% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 422 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 6% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 28 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)90%, Seediq(賽德克族)1%, Bunun(布農族)1%, Amis(阿美族)1%. Ira ko picodadan(發祥國小) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(仁愛分局瑞岩派出所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] jeiesdmdxxmko5iyg9qgwcop0m53h49 0 722 16117 16116 2021-10-28T12:29:40Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 25 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 16116 wikitext text/x-wiki Masuhuaz（梅山部落） Itiniay i [[Taoyuan]](桃源) Cen no Kaohsiung(高雄巿) ko [[Masuhuaz]] a niyaro’, 101 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 306 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 95% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 291 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 5% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 15 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Bunun(布農族)93%, Amis(阿美族)1%, Rukai(魯凱族)1%. Ira ko imeng(六龜分局梅山派出所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] nqq2gy4kfky3u0qvak7l8qreu6g6qws 0 723 38475 16123 2023-06-24T04:14:39Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38475 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}}[[Faylo:Eye iris.jpg|thumb|Mata nu [[tamdaw]]]] tata'akay a [[mata]]. paka'araway to ma'amaan ko mata. 55syi6f7ljw7ke120cvd6zrll39hxd0 0 724 16151 16150 2021-10-28T12:29:46Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 27 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 16150 wikitext text/x-wiki Matabalay（榮安部落） Itiniay i [[Tai’an]](泰安) Cen no Miaoli(苗栗縣) ko [[Matabalay]] a niyaro’, 142 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 380 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 74% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 283 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 26% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 97 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)71%, Saysiyat(賽夏族)1%, Amis(阿美族)2%. Ira ko picodadan(泰安中小學、泰安中小學附幼) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(大湖分局大興派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(大興村衛生室) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] b210ywrtu1vcq4p3ez2sz4bhc8nqwhn 0 725 16176 16175 2021-10-28T12:29:49Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 24 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 16175 wikitext text/x-wiki Matadim（馬太林部落） Itiniay i [[Yuli]](玉里） Cen no Hualien(花蓮) ko [[Matadim]] a niyaro’, 134 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 376 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 63% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 237 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 37% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 139 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)61%, Bunun(布農族)1%, roma(其他)2%. Ira ko picodadan(春日國小) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 1z2zh3zn8wc7dlg05x07tko7ncxeu81 0 726 38576 16201 2023-06-27T20:39:18Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38576 wikitext text/x-wiki Matang（馬當部落） Itiniay i [[Taitung]](台東) Cen no Taitung ko [[Matang]] a niyaro’, 872 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 2,542 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 38% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 967 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 62% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 1,575 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko [[Amis]](阿美族)30%, [[Paiwan]](排灣族)3%, [[Bunun]](布農族)1%, [[Puyuma]](卑南族)1%, roma(其他)3%. == O katadamaanan no niyaro’ == == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 9jiznsivn2gsb3f6f10trnoe8655wln 0 727 16228 16227 2021-10-28T12:29:54Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 26 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 16227 wikitext text/x-wiki Matanki（馬太鞍部落） Itiniay i [[Wanrong]](萬榮) Cen no Hualien(花蓮) ko [[Matanki]] a niyaro’, 121 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 331 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 97% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 322 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 3% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 9 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Truku(太魯閣族)79%, Amis2%, Tayal(泰雅族)5%, Seediq(賽德克族)3%, Bunun(布農族)1%, Paiwan(排灣族)2%, roma(其他)8%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 1dgwczfersj3r82d40rmh0z59fcf6c0 0 728 45457 44673 2025-01-19T09:13:09Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 Presidente Macri en el Sillon de Rivadavia idi 2015年 45457 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Presidente Macri en el Sillon de Rivadavia (cropped).jpg|thumb|Presidente Macri en el Sillon de Rivadavia idi 2015年|alt=Presidente Macri en el Sillon de Rivadavia (cropped).jpg]] I 1959 a miheca(年) saka 2 folad saka 8 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci '''Mauricio Macri''' (毛里西奧·馬克里), malamikomoday(總統) a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Argentina]](阿根廷) anini i ci Mauricio Macri, patirengan(建立) a romi’ad i 2015 a miheca saka 12 folad saka 10 a romi’ad. == No papotalay a kakafit == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] m36grxjjlzm041uu0o90ds2anl3mnbs 0 729 32822 32821 2022-11-01T07:28:01Z Akamycoco 27 #ALCD 32822 wikitext text/x-wiki Mauritania（茅利塔尼亞） [[Faylo:Flag of Mauritania.svg|thumb|Flag of Mauritania|alt=Flag of Mauritania]] [[Faylo:Location Mauritania AU Africa.svg|thumb|Location of Mauritania (dark blue) in Africa]] Itini i 20 00 N, 12 00 W, no [[Afilika]] ko [[Mauritania]]. Polong no sekalay i 1,030,700 sq km “saka 29 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 1,030,700 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 0 sq km ” Polong i 3,677,293 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 38.50%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 0.20%, malo no roma to a sera 61.30%. siyoto(首都) O [[Nouakchott]](諾克少) ko Siyoto. ==katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日)== Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakacecay ko safaw 28 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz]], patirengan(建立) a romi’ad i 2009 a miheca(年) saka 8 folad saka 5 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 4x25ccajvxs2hbyi8cpukbq8afhma8y 0 730 38183 33819 2023-06-11T20:29:17Z Varlaam 1589 IMDb 38183 wikitext text/x-wiki == Mauritius (模里西斯) == Mauritius nikapolongan kitakit (Inkiris: Republic of Mauritius; France: République de Maurice; Cleo sowal: Repiblik Moris) itira i sakakawali to 800 konhli no Madagascar nikapolongan kitakit, no Intoyang a palapalaan, oni kanatal – Mauritius kanatal (Mauritius) ato Agalega palapalaan (Agalega Islands), Rodriguez palapalaan ato Cargados-Carajos palapalaan malakapot. Dadahal no kitakit 2,040 pinfang kongli. Lilis no riyar a calay 177 kongli, no niyah a riyar 12 li, patodong no kicay a riyar 200 li[8]. Mauritius pala nano i 10 sician nano manengnengay no Arab tamdaw. I 16 sici, Portugal tamdaw micalap tina pala. I 1598 miheca Netherland tamdaw micalap tina pala, itiya o kakomodan no Netherland ci Maurits van Nassau a ngangan ko pipanganganan. I 1715 miheca France micalap tonini palaan miteka ira ko mafolaway, miliyaw pangangan to France a pala ahan. O Inkiris i 1810 miheca kalaloodan ni Napoleonmicalap tina pala, o France i Vienna tonekan pafeli tina Mauritius to Inkiris, tina tonekan tilid saka 8 riyad teleken to itiniay i pala a finawlan ira ko pidipot no rikec, lakakawa ato pakayraan, orasaka o Mauritius tangasa anini materek ko France a sowal ato lakakawa. Na mikowan to ko Inkiris patiko to matelangay ngangan no Mauritius. I 1835 miheca mihayda ko Inkiris to pipalasawad to mifadesay a rikec, na masedal ko mafadesay a kohetingay tamdaw caay to kakahidademak to liomah ato patireng to loma’, na itiya makotay to no ’alomanay a India a malingaday; Muslin ato holam tayni a misiwfay malaliaca, masasinga’ay ko kasafanacadan sakamitini aniniay Mauritius a tamdaw. Mauritius i 1968 miheca 3 folad 12 romi’ad mihapiw misiiked, o salaloma’ananay no Tata'akay Inkiris a Lekatep, mingodo to hongti no Inkiris o sawara'an no kitakit, congto a taypiaw ko midemakay, ikor i 1992 miheca 3 folad 12 romi’ad mafalic to o Nikapolongan Kitakit, midemak to kalomaocan no Nikapolongan lakakawa, congtong o patodongan to sawara'an aca, congtong ato micokeray congtong o nai kalomaocan a nisingkiwan, 5 miheca ko lekad (padoedo to kinacecay), o congli ko citodongay to dademaken[9]. O tamdaw nai India teloc, Frane Africa a camel (Cleo tamdaw), holam teloc, Europe tamdaw malekapot[9]. Mauritius a sasowalen o no Mauritius a Cleo sowal, France ato Inkiris sowal. Inkiris sowal o no malatapangay sowal, nika malali’ay to no Mauritius a Cleo sowal ato France sowal. O sinpon ato tilifi a kamok o no France a sowal. Roma, Asia a sowal itini no Asia finawlan sakalalicay. Mauritius palaan nano kahiceraan no dengan Dodo ’ayam no hekal, nika micingcingay Europe tayni i Mauritius to ikor 80 miheca, maemin to no micingcingay mitilo a malahedaw to. == Likisi (歷史) == Mauritius pala i 10 sician nao Alab tamdaw ko pakanengnengay. 16 sici, o Portugal tamdaw micalap tina pala. I 1598 miheca Netherland tamdaw micalap tina pala, itiya o kakomodan no Netherland ci Maurits van Nassau a ngangan ko pipanganganan. I 1715 miheca France micalap tonini palaan miteka ira ko mafolaway, miliyaw pangangan to France a pala ahan. O Inkiris i 1810 miheca kalaloodan ni Napoleonmicalap tina pala, o France i Vienna tonekan pafeli tina Mauritius to Inkiris, tina tonekan tilid saka 8 riyad teleken to itiniay i pala a finawlan ira ko pidipot no rikec, lakakawa ato pakayraan, orasaka o Mauritius tangasa anini materek ko France a sowal ato lakakawa. Na mikowan to ko Inkiris patiko to matelangay ngangan no Mauritius. I 1835 miheca mihayda ko Inkiris to pipalasawad to mifadesay a rikec, na masedal ko mafadesay a kohetingay tamdaw caay to kakahidademak to liomah ato patireng to loma’, na itiya makotay to no ’alomanay a India a malingaday; Muslin ato holam tayni a misiwfay malaliaca, masasinga’ay ko kasafanacadan sakamitini aniniay Mauritius a tamdaw. Mauritius i 1968 miheca 3 folad 12 romi’ad mihapiw misiiked, o salaloma’ananay no Tata'akay Inkiris a Lekatep, mingodo to hongti no Inkiris o sawara'an no kitakit, congto a taypiaw ko midemakay, ikor i 1992 miheca 3 folad 12 romi’ad mafalic to o Nikapolongan Kitakit, midemak to kalomaocan no Nikapolongan lakakawa, congtong o patodongan to sawara'an aca, congtong ato micokeray congtong o nai kalomaocan a nisingkiwan, 5 miheca ko lekad (padoedo to kinacecay), o congli ko citodongay to dademaken[9]. === Netherland a pikowan (荷蘭統治時期) === I 1598 miheca, o tapang no sofitay no Netherland ci Wybrand Van Warwyck itini i aniniay minato a talahekal macakat, itiya pangangan to nia pala to Mauritius, o pihiratengan to mikowanay no Netherland, matemoyay a wawa ci William, Orango hongti Nassau a Mauretz. Nika tangasa i 1638 miheca o Netherland tamdaw miteka cangra i Netherland a micingcing, onini a picingcing tahira aca 20 miheca. Ikor a Netherland tamdaw midoedo to pinapina micingcing, nika awaay ko kinaira. I 1710 miheca, o Netherland tamdaw misawad to Mauritius, nikawrira mapacomod nangra ko tefos, nipakaenan no loma’ ato ngafol. O kasasowalen i, mipakataminaay ci Abel Tasman o nai Mauritius masadak ramakat pakanengneng to kaetip no Australia. === France a pikowan (法國統治時期) === France i 1715 miheca micalap to Mauritius, mafalic ko pipangangan France pala “Île de France, Island of France”, ’ayaw noni macalap to no France ko Reunion pala. Naikor tangasa 1767 miheca, Franca pala o nano France a kawaliay Into kosi (East India Company) ko mikowanay. I 1735 miheca, fa^elohay a congto ci Bertrand Francois Mahe de Labourdonnay misitapang micowat to tefos a paloma, o Louis monato pacomahaden to pakariyaray ato pisataminaan. Roma, nano ’adihayay iraay a nipatirengan loma’ no Mauritius itiniay i ci Labourdonnayan mapatireng. Nai 1767 miheca miteka tangasa 1810 miheca, dengan France ta’akay pifalican-itiya a France pala a micingcingay patireng to so’elinay misiikeday pikowan-France pala midemakay a tapang saheto nano France sifo a niocoran. I 1803 miheca tangasa 1810 miheca, France pala ato Reunion pala a congto ci Charles Matthew Isidol Dega- ta’akay pifalican a tadamaanay tapang ato ni Napoleon a sakala’odot. Nao “kalalood a marofoay” a todong ko pirepet to tadamaanay no Inkiris a misolapay ato micokaay ci Matthew Flinders, talocowa ci Napoleon mipasowal to pipalafac to Inkiris tamdaw, nikawrira o sapiliyangaw ci Napoleonan, ci Dega sahalafinen ningra ci Flinders a mirofo. I kalaloodan ci Napoleon, o France a pala mala piloodan no kokong no France to tamina no Inkiris, mahaenay a pilood tangasa 1810 miheca o kakeridan no riyar hitay a tapang ci Josiah Rollei mikerid to hongti riyar sofitay micalap to France pala itiya a paherek. I Inkiris France Mauritius kalaloodan, France a hitay oya minato ko maalaay, ikor malikot no hongti riyar sofitay i Cap Malheureux “Macawnik cokah” tolo folad itiya mihapiw to katapi’an. So’elinay romi’ad a katapi’an i 1810 mihecaan 12 folad 3 romi’ad,  o katapi’an a todong Inkiris tamdaw mihayda to micingcingay miterek to sera ato dafong, midotoc midemak to France sowal i saki finawlan ato kaloraraw a pitomadaw o France no rikec. Micada ko Inkiris tina pala i, itiya patikol to nganga Mauritius pala. === Inkiris a pikowan (英國統治時期) === O sarakatay a congto no Inkiris i Mauritius ci Robert Farquhar, patayni i Mauritius cingra to kafalic no kicay ato kafalic no syakay. I 1835 miheca, o mifadesay rikec mapalasawad i Mauritius. Mihai ko tawki no maomahay to 200 ’ofad Inpang (GBP) sapipalafac to mifadesan a sapalolol-onini a nifadesan o pikowan ho no France nai Africa ato Madagascar nipa’acaan tayni. Mapalasawad ko mifadesay rikec saki tiya a syakay a kicay ato kafalic no tamdaw o tadamaanay ko nian, o tawki no maomahay pasayra to i Into ato Asia roma sa’etal pacomod to malingaday. I 1834 miheca tangasa 1921 mihecaan, salongan 50 ’ofad ko malingaday tayni i Mauritius mipalomaay to tefos, misanga’ay, micolo’ay ato patirengay. Roma, Inkiris tamdaw patayni to 8740 tamdaw no Into a sofitay. O Into a tamdaw saheto nai Calcutta, Madras ato Mumbai a matayalay, 1721 miheca sa’ayaway a matayalay tayni i o Bengal ato niyaro’ay citodongay, ’alomanay o Bengal tamdaw ato Tamil tamdaw. ’alomanay a Intokiw (Hinduism) o nai aniniay Into a Bihar niyaro’ ato ka’amisay niyaro’. malaliacaay a holam ikor a tayni i Mauritius, tangasa anini, i Mauritius ira ko 3 ’ofad ko tamdaw nai Mancin malinahay tamdaw, o tatapangan no niyaro’ i o Miysyien Kongtong, tahanini mananam pasowal to soto Louis minato o “Poliy” (Port Louis no Ngayngay a sowal) [10]. Nanoya sa matongal to ko tamdaw no Into, i Mauritius a sici salongoc ato kicay salongoc miteka nai kamay no Mauritius tamdaw ato Cleo tamdaw no Mauritius malalinah tayra i kamay no Into a Mauritius tamdaw. Macowat ko pipaloma to tefos, caay pitolas ko tefos no Mauritius pasadak tayra i Inkiris. Macowat k kicay sakaira no sakacowat to calay no taingwa ato sakafalic no sasangaen a demak. === Siiked (獨立) === Matatoor 1955 mihaca ato 1957 miheca kinatosa lomaoc to sapitelek to kimpo no Mauritius a masaopo i London, no kakeridan a kalomaoc lekakawa miteka midemak i Mauritius, sato i 1959 miheca 3 folad 9 romi’ad misingkiw, misatapang to ko Mauritius misiiked. O sarakatay koni to polong no mato’asay a singkiw, misikiway finawlan ira 208,684 ko tamdaw. 1961 miheca miliyaw i London lomaoc to sapipatireng to kimpo, tala’ayaw to pipatireng to kimpo a onto. 1965 miheca, o sapipa’ading to kitakit ko nihaenan no Inkiris, sakilalood a sakaci’epoc, nao Mauritius a sera a Chagos palaan a mapateked, miliyaw patireng to no Inkiris a Intoyang a sa’etal sera, sakanga’ay masasikomod i no Intoyang a pipatireng to sifitay kamaro’an. O citodngay awaay ko miliyangay itiya, nika i ikor miliyaw mipaini to sapikowan to Chagos a kacitodong, o pipateked o mi’odongay to no kasakitakit a rikec, onini a sowal nihaydaan to no Linhpko[11]. I 1965 miheca saikoray pipatireng to kimpo a kalomaoc o sakipalalan to sapisiiked no Mauritius. I 1967 miheca a pisingkiwan, mihayda to fa^elohay kimpo no Mauritius, i 1968 miheca 3 folad 12 romi’ad mihapiw to pisiikedan. Ikor no pisiiked no Mauritius o yaan to no Tata'akay Ikiris a Lekatep kapot, o pipangangan to misiikeday a Mauritius (Dominion of Mauritius) no Inkiris a hongti ci Elizabeth ko sawara'an no itakit, nika o congto ko citdongay to ’icel no sawara'an no kitakit. Mauritius ikor no pisiiked sarakatay a congto ci John Shaw Rainey a tamdaw. I 1991 miheca 12 m,4, mifalic to kimpo ko Mauritius, mihapiw ko Mauritius mala o no Tata'akay Inkiris a Lekatep kapot a Nikapolongan Kitakit. Mafalic ko ngangan no kitakit a Mauritius Nikapolongan Kitakit. I 1992 miheca 3 folad 12 romi’ad, patireng ko Mauritius Nikapolongan Kitakit, saikoray a congto ci Lin Jiadu tadamaanay ko linci a congtong. I 1992 miheca 6 folad 30 romi’ad, ci Kasam Utim ko sa’ayaway tada congtong no Mauritius Nikapolongan Kitakit. == Sici (政治) == O sici no Mauritius kalomaoc a Nikapolongan Kitakit, congtong ko tatapangan no kitakit, congli ko kakeridan no sifo. Citodangay to kadademak no sifo, o sifo ato kalomaocan ko patirengay to pisarikec, o sakaaay ’icel no kitakit o congtong ato congli pasasiroma ko pidemak. O midemakay to kasasiromaa cefang ko pirikec no Mauritius, o kasacefong halo Mauritius a malingaday sacefang (Mauritian Labor Party, MLP), malalokay to no syakay onto (Militant Socialist Movement, MSM) ato malalokay to onto no Mauritius (Mauritian Militant Movement, MMM). === Kalomaoc no fanawlan (國民大會) === Cecayay ko kalomaocan faco no Mauritius, oni a kalomaoc no fanawlan, nai 1992 miheca mapatireng ko Nikapolongan Kitakit malapipatirengan to rikec no Mauritius. Kalomaoc no fanawlan ira ko 70 no lomaocay tamdaw, laloma’ noni a 62 tamdaw o sepatay mihaca kinacecay rekad singkiwen no 21 a kasa’etal, o itiniay i Mauritius a pala sikiwen to 20 ko saliyad no sa’etal, kasa’etal 3 ko nisingkiwan to Kalomaoc no fanawlan; itiraay i Rodriguez a pala o cecayay a liyad, singkiwen ko tatosaay. Roma a 8 a liyad masawal “satadamaanay a mapidahay “Best Losers”, o satakaraway a hoying i mapidahay a milifetay patoro’en ko fafaloay a saadihayay a paya, o cacitodong to no awaayay ko tamdaw no finacadan ato pakayraanay patodong a salongoc[12][13]. O sa’alomanay a cefang ano eca o nipatatekoan a cefang ko mamisakapot to sifo, o sakakaay ko mamalacongli, o congli to ko papatayra i kalomaocan to cacitodong to kakeridan, nika dengan o kakeridan no hoying. O sakatosa a micalapay to ’alomanay ko tamdaw no lomaocay a cefang ko miliyangay a cefang, o kakeridan o congtong ko mitoro’ay to miliyangay kakeridan[12]. kalomaoc no fanawlan saka cecay rekad a rayray misingkiw to cecay a kakeridan no lomaocay, cecay a micokeray kakeridan no lomaocay ato polong no wiyyinhuy a micokeray a kakeridan. Imatini, o sifo no Mauritius misahalakaay to sapifalicaw to sapisingkiw. === Congtong (總統) === O congtong no Mauritius nai kalomaoc no fanawlan midotoc to congli a nipanganganan masingkiw, 5 miheca ko rekad, manga’ay padoedo misingkiw. O congtong no Mauritius o no Mauritius a nikapolongan kitakit a sawara’an ato kakeridan no ci’icelay sofitay. Midotoc to kimpo no Mauritius, dademakay no Mauritius o no congtong a ’icel, miraoy to satakaraway a kinaira, o tatodong no kitakit. Nika adihay ko salongoc no congtong to kacingangan, manga’ay ningra patodong to congli, nika midotoc to kalomaoc no fanawlan to pisingkiw; manga’ay miocor to dademakay , nika midotoc to no congli a pipangangan. Mauritius a sarakatay a mikutayay a congli ci Lin Jiadu, i ’ayaw to pipatireng to Mauritius nikapolongan kitakit cingra ko citodongay to hongti no Inkiris a congto. Sa’ayaway congtong i ci Kasam Utim. Aniniay a congtong ci Prithwire Jasingh Rupon. O kasarayray no congtong. O kasarayray no congtong. {| class="wikitable" |Rekad |Ngangan |Sici a cefang |Patodong |- |1992/3/12-1992/6/30 |Verasami Lingardo tadamaanay |MSM |Saikoray congto, linci congtong |- |1992/6/30-2002/2/15 |Kasam Utim |MMM |2002 miheca misawad |- |2002/2/15-2002/2/18 |Angie Dichetier |MLP |Micokeray mikotay tocongtong |- |2002/2/18-2002/2/25 |Aliranga Pires |Awaay ko cefang |Satadamaanay hoying mikotayay to congtong |- |2002/2/25-2003/10/1 |Karl Wolfman |MSM | |- |2003/10/1-2003/10/7 |Raof Bondahan |MSM |Micokeray mikotay to congtong |- |2003/10/7-2012/3/30 |Anerod Jugnauth tadamaanay |MSM | |- |2012/3/30-2012/7-21 |Monique Agnes Osanbell Epo |MSM |Micokeray mikotay to congtong |- |2012/7/21-2015/5/29 |Rajkswalp Priag |MSM | |- |2015/6/5-2018/3/23 |Amina Gurib Fakim |Awaay ko cefang |Sa’ayaw fafahiyan congtong |- |2018/3/23-2019/11/26 |Barren Biapley |MSM |Micokeray mikotay to congtong |- |2019/12/2- |Prithwira Jasinghrupon |MSM | |} === Congli ato laloma’ay citodongay (總理及內閣) === O Mauritius a congli o sawara’an sifo no Mauritius nikapolongan kitakit, kakeridan no laloma’an, citodongay to ’icel no kadademak, sapatorod to kalomaocan. Congli nano congtong midotoc to kalomaocan a nisingkiwan patorod. Talacowa congli i kacitodong o sakatosa no Mauritius a tadamaanay tamdaw, nikawrira o sata’akay a ci’icelay. No misiiked ko Mauritius i sa’ayaway congli ci Seewoosagur Ramgoolam tadamaanay. Ci Anerod Jugnauth tadamaanay padoedo to sepatay rekad ko kala congli, 16 mihecaan. Aniniay a congli ci Anerod Jugnauth tadamaanay a wawa ci Pravind Jugnayth. O kasarayray no congli: {| class="wikitable" |Rekad |Ngangan |Sici a cefang |Patodong |- |1992/3/12-1992/6/30 |Seewoosagur Ramgoolam tadamanay |MLP |Sa’ayaway congli |- |1982/6/30-1983/4/8 |Anerod Jugnauth |MMM |Saka 1 liyad |- |1992/3/1-1995/12/15 |Anerod Jugnauth |MSM |Saka 1 liyad, micomod to MSM |- |1995/12/15-2000/9/11 |Anerod Jugnauth |MSM |Saka 1 liyad, patareng to Mauritius a nikapolongan kitakit |- |1995/12/15-2000/9/11 |Navin Chandra Ramgoran |MLP |Saka 1 liyad |- |2000/9/12-2003/10/7 |Anerod Jugnauth |MSM |Saka 2 liyad |- |2003/10/7-2005/7/5 |Paul Raymond Berenger |MMM | |- |2005/7/5-2014/12/ |Navin Chandra Ramgoran |MLP |Saka 2 liyad |- |2014/12/17-2017/1/23 |Anerod Jugnauth | |Saka 3 liyad |- |2017/1/23- |Pravind Jugnayth |MSM |Saka 1 liyad |} === Rikec (法律) === No Mauritius a pakayraan no rikec nai Inkiris a rakat no rikec ato France a sakifinawlan a rikec kacacamolan[14]. Mauritius i 2010 miheca a saka^efo 0.36%, masered i ’ayaw to tosa miheca to 0.43%. === Kacacofelan a demak ato kasakitakit a demak (外交關係和國際事務) === Mauritius ato kaetipay a kitakit fangcal ko kasasinga’ay, sato Into ato kaetipay ato katimolay no Africa kitakit masasinga’ay ko kacacofel no demak no papotalay. Mauritius o Hekalay a malali’acaay Lekatep, Intoyang wiyyinhuy (Indian Ocean Commission), katimolay Africa kacowat a lekatep (Southern African Development Community), kawali ato kaetip Africa kapolongan kalali’acaan (Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa), Tata'akay Ikiris a Lekatep ato France sowalan a kasakitakit lekapot (La Francophonie) a kapot, o liyok no Intoyang kasa’etal polongan lekatep a palowaday kitakit. I 2006 miheca, Mauritius malaPortugal sowal a lekatep kitakit (Community of Portuguese Language Countries) minengnengay kitakit, misafaloco’ ro romaroma kitakit a pacowat ko kasasikedec[15]. Kalali’acaan, makaketon milaheci to mikapolongan ato sakimimingay kitakit malasaka tadamaan no kacacofel no demak papotalay. O nano likisi ato sakikaetipay a icifa ko picangray saka masasikedec ko Mauritius ato kasakapot a lekatep, mangalef o Inkiris ato France, France tahanini ko kasasikecor nai Reunion ko ko palawinaan no salongoc. O picongacong to sakisici, o Mauritius ato Africa a kitakit masasinga’ayay, mangalef ko katimolay Africa, o sata’akay kalali’acaan. O nipasadakan no Mauritius a kinaira micomod tayra i no Africa a icifa, ngalef itira i Madagascar ato Mozambique. Mauritius to katimolay Africa macowat lekatep ato kawaliay ato katimolay Africa kapolongan icifa oni a tosaay kalali’ay no kasakitakit ko ni nengnengan. O France ato Into tadamaanay ko nani likisi ato kalali’acaan, o Mauritius masasipatirengay to kacacofelan no demak to Autralia, U.K, Egypt, Madagascar, Pakistan, Russia, congko ato United States a kitakit[16]. === O ’icel no hitay (武裝力量) === Caay pipatireng to sofitay ko Mauritius, ira ko 1 ’ofad no tamdaw ko milimekay ’icelay hitay halo 8 patek ko yimeng, 1500 tamdaw ko nipatirengan mademakay (Special Mobile Force, SMF) ato 500 tamdaw pasakapot a midamaay to lilis no riyar. == Pala (地理) == O sera no Mauritius o makapahay ho mihecaan, salongan ’ayaw no 800 ’ofad mihecaan namal a lotok macelal itiya[17]. O Mauritius pala ato Reunion pala ato Rodriguez pala matatekoay sakapot to Mascarene palapalaan. Mascarene palapalaan nano Africa a padiyac i Reunion pala a fa^edetay maeseray malengat ko i lalinikay a namal lotok macelal[17], anini namal lotok pasela’ay mafoti’, masaysayay mataenang i lalinik no riyar i Reunion pala, 10 ’ofad no mihecaan caay ho ka tapielal a mifowak[17]. O pala no Mauritius samatiya sa o sasifo’an pikecoran a pala, anini liyok no pikecoran manengneng ko malantoay a hefong no namal a lotok. Satakaraway a kaetip katimol a kohetingay ’alo tokos (black river peak), takaraw 828 m[17]. Kasaci’ci’ ato ’alo milesap i pala, o nano padiyac ko kasacilaci’. Mascarene to kawali no Africa salongan ira 2000 kongli (1242 Inli), i katimolay lilis 19°50 tangasa 20°32, kawali lilis 57°18 tangasa 57°46 laed[18], Mauritius pala kawali kaetip laed 65 kongli ko kakaya’, katimol ka’amis 45 kongli ko kakaya’, o polong no sera 1865 pifang kongli[19]. O salawacan riyar no Mauritius ira ko 150 kongli a nanotafok, taliyok no pala o saka tolo no hekal a dadahalay no raka[18]. Ngataay no Mauritius adihay ko kaemingay pala, karat ato raka, ira ko nipatirengan a tarapatan midamaan to mamalasawad a kahirahira. == O kasasikiked a sakowan (行政區劃) == Mauritius pala masaliyad 9 a ’etal, o Louis minato o tadamaci no Mauritius: O pala, ira ho ko palapalaan no Mauritius 1.Agalega Islands, maci Vingt Cinq (France sowal “25”), itiraay saka’amis no Mauritius to 1100 kongli, nano tosaay pala masakapot. O dadahal 24 pinfang kongli, 2000 miheca ira ko 289 ko tamdaw. 2.St. Brandon pala, itira sakawali saka’amis no Mauritius, ira ko 16 ko pangtaay na tafok ko lilis ato karat masakapot, o hekal ira ko 1.3 pinfang kongli, pangtaay ira ko 190 pinfang kongli ko dadahal, awaay ko tamdaw a maro’ay. 3.Rodrigo pala, maci Mathurin minato, itira kawali no Mauritius to 560 kongli, o dadahal ira ko 109 pinfang kongli, tamdaw ira ko 40,000 ko maro’ay. I 2002 miheca 10 folad ci todong to no niyah a pikowan salongoc, matini a Rodrigo pala misarocoday to niyah a pikowan, o kacacofelan a demak, sadipot to kitakit, sakarihaday a demak o citodongay sifo, kiwiko, isi a sofal o Rodrigo pala a sifo ko citodongay[20][21]. ’ayaw noni a Rodrigo pala o o patorodan ko citodongay, papasayra to niyaro’ay sifo ato Rodrigo pala a mipatodong[22]. No tafok a pala itiraay a tatodong no Mauritius: 1. Soudan Banks, halo kawaliay Soudan Banks. 2. Nazareth Bank pla. 3. Saya de Malha Bank pala. 4. Hawkins Bank pala. Roma, mihapiw haca ko Mauritius to hano niyah a sakowan a sera: 1. Tromelin Island. Anini o France ko micalapay, i 2010 miheca o Mauritius a sifo at France sifo masasitelek malakapot micowat i Tromelin Islandkatatelekan[23], nika o tatalaen ho ko pihayda[24]. 2. Chagos Archipelago pala. Anini o Inkiris ko micalapay, no Inkiris itiniay Intoyang a sera (British Indian Ocean Territory) a cecay. I 2009 miheca, Inkiris a sifo mipasetek i Chagos Archipelago patireng to midipotan a riyar, o Mauritius miliyang to saki nian, saka i 2020 mihecaan pasi kasakitakit no riyar a hoying mipalowad to kacaciyawan. O Mauritius a sifo mitado to sadama no Africa lekatep, Linhoko paini to piliyng to Inkiris, paini to sowal no niyah sakowan ko Chagos Archipelago[25]. == Adihay ko molengaway i parapatan (生物多樣性) == I Mauritius ira ko 119 kasasiroma no ’ayam, ira ko 8 nano Mauritius a tadamaanay, ira ko 21 nihawikidan no tamdaw tayni i Mauritius. Ira ko 30 awaayay manengneng, ira ko 16 i polong no hekal o mamalahedaw a katalawan. Roma sato, itiniay i Mauritius a dodo ’ayam malasawaday to. I Mauritius ato i riyaray a nicocoan ma’oripay ira ko 10 ’a’adopen itira (caay ka halo mihawikidan no tamdaw a ’a’adopen), kasasiroma to saki’orip masamatini: I Mauritius adihay ko kasasiroma mirarakatay a ’a’adopen itira, mangalef itira i garden island, kasahirahira ira ko masasiromaay a facaco’ay ato falaloda’, ato dengan ma’oripay i Mauritius a ’oner, nano adihayay ko ta’akay rarokoh ma’orip i anini malasawaday to. I Mauritius salongan ira ko 670 i palapalaan cihanaay a malengaway, malitosaay a molengaway o nano itiniay a iraay. Maledefay matahepo no sangerad malengaw i Mauritius, nika adihay ko nipataynian nai papotal micalap malowanay to. O hana no Mauritius o masatokiay hana, no takokeman a lengaw. == Kafafalic no romi’ad (氣候) == O Mauritius no takomodan romi’ad, marakatay no nai kawali katiml fali. Saka 5 folad tangasa 11 folad o kasi’enawan, farawfaw masa’apesakay no romi’ad; 11 folad tangasa 5 folad ko kaciherangan, fa’edet a maso^metay. I riyaray pala a hemhem 22˚C tangasa kaciherangan 34˚C. ni riyar a hemhem nai kasienawan 22˚C tangasa kaciherangan 27˚C. sasifo’ay pala no Mauritius romi’ad sa’akawangay i 8 folad salongan 19˚C tangsa 2 folad salongan 26˚C. kaetip ato ka’amis a pala ikaka to kawali ato katimol ko farawfaw masa’apesakay no romi’ad. No mihecaan a ni’oradan ira 1500-3500 ko kereng, 5 folad tangasa 9 folad mafelihay ko liyon a fali, 11 folad tangasa 4 folad ciromi’aday citakomod liyon a fali. == Tataparan a pala (環境) == Tataparan a pala no Mauritius o nano fa’edetay a tafotafokan ato i lotokay a kilakilangan. Kafafalic no romi’ad no fali malasakalatiih no molengaway, nikawrira ranikay patiko masafa^eloh caira. O Mauritius o nano matenoray i riyar a namalan lotok a pala, nai katimol matono’ay lotok tangasa tonokay pasi’amis a malokelon, katimol ira ko lilisay noriyar, polong no pala o maliyokay no raka maemin. O niraridan no tapelike masasaw ko raka, sa’a’olecan, saka madapicay mafelatay no fohecalay ko tafok a riyad no Mauritius. Sakohenacsa ko tafok i riyar no Mauritius, tadakanga’ayen no tamdaw. Mangalef i saka’amis a pala a Trou Aux Biches riyar, Mon Choisy riyar, La Cuvette riyar; kawaliay pala a Poste La Fayette & Roches Noires riyar, Palmar-Belle Mare riyar; katimol pala a Souillac riyar, Riambel riyar, Pointe Aux Roches riyar, Tamarin riyar. O katimol no Mauritius a Le Chamarel niyaro’ “Colorful warrior” kitakit a koying dengan i hekal pitoay kasasiroma no cengel a sera a niyaro’, o nian nano namal lotok a ’afadeng kafahekaan nengnengen. Ka’amis no Mauritius o Pamplemousses malengaway paraparatan (Pamplemousses Botanical Garden), mapatireng i 1767 miheca, sa’ayaway o hedong mikingkiway tamdaw itini paloma to kaolahan a kasalengaw no parapatan, ikor misadadahal patireng tangasa anini 800 kongmo ko dadalal a parapatan a koying. Mauritius o safangcalay ko fali a kitakit i hekal, mihapiw ko hekal isi lekatep (WHO) polong no cikiw a nga’ayay fali o saka tosa ko Mauritius[26][27]. == No tamdaw a ponka (人文) == == Tamdaw (人口) == Midotoc i 2010 miheca 7 folad a pisa’osi, Mauritius a tamdaw salongan ira ko 128.6 ’ofad, o fainayan 63.3 ’ofad, fafahiyan 65.2 ’ofad. 124.8 ’ofad tamdaw maro’ay I pala no Mauritius, maro’ay i Rodriguez pala a tamdaw ira ko3.8 ’ofad, Agalega pala atoCargados-Carajos pala a tamdaw ira ko 289 tamdaw. Polong no kitakit no Mauritius tamdaw, 0-14 miheca tamdaw ira 22.5% (fainayn 14.7 ’ofad, fafahiyan ira ko 14.2 ’ofad), 15-64 miheca tamdaw ira 70.4% (fainayn 44.9 ’ofad, fafahiyan ira ko 45.5 ’ofad), kakaay no 65 miheca tamdaw ira ko 7.1% (fainayn 3.6 ’ofad, fafahiyan ira ko 5.4 ’ofad), tamdaw kacomahad 0.776%. salongan 42% a Mauritius tamdaw maro’ i maci. (nai 2008 miheca nipolongan a sa’osi) [28]. Nawhani o nano likisi a nidoedoan, Mauritius tamdaw kasairaira no finacadan mapapolong, o Into a Mauritius tamdaw a sa’alomanay, tamdaw ira ko 68%, doedo o Creole tamdaw (27%), Holam Mauritius tamdaw (3%), France Mauritius tamdaw (2%) ato Europe tamdaw (0.5%). == Sowal (語言) == Mauritius tamdaw ki’aloman to Mauritius Creole sowal, Inkiris sowal ato France sowal, kaimanan mafafalic ko sowal[29]. Mauritius a kimpo awaay ko patodong to sowal no kitakit, dengan i kalomaocan maketon o Inkiris ko sakasasowal no kitakit, nikawrira o lomaocay manga’ay o France a sowal ko sakalalicay[30][31]. Polong no sasowalen, o Inkiris sowal ato France a sowal ko nisowalan no kitakit, kai kademakay, hoying, kalali’acaan citodongay. O kimpo no Mauritius o Inkiris a tilid ko sapitilid, o roma a rikec, tinako finawlan a rikec, o France a soal ko matiliday. No France sowal matiya to no Inkiris sowal ko nika tadamaan ko piraoy i syakay, o sapipasifana’ ato kacitatodong maalaay ko adihayay[29]. O sapipasifana’ no pitilidan o Inkiris a sowal ato France sowal, itira i Mauritius to piparatoh ato no tilidan a mitiya o sowal no France sakasasowal[32]. Mauritius a tamdaw mararid a sakasasowal o no Mauritius Creole a sowal. Creole a sowal o tadasowal no Mauritius a tamdaw saan, saka 90% a Mauritius a tamdaw ko somowalay to Creole a sowal, sahetoay i niyaro’ masowal[29]. Onini a sowal mapalamlamay to no France a sowal ato ngiha[33], no roma ira ko nano Inkiris sowal, Punjab sowal. Matiniay a sowal macowat nai 18 sici, itiya i masafadesay o sakanga’ay malalicay to nai France micingcingay ato nai romaay a niyaro’ a nifadesan, macowat to ko macacamolay a pinapina a sowal to Pichin sowa (ano eca “masasifoday sowal”) saka ira. Mtaelif to ko pinapina a mihecaan a marayray, onini a Pichin a sowal malasakasasowalen to romi’ami’ad[32], oya aniniay a Creole a sowal. O kasasowalan halo Into sowal, Tamil sowal, Malayalam sowal, Marathi sowal, Urdu sowal, Gujarat sowal, Punjab sowal, nawhani ira ko caay ka papina a Holam a ngayngay malinahay, ngayngay a sowal i no holam a niyaro’ sakasasowalen[34]. Polong no Mauritius a tamdaw mafana’ay to tosaay a sakasasowal, roma a tamdaw ira ko mafana’ay to toloay ano eca adihayay a sowal[32][34][35][36]. == Kiwiko (教育) == Nawhani pakayniay i likisi, faco sapikiwiko no Mauritius o Inkiris ko pakayraan. Mauritius sifo caay papayso to sapitilid tangasa i Daykako a kiwiko. Nai 2005 miheca 7 folad miteka, polong no mitiliday patodong ko sifo to caay pa’aca to sapikalic to faso. 2011 miheca, sapikiwiko a yosang mapasadakay 117 walwalan no Mauritius a rupee. Mi’awid to sakipayso no sifo a masadakay to 12.5%[37]. Malisepatay liyad ko kiwiko no Mauritius. Nai ’ayaw a kiwiko 3 miheca; sa’ayaway piteka a kiwiko o pipatado a pikiwiko, 6 miheca; tenokay kiwiko saliyad 5 miheca cocong ato 2 miheca a kawcong; ’akawangay kiwiko halo daykako, patodongan kakying ato tadamaanay sakifana’ pitilidan. I Mauritius tosa ko daykak a Mauritius daykak ato Mauritius mikingkiway (likong) daykak. O Mauritius ’akawangay kiwiko wiyyinhuy misahalaka patireng to malasa’etalay kiwiko patodongan. == Kicay (經濟) == O kicay no Mauritius o cimalalifetay a kitakit i no Africa. I 2020 miheca, midoedo to kalali’acaan no maci FDF no Mauritius pali’ayawan misa’osi ira ko 145 walwalan no Amilika payso, o micomoday no tamdaw salongan ira ko 11,630 payso no Amilika, o ‘a’ayaway no Africa a kitakit. Nai 1968 miheca na misiiked itiya, nao caayay ka comahad ko kicay a maomahay macomahad to ko Mauritius a macakat ko masamaanay a kicay, o lakapot no kicay halo mirarakatay, mitinooyay, misa’odaxay ato sakipayso. Toni ngata no mihecaan, sakiratoh kinaira ato tingwa kinaira, no nanom kinaira, loma’ kinaira, isingan kinaira, midotocay a nengyin, kiwiko a kinaira malosakatadamaan no sakaira no kinaira no Mauritius a kicay, ato misolot to papotalay a mikihatiya mipadafoh. To hatiniay, o Mauritius to mihecaan macakat ko kicay 5% tangasa 6%, mikakakaay to katimolay no Sahala Africa kanatal ko kacakat[38]. O masongila’ay to mapatireng ko maci kicay no Mauritius. Midotoc 2010 miheca pakoniraay kicay sa’osi, i polong no ckiw 183 a kasakicay, o macelakay ko kicay, masongila’ay ko pikantok, marikecay ato malalifetay ko patodong, o kicay no Mauritius a mapakonira mikerid to katimolay no Sahala Africa kanatal ko kacakat, o saka 12 ko kaitiraan i hekal. I kingko no hekal mihapiw to kasa kitakit no kalali’aca a tisil, padoedo to 4 miheca (2008-2012) ko Mauritius a sa’ayaway a kicay no Africa, i polong no cikiw 183 kicay lekatep saka 23 ko aro’. O patosokan no Mauritius malosaka 10 no polong no cikiw ko sanga’ayay a pikadepan ato kalali’acaan a kitakit. === O pisatefosan omah no Mauritius ato Mount du Rempart (ikor) (模里西斯的甘蔗田和Mount du Rempart（後）) === O pipaloma no Mauritius to tefos macalap ko 90% a sera pipalomaan, o mipasadakan a ’odax a micomoday a kinaira 1/4. Nakawrira 1999 miheca o kakedalan makari’ang ko misatefosay a milingaday, nanoya misetek ko sifo to pisolot to papotalan a mikadepay sakacowat no kicay. Anini mata’elif to ko 9,000 riwang o nai Into atoi South Africa a miliyasay to hekal a kosi patireng i Mauritius, padengan o pikadep to kingko i mataelif to ko 10 walwalan Amilika payso. ’ayaway a mikowanay a France o sata’akay a cafay to kalali’acaan i Mauritius, padamso to adihayay sapatodong to kicic. O Mauritius caay ka dengan o sakacowat no kicay ko katadamaan, saki syakay micakatay, orasaka ano itira i sapakoyocay a tamdamdaw manga’ay mapadafoh nai kacowat no kicay[39]. O nian koya “Lalekoan no Mauritius” ’aloman to ko kitakit mangalay pasayra to malecaday ko kicay ato syakay macakat[39]. Nikawrira, mafesoay a dafong ato ira ko macakatay a saki’orip a masadak ko kararimaan, i 2006 miheca tangasa 2008 mihecaan, salongan mafesoay no Mauritius tangasa i 9.1%. === Pida (貨幣) === No Mauritius a pida o Mauritius rupee (pida a fangko: MUR). 1 a rupee matiya o 100 fen, nikawrira aniniay a romakatay a pida oya 5 fen, 20 fen ato 50 fen a payso, nai 2010 mihecaan, 5 fen ato 20 fen a pida caay to pisanga’. No Mauritius rupee nai 1876 miheca o maketonay to a pida no Mauritius, o pida a ngangan naitiyaay a kalocaliw no Into a rupee i Mauritius. Rupee no Mauritius nai 1877 miheca miteka makotay ko no Into a rupee ato malecaday kalocaliway i Mauritius British pound (Inpang) ato no Mauritius a payso. Itiya 1 rupee no Mauritius matiya 1 Into rupee ano eca malitosaay no Mauritius a payso. 1 British pound (Inpang) o 10.25 a rupee no Mauritius. === Rarakatan (旅遊業) === O satadamaanay a pirarakatan i hekal ko Mauritius[40], O tataparan a nanengnengan ato tamdaw ponka a nanengnengan tadakadofahay, o riyar a tataparan ato sekal o nga’ayay. O takomodan a romi’ad ko Mauritius, o tingalaway a farawfaway riyar, caayay kapawan a sapitikoaw a tafotafokan, kasatakomodan a molengaway a kinaira ato halihamhamay to lafang a tamdaw. Manga’ayay ko pakayraan a pirarakatan a Mauritius, maledef ko ko sapipatado no kamaro’an ato pipa’aliwacan[41]. I 2010 miheca, saka’amis a niyaro’ a Trou Aux Biches tafotafokan mapakakompay no hakalay i Intoyang a rarakatan o nga’ayay kaitiraan. 2012 miheca 1 folad, mapakaolah to sakinatolo no hekalay a kompay ko Mauritius o “o satadamaanay pirarakatan a kaitiraan a palapalaan”, oya pakalayap to “safangcalay no hekal a tafotafokan”[42] o sa’dihayay mitikoay a mirarakatan ko Mauritius[40]. Tadamaanay no Amilika a mi’olicay tamdaw ci Mark Twain i nipirakarak ningra a nitilidan “pirarakatan i sakonis” (Following the Equator) sowal sa: “ira ko pasowalay ’ayaw no pisanga’ no Kawas to kakarayan masanga’ to ko Mauritius, ora a kakarayan o mitodongan to Mauritius a misanga’”[2]. O Mauritius padamso to adihayay a kadademakan, mangalef ko liyok ato riyar a nanom mala pisalamaan a kakarayan, patiked, mikitapelik, pakopang, mi’eser to nanom, micelem, misatamina a kahirahira. I kahetal a onto ira ko golf, safang a mali, lakasang, mi’adop, mipakatosiya, sakatalalotok a tosiya, mitaekoday to saso’ot, pa’efaay ato mirarakat. I 2013 miheca 10 folad 31 romi’ad, mitatoyay to paspoto no Congko caay to ka cifisa, 30 ko romi’ad ko kaitiraan[43]. O Taywan a paspoto tayra i Mauritius, tangasa i Mauritius a hikokiciw patodong to 60 a paromi’adan a fisa[44]. == Sakaromakat (交通) == I Mauritius ira ko 220 calay a lalan ato 900 a syataw no faso[45], adihay ko kosi no faso, nakawrira o sifo no Mauritius ko miketonay to ’aca. Talacowa macowatay a karomakatan no faso kalocalay i kasaniyaro’ a lalan no kitakit, nikawrira tekedan a faso adihay i kitakit, orasaka o saka dadico i ta’akay maci i Louis minato. O sifo no Mauritius mipatireng to cecay a lalan nai Louis sakatayra i saka 2 a maci Curepipe a rahodayay (Urbos) a lalan, oni a calay lalan saka cecay lekad i 2020 miheca 1 folad 10 romi’ad miteka padamso ko patado a demak. O kakaya’ no lalan i Mauritius ira ko 2066 kongli, saka cecay lalan 48.5%, saka tosa lalan 28.7%, hacikayay lalan 3.6%. I 2009 miheca romakatay i lalan kasacecay no tosiya ira ko 177 tosiya a cecay kongli[46]. Tasaay ko hacikayay lalan no Mauritius, masasiroma to calay i Louis minato ato Seewoosagur Ramgoolam tadamanay a kasakitakit hikokiciw ato Louis minato ato ka’amis a Long ‘alo laliyocan a niyaro’. === I Rose hill tenok syataw a Urbos 100-3 rahodayay (Urbos) a satisilay faso (在羅斯希爾中央車站的Urbos 100-3輕軌列車) === O Mauritius i 1860 miheca tangasa 1960 miheca iraay ko maraday lalan sapicolo’, i Louis minato no Mauritius itiya a picolo’an a marad lalan, tangasa kalasawadan marad lalan no Mauritius, nanoya awaay to ko maradan a calay lalan. Tangasa i 2017 miheca, sa’ayaway rahodayay (Urbos) a faso rocek misitapang. 2020 miheca 1 folad 10 romi’ad, nai Louis minato tangasa Rose hill a tenokan sa’ayaw calay miteka romakat. O tadaminato no Mauritius o Louis minato. O hikokiciw no Mauritius itiraay i kawali katimol a Seewoosagur Ramgoolam tadamaanay a hikokiciw, roma i Rodriguez ira ko Datan Duval hikokiciw. Mauritius hikoki kosi o nano Mauritius kitakit a hikoki kosi, o kaitiraan i Seewoosagur Ramgoolam tadamaanay kasakitakit hikokiciw. Mauritius hikoki padamso to Mauritius ato Rodriguez a ’efer ato nai Mauritius ma’efer tayra i Africa kanatal, Europe kanatal, tenok kawali, Asia kanatal, Australia kanatal a adihayay maci a kasakitakit ma’efer[47]. Mauritius hikoki masalipay padamso to tosaay ma’efer tayra i Hongkong ato toloay ma’efer i Congko Shanghai ato tosaay ma’efer Congko Beiying. Caay ka dengan o Mauritius, Congko a lafang mipili’ to Mauritius hikoki a tayra i no France Reunion, Madagascar kahiceraan. Mauritius hikoki kosi padoedo to 10 miheca mapatodong no WORLD TRAVEL AWARDS to Intoyang sa’etal miki’ayaway a hikoki kosi sanay a pangangan. I 2014 miheca 7 folad Mauritius hikoki kosi mapaini to SKYTRAX sepatay fois a hikoki kosi, Mauritius hikoki kosi toya folad mihapiw ai 2017 miheca minonor pacomod to fa^elohay A350-900 hikoki mifalic to iraay a A340-300 hikoki. == Sakaromakat no ratoh (通訊) == I 1847 miheca, I hekal o saka lima midemakay to kitti a kitakit ko Mauritius. Ikor mipasadak to kitti, oya “Mauritius yofingkyok” tangasa anini saci’acaay a kitti, halo “kahengangay penny” ato “langdaway penny” tosaay kitti[48]. Midemakay citodongay no Mauritius to sakitingwa halo Mauritius tingwa, Nomad, MTML ato Emtel, padamso caira to 35.9 ’ofad calay no tingwa (2005 miheca a sa’osi) ato 94 ’ofadan a wikidtingwa (2007 miheca a sa’osi), Mauritius a wikidtingwa halo WiMax, CDMA 2000 ato HSDPA. Mauritius calay midemakay ira ko 18 ’ofad tamdaw (2005 miheca a sa’osi). == Ponka (文化) == === O kakaenen (飲食部分) === Nawhani masasifoday ko finacadan, kasasiromaroma no ponka, o kaen no Mauritius madengaay no Creole dating, Congko dating, Europe dating ato Inti datengan, orasaka o cecay a kaen hakairaira sa ko kasasiroma no dating. === No tamdaw a icik (人文藝術) === Sega o nano i Mauritius a saniyaro’ a radiw ato kero a sowal. Sega radiw nai Africaay, o nipicingcing no France itiya. Orasaka o rocok no Sega radiw a ’olic mipainiay to itiyaay ho a pifades to kohetingay tamdaw a karorayan a ’orip; tangasa anini patodong to piraoy to tamdaw. 1. I hekal o saka lima midemakay to kitti a kitakit ko Mauritius. 2. I hekal o saka tosa midemakay to kalalifet no efa onto a kitakit ko Mauritius. 3.Sa’ayaway a saying katimolay cikiw itini i Mauritius. === Ika (電影) === Na o takomodan a fali ato kadofahay likisi ko sakahemekan no mikeriday, midotoc to IMDb a mitiri’ay paheci, mat’elif ko 70 a ika tilifi a kamok itini i Mauritius a parapatan, tinako i 1987 miheca a tatawaen ika “Jane and the Lost City”, 1991 miheca a katawaan ika “Mon père, ce héros” (o tadamaanay ko mama ako) ato 2004 miheca tilifi ika “pa’aliwacan ko Mauritius” (Des Vacances à l'Île Maurice). == Onto (體育) == O satadamaanay a sasalamaen a onto no Mauritius i micokaray to mali, nikawrira o picokar to mali awaay ho manengneng i kasakitakit ko no Mauritius a tingsu. I nanomay onto matiya pidangoy at pisisir malecad ko katadamaan. Roma ira ko kahemekan no haliontoay to misakoliciway, sapad mali, fanoh mali, kapal mili, cadada mali, kapal mali, poksing, poling mali, pa’etiway, kalati’, matatenokay ato miyatayat to tiring. I kasa’tal no Intoyang, kalalifetan ko onto no Mauritius. I Intoyang a kanatal a onto, adihay ko maalaay kompay no Mauritius, pasasiroma ano eca i 1985 miheca ato 2003 miheca midemak to saka 2 lekad ato saka 5 lekad a Intoyang kanatal ontokay. I 2008 miheca a Olimpik a Peijin ontokay, Mauritius a poksing ontoing ci Bruno Giuli pakaala to saka tolo kompay, o nian sa’ayaway maalaay i Olimpik a kompay. O sahalafinay a likisi onto no Mauritius malalifetay to efa, itira i Louis minato a ’anapar kompay lalifetay to efa katimolay cikiw to kalalifet no efa onto a kitakit ko Mauritius, patireng i 1812 miheca. Tangasa anini, to mihecaan 3 folad tangaa 12 foladan, o nia kalalifetan midemak to lalifet to efa. == Dodo ’ayam (渡渡鳥) == Tona Portugal tamdaw i 16 sici pakanengneng to Mauritius itiya, manengneng naira ko caayay ho kanengneng a fa^elhay ’alic ’ayam, itiya pangangan han to Dodo ’ayam, o sowal “Maapaay” (maapaay topi). Tangasa i 1681 miheca, i palaan nanay a Dodo ’ayam malasawaday to (awaay to manegneng), itiya o Portugal ato Netherlands micingcingay a tamdaw milepel mipatay to Dodo ’ayam, mipatireng to maci miletek to kilakilang, makari’ang koka’oripan palapatan no Dodo ’ayam. Roma a sowal micingcingay patayni i Mauritius to fafoy no lotok palesap i palapalaan, ikor mapatalaw ko mararaay milenak a Dodo ’ayam. Ano masamaamaan i, Dodo ’ayam i pakanengneng no tamdaw ikor no 200 miheca romi’ad, o mamalahefaw to itini i cikiw. O fayafay no Mauritius ira ko Dodo ’ayam. == Pakayraan a minengneng (參考來源) == 1. Government Information Service - Coat of Arms. www.govmu.org. [29 July 2019]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2020-06-12）. 2. Constitution of Mauritius–49. Official language. National Assembly, Government Portal of Mauritius. [11 November 2017]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2020-06- 25）. 3. Statistics Mauritius. 2011 Population Census–Main Results (PDF). Government Portal of Mauritius. [11 November 2017]. （nano nina’angan tilid (PDF) i 2016-03-04）. 4. Population and Vital Statistics - Year 2019. Statistics Mauritius. March 2020 [6 May 2020]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2020-07-02）. 5. Mauritius. World Economic Outlook Database. International Monetary Fund (IMF). April 2022 [2022-07-30] （Inkiris）. 6. GINI index (World Bank estimate). data.worldbank.org. World Bank. [2 March 2019]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2020-06-12）. 7. 2019 Human Development Report (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 2019 [10 December 2019]. （nano nina’angan tilid (PDF) i 2018-10- 24）. 8. kacacofelan a demakpo Lipise. Kasakitakit no hekal pakafana’ ato sifo kakeridan ngangan. kacacofelan a demak po. 2001-10-1: 192. CSBN 710.26 pitiri’|csbn=ano eca|unified=ciepoc (dama). <nowiki>ISBN 9789860292565</nowiki> （Taywan）. 9. Mauritius nikapolongan kitakit (Republic of Mauritius) -Taywan kacacofelan a demakpo. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2021-01-01）.Guangzhou sinpon. 10.mana’ang ko kapi. [2009-05-11]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2021-07-27）. 11. National Assembly (Mauritius). [2020-07-19]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2020-07-09）. 12. The Government of Mauritius - The National Assembly - Introduction. [2010-11-13]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2013-10-02）. 13. Rule of Law. 2008. Bertelsmann Transformation Index. [10 February 2012].[malasawad ko calay] 14. Mauritius and Equatorial Guinea granted associated observer status in CPLP. macauhub.com. 2006-07-17 [2007-03-05]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2007- 10-11）. 15.Congko to Mauritius kalacalay. Congko kacacofelan a demakpo calay. 2011-11. 16. Geography − Overview. Gov.mu. [4 January 2012]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2012-1-19）. 17. Tourism − Overview of Mauritius. Government of mauritius. [4 January 2012]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2012-11-14）. 18. General Info - Geography. Mauritius.net. [4 January 2012]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2012-02-12）. 19. First Day Cover: Rodrigues Regional Assembly. The Mauritius Post Ltd. 2004-10-12 [2007-06-27]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2007-06-25）. 20. Rodrigues: achievements after three years of autonomy. Government of Mauritius. 2005-10-25 [2007-06-27]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2007-09-30）. 21. Facts about the land, people, history, government, political conditions, economy, foreign relations of Mauritius. - Government and political conditions. Bureau of African Affairs. U.S Department of State. June 2007 [2007-06-22]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2016-06-15）. 22. Mauritius and France Sign Framework Agreement on Co-Management of Tromelin. [2012-01-13]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2012-11-15）. 23.Mana’ang i kapi tilid. [2019-08-07]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2019-08-07）. 24. Government of Mauritius (PDF). [2012-01-13]. （nano nina’angan tilid (PDF) i 2012-11-16）. 25. Mauritius's air quality 2nd best in world. 26 September 2011. Le Matinal. [19 February 2012]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2013-10-10）. 26. According to the World Health Organization - Mauritius: a breath of fresh air. motors.mega.mu. [19 February 2012]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2012-02- 24）. 27. CIA - The World Factbook. cia.gov. [4 January 2012]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-12-24）. 28. Chiba, Eugene. English Usage in Mauritius. Computing in the Humanities and Social Sciences—Faculty of Arts & Sciences, University of Toronto. 2006 [2010-07-04]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2010-06-17）. 29. Article 49 of The Constitution. National Assembly of Mauritius. [2009-02-08]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2013-10-17）. 30.（AFP）–Oct 18, 2008. Mauritius defies anglophone past to embrace French language. Afp.google.com. 2008-10-18 [2010-07-04]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2008-10-24）. 31. Facts and Figures. M2002.thecgf.com. 1968-03-12 [2010-07-04]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2011-05-11）. 32. Holm, J. Pidgins and Creoles. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1989: 476. <nowiki>ISBN 9780521359405</nowiki>., p.353. 33. Coexistence International at Brandeis University (PDF). [2010-07-04]. （nano nina’angan tilid (PDF) i 2010-08-27）. 34. Circular Migration Agreement will enable Mauritians work in France. Gov.mu. [2010-07-04]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2010-11-14）. 35. Briefing on the Mauritian International Arbitration Act (PDF). [2010-07-04]. （nano nina’angan tilid (PDF) i 2011-05-10）. 36. Ministry of Education and Human Resource. EDUCATION STATISTICS - 2011 (PDF). Government of Mauritius. 2011 [17 February 2012]. （nano nina’angan tilid (PDF) i 2012-10-21）. 37. Milo Vandemoortele and Kate Bird 2010. Progress in economic conditions in Mauritius: Success against the odds （felih mana’ang kapi, mana’ang i calay）. London: Overseas Development Institute Vandemoortele, Milo (2010)MDG fundamentals: improving equity for development, Overseas Development Institute. See briefing papers linked on this web page. 38. Positioning Mauritius in the world (PDF). MTPA: 46. [28 January 2012]. （nano nina’angan tilid (PDF) i 2012-3-2）. 39. Code of ethics of tourism for Mauritius (PDF). MTPA. [28 January 2012]. （nano nina’angan tilid (PDF) i 2012-1-21）. 40. Mauritius awards. World travel award. [24 February 2012]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2012-02-20）. 41.Mana’ang ko kapi. [2013-10-16]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2013-10-17）. 42. Mana’ang ko kapi. [2018-10-16]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-10-16）. 43. Mauritius online bus route enquiry. [2011-02-06]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2010-12-23）. 44. Digest of Road Transport & Road Accident Statistics 2009 (PDF). Digest of Road Transport & Road Accident Statistics 2009. Central Statistics Office. [2 September 2011]. （nano nina’angan tilid (PDF) i 2012-10-2）. 45. Mauritius hikoki calay. [2012-02-27]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2009-03-17）. 46. Blue Mauritius: The Hunt for the World’s Most Valuable Stamps. helenmorgan. [4 February 2012]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2012-1-18）. Mauritus（模里西斯）[[Faylo:Flag of Mauritius.svg|thumb|Flag of Mauritius|alt=Flag of Mauritius]] [[Faylo:Mauritius (orthographic projection with inset).svg|thumb|Islands of the Republic of Mauritius (excluding Chagos Archipelago and Tromelin Island)]] Itini i 20 17 S, 57 33 E, noAfilika ko [[Mauritus]]. Polong no sekalay i 2,040 sq km “saka 181 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 2,030 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 10 sq km ” Polong i 1,348,242 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 43.80%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 17.30%, malo no roma to a sera 38.90%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Port Louis]](路易港) ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakatolo 12 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Ameenah Gurib]], patirengan(建立) a romi’ad i 2015 a miheca(年) saka 6 folad saka 5 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] hsw0we4aeoet0bg5yszvvxrjayv12jx 0 731 16301 16300 2021-10-28T12:30:04Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 22 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 16300 wikitext text/x-wiki Maybalay（和平部落） Itiniay i [[Wufeng]](五峰) Cen no Hsinchu(新竹縣) ko [[Maybalay]] a niyaro’, 35 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 70 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 81% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 57 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 19% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 13 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)74%, Saysiyat(賽夏族)7%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] j0h9sduncncd25bi9t3smx87ybyx2tb 0 732 16324 16323 2021-10-28T12:30:07Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 22 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 16323 wikitext text/x-wiki Mayhuman（花園部落） Itiniay i [[Wufeng]](五峰) Cen no Hsinchu(新竹縣) ko [[Mayhuman]] a niyaro’, 68 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 183 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 96% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 175 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 4% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 8 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Tayal87%, Saysiyat7%, Cou1%, roma1%. Ira ko picodadan(花園國小、花園國小附幼) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(花園派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(花園村辦公處) i niyaro’. Ira ko Kiwkay(台灣基督長老教會花園教會、真耶穌教會花園教會、花園天主堂、改革宗長老會花園教會) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 9ujsisclw3rveo7fw8pko8j1xj7unhl 0 733 16352 16351 2021-10-28T12:30:10Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 27 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 16351 wikitext text/x-wiki Maylubung（梅園部落） Itiniay i [[Tai’an]](泰安) Cen no Miaoli(苗栗) ko [[Maylubung]] a niyaro’, 66 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 191 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 93% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 178 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 7% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 13 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)91%, Amis(阿美族)1%, Bunun(布農族)1%, Cou(鄒族)1%, Seediq(賽德克族)1%. Ira ko picodadan(梅園國小、梅園國小附幼) i niyaro’. Ira ko Kiwkay(台灣基督長老教會麥路豐教會) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] f5ban81thtg26zz376636l0oj0hfgbk 0 734 16381 16380 2021-10-28T12:30:13Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 28 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 16380 wikitext text/x-wiki Mayl’ux（大冬田部落） Itiniay i [[Wufeng]](五峰) Cen no Hsinchu(新竹) ko [[Mayl’ux]] a niyaro’, 62 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 143 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 89% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 127 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 11% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 16 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)72%, Saysiyat(賽夏族)12%, Amis(阿美族)3%, Bunun(布農族)1%, Truku(太魯閣族)1%. Ira ko imeng(竹東分局花園派出所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] qrykw1rpzrrkyu3g0haeqsqiun1shyf 0 735 43760 43759 2024-07-27T09:29:23Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Falatfatay a fo’is (燦爛的星辰) */ 43760 wikitext text/x-wiki == Falatfatay a fo’is (燦爛的星辰) == 7/10, masofocay a fo’is (tamdaw) pihiratengan. Cecay romi’ad no 1950 mihecaan, onto wiyinhuy itira i Cuyin pihitatanaman pakacomikay to 200 mita a pinanam, ira ko cecay “patihiay comikay” (to mala comikayay a dayhiw no kitakit a tamdaw) , miki’ayaw aca koya dayhiw a malacomikayay a tamdaw. Oya sato mipili’ay a wiyin faheka cangra, masapinang no onto wiyinhuy konini a patihiay comikay a tamdaw mala o tadamaanay to ikor sato, nanoyaan onini patihiay comikay a tamdaw pacomod hanto papikapot ko ngangan to cacomikay a dayhiw. Onini a tamdaw i ikor mala tadamaanay i kasakitakit a ontoyin, nanoya pangangan hato “Asiya marar a tamdaw” nihan ko pangangan ci Yotingko (’Amis: Maysang Kalimud). Anini o kapatayan ni Yotingko (’Amis: Maysang Kalimud) a romi’ad, cingra i 1933 miheca (Dipong showa 8 miheca) 7 folad 10 romi’ad mahofoc i Posong, i Falangaw niyaro’ a ’Amis a tamdaw, pangangan to no ’Amis ci Maysang. Itiya i 1951 mihecaan (minkok 40 miheca), misawad nai Posong nokiw kakko ci Maysang, micomod i kapolongan hitay (lien-cin) onto sakapot, itira i sofitay no kitakit ontokay i 7.32m ko ray a malasaka cecay; I 1954 miheca itira i Manila Asiya ontokay i, paka ala to sa’ayaway mo^tepay kamok kalalifet a kompay. Ikor to no 4 miheca i, itira i Tokyo Asiya ontokay miliyaw haca cingra pakalifet toya mo^tepay kamok kalalifet a kompay. Ikor nonini, tayra ci Maysang (Yotingko) i Amilika Kalifoniya daykako Los Angeles pitilidan (UCLA), itiya ci Elvin C. "Ducky" Drake ko pasifana’ay i cingraan, malakapot to nai 1956 mihecaan i Melbourne a Olympic cinialaay to saka tosa a compay ci Rafer Johnson a mihitatanam, nanoyaan sa o malawiday to tahira i da’oc cangra a tatosa. Ci Maysang (Yotingko) aci Rafer Johnson itiya i 1960 mihecaan mikihatiya i Roma Olympic to mo^tepay kamok a kalalifetan, talacowa pitoay liyad ko pili’ayaw ni Maysang (Yotingko) ci Rafer Johnsonan i, itira to i mifahekolay to marar a mali ko kaserer no fensu, tahaikor to 58 fon ko kapidahan, oci Rafer Johnson to ko pakaalaay to ^kim a kompay, mala saka tosa to ci Maysang (Yotingko). Ci Maysang (Yotingko) mala sa’ayaway cini alaay to kompay no Olympic ontokay no Taywan a tamdaw. Itiya to mo^tepay saikoray to kamok 1500 mita, tahira paherekan cangra tatosa i, ci Rafer Johnson ’afang sato to ’afala ni Maysang (Yotingko) to roray aca (nengnengen ko syasing), kalalilid nangra tatosa pacekil ko miki’araway a tamdaw. ira ko mi’ang’angay a miki’araway tamdaw: “Palecad han ko pahofi cangraan to ^kim a kompay.” sato itiya. Colek to sasowalen, ci Maysang (Yotingko) mikihatiya to Olympic ontokay itiya i, o “Taywan” sanay ko ngangan a masadak. Nawhani kasakitakit Olympic wiyinhuy dengan o Taywan ko pipangangan a caay ka nga’ay midayhiw to China, ngitangit sa pako Taywan ko kaci ngangan. Orasaka Taywan a kapot onini a ngangan TAYWAN paya ko sapicomod, nikawrira KMT sifo milongoc to sakapot papitatoy to paya a tilid UNDER PROTEST (miliyangay). (Katawaan, o tao ko patodongay to nga’ayay ngangan, KMT sifo miliyang, onini ko nihaenan, cangra haw i o tada “Congko” a KMT a han.) I 1963 miheca 1 folad 26 romi’ad, ci Maysang (Yotingko) i Amilika Potelan a kasakitakit kacomikay kalalifetan matahidang 4.96cm ko tingsu, mata’elif a matifac ko micakoday to no aol no laloma’ay a patilidan; oya miheca 4 folad 28 romi’ad itira cingra i Kalifoniya Alopal si San Antonio lotok kakoyin kalalifetan 9121 fen matifac ko mo^tepay kamok ko tingsu, mala o mo^tepay kamok pakatifacay to 9000 fen saka cecay a tamdaw. I 1964 miheca ci Maysang (Yotingko) mikihatiya i Tokyo Olimpic ontokay i, o nano papakaala to ^kim a kompay a mikihatiyaay nasa i, nikawrira ’ayaw no kalalifetan o sakapot mi’idocay ko pilifet ci Ma Qing-shan a tamdaw pafeli to nananomen, nanoyaan sa caay to kanga’ay ko tatirengan ningra, masamasa i kalalifetan a mapidah to, saka lima to ko ka citodang ningra itiya. ci Ma Qing-shan a tamdaw ato Olympic a misolapay tamdaw ci Cen Cie, ikor pasifana’ to China Cong-Re kasasitelak kasali’acaan Tokyo kalalicayan mikilim to sadipot no sician. Malatiih i Tokyo Olympic ontokay itiya to ikor i, nanoyaan sato ci Maysang (Yotingko) misawad to ontokay. Itira sato i Cuyin pihitatanaman ko tayal pasifana’ay ato mikantokay, mimipalahaday to ikoray a ontoyin. I 1983 miheca, ci Maysang (Yotingko) milayap to mikowanay a KMT a pa’ayaw, milifet to dafdafay yincumin sa’etal a Lifawuyin, maala to toloay miheca. I 1989 miheca, miliyas ci Maysang (Yotingko) to KMT, pasayra i DPP mikihatiya to Posong Sincang, nika caay ka ala. Nanoyaan sa caay to pikihahar to sician. Misawad ci Maysang (Yotingko), na itira i loma’ no niyah patireng to fiw citodongay 20 mihecaan. Nika nawhani itira i Amilika ko fafahi wawa, satikotiko sa tayra Amilika ato Taywan. I 1997 mihecaan Amilika onto yofayof patamohang ci Maysang (Yotingko) to “Mida’ocay katadamaan kompay”. I 2007 miheca 1 folad 24 romi’ad ci Maysang (Yotingko) itira i Amilika Kalifoniya Los Angeles adada mapatayra i isingan, o widang ningra ci Rafer Johnson tayra ising miliso’ cingraan. Nika ci Maysang (Yotingko) itira i 1 folad 28 romi’ad mapatay, ira ko 73 mihecaan, matadem i Kalifoniya. Mitiliday: ci Li Xiao-feng (李筱峰) Maysang Kalimud ([[kuwaping a sowal]]: 楊傳廣，Yang Chuan-kuang) Yotingko (’Amis: Maysang Kalimud[1], 1933 miheca 7 folad 10 romi’ad-2007 miheca 1 fo;ad 28 romi’ad), kananaman no niya a mitilid to ngangan Misun saan ko pangangan[2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. Masofoc i no Dipong pikowan Taywan Posong kofa, niyaro’ no Falangaw a ’Amis a tamdaw. O Pacidal itini i Farangaw a hofocen ci Maysang na Tilong. Na o dayhiw maocor no kitakit (ROC) mikihatiya to [[Olympic|Olimpiko]] mo^etepay a kalalifet, pakaala 1960 mihecaan Loma Olimpiko saka tosa a kompay, o sakacecay no [[Taywan]] pakaalaay to kompay no Olimpiko, ato i likisi sakacecay pakaalaay to kompay no Olimpiko Taywan a tamdaw, onini haw i o sakacecay a kompay no kitakit (ROC) Olimpiko a kompay. Maysang, i mo^etepay a kalalifet pakata’elifay mirocokay to 9000 tinso, mapangangan to “Asiya a ’ekeng fainayan” (Asian Iron Man). Itiya ci ’Atongol (Ciong-kay-sik) a contong kina 7 matahidang[9], o sakacecay no Taywan a ontoing. Nanoya, ikor pakaala cingra to kompay no Olimpiko, Faladaw a niyaro’ fa^elohay selal a kapah panganganen to “Latingko” a han, oni a selal i 2005 miheca mapacakat i kalas no niyaro’ o “Isefi’ay” a han. I 2000 mihecaan ci Maysang mapatireng no kakalas no niyaro’ to Tomok no Falangaw niyaro’. == Laloma’an a ’orip. 家族生活 == O mama ci Kalimud (Yang po-cung), ina ci Caki (Yang yi-lan); patirengay to niyaro’ no Falangaw o tato’asan ningra ci Lolas Mahengheng[10].ngasaw == Lalowadan no onto. 運動生涯 == Maysang Kalimud caay ho kacingangan i, sarakatay a mikihatiya to onto i o yakiw, i toloay cefang no hitay a onto itiya, mikapot to cefang a malalifet miyakiw o picya cinira. Talacowa caay pakaala to sakalaheci, kai kacomikay, pihiteroc, pitekol, masapinang ko inanengan, i 1951 miheca, misawad to Posong a nongsiw, micomod to i Lien-cin piontoan a cefang, itini i kalahitayan ciniala cingra to 7.32 raay a pihiteroc a pakaala to kompay[11]. I:kor masapinang to ko caloway ningra ato midamaay micoker[12], i 1954 mihecaan i Manila no Asiya a onto, pakaala to sakacecay mo^etepay a kompay. Maysang na micomod cingra mapili’ to singsiw no kitakit i, nawhani ci patelacay a demak, nao patihiay a “mihitatanamay” mala o “patoor a cacomikay” ikor to o “comikayay” to a ontoying. Pakayni toni a demak, itiya miheca mihitatanaman no kitakit (Roc) onto weyyinhuy itira i Cuoin (aniniay kitakit (Roc) kiwyiko ontosu a cuoin kitakit pikonlingan) mikonling, misaimor to 2 mihaca i Manila Asiya Olimpiko, misa’icel a mikonling. Matatama to kao patihiay comikay ci Maysang, patihiay to patooray comikay a minanam comikay, toya misitapang minanam i, comikay to 200 ko cikay maki’ayaw ko patooray comikay. Mafaheka ko mipili’ay a wuyyin itiya, na ira ci Kuang-song-sen a pakanengneng to nian, patangsol a papipacomod ci Maysangan to ngangan i patooray comikay, mala o comikayay to a ngangan ci Maysang, sanga’ay sato ko pinanam ningra. Ikor i saki Asiya kalalifetan comikay, talacowa sakilalifetan saka a enem ci Maysang, nikawrira masapinang no Tiyi weyyinhuy ko tatala’ayaw ho ko katadamaan ni Maysang, ikor pakayni i pipakafana’ palahad ni Kuang-song-sen i, mapa’ayaw to ko saka tadamaan ikor no 10 mihecaan ko kacikompay ningra, ato macikayay ’orip a tamdaw. Ikor no 4 miheca, itiya i Tokyo Asiya a ontokay paka’awid to 10 a salifet a kompay. Ikor micomod i Kalifoniya Los-Angcil (UCLA) a mitilid, ci Terek (Elvin C. "Ducky" Drake) ko citodongay pasifana’ itiya, ato 1956 miheca i Milpen a Olimpiko pakaalaay kalalifetan to saka tosa kompay ci Rafer Cionsen malacafay minanem, taikor o malawidangay to a tatosa cangra. Cangra tatosa i 1960 miheca mikihatiya i Loma ro Olimpiko to mo^etepay kalalifet, talacowa ci Maysang 7 ko piki’ayaw ci Cionsenan, nika i pitekolan adihay ko katatiwtiw, ikor i 58 ko kaserer, ci Cionsen to ko pakaalaay to kompay, sakato ci Maysang. Nanoyaan ci Maysang o sakacecay i Olimpiko pakaalaay to saka tosa a kompay no kitakit(ROC) a untoing. Saikoray a cikay to 1500, tangasa cangra i paherekan, ci Cionsenan wakingsa i tiring ni Maysang, masasi’afang caira tatosa, kahemekan no mikiaraway ato misiyasingay. Paherekan no lalifet mi’ang’ang ko alomanay: “Patodongen caira tatosa to malecaday kompay” saan[13][14]. 1963 miheca 1 folad 26 romi’ad, ci Maysang i Amilika Potelan to kapolongan a kalalifetan 4.96 (16-3.25) ko takaraw to no aol picaekod, mataelif ko laloma’ay no hekal a tilid no kalalifet. Oya mihecaan 4 folad 28 romi’ad, itira cingra i Kalifoniya Hetaw San Antonio pitilidan a kalalifetan, o 9121 ko tingso to mo^etepay onto a hekal a tilid no kalalifet, mala i mo^etepay kalalifetan sakacecay pakataelifay to 9000 a hiwso, nanoya o pipatinso to mo^etepay a pisaosi nai tiya a mafalic. Ano falicen no aniniay pisaosi i, yaan 8010 ko tinso, tahanini o kilok no kitakit no Taywan(Roc). Nawhani fa^elohay to ko patinso, tangasa 2001 miheca, ci Loman Sipole ko paka taelifay to 9000 a hiwso. === Ni Maysang a mo^etepay kalalifetan no hekalan a kilok: === == Tokyo Olimpiko ontokay 東京奧運 == 1964 miheca, ci Maysang mikihatiya i Tokyo Olimpiko a ontokay, ’ayaw no kalalifet o papakaala to saka cecay a kompay nasa, ikor saka lima aca. Pasowal sa ci Maysang, ’ayaw no cefang mikihatiya tina ontokay mipana’ay ci Ma-cin-san pananom takuwan to miperecan nanom takuwan, nanoya a nakasamo’an ko tireng, mato malalisanay sa, o nian ko saka tararikor, ci Ma-cin-san ato Olimpiko misa’imeray ci Cen-ci ikor no demak i Tokyo tayra a Congkuo Tokyo kalalinakan micongacong to sici, ikor to pinapina miheca pasapinang ko citodongay, itiya sa a masapinang ni Maysang ko nano nidemakan ni Ma-cin-san to sapa “iyo”. Roma, o pisapinang no sakionto a tamdasw saka pidah ni Maysang ato mo^etepay kalalifet mafalicay ko pipatinso saka matira saan, caay ko no sici, o kapidah to tina olimpiko, nanoya tararikor sato ci Maysang i ontokay. [19] == Sici a ’orip. 政治生涯 == 1983 miheca itiya, mapalowad no KMT mikowanay ci Maysang to pinti-yincumin a Lipoyin, malakapot ci Ci-cenan, malokasasowalen cangra. Mikawrira i 1986 miheca, caayto ka cokeren no KMT ci Maysang, paherek sa to 3 mihecaan. 1989 miheca, miliyas ci Maysang to KMT, pasayra i Mincintang mikihatiya to kinciw no Posong a mapidah, ikor i o caay to pikihar ningra to sici. == Mihawaday ’orip 退休後生活 == Miliyasto ci Maysang to ontofa, itira sato i Coyin pinanaman a pasifana’ay ato mikatokay, palahad ci Ko-cin-soy, Li-fo-enan. Nawhani nao pakayraan pisiroma (na o Kristokiw pasayra i Tokiw), pasifana’ay ko sapisawad ni Maysang, i niyaro’ no niya patireng to piw o tireng ko citodongay a misalisin to 20 mihecaan[20]. Nawhani i Amilika ko fafahi ato wawa, satikotiko sanay to a malalinah. I 1997 mihecaan ci Maysang mapatodong no onto kasacefang no Amilika to da’ocay kalita’angan a kompay, 1999 miheca pasadak to pacomahad to Asiya mo^etepay kalalifet kitakit halaka, 2001 mihecaan ci kimi to na ’atay ato kang micomod i Takaw Can-ken ising mipaising, nanoya satadamaan sa ko latiih. 2007 miheca 1 folad 28 romi’ad miliyas to cingra to ’orip i hekal, 73 ko mihecaan. [21] ikor mateli i Kalifoniya Wentola cangconten pihiratengan a koying (Ivy Lawn Memorial Park) [22]. == Pitilid 學歷 == Taywan siwlic Taytung nongyi c-yi kakko (anini Kuli Taytung coanke pitilidan) Hualien pikong pitilidan (anini kuofang daykako likong pitilidan) Amilika Kalifoniya daykako Los-sacni ontosi. == Nitanengan no ’orip 經歷 == 1.Mo^etepay lalifet ontoyin 2.Congkuo KMT yincumin Lipoyiying 3.Mincucinpotang Taytong kinciw hosinren (matafad) [23] == Onto a kompay 體育獎項 == 1.Taywansen cungteng pitilidan ontokay pitakod ma’ayaway kompay. 2.Kitakit hitay ontokay pitakod ma’ayaway kompay. 3.1954 miheca Manila Asiya ontokay mo^etepay lalifet ma’ayaway kompay. 4.1958 miheca Tokyo Asiya ontokay mo^etepay lalifet sakatosa kompay. 5.1960 miheca Loma Olimpiko mo^etepay lalifet sakatosa kompay (matelangay patingso 8,334). 6.1963 miheca mapasafaeloh ko mo^etepay no hekal a kilok (matelangay patingso 9,121). == Kasenengan 榮譽 == 1.Taywan (Roc) kasenengan a pakaolah. 2.TWN saka 2 liyad kasafo’is kasenengan. == Laloma’an 家庭 == Fafahi Cuo mi-lin (Daisy Chou), Wawa to fainayan 1 : Yang s-yin (Cedric Maysang) Wawa to fainayan 2 : Yangtinko (Kalimud Maysang) （※：1950-60 miheca Taywan masowal to Olympic Games, “s-ing”, ikor masowal to O-on, na mikihatiya 1960 Loma a Olimpiko mapanganganay ko na sakakaay a wawa.）, Wawa wawa.孫輩 1.Madison Yang 2.Carmen Yang 3.Dorothy Yang == Pinengnengan: 參見 == 1, “Ma’eferay a ngafol” Cicen: sakacecay patoror no ROC mikihataya to Olimpiko pakalayap to kompay a fafahiyan ontoing. 2. “Sakatosa a ’ekeng fainayan” Wu a-min: Ikor ni Maysang sakatosa pakaalaay to kompay no Mo^etepay kalalifet. 3. “Taywan a ’ekeng fainayan” Ko cinsoy: o midotocay ci Maysangan a tamdaw. 4. “Taywan ’acam sapitakod a hongti” Li fo-en 5. “Fali fafahiyan a hongti” Wang huy-cen: Sa macikayay a fafahiyan, 1991 miheca Sefier kitakit a ontokay 200 cm pakaalaay to sakacecay kompay. 6. “Sahacikayay no Taywan” Yang cin-han: ikoray ni Wang huy-cen, 2017 miheca kacanglahan no kitakit a mitiliday ontokay 100 cm pakaalaay to sakacecay kompay, matiya ci Maysangan o ‘Amis a tamdaw. == Pacefad a tilid 參考資料 == 1. Falangaw pikiloma’an a saopo (malasawaday ko kasacalay.) 2. Macikayay a tamdaw/ Asiya ’ekeng a tamdaw Maysang Kalimud. [2007-02-13]. (nano mana’angay 2007-09-29). 3. Maysang Kalimud pihiratengan saka 9 romi’ad Ci-nan kiwkay, wangle a calay mapateli, pina’angan 2007-02-24. 4. Kacalohan/ Asiya ’ekeng a tamdaw Maysang Kalimud mataenang i ising pasayra i onto ko faloco’. [2007-02-13]. (pina’angan 2007-09-29) 5. Cecay romi’ad malahedaw ko tatosaay tadamaanay tamdaw (nano mana’angay kasacalay.) 6. ’Ekeng a tamdaw pakata’elif to siwa cicing (9000), o sakacecay (nano mana’angay kasacalay.) 7. 1952 miheca mihiteroc mata’elif ko sen-yuin a tadamaan (nano mana’angay kasacalay.) 8. Sakatadamaan no ’orip ni Maysang Kalimud, mapakata’elif ko mo^etepay lalifet no onto 9000 a tingso, wangle a calay mapateli, pina’angan 2007-04-27. 9. 1954 miheca mikihatiya to Manila saka 2 lekad no Asiya ontokay, 1956 miheca saka 16 l lekad i Moelpen olimpiko ontkay, 1958 mikihatiya Tokyo saka 3 lekad Asiya ontokay, 1960 miheca mikihatiya saka 17 lekad Loma olimpiko ontkay, 1964 miheca mikihatiya saka 18 lekad Tokyo olimpiko ontokay, 1968 miheca mikihatiya saka 19 lekad Mosoko olimpiko ontokay. 10. “Pakonira pi’eses calay, Cen yao-cang pihapinang to likisi” “Kolas Yotaka” wacay i yincumin ato payrang a likisi-pakonira tingcpow, Pakonira pi’eses calay.- talk.ltn.com.tw. [2019-12-29]. (nano mana’angay kasacalay. 2019-12-29) 11.Kiwyiko Tiyiso-pihapiw a pakafana’, malasawaday ko kasacalay. pina’angan 2017-01-14. 12. Li yin-sung. “Taywan macikayay nga’ayay tamdaw-Kuan-song-sen”, “Taywan Semo’otay macikayay tamdaw” saka 8 tilid. Taywan: Taywan tirengan punka cefang. 2013-12. ISBN 9789868906310 (tilid-Taywan). 13. Mitiko Loma olimpiko, minengneng to ’ekeng tamdaw to pakaala to kompay. [2007-01-29]. (pina’angan 2007-09-29) 14.Asiya ’ekeng tamdaw (Maysang Kalimud) wiki calay mateli, pina’angan 2007-07-03. 15. “Tadamaanay i onto a pipaini likisi a tilid- Asiya a ’ekeng fainayan Maysang Kalimud”, Singcenyin onto wiyyinhuy, 2010 maheca 10 folad (PDF). [2018-09-18]. (nano mana’angay kasacalay(PDF) 2018-09-18.) 16. Decathlon Calculator. www.sportcalculators.com. [2018-09-18]. (nano mana’angay kasacalay2018-09-18) 17. China Handbook, 1971-72, Chinese Ministry of Information 18.Cunghuaminko onto kasacefang. www.athletics.org.tw. [2018-09-18]. (nano mana’angay kasacalay2018-09-18) 19.Kaoratan a mapaiyoay a nanom. [2007-01-29].( nano mana’angay kasacalay2018-09-18) 20.Miangangay a cikawasay wanglo a calay nano mana’angay, pina’ang romi’ad 2006-02-26. 21. <nowiki>https://www.facebook.com/TBSCTS</nowiki>. Pihiratengan ci Maysang Kalimud, mararom ko fafahi minokay i Taywan. Pawacay no Huase sinpun calay. [2019-07-12]. (mana’angay kasacalay2019-07-12) 22. Chuan-Kwang "C. K." Yang (1933–2007) – Find A Grave Memorial. Findagrave.com. [February 15, 2012]. 23.Kalata’angan i ontofa  kasomadan i kalosici. [2007-01-29]. (mana’angay kasacalay2007-09-29) 24.Patodong ko cungtong “kasenengan a pakaolah saka tosa” ci Maysang Kalimud, Ci cen aci Cen ci-en. Cunghuaminkuo cungtongfo. 2005-09-13 [2021-08-27]. (mana’angay kasacalay2021-08-27)[[Faylo:C K Yang - Southern Campus 1960 crop.jpg|thumb|Maysang]] == 外部連結 == *[http://www.alcd-con.tw/reading/book/menu_37/book_2/_SWF_Window.html 原住民族語中級教材-閱讀書寫篇] bneuffmq5mvbnynvdr9n6qb1lkeemns 0 736 38671 16416 2023-06-29T04:36:18Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38671 wikitext text/x-wiki Maysang Kalimud （[[kuwaping a sowal]]: 楊傳廣） Maysang Kalimud, i saka10 no saka7 no falod to 1933 a mihecaan(年,歲) ko kahofocaan nira, tahira i saka27 no saka1 niyaro’no folad to 2007 a mihecaan ko ’orip nira. O [[Falangaway]](馬蘭部落) a tamdaw ko mira. 1960 a mihecaan mikihatiya(參加) to [[Olympic|Olinpik]](奧林匹克). Pakatama to impay(銀牌) no tikaselon, malasa’ayaway pakaalaay to ngangan i Aw^in no Cong-howa-min-kok; o roma sa to, awaay ho ko roma a tamdaw a mikikaka to pakaalaay nira a tingso-9000, “C.K.Yang” ko cimil a ngangan nira. == Pi’arawan to lakaw == *[https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A5%8A%E5%82%B3%E5%BB%A4 中文維基百科] *李景崇，1998，《阿美族歷史》，臺北：師大書苑。 *黄宣衞，2008，《阿美族》，臺北：三民。 *達西烏拉彎‧畢馬，2001，《臺灣的原住民 : 阿美族》，臺北：臺原。 [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] nks90a8l8qytei4gga4ycu9gk2hb4t6 0 737 16445 16444 2021-10-28T12:30:21Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 28 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 16444 wikitext text/x-wiki Maytayax（大安部落） Itiniay i [[Tai’an]](泰安) Cen no Miaoli(苗栗) ko [[Maytayax]] a niyaro’, 123 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 384 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 97% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 371 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 3% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 13 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)93%, Amis(阿美族)1%, Seediq(賽德克族)1%, roma(其他)1%. Ira ko imeng(大湖分局大安派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko Kiwkay(台灣基督長老教會努呼路瑪教會、大安天主堂、大安神召會、真耶穌教會大安祈禱所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] ia2alea2zm5em3xjlel8zitb91geni0 0 738 16470 16469 2021-10-28T12:30:24Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 24 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 16469 wikitext text/x-wiki Ma’olaway（瑪屋撈外部落） Itiniay i [[Donghe]](東河) Cen no Taitung(台東) ko [[Ma’olaway]] a niyaro’, 135 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 319 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 31% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 100 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 69% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 219 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)27%, Bunun(布農族)1%, roma(其他)3%. Ira ko picodadan(尚德國小) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] qxtxxgcfj04l2d7xyval8k732bj2woo 0 739 44675 44674 2024-09-10T03:46:41Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 阿卜杜勒·哈米德 44675 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Abdul Hamid (politician).jpg|thumb|Abdul Hamid, 2015|alt=Abdul Hamid (politician).jpg]] I 1944 a miheca(年) saka 1 folad saka 1 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci '''Md. Abdul Hamid''' (阿卜杜勒·哈米德), malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Bangladesh]](孟加拉) anini i ci Md. Abdul Hamid, patirengan(建立) a romi’ad i 2013 a miheca saka 4 folad saka 24 a romi’ad. == No papotalay a kakafit == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] rnc3um554i5jdgldtru381sif0e70m0 0 740 16511 16510 2021-10-28T12:30:29Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 25 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 16510 wikitext text/x-wiki Melukux（梅魯庫互部落） Itiniay i [[Jianshi]](尖石) Cen no Hsinchu(新竹) ko [[Melukux]] a niyaro’, 43 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 114 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 95% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 108 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 5% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 6 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)90%, Saysiyat(賽夏族)1%, Truku(太魯閣族)2%, roma(其他)2%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] auh49j83emppnny4ycaxbkcrap3dhnf 0 741 16543 16542 2021-10-28T12:30:32Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 31 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 16542 wikitext text/x-wiki Mepuwal（象鼻部落） Itiniay i [[Tai’an]](泰安) Cen no Miaoli(苗栗) ko [[Mepuwal]] a niyaro’, 55 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 177 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 93% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 165 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 7% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 12 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)89%, Amis(阿美族)1%, Bunun(布農族)1%, Paiwan(排灣族)1%, Seediq(賽德克族)1%, roma(其他)1%. Ira ko picodadan(象鼻國小、象鼻國小附幼) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(大湖分局象鼻派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(象鼻村衛生室) i niyaro’. Ira ko Kiwkay(象鼻天主堂) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] mh5f8upmygd139op1jwsxgpc5cwxjjp 0 742 16570 16569 2021-10-28T12:30:35Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 26 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 16569 wikitext text/x-wiki Metapay（梅達拜部落） Itiniay i [[Jianshi]](尖石) Cen no Hsinchu(新竹) ko [[Metapay]] a niyaro’, 89 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 281 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 94% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 263 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 6% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 18 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)88%, Amis(阿美族)1%, roma(其他)5%. Ira ko picodadan(梅花國小、梅花國小附幼) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(橫山分局梅花派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(梅花村辦公處) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] rtmsopkgezrwf6vecy50fv97xt4ftrm 0 743 16596 16595 2021-10-28T12:30:37Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 25 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 16595 wikitext text/x-wiki Metuiy（梅杜依部落） Itiniay i [[Jianshi]](尖石) Cen no Hsinchu(新竹) ko [[Metuiy]] a niyaro’, 27 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 72 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 93% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 67 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 7% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 5 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)85%, Paiwan(排灣族)1%, Saysiyat(賽夏族)1%, Seediq(賽德克族)3%, roma(其他)3%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] dfw1u1vxwe6jb2g67axqn4300yrldmn 0 744 38395 37328 2023-06-23T12:24:37Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38395 wikitext text/x-wiki Mexico nipatatekoan a kitakit (Spain sowal: Estados Unidos Mexicanos), o pangangan Mexico (Spain sowal: México), o ka’amisay Amilika safaniyot a cecay no nipatatekoan a kitakit a cisakowanay kitakit, o ka’amis ato Amilika masasiingir, katimol ato kaetip mililisay to Taypinyang, o kawali o Belize, Guatemala ato Caribbean riyar, kawali o Mexico sangoso’ [9]. O adahal no sera ira ko 180 ’ofad pinfang kongli[10], no Amilika safaniyot o saka lima dadahalay kitakit ato saka 14 ta’akay kitakit no hekal. O polong no tamdaw ira ko 1.28 walwalan, o saka mo^etep ’alomanay tamdaw no hekal, ono Spain a sowal saka cecay ta’akay tamdaw kitakit ato Latin Amilika safaniyot saka tosa ta’akay tamdaw kitakit. Mexico o nipatatekoan a kitakit, halo 32 ko kanatal; o tadamaci  atota’akay maci o Mexico niyaro’ o cecay kanatal. I ’ayaway ni Columbus a to’asan a Mexico adihay ko tala’ayway i tenokay ca Amilika safaniyot a palamitan no maro’ay a tamdaw, tinako Olmec, Toltec, Teotihuacan, Zapotec, Maya ato Aztec. I 1521 miheca, o Spain hongti kitakit i Mexico a Tenochtitlan ko kaitiraan milowid a micingcing to itiniay sa’etal, patireng to telek a New Spain songto a mikowan. I 1821 miheca, ikor a pisiiked a kalalood Mexico pisiikedan, onini a sa’etal mihapiw to pisiiked mihayda to Mexico. Iko no Mexico a misiiked pakataneng to kararawan, caay katomenek ko kicay ato sici. Ikor no Amilika ato Mexico a kalalood (1846-48), o tangic malitosaay no ka’amisay a sera mapapecih to Amilika. I 19 sici, o Mexico mataneng ko pastry lalood, France Mexico lalood, laloma’ay no kitakit a lalood, tosaay hongti kitakit ato 30 mihecaan a nisateked a pikowan a to’asan no likisi. I 1910 miheca miteka ko Mexico to sapifelih to nisateked a pikowan, saikor i 1917 miheca mapasetek ko kimpo ato fa^elohay sapidemak tosici a telek ko patireng. O ngangan no Mexico a sa’osi no kapolongan ka rihaday no polong a tamdaw o saka 15 ta’akay i hekal, i kasakitakit misanga’an kinaira (o malalenay ko pi’acaay ) o saka 11 ta’akay i hekal. O Mexico a kicay ato ka’amisay Amilika pakoniraay kalali’aca katatelekan (NAFTA) kalali’aca lakapot makakedecay, mangalef to saki Amilika[11][12]. I 1994 miheca, o Mexico mala kakomodan no kicay ato kacomahadan a sakapot a sa’ayaway a Latin Amilika safaniyot sakapotan. No hekal a kingko pala tenokay takaraway cimicomoday a kitakit[13], misaheciay a tamdaw sacisowal sa o cecay fa’elohay katayalan a kitakit[14][15][16][17]. Mipasasa to romi’ad tangasa i 2050 miheca, o Mexico mala Osaka 5 ano eca saka 7 ta’akay sakino kicay i polong no cikiw[18][19]. Onini a kitakit o mala sa’etalay a ta’akay kitakit ato sasifo’an ci’icelay kitakit[20][21][22][23], mararid mala o fa’elohay ci’icelay kitakit[24]. O kadofahay ko ponka likisi nalacolan no Mexico, ira i Amilika safaniyot a sakacecay adihayay ato saka 7 adihayay no helal a nalacolan a kiwiko ponka sakapotan i Linhoko[25][26]. 2015 miheca, o nai hekalay a mihomongay tayni a tamdaw o saka 10 a kitakit, o mihomongay nai kasakitakit tamdaw tayni mirarakat ira ko 2910 ’ofad[27][28]. O nano Linhoko, Hekalay a malali’acaay Lekatep, G20 a lomaoc ato malacecayay lekaop ko Mexico, 2014 miheca miteka mala o France a liyokan kasakitakit sakapot a mihiningay. == Lakisi (歷史) == O Mexico o tatapangan no sakacomahad no adihayay Amilika safaniyot, nao palahaday to Maya, Toltec ato Aztec a sakacomahad, ikoray mangalef o kacowatan i Columbus a to’asan i ka’amisay Amilika safaniyot ta’akay kitakit Aztec hongti kitakit. I 16 sici o Spain tamdaw ci Hernan Cortez micalap ko Mexico, i 1521 miheca loodan ko itiniay a Aztec tamdaw, nanoya o Mexico macingcing to no Spain, mala o fa’elohay to a Spain. I 1810 miheca, o Mexico mihapiw to pisiiked, i 1821 miheca kalaloodan to sapisiiked no Mexico mapatireng ko saka cecay Mexico hongti kitakit. I 1823 miheca, oni hongti kitakit mafelih no hitay, itiya mapatireng ko nipatatekoan a kitakit i 1824 miheca. Ikor no pisiikedan, o sera no Mexico kitakit nanoya sa a maromot, o pinapina a sera mapakelac tahada’oc ko Amilika. I 1836 miheca, kawali ka’amisay a Texas mihapiw miliyas to Mexico misiiked, patireng to Texas Nikapolongan Kitakit, I 1823 miheca ato 1841 miheca, Yucatan kinatosa mihapiw to sapisiiked, i 1853 miheca mida’oc miteko to Mexico a nipatatekoan a kitakit. I 1838 miheca, o kitakit macowat ko ^epang a lalood. Itiya i 1848 miheca o Amillika Mexico lalood a mapidah, Mexico mapatodong to ka’amisay a ta’akay sera mapa’aca ko Amilika (o dadahal matiya aniniay 7 katimolay a kanatal). I 1853 miheca a Gadsden pi’aca malasawad ko 7 ’ofad pinfang kongki a sera. I 1860 mihecaan, Mexico macalap no hitay no France, mapatireng ko tawataw a mikowanay a sakatosa hongti kitakit. I pikerid ni Juarez congtong itiya, o malaplap ko micalapay a France. Ci Juarez nai 1858 miheca tangasa 1872 miheca ko pikowan, ikor no kapatay ningra, o ci Porfirio Dias Porter ko mikowanay. Nano ni Porfirio Dias Porter 35 miheca ko halafin pitekedan mikowan, i 1910 miheca malenak ko pifelih lalood no Mexico. O mapidah no mifelihay ko nipatatekoan a kitakit a hitay, nika itiya marari’ang ko laloma’an, talahenot i 10 miheca ko lalod i lalomaan kitakit no Mexico. I 1929 miheca, paherek ko lalood no laloma’ no kitakit, o nifalicay a mirikecay a sician a kasarekad ko mikowanay, mala o mikowanay to no Mexico. I 2000 miheca, o miliyangay a Mexico kitakit dademakay sarekad ato kangdaway paratan a kasarekad malekapot to “mifalicay a nipatatekoan” a milifetay congtong ci Vicente Fox Quesada, itiya i 2000 miheca 7 folad a pisingkiwan a malacongtong, toya miheca 12 folad 1 romi’ad mapatireng, 6 miheca ko lekad. Onini a pifelih to satelek nai 1929 miheca ko pikowan ikor no 71 mihecaan, o mifelihay a kasarekad sa’ayaway sakina cecay pakalowid, milaheci to nai 1929 mihecaan sa’ayaway rihadayay ko kafafalic no mikowanay, orasaka malo satadamaanay i likisi no Mexico ko nia singkiw. I 2006 miheca 7 folad 2 romi’ad, o Mexico congtong ato kalomaocan a singkiw misitapang a mitopa[29]. I 9 folad 5 romi’ad, Mexico nipatatekoan a kitakit pisingkiw a hoying mihapiw, o kitakit midemakay a kasarekad congtong ci Felipe Calderon Hinojosa i pisingkiwan to congtong pakalowiday to, malacongtong no Mexico sato[30], o kitakit midemakay a kasarekad padoedo sato ko sapikowan. I 2012 miheca 7 folad 1 romi’ad, miliyangay mifalicay mitelekay a kasarekad misingkiway to congtong ci Enrique Pena Pinto. O todong no sapisingkiw a pafaloco’an i “o pifalic” saan ko laloma’an – mipalalan to roma kitakit a tayni i kitakit to pisasimalay kosi a mitekeday to misasimal a tayal, pacakat to kinaira a sata mafalic ko kadademakan no icifa, masakapahay ho ko tireng ningra, pasayra i cingraan ko picoker no finawlan maki’ayaw ko roma tatoloay a sakalalifet to congtong. Ikor 38.21% ko paya maala to congtong a singkiw, saka 2 lekad rihadayay ko kafafalic no nipikowan, Mifalicay pitelek a kasarekad 12 miheca ko ka eca pikowan miliyaw heca mikowan. O pipaini no misaheciay tamdaw sowal sa, o karari’ang no malali’acaay to cisawarakay a karari’ang ato caayay ka lalen no syakay o sasi’ayawen ni Pinto ko nian[31]. == Sacian (政治) == I 1917 miheca a kimpo no Mexico o nipatatekoan a kitakit a salongoc sakowan malitoloay kasiikedan: midemakay, patirengay to rikec ato hoying. Pakaynien i likisi i, o midemakay citodongay o sata’akay solongoc sakowan, o salongoc sakowan no congtong sata’akay. O congtong citodong midemak to no kalomaocan no kitakit (Congreso de la Unión) mihapiwan a sarikec. Nai 1997 miheca misatapang, mido’edo to miliyangay a kasarekad itiya pakalowid to singkiw, kalomaocan mangilay ko ’icel mangalef a mangalef. Ira i sakikicay ato sakipayso a sofal, mihayda ko congtong mihapiw to sapidemak a mipatireng to rikec, nika kantoken no kalomaocan. O congtong nai finawlan a nisingkiwan, 6 miheca ko lekad, caay kanga’ay pado’edo. Caay patireng to micokeray a congtong ko Mexico, tona mapaterep ko kalacongtong ano eca caay kanga’ay midemak to sakitayal i, o kalomaocan ko misingkiway to linsi a congtong. O kalomaocan midemak to tosaay a lomaoc, halo Fafa'eday pikaykian (Cámara de Senadores) ato Kararemay pikaykian (Cámara de Diputados). O Fafa'eday pikaykian 6 miheca ko lekad, Kararemay pikaykian 3 miheca ko lekad. Fafa'eday pikaykian 128 ko lomaocay ira ko caayay kasa’etal ato sa’etalay a lomaocay sakapot. O Kararemay pikaykian ira ko 500 lomaocay, o 300 a lomaocay o nai kasa’etal nisingkiwan, roma a 200 lomaocay nai 5 ta’akay sa’etal patodongan ko taypiaw. O nia 200 lomaocay sapadang to mimingay a kasarekad micomod i kalomaocan. O satadamaanay a kasarekad o kitakit malowaday onto, mifelihay rikec kasarekad ato kitakit dademakay kasarekad. === Safitay (軍事) === O sofitay no Mexico o caayay ko misarocoday ko sapisimaw to sakihitay, i 20 sician, o ka’amis a kitakit no Amilika a ’icel tata’ang ko sasiroma, orasaka caay ko sapilifet to Amilika ko pihirateng to sapipatireng to sofitay, o sapipatihi to pitena’ to cisawarakay ato mitakaway malali’aca ko kalalood. == O kasasiiked a sakowan (行政區劃) == Polong no kitakit malaliyad 32 ko kanatal. {| class="wikitable" |Kanatal |Tadamaci |Kanatal |Tadamaci |- |Aguascalientes |Aguascalientes |Morelos |Cuernavaca |- |Baja California |Mexicali |Nayarit |Monterrey |- |Baja california sur |La Paz |Nuevo León |Monterey |- |Campeche |Campeche |Oaxaca |Oaxaca |- |Chiapas |Campeche |Puebla |Puebla |- |Chihuahua |Tuxtla Gutiérrez |Querétaro |Santiago de Querétaro |- |Coahuila |Chihuahua City |Quintana Roo |Chactemàal |- |Colima |Saltillo |San Luis Potosí |San Luis Potosí |- |Durango |Colima |Sinaloa |Culiacán |- |Guanajuato |Durango |Sonora |Hermosillo |- |Guerrero |Guanajuato |Tabasco |Villahermosa |- |Hidalgo (HD) |Pachuca |Tamaulipas |Ciudad Victoria |- |Jalisco |Guadalajara |Tlaxcala (TL) |Tlaxcala (city) |- |Estado de México (EM) |Toluca de Lerdo |Veracruz |Jalapa |- |Ciudad de México |Ciudad de México |Yucatán |Mérida |- |Michoacán |Morelia |Zacatecas |Zacatecas |} == Palapalaan (地理) == O Mexico kaetip misi’ayaw to Taypinyang, o kawali miingir to Mexico ’apocok ato Caribbean riyar, pasiTasiyang, itira i na’amisan a konis 14 - 33˚ ato kaetip sakonis 86 - 119˚. Mililisay ato lawac no riyar a dafdaf, sasifo’an o takaraway lotok a dafdafan, halo adihayay namal lotok. O kaetip kakaya’ay i Baja California a kanatal, pao Taypinyang ato California a sangoso’an malacidek, kawali katimolan o panahalay tangasa i Yucatán sangoso’an. O satakaraway no Mexico o Pico de Orizaba lotok, ira ko 5700m ko takaraw nai riyar, o Sierra Madre lotok o tadalotok no Mexico. O Mexico sahetoay o no Amilika safaniyot a ’apelad padeyac, o Baja California sangoso’ itiraay i Taypinyang ato Cocos a ’apelad padeyac, itini i palaan, ira ko nai palaan mikingkiway a sowal o Istmo de Tehuantepec satano’ kawalian (ira macalap ko 12% dadahal) o no sifo’an Amilika safaniyot[32]; dengan o sakisicianan, Mexico ato Amilika ato Canada o malecaday no ka’amisay Amilika safaniyot[33]. O masasiromaay ko romi’ad no Mexico, ka’amisay o fa’edetay tafotafokay a romi’ad, katimol o fa’edetay kala’oraday romi’ad. O tada ’alo no Mexico ira o Rio Grande ’alo, Balthus’alo, Río Yaqui’alo. I Mexico adihay ko cactus (sasaycar), palafalo (hana) no fayfay no kitakit. == Kicay (經濟) == O Mexico ira ko aniniay mihecaan a misanga’ay to dafong ato maomahay, ono tekedan a kicay miraraay a matongal, I 90 a mihecaan no Mexico a mararan lalan pala o finawlan ko citodongay. O nano kitakit a tayal nai 1982 mihecaan o cecayay cicing a laloma’an tangasa 1999 miheca caay to pakatahira i tosa a so’ot laloma’an. Micokeroh ko sifo to paitekedan a kicay, mipatoror i minatoay, mararay lalan, tingwa calay, tingki, parapatan a lahod ato hikokiciw a padamaay o kalalifetan. O ta’akay sacoker no kicay ko maomahay no Mexico a tamdaw. Lemon, kangdaway damdam, ’ariray, avocado, kidafes, naniwac, tefos ko ta’akay pinaloma. Mangalef o avocado mapa’aca tayra i Amilika. I 1994 miheca ka’amisay Amilika a masaheci ko pipatireng to paifaloco'ay kali'aca a sa’etal i, o Mexico ato kalo hekal sata’akay kicay a kitakit Amilika kalali’aca ato mipacefongay ranikay ko kasacofel, tadamaan picekeroh to Mexico to kacowat no kicay ato kacakat no kinaira no finawlan. Nawhani mingataay to Amilika ko mili’acaay a icifa, o adihayay no papotalay a kalomaamaan, saikoray itini i Mexico mitafo, tinako o tosiya. Nikawrira o maamaan no tosiya, o nai Asiaay misanga’an ko pipacomod. Sakalalifet ko pipasadak mapadang ko Mexico mita’elif to 1995 mihecaan katalawan a kicay, itiya i 1996 miheca tangasa 1999 mihecaan misitapang a macowat ko kicay. No tekedan a kali’aca mala’icel a sakacomahad ko kicay, matongal to ko kalingadan, macakat ko saka’orip. Nanoya o Mexico oya to ko pilifet ko kacango’otan no kicay, tinako caay kalalen ko kinaira no tamdaw, polong no kitakit o kadofahay cidafongay 20% ko tamdaw cikinaira to 55% no polong no kitakit a kinaira, ato pakinali ko cisawarakay ato 122 tamdawan a makoracay a sa’osian. I 1986 miheca o Mexico mikapot to kacacofel mafafalic to lalosidan kapolongan katatelek, misitapang to nai laloma’an micowat pasayra papotal ko nikafali. Nanoya o Mexico a sifo misa’icel micokeroh miselic, mifalic, paitekedan, pasipapotal mifohat ko pidemak, saka i ’ayaw no 1995 mihecaan kicay no Mexico pado’edo to pinapina a mihecaan pakilaenoay macowat, kasakitakit misoped patada ato patalapotal matongal a matongal, o sakamoleto no dafong makeror tayra i cecayay ko sa’osi, o sakidafongan nao masiponay mala o matiwtiway to, nao citadahay mala o mo’ecelay to, micomoday masadakay matongalay to; oroma a demak, adihay ko micomoday, militado to pacena’ay a sihong no papotalay ko sapipalalen milecad to cango’ot no kicay. I 1994 miheca 1 folad 1 romi’ad, o Mexico masongila ko pikapot to ka’amisay Amilika masaheci ko pipatireng to paifaloco'ay kali'aca sa’etal, oya miheca 12 folad Mexico nai mikowanay a kasarekad laloma’an cikacalemceman, rarawraw to ko sici, nanoya mangiyangi ko faloco’ no papotalay malali’acaay, dado’edo sato miliyas ko pidefong, malasakaserer no payso, macelal ko katalawan no payso. I 1996 miheca Cedillo a sifo i Amilika ato kasakitakit no paysoan citodongay mala o palefoday a micoker, mi’imeray ko pidemak to dafongan, misongila’ to dademaken no payso, misarocod mipatodong to misolek to kicay ato misalalan to maraayay dademakaen no sakacowat no kicay a halaka, manga’ay aca ko palefoday misalof to kararimaan no kicay no Mexico. O paysoan a icifa pado’edo a manga’ay, o sakisarar a lisok masereray to, macekal ko kalali’aca no icifa, kapolongan a dafongan masapinang malalen ko pasadak to rafas, papotalay a pipacefong matongal to, kasakitakit a iraay masadakay masapinang ko kafalic, o tadah i papotalay makacalay ko patiko, papotalay a nisopedan masapingan ko katongal. == Tamdaw (人口) == Midotoc to fa’elohay nisa’osian no Mexico kitakit tamdawan wiyyinhuy, tangasa i 2013 mihecaan o Mexico polong no tamdaw tangasa i 118,395,054 ko tamdaw, tonian i o fafahiyan ira ko 51%, solongan 60,584,099 tamdaw, o fainayan salongan 57,810,955 tamdaw. Midotoc to polong no kitakit finawlan wiyyinhuy a fa’elohay pisa’osian, polong ira ko tamdaw 1 walwalan 1840 ’ofad tamdaw, o saka 11 polong no cikiw. O sa’alomanay tamdaw no Spain sowal a kitakit[34], o saka 2 ta’akay tamdaw no Latin Amilika safaniyotan kitakit, aikor no Brazil. Polong no kitakit salongan 60% a tamdaw o Indian Europe camel a tamdaw, ira ko 30% o Indian tamdaw a teloc, 9% o Europe a teloc. Indian tamdaw dadahal to ko pilayap to no etipay (Europe) ponka, o nai Oaxaca kanatal a Indian yincumina niyaro’, ’alomanay a sakapot mihatasiay ko kalalifet to wa’ay mali o enemay lalifet pakalowiday a pakalayap to 2013 miheca 10 folad itira i Argentina a midemak to kasakitakit mimingay cadada a mali a kompay[35]. == Kiwiko (教育) == == Ponka (文化) == == Pakayraan (宗教) == Midotoc to 2010 mihecaan a pipangangan to tamdaw a masaheci, o Loma Tingsokiw ko todong pakayraan, calap 82.7%, oya 9.7% o roma a Kritokiw a kiwha, halo fokoyin (5.2%), Pentecost (1.6%), roma a fa’elohay kiwha (0.7%), Ihofa pawacayay tamdaw (1.4%), Kristo miliyaway ma’orip Sabbath (Pahanhanan) (0.6%), Yis Krito ikoray tarokos kiwkay (0.3%). Caayay ka tangasa 0.2% o nano romaroma a caayay ko Kristokiw a pakayraan; 4.7% miwacay to awaayay ko pakayraan;2.7% caay ko kafana’an. O Mexico o saka 2 ta’akay Tingsokiw a kitakit i hekal, ira ko salongan 9000 ’ofad ko tamdaw Tingsokiw a mitooray, ikor no Brazil kitakit. Laloma’an 47% mikihatiya to lipay no kiwkay a misa. No mihecaan 12 folad 12 romi’ad, Mexico a Tapang a tadamaanay tamdaw—Guadalupe a ina—a romi’ad o Mexico kitakit satadamaanay a pakayraan romi’ad. == Onto (體育) == O satadamaanay onto no Mexico o nowa’ayan mali, wa’ayan mali no Mexico kitakit saki’emelay i hakal, mapalahad ci Jorge Campos, Cuautmoque Brando, Hugo Sanchez, Rafael Marquis, Luis Hernandez, Javier Hernandez a malawama satadamaanay mimaliay i hekal. Nai 1930 miheca tangasa anini polongen 16 micomod i saikoray kalalifet, 1070 miheca ato 1986 miheca i niyah a kalalifetan itiya micomod i sakafalo a ki’emelay, tenokay ka’amis Amilika safaniyot ato Caribbean riyar wa’ayan mali a kalalifetan, o saadihayay pakaalaay to kompay caira, milecad to costa rica wa’ayan mali no kitakit. Masowal ko Mexico wa’ayan mali a satadamanay i Amilika safaniyot ko kalalifet, polongen ko nisa’icelan ka’ayaw no 15 i hekal. I ka’amis Amilika o maanan to a matayalay ontoan a nipatatekoan o saka 3 ko ngangan, aikor no kitakit katop mali nipatatekoan ato Amilika matayalay yakiw nipatatekoan. Nai 2017 miheca 1 folad o Sportingintelligence (kacitaneng no onto) mihapiw to cecay a misaopoan tilid i hekal, matilid i caayay kalecad a kalalifet ato no Clup a nisa’osian. I 2015/2016 a kalalifet sa’alomanay micomoday tamdaw i kalalifetan a polongan i, o satadamanay kalalifetan no nipatatekoan i polong no cikiw mikihatiyaan miki’araw a tamdaw o saka 4 i nipatatekoan, kasacecay no kalalifet ira ko 26,151 ko tamdaw a micomod miki’araw, o dengan i Europe wa’ayan mali nipatatekoan sa’alomanay ko tamdaw. Tadamaan ko kalalifet no tosiya i Mexico, ci Rodriguez malikaka a kalalifetan midemak i Formula one (cecayay mata’elifay sa’osien) a kalalifet kompay no Mexico. == Kacedengan romi’ad (節慶) == {| class="wikitable" |'''Romi’ad''' |'''Kacedengan''' |'''Niyaro’''' |'''Saheci''' |- |1 folad 1 romi’ad |Fa’elohay romi’ad miheca |Año Nuevo |Kapolongan miheca romi’ad |- |2 folad 5 romi’ad |Patirengan to kimpo |Día de la Constitución Mexicana |1917 miheca Mexico patireng tokimpo a kalomaocan. |- |2 folad 24 romi’ad |Pafayafayan romi’ad no kitakit |Día de la Bandera |Pafayafayan romi’ad no kitakit |- |3 folad 21 romi’ad |Kasofocan ni Juárez romi’ad |Natalicio de Benito Juárez |Maolahay to kitakit no Mexico ci Benito Juárez a kasofocan romi’ad, o kacanglahan. |- |4 folad 6 romi’ad |Tadamaanay lipay romi’ad |Viernes Santo |Kasemseman ni Yis romi’ad, nai 3 folad 1 romi’ad miteka to 40 romi’ad a sakalima. |- |5 folad 1 romi’ad |Malingaday romi’ad |Día del Trabajo |Malingaday romi’ad |- |5 folad 5 romi’ad |5 folad 5 romi’ad a kacedengan |La Batalla de Puebla |I 1862 miheca o pipidahan to France piheratengan romi’ad. itira: Puebla. |- |9 folad 16 romi’ad |O pisiikedan kitakit no Mexico a lalood. |Grito de Dolores |I 1810 miheca nai Spain masadak misiiked. |- |11 folad 2 romi’ad |No mapatayay salo’afang romi’ad |Día de Muertos |Spain a sowal |- |11 folad 20 romi’ad |Pifelihan romi’ad |Día de la Revolución Mexicana |Mihirateng 1816 miheca no Spain a pikowanan a misiiked. |- |12 folad 12 romi’ad |Guadalupe tadamaanay ina |Día de la Virgen de Guadalupe |Guadalupe tadamaanay ina |- |12 folad 25 romi’ad |Kristmas |Navidad |Kasofocan ni Yis. |} == Kakaenen (飲食) == ．Milolodan ’epang no Mexico— satadamaanay kakaenen no Mexico. ．Kihepicay ’epang no Mexico— I saka’amis no Mexico saheto o komaenay to ^mi tamdaw, nawhani o roma a niyaro’ o ’ariray ko nikama’enay. ．No ’ariray ’apelad no Mexico – o ’ariray datengan simal, odax, cilah ato nanom nisanga’an mimingay ’apelad no Mexico. == Pinengnengan tilid. (參考文獻) == 1.Catálogo de las lenguas indígenas nacionales: Variantes lingüísticas de México con sus autodenominaciones y referencias geoestadísticas. Inali.gob.mx. [2014-07-18]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2014-07-08）. 2.Political Constitution of the United Mexican States, title 2, article 40 (PDF). MX Q: SCJN. [2010-08-14]. （nano nina’angan (PDF) tilid i 2011-05-11）. 3. Rafaela Castro. Chicano Folklore: A Guide to the Folktales, Traditions, Rituals and Religious Practices of Mexican Americans. Oxford University Press. 2000: 83 [2016-03-22]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-19-514639-4</nowiki>. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2021-03-03）. 4. Principales resultados de la Encuesta Intercensal 2015 Estados Unidos Mexicanos (PDF). INEGI: 1, 77. [2015-12-09]. （nano nina’angan (PDF) tilid i 2015-12-10）. 5. Mexico. World Economic Outlook Database. International Monetary Fund (IMF). October 2022 [2022-11-05] （Inkiris a sowal）. 6. Gini Index. World Bank. [2015-12-14]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2014-05-11）. 7. Human Development Report 2019 (PDF). UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME. [2019-12-21]. （nano nina’angan (PDF) tilid i 2020-04-16）. 8. INALI. General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples (PDF). 2003-03-13 [2010-11-07]. （nano nina’angan (PDF) tilid i 2011-07-22）. 9. Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary, 3rd ed., Springfield, Massachusetts, USA, Merriam-Webster; p. 733. 10. “kacipinangan no hekal” kacitodongan Mexico kamok no tilid. 11. Mexico (05/09). US Department of State. 2012-06-25 [2013-07-17]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2011-08-15）. 12. CRS Report for Congress (PDF). Congressional Research Service. 2008-11-04 [2013-07-17]. （nano nina’angan (PDF) tilid i 2017-12-12）. 13. Country and Lending Groups. World Bank. [2011-03-05]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2011-03-18）. 14. Uppermiddle Income defined as a per capita income between $3,976 – $12,275 15.Paweł Bożyk. Newly Industrialized Countries. Globalization and the Transformation of Foreign Economic Policy. 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[2016-03-22]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2021-03-01）. 29. 10 Most Visited Countries in the World 2015. Wild Junket. [2016-03-22]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2016-11-22）. 30. Mana’ang ko kapi tilid. [2006-07-03]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2006-07-05）. 31. Mana’ang ko kapi tilid. [2006-09-07]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2014-07-14）. 32. Papotalay sinpon: Mexico fa’elohay congtong misa’ayaw to sakisawarak ato karawrawan no kicay a demak, pinengnengan to ratoh calay. 2012-07-02 [2013-01-10]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2021-02-20）. 33.Nord-Amèrica, in Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana Portuguese Web Archive a nina’angan, pina’angan romi’ad 2016-05-15 34.Parsons, Alan; Schaffer, Jonathan. Geopolitics of oil and natural gas. Economic Perspectives. U.S. Department of State. May 2004. 35. Spanish Language History. Today Translations. [2007-10-01]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2005-04-17）. 36. Shoeless Trique Indian Kids From Mexico Win International Basketball Tournament In Argentina. Huffington Post. 2013-10-16 [2014-06-03]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2015-01-04）. Mexico（墨西哥） [[Faylo:Flag of Mexico.svg|thumb|Flag of Mexico|alt=File:Mexican States Standard.svg]] [[Faylo:MEX orthographic.svg|thumb|Location of Mexico]] Itini i 23 00 N, 102 00 W, noNo’amisan Amilika ko [[Mexico]]. Polong no sekalay i 1,964,375 sq km “saka 14 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 1,943,945 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 20,430 sq km ” Polong i 123,166,749 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 54.90%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 33.30%, malo no roma to a sera 11.80%. siyoto(首都) O [[Mexico City]](墨西哥城) ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakasiwa 16 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Enrique Peña Nieto]](恩里克·潘尼亞·尼托), patirengan(擔任) a romi’ad i 2012 a miheca(年) saka 12 folad(月) saka 1 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Mexico]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Sa’amisay Amilika]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Kitakit]] 1slrzxu9f2043efl45x083ujqnwtsbs 0 745 16621 16620 2021-10-28T12:30:42Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 5 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 16620 wikitext text/x-wiki Itini i 2013 mihecaan, TaypakYu- Cheng-ciw- ko- sia.SiaciwNikarCalaw. Nanaytona kalalifet i, macakat maca:kat ko fana’ ato mapatireng mi’asip to Fangcalay a codad. O mikapotay i,ira ko kaemangay, o kocong,o kawcong ato taykako a tamdaw mapo:long. [[Kasasiwasiw:Siwkulang 'Amis]] euet9rrwtdh09d1bja53c9m3uoam4vd 0 746 45470 44678 2025-01-19T09:31:09Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 Michael D. Higgins idi 2006年 45470 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Michael D. Higgins 2006.jpg|thumb|Michael D. Higgins idi 2006年|alt=Michael D. Higgins 2006.jpg]] I 1941 a miheca saka 4 folad saka 18 a romi’ad ko kasofocan ni '''Michael D. Higgins''' (麥克·希金斯), malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit no [[Iceland]](冰島), [[Ireland]](愛爾蘭) anini i ci Michael D. Higgins, patirengan(擔任) a romi’ad i 2011 a miheca saka 11 folad saka 11 a romi’ad. == I 'ayaway a 'orip 早期生活 == == Lalomaan a 'orip 家庭生活 == == No papotalay a kakafit == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 5t5dif3k2wy8xglpf9yro4ok5737vby 0 747 30589 30420 2022-01-26T17:12:10Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q363392]] 30589 wikitext text/x-wiki Michel Aoun(密歇爾·奧恩) I 1933 a miheca(年) saka 9 folad(月) saka 30 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci [[Michel Aoun]], malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Lebanon]](黎巴嫩) anini i ci Michel Aoun, patirengan(擔任) a romi’ad i 2016 a miheca saka 10 folad saka 31 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 9n8ko8ec2l1g66y9kvp067zbqt480y9 0 748 30590 30421 2022-01-26T17:12:11Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q463533]] 30590 wikitext text/x-wiki Michel Temer(米歇爾·泰梅爾) == Misiel Taymil(米歇爾·泰梅爾) == [[Faylo:Presidente Michel Temer (foto oficial) - cortada (cropped).jpg|thumb|Presidente Michel Temer (foto oficial) - cortada (cropped)|alt=Presidente Michel Temer (foto oficial) - cortada (cropped).jpg]] I 1940 a miheca(年) saka 9 folad(月) saka 23 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci Misiel Taymil([[Michel Temer|Michel Temer)]], malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Brazil]](巴西) anini i ci Michel Temer, patirengan(擔任) a romi’ad i 2016 a miheca saka 8 folad saka 31 a romi’ad. == misaparod 家庭 == O kahofocan ni Michel Temer iti i Tietê no Seng PawLo, o fa’inayan a wawa ni Nakhoul "Miguel" Elias Temer Lulia ato ci March Barbar Lulia, 1925 a miheca malinah ko Maloni a tinsokiw (Ikiris a sowal :''Maronite Church''; kowapin a sowal:''馬龍派天主教'') no Lipanen (Ikiris a sowal : ''lebanon''; kowapin a sowal:''黎巴嫩)'' a tayra to i Pasi (Ikiris a sowal:''Brazil''; kowapin a sowal:''巴西).'' == lalamod 配偶 == Ci Michel Temer atoya sa’ayaway a fafahi ci Maria Célia Toledo i, tatoloay ko fafahiyan a wawa nangra, Luciana (1969)、Maristela (1972) ato Clarissa (1974)。Saka tosa a fafahi ci Masera Teterseci(''馬塞拉·特德斯奇·德·亞羅荷·特梅爾''), cecay ko fainayan wawa ci Eduardo itini i Longtong(倫敦) a hofocen. 2002 a miheca masaso’araw cangra itini i kasaopoan no kayki, maangoha cangra, kaka ni Misel to sepat polo ira ko tolo a mihecaan ci Maseraan, itini to 2003 a miheca saka pito folad 26 a romi’ad pataloma’ cangra. polong ko laloma’an nangra i lalimaay ko tamdaw. == mamikowan 政治生涯 == == pitooran 信仰 == ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 0t6o565mfpt4pliv5gstdow0f019wu9 0 749 45481 44680 2025-01-19T09:55:20Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 Michelle Bachelet idi 2014年 45481 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Portrait Michelle Bachelet.jpg|thumb|Michelle Bachelet idi 2014年|alt=Portrait Michelle Bachelet.jpg]] I 1951 a miheca(年) saka 9 folad(月) saka 29 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci '''Michelle Bachelet''' (蜜雪兒·巴舍萊), malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Chile]](智利) anini i ci Michelle Bachelet, patirengan(擔任) a romi’ad i 2014 a miheca saka 3 folad saka 11 a romi’ad. == No papotalay a kakafit == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] c2sud1gfid6eaigy0w03kebjcwvcqu0 0 750 16728 16727 2021-10-28T12:30:55Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 25 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 16727 wikitext text/x-wiki Micista（那羅六部落） Itiniay i [[Jianshi]](尖石) Cen no Hsinchu(新竹) ko [[Micista]] a niyaro’, 19 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 51 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 90% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 46 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 10% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 5 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)80%, Bunun(布農族)2%, Saysiyat(賽夏族)2%, roma(其他)6%. Ira ko Kiwkay(台灣基督長老教會石磊教會、石磊天主堂) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] dh1xxi95s6yvx9lcwie1bn7f9m2ek6e 0 751 42323 38556 2024-03-17T08:21:00Z Andre Engels 545 merge 42323 wikitext text/x-wiki {{merge|Federated States of Micronesia}} == Federated States of Micronesia (密克羅尼西亞聯邦) == Micronesia nipatatekoan a kitakit (Inkilis: Federated States of Micronesia), Micronesia [1] ato nipatatekoan a kitakit, o i saetipay no Taypinyang kitakit, itira i Caroline pala, ira ko 702 kongli ko dadahal no kitakit. Polong no kitakit ira ko 607 kasakanatal, Pohnapei a kanatal ko satata’akay, o Parrickle ko ta’akay a tokay itini. == Likisi (歷史) == === Tatapangan no liyad: Micronesia nipatatekoan a kitakit likisi. (主條目：密克羅尼西亞聯邦歷史) === Itiya 1100 miheca, Saudrell hongti i Pohnapei kitakit misatapang. Sa’ayaw tayniay tina kitakit o Europe a Spain tamdaw, itiya 16 sici, kai 1885 miheca micalap. Ikor i 1899 miheca, o Spain tamdaw paliyasen ko Caroline kitakit to Germany, nanoya ono Germany a New Guinea a ’isal. Ikor saka 1 hekalay-lalood Germany i Taypinyang a micingcingaay a kitakit mapatodong ko Dipong a mikowan, mala no Dipong to a kitakit a ’isal, ikor saka 2 hekalay-lalood i o Amilika ko micalapay. 1947 mihecaan, Linhoko mapatorod ko Amilika mikowan to Micronesia, anini Micronesia nipatatekoan a kitakit o Taypinyangan kitakit patorod to enem no latolo (Kerise i 1977 miheca nai Ponapil micidek mala saka sepat niyaro’). 1965 maheca saka 1 folad patireng to kalomaocan, nanoya nilongoc to misiikeday mikowan a salongoc. 1979 miheca, o Linhoko ato Amilika misahalakaan “Micronesia Tatapangan a ceding” miritos to patoion mikowan to saka enem kitakit (ka’amis Mariana kitakit i 1976 miheca mala no Amilika a mapakoniraay nipatekedan). Tatapangan a ceding i Palau ato Marshall kitakit miritos caay ka laheci, ’osaw a sepatay kitakit pasakapot mala “Micronesia nipatatekoan a kitakit”. 1986 miheca 11 folad 3 romi’ad, masasitelek to Amilika “Pakoniraay mapapolongay kitakit tatelek” malaheci, Micronesia nipatatekoan a kitakit mahayda ira ko salaloma’an sakowan ato kacacofelan a demak tekadan a salongoc, nai Linhoko a patorodan malamicidekay a cisalongocay kitakit, nika sakisakowan a hitay o Amilika ko citodongay (Micronesia finawlan manga’ay mikihatiya malahitay no Amilika). 1990 miheca 12 folad, o sakarihaday licikay no Linhoko, mapaterep ko patorod to pikowan, nanoya paherek ko Micronesia nipatatekoan a kitakit, i 1991 miheca 9 folad 17 romi’ad malayap ko Micronesia nipatatekoan a kitakit malaiing no Linhoko. == Sakowan (行政區劃) == === Tatapangan no liyad: Micronesia nipatatekoan a kitakit a sakowan (主條目：密克羅尼西亞聯邦行政區劃) === Malasepatay ko sakown: Yap, Chuuk, Pohnpei, ato Kosrae. O polong I sepatay ko kasapecih no sakowan:Yapu(Yap)、Cuku(chuuk)、Ponapi(Pohnapei) ato Kosiri(Kosraw).[[Faylo:Map of the Federated States of Micronesia CIA.jpg|thumb|Map of the Federated States of Micron == Sici (政治) == === Tatapangan no liyad: Micronesia nipatatekoan a kitaki a sici. (主條目：密克羅尼西亞聯邦政治) === Dotoc i 1979 mihecaan 5 folad 10 romi’ad mahayda ko Tatapangan a ceding a nikatatelek, no nipatatekoan a kitakit ko tatapangan no kitakit, o ta’elidan no sifo. Kakeridan kakomodan ato mipacokeray kakomodan o Finawlan-Pikaikian iing ko mitoro’ay, ta ona tatosaay I niya karopaw miliyaw ho mipili’ to mamikotay. O cecayay a Finawlan-Pikaikian, nai sepatay a karopaw a 14 a iing a sakapot, o 10ay iing 2 miheca a lekad, 4ay iing 4 miheca a lekad ko salepon no iing. Dodoen koya masanga’at I 1979miheca saka5folad 10romi’ad a Tatapangan Rikec no kitakit tora Kinpo a sarikec I, o Congton ko tapang no kitakit, o kakeridan no sifo.o congtong ato sapadang congtong o Lipoiing(國會議員)ko alamisinkiway, ya saadihayay ko satopa a Lipoiing ko malacongtongay ato sapadang congtong. Yo malacongton to kona tatosa I,cingla’ to tosa ko Lipoiing, miliyaw a misingkiw koya kaitiraan nona malacongtongay to sapiporo to ngala’ no Lipoiing. Cecaay aca ko misanga’ay to rikec a Lipoiing,onani sepat a pecih sakowan ko masadakay a malalipoiing, ilaloma’ nonini to 10 ko tamdaw tosaay miheca ko kalalipoiingan, o ‘osaw a 4 lipoiing I 4miheca ko kalalipoiingan, mileponay to 4 kalalipoiingan. == Sofitay (軍事) == O kitakit awaay ko sofitay, o sofitay no Amilika ko citodongay, “paifaloco'ay mapapolong a kitakit katatelek” ko mapaaro’ ko finawlan no Micronesia to nika caay ko finawlan a kacingangan mikihatiya to sofitay no Amilika. == Tamdaw (人口) == === Tatapangan: Micronesia nipatatekoan a kitakit tamdaw. (主條目：密克羅尼西亞聯邦人口) === O tamdaw 10 ’ofad 5,000 tamdaw (2019 miheca). O Micronesia tamdaw 97%. Midotoc to no Amilika ato Micronesia a katatelekan a rikec, o Micronesia nipatatekoan a kitakit a finawlan manga’ay pakonira sa a tayra i Amilika a maro’, mitilid ato matayal, ^ca to pi toki (dengan o ciraraway a malaplap). Micronesia nipatatekoan a kitakit a finawlan maro’ i Amilika mataelif ko 1 ’ofad ko tamdaw, i Hawaii, Guam ato ’Amis Mariana kanatal ko kasaopo. Adihay ko sasiroma a sowal (saheto o Satimolan Kanatal a kasado’edoan Sowal), kasacecay no kanatal ira ko niya a sowal. O sepatay ta’angay kanatal a sowal a karopaw no sifo ko sasowalen. O ikilis ko no karopaw no kitakit a sowal, o nanamen I pitilidan a sowal. Itiya 2019miheca a misa’osi to tamdaw 1500 ko polong tamdaw. Ilaloma’ no nini ‘I, Mikoronisiya tamdaw 97%, o kakaketonan a tilid no Mikoronisiya Malikowatay Kitakit ato Amirika o tamdaw no Mikoronisiya Malikowatay Kitakit manga’ay to paytemek sa a ciloma’、mitilid ato matayal I Amirika, caay ka masa’eli to sapiwacay to tiring a tilid, onini ka sakacisafaw ko cecay ‘emang ko tamdaw a maro’ I Amirika, do’edo sa itira I Hawai, Kuantaw ato ka’amisay Maliana a kanatanatal ko ‘alomanay tamdaw no Mikoronisiya Malikowatay Kitakit. == O pakayraan. (宗教信仰) == Tingsukiw 50%, Kristokiw 47%, roma ato awaayay ko pakayraan 3%. Nawhani nao Yiropiya ko kasalalan, o kaetip no Mikeronisiya nipatatekoan a kitakit (o Filipin) aloman ko mitooray to Tingsukiw, sawalian o Kristokiw ko alomanay. == Kicay (經濟) == === Tatapangan: Micronesia nipatatekoan a kitakit kicay. (主條目：密克羅尼西亞聯邦經濟) === Micronesia nipatatekoan a kitakit kicay no tekedan a riyar dadahalay, kadofah ko kinaira no foting, o toro a foting ko tadamaanay. O kakaenen ato saka’orip to romi’ami’ad o nipacomodan, tarikor ko kicay. Micronesia nipatatekoan a kitakit o no Amilika ko sakadademak, saheto pilitado nai Amilikaay ko dafong. Midotoc to no Amilika ato Micronesia a katatelekan a rikec, “paifaloco'ay mapapolong a kitakit katatelek”, Micronesia nipatatekoan a kitakit adihayay a kinaira ato sakacomahad no kicay saheto nai Amilika a sapadang. Amilika a yofing ko citodongay to no Micronesia nipatatekoan a kitakit no karopaw ato sakipapotal, no yofing a aca malecad to no Amilika. == kiwiku (教育) == === Tatapangan: Micronesia nipatatekoan a kitakit kiwyiku. (主條目：密克羅尼西亞聯邦教育) === Misafaloco’ ko sifo pacomahad to kiwyiku a demak, kimpo mitelek to tatapangan a ceding a nikatatelek 5-14 mihecaan o nipaci’cian ko kiwyiku, o sifo to mihecahecaan palolol to yusang 20% sapikiwiku. O satakaraway a pitilidan malecad to no Amilika 2 miheca a Syako Siyin “College of Micronesia”, malatolo i toloay kanatal ko pitilidan. Sepatay miheca a daykako a kiwyiku, o sito no Micronesia tayra i Guam kanatal daykaku milacad to finawlan no Guam kanatal ko pakadofah, tayra i Hawai daykaku mipasadak to 50% ikakaay tono Hawaii karopaw a finawlan ko sapitilid. == Mirarakat (旅遊) == Micronesia sapiraratan kinaira ko kadofahay, o ciherangay nga’ayay romi’adan. O sapirarakatan o sakaira comahad no kicay, nika o lalowadan ho picowat, polong no hekal a kitakit o pakoniraay to sapicomod i Micronesia nipatatekoan a kitakit. 2003 miheca micomoday a lafang 18154 ko tamdaw, o Amilika tamdaw ko alomanay. Nikawrira caay kapapina ko tamdaw, o sakaromakat masararemay. Sepatay a kanatal ira ko patefoan no hikoki, nika cecay romi’ad kinacecay ma’efer. Dengan o kasaso’aliw no tamina ko sakaromakat, nika pi:na romi’ad kinacecay ko rakat. == Kacacofelan a demak (外交) == Tangasa i 2017 miheca, Micronesia nipatatekoan a kitakit ira ko 80 a kitakit ko kasaso’aliwan, nika ira ko i Yatay niyaro’ a kitakit ato hekal ta’angay kitakit mapatireng ko Tasekoan, halo Australia, Amilika, Cungko, ato Dipong. 2022 miheca Russia micingcing to Ukraine, Micronesia nipatatekoan a kitakit saki Russia a picingcing pacecay to sapico’a’ang, I 2 falad 25 romi’ad mipisot to Russia a kasaso’aliw, sacisowal sa to Russia “o pahapinangay to cisawarakay” (unambiguously villainous) saan to picingcing no Russia to Ukraine. [6][7] == Sowal (語言) == Tada ‘adihay ko kasasiromaroma a sowal itini, nikawrira, sahetoay o [[Satimolan Finacadan Sowal]] ko lamit. Cecay kanatal cecay ko sowal,sepat ko kalapecih sakowan sa sepat ko kapolongan sowal(sifo sowal),o Ikiris sowal ko hasowal no roma a sakowan, I pitilidan o caay aca ko hatatanamen ko ikiris sowal. == Pitooran(宗教) == Tada talolongay ko nika cirep no punka no Yoropa, i saka’etip no Mikoronisiya Malikowatay Kitakit I mingataay to Filipin, sa ‘aloman ko mitooray to Tinsikiw,mahaop ko 50% no tamdaw, I sakawali I o Kiristo ko ‘alomanay mahaop ko 47% no tamdaw, o osaw to 3% o romaroma to a pitooran. == Sapacefad a tilid (註釋) == 1.O saka^caaw ko sasifod Mikeronisiya nipatatekoan a kitakit, awaay ko pisakamoko’ to sowal. == Tanengnengan a tilid. (參考文獻) == 1. About the Federated States of Micronesia. [2021-03-14]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2021-06-10）. 2. Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 15 December 2020: 343–346 [16 December 2020]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-92-1-126442-5</nowiki>. （nano nina’angan tilid (PDF) i December 15, 2020）. 3. FSM government website–Geography mana’ang i calay, pina’angan romi’ad i 2016-03-04. 4. FSM government website–Population mana’ang i calay, pina’angan romi’ad i 2012-06-29. 5. Russia micalap to Ukr Ukraine, kasakitakit misetek ato pipaco’ay “caay pitolas misafa^’eloh”, tenokan CNA. [2022-02-25]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2022- 02-24） （Taywan）. 6. FSM National Government. Following the Unjustified & Brutal Invasion of Ukraine, the Federated States of Micronesia Severs Diplomatic Relations with the Russian Federation. Micronesia（密克羅尼西亞） [[Faylo:Flag of the Federated States of Micronesia.svg|thumb|Flag of the Federated States of Micronesia|alt=Flag of the Federated States of Micronesia]] [[Faylo:Micronesia on the globe (small islands magnified) (Polynesia centered).svg|thumb|Location of the Federated States of Micronesia]] Itini i 6 55 N, 158 15 E, noOsiniya ko [[Micronesia]]. Polong no sekalay i 702 sq km “saka 191 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 702 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 0 sq km ” Polong i 104,719 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 25.50%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 74.50%, malo no roma to a sera 0%. siyoto(首都) O [[Palikir]](帕利基爾) ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakalima 10 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Peter M. Christian]](彼得·克里斯琴), patirengan(擔任) a romi’ad i 2015 a miheca(年) saka 5 folad(月) saka 11 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 3xg6svutay9dumfsmiia3v1s519aye9 0 752 16753 16752 2021-10-28T12:31:00Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 5 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 16752 wikitext text/x-wiki == Takaray a sowal 概要 == o tadamaolahay komaen to masamaamaanay a sinafel ko 'Amis, saka, ano tayra i palapalaan, i omahomahan, i lotolotokan matayal, i ayaw no ponokayan i, caay piparateng sa midateng to sinafel, adihay i pala lengaw sanay, ano o maan ko pinadateng, polong han mipacamol a misafel, o sa aleretay a kaenen ko sakalafi'. == midateng 採野菜 == itiya ho ko mapakoyoc ko 'orip no Yancomin, o sinafel aca ko dateng, awa ko payso sapi'aca to paliwalan no Payrang a dateng, caay paka'aca to titi' ato foting, saka, o mato'asay to, o wawa to, ano i palapalaan lengaw sanay a sinafel i, midateng to malodateng no loma', o malalokay a tamdaw i, romi'ami'ad sa tayra i palapalaan mikilim to sinafel, ira ko pafeli'an no Kawas kita to safangcalay a sinafel. == I riyar海邊採集 == I ‘orip no itinay pasawali a Pangcah i, o pitaro’an nangra koni pariyaran, ano ira ko manmaan ademakan no niyaro’, ano o piilisinan, o patalomaay, o cipadesay a loma’ i, milekal to mitahidang to kasaselal ato focingkay, itini aca i riyar cangra a mipacing, micekiw, mifoting, sapakaen to polong no finawlan a salikaka. Ira ko sowal no Pangcah, o pinsing niyam ko riyar saan, saka, ano sakakomaenan to foting, cekiw, masamaanay rengos noriyar, ‘aowang, solita, adihay ko kakaenen I riyar. == I 'alo 河邊採集 == == o pi'adop狩獵採集 == 4so5luanuqxmwlyjua291c5jj8y93so 0 753 16760 16759 2021-10-28T12:31:02Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 6 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 16758 wikitext text/x-wiki Yofayof no TayPakayto Tingsikiw no ’Amis itokay. Onini a kasalalifet i, o pirayray to serangawan no ’Amis, naiti:ya ho tangasa i matini, mafiyorto ko icowacowa:ay a kiwkay, mapasadak to ko matiniay a likakawa, mara^ked mahacecay ko faloco’ no singcia. [[Kasasiwasiw:Siwkulang 'Amis]] smj9oil335p68htsabzxh39x628l88b 0 754 16930 16929 2021-10-28T12:31:11Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 169 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 16929 wikitext text/x-wiki Mikomodis （河祭） O kalacecayay no demak to mihecahecaan no kasaselal ko “komoris” hananay, malecad to “miladis” han no ’amis a ’etel, misacepo’ han no pasawali ato mikesi han no Falangaw. Roma i teked han no cecaay a niyaro’, roma pakatar sa to roma a niyaro’ “malaladof” a malacecay mikomoris. Roma a niyaro’ ira ko i’ayaway anca i ikor no ilisin mireko, roma i ira ko maherek mi’anip, mikapkap, pa’afo to omah malepon to ko lingad to sakifonon, o panay i ci hapapoy to mamafitelak cilimaw to mireko to. Ano ’adihay ko limaw ira ko tolo sepatay ko romi’ad, anca ira ko tosaay ko romi’ad, o tayal ni demakan ko pi’arawan to romi’ad a mikomoris. Onini a talawadaw ko kapolongan a pala mikomoris. oni talawadaw o sawaeran nira itira i sawalian kalaeno no Isan a lotok ato i saetipan no pasawali kalaeno no lotok, teloc to no kasonolan itira i riyar no Tay-pin-yang, nika tahira i Posko ato Kongpo masahetal ko pala ’adihay to ko cipa’ no ’alo, kinapina:ay to matateko macinowas ko rakat no nanom, ikor to itira to i kawali no Kiwit matateko malatata’akay to a ’alo mapecih to ko lotok no pasawali a lotok ta masonol talawali micomod i Tay-pin-yang. Yo caho ko kafana’an ko ngota ato mipatiliay a demak koni a ’alo, ’adihay ho ko kaeso’ay masamaanay a foting, malasaka’a’isel no Pangcaah a mifoting koni a ’alo, ’aloman to ko tomekeday anca no ngangasawan a pifoting, nika oni kapolongan a pifoting mikomoris hananay, kitado sa to micipa’ay kasonol no nanom, itira a misedef mitena’ misanga’ to roma kasonolan no nanom, tala sato to kakerahan no nanom, haemin sato ko foting a maala. O sapisedef itira miala to ’talod, eli’, malotektek a kilang, papah no lawilaw ato tafok fokeloh, maemin mangaay malo lalosidan. Maemin to masinanot ko mihalakaan a lalosidan,cecay ko sowal sa kalamkam sato misedef to kasonolan no nanom makerah to ko nanom. Itini i mimingay kasonolan no nanom lahoday a tayalen ko matiniay, nika tahiraay i tatelecan ko talolong, ano caka citaneng ato karikec ko tamdaw ato kalamkam ko tayal a dademak caayay ko mamareko a malaheci ko demak. Orasaka o citodongay kakeridan no kasaselal “Mama no kapah”, cecay ko celi’, cecay ko tayal, cacokecoker mapapadang ko demak, ano caay pina’on, cecay to ko mipalifetay, maperad ho ko nisedefan, o edeng to koni a tayal. Saka o matiniay misedefay ko pifoting kalamkam, matatodong, malacecay, cecay ko saselaan makakiya’ot to tatokian harakatan ko demak, awaay to ko mikikakaay ko matiniay a demak. Pinaay to a romi’ad ko pilifet no kapah, ano i’ayaw no sakapito no toki ko sakatosa a romi’ad malepon, siwa ko toki tahira i loma’ ano saan i, toya a dadaya cecay ko safaw no tatokian i, miocor to ko mama no kapah to sasafaay a selal Tokelol a selal, citodongay mamiparatoh a kapah minokay a paratoh. saci cohcoh sa i tatelecan o sakacipinang, doedo sa to ’awas patatodong to soni no cohcoh a comikay, nano i raayay mangata to nosa, sa rara sa mitaliyok to polong a loma’ no niyaro’, pasalong sa masadak ko matiniay a sowal, “Oy! Ina! Tekong, ’araway, ’arawraw no folad, keliw sasefet, minokay kami anodafak”. todongay noni a sowal, “Inaaw! minokay to anodafak kami, pisatapang to mitangtang to hakhak, taliken misatoron lecaden no canglalan a folad tomili’ kimolmol.” Matengil to no fafahiyan ko ratoh, maratar sarakat a sekak no koko’ misatapang to cangra a matayal, doedo sa toya nisowalan cecay kawat ira ho ko pangkiw no kamay ko tata’ak no ’apelad, kifetol tosa ko piked no talodo’ ’ayaw no kalahokan patayraen i talo’an pafelien ko citodongay o sasifo’an no mato’asay sasafaay a selal no mato’asay alacecay ko tamdaw malomi’isa’isay, o tomili’ ato toni’ ko pi’araw papinang to fangcalay tatiihay kasasinrad no toron malo pidoedoan a pakaolah. Tahini to minokay ko kapah, tangsol to misilsil to foting, o satata’akay pafelien ko sakakaay a mato’asay, lokelon sa ko pakilac, o mimingay to no sasafaay to kilac, nika o kareteng malecad to to no mato’asay. Oninian a foting o sapanokay mapolong ko loma’ a komaen, ’osaw to malosakalahok to no polong no kasaselal, “Caayay pikapot ko fafahiyan.” Masamatini oya safangcalay nisanga’an a toron malokakaenen to no mato’asay. Maherek a malahok ira ho ko no comikayay a lawla, onini i doedo sa to kaolahan no mato’asay ko pi’arawan. o kalawla to o sakalipahak no ’alomanay. Roma i sowal sa ko mato’asay “Wawaaw maso’aw to kako sa.” pakatengil ko kapah tangsol to makakiya’ot to miala to tara’ad sapirarom to nanom comikay tayra toya toloay a patek(M) ko raay tingalaway i sawaeran a nemnem miala sapananom toya maso’away a mato’asay. Roma i ya awa ho minokay ko kapah mifoting, misimed to kafong anca o riko’ “Matiniay a demak i patakaw han no Pangcah” pateli i miraayay to cecay a patek(M) anca tosapatek ko raay ato niyaro’, maherek mato soelinay sa misakemot a pasowal, “Wawaaw! o kafong ako anca o riko’ ako sa, mateli itira matawal ako mihawikid tayni! sa.” matengil no kapah ko cecay a sowal tangsol to comikay ko kapah tayra a miala. O matiniay a lawla ira ko sifana’ to saki no finawlan a demak koni, saikoray to itira to palimo’ot no kakitaan malepon koni a demak, polong maemin to a minokay lecad sato tono laday ko ’orip. O sakaci’epoc ato heci noni a pikomoris hananay ira to ko, sakacecay i, Sakinotamdawan, ira ko todong no “sapingodo to mato’asay” hananay koni komoris a demak, ira ko sakalecad tono Lu-ciya(儒家) no to’as sapalimo’ot to sakacakat ci’icel ko todong nira, onini komoris hananay o patalahekal to kalacecay a mifoting a demak konini. sakatosa, Sakikicay i, onini a pikomoris o papinang to sakafangcal ko romi’ad makadofa ko kinayra sanay. Sakatolo, pakayni i siyakay no finawlan, “Ano masamaan ko pingodo no miso to mato’asay ato piolah no miso to wawa iso, haenen to mingodo miolah ko mato’asay ato wawa no tao” sanay miolahay a faloco’, palacecayen a marikec ko niyaro’, malalihaday lipahak ko siyakay. Sakasepat i, kedecen ko lekakawa no siyakay ato parayray padotoc to serangawan no finacadan, rekoen ko mato kakiya’ot no toki ato pikonglin to tatirengan a comikay, ta masakananam misi’ayaw to kafahekaan a demak. Sakalima. sakitini no safitay a demak, palacecayen ko ocor ato demak, midoedo to pikerid no kasakaka, o mamidipang to sakangaay awaay ko katalawan no niyaro’. [[Kasasiwasiw:Palidaw 'Amis]] jdj5ygl144x5u3fkds7ya1q0sto6304 0 755 30121 16935 2022-01-06T22:52:14Z UrbanecmBot 380 Bot: Cleaning up old interwiki links 30121 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} Mikowanay to kalofinacadan a sa’opo^([[Wp/ ami/Sowal no Holam]]:原住民委員會) 2jws2lxasc2vypcu4ltg0m37ecfghp6 0 756 34940 30122 2023-03-03T22:39:39Z CommonsDelinker 39 Removing [[:c:File:ROC_Executive_Yuan_Logo.svg|ROC_Executive_Yuan_Logo.svg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Ellywa|Ellywa]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/Files in Category:Logos of governments and government agencies of Taiwa 34940 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} [[Faylo:Executive Yuan 20050703.jpg|left|thumb|100px|Mikowanay to niyarowaro' a sa'opo^ no [[Taywan]]]] <!--Interwikis--> bgetzoujn9r1ul946m77g7u41amjqqd 0 757 16944 16943 2021-10-28T12:31:18Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 1 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 16943 wikitext text/x-wiki == Mila'dis 海祭 == O Amizuku nu “海祭”hananay, itini i saamisan hananay a Pangcah 〝miladis〞 han, ,itini i海岸阿美nika sumuwal i〝 misacepo’〞han, anu Farangaw a tamdaw nika sumuwal i 〝mikesi’〞han, anu sipakayni i 花蓮縣豐濱鄉港口a niyaro a nika sumuwal i ,pakayni cudad nuheny i 海祭sananay, itiya maruay itiya i 南洋hananay a Pangcahay a tamdaw,napalilu tu misangay tu kakaenen a kawas,napalasawad kina tamdaw sisa kinapatay hantu kina tamdaw. Ira kya malakakaay a tatusa, madiput nu liyal,tahkalsa kuheny itini i Tawan hananay,dengaysa kita a sikakawsantu kita tu dayday nu wawa nu mita saan,yatatusaan i malalikid tani i liyal. Niyan a tatusaan i, ungangasawan nu Amis kina tatusaan,amangalay kuheni a makasimsim tu pakaoripay tuheniyan a kawas,a patudung kita tu kawas nu liyal saan. Teparay nu liyal ku niyaro’ paoripan nu mita saan, misanga’ kita tu sapila’dis a demak saan,manay sikakawaw tu la’dis. Taluma’ kita tu mibuting yu nilunansa,kina cacay kuni simsim nina Pangcah sanay.anu lutuk kina kaenen nu mita i, anu lutuk sikapaorip numita saan, pasuelin kuheni tina akakawaw. Mitanengay kuheni nika sakaorip,amala kaputkaput kita saan, kumuden numita ku sakaurip sananay ku ruma, anu tahekalay i liyalai i ,u masakapahay ya maemin i, katayni maemin a malacapu’ sananay a demak, atahkal ku matuasay pabana’ tu sapibuting a kilsu sananay. U mikaputay itini la’dis hananay, pakayni tu nika malasacapu’ sa, ira ku matuasay, ira ku terungay kaorip, ira ku sining, aka:aw picumud ku babahi, aka pingatangata aca amilecapu tiniyan babainayan a demak saan. U mila’dis tuayaw a rumiad i, malingatu a mibuting ,kiya asapisalisin nu mita kyakawas nu liyal satu kuhni, maharek sa a patata i, pakaenhan nu mita tu pinaulan sa. Iraaca ku ruma nipisuwal tu nikalaedisan,Umi laedis hananay umibutingay,sakatataangay a demak itini i pilisinan,sapakayni a mabana’ tu kakawaw nu mita’ Pangcah hananay,sapakaynai a mabana’ ku kapahay a sining tu sapibuting,sapaorip tu luma’ay a tamdaw. Tayni ku kapahay i sasa’wacan nu liyal,mikilim tu sapisanga’ tu sapakaen tu kawas a bekeluh. O sikawasay ku mipih’pih’hay,patudung tu kakaenen nu kawas,ngalay ira ko sakapahay a nibutingan. Hareksa kuna lisin,tya malecabaycabaysa a malingad a talaliyal a imputing. Tuluay a rumiad a mila’dis,aka picumud ko babahiyan,aka kakaen ko kapahay tunu ruma’ay a kakaenen,omipananamay tu saka paorip tu luma nuheni. Pakany kaku a mabana’ tu sakaorip nu mita o Amis hananay,nanay simsimen numita ko nika orip numita,sakilemelen nu mita a patireng tu suwal nu malitengay,kawkawhan pasebana’ tu wawa nu mita saan. <ref>吳惠芳. (2011). Wikipedia 維基百科 族語詞條試寫─原住民族語詞條 2011作品集. 教育部.</ref> 3uzpfkp5jge9q8a4d0ug64qaqivea2f 0 758 16946 16945 2021-10-28T12:31:19Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 1 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 16945 wikitext text/x-wiki == Militafad (獵首) == '''Militafad:'''”Ya mipatayay to tamdaw,ala han ningra kiya tangal sapisalisin.” Naiti:ya na’ayaway a fafainay mafana’ militafad to roma a finacadan.Deng o Tao hananay a finacadan o caay pilitafad to roma a finacadan.Nikasacacaycacay no misapangcahay a finacadan no itiniay i Taywan silisin to Militafad hananay.Na’a:yaw midakaw to lonan ko Taywan tayni tini tita’anan,nika caay ka olah ko Pangcah a taynian no Taywan,sisa caay ka sasokapah ko Pangcah ato Taywan,mahaen ili,marafafitafadan no Pangcah ko Taywan. O romasato, na’a:yaw ano marara’is ko kasafinafinacadan i ,o i tapi’ingan a finacadan ko marafafitafadan.I sa’amisay a Pangcah,o Taroko ato Fakoway hananay a tamdaw ko marafafitafadan no heny. Ira ko talolongay a tatodong no lisin ko Militafad hananay .O sakasaan haw ili,paso’lin ko Taroko to cacay a demak,ano mangalay micomod to loma’ no tato’asan itiya i likor no patay i ,yo maoriphen kana caay pilitafad to ‘ada ,wa caay papicomoden no to’as kiso tini i loma’ no tato’asan. Nika ano makayni i no Pangcahan a rayray,o marasapidipot ato marasapakalemed to niyaro’ ko adingo niya tafad.Orasisa ano saadihayen ko tafad no niyaro’,o mamadipot , o mamapalemed no kawas ko niyaro’. <ref>谷穆德阿督普. (2011). Wikipedia 維基百科 族語詞條試寫─原住民族語詞條 2011作品集. 教育部.</ref> lj68r123p6ri9jcjvwuulgco00ofmmc 0 759 44682 44681 2024-09-10T03:50:52Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 米洛什·齊曼 44682 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Prezident Zeman MSV.jpg|thumb|Miloš Zeman, 2017|alt=Prezident Zeman MSV.jpg]] I 1944 a miheca(年) saka 9 folad(月) saka 28 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci '''Miloš Zeman''' (米洛什·齊曼), malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Czechia]](捷克) anini i ci Miloš Zeman, patirengan(擔任) a romi’ad i 2013 a miheca saka 3 folad saka 8 a romi’ad. == No papotalay a kakafit == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 4mjhqswacmm1hl28pg5mifl23sqb53d 0 760 16987 16986 2021-10-28T12:31:24Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 24 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 16986 wikitext text/x-wiki Minami（米娜咪部落） Itiniay i [[Yanping]](延平) Cen no Taitung(台東) ko [[Minami]] a niyaro’, 47 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 148 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 96% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 142 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 4% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 6 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Bunun(布農族)91%, Amis(阿美族)1%, Rukai(魯凱族)1%, roma(其他)3%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] bkefi7j0fbytr1acz0gxupz3v8flo5o 0 761 30123 16993 2022-01-06T22:52:20Z UrbanecmBot 380 Bot: Cleaning up old interwiki links 30123 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} Minowad('''Somomo''';'''Malonang''';'''Manowad''';'''Sunsuli''') [[Faylo:Plums.jpg|thumb|190px|left|Minowad]] 6u0ho00i4baf34j88ye2wejesec7tcs 0 762 17014 17013 2021-10-28T12:31:29Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 20 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 17013 wikitext text/x-wiki Minse（民生部落） Itiniay i [[Wufeng]](五峰) Cen no Hsinchu(新竹) ko [[Minse]] a niyaro’, 13 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 69 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 39% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong(全部) han i, 27 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 61% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan(族群), polong han i, 42 ko tamdaw. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 2b2cynzcnw4t8swk2gor0shzmhn9f5h 0 763 17041 17040 2021-10-28T12:31:32Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 26 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 17040 wikitext text/x-wiki Mintuyu（民都有部落） Itiniay i [[Wufeng]](五峰) Cen no Hsinchu(新竹) ko [[Mintuyu]] a niyaro’, 54 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 166 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 93% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 154 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 7% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 12 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)90%, Saysiyat(賽夏族)2%, Puyuma(卑南族)1%. Ira ko imeng(竹東分局雲山派出所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] a0hz2npw590mfhew0c7fmuuhvs9utjb 0 764 38577 17109 2023-06-27T20:39:56Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38577 wikitext text/x-wiki Misacepo’ （海祭） “Misacepo’ ”hananay no [[Pangcah]], no Saetip a Pangcah miladis han, no [[Pasawali]] i misacepo’ han, no [[Falangaw]] i mikesi’ han. O sowal to “ misacepo’” sanay itiniay i Fakong no Kalingko niyaro’ no Makotaay sowal sa tonian, “ Nano ratoh a sowal, na itiraay i Nang-yan ko Pangcah, icowaay a pala awaay to ko mafanaay, nawhani na mico’a’ang to misangaay a kawas, matefoc no kawas sa palenlen han nira a mihadefek. Deng to ya tatosaay malekakaay madipot no riyar a kawas sa mapawpaw tahira toni kanatal no Taywan, saka manga’ay to nangra itini parayray to teloc. Oni na mapawpaway milakecay a tato’asan no Pangcah, o piaray no faloco’ to pidipot no riyar a kawas, saka maraod to koya paherekan talahekal a romi’ad, misalisin to toya kawas no riyar ”. O roma i,.mingataay to riyar ko niyaro’ no Makotaay, mikiriyaray ko ’orip no niyaro’ a .tamdaw. O lalowadan to pisacepo’ a demak, o pinanay ato palemed to pacefongay a mifoting ko makadofah ko pifoting a tamdaw no niyaro’, ta fangcal to ko pinokay a paherek, onini i o patalahekal to ’icel no mikilotokay mikiriyaray a ma’orip a pinangan no serangawan koni, roma i o papinang to kalacecay no karikec ato kalacecay a ma’orip. I’ayaw no pacefong, polong a kapah no niyaro’ masa’opo i taloan, o mato’asay no finacadan, o citanengay a tamdaw pakafana’ to saiasalil a mifoting, ato pakafana’ to ano tata’ak ko tapelik no riyal samanen a mifoting sanay a tanmeng. Mikapotay to pisacepo’ saheto o kasaselal a tamdaw, marapot ko mato’asay, sasifo’an ato kapah, tati’ih mingata ko fafahiyan ato mikapot, i’ayaw no pisacepo’an a dadaya pacefong to a mifoting, malo sapato’aya to kawas no riyar, pakilacen ko finawlan mapolong a komaen. fi1bbpy4nfnphy3g7bme6qrmix4u37m 0 765 17111 17110 2021-10-28T12:31:38Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 1 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 17110 wikitext text/x-wiki == Misaponis (豐年節野宴) == saponis（豐年節野宴）.O no sakizaya a lisin,Tangasa i 2010 a mihecaan,ca’ay kasawad no Copo,Ciwidiyan,Karoroan ato Cirakayan ko saponis hananay a lisin. No Ciwidiyan a pisaponis i herek no pilisinan,I ayaw no pilisinan cacay a lipay miteker ko fainay no loma’,nikala to koyay,tengaan ato tikolac iri,id’id’ han a patala to lisin,sakalahok ato sapalafan i pilisinan. Na milisin to cila（dafak）,misatonor ko loma’ay.Ta ;miala to nafi ato misalidong i saowac（alo） to kakalahokan a patala’ to fafainay.O fafainay sato iri,maratar a talalotok a milido hanipihodoc hato to taker（talakal）.O nikala’ tiya remi’ad ‘emin han a sikalahok,solsol han ko titi ato ayam a misafel（tangtang）, pasisi sato to ayam ato titi,sipakamato’asay a pasisi,pasolotongay a masisi,corok han tangasa i nipaemin no solsol a titi.Yo pasisi to titi,pakongko ko matoa’say a pakafana’ to demak lisin ato lolon no to’as. Pisaponisan a remi’ad,Ira ko mita’lifay no cimacima,katien a palafang.Pisaponisan madengayto a remadiw to radiw no sakalalikid,hanipinanam hato kelo no sakalalikid,mahaen ko saponis hananay. No copo a niyaro’ o foting ko sapisaponis. <ref>蔡金木. (2011). Wikipedia 維基百科 族語詞條試寫─原住民族語詞條 2011作品集. 教育部.</ref> sgaqvi18yionk5nksa2oy9fsblk8ho8 0 766 17113 17112 2021-10-28T12:31:40Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 1 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 17112 wikitext text/x-wiki == Misaselal (成年禮) == Masaselal Itini I niyaro’no’amis^I,ira ko kasaselal no fa'inayan a ma^min.masacfacfang a masacecay a kapot ko kasalima lima a mihecaan.o sasafaay a selal^I o pakarongay hananay,ma^deng safaw lima,safaw ^nem,safaw pito,safaw falo,safaw siwa ko mihecaan nangra. O kaka nonini^I,tosa a polo’,ira ko cecay,tosa, tolo,spat ko mihecaan i o kapah hananay ko nini a selal. Mapangangan ko kahacecaycecay no selal. Saka,a mafana a ma^min ko fainayan to nika o maan a selalan kako sanay. O selal no mama nangan ko malama mama noya sasafaay a selal. Cingra ko pacifana’ay to nga’ayay a demak to sakacingodoaw no safasafa to kakakaka a tamdaw ato sakangodoaw to mato’asay a tamdaw.saka, matiya o mama nangra ko to’as no papasifana’I cangranan a mama no selal. Mipili’ ko kakomodan to fangcalay a tamdaw, masasinutay ko demak,o citanengay a matayal to mamala mama no selal.saka,mamala singsi noya wawa tangasa i kapatayan nira koya mama. Mahaenay ko sakapinanam no wawa a matayal to tayal no niyaro’. Ano cima koya wawa caay ka tatodong ko demak^i,oya mama ko papasowalay I mama noya wawa to sakafana’aw noya mama a palatamdaw to wawa nira. Saka,tosa ko singsi no fa’inayan a wawa;o mama no tireng ato mama no selal. O ina a cecay ko mala singsiay no fafaiyan a wawa. Ano ira ko cara no finawlan^i,masadak a ma^min ko kasaselal. Itiya^i,patdo caay ka saan a micamol i ro’ma a selal a mikapot. Ano mihaen kiso^i,o mamatfoc kiso no selal.no miso.saka,caay ko a simaanen iso ko demak a misafokilfokil to selal iso. Lima a mihecaan ira a masadak ko fa^lohay a selal. Saka,ano pasowal ko mama ano^ca’i o faki i wawa to sapisaselal nira^i,itiyato cingra a micomod. Ta mapolong cangra a mapatireng a mala sasafa’ay a fa^lohay a pakarongay a selal.o mamatayal a maocor no kakakaka ato mato’asay a selal cangra.saka adihay ko tayal nangra. Itini a minanam cangra to tatayalen a ma^min. Ano o maan ko niocoran no kakakaka ato mato’asay a tatayalen^i,lowaden nangra a ma^min a milaheci. Itini a mi’ikes a paki^mel to faloco’ nangra a pakacitangren. Ano makapah a manga’ay ato malalok konini a pakarongay^i, o mamapangangang cangra to fangcalay a ngangan. Nikawrira ,ano caay ka tatodong ka demak nangra a tapalen no kakakaka ato mato’asay^i, o mamapangangan cangra to kaka-ngodoan a ngangan. Caay ko papaculi to kakakaka ko safasafa’ay a tamdaw. Mangalef ko nika pisanga’ay to demak I saki mato’asay. Ano ira ko cara no finawlan^I,mapahapinang I niyaro’ no pioyoy no mioyoyay ko sowal. O maan a selal ko masadakay a macara a saan. Ano mimingay a tatayalen^i, cecay tosa a saselalan ko mamacara. Ano tata’angay a tatayalen^i,mapolong ko kasaselal a masadak a macara. O kakomodan no niyaro’ ato kociw no kasakowan ato mama no selal ko masasowalay to malo tatayalen no finawlan .mapatorod nonini a milautay ko mamioyoy a palatoh i finawlan.saka,maratar cingra to dafak a mioyoy.onini ko sakafana’ no finawlan to nika o maan ko tatayalen no niyalo’ anini. Nikawrira, to romi’ami’ad^i,caay ka^ca ira ko kacacorocorok no mato’asay a selal a macara a maro,isfi. O tatodong no mamisimaw to niyaro’ tona malingad a ma^min ko finawlan a matayal i omah.saka.caay ka nga’ay a awa ko mamisimaway to niyaro’. O hatiniay a tatayalen i paocorohanto ko sasafaay a selal to hatiniay a demak.saka, mahangnay ko misaselalay no amis a demak hananay. <ref>林坤一. (2011). Wikipedia 維基百科 族語詞條試寫─原住民族語詞條 2011作品集. 教育部.</ref> nou3qyx5rf9oy6si0djo9y8pstmb8j6 0 767 17115 17114 2021-10-28T12:31:41Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 1 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 17114 wikitext text/x-wiki Misirumut sapinang o suwal no Pangcah Kina Pangcah hananayi, o naytiniyaay a tamdaw o taywan,siwa' kina ngangasawan no Pangcah hananayi, satataakay a nika saniyaro' asa Pangcah. O tamdaw no heni iri, makasabaw tu spat a emang,o aro' no heni iri, itinia:min i saamisan tuwa tangasa itini satimulan. InaPancah hananayi, pihaceng ko nika debungan no napayrang a misumuwad ko nisimsim, maratar ko heni a mabana' to niyan sapaan'ip hananay atu niyan sakamawmah a misatukus hananay a demak. Ira kuyu nika tala lutuk nuheny a miadup to aadupen, yu tala lutuki,midateng, anu tala liyal a mirengus ,itini alo' mibuting, mahaen ko saka orip no heni. Unu kakawawsan a demak no heni i,tusa kya micid:kay a kakawaw, cacay satui, onu ina ko tatudungan no heni iri, sipangangan ko heni iri, alaen ko tangal no ina amisanga' to ngangan, makumud amin no inaan a lalabu' no luma' a maorip. O kakawaw no heni to demak hananay, ono ina ko ririden no heni, ni riridan no ina ko heni a mitudung to sademaken to tu:ud, irasisa babahi hananay itini i lalabu no luma' hananayi, oyaan o mala tatapangan, nanay o kakawaw nina lalabu no luma'. Skatusa satu iri, ira kuyu mihecaan nika sariked no heni to dademaken sipakayni mihecaan koyu tatudungan. O babainay iri, u tangasaantu ko sepet nika orip masakapah, sipakayni i sakakaay koyo pasebana' to kakawaw hananay a riked no heni. Anu itinitu i nobinawlan a kakawaw o demak aca, ruma to dademaken hananay sipakyni aca i sakakaay, o sakakaay hananay o satuasay kuyu tatengilen, kabanaan ko yaan a suwal no mama sakakaay paturtuy to saba', haenen ko nika dademak no heni to sapilimu'ut to dademaken. Sipakayni no Pangcah lalabu' no luma' hananayi, kumudkumud sananay a mapulung to dademaken ato iniyan satayal to niyan kakawawto noheni kakanglayay a demak, kumuden amin no heni. Ini lisin no lumaluma'an iri, maualah ko heni baluma' to icep, o apalu, uniyan kamaya, o kyabes, o makaen no lalabu no luma'. Irasisa iniyanhanto o caayay kalecad a kakawaw nina Pangcah hananay, o kakasapinangan ko nika caykalecad ato niyan kalaw tamtamdaw. Ona Pangcah hananay, maulah itini to caayay ka sumuwad no yaayaanay a kitakit. Ona Pancaah hananay, mingata midudu to yaan no caayhen kaw nisumuwadan, mingata to paoripay to heniyan a nisangaan, o sananaysisa maolah kuheni to mahiniyay caayay kawni sumuwadan, oyuho yaayaanay henay a kitakit. O mihecaan iri, adihay kiniyan nipisakakawaw no heni to lisin amibaung to paoripay, sikakawaw kuheni tuyu paluma', irakuyu miketep tonika adihay noheni nipaketepan, iniyan a miadup a mibuting numasakapahay a lisin talatuas sananay. O mamelamelawawy a nikadademak no heni a kakawawi, iniyan kyaru o hadihay ko niketpan, namiketep sananay a lisin, tangasa anini mamelaw no mitai, limuutun:henay no heni atangsa itini i wawa kusubana to matiniyay to mihemiehcaan mamelawto no mita kunika silisin noheni to mahiniyay o nipiketep hananay a niyaniyaro'. Yu makina misalisintu kuheni irir, tulutulu a rumiadi, tangatangsa i sakapitu a rumiad a maherek. Yu malingatu satuiri, tala lutuk ko ruma, tuwa tala liyal ko ruma a nika nanuwang no kapah no niyaro' a silisin,sikakawaw to tataa:kay a nika lecapo'. Ina Pangcah hananayi, yu malecapo'toway misatataak a mimelaw to matuasay atoyu kilemelay a misimsim, ato mabanaay a mikeru'. ira kya ta:ducusducus to iniyan o kero' hananay, kyanca o kalaw rimurimuratu nasaan kita a mimelaw tinademak iri, arawsaan itira ira kuyu tulun o subana' hananay i tini mahiniyay a makalecao' no heni, ira ko pasubana' adi:hay kiniyan o saka sidepoc sananay a nika lecapo' no heni. Irasisa to mihecaani, oyaankyaro o lalimo:ten no heni a lisin ko matiniyay. Misatatapangan nanay ko heni to niya no sakaorip no heni hananay, sakaitni nokakawasan a tenten hananay. O matiniyay satu no heni a kakawaw itini no Pangcah hananay, oyuno sakacaay karupisak kasumuwad ko cenfel no demak sananay. Mala Pangcah hanany a tamdawi manga:ay to labang, masakaola:han a cabayen, caypisa tatatata:ak ko inikaorip caytu pisaoyaoyaan, cayka sikakawaw toyo misasumusumuwad tuniya nika nanuwang ko Pangcah anu mamaan ko tiyad nisimsimman mahaaensa. Iniyan hananay iri, kabanaen ko nika awaay ko niumuwadan itiyaday ni heni a kakawaw, awaay ko nidumuwadan hanay mahaenay kyro o yaya:antu a caayay ka sumuwad caycaw ninananuwangan a kitakid. Anusuwalen kina kakawaw no Pangcah hananayi, mahana:min kawsa ko maoripay anini amisimsim tina Pangcah hananay saykasitatudung toyu nipakalas to demak, cakasitatudung tuyu misauyauyaan misumuwad to kakawaw, irasisa kakawlahan na:min no maoripay inyan a misimsim no heni, irasisa sakakapah nina tamdaw nusa kitai, sulinay ira kuyu sipakayni pakatatapangan no cudata kakawaw asaan iri, anu sipakayni no tamdawn anusaan iri, o mamela:wan kina kulit nina Pangcah hananay. <ref>吳惠芳. (2011). Wikipedia 維基百科 族語詞條試寫─原住民族語詞條 2011作品集. 教育部.</ref> mmqexfwrkehk38hn8ghuw0lq5nr0nx8 0 768 17119 17118 2021-10-28T12:31:43Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 3 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 17118 wikitext text/x-wiki Mitapi’(婚姻制度) Itiya ika 50, 60 ayaw mihcaan, ofafahiyan ku malo’ay tuluma’ kono ’Amis, o pakaylaan no lamud i, o fa’inayan ku mikadafuay, i winaay kupi palucukan to ngangan no wawa. anu o dafung umah ato ^can, fafahiyan kumi dutucay, tahaani:ni mafalicay tukulintad, omahaennay a laylay i, lahedaw satu, itini iniyaro’ ya 70, 80 ku mihcaan a fa’inayan a malitengay, itiyaho sahetu o mikadafuay ku lamud. Ofafahiyan ku malo’ay tuluma’ alintad, malawdtu ku kacifa’inayan no limecedan no ’Amis, nuilatu kumihalatengan a kapah, hanaca i falucu’ay nu wina atu wama, uculentu no malitengay tayla iluma’ nuya kapah mitapi’, o mitapi’ ademak i okaying ko tayla i luma’nuya kapah dademak, tudung tu masasiulahay a pakaylaan, nomitapi’i, cica^dungay tu lusid atu liliten kufukes, tudungay tu nguduen kuluma’ no fa’inayan. ==外部連結== *[http://www.alcd-con.tw/reading/book/menu_37/book_1/_SWF_Window.html 原住民族語中級教材-閱讀書寫篇] [[Kasasiwasiw:Palidaw 'Amis]] tbq43hconguwnziqjexha6qtprag545 0 769 17189 17188 2021-10-28T12:31:47Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 69 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 17188 wikitext text/x-wiki Miyamaya niyaro’ （太昌部落） Roma ngangan no Miyamay Lidaw han ko pangangan, sakasadak noni a ngangan i no ka Dipongan ho a ngangan, i sa’amisan i lawac to, na niyaro’an no Cikasoan, itiya ho Pararic han ko ngangan, palafacan han. Nawhan aloman ko finacadan, sa’amisan a otok no Natawran masadafdafay a pala, saka salaenoan han ko pangangan. Ikor to no kalala’isan a demak no Cikaso’an, macefis to no Dipong ko paniyaro’an no Cikasoan “Ciyifangcalay a niyaro’ han.” itiya i oni a Lidaw i, o sa’amisan no Ciyi a niyaro’, malo ka kawmahan to no mafolaway a Dipong. itiya i awaay to ko cecacecay no Pangcah itira a maro’. Itiniay a tamdaw i maemin to mafolaw tayra i palayapay no Posong patireng to falohay a niyaro’ Cikasoan han roma i tayra i roma a pala paniyaro’. Nengnengen i na’angay a tilid, onini a pala tahira to i 1922 a mihcaan ta ira ko a enem lalomaan nano Takofan a Sakizaya a finacadan mikilim to kamawmahan, doedo sa i sap otan a ’alo pasatimol a mafolaw, ikor to i, itini to i laeno to no lotok no Cikasoan, missatapang to pamatang to omah saenger sato paloma’ a maro’. Sa’osi han ko patikoan no Cikasoan a tamdaw tayni a ma’orip, itini to i 1930 a mihcaan, ira ko tamdaw no Natawran ci Falah Fafoy patadoay to Dipong mikilim to mamisakoli tayra i Loki a pala matahidang ci Siri, Potal Pohngoy, Dawa Kacaw, ci Fedi’ Poces, ci Hino Lo’oh, ci Mayaw Soleda’ a enem ko tamdaw no Cikasoan tayra a mafolaw. Mahayda ko paro no loma’ tayni maro’ ko mafolaway a Dipong, malepon to ko tosa miheca, cikilac to sota’ cangra to ko mawmahay, o kinayra lalikel sa makilatosa. Nanoya ya a enem a tamdaw no Cikasoan saenger sato paloma’ mala falohay to a niyaro’ no Cikasoan. == Pi’arawan to lakaw == *[http://210.240.125.35/citing/citing_content.asp?id=3280&keyword=%A4%D3%A9%F7%B3%A1%B8%A8 台灣原住民族歷史語言文化大辭典] *李景崇，1998，《阿美族歷史》，臺北：師大書苑。 *黄宣衞，2008，《阿美族》，臺北：三民。 *達西烏拉彎‧畢馬，2001，《臺灣的原住民 : 阿美族》，臺北：臺原。 [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] ecv0p0zfq9f0bya8e367l7hhz6sways 0 770 17215 17214 2021-10-28T12:31:50Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 25 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 17214 wikitext text/x-wiki Mizuhu（勤和部落） Itiniay i [[Taoyuan]](桃源) Cen no Kaohsiung(高雄) ko [[Mizuhu]] a niyaro’, 99 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 286 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 95% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 271 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 5% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 15 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Bunun(布農族)90%, Tayal(泰雅族)1%, Amis(阿美族)1%, Hla’alua(拉阿魯哇語族)1%, Paiwan(排灣族)1%. Ira ko picodadan(勤和部落圖書資訊站) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 59maojrz98dbd7tkj804a0t7303sd3a 0 771 17239 17238 2021-10-28T12:31:53Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 23 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 17238 wikitext text/x-wiki Mklapay（加拉排部落） Itiniay i [[Jianshi]](尖石) Cen no Hsinchu(新竹) ko [[Mklapay]] a niyaro’, 69 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 179 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 63% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 113 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 37% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 66 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal59%, Bunun(布農族)1%, Saysiyat(賽夏族)1%, roma(其他)3%. Ira ko picodadan(尖石國中、嘉興國小) i niyaro’. Ira ko Kiwkay(台灣基督長老教會嘉樂教會、嘉樂天主堂) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Wp/szy]] e867udpopl5lmkxozfqfqxoi89554uj 0 772 17266 17265 2021-10-28T12:31:56Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 26 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 17265 wikitext text/x-wiki Mkmatuy（馬胎部落） Itiniay i [[Jianshi]](尖石) Cen no Hsinchu(新竹) ko [[Mkmatuy]] a niyaro’, 163 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 452 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 85% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 384 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 15% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 68 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)82%, Bunun(布農族)1%, Saysiyat(賽夏族)1%, roma(其他)1%. Ira ko Kiwkay(真耶穌教會義興教會) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] hs79lqrflhvy57f0sslih7ifod2gipb 0 773 17291 17290 2021-10-28T12:31:59Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 24 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 17290 wikitext text/x-wiki Mknahuy（拿互伊部落） Itiniay i [[Jianshi]](尖石) Cen no Hsinchu(新竹) ko [[Mknahuy]] a niyaro’, 115 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 321 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 77% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 248 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 23% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 73 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)74%, Amis(阿美族)2%, roma(其他)1%. Ira ko picodadan(義興國民小學) i niyaro’. Ira ko Kiwkay(台灣基督長老教會尖石教會、尖石天主堂) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 116zs2mdwy7qdhovpcea2grii2avtz9 0 774 17319 17318 2021-10-28T12:32:01Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 27 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 17318 wikitext text/x-wiki Mkslaq（上水田部落） Itiniay i [[Jianshi]](尖石) Cen no Hsinchu(新竹) ko [[Mkslaq]] a niyaro’, 77 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 242 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 89% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 216 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 11% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 26 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)84%, Amis(阿美族)1%, Rukai(魯凱族)1%, Saysiyat(賽夏族)1%, roma(其他)2%. Ira ko Kiwkay(台灣基督長老教會水田教會) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 41xyvo582agttjf2oz1q5pod4r3f7pf 0 775 38978 17345 2023-06-30T08:47:51Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38978 wikitext text/x-wiki Mksuzing（麥樹仁部落） Itiniay i [[Jianshi|Jianshi]](尖石) Cen no [[Hsinchu]](新竹) ko [[Mksuzing]] a niyaro’, 69 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 161 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 87% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 140 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 13% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 21 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko [[Tayal]](泰雅族)80%, [[Amis]](阿美族)2%, roma(其他)4%. Ira ko picodadan(尖石國民中學) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Wp/szy]] f4zzw4iub8ybij46tjw2zw39aioiuy6 0 776 17375 17374 2021-10-28T12:32:08Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 29 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 17374 wikitext text/x-wiki Mkzihing（義興部落） Itiniay i [[Jianshi]](尖石) Cen no Hsinchu(新竹) ko [[Mkzihing|/Mkzihing]] a niyaro’, 51 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 147 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 76% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 111 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 24% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 36 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)71%, Paiwan(排灣族)2%, Bunun(布農族)1%, Truku(太魯閣族)1%, roma(其他)1%. Ira ko picodadan(石磊國民小學) i niyaro’. Ira ko Kiwkay(台灣基督長老教會義興教會) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 44j8z5u2gt0wrzfiwxgnzm16g6vbwl4 0 777 44684 44683 2024-09-10T03:51:55Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 穆罕默德·烏爾德·阿卜杜勒-阿齊茲 44684 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz August 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, 2014|alt=Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz August 2014 (cropped).jpg]] I 1956 a miheca(年) saka 12 folad(月) saka 20 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci '''Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz''' (穆罕默德·烏爾德·阿卜杜勒-阿齊茲), malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Mauritania]](茅利塔尼亞) anini i ci Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, patirengan(擔任) a romi’ad i 2009 a miheca saka 8 folad saka 5 a romi’ad. == No papotalay a kakafit == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 28729p440aam5i577xsoy8eofycvyrc 0 778 31147 30592 2022-04-28T15:27:02Z LiouShowShya 36 31147 wikitext text/x-wiki Mohammed VI of Morocco(穆罕默德六世) [[Faylo:King Mohammed VI.jpg|thumb|Mohammed standing behind a lectern|alt=Mohammed standing behind a lectern]] I 1963 a miheca(年) saka 8 folad(月) saka 21 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci [[Mohammed VI of Morocco]], malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Morocco]](摩洛哥) anini i ci Mohammed VI of Morocco, patirengan(擔任) a romi’ad i 1999 a miheca saka 6 folad saka 23 a romi’ad. == Itiyaay ho a 'orip 早期生活 == == Hongti no Morocco 摩洛哥的國王 == === misafangcal ato mipakonira to 'orip 社會改革及自由化 === ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] m3fnbbzxb4hgrcon21wvxlwhyjx5c3x 0 779 30593 30424 2022-01-26T17:12:14Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q217]] 30593 wikitext text/x-wiki Moldova（摩爾多瓦） [[Faylo:Flag of Moldova.svg|thumb|Flag of Moldova|alt=Flag of Moldova]] [[Faylo:Location Moldova Europe.png|thumb|Location of Moldova (green) and Transnistria (light green) in Europe.]] Itini i 47 00 N, 29 00 E, noYoropi ko [[Moldova]]. Polong no sekalay i 33,851 sq km “saka 140 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 32,891 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 960 sq km ” Polong i 3,510,485 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 74.90%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 11.90%, malo no roma to a sera 13.20%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Chisinau]](基希涅夫) ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakafalo 27 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Igor Dodon]](伊戈爾·杜登), patirengan(擔任) a romi’ad i 2016 a miheca(年) saka 12 folad(月) saka 23 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] ig14s49rw7vv7hle5obpz79cdp8lwmc 0 780 44372 40135 2024-08-30T19:14:16Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 畫廊 44372 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Flag of Monaco (WFB 2000).svg|縮圖|Hata no Monako]] == Monaco (摩納哥) == == Monaco kitakit == '''(France: Principauté de Monaco; Monaco sowal: Principatu de Múnegu; Oak sowal: Principat de Mónegue),''' roma sowal Monaco hongti kitakit, Monaco, o cecay i kaetipay no Europe ato katimolay Europe a lekatep niyaro’. I katimolay no France ko Monaco, mililisay to riyar no Tenokay riyar, o ka’amis, kaetip, kawali o France ko mitaliyokay, o nano katelangay a niyaro’ ato ikoray nipatirengan liyok a malakapot. O sa’adihayay ko tamdaw i hekala kitakit, o mimingay a kitakit ato lekatep ko Monaco, o kicay militado to nai Monte Carlo Casino ato mirarakatay ko sakaira no kicay. O Monaco o Hontian Rikec a kitakit, sawara'an o hongti no Monaco. I ’ayaw Monaco caay pilisata to finawlan a kitakit ko Monaco, o pilaliwan to sata a kakarayan a han ko pangangan. [[Faylo:Monaco in its region.svg|縮圖|Kaitiraan no Monako]] == Likisi (歷史) == Monaco a ngangan no niyaro’ nai ’ayaway ni Yis to 6 sici-Monoico (Monoikos). Midotoc to no kawasan sowal no Greece, kasasowalen ta’akay tamdaw ci Hercules micafer itini, orasaka o Fox tamdaw itini patireng to samiyay pipacakatan ni Hercules, sacisowal sa “Monoikos” (Greece sowal: Μόνοικος, misikeday a loma’ ano eca pipacakatang to kawas), nanoya malangangan to no itiniay. Monaco i 1215 miheca miliyaw mala no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%83%AD%E9%82%A3%E4%BA%9A Genoa] micingcingan a mapatireng. Nai 1297 miheca, tona Francois Grimaldi misimed to tiring mala no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%96%B9%E6%B5%8E%E5%90%84%E4%BC%9A Franciscan] a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%BF%AE%E5%A3%AB monk] (I Itali a sowal monaco) micingcing midipot toya [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%91%A9%E7%B4%8D%E5%93%A5%E5%B2%A9 fokeloh piki’adingan], Monaco itira sa i Grimaldi a mikowanay a loma’, dengan i 1793 miheca tangasa 1814 miheca, masa’et ni [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%8B%BF%E7%A0%B4%E4%BB%91%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96 Napoleon saka cecay] hongti a kitakit ko Monaco. I 1815 miheca tangasa 1860 miheca, Vienna lomaocan mitoro’ to Monaco o Sardinia hongti kitakit (ikor mala no Italia hongti kitakit) a midipotan kitakit, tangasa i 1861 miheca, Monaco a salongoc pakayni i France- Monaco tatonekan mapasongila’. [[Faylo:National Council (Monaco).jpg|縮圖|Kalomaocan no kitakit no Monako]] I 1911 miheca ’ayaw saka cecay kimpo mapasadak mihapiw, o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%91%A9%E7%BA%B3%E5%93%A5%E7%BB%9F%E6%B2%BB%E8%80%85%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8 hongti no Monaco o satakaraway a mikowanay] itiya. I 1918 miheca 7 folad, masasitilid to cecay a tatonekan, tatonekan midotoc to no France saka tolo nikapolongan kitakit i Monaco tatodong midipot. Onini a tatonekan matilid i “[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%87%A1%E5%B0%94%E8%B5%9B%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6 Versailles kakaketonan]”, o Monaco a dademaken midoedo to no France a sici, sofitay ato kicay a kinaira mipatodong. I 1919 miheca milecad to France masasitilid to tatonekan midoedo, ano ira ko tatapangan no kitakit a mapatay awaay ko fainayan a teloc, o Monaco micamol to France. Tasaay kitakit i 2002 miheca miliyaw to fa^elohay a tatonekan, tona awaay ko mamidotoc to tapang no kitakit, o Monaco oyana to misiikeday kitakit, o France midoedo padamso to sapitena’. Saka 2 kalaloodan no hekal i 1940 miheca 6 folad France ikor no kapidah o Italia citodong to France Italy la’ed a sa’etal, masasi’ingir ko Monaco ato Italy. I 1942 miheca 11 folad, nawhani o lekatep a sofitay micalap to ka’amisay Africa, o Monaco macingcing no sofitay no Italy ko Monaco, i 1943 miheca katapi’an no Italy miliyas to Monaco. I 1944 miheca o lekatep sofitay mipalowad to Monaco. [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%85%B0%E5%B0%BC%E5%9F%83%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96 Rainier saka tolo hongti] i 1949 miheca nai akong ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E6%91%A9%E7%BA%B3%E5%93%A5) Louis saka tosa] mapatay midotoc to kalahongti. I 1962 miheca mihapiw to cecay fa^elohay kimpo, mapalasawad to pipatay a tofoc, midama to sakanga’ay no fafahiyan misingkiw, patireng to satakaraway hoying mipatodong to sapakonira notamdaw. I 1993 miheca, Monaco malakapot to Linhoko, citodong to sapisingkiw a salngoc. I 2005 miheca 3 folad 31 romi’ad, nawhani ci Rainier saka tolo hongti halafin ko kafoti’ to adada, o wawa ci Albert miteka citodong to sadama to dademaken. I 2005 miheca 4 folad 6 romi’ad Rainier hongti mapatay, ci Albert midotoc, mala Albert saka tosa. Ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E8%B4%9D%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E6%91%A9%E7%BA%B3%E5%93%A5)Albert&#x20;saka&#x20;tosa Albert saka tosa] i 2005 miheca 7 folad 12 romi’ad malaheci ko kalamikowanay to Monaco, o katomireng ningra a kacitodongan itira i pidemakan to mama ci Rainier saka tolo hongti a kiwkay. Kinatosaay ko pipatirengan cingraan, o cecay i 2005 miheca 11 folad 9 romi’ad midemak. == Sici (政治) == Aniniay Monaco nao hongti no Monaco ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E8%B4%9D%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E6%91%A9%E7%BA%B3%E5%93%A5) Albert saka tosa] ko mikowanay, o cecay Hontian Rikec a kitakit. Monaco nai 1911 mihecaan midemak to Hontian Rikec, o hongti ko tatapangan no kitakit. O citodongay midemakay nao laloma’an nokitakit ko mikeriday to sepatay a wiyyinhuy no sifo. Kakeridan no laloma’an o hongti nai France sifo patorodan a mipili’an to cacitodong. Midotoc to 1962 mihecaan kimpo nitonekan, citodongay kakeridan ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A_(%E6%91%A9%E7%BA%B3%E5%93%A5Cecayay&#x20;ko&#x20;pikaykian&#x20;faco&#x20;no&#x20;kitakit cecayay ko pikaykian faco no kitakit] kalomaocan (Monaco lomaocan) a la’isal a ’icel. Oni a pirikecan citodongay 24 ko tamdaw pakayni to nisingkiwan a ngangan, 5 miheca ko rekad. I kasaniyaro’ a dademaken o kapolongan kalomaocan ko mikowanay no Monaco. Kapolongan kalomaocan ira ko 15 a nisingkiwan tamdaw malakapot, o siciciw ko mikeriday to saopo. == Palapalaan (地理) == Saka’amisan no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7%E5%BC%8F%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99 tenokay riyar] ko Monaco, ma’ekakay farawfaw ko romi’ad, macidal to mihecaan, o nano tenokay riyar ko romi’ad. Polong no kitakit maliyokay no France ko kawali katimol a riyar to nano Alps kanatal, paseraan kawali kaetip karaya’ 3,500 cm, saromotay 200 m, o dadahal 208 kongcin (2.08 pinfang kongli, i safa no kongyin no New York ko kamiming), polong no hekal sakatosa mimingay kitakit, samimingay a kaying no Linhoko, limaay to cecay o niselenan misadadahal to sera ko riyar, mapatirengm ko madapicay rarakatan a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%B0%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%83%E8%80%B6 tamina-Fontvieille] minato ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%B5%AB%E5%BA%AB%E5%8B%92%E6%B8%AF Hekule minato]. Liyok no Monaco awaay ko ’alo ato ta’akay fanaw, takaraw no lotok 164.4cm, i masa’apilisay sera. == Kafafalifalic no romi’ad (氣候) == O nano [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7%E5%BC%8F%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99 Tenokay riyar ko romi’ad] no Monaco (misiked to romi’ad: Csa), nano [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E6%80%A7%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99 riyar a romi’ad] (Cfb) ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%89%AF%E7%83%AD%E5%B8%A6%E6%B9%BF%E6%B6%A6%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99 fa’edet so’emetay romi’ad] (Cfa), kaciherangan falawfaway fo’edasay, kasienawan lietec kala’orar<ref>Monaco weather, climate and geography. web.archive.org. 2012-08-21 [2020-03-11]. 原始內容存檔於2012-08-21.</ref>. Kamoko’ ko romi’ad no kaciherangan, herek no lahok caay ka faedet (mahemhem caay kataelif ko 30˚C), nawhani caay pitolas ko no riyar a fali, mahemhem ko romi’ad. Oroma sato, nahani kaciherangan a hemhem no riyar takaraw, saka o dadaya maso^emetay. Ta, kaciherangan caay ka isafa no 20˚C. kasienawan talifahalan ci koli ato matefad ko so^eda, mo^etep miheca kinacecay tosa matefo<ref>Jilly. Snow in Casino Square!. [2020-03-11]. （原始內容存檔於2013-01-16）.</ref> <ref>Climate. www.visitmonaco.com. [2020-03-11]. （原始內容存檔於2021-03-23）.</ref> I 2018 miheca 2 folad 27 romi’ad, Monaco ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%92%99%E7%89%B9%E5%8D%A1%E6%B4%9B Monte Carlo] matefad ko so^eda itiya.<ref>"In Pictures: French Riviera hit by snowfall". www.thelocal.fr. [2020-03-11]. （原始內容存檔於2018-08-12）.</ref> {| class="wikitable" | colspan="14" |Monaco（salongan sa’osi 1981–2010, masasiromaay sa’osi 1966–anini） [papolong] |- |Folad |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 |6 |7 |8 |9 |10 |11 |12 |Mihecaan |- |Likisi ’akawan farawfaw °C（°F） |19.9 (67.8) |23.2 (73.8) |25.6 (78.1) |26.2 (79.2) |30.3 (86.5) |32.5 (90.5) |34.4 (93.9) |34.5 (94.1) |33.1 (91.6) |29.0 (84.2) |25.0 (77.0) |22.3 (72.1) |34.5 (94.1) |- |Salongan farawfaw °C（°F） |13.0 (55.4) |13.0 (55.4) |14.9 (58.8) |16.7 (62.1) |20.4 (68.7) |23.7 (74.7) |26.6 (79.9) |26.9 (80.4) |24.0 (75.2) |20.6 (69.1) |16.5 (61.7) |13.9 (57.0) |19.2 (66.6) |- |Romi’ad farawfaw °C（°F） |10.2 (50.4) |10.2 (50.4) |12.0 (53.6) |13.8 (56.8) |17.5 (63.5) |20.9 (69.6) |23.8 (74.8) |24.2 (75.6) |21.1 (70.0) |17.9 (64.2) |13.8 (56.8) |11.2 (52.2) |16.4 (61.5) |- |Salongan Tefaday Farawfaw °C (°F） |7.4 (45.3) |7.4 (45.3) |9.1 (48.4) |10.9 (51.6) |14.6 (58.3) |18.0 (64.4) |21.0 (69.8) |21.4 (70.5) |18.3 (64.9) |15.2 (59.4) |11.2 (52.2) |8.5 (47.3) |13.6 (56.5) |- |Likisi Tefaday Farawfaw °C（°F） |−3.1 (26.4) |−5.2 (22.6) |−3.1 (26.4) |3.8 (38.8) |7.5 (45.5) |9.0 (48.2) |10.5 (50.9) |12.4 (54.3) |10.5 (50.9) |6.5 (43.7) |1.6 (34.9) |−1.0 (30.2) |−5.2 (22.6) |- |Salongan ka’orad mm（in） |67.7 (2.67) |48.4 (1.91) |41.2 (1.62) |71.3 (2.81) |49.0 (1.93) |32.6 (1.28) |13.7 (0.54) |26.5 (1.04) |72.5 (2.85) |128.7 (5.07) |103.2 (4.06) |88.8 (3.50) |743.6 (29.28) |- |Salongan katefad romi’ad （≥ 1.0 mm） |6.0 |4.9 |4.5 |7.3 |5.5 |4.1 |1.7 |2.5 |5.1 |7.3 |7.1 |6.5 |62.4 |- |Folad romi’ad toki |149.8 |158.9 |185.5 |210.0 |248.1 |281.1 |329.3 |296.7 |224.7 |199.0 |155.2 |136.5 |2,574.7 |- | colspan="14" |Pakayraan sa’osi 1：Météo France[5] |- | colspan="14" |Pakayraan sa’osi 2：Monaco website (sun only)[6] |} == Kicay (經濟) == O sakaira no micomoday no Monaco o mirarakatay; mihecaan aloman ko tamdaw masolotay no Monaco tayni i casino mipakiyaw ato kanga’ay no romi’ad. I 2001 miheca, fa^elohay patirengan masadadahal tominato, malopikateran no mirarakatay tamina. Itiya comahad to kicay no Monaco, nai pipakiyaw, pirarakat ato kinko a katayalan, o kitakit sai patadoay ato mimingay demak, ’akawangay ko sadopoc, awaay ko mikaditay kikayan a kasasiroma no pikalali’acaan saka cowat. Caay pisateked ko sifo milisata to tamdaw. Nawhani caay ka’alman ko tamdaw no kitakit, adihayay to sakikapolongan tekedan no sifo citodong, halo yofingkyok, tingwa a patado. Anini tingwa no Monaco o Tatong tingpokyok ko citodongay to 49% masa’isal, sifo cisa’isal to 45%, ira ho ko kingko no Monaco (Compagnie Monégasque de Banque) citodong to 6% sa’isal. Takaraw ko saki’orip no Monaco, matiya to ingataay tokay no France. Awaay ko no tekedan a sata a demak masolot ko alomanay tamdaw a sapiliyasan to pilisata a cidafongay malinah tayni, saheto o Europe kitakit a tamdaw, pakayra i papotalay no Monaco a cisiya ko sakapili’etan to micomoday; tadamaanay tamdaw pakayni i F1 kalalifet no tosiya masolot ko alomanay minengneng, nikawrira alomanay mali’acaay tamdaw ko malinahay. I 1865 miheca patireng to Monte Carlo casino saka comahad nai pakoyocay malacidafongay to a kitakit. Caay ko cefang no Europe lekatep ko Monaco, nikawrira pakayni i France a kalisata a lekatep ko pihakitiya to France no payso-Europeyin. O Monaco ato Europe lekatep ira ko masasiketay a calay. Monaco citodong to misanga’ay to payci no Europe, i payci no kitakit mapatodong ko pisafaco no Monaco a salongoc. Polong no cikiw samatekesay loma’ itini i kafekang no Agel lotok mapatireng ko ta’akay La Villa a loma’, o kaitira patireng pala, talacowa 158 pinfang cm ko dadahal, nika misi’ayaw to katimolay no France riyar a tataparan, mala o samakapahay a tataparan a loma’, o ni a loma’ i 2017 mihecaan 2.56 walwalan Amilika payso ko pipa’aca, kasacecay no pinfang cm 162 ’ofad Amilika payso ko ’aca nira. == Karomatan lalan (交通) == Awaay ko kasakitakit hikokiciw no Monaco, palinata i Nice langdaway riyar a hikokiciw (Aéroport Nice Côte d'Azur). Nai hikokiciw tangasa i Monaco maci midakaw to Nice faso 110 calay (pahiceraan o MENTON), tatenokan no Nice maci ira ko 100 calay faso tangasa i Monaco (paherekan no faso i MENTON), 40 ko fen no rakat. 110 calay a sakalic kipo 22 Europe payso, cecayay miheca a paya patikoay paya 33 Europe payso. Manga’ay midakaw to no France kitakit marar (SNCF) cinamalay, nai Nice ko rowad salongan 15 ko fen tangasa i Monte Carlo no Monaco a syataw. Monacosi a sakaromakat pakafasoay, 5 k calay to kasasicofel ko rakat i maci, 2 Europe payso ko cecay tamdaw (ira ko masaromi’aday paya 5 Europe payso manga’ay mipili’), calay no lalan: Route 1 : Monaco Ville - Saint Roman - Monaco Ville Route 2 : Monaco Ville - Jardin Exotique - Monaco Ville Route 4 : Condamine - Saint Roman - Condamine Route 5 : Fontvieille - Hôpital - Fontvieille Route 6 : Fontvieille - Larvotto - Fontvieille Nawhani o ledef nomaci mililisay to lotok patireng, laloma’ no maci sa’etal mapatireng ko pakilaenoay lalan no tamdaw ato kapolongan pikalican macakat malokelon, sakanga’ay no tamdaw romakat tayra i tarepatan[7][8][9]. == Tamdaw (人口) == O samadadiecay ko tamdaw i aniniay hekal ko Monaco kitakit, halafinay maro’ a tamdaw ira ko 32,020 tamdaw, toni 6,089 o Monaco kitakit a tamdaw. O itiniay kitakit no Monaco a tamdaw malasaawaayay, mahaenay tamdaw i hekal awaay i kasakitakit manengneng. Sa’alomanay maro’ o France tamdaw, ira ko 32%, sakatosa o Italy tamdaw, ira ko 20%, o nano Monaco tamdaw 19% ko tamdaw, osaw 29% tamdaw nai 125 a kasakitakit a mafolaway malakapot, mahaenay tamdaw mala o kasakitakit ko tamdaw no Monaco. Monaco tamdaw ato citodongay o sata’akay ko yimong ’icalay. Samimingay i hekal a kitakit ko Monaco, sakatosa o Vatican. France a sowal dengan sowal no Monaco kitakit, nika misano Inkiris, Italy sowal ato masasowal to no Monaco a sowal (Liguria sowal napela’an). Mafana’ay to tilid 99%. Loma Tingsokiw koniketonan no kitakit, salongan 90% ko tamdaw, nai Tingsokiw Monaco citodongay mikowan, nika Monaco kimpo pa’ading to romaroma a mitooray a mapakonira. == Kiwiko (教育) == Kaemangay ato tenokay mitiliday Mo^etep ko no Monaco kitakit a pitilidan, tosa ko midamaan a Kaemangay pitilidan ato cecay kasakitakit pitilidan. Kakoyin ato daykako Dengan o kasakitakit daykako ko laloma’ay no kitakit a daykako no Monaco, o Inkiris a sowal ko sapipasifana’, patodong i kalali’acaan calay ko pinanam. == Onto (體育) == Monaco o sakatadamaan o F1 malalifetay to tosiya, i madi’ecay lalan ko kalalifetan a cingang i hekal. == Ponka (文化) == == Kakaenen (飲食) == == Pirarakatan (旅遊) == Tadamaan ko fotingan no Monaco, o cecay hongti no Monaco ko patirengay. Pakayraen i masatono’ay i riyar ko pisanga’. Kasacecay tingroh o pinengnengan no mirarakatay tamdaw minengneng to kasasiroma no i lalinikay no riyar a maamaan ma’oripay. == Malikiday ponka (流行文化) == == Pinengnengan tilid. (參考文獻) == 1. Monaco weather, climate and geography. web.archive.org. 2012-08-21 [2020-03-11]. nano nina’angan tilid i 2012-08-21. 2. Jilly. Snow in Casino Square!. [2020-03-11]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2013-01-16）. 3. Climate. www.visitmonaco.com. [2020-03-11]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2021-03-23）. 4. "In Pictures: French Riviera hit by snowfall". www.thelocal.fr. [2020-03-11]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-08-12）. 5. Monaco (99) (PDF). Fiche Climatologique: Statistiques 1981–2010 et records. Meteo France. [26 February 2018]. （nano nina’angan (PDF) tilid i 27 February 2018） （France sowal）. 6. Climatological information for Monaco. Monaco Tourist Authority. [2 March 2018]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2 March 2018） （France sowal）. 7. Nice langdaway riyar sa’etal faso calay a tilid. [2013-08-07]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2014-06-17）. 8. Monaco pirarakatan calay. [2013-08-07]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2021-03-23）. 9. Monacofaso calay a tilid. [2013-08-07]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2020-05-11）. Monaco（摩納哥） [[Faylo:Flag of Monaco.svg|畫廊|Flag of Monaco|alt=Flag of Monaco]] [[Faylo:Location Monaco Europe.svg|畫廊|Location of  Monaco  (green)in Europe  (green & dark grey)]] Itini i 43 44 N, 7 24 E, noYoropi ko [[Monaco]]. Polong no sekalay i 2 sq km “saka 254 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 2 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 0 sq km ” Polong i 30,581 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 1%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 0%, malo no roma to a sera 99%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Monaco]](摩納哥) ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakacecay ko safaw 19 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Albert II]](阿爾貝二世), patirengan(擔任) a romi’ad i 2005 a miheca(年) saka 4 folad(月) saka 6 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] iltou5ipevw2b2qnsoyhayle8dwlfvb 0 781 17469 17468 2021-10-28T12:32:20Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 23 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 17468 wikitext text/x-wiki Monating（姆拉丁部落） Itiniay i [[Fuli]](富里) Cen no Hualien(花蓮) ko [[Monating]] a niyaro’, 68 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 276 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. | 59% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 164 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 41% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 112 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)58%, roma(其他)1%. Ira ko picodadan(萬寧國小) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 1k5h65mvn8k5vxusyojlzx77ow27zax 0 782 44461 38457 2024-08-31T07:24:14Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 縮圖 44461 wikitext text/x-wiki Mongolia（蒙古） [[Faylo:Flag of Mongolia.svg|縮圖|Flag of Mongolia|alt=Flag of Mongolia]] [[Faylo:Mongolia on the globe (Mongolia centered).svg|縮圖|Location of  Mongolia  (red)]] Itini i 46 00 N, 105 00 E, noAsiya ko [[Mongolia]]. Polong no sekalay i 1,564,116 sq km “saka 19 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 1,553,556 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 10,560 sq km ” Polong i 3,031,330 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen (農業) a sera 73%, Malo no kilakilangan (林業) a sera 7%, malo no roma to a sera 20%. siyoto(首都) O [[Ulaanbaatar]] (烏蘭巴托市) ko Siyoto. Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad (國家紀念日) i sakapito 11 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj]](查希亞·額勒貝格道爾吉), patirengan(擔任) a romi’ad i 2009 a miheca(年) saka 6 folad(月) saka 18 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Asiya]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Sawaliay Asiya]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Kitakit]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Mongolia]] ruway25vgkx0k2sxqh72g79lenys34h 0 783 30596 30427 2022-01-26T17:12:17Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q236]] 30596 wikitext text/x-wiki Montenegro（蒙特內哥羅） [[Faylo:Flag of Montenegro.svg|thumb|Flag of Montenegro|alt=Flag of Montenegro]] [[Faylo:Europe-Montenegro.svg|thumb|Location of  Montenegro  (Green)in Europe  (Dark Grey)  –  [Legend]]] Itini i 42 30 N, 19 18 E, noYoropi ko [[Montenegro]]. Polong no sekalay i 13,812 sq km “saka 162 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 13,452 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 360 sq km ” Polong i 644,578 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen a sera 38.20%, Malo no kilakilangan a sera 40.40%, malo no roma to a sera 21.40%. siyoto(首都) O [[Podgorica]](波德里查) ko Siyoto. Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad (國家紀念日) i sakapito 13 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci [[Filip Vujanović]], patirengan a romi’ad i 2003 a miheca saka 5 folad saka 22 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 0m2w84dilmj908605ob3t477evzlikd 0 784 17525 17524 2021-10-28T12:32:28Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 23 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 17524 wikitext text/x-wiki Mornos（永福部落） Itiniay i [[Changbin]](長濱) Cen no Taitung(台東) ko [[Mornos]] a niyaro’, 94 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 240 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 92% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 221 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 8% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 19 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)87%, Puyuma(卑南族)1%, roma(其他)4%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] j1t2lfg8iirsh1q3bihnp271nf45zw8 0 785 17561 17560 2021-10-28T12:32:32Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 35 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 17560 wikitext text/x-wiki Morocan（牧魯棧部落） Itiniay i [[Ruisui]](瑞穗) Cen no Hualien(花蓮) ko [[Morocan]] a niyaro’, 161 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 389 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 66% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 256 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 34% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 133 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)58%, Tayal(泰雅族)1%, Bunun(布農族)5%, roma(其他)2%. Morocan hanaay a niyaro i itira i Kalingko(花蓮),katimol no Kalingko o Kohkoh ko mikowanay,o saka fafaw no Siw Ko rawsi （秀姑巒溪)a fadangaw,pasa'amis han i noya niyaniyaroan no ngayngay ato no Pangcah,o Pa'ilasen( 拔啦庄)han no miyam.ya Pa'ilasen a niyaro' tolo ko saniyaro' nira,o Cikidian(富源村) Lacihakan(富興村 )ato == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 9p482ijy9wbg4m96lhvs13ach3jnuw2 0 786 33495 33494 2023-01-10T13:58:30Z Halo0913 937 33495 wikitext text/x-wiki == Morocco (摩洛哥) == Morocco hongti a kitakit (Arab: المملكة المغربية‎, Berber sowal: ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ), tadasowal Morocco (المغرب; ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ[10]) o ka’amisay Africa pakaetip Maghreb a cecay Hontian Rikec a kitakit. O kawali matatongod to Algeria, katimol o nikowanan no Sahara sa’etal ato Mauritania, kaetip mirepingay to Tasiyang, tala’amis o Gibraltar a ’efong (Strait of Gibraltar) ato Tenokay riyar (the Mediterranean) ato Portugal, Spain masasikecor. O syoto o Rabat, ta’akay maci o Casablanca[11]. I likisi a Morocco o pararocorocok to nai adihayay misiikeday a hongtian sakowan, sa’ayaway hongti i 788 mihecaan mapatireng ci Idris hongti. I ci Murabit hongti ato ci Mowahid hongti a pikowan, o ’icel no Morocco o satadamaanay itiya, o sera tahira i kaetip ka’amis a ledef, o ’icel tahira i Iberia sa’etal. Padoedo ni Marin hongti ato Saad hongti itiya, mapatalaw no papotalay kitakit, nikawrira macalap no Ottoman Turkey, malamasiikeday i kaetip ka’amis a kitakit. O Alavi hongti i 1631 mihecaan mapatireng, o pikowan tangasa anini. I 1912 miheca Morocco o micingcingan ko sakadama noni a kitakit, o sera maaisalay ko France ato Spain. I 1956 miheca Morocco miliyaw masiiked, nanoya malaci’icelay kitakit itira toya sa’etal, i 1979 miheca malaheci ko pi’emet to kaetipay a Sahara ’etal, oni kaetipay Sahara a pikowan caay kakahien no kasakitakit, nikawrira o Arab nipatatekoan kitakit mihayda to kaetipay Sahara a pikowan o Morocco ko ciseraay. Sacisowal sa ko Morocco to ka’amisay lilis no riyar o Spain ko citodongay masasicalay to Ceota, Melilla ato no Spain mikowanan a sera[12]. Morocco o malitosaay ko hontian Rikec a kitakit, o sifo ko citodongay to sakadademak, o pitelaek to rikec o sifo ato kalomaocan k citodongay, ira ko ’icel no malahongtiay to sakidemak atopitelek, saki sofitay, kacacofelan a demak ato pakayraan a demak ira ko ’icel a sowal. O Islam ko pakayraan no Morocco, no kitakit a sasowalen halo aniniay a Arab sowal ato Berber a sowal, nai 2011 mihecaan Berber a sowal malano kitakitay to a sowal[13][14]. Morocco a tamdaw o no Arab ko sakasasowal naira, no aniniay a sowal ira to ko caayay ka lecad; nao likisian, Morocco manga’ay naira somowal to France sowal ato Spain a sowal. Morocco o no Arab kitakit a nipatatekoan, Africa nipatatekoan ato Tenokay nipatatekoan a lekakop, o saka loma a ta’akay kicay i Africa[15].[[Faylo:Flag of Morocco.svg|thumb|Flag of Morocco|alt=Flag of Morocco]] == Likisi (歷史) == Mila’ed ta anini to ’ayaw no 40 ’ofad miheca no itiya:ay ho a tamdaw ira to ko dademakay i Morocco. Mikadkaday hakasi manengneng mihapiw itini to i ’ayaway iraay took tamdaw a maro’. Sa’ayaway itini maro’ a tamdaw o Berber a tamdaw awaay to ko kacipinangan. I 7 sici i, tayni ko Arab tamdaw, itira i 8 sici to ko pipatireng to hongti a kitakit. Tenok a sici (Middle Ages) itini mikowanay ira ko Berber a tamdaw. Morocco hongti kitakit (Arab: لمملكة المغربية‎, Lomaan: al-mamlakat al-Maġrib) ko ngangan no kitakit o nai Arab sowal ko pipangangan to saetipay “Maghreb”, I ’ayaway no Congko ira ko sowal to Morocco a nitilidan, ira ko Song a tamdaw ci Caw-ro-se (co-fan-ce)”Mokali kitakit”. Min miheca “kon-yi wanko cicu” pasowal sa to Morocco o “Maloko kitakit”. Nai 15 sici masateka, o Morocco micalap no adihayay kaetipay kitakit. I 20 sici o Morocco ira ko atalawan to saka 1 kalalood no hekal. I 1912 miheca 3 flad, France micingcing to Morocco. I 1956 miheca 3 folad, misiiked a kitakit[16]. Anini a Morocco Alavi hongti nai 17 sici mitekaay to mikowan, i 1957 miheca, Morocco Sultan Muhammad saka lima mihapiw mifalic hongti kitakit, Morocco Sultan kitakit mafalic pala Morocco hongti kitakit. Milaheci to Hontian Rikec, nikawrira Hontian ira ko ’icel tosaki laloma’an demak atokalomaocan, orasaka o tosaay Hontian Rikec sakiwan. == Sici (政治) == [[Faylo:Morocco WS-included (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|The Kingdom of Morocco map]] Morocco Hontian Rikec adihayay kasacefang a Islam kitakit, hongtoi ira ko sata’akay a ’icel sakowan. Kalomaocan masiiked to Kararemay pikaykian ato Fafa'eday pikaykian tosa, Fafa'eday pikaykian ira ko 325 tamdaw no lomaocay o finawlan ko misingkiway, lima miheca ko rekad. Kararemay pikaykian ira ko270 tamdaw to nai kasaniyaro’ a taypiaw nisingkiwan, tolo miheca mafalic ko tolo no cecay a tamdaw. Muhammad saka enem nai 1999 miheca macakat pa’icel to saka nikapolongan a kitakit, saki laloma’an misacedeng to saki pakoyocay ato hosyo to sakarihaday nosyakasy, sakipapotal micedengay a Islam kitakit kodemak. O sasifo’ananay ko Morocco saki tenokay (Middle East) ato Europe Amilika a kalalicayan. I 2004 miheca 6 folad, Amilika congtong ci Bush mihapiw paini to caayay ko saka’amisay tata'angay sa'etipay riyaran a kakaketonan lekatep a lekatep ko Morocco. Nai 2011 miheca 2 folad 20 romi’ad miteka, Morocco finawlan mirarakat i lalan to saki nikapolongan. I 2011 miheca 3 folad 9 romi’ad, ci Muhammad saka enem hongti mihapiw o mamilaheci mifalic to saki kimpo a demak, o salaloma’an o papatireng to kakeridan ato ’icelan, palowad to sakapakoniyah ato salongoc nofinawlan, patireng tomisiikeday a hoying a kasasipakayraan, milaheci to saki nikapolongan a sici[17]. I saka 6 folad 17 romi’ad, mipasadak ko hongti to sapifalic to sakisici a halaka, nai no tirengan nohongti pasayra nikapolongan a hontian rikec, misahalaka i 7 folad 1 romi’ad patorod i kapolongan pitopa. Pakayraan no dademaken: o ’adihayay a ’icel no hongti patoroden i kakeridan no citodongay ato kalomaocan; ikor o mamidemak t no finawlan a pisingkiw, o kakeridan no citodongay i o pakalowiday a cefang ko misakapotay; o kakeridan a citodongay ko mamiocor to cacitodong no sifo, halo midemakay ato no kitakit a kakeridan no katayalan, sangayawen o kakeridan ko ci’icelay mipalasawad to kalomacan[18]. I 2011 miheca 7 folad 1 romi’ad, mikapolongan pitopa ko Morocco finawlat to fa^elohay kimpo. Saka 2 romi’ad to pacereman, o salaloma’an citodongay no Morocco ci Shar Awi mihapiw to nisilsilan a telek 98.49% ko mihaydaany. Onini a losid pahapinang to kitakit o halinga’ayay ko pakayraan to sapifalic to kimpo a rarakaten. Fa^elohay kimpo a losid i: Masataa’ang to ’icel no kalomaocan, mangalef mapa’icel ko tosaay ko kalomaocan faco no kitakit a fafa'eday kalomaocan ko cacitodong. Fafa'eday kalomaocan i limaay to cecay a lomaocay to nipicoker a mitomadaw to malatapangay, ano eca micoker to toloay no cecay a lomaocay to sakimalatapangay a sapipalasawat, nanoya o mamikotay to hongti a mihepolay a ’icel. Fa^elohay kimpo mileko to misiikeday a hoying, no hoying no kitakit o malahoyingay ato polong no salongoc no tamdaw wiyyinhuy misakapotay a satakaraway mikowan a wiyyinhuy, o citodongay satakaraway hoying caay ka i laloma’ay no wiyyinhuy. I fa^elohay nokimpo, o hongti no Morocco o tatapangan no kitakit, o satakaraway no sakilalan, sakiriyar, sakikarayan a sofitay ato tatapangan no pakayraan, pasasiiked citodong to “malatapangay wiyyinhuy” at fa^elohay patireng “sakarihaday no kitakit a wiyyinhuy” a citodongay, mirepatay to ta’akay a dademaken saikoray miketonay, itiya o sakiniyaro’ a mikeriday ato miocor to kacacofelan a dademakay[19]. == Palapalaan (地理) == Itiraay i sakaetip ka’amisay no Africa, katimol no Gibraltar ’efong, sacomod to Tasiyang nai kasifo’ay riyar, no hekalay a calay to 1700 kongli. Masasifoday ko kasahefonghefong no sera, sasifo’ ato ka’amisay o masacakilay ko Atlas lotolotok, kawali ato katimol o takaraway ato a’ayaway no Sahara a taporo, dengan o kaetip ka’amis a lilis noriyar ko dadaya’ paeneray a dafdaf[20]. Nawhani masa’apilisay ko ledef a matena’ no Atlas lotolotok ko katimolay Sahara kohkoh tafotafokan fa^edetay calap, masamihecaan ko nga’ayay romi’ad no Morocco, malengaw ko hana rengos, kasaimahan no  sowal to “I fa’edatay romi’ad saemelay kitakit”, ira hook “ka’amisay Africa a pisahanaan” a sasowalen. Mapahawikid kofa’edatay ato no Canary a si’enaway, masa’edasay ko fa’edetay romi’ad; Atlas lotolotok mifatelay to kitakit, ira ko Toubkal tadatokos (4,165m) satakaraway no kitakit. Kadofah komasacilahay tayhi no Morocco, sa’sien ira ko 1100 qalqalan ton, calap to 75% no hekal. Roma a fodawan ira ko marar, temera, sin, men, pi, tong, cilah, cisyak, sikitang, simal fokeloh. simal fokeloh masoped 1000 walwalan ton, halo tadasimal 60 walwalan ton. == O kasasikiked a sakowan (行政區劃) == Morocco kitakit misaliyad 12 ko sa’etal. Halo misaetan no Morocco a kaetipay Sahara sa’etal malitoloay. Ta’akay sa’etal patireng to 62 kanatal ato 13 ko mikatok citodongay[21]. {| class="wikitable" |Fangko |Ta’akay sa’etal |Syotoko |tamdaw(2014) [22] |- |1 |Tangier-Tetouan-Al Houceima |Tangier |3,556,729 |- |2 |Kawaliay ta’akay sa’etal |Oujda |2,314,346 |- |3 |Fes -Meknes ta’akay sa’etal |Fes |4,236,892 |- |4 |Rabat -Sierra-Kenitra ta’akay sa’etal |Rabat |4,580,866 |- |5 |Beni Mellal -Henifra ta’akay sa’etal |Beni Mellal |2,520,776 |- |6 |Casablanca -Setat ta’akay sa’etal |Casablanca |6,861,739 |- |7 |Marrakech -Safi ta’akay sa’etal |Marrakech |4,520,569 |- |8 |Rashidia -Tafilalet ta’akay sa’etal |Rashidia |1,635,008 |- |9 |Seuss-Massey ta’akay sa’etal |Agadir |2,676,847 |- |10 |Galmin -Nong River ta’akay sa’etal [A] |Galmin |433,757 |- |11 |Laayoune-Sakia-Amra ta’akay sa’etal [A] |Laayoune |367,758 |- |12 |Dakhla-Golden valley ta’akay sa’etal [A] |Dakhla |142,955 |} == Tadamaanay maci (主要城市) == Syoto no Morocco o Rabat; sata’akay maci o minato Casablanca. Roma i 2014 miheca tona mitoki to pangangan a tamdaw mata’elif 500,000 ko tamdaw a maci Fes, Marrakech, Meknes, Sirra ato Tangier[23]. == Kicay (經濟) == Morocco o saka tolo a kinaira ko sakaira no kicay, o mamala cemahaday a kitakit, i Africa saka lima, ka’amisay Africa saka tolo a sakikicay. Sakaira no kicay i o mirarakatay, mifotingay ato sakikoyasi a pasadakan, cilah a koyasi nisopedan ira ko 1100 walwalan ton, sakakaay no hekal. O maomahay ato mipakaenay kanga’ayan to, nika o rmi’ad ko haenen. O adihayay a sakinaira mitier to papotalay to sadama ko Morocco, o France ko saka tosa padamaay, saka cecay ta’akay ko Spain. Macedeng ko kacomahad to kicay nofinawlan. I 2010 miheca i salaloma’an no Morocco a kapolongan a Nitayalan a 'Epoc (GNP) 917 walwalan Amilika payso, no tamdaw 2,839 Amilika payso. Kacomahad no kicay 3.2%, kafeso no dafong 1.4%. == Sakaromakat (交通) == Pakaseraay a lalan ko kimetoay. I laloma’an sakaromakat ko micalapay a todong, saheto 90% ko faso ato 75% a micolo’ay to dafong i lalan. Marar lalan: o patodong tolalan ira ko1907 kongli, o roma a lalan 483 kongli, no tingki a marar lalan 1014 kongli. Roma 765 kongli ko lalan no micolo’ay to cilah a tayhi. I 2003 miheca, o Morocco ato Spain masasowalay, malakapot misanga’ to pakayraay i lalinik no riyar i Gibraltar ‘efong (Strait of Gibraltar) patireng to marar a lanan. Nai 2010 miheca miteka tina tayal, matotongod to Europe, Africa tosaay kanaal sarakatay no marar a lalan, nikawrira tangasa i 2021 miheca, onini a tayal awaay ko so’elinay nidemakan. 2018 miheca, i Casablanca – Tangier saharakatay marar faso, o no Morocco sakacecay a saharakatay marar faso, o i Africa sakacecay a saharakatay marar faso[24]. Sera lalan: o karaya’ ira ko 64452 kongli, o saka cecay lalan 15907 kongli, saka tosa lalan 9367 kongli, saka tolo lalan 39178 kongli. Tangasa i 2009 miheca, saharakatay lalan 916 kongli, ira Rabat – Tanggier, Rabat – Casablanca – Sedat, Rabat – Meknes kasa calay no saharakatay lalan. Midotoc to Morocco saka tosa no kasaniyaro’ a lalan 10 miheca a halaka (2005-2015), to mihecaan mipatireng to 1500 kongli ko lalan, tangasa paherekan polong no kitakit 80% ko maomahay lalan marakat ito. Nanom lalan: iraay anini a minato ira ko 30, o 11 minato o kahiraay sakadademak, ira ko 11 picolo’, pifoting a minato. Tadaminato o Casablanca, Mohammedia, Safi, Tangier, Agadir, i 2009 miheca polong no micomoday masadakay ira ko 6682 ’ofad ton. I Casablanca o sata’akay minato, micalap to polong no minatoto 37%; Tangier-tenokay riyar sakacecay nitayalan malaheciay to, misadadahal to saka tosa, o mala’a'akay i Africa ato tenokay riyar minato. Kakarayan picolo’: polong no kitakit ira ko 28 a hikokiciw, 12 o kasakitakit a hikokiciw, tinako Casablanca Muhammad saka lima kasakitakit hikokiciw, Rabat-Sierra kasakitakit hikkiciw, Marrakech-Minara kasakitakit hikokiciw. Morocco hongtian hikoki kosi ira ko 33 hikoki, mapalalan ko 75 calay lalan, tayra i sepatay masafaniyotay a 32 kitakit, o nirakatan 30 ’ofad kongli. I 2008 miheca faso nicolo’an 1060 ’ofad tamdaw. 2005 miheca, Morocco ato Europe nipatatekoan masasi tilid “mafohat kakarayan” latelek, Morocco hikoki a icifa saki Europe hikoki kosi mafohat mapalalan. I 1996 miheca 12 folad, pakayra i Algeria, Morocco tangasa Spain, Portugal a Maghreb tangasa Europe a tataparan a lahod macayat to ko calay. Onini calay 1385 kongli ko kakaya’, sa’ayaw mihecaan pataynian a tataparan a lahod 90 walwalan a m3, Morocco to mihecaan ira 10 walwalan a tataparan a lahod ko mialaan. I 2005 miheca, Morocco sa’ayaw palacalay tayra i sadingkian, sakadamso’ to 17% saka cidingkiaw. == Tamdaw (人口) == Morocco 80% a finawlan o taloc no Berber tamdaw, 20% o camel. 3000 ’ofad tamdaw a nisowalan o Arab sowal,. 1200 ’ofad tamdaw tangasa 1500 ’ofad tamdaw a nisowalan o Berber a sowal. 99% muslin, itini to 67% Sunni mitooray, 30% misatekeday muslin, roma ira ko 0.9% Kristokiw, 0.2% Yotayakiw. == Kiwiko (教育) == Morocco padamso to caayay papaiso a pitilid, tangasa i ka’emangay. Oni kitakit nai 2012 miheca a mafana’ay to tilid ira ko 72%[26]. Morocco ira ko 40 a daykako, takaraway kakoyin ato mikingkiway kakoyin, malesap i kasamaci no kitakit. == Ponka (文化) == Nawhani o kaitiraan pala ato likisi, Morocco a ponka macamolay to Arab, Berber, Yotaya ato Europe a kasasiroma a ponka[27], ’ayaway hongti ci Hassan saka tosa pasowal: “Molengaway i Africa ko Morocco, nikawrira o papah sa mihedotay to fali no Europe a kilang” [28]. Nai misiiked, o picoka, pito’toan, kaloradiw, kikik misifay ato pisaika no Morocco macowatay[29]. == Sasowalen ato pakayraan (語言與宗教) == O Arab sowal ko sakasasowal, nika o Berber sowal nihaydaan no kitakit a kasasowalan, Arab sowal ko no kitakit a sowal ato Hasaniya sowal. Nawhani o nicalapan no Europe a likisi ato macowat ko rarakatan, ’alomanay tamdaw no Morocco mafana’ to sowal no France[30], Spain[31] ato Inkiris[32]. O Islam ko pakayraan no kitakit. I 1993 miheca 8 folad mipasarayan to Hassan saka tosa a Mosque, maro’ i Casablanca misi’ayaw to Tasitang, saheto o fahecalay fokeloh ko sapisanga’, o takaraw 200m, kisafa to i Mecca a Mosque ato i Azhar Mosque no Egypt a saka tolo ta’akay Mosque i hekal, o sapisanga’ a patireng o tadamaanay i hekal. O mafohatay a kitakit ko Morocco, saki fafahiyan o mamipengec ano eca pipengec caay pipatangic, manga’ay pakoniyah sa[33], mi’efec to kaciburqa ko kitakit[34]. == Onto (體育) == O onto no kitakit micokaray to mali ko kaolahan. I 1956 miheca a no hekalan cup, o Morocco kitakit a micokaray to mali o malalifet i kasasikedan to Africa cefang. Roma a sasalamaen no kitakit a onto ira ko comikayay, lalimaay tamdaw micokaray to mali, lanciw, mikemo, sasemo, golf. I 2022 miheca a hekalan cup, o micokaray to mali micomod i sasepatay ko Morocco kitakit, malasa’ayaway micomod sakasepat i hekalan cup a Africa ato Arab mimaliay. == Pirarakatan (旅遊資源) == Pirarakatan o satadamaanay sakaira nokicay no Morocco[35], i safa sakatosa no sakapicomod no payso ko cilah a tayhi sakaira. I 2018 miheca ira ko 1230 ’ofad ko mirarakatay i Morocco[36]. O pirarakatan itira i sepatay hongtian i ta’akay maci: Fez, Marrakech, Meknes ato Rabat; ika “ka’amisay Africa a spay” i Casablanca, ka’amis co’ed no Tangier, Rocok no hekal a maci i Essaouira, “landaway maci” i Chefchaouen; ato lilis no Tasiyang, Sahara kohkoh ato ka’amisay Africa sa’akawangay tokos Toubkal a tataparan ko pialaan to losid nina ika. == Kakaenen (飲食) == O kakaenen no Morocco macacamolay to no Moore, Europe ato tenokay riyar a sikaen[37], tadamaanay no Morocco a dteng halo Gusmi, macidemay sioy titi (Taji), Tacotuca salad. Kaolahan a nanoman o “atai”, cilamlamay to saemelay ato kasaociya; satadamaanay ko ociya i Morocco a ponka[38], o sakalali’ay no ’orip ko ociya. I lomaloma’an to, adihay ko masamaamaanay a sakatayal a copo. I Morocco, sapihamham to lafang o saemelay sapafangsis ko sapatala, pahapinang to mihamhamay pinangan. == Posi ponka (貓文化) == O tadaponka no Morocco ko posi ato kasakapot i saki’orip to romi’ami’ad[39], ano i maci ato i niyaro’ ko Morocco a tamdaw, ira aca ko posi manengneng. Itiniay tamdaw to sakiposi o sakacipakahadidiay misanga’ayay ko pinengneng, onini paki Islam a kimadan, ato maolahay makorac a tataparan[33]. == Lisin ato pahanhanan (節假日) == {| class="wikitable" |Romi’ad[40] |Ngangan |Niyaro’ |Pakapi |- |1 folad 11 romi’ad |Pisiikedan mihapiw | | |- |5 folad 1 romi’ad |Malingaday romi’ad | | |- |7 folad 30 romi’ad | | |Muhammad saka enem kala hongtian romi’ad |- |8 folad 14 romi’ad |Milosimet (kaetip sahara sa’etal) pihiratengan | | |- |8 folad 20 romi’ad |Hongti ato finawlan pifalican | | |- |8 folad 21 romi’ad |Kapah romi’ad | |Muhammad saka enem kasofocan romi’ad |- |11 folad 6 romi’ad |Kangdaway sapicomod romi’ad | |Morocco sifo i 1975 miheca palekapot to finawlan micomd kaetipay Sahara sa’etal |- |11 folad 18 romi’ad |Pisiikedan romi’ad | | |} == Sofitay (軍事) == Naikora no Morocco i 1956 miheca misiiked miteka patireng to sofitay sakaci’icel no kitakit, i 2010 mihecaan polong no kitakit a sofitay 19.5 ’ofad ko tamdaw[41], ira ko hongti lalanay hitay, riyaray hitay, karayan hitay, ira ho ko hongti mirikecay, midipangay ato pataroday hitay. O riyaray hitay saikoray mapatireng, itiya i 1960 mihecaan mipatireng. == Seraan kalaliyang (領土爭議) == Nai piliyas to France madipot a misiiked i 1956 mihecaan ko Morocco, itiyaay ho Franco Spain iraay ko kalaliyangan to sera. hongti ci Mohammad saka lima itiya, o Tangier mapatiko to Morocco, itiya masasowal to Spain, toya miheca nai ka’amis miliyas ko Spain Morocco. 1958 miheca Ifni kalalood masasitilid to “Sintra sapatonek” milayap ko i Tarfaya sa’etalay (Tarfaya Strip), mahayda i 1969 miheca a “Fes sapatonek” milayap Ifni, 1979 miheca Mauritania miliyas ikor micalap to katimolay a Golden ’efong a sa’etal (Oued Eddahab) [42] I Africa picalapan itiya, o papinapina a sician no Morocco, o kapot no misiikeday cefang no Morocco, tinako Allal al-Fassi (I 1956 miheca marina’ pasadak “ta’akay Morocco” a cicu), pisiiked no Morocco to pinapina mihecaan mipaini to nisafaloco’an misadadahal to sera. sa’ayaw, Sutan caayay kapihayda a ci’iwi[43]. I 1963 miheca Algeria misiiked kalaloodan, Morocco micalap to kaetipay no Algeria a Tindouf ato Bechar, pasowal o no Morocco a sera. cecay folad ko kasasiwtocan a lalood ato mata’elif to somo’otay tamdaw ko mapatayay madoka’ay a caay ka sasipaterep. Tata’ak ko faloco’ ni Al-Fassi i 1960 miheca nicokeran no pinapna tamdaw, tangasa 1969 miheca, itiya mihayda ko Morocco i 1960 mihecaan to pisiikedan no Mauritania a sici sakowan[44]. I kasasi’adaan pinapina mihecaan, o Mauritania kaketeren ko Morocco pikihatiya to katalawan lalefoan, micingcing to sera[45]; I 1970 mihecaan, siwtoc itira to i kaetipay Sahara miteka. Ano matiratira aca ko Morocco sifo oya to sowal o kaetipay Sahara ato ka’amisay o kaeferan no Spain a sera saan: Ceuta ato Melilla a sera, nikawrira ta’akay Morocco a sera mipaini to sowai i 1960 mihecaan ikoran nisawadan to no Morocco saan. Pasowal kaeyipay Sahara a Polisario a cefang ko taypiaw Sahrawi Arabian Nikapolongan Kitakit mala o caayay ko nipatatekoan a citodongay ko aro’ [46]. == Pinengnengan tilid (參考文獻) == 1. Morocco. World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. [2018-11-14]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2019-01-06）. Ethnic groups: Berber 99%, other 1% 2. Morocco. World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. [2012-05-13]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-12-26）. 3. Constitution of the Kingdom of Morocco, I-1 (PDF). [2013-01-09]. （nano nina’angan (PDF) tilid i 2012-05-18）. 4. Morocco Population, 1960-2017 - knoema.com. HCP. 2017 [2018-03-29]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2012-10-29）. 5. Morocco. World Economic Outlook Database. International Monetary Fund (IMF). April 2022 [2022-06-04]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2022-06-04） （Inkiris）. 6. World Bank GINI index. [2018-11-14]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2015-02-09）. 7. Human Development Report 2021/2022 (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 2022-9-8 [2022-11-22]. 8. Morocco Keeps Clocks Steady on GMT+1. 2018-10-28 [2018-11-14]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2019-08-19）. 9. Morocco in CIA World Factbook. CIA.gov. [2012-05-13]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-12-26）. 10. Berber names of Moroccan cities (PDF). Freemorocco.com. [2019-10-26]. （nano nina’angan (PDF) tilid i 2021-12-06）. 11.Jamil M. Abun-Nasr. A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period. Cambridge University Press. 1987-08-20 [2018-11-14]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-521-33767-0</nowiki>. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2020-09-02）. 12. Ceuta, Melilla profile. BBC News. 2018 [2018-11-13]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2020-05-19） （Inkiris）. 13. Rodd, Francis. "Kahena, Queen of the Berbers: "A Sketch of the Arab Invasion of Ifriqiya in the First Century of the Hijra" Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London, Vol. 3, No. 4, (1925) 14. Schnelzer, Nadine. Libya in the Arab Spring: The Constitutional Discourse since the Fall of Gaddafi. Springer. 10 November 2015. <nowiki>ISBN 9783658113827</nowiki>. 15. Report for Selected Countries and Subjects. www.imf.org. [2018-11-14]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2021-10-07）. 16.Faku no tilid: ka’amisay no Africa lalowadan noto’as kitakit- Morocco. [2006-04-25]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2006-04-30）. 17. Morocco 6000 tamdaw miliyang, mingitangit to Nikapolongan Kitakit ato ma’anofay. [2011-06-14]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2011-06-17）. 18. Morocco hongti pasadak tosapifalic to dademaken, o sakowan patorod to congli ato kalomaocan.[midaoc maketon ko calay] 19. Morocco kapolongan pitopa mihayda to fa^elohay kimpo, hongti misawad to todong nosakowan. [2011-07-03]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2013-08-01）. 20. Meakin, James; Meakin, Kate. Morocco. Chisholm, Hugh (wikwik). Taing 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge daykako mirina’ay: 852. 1911. 21. Regions of Morocco, statoids.com. [2017-04-07]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2017-05-16）. 22. POPULATION LÉGALE DES RÉGIONS, PROVINCES, PRÉFECTURES, MUNICIPALITÉS, ARRONDISSEMENTS ET COMMUNES DU ROYAUME D’APRÈS LES RÉSULTATS DU RGPH 2014. Haut Commissariat au Plan-High Commission for Planning. 8 April 2015 [29 September 2017] （Arab sowal ato France sowal）. 23. POPULATION LÉGALE DES RÉGIONS, PROVINCES, PRÉFECTURES, MUNICIPALITÉS, ARRONDISSEMENTS ET COMMUNES DU ROYAUME D'APRÈS LES RÉSULTATS DU RGPH 2014. High Commission for Planning, Morocco. 8 April 2015 [29 September 2017] （Arab sowal ato France sowal）. 24. Ceremony launches Tanger–Casablanca high speed project. Railway Gazette International. 2011-9-29 [2019-3-24]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2020-11- 24）. 25. CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion （I felih matilid I kapi, mana’angan i calay） Population 1971–2008（pdf. I felih matilid I kapi, mana’angan i calay） pages 83–85）IEA（OECD/ World Bank）original population ref e.g. in IEA Key World Energy Statistics 2010 page 57) 26. Baisse du taux d'analphabétisme au Maroc à 28% mana’angan i calay, pina’angan romi’ad 1 August 2014.. Lavieeco.com (6 September 2013). Retrieved 17 April 2015. 27. Morocco: a rich blend of cultures. The Times & The Sunday Times. [2022-09-26] （Inkiris）. 28. Hassan II and the Tree Metaphor: A Reflection of the Plural Moroccan Identity. dune magazine. [2022-11-07]. 29. e.g. Khalid Amine and Marvin Carlson, The Theatres of Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia: Performance Traditions of the Maghreb (Dordrecht NL: Springer, 2011), 124–28. <nowiki>ISBN 0230358519</nowiki> 30. "La Francophonie dans le monde." (Archive) Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie. p. 16. Retrieved on 15 October 2012. 31. According to a survey made in 2005 by CIDOB, 21.6% of the population speak Spanish (realinstitutoelcano.org, afapredesa.org). According to the Morocco Census of 2004, the Morocco population is 29,680,069 (hcp.ma) 32. British Council–United Kingdom (PDF). britishcouncil.org. May 2012. （nano nina’angan (PDF) tilid i 2014-05-13）. 33.itini adihay ko hahedoten no posi. Morocco tadamaanay coka ponka. Yahoo! sinpong. Fa^elohay tangal. 2020-2-8 [2022-11-01]. 34. المغرب يمنع بيع وتسويق "البرقع" الأفغاني. France 24. [2017] （Arab sowal）. 35. Inspiring a tourism revolution in Morocco. www.worldfinance.com. [2019-03-21] （Inkiris）. 36. Bazza, Tarek. Over 12 Million Tourists Visited Morocco in 2018, Up 8% from 2017. Morocco World News. 2019-01-23 [2019-03-21] （Inkiris）. 37. The Art of Moroccan Cuisine. 10 October 2007. 38. Tea in Morocco: 'It's in the blood'. 2014-10-21 [2019-06-09] （Inkiris）. 39. Cats in Morocco. bayt al fann. [2022-11-01]. 40. Morocco – congko calay- kacacofelan a demak. 41. IISS 2012, pp. 340 42. The Sahara conflict: Origins and realities of a regional dispute Embassy of The Kingdom of Morocco in Japan. 2018 43.Douglas Ashford, Johns Hopkins University “kaetipay sici casi”（The Western Political Quarterly）1962-12 saka 1 lolod saka 5fangko saka641-651felih, saka 645 felih  tilidan The Irredendist Appeal in Morocco and Mauritaniap "total liberation" was Allal al-Fassi, who refused to enter France even to meet with his Monarch or long-standing nationalist colleagues."（Inkiris） 44. Douglas Ashford, Johns Hopkins University “kaetipay sici casi”（The Western Political Quarterly）1962-12 saka 1 lolod saka 5 fangko saka 646 felih（Inkiris） 45. Mauritania denuncia a Marruecos. ABC Sevilla. 1961-03-16 [2010-05-14]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2011-08-17）.（Spain sowal） 46. Greater Morocco calay mana’ang, mina’ang romi’ad i 2011-07-24.''Itini i 32 00 N, 5 00 W, noAfilika ko [[Morocco]].''Polong no sekalay i 446,550 sq km “saka 58 ko rayray no ngangan. ”“O sekalay no sera i, 446,300 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 250 sq km ” Polong(全部) i 33,655,786 ko tamdaw. ''Itini i 32 00 N, 5 00 W, noAfilika ko [[Morocco]].'' Polong no sekalay i 446,550 sq km “saka 58 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 446,300 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 250 sq km ” Polong(全部) i 33,655,786 ko tamdaw. ''sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 67.50%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 11.50%, malo no roma to a sera 21%.'' ''siyoto(首都) O [[[Rabat]](拉巴特) ko Siyoto.'' ''katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakapito 30 a romi’ad.'' ''O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Mohammed VI of Morocco]](穆罕默德六世), patirengan(擔任) a romi’ad i 1999 a miheca(年) saka 6 folad(月) saka 23 a romi’ad.'' ''Pi’arawan to lakaw'' * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] ob05yprgo264a7xrjlre8n83xb6qu9f 0 787 30598 30429 2022-01-26T17:12:19Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q1029]] 30598 wikitext text/x-wiki Mozambique（莫三比克） [[Faylo:Flag of Mozambique.svg|thumb|Flag of Mozambique|alt=Flag of Mozambique]] [[Faylo:Location Mozambique AU Africa.svg|thumb|Location of  Mozambique  (dark blue)in the African Union  (light blue)]] Itini i 18 15 S, 35 00 E, noAfilika ko [[Mozambique]]. Polong no sekalay i 799,380 sq km “saka 35 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 786,380 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 13,000 sq km ” Polong i 25,930,150 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 56.30%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 43.70%, malo no roma to a sera 0%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Maputo|[Maputo]](馬布多) ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakaenem 25 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Filipe Nyusi]], patirengan(擔任) a romi’ad i 2015 a miheca(年) saka 1 folad(月) saka 15 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 6blzvyk8tye3r85ypzvm0nchqvx8do7 0 788 30756 30754 2022-02-19T03:18:08Z Zabe 4 取消[[Special:Contributions/124.83.74.227|124.83.74.227]]（[[User talk:124.83.74.227|留言]]）的編輯，改回[[User:Sotiale|Sotiale]]的先前版本 17627 wikitext text/x-wiki Mrmurak（梅拉姆拉克部落） Itiniay i [[Jianshi]](尖石) Cen no Hsinchu(新竹) ko [[Mrmurak]] a niyaro’, 43 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 124 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 94% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 117 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 6% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 7 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)92%, Amis(阿美族)2%, roma(其他)1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] b8ak6mfi5bz0og8jmv5r7fhwvijv4x5 0 789 30599 30430 2022-01-26T17:12:20Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q57340]] 30599 wikitext text/x-wiki Mswati III(恩史瓦帝三世) [[Faylo:King Mswati III 2014.jpg|thumb|King Mswati III 2014|alt=King Mswati III 2014.jpg]] I 1968 a miheca(年) saka 4 folad saka 19 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci [[Mswati III]], malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Swaziland]](史瓦帝尼)anini i ci Mswati III, patirengan(擔任) a romi’ad i 1986 a miheca saka 4 folad(月) saka 25 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 05lfwzn7ijjmzi8h475tbyl1k0lhp6c 0 790 17663 17662 2021-10-28T12:32:45Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 18 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 17662 wikitext text/x-wiki Mudan（牡丹鄉） Itini i Pingtung(屏東) ko [[Mudan]] Siyang. sa’osi han ko po:long no palaan i, ira ko 173.85 km² (lalotolotokan a plalan no sa’osi i ira ko 78.01 km², o palaan noto’as i'a:yaw i ira ko 67.38 km²), 4,619 ko tamdaw i Mudan Siyang, 1,806 ko parod no loma’, itini i niyaro’ a Yincomin(原住民) sa’osi han ira ko 4,318 a tamdaw, pakaala to 93%(Paiwan排灣族, Amis阿美族) no polong no tamdaw. o Paiwan, Amis ko sa’alomanay i Pingtung. ==O kasaniyarona== 6 ko cun, 8 ko niyaro’ i Mudan Siyang. [[Maljipa]]（東源部落）, [[Sinevaudjan]]（牡丹部落）, [[Macaran]]（旭海（馬查蘭）部落）, [[Kus kus]]（高士部落）, [[Pungudan]]（大梅部落）, [[Kapanan]]（石門部落）, [[Anteng]]（安藤部落）, [[Draki]]（四林部落）. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] c0vx5wqosv1472wz2puis1d0tkzr366 0 791 30600 30431 2022-01-26T17:12:21Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q361567]] 30600 wikitext text/x-wiki Muhammadu Buhari(穆罕默杜·布哈里) [[Faylo:Muhammadu Buhari - Chatham House.jpg|thumb|Muhammadu Buhari - Chatham House|alt=Muhammadu Buhari - Chatham House.jpg]] I 1942 a miheca(年) saka 12 folad(月) saka 17 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci [[Muhammadu Buhari]], malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Nigeria]](奈及利亞) anini i ci Muhammadu Buhari, patirengan(擔任) a romi’ad i 2015 a miheca saka 5 folad saka 29 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 8ca1vugjj2vndbg0yfyd2frg12bnhfe 0 792 30601 30432 2022-01-26T17:12:21Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q15054736]] 30601 wikitext text/x-wiki Mulatu Teshome(穆拉圖·特肖梅·沃圖) I 1955 a miheca(年) saka 1 folad(月) saka 1 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci [[Mulatu Teshome]], malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Ethiopia]](衣索比亞) anini i ci Mulatu Teshome, patirengan(擔任) a romi’ad i 2013 a miheca saka 10 folad saka 7 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 08u6llx0hbpfxqv5e6flb49ov9xja67 0 793 17718 17717 2021-10-28T12:32:53Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 21 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 17717 wikitext text/x-wiki Mulinaga（森永部落） Itiniay i [[Daren]](達仁) Cen no Taitung(台東) ko [[Mulinaga]] a niyaro’, 30 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 53 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 85% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 45 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 15% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 8 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Paiwan(排灣族)85%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] dp7ck5zbhq52k66u7ed6yb7ejkhbwm2 0 794 17744 17743 2021-10-28T12:32:56Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 25 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 17743 wikitext text/x-wiki Muliyaw（振興部落） Itiniay i [[Chishang]](池上) Cen no Taitung(台東) ko [[Muliyaw]] a niyaro’, 196 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 499 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 72% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 359 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 28% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 140 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)70%, Bunun(布農族)1%, roma(其他)1%. Ira ko picodadan(萬安國小振興分校、萬安國小振興分校附幼) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(振興村衛生室) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] i4i87pfjor86ez7i6vuard5n11t7wcy 0 795 17775 17774 2021-10-28T12:32:59Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 30 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 17774 wikitext text/x-wiki Murisaka（摩里莎卡部落） Itiniay i [[Wanrong]](萬榮) Cen no Hualien(花蓮) ko [[Murisaka]] a niyaro’, 148 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 463 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 97% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 448 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 3% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 15 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Truku(太魯閣族)80%, Amis(阿美族)4%, Tayal(泰雅族)3%, Paiwan(排灣族)2%, roma(其他)7%. Ira ko picodadan(萬榮國小、萬榮圖書館、萬榮鄉部落圖書資訊站) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(萬榮鄉公所、萬榮鄉代會、萬榮調解會、萬榮戶政事務所) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(萬榮分駐所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(萬榮鄉衛生室) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] stainfd6x3kehdo9ikrexovl9t8ik5e 0 796 34680 34507 2023-02-19T05:58:27Z Mtarch11 659 取消[[Special:Contributions/69.193.69.245|69.193.69.245]]（[[User talk:69.193.69.245|留言]]）的編輯，改回[[User:Sotiale|Sotiale]]的先前版本 17804 wikitext text/x-wiki Myawan（米亞丸部落） Itiniay i [[Xiulin]](秀林) Cen no Hualien(花蓮) ko [[Myawan]] a niyaro’, 44 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 166 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 98% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 162 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 2% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 4 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Truku(太魯閣族)82%, Amis(阿美族)5%, Tayal(泰雅族)2%, Paiwan(排灣族)1%, Bunun(布農族)2%, roma(其他)5%. Ira ko picodadan(文蘭國小) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] eof4e7ukj56yewv8grs7e7yzn4pw523 0 797 17836 17835 2021-10-28T12:33:05Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 30 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 17835 wikitext text/x-wiki M’ihu（雙崎部落） Itiniay i [[Heping]](和平) Cen no Taichung(台中) ko [[M’ihu]] a niyaro’, 208 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 526 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 79% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 413 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 21% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 113 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)69%, Amis(阿美族)2%, Bunun(布農族)1%, Paiwan(排灣族)2%, Saysiyat(賽夏族)1%, Seediq(賽德克族)1%, roma(其他)3%. Ira ko picodadan(自由國小) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(和平分局雙崎派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko Kiwkay(台灣基督長老教會米以互教會、真耶穌教會雙崎教會、基督復臨安息日會雙崎教會) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] c8sgel5o30y4l777k6x0jboqfod3dh5 0 798 17863 17862 2021-10-28T12:33:08Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 26 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 17862 wikitext text/x-wiki M’yutak（梅阿尤達克部落） Itiniay i [[Jianshi]](尖石) Cen no Hsinchu(新竹) ko [[M’yutak]] a niyaro’, 50 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 133 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 95% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 126 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 5% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 7 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)89%, Amis((阿美族)2%, Bunun(布農族)1%, Puyuma1%, Saysiyat1%, roma1%. Ira ko Kiwkay(台灣基督長老教會梅花教會) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] rmpmyvcbo2w6bgc1ayrbf1vpxz0s4kz 0 799 17888 17887 2021-10-28T12:33:10Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 24 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 17887 wikitext text/x-wiki Nadan（南溪布農部落） Itiniay i [[Changbin]](長濱) Cen no Taitung(台東) ko [[Nadan]] a niyaro’, 25 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 73 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 81% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 59 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 19% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 14 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Bunun(布農族)75%, Tayal(泰雅族)1%, Truku(太魯閣族)1%, roma(其他)3%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 23tmkk961bo3msof4d6rhjqskq2jbuv 0 800 17917 17916 2021-10-28T12:33:13Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 28 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 17916 wikitext text/x-wiki Naihunpu（明德部落） Itiniay i [[Xinyi]](信義) Cen no Nantou(南投) ko [[Naihunpu]] a niyaro’, 656 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 1,803 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 32% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 575 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 68% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 1,228 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Bunun(布農族)30%, Paiwan(排灣族)1%, Tayal(泰雅族)0.5%, Amis(阿美族)0.5%. Ira ko picodadan(信義國小、信義國小附幼、信義國中、信義圖書館) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(信義戶政所、信義鄉公所、信義郵局) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(南投縣警察局信義分局、信義分局派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(信義衛生所、信義鄉IDS醫療站) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 5mc8q4dihd7bg6r7nt40b9wh3yqi7sp 0 801 17945 17944 2021-10-28T12:33:16Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 27 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 17944 wikitext text/x-wiki Nakahila（中平部落） Itiniay i [[Zhuoxi]](卓溪) Cen no Hualien(花蓮) ko [[Nakahila]] a niyaro’, 55 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 211 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 92% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 195 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 8% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 16 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Bunun(布農族)84%, Amis(阿美族)2%, Tayal(泰雅族)1%, Truku(太魯閣族)1%, Seediq(賽德克族)1%, roma(其他)3%. Ira ko imeng(玉里分局中平派出所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] sz2rul78oilbvvl8gbbd0wwz3p4o3ru 0 802 17974 17973 2021-10-28T12:33:19Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 28 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 17973 wikitext text/x-wiki Nakanu（拿卡努部落） Itiniay i [[Yanping]](延平) Cen no Taitung(台東) ko [[Nakanu]] a niyaro’, 80 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 273 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 89% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 244 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 11% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 29 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Bunun(布農族)80%, Amis(阿美族)1%, Paiwan(排灣族)1%, Puyuma(卑南族)1%, roma(其他)5%. Ira ko picodadan(鸞山國小、鸞山國小附幼) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(關山分局鸞山派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(鸞山衛生所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] kzbws1syi79es4pxa085svsikfa4ill 0 803 38560 31027 2023-06-27T20:24:06Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38560 wikitext text/x-wiki Sapisanamal no itiya:ay a tamdaw. O sapisanamal no tamdaw o nano kacowat no kaki ato kafafalifalic no punka, kasasiromaroma no finacadan no tamdaw ato paloma’an a macowat to. Sapisanamal o sakanga’ay no tamdaw mirahekad to kakaenen, pakayni i ni’ecakan a kakaenen sakaci’iced ato mawanengay nanom. Padihekoay ko namal, sakanga’ay no tamdaw i li’etecay dadaya, ato si^enaway romi’ad a dademak. Padamso ko namal to roma nipatediay no tataparan a likat, malosapico’a’angaw to komaenay to titi a ’a’adopen a ’icel. [1] I ’ayaw no pifalic no aniniay tamdaw, o itiya:ay ho a tamdaw o masetikay, mato sowal no aniniay tamdaw to masetikay a tato’asan, tinako tomirengay tamdaw, latek nai ’ayaw no 100 ’ofad miheca tangasa 150 ’ofad mihecaan ato i ’ayaw ho. == Patinako 證據 == === Nowalian Afelika 東非 === Sa’ayaway pisanamal no tamdaw a patinakoan nai adihayay i Nowalian [[Afrika|Afelika]] kacipinangan, tinako i Kenya ngataay no Palinko a fanaw Cisowanya (Chesowanja), Kopifara (Koobi For a) ato Olocisailiyi (Olorgesailie). I lalinik no Cisowanya a sera matama ko kahengangay sera, dotocen kai rikisi tangasa anini (Before Present) ’ayaw 142 ’ofad mihecaan. [2] onini a sota’ mato niliyawan ho mifa^edet ko kenel, pahapinang o sapipa’atekakaw miliyawan mipafa^edet tangasa 400°C ko cedet nira. Itiraay i Kopifara a FxJjzoE etal ato i FxJj50 a etal matama to nano nicengelan to kahengangay mitaringay a sera, mato 200-400°C ko fa^edet a mafalic, pahapinang to tomirengay tamdaw mato ’ayaw no 150 ’ofad mihecaan o midemakay to namal. [2] o itiraay i Kenya a Olocisailiyi a etal, ira ko cecay matiyaay o paror ma’iyotay sera. Matama no tamdaw ko mimingay a ’afadeng itira, nikawrira latek o nano tataparan madematay kilang a kinatodoh. [2] Itira i Isopiya a Gadeb no 8E etal, matama o malecaday nano pinatodoh a ’afadeng a ma’ariay ’ongcoy, nakawrira oni a ’ongcoy miliyawan a mitodoh alatek o nano itiraay a nidemakan no celal. [2] malecaday toni a ma’ariay pakayni i tomirengay tamdaw mapatireng no Auciwlian a punka malacalay ko tahasidayay dafong a matama. Itira i Isopiya Awase ’alo’aloan, ira ko kahengangay a dita’ mataring i kasahefong, matiniay a sera latek nai 200°C to fa^edetay. Matiniay mapafa^edetay demak parorohen i nano makacorahay a kilakilang, saka itiyaay a tamdaw o mitodohay cangra to palapala a etal. [2] Nano matodohay a fokeloh makatama to, malecad to, o nano celal a ’afadeng a’ongcoy ira itira i liyok no etal a matama. === Notomolan Afelika 南非 === Itiraay i Notomolan Afelika a Swatekelangs matama ko i ’aya:way a nidemakan no tamdaw a namal a tinako, itiya i Auciwlian a mihecaan a sakatayal, o nano ’okak pinasanga’ ato ira ko no ’ayaway nano ’okak pinatodoh. [2] Oni a etal pahapinang to tomirengay tamdaw a nikaenan to ’a’adopen tinako. Itira i Notomolan Afelika a Hearth a dihif matama mataringay a pinatodohan, matoor ’ayaw tangasa anini 20-70 ’ofad mihecaan. Ira ko pinapina a malecaday matamaay a tinako: Montagu dihif (la’ed tahanini 5.8 - 20 ’ofad muheca) ato Klasies ’alo (la’ed tahanini 12 - 13 ’ofad muheca). [2] Piti’eran a tinako nai Zampiya a kalambo a cascas. Itira matama ko ’ayaway tamdaw midemakan a namal a nisanga’an sakadademak a nakenelan, halo mamalantoay kilang, ’afel, malakahengangay to a dita’, ira ko malahafelay a rengos, pinalengaw ato nano mi’id’idan a ’atekakay a kasoy. Toni etal nipipatedian a langto miheca malalat la’ed tahanini 6.1 ’ofad muheca ano Ancisoan pinalalat la’ed tahanini 11 ’ofad muheca. [2] Namal nao saki Cinwan punka nipafa’edetan fokeloh a mipa’atekak a masanga’ ko sakadademak. [3][4][5] Pnini a pikingkiw caay kadengan la’ed tahanini 7.2 ’ofad miheca a etal ko midemakay to namal a nakenelan, oya la’ed tahanini 16.4 ’ofad miheca a etal ko nikaira. [3] === Ngata nowalian 近東 === I 1930 miheca matama[6] i Israil a Bnot Ya'akov Bridge latek o nano paror nitodohan nalacolan[7][8], mahapinang o tomirengay tamdaw ato misasayhoay tamdaw la’ed tahanini ’ayaw 79-69 ’ofad miheca[9] irato: ko no tamdawan a pisanamal. [10][11] Itira i kawali no Taylawifo to 12 kongli a Qesem Cave, tinako ikoray a masafa^eloh kalelenan la’ed tahanini 382,000 tangasa 200,000 miheca marariday midemak to namal, adihayay pinatodoh a ’okak ato nifaedetan a mataringay sota’ pahapinang to i tatihiay no namal a pina’adop ato pinatolidacan a titi. [12] === Pa’esosan 遠東 === I Cungko Sansi a Sihoto nalacolan, matama ’ayaw 180 ’ofad miheca nao nicocoan a ’okak no ’a’adopen mafalicay ko cengel a pinatodohan. Itira i Yinnan a Yinmo nalacolan matama ko fohetingay nicocoan a ’okak no ’a’adopen. Cawa matama ko malafokelohay tamirengay tamdaw malakohetingay a ’okak ato mataringay a ’afel. === Cukotien 周口店 === I Cungko Cukotien a nalacolan matama la’ed tahanini ’ayaw 50-150 ’ofad miheca namal a tinako[13], nai Locality 1 tangasa Layer 10 a tamirengay tamdaw mala’ocoyay pinatodoh a ’okak, pinapecih a fokeloh, ’afel, ’afo ato masaparoday takar. Pinapina a ’okak o apelahay to ko cengel, caay ko nanoMon o nano nitodohan a ’okak, no Hongwaysyen a likat mahapinang a malamarar. Nano mikingkiwan to romaroma a ’okak matodoh malalangdaway, palecaden i tayhi latek i nalacolan ira ko fohecalay, kalaliyaway ato fohetingay a ’okak. Layer 10 masanga’ ko kahirahira no maramaradan (si, lyu, tyi ato cya) a ’afo, nika awaay ko no kilang a ’afo a Si. === Ilopiya 歐洲 === I Ilopiya adihay ko nalacolan patinako to tomirengay tamdaw misanamalay, I Hungkari a Vértesszőlős matama ko Samu ato matodohay a ’okak, nika awaay matama ko ’afo. I Sepaniya a Torralba ato Ambrona, matama ko la’ed tahanini ’ayaw 300-500 ’ofad miheca no Aseli punka a fokelohan[2]. I Feranse a Saint-Estève-Janson a Escale Cave matama ko kahengangay a sota’ ato limaay la’ed tahanini ’ayaw 20 ’ofad miheca a masaparoday takar[2]. Maedef ko tinako pahapinang la’ed tahanini ’ayaw 125,000 miheca o malenakay to ko pisanamal. == Kafalic no wakawak 行為改變 == O pisanamal ato pihakelong sakaira no likat malosafalic no wakawak no tamdaw. [14] kadademak no tamdaw caay to kadengan noromi’adan. Roma, oya nicocoan a ’a’adopen atomikalatay to tamdaw a fao milaliw miliyas to namal ato ’acefel. [1][2] === Kafalic no nikaenan飲食改變 === Nawhani o caayay ka nga’ay kemkemen pinalengaw, tinako kifetolay a canot ato koetengay, orasaka ’ayaw no ka ira no namal, ca’ang a lamit, ma’ikesay papah, milaladay lamit ato cilamitay o caay ko sa’ayaway malokakaenen. [15] Makotay, o cacepcepen no tamdaw a pinalengaw o ci’odaxay ato malananemay, tinako sapaloma, falo ato ciheciay losay. Patatekoen cisawarakay sapaloma ato milecaday malananomay saka nga’ay kakaenen no tamdaw, oya cisawarakay ato kiyasafa marahekad mapalawad to sawarak nira. [15] Tomirengay tamdaw a wadis ato mikafitay nikaenan mala’om to ko ’atekakay titi ato loengelay dating a makaen. [16][17] Hafo taykako ci Richard Wrangham sanay o mirahekadan a pinalengaw makaen o sakalahad katelian no pano’, nawhani koetengay a kakaenen malopahakelongan malananemay kakaenen sakanga’ay no tatirengan, tatirengan no tamdaw mahetec ko Kaloli. [18][19][20] pakayni to namal mapafa’edetay a Tapayce mafalic ko nikaenan malaci’epocay. Pakayni i pirahekad no tamdaw to kakaenen pakayni i malantoay koheting a ’okak no nicocoan a ’a’adopen matama, matiniay a pirahekad to titi rahoday kaenen, fangsis ko kaen to manta’ay titi. [23][24] Ranikay malasakaci’icel no tatirengan ko ma’ecakay to manta’ay, matengeran ko pirahekad ato nilacadan ko pirahekad, “oya makakafitay ’odax malahoper, malasakanga’ay mahetec.” [24] pirahekadan itiya a mapatay ko fao ato sakaci’adada a fayking makaen saka’eca kawarak a ciadada. == Tanengnengan pitiri’an 參考資料 == 參見 1.人類演化 2.狩獵假說 3.生火 4. en:Savanna theory 5.社會文化演化 1.Price, David. Energy and Human Evolution. [2007-11-12]. （原始內容存檔於2012-06-17）. 2.James, Steven R. Hominid Use of Fire in the Lower and Middle Pleistocene: A Review of the Evidence. 3.Current Anthropology (University of Chicago Press). February 1989, 30 (1): 1–26 [2007-11-12].   doi:10.1086/203705. 4.Brown KS, Marean CW, Herries AI, Jacobs Z, Tribolo C, Braun D, Roberts DL, Meyer MC, Bernatchez J. (2009). Fire As an Engineering Tool of Early Modern Humans. Science, 325: 859 862.doi:10.1126/science.1175028 5.Webb J. Domanski M. (2009). Fire and Stone. Science, 325: 820-821.doi:10.1126/science.1178014 Callaway. E. (13 August 2009)Earliest fired knives improved stone age tool kit. （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） New Scientist, online 6.An Acheulian biface assemblage from Gesher Benot Ya'aqov, Israel: indications of African affinities The Acheulian site of Gesher Benot Ya'aqov, discovered in the early 1930s.. 7.古人類也會野外燒烤？[永久失效連結], 歐亞人用火史79萬年 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） 歐洲和亞洲古人類可能早在79萬年前就已經開始使用人工火了。 8.《新發現》-盜火80萬年[永久失效連結] 2008年10月，以色列考古學家尼拉·阿爾珀森-阿菲爾(Nira Alperson-Afil)發表的論文將人類用火的歷史指針撥到了79萬年前存档副本. [2010-05-09]. （原始內容存檔於2010-01-18）. 9.Rincon, Paul. Early human fire skills revealed. BBC News. April 29, 2004 [2007-11-12]. （原始內容存檔於2018-06-13）. 10.人類浩大的家族史展覽 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） 人類第一次自己生火來使用的時間大約是79萬年前，可靠證據來自以色列 Hebrew University 的蓋謝爾貝諾特雅各布（Gesher Benot Ya'aqov）。 11.Karkanas P, Shahack-Gross R, Ayalon A; 等. Evidence for habitual use of fire at the end of the Lower Paleolithic: site-formation processes at Qesem Cave, Israel (PDF). J. Hum. Evol. August 2007, 53 (2): 197–212 [2010-01-15]. <nowiki>PMID 17572475</nowiki>. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.04.002. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2019-11-28）. 12.First Control of Fire by Human Beings--How Early?. [2007-11-12]. （原始內容存檔於2011-08-24）. 13.Stone, Linda; Paul F. Lurquin, Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza. Genes, Culture, And Human Evolution: A Synthesis. Blackwell Publishing. 2007: 33. 14.Stahl, Ann Brower. Hominid Dietary Selection Before Fire. Current Anthropology (University of Chicago Press). April 1984, 25 (2): 151–168. doi:10.1086/203106. 15.Viegas, Jennifer. News in Science - Homo erectus ate crunchy food - 22/11/2005. November 22, 2005 [2007-11-12]. （原始內容存檔於2020-08-02）. 16.Early Human Evolution:  Homo ergaster and erectus. [2007-11-12]. （原始內容存檔於2017-07-25）. 17.William R. Leonard. Food for Thought: Into the Fire. Scientific american. [2008-02-22]. （原始內容存檔於2012-06-17）. 18.Wrangham R, Conklin-Brittain N. Cooking as a biological trait (PDF). Comp Biochem Physiol a Mol Integr Physiol. 2003 Sep, 136 (1): 35–46 [2010-01-15]. <nowiki>PMID 14527628</nowiki>. doi:10.1016/S1095-6433(03)00020-5. （原始內容 ([失效連結] – Sep&btnG=Search Scholar search)存檔於2005-05-19）. 19.Lambert, Craig. The Way We Eat Now. Harvard Magazine. May–June 2004 [2010-01-15]. （原始內容存檔於2017-12-16）. 20.Weiner, S.; Q. Xu, P. Goldberg, J. Liu, O. Bar-Yosef. Evidence for the Use of Fire at Zhoukoudian, China. Science. 1998, 281: 251–253. doi:10.1126/science.281.5374.251. 21.Eisley, Loren C. Fossil Man and Human Evolution. Yearbook of Anthropology (University of Chicago Press). 1955: 61–78. 22.What evidence is there that Homo erectus used fire? Why did they use it?. [2007-11-12]. （原始內 容存檔於2015-07-09）. 23.Gibbons, Ann. Food for Thought (pdf). Science. June 15, 2007, 316: 1558 [2007-11-12]. doi:10.1126/science.316.5831.1558. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2008-12-16）{{stub}} [[Faylo:Fire.JPG|thumb|Namal]] <!--Interwikis--> 70jbhf4vf0q7ozk9zm5uhrdntxlaq91 0 804 17995 17994 2021-10-28T12:33:24Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 15 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 17994 wikitext text/x-wiki Namasia（那瑪夏區） Itini i Kaohsiung(高雄) ko [[Namasia]]. sa’osi han ko po:long no palaan i, ira ko 172.33 km² (lalotolotokan a plalan no sa’osi i ira ko 117.75 km², o palaan noto’as i'a:yaw i ira ko 38.04 km²), 3,027 ko tamdaw i Namasia, 813 ko parod no loma’, itini i niyaro’ a Yincomin(原住民) sa’osi han ira ko 2,691 a tamdaw, pakaala to 89%(Bunun布農族, Hla’alua拉阿魯哇族, Kanakanavu卡那卡那富族) no polong no tamdaw. o Bunun, Hla’alua, Kanakanavu ko sa’alomanay i Kaohsiung. ==O kasaniyarona== 3 ko cun, 4 ko niyaro’ i Namasia. [[Nangnisalu]]（南沙魯部落）, [[Maia]]/Mangacun/Mangacun（瑪雅部落）, [[Takanua]] /[[Takanua]]（達卡努瓦部落）, [[Masinghalan]]（瑪星哈蘭部落）. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] hieei8748vdohwycay80ny7s0zfubus 0 805 30602 30433 2022-01-26T17:12:22Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q1030]] 30602 wikitext text/x-wiki Namibia（納米比亞） [[Faylo:Flag of Namibia.svg|thumb|Flag of Namibia|alt=Flag of Namibia]] [[Faylo:Location Namibia AU Africa.svg|thumb|Location of  Namibia  (dark blue)– in Africa  (light blue & dark grey)– in the African Union  (light blue)]] Itini i 22 00 S, 17 00 E, noAfilika ko [[Namibia]]. Polong no sekalay i 824,292 sq km “saka 34 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 823,290 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 1,002 sq km ” Polong i 2,436,469 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 47.20%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 8.80%, malo no roma to a sera 44%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Windhoek]](溫得和克) ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakatolo 21 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Hage Geingob]](哈格·根哥布), patirengan(擔任) a romi’ad i 2015 a miheca(年) saka 3 folad(月) saka 21 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 2agyyuxoiyttfkdj711pe4jyvukbw46 0 806 18037 18036 2021-10-28T12:33:30Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 22 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 18036 wikitext text/x-wiki Namisan（拿彌散部落） Itiniay i [[Yuli]](玉里) Cen no Hualien(花蓮) ko [[Namisan]] a niyaro’, 76 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 187 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 47% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 87 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 53% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 100 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)46%, Paiwan(排灣族)1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] k1fobpko377e53jb0o4dtyqwzck1lxy 0 807 30612 30446 2022-01-26T17:12:32Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q718601]] 30612 wikitext text/x-wiki Nana Akufo-Addo(納納·阿庫福-阿多) [[Faylo:Nana Akufo-Addo at European Development Days 2017.jpg|thumb|Nana Akufo-Addo at European Development Days 2017|alt=Nana Akufo-Addo at European Development Days 2017.jpg]] I 1944 a miheca(年) saka 3 folad(月) saka 29 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci [[Nana Akufo-Addo]], malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Ghana]](迦納) anini i ci Nana Akufo-Addo, patirengan(擔任) a romi’ad i 2017 a miheca saka 1 folad saka 7 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 2v9i5qubfjt4qgapzlepwp48se3f7uz 0 808 18079 18078 2021-10-28T12:33:35Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 25 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 18078 wikitext text/x-wiki Nangnisalu（南沙魯部落） Itiniay i [[Namasia]](那瑪夏) Cen no Kaohsiung(高雄) ko [[Nangnisalu]] a niyaro’, 205 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 649 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 63% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 407 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 37% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 242 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Rukai(魯凱族)52%, Paiwan(排灣族)6%, Cou(鄒族)1%, Amis(阿美族)2%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] hevj70qju8fvmjk6r3ltosp3uw7k9x3 0 809 18083 18082 2021-10-28T12:33:37Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 3 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 18082 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} [[Faylo:MungBeans.jpg|thumb|Naniwac|left|100px]] 2vzj5ezjp6dhvcclh7x1p1nsra879j1 0 810 18106 18105 2021-10-28T12:33:40Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 22 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 18105 wikitext text/x-wiki Nansiku（南世部落） Itiniay i [[Shizi]](獅子) Cen no Pingtung(屏東) ko [[Nansiku]] a niyaro’, 123 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 401 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 97% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 390 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 3% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 11 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Paiwan(排灣族)94%, roma(其他)2%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 310ugobckgagrihl3v3ysqbbksv31fu 0 811 18132 18131 2021-10-28T12:33:43Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 25 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 18131 wikitext text/x-wiki Nanzhuang（南庄鄉） Itini i Miaoli(苗栗) ko [[Nanzhuang]] Siyang. sa’osi han ko po:long no palaan i, ira ko 162.03 km² (lalotolotokan a plalan no sa’osi i ira ko 95.59 km², o palaan noto’as i'a:yaw i ira ko 26.55 km²), 2,462 ko tamdaw i Nanzhuang Siyang, 917 ko parod no loma’, itini i niyaro’ a Yincomin(原住民) sa’osi han ira ko 1,655 a tamdaw, pakaala to 67%(Saysiyat賽夏族, Tayal泰雅族) no polong(全部) no tamdaw. o Saysiyat, Tayal ko sa’alomanay i Miaoli. ==O kasaniyarona== 9 ko cun, 15 ko niyaro’ i Nanzhuang Siyang. [[haba:]]（大屋坑部落）, [[kaehkaba:oS]]（馬果坪部落）, [[Sasasezeman]]（東江新邨部落）, [[tamayo’an]]（大湳部落）, [[batbato’an]]（二坪部落）, [[kahkahoe’an]]（八卦力部落）, [[ray’in]]（蓬萊部落）, [[haboeh]]（大窩山部落）, [[Ciupus]]（鹿山部落）, [[Sinpitu]]（鹿湖部落）, [[P’anoh]]（鹿場部落）, [[rareme:an]]（向天湖部落）, [[hororok]]（鵝公髻部落）, [[walo’]]（瓦祿部落）, [[Raysinay]]（石壁部落）. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] 6ywneo3yran6yvtztd6qpnaufn9ezuq 0 812 18155 18154 2021-10-28T12:33:45Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 22 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 18154 wikitext text/x-wiki Nan’ao（南澳鄉） Itini i Yilan(宜蘭) ko [[Nan’ao]] Siyang. sa’osi han ko po:long no palaan i, ira ko 716.07 km² (lalotolotokan a plalan no sa’osi i ira ko 637.26 km², o palaan noto’as i'a:yaw i ira ko 65.15 km²), 4,807 ko tamdaw i Nan’ao Siyang, 1,498 ko parod no loma’, itini i niyaro’ a Yincomin(原住民) sa’osi han ira ko 4,487 a tamdaw, pakaala to 93%(Tayal泰雅族) no polong no tamdaw. o Tayal ko sa’alomanay(最多) i Yilan Siyang. ==O kasaniyarona== 7 ko cun, 13 ko niyaro’ i Nan’ao Siyang. [[Tpihan]]（塔壁罕部落）, [[K’babaw]]（庫巴博部落）, [[Pyahaw]]（比亞豪部落）, [[Ryohen]]（流興社部落）, [[Buta]]（武塔部落）, [[K`yang]]（金洋部落）, [[Kmuyaw]]（莫瑤部落）, [[Guguc]]（哥各滋部落）, [[Kngungu]]（各姆姆部落）, [[Hagaparis]]（哈卡巴里斯部落）, [[Kinus]]（基諾斯部落）, [[B’bukeykay]]（巴博凱凱部落）, [[Kb’bu]]（庫巴博部落）. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] q6a223vnd8i6ww64tkj5i4d0a6gewft 0 813 32634 32633 2022-10-13T07:21:55Z Ｍayawtowid 44 /* o ngangan no Narowan (娜魯灣部落由來) */ #ALCD 32634 wikitext text/x-wiki == O ngangan no Narowan (娜魯灣部落由來) == O ngangan no Narowan, i tiyaho i 1970 a mihecaan, paniyaro' ko kitakit to niyaro' no finawlan. O kalaradiway a finacadan ko 'Amis, orasaka ora narowan iya narowan hananay a radiw, todong han no ’Aims to ngangan to Narowan. O lekakaw no Pangcah i pipangangan i, milingangan to radiwan, mato ya ngangan no Narowan, na ititini i a dadiwan  Narowan ira Narowan~~Narowan ira Narowan~,  o matiniay pipangangaan i padotocay to ngangan sanay. o tatodong nonini midotocay to ngangan no to’as,, malo saka fana’ no cowcow a tamdaw kiso sanay. == O kasiikedan no niyaro' (部落特色) == O Narowan a riyaro’, o mamangay a niyaro’i ilaloma'ay no Ruysuy-syang (瑞穗鄉 sowal no holam ) no Hualien-siyen (花蓮縣 sowal no holam ) ko Narowan , itiniay i sa’amisan ira ko 瑞美, i satimolan ira ko 瑞穗 a niyaro’. ira ko cecay a patirengan a talo’an ilaloma’, onini a talo’an o kasa’opoan no kasaselal, pilikakawaan to dademaken ato kalacecayan a mitayal no finawlan, oni ni a talo’an tatiih a awa itini i niyaro’. O lekakaw no Pangcah i pipangangan i, ira ko kalalecadan mingangan to nano to’as a rayray ko pangangan, malo saka fana’ no cowacowa a tamdaw o niyaro no kako sanay. mato Narowan a niyaro’, o dado'edo a radiw no loma' konini . == O finacadan no Yincomi (所屬阿美族群) == O Siwkolan a ’amis han ko Narowan a niyaro' , na itira i tarawadaw no Kalingko talatimol tangasa i Cilamitay, nawhani maemin paniyaro’ i lawac no Siwkolan a tarawadaw sa mapangangan to Siwkolan a ’amis. i tiniay i Ruysuy-syang (瑞穗鄉 sowal no holam ) no Hualien-siyen (花蓮縣 sowal no holam ) ko Atolan a niyaro’,  Itiniay i sa’amisan ira ko Fata’an, i satimolan ira ko Posko. iraay to [[Kiwit]] a niyaro’, [[Olaw]] a niyaro’, [[Olalip]] niyaro’, [[Kalala]] a niyaro’, [[Sapat]] a niyaro’, [[Atolan]] a niyaro’, [[Langas]] a niyaro’, [[Lacihakan]] a niyaro’ , [[Ukang]] a niyaro’ , [[Narowan]] a niyaro’ , [[Morocan]] a niyaro’ ato [[Koyo]] a niyaro, tosa ko safaw a niyaro’ ko kasaniyaro’aro’ i Ruysuy-syang. == O pitooran no finawlan (族人信仰) == O pitooran ko finawlan no Atolan i, ora ma’araway a kiwkay i, ira ko tosa a kinkay i Narowan , o tingsikiw ato ciwlokiwkay, o ciwlokiwkay a tamdaw ko ka adihay. Mingodoay ko ‘Amis a tamdaw to to'as a kawas, kalimelaan ko sowal no Kawas to sakafana’ to ’orip no tamdaw, ato awaay to ko kaka to nikafana’to codad how i, itini i ira ko pitooran ngara, pakayni sa’opo no kinkay, malosakarikec sto sakarakat no ’orip no Yincumin. Narowan（娜魯灣部落） Itiniay i [[Ruisui]](瑞穗) Cen no Hualien(花蓮) ko [[Narowan]] a niyaro’, 814 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 2,080 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 22% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 457 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 78% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 1,623 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)17%, 撒奇拉雅族1%, Truku(太魯閣族)1%, Tayal(泰雅族)1%, Bunun(布農族)1%. Ira ko picodadan(瑞美國小) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(花蓮消防局瑞穗分隊、瑞穗郵局) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] hs3cr2b3gyi1nc4fu5j35duno0aymb9 0 814 18198 18197 2021-10-28T12:33:51Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 12 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 18197 wikitext text/x-wiki Natauran (那豆蘭部落) U niyaru` nu maku, u niyaru` nu maku i tira i Natauran saetip u pisakeruan nu binauran, sawalisa u pidatengan nu niyam. Bangcal ku niyaru` nu maku ,sakaulahan nu tamtamdaw anu cacay ku radiw maemin tu a makeru kami salipahak saan amaemin. I ayaw hen u Natauran hanana a niyaru` adihay ku taur`hananay a kilang tarakaw kira kilang u kawas nu i tiniay u midiputay tina niyaru`an . Anini hantu awaay tu kira sasakeru`an nu binaula mala pangiruantu masumad tu amin. U pidatengan nu niyam u icibatu awaay a mamelaw ku ayawway a saka hululan nu niyam. Suwalsa ku matuasay yu karipunan henay adihay kira tau`r, u papah nira adi;di` malubic ku baru`. [[Kasasiwasiw:U suwal nu i amisay a Pangcah]] hc0hdle4hrlr1kx63ctkerpyhvptrp0 0 815 18224 18223 2021-10-28T12:33:55Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 25 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 18223 wikitext text/x-wiki Natawran（那荳蘭部落） Itiniay i [[Ji’an]](吉安) Cen no Hualien(花蓮) ko [[Natawran]] a niyaro’, 1,761 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 4,923 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 30% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 1,491 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 70% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 3,432 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)27%, Truku(太魯閣族)1%, Bunun(布農族)0.5%, Paiwan(排灣族)0.5%. Ira ko picodadan(那荳蘭部落圖書資訊站) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 6xhey52vthus0dv8jhh4z8njglwe7mh 0 816 41258 30832 2024-02-03T12:25:01Z CommonsDelinker 39 Replacing Nauru_Island_under_attack_by_Liberator_bombers_of_the_Seventh_Air_Force..jpg with [[File:Nauru_Island_under_attack_by_Liberator_bombers_of_the_Seventh_Air_Force.jpg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File rena 41258 wikitext text/x-wiki == Nauru('''諾魯''') == == Takaray Sowal (概略) == Ona Nauru Kapolongan Kitakit('''諾魯共和國''') o masowalay a ngangan I o Nauru,pakisowalen no Nauru I Naoero hananay(''tayla I lawac no riya''), pakiikilisen Nauru hananay, o telang a pangangan no Ikilis I o Pleasant Island(''o lipahakay a riyaran pala'').[[Nauru#%20ftn1|[1]]] Malamikowanan to no Toic I Nawodo anaca o Onawero hananay a masasiromaroma ko pangangan. [[Faylo:Flag_of_Nauru.svg|thumb|Flag of Nauru]] Itiraay I katimol no Masahadhaday Riyar(太平洋) o cecay a riyaran pala no Mikuronisya riyaran palapalan, o polong a kakahad no sera no Nauru 21.3 km<sup>2,</sup> o samimingay I polong no kitakit. <nowiki>[[Faylo:Flag of Nauru.svg|thumb|Flag of Nauru]]</nowiki> <nowiki>[[Faylo:Coat of arms of Nauru.svg|thumb|Coat of arms of Nauru]]</nowiki>  o dadahal no sera to, o ka’aloman no tamdaw to nani ikoren a misa’osi to polong a kitakit o sakatolo, caay ka hakowa ko katata’ang to Facikan(梵蒂岡) ato Monako(摩納哥) [[Faylo:Nauru Island under attack by Liberator bombers of the Seventh Air Force.jpg|縮圖|Nauru Island under attack by Liberator bombers of the Seventh Air Force.]] [[Faylo:Nauru on the globe (Polynesia centered).svg|thumb|Location of Nauru]] Itini i 0 32 S, 166 55 E, noOsiniya ko [[Nauru]]. Polong no sekalay i 21 sq km “saka 240 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 21 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 0 sq km ” Polong i 9,591 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 20%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 0%, malo no roma to a sera 80%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Yaren District]](雅連) ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakacecay 31 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Baron Waqa]](巴倫·瓦卡), patirengan(擔任) a romi’ad i 2013 a miheca(年) saka 6 folad saka 11 a romi’ad. == Likisi(歷史) == I ‘ayaw no 3000 a patek miheca iraay to a tayni mafolaw ko nani Mikulonisya ato Polinisya a tamdaw.[4] Itiya ira ko 12 ko niyaro’, oya itiraay I hata(fayafay) a fo’is 12 ko pohong o todongay nona 12 niyaro’. Itiya I 18 sici ira ko nani NiwCilan a kakeridan(sincyo) no tamina manengneng nira kona palapalaan, caay ka papina ko ma’araway a tamdaw ato ‘eli a loma’, o maan koni sa caka I faloco’en ningra sa ta’elif han ningra. Itiya to I 1798miheca o kakridan no tamina no Ikilis ci Yohani･Fuying macakat tono pala panganganen ningra to ''Lipahakay Riyaran Pala''(Pleasant Island),sa onian sato ko malalafalafang to romaroma a kitakit. O kapah no Ikilis ci Wiliyam･Halis yo macakat tona pala I mapatesek I faloco’ ningra ko kakapah no kaying no itiniay,cifafahi ta palamit sato ko aro’ ningra itini, oya sa’ayaway a congton ci Linoy･Halis o teloc ni Wiliyam･Halis. [[Faylo:Nauruan-warrior-1880ers.jpg|thumb|Nauruan-warrior-1880ers]] I ‘ayaw no cecay a so’ot miheca misatapang ko Toic a micowat tala Masahadhaday Riyar,malamikowanan no Toic. 1900miheca pakahela ko matayalay no Ikilis to linkuang(磷礦), na onian sato ko kafalic no ‘orip no Nauru a tamdaw. Ona Linkuang hananay I o malohilyo(tahi) no panay ato losay. I sakacecay a kalaloodan no kalokitakit I ma’eco no Awco(澳洲),toikor nani 1919miheca o mipolongan a mikowan no Awco,Ikilis ato NiwCilan. I sakatosa a kalaloodan no kalokitakit I o Dipon to ko maro’ay itini, sa tata’ang ko lolood itini, ‘aloman ko mapatayay. Malaheci to ko sakatosa a lalood no kalokitakit, yamikowan Awco,Ikilis ato NiwCilan ‘odeng o pili’etan aca ko ifaloco’ay a mikakarkar to linkuang(磷礦),caay ka pisahalatelateng to ‘orip no Nauru a tamdaw. Talipa’elal to ko faloco’ no Nauru a tamdaw,I 1968miheca milekal to Niyahpikowan, alaen to a patikol koya linkuang(磷礦)nani kamay no Awco(澳洲). 1989miheca pakokoten no Nauru I Pisawkitan no Kalokitakit(國際法院) to nika apacang a midipot to taliyok palapalan[5]. 1999miheca malakapot no Linhoko ko Nauru. [[Faylo:The_site_of_secondary_mining_of_Phosphate_rock_in_Nauru,_2007._Photo-_Lorrie_Graham_(10729889683).jpg|thumb|linkuang(磷礦):The site of secondary mining of Phosphate rock in Nauru, 2007. Photo- Lorrie Graham (10729889683)]] == Palapalaan(地理) == O kaitiraan no Nauru I sa’etip no Masahadhaday Riyar, I katimol no sasifo’an kinis no cikiw to 42km, o hadahal no polong a sera i 21 km<sup>2</sup> masa’araway ko faco. <nowiki>[[Faylo:Nauru satellite.jpg|thumb|Nauru satellite]]</nowiki> o matahepo’ay no linkuang(磷礦) a sera no kitakit 60%, awaay ko ‘alo,’edeng I katimol iraay ko cecay a kaheciday a fanaw. [[Faylo:Nauru_satellite.jpg|thumb|Nani kakarayan a mikecor(Nauru satellite)]] Ma’asiay tato ko pikakarkar to linkuang nika makari’ang ko 80% a sera no kitakit,oya pikakarkar halo riyar a makari’ang, 40% a kina’orip no riyar maselen no sota a mapatay.[6]nika awa no ‘alo sa awa ko nanom, sanga’ hananay ko tanko I tongroh no loma’ to sapisoped to ‘orad, ano o nini aca caacaay ko mama’edeng sa misanga’ ho tolo a sapipalananom to nanom no riyar. Adihay tato ko Linkuang caay ko nananomen ko nanom to kahecid, tatiih sapicefosen to losay. == Tamdaw(人口) == I 2006miheca o tamdaw no Nauru 9,265 tamdaw. Tada ma’asiay to ko pikarkar to Linkuang, malahedaw to I mapingko ko kaysya no Linkuang a malahedaw ko katayalan, laplap hanto a papinokay ko matayalay no Kiripas ato Tufaru 1500 ko tamdadaw. O sowal no sifo I o sowal no Nauru,ira ko 96% no tamdaw ono Nauru a sowal ko sowal i loma’, I loma’ay aca ko kasomowal to Nauru, I papotal I o Ikilis ko sakasasowal. O tamdaw no Nauru 58% o Nauru,26% o nani fiyaway a riyaran pala,8% o Yoropa,8% o kaping. == O Pitooran (宗教) == O pitooran I tosa no kalitolo o Kristo, cecay no kalitolo o Tinsukyo, ira ho nani Arapiya a Pahaii Pitooran 10%, o saadihayay ko salikaka itini i polong a kitakit. O roma sato o mipaypayay 9%, 2.2% o Musulin. Pakitinien I kinpo a sarikec i mihaiay to paifaloco’ ko pitooran, nikawrira, milalangay to ''The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints'' ato Yihofa, oninian i sahetoay o Waylaw ko salikaka, matayalay i kaysya no Linkuang.[7] == Kyoiku(教育) == Ira ko 96% a tamdaw ko mafana’ay to tilid,nani 6 tahira I 15 ko mihecaan o caay ka papaysoen a nipacician papitilid, malepon konini I irara ho ko tosa miheca ko paifaloco’ sanay a pitilid.[8] Satimolan Masahadhaday Tata’angay Pitilidan iraay ko kapi a pitilidan itini, ya caho mapatireng kona pitilidan I tayra sanay I Auco ato NiwCilan a mitilid to tata’angay pitilidan. == Punka(文化) == O teloc no mikalicay to tamina no Mikulonisya ato Polinisya ko tamdaw no Nauru, o to’as nangra I iraay ko kimad to pakayniay to fafahiyan kawas ci ''Eijebong'', o ''Buitani'' i o ifalocoay a fangcalay pala. Itiyaho iraay ko12 kasasiromaroma no finacadan, nikawrira, I ‘ayaw cecay a so’ot miheca malahedaway to ko tosa a finacadan. To mihecahecan I 10folad 26romi’ad o pinokayan a romi’ad''(Angam Day'')hananay, o pika’acangan a romi’ad konini,nawhani, malepon ko sakatosa a lalood no polong a kitakit minokay nani cowacowa ko tamdaw no Nauru, I’ayaw nonini 1500 aca ko polong tamdaw no Nauru, ya ira to ko minokayay a tamdaw I satapang sa a matongal ko palo no tamdaw no kitakit. Micepet to ‘ayam no riyar.Nano to’asan tahanini mado’edo ho ko cecay a pinangan no ‘orip, samatiya hato o ikisin no niyaro’ kona micepetay to ’ayam no riyar. [[Faylo:Common_Noddy_(Anous_stolidus)_-adult_and_chick.jpg|thumb|'Ayam no riyar:Common Noddy (Anous stolidus) -adult and chick]] I piceleman no cidal talalawac no riyar ko fainayan,mitikokay to mipa’enoran a ka’ered,tahikeda ko ‘ayam matefad ta podpoden malokaka’enen.ci Safulo. == Pihapinangan a tilid(註解) == [1]Nauru. www.oceania.stosunki.pl. [2011年12月3日]. （原始內容存檔於2009年5月4日）.[2] Nauru Department of Economic Development and Environment. 2003. First National Report To the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD). Retrieved 2006-05-03. 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2006-05-24. [3] Nauru – Wyspa Miła. www.antoranz.net. [2010-02-01]. （原始內容存檔於2009-11-25）. [4] Nauru Department of Economic Development and Environment. 2003. First National Report To the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD). Retrieved 2006-05-03. 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2006-05-24. [5] ICJ Pleadings, Oral Arguments, Documents, ''Case Concerning Certain Phosphate Lands in Nauru (Nauru v. Australia) Application: Memorial of Nauru'' (January, 2004) <nowiki>ISBN 9789210709361</nowiki> (United Nations, International Court of Justice) [6] Republic of Nauru. 1999. Climate Change – Response. First National Communication – 1999 頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館. Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, United Nations [[Nauru#%20ftnref1|[7]]]  Nauru. www.oceania.stosunki.pl. [2011年12月3日]. （原始內容存檔於2009年5月4日） [[Nauru#%20ftnref1|[8]]] US Department of State. 2003. International Religious Freedom Report 2003 – Nauru 頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館 URL accessed 2 May 2005. === makakafit i papotal(外部連接) === * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] on9qv8ugqgn3ai3d100nle03pefblwr 0 817 39978 34061 2023-10-25T06:54:52Z Chqaz 1746 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[File:Flag of Nepal (2000 World Factbook).svg]] → [[File:Flag of Nepal (WFB 2000).svg]] [[c:COM:FR#FR4|Criterion 4]] (harmonizing names of file set) 39978 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Flag of Nepal (WFB 2000).svg|縮圖|Hata no Nipalo]] == Nepal (尼泊爾) == == Nipalo Tatekoan-Finawlan Kapolongan-Kitakit(Nipalo a sowal: नेपाल<ref><bdi>Prez, VP to be addressed as ‘His Excellency’</bdi>. eKantipur.com. 2008年7月23日 [2008-07-25]. （原始內容存檔於2008年7月25日） '''（英語）'''.</ref>; Ikiris a sowal:''Nepal'' ;尼泊爾聯邦民主共和國，Nipalo a sowal:सङ्घीय लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र नेपाल<ref>It is Federal Democratic Republic Nepal, not just Nepal, parliamentary committee says. The Kathmandu Post. 9 November 2020 [28 June 2021]. （原始內容存檔於2021-07-07）.</ref>） == O itiraay i Satimolan-Aciya,i Simalaya-Lotokan a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%85%A7%E9%99%B8%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6 lalomaan-karopaw] a kitakit, isaka’amisan mada’edo’edo ato Congko, oroma a tolo-salawacan malala’eday ato Indo, o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E5%8F%A4%E9%87%8C%E8%B5%B0%E5%BB%8A masa’adihangay a kitakit] matatapal ato Mongciyala to 27km. o sera ira ko 14,7181 km², o saka 93 rayray itini i hekal<ref>The World Factbook: Rank order population. CIA. [2014-02-14]. （原始內容存檔於2014-02-09）.</ref>, ira ko 2972 ’ofad ko tamdaw o saka 48 rayray itini i hekal. O kaitiraan o takaraway nani tongroh no riyar, orasaka o satakaraway a tokos itini i hekal no mo’etep ira ko falo itiniay i laloma’an no ano ca i kalala’edan no Nipalo, mahaop ko Senmo-Taporo('''聖母峰'''; Sicang a sowal: ཇོ་མོ་གླང་མ; Wili a tilid:Jo mo glang ma; Sicang a tilid:''Qomolangma''; Congko a sowal:珠穆朗瑪峰). O tokos no Simalaya koninian ira ko 8848.86 laya’ ko ka’akawang. O kaitiraan no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%8F%A0%E7%A9%86%E6%9C%97%E7%91%AA%E5%B3%B0 Senmo-Pocok]('''聖母峰''') itiraay i sasifo’an no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%96%9C%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E9%9B%85%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89 Simalaya-lotok], o kalala’edan no Conghwa Finawlan Kapolongan-kitakit(Sicang Niyah-Pikowan kowan) ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%90%A8%E5%8A%A0%E7%8E%9B%E5%A1%94%E4%B8%93%E5%8C%BA Saciyamata-Tekedan Etal]('''薩加瑪塔專區''';Nipalo sowal:सगरमाथा अञ्चल，IAST：Sagarmāthā añcal) no Nipalo,o saka’amisan ‘apilis itiraay i Tinlo-Kowan no Sicang, o sakatimolan ’alis itiraay i Solokonpo-kowan(索盧坤布縣; Nipalo a sowal:सोलुखुम्बु जिल्ला ) no Nipalo. [[Faylo:Nepal (orthographic projection).svg|縮圖|kaitiraan no Nipalo]] O lalen no fa’edet nona Comolangma-Pocok i la’enoay to -29 °C, o “ skakatolo a pocok no hekal” hananay a pangangan, o roma a tosa a pocok i,o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8C%97%E6%9E%81%E7%82%B9 Saka’amisan-Pocok] ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%97%E6%9E%81 Sakatimolan-Pocok].Tona pinapina a mihecaan malasinol ko latek ira ko 15000 a so’edaan-’alo('''冰河''';''Glacier'') o katalawan to konini. Nikawrira to mihecahecaan ‘aloman ko tayniay a macakatay a lafang. O Nipolo ira ko katelangay ho a nalacolan no ponka, o patirengay to Mipaypayay-Pitooran(Fociyaw) ci Siciyamoni o itiniay a sofocen.nikawrira o sakakaay a pitooran itni o Indo-Pitooran, ira ho ko roma a Mirocokay-Sicang a Fociyaw, Islam-Pitooran. O tamdaw no itiniay talacowa cowa ka ’akawang ko tatirengan, nikawrira cinganganay i hekal ko kaki’emel a milood no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%BB%93%E7%88%BE%E5%96%80%E4%BA%BA Langerko](廓爾喀; Katelangay sowal no Indo:''go rakkha;'' Ikiris a sowal:''Gurkha).'' I sasifo’an no saka 18 sici a mapatireng ko Nipolo Hontian-Kitakit, mi’ecoay ho to Sicang, to ikor to i,[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%99%84%E5%BA%B8%E5%9C%8B malamikotoday-kitakit](附庸國; Ikiris a sowal:''Vassal state'') no Mancin. O tatapangan a faco no sieci no Nipalo ono [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99 Indo-Pitooran Sawara’ano-Kitakit]. I 2006 miheca mapaterep no Kalomaocan-Kitakit ko ’icel no sakowan no honti ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%B4%BE%E5%8D%97%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89 Ciyanantola](賈南德拉·比爾·比克拉姆·沙阿; Nipolo a sowal:ज्ञानेन्द्र वीर बिक्रम शाहदेव；IAST：''Jñānendra Vīra Bikrama Śāh),'' i 2008 miheca saka 5 folad saka 28 romi’ad, malaheci no misanga’ay to kinpo a kalomaocan ko nipifalic to kinpo, mapalasawad ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6 Sawara’an-faco] no sieci tangsol han a mifalic ko ngangan no kitakit to “Nipalo Tatekoan-Finawlan Kapolongan-Kitakit”. == Ngangan no kitakit(國名) == [[Faylo:Eight Gurkha men depicted in a British Indian painting, 1815.jpg|縮圖|Langerko sofitay]] Ona “Nipalo” hananay a ngangan i,sa’ayaway ira matilid itiyaayho i “Fieto Mihecahecaan” no Indo sakatosa-karopaw, o pipatirengan no Nipalo to Indo-Pitooran a mihecahecaan konini, o sakakaay a pitooran nona kitakit itiya ho. Isasifo’an no ’ayaw no cecay patek ko mihecaan, o mipatirengay to Fociya ci Ciyawtamo sofocen i Lanpini no Nipalo. Macacamolay ko ponka no saka’amisan no Nipalo ato Sicang,o itiraay i sasifo’an a Ciyatomanto ponka macacamol ato Indo-Yalian a ponka, o tada cemahaday a tokay konini a Nipalo-Tekoan kitakit, onini o Nipalo-Mantoro hananay. Tahira to i saka 18 sici, malaheci ko pipalacecay no Koerko-Hontian kitakit to Nipalo. Patirengen no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%B2%99%E9%98%BF%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D Saa-hontian kitakit] <ref>尼泊爾政治歷史大事紀 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2014-02-01.</ref>ko Nipalo-Hontian kitakit, to ikor malacecay a kasafelaw ato Tata’angay Ikiris-Hontian kitakit, ona Saa-hontian kitakit caay ho ka kowanen no roma a kitakit, o sakalala’edan kitakit no Ikiris nikowanan a Indo ato Conghwa Hotian-kitakit. O Finawlan-Lomaocan Faco mapatireng i 1951 mihecaan, nikawrira i 1960 miheca ato 2005 miheca kinatosa mapaterep no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%8A%E5%B0%94%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8 Sawara’an no Nipalo.] 1990 mihecahecaan ato tatapangan no 2000 mihecahecaan ira ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%8A%E5%B0%94%E5%86%85%E6%88%98 Laloma’an-Lalood no Nipalo] onini ko pipatireng tono kalotamdawan-kitakit i 2008 miheca, mapalepon to ko saikoray a Indo-Pitooran a Sawara’an-Faco itini i hekal. 2015 miheca malaheci ko Kinpo no Nipalo mapahapinang o kalotamdawan a Tatekoan-Lomaocan a Kapolongan-Kitakit ko Nipalo, pito ko kowan. I 1955 miheca mikapot to Linheko, i 1950 miheca matatilid ato Indo to Sakarihaday-Kakaketonan, i 1960 miheca matatilid ato Congko to Sakarihaday-Kakaketonan. O kaitiraan no hisyo no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A%E5%8C%BA%E5%9F%9F%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F Satimolan-Aciya Kasasipadang-Nipatatekoan]<ref>由孟加拉、不丹、印度、馬爾地夫、尼泊爾、巴基斯坦和斯里蘭卡七國政府發起成立。</ref>(南亞區域合作聯盟; Ikiris a sowal:''South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation'') o cecay no misatapangay patirengay a kitakit ko Nipalo. O nisahalakaay a kitakit ko Nipalo to Cowa pikapot-Demak ato Monciyala-Kihaw. O sofitay no Nipalo o sakalima ko katata’ang i Satimolan-Aciya, o Langerko(廓爾喀) ko cinganganay i hekal( mangalefay i Sakatosa-Lalood no Hekal ko kacingangan), o sakakaay nipa’icelay to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD%E7%BB%B4%E6%8C%81%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%8C%E5%8A%A8%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8 Nipahinakeray-Rihaday a sofitay no Linheko]. == '''Rikisi'''(歷史) == [[Faylo:A Newar Woman LACMA M.91.134.jpg|縮圖|Niwaer-tamdaw]] === '''I’ayaw no saka 17sici(17世紀前)''' === O cecay a katelangay kitakit itini i Aciya ko Nipalo. Itiya ho ‘adihay ko masasiromaroma a kitakit itini i Nipalo, i’ayaw no saka 6 sici, mipatirengay to ko Nipalo-Tamdaw itini i salawacan no ‘alo i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8A%A0%E5%BE%B7%E6%BB%BF%E9%83%BD Katomanto]. ’iayaw no saka 12 sici, o salikaka ni [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8A%A0%E7%BA%B3%E5%85%8B Kanako Honti] no Indo ci Waci ni Kusiya tayni i Nipalo malahonti, to ikor patireng to Kopoer, Asier, Cilati, Licawi a kitakit. Latek i’ayaw no 563 miheca, [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC Siciyamoni]<ref>因古印度無記史之傳統，故釋迦牟尼佛生卒年具體不可考，說法紛紜。上座部佛教通常根據摩訶菩提寺記錄，採信公元前623—前543年之說。根據《美國國家地理》在尼泊爾摩耶夫人寺的考古調查[1] （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）[2] （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）[3] （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館），發現了前550年左右的古蹟，和經中記載相同，可以確定佛陀生活在前6世紀。前563年—前483年，前480年—前400年兩種說法在全球也較為流行。釋迦佛世壽80年是各方皆有定論的。</ref> sofocen itini tona aniniay [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%BF%A6%E6%AF%97%E7%BE%85%E8%A1%9B Kapilo-Niyaro’]<ref>UP’s Piprahwa is Buddha’s Kapilvastu? ,Shailvee Sharda May 4, 2015, Times of India</ref> (迦毘羅衛城'';Kapilavastu'') no Nipalo i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%97%8D%E6%AF%97%E5%B0%BC Lanpini](藍毗尼; Nipalo a sowal:लुम्बिनी，''Lumbinī''或''Lumbin'').o nipipasifana’an ni Siciyamoni o Fociya hananay.[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%85%A7%E7%93%A6%E7%88%BE%E4%BA%BA Niwaer-tamdaw] no Sicang-Miyama finacadan o yincumin no Katokanto sanay ko sowal, nikawrira cowa ko sahetoay o Sawalian-finacadan canira, ira ho ‘alomanay a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%9B%85%E5%88%A9%E5%AE%89%E4%BA%BA Yalian-tamdaw].<ref>Aryan | Definition, History, & Facts. Encyclopedia Britannica. [2020-08-21]. （原始內容存檔於2021-05-17） '''（英語）'''.</ref> itini i saka 17 sici o “ Ci’ekimay-Mihecaan” ko kacemahad no Nipalo-tamdaw, o sakakaay a kahiceraan no paliwalay to dafong ko Nipalo yo mikowan ko Mala-honti i kalala’edan no Sicang ato dafdaf i saka’amisan no Indo. Itiya ho Katomanto, [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%8B%89%E5%88%A9%E7%89%B9%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%94_(%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%8A%E5%B0%94) Potan] ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%8B%E5%A1%94%E6%99%AE%E7%88%BE Pakotapoer] misiikeday to niyahan pikowan, wataay ko kaa’ised nona toloay niyaro’. === '''Langerko Hontian-Kitakit'''(廓爾喀王國) === Isasifo’an no saka 17 sici tomirengen ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%BB%93%E7%88%BE%E5%96%80%E4%BA%BA Langerko-tamdaw] patireng to mamangay a hontian-kitakit([https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%B2%99%E9%98%BF%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D Saa-Sarawa’an kitakit]; 沙阿王朝; Nipalo a sowal:शाह वंश ''śaāha vaṃśa'') i lilis no Kantaci’alo i sa’etipan, 1768 miheca, mapalacecay ni [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9%E7%89%B9%E7%BB%B4%C2%B7%E7%BA%B3%E6%8B%89%E6%89%AC%C2%B7%E6%B2%99%E9%98%BF Politowi-Nalayang-Saa] ko Nipalo, maparepon to ko itiyay ho Katomanto, Potan ato Pakotaer misiikeday to niyahan pikowan, wataay ko kaa’ised nona toloay niyaro’. Niwaer-sowal(o Kaliyalaway-tamdaw a Niwaer-sowal o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%97%8F%E7%B7%AC%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F Sicang-Miyanma Kadado’edo sowal](藏緬語系) nani saka 12 sici satapangay to malasowal no sifo ato nitilidan-sowal, tahira i ikor maceror no sowal no Nipalo ko capa’ no Indo-tamdaw o Kaso-tamdaw a sowal to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E6%AC%A7%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB Indo-Yoropa Kadado’edo sowal](印歐語系; Ikiris a sowal:''Indo-European languages''). [[Faylo:Eight Gurkha men depicted in a British Indian painting, 1815.jpg|縮圖|Langerko-tamdaw]] O ci’iceay a Langerko kinatosa micowat to Sicang i 1788 ato 1791 miheca, saikoray to i,malowid no sofitay no Mancin, itini i rikisi o “[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%BB%93%E7%88%BE%E5%96%80%E4%B9%8B%E5%BD%B9 Langerko-Lalood]”hananay a mipangangan. Ikor to nona lalood malali’ay ko Langerko ato Mancin malamikotoday-kitakit no Mancin, mipaini to dafong i Mancin. Yo micowat sato ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E4%B8%9C%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8 Sawalian-Indo Kosi no Ikiris](不列顛東印度公司; Ikiris a sowal:''British East India Company''), nornor sa a pasi’amis ko picowat, cilacila micowat to mamangay kitakit o Cemongsyong ato Potan. Orasaka, mararid a masasonga’ay ko Langerko ato Mancin, to sapitakeraw to picowat no Ikiris. Tahira sato i sasifo’an no pikowan no Mancin mafadi’ to ko ‘icel no kitakit, macara no fodfod no niyah to ko Mancin, awa to ko limaw a mikihar to ipapotalay a demak. Sa ira ko sowal, yo tomireng to Conhwaminko o sa’ayaway congtong ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%A2%81%E4%B8%96%E5%87%AF Yinsekay](袁世凱) mitahidangan ko Nipalo a mikaopt to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%BA%94%E6%97%8F%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C Lima-finacadan Kapolongan-kitakit], nikawrira mapenecay to no Ikiris ko Nipalo itiya. === '''Mipecih to sakatimolan sera pafeli to Ikirs ato fodfod no Lana'''(割讓南部領土給英國及拉納政變) === I 1791 miheca matatilid ko Ikiris ato Nipalo to matiya ko mi’afasay a “ kalali’acaan kakaketonan”. 1814 miheca, malalood ko Nipalo ato Mikotoday-Indo no Ikiris, malowid ko Nipalo. To cila a mihecaan mapaci’eci ko Nipalo matatilid ato Ikiris to “ Saykoli-Kakaketonan”, makelit ko kakahaday a sera i satimolan pafeli to Sawalian-Indo Kosi no Ikiris(''British East India Company''),makadem no no Ikiris ko Laloma’an-demak ato nipaliwal to dafong. 1846 miheca, o misawidangay to Ikiris a sofitay no Langerko-tamdaw ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%B1%9F%E6%A0%BC%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E5%93%88%E9%83%BD%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E7%B4%8D Ciyangko-Pahatoer-Lana](江格·巴哈都爾·拉納; Nipalo a sowal:जंग बहादुर राणा) mipacikel to sapifelihaw to sifo, ma’afas ningra ko sakakaay tayal no sofitay.To ikor to i, ma’afas ko sakowan ‘icel no honti, pararid sato malacongli ko laloma’an no Lana. [[Faylo:Gakuti.jpg|縮圖|Katomanto-Tokay]] I 1923 miheca mihayi ko Ikiris to pisiiked no Nipalo, matatilid to “ Tahada’ocay-Karihaday a kakaketonan”. === '''I Sakatosa-Laloodan a Nipalo'''(第二次世界大戰期間的尼泊爾) === O [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%8B%89%E7%B4%8D%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D Lana-Sawara’an] ko mikowanay to Nipalo i Sakatosa-Laloodan.Yo [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9 milood ko Toic to Polan] i 1939 miheca saka 9 folad saka 1 romi’ad, milekal ko Nipalo to mamilood to Toic i saka 9 folad saka 4 romi’ad. Yo malalood sato ko Ikiris ato Dipon, tangsol sa a miocor to 16 a cefang no hontian-sofitay ko Nipalo tayra i kalaloodan i Miyanma, cowa ko pilood aca mipafeli haca to kowang, dafong ato sa’ema’emang sanay ko ‘aca a ociya, waneng ato kilang i malakatepay-kitakit. Yo malalood sato ko Ikiris ato Dipon i 1941 miheca saka 12 folad, mapatalaw ko sofitay no Ikiris i Indoan-Karopaw. Oya maro’ay i Indo a sofitay no Ikiris ocoren tayra i Miyanma kalaloodan. Tada ci’icel ko sofitay no Nipalo a milood to Dipon, mapa’eker ko sofitay no Dipon. === '''I sasifo’an ato saikoran no saka 20 sici ato mapacikel ko laloma’an-lalood'''(20世紀中後期及內戰爆發) === Ikor no Sakatos-Lalood, caka pahanhan ko pitoker no Nipalo to Ikiris, orasaka mapalahedaw ko sakarihaday no Ikiris i Nipalo.1951 miheca, matateko ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%8A%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A%E5%85%9A Nipalo-Lomaocan Kasafelaw] (尼泊爾大會黨; Nipalo a sowal:नेपाली काँग्रेस) ‘icel no honti, mapaci’eci a patorod to sakowan to Nipalo ko congli ci Lana, ta mapaherek ko madado’edoay a pikowan no laloma’an no Lana to 105 mihecaan. Mipasadak to pacarcaray a kinpo ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%8A%E5%B0%94%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8 honti no Nipalo ci Tilipofan], midemak to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E7%AB%8B%E5%AE%AA%E5%88%B6 Sawara’an-faco] a kinpo(君主立憲制;Ikiris a sowal:''Constitutional monarchy)'' .1960 miheca saka 12 folad Mahengtola honti ko mikowanay, 1961 miheca saka 1 folad milekal to pipaterep polong a demak no kasafelaw no sieci, 1962 miheca saka 4 folad miketon to sowal ko kinpo o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6 Indo-pitooran a Sawara’an-kitakit] ko Nipalo saan, mapaherek ko nani 1961 mihecaan a away ko kasafelaway a lomaocan-faco, mipacomod to ‘adihayay-kasafelaw a lomaocan-faco. [[Faylo:King Tribhuvan (cropped).png|縮圖|Tilipofan Honti]] === '''Mapaherek ko laloma’an lalood ato mipalasawad to Sawara’an-faco'''(內戰結束及廢除君主制) === I 2006 miheca saka 5 folad saka 18 romi’ad, malacecay ko piketon to sowal ko Nipalo-Lomaocan to palasawad to sakowan-’icel to sofitay no honti ci Ciyanantola, cowa to ka pa’eker no laloma’an no honti ko Nipalo. Ano ma’emin mapalaheci ko nilekalan a tilid, edengan o tahapinangan aca ko tireng no honti<ref>存档副本. [2006-06-15]. （原始內容存檔於2006-09-04）.</ref>. Saka 6 folad saka 11 romi’ad, malaheci ko pihayi no Lomaocan to pifelih no honti to “ malaheciay to a rikec no lomaocan”, onini i,todongay i kalahecian no lomaocan a misanga’ to rikec cowa to kapisa’eli ho to pihayi no honti<ref>存档副本. [2006-06-15]. （原始內容存檔於2012-07-09）.</ref>. Satapang a masasowal ko sifo ato Mao-kasafelaw to sakarihaday no kitakit. saka 11 folad saka 7 romi’ad Nipalo-Kyosanto(Mao-kasafelaw) masongila’ to ko kasasowal, misawad to makakowangay a kalaodot mikapot to tayal no sifo.<ref>存档副本. [2006-11-08]. （原始內容存檔於2019-08-21）.</ref> 2007 miheca saka 9 folad saka 18 romi’ad, misawad a mikapot to pacarcaray-sifo ko Mao-kasafelaw. 2008 miheca saka 4 folad saka 10 romi’ad midemak to tata’angay sinkiw, pakaala to cilafas to 30% a satopa ko Mao-kasafelaw, <ref>尼泊爾政治歷史大事紀 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2014-02-01.</ref>malasakakaay a tang i pisanga’an to kinpo a pikaykian<ref>尼泊爾政治歷史大事紀 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2014-02-01.</ref>. 2008 miheca saka 5 folad saka 28 romi’ad, o polong a kiing 560 ko mihayiay dengan 4 ko mifelihay mapalaheci ko pipalasawad to sawara’an-faco, patireng to Finawlan-kapolongan kitakit ko Nipalo. 2020 miheca saka 6 folad saka 12 romi’ad, o misimaway to kalala’edan no kitakit a sofitay no Nipalo makowang ko itiraay i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A1%94%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E5%B8%8C Sitamaersi-niyaro’] ( 西塔馬爾希;''Sitamarhi''）a tamdaw ato tosa a tamdaw no Indo. Tangsol sa a mifalic to kinpo ko Nipalo mipasongila’ a pahapinang to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%87%8C%E6%99%AE%E5%88%97%E5%85%8B%E5%B1%B1%E5%8F%A3 Lipoliko-salawacan no tokos] ( 里普列克山口; Ikiris a sowal:''Lipulekh Pass'') a sera i kalala’edan no Nipalo ato Indo, ocoren heca ko 15 a masakapotay sofitay mikacaw i kalala’edan no Indo ato Nipalo<ref>誓言夺回印占领土 尼泊尔在15个边境哨所部署部队. [2020-08-07]. （原始內容存檔於2020-08-09）.</ref>. Oninian a pafangafang i,madihecong to sakanga’ay no Conko, orasaka o masiwaray no Conko ko Nipalo sato ko Indo a mapoi’<ref>Anbarasan Ethirajan. India and China: How Nepal's new map is stirring old rivalries. 2020-06-10 [2020-06-18]. （原始內容存檔於2020-06-18）.</ref><ref>艾米•卡茲明. 尼泊尔新版地图惹怒印度. 2020-06-16 [2020-06-16]. （原始內容存檔於2020-06-17）.</ref>. Tahira i 2020 miheca saka 6 folad saka 17 romi’ad, cowa ka ngalef ko kalaodot no Indo ato Nipalo. 2020 miheca saka 12 folad saka 14 romi’ad, mihayi ko Linheko to so’elinay a ngangan no Nipalo to “ Nipalo Patatekoan Finawlan-kapolongan kitakit” falicen to “Nipalo” a ngangan no kitakit. == '''Sowal''' (語言) == O nisowalan a sowal i Nipalo cowa ko nisetekan no sifo a kitakitan-sowal,<ref>臨時憲法，第5條，第1項</ref> O Nipalo-sowal kono sifaoan sowal.<ref>尼泊爾臨時憲法，第5條，第2項</ref> ona sowal o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%8A%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD Kaskula-sowal] hananay pangangan i sa’ayawan ho, nikawrira itira i ikor no saka 20 sici o Nipalo-sowal<ref>Nepali - UCLA. [2008-05-30]. （原始內容存檔於2011-06-05）.</ref> hananay to a mifalic a pangangan.<ref>Nepali - UCLA. [2008-05-30]. （原始內容存檔於2011-06-05）.</ref> Ano no sifoan-sowal to, ano no nima to a sowal, maleceday to malasowal ato tilid no sifo i Nipalo.<ref>臨時憲法，第5條，第3項</ref> Itini i misatokayay ‘alomanay ko somowalay to Ikiris-sowal, i sakatimolan no Nipalo sahetoay mafana’ay to sowal no Indo. Itni i Nipalo ono kalotamdawn nipatireng pitilidan sahetoay ono Ikiris a sowal ko hasowal, orasaka tongal sa ko kaolah no tamtamdaw to Ikiris a sowal. O sinpon ato kamok no tilifi sahetoay o Ikiris-sowal, pasasotiri’en ato sowal no Indo o sowal no Ikiris ko ikakaay ko kaolah no ka’emangay. == Kaitiraan (地理) == [[Faylo:Everest North Face toward Base Camp Tibet Luca Galuzzi 2006 edit 1.jpg|縮圖|Senmo-'apocok(聖母峰)]] O sera no Nipalo masalipay a liheco to'edaw, nani sa’amisan no saka’etip pasitira i sakatimolan no sakawali, nanikawali pasi’etip o kakahad ira ko 850km, nanimatimol pasi’amis a kakahad ira ko 200 km. o polong no kakahad no sera no Nipalo ira ko 147,181 km². nani tongroh no riyar nani kalala’edan Conkao lotok ato Conko(nani tongroh no riyar 4000laya’)pasikatimol nornor sa a malikelon, sasifo’an o lotolotokan(nani tongroh no riyar 1000 laya’ tahira i 4000 laya’), o mingataay to Indo a sera pa’eneray to ko nani tongroh no riyar(1000 laya’), ’adihay ko kilakilangan itini.o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%96%9C%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E9%9B%85%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89 Simalaya-lotok](喜馬拉雅山脈; Fan-tilid: ཧིམཱལཡ ''himālaya'') o kalala’edan no Nipalo ato Congko, mahaop ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%8F%A0%E7%A9%86%E6%9C%97%E7%91%AA%E5%B3%B0 Senmo-'apocok](聖母峰; Sicang a sowal:ཇོ་མོ་གླང་མ，Wili-tilid: ''Jo mo glang ma;''Congko a sowal:珠穆朗瑪峰;Nipalo a sowal:薩加瑪塔峰) o mo’etep a pocok no hekal ira ko 8 pocok itini i Nipalo. Nani tongroh no riyar 5 ko kasasiromroma no kakarayan: 1.Fa’edetay ato Lafa’efaay etal i la’eno no 1200 laya’. [[Faylo:Nepal topo en.jpg|縮圖|Nipalo faco no kitakit]] 2.Sa’emelay a kilakilanganeatal nani tongroh no riyar ira ko 1200-2400 laya’ 3.Ki’etecay etal nani tongroh no riyar ira ko 2400-3600laya’ 4.Sakatosa-’apocok etal nani tongroh no riyar ira ko 3600-4800 laya’ 5.Sakakaay-’apocok a kakarayan nani tongroh no riyar itiraay i fafa’ed no 4800 laya’ O ’emin no mihecaan masakilac to kacanglahan,kaciferangan, kacifalian,kalaloodan ato kasi’enawan. Ona kacifalian a kakarayan o masiwaray no nani Monciyala-kihaw a kafodo’an fali, mahawikid no fali ko ’orad ko sakafodo’. Mataker no Simalaya-lotok kona ci’oraday fali pasi’amis, mitaker heca to nani Aciya Sipoliya ki’etecay fali. == '''Tamdaw ato Pitooran'''(人口和宗教) == [[Faylo:Basor Dalit caste.jpg|縮圖|Pasoer-tamdaw, kasasa'er-no'orip]] Tahira i 2010 mihecaan a posa’osi ira ko 2,900 ’ofad ko polong tamdaw noNipalo. O finacadan no Nipalo sakilacen ira ko tosa a finacadan, o cecay i,o mitooran to Indo-pitooran([https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E4%BA%BA Kaso-tamdaw]) ato cowa ka pitoor tono Indo-pitooran a tamdaw o Matawali-tamdw(o koma’enay to ci’icelay-’epah) . I 2001 miheca mahaop ko 80.6% o mitooray to Indo-pitooran, 10.7% o mipaypayay(sahetoay o Sicang-Miyanma nikasado’edoan-sowal), o 4.4% o Muslin,3.6% o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99 pakaso’elinay to to’asan-kawas] <ref>'''原始宗教'''（英語：Prehistoric religion，或稱'''自然宗教'''或'''自發宗教'''），是史前人類宗教信仰和習俗的總稱。</ref>(原始宗教;Ikiris a sowal:''Prehistoric religion),'' ira ho ko ‘alomanay tamdaw patokeled sanay a mitoor to Indo ato Fociyaw tosa a pitooran, nawhani, oninian tamtamdaw mikihamonay to kasasa’er-no’orip(種姓; Ikiris a sowal:''Caste'';卡斯特) no Indo, orasaka mirecep itini tona kasasa’er-no’orip, saikoray to i,layap sato tona [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%A7%8D%E5%A7%93%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6 faco no kasasa’er-no’orip] <ref>'''種姓'''（英語：Caste，有時也被稱為'''卡斯特'''）是一種社會階層制度，其特點是通過內婚制、繼承的方式傳承某一特定階層的生活方式（通常包括職業、階級、溝通交流習慣、禁忌等）</ref><ref>Scott & Marshall 2005，第66頁.</ref>, nikawrira, ona tosaay a pitooran sahetoay to macacamolay. Oroma a sowal, o finacadan no Nipalo toloay ko kasiroma saan: Indo-pitooran a finacadan-kasasa’er, o itiniay Sicang-Miyanma yincumin, ato isaka’amisay a Sicang-finacadan. O kasasa’er-no’orip no Nipalo ira ko lima kasakilac: 1.    cimisamisay to keliw tamdaw:o itokosay a Polomon(Pahang),Satili(Citayroy), ikatiolay Polomon ato Lacipoto-tamdaw, Polomon no Nipalo-tamdaw ato mitooray to Indo-pitooran a Sinroysta kasasa’er-no’orip.<ref>種姓制度 - 維基百科，自由的百科全書 (wikipedia.org)</ref> [[Faylo:A Brahmin priest in India in the 1880s (cropped).JPG|縮圖|Polomon(Cikawasay)]] 2.    Cowa kanga’ay a palakolien a koma’enay to ci’icelay ’epah a tamdaw: Nipalo-tamdaw, Kulong-tamdaw, Lipo-finacadan, Maciya-tamdaw , Layi-tamdaw. 3.    Manga’ayay kalakolien a koma’enay to ci’icelay ’epah a tamdaw:Tamang-tamdaw, Cipon-finacadan, Siyaerpa-tamdaw, Taro-finacadan. 4.    Manga’ayay ingiden a ma’oningay tamdaw:o nano sofocan ko kasasa’er-no’orip a Nipalo-tamdaw, Muslin ato roma kitakit a tamdaw. 5.    [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%BE%BE%E5%88%A9%E7%89%B9 Cowa ka nga’ay a ingiden a tamdaw]: o nano sofocan ko kasasa’er-no’orip a Kaso-tamdaw, ikatimolay a nano sofocan ko kasasa’er-no’orip, nano sofocan ko kasasa’er-no’orip a Nipalo-tamdaw. == '''Saka’orip'''(經濟) == Mahaop ko 80% a tamdaw no Nipalo o maomahay. O dafdaf i sakatimolan, tada macemahaday ko lalan itini, wataay ko kacacofelis no saka’orip ato Indo.itira i lotolotokan o sakakaay a pihamhaman to lafang o kaci’etanan no Nipalo. O saka’amisan no Nipalo malala’eday ato Congko, nikawrira, isaka’amisan o kaitiraan no Simalaya-Lotok, ’akawang ko tokos ‘angongor ko kasaco’edan, cowa ka rihaday itini. Mihamham ko Nipalo to sapicomahadaw to saka’orip ato Congko, nikawrira, ‘adihay ta to ko lotok mipatolasay to kacacofelis no dafong ato tamdaw, mapapatolas ko kali’aca to dafong. == '''Ponka''' (文化) == I’ayaw no 2006 miheca, o dengan mitooray to Indo-pitooran a hontian-kitakit itini i hekal, o ponka sato i,mahapinangay ono Indo-pitooran. Cowa ka koma’en to titi no kolong ko Nipalo-tamdaw, nawhani, o tada-fangcalay ko tada’kolongay nenengen ni Nipalo-tamdaw; cowa ka koma’enen to titi no diyong, nawhani ka’acekan ko diyong sanay. Mapatay ko Nipalo-tamdaw, o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A9%86%E7%BD%97%E9%97%A8 Polomon](cikawasay) ko misikiay to demak, tafoen to kohecalay kiradom ko tatirengan no mapatayay, tangsolen mitodo tatiihay palafasen to 24 toki, oya ’afo taktaken i ’alo. iskakaay ko pisalimela to pisiki padongos to mapatayay, mingodo to malitengay, ano o malitengay ko mapatayay, ’is’isen ko fanoh no tatirengan no niyah, tafoen ho to kohecalay kiradom ko niyah tireng,misatapang a misaliway, oninian o mingodo ato mapatayay a malitengay a misaliway,cowa ka pidii’ to 13 rom’ad, ikor to cecay a mihecaan tatiihay a malawla, kkoma’en to ’epah ato micomod i pita’ongan loma’, malepon to ko cecay miheca ta manga’ay a helongen koya nisariko’an a kohecaay riko’. == Pacefaday a tilid(註腳) == [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] <references /> == Pikafitan i Papotal(外部連接) == *[http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [[:en:List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government|List of current heads of state and government]] aezzfzp5dj4eeyxl2irnmrnd4ohu6pz 0 818 43689 18292 2024-07-26T07:35:31Z Tomchiukc 2480 fix 43689 wikitext text/x-wiki Netherlands（荷蘭） [[Faylo:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|thumb|Flag of the Netherlands|alt=Flag of the Netherlands]] [[Faylo:EU-Netherlands.svg|thumb|Location of the  European Netherlands  (dark green)– in Europe  (green & dark grey)– in the European Union  (green)]] Itini i 52 30 N, 5 45 E, noYoropi ko [[Netherlands]]. Polong no sekalay i 41,543 sq km “saka 135 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 33,893 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 7,650 sq km ” Polong i 17,016,967 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 55.10%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 10.80%, malo no roma to a sera 34.10%. siyoto(首都) O [[Amsterdam]](阿姆斯特丹) ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakasepat 27 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Willem-Alexander]](威廉-亞歷山大), patirengan(擔任) a romi’ad i 2013 a miheca(年) saka 4 folad(月) saka 30 a romi’ad. ==Pi’arawan to lakaw== * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] kuh5mlb71fgk4zwc57k0iteg9ytsg5c 0 819 38429 38427 2023-06-24T03:10:12Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38429 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''Niw Cilan (紐西蘭 New Zealand)''' == == '''Takaray sowal(概略)''' == O Niw Cilan a [[kitakit]] sano Ikilisnen a ngangan i New Zealand hananay, sano sowalen no itiniay a tamdaw o Maoli i Aotearoa(Aotiyarowa). Iriraay i sa'etip a sawalian no [[Sinanotay Riyar]](太平洋) ko aro' nona kitakit, o micefangay to sa'opo no Ikilis. O syoto(首都) i o [[Wellington|Wilinton]], nikawrira, o satata'angay a niyaro' i o [[Auckland|Awkolan]]. O Niw Cilan a kitakit i tosaay ko tata'angay a pala ko kasakomod, o cecay i o ka'amisay a pala o (Te Ika-a-Māui), o cecay i o katimolay a pala(Te Waipounamu). Ila’ed nona tosa a riyaran pala I o Kuko riyar,o syoto Wilington I itiniay tona satimolan a pala no Niw Cilan. [[Faylo:Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg|thumb|Flag of New Zealand]] == '''Rikisi(歷史)''' == I ‘ayaw no 500 miheca tahira i 1300 miheca a tahini a mafolaw ko nani Polinisya a tamdaw, o Mawli(毛利) hananay a finacadan. I ikor to i irato ko nani Yoropa a tamdaw a tayni mi’eco to ni’aroan no Mawli a sera. O sa’ayaway a tayni o masakapotay a tamina toni keridan i Yapo Tasman o Olanta a tamdaw, i 1642 miheca a macakat i Saka’amis a pala, pangangan han nangra to Nieuw Zeeland. I 1769 miheca, o sincyo no Ikikis ci Kuko kanatolo a misali’yali’yad a tayni i Niw Cilan a mikakingkiw a masanga’ ningra ko cicu no Niw Cilan. I 1788 miheca micowat ko Ikilis tona pala malanikowanan a pala. Ci’icel a mitokel ko Mawli to Ikilis, caay ka pakafilo ko Ikilis a milowid to Mawli, masasowal to sakalali’yaw ta matatilid to cecay a rikec o ''「waitangi kakaketonan a tilid」''(懷唐伊條約) (o no Ikilis a tilid I:Treaty of Waitangi, sano Mawlien I:Tiriti o Waitangi). Itini tono Mawli a tilid i iraay ko:mihayi ko Ikikis to 「tino rangatiratanga」no Mawli sanay, o imi nonini I sowal no Mawli i「niyahpikowan」sanay, nikawrira, pakiikilisen i o ‘odeng o 「o kamaro’an no tapang」sanay aca, away ko niyahpikowan sanay a imi. Ona kasasiroma a pikaysyaku tona tilid ko sakalalood no Ikilis ato Mawli i 1845 miheca tahira i 1872 miheca, a mala’afas to sera. O mapatayay a tamdaw tona lood i 1800 ko no Mawli, 800 kono Yoropa a tamdaw. == '''Finacadan ato mafolaway a tayni(民族與移民)''' == Itiya i 2006 miheca a pisa’osi to tamdaw i, o nani Yoropaay a mafolaw a tayni 67.6% ko tamdaw, o itinitiay a tamdaw o Mawli a finacadan 14.6% aca, ira ko 120 a kasasiromaroma a finacadan. [[Faylo:Poumatua2.jpg|thumb|Poumatua2]] Pasasitiri’en to i 1961 miheca a pisa’osi to tamdaw I ira ko 92% o telac no Yoropa kako sanay, o Mawli i 7% aca ko tamdaw. O pangangan to niyah a tireng i o 「Niw cilan tamdaw」(New Zealander) sanay, nikawrira, itini i polong no kalokitakit i o 「kiwi」hananay ko pitahidang, sano sowalen no Mawli i o 「Pākehā」hananay ko pitahidang to teloc no Yoropa a kohecalay tamdaw no Niw Cilan a tamdaw. O itinitiniay a maro’ ko Mawli a finacadan, nika’aloman sa no mafolaway ni Yoropa sa masafa to ko Mawli. O nani tiniay I Ikilis, Ayorlan ato Ostorariya ko ‘alomanay a tayni mafolaw, o roma sa i nanitiniay i Olata, Italy, Towic, ato romaroma a kitakit. O Mawli a finacadan i o larengaw ngangra i nanitiniay i Taywan sa ko piketon to sowal no mikakinkinway a singsi no tata’angay a pitilidan, o lamit no ‘ilang i malecaday ko Mawli ato Yincumin no Taywan. O itiniay aca i satimolan a riyarian a pala a tamdaw i itiniay i Taywan ko to’as nangra sa to ko sowal, adihay ko sapawacay a tilid tonini. [[Faylo:Polynesian_Migration.svg|thumb|Polynesian Migration]] ila’ed nona tosa a riyaran kanatal i o Kuko riyar,o syoto Wilington I itiniay tona satimolan a pala no Niw Cilan. == '''O kasasiromaroma a sakowan(行政區劃)''' == O pipangangan to Niw Cilan I o 「Niw Cilan a Hontian kitakit」(紐西蘭王國 Realm of new Zealand),o cecay no 16 a Hontian kitakit I laloma’ no Ikilisan Sakapotan Kitakit(大英國協). Ilaloma’ nona 「Niw Cilan a Hontian kitakit」ira ko NiwCilan,Kuko Riyariyaran Pala, Niw I, Tokolaw ato Satelocan no cikiw a pala no Niw Cilan. o polong a sakowan no Niw Cilan I 16 ko kasasiromaroma, ato Catam palapalan: · Ka’amisay pala（Northland） [[Faylo:NZTerritorialAuthorities-1-zh.png|thumb|NZTerritorialAuthorities-1-zh]] · Awkolan（Auckland） ·  Waykato（Waikato） ·  Fangcalay Kihaw（Bay of Plenty） ·  Kispoen（Gisborne） ·  Hawkos Kihaw（Hawke's Bay） ·  Taranaci（Taranaki） ·  Manawatu-Wanganui（Manawatu-Wanganui） ·  Wilinton（Wellington） ·  Tasman（Tasman） ·  Nilson（Nelson） ·  Malpaw（Marlborough） ·  Sa’etipay riris no riyar（West Coast） ·  Kantopoloy（Canterbury） ·  Otango（Otago） ·Satimolan（Southland） · Catam palapalan（Chatham Islands） == '''Punka(文化)''' == O maamaan to lisin no Mawli I makeroay to「Haka」hanaay a sakero, itiyaho ano ira ko lalood to roma a finacadan i’ayaw no pisi’ayaw to ada I masakeroay tona Haka, ano masakero I padayday sanay to sema,o sapatalaw to ada a sakero konini. O ‘olic nina kero I masasiromaromaay to kasasiromaroma no niyaro’ atoya romi’ad, pa’icel sanay to perok caay ka pisataliyoliyok a makero,malaheci to kero I padayday sanay ko polong no masakeroay, o pitodong to kapatay no ada a madayday ko sema. O dayhio no mimaliay no Niw Cilan ciriko’ay to hohetingay(All-black), I’ayaw no pimalian I masakeroay tona Haka, o kaka’olahan no mi’alaway to mimaliay sa awaay ko caay ka fana’ tonini a Haka sakero. [[Faylo:All_Blacks_Haka.jpg|thumb|All Blacks Haka]] Ano do’edoen ko kopisakilac no Mawli I toloay ko kasasiromaroma nona Haka: ·       Whakatu waewae ·       Tutu ngarahu ·       Peruperu ==== Haka Sakero(哈卡舞) ==== ono to'asan a sakero no Mawki Finacadan konini. o larengatan nona sakera i, itiya ho i'ayaw no kalalood masakeroay tonini ko kasafinacadan, sato'edaw hananay ko sema a panayat to sapipatalaw to sakalalood a 'ada. o eadiw no Haka masafalifalicay, caay ka lalen, o niyah a finacadan ono niyah a radiw. o katadamaan no Haka Sakero i,maherek a masakero misato'edawan a patelay ko sema no polong masakeroay. onini i, o milecaday to kapatay no 'ada, matating ko fongoh i kilang dayaday sa ko sema.o nipiharateng no Mawli a tamdaw o tatiihay a tamdaw ano mapatay kohetingay ko sema sanay, ora ko saka pasadak tono niyah a sema mipawacay to kao fangcalay tamdaw kako sanay. o mitayhiyoway to kitakit a cefang '''All-blacks''' a sakero i'ayaw no kalalifet awaay ko caay ka fana' iro matini.ci Safulo. [[Category:Ta’akay-riyar a karopaw]] [[Category:Kitakit]] [[Category:New Zealand]] hl0s9ophx94l5t5mhe0kwh7l17947j1 0 820 31506 30436 2022-06-17T09:38:47Z Jfblanc 355 31506 wikitext text/x-wiki New zealand（紐西蘭） [[Faylo:Flag of New Zealand.svg|thumb|Flag of New Zealand|alt=Blue field with the Union Flag in the top right corner, and four red stars with white borders to the right.]] [[Faylo:NZL orthographic NaturalEarth.svg|thumb|Location of New Zealand within the Realm of New Zealand]] Itini i 41 00 S, 174 00 E, noOsiniya ko [[New zealand]]. Polong no sekalay i 268,838 sq km “saka 76 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 264,537 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 4,301 sq km ” Polong i 4,474,549 ko tamdaw. == sera(土地) == Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 43.20%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 31.40%, malo no roma to a sera 25.40%. == siyoto(首都) == O [[[Wellington]](威靈頓) ko Siyoto. == katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) == Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakatosa 6 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Elizabeth II]](伊莉莎白二世), patirengan(擔任) a romi’ad i 1952 a miheca(年) saka 2 folad(月) saka 6 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] [[en:New Zealand]] g0e5s2evno0cj44y876ag5ggkhtgycv 0 821 18346 18345 2021-10-28T12:34:10Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 20 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 18345 wikitext text/x-wiki Ngangihaw（鵝公髻部落） Itiniay i [[Wufeng]](五峰) Cen no Hsinchu(新竹) ko [[Ngangihaw]] a niyaro’, 52 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 175 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 91% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 159 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 9% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan(族群), polong(全部) han i, 16 ko tamdaw. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] i5n13tklc11sw58rut7e6f7udhkg4ia 0 822 38553 30125 2023-06-27T20:13:32Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38553 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} [[Faylo:Idioma hakka.png|thumb|Ngayngay|150px]] [[Faylo:Hakka woman.jpg|O matoasy no Ngayngay i Hong Kong|thumb|150px]] U [[Ngayngay]] atu Kerang ku nipangangan nu ningra i titaan tu. U aru’ nu Payrang, itini i [[Taywan]], Pikowapingan ato adihay a kasakitakit. ==nikakilakilac== Anu pakaynin i aru’ atu suwal atu lisin. Lima ku nikakilakilac: *Siyen（四縣） *hoylio（海陸） *Tapu（大埔） *Ngawpin（饒平） *Zeoan（詔安） sjl5wb4kvfcerf2saf2eb1rx9jyflsp 0 823 38487 33920 2023-06-26T05:03:35Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38487 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Idioma hakka.png|frameless|right]] O '''Sowal no Ngayngay''' (''客家人的語言'', ''客家語'') hananay i, o [[Ngayngay a sowal]]. Ira ko ’alomanay to tamdaw a [[Ngayngay]] i [[Taywan]]. O sowal ko Ngayngay a sowal to Ngayngay. Tangasa to i 2007 a mihcaan i, ira to ko 4400 emang a tamdaw somowalay to Ngayngay a sowal i hkal ma^min. {{stub}} [[Kasasiwasiw:Siwkulang 'Amis]] efa74fyul5j1cka8lezc5ahkwc5xj7x 0 824 18384 18383 2021-10-28T12:34:19Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 20 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 18383 wikitext text/x-wiki Ngudra-drekai（新富社區Rukai部落） Itiniay i [[Jinfeng]](金峰) Cen no Taitung(台東) ko [[Ngudra-drekai]] a niyaro’, 113 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 344 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 98% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 338 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 2% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 6 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko . == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] qd1d8zid1orh9qjbuhtbvbiew1xhrsz 0 825 18409 18408 2021-10-28T12:34:21Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 24 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 18408 wikitext text/x-wiki Ngurus（後光華部落） Itiniay i [[Fuxing]](復興) Cen no Taoyuan(桃園) ko [[Ngurus]] a niyaro’(部落), 23 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 59 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 92% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 54 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 8% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 5 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)90%, Cou(鄒族)2%. Ira ko picodadan(光華國小、光華國小附幼) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(大溪分局光華派出所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] o1k3sqk67qv211pk2t2tiyykzaddhaj 0 826 18440 18439 2021-10-28T12:34:25Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 30 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 18439 wikitext text/x-wiki Niae’ ucna（里佳部落） Itiniay i [[Alishan]](阿里山) Cen no Chiayi(嘉義) ko [[Niae’ ucna]] a niyaro’, 90 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 284 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 94% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 266 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 6% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 18 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Cou(鄒族)90%, Tayal(泰雅族)1%, Paiwan(排灣族)0.5%, Saysiyat(賽夏族)0.5%, Truku(太魯閣族)0.5%, roma(其他)0.7%. Ira ko picodadan(達邦國小里佳分校、達邦國小附幼里佳分校) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(竹崎分局里佳派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(里佳村衛生室) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] qmvv4fwrt2czmakodfhdvfduv3h93rl 0 827 30235 30198 2022-01-22T00:32:33Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q811]] 30235 wikitext text/x-wiki Nicaragua（尼加拉瓜） [[Faylo:Flag of Nicaragua.svg|thumb|Flag of Nicaragua|alt=Flag of Nicaragua]] [[Faylo:Nicaragua (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Location of Nicaragua]] Itini i 13 00 N, 85 00 W, noNotimolan Amilika ko [[Nicaragua]]. Polong no sekalay i 130,370 sq km “saka 98 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 119,990 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 10,380 sq km ” Polong i 5,966,798 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 42.20%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 25.30%, malo no roma to a sera 32.50%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Managua]](馬拿瓜) ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakasiwa 15 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Daniel Ortega]](丹尼爾·奧蒂嘉), patirengan(擔任) a romi’ad i 2007 a miheca(年) saka 1 folad(月) saka 10 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] berhx14wqr5t7jzks1mg2wxyc1b3lcp 0 828 18475 18474 2021-10-28T12:34:30Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 15 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 18474 wikitext text/x-wiki Nicolás Maduro(尼古拉斯·馬杜洛) [[Faylo:Maduro en 2015.jpg|thumb|Maduro en 2015|alt=Maduro en 2015.jpg]] I 1962 a miheca(年) saka 11 folad(月) saka 23 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci [[Nicolás Maduro]], malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Venezuela]](委內瑞拉) anini i ci Nicolás Maduro, patirengan(擔任) a romi’ad i 2013 a miheca saka 4 folad saka 19 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] lclvgknxmt0z4by9i36ajxmr5i58ojv 0 829 30605 30437 2022-01-26T17:12:25Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q1032]] 30605 wikitext text/x-wiki Niger（尼日） [[Faylo:Flag of Niger.svg|thumb|Flag of Niger|alt=Flag of Niger]] [[Faylo:Niger (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Location of  Niger  (dark green)]] Itini i 16 00 N, 8 00 E, noAfilika ko [[Niger]]. Polong no sekalay i 1.267 million sq km “saka 22 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 1,266,700 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 300 sq km ” Polong i 18,638,600 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 35.10%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 1%, malo no roma to a sera 63.90%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Niamey]](尼阿美) ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakatosa ko safaw 18 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Mahamadou Issoufou]](馬哈馬杜·伊素福), patirengan(擔任) a romi’ad i 2011 a miheca(年) saka 4 folad(月) saka 7 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] dg4u58l4255l6xepqe7mqudy213mflm 0 830 30606 30438 2022-01-26T17:12:26Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q1033]] 30606 wikitext text/x-wiki Nigeria（奈及利亞） [[Faylo:Flag of Nigeria.svg|thumb|Flag of Nigeria|alt=Flag of Nigeria]] [[Faylo:Nigeria (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Location of Nigeria shown in dark green]] Itini i 10 00 N, 8 00 E, noAfilika ko [[Nigeria]]. Polong no sekalay i 923,768 sq km “saka 32 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 910,768 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 13,000 sq km ” Polong i 186,053,386 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 78%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 9.50%, malo no roma to a sera 12.50%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Abuja]](阿布賈) ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakamoetep 1 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Muhammadu Buhari]](穆罕默杜·布哈里), patirengan(擔任) a romi’ad i 2015 a miheca(年) saka 5 folad(月) saka 29 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] ib521lik7ty2st1743bzpwxrc22jhlq 0 831 18571 18570 2021-10-28T12:34:38Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 57 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 18570 wikitext text/x-wiki Niiyaro’ no Ciwkangan （長光部落） Aloman ko mafokilay a tamdaw itini i pasawali mililisay to riyar ira ko sakakahad sanay masa’apilisay a omah, mangalef caay kafana’ itira tora katatongodan masadafdafay ato ’apilis a omah, makadofa ira ko tadamaanay nasidayan no to’as ho a lalosidan, orasaka, ano paka’araw kiso to niyaro’ no ciwkangan, o malemeday ko maro’ay toni a niyaro’ sa ko faloco’ iso, nawhani, o lalan nai pangcah sa moecel sa talawali tangasa i riyar, o loma’ maemin ira ko potal, o laloma’ mapateli to masamaanay telangan a lalosidan no to’as ho sapa’eres to laloma’. Minokay malingad malacecay malafai, matiniay a ’orip edeng itini i Kakacawan niyaro’ no Ciwkangan, onini koya tadakalimelaan no widang tayni a misalama. itini i niyaro’ ira ko pisalamaan i papotal a komaen, onini ko sakacifaloco’ ko tamdaw sapitilidan tona malemeday a romi’ad, roma i tayra saetip no niyaro’ omaomahan misasing, minengneng to na rorayan no mato’asay a milingad toni a omah to mihecahecaan. Itira i lalan a romakat tadamahapinang ko ka’apilis no facal, makafana to mamakadofah ko kinaira tona miheca, nawhani kakahad ira ko lotok, nengneng han ko loma’ no niyaro’ mato tatoediedip sa, seriwseriw sa ko fali nairiyaray sataota’ong sa ko widawidan no panay, masa awa ko fao mikari’ang safangcal sa ko panay. Ira ko somowalay, o salawacan no ciwkangan pasietip han mitapal ira ko lotok, kalotongan han ko ngangan nira, pasiwali han sakangdaw sa masa’apilis ko omah sangaay sa ko fali haphapen...., soelin to pakacecayay to a ofad ko mihecaan ira to ko mafana’ay toni a niyaro’, nawhani na ira ko tamdaw no ni a Taywan, itini no misimsiman nangra a paniyaro itini. Ano faede’edet katalawan ko romi’ad itini, nika o fali saheto nai waliay no riyar saka sasa’emel sa, tapal han ko kakarayang no Tay-pin-yang, mato kasaengeran no fali a pahanhan. Ira ko cecay kaolahan no tamdaw a romadiw, nisanga’an no fafakian ci Angay o itiniay i Ciwkangan a tamdaw, o makapahay paniyaro’an ko Ciwkangan, sepatay a rowis kasaserep nonini a niyaro’, ira ko sawali, pa’enoan, pangcah ato no’etipan ko lalan, toladay o tayal mikangkang i facafacalan, o roma talalotok a midongec, tala’alo a mikalang, minokay to hakakerem enemay ko toki, maherek a malafi misafaloco’ to sapitafokod. roma i misafaloco’ to sapicekiw, itini tona radiw tadamahapinang ko nika fangcal noni a niyaro’. [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] izttjsa2a2yljfcqqvonz53mtao6f3y 0 832 18723 18722 2021-10-28T12:34:46Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 151 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 18722 wikitext text/x-wiki Nikitini i I-lan So-aw （蘇花公路之開鑿） Nikitini i I-lan So-aw tahira i Kalingko a la’ed no lalan, nai Cin-caw wan ho a mihecaan, o nano kamaro’an noYin-co-min a pala saka ci’icel a mico’ay to naicuwacuwaay a tamdaw, o nano roray a mipamatangan, malahadhad, liyawen a misapay tahira i kadipongan “ sa ira sako lalan i riris no riyal” to malaheciay, sakaira to no So-ha-wa konglo hananay anini. Satapang ira konini a lalan nai1874 a mihecaan tahira i Cin-tong-ce 13 a mihecaan, I’ayaw namisatapang tonini micuwat tonini a lalan, o nani Fu-cyn-lolo-tito-Ro-ta-con ko mipatoro’an a mi’owala palalanan to So-hawa itiyaay ho. Anini itini i tilid no mikingkiway i, anini ko lalan no so-haw-kong-lo cuwa kahecad ko toris no lalan tono Cin-caw a So-hawa. Onini a so-hwa a lalan misatapang mi’owalan isaka1874 a mihecaan to nani “Cin-tong-ce13 a mihecaan” malalood macacongis a mala’afas to pala i paridaw” Mo-tan-siya a demak” ko ka lalengatan nonini a pinangan. Pakayni tonini kalalood a demak i kol i, Cin Sy-fu macekid to a misatapang to mitapal to misa’osi to pinangan no Taywa a Yin-co-min, dekini mipatireng to sarikec a miketon to demak to sakanga’ayw a mi’owal to halalan pasitimol, pasi’amis, pasietip a tolo ko lalan to sakanga’ayw no tala posongay a lalan no Taywan. Pakayni to cecay a lalan todongay to papasi’amis paki So-hwa a lalan, ona toris no lalan tomedac pakayra i Su-hwa ato Tong-aw, Ta-nan-aw , Ta-cwo-swey, Ta-cing-swey, tahira i minato no Kalingko, ci Fu-cyn-lolo-tito-Ro-ta-con ko mikeliday, limaay a fulad ta malaheciay a mi’owal ko halalan, ikol to saromi’ami’ad to miropay to lalan patireng haca to kamaro’an ato pilawcan no sofitay. I Si-yin 1890 a mihecaan ”Cin-kwang-si 16 a mihecaan” ciliw- min-cowan mingayaw I-lan a finawlan tahira i Nan-aw-fan-siya, miliyaw ho a miwaray miropay to lalan tayra i So-aw do^do tahira i Ta-nan-aw a micuwat to lalan, nikawrira, namihaen i, mahalek to ko pingayaw, miliyas to ko milaocay a sofitay, toyanan toi, awa to ko epoc noya lalan masemot a malalotok. I ’ayaw no kadipongan ho, onini a lalan cuwa kai faloco’ no cima:cima a tamdaw. Tahira i Si-yin 1908 a mihecaan “ i min-ce 41 a mihecaan”, o sapacakataw no dipong miropay to lalan nai So-aw tahira i Nan-aw kalala’edan to halalan no Yin-co-min a kipitay, toya pasietipay a lalan misolinga’an no Dipong a miropay, palalan han tahira i So-aw pafecos tayra i Nan-aw tolo ko kalala’ed a masakakahad ko fakeciw”latek 9 ko fakeciw” to halalan no kingpitay, do^do patireng to pitoay a palawcan. I Si-yin 1914 a mihecaan ”Ta-cen 3 a mihecaan” o sapingayawaw no dipong to Taroko a finacadan i Kalingkoay, miliyaw haca i Sin-cen tahira i minato no Kalingko palalan sa tano kamay han mipi^pi ko kikay a miropay to lalan. Deng kini o nai Tan-nan-aw do^do Sin-cen to cecay a lalan, o kalalengatan no demak to pingayawan no itiraay a Yin-co-min, saka toya kadiPongan ho tahanini awaay to ko temoloay pakayra a milenok toya lalan. I saka1914 a mihecaan no Dipong a mingayw to Taloko a finacadan mahalek toi, Sakaira ko” 5 a mihecaan mihalaka to lifan a sarikec” a piketon to kalahecian. Miteka to ko Dipong a micowat to halalan sakatahira i So-aw ato Sin-cen a faelohay no lalan, pakani ” riris no hadhad sapilikec to Yin-co-min hananay a lalan” o sa’ayaway paka So-aw tahira i Kalingko a tomedac ko lalan. Tosa a mihecaan ko kaletlet a mihalaka tonini a demak, mitongal sa o Taywan a cong-to-fu mitapal tonini a pinangan no fancing to demak i, cuwa kalahemhemen saka misaharaterateng to nga’ay pakaynien i Minato no Kalingko ato I-lan patoro’ to cacuwaten ko lalan a kayki nga’ay ko demak alatek sa. Saka “ oya i tong-hay karomakatan a lalan” masaheci i I Si-yin 1916 a mihecaan “Ta-ceng 5 a mihecaan” miteka to a misatapang micuwat to lalan. Kawrira, o kalalengatan to no ’Amis a finacadan i Kalingko mapatangic to a misakoli maroray ko ’orip. do^do tahira i Si-yin1925 a mihecaan”Ta-ceng 14 a mihecaan” Sepat ko fulad malaheci to ko karomakatan to pasayraay i tong-hay, o kaki’edaw nonini a lalan maedeng 119.8 a tori, saka 8 a mihecaan ira ko hanpong tonini a faelohay a lalan. malalitemoh haca toya no i’ayaway no Sin-cen ato minato no Kalingko ko lalan, mansa toya tahatenok ko pikowan no Dipong i “malalalan to ko tong-hay” itiya ho. Namahalek misanga’ to lalan namisatapang itiya ho, cecayay ho ko karomakatan a lalan. I Si-yin 1927 a mihecaan “ Saw-ho 2 a mihecaan” namahalek ko kalalicay, misahareterateng to sapiliyawaw to halalan no tosiya. Saka miteka to miliyaw a misanga’to halalan. Toyanan toi, nga’ay to ira ko pakayraay a lalan tayra i Kalingko, dengan ko mamiongpang to manmaan a dafongan ko nga’ayay parakat, i kafafalic no kasienawan ato kacangrahan hoi, mararid ta’angay ko fali ’akawang ko tapelik no riyal i ngata no Kalingko a riyar, cuwa kanga’ay ko tamina a miraoed pahicera toya minato, saka lasawad sato ko cidafongay to manmaan patefo i minato. O icifa sato awa to ko sapacorok a dafong to manmaan, misaharaterateng to ko Sy-fo no Dipong mihari^ri a miketon to harateng to tong-hay a lalan sapifalican to halalan no tosiya, ano sapifalic tona tayal i wa tolo ho ko mihecaan nga’ maraehci demak, o rayray pakayni i katimol do^do pasi’amis “ So-aw, Te-ci-ri” pakitenok no Ta-cwo-swey a micomod, misakakahad toya karomakatan a lalan, masa sakakahad sato ko lalan nga’ay to miongpang ko tosiya to manmannan a dafong. I Si-yin 1931 a mihecaan”Saw-ho 6 a mihecaan” i sakaenem a fulad ko Misafaeloh to a nga’ay to medac ko lalan, so’elinay ano miliyaw a mipalalan wa tahira i Si-yin 1932 nga’ mihecaan ko tayal, “ Saw-he 7 a mihecaan” i sakalima a fulad malaheciay ko tayal, o kaki’edaw nona lalan 121.2 tori. Misatapang a mi’owal i, mararid mapowal a mapelal, misanga’ tapiden ko namapowalay. Adihay to ko mapalakay to nisa’osian a payci, saka o sa’osi to payaci maroray to nika cango’ot. Saka, i 3 a mihecaan ko tayal maosoy to tahira sato 5 a mihecaan nga’ malaheciay to ko tayal. Do^do tonini a demak, pakayni i cing-soy tona cecay dato ko pasa’icel o tadakada’atan to a tayalen, o ngapangapadan, awaay ko katomirengan no maomahay, tano saso’ot han no maomahay ko mipalit ko tatelecan no tiring, nani kafekang no lotok pasilaeno, matating haca i fatad no ngapad, o citafaay a malad ko sapiofang, to sakanga’ayaw a pacocok to pakotang, mikayat to lalan no pakotang tara lotok, helek to miparo to pakotang tomtomen to a milikat ko lalan no pakotang to sakafetas ma’owal. Ano maosoy ho ko kapilaliw i, o tatahatefo no mapelalay matefaday a fakeloh, mapi^pi to a mapatay, 52 ay to ko tamdaw to mapi^piay no matefaday a fakeloh, ikol tonini a demak awaay ko maan a sapadahof to mapatayay a tamdaw. Toyanan toi, anini sato tona ma’araway a lalan no tosiya masapikepiked a masa’iko’ikong. Pakayni tonini a lala o ’Amis a finacadan ko saci’icelay a micowatay to sakanga’ay nonini a lalan tahanini. == Pi’arawan to lakaw == *[http://210.240.125.35/citing/citing_content.asp?id=3978&keyword=%C4%AC%AA%E1%A4%BD%B8%F4 台灣原住民族歷史語言文化大辭典] *李景崇，1998，《阿美族歷史》，臺北：師大書苑。 *黄宣衞，2008，《阿美族》，臺北：三民。 *達西烏拉彎‧畢馬，2001，《臺灣的原住民 : 阿美族》，臺北：臺原。 [[Kasasiwasiw:Palidaw 'Amis]] s78fomu8er6h2f45xbi6yptafjejp8a 0 833 18735 18734 2021-10-28T12:34:49Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 11 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 18734 wikitext text/x-wiki Nitakayama(玉山) [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] Makatukusay ko Taywan. O sa’akawangay a tukus ko Nitakayama. [[Faylo:150. Distant View of Mt. Niitaka from Mt. Ari. Formosa..JPG|thumb|Nitakayama]] 8ro5r94ox3ni0hc7vpr91yn5i3lg06s 0 834 18800 18799 2021-10-28T12:34:52Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 64 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 18799 wikitext text/x-wiki No ratoh a sowal to tato'asan no Siwkolan a Pangcah （秀姑巒阿美族祖先之傳說） Itiyatiyaay ho, ira ko maaraa:yay a niyaro’, makera ko ngernger no pala, mato tata’ak ko soni, maperar to ko lotok macedas to ko ’alo, nengneng han ko kakarayan awaay to ma’araw ko cidal ato folad satoeman sato, nawhan mangela’ to ko sota nanilalinik mifowak masadak ko lali’, kalomanmaan i fafaeday no sota’ maemin to mahadefek nona tata’akay a lonen, itiya hatira ko kari’ang o tangic to ko iraay no tamdamdaw, icowacowaay a pala saheto to o lali’ ko sakapades to no tamdaw. Ngalengalef sa mangernger ko sota, mafowak miteroc to ko lali’ malamangotaay to a nanom mahadefek to ko loma’ ato pina’rip. Nengneng han ko hekal maasariyar to ko lali’, ira ko citanengy a malekakaay safaloco’ sa a milaliw comikay talalotok milimek, misanga’ cangra to cecay a cifar, kalic toya cifar, toor sa to kasonol a mapawpaw, halapicahok hanira ko mapawpaway a felac, hafay malosakafecol. Ikor to maemin to i lalinik no nanom ko lotok, cacay aca ko cifar nangra mapawpaw tona riyar, o ka pawpaw to no tamdaw, pina’orip awa to ko cecacecay a ma’araw. Matenes to mapawpaw iriyar, mipodpodan nangra malakaka a hafay awaay to, ngaay aca cakapina masahakakerem ko romi’ad, mapawpaw talacecay a kanatal cangra “Icowaay awa ko mafana’ay ” itiya talahekal cangra malakaka mafoti’ to cecay a daday, dafak caay to pitolas a misolap mikilim, ano ira ko tamdaw itini saan, nikaoriwa toni a kanatal awa ko cecacecay a tamdaw, mapatayni cangra to awaay ko tamdaw a kanatal. Wata ko semer nangra tatosa, nika maanen ko fana’, orasaka patireng sato cangra to loma’, paloma to hafay malosaka’orip. Yo fangcal macidal ko romi’ad, I saetipan ma’araw nangra ko tata’akay a kanatal, sapilaliwan cangra toni awaay ko tamdaw a pala, lakec sa to riyar pasayra tora saetipan, nika matalaw ano milakec ano masamaan, lasawad sato koya faloco’ tosa katayraan tora kanatal. Cangra tatosa matalaw to ano mato’as sato to saka’orip, orasaka raramod sato, cirafas to moetep ko wawa nangra. Ikor to matocikay sanay ko mihecaan, adihay to ko teloc, malatato’asan to no Siwkolan a Pangcah konini. [[Kasasiwasiw:Siwkulang 'Amis]] 0eow120t84vztygg5g3vbstdzkzgz29 0 835 18862 18861 2021-10-28T12:34:56Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 61 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 18861 wikitext text/x-wiki No rawang a harateng （空間觀） Pakayni to fana’ no Pangcah to ngala’ no dawang a harateng, miriting to kasasiroma no fa’inayan fafahiyan ato harateng no finacadan to pitooran. Doedoen ko pikadkad no cifenekay a tamdaw, ira ko tosa a lekakawa ko kalacecayan no fafahiyan fa’inayan ato no rawang ko harateng no Pangcah. Sakacecay a likakawa i, “ Minengneng to saselican misakilac, nika o saselic marariting to fa’inayan fafahiyan ko pi’araw”. O taliyok no laloma’ sepat ko moco’, ira ko patelian to salisinan, ka’amis ato katimol no fafahiyan kaselican, katimol kaetip no fa’inayan kaselican. Kiemel ko no fafahiyan to ka’amis ato kawali, no fa’inayan i o katimol ato kaetip ko kiemelay. Papotal no loma’ ira to ko matiniay ko sa’osi matateko to fa’inayan fafahiyan. Sakatasa a likakawa i, “Midoedo to raay ato ngata to laed a matatapal ato rawang ko pisakilac, o maraay ko laed a rawang ato fa’inayan mararingi, mangataay ko laed a rawang matateko to fafahiyan ”. orasaka, o lotok, oriyar ato ’alo no fa’inayan a rawang, o loma’ i, no fafahiyan a miringi. Itini i laloma’ no niyaro’, malecad ira matatapal ko laed ato karariting to fa’inayan fafahiyan, no loma’ i no fafahiyan a rawang, potal i no fa’inayan a rawang. fa’inayan ato fafahiyan a rawang ira ko matatoedipay, ano caeca kalecad ko katadamaan. Ano mirangi to harateng no pitooran i, hapinangen a minengneng ko matayalay no pitooran a tamdaw, mangaay to mahapinang no mita ko kawas no mitooray a salo’afang tona hekal, ira ko malecaday to no hekal a rawangan a harateng. Nengnengen ko pinangan no cikawasay, citodongay to i ngatay ko laed no rawang, ira ko no ngasawan citodongay a fa’inayan to lisin, citodong to maraayay ko laed no rawang. Oni tatosa to sakacipinang, o pakafana’ to fa’inayan fafahiyan ato rawang to kararitiriting masamaanay ko kacipinang itini i ’orip no pitooran. O matiniay no rawang a harateng ato no pitooran a harateng pacamol han a mikadkad, ira ko hahratengen kalimelaan a mifana’ to serangawan no Pangcah. [[Kasasiwasiw:Siwkulang 'Amis]] 59cgtw472x22ek4bfzvurybhozf8w7l 0 836 30607 30439 2022-01-26T17:12:27Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q57319]] 30607 wikitext text/x-wiki Norodom Sihamoni(諾羅敦·西哈莫尼) [[Faylo:Norodom Sihamoni (2007) (crop).jpg|thumb|Norodom Sihamoni (2007) (crop)|alt=Norodom Sihamoni (2007) (crop).jpg]] I 1953 a miheca(年) saka 5 folad(月) saka 14 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci [[Norodom Sihamoni]], malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Cambodia]](柬埔寨) anini i ci Norodom Sihamoni, patirengan(擔任) a romi’ad i 2004 a miheca saka 10 folad saka 14 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] ik1fab9p3zymnpxzl9mttran51th8ba 0 837 46089 41595 2025-02-28T10:39:50Z Magnefl 1373 Population 46089 wikitext text/x-wiki == [[Norway.no|Norway]]（挪威） == Norway hongti kitakit (Norway a sowal: Kongeriket Norge), kalosasowalen no Norway (Norway a sowal: Norge), itiniay i sakaetip no Scandinavia malitosaay a kanatal, kawali makakafit to Sweden, kaetip o Tasiyang a riyar. O lilis no riyar masakolitalitaway, masangoso’ay a nengnengen ko Norway. Oroma sato, o Norway masasikafit to Finland ato Russia. No Norway a sera halo ki’etecay a palapalaan ato Jan Mayen pala, roma saki katimolay ’apocok a Queen maud pala ato Peter saka 1 pala o citodongay to sakowang. Tata’akay maci ko Oslo. I 2009 miheca tangasa 2011 miheca, 2013 miheca tangasa 2018 miheca o sakacecay i hekal tamdaw a comahaday, o Norway o cemahaday to a kitakit, ira ko takaraway a sa’osi no kapolongan ka rihaday no polong a tamdaw. == Likisi (歷史) == I saka 9 sici mapatireng ko kapolongan hongti kitakit ko Norway. I 13 sici kacowatan itiya. Sasifo’an no 14 sici misitapang maserer. I 1397 miheca tangasa 1524 miheca, malekatep to Denmark, Sweden to Karma katatekoan. I 1524 miheca mapeleng kina Karma katatekoan, o Denmark, Norway mapapolong patireng to hongti kitakit, o Denmark ko mikowanay. I 1913 miheca o hongti no Sweden ci Karl 14．John micalap to Denmark, Norway mapapolong hongti kitakit, o Denmark mapidah no Sweden. I 1814 miheca, midotoc to Kiel tatonekan, paliyasen no Denmark ko Norway i Sweden, sapifalic to West Pomerania, Sweden, Norway mapapolong hongti kitakit, o Sweden ko mikowanay. O Sweden, Norway mapapolong hongti kitakit i 1905 miheca mapeleng a malicinowas. I 1905 miheca misiiked mala hongtian kitakit, itiya misingkiw to Denmark a kapah malo hongti no kitakit, o Haakon saka 7. Saka 1 kalaloodan no hekal o paitenokay ko katomireng. Saka 2 kalaloodan macalap no Nazi no Germany a wieser pinanaman, o Germany patireng i Norway to Norway congto nikowanan, ci Quisling ko congto. Ci Haakon hongti ato sifo ningra milafel tayra i Inkiris, Germany a tamdaw misafaloco’ i Norway patireng to kofa pakayni i nanom misanga’ to yin-c-tan, nika matekop no lekatepan no sofitay. Sofitay no Germany mi’emet to polong kitakit no Norway tangasa 1945 miheca 8 romi’ad pisawadan mapidah no Germany, itiraay i Norway a sofitay malasawaday to. Paherek ko kalalood o pakalowiday a kitakit. I 1949 miheca mikapot to ka’amisay Tasiyang koyak sakapot. I 1945 miheca, o Norway finawlan kari’angan ko nao mikihatiyaay to Germany a fafahiyan no Norway ato wawa nangra, itini i lalan a mipanengneng, mipalifades, tatiihay to no tamdawan, lokesan o “saka tosa a Nazi” ahan. I 1957 miheca mapatay ci haakon saka 7 hongti, o wawa ko midotocay, pangangan han ci Olaf saka 5. 1959 miheca mikihatiya to Europe paifaloco'ay kali'aca a nipatatekoan. I 1972 miheca ato 1994 miheca kina 2 mitopa to sapicomodaw to Europe lekatep, nika caay ka haien, nanoya miliyangay mikapot to Europe lekatep ikaka to micokeray mikapot to Europe lekatep. Nikawrira o Norway o nano sakapot no Schengen koyak. I 2011 miheca 7 folad 22 romi’ad, cidemak to cimapelingay ato kasasikowang a demak, itini kitakit nai saka 2 kalaloodan sa’ayaway a demak, o sapakinaliay katalawan kalalood, cimapatayay to 77 tamdaw itiya. == Sici (政治) == Norway i 19 sici nao kakomodan mafalic pala o hontian rikec a hongti kitakit, aniniay a hongti ci Harald saka 5 i 1991 miheca 1 folad 17 romi’ad mapatireng. I 1898 miheca milaheci to fainayan a pisingkiwan salongoc, tangasa 1913 miheca milaheci to polongan no finawlan a pisingkiw a salongoc, halo fafahiyan ira ko pisingkiw a salongoc. O Norway malo sa’ayaway no hekal midemakay to kapolongan singkiw salongoc a kitakit. Kalomaocan midemakay to cecayay ko kalomaocan faco (o sowal Stortinget, tata’angay kalomaocan), imatinib ira ko 169 ko lomaocay, lomaocay nai 19 a sa’etal a patodong to taypiaw a nisingkiwan. O citodongay to sakadademak o sakakaay citodongay kakeridan no Norway. Polong no kitakit a sician kasarekad ira ko 20, o Norway kong-tang sarekad ko satata’akay a sarekad kalomaocan no kitakit, ikoray no saka 2 kalalood a citodongay mikowan. I 2009 miheca a singkiw, o kong-tang i 169 ko lomaocay maala ko 64 lomaocay, o kong-tang ato pasakawiliay a syakay coi-tang, pakasasifo’ay tang midotoc malakapot to masakawiliay sakapot mikowan a sifo. O sakakaay citodongay kakeridan o no kong-tang ci Jens Stoltenberg citodongay. I 2013 miheca, pasikawananay a lekatep pakaala to pikowan, o Masimeday-tang ato Tala’ayaway-tang malekapot to pasikawananay a mapapolongay sifo, malanicokeran paso’elinan no Pakoniraay-tang ato Kristokiw nikapolongan-tang a lalowadan. I 2017 miheca a singkiw, pasikawananay a lekatep pado’edo haca citodong, o sakakaay citodongay kakeridan nao pakoniraay-tang ci Ina Sorlbeck ko citodongay. == Palapalaan (地理) == O dadahal ira ko 385,054 pinfang kongli (halo ki’etecay a palapalaan ato Jan Mayen pala a sera). itiraay i kaetip a ka’amisay Europe a Scandinavia, kawali i o Sweden, kawali ka’amis o Finland ato Russia masasi a makakafit, katimol o Denmark masasi’ayaw to riyar, kaetip o Norway a riyar. O lilis no riyar masakolitalitaway, kakaya’ 2.1 ’ofad kongli (halo kasangoso’), adihay ko parapatan a fangcalay minato. O Scandinavian a lotolotokan mifatel i polong nokitakit, takaraway dafdaf, lotok a sera, so^eda a sa’owac macalap ko 2/3. Katimol o mimingay taporo, fanaw, kakahaday henohenotan. == Kasasiromaroma no romi’ad (氣候) == Katimol mililisay to riyar a sa’etal o fala’efaay no riyaran a romi’ad, lilisan no riyar sa’etal mahawikid no nai Tasiyang fala’efaay a fali, makinga’ay i malecaday ko konis i hekal ko fala’efa, kasi’enawan caay ka ciso^eda ko riyar. No mihecaan kacinanom nai lotok salongan 2000-4000mm, laloma’ay no hetal 500-1000mm, maedeng ko nanom no ’alo, makikaka to no Europe ko kanaira no nanom. Katimoll a sa’hetal caay ka kala’orad, o nano fala’efaay to no hetal a romi’ad. Ka’amis a konis 66˚ tangasa 70˚ saheto nano ’apocokay a romi’ad, saka’amisay no ka’amis konis 70˚ ato takaraway a sa’etal o cidamayay a romi’ad. == O kasasiiked a sakowan (行政區劃) == Polong no kitakit malisil ko 11 a sa’etal (fylke), sa’eno ira ko 356 kasaniyaro’ (kommune). Ki’etecay palapalaan caay ko patirengan a sera. Norway 11 ko sa’etal (fylke): [15] {| class="wikitable" |Cicu no kitakit |Fangko |Tadangangan no Norway |kadademakan |- | rowspan="11" | |3 |Oslo |Oslo |- |11 |Rogaland |Stavanger |- |15 |Møre og Romsdal |Molde |- |18 |Nordland |Pod |- |30 |Viken |Oslo, Drammen, Sarpsborg |- |34 |Innlandet |Hamar, Tetra Hamma |- |38 |Vestfold og Telemark |Shinn, Tonsberg |- |42 |Agder |Kristiansand, Arendall |- |46 |Vestland |Bergen, Lyconger |- |50 |Trøndelag |Steincher |- |54 |Troms og Finnmark |Tromso, Vadso |} === Tadamaanay a niyaro’ (重要城鎮) === Bondhus fanaw Oslo karayan calay Norway midotoc to sakililis no riyaran a misafacoan a sapirapot a tamina. Nordland cascas Oslo Bergen Trondheim Stavanger Kristiansand Fredrikstad Tromso Sandnes == Kicay (經濟) == Norway kicay a icifa o pakoniraay ato no sifo a pi’emetan ko kalaheci no tinako, midotoc to kasakitakit a nisa’osian to laloma’an no kitakit polong no kinaira o saka 2 ano eca saka 3 no hekal (aikor no Luxembourg ato Switzerland), makikaka ko tatihiay kitakit a Sweden ato Denmark, anini o sacidafongay polong no cikiw, kicay o samacowatay takaraway a malalenay ko saka’orip a kitakit, sakinaira malalenay. Mi’emet ko sifo to kicay a sofal, tinako simalan a kinaira tayal. O kinaira no parapatan kadofah i Norway, mahapinangay i simal, nanom, pifotingan, kilakilang ato fodawan, o tadamaanay a kicay piti’eran o simal kinaira ato kasakitakit a simal, tinako i 1999 miheca, o simal no Norway ato parapatan a lahod micalap to masadakay 35%, caayay ko misadakay to simal a kitakit ato parapatan a lahod a kasakapot to polong no masadakay 45%, saki GDP a pacakatan mataelif ko 20%[16], nika o Norway o midemakay to niliyawan a kinaira ko sapisadingki[17], roman ai dingkian a tosiya adihay ko pinasanga’, pinasanga’ (halo sakaromakat, pisafodawan, pisanga’an, liomahan kapolongan ko pidemak) padoedo mata’elif ko 50%[18]. Norway kitakit kana 2 mitopa to sapicomodaw to Europe lekatep, nika i kalomaocan caay ka haidaen. Calemcem ko Norway ano micomod ho to Europe lekatep malasakatatiih no kaliomah no kitakit o sanay. Nikawrira, Norway nano taliyok no Europe kalali’acaan, orasaka itini to nian, o Norway kicay ato Europe lekatep o makakedecay. Talacowa o Norway padoedo 6 miheca (2001－2006) mapatodong no Linhoko o sanga’ayay kamaro’an kitakit, o Norway tamdaw o yaan ko calemcem to ikor no 20 mihecaan, tona simal ato parapatan a lahod o aawa to i, o saka’orip o mamaserer to. Orasaka o Norway patireng to kitakit simal kiking, o no simal a kinaira a payso sapipacefong i roma kitakit. Tangasa i 2007 miheca 11 folad, o kiking no simal no kitakit ira 3800 walwalan Amilika payso. Talacowa laloma’an polong no cikiw adihay ko kitakit mapatirengay to ko sapidipot to ’iso, nika o Norway, Iceland ato Dipong oya to a manga’ay milepel to ’iso. O Norway pilepel to ’iso itini i 2016 miheca 800 ko ’iso macakat tangasa 2017 mihecaan 999 ko nialaan. Pakayni to nian miliyang ko midipotay sakapot to nia demak[19]. == Lalan (交通) == == Syakay (社會) == == Tamdaw (人口) == I 2009 miheca a tamdaw ira ko 485 ’ofad, o Norway tamdaw ira ko 94%[20], caay ka papina ko yincumin finacadan Sammy tamdaw maro’ itini ka’amis. O tamdaw i tadamaanay maci Oslo a 55 ’ofad. O payso o Norway krone.(貨幣為挪威克朗) Fangcal ko pinengneng malalen to kasasiroma no tamdaw, hekalan kicay kasasowalan i 2012 miheca polong no cikiw kasasiroma no tamdaw a ratoh, o saka 3 ko Norway, aikor no Iceland, Finland[21]. Kasakitakit midamaay to mato’asay cefang (Help Age International) i 2013 miheca polong no cikiw no mihecaan a patatiri’ a sa’osi (Global AgeWatch 2013 Index) mato’asay sakalemed, o saka 2 ko Norway[22]. == Tadamaanay tamdaw (名人) == == Sowal (語言) == No Norway a sakasasowal o Norway sowal, halo tosaay ko nitilidan: matatodongay a Norway sowal ato fa’elohay Norway sowal. Tosa ko tilidan saheto manga’ayay i no kitakit a sakasasowal, pitilidan atokapolongan a pirarakatan, nika patatapalen, o matatodongay a Norway sowal ko pasowalay a tamdaw, calap no tamdaw to 85-90%. O ka’amisay a Germanic a sowal, o nisowalan milecad to Danish ato Swedish, noka pangiha ato tilid caay kalecad. Oni toloay manga’ay sakasasowal, itini, Swedish ato Norwegian mingangataay, oni tosaay saki Danish matatiwtiway, nika saki ’alomanay a roma kitakit a tamdaw, ano dengan cecay a sowal ato toloay kitakit a tamdaw ko kasasowalan, o maminanam ho. Caayay ka papina a finacadan Sammy tamdaw ira ko nangra Sammy a sowal, o nano Finno-Ugric sowal a finacadan. O saka tosa sakasasowal o Inkiris a sowal, o maminanam to roma a sowal, ira ko Spanish, German, French, Italian. I Norway a pitilidan, o roma kitakit a mafolaway finawlan manga’ay o saka tosa a sowal ko Norwegian, maserer ko kaeca kafilo ko pisiking. Oroma sato, anini palifet ko Norway to mafolaway minanam to Norwegian, nai 2005 miheca 9 folad 1 romi’ad, ’ayaw no tola miheca o polong no mafolaway misingsi to saka halafin a maro’, milaheci to300 tatokian ko pinanam to Norwegian a kiwiko, ano eca caay pakaala to saka halafin to sakamaro’. == Pakayraan (宗教) == Mapa’orip ko pakayraan ko sapakonira i kimpo no Norway, midotoc i 2013 mihecaan a sa’osi, o pakayraan a mitoor o Kristokiw (82%), ira ko 76.1% a tamdaw nano Lutheran, polong no Norway a tamdaw saheto nai kasofoc itini i kiwkay a mapaino’, 15 muhecaan i kiwkay mipaino’ to kato’asan, pipataloma’an i kiwkay midemak[23]. Ira ko 2.4% mitooray to Muslim, ira 2% a tamdaw mitoor to roma pakayraan. I 2016 miheca, mifalic to kimpo ko Norway, mapalasawaday to no kitakit ko kiwkay no Norway. == Kararamod (婚姻) == O mafahatay ko halaka no Norway, caay padeteng to kararamodan, kadadi’ian a laloma’ o micokeran no rikec a mihaydaan, sakisataan, malitosa manga’ay miraoy to padafoh no sifo to saklaloma’an a sadama no rikec. I 2007 miheca, o citodongay mirikec no Norway mihayda to malecaday ko silet a tamdaw manga’ay midipot to wawa. I 2008 miheca 6 folad 11 romi’ad, kalomaocan no Norway i ’alomanay kasasirekad nicokeran, mihayda to “kitenokay to silet raramod a rikec”, o Norway malasaka 6 i polong no cikiw mihaydaay to malecaday ko silet manga’ay mitoki to kararamod a kitakit, fa’elohay kararamod a rikec i 2009 mihecaan misitapang. fa’elohay kararamod a rikec pahapinang i malecaday ko silet kararamod milecad to sasiromaay silet a marararod ko salongoc, halo i laloma’ no kiwkay misiki, midipot to wawa, halo pipatado no tamdaw a pawawaan. == Mafolaw finawlan (移民) == Sakimafolaway finawlan a halaka, ano ira ho ko midotocay to sarikec ko sasidi’I ato kararamod, manga’ay misingsi to salaloma’an a mafolaw. Nkawrira caay ko niyah a nisofocan mikotoday to no ina a kitakit. Tinako, kasasiroma nosilet a kasasiolah, o fainayan ano o Norway a tamdaw, fafahiya caayay i, caay ko nano kararamodan a kaciwawa caay ka nga’ay citodong to no Norway kitakit kacingangan. Matiya to, i Norway mata’elif ko cecay miheca ko caay ka latihian, ta manga’ay misingsi to kalaliyas. == Nikapolongan (民主) == O Norway i paini no sakikicay tanengan niparatohan i 2021 miheca polong no cikiw o finawlan ko pi’arawan a sa’osi o sa’ayaway, mala o ki’emelay nikapolongan kitakit i hekal. Oni a kitakit saki nikapolongan a nihaydaan o mingodoay to pakoniyahay a finawlan ato sakitamdamdawan syakay a nidemakan ato siiked no mitiya i pikadkad to kacitodong no sifo ko kasarocodan. == Ponka (文化) == O losid no Norway a sasowalen o Bunad, i 5 folad 17 romi’ad ko pi’acangan no kitakit, ’alomanay finawlan no Norway ciriko’ to losid no Bunad a mi’acang. I Norway ira ko pipakafitan to fayfay ato kimpo a romi’adan. Ira ko Tololf Rafto a pihiratengan a kompay. O nano Denmak a Norway mitiliday tamdaw ci Aksel Sandemose pasadak to Jande's law halo i laloma’ay no Norway a Scandinavia sangasaw ko todong a tadamaan. == Kaacangan romi’ad (節假日) == {| class="wikitable" |Romi’ad |kaacangan |- |1/1 |Fa’elohay miheca |- |1/21 |Kasofocan ni Ingrid Alexandra fafahiyan romi’ad |- |2/6 |Romi’ad no Sammy finacadan |- |2/21 |Kasofocan ni Hallard saka 5 hongti |- |3/-4 |Piliyawan ni Yis ma’orip nai patay (awaay ko pinang romi’ad, saka 3-4 folad a cecay lihay) |- |5/1 |Kapolongan kaacangan romi’ad (kasakitakit kaacangan no matayalay romi’ad) |- |5/8 |Kasedalan romi’ad (1945 miheca pilyas to picalap no Nazi) |- |5/17 |Kimpo romi’ad (1814 miheca patireng to kimpo) |- |5/-6 |Lima polo’ kaacangan (awaay ko pinang romi’ad, saka 5-6 folad a cecay lihay) |- |6/7 |Kapolongan masasitedal romi’ad (1905 miheca Sweden - Norway kapolongan masasitedal) |- |7/4 |Kasofocan ni Song Ya fafahiyan hongti |- |7/20 |Kasofocan ni Haakon Magnus a fainay no hongti |- |7/29 |Romi’ad ni St. Olaf (1030 miheca kapatayan no tadamaanay hongti no Norway) |- |8/19 |Kasofocan ni Mette Marit |- |9- |Pisingkiwan no kalomaocan romi’ad (4 miheca kinacecay, i saka 9 folad saka 2 lipay) |- |12/25 |Kristmas kaacangan |} == Onto (體育) == Wa’ay mali, so’eda mali ato pi’eseran o kaolahan no Norway finawlan onto. == Sofitay (軍事) == O ’icel no sofitay salongan 23,000 tamdaw, halo dademakay matayalay. Midotc to halaka sofitay no Norway, parocek to aikoray hitay a ’icel to 83,000 tamdaw. Tahamatini malasepatay ko sofitay no Norway: hongtian sekalay hitay, hongtian karayan ato misimaway to sera hitay. O hongti no Norway ko kakeridan no latoloay sofity, nika o kakeridan no citodongay no sofitay ko mitomadaway. == Pinengnengan tilid. (參考文獻) == 1.Population. ssb.no. [2016-10-09]. （原始內容存檔於2016-08-06）. 2.Nearly 10 000 Syrian immigrants in Norway. ssb.no. [2016-10-09]. （原始內容存檔於2017-07-20）. 3.Løsere bånd, men fortsatt statskirke （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, ABC Nyheter 4.Staten skal ikke lenger ansette biskoper （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, NRK 5.Forbund, Human-Etisk. Ingen avskaffelse: / Slik blir den nye statskirkeordningen. fritanke.no. [2016-10-09]. （原始內容存檔於2018-11-20）. 6.I dag avvikles statskirken （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） (State church will be abolished today), Dagbladet, published 14 May 2012, accessed online 24 October 2015. 7.State church in Norway? 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2016-03-04., Church of Norway, published, 6 March 2015, accessed 24 October 2015. 8.Arealstatistics for Norway 2020. Kartverket, mapping directory for Norway. 2019-12-20 [2020-03-01]. （原始內容存檔於2019-03-12） （挪威語）. Svalbard and Jan Mayen are included. 9.Population, 2022-01-01. Statistics Norway. 2022-01-01 [2022-02-23]. （原始內容存檔於2016-03-06） （英語）. 10.Population, 1 January 2015. Statistics Norway. [2016-01-18]. （原始內容存檔於2016-01-25）. 11.Norway. World Economic Outlook Database. International Monetary Fund (IMF). April 2022 [2022-05-15]. （原始內容存檔於2022-05-15） （英語）. 12.Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income (source: SILC). Eurostat Data Explorer. [2015-12-04]. （原始內容存檔於2016-03-04）. 13.Human Development Report 2019 (PDF). UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME. [2019-12-21]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2018-10-24）. 14.Central Intelligence Agency. Area. The World Factbook. [2013-06-20]. （原始內容存檔於2014-01-31）. 15.Frå 1. januar 2020 er det 356 kommunar og 11 fylke i Noreg.. [2020-02-08]. （原始內容存檔於2020-02-05）. 16.存档副本 (PDF). [2012-10-26]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2012-11-14）. 17.<nowiki>https://km.twenergy.org.tw/Data/share?w6K83mbPlsdfdFXuN4SkxA==</nowiki> 18.存档副本. [2021-03-21]. （原始內容存檔於2021-12-12）. 19.黃樂怡. 挪威捕鯨季將至　懷孕母鯨慘遭殃　環團全球聯署抗捕. 01線報. 2017-03-27 [2018-03-22] （中文（香港））. 20.Tony Judt（東尼賈德）. Ill Fares the Land（厄運之地－給崩世代的建言）. 臺灣新北市: 遠足文化事業有限公司. 2014年1月: 88. <nowiki>ISBN 978-986-5727-00-0</nowiki> （中文）. 21.存档副本 (PDF). [2012-10-27]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2013-09-08）. 22陳爭詒，《銀髮幸福國度 瑞典得冠》，《天下雜誌》536期，2013年11月27日 23.Tony Judt（東尼賈德）. Ill Fares the Land（厄運之地－給崩世代的建言）. 臺灣新北市: 遠足文化事業有限公司. 2014年1月: 64. <nowiki>ISBN 978-986-5727-00-0</nowiki> （中文）. == Papotalay kalocalay (外部連結) == [[Norway.no]] [[Norway]] [[Faylo:Flag of Norway.svg|thumb|Flag of Norway|alt=Flag of Norway]] [[Faylo:Europe-Norway.svg|thumb|Location of the  Kingdom of Norway  (green)in Europe  (green & dark grey)]] Itini i 62 00 N, 10 00 E, noYoropi ko [[Norway]]. Polong no sekalay i 323,802 sq km “saka 68 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 304,282 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 19,520 sq km ” Polong i 5,594,340<ref name="ssbf">[https://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/folketall/statistikk/befolkning Population, january 01 2025, Statistics Norway] Accessdate=2025-02-26</ref> <small>(2025)</small> ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 2.70%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 27.80%, malo no roma to a sera 69.50%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Oslo]](奧斯陸) ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakalima 17 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Harald V]](哈拉爾五世), patirengan a romi’ad i 1991 a miheca(年) saka 1 folad(月) saka 17 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] == Pacefaday a tilid(註腳) == <references> </references> [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] me75du8vpghxiqvmo8dbq42lnl3xmup 0 838 34679 34508 2023-02-19T05:58:26Z Mtarch11 659 取消[[Special:Contributions/69.193.69.245|69.193.69.245]]（[[User talk:69.193.69.245|留言]]）的編輯，改回[[User:Sotiale|Sotiale]]的先前版本 18922 wikitext text/x-wiki == O ’orip no i tokayay a ’Amis(都會阿美族) == O ’Amis hananay a tamdaw , o ’Amis hananay a tamdaw , o matayalay to romi’ami’ad caayay kataraw to cidal ato ’orad , hi yo ho hay yan , micekiw sa i riyar , mikalang i ’alo , lipahak to romi’ami’ad . o kafana’an no nimanima konini a radiw , malamaan ko ’Amis i pisitapangan no pi’ilisinan , caayay katawal no misa’Amisay a romadiw , tadafangcalay a radiw koninian , pakayni i imi nonini a tilid no radiw i , mahapinang to no mita o mafana’ay ko ’Amis a milipahak to ’orip , o misawidangay to piserayan a finacadan , o misa’icelay o malalokay i tayal a tamdaw cangra , tadamahapinang to no mita tonini a tilid no radiw , mansa miliyas i pinaloma’an a niyaro’ ko ’Amis i , tayni i pisiyakayan i mahaen aca ko ’orip ato demak no misa’Amisay . I ’enem a polo’ ira ko pito a mihecaan ko ’Amis a misitapang a miliyas to pinaloma’an a niyaro’ , tayni i ’etip ato i timol a kitakit a misiyakay . o mingataay to adihayay a katayalan a kitakit ko kasa’opuan no ’Amis , o kasa’opuan no ’Amis a kitakit i , mapulong itini i Taypak、i Kilong、i Tawyin、i Tayciw ato i Takaway a kitakit , o misakiliay、o mifutingay、o misamukongay、o misatikingay、o misatinkiay、o patirengay to loma’ ato parakatay to ta’angayay a tosiya , taheto o kalihanawan ato kuli kalacemceman ko tayal no ’Amis , o mafana’ay a masa’opu’opu a maro’ a ma’orip , o makaciselalselalay ko kasakaput no ’Amis hananay , mansa mapakangangan no finacadan a tamdaw ko ’Amis『o tokay Yincumin』han nangra . Ano hatini i , o ’orip no ’Amis i tokay i , taheto o miesuyay to loma’ , o roma i micakayayto to loma’ ko aro’ nangra , ano mahaen o tudong to o sakatosa a niyaro’ nangra ko kamaro’an nangra imatini , nawhan ’awaay to ko ’omah ato loma’ ato sera ato mato’asay i niyaro’ , kamahaen sa’osi han ko mihecaan i , tolo a polo’ ira ko tolo a mihecaan ko piliyasto napaloma’an a niyaro’ a tayni i ’etip , toloayto ko rayray no silsil no laloma’an no teloc i tokay , icuwaho ko pakayraan hakiya , pakayni i sici、i sifo、i kicay、i siyakay、i serangawan、i kioyiko、i yosang、i salongoc、i niyahpikowanan , taheto o tasalamaan no pisingkiwan no sici apiw ko ’Amis ato finacadan , sasakaniw han no sifo ko kita , ’araw han ko Linpuying no Yincumincu masafa no Tan ko faloco’ nangra , ’awaay to a pasitini i Yincumincu ko paifaloco’an a miliclic a milicay to sakairaaw no Yincumincu . Mahaenay ko kacango’ot no kakelidan no Yincumin , masafa a masafa no Payrang kita , nawhani o rarongocen ko faloco’ ato haraten no pulong no misa’Amsay , talipaerawayto ko faloco’no mita saw ？ macengawayto ko mata no mita saw？kalamkamento no mita a palowad ko nano tato’asan a fana’a patenak i Taywan. <ref>黃英明. (2011). Wikipedia 維基百科 族語詞條試寫─原住民族語詞條 2011作品集. 教育部.</ref> hufxoaaqj9ln1nt4v9gf6z8o0q8qlf9 0 839 38704 18925 2023-06-29T11:51:24Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38704 wikitext text/x-wiki Pakayniay toya '''O Demo no yin-cu-ming ([[kuwaping a sowal]]: 原住民民主運動)''' hananay a sasowalen haw i, ma’emin nima ko kakidaten a somowal. O kapolongan no tahaf no kakarayan konini a tosok toya ‘Democracy movement’ hananay no Padaka a sowal to「民主運動」. Awaay ko no Pangcah a madahcongay a sowal toya Democracy movement. Nikawrira, manga’ayto a caliw han ko sowal no Padaka a Dimokrasi, ano ^ca i, Dimo han haw i fangcalto, o cecay no pisanga’ to faelohay a sowal. O sasowalen a mikidat to Democracy / Dimo haw i, O maan ko Dimo hananay? O maan ko lalengatan aira ko demak to Dimo? Pakayi i likisi haw i, maedeng kita a mafana’ tonini a Dimo hananay. Tinako saan, nawiro mapalit no Katimolay a Afolika ci [[Nelson Mandela]] to 26 a mihaca i pirofoan, nawiro kowangen no mari’angay ci Luther Martin King foksi, nawiro paliten no Syi-fu no [[Burma|Miyamar]](緬甸) ci Aung San Suu Kyi, o kakeridan no micoliay to tatiihay a cisakowanay a fafahiyan ciira. O romasato, o maan ko sakaci’icel no Indian no Kanada a o ‘First Nation’ (o tatodong nonini a sowal i, o tadatamdaw nonini a sofal no Kanada saanay) kami a saan a patikowal i tahaf no hekal?! O maan haca, onini a Democracy movement, o caayaya ko mamafilo a ’icel no malacecayaya a finawlan. O patinakoay a sowal ko pikidat to likisi a somowal to pakayniay i demak ni Mandela, ni King hakasi, ni Aung ato Indian no Kanada. O sakasaan a somowal i cairan haw i, o nai Dimo a demak ko sakacingangan naira i kasakitakit. Nawiro macodah canira a midemak to Dimo asa kita a milicay, mipacoliay canira to tatiih no cisakowanay no kitakit, nawhani, caay ka rayas, caay pilalen, caay ka mu^cel ko demak no malatapangay no niyaro’, ato misakakinih to pakoyoc ato mipaekel to awaayay ko pitadi’ecan a finawlan. Orasaka, patikowal canira to naifaloco’ay naira to nipafaloco’an no caayay ka’araw a ’icel, mato pali’ayaway to sowal no Israil(prophet) a niyaro ko midemakan naira. O cecay no kinafalah to ’orip to pidemak to Dimo. Itini i [[Taywan]] haw i, nairato ko tatinakoan to piDimo to patikowal, pakaynien to patikowal a mitoro’ to tatiih no syi-fu, ato pasadak to milongocan no finawlan i syi-fu. Hatiniayto a tood haw i, miDimo ko Pangcah no Taywan to patikolen ko sera niyam, patikolen ko ngangan no nano to’as niyam, ato kalo ngangan no kalo pala, ato lotok ato ’alo haca. Patikolen ko sowal no niyam, kangodoen ko sa’ayaway a tamdaw no Taywan a Pangcah saanay a tikowal haw i, o cecay no lalan a pasowal to cisakowanay to nika fukil ato nika fula naira. O piDimo no [[Pangcah]] i, o micaliw to fana’ no citanengay to rikec, ci fenekay to sakowan, ciharatengay to sapisaniyaro’, ato iraay ko singko a mu^cealay ko faloco’ a tamdaw. Mikapot ko foksi no kyokay, singsi no daykak, ato mapadang haca no paka mediaay a pasinfon ato pakatilifi, ato kakalimelaan haca haw i, o pilonok a kalacecay no Pangcah ao ci’edilay a kahemekan kami o Pangcah saanay a faloco’. O Dimo haw i, o cecay no pipasadak to longoc no finawlan to caayay pimelang, awaay ko epoc a kakeridan no kitakit. O sapacekil to nikafula no sakakaay no niyaro’ ko piDimo. == Pi'arawan to lakaw == * 星歐拉姆. (2011). Wikipedia 維基百科 族語詞條試寫─原住民族語詞條 2011作品集. 教育部. l60zw18juljgkqdi74gl2tgd5jnuyui 0 840 38493 19055 2023-06-26T05:07:55Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38493 wikitext text/x-wiki O Pangcah （阿美族） O kasafinacadan no yin-co-min itini i [[Taywan]] o sa’alomanay ko tamdaw no Pangcay, tangasa i 2003 a mihecaan a misa’osi sepat safaw a ofad ko tamdaw, o kalaklak itini i Kalingko, Posong no lotok masa’aloay a dafdaf i saetip ato masadafdafay i pasawali, ira ko salong a tamdaw malaklak i Pin-tong mingataay to riyar. kakahad ko nika laklak, orasaka kasa’etal a sowal, o losid ato pinangan a ’orip ira ko kasasiroma, papaytemek sato ko kasaniyaro’, caayay to katati’er, tangasa to ka Dipongan to ta cifaloco’ to malalacal to roma a niyaro’. Itini i kinana’ang a tilid, ci fenekay no Dipon ci 鳥居龍藏 a tamdaw masilsil nira kita o Pangcah ato roma a finacadan no Yin-co-min, itira nitilidan nira a codad i 1897 a miheca“ No dita’ nisangaan no pasawali no Taywan a Pangcah ” sanay a codad, o talawadaw a ’alo Siwkolan ko sasifo’an, makilatosa satimolan ato sa’amisan a finacadan, 1899 a miheca, itira to i codad ni 伊能嘉矩, 栗野傳之丞 i “ O tamdaw no fansiya no Taywan” matilid i laloma’, maliyaw masakilac ko Pangcah, ira to ko Palidaw Pangcah, Piyoma Pangcah, Pasawali a Pangcah, Siwkolan Pangcah, Cilay(奇萊) a Pangcah makilalima kofinacadan no mita o Pangcah. Nika ira ko patoor nira a sowal, onini pisilsil a misakilac, edeng o sakafangcal aca mifana’ ato saka ngaay aca pakafana’, awaay ko so’elinay paranaan to pakayni i no fenekan a sowal. nikaorira hatinien ko pisilsil misakilac madenga’ ko ikoray ci fenekay a mikinkiw. Misa’alingayay(母系氏族社會) nano to’as a rayray ko Pangcah, o fafahiyan ko citodongay to loma’, mikadafo ko fa’inayan, o fafahiyan ko mamidotoc to laloma’an, sapater to ko fa’inayan. O sa’osi to fafahiyan cekah ho malala’ ko fafahiyan o mato’asay to ko sa’osi, mangaay to masowal to sakaciramod. O fa’inayan to i minengneng to kacikomes, ta pacomoden to i pakarongay a selal mikonglin. Midoedo to lekakawa no niyaro milayap to sepat tangasa sakafalo a miheca ko pikonglingan, patangicen papiliyas to loma’ mikapot ato roma a pakarongay i talo’an a mafoti’(talo’an/ adawang/soraratan/ sefi) milayap to masamaanay, tangasa kaleponan a mikoling, ta tadafa’inayan to o kapah to han a pangangan, o todongay to tanestesay ci’icelay to a kapah. Mapangangan to mapacomod i kasaselal, misatapang to mitamorong to tatayalen no niyaro’, mangaay to mikilim to kaying. Orasaka, manmaan a demak no loma’, no ngangasawan, o sakakaay a fafahiyan no loma’ ko mamiketon, o sakipapotal a demak, kapolongan no niyaro’ a demak ato sapifolaw, no fa’inayan to a todong koni tatayalen. O tadakafana’an no tamdamdaw o “ilisin” no Pangcah, onini to satata’akay a salisin “ o selal ” ko ta’arawan, oni mitoor to kaherek to milidong to hafay ikor no cecay a folad, itira i sakapito a folad tangasa i sakasiwa a folad mireko to ilisin, i teloc to no kaholaman, o panay to ko palomaan, mafalic to ko palomaan, o kaherek to mipanay ko pi’arawan, ta mireko to sakiilisin a demak. Nano to’as pitooran to kiyokay i, mapapinang to masilsil ira ko no ’adingoan a pato’aya, pakaso’elinay to adihayay a kawas ato no tato’asan a pakaso’elin malikatolo, o cikawasay ko cacitodongay anca o tomok, o kasaselal tolo ko mirekoay to manmaan a demakan no Pangcah. Nano itiniay masadafdafay paloma’ ko Pangcah, saikoray to no kaholaman sa’aloman sato ato roma a finacadan malalacal, i sasifo’an no 1970 a miheca, mafalic to ko kicay no Taywan, ’aloman to ko Yin-co-min miliyas to to niyaro’ tayni i tokay mikilim to saka’orip, malasakaira to ko no tokay a Yin-co-min, nengneng han o Pangcah ko sa’alomanay a tamdaw. ’aloman ko tadamaanay a tamdaw no Pangcah, mato ci Mahengheng, ci Maysan a tamdaw, mangalef ho ira ko hakasi ato cifo’isay a safitay, i kadipongan ho ira to ko micomoday i Dipon miyakiw, malaciparena’an ko nika fangcal no yakiw itini i Taywanm. [[Kasasiwasiw:Siwkulang 'Amis]] cqngqb1uq2aecsxr09jm9bwc3ccadsy 0 841 19057 19056 2021-10-28T12:35:14Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 1 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 19056 wikitext text/x-wiki == O Pangcah a tamdaw (阿美族) == 'Amis hananay sanu hulamen i, A-mi-s(阿美斯) saan. Tatudung nuna suwal i, “ka'amis”(北方) sanay. Nawhani, iti:yaho tayni ku Holanta i pasawali mikilim tu ^kim, kamalu'an nangra i niyaru’ nu puyuma; tatudung saan ku paniyaru’an nu Pangcah i saka’amis nu Puyuma, saka nanam satu maala mipangangan tuna ’Amis hananay a ngangan tahanini. Pakaynien i suwal nu 'Amis tu tireng i, "Pangcah" saan ku kananaman a pasuwal.'Amis hananay i, u sapipulita tu ‘ingay(方向) nu tireng; matiya u Lidaw i ka'amis nu Fata'an ku niyaru’, caay kanga’ay nu Lidaw a mituru’ ku Fata'an a pasuwal u ’amis kami u timul kamu; pangangan saca tu ngangan nu niyaru’, nu ngasaw, kanca u “Pangcah” sa pasuwal. Taywan Yincumin a finacadan, u Pangcah ku sa'alumanay a tamdaw, ma^den ira ku 18 a 'ufad. Na itiraay i Kalingku talatimul, pakalaelaed nu lutuk i nuetipan atu mililisay tu riyar nu sawalian, pacamul han tu itiraay i Palidaw nu Pingtong, sahtu maru’ay i dahtal, ^ca ka papina ku maru'ay i lutulutukan. wa:ta ku kakahad a masilsil ku finacadan nu Pangcah, saka adihay ku kasasiruma nu caciyaw, lusid, pinangan atu minanaman tu masamaamaanay a demak. Caay ka 'a'ida'ida ku Pangcah hananay a tamdaw, palitemek sa midimukus tu niyaru’ nu hakaccaccay, ka Dipungan satu ta masasalama a mihulul tu rumaay a finacadan . 1899 a mihcaan, u Dipung a tamdaw ci Ino Kanoli(伊也嘉矩) mitiliday tu "Demak nu Taywan Pancing” sanay a cudad, tusil han nira mikadkad masalalima ku kasasiruma nu caciyaw nu Pangcah (1)Palidaw (2)Puyuma (3)Pakariyaray (4)Taluwadaw (5)Sakilaya. Unian ku miduyduyan nu 'alumanay a tamdaw mituur, mahapinangKahmaw tu tayalen. U tu'as nu Pangcah, pakawinaay ku pisilsil tu teluc atu misangasaway, u fafahiyan ku maru'ay tu luma’; mamikadafu ku fa'inayan, u fafahiyan ku mamicada tu dafung nu liteng, u fafahiyan saca ku malu sa'ayaway, kaikur itu a masa'usi ku fa'inayan. Lala’ saho ku fafahiyan tu sarakat, matu'astu saan ku sa'usi, misakimukimur tu sapataluma'an; anu mahakakumes ho ku fa'inayan, miliyas tu luma’ a mikaput tu slal i sefitu mafuti’. Itiya tu a minanam tu demak nu finawlan atu sakalatamdawaw. Makatatulu ku mihcaan patireng tu ccay selal a masakaput, mitala tu tulu mihcaan ta macakat, haen saan tahira i “mama nu kapah” ku sakakaay, tudung mamitamurung tu masamaamaanay a demak nu niyaru’ atu mifacu tu likakawa nu niyaru’, itini a matu’as ku falucu’ nu fa’inayan, itini a mafana’ tu sakingudu^ tu cimacimaan a tamdaw. Saka u tayal nu luma’, mitifuk, miladum, miasik, mitangtang tu hmay, pakaen tu fafuy atu ‘ayam….sahtu u fafahiyan ku dademakay. Kakafana’an samasuwalay a “Ilisin”(likuda) nu Pangcah i, u kasaslaslal nu fa’inayan ku tanengnengan; maherek ho mina’ang tu hafay ta patararikur han tu ccay fafuladan, maedeng i saka 7 tangasa i saka 9 nu fulad ku kalikudaan.Nikawrira, mapasifana’ nu “Payrang’(滿清) a mi ’anip ku pangcah i, u panay tu ku tanengnengan a miktun tu rumi’ad. Itiya ho, adihay ku tata’ongen nu matu’asay a kawas, nikawrira, matini sahtu u misa Kelistoay(基督徒) ku ‘alumanay, awatu ku cikawasay(巫師) malahdaw tu ku kakitaan atu kasaslal nu kapah i niyaru’. Ruma satu, matiya samihecahecaan saan ku kaluwan nu kapah atu kaying a mikihatiya a malikuda. Miharateng tu sapatirengaw tu fangcalay parur atu sakanga’ay nu ’urip nu wawa tu ikur, kakifdafda’ satu tayni i tokay a misiyakay; ci'icelay i mi'aca tu luma’, u cangu'utay ho i, hadidi sa a micaliw tu luma’ nu tau. Nikawrira, kafaheka'an a demak i, ya caayay kalalecad ku niyaru’ tu 'aya'ayaw i, sa'upu'upu saan a malafiyaw i tokay. Kakahemekan ku matiniay a kasa'upu nu mita finacadan, nika ira ku ccay a kacalemceman a demak; tayni i pisiyakayan nangra i, sahtu u nu kuwaping ku sakacacawi, anu i luma’ tu mahaenay tu ku pinangan. Nengneng han ku kapah atu kaying, u mitiliday ho a kaemangay a wawa, licay han sahtu u “puctaw”,(不知道)ma "^tuy”(對) ma“putuy”(不對) sanay ku caku, nucilacila satu mala “Tangafulan”(漢人) itu ku tluc nu Pangcah, malahdaw ku caciyaw,caayay ku mamatira haw? <ref>高清興. (2011). Wikipedia 維基百科 族語詞條試寫─原住民族語詞條 2011作品集. 教育部.</ref> cevlmwtv1uakws9kwthmnywakm79p7j 0 842 33924 19160 2023-01-24T05:40:41Z Kwamikagami 348 Kwamikagami malinah to ko felih nani [[O cohcoh]] tangasa i [[Cohcoh]] 19159 wikitext text/x-wiki O cohcoh （腰鈴） Patodongan to no pakarongay a selal ko tangfor / cohcoh a ’eres kono misaPosongay a ’etar, o citodongay to taocoran sanay sa pakafiten to tangfor ko pakarongay, saka ira ko demak patakecen i tatelecan caay pitolas a masoni, malasakangaay no mato’asay makilim, saka lahoday matahidang a pakatayal. Itini a mahapinang koni a tangfor, masamatini caay kasawad a malosapi manmaan, mato sasonien, malosa’eres. 1942/1988 i codad“ Ni kingkiwan to no to’as pasenengan a nafenekan ho no Pangcah i Taywan” ni 佐藤文一 o Dipon a tamdaw, pakayni to nafenekan no Yincomin masilsil ningra “’eres no tatirengan ”, “’eres no lalosidan ”, “ palecad to nafenekan”, “o kero ”, “o sasonien ”, “o radiw ”, “o kimad ” makalapito masilsil. Nika tadamasaroma ko ’eres no tatirengan no Pangcah, ’eres no lalosidan, kero, o radiw ira ko kasaroma ko patalahekal. Doedoen ko pisatapang mikowan ko Dipon “ Pacalcalan mi kadkad to pinangan no Taywan” “ Pipakafana’ to pinakadkad tono Yincomin” ato “1961”pikadkad ni 凌曼立, o sasonien no Yincomin maedeng masilsil o tiftif, epip, kakeng, tingting makalisepat. Nika o tangfor “no kakengan”, no matiniay a sasonien i ira ko no ’aol takongkongan, no kilang takongkongan, o lolen, kokang, sakotoy, cohcoh, silisiling, tayko hatiniay. Tangasa anini, to laday hatiniay to ka adihay ko sasonien ato sa’eres no Pangcah o “silisiling ” ko malosakatayal. nika adihay ko kasasiroma no silisiling, o kasafinacadan no Yincomin maemin a maolah malosakatayal, mangalef o Pangcah ato piwma ko saadihayay, ona tosa a finacadan maolah miala to silisiling sapipatihi to kero, ano misalisin ko cikawasay no Piwma caayay ka awa ko silisiling. O roma i ona silisiling ato sa’eres malosapatakec i riko’ anca i tafolod, o roma i ca’it sa i tatirengan. roma a tamdaw miala to cohcoh, nawhani tata’ang ko soni. Makera ko pisalisin, o fafahiyan no Pangcah ci dadinas, cicaedong to kiping, citalip, anini sato ira to ko saysay ato ’odo.No fa’inayan sa ci ’opih ko fongoh, cicaedong to kipin anca cikolah, laeno cikayap ato tapad, kaikor mahapinang ko nika tanestes ko ’aftoy. [[Kasasiwasiw:Siwkulang 'Amis]] j9fu4sb2r7g6bhkgq22vg9rk1b6acfv 0 843 38683 19162 2023-06-29T04:47:31Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38683 wikitext text/x-wiki == O fafoy no lotok ([[kuwaping a sowal]]: 山豬) == O fafoy no lotok hananay . o miri’angay(攻擊) to tamdaw . Mikari’ang(破壞) aca to pinaloma a losay . Nanitini i tolo patek mitolo(三千公尺) ko takaraw no lotok , tahini i [[hadhad]](田野) ko piresapan no fafoy no lotok . Ano i pala to , i semosemotan , i ’aw’awlan ,itiniaca i pamatangan a hadhad , Ira ma’araw ko naripa’an(足跡) nangra . Ano kasienawan , malokelon tayni i hadhad a miliyas(遠離) to sienaw no lotok . Ano mahofoc(生育) ko tawinaan fafoy no lotok .ira ko sepat , oroma aenem saan ko kaci wawa ningra .Ora ciciw(小豬) no fafoy , caay piliyas to wina , tahira i kato’asan ningra .So’elinay , safeleng(群體) saan cangra a miresap a talacowacowa , mikilim to kakaenen .O mikaenan no fafoy i , cowa kapili’ (不忌), o ’arikak , fao , limit , o papah ,ato masamaamaanay a pinalengaw . Maemin a maemod nangra . O patinako no sowal to fafoy no lotok i hekal . o masililay , o matokaay sanay .Cowa kahatira ko pinangan no fafoy . Ya fafoy no lotok hananay , o ci’icelay(力大無比) , ratiktikay(敏捷) a rafihfih(迅速) . cekak saan ko tangila , Ano masatamdaw to ka to'as nira ,matiyato o tofor ka tata’ang . sacira’it(獠牙) saan , o sapiri’ang nira to cimacima ato sapingorngor nira to sera . So’elinay , malitemoh no mi’adopay(獵人) ko hatiniay a fafoy , pisafaloco' a misi'ayaw to kapiri’angaw ningra . o waco sato ko sapaosos milifet a makakalat .Iraay ko madoka'ay a waco to pina kalat nora fafoy . Matini i niyaro’ . O katangican no mi’adopay a ci [[tama’]](獵物) ko fafoy no lotok . Ano ci tama’ a mi'adop cangra . O tadamaanay(優秀) a mi’adopay cingra sanay . Oroma sato pateli to saso'erec ato masamaamaanay a tilo . Ano pina a romi'ad , tayra miliso' tora tilo . alatek ira ko 'angtolay to , ira ko ma'oripay ho . Panokay sato tora tama’ . Mipafetis(獻上) to [[kalas]](長老) no niyaro’ ato [[pacakat]](祭品) itini i pita’ongan to mato’asay . Todong paliyaw ira ho kenaira a tama' . Mililiw(邀請) ko loma’ a mitahidang to salikaka(親朋好友) mapolong malafi a komaen toyatama’ .Ya tayraay malafi .mihawikid to takid to sapisolac to roray no mi’adopay . Kaniwen a mimaan(不可否認) . kaeso’ay makaen ko titi no fafoy no lotok . Tamekhan(烤) ko [[fanges]](豬皮) nira . salangotngot(脆, Q) sanay kiya .oya pasikaenhan to epah . tatodong sanay Fafuy pala—野豬 I luma’ay fafuy(家豬) atu i palaay fafuy, tansul mahapinang ku nika sasiruma. U Fafuy Pala(野豬) i, kakaya’ ku pising, tata’ang ku funguh atu faluhang; ma’ipuc ku kaikur, miming ku wa’ay. U kakaya’ nu tireng maedeng ccay laya’ tahira ccay laya’ ira ku pangkiw, u karteng 80~100 a tingting, u ‘urip nira 10~21 ku mihcaan.U cengel nu fanuh nira i, matiya makusasay ku kakuhting, ira ku matiyaay u pangsuy. Maedef i kitakit ku lenak nu Fafuy pala, dengan makdalay(乾旱), takaraway lutuk(海拔高) atu kietecay pala(寒帶) caay katatudung tu Fafuy pala. Kakaenen nu Fafuy pala, u rengus, heci nu kilang, lamit, fau^, fita’ol, ’du, ‘uner,takulil atu mihufucan ho a malunem…makaenay ho ma^min mawlah. U tatirengan nu Fafuy pala sa’imeced saan, ^ca ka ci simal ku titi nira, saka matalaw tu si^naw. Tanu ra’it(獠牙) han nira mikarkar ku sra a misadihif(洞穴), malu kadikuan nira. Anu kacihrangan i, maulah a mirunang i snasna’an(泥地). Kafahka’an i, makurac ku kafuti’an nira, nawhani, iraira aca ku katumai’an atu kamisi’an nira i paputal, caay pipatedu. U pinangan(習性) nu Fafuy pala i, u masafelengay(群體) a malahaklung ku ’urip nangra, ira ku tusay-pulu’ ku kaadihay. Tura sasifu’an nangra a malahakelung i, caka^ca ira ku 2~3 ci hawikiday tu ciciw a tawinaan a malacafay. U ’utuyan a fafuy anu sapilamuan ta micamul a mikihatiya. Na hufucen ku Fafuy pala, 18 ku tawinaan(母豬) ta palamu; 3~4 a mihcaan ku ‘otoyan(公豬) ta manga’ay milamu. 112~130 a rumi’ad ku kacitiyadan nu Fafuy pala, ccay hufuc 2~6 ku ciciw(豬仔), anu adihay tahira i 12, falu lipay kanca mu^tep lipay ta maktun ku picucu. Mihcacaan nu [[canglah]](春天) atu lala’edan nu kacihrangan atu laluudan(秋天) ku kahufucan nu Fafuy pala. Nanu tu’asan(傳統) nu Yingcumin ma^min u mafana’ay a mi’adup(狩獵) ku ’urip; itiya:ho sahtu u tumekday ku luwad, (1).Tala lutuk mikarkar tu sra a misakfeng(陷阱), (2).Miteker tu Waya misa fihkac, (3).Patli tu piyak(夾子). Palitemek tu fana’ nu tireng . Ccay lipay kina ccay a milisu’, altek safulafulad satu awa ku tama’. Naw? I palapala:ay aca ku ’urip nu Fafuy, mafana’ tu saka’uripaw; saka, caay ka sadak tu rumi’ad, milimek i dihidihifan a mafuti’. Saka, citama’ ho tu Fafuy ku mi’tiluay i, u edef nu niyaru’ay tamdaw a mahmek a ma’inal. Ruma satu, malacafay ku 2~3 tamdaw a masacefang, ika’ayaw ku wacu tanu ngusu’ han nira a mihiphip tahira ka tamaan. Anu matama ku ‘utuyan a Fafuy pala pina’un, iraay ku ra’it nira sapiri’ang, cacay ku wacu misi’ayaw caay ku papakafilu. Anini ’alumantu ku pakaenay(飼養) tu Fafuy pala i niyaru’, anu pakaynien i kalumuwad nu sakatanektekaw(健康) nu tatirengan sanay a harateng atu saka iraaw tu nikaira(財源) i, u kanga’ayan nu mawmahay a mitanam pakaen. <ref>曾進光. (2011). Wikipedia 維基百科 族語詞條試寫─原住民族語詞條 2011作品集. 教育部.</ref> cp53wgiywctl4ve4m8l05aeafgfpxus 0 844 19165 19164 2021-10-28T12:35:22Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 2 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 19164 wikitext text/x-wiki === Na masolinga’ mawasil ko Pangcah, itiya ho makomod no Dipong ko Taywan, pakayni han nangra i ngarngar no sowal mikalalima a misasieked ko Pangcah.Ira ko no’amisan a Pangcah, Siwkolan a Pangcah, No walian a Pangcah, Falangaw a Pangcah ato Palidaw a Pangcah, nano to’as itini i Kalingko ato i Posong a malaklak, O Pangcah kako anca O ’Amis kako saan ko pangangan.Itini i laeno a misilsil pakafana’ tona lima a finacadan.Sakacecay, No’amisan a Pangcah, Itini i masadahtalay a pala mingataay to riyar a pala paloma’, na itira i Cingaroan tala’amis tangasa i taliyok no Nafakowan ko pala.Sakatosa, o Siwkolan a Pangcah, na itira i tarawadaw no Kalingko talatimol tangasa i Cilamitay, nawhani maemin paniyaro’ i lawac no Siwkolan a tarawadaw sa mapangangan to Siwkolan a Pangcah.akatolo pasawalian a Pangcah, itini i nowalian a lotok, mililis to riyar, mifater to Kalingko na itira i Fakong talatimol tangasa i Madawdaw, saka pasawali a Pangcah han,Sakasepat o Falangaw a Pangcah, na itira i Madawdaw talatimol tangasa i Tamali, nawhani, maemin maro’ i Posong taliyok no Falangaw a niyaro’ sa o Falangaw a Pangcah han.Sakalima, o Palidaw a Pangcah, mararaay ko paniyaro’an nangra,satimolan to no kasafinacadan,malaklak paniyaro’ i Fanaw, Palayapay ato i Kangcang, nawhan itira i Palidaw ko lilengawan sa Palidaw a Pangcah han.Na misatapang i saka enem polo’ a miheca, mafalic to ko kicay no siyakay no Taywan, ’aloman to ko kapah miliyas to niyaro’ tayni i Tokay mikilim to saka’orip, saka ira to anini ko i Tokayay a Pangcah hananay. === r3muu3nks4os2ubnd0hc59k2lpbnlij 0 845 38733 19167 2023-06-29T12:21:48Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38733 wikitext text/x-wiki O [[ilisin]] no [[Pangcah]]（[[kuwaping a sowal]]：阿美族豐年祭）, ano pakaynien i nika sasiroma no radiw ato fodoy i, malatolo ko nika sa'etal. O no sa'amisan, o no taterongan, ato no satimolan. I tini i sa'amisan hanany i, marapot ko no'amisan no Kiyko ato Ciwidian, pasa'amis tangasa i Takidis. O taterongan hananay i, marapot ko Holin pasatimol tangasa i Kompo ko satimolan. Itini no pasawali i, marapot ko Fakong, pasatimol tangasa i Tomiyac. O notimolan hananay i , maropot ko no timolan no Fanaw ato Madawdaw a maemin tangasa i palidaw i teloc no Taywan. Nikaorira, ano malecalecad ko pikafitan i, nika sasiromaan no paniyaro'an ato wayway no finawlan saka masasiroma to ko ilisin no niyaroaro’. Pakayni i nika sasiroma no mikowanay i, kinapinapina to a mafalic ko ilisin no Pangcah. I kaRiponan ho i, o pades no mato’asay a misakoli, saka padeteng saan caira a misacecay folad a ilisin. Deng sato, yo mangatato a malowid ko Ripon i, palacecay han to a palalen a misacecay lipay ko kahalafin no ilisin. Anini sato, nika sasiroma no demak a mafalic, ira ko cecayay a romi'ad, ano tosa, roma san ira ko misatoloay to romiad a ilisin. <ref>吳明義. (2011). Wikipedia 維基百科 族語詞條試寫─原住民族語詞條 2011作品集. 教育部.</ref> acqucqb3ugf6eq2sst3mg6surbvul0g 0 846 19169 19168 2021-10-28T12:35:26Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 1 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 19168 wikitext text/x-wiki == O ka rawrawan no madawdaw a demak (成廣澳事件) == Yo mikowan ko Dipong to taywan i, litemohen no Pangcah ko sa’ayaway a tangasa i pasawali. Tadanga'ayay ko tamdaw noya niyaro', masinanotay ko pinangan saan ko pitapal noya Dipong, saka ano ira ko karetengay a tayal tatayalen i ca ka eca mitahidang to finacadan no Pangcah a pakatayal. Patinako han; o pipalalan to lalan no cilamalay ato no tosiya, misanga to kayakay, mipongkang, mikarkar to minato, no sofitay a demak, patireng to loma’, kahirahira no demak, Saka patangic sa'an mitahidang to kapah no niyalo a misakuli, Saka itilasa'an ipapotal no niyaro' ko kapah a matayal, ma'ihiw toku demak no niyaro' Awa'ay toko mimawmahay, Itira a malakuli miming ko lifun, Samisisama'anen lintay sako haling, Ikaka sato ko pikali'ang no dipong to misakuli'ay a kapah, Saka matumes toko langiwngiw no falocu, Masadak toko micu'a'angay a demak. 1910-2-25 Toya a romi'ad ira'ay ko tata'angay a kayki no dipung, Sama'anen a mifu'ot koya pangcah sa'an ko kayki nangra, Su'elin to papisanga'en nangra ko kapah, to kakahaday a katayalan, Saka pifu'ot nangra to misakuli'ay a yincumin, Tahila pilifunan masa'upo ko tomuk, Itila pisili'an iloma no tomuk, Mikayki ko tomuk, 1911-5 Mahelek toko demak no ilising haw i, Pasuwalen no tomuk ko kalo niyaro' O hafay namo'i akaka patayla'en i suku a minaang, Oya caka pinangan i suko a demak, Mafana toko dipung, Mitahidan to madawdaw, turik, a tomuk malicay to, O hafay namo manaca ko na'angen i suko, Safaw lima a romi'ad kalikien a patayni i suku a mina'ang, Oya dipung taylasa'an i falangaw mitahidang to tomuk ci Kolas-Mahengheng a mikaykic to lawlaw no niyaro'. Mitengil to suwal ko tomuk, 1911-7-24 Toya romi'ad i turik a kingcasaw Fucinyinselang misa'upo to tomuk, Kapu'i hanira ko tomuk macedeng kamu a misanga to lalan, Ya matuka'ay kamu, Pakatengil sako tomuk ketersa'an kilumot hanra a mi'odut, Taylasa'i papotar kilumot a miseti koya dipung, Tahila kapatayan noya kingcas, Saka mapakohac toko "Madawdaw a demak" . Pakatengil sako tomuk no madawdaw ci likaro, Tayla sa'an ipitilidan patay hannira ko singsi, Misa'upu to finawlan, O madawdaw, O cirarokohay O kaheciday, O pa'ong ong, O torik a paniyaro'an, Tolo su'ot ko kapah a misasi'ayaw to dipung, Itira i pisili'an kanapuka a alo' misa'upo, Satuemanan sa'an milimek olasaka malitemuh no dipung, Lawlawsa'an ira toko makowangay, Ira ko maduka'ay, Ira ko mapatayay, hatila'ay koya demak, Satapang to amilimek ko fafahiyan wawa ato mato'asay tayla i lotok, Toya lilisan no riyal malikutay tono dipung, Awa'ay to ko pakayla'an no finawlan, 1911-8-10 Miliyaw ho mitahidang ci Kolas-Mahenghengan, Amikaykic tosa pipasela'an, Kolas-Mahengheng matu'asayto ci adada'ay, Olasaka adidi han nira mikaykic, O torik madawdaw a niyaro'. Opulong a kuwan pafeli han toko dipung, Ta nonini'an a demak haw i, Spat polo ira falo aromi'ad ko lawlaw no Madawdaw, <ref>孔春美. (2011). Wikipedia 維基百科 族語詞條試寫─原住民族語詞條 2011作品集. 教育部.</ref> ggj3tgm4g39qg8vcvnkdixofoydxai3 0 847 19171 19170 2021-10-28T12:35:27Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 1 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 19170 wikitext text/x-wiki == O kakaenen no Pangcah (阿美族的食物) == Caay ka ngarod ko Pangcah to kakaenen. Ano i riyarayto, ano i hadhadayto, ano i lotokayto, ano maeferayto, makaen a maemin no Pangcah. O i riyaray i, o futing, o kalang, o rarokoh, o sadipit, o damay, o salol, ato masamaamaanay a dateng. O i hadhaday i, o tatokem, o kopir, o samawo’, o facidol, o fahok, o ingkokoy, o kalitang, o fata’an, o rihom, o tefi’, o naniwac, o roni, o komoh, o tayaling, o kakorot, o kenaw, o ’okoy, o tamorak, o lawoc, o kiseraay, o kimokmokay(lomaing), o tali, o tefo’, o daydam, o sina’osal, o lalopela’, ato masamaamaanay a pinalengalengaw. O i lotokay i, o sokoy, o da’ci, o teroc, o dongec, o pahko, o lokot, o kacomoli, o ciyok, o ’alem , o fokah no lawal, no mangcel, ato masamaamaanay a titi no a’adopen. O no maefertiti no ’ayam i, o no ’arorir, no ’alic, no fanol, no polo’, no wakwak, no karenis, no ’atipal, ato no masamaamaanay a ’ayam. O sinafel no Pangcah i,caay kahati:ra aca, adihayho. O maan a sinafelan ko kaolahan no miso. <ref>吳明義. (2011). Wikipedia 維基百科 族語詞條試寫─原住民族語詞條 2011作品集. 教育部.</ref> 0bhvwwysb7xuk4qqsic0ay1cjiotkgv 0 848 38673 19174 2023-06-29T04:38:05Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38673 wikitext text/x-wiki == O kakawaw no tiyaay ho a Pangcah ([[kuwaping a sowal]]: 阿美族傳統風俗習慣) == O kakawaw no ti:yaca o [[Pangcah]] hananay a caykalecad O aro' hananay no Pangcah haw, namakayni saamisan tiya enaenaran,saenaenaran kakitiraan tangsa itini [[Taito]],midungdung tu liyaliyalan tangsa itira satimulan,aru mililisaytu tuliyalay iri,kutilianay tu niniyan no Pangcah, namaka amis tangsa i satimulan, masa enaenaran kitiraantu no Pangcah. O aluemulung no tamdawiri, makasabawtusa spat a emang, o sipakayni i itini Pangcah hananay a sausi haw,saalumanayi iniyan o saamisan a Pangcah . Iniyanhantu no maayaway a tayni maaru' itini kitakitaan haw, saaluma:nay hananayi inaPangcah hananay, nayti:yaca o notiya aayaw nikaorip no mita haw, terungan nuniyan kakawaw no sademak hananayi, no babahiyamin taterungan sademaken, tatengilan no lalabu' no luma'. Caykalecalecad ko kakitiraan caykasasi:rod sisa, caytu kalecad kiniyan kakawaw to sademaken a kakawaw, nikalecalecapu amalakumud to kakaenen. Iniyanhananay o Pangcah hananay, sikakawaay toyu hanaratyu hanasakeru' a tamdaw, to mama:annaca sademaken nohenihaw, ini:yanaca o sakero' atu itiniyan ratyu sapatangasa noheni tunisimsiman, saayaway a maorip tina kitakitaani, repethan noheni kono Amis a ratyu atu keru'. O sakaselaselal amin no babainayhan maoripay, sipakaniamin no pirikec to masaselaselalay no babainay ko duduen,sipakayni selaselalay a rikec hananayi, ira ko ratiu atu dademaken, atu raan tarakaw apuyu' a nipangangan, namahansisa ira ko masitudungay masirumuday hananay a nikasaniyaro' to kakawaw, dodohantu no babahi kuyau nikasatakaraw adidi' hananay a nika tuas no nikaorip a ngangan no heni, ira ko duduan no babahi aminanuwang to kakawaw noheni. Bayniyaniyaroi iraca koyo tomok hananayhaw, oya'an kilemelay ko silaheciay ko demak a melawankya , ora'an ko makananuwangay toniyan binawlan. Iniyan tomok hananayi,o kilemelay hananay, tangasa i nika caytu pakademak nira kya, pakutayhantu koyo tomok hnanay. Iniyanhantu o Pangcah hananayhaw, o adihay:ay koyo laliwamaan no heny to paoripay a nipisiket, aminamin to to:oedamin nikananuwang nohenyi, miliwa:maaca toniyn maoripay hananay a kawas. Yumi salisalisin satu tuyu paoripayi, aitini kitasa sasa no bekeloh' sasa no serasa, a tataratu kita pademungtu kita sa. Amansa nicumudetu niniyan namakayraay satipany hananay a tamdawi, ira kyatayniyai o kilistokiw tinsokiw siliyaskiw sananay, totu kinatayniyai a miburiburay tina Pangcah. Yusibuduy ko babahi, maulah tuyu lahengangay atu yumuhtingay, oyaan o tarirengan no heni a sasabuduiyan hananayi, o buetingay lahengangay, o laengangay buetingay a kulit, sibuduysa kora babainayi, oyaan o kutemkuteman a kulit, sasasatui o muhtingay satalipan, lahengangay sapitalakes. Babainay ato babahi, o sukun no babahi hananay, sipakayraamin itini ihyakulit a misapinang to bana'kia. O kakawaw nipidudu no Pangcah hananay tuniyan o kakawaw haw, yumangabilay amin itini hekalhaw, babahi amin, noneng:sa ko babainay a mitengil, maripayayhaw o babahiyu, solinay kilemelay a dademakan hananayhaw babainay amin sikakawaway itini butal hnanay, matiya raricay o tiroshaw,o nobabahi kuraan a kakawaw. O kilemelay to baluco' saanayiri, makakalatay o babahi amin.O atekakay koya nisimsim, mabanaay mi tarimecmec:ay to kakawaw. O naayayai a nikaramuramud hananay haw, mikadabu amin kiniyan babainay a tara itini babahiyan, caypitengteng to babahi, babainay ko tayraay a midapu', yutayraay midapo'i, a mimelawhan tuyu kakawaw amin yalalabu' no luma' a minanam to sademakansa, ano bulat alamaananayi o mihecaan, iraysisa itini Pangcah hananayhaw, mikadabo' hananay sipaseneng no heny kiraan waway to kadabo' hananay, sipakayni pikadabo' no nira ko pisumuwad tuya lalabu no luma' kakawaw. Tuyamahaen nau:nsatu ko Pangcah ababainay a mikadabo', sakasaan masumuwad masumuwad noniyan o taywan,o tayniyai maka tekalay a tamdaw, yomikadabuay hananayi awaaytu caytuka aluman anini, masumuwad kiniyan o namaka tekalay yamaoripay a tayni itini. O sakaorip hananay itini lalabo' no loma'i, taynitayni no babainayan, arw absa'tu ko kakawaw no babahi hananay a kakawaw, catu pitengiltu no babahi, maserep maserep koniya o kakawaw no babahi, araw maberah catu kawyaan. <ref>吳惠芳. (2011). Wikipedia 維基百科 族語詞條試寫─原住民族語詞條 2011作品集. 教育部.</ref> sdiwsbrdkv1apout7aa67fuvr799e2n 0 849 19219 19218 2021-10-28T12:35:33Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 44 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 19218 wikitext text/x-wiki == O ngangan no O kakay（烏卡蓋部落） == O kakay a niyaoro’, sakacahakaw to paloma’an ko pakayniay i Fata’anay a niyaro’. o sowal są a cecay, caay ka lacodad. o Iwatan a finawlan ko ka’ayaway a tayni a maro’. to rarikor how i, matalaw a mari’angay to cangra ko Toloko a tamdaw , saka pikilim to roma a kafolawan ko nga’ayay sato cangra, saka mafolaw cangra a tayni i katimol no O kakay a niyaoro’ , tayra sato i Roy-Suy siyang saka ‘edeng cecay ci ’Okakay han a tamdaw itiya ho. ikol to i o malinah ko aro’ na Fata’an a finawlan a tayni misaopo. Doedoen o sowal no itiniay i ‘ayaw, sowal sa macacamol to Iwatan ato Taloko a tamdaw itini i fati’ian no Sasifo’an lotok(中央山脈), na o kakec to parawodan to kaliomahan ato pifotingan ato pi’adopan, mararid malalood ko Iwatan ato Taloko. nawha adihiay ko ’okak no tamdaw, saka o nika ’Okakay to mapangangan no Pangcah a finawlan tona sera. O roma san i, ira haca ko paratohay. Ira ko cecay cingangan a kalas ci ’Okaysang (o Ripon a sowal)i niyaro, matiya o niyaro’ no ’Okakay i sakowan no Kalinko, tadamaan ko nipipaloma i sinasera, miliyaw a maomah a mipaloma, irikor sato, mapolong a misafaloco’ a o maan to ko rikor no niyaro’, mapolong ko finawlan a misanga’ mihalaka to pasamaaman, malalok ci ’Okaysang to sakiniyaro’ a demak . orasaka, pangangan sato ko niyaro a finawlan to ’Okakay i ikor no mapatay to ciira. == O kasiikedan no niyaro’(部落特色) == ’Okakay a niyaro’, o-ka-kay ko sowal no holam. pakayni i saka’orip o pala ko pinengnengan no ’Okakay, o sailoh no Kalotong a niyaro’, itiniay i saka’etip a lilis no Sawalian lotok.(海岸山脈) caay ka ’alomanay a niyaro’i ilaloma’ay no Guangfu-syang (光復鄉 sowal no holam ) no Hualien-siyen (花蓮縣 sowal no holam ) , i laloma’ay no Ta-sing a niyaro no Guangfu-syang ko Okakay a niyaro. o kang-ciye ko I ’ayaway a ngangan no Ta-sing a niyaro, o kang-ciye hannay a sowal i, nano sowal no ’amis konini a ngangan, ’Okakay han no ‘amis, tada adihay ko ’okakay sanay. Taloan no ’Okakay, masanga’ i Ming-kok 75 miheca tangasa i matini, malitemoh to niyaro’ nangra ko toloay a faliyos ato cecay a iloh. o eli’ ko fadahong no loma’ no niyar’ itiyaho. narikoran no faliyos ato iloh, matastas to niyar’ a finawlan ko matelangay a loma’ a maemin. o marad a ’okak to sapitaloan’ no niyaro’. ta ira to kasa’opoan to ano ira ko maan a dademaken no niyaro’. Itiyaho ko ta’loan i , to laday to romi’ad, i talo’an ko caay ho mi kikongay a kapah a kamaroan ato sapidipotaw to ’orip no niyaro, i ’ayaw, o todongay to o pitilidan ato pinanaman to sifana’ ko talo’an no niyaro’, kalomanmaan misanga’ to sapi’adop a lalosidan, mikawit to safang miwikwik to fakar tapila’, minanam to radiw ato kero, mifana’ to sapingodo ato pakimadan to rayray no ’orip, maemin itini i talo’an a mireko, o kakitaan no niyaro ato mama no kapah a macacorok a palalan ato pasifana’. o roma i , mipa’odang to fafahiyan, orasaka itiya malopidipangan to ko talo’an no niyaro’ , o roma stao, ano ira ko tata’akay a demak ato pisaopoan no mi’adopay i , itini sato ko pisaopoan to tamdaw no niyaro, onini a talo’an ’edeng to o kalikodaan to kailisinan ato kasa’opoan. == O nikalopisak no O kakay (人口分佈) == Itiniay i [[Guangfu]](光復) Cen no Hualien(花蓮) ko [[O kakay]] a niyaro’, 215 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 578 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 48% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 280 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 52% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 298 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)45%, Bunun(布農族)2%, roma(其他)2%. Ira ko picodadan(大興國小、信望愛部落圖書資訊站) i niyaro’. == O finacadan no Yincomin(所屬阿美族群) == itiniay i Guangfun-syang (光復鄉 sowal no holam ) no Hualien-siyen(花蓮縣sowal no holam) ko O kakay a niyaro’, O tatapangan a niyaro’, ira ko O kakay, Fata’an, Kiwit, mililis to tarawadaw no Siwkolang a siniyaro’, na itira i tarawadaw no Kalingko talatimol tangasa i Cilamitay, nawhani maemin paniyaro’ i lawac no Siwkolan a tarawadaw sa mapangangan to Siwkolan a ‘amis. ira ko Fata’an a niyaro’, Tafalong a niyaro’, Sadoa niyaro’, Atomo a niyaro’, Kalotong a niyaro’, Kalotong a niyaro’, Fahol a niyaro’, Laso‘ay a niyaro’ ato O kakay a niyaro, falo a niyaro’ ko pipolongan. == O pitooran no finawlan (族人信仰) == O pitooran ko finawlan no O kakay i, ira ko tosa a kinkay , o tingsikiw ato ciwlokiwkay i O kakay , o ciwlokiwkay a tamdaw ko ka adihay. mamaan ca ko deamk no sapitolon ko niyaro’. pakayni sa’opo no kinkay，malosakarikec sto sakarakat no ’orip no Yincomin, ano iraay ko adada, o pades ato ira ko tatiihay a manmaan a demakan, maemin mitahidang to kiwkay mipadang. == O tahapinangan (參考文獻) == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] msmz9aruvyug82fsoig8toitciuu5k6 0 850 33926 19338 2023-01-24T05:40:53Z Kwamikagami 348 Kwamikagami malinah to ko felih nani [[O kayki no niyaro]] tangasa i [[Kayki no niyaro]] 19337 wikitext text/x-wiki O kayki no niyaro （部落會議） O tatyalen, malorikec no ’Amis kasa’etal i, saheto o tomok ato citodong no ciwlo ko mamireko. O ata’akay to a demak patayraen to i finawlan a masasowal. Lima polo’ to ko mihecaan no tamdaw no niyaro’ o mato’asay to ko sa’osi, o tayal to sakiomah pafelien to ko tamdaw no laloma’an, toladay sato itira sato i taloan mikapot to malotatayalen no sakifinawlan a demak. O tomok ato citodongay no ciwlo ko mamisa’icel mitayal to tayal no kapolongan(團體性的). O cacitodong to ciwlo i , itira i selal no ciwlo mipili’ to malokakeridan, o citodongay to ciwlo i o mamitomadaw to tayal no tomok, mikapot to sakowan no niyaro’, oni a tayal tangasa i tolas no ’orip, ci safaw ko malotamdaw to laday, ano adihay to ko awaay ta miceroh to tamdaw, sa’osi caay pipatodong mitongal to tamdaw. Tatosa anca tatolo lalima ano caciyaw masasowal han no Pangcah; deng no tamdaw aca ka saopo maco han; no malinaay kasaopo i masaopo han; no ’alomanay masaopo a malalicalicay i mitengil han, onini i malecad o kayki no niyaro’ koni tatodong nira. Sakacecay potipot, Kayki no niyaro’ o tomok, citodongay no ciwlo ato fafaed to no kapah a tamdaw ko kasakapot, tatiih mikapot ko fafahiyan. Sakatosa kalisaotan, Itini i taloan ko kasaopan ko kayki no niyaro, roma i pakatar sa i loma’ no tomok anca itira i loma’ no citodongay no ciwlo. Sakatolo milesafon, Doedo sa to pinangan no finacadan, ’ayaw no dadaya kalic sa i fadahoc no sefi milekal pakafana to tamdaw no finawlan. Ano lalinike a demak, o papeloay, tarokos anca paratohay a selal tayra i loma’ pakafana’, nika no niyaro a kayki saheto tayra i tongroh no fadahong a milekal pakafana’. Sakasepat faco no kayki, Awaay ko patosokan to faco no kayji, o pikaykian ko kacipinangan. No ’Amis a ’etal o Pokpok, Nataoran a niyaro’, pasitimol ko aro’ no tomok, pangkiw no taliyok ko aro’ no finawlan misi’ayaw. “ Pakaso’elin pasitimol ko pisin no tomok, nawhan nai timolay ko kawas no Pangcah Cimatitian, itiraay ko sofoc nira, orasaka mapatay to cingra pasayra i timol ko rakat no salo’afang”, ano misatapang to ko kayki pasayra i timol ko pising misi’ayaw to salo’afang “Tato’asan, o widang ” ko tomok, mitolon misalongoc paini to sakacitaneng ato fangcalay a lekakawa, mahrek to pakafana’ to malosasowasowalen no ’alomanay a demak, maherek to milongoc to paini no ’alomanay ta pakafana’ to no tireng a nisafaloco’an, mapaini to no cifenekay to masamaanay fangcalay painian, matongal ho no citodongay no ciwlo a maainini o fangcal to. Sakalima paini to naherekan a mikayki a demak, o tata;akay a demak caayay to kafilo no tomok ato ciwlo patalahekalen maainini, caayay pali’ayaw mitelek to masamanay a demak. Sakaenem kaciepoc no niketonan a mikayki, O miketonan to nikayki a demak tati’ih a maliyan midoedo to tatayalen, matoyol, mico’a’ang to rikec doedo sa tata’akay mimingay anca lahoday karetengay ko pi’arawan patefoc to mipa’oripan a pinanowan. O nika ira ko lekakawa a kayki no niyaro’, orasaka, ano adihadihay ko dademaken no niyaro’ no Pangcah paemin patatodong to kahantala no tamdaw a mireko, sa ira ko sowal o noniyah to sakowan to niyaro’ koni. [[Kasasiwasiw:Siwkulang 'Amis]] 84cz9ugfsap7zz1io1t6wsbwxzkr13r 0 851 38664 19342 2023-06-29T04:31:15Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38664 wikitext text/x-wiki O kitoh to tilid ([[kuwaping a sowal]]: 文字傳說) Itiya ho ira koya tatoloay masa’opo. Ya mitilid, miala ko mira to pitilidan, cecay i, tilidan nira ko tilid i kilang no hinoki, cecay i, tilidan nira i kilang no ’araway, cecay i, tilidan nira i fakeloh. Maherek to naira a militild i, panengelan naira i nanom. Oya hinoki a kilang i, mapawpaway, mahapingany ho koya tilid. Oya nitlidan i kilang no ’araway, tatiihay a tiliden toya kilang i, mansa mapawpaw koya kilang cowa kahapinang koya tilid.ya nitilidan i fakeloh i, matekengay awa to a ma’araw. Ya mitiliday to tilid i kilang no hinoki i, miliyasay awaay to a minokay, o malitengay no Dipong ko mira. Ya mitiliday i kilang no ’araway i, o malitengay no [[Taywan]]. Ya mitiliday i fakeloh a tamdaw i, o malitengay no ’Amis. Onini ko sakaawa no ’Amis a tilid, hay mahidayay to tilid no mira. Ora kitoh i kafekang i, o nani kaDipongan ho a kitoh. o nikilokan no Dipong i Taywan itiya ho konini a sowal. O pikitoh to to sakaawa no ‘Amis, roma sato o pipakafana’ to kaadihay ato kaidahi no Dipong to sakitilid, ona pipili’ no malitengay naira to pitilidan a kilang no hinoki ko sakaira no tilid naira. O Payrang hanto i, ano cowa katootoor to pikilok no Dipong to tilid i, ka ira ho ko nanoliteng naira a tilid. Pakayni tona kitoh no tilid i, mapahapinang ko kasiroma ato kaidahi no serangawan no Dipong ato Payrang to ’Amis, mahapinang haca ko pipaini no ’Amis to nairaay to ko tilid no ’Amis itiya ho. 參考文獻一： 臺灣總督府臨時臺灣舊慣調查會原著、中央研究院民族學研究所編譯，2000，《番族慣習調查報告書[第二卷] 阿美族、卑南族》。臺北：中央研究院民族學研究所。 參考文獻二： 臺灣總督府臨時臺灣舊慣調查會原著、中央研究院民族學研究所編譯，2007，《蕃族調查報告書[第一冊] 阿美族南勢蕃、阿美族馬蘭社、卑南族卑南社》。臺北：中央研究院民族學研究所。 hrmi5qvintpq5rozphyb0ebr7k425xa 0 852 38580 19398 2023-06-27T20:42:58Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38580 wikitext text/x-wiki O kongko no lalengawan no Tafalong （[[kuwaping a sowal]]: 太巴塱始祖傳說） Halafinay to ko aro’ no ’Amis itini i [[Tafalong]], o sowal nano to’as no Tafalong i, o kawas ci [[Arapanapanayan]] ko lalengawan naira, itiraay i satimolan no kakarayan ko ’aro itiya ho, tahira i sakasepat a ti’eror ko teloc nira i, sasepatay ko malikakaay. Maimah ci Fafid o maro’ay i riyar a kawas ci Tiyamacanan, paci^ci sa cira a miala ci Tiyamacanan malofafahi nira, saka milaliw a milimek ko paro no loma’ na Tiyamacan, kaorira, makilimay to ni Kafid caira, cowa kafasaw ko keter ni Kafid, pacedasen nira ko ’alo, itiya mapades a manawnaw ko niyaro’ a maala ni Kafid ci Tiyamacanan. Ya wina noya malikakaay aenem ci Madapidap, tango’ol sa to wawa ci Tiyamacanan, lakilang (o hay-caw hananay a kilang) sa ko tireng nira i tono’; o wama ci Keseng i, mala’ayam ko tireng nira miaefer i kafekang no riyar; o sakakaay a kaka ci Tadi ’Afo tayra i tokotokosan a milimek, o lalengawan sa to no Tayan cira; o sakatosa a kaka ci Dadakiyolo, tayraay i saetipan no Taywan, o to’as no itiraay a Yincomin cira; sakatolo a kaka ci Apotok tayraay i satimolan no Taywan, o to’as to Ponong cira; o sakasepat a kaka ci Lalakan ato sakalima a kaka (o fafahiyan) ci Doci i, mapawpaw koya ni’aroan naira a pitifekan i riyar, tomireng koya pitifekan i hekal no Cilangasan, saikor to i, raramod sanay to kona tatosa malikakaay. Mararamod ko mira tatosa i, kinapinapina ko hofoc, mikaorira, o ’oner anca o rarokoh, no tokosay a takola’ ko mahofocay naira, rarom sa kona mararamoday a malikakaay. To cecay a romi’d, ira to ko Cidal hananay a kawas tayni mipatado to miranan, nanoya hofoc sa to ko mira to tatolo fafahiyan a wawa ato cecay fa’inayan a wawa, pangangaan hananay kona wawa maemin to Cidal a ngasaw. Ta’angay to kona wawa i, ya sasafaay a fa’inayan ci Tahtah Cidal ato sakakaay a fafahiyan ci Cihcih Cidal ato sakatolo a fafahiyan ci Pahpah Cidal i, mafolaw tayra i Tafalong o Cisaksakay hananay a pala; sakatosa a fafahiyan ci Rarikayan Cidal i, tayraay i Kiwit, o ta’as no Kiwit cira. ’Aloman ’aloman to ko teloc, ya nisaomahan i, cowa kakapah ko liomahan, cowa kaedeng ko kakaenen, saka mafolaw haca ko finawlan noya i Cisaksakay tayni tona Tafalong a niyaro’. == Pi’arawan to lakaw == *[http://210.240.125.35/citing/citing_content.asp?id=1654&keyword=%A4%D3%A4%DA%DC%F1%A9l%AF%AA%B6%C7%BB%A1 台灣原住民族歷史語言文化大辭典] *李景崇，1998，《阿美族歷史》，臺北：師大書苑。 *達西烏拉彎‧畢馬，2001，《臺灣的原住民 : 阿美族》，臺北：臺原。 *林淳毅，2001，《阿美族傳說：邦查的山海故事，後山的美麗傳奇》，臺中：晨星。 *達西烏拉彎畢馬，2003，《阿美族神話與傳說：再創生、彩虹的傳說、人頭祭、鍬與刀、製陶的口傳故事》，臺中：晨星。 *黄宣衞，2008，《阿美族》，臺北：三民。 [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] e8ajeth95ml6gh8sbfg7ckzdkcfvn45 0 853 38559 19402 2023-06-27T20:22:58Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38559 wikitext text/x-wiki O lalengatan no namal火種起源 O lalengatan no namal a tawcikel i tosaay ko sowal i ’[[Amis]]: 1、nani pinanowang ko sakaira no namal a sowal: Itiya ho awaay ko [[namal]], cowa kacaloway ko ‘’orip no tamdaw. To cecay a romi’ad, mapolong ko niyaro’ay a mikilim to nanaml, tahira cangra i tongroh no tokos i, ma’araw nangra i raay ko tedi no namal, saka, papialaaen nangra ko pinanowang toya namal. O pakaalaay toya namal i, o mangcel ko pakaalaay saikor. Itiya ho, natayni i Taywan ko pawpaw no tapokpokan na Sera aci Nakaw i, toktokan naira ko po’ot to fakeloh, saka ira ko namal. Kaikor to i, malahedaway koya namal. O tamdaw han to i, papipaidesen naira ko pinanowang tayra Sanayasay a miala to nama. O sa’ayaway patatikol a miala to namal i, o malonem, kaorira i, tatahini i lawac no riyar ko rakat nira i, mapacepa’ no nanom no riyar koya namal. Ikor no nini i, o ssiri ko patatikoray, mehecad to ko demak nira a mapacefos no nanam no riyar i katahiraan i lawac no riyar. Saikoray to i, o ngafol ko pakaalaay to namal, lalawolawod sa ko tamdaw a mipohpoh to tatirengan noya ngafol to hemak, mansa ya fanos no ngafol i, makapah a nengnengen, ora pipohpoh no tamdaw ko sakakapah no fanoh nira. 2 pa’isa’is a sinamal sanay a sowal Itiya ho, tayni i hekal ko kawas to cecay ko fa’inayan cecay ko fafahiyan. Malaolah kona kawas a tatosa, mafana’ haca to no tamdaw a kararamo, mansa ’aloman ko wawawawa nangra. To cecay a romi’ad, matefing noya fafahiyan a kawas ko cecay ma’icangay a kasoy, ma’isa’is kora kasoy a sinamal, onini to ko sakaira no namal. Ikor to i, mararid a mafolaw ko mira, o saikoray to a kafolaw no mira i, oya Takidis hananay ko aro’ naira itira, makapah to ko aro’ no mira itira, cowa kanikaw to kakaenen to mihecahecaan. Macedas ko nanom no ‘alo, malifowak ko faedetay a nanaom nanisera, lesen han nira ko niyaro’, awa to ko ma’oripay. Itiya ira koya malikakaay mitifekay to lamelo itiya, ma’araw naira ko kacedas no nanom i, tangsol a miteroc tayra toya tatifekan a mapawpaw to. Saikor to ko rakat nora kapawpaw i, itiraay i tokos a mahicela. Maedeng to cecay to a lipay i, malahedaw to ko nanom, malikelon to ko mira pasayra i satimolan ko rakat a tayra i Naloma’an. Ona malikakaay i, raramod sato, tosa ko wawa naira, ya wawa naira i, mararamod kora malikakaay, ‘aloman ko wawa naira, saka ‘aloman sato ko teloc tahanini. Ya katahira naira i Naloma’an i, awa ko namal itiya, o ’oway ato kasoy ko sapi’isa’is a mikinamal, kaorira i, kalifotan. To cecay a romi’ad i, mirawod koya ’ayam Tatahciw. Saka papialaen naira koya ’ayam to namal. Pasayra i kawali ko Tatahciw a miala to namal, yo patatikol tatahira to i lawac no riyar i, matefad kora sinamalay a kasoy i riyar. Ikor to i, ma’araw ko roma a ’ayam, papialaen naira koya ’ayam to namal, kaorira mahecad to a maidah ko demak. Oya to a malikakaay i, ala sato to kohecalay a fakeloh mipatatekong a mikinamal, ona pikinaal a demak i, pakafana’en naira ko wawawawa ato fofofofo. O teloc naira I, ira ko mafolaway tayra i Pokpok, ira ko mafolaway tayra i Nataoran a malato’as to no itiraay a teloc. 參考文獻一： 佐山融吉、大西吉壽，1923，《生蕃傳說集》。臺北：杉田重藏書店。 參考文獻二： 臺灣總督府臨時臺灣舊慣調查會原著、中央研究院民族學研究所編譯，2007，《蕃族調查報告書[第一冊] 阿美族南勢蕃、阿美族馬蘭社、卑南族卑南社》。臺北：中央研究院民族學研究所。 參考文獻三： 林道生，1996，《阿美族的口碑與傳說故事》。臺北：教育部技術及職業教育司。 o042uw5gd43i6fmms6ln6fwiqt8md4f 0 854 38656 19406 2023-06-29T04:25:31Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38656 wikitext text/x-wiki I ka’ayaw no kurisimas caay ka eca ira ko sa’opo no sisifo i ka’ayaw no finawlan a malalifet.i 2017 a miheca’an, o [[Bunun]] a finacadan ko citatodongay a mikerid tona likakawa. [[Kasasiwasiw:Siwkulang 'Amis]] 5tohjbn0tkk6fb6f6spcmaaij6wu00h 0 855 19528 19527 2021-10-28T12:35:55Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 121 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 19527 wikitext text/x-wiki O pa-pa(/falofalo/falo falo) lenlen （八八水災） Ona pa-pa(/falofalo/falo falo) lenlen ira ko roma nira a ngangan, Mo-la-ke faliyos ato (/falofalo/falo falo) faliyos, mikari’ang ko faliyos to nani tenok tahira i satimolan ato sawalian no Taywan i 2009 a mihecaan 8 folad saka6 tahira i saka10 a romi’ad. Tona katahini no Mo-la-ke faliyos i Taywan i, mihawikid to ’orad cira, ona kaadiay no ’orad i, ta’elif han nira ko nano mihecahecaan a kilok (o sa’osi to nisa’oradan i papina a nirayo’ to tosa a romi’ad i, lecad sa to no cecay a mihecaan). Oya i ciya-siyin-siyang siyaw-lin-con no Takaw o Siyaw-lin hananay a niyaro’ ko satatiihay to nano nikari’angan no faliyos, matekop kora niyaro’ itiya, 474 ko matolemay i kaperar no tokos a tamdaw. == O sa’osi to na’oradan == 2009 a mihecaan(年) 8 a folad 8 a romi’ad tahira i 9 a romi’ad, o ’orad no Mo-la-ke i tokos no Ciya-i, Takaw, ato Pin-tong i, o nisa’osian no misasa’osiay to ’orad i, mata’efay ko molefot to na’oradan toya saka8 a romi’ad. == O sipon no kicay == O nisa’osian to sipon no pinalengaw ato sipon no mapihiway a nipatirengan a loma’ ato maaman i, polong han 192.17 a ca’or no ca’or ko payso (o safa ho no He-po faliyos), o sipon no nipalomaay i, 129 a ca’or no ca’or, 47 ca’or no ca’or ko nisafotingay, 16 ca’or no ca’or ko no mipahotingay. == O sa’osi to mapatayay a tamdaw == 678 ko mapatayay, 33 ko madoka’ay, ona mapatayaya to madoka’ay saheto o maro’ay i Ciya-i, Tay-nan, Takaw, Pin-tong ato Nan-to. (tahira i 2009 a mihecaan 8 a folad 28 a romi’ad 19 ko tatokian ko o pisa’osi no sitatodongay to pades i con-yan konini.) == O pifiyor to Cen-ce == Patakos ko sing-cen-yin, 22 a romi’ad tahira i 24 a romi’ad no saka8 a folad i, mipatalaeno to kalitosa no kacakat no hatay no kitakit a mikirarom toya mapatayay ato madoka’ay. == O nipatirengan i kaikor no Falofalo a lenlen == 1.O siyaw-lin-con kining koying, 1.7 kofo(公頃) ko kakahad no sera, 80% a sera i, o pipalomaan to pinalengaw, o papalecaden to paniyaro’an no siyaw-lin-con a makakilang. 181 ko mapalomaay a sapal no sakola hana i koying, o patatodongan toya mapatayay, cecay ko nipalomaan a sapal cecayay koya mapadesay a loma’. Yo malengaw kona sakola hana ato macelak koya kahengangay a hana i, hay diheko ato hinatala ko faloco’ no minengnengay i koying a lafang ato niyaro’ay. 2. Hatala’oyan a ’otoc: oya picohongan a hatala’oyan a ’otoc, 9 kong-ce ko ka’akawang nira, o nani sin-to a tokos a ma’alolay a fakeloh konini, o sapatatodong to pifaeloh no niyaro’ay to ’orip ato miliyaw patireng to loma’ a ’icel kona tala’oyan a ’otoc. == Pi’arawan to lakaw == [https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%85%AB%E6%B0%B4%E7%82%BD/ 中文維基百科] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] eos6btalx8fzsybkmbaxeif5h1wpf38 0 856 19530 19529 2021-10-28T12:35:56Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 1 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 19529 wikitext text/x-wiki == O pifoting no Pangcah (阿美族的漁撈) == Ano maherek ko rohef, ano caay ka saan, ano maherek ko kalipahakan a romi’ad, caay kaeca mifoting ko Pangcah. Inian a pifoting ’i, PAKELANG han no Pangcah. Deng o Fata’an ato Tafalong ko Mali’alac sanay to i rarikoray no kalipahakan a romi'ad, pakelang saan to i rarikoray no kararoman a romi'ad a pifoting. Ano pakelang to ano mali’alac to i, malecaday to a palosiyang to nika o maherekay to ko paysin. Orasaka, o miliyasayto to kapaysinan a demak, o micomodayto to kalo’orip no tamdaw, sanay ko heci nonini demak. Caay ko futing a cecay ko mamaala i nanom, o toko, o fidac , o takora’ay, manga’ay to a maala. Dengan o fa’inayan a cecay ko lalomowad a mifutig. I loma' ko fafahiyan a mitifek, ano caay ka saan, midemak to no fafahiyan a tayal i loma'. No saki tini no finawlan a pifuting i, miladis han ko no ’Amis. Misacepo’ han ko no pasawali. Komoris han ko no i lawacay no tarawadaw. Orasaka, itiniay i tarawadaw a lomowad ko komoris hananay a rayray no demak a mifuting. <ref>吳明義. (2011). Wikipedia 維基百科 族語詞條試寫─原住民族語詞條 2011作品集. 教育部.</ref> 9xb56642wdzz9j5pejuxqwyathpoe9l 0 857 19532 19531 2021-10-28T12:35:58Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 1 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 19531 wikitext text/x-wiki == O pinangan no 'Amis (阿美族的風俗與習慣) == ''原作者：高清興原詞條名稱：U Pinangan atu Nanaman nu 'Amis (阿美族的風俗與習慣)'' Nanu tu'as nu 'Amis awaay ku tilid, dengan u mata, u tanginga, u kamay, u wa'ay atu falucu’ nu tamdaw ku mafana'ay. Saka, adihay ku mafalahay a serangawan tu nanuliteng. Iti:ya ho, ira ku cayay pipapaysu a pitilidan nu 'Amis, tudung kasa'upuan nu finawlan—Sefi(Talu'an), dadayatu ira ku mirumruman nu mi'afatay a slal a namal. Sa'upu'upu sa palitemek tu aru' ku masaslalay; ira ku mikituhay, ira ku mitulikay, ira ku miwikwikay atu mikaeitay tu tafukud. Ci falucu'ay tamdaw pasa tengil pasa nengneng sa itatihi tu dadayadaya, cila fana' satu. Anu eca i, tatuy tu ccay a talid tayra sa i luma’nu cima a matu'asay patuitu minanam, tahira kafana'an, caay pisaeli tu paysu.Mahaenay ku pinangan nu 'Amis a ka'uripan. Adihay ku kaulahan afangcalay pinangan nu matu'asay, anu ha^min han sumuwal caay ku mamafilu. Anini haccaccay han aku pasadak tayra ka^minan nu pitilidan. # Saki Kaen ## Iti:yaho, 'alu:man ku paru nu ccay laluma'an, sadaken ku hemay a miteli i tapila’, u dateng sadaken misilsil i tipid kanca ira ku talingafuh hananay misanga'an a palu', patenas han i lawac nu dateng. Taliyoksa masa'irawraw ku kateli nu dating atu kamaru’ nu tamdaw. U matu'asay, fafahiyan atu kaemangay wawa manga’ay ci 'anengang mitahka; u kapah atu cacumikay tamdaw ma^min mahakakan. Anu mikuhaw, kakuy han ku siuy a mihelup, caka^ca pasunien ku pikuhaw, nawhani, caay kalecad ku pinanum atu pikuhaw. ## Ya awaho ku pingsiyang冰箱) i, hatiniay tu ka'aluman nu paru nu luma', mipacuk satu, tansul tu mipili’ku citudungay tu malu sasirawen, nawhani caay ka lecad ku kamay nu tamdaw itini a mahapinang. Uruma padeteng micirah tu kulang, tefu’, cahid, kudasing, paenu’ nu facidul…malu sapatala tu sa’upu nu salawinawina. ## Maherek mi'anip tu kasienawan, maedeng i saka 4 tahira i kapanayan saka 6 fulad, mifuting ku fa'inayan, tu dadaya mipsalil tu kakahongay(kuwaw), lafii minukay. Ta dafak caho ka taengad makanirtu pacefung i riyar a mipataruh tu tiked, maala ku fuwa, pakaala uluma tu kaciki atu cilinayay a futing. Itiyaho, tanu tamdaw han a mikadut, wa:ta ku ruray, saka, awa ku makahiay nu Payrang a tamdaw mikadafu tayni i 'Amis. Ya maalaay futing ma^min tapayen misa'id'id, matatudungtu paruen I cayna ta tating han i 'anungnung nu laluma'an, matakawaw nu takaraway a 'edu. Unian malecad tu saka tusa malu sapatala tu sa'upu. # Saki Ngudu Nanuemangan ho ma^mintu mapalimu'ut tu suwal ku wawa nu Pangcah hananay,saka, pakinali ku kalangudu kangida’ nu Pangcah a tamdaw. Anu ira ku lafang taynu luma’misalama, maupuh mipa'icup mipanamal, mahrek i, anu udafak, caka^ca milicay “Maranam tu kisu?”, anu u dadaya “malafitu kisu?” sanay a salicay. Itira i lalan rumakat, ma’araw ku ci'inurungay tu karetengay a matu’asay, tansul a micaliw tu 'inurung caay ka palimu'uten. # Saki Salama Tuna micamul ku Pangcah tu 'urip nu Holam, dengan unian ku kafukilan. Nawhani, nanuemangan mikilutuk, miki'alu^, mikiriyar; icuwa ku malawaay nu Pangcah. Saka malahaklungho tu Pangcah misalama awatu ma'araw ku kurur, ira patikul masataftaf tu ku pinatatuy. Anu talalutuk, u dating, dungec, kacumuli…ku maalaay, tala 'alu mikilim tu mamaala, tala riyar caka^ca mikilim tu kakiskisen tahira pinukayan nu kaput. Ira ku suwal nu ruma a fincadan, “Anu misalama tayra i palapalaan i, haklungen:itu ku Pangcah a tamdaw, hay^ca ka cahiw, ta minukay satu adihay ku sapaterung tu iluma'ay” saan. <ref>高清興. (2011). Wikipedia 維基百科 族語詞條試寫─原住民族語詞條 2011作品集. 教育部.</ref> nrjncddpqkcnk0j45nao6o83fpnh547 0 858 19534 19533 2021-10-28T12:36:00Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 1 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 19533 wikitext text/x-wiki == O pipaisingan (醫院) == [[Faylo:Pictograms-nps-hospital-2.svg|thumb|O pipaisingan]] Iti:yaho, awaayho ko pipaisingan, oni’edawan amisalising ko adadaay a tamedaw, matanento, mikilim to lamit no kilang ato tarod, opapah no kilang ato tarod, nanomen ko mi te’elan a lamit. ilato ko isingi, tahidangen ko ising talaloma’a panenen to adadaay, ancai, micakay ta cemel(sapaiyo) to hakaka’enen no adadaay a tamdaw. Aninisatoi, ilatokotadamaanay a kasa silomaloma no ising, ilakono kanpo-yak atono siy-yak. ilakono kemod ato papotal no tilen ato nipahofucay to wawa a ising, ano silsilen ko kasasilomaloma no ising i,ila ko mihapinangay to tilen, ila kono mata, tangila, ngoso’, takolaw, falocu’, tinai’fowa’,’atay, fongoh, misakapahay topising, sapedek, ngaloy, firfir, fi’ik. ilay ko pawawaay to ca’ayay kacipuyapuy a fafahiyan. ilako mihinomay ami fasaw to lawlaw no falocu’ a ising. ano iniyalo’ay ila ko isiy-siw. ano paisingi, mihawikid to kingpo(ciyi-paw), malaayaw a mipafangko pangangan, hanga’nipakingsa, malalicay to ising, miciw-siy, miyara to cemel(sapaiyo’). Tamedaw no paisinga i, ilaay ko tapang , kakelidan ato kasasilomaloma no tayal a ising, ilako kasasilomaloma no kangkofu ato misimaway to adadaay a tamedaw, papotal i, ilako mihamhamay tolafang, ilako palakatay to kiwkiwsiya, <ref>蔡新明. (2011). Wikipedia 維基百科 族語詞條試寫─原住民族語詞條 2011作品集. 教育部.</ref> fmjomq52cg13rhkz00ppyh0ys6riqyp 0 859 19540 19539 2021-10-28T12:36:02Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 5 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 19539 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT[[Pitilidan]] d0fwt2p1enhuw029796awsph5nwo2tv 0 860 19597 19596 2021-10-28T12:36:05Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 56 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 19596 wikitext text/x-wiki O ratoh a sowal no liteng ko niyaro’ no Kiwat （奇美社阿美族祖先之傳說） Itiya no to’asan ho, ira ci Sera “fa’inay”, ci Nakaw “fafahi” kawas a tamdaw malokelon tayni i Tawrayan hananay a pala “Itini i Posko ceroh a niyaro’ anini” saciwawa sa ci Tapang Masera “fa’inayan”, ci Nakaw “fafahiyan” tatosa ko wawa, awaay ko kihar a ma’orip. nika ira ko cecay a romi’ad kafahalan malenlen tata’ak ko nanom, toya pikilim nangra tatosa to salikaka i kalingadan, mingata to ko nanom, mahaop to ko paloma’an, awaen to ko fafanaen cakat sato talakakarayan cangra a tatosa. oya malingaday a malekakaay manengneng ko lenlen o ’alol to, o patay to saan ko faloco’, papasayra to koya nanom cangraan, makera nangra mahecaday o toptop no sapakaen to fafoy mapawpaw pasayra cangraan, taroh tengtewng han nangra kalic han to, pakonira han to nangra ko nika pawpaw. paherekan mapawpaw tahira i sasinang no Cilangasan no lotok, ikor to itira sato cangra patireng to loma’, itira to pamatang mimawmah to sota, o palomaan nangra i o mikafitay toya dodan a hafay, onini to ko kakaenen nangra. Ikor to mararamod to kona malekakaay tatosa ’aro sato itira, nika ’adihay ko ’oner itini, caay kangaay matenes itini a maro’, orasaka na i lotokay mafolaw to tayra paloma’ i Kalala, nika itini sa awaay ko kamawmahan, maroray itini maro’, saikoray to mafolaw to tayni toni aniniay a Kiwit a niyaro’. Kafafaed a lotok no Kalala, o Sapat a niyaro’, toni a niyaro’ anini no Sapat i laloma, tatihi no lalan sakatayra i Posong ato Kalingko, kawali a lotok ira ko masahecekay a sapad no fokeloh, doedoen ko sowal no itiniay a finacadan a tamdaw, na iraay ko toptop no pafafoyan mana’ang itini ato talalikan, nika ira ko pamatangay i kaDipongan ho makari’ang. saka iora kosowal no lihaf, oya tadamaanay a lalosidan pinana’ang no i Kiwitay a tenod, ora i’ayaway maro’ i Cilangasan a Kiwit tamdaw, na icowaay kahofocan a pala kafokilan a tamdaw tayra i Makotaay, o na ihawikidan ya tayni, o fana’ no finacadan a tamdaw itiya i o pisamaradan, mitenooy, ato pitolon alikakawa, saheto naitiraay mapawpaw mapatayni, o ’idoc, po’ot, silingsiling naitiraan kafokilan a niyaro’, sacingangan sa ci Alin mihawikidan, ikor to o itiniay to a tamdaw ci Do’ic ko micakayay sa. [[Kasasiwasiw:Palidaw 'Amis]] bwltnagpkqu967rncbdm8vtxnpexcpx 0 861 19658 19657 2021-10-28T12:36:09Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 60 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 19657 wikitext text/x-wiki O sakero no ’Amis （阿美族舞蹈） Sakero hananay no ’Amis ko kero, ira ko malikoda ato misalokiyaw hananay a kero. O malikoda hananay a kero i, o kero i kiloma’an anca o kero no fa’inayan. O misakoliyaw hananay a kero i, o kero to anohacowa sapikeroaw, kaacangan, pipakay’ifan, o piingkayan to malasofitay a fa’inayan; o kero no fafahiyan sanay ko roma a ngangan nira. Nga’ayay minanam a makero ko fafahiyan to kero no likoda, kaorira, cowa pinanam ko fa’inayan to kero no misakoliyway. O kero no ’Amis, ira ko kero cowa kaeca awa ko radiw. O matengilay a radiw to “mihamhamay to lafang”, “kadofah” hananay a kero i, o niharatengan ato nipangangan no aniniay a tamdaw kora. O kalalecad ato cowa kalecad no kero i, o radiw kora sakaeca a lalecad naira, o radiw i, iraay to ko sakakero nira a kero. == Pi’arawan to lakaw == *[http://210.240.125.35/citing/citing_content.asp?id=2862&keyword=%AA%FC%AC%FC%B1%DA%BBR%C1%D0 台灣原住民族歷史語言文化大辭典] *李景崇，1998，《阿美族歷史》，臺北：師大書苑。 *黄宣衞，2008，《阿美族》，臺北：三民。 *達西烏拉彎‧畢馬，2001，《臺灣的原住民 : 阿美族》，臺北：臺原。 [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] nsg9viwdyla8pwmyhg8de4oia1fch45 0 862 19663 19662 2021-10-28T12:36:11Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 4 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 19662 wikitext text/x-wiki O satapangan to pipariri’ to waco(狗起源) Mikingkiw to satapangan no pinanowang no kalofinacadan no Yincomin i Taywan, hay matongal ko fana’ ita to harateng no liteng no Yincomin itiya ho to pikimad naira to pisatapang no pinanowang, ato samaanay ko pi’adop itiya ho, samaanay ko pipariri’ to pinanowang. Ona satapangan no pinanowang mapahapinang ko pipariri’ no tamdaw to pinanowang, saka o tamdaw hananay kalimelaaw to kinaira no serayan, ano ca kahatira ko pinangan, wa tatiih kita.     O satapangan no waco no Yincomin no Taywan, itira I Farangaw ira kora sowal, o nani Nasaasay ko waco, tayni i Taywan i , alaan no Piwma ko cecay noya waco a mipakonglin, hacafay a mi’adop. Itiya ho iraay ko amekang nani Farangaw tahira i Sanayasay. Ira koya ci Loapuy hananay a tamdaw, toloay ko nihakelongan nira a waco tayni i Farangaw a mi’adop. Mari’ari’angay koya waco, miharatengay ko tamdamdaw toya waco tatolo. To cecay a romi’ad, alaan no Piwma ko lima polo’ a nikimoloan a faes, pakaenen nira koya waco. Makaen noya waco koya faes i, malingae ko ngoyos caay to kanga’ay a mingatowa’. Oya ci Takopis hananay a tamdaw i, tahepo han nira ko cecay noya waco, alaen nira panokay i Piwma a mipariri’ a pakonglin.     O satapangan no mi’adopay a waco no Paliwan i, malecaday to pikitoh no Farangaw. Kaorira i, mahapinangay ko pikitoh naira to rayray no pikonglin to waco. Itiya ho , awaay ko mipariri’ay to waco saan. O liteng no Mutasukusu i, ira koya ci Pavurogan-zeikon hananay a tamdaw. To cecay a romi’ad, koyoden nira ko pana’, sicafay to sasepat a kapah talatokos a mi’adop. Itiya ma’araw naira ko cecay ira ko kohcalay ira ko kohetingay a fanoh a pinanowang, mafana’ay a milepel to pinanowang a milaop. Sapicepetaw kona lalima a tamdaw tona waco, hay pakonglinen i, hacafay a mi’adop. Kaorira i, samaamaanen i, cowa pakacepet ko mira tona waco. Ikor to i, maharateng naira ko cecay sakicepet toya waco a demak. Palamlamen naira ko fokes no fafahiyan to otong a misanga’ to nisatinpolaan, hasapanono’en naira kowa waneng toya waco. Sasoelin sa masakaniw koya tatolo a waco, makafit no fokes ko wadis naira, valu han to ko ngangan nora waco. Nanoya mapariri’ to ko waco malosapi’adop no tamdaw. O pipariri’ no Tayan, Co, Saysiya to waco i, o nialaan i tokos ko waco naira. O satapangan no pipariri’ no Tayan i, sowal sa, itiya ho itiraay i tokos ko aro’ no waco, ma’araw ho naira ko tamdaw i, miaw^aw to a mikakarat to tamdaw, katalawan nanay! Yo cecay a romi’ad, ira koya kapah tatosa, pahahanay I kaeno no kilang, cowa kafana’ koya tawinaan a waco, liyasan nira ko totoy nira a miklim to kakaenen. Itiya alacecay han noya tatosaay a kapah koya totoy, onini ko sakasatapang no tamdaw a mipariri’ to waco. Lomahad ko waco, kalawidang han naira ko tamdaw, fana’ sato to caciyaw no tamdaw, roma sato mataneng haca ca mira, kaorira maliyangay anca, mansa maketer ko tamdaw. Mafana’ay ko mira a milawla to tamaw, ano citama’ ko tamdaw minokay I, ano ca ka adihay ko tama’ I, ki’ayawen nira ko mi’adopay a minokay pakitoh to loma’ay, adihayay ko tama’ niyam han nira ko loma’ay, halikien a mihamham ko mi’adopay han nira ko tamdaw a milawla. Mapoyi’ to ko tamdaw I, waho saan milalekal to keter a sapiketonaw to sema noya waco. Itiya satapang ko waco caay to kafana’ a caciyaw, mitengil to to sowal no tamdaw.     O kitoh no Saysiya to waco , o kaketon no waco ato tamdaw. Itiya ho ira koya tamdaw sapipatayaw to waco, sowal sa ko waco, “Patayen iso ako, o maan to ko sapi’adop iso a waco? Ano i kakakaka aca ko taneng no tamdaw to waco i, kaorira, ano milakec to ‘alo, anca comikay, matooray namo kami saw?” Pakosoelinan koya tamdaw to sowal no waco, saka cowa kapatayen nira koya waco, tahidang han nira ko widang a mipahakelong to waco a mi’adop, tangsol a sitama’ ca mira, sonisoni matama’ haca na mira ko tolo a siri. Ya loma’ay no mi’adopay I, hemek sa to kakadofah naira to tama’ a minokay, licay sa, cima no namo ko idahiyay a mi’adop? O waco saan ko tamdaw a pacako, nanoya olah sato ko tamdaw a mipariri’ to waco.     O no Ponong a kongko to waco i, itiya ho o tamdaw ko waco saan, oya maodangay a malikakaay maseti’ no ’aomanay, ikor to i, malawacoay kona malikakaay. Itiya ho, mapolong ko pinaro no loma’ talaomah a maomah. Ca ho laheci ko tayal i, minokay kami misakalafi sa koya malikakay a tatosa. Pisakalafian to i, minokay to ko maomahay, tahaloma’ i, ma’araw kona malikakaay maodang a mala’alip. Itiya keter sa ko loma’ay a mipapekpek to miranan a tatosa, saka lawaco sato ca mira.  {| class="wikitable" | 參考文獻一： |尹建中，1994，《臺灣山胞各族傳統神話故事與傳說文獻編纂研究》。臺北：內政部。 |} {| class="wikitable" | 參考文獻二： |行政院原住民族委員會，1999，《臺灣南島民族起源神話與傳說比較研究》。臺北：行政院原住民族委員會。 |}  [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] tgthu0pdksztnv9i79oc4r672x2gfb3 0 863 36846 33921 2023-05-09T02:41:59Z EmausBot 234 Fixing double redirect to [[Sowal no dipong]] 36846 wikitext text/x-wiki #重新導向 [[Sowal no dipong]] n9rusjmp80ijjo3ey0efctts7k02fu2 0 864 38410 38337 2023-06-24T00:17:13Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38410 wikitext text/x-wiki == Sowal no Satimolay-kanatanatal('''南島語言)''' == [[Faylo:Formosan languages.png|thumb|O Sowal no Misatimolay a finacadan i Taywan]] '''O Sowal noSatimolay-kanatanatal a finacadan i [[Taywan]](台灣南島語言)''' O sowal no [[Yincumincu]] han no mita o 'Amis, Tolo polo ira ko tolo ko nika sasiromaroma no sowal, ano songila’en haca a misapinang ko kakakonis no polong nonini a sowal i, edeng malatolo ko tapangan no rayray —ono Tayal, ono Pariwan, ato no Cuwik. Safaw pito a ’ofadan no tamdaw ko cisowalay tonini a sowal. O roma sato, o sowal no Fotod a tamdaw haw i, o masapapotalay no Sowal no Misatimolay a finacadan i Taywan, o teloc no Patanik hananay a finacadan i Filiping cangra. O sowal no Misatimolay i Taywan i, o tadakakalimelaan no mikingkiway to sowal, enawhani, o ma'araway a kalo’a’adopen ato kalopinalomaloma no ’aya’ayaw a ’orip, ira a ma'araw i finacadan no Taywan. Itini a mahapinang a mafana’ kita to o tatapangan nonini a Misatimolay kita o i Taywanay. Pakayni tonini a sowal ato ma’araway a kalomaamaan, paso’lin ko ’alomanay a hakasi^ no mikingkiway to sowal, o tatapangan no Misatimolay a finacadan ko Taywan saan. O micidekay a kasasiroma no Sowal no Misatimolay a finacadan itiniay i Taywan haw i, materek ko i ’aya’ayaway a katelangay a sowal ato rayray no 'orip no itiya:ay ho a tamdaw. O ngiha’ no sowal, sepat ko tatapangan a ngiha’,o padamaay a ngiha’ haw i, ira ko masapinangay ato makalengay, nikaorira caay kasadak ko fali, caay ka matiya o ngarngar no holam ko sowal no Misatimoaly, o makakafitay ko tilid, ira ko lamit ira ko ciping,makakafit kora haw i, masapokopokoh ko tilid. Pakayniay i cefang no sowal i, o damac(語助詞) ko pakakafitay ta masapinang masongila’ay a tengilen ko sowal. [[Kasasiwasiw:Siwkulang 'Amis]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Taywan]] ry5ohwytr40icjo2chxzc95w4nnyxle 0 865 19675 19674 2021-10-28T12:36:16Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 3 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 19674 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Siouguluan-River-Hualien-Ta.jpg|thumb|O tarawadaw no Singkulan (秀姑巒溪)]] I tini i sawaliay a ’apilis no Yu - Shan hananay, oya satakaraway a lotok no Taywan i, adihay ko sa’owac. I tini i saetipay a tafiling no pasawali a lotok i, matira to a adihay ko sa’owac. Saka ma- sopsop ko nanom no nani waliay ato nani etipay a kalosa’owa’owac i, mala- sawa’eran no Siwkulan hananay a tara- wadaw. I tini i la’ed no Posko ato Kohkoh i, masadafdaf ko sera i tira, saka masaca- pacapa’ ko sonol no nanom i tira. O ka- olahan no kapah no i lilisay no Tarawa- daw a niyaroaro’ a mikomoris a mifuting i tira tora kasacapacapa’ no tarawadaw i tiyaho. Roma i, satatad san ko cecay na- niyaro’an a cilowad to komoris. Roma i, malaladof ko pina- pina:ay a niyaro’ a ci- lowad to komoris. Caay ko pifuting aca a cecay ko pato- sokan a mikomoris, o sa- pipalatamdawaw to kapah ko sakakaay a patosokan no i tiraay a Pangcah. I tini i cepo’ no fadangaw hananay a sa’owac i sawalian no Kohkoh i, pasa- wali a mapiko ko likid no nanom. I tira a miteka mifalat a miketon to lotok no pa- sawali tangasa i cepo’ no nini a Tarawa- daw i pariyar. Adihay ko kahirahira no futing i nanom no tarawadaw, saka ka- olahan no pangcah a mifuting i tira. I tira saca i cepo’ no nini a tarawadaw misa- cepo’ a mifuting ko niyaro’ no Maku- taay. Anini sato, onini a Siwkulan ha- nanay a tarawadaw i, caayto ko pifu- tingan no Pangcah a cecay. O ka- olahan to no i cowacowaay a lafang a mikihadoy to tata’akay a dadangoyan nani tini i Kohkoh tangasa i cepo’. == Pi'arawan to lakaw == * 吳明義. (2011). Wikipedia 維基百科 族語詞條試寫─原住民族語詞條 2011 作品集. 教育部. qf2ajfv0x0pt3v8qeqrpgxk5uz27zy5 0 866 19678 19677 2021-10-28T12:36:18Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 2 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 19677 wikitext text/x-wiki == O tarawadaw no siwkulan (秀姑巒阿美) == I kongpo ko pitekaan no siwkulan , i kiwit ko cepo’ nira ta pasayra i riyar. nano kasopsopan no nanom no sa’owac, ta malasawa'eran no siwkulan hananay a tarawadaw o ka'edaw nira i 81 kilo masapikopiko ko karomakat no nanom. Nani timol ta pasa'amis ko 'alol nira, roma a nanom, kalidkid ko rakat. roma a nanom i masadafdaf ko lakelal ta malasasifo'ang ko sonol no likid no nanom. O malasasifo'ang no Yusan ato Taytung hananay a lotoklotokan ko siwkulan. I laloma’ no tarawadaw i adihay ko kahirahira no futing i nanom. Orasaka, kaolahan no masapangcahay a mifuting i tira. Malosaka'orip no pangcah ko kinaira no tarawadaw a futing. Nai 79 miheca misatapang to pikihadoyan a tamina, 'aloman ko nanicowacowaay a tamdamdaw tayra misalama. I tini Taywan, o satata'angay pisalamaan to tamina i tira kayakay no kohkoh ko pisatapangan tangasa i Canghong a kayakay ko pitolasan. Sa'osi han ko raay Maedeng 4 ko widi tedong i Kiwi ta pahanhann,caay ka nikaw to nanom, manga'ay to a samihecaan saan a misalama. == Pi'arawan to lakaw == * 林金輝. (2011). Wikipedia 維基百科 族語詞條試寫─原住民族語詞條 2011作品集. 教育部. 9rdrhub4t6bx131oitj3qdsu56vfins 0 867 38654 33929 2023-06-29T04:24:46Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38654 wikitext text/x-wiki I 2009 miheca’an, mo’tep a folad mapatireng to i [[Taypak]] ko taykako Yincominco. O pipasifana’an to sowal ato kimad kasafinacadan. [[Kasasiwasiw:Siwkulang 'Amis]] mdjupbawxblwifbisxwprhq3wh88jsq 0 868 33931 33930 2023-01-24T05:43:52Z Kwamikagami 348 Kwamikagami malinah to ko felih nani [[O teloc no riyar ato lotok---Pangcah]] tangasa i [[O teloc no riyar ato lotok—Pangcah]] 33930 wikitext text/x-wiki == O teloc no riyar ato lotok&mdash;Pangcah (山海子民&mdash;阿美族) == O riyar ato lotok, o ka’oripan no Pangcah. O malalokay a tamdaw ko Pangcah. I lawacay no riyar ko ’orip a tamdaw i, mafana’ko fa’inayan a micelem, mifoting, mipacing, mi’afar, ato misalol i laloma’no nanom. O fafahian sato i, micekiw, misadipit, midamay i lawalawacan no riyar. Caay ka talaw cangra to ’orad ato fali. I lotokay ko ’orip a tamdaw i, mafana’ ko fa’inayan a mi’adop. Adihay ko ’a’adopen itira, ira ko fafoy, o mangcel, o fohet, o malonem, o ’alem, ato miteker to masamaamaanay a ma^feray a ’ayam. O fafahian sato i, mafana’ a midateng. Ira ko masamaamaanay a dating i lotolotokan. Ira ko dongec, o da’ci, o sokoy, o pahko, o lokot ato tatokem. Itini i niyaro’, o safangcalay a kapah no Pangcah i, mafana’ay a mifoting, ato misaloma’. O limecedan a kaying i, malalok a matayal, mafana’a misacacak, ato inaneng a milosimet to laloma’ no loma’. O matiniay a malalokay a wawa no Pangcah ko kakahemekan no finawlan. == Pi'arawan to lakaw == * 吳明義. (2011). Wikipedia 維基百科 族語詞條試寫─原住民族語詞條 2011作品集. 教育部. [[Kasasiwasiw:Siwkulang 'Amis]] 3uewevntaopj6ug0i54uz69n5s8u656 0 869 39659 39658 2023-10-07T07:28:13Z Ｍayawtowid 44 39659 wikitext text/x-wiki == O ngangan no Olalip (屋拉力部落由來) == O ngangan no Olalip, ira ko tosa a sowal. skacecay, adihay ko mapalomaay a ra’ra’ itini sa ira ko matiniay a ngangan no niyaro’ , sakatosa i, o pialaan to nanom a pala sanay ko sowal no kimad no Pangcah. O kasangasaw to kasalaloma’ i Olalip a niyaro’ ora ma’araway a ngasaw i, ira ko sepat a mapanengnengay , o Pacidal, o Talakop, o Papiyan, o Kakopa, o Pacidal a ngasaw ko ka adihay. == O kasiikedan no niyaro’(部落特色) == Olilip a niyaro’, O-la-li (屋拉力) han ko sowal no Holam, i ilaloma'ay no Ruysuy-syang (瑞穗鄉 sowal no holam ) no Hualien-siyen (花蓮縣 sowal no holam ) a He-kang-Cun (鶴崗村) a niyaro’. === Kakaenen no romi'ami'ad no Olalip (部落日常美食) === Olilip a niyaro’, misi’ayaw to pala ato lotok, o kakaenen a dateng saheto itira i pala a miala. ano tayni a mipalafang to Olilip a niyaro’ i, adihay ko sapakaen no finawlan no ’Amis, ira ko titi, o siraw, o fadas, o dongec ato midateng to no pala a dateng. nika ano ira ko tadamaanay a romi’ad, mato misaloma’, pataloma’, kailisinan, pakelang ato mililafang caykaeca misahakhak anca misatoron malo hemay sapakaen. onini ko tadakakaenen no niyaro’ no’Amis. === Wirokan a niyaro’(柚子之鄉) === O wirok ko cingannganay i Olalip a niyaro’, so’elinay nga’ayay a kaenen. tadafangcalay ato awaay ko iyo a wirok. itini i Olalip a niyaro’, tangka'ay to tireng no nipalomaay nangra, oya ko sakacingangan ira. wata! kafangcal nengnengen ko taliyok no niyaro’ ato o maomahan, matatodong paloma to awaay ko iyo a dateng, o panay, o losay, o falinono, o da’eci ko pinaloma. == O nikalopisak no Olalip (人口分佈) == Itiniay i [[Ruisui]](瑞穗) Cen no Hualien(花蓮) ko [[Olalip]] a niyaro’, 179 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 506 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 72% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 364 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 28% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 142 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)69%, Paiwan(排灣族)1%, roma(其他)2%. Ira ko picodadan(原住民部落圖書資訊站) i niyaro’. == O finacadan no Yincomin (所屬阿美族群) == Itiniay i Ruysuy-syang (瑞穗鄉 sowal no holam ) no Hualien-siyen(花蓮縣sowal no holam) ko Kiwit a niyaro’, o tatapangan a niyaro’, ira ko [[Tafalong]], [[Fata'an|Fata’an]], Kiwit, mililis to tarawadaw no Siwkolang a siniyaro’, na itira i tarawadaw no Kalingko talatimol tangasa i Cilamitay, nawhani maemin paniyaro’ i lawac no Siwkolan a tarawadaw sa mapangangan to Siwkolan a ‘amis. ira ko Kiwit a niyaro’, [[Olaw]] a niyaro’, [[Olalip]] niyaro’, [[Kalala]] a niyaro’, [[Sapat]] a niyaro’, [[Atolan]] a niyaro’, [[Langas]] a niyaro’, [[Lacihakan]] a niyaro’ , [[Koyo]] a niyaro’ ato [[Morocan]] a niyaro, falo a niyaro' ko pipolongan. Ona niyaro’ a maemin i, caayay kalalecad ko rayray no lilengawan, o rakat no kafolaw, o taliyok no paniyaro’an ato kasasiroma no saka’orip, caayay kalecad ko ngarngar no serangawan. == O pitooran no finawlan (族人信仰) == O pitooran no finawlan no Olalip i, ira ko tosa a kinkay , o tingsikiw ato ciwlokiwkay i He-kang-cun(鶴崗村) , o He-kang ciwlokiwkay a tamdaw ko adihayay. pakayni sa’opo no kinkay,malosakarikec ato sakarakat no ’orip no Yincomin, ano iraay ko adada, o pades ato ira ko tatiihay a manmaan a demakan, maemin mitahidang to kiwkay mipadang. kalimelaan ko sowal no Kawas, to sakafana’ to ’orip no tamdaw. mapastek no Kawas i raraw ko tatiihay a tamdaw, o mamawanik ko ciraraway a tamdaw nai kasakapot no mocelay a tamdaw. == O kasadakan Tilid(參考文獻) == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 9lwa5e0q5jvoebb0x9puit4nvc1pklh 0 870 32567 32566 2022-10-06T10:07:28Z Ｍayawtowid 44 /* O finacadan no Yincomin (所屬阿美族群) */ #ALCD 32567 wikitext text/x-wiki == O ngangan no Olaw (梧繞部落由來) == O ngangan no O-law梧繞 ( sowal no Holam ), o Olaw han no mato’asay a mipangangan tonini a niyaro’, o naitiya:ayho a ngangan koni. awaay to ko fana’ no aniniay a tamdaw to piala tora Olaw hananay a ngangan. o matelangay a niyaro’ i laloma’ no Ruysuy-syang (瑞穗鄉 sowal no holam ), nawhan nengneng han tora lo:tok a cengel o kohetingay, orasaka ora Olaw hananay a sowal, todong han no ’Aims to ngangan to olaw. == O kasiikedan no niyaro’(部落特色) == O kasiikedan no niyaro’, o O-law 梧繞 han ko sowal no holam. pakayni i saka’orip o pala ko pinengnengan no niyaro ’, i ilaloma'ay no Ruysuy-syang (瑞穗鄉 sowal no holam ) no Hualien-siyen (花蓮縣 sowal no holam ), misi’ayaway a mililis to An-ye-si ’alo(安夜溪) ato Fu-yen 富源 ’alo , i tatihi no Fu-yen a cinamalay a syataw ko Olaw a riyaro’. '''o''' Ruysuy syataw ko mangataay to midakaw to cinamalay. === Talo’an no niyaro’(梧繞部落聚會所) === paytemek ira ko cecay a talo'an no niyaro’, o kasa’opoan no finawlan ano ira ko cara no niyaro’.o kakalimelaan a kasa'opoan to finawlan no niyaro' to milipahak a sera ko Talo’an, o roma sato, i polong no masamaanay no Pangcah i laloma’ no cecay a mihecaan, o satata’akay haw i, ya ilisin no kaloniyaro’ itiniay i faloay a folad, onini a piilisinan a romi’ad, o kaolahan no mihololay a tayra mikapot to acang no kaloniyaro’. mipalosiyan to nitayalan ato sakafangcal no kamaro’an, mala kasa’opoan no citanengay to nakamayan, o folis no rayray a losid ato misafaelohan to nikawitan a tatayalen, no serangawan a radiw ato kero i matini. == O nikalopisak no Olaw (人口分佈) == Itiniay i [[Ruisui]](瑞穗) Cen no Hualien(花蓮) ko [[Olaw]] a niyaro’, 125 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 397 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 85% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 339 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 15% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 58 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)83%, Bunun(布農族)1%, roma(其他)1%. Ira ko picodadan(鶴岡國小) i niyaro’. == O finacadan no Yincomin (所屬阿美族群) == O Siwkolan a ’amis han ko Olaw a niyaro' , na itira i tarawadaw no Kalingko talatimol tangasa i Cilamitay, nawhani maemin paniyaro’ i lawac no Siwkolan a tarawadaw sa mapangangan to Siwkolan a ‘amis. iraay to [[Kiwit]] a niyaro’, [[Olaw]] a niyaro’, [[Olalip]] niyaro’, [[Kalala]] a niyaro’, [[Sapat]] a niyaro’, [[Atolan]] a niyaro’, [[Langas]] a niyaro’, [[Lacihakan]] a niyaro’ , [[Koyo]] a niyaro’ ato [[Morocan]] a niyaro, [[falo]] a niyaro’ ko kasaniyaro’aro’ i Ruysuy-syang. i tiniay i sa’amisan ira ko Fo-yen, i satimolan ira ko [[Atolan]] a niyaro’. =Talo’an no niyaro’= paytemek ira ko cecay a talo'an no niyaro’, o kasa’opoan no finawlan ano ira ko cara no niyaro’.o kakalimelaan == O pitooran no finawlan (族人信仰) == O pitooran no finawlan i Olaw, o tatapangan a pitooran, ira ko tingsikiw ato ciwlokiwkay. ano iraay ko adada, o pades ato ira ko tatiihay a manmaan a demakan, maemin mitahidang to kiwkay mipadang. pakayni sa’opo no kinkay，malosakarikec sto sakarakat no ’orip no Yincomin, kalimelaan ko sowal no Kawas, to sakafana’ to ’orip no tamdaw. == O kasadakan Tilid(參考文獻) == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] f39e8gdvg8e9352uu0nkal41jz6qze0 0 871 30613 30447 2022-01-26T17:12:33Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q842]] 30613 wikitext text/x-wiki Oman（阿曼） [[Faylo:Flag of Oman.svg|thumb|Flag of Oman|alt=Flag of Oman]] [[Faylo:Oman on the globe (Afro-Eurasia centered).svg|thumb|Location of Oman in the Arabian Peninsula (Red)]] Itini i 21 00 N, 57 00 E, noAsiya ko [[Oman]]. Polong no sekalay i 309,500 sq km “saka 71 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 309,500 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 0 sq km ” Polong i 3,355,262 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 4.70%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 0%, malo no roma to a sera 95.30%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Muscat]](馬斯喀特) ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakacecay ko safaw 18 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Qaboos bin Said al Said]](卡布斯·本·賽義德·阿勒賽義德), patirengan(擔任) a romi’ad i 1970 a miheca(年) saka 7 folad(月) saka 23 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 0e5lq6zk9kxkfu4l2c8kx94mi2c4odk 0 872 44365 30614 2024-08-30T07:46:16Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 奧馬爾·巴席爾 / Omar al-Bashir, 2009 44365 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Omar al-Bashir, 12th AU Summit, 090202-N-0506A-137.jpg|縮圖|Omar al-Bashir, 2009|alt=Omar al-Bashir, 12th AU Summit, 090202-N-0506A-137.jpg]] I 1944 a miheca(年) saka 1 folad(月) saka 1 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci '''Omar al-Bashir'''(奧馬爾·巴席爾), malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Sudan]](蘇丹) anini i ci Omar al-Bashir, patirengan(擔任) a romi’ad i 1993 a miheca saka 10 folad saka 16 a romi’ad. == No papotalay a kakafit == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] jn75z0pg8qf1cza305teplekwuptptd 0 873 19840 19839 2021-10-28T12:36:38Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 35 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 19839 wikitext text/x-wiki == O ngangan no Onsing (溫泉部落由來) == O ngangan no Koyo han no ’Amis, tada adihay ko koyo i tokos saan no sowal to to’as. na i Wan-long-syang 萬榮鄉 ho ko aro’ nangra i ’ayaw ho. nawhani malooday na Ponong ko niyaro’ nangra , orasaka malinah satoko finawlan tonini a kapahay a pala. mamitao’ ho ko Dipong to Taywan i ti:yaho, ma’araw nangra to Onsing hananay a sapitanektek to tirengay a nanom. haratengen han nangra samaanen kona Onsing hani ? saka mitahidangay to finawlan no ’Amis a mipadang a misanga’ to Onsing a kinaira. saka mitahidangay to finawlan no ’Amis to mipadang ato misanga’ to Onsing hanaynay a . o mipadangay a tandaw o Atolanay a finawlan ko ka adihayay, sa masaniyaro to koyo i Dipongan. i ka’etip no Ruisui syataw ko Onsing a niyaro’, i kawili no Hong-ye ’alo, i satimol no Hoto 虎頭 a lotok. na itira i Ruisi 瑞西a niyaro’ , Ruisiang 瑞祥a niyaro’ i matini. == O kasiikedan no niyaro’(部落特色) == O Onsing a niyaro’ itini i kohokho no [[Ruisui]] syang 瑞穗鄉 no Hualien-Syen 花蓮縣 ko [[Olaw|Onsing]] a niyaro,ira ko nano Dipongan ho Fa’etay-Nanom itini, sa panganan han to Onsing,itini i, iraay ho a ma’osaw ko nipatirengan ho no Dipong a loma’, o Hongyie-Onsing (紅葉溫泉) hananay. Hon-ye a Onsing (紅葉溫泉), o koyo ko mapangngana i ’ayaw ho, Ku-le 古樂 a niyaro’ han no Rinpon a tamdaw, tada adihayay ko lokdaw tora pala sanay a sowal no likisi. onsing a niyaro’ o kamaro’an no ’Amis a tamdaw, ira ko fangcalay a rayray, a kimad ato kapahay a talo’an no niyaro’. mipalosiyan to nitayalan ato sakafangcal no kamaro’an, mala kasa’opoan no citanengay to nakamayan, o folis no rayray a losid ato misafaelohan to nikawitan a tatayalen, no serangawan a radiw ato kero i matini. === Hong-ye a onsing(紅葉溫泉) === O noising no Hualien-Syen 花蓮縣, ora ma’araway a noising i, ira ko tolo a noising itini , pakayni piceleman no onsing, o Ruysuy onsing, o Hon-ye onsing ato Antong onsing. 1991 mihecan a masanga' na Ripong to Hong-ye a onsing, I’ayaw no mihofoc, o sowal a cecay, pararir tayri i onsing no Hon-ye to tatiretiregan, midoedo toni a lekakawa no Taywan , ta mihofoc to fa’inayan a wawa saan ko sowal. == O nikalopisak no Onsing (人口分佈) == Itiniay i [[Ruisui]]-Syang(瑞穗鄉) Cen no Hualien-Syen(花蓮縣) ko [[Olaw|Onsing]] a niyaro’, 424 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 979 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 29% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 283 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)20%, Bunun(布農族)1%,Truku (太魯閣族) 1%, roma(其他)1%. == O finacadan no Yincomin (所屬阿美族群) == O Siwkolan a ’Amis hananay ko Onsing(溫泉) a niyaro’ , o Siwkolan a ’Amis han ko Onsing a niyaro’ , nano to’as ho kita o ’Amis na itiniay to i kalala’ed no matelengay i sifo no Taywan a lotok. Itiniay i sa’amisan ira ko Fo-ming a niyaro 富民村, i satimolan ira ko Olalip 屋拉力 a niyaro’. iraay to Kiwit a niyaro’, Olaw a niyaro’, Olalip niyaro’, Kalala a niyaro’, Sapat a niyaro’, Atolan a niyaro’, Langas a niyaro’, Lacihakan a niyaro’ , Koyo a niyaro’ ato Morocan a niyaro, falo a niyaro’ ko kasaniyaro’aro’ i Ruysuy-syang. == O pitooran no finawlan (族人信仰) == mamaan ca ko deamk no sapitolon ko niyaro’. pakayni sa’opo no kinkay，malosakarikec sto sakarakat no ’orip no Yincomin, ano iraay ko adada, o pades ato ira ko tatiihay a manmaan a demakan, maemin mitahidang to kiwkay mipadang. o pitooran ko finawlan no Onsing i, ora ma’araway a kiwkay i, ira ko tosa a kinkay , o tingsikiw ato ciwlokiwkay, o ciwlokiwkay a tamdaw ko ka adihay. == O kasadakan Tilid(參考文獻) == {{stub}} [[Faylo:Onsen in Nachikatsuura, Japan.jpg|thumb|100px|Onsing|left]] ''' Onsing Niryaro溫泉部落''' O Onsing a niyaro' itini i kohokho [[Faylo:Onsing Niyaro .jpg|thumb|Onsing a niyaro]] ttmzw9hhrurl8pp8d5l6n98f76hgjbi 0 874 38432 38428 2023-06-24T03:13:08Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38432 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ostorariya''' (澳大利亞) O ngangan nona kitakit ’i, Ostorariya ([[Ikiris sowal]]: ''Commonwealth of Australia''）ano ca. [[Faylo:Flag_of_Australia.svg|thumb|OHata no Awco (Flag of Australia)]] Australia; [[Holam a sowal]]:澳洲）. I satimolan riyar ko aro’ nona [[kitakit]], adihayay ko kanatanatal a misakapotay patireng to kitakit, o ’icel no mikowanay o kinpo ko pido’edoan. O Tatapangan a niyaro’ o Kyanpira, o satata’angay a niyaro’ o Sitoni, Sieli hananay no kaping a sowal. Ona kitakit toniniam ’i, caayay ka laliting to roma a [[karopaw]](陸地),o taliyok sahetoay o riyar, sa caay ko recep no pinangan no roma a kitakit, caay ka siwar no roma a finacadan ko nika’orip, yo sa’aloman sa to ko tata’angay a tamina nani Yoropa a tayni ta sa ’aloman sato ko mafana’ay to kairay nona palapalaan no [[Yincumin]]. I sa’ayaw ’i, o pipasonolan to ciraraway tamdaw, iikor ira ko pakaheraay to tada ’ekim, sano riri’ sato a masafelengaw a tayni ko kohecalay tamdaw a mili’ekim, ititi to a ma’eco ko kamaro’an no itinitiniay aca a maro’ a Yincumin. == Rikisi(歷史) == === '''I ka’ayaway no kairaan no tamdaw a rikisi (史前史)''' === Ma’edeng i’ayaw no 5 ofad komiheca, ila’enoay ho no sera to cecay a so’ot ko raya’ ko riyar, sa malalitingay ho ato Niukiniya, Sumatora ato Tasmaniya a kanatal, o kalala’ed ato Aciya a ta’eman riyar madihocay ho, sa lahodayay ho ko rakat no tamina. O Yincumin''(indigenous people)'' no i lawacay a pala ma’edengay ho a milakec a tayni i Ostorariya. I 2014 miheca mahera ko samatelangay a malafokelohay to a ’okak, hinamen ’i, i’ayaway no 4 ofad ira ko tosa apatek ko kaliteng nona ci Munkoman hananay ko pangangan a fainayan a tamdaw sanany ko piketon to sowal no mikakinkiway. [[Faylo:Mungo_Man.jpg|thumb|I'ayaw no 4 ofad a miheca malafokelohay to okak no Mungo tamdaw]] Onini to ko hawacay o rikisi no Ostorariya ’i, o dengan ono Yincumin a rikisi sanay to ko kaketon no sowal. O hawacay tonini ’i, o naikoran no paloma’an, okak no tamdaw, o mikunisan a maamaan, sa adihay ko kitod pakayni to ‘orip no Ostotatiya Yincumin. O sowal no samato’asay no Yincumin no Ostorariya o Kukaprak''(Kukabrak)''[1]finacadan o pana’ ato micideman ko ka’ayaw a tamina ko sapilood I ‘ayaw no 11,000 miheca tahiniay to pahicera I Ostorariya ato satimalan Amirika, mataliyokay to ckiw(地球) sanay ko sowal.[2] To ikor to sa’aloman sato ko tayniay a mihahinahinamay to maamaan a tamdaw no Yoropa, ma’eco to ko kaitiraan no kina’orip, o tata’angay a a’adopen,tata’angay ma’eferay ‘ayam, o komaenay to a’adopen a kangkaro(kangaroo袋鼠), o limaay laya’ ko kato’edaw a kaloda’ay,matiya o mamangay a tosya a rarokoh, ano sa’osien ma’edeng ira ko 60 ko kasasiromaroma no kina’orip ko malahedaway.[3] O pakimad no Yincumin no Ostorariya’i, i’ayaw no 13,000 miheca fahal sanay a malahedaw ko ciso’edaay a sera ato palapalaan sanay, oya malakitingay ho Ostorariya ato Tasmaniya kanatal madawdaw to no riyar, sa ira to koya Pasu riyaran ta’eman. O pakongko no Yincumin ya malahedaw ko so’eda, fa’edet to ko romi’ad ta macakat ko riyar matahepo ko pala o foting nani kafekang a matefad, ira ho ko cunami(海嘯) ko midawdaway to sera, orasaka, masa’iked ko Tasmaniya a kanatal, o maro’ay itini a Yincumin ma’osaw to a masi’iked, oni ko kalahedaw no maro’ay i saowac no Pasu riyaran ta’eman ato i Kankarruay kanatl a Yincumin i’ayaw no 9,000 miheca. === '''Tayni ko Yoropa a tamdaw(歐洲白人到來)''' === [[Faylo:Australian_states_history.gif|thumb|Australian states history]] Naka awaan no so’eda ’i, macakat ko riyar sa tata’ang ko tapelik, i 16sici a cicu no nitahepoan no kakarayan pangangan sa to Ostorariya o ''Terra Australis Incognita'' hananay,「awaay ho ko kafanafana’an a pala i satimolan」sanay ko tatodong nona sowal. 1606 miheca, sa’ayaway a macakat tona pala a Yoropa tamdaw o Olanta a tamdaw ci Oiliyam Yancyon ''(Willem Janszoon).''1770 miheca o Sokolan a tamdaw ci Cimos Kuku itira i Sitoni a macakat, nengneng han nira o tada makapahay a pala itini, sa namacakat tangsol sa a pakido a milekal to ono niyam a pala konini saan, itini to ko pisatapang no kohecalay tamdaw a tayni mafolaw a paloma’ misaoamah, ona pala ’i, pangangan han tono Ikiris a ngangan to 「Niw Saos Oyrusu」(ona ngangan ’i,o fa’elohay a satimolan Oyrusu, nawhani, itira i Ikiris iraay ko Oyrusu hananay a sakowan). 1788 miheca, satapang ko pikowan no Ikiris ton apala, i sa’aya’ayaw ho ’i, o pirofoan to maparitay no Ikiris, oya sa’ayaway a nipataynian a maparitay ’i, 1030 ko tamdaw, i laloma’ nonini 736 ko maparitay(586 ko fainayan, 242 ko fafahiyan),o osaw ’i,sahetoay o pakoyoc a tamdaw, o pifalah to a taynien. 10791 miheca 1017 ko maparitay a taynien, caho ka pahicera itini tona pala 281 tamdaw ko mapatayay i fatad no riyar, nikawrira, cango’oten to kakaenen tona sakowan, hai han to no Ikiris sifo ko kalotamdaw a tayni mafolaw a maomah. Naka taynian no kohecalay tamdaw ton apala, o tasaraman han ko Yincumin a mi’adop a mipatay, corcoren ho sifo a mipapatay ko Yincumin, sa itira i Tasmaniya a kanatal lowan sanay to ko Yincumin.Tahira to i 1830 miheca, awaay to ko ’osaw no caay ka ciramram to remes no Yincumin no Tasmaniya kanatal. O pilood to kohetingay tamdaw hananay a pangangan ko nini. 1851 miheca satapang ko nani Yoropaay ato nani Ciwkoku a tamdaw a mafolaw tayni a mamatayal nona kitakit, i 1950miheca sa’osien ko polong to nani cowacowaay a  tamdaw itini ’i,200 ofad, ’odeng ko Holam aca ko sa’osien ’i, toloay ofad, wa sa’adihay ‘adihay a sa matongal ko Holan tamdaw sa a lacemcem ko kohecalay tamdaw, satapang to a milaplap, o kohecalay tamdaw ko kakakaenen saan.[4] === '''Ikor no Pisiiked-Niyahpikowan(獨立後)''' === I 1901 miheca mapalasawad ko pikowan no Ikiris siiked sato Niyahpikowan, nikawrira, sahetoay o teloc no Ikiris ko tatapangan a mafolaw a tayni, caay ka pisawad to o Honti niyam ko Ikiris a honti saan, oraka, i sakacecay a lalood no nitahepoan no kakarayan malakapot ko Ostorariya ato Niwcila(ANZAC), cacamol sa to sofitay no Ikiris ato Fransu milood to Osman hontian kitakit. [[Faylo:French_people_-_mosaic.PNG|thumb|Ankuro Sakusong tamdaw (French people - mosaic)]] Ikor to no lalood ’i, mala’afaw ko Sitoni niyaro’ ato Mirporon to saka malatatpangan a niyaro’ no kitakit, cakafilo kona tosa a niyaro’ awaway ko misododay, ora to ko sanga’ han i sifo’ nona taos a niyaro’ ko fa’elohay a halatatapangan niyaro’ no kitakit oya Kiyanpira a niyaro’.[5]   Na malaheci ko sakatosa a lalood no nitahepoan no kakarayan, wataay ko kalowan no tamdaw, o kohecalay sa tamdaw ’i, mana’ay to a maro’ itini, malowan to ko malinahay a tayni nani Yoropa. Orasaka, i 1980 miheca sawaden to koya o ikakaay ko kohecalay tamdaw sanay a demak, mitahidang to icowacowaay a tamdaw a tayni mafolaw, oya「kasasiromaroma a punka a demak」hananay.(多元文化) Nikawrira, ano masamaamaan to ko nika raay ato Yoropa ato Amirika, ano masamaamaan to ko nika ’aloman no roma a finacadan a mafolaw a tayni,cowa ka tawal ko cecaay ko keton no pona sanay a harateng, malecaday ko remes o Ankuro Sakusong Finacadan''(Anglo-Saxons,onini 'i, o Ikiris,Amirika, Kanata, Ostorariya ato Niwcila a kohecalay tamdaw koni toro'an)[6]'' kita sanay afaloco’ nangra a misakakinih to roma a finacadan. Nikawria, caay ka matiya o saka’amis pecih no cikiw aYoropa ko wayway nangra ano roma, patinako han yo mihapinang to ‘icel no kinsipakotan(核試)ko Frasu i satimolan no Taypinyang i ngata no Ostorariya ato Niwcilan ’i, caay to kafilo ko kaci’icel nona tosa a kitakit a mihantay tona mihapinang to ‘icel no kinsipakotan saany a demak no Fransu,o kalotamdaw ’i,mana’ay a micakay to dafong no Fransu, i tata’angay a niyaro’ ’i, mapala’idef ko patiyamay no Fransu. == '''Palapalan(地理)''' == O Ostoriya a kitakit ’i, mahaop ko Ostoriya karapow, Tasmaniya Kanatal ato mamangay akanatanatal. O laletlet ’akawang no sera nani riyar ’i, 340 laya’ i polong no cikiw a karopaw o sapo’eneray,nikawrira, o dadahal no 200~500 laya’ a sera mahaop ko 42%, o kasahefohefong no sera caay ka kakahad, o masasiromaay i nitahepoaan no kakarayan. [[Faylo:Flock_of_sheep.jpg|thumb|O siri (Flock of sheep)]] I sakawali ’i, o katelang a tokotokosan, tahira i Kociosko''(Kosciuszko)''120 km ko ka nayar nona tokos. I sawalian a pala ’i, matatodongay ko fa’edet ono riyariyaran a kakarayan, o nga’ayay a kamaro’an no tamdaw ko romi’ad itini sa adhihay a masaoppo ko maro’ay itini a tamdaw, itiniay ko satata’ay a niyaro’ Sitoni. I sa’etip a pala ’i, o masadangahay a pala, adihay ko pakaenay to siri itini, o tefong ko hananom no losay ato ’a’adopen. I ka’etip nonini pala ’i, o tadakakahaday a tafotafokan sa pangangan han to 「tata’angay tafotafokan」''(Great Sandy Desert）''’edengan o Pasu niyaro’ cecay heca ko nga’ayay ‘aroen no tamdaw, i lawac to nonini niyaro’ away to ko tamdaw a maro’,nawhani o sera itini ’i, caayay ka o cihenekay sota’, cowa ka tatodong a mipaloma to hakaka’enen no tamdaw a losay. Ano pakakafekangen pasila’eno a minengneng ’i, o ’edef no kitakit no Ostorariya sakohera sahetoay o tafotafokan ato lakelal, sa itini i lilis no riyar ko ’alomanay tamdaw a maro’.   I saka’amis no Ostorariya a sakowan Nostiritoly ''(Northern Territory)''’enemay ko misanga’an no kitakit a pisalamaan no lafang a koin(國家公園): [[Faylo:Ayers_Rock_by_CK.jpg|thumb|Ururu Ongcoy(Ayers Rock by CK)]] 1.    Animolanto kitakitan koin ''(Arnhem Land)'' 2.    Ururu=Kataciwta kitakitan koin''(Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park)'' 3.    Kakato kitakitan koin''（Kakadu National Park）'' 4.    Kata Ciwta kitakitan koin''（Kata Tjuṯa, Kata Tjuta）'' 5.    Tanami Tafotafokan''(Tanami Desert)'' 6.    Nitomiruku kitakitan koin ''(Nitmiluk National Park)'' == '''’A’adopen ato kilakilanga(動植物)''' == Nano to’asan itini i Ostorariya adihay ko kinahirahira no ’a’adopen,oya cialofoay I tiyad a Kowara''（Phascolarctos cinereus）,''o [[Faylo:Platypus.jpg|thumb|Kamonohasi(Platypus)]] ''(Possum);'' ira ho ko cifita’olay,misofocan ko wawa a palahad a sanomaymayay a Kamonohasi''（鴨嘴、Ornithorhynchus anatinus）'', o cicekay ko tatirengan a Harimokura''(Tachyglossus aculeatus),''ato tata’angay ‘ayam, no matini ko kasasiroma no ’a’adopen a sa to kita, nawhani,tada maraay ko kapisiked to roma a karopaw, o romi’ad ato kakarayan cilacila mafalic, onini ko kacidekan no palaoalaan a kinahirahira. == '''Rawraw a ’Inorong no Taliyokan(環境問題)''' == O polong no pala no Ostorariya mahaop ko 40% a palapalan caay ko nga’ay a aro’aen no tamdaw, nawhani, tolo ko ’inorong nona kitakit: sakacecay ’i, o kacaay ko cihenekan ko sera, sakatosa ’i, mapakahecid no riyar ko taliyok, sakatolo’i, ko’edaw ko kakedal no romi’ad sa manikaw to nanom. Orasaka, tatiihay saomahen caay ka lomahad ko maamaan a losay ayo pinaloma, yo caay ko cihenekan ko sera sa nani ’aloay a nanom caay ka ko ci’afoay, tahirahira i riyar ko na namon awaay ko malokakaenen no kina’orip no riyar, orasaka o foting to manikaway.[7] Matongal ho no kafa’edet no romi’ad tona pinapina mihecaan, ngalef sa masiwar tara tatiih ko liomah, pipaken to ’a’adopen, mirecep ko katatiih no ‘orip no tamdaw. [[Faylo:Vulpes_vulpes_sitting.jpg|thumb|Oles(Vulpes vulpes sitting)]] Yo katahaynian ho no Yoropa a tamdaw mafolaw tayni o rakota ko sapipamatang to tafotafokan,o takoril ato oles ko mi’a’adopan, o sapilaplap to kurafaw i tefotefosan, alaen ngangra nani papotal ko Tata’akay Takora’ ''(Rhinella marina)'' ato fafoy''(Wild boar),''o nipakaenan ho i sarakarakat, to ikor to’i,ca to ka lingwaen palesap han to mala no palapalan to a takora’ ato fafoy.[8] Matenak to ’i, away to ko pakafiloay ta mi’eco to kamaro’an to itinitiniay a kina’orip, makari’ang to ko maamaan a pinaloma, onini to ko sakatatiih no taliyokan pala. == '''Sici(政治)''' == O sici no Ostorariya kitakit ’i,o Hintian ato Masakapotay Sakowan Kitakit, o kinpo ko dado’edo’en no mikowanay a tamdaw, o tapang no kitakit ’i, o Honti ano ca Fafahiyan Honti no Ikiris, o Sotok (總督) no Ostorariya ko niocoran a papikomad to demak no kitakit, orasak o tayal no Sotok ’i, saheto sanay to sapa’araw aca a lisin. Nikawrira,1975 mihwca malala’is ko Fafa’eday ato La’enay a Lipoin, ca sanay to ka pihai to sakadademak payso a yosan, itini to a dademak ko Sotok a mipalasawad to tayal no kiing,o tapang no sifo ci Yitowato Kofo Oyliyam(Edward Gough Whitlam)mapapisawad to tayal ngingra, oya to ko karawraw no kitakit. Oroma sato,ira ko milekalay to sapipatirengaw to no Finawlan a Kapolongan Kitakit sanay a tamdaw, ona pilekal ’i,o sapisiikedaw nani pikowan no Ikiris, o sapihaiaw toni ’i, mitopa ko polong no kalotamdaw nga’ malaheci a patirng ko Finawlan a Kapolongan Kitakit, nikawrira, kinapinapina a samisimisi sa ko ka’edeng no satopa a caay ka laheci. 2016 miheca, o tapang no sifo ci Malokomu Pulay Tanpol''(Malcolm Bligh Turnbull)'' o sapipatirengaw to Finawlan a Kapolongan Kitakit todongay o sapipa’oripaw to tamdaw no Ostorariya, han nira a milekal ko tamtamdaw no Ostorariya. Nikawrira, o patesokan a sowal ’i, misawad to kona aniniay a Fafahiyan Hinti nga’ itiya han to a patireng.[9] == '''Pikaykian no kitakit(國會)''' == Tosaay ko misanga’ay to rikec no kitakit a pikaykian, o Fafa’eday Pikaykian ato Kararemay Pikaykian, ona tosa a pikaykian ’i, malecaday ko sapikowan a ’icel, nikawrira, o misanga’ay to rikec to sapitayal a payso ’i, ’edeng o Kararemay Pikaykian ko cisapikowanan a ’icel. O kalosinkiw ’i, 18 ko mihecaan nga’ mihaian a mitopa to mamalakiin, o kiin no i Fafa’eday Pikaykian ’i, 6 ko mihecan ko kalakiin, nikawrira, malakinatolo ko mihecaan mifalic to kalaitosa a kiin. O tamdaw no kiin ’i, kalosakowan ala 12 ko tamdaw malakiin, o syoto ato sa’amisan sakowan ’i, ala tosa ko tamdaw malakiin, polong han 76 ko kiin. O kiin no i Kararemay Pikaykian ’i, 3 ko mihecan ko kalakiin, o kaloniyaro’ a tamdaw ko mitopaay, 150 ko polong no kiin. O ’isal no tang ’i, ira ko Matayalay Tang, ira ko Naifalo’ay Tang, ira ko Naifalo’ay a Finaolan Tang ato Kokumin Tang. O citodongay to tayal a tapang no sifo ’i, nipili’an nani Kararemay Pikaykian a kiin. Malalenay ko sapikowan a ’icel no Fafa’eday Pikaykian ato Kararemay Pikaykian, ano masasingasif ko tayal ona tosa a pikaykian, caka pisodod ko cima terep hato sasaan ko polong a tayal no kitakit ’i, palasawad hananay ko kalakiin nona tosa a pikaykian, misafa’eloh a misinkiw. O masanga’ay a rikec no Kararemay Pikaykian patayraen ho i Fafa’eday Pikaykian a miliyaw a masasowal, haien tono Fafa’eday Pikaykian ta laheci sanay ko cecay a rikec no kitakit, ano mana’ay no Fafa’eday Pikaykian, matatoker kona tosa a pikaykian caay ka pisodod ko icowaay ’i, matiya to a mapalasawad ko kalakiin nona tosa a pikaykian amisafa’eloh ho a misinkiw. Nikawrira, ira ho ko halalan to sapisongila’aw to demak, matateko kona tosa a pikaykian a masasowal amipalaheci to demak ta caay to ka mapalasawad ko kalakiin. == '''Finacadan(民族)''' == O teloc no Yoropa a kahecalay tamdaw mahaopay ko 80%, o roma sa ’i, o Aciya tamdaw mahaop ko 12%, Aporicini(o Yincumin no Ostorariya) mahaop ko 2% aca. O mafolaway a tayni a tamdaw ’i, mahaop ko 2%, o nani Ikiris, Niwcilan,Congko, Indo, Itariya ato Pitonam. 1975 miheca masanga’ ko「Rikec no Aka Pisakakinih to Tamdaw」, yo ca ho kasanga’ kona rikec ’i, mi’efecan ko roma a kitakit a tamdaw mafolaw a tayni. == '''Sowal (語言)''' == O kapolongan sowal ’i, o Ikiris, nikawrira, caay ka lalen sa malecad to no Ikiris sowal, sa pangangan han to Ostorariya Ikiris Sowal''(Aussie English).'' Aloman ko nai cowacoway mafolaway a tayni tona kitakit, oya teloc to nona mafolaway ’i, i loma no niyah o kasofocan kitakit a sowal ko kahasasowal, patinako han, o somowalay to congko a sowal nahaop ko 2.1%,Itariya sowal 1.6%, ira ho ko romaroma o caay ka hakowa ko tamdaw asowal. O sowal no Yincumin(Aporicini ato Tasmaniya sowal) itiya toya pikowanan no Yoropa tamdaw adihay ko mapalasawaday sowal, anini o karacemceman to ko kala’eto a malasawad. O sowal no Aporicini ma’edeng ira ko 200 ko sowal sanay, anini caay to kahakowa ko ma’osaway. O sowal no itiraay i Tasmaniya a Yincumin ’i, cisafaway to tolo ko kasasiroma no finacadan itini,nikawrira, i 1905 miheca malahedaway to kona sowal, onini o mapatayay to a sowal. == '''Pitooran (宗教)''' == O mitooray ci Yisoan ko alomanay, i 2006miheca a sa’osi( o i lalomaay no () ’i,ono 2001 miheca [[Faylo:SaintMarys_CathedralSydney.jpg|thumb|Fangcalay Malis Kyokai''(SaintMarys CathedralSydney)'']] ) o Tisikiw 25.8%(26.6%), o Sinkonhui(聖公會) 18.7%（20.7%）, polongen ko roma a pitooran mahaopay to ko 64%. O caayay ko mitooray ci Yisoan a pitooran ma’edeng 5% aca ko tamdaw. Ira ko pisa’osi cecay alipay kinacecay a tarakyokai sanany a tamdaw mihaop to 7.5%. Ono Yincumin Aporicini a pitooran 'i, ma'osaway ho kono to'asan a salisin ato wayway,itini i niyahpikowanan no Aporicini to mihecahecan midemakay ho tono to'asan a kisin ato pingodo to to'as. == '''Punka(文化)''' == O nani Ikirisay a mafolaw tayni ko sa’ayaway a nani [[Faylo:Espresso_and_napolitains.jpg|thumb|Misaocia''(Espresso and napolitains)'']] Yoropaay tamdaw, orasaka,tada mirecepay ko punka no Ikiris itini tona kitakit i ’orip no kalotamdaw,namikowanay to Indo ko Ikiris itiya ho,sa halafin to a mananam a misaocia(紅茶文化), iikor tono kalahecian no sakatosa nitahepoan no kakarayan a lalood, aloman to mafolaw a tayni ko Itariya a tamdaw, mapatenak nangra ko pinanom to marari’ecay a ocia.[10] Iro matini sato samatiya sato to pinanom to kofi ko katenak no ocia. === '''Rocokan no punka (文化遺産)''' === O Tadamaanay a rocokan no punka pasadaken ho itira i Lihoko, o citodongay to mamihapinang a pawacay ’i,o YUNISUKO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and [[Faylo:Sydney_Opera_House_Close_up_HDR_Sydney_Australia.jpg|thumb|Karomadiwan Roma ''(Sydney Opera House Close up HDR Sydney Australia)'']] Cultural Organization, UNESCO), malaheci to a mipawacay ’i,pangangan hananay to o rocok no nitahepoan no kakarayan a punka konini sato a mopatesok to tilid. Ititni i Ostoraiya tolo ko rocok no punka: 1.    Hotian pitelian to dafong ato Karorong potal''(Royal Exhibition Building and Carlton Gardens).'' 2.    Sitoni karomadiwan roma''（Sydney Opera House）.'' 3.    Nalacolan no pipalitan''(Australian Convict Sites)'' 4.    Cim no punkaan pisaramaan''(Budj Bim National Park).'' == '''kasaniyaro'aro' Sakowan(地方自治)''' == O sakowan no Ostorariya ’enemay, tosa ko mamalasakowan. Ono sakowan a tapang ’i, o kakeridan hananay a mitahidang, o tapang no sifo ’i, syusyo hananay a mitahidang, matiya o yincang no sincinyin no Taywan. Cisakowan ko syusyo a mipili’ to malotapang no citodongay to tayal ta masakapot a matayal. Pakaynien i rikis no Ostorariya a minengneng o kalosakowan a niyaro’ awaay ko pakangaiay to niyahpikowan a ’icel, citodongay to demak no kiwiku to, paisingan to, o lalan to ato tayhin. O kalosakowan iraay kono teked a rikec no niyahpikowan''(local government act).''onini ko paranaan no kaloniyaro’ a niyahpikowan.''(local government)'' ano nga’ay ko kalafiyaw no niyahpikowan,malakapotay a malatata’angay a sakowan.''( gegional council)'' So’osi i 2006 miheca sakasepat folad, ira ko 656 ko niyaro’an a niyahpikowan:[11] 2006 miheca sakasepat folad a misa'osian a 'sosi no sakowan ato niyaro'an niyahpikowan: {| class="wikitable" |'''sakowan''' |'''’isal no niyaro’an a niyahpikowan''' |- |Niw Saos Oylosu ''(New South Wales)'' |151 |- |Pikutoriya ''(Victoria)'' |78 |- |Kuinslan''(Queensland)'' |124 |- |Saka’etipay sakowan''(Western Australia)'' |141 |- |Sakatimolay sakowan''(South Australia)'' |68 |- |Tasmaniya(Tasmania) |29 |- |Ka’amisay sakowan''(Northern Territory)'' |65 |- |Saikeday sakowan no syoto ''(Australian Capital Territory,ACT)'' |6 |} == Tahapinangan Tilid (註腳) == [1] Berndt, Berndt & Stanton 1993, p. 21. [2] “オーストラリアで発見された象形文字は歴史を書き換えることができます”. Afrikhepri (2019年). 2019年6月8日閲覧。Gosford Glyphs 1.m4v. [3] Encyclopedia of Australian Wildlife, Steve Parish Publishing, p.120-123, <nowiki>ISBN 9781740212441</nowiki>。Australian Museum. “Megafauna extinction theories - patterns of extinction”. 2010年4月23日閲覧。 [4] 鈴木 清史 (2010年). “オーストラリアの戸惑い : 2つの巨大貿易国のはざまで (日本とアジアの相互の照射   (PDF)”. 静岡大学人文学部アジア研究センター. 2020年12月17日閲覧。 [5] “オーストラリアの首都機能移転”. 国土交通省. 2020年6月11日閲覧。 ''[6]'' アングロサクソン人とは？歴史・年表まとめ【特徴から名前の由来、文明、文化まで紹介】o [7] ジャレド・ダイアモンド『文明崩壊』13章「搾取されるオーストラリア」（草思社2005） [8]豚を野に放すとイノシシになる？サイボクハムぶた博物館　2月23日閲覧 [9] 豪で君主制廃止論再燃？ 首相「女王退位後に共和制移行を」 AFPBB News(2016年12月19日)2020年2月23日閲覧。 [10] 守屋太郎 (2014年7月3日). “スターバックスがオーストラリアから撤退する理由”. 2020年12月30日閲覧。 [11] 『THE AUSTRALIAN LOCAL GOVERNMENT GUIDE APRIL 2006』より。 [[Category:Ta’akay-riyar a karopaw]] [[Category:Kitakit]] [[Category:Awto]] 0230yz2rlof5agpp7u7v59cjvfqt03f 0 875 19869 19868 2021-10-28T12:36:45Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 5 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 19868 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} [[Faylo:SUZUKI STRATOSPHERE.jpg|150px|thumb|[[SUZUKI]] STRAT OSPHERE Otofay]] g9yvq0krj0dxkclkd7kzfzgfxyj9g4x 0 876 19896 19895 2021-10-28T12:36:48Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 26 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 19895 wikitext text/x-wiki Pa'anifong（巴阿尼豐部落） Itiniay i [[Donghe]](東河) Cen no Taitung(台東) ko [[Pa'anifong]] a niyaro’, 511 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 1,057 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 42% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 446 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 58% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 611 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)40%, Bunun(布農族)1%, roma(其他)1%. Ira ko picodadan(興隆國小、興隆國小附幼) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] p3vtpq258976luhvbjv0wn4mk9xb94c 0 877 19921 19920 2021-10-28T12:36:50Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 24 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 19920 wikitext text/x-wiki Pabuisan（北星部落） Itiniay i [[Xincheng]](新城) Cen no Hualien(花蓮) ko [[Pabuisan]] a niyaro’, 140 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 377 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 46% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 175 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 54% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 202 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)17%, 撒奇拉雅族1%, Bunun(布農族)2%, Tayal(泰雅族)1%, Truku(太魯閣族)8%, Paiwan1%, roma1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 8771gakcpa0lzu7q5vqfdt6i7wl585l 0 878 19947 19946 2021-10-28T12:36:53Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 25 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 19946 wikitext text/x-wiki Pacavalj（大鳥部落） Itiniay i [[Dawu]](大武) Cen no Taitung(台東) ko [[Pacavalj]] a niyaro’, 467 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 1,217 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 97% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 1,180 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 3% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 37 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Paiwan(排灣族)93%, Amis(阿美族)3%, Puyuma(卑南族)1%. Ira ko picodadan(大烏國小、大烏國小附幼) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(大烏村辦公室) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 1mz0pzu77x38fagq9rqqsmogdr9j3mo 0 879 19973 19972 2021-10-28T12:36:56Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 25 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 19972 wikitext text/x-wiki Pacidal（華陽部落） Itiniay i [[Xincheng]](新城) Cen no Hualien(花蓮) ko [[Pacidal]] a niyaro’, 161 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 398 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 72% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 285 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 28% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 113 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)52%, 撒奇拉雅族1%, Bunun(布農族)5%, Tayal(泰雅族)1%, Truku(太魯閣族)9%, roma(其他)3%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] ght7m4joxiovvxp5esjtet6avs2cksl 0 880 19997 19996 2021-10-28T12:36:59Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 23 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 19996 wikitext text/x-wiki Pacuya（巴族耶部落） Itiniay i [[Fuli]](富里) Cen no Hualien(花蓮) ko [[Pacuya]] a niyaro’, 33 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 101 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 56% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 57 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 44% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 44 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)36%, Bunun(布農族)19%, roma(其他)2%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] rc88cqx75bpodfw3lppmw9z681njo7t 0 881 20022 20021 2021-10-28T12:37:02Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 24 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 20021 wikitext text/x-wiki Padrangigrang（溫泉部落） Itiniay i [[Taimali]](太麻里) Cen no Taitung(台東) ko [[Padrangigrang]] a niyaro’, 108 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 318 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 96% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 304 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 4% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 14 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Paiwan(排灣族)92%, Bunun(布農族)2%, Amis(阿美族)1%, Tayal(泰雅族)1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] jrnu8b7disc9t7pugyaw544ysosikz5 0 882 30127 20027 2022-01-06T22:54:07Z UrbanecmBot 380 Bot: Cleaning up old interwiki links 30127 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} [[Faylo:Starr_030807-8009_Diplazium_esculentum.jpg|thumb|Pahko^|left|100px]] <!--Interwikis--> ekuki580gpr0jjdl9u8oq7zd3dw1rr1 0 883 20050 20049 2021-10-28T12:37:07Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 22 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 20049 wikitext text/x-wiki Pailasan（八伊拉善部落） Itiniay i [[Luye]](鹿野) Cen no Taitung(台東) ko [[Pailasan]] a niyaro’, 31 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 89 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 83% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 74 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 17% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 15 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)73%, roma(其他)10%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 2b2gaten78y4fxj9lrr90j9752hshx1 0 884 20054 20053 2021-10-28T12:37:09Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 3 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 20053 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} [[Faylo:Skolni penal.jpg|thumb|right|100px|Paimpican]] 9yq6qe9mre3glb0znvb3sxg02zliwtj 0 885 30128 20058 2022-01-06T22:54:09Z UrbanecmBot 380 Bot: Cleaning up old interwiki links 30128 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} [[Faylo:Hospital.png|thumb|150px|left|Paisingan]] nrw1g9jvjv1h8lbiomodyz6gfc0j248 0 886 20085 20084 2021-10-28T12:37:14Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 26 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 20084 wikitext text/x-wiki Pakala’ac（瑞興部落） O masadafdafay kakahad ko pala' no Pakala'ac adihay ko tayniay misalama' a lafang. Itiniay i [[Luye]](鹿野) Cen no Taitung(台東) ko [[Pakala’ac]] a niyaro’, 176 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 468 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 68% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 318 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 32% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 150 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)64%, Bunun(布農族)1%, roma(其他)3%. Ira ko picodadan(瑞源國中) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(瑞和村衛生室) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 7ggng5nxp40d485icp3b93fswivvnid 0 887 20113 20112 2021-10-28T12:37:18Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 27 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 20112 wikitext text/x-wiki == Pangangan 南竹湖名稱由來 == O kara'ac han ko pangangan toya kalang, itiya o kakitaan no ''南竹湖''，o sa'ayaway mala kakitaan, sa ci ngangan sa , ci Kalitang alac ko ngangan nira, o no kalang ato no tamdaw a ngangan,patateko han micamol ko tilid, malo ngangan to no niyaro, sa tahnini, pakara'ac han to ko nganganｐno ''南竹湖''。 == Tahapinangan 特色 == Pakara'ac hananay a niyaro' i katimol no Kakacawan a niyaro'.o 'Amis a finacadan. I tiya ho, o kimad no mato'as a no misalisin pacakat, anca mitahidang to adingo no to'as, cakanca mipaka'en talalotok midateng,sa tala'alo mikesi', mikalangay to kohecalay a kalang, i lawac no 'alo ato senasena'an, ira ko kohecalay a kalang o kara'acay ko ngangan ona kalang, sa pangangan han no 'Amis to pakara'ac han koya niyaro' itini. == Tamdaw 人口 == Itiniay i [[Changbin]](長濱) Cen no Taitung(台東) ko [[Pakara'ac]] a niyaro’, 156 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 444 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 91% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 403 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 9% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 41 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)87%, roma(其他)3%. == Pitooran 信仰 == == O finacadan no Yincomi 所屬阿美族群 == == O kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] k6a7q6wccecjqnafl628s11dojw4y11 0 888 38680 20124 2023-06-29T04:44:06Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38680 wikitext text/x-wiki Pakasaw ([[kuwaping a sowal]]: '''成年禮前集訓''') O pakasaw hananay i sa’amisana kasa’etal no ‘Amis i, oya mamiselal a pakarongay(年齡階級最低的少年組成員), pakonglinen no kafafaw a selal ko mira i papotal no niyaro’, maedeng cecay a lipay(一週時間) anca mo^tep a romi’ad. O nikonglinan i, ira ko ipapotalay a miki’orip, mi’adop, ;odot, radiw, lisin, kero, mikasoy(砍木柴), misaloma’(建房子), misanga’ to lalan(舖路), paamekang......o maamaaan a saki’orip a tayalan. Tona pikonglinan a romi’ad i, sapoeneren ko faloco’ a minanam, milicay to kafokilan. Cowa kanga’ay a miala to kakaenen nai loma’ a tayra tora pikonglinan, o nikaenan naira i, saheto o nialaan i omaomahan, ngosngos hananay anca tangtangan to hasapaterep to cahiw no tiyad. Ira ko paysin to nikaenan toya pikonglinan a romi’ad, o dateng i, o dengan o lapot no konga, awakay no tali ato kacipa’ay ko nga’ayay a kaenen. Ya papah no dateng ato foting i, cowa kanga’ay a kaenen. O sapipa’icel to faloco’ no tamdaw kona pilalang to kakaenen, roma sato tona pilalang to dateng no palapalaan i, hay misa’icel ko kapah a mi’adop sanay ko patosokan nona demak. Ona pikonglin deng o pipalatamdaw to pakarongay to saki’orip i palapalaan. 參考文獻一： 吳明義、李來旺、黃東秋，2002，《牽源─阿美族民俗風情》。臺東：交通部觀光局東部海岸國家風景區管理處。 參考文獻二： 吳明義，1998，〈臺灣原住民的傳統教育─以阿美族為範例〉，《臺灣本土文化國際學術研討會論文集》。臺北：臺灣師範大學人文教育研究中心。 al3eorrydsopyfx46kbj96fnjye2g78 0 889 39231 38489 2023-08-13T03:24:23Z Achast 1290 39231 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pakelang''' （[[Kuwaping a sowal]] : 漁撈祭(慶功/除邪)） Ira ko ci ramoday, cipadesay ato kaacangan a romi’ad, mimingay a demak mato pararamod to kapah ato kaying ato mipafahfah to adaday a pisalisin no cikawasay a demak, o tata’akay a demak i, mato paherek patireng to loma’, caay kaeca ira ko pakelang sanay a demak no Pangcah, deng itini i [[Fata'an|Fata’an]] a sa’etal ato [[Tafalong]], onini kalipahakan a mifotingay a demak i , mili’alac han nangra, ci mapatayay ato cipadesay a demak, malepon ko demak, o pakelang han nangra, onini tosaay a demak todongay malepon to demak awaay to ko lisin sanay, o no laday to ko ’orip. Orasaka, o pakelang mifoting hananay a demak i, o pipafahfah to tati’ihay i tatirengan a lisin koni, onian koya masaromaay a pinangan no Pangcah. No mifoting sato, deng o foting ko aalaen caay ka saan, i nanomay makaenay ho mangaay to maala, to laday anca o roma ko lisin no mawmahay, maaherek to ko pisalisin to masofoc, pararamod, mitadem, mangaay to pakelang a mifoting, oninian a demak i, deng o fa’inayan ko mamikapot, o fafahiyan itira to i loma’ mihalaka to kakaenen. Ono niyaro’ to a pisalisin, misakapoloongan to ko pifoting, mato miladis ko Sa’amisan a ’etal a finacadan, no pasawali i misacepo’, no [[Falangaw]] i mikesi’, no Siwkolan i mikomoris, onini a demak i, o pidoedo tona Siwkolang a taholican a mapatalahekal koni mifotingay a lisin no serangawan a demak. == Pi’arawan to lakaw == *[http://210.240.125.35/citing/citing_content.asp?id=2962&keyword=%BA%AE%BC%B4%B2%BD 台灣原住民族歷史語言文化大辭典] *李景崇，1998，《阿美族歷史》，臺北：師大書苑。 *達西烏拉彎‧畢馬，2001，《臺灣的原住民 : 阿美族》，臺北：臺原。 *黄宣衞，2008，《阿美族》，臺北：三民。 *巴奈‧母路，2010，《阿美族祭儀中的聲影》，花蓮：東華大學原住民民族學院。 [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] lv81cngmy6r366m5oc7ule8jrkk3wk0 0 890 44463 38463 2024-08-31T07:25:34Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 縮圖 44463 wikitext text/x-wiki Pakistan（巴基斯坦） [[Faylo:Flag of Pakistan.svg|縮圖|Flag of Pakistan|alt=Flag of Pakistan]] [[Faylo:Pakistan (orthographic projection).svg|縮圖|Area controlled by Pakistan shown in dark green; claimed but uncontrolled region shown in light green]] Itini i 30 00 N, 70 00 E, noAsiya ko [[Pakistan]]. Polong no sekalay i 796,095 sq km “saka 36 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 770,875 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 25,220 sq km ” Polong i 201,995,540 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 35.20%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 2.10%, malo no roma to a sera 62.70%. siyoto(首都) O [[Islamabad]](伊斯蘭瑪巴德) ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakafalo 14 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Mamnoon Hussain]](馬姆努恩·海珊), patirengan(擔任) a romi’ad i 2013 a miheca(年) saka 9 folad(月) saka 9 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Asiya]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Kitakit]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pakistan]] n3izb9thku68p0mdb9ryz6z81bx4vae 0 891 20227 20226 2021-10-28T12:37:29Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 26 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 20226 wikitext text/x-wiki Pakurung（巴古崙部落） Itiniay i [[Taitung]](台東) Cen no Taitung(台東巿) ko [[Pakurung]] a niyaro’, 106 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 227 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 59% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 133 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 41% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 94 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)33%, Paiwan(排灣族)3%, Bunun(布農族)3%, Rukai(魯凱族)12%, Puyuma(卑南族)7%, roma(其他)2%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 01andtfzm9out232o81kzpdb4zjvl0c 0 892 20255 20254 2021-10-28T12:37:32Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 27 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 20254 wikitext text/x-wiki Pakwari（八卦力部落） Itiniay i [[Tai’an]](泰安) Cen no Miaoli(苗栗) ko [[Pakwari]] a niyaro’, 109 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 341 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 57% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 193 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 43% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 148 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)51%, Amis(阿美族)2%, Saysiyat(賽夏族)2%, Bunun(布農族)1%, Cou(鄒族)1%. Ira ko picodadan(汶水國小八卦分班) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(八卦派出所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] iqgnji1i4wvkx1z23cm9043ktfi3ei8 0 893 20282 20281 2021-10-28T12:37:35Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 26 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 20281 wikitext text/x-wiki Palamitan（康樂部落） Itiniay i [[Xincheng]](新城) Cen no Hualien(花蓮) ko [[Palamitan]] a niyaro’, 1,016 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 2,787 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 30% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 826 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 70% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 1,961 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)17%, Bunun(布農族)1%, Truku(太魯閣族)8%, Tayal(泰雅族)1%, roma(其他)1%. Ira ko picodadan(康樂國小、康樂國小附幼) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] e9l91r0228qp84fj5pj2blyg9gy7fol 0 894 42614 32684 2024-03-31T03:50:09Z CommonsDelinker 39 Removing [[:c:File:Capitol-complex-melekeok-palau20071220_crop.jpg|Capitol-complex-melekeok-palau20071220_crop.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Krd|Krd]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/Files in Category:Capitol (Palau)|]]. 42614 wikitext text/x-wiki == Palau,Republic of Palau（帛琉） == [[Faylo:Flag of Palau.svg|thumb|Flag of Palau|alt=Flag of Palau|266x266像素]] Palau kitakit (Inkilis: Republic of Palau) ; Palau a sowal: Beluu er a Belau; Dipong a sowal: パラオ共和国), polong a sowal (Palau, telang Belau ano ca Pelew) itiniay i saetipan no Taypinyang kanatal a kitakit. Polong no kitakit ira ko 340 a pala, o no Mikelonisiya a palapalaan a Karolin pala a kalocalay, polong no dadahal 459 pinfang kongli. Alomanay tomdaw i Karoer a pala. Takay i o Encilomot mingata to Papoertapo pala, nano Maylaykayauke kowan. Mingata to Intonisiya ato Filipin ato Mikelonisiya ko Palau. I ’ayaw no 3,000 mihecaan, nai Filipin finawlan mafolaw tayni itini a maro’; tangasa ’ayaw no 900 miheca, itiniay a finawlan saheto o Nikelito tamdaw. Ona pala i 16 sici o Ilopiya ko pakanengnengay, 1574 miheca malo no Sepaniya waliay Intiya a palapalaan to. 1898 miheca, Sepaniya i kalalood to Amilika malowid; 1899 miheca, midotoc to Toic ato Sepaniya a katatelek, ona palapalaan mapa’aca i Toic kitakit, mapatodong i no Toic a Niwkiniya a kowan. Saka 1 kalalood no hekal, Palau macalap no Dipong, nanoya mapatorod no kasakitakit ko Dipong to “Patono a mikowan”, mapacomod i notimolay a palapalaan. Saka 2 kalaloodan i, o Maliyana a palapalaan ato Palau a kalalood, hitay no Amilika ato Dipong kinapanapina a lalood, halo Pelayliwo a lalood. 1949 miheca, o Palau ato pinapina i Taypinyang a kanatal mala no Amilika a patorodan nikowanan i Taypinyang. 1979 miheca, Palau kana’ayen mikihatiya to Mikelonisiya kasakitakit a kapolong mitopa; midotoc to Amilika to Mapakoniraay kapolongan a katatelek, i 1994 miheca Palau mihapiw to misiikeday kitakit. == '''Takaray sowal (概略):''' == '''Palaw Kapolongan a Kitakit帛琉共和國(Ikiris a sowal:'''''Republic of Palau''；Palaw a sowal:''Beluu er a Belau''；Dipong a sowal:パラオ共和国），kalopangang o Palaw(Palau), o katelang ho a ngangan i, o Belau anocaPelew. [[Faylo:Koror_chiefs_in_1915.jpg|縮圖|Koror chiefs in 1915|245x245px]] O Palaw a kitakit o ngangan sano Ikilisnen i Republic of Palau, sano sowalen no Palaw a tamdaw i Beluu er a Belau, halafin ko Dipong a mikowan itini sa ira ko pangangan no Dipong to Palao sanay, nikawrira, o Palaw ko ma'alaay a ngangan. Itiniay i sa'etip no Sina'otay Riyar(太平洋) ko kaitiraan nona kitakit. O palapalan a kitakit sa awaay ko malalitingay a fiyaw i sera, o pakariyar to ko kalafiyaw to Inni, Filipin ato Mikolonisya. I'ayaw NO 3,000 ko miheca, o nani tiraay i Filiping a to'as ko sarakatay a tayni tona kitakit a maro', tahira to 'ayaw no 900 mihecaan , o tamdaw no itiniay sahetoay o Nikolito (Ikiris sowal:''Negrito;'' Kuwaping sowal:'''格利陀人'''）a finacadan. i 16 sici ma'eco no Yoropa kona kanatal, i 1899 miheca makaketon ko Toic ato Sipanya, do'edoen konini, mapaliwal kona kanatal i Toic, malocecay no mikowanan no Toic a Niw-Kiniya. i 1947 miheca, o polong itiniay i Taypinyang a kanatanatal makowan no Amirika, 1979 miheca,milalang ko tamdaw no Palau to sapitekoaw to Mikoronisiya, i 1994 miheca , makaketon ato Amirika, laheci sato ko kaiteked to niyahpikowan. == '''Palapalaan (地理)''' == [[Faylo:Palau on the globe (Southeast Asia centered) (small islands magnified).svg|thumb|Palau on the globe (Southeast Asia centered) (small islands magnified)|260x260px]]Itini i 7 30 N, 134 30 E, noOsiniya ko [[Palau]]. Polong no sekalay i 459 sq km “saka 198 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 459 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 0 sq km ” Polong i 21,347 ko tamdaw. Ikalaloodan i sakacecay a lalood no polong kitakit i hekal, ma'eco no Dipong kona kitakit, orasaka, adihay ko cinganganay tono Dipong a ngangan ko tamdaw nona kitakit. == '''sera(土地)''' == Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 10.80%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 87.60%, malo no roma to a sera 1.60%. == '''Likisi (歷史)''' == 1. Sepaniya- Filipin katokfo 1574-1899 miheca. 2. Toic a Niwkiniya 1899-1914 miheca. 3. Dipong kitakit- hatay no Dipong kitakit micalapay 1914-1919 miheca. 4. Nayo citodongay (Dipong) 1919-1944 miheca. 5. Amilika- hatay no Amilika micalapay 1944-1947 miheca. 6. Taypinyang patororan a sera (Amilika) 1947-1994 miheca. 7. Palau- Palau kitakit 1994 miheca tangasa anini. === '''No Sepaniya a mihecaan (西屬時期)''' === [[Faylo:Palau-Inseln.jpg|縮圖|274x274像素|Ono Toic mihecaan a nikowanan]] I 1783 miheca, o Portukuis pakanengneng to Palau, ikor i o Sepaniya ko mikowanay, pacomod han i no Filipin a patodongan no Sepaniya waliay Intiya a palapalaan. Nanoya i 18 sici o Inkilis paliwalay milingato tayni i Palau, Sepaniya i 19 sici misa’icel to Palau. 1898 miheca, i Palaos a ngangan ko saocor no Palau mikihatiya to sapingitangit sapisiiked no kitakit a saopo a Malolos romaoc (Inkilis: Malolos Congress). Nanoya o no Sepaniya waliay a Intiya ato Filipin kantokay, Palau o dengan taypiw no Kalolin a palapalaan ci salongocay. Kalomaocan a sowal ano misiiked ko Palau o cacokeren[6]. I 1899 miheca a “Toic Sepaniya katatelek (Inkilis: German–Spanish Treaty (1899)). Kalolin palapalaan no Palau a mapaaca no Sepaniya i Toic kitakit, mala no Toic Niwkiniya a todong, Toic mikowanan i, itiya ko Palau misatapang afinong ato kisyafa milingato mipaloma, itira i Angkaer misitapang mikarkar to Liwang. Saka 1 a kalaloodan, Dipong micalap to nikowanan no Toic a Kalolin palapalaan. Paherek ko saka 1 kalalood i, o kasakitakit patoror to nano nikowanan no Toic a Kalolin palapalaan to Dipong, mala no Dipong to a nikowanan i Nayo a pala. Patirengen no Dipong ko Nayo ato Palau a todong i Keroer. Alomanay a tamdaw no Dipong tayni a mafolaw i Palau, saka Palau citodongay a tamdaw 3/4 saheto o  no Dipong tamdaw. I Dipong a pikowanan, patireng to pitilidan, isingan ato lalan. 1920 mihecaan a Keroer mala o aniniay to a tokay. Saka 2 kalaloodan, o Palau mala saka pakayraan no Dipong 1941 miheca micalap to Filipin, toya kalalood mafelin ko nano Amilika a Filipin i 1943 miheca patireng to mi’emetay no Dipong a Filipin saka 2 kitakit[7]. [[Faylo:First wave of LVTs moves toward the invasion beaches - Peleliu.jpg|縮圖|236x236像素|Sakatosa-Lalood no Hekal]] === Saka 2 kalalood a likisi (二戰歷史) === I saka 2 kalalood no hekal, macalap no lakapot no hitay. I saka 2 kalaloodan no hekal, o Amilika i Pililiw lalood i 1944 miheca nai kamay no Dipong macada ko Palau, itiya 2,000 ko no Amilika tamdaw ato 10,000 ko no Dipong tamdaw ko mapatayay. I 1945 – 1946 miheca, Amilka miliyaw citodong mikowan to Filipin, pakayni i Manila pikowan to Palau. Nikawrira misasiiked ko Filipin i, o kacitodong mikowan no Amilika to ka^etipay Taypinyang malinah tayra i Kowan kanatal. 1947 miheca Linhoko songila’ o Linhoko An-li-huy saka 21 haw mihayda patorod to Amilika mikowan to i Ttaypinyang a mikowan. ==== Pasayra pisiikedan 邁向獨立 ==== 1979 miheca patorod mikowan to Taypinyang 4 pala mihayda i Mikelonisiya kalakapot, nikawrira Palau ato Marsal kanatal caay kakahi micomod. Palau i 1978 miheca milingato sapisiikedan, mihayda ko Filipin, Taywan ato Dipong a macoker. 1981 miheca 1 folad 1 romi’ad patireng to Palau kitakit, patireng to pipaterep to pina’ang ato pacomod to heneng temera “’eca ko heneng a kimpo”. 1986 miheca o Amilika nai 15 miheca ditdithan to 4 yok 5 patek ’ofad Amilika payso sadama to kicay ato mihayda to pisiiked saki Palau masasitelek to 50 miheca ko “Pakonira malakapot kasasitelak” (Compact of Free Association), midotoc tina kasasitelek miraoy to laloma’ a sakowan malayap sifo no roma kitakit, kasa’etal saki kasakitakit masakapot masasitelek ato miketon, ano o sakipapotal a demak malalicay ho to Amilika, o sakiliyok o sofitay no Amilika ko miadingay, Amilika citodong miocor to tamina ato hikoki tayra i ’etal Palau, caay ka citodong ato pina’ay kai Palau pateli to heneng sapilood; kai nian ira ko ’odang to kimpo no Palau to “’eca ko heneng a kimpo”, saka milongoc to Palau pacalina’ paterep tina kimpo a liyad. O nia telek kina 7 caayen pihayda no finawlan no Palau, tangasa i 1993 miheca 11 folad saka 8 lekad mihayda ko finawlan, Palau i 1994 miheca 10 folad 1 romi’ad malaheci misasiiked. ==== ’Aya:way a nalacolan 史前遺址 ==== Iti:ya ho tamdaw no Palau latek nai Polinisiya anoca Asiya. Pakayni i kasalaloma’an to nai cowaay a tayni sanay sowal i, Palau a tamdaw latek macacamolay to Milanisiya, Mikelonisiya ato Polinisiya finacadan a tamdaw. Orasaka Palau a tamdaw minaon toni a pahiceraan, caay ko Mikelonisiya finacadan tamdaw ko kahiceraan. ’A:yaw no sowal to nia palapalaan o “Kohetingay palapalaan” saan, i Autaliya a kahirahiraan no Tilid (felih mana’ang capi tilid, mana’ang kalocalay) makilim ko ’ayaway a cico ato picoka no niyaro’, makilim ’ayaway Keloer a tapang/kakitaan ci Ibedul ira ko citiliday ato mifekes to tangila a syasing. Tina miheca pikingkiw i, nai 14C niketonan miheca a heci ato kasadak mikingkiwan no mipawacayay, mapasadak a patayni i fa^elohay pakayraan tina likisi nia palapalaan. Manengneng ko pitademan a nalacolan pahapinang, o Palau itini i Tayangcu o sarakatay ira ko mitademay a pidemakan. Nikawrira saki Palau tamdaw i hakowaay maro’ itini tosaay ko sowal, cecay a sowal i ’a:yaw no 2500 mihecaan, roma a sowal i ’a:yaw no 1000 mihecaan saan. Itini i Cawa (Inkilis: Java), iti:ya ho iraay to ko kasasi ’acaan to Palau, ira a manengneng ko Fololes a tamdaw. 2007 miheca, ira ko mikingkiway i Palau a Roke palapalaan manengneng ko no Fololes a tamdaw po’eneray masidayay ’okak no tamdaw[8]. Oni a manengnengay maeden mafelih ko ’ayaway a tinako, nikawrira tangasa anini tina pikingkiw ira ho ko laliyangen. Nia patekan no mihecaan i, Palau a tamdaw malowad ko misa’alingayay no ina, o sowal nai Cawa malinahay a finacadan ko patayniay a lekakawa. No to’asan, o sera, payso ato malilitay matiya a misa’alingayay no ina nirayrayan. Sangasaw a sera o fafahiyan a kakitaan ko citodongay pafeli to sakakaay a fafahiyan. Nikawrira aniniay ira ko citodongay to misa’alingayay no mama pakiraan, onini i tona mikowan ko Dipong mapacomoday i salaloma’an no rayray no Palau. Saka 2 kalaloodan, mitanam ko Dipong miliyaw parocek to srea patodong kasacecay no salongoc, sapipalasawadaw to matelangay lekakawa. Sakitini adihay ko laloma’an masasiwtoc toni a rikec. == '''Sakadademak (行政)''' == Palau a congtong o tatapangan no kitakit ato sakakaay no laloma’ kasakapot, 4 miheca o finawlan ko misingkiway sakaira. Aniniay a congtong ci Huysoren, nai 2021 miheca 1 folad 21 romi’ad mapatireng, 4 miheca ko lekad. Laloma’an sasiiked pikowan (2017-2021) 8 ko siiked no po, haki Kitakit kowan po, Sakipayso po, Patirengay kali’aca po, Niyaro’ ato Punka po, Kiwiko po, yisi po, Holic po ato Tataparan kinaira ato pi’arawan pala po, kakeridan o congtong ko paocoray mihayda ko pikaykian. == '''Patireng to rikec (立法)''' == No Palau pikaykian malitosaay lekad, o sowal Olbiil Era Kelulau, o Senate, o House of Delegates a tosa. Senate iing 13 ko tamdaw, no tamdaw ko patodong kasasi ’etal to (Senatorial District) a todong, o House of Delegates 16 tamdaw, yo 16 ko kasa’atal no kadademak masingkiw ko 1 tamdaw, tosaay kasasiiked a iing 4 miheca ko lekad. Anini o saka 10 a lekad (2017-2021), i 2006 miheca 11 folad 1 romi’ad miliyaw misingkiw, i 2017 miheca 1 folad 19 romi’ad patireng. == '''Papotalay kasasili’ay (外交)''' == Tangasa anini 2019 miheca, Palau kitakit 90 ko kitakit ato kasasili’ay to sakisici, minengneng to pirayrayan. I Amilika Wasenton ato niwyoko, Taywan, Dipong, Filipin mapatireng ko kalali’ayan a citodongay; Taywan, Dipong ato Amilika patireng i Palau to kamaro’an katayalan no kitakit, maocor ko tarokos. [[Faylo:WCTC Shopping Center.JPG|縮圖|251x251像素|o paliwalay to dafong a kahiceraan]] === '''Saki Dipong a todong 與日本關係''' === Palau kitakit ato Dipong manga’ay ko todong malali’ay, i saka 1 no kalaloodan, nano macalapay no sofitay no Dopong, nanoya patorod ko kasakitakit kapolongan papikowan to Palau kitakit. Mapidah ko Dipong, misiiked to ko Palau kitakit, itiya misingkiw to Dipong a tamdaw ci Nakamola Kuo malacongtong no kitakit. === Saki Taywan a todong 與中華民國關係 === Palau kitakit ato Taywan i 1999 miheca malali’ay, makakafit ko kasasili’ay. 2017 miheca 12 folad 30 romi’ad sacisowal sa ko congtong no Palau kitakit, tahanini caay ko sapifalicaw to sakalali’ay to Taywan, saki papotal a kalali’ay o niya ko citodongay miketon. === Saki Congko kalali’ay 與中華人民共和國關係 === Congko a kitakit ato Palau kitakit away ko sakitodong[9]. 2019 miheca, tatosaay kasali’aca ira ko 1900 ’ofad no Amilika payso[10]. Tahanini congko awaay ko pafesotay rakat no hekoki, o lafang manga’ay pakayra i Hongkong, Makau, Seoul, Taypei a pasasiyor tayra i Palau kitakit[11]. 2017 miheca, ira ko pihapiw “Congko tina romi’ad paterep to mirarakatay caay kanga’ay tayra i Palau kitakit”, o sowal mapapipaterepan ko citodongay to sapirarakat to sakatayra i Palau kitakit, caayay pido’edo matefoc to takaraway satefoc a payso, mapalasawad ko saki Palau kitakit a kafanaen ato patiyamay, saki Congko a papotalay po caay pihakeno[12]. Congtong no Palau kitakit ci Huysoren tayni i Taywan a sowal, i ’ayaw aloman ko lafang no Congko tayra, malipahak ko finawlan no Palau kitakit, sakiikor to matini to, nikawrira lowan lowan sato ko tamdaw, matiya o “pi’ilos” aca. Pacecay to sowal ci Huysoren, cangra (Congko sifo) na pasowal tamiyanan, “sakaira citolas, romi’ad citolas” saan[13]. Palau kitakit makila 16 ko sakowan. Ta’akay a pala makila 14 sakowan, masataporoay katimol ka’amis 2 sakowan. Ni a 16 sakowan marayaray: === '''no kitakit a romi’ad 國家紀念日''' === Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakapito 9 a romi’ad.siyoto(首都) O [[[Ngerulmud]](恩吉魯穆德) ko Siyoto. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Tommy Remengesau]](湯米·雷蒙傑索), patirengan(擔任) a romi’ad i 2013 a miheca(年) saka 1 folad(月) saka 17 a romi’ad. == '''Pihapinangan a tilid(註腳)''' == * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 56ho1qsp7b4fap7x5dsuv6itnjg69my 0 895 20374 20373 2021-10-28T12:37:42Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 67 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 20373 wikitext text/x-wiki Palidaw a Pangcah （恆春阿美） Makalalima kasa’etal ko Pangcah, ira ’Amis kasa’etal, Sikolang kasa’etal, Pasawali kasa’etal, Falangaw kasa’etal, Palidaw kasa’etal, onini kasakilac i midoedo to kasa’etal ato kafolaw no niyaro’ ko pi’arawan,caayay ko serangawan, o sowal ato tatirengan ko pisakilac, mato o cifenekay no Dipong ci 伊能嘉矩 nisowalan nira, “O sakamatini pisakilac o sakafangcal aca papinang a somowal, caayay pakinotamdawan ko pinengneng, o nikalaklak no kasa’etal a militapang a mihalaka a matayal.” O sakamatini ko pisilsil, sarakat nai codad kitatosaan ni 伊能嘉矩 ato ci 粟野傳之丞 i 1899 a miheca ni sangaan a codad “O demak no Taywan a Pangcay” sanay, ira i codad masowaol, “O sakalahoday pahapinang a somowal, kilalima han misakilac, (1) Palidaw ’Amis, (2) Falangaw ’Amis, (3) Pasawali ’Amis, (4) Siwkilang ’Amis, (5)Cilay ’Amis han.” Tahira to i1914 a mihecaan, ci fenekay a Dipong ci 佐山融吉 ato kapotningra “To pikadkad nangra to Pangcah a patalahekal a codad” pakayraen nangra to pinangan no ’orip misakilac Saetip, sasifoan ato satimolan makilatolo, nika pakayni to no Palidaw caay ka hapinang masowal, ano nengnengen ko nika laklak i maemin to o satimolan. Itira to ni codadan na 移川子之藏, 馬淵東一, 宮本延人 i 1935 a miheca a codad “Pinasilsil to mikingkiw to Kawsaco no Taywan” a codad, o kina pinapina pikadkad to kinaira a tilid ko litapangan, miliyaw misolinga’ to kasa’etal no Pangcah ko kasakilac, ’Amisan Pangcah, Siwkolang Pangcah, Pasawali Pangcah, Falangaw Pangcah, Palidaw Pangcah makilalima kasa’etal. Tongod to i 1941 to mihecaan, ira ho ko ci fenekay no Dipong ci 鹿野忠雄 misilsil, palacecayen nira ko i’ayaway pisilsil no cifenekay, silsil ho nira ko Pangcah, sa’amisan a finacadan han ko Cilay amis; sifoay a finacadan ira ko Sikolang ’amis, Pasawali ’amis; timolan finacadan o Falangaw ’amis ato Palidaw ’amis. Ano doedoen ko kasa’etal ko pisilsil, o kamaro’an to kalaklak a ’etel no Palidaw itira i Fanaw, Palayapay, Kancang, Taymali ato i Palidaw, na itira maro i Palidaw sa, o Palidaw Pangcah han. O kalaklak itira i Pin-tong ato Posong kassaniyaro’ i Pakoko, Terafoyafan, Palidaw, Macar, Takidis, Dikidiki, Palayapay, Ka’ada’adaan, Fafaed, Cikoay, Palokapok, Malataya, Cihongawan, Cicala’ay, Cihak, Cirakayan, Ciponaan, ato Somodalo. Nika matinitini ko pisilsil pakayni kasa’etal, o Pangcah ko ngangan nona lalimaay a finacadan, nika ’arawen ko serangawan no laloma’ i ira ko kasaroma, nanorayray no likisi, o rakat no kafolaw no finacadan, ato cicamol to roma a finacadan, saki’orip, o ’icel no kanatal ato kamaro’an to kasasidenga’ no ka’orip, malasaka hapinang ko kasasiroma no kasa’etal ko pinangan. == Pi’arawan to lakaw == *[http://210.240.125.35/citing/citing_content.asp?id=2925&keyword=%AB%ED%ACK%AA%FC%AC%FC 台灣原住民族歷史語言文化大辭典] *李景崇，1998，《阿美族歷史》，臺北：師大書苑。 *黄宣衞，2008，《阿美族》，臺北：三民。 *達西烏拉彎‧畢馬，2001，《臺灣的原住民 : 阿美族》，臺北：臺原。 [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] enk03qnsfy4v80irhsbwxp2bvczsj18 0 896 20431 20430 2021-10-28T12:37:46Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 56 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 20430 wikitext text/x-wiki Palimo （獻酒） O manmaan a demakan nano rayray no to’as ko pifetir hananay, misaali sapalemed ato pi’howid to to’as ko “palimo” hananay, talolong o tadamaanay ko lisin ko tatodong nira. Toni itira i Fata’an niyaro’ no Tafalong ko “piilisin”, nano rayray no to’as ko tatinakoen ko sasowalen i laeno. Pakaynien i radiw sakero ko papinang to to’as-- ko pi’ahowid ato pingodo to cidal ko ilisin no Tafalong a niyaro’ no Pangcah, o rakat no demak matomes to ngodo to to’as ato kalimela to tala’ayaway ho a kapah to saka’orip. Tada makadofah ko radiw no Tafalong a niyaro’, itini i pisalisin a demak o radiw ko sapato’aya, malolalan sakatayra i kanatal no salo’afang. O radiw no finacadan mirekoay to nasaripa’an no tato’asan, o radiw ko sapakafana’ to rotoh a sowalato sakarayray no niyaro’. I kailisinan, ira ko misa’edes ato misalahoday, roma i mangaay pakiradiwen sapa’icel to kasaselal to fana’ to sakiilisin a demak. O kasaselal ira ko kananaman nangra a radiw, orasaka masamaanay ko radiw makafana’ to no maan a selalan ko romadiway. Polong no sakiilisin a demak no Tafalong, ora koya sapalemed ato sapi’ahowiday a demak “mifetir ” Oni ko nika tadamaan. “Kailisinan ” a romi’ad, o fafahiyan no Tafalong a niyaro’, o winawina mikerid to fafahiyan a wawa nira tayra i kailisinan, no tireng misaepahan a kani’, hacecacecay sa palimo to tomok palemed, matiniay a “ palimo” a demak o karaheker no finacadan a mapalemed sakalihaday no nilongocan, roma i pihinom pakaolah no fafahiyan toni cecay a mihecan to paini a maroray to saki niyaro’ ato sakalihaday lipahak ko ‘orip no parod. O sapalimo no rarem to mato’asay, palimo a mingodo ko fafahiyan to fa’inayan, onini a cecay a takid to ni sakani’an a “ Salang no epah” sapaini patalahekal to nano faloco’an a pi’ahowid no faloco’, onini koya nisowalan to “kailisinan ” a romi’ad to pinangan no demak, o sakadiheko matomesay to sapinanay ko tatodong noni ilisin. == Pi’arawan to lakaw == 黃心宜，1998，〈阿道談太巴塱樂舞〉，《山海文化雙月刊》19：27-32。 [[Kasasiwasiw:Siwkulang 'Amis]] 2ssbqmkjroedjfhjtxyt8vb9vm61w8c 0 897 20459 20458 2021-10-28T12:37:48Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 27 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 20458 wikitext text/x-wiki Palinkaan（復興部落） Itiniay i [[Xincheng]](新城) Cen no Hualien(花蓮) ko [[Palinkaan]] a niyaro’, 543 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 1,537 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 31% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 480 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 69% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 1,057 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)17%, Truku(太魯閣族)8%, Bunun(布農族)2%, Paiwan(排灣族)1%, Tayal(泰雅族)1%, 撒奇拉雅族1%, roma(其他)1%. Ira ko picodadan(新城國中) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] tn6qple68md3vzdp4jij8k0m1vmxabv 0 898 20483 20482 2021-10-28T12:37:51Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 23 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 20482 wikitext text/x-wiki Paljur（白露部落） Itiniay i [[Majia]](瑪家) Cen no Pingtung(屏東) ko [[Paljur]] a niyaro’, 50 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 148 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 95% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 141 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 5% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 7 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Paiwan(排灣族)86%, Bunun(布農族)1%, roma(其他)2%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 9608yoxirnj5rhjj4qytqq3fs7nbwkm 0 899 20502 20501 2021-10-28T12:37:53Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 18 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 20499 wikitext text/x-wiki Panama（巴拿馬） [[Faylo:Flag of Panama.svg|thumb|Flag of Panama|alt=Flag of Panama]] [[Faylo:Panama (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Location of Panama]] Itini i 9 00 N, 80 00 W, noNotimolan Amilika ko [[Panama]]. Polong no sekalay i 75,420 sq km “saka 118 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 74,340 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 1,080 sq km ” Polong i 3,705,246 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 30.50%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 43.60%, malo no roma to a sera 25.90%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Panama City]](巴拿馬城) ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakacecay ko safaw 3 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Juan Carlos Varela]](胡安·卡洛斯·瓦雷拉), patirengan(擔任) a romi’ad i 2014 a miheca(年) saka 7 folad(月) saka 1 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] s2l50vac119lq4tgemiyz1ugx7lw10n 0 900 42014 42013 2024-03-11T17:47:21Z Jsu2848 1557 misinanot 42014 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''稻、稻子Panay''' == === '''O pinangan no panay 有關於稻子''' === [[Faylo:US long grain rice.jpg|thumb|Panay nu Amilika]]O panay hananay i, o tadamaanay a malo-kakaenen ato saka’orip no tamdaw, o tatapangan no ngangan nira i o “Oryza” hananay, matiya o malengaway nani sota’ a kalo-rengos, o nano- masacecacecayay to cecay no mihecaan ko rengaw nira, ira kono todongay ono ka’amisay a panay hananay tora misafononan a panay, ato i hadhaday a panay, o “sativa”. Ira koya no timoray hananay a panay, o “globerrima”, tosa ko kasasiloma nira, o tayal no tamdaw i, o mafana’ay ami palalamod to lengaw no panay, o hatiniay a fana’ no tamdaw i, naitiniay nano ‘a:yaw a misalingato a mafana’ ko tamdaw. O panay hawi, nanipaloma tangasa kacihecian nira ato a^deng ka ‘ecak no heci nira i, tiya panayen to, pawalien to ami ‘icang, tiya irangen to a palafelace, o panay hananay i, iraay koya ‘asisiw nira ato heci nira, ano maherek to amatifek i, o felac to koliraan, yapodac no heci nira i, o afih haan kola, ano tangtangen kora heci nira i o hemay haan koliraan. === '''O rengaw ato rahad no panay. 稻子的生態''' === Masamaanay ko rengaw ato kalomahad no panay i tini i hekal nano’ayaw tangasa i matini ? adihay ko masamaama:anay a sowal, naicowaay ami salingato ? ihakowaay amidalingato ? tangasa imatini awaay ho ko so’linay a sowal, nikaolira o panay hananay itini i ‘orip no tamdaw tangasa imatini o tadamaanay to saka-‘orip, sanaw ‘aloman komi kakinkiway to renaw ato rahad no panay, o sowal no mafana’ay a tamdaw i, o kasasiroma no panay i, pakaalaay to 446 ka adihay nira saan, ano patolangha to romaay ama ‘oripay a panay i, alatek tangsa 1,083 ko kasasiroma no panay saan, irahaca koya mikinkiwan misangaan to fa^lohay a sapaloma a panay, onian fa^lohay misangan a saploma a panay i, tangasaay icowacowa a finacadan toya Tongnanya(東南亞) hananay, aca itini i timolay to fa^detay a kalo-kanatal, ano i timo tono kaholaman a niyalo’ saheto sanay o kala-panayay, o rengaw nira, iraay ko cecay miheca nacecay mipanay, irako cecay miheca natosa mipanay, ato cecay miheca natolo mipanay, ano itini to Taywan(台灣) ano itini to i Dipong(日本), hatiraay to ko lahad ato rengaw no panay. === '''O kasasiloma no panay. 稻子的種類.''' === O kafana’an to kasasiloma no panay i, ‘edengan sa tora fonlay ato caylay hananay, ramasato ora tolon hananay, nikaolira pasowal sa ko mafana’ay omi kingkioway to panay a tamdaw i, caay ko mamasa’osi ko kasasiloma no panay saan, ngalefen to tangasa imatini, macakatay to kofana’ no tamdaw to sapisa’a to kasasiloma no panay, sanaw saadihay sato ko kasasiloma no panay, sanaw irahaca ko sakarawraw no tamdamdaw a matatelitelid, o lanan a kalo-yasen hananay a panay i 446 to kasasiloma nira, tora ken ato sien hananay a panay i 1,083 ko kasasi;oma nira, o saka adihay no kasasiloma no panay i, iraay ko fana’ no tamdaw ami palalamod to kasasiloma no panay, rikol sato mapatani sato i Tongnanya(東南亞), ato lomaay a kanatal. Nikaolira ora no hadhaday a panay ato no inanomay a panay i, caay ka hecad ko kasasiloma nira, no hadhaday a panay i, cecay miheca alatek nacecay ami paloma, romasato, irahaca kopi pasela’an nira a paloma, sanaw caay kahacowa ko kinaira nira, sanaw caay ka olah ko tamdaw ami paloma tono hadhadan a panay, saheto sanay ono inanomay a panay ko kaolahan no tamdaw ami paloma. === '''O rengaw no panay. 稻子的生長。''' === O rengaw no panay to sahalafinay i, cecay aca a mihecaan, to sahalakamkamay i, tolo aca folad, nano salingato ami paloma tangasa kacicongan nira, ato kaci hanaan nira, tangasa i kacihecian nira, matatodong ko ^ecak no heci nira, tiya manga’ayay siwkaken, yamipaloma to sapaloma to panay i, a^deng toro romi’ad marengaway to nai sota’, tangasa kaci papahan nira i toroay a lomi’ad, ano itira i fangcalay a romi^ad i, aratek ano cecay miheca ma^deng natosa ato natoro ami saliyaliyaw ami paloma, o tayal no matayalay to omah ami paloma to panay, sa’ayaw, mipili’ to matatodongay to sapaloma a panay, tiya pananomen ami sa’sa’, ama pawpaway i nanom i, pili’en ami falah, yamatekenay i nanom i, oyako matatodongay a sapaloma,ano malengaw cingra nano misalingato tangasa i kato’asan nira i, o takalaw nira i, ma^den pakaala to 45-100 a milimiter(厘米) lan, masatapatapangay ko lengaw nira, samo^cel saca ko to’as nira, ato masapokopokohay ko fatac nira, masakongkongay ko raloma’ nira, o papah nira i matia o talod a sako’edaw sanay a pasifaled, tala’ayaw aciheci i, iraay ko kacihana nira, yakalohana nira a maralamod, tiya masadak ko heci nira, tangasa ka ‘ikesan no heci nira, o cecay no kaciheci nira i, ma^deng tosa ano tolo polo’ ko kahacecacecay nira, ano fangcal ko kaciheci nira i, micekelay ami ta’ong, mahaenay ko to’as no panay hananay. === '''O sakaadihay no panay ami paloma. 稻米的生產量.''' === O rannan a panay hananay sahto itini i Yacou(亞洲) ato itini Tongnanya(東南亞) hananay ko saadihayay ami palomaan, dodosato itini i Dipong(日本) ato Cousian(朝鮮), tini tono Amirikaan (美洲)ato no Oco(歐洲) an i iraay to komi palomaan, o sowal no mafana’ay mi kinkiw a tamdaw i, cecay miheca to omi palomaan i, pakaaraay to ^nem a ikan(億) no tongan(頓) koka adihay nira, no itiniay aca i Yacou(亞洲) i, rima no ikan(億) a tongan(頓), o saadihayay i ono Taylen(泰國) saan. Masamaanay ko pi paloma ano saan i, nikaorira nano ‘ayaw to no tamdawan apipaloma tangasa imatini i, sa ono kikayan to kosakatayal imatini, nikaorira o tayal to panay amipalola hawi. 1.Mikangkang to pi palomaan a omah, I’ayaw nano o kolong ko mi padangay ami kangkang, imatinisato o kikay to komi kotayay ami kangang to pi palomaan to panay. 2.Misanga’ ami sasapal to panay, itiyaho ono tamdawan ami sacapok ami patatodong to sapaloma, anini sato ono sinmongay to ko pi sacapok micakayan ko sapi ‘anip to panay. 3.Ni’anip to panay, ano mi’anip to panay i, ilaay ko pipatatodong to tapangan ato la’ed nira, itira imasenalay maponi’ay a sota’ ami satosiltosil ami paloma, o cecay ra’ed nira alatek ma^en 30 Kofen(公分), cecay tapangan ma^en 15~20 a papanayan, itini tono roto’kay a womah i, nawhani ki^mingay masa’ek’ekongay ko facal sanaw sahto ho ono tamdawan ko mitayalay, nikaolira ano no enal to a omah i, sahto to o kikay to sakatayal imatini. 4.Mikapkap to panay, nawhay toyamahelek ami ‘anip to panay, mikihatiyaay amalengaw ko semot a rengos, sanaw iraay koya mipoliyaw ami pikapkap to sapipatayaw to rengos ato fao, tosaka fangcalaw no rengaw no panay, sa noaniniay sato a tayal i, saheto to o sapayo ato safonsa ko sapipatay to rengos ato fao. 5.Mipoliyaw to panay, mi’alaw to to’as no panay, salingato mipoliyaw i itila i kahelekan ami ‘anip to saka cecay a lipay, ano fangcal ko lengaw nira, a^eng ko to’as nira palolo ami poliyaw tosak fangcal no to’as nira, rikol sato o nanom to sapotatodong tangasa kacihecian nira. 6.Opipananom to panay, nawhani o panay hananay o halinanomay, i tala’ayaw o nanom ko saka to’as nira, tala’ayaw noka cifaloan nira, tangasa to kacihecian nira caay to kapi saadihay ami pananom.   7.Misiwka to panay, ‘alawen to ano a^eng to ko kaciheci nira, micekelay ko kalaheciay, ano ma^engto ko ‘ecak nira, samalolo sato koheci nira i, am^engay to a siwkaken, I’a:yaw ho, ono tamdawan ami hacecaycecay ami litlit, ami siwka, apanokay itira sato ami solimet. 8. Mi’icak ato mipawali to miheci no panay, I’ayaw ono tamdaway ami pawali i cidal ami ‘icag,   Imatini sahto sato o kikay komi’icangay a tangsol ami ilang a palofelac. (Siwkulan Amis/Pangcah Suman 2024.03.11) == '''Tahapinanang參考文獻''' == 1. Solidot %7c 科學家發現水稻抗旱基因.  [2013-08-16]. （原始內容存檔於2013-08-12）. 2. 存档副本.  [2021-02-05]. （原始內容存檔於2021-04-19）. 3. fao.org (糧食與農業組織企業統計資料庫). Countries by commodity (Rice, paddy).  [2014-02-11]. （原始內容存檔於2014-04-21）.{{stub}} jhm8ff9rur0hlpmq2ofpzjvyto0tc6l 0 901 30792 30791 2022-03-08T16:20:26Z Afuko1018 75 30792 wikitext text/x-wiki == Pipangangan(命名) == O ngangan no ’Amis, o makaketingay ko ngangan no wama atu wawa. O lekakaw no 'Amis/Pangcah i pipangangan i, ira ko kalalecadan mingangan to nano to'as a rayray ko pangangan, o matiniay pipanganganan i padotocay to ngangan sanay, o tatodong nonini midotocay to ngangan no to'as, papinang o cecayay ko lilengawan, malo saka fana' no cimacima a tamdaw o wawa niira kako sanay. == Mikakafitay ko ngangan(氏族與親子連名制) == == Mialaay to ngangan no liteng (取長輩之名) == == Minanayay a ngangan(期望之名) == O pinanay no faloco' no ina ato ama a pangangan to wawa, hay hatiya o ngangan nira ko nikanga'ay no 'orip saan, saka pangangan to Nikar, Hana, Panay, Dongi, Fotol, Ta'il...sanay a ngangan. == Mido^doay to romi'ad(依時辰命名) == == Mico'isay(顛倒是非) == == Mifalicay(更名) == == Talihafan == * 族語E樂園 文化篇 [[Kasasiwasiw:Palidaw 'Amis]] enmg362codk8r11xwniqw6y0itnjfku 0 902 33928 20525 2023-01-24T05:42:21Z Kwamikagami 348 已移除至[[Amis.Pangach]]的重新導向 33928 wikitext text/x-wiki *[[O Pangcah]] *[[Amis.Pangach]] 40i2ln05cwpq8cwpl0aekr83ime0k7d 0 903 38548 20539 2023-06-27T20:08:23Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38548 wikitext text/x-wiki == Pangcah lilengawan (阿美族來源) == O sakapitilid tonini a kimad(講述) i, mangalay kami a mipatalahekal to licay(詢問) no mita o [[Pangcah]] to nika nanicowaay(何處) kita hakiya(語助詞:呢)! Masamaan ko ’orip no tato’asan no mita hakiya! ta anini sato i, mafana’ to kita to so’elinay a Kawas, yasanay a licay no faloco’ ko sakapitilid niyam. Tona mafana’ kita to Kawas anini, saka o mamafana’ kita to nafaloco’an no Kawas a palacidek to laleko(faco) nira, saka mangalay ko Kawas to sapikapotaw to kasafinacadan itini i polong nonini a hekal. Hadidi han nira ko fokil no tamdamdaw i cingraan tangasa i piocoran to dengan a wawa nira ci Yis Keristo. O satapang no ’orip no mita o tamdaw i, malecaday to ma’emin a kasini’adaan. Onini ko sapipatado(幫助) no Kawas a paca’edong ci Ataman aci Ifaan itiya ho. Talacowa matiya o no a’adopen ko ’orip ita itiya ho, nikaorira, o no Kawas a nipafaloco’an a pakacitaneng i titaanan o tamdaw, saka mafalic a mafalic a macakat ko ’orip ita itini i kasarekarekad no mihecaan. Ano caay pafaloco’en no Kawas kita o tamdaw i, matiyaay o a’adopen kita a caay ka fana’ to sakafalicaw no ’orip. Ano mafokifokil(不懂) ko tato’asan ita to so’elinay a Kawas hananay i, ira a mararid ko Kawas a midipot(照顧) I titanan to ha:tiniay. Mikansiya kako I Kawas to nika ano mafokifokil kita o Pangcah to nika o so’elinay a Kaws cingra, saka caay tekopen no Kawas ko tato’asan ita a matiya o Sotom ato Komola. Papitalaen nira cangra tangasa I picomodan no nga’ayay a ratoh. Okakansiyaen ita ko Kawas to pisanga’ nira to tiring ita ato nika matini no pikerid nira titaanan tahanini. Nanay o sakapalal no faloco’ ita a mafana’ a pahemek I cingraan ko piasip ita tonini a cudad. Ano mafana’ to kita tonini i, o papasifana’en ita ko Kawas ita tonini to sakafohat no faloco’ nangra a mafana’ to nano to’as no ’orip tahanini. Masamaan(什麼樣的) ko pikilim(尋找) no Kawas titaanan a mifohat(揭開) to faloco’ ita? O patosokan(目標) niyam konini a misanga’ tonini a cudad. O roma sato, kita o mafana’ay to Kawas i, itini i piasip tonini a cudad a mahapinang(清楚顯示) ita ko matiniay, o pidokdok ni Satang a micomod to Itin a pala ko pidokdok no palafoay a sapi’afasan to faloco’ ita to sakiso’elinay a Kawas. Orasaka malalood i faloco’ ita nani tiya a tahanini ko sifana’ no Kawas ato pisiwala no palafoay to harateng ita. Saka tayra sato cangra a tatosa a malikaka. Itira sato i ra:ay to caay ka tangasa no tamdaw cangra a mifuting. Itiya to i, satatosa sato cangra a malikaka. Itiya i, fahal sato ko pileno no riyar ato ira haca ko tata’angay a tapelik i, ma’alol a mataroh a talasifo’ no riyar. Tona awaay ko nitatoyan a sa’iwas. Caay ka filo nangra.Nawhani, tata’ang to ko fali a micekeroh a mi’alol i cangraan. Saka, pawpaw sato cangra a ma’alol. Itiya i, malonen, mafaliyos ko kitakit ato riyar a maemin. == Pi'arawan to lakaw == * 陳金龍. (2011). Wikipedia 維基百科 族語詞條試寫─原住民族語詞條 2011作品集. 教育部. 3nx9a7w3lovjhm3ycndt1eeeedtowt5 0 904 20567 20566 2021-10-28T12:38:07Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 27 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 20566 wikitext text/x-wiki Pangwi（大武部落） Itiniay i [[Dawu]](大武) Cen no Taitung(台東) ko [[Pangwi]] a niyaro’, 579 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 1,433 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 37% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 537 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 63% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 896 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Paiwan(排灣族)33%, Amis(阿美族)2%, Puyuma(卑南族)1%. Ira ko picodadan(大武國中、大武國小附幼) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(太麻里户政所大武辦公室、大武鄉遊客服務中心、大武郵局) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(台東縣政府警察局大武分局) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(大武衛生所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] tv2km70q09xnojl1n5av2q69hhzakwy 0 905 20594 20593 2021-10-28T12:38:10Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 26 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 20593 wikitext text/x-wiki Panital（卓溪部落） Itiniay i [[Zhuoxi]](卓溪) Cen no Hualien(花蓮) ko [[Panital]] a niyaro’, 127 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 427 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 95% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 406 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 5% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 21 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Bunun(布農族)86%, Amis(阿美族)4%, Paiwan(排灣族)1%, Truku(太魯閣族)1%, Seediq(賽德克族)1%, roma(其他)1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] ktyp89liyaj0fkudu22jk09p5xm4ey9 0 906 20620 20619 2021-10-28T12:38:13Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 25 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 20619 wikitext text/x-wiki Paongaongan（八嗡嗡部落） Itiniay i [[Chenggong]](成功) Cen no Taitung(台東) ko [[Paongaongan]] a niyaro’, 159 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 437 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 80% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 351 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 20% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 86 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)76%, Bunun(布農族)1%, roma(其他)3%. Ira ko kofa(海巡署第八二岸巡大隊叭嗡嗡機動巡邏) i niyaro’. == O katadamaanan no niyaro’ == == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] c0pfv7cseu56uvzx0f89koir8mcnicc 0 907 46225 44368 2025-03-16T07:07:42Z Andre Engels 545 頁面已重新導向至[[Papua New Guinea]] 46225 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Papua New Guinea]] 02hauem4gme93eattf7nxmr8w4t2s7u 0 908 20664 20663 2021-10-28T12:38:18Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 24 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 20663 wikitext text/x-wiki Papulu（巴布麓部落） Itiniay i [[Taitung]](台東) Cen no Taitung(台東巿) ko [[Papulu]] a niyaro’, 401 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 1,081 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 26% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 280 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 74% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 801 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)21%, Puyuma(卑南族)3%, roma(其他)2%. Ira ko kofa(台東縣消防局台東分隊) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] nt1pg58v7djwnnhyvcmcx53gpwf4kvr 0 909 20693 20692 2021-10-28T12:38:21Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 28 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 20692 wikitext text/x-wiki Paqiy（吹上部落） Itiniay i [[Jianshi]](尖石) Cen no Hsinchu(新竹) ko [[Paqiy]] a niyaro’, 42 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 159 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 92% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 147 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 8% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 12 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)80%, Bunun(布農族)6%, Amis(阿美族)1%, Puyuma(卑南族)1%, Truku(太魯閣族)1%, roma(其他)2%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] b70bs9280fc08mg9cdvgfniyt1gg549 0 910 30617 30451 2022-01-26T17:12:37Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q733]] 30617 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''Paraguay,República del Paraguay'''（巴拉圭共和國） == == '''Parakuay Kapolongan aKitakit （巴拉圭共和國）''' == == '''Takaray sowal''' == Ono Sipanya sowal: República del Paraguay,ono Kuwarani sowal: Tetã Paraguái, o kalosowal o Parakuay hananay a pangangan kona kitakit.itiraay i sifo’ no Katimolay Amirika, ilawac no Parakuay ’alo sa ira ko minato,i ka’amis malaingiday to Miru,i ka’etip i,o Polipiya a kitakit, katimol i malafiyaway to Alucincin, mataliyokay nona kitakit, o i kemoday a kitakita. O sici nona kitakit i Nikapolongan Faco, o tatapangan a niyaro’ i Asunsyon''(Ciudad de Asunción,'' Sipanya sowal'': Nuestra Señora de la Asunción）''Ona ngangan tonini nani ''Asunción de María,'' o kacakatan ni Mariya tayra i kakarayan sanay ko imi nona sowal. == '''Rikisi(歷史)''' == === '''I ka’ayaw ni Kolonpos(哥倫布前)''' === [[Faylo:Sebastian_Cabot_-_S._Rawle_after_Hans_Holbein,_1824.jpeg|thumb|O mihahinamay tamdaw ci Sebastian Cabot - S. Rawle after Hans Holbein, 1824]] O itiniay a maro’ay a tamdaw i,o Kuwarani hananay a finacadan, o ’orip ona fincadan matiyaay o away ho ko maamaan sapidemak a dafong, o kamay sanay ko sapiala to saka’orip. Tayhira sato i 16sici(i ’ayaw no 500 so’ot miheca ) ta ira ko Yoropa a mikalicay to tamina ci Sipasciyan Kapoto(Ikiris sowal: Sebastian Cabot, Italiya sowal: Sebastiano Caboto, 1474miheca – 1557miheca）, do’edo han ningra ko La Polata ’alo a pahicera itini ton apala. === '''Micowat a Mikowan ko Sipanya(西班牙殖民時期) ''' === I 1537miheca o mikeridan ni Poinos Ailis a misahinahinamay a kapot tayni tona pala i,tangsol a patireng to Asunsyon niyaro’ malopala to no Sipanya. Itini tona pala i ira ko ’adopay a Ciyaluya finacadan, o Kuwarani a tamdaw i mafana’ay to a mipaloma to losay, iray to ko omah nangra, ikakayay ko punka nangra saka ikaka ko ’orip no Kuwarani tamdaw. Orasaka malalekatep ato Sipanya a mitoker to romaroma a Intian tamdaw. O Sipanya a tamdaw mahemek a malalekatep ato Kuwarani a tamdaw, sa manga’ay ko kalawidang nona tosa a masasiromaay a finacadan, Sa aloman sato ko malaramoday to roma afinacadan, oya cilamlamay to roma a ’ilang a wawa o Mistiso(Sipanya sowal: ''Mestizo'',Polutokaru sowal: ''Mestiço'') hananay a pangangan. 1617miheca,malacinowas ko pikowan no Sipanya to Asunsyon niyaro ato Poinos Ailis niyaro’ ,paiteked sato ko sakowan. I aikor tono 17sici sa aloman sato ko patenakay tono Kristo a pitooran a Yiso Hui(耶穌會, Latin sowal: ''Societas Iesu''), mipasifana’ to sakacakat no ’orip to saliomah. [[Faylo:ヘスース・デ・タバランゲの教会跡.jpg|thumb|O naikoran a kyokay no Yiso Hui]] Ona Yiso Hui nani Sanpawlo niyaro’ no Poraciruay a tayni, itiya i ira ko mipapaliwalay to koli a tamdaw ci Pantirancis（Porokaru sowal: ''Bandeirantes''）,pafelien no Yiso Hui ko Kuwarani to kowang a malacafay a milood tona paliwalay to koli a tamdaw. Ona sofitay tonini i, cilacila pakalowid to sofitay no Porutokaru, milaoc i lawac no sakowan no Sipanya. Toikor to i, malosofitay no Patikan Kyowo(羅馬教皇)，orasaka, halo honti no Sipanya ca to ka pakasowal tona sofitay, patahtah sato ko demak no Yiso Hui, matiya sato o paiteked sanay a kitakit, o Intian a tamdaw caay to ka samsam no roma a kohecaly a tamdaw, 100miheca ko kakapah no ’orip. [[Faylo:Ihs-logo.svg|thumb|O tahapinangan no Yiso Hui]] 1750miheca oya itiray i niyaro’ no Kuwarani a Yiso Hui malalood ato Sipanya ato Portokaru, malowid ko Yiso Hui tona lalood, sawad han to no Kurani ko Ra Porata a pala orasaka molowan to pito ko Yiso Hui. To ikor to tona lalood malaplap ko Yiso Hui nani Satimolan Amirika, oya sato Kuwarani a tamdaw o Sipanya ato Portokaru ko mikowanay. === '''Nisiided ato Tokeled Pikowan(獨立與專制統治)''' === 1810miheca sak5fola saka25romi’ad,mifelih to mikowanay i Pinos Ailis ci Polutiniyo, oya sakatosa a tapang no mikowanay ci La Polata siiked sato kami nani Sipanya sa a milekal, nikawrira, ya cisofitayay ititraay i Parakuay ci Pan・Olintalu（Sipanya sowal: ''Banda Oriental''）,ci Aluto・Piru（''Alto Perú''）ato ci Korupa(''Córdoba)'' ca ka pihai to pifelih ni Polutiniyo. 1814miheca, malasakaay mikowanay ci Hosi・Kasuparu・Rotrikis・ti・Franciya・ ・Pirasko（''José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia y Velasco''、1766 miheca,saka1folad saka6romi’ad – 1840 miheca saksiwa folad saka20romi’ad）,1816 miheca, tahira i kapatayan ko kala Mikowanay. Tahira i kapatayan ko kalamikowanay sanay i,saka ira no moamahay a finawlan a micoker sa malaheci, o polong a sera no kitakit i ono mikowanay , , away kono niyah a sera, sa malalen ci sera ko kalotamdaw. Halafin tato ko kalatapang i ataraw ci Franciya to mamifelih a teloc no Sipanya tamdaw, sa itira ko piroharoh ningra to Kuwarani tamdaw ato masafinawlanay to a teloc no ciramramay to remes no Kuwarani tamdaw, ano ira ko maliyangay to pikowan i laplapen ni Franciya, ira ko nipatayan a maliyangay tamdaw. [[Faylo:Carlos_Antonio_López.jpg|thumb|Karulos・Antoniyo・Lopis''(Carlos Antonio López)'']] Tona mihecahecaan i adihay ko lalood itini i Satimolay Amirika, odeng o Parakuay ko caay ka ci rawraw,misa’icel a papitilid ko sifo,sa ira ko sowal no mipalafangay: itini i Parakuay awaay ko mitakoway, awaay ko macahiway sanay.Pakayni to pisawidang to romaroma a kitakit fangcal ito ko demak. Yo mapatay to ci Franciya i 1940 miheca, marawraw to ko kitakit,tahira to i 1844 Miheca malacongtong ko mifakiay ci Franciya ci Karulos・Antoniyo・Lopis・Insifran''（Carlos Antonio López Ynsfrán''、1790 mihwca,11folad,4romi’ad – 1862 miheca, folad,10romi’ad）,sa malaliyaw a lahoday ko ‘orip no tamtamdaw. O pikowan ni Lopis i,falicen ningra ko pikowan to sera, itiya ho 98%a sera ono sifo kapolongan sera , caay ko cisera ko kalotamdaw, tado han ni Lopis kona pikowan a faco no sera paloma to Mati ociya ato tamako, tadatata’ang ko ’etan,o ’edeng o Parakuay ko caay kacikiyam i Satimolan Amirika,ona payso i sapisanga’en ni Lopis to marad ato tata’angay kowang,papitiliden ningra ko kapah tayra i Yoropa, 1861 miheca malaheci ko lalan no cinamalay tahira i tatapangay niyaro’ Ansunsyon. Mitahidang ho to citanengay a tamdaw no Ikiris ato roma a kitakit, mapacakat to ko taneng no Parakuway a tamdaw. O hatiniay a lahodayay a ’orip, ma’inap ko Arucincin ato Poracir lengat sa amirawraw to demak no Parakuay, o Parakuay to damaen ningra ko rawraw no Urakuay kitakit, onini ko saka lood no Arucincin ato Poracir ato Parakuay. Ona lalood pangangan han Parakuay Laood anoca Toloay kitakit a Lalood. === '''Malalood to Toloay a Malalekatepay Kitakit(三國同盟戰爭)''' === 1862 miheca mapatay koya sa’ayaway congtong, o sakakaay a wawa ningra ci Fransisko Solano Lapis Karilo ''(Francisco Solano López Carrillo''、 1826miheca,7folad,24romi’ad – 1870miheca,3folad,1romi’ad）ko mido’edoay Malacongtong.1864 miheca, malanangen to pilalalang no Ppuracir ato Arucincin ko Urakuay, misa’eli to picoker no Parakuay, o Parakuay sa i malecad a ma’esamen to larawraw no Puracir ato Arucincin, sa tangsol sa amihai to pinanay no Urakuay. O congtong sato no Parkuay ci Lapis Karilo kerid to ningra ko sofitay a micoar a mi’odot ko Puracir ato Arucincin, satapang sato ko tada palafadfadesay a lalood i Satimolan Amirika, oya sato Puracir ato Arucincin ato Urakuay a tolo kitakit malalekatep a mipaco’ay to Parakuay, o sofitay no Parakuay i tahira i katekopan a [[Faylo:Tuyuti2.jpg|thumb|Malalood to Toloay a Malalekatepay Kitakit(Tuyuti2)]] misa’icel a milood, sacisowal sa ko tarokos no Amirika mihemek to kaci’icel no faloco’ ato tada olah to kitakit no sofitay no Parakuay. 1870 miheca sakatolo folad, mapatay ci Lapis congtong tona lalood, sa lasawad sato kona lalood, namalowid ko Parakuay tona lalood i pecihen ko cecay no sepat ma’edeng 14㎢ a pala no kitakit to sapatefoc i Puracir ato Arucincin, o roma a sera mapatangic a mapa’aca i Arucincin a tamdaw, tona lalood ’aloman ko mapatayay,i ’ayaw no lalood i 52 ofad ko tamdaw no Parakuay, malaheci to ko lalood i 21 ofad to ko osaw a tamdaw, o faihayan tosa no kalitolo ko mapatayay. Nakalaloodan caay ko tamdaw aca ko malowanay, o sera to, o sata to, o katayalan to malahedaw, toya ikor to 50 miheca lacaan sato ko kicay, tahanini ira ho naikoran a kunis no lalood. === '''Lalood i Ciyaco(Chaco 戰爭)''' === Malaheci to koya Toloay a Malalekatepay Kitakit a lalood, o kakeridan no sofitay to ko mikowanay tona kitakit,sa’ayaway a tata’angay a tayal i,o sapitongalaw to tamdaw, sa itira ko pinanay to kafolaw a tayni no Suis,Toic ato Italiya a maomahay tamdaw, nikawrira, naikoran ho no lalood sa caay ka hakowa kotayniay a mafolaw. Caay ka tangsol sa a lahoday ko ‘orip no tamtamdaw, sa adihay mayakiyak ko lihaf, itini i Ciyako''(Chaco)''hananay a palapalan adihayay ko simal sako lihaf mayakayak.1932 miheca oya fiyaw a kitakit Polifiya takaw sa a milood to Parakuay i Ciyako, (o Ciyako lalood hananay konini)o sofita no Parakuay caay ka hakowa ko tamdaw, o na’osawan a kowang ko sapilood, malowid nangra ko ’alomanay a sofitay no Polifiya. 1938 miheca masasowal to sakalali’ay itira i Puinoalis, maala a patatikor koya micowatan no Sipanyaan ho miheca Kurata Ciyako pala. Tona lalood i Ciyako 4ofad ko mapatayay a tamdaw, tongal sato ko kalacaan no ’orip no kalotmadaw. Oya tadamaanay a sofitay toya Ciyako lalood ci Frair Franko malacontong, macaloh tato ko tayal to sapiliyawaw misongila’ patireng to kitakit, caka pakatoor ko kalotamdaw, teked hanto ningra koya niyah a kapot a mikowan to kitaki ,sa mafelih no finawlan malaplap i 1937miheca. === '''Sofiatayan Nisateked Pikowan(軍事獨裁統治)''' === Mido’edoay malakakeridan no Parakuay i ci Hikiniyon Moriniko ''(Higinio Morínigo'' ''Martínez'' (1897miheca, 1folad,11romi’ad, -1983miheca, 1folad, 27romi’ad)[1]. O pikowan ningra to kitakit i, safatad han ca ko kala no finawlan a kitakit sanay, o hatiniay a tayal i,macangal ko finawlan sa matatoker ko Sakatosa Folad Tang ato Koroto Tang, marawraw to ko tamtamdaw, ono laloma’ a lalood no Parakuay hann a pangangan konini. Tona lalood i matafesiw ko 20 ofad ko tamdaw milaliw tara i romaroma a kitakit. Ikor to nona lalood i,ci Fitiriko Ciyapas ''(Federico Chaves'' ''Careaga'' (February 15, 1882[1] – April 24, 1978) ko malakakeridan no kitakit, nikawrira, caka pakafilo amisopsop to karawraw no kitakit, malalalowadan no rawraw konini,o sofitay to ko mifelihay palasawad. 1954 miheca ira ko picoker no sofitay no Puracir, tireng sa malatapang no kitakit ci Alfreto・Sutoroisnir・Matinawda''（Alfredo Stroessner Matiauda''、1912 miheca,11 Folad,3romi’ad – 2006miheca,8folad, 16romi’ad）, o kalacongtong ningra i, 35 miheca ko kahalafing. O kalacongtong ningra i o Puracir ko cokeray sa o tayal ningra i,’aning sanay to Puracir wawaay kono niyah nisafaloco’an a tayal. O nano sofitay ko tiring ningra sa misatekeday ko pikowan ningra, ano ira ko sapifelihaw a maliyang i penecen, o cowa ka aloman ko tamdaw a finacadan ato Yincomin(Intihinna) matayen, sa itira to ko pitefoc no Amirika ato roma a kitakit. Hato caacaay ko mangoyangoy ko kamaro’ ni Sutoroisnir, safana’ sa a tomireng a mifelih ci Antoris Rotrikis Pitotis''(Andrés Rodríguez Pedotti)''mlapacalcalay contong,nikawrira caka dahamham ko faloco’ ni Sutoroisnir, keriden ho ningra ko papinapina a sofitay mirawraw i kasaniyaroaro’. Caka pakafilo amitoker taha ikor ta malaplap tara i Puracir. O hatiniay ko kakaya’ ko kacongtong ‘odeng konini ko ma’araway i Satimolan Amirika. === '''O sinkiw ko sakalacongtong(普選)''' === Mafelih ni Rotrikis ko ka’ayaway a congtong i,malapacalcalay a congtong falicen Ningra ko demak ni Rotrikis mala no finawlan a kitakit ko Parakuay, o sinkiw ko sakalacongtong, orasaka, i 1993miheca saka5 folad misinkiw maala ci Fan KarosWasimosi（Juan Carlos Wasmosy）malasa’ayaway a o sinkiw ko kalacontong. 1996 miheca 4folad,o tada ci’icelay a kakeridan no sofitay ci Lino Opiyito（Lino Oviedo）palasawad han no congtong ko kala kakeridan no sofitay a paliten, nawhani, mipapacoliay a mirawraw to tayal no sifo. Nikawrira,1998 miheca o kapot ni Lino Opiyito ci Lauru Kupas''（Raul Cubas）''maala malacongtong tangsol han ningta a mihepol ko kapalit ni Lino Opiyito. Na masadak ci Lino Opiyito nani kapalitan, salatiktik sa a dademak i cani’iw amicawcaw to tayal no sifo. 1999 miheca saka3 folad saka23 romi’ad, mangaw ko sadamacongton ci Luis Mariya Arkaniya''（Luis Maria Argaña）,''matalaw to ci Lino Opiyito aci Kupas to kapalitan, soikor han to nangra kono niyah kitakit a milaliw tara roma a kitakit, tona folad ci Luis Koncalis Maki ko malacongtongay''(Luis Gonzalez'' ''Macchi）,'' i 2000 miheca sakalima folad ira ko sapifelihaw no sofitay nika caay ka Laheci,2003 miheca saka4folad,ci Nikaruno Toaruti Frutos ko malacongtongay''(Nicanor Duarte Frutos).'' I 2008 miheca saka4folad ira kono congtong a sinkiw, o caay ko i sifoay a tang(tangwai han no kaping sowal) malacecay a misanga’ to「sapilahodayaw a maolah to kitakit」sanay a tang ''(The Patriotic Alliance for Change (Spanish: Alianza'' ''Patriótica por el Cambio, APC)'', milifet to roma a tatoloay masadakay tomireng to sinkiw no congtong. Malemed ko kakeridan nona APC tang ci Firnanto Arminto Luko Mintis (''Fernando Armindo Lugo Méndez）,''sa itini to a mapalasawd ko pikowan no sofitay a tang nani 1947 miheca rarid sa taha 61 miheca ko kakaya’ a pikowan no sofitay, mapalahedaw to ko Kororato Tang. Nikawrira, 2012 miheca saka6 folad, mafelih no Lipoin(no kitakit a kayki)ci Firnanto Arminto Luko Mintis mapalasawad ko kalacongtong ningra, oya sadama a congtong [[Faylo:Horacio_Cartes_con_banda.jpg|thumb|Olasyo Karutis(Horacio Cartes con banda)]] ci Fitiliko Franko cakat sa pacalcal a malacongtong, 2013 miheca saka4 folad a sinkiw i ci Olasyo Karutis ko maalaay malacongtong, ona tamdaw i Kororato Tang, ona Kororato Tang i,o harateng nangra milalangay to kacisalongac no kalotamdaw, ano saki kitakit manga’ay to a mipenec to kalotamdaw sanaay, orasaka o sofitay ko mikowanay to kalotamdaw. == '''O sici(政治)''' == O sakaay a mikowanay to kitakit i o congtong, o tapang no sifo, away ko pakafiloay to sakowan ’icel ningra. 5 mihaeca ko kalacongtong, caay ka haien no rikec a palalid a malacongtong,nikawrira, 2013 miheca namalacongtong ci Orasio Manuir Karotis Hara（Sipanyasowal: ''Horacio Manuel Cartes Jara''）, sapifalicaw to kinpo ta manga’ay palalid a malacongtong kako yo sananay, nikawrira caay ka laheci ko pifalic to kinpo. O sinkiw no congtong i o palikoay to congtong ato sadamacongtong o cecay a kumi ko sa’osi, o kalotamdaw ko mi topaay,oya saadihayay ko satopa a kumi ko mamaala. Ano mapatay ano ca mapalasawad no lipoin ko congtong i, oya sadamacongtong ko macakat malacongtong, milepon toya ‘osaw a kalacongtongan a miheca. Away ko Sincinyincang hananay a kamaro’an, o congtong sanay ko mikowanay to polong a tayal no kitakit. == '''O lipoin(pikaykian no kitakit)(國會)''' == O lipoin no Parakuay i tosaay, o cecay i o Fafa’eday Kayki(上院), o cecay i o La’enoay Kayki(下院), o Fafa’eday Kayki a lipoiin i 45 ko tamdaw, o polong no kitakit ko pisinkiwan, o La’enoay Kayki a lipoiin i 80 ko tamdaw,o 18 a sakowan a tamdaw ko mitopaay. Ona tosa a pikaykian no kitakit a lipoiin i 5 miheca ko kalalipoiin nangra, sa malecad ko romi’ad ko pisikiwan no congtong,ya i cilaay a sinkiw i 2013 miheca saka 4 folad saka 21 romi’ad, o maalaay a lipoiin paki tangen i iara ila’eno a silsilen: Fafa’eday Kayki: ＊kororato Tang: 19 ko iin ＊PLRA Tang:13 ko iin ＊Kuwas Tang:5 ko iin ＊Mincin Tatng:3 ko iin ＊Apansa Pais:2 ko iin ＊UNACE Tang:1 ko iin ＊Komin Tang: 1 ko iin La’enoay Kayki: ＊kororato Tang: 44 ko iin ＊PLRA Tang:27 ko iin ＊Mincin Tatng:3 ko iin ＊Apansa Pais:2 ko iin ＊UNACE Tang:2 ko iin ＊Komin Tang: 2 ko iin ＊Kuwas Tang:1 ko iin ＊To’asan Tang:1 ko iin ＊Ciyakiniya Tang:1 ko iin [[Faylo:Bolivar_Arturo_Michelena.jpg|thumb|Simon・Poliparu(Bolivar Arturo Michelena)]] Nano kairaan no Parakuay kitakit, o sici nona kitakit i matiya o sowal ni Simon・ Poliparu (''Simón Bolívar'') o tada ngangan ningra i ci Simon・Hosi・Antoniyon・ti ・Santisima・Trinitato・Poliparu・Palasios・Ponti・I・Pranko''（Simón José'' Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar Palacios Ponte y Blanco、1783 miheca,saka7folad, saka24romi’ad –1830miheca,saka12folad,17romi’ad, omi keriday to saka tomireng no Satimalan Amirika a kitakit）: ano ca ko sofitay ko nisateked mikowan, o pakoniyah sanay matiya o awaay ko sifo, naka mapalasawad malatapang no kitakit ci Sitoisniru, lahodayay to mamang ko ‘orip no tamtamdaw, nikawrira, o sofitay ko so’elinay a mikowan tona kitakit. == '''Kalawidang to roma kitakit(國際關係)''' == O cecay a mikapotay no Mirukosir''（Sipanya sowal: Mercosur; Mercado Común del'' ''Sur、Porutokaru sowal: Mercosul; Mercado Comum do Sul、Ikiris sowal：Southern'' ''Common Market)'' hananay a saopo ,ona saopo i, o kapolongan a pili’etanan i katimolay no Satimolan Amirika. Manga’ay ko kalafiyaw ato Poracir、Arucincin ato Urakuay. I ’ayaw no 20sici masasiwar no mipadafo’an no Ikiris a kitakit Arucincin, i aikor tono 20sici masasiwar ho no mipadafo’an no Amirika a kitakit Poracir ko demak. Orasaka, 2005 miheca pakamaro’en ko sofitay no Amirika tona kitakit, hato patalaway to fiyaw a kitakit, onini ko lalengatan no fangafang ato fiyaw a kitakit. === '''O kalawidan ato Conghuaminko(與中華民國的外交關係)''' === [[Faylo:2016年5月20日總統就職_09.jpg|thumb|ci Orasio Karutis congtong aci Cay Yinwin congtong(2016年5月20日總統就職 )]] O Parakuay a kitakit i o mihantayay to Kiwsanto , malecad ato Conghuwaminko, onini ko kakaketonan a malawidang, 1957 miheca, saka 7 folad, saka 12 romi’ad makakaketon to tilid a malawidang, itini i Satimolan Amirika odengan ona kitakit ko mihaiay pakasicien. Naw han, yo malacongtong ci Arufreto Sutoroisnir i 1954 miheca mihantay to kiwsanto, matiya o pihantay no Conghuwaminko sa tongal sa ko kanga’ay no kalawidang nona tosa a kitakit. 1959 miheca saka11 folad, saka 29 romi’ad, mapatireng ko ''tasukuwan''(大使館) no Conghuwaminko i Parakuay, o Parakuay ho patireng ko ''tasukuwan'' i Taypak. == '''O sakowan(行政區分)''' == O polong kasasiroma sakowan no Parakuay i, o Tatapangan a Niyaro’(Siwto) ato 17 a sakowan(departomentos),ya i rarikoray ’i,o tatapangan a niyaro’ no sakowan: 1.Arto Parakuay sakowan''( Alto Paraguay)'' （Firti Olinpo） 2.Arto Parana sakowan''( Alto Paraná)'' （Siwta Tir Isti ） 3.Amanpay sakowan''( Amambay)''（Pitoro Fan Kapaciro）ira ho koroma a niyaro’  Kapitan Pato. 4.Ansiyon Tatapangan Sakowan''( Departamento de Asunción)'' （Ansiyon） 5.Pokiron sakowan''(Boquerón )''（Firatifiya） 6.Kaakuas sakowan''( Caaguazú)'' （Koronir Opito） 7.Kasapa sakowan''( Caazapá)''（Kasapa） 8.Kanintiyo''( Canindeyú)''（Saruto ti Kuayra） 9.Sintora sakowan''(Central)''（Arikua） 10.Konsipciyon sakowan''( Concepción)'' （Konsipciyon） 11.Kortilira''(Cordillera)''（Kaakupi） 12.Kuayra''(Guairá)''（Piciyalika） 13.Itapua''(Itapúa)'' （Inkarunasion） 14.Sisionis sakowan''(Misiones)''（San Fan Pautista） 15.Ninpok sakowan ''(Ñeembucú)'' （Piraru） 16.Parakuali sakowan ''(Paraguarí)''（Parakuali） 17.Poritinti Acis sakowan''(Presidente Hayes)''（Poso Kororato） 18.San Pitoro sakowan''(San Pedro)''（San Pitoro ti Ukuamancio） == '''Palapalaan(地理)''' == O Parakuay a kitakit ’i, malala’eday to Parakuay ’alo malalitosa a mapecih, o Ka’etipay Parakuay(Paraguay Oriental) ato Kawaliay Parakuay,ira ho ko Ciyako hananay a pala.[2] Ora i kawaliay a pala ’i, mahaop ko 40% a sera no kitakit, 97% ko maro’ay tamdaw, ira ko masatapolopoloay a sera, ira ko masahadhaday a sera, ira ko kilakilangan ato cihanekay a sera. O Amanpay a rotorotokan ko kasala’ed ato Puracir kitakit. Nikawrira, o i saka’etipay a Parakuay ’i, macaco’isay ko kinahirahira, ma’icangay ko sera, matakaray ko kilalang o tamdaw sa ’i, matakaray to, o karara’ed ato Arucincin kitakit a Pirukomayon ’alo o sena’sena’an,i lilis nona ’alo o ka’amisay no Yoropa a tamdaw ato Rosiya a tamdaw ko mafolaway a tayni, itiratira i saidahiay a sera toya Ciyako ’i, caayay ka cisafaw to 10 ofad ko kaaloman no maro’ay tamdaw. I sak’eti’etip no satimalan a pala ’i, o Parana ’alo ko kasala’ed to roma a kitakit, o nanom ona Paran ’alo ko sapisang’ to tata’angay tafa’ (Itaypu Tafa’, o roma ngangan o Ikuaso Tafa’ hananay)alaciwasilay ato Puracir. O misangaan nona tafa’ a dinki(水力 發電) o sakakaay i nitahepoan no kakayaran a kitakit. Tona Parana ’alo ira ho ko cecay a tafa’ o Ciyasrita Tafa’, malalilamay ato Arucincin. Orasaka, anini o saadihayay ko mipaliwalay i romaroma a kitakit to dinki ko Parakuay. O dadahal no kilakilangan a pala ’i,780 ofad kofo, mahaop ko 40% a sera no polong no Parakuay kitakit. == '''Finacadan (民族)''' == O tamdaw no Parakuay mahaop ko 90% o Kurani Finacadan, ira ho ko ciramramay to [[Faylo:Pai_Tavytera_Indians.jpg|thumb|Kurani Finacadan(Pai Tavytera Indians)]] remes no Yoropa tamdaw, o Mitis hananay pangangan. Ona Mitis hananay a tamdaw ’i, ya mafolaw a tayni ko kohecal tamdaw no Yoropa tona sera, saci’icel sa pararamod to Kuarani Yincumin, sa ’aloman ko ciramramay to remes no Yoropa. O lalengatan itiyay to katayni no patenakay to Kristo Pitooran a Yiso Hui saopo(耶穌 會), mipa’icel a mipatenak、mi’osaw to punka no Kurani, nikawrira malaplap sato ko Yiso Hui ’i, caay sa kala tokay ko kaloniyaro’ no Parakuay, oroma sa ’i, o teloc no kohecalay tamdaw no Yoropa, away ko ci’icelay a mikowanay, toya sato mikerid ko Puinoaris to sapisiiked a mikowan, manaay ko Parakuay a tamdaw a mido’edo, o niyah a kitakit o niniyah ko patireng sa ko tamdaw no Parakuay. Itiya sato tomireng ci Fransiya hakasi malasa’ayaway congtong, micorcor anoca mipatangic a pakararamod to roma afinacadan,oya hato sapifelihaw to tayal a teloc no Yoropa tamdaw, laplapen ningra. Orasaka, ciremes no Kurani ko kalotamdaw no Parakuay, malita’ang to kaciremes no Kurani. O mafolaway a tamdaw ’i, ira ko Toic,ira ko Italiya, Sipanya, Dipon, Kaping ato Arapiya, iraroma nonini a tamtadaw o Puracir ato Arucincin ko pakasiwar to demak no Parakuat a tamdaw. == '''O sowal (語言)''' == Ono sifo a kapolongan sowal ’i, o Sipanya sowal ato Kurani sowal, mahaop ko 94% a tamdaw no Parakuay mafana’ay somowal to Kurani sowal, 75% a tamdaw mafana’ay a somowal tono Sipanya sowal. Caay konini aca, ira ko 16 ofad mahaop ko 2.5% a tamdaw mafana’ay tono Toic a sowal. == '''O pitooran(宗教)''' == Mahaop ko 90% a tamdaw o Tinsikiw ko pitooran, o roma sa ’i,  ira ko Minonita, Fancalay Aocoran ni Yiso Kristo Kiwkay''(The Church of Jesus Christ of'' ''Latter-day Saints,'' kantang han pangangan'': LDS）,''o kafana’an no kalotamdaw ’i,o Molomon(摩門教) hananay a pitooran. Paifaloco’ sanay ko pitoor. == '''Punka (文化)''' == O kalotamdaw no Parakuay ’i, cirURamramay to remes no Sipanya, o wama ’i, Sipanya tamdaw. O wina ’i, o Kurani tamdaw, orasaka, caay ka pisakakinih a misaicowa, matatoy nangra kona tosa a punka ato ta’as a pinangan, tahanini ira ho ko 80% a tamdaw no Parakuay kalasowal han nangra ko tosa a sowal. == '''Kaka’enen(食文化)''' == Matiya o fiyaw a kitakit tada maolah a minanom to Mati a ocia, maolah to Tilili hananay ko piminanom to Mati ociw. Ona Tilili ’i,ono tato’asan ho a pinangan. Naw iro maolah a minanom to Mati ocia, halititiay ko ka’en nangra, ona ocia o sapiserer to [[Faylo:Mate_containing_tereré.JPG|thumb|Tilili Sapinanoman to Ocia(Mate containing tereré)]] ka’akawang no ’ilang, mipatongalay to witamin ato sakacisoher mifalah to tatiih no tiring. O nano to’asan maolahay to a minanom to Mati ociw ko Parakuay tamdaw, ora Tilili hananay ’i, itiyaay i Ciyako Kalaloodan a mapatenak ko matiyaay a pinanom to ocia. O kaka’enen to romi’ami’ad o niparamraman to Mancioka hananay a kililang, o nini Mancioka ko sapisanga’ to ’epang. == '''O dafong no nitahepoan no kakayaran (世界遺產)''' == O citodongay to demak no Kiwiku, Kakaku ato Punka no Linhoko ''(United Nations'' [[Faylo:ラ・サンティシマ・トリニダー・デ・パラナ（パラグアイ）.JPG|thumb|Niyaro' no Intian(ラ・サンティシマ・トリニダー・デ・パラナ（パラグアイ）]] ''Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, UNESCO),'' o mihinamay a pakika to tadamaanay dafong no nitahafan no kakaryan, ono Parakuay a radamaanay dafong ’i,cecay aca ko mitokian i 1993 miheca, o Ra Santisima Torinita ti Parana ato His ti Taparanki a Yiso Hui Patenakan to Sowal no Wama''(Missions jésuites de la'' ''Santísima Trinidad de Paraná et Jesús de Tavarangue).'' O maro’ay itini a tamdaw’i, 「Torinita nalacolan」hananay a misarahoday a pangangan, onini a nalacolan ’i, o [[Faylo:Jesuit_ruins_at_trinidad.jpg|thumb|Torinita Nalacolan(Jesuit ruins at trinidad)]] mapatirengay i katimaol no Parakuay ato ka’amis no Arucincin, mahaopay ko Parana ’alo, aloman ko nani cowacoway misalamaay a tamdaw. O itiraay i Inkarunasion Niyaro’ a Torinita i 1706 miheca a patireng tona niyaro’, ira ko isifo’ay a potal, Tata’angay Kyokai, sefi’, pitilidan, katayalan,pitelian to to’asan dafong, ato niyaro’ no Yincumin. 1767 miheca namalaplap ko YisoHui, naikoran to lahedaw sato ko sasiwar no Yiso Hui,o Torinita sa ’i, awa sato ko milingwaay tona nalacolan, nikawrira, masongila’ ko pisalof ta fangcal ko katelek taha nini. == '''Pihapinangan Tilid(註腳)''' == [1]  "TESTIMONIOS DE UN PRESIDENTE – ENTREVISTA AL GRAL. HIGINIO MORÍNIGO," by Augusto Ocampos Caballero. Retrieved October 29, 2014. [2] a b c d ラテン・アメリカを知る事典、pp.303-305 パラグアイの項（今井圭子執筆） [[Faylo:Flag of Paraguay.svg|thumb|Flag of Paraguay|alt=Flag of Paraguay]] [[Faylo:Paraguay (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Location of  Paraguay  (dark green)in South America  (grey)]] == '''Pitiri'an Tilid(參考文獻)''' == Itini i 23 00 S, 58 00 W, noNotimolan Amilika ko [[Paraguay]]. Polong no sekalay i 406,752 sq km “saka 60 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 397,302 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 9,450 sq km ” Polong i 6,862,812 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 53.80%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 43.80%, malo no roma to a sera 2.40%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Asuncion]](亞松森) ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakalima 14 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Horacio Cartes]](歐拉西歐·卡提斯), patirengan(擔任) a romi’ad i 2013 a miheca(年) saka 8 folad(月) saka 15 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] l0skpneuxg1zej9cmqarciak6jzgccy 0 911 20772 20771 2021-10-28T12:38:30Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 23 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 20771 wikitext text/x-wiki Parayapay（和平部落） Itiniay i [[Luye]](鹿野) Cen no Taitung(台東) ko [[Parayapay]] a niyaro’, 162 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 443 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 88% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 390 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 12% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 53 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)77%, Bunun(布農族)2%, roma(其他)8%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] pbe6hsos814lw5k95aprrsf6urw7duw 0 912 20799 20798 2021-10-28T12:38:33Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 26 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 20798 wikitext text/x-wiki Paridrayan（大社部落） Itiniay i [[Sandimen]](三地門) Cen no Pingtung(屏東) ko [[Paridrayan]] a niyaro’, 229 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 733 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 98% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 718 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 2% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 15 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Paiwan(排灣族)95%, Rukai(魯凱族)1%, Bunun(布農族)1%, roma(其他)1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] kepbv2nlz4x21sz8tge7qb0ftun8vbz 0 913 38597 20820 2023-06-27T20:56:35Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38597 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''Bahrain,Kingdom of Bahrain(巴林王國)''' == == '''Parin Hontian a Kitakit'''([[kuwaping a sowal]]: 巴林王國) == == '''Takaray a sowal'''(概要) == [[Faylo:Flag_of_Bahrain.svg|thumb|Hata no Parin a kitakit(Flag of Bahrain)]] O Parin Hontian a Kitakit(مملكة البحرين), o Parin hananay ko kalo panganga, itiraay i Sa’etipan no [[Asiya|Aciya]] mingataay to salawacan no Posowan a riyar a kanatalan a [[kitakit]], o tatapangan a syoto i,o [[Mainara]] ([[Arapiya a sowal]] :المنامة‎ Al Manāma). Adihay ko kanatal itini, o satata’angay a kanatal no Palin i,o Parin kanatal, nani ka’amis taratomol 55㎢ ko kato’edaw, saniwali tarasa’etip 18㎢ ko kakahad,polongen ko kakahad i,758㎢. Isaka’etip i,o Sawti Arapiya, matatongod to Fahe Honti Tata’akay Kayakay(Jisr al-Malik Fahd), o miracaray to riyar a kayakay konini. Isaka’amis to 200km o Ilan kitakit; o Katar Napecihan Kanatal itiraay i kawali no sakatimol. O kakarayan i, o Fa’edetay a Tafotafokan. I 2021a mihecan a polong no tamdaw 1,234,571 ko tamdaw, ilaloma’ no nini i,ira ko 666,172 ko tamdaw o nani papotalay. O kacemahadan no Dilmun Punka(I’ayaw ni Yiso to 3000 ko miheca) ko Palin, itiya i 628 miheca, mala no Isalm a Pitooran a pala. Iaikor tono 19 sici, matatilid to kakaketonan ato Ikiris mala makowanan no Ikiris ko Palin, o Ikiris ko pa’adingay. 1971 miheca miliyas nani tini ko Ikiris, oya mikowanan no Ikiris a siwaay a kitakit, o Parin ato Katar misiiked a patireng to noniyah a kitakit, oya ’osaw to 7 mikowanan no Ikiris i, mapapolong a patireng to Arapiya Mapapolongay a Hontian Kitakit(United Arab Emirates;UAE), tahira sato i 2002 miheca, milekal ko Palin mala no Hontian Kitakit. O kicai no Parin i,caay ka o kasolin simal aca ko palawinaan, mipadahof to Kinko ato Pisalaman a demak, o Syoto Maynama o kasa’opoan no ilaloma’an to no kitakit ato ipapotalan to no kitakit o tata’akay a Citodongay to Paso a Demak itini. == '''Tatapangan no sowal'''(語源) == O sowal no Arapiya to ''Baḥrayn'' hnanay i,o tosaay a ruyar(''bahr'') sanay ko imi ira，orasaka ''al-Bahray'' i,ona「tosa a riyar」sanay ko imi. Ona sowal tona Kolan hananay i,kina70 a [[Faylo:Qur'an_and_Rehal.jpg|thumb|Koracin(Qur'an and Rehal)]] i Korancin, isa’ayaw ho i,cowa ko Parin ko mitoro’an, o kawaliay a Arapiya Pecih Kanal ko mihaenan.[1] Itini tona palapalaan i,nani katimolay a Pasla al-Baṣrah no Posiwan, mahaop ko Parin, Kowito, Hasa Langdaway Faniyot, Katifo, Arapiya Mapapolongay a Hontian Kitakit(United Arab Emirates;UAE), Katar, Satimolan no Irako, tahira i ka’amis no Anman a madado’edo. O polong no sawali’an no Arapiya a lislis no riyar, tona cecay a patek ko mihecan sahetoay o Parin.[2] Nikawria, anini sato i,ona tosaay a riyar o sawali’an no Parin a kanatal ato i sak’etioay awawwan ko mitoro’an,[3] anoca o sa’amisan no kanatal ato satimolan a riyar ko mitoro’an.[4] Ira ho ko roma a pinengeng tona tosay kanatal, o kaheciday ato kalonanom a nemnem komitoro’an.[5] O roma a sowal i,ona tosaay a riyar hananay i,o Posiwan ato tata’akay a fanaw I ngata no Hasa Langdaway Faniyot sanay.[6] I 1971 miheca saka 8 folad saka 15 romi’ad, oya mikowan no Tata’akay Alkahafa a Laloma’an a Hontian a Parin caay to ko mikowanan no Ikiris, kaheci sato ko pisiiked to Niyahpikowan a kitakit. == '''Rikisi'''(歷史) == I’ayaw ni Yiso a mihecan iraay to a mapatireng ko tata’akay a niyaro’ , I’ayaw ni Yiso to 1000 a mihecan maro’ itini ko Finikki a tamdaw(Ikiris a sowal:''Phoenicia''), ikor ni Yiso to saka7 sici,mala o cecay a sakowan no Arapiya Hontian Kitakit, mirecep ko punka no [[Faylo:Prokudin-Gorskii-19-v2.png|thumb|Amir honti 1911 a mihecan(Prokudin-Gorskii-19-v2)]] , orasaka malapinangan no aniniay a Muslin. 1507~1602 mihecahecan ma’eco no Portokaro(Potawya), do’edo’edo sa i,o Posi Hotian Kitakit to ko mikowanay. 1783 miheca, mafelih no Parin ko pikowan no Posi,milekal to misaikeday a kitakit ko Parin.1920 miheca cowaten no Ikiris malanipaadingay a kitakit no Ikiris. I sakatosa a lalood no nitahepoan no kakarayan i 1940miheca saka10 folad malisawak no salifong no Italy ko Parin.1957 miheca, patedo sa ko Ikiris a milekal:「o nipaadingan no Ikiris a misaikeday a kitakit ko Parin」sanay. 1971 miheca saka 8 folad saka 14 romi’ad,laheci sato ko Pisaiked to Niyhakitakit, o「Parin Kitakit」hananay a pangangan. 2000miheca saka 2 folad saka 14 romi’ad, mafalic a pangangan to Parin Hontian Kitakit, o tapang no kitakit i falicen a pakahonti, o Honti ci Amir(''Amīr''), oya faloay ko coco’ a hata no kitakit i, rowanen a mifalic to ’enem a coco’ a hata. == '''Sici'''(政治) == Hontian Rikec a Kitakit ko faco no sici no Parin,o Honti ko Tapang no kitakit, orasak cowa to kahakowa ko sakowan a ’icel no sifo, nikawrira, o kasaniyaro’aro tata’angay ko [[Faylo:Hamad_bin_Issa_Al_Khalifa_et_Bush.jpg|thumb|Palafang ko congtong no Amirika ci Pusi(Hamad bin Issa Al Khalifa et Bush)]] a ’icel,manga’ay to a do’edo’edo han ko pinangan no kasaniyaro’ a mikowan to demak no niyah a niyaro’. Paninako han o Islam a niyaro’ o rikec no Islam Pitooran ko dado’edo’en a matayal, ono Kristo a niyaro’ ono Kristo a rikec ko dado’edo’en a matayal, ono Indo a niyaro’ ono Indo Pitooran a rikec ko dado’edo’en.[7] I 2002 miheca saka 10 folad ptireng to Fafa'eday Pikaikian ato Kararemay Pikaikian, Tosaay ko Pikaikian a Faco no kitakit, o kiing no Fafa'eday Pikaikian a kiing i, o Honti ko mitoro’ay to sakalakiing, o Kararemay Pikaikian a kiing i,o misinkiwan ko kalakiing. Itini i taliyok no Arapiya o sarakatay a midemak to sinkiw no Pikaikian no Kitakit, o sarakatay a mihai to fafahiyan mitopa, mikihatiya to sici. Nikawria, i 2011 miheca ira ko sapifelihaw to sifo a sa’opo milongoc to sakatongal no kanga’ay no sici no Parin.[8] == '''Kasakowakowan''' (行政區) == O polong a kasakowakowan no Parin ira ko 4 a Sakowan, syoto sakowan, Mohalako sakowan(''Muḥāfaẓat al-Muḥarraq''),Ka’amisay sakowan ato Katimolay sakowan. == '''Palapalaan''' (地理) == I kawaliay no SawtiArapo ko Parin a kitakit,mingataay to saka’etipan no Posi a Kihaw, masadahdahay a ma’icangay a kanatanatal. Nani masadasdasay a tafotafokan cakat sa tahira i 134m nani tongroh no riyar, tangasa i sakatakarawayay a「ci’cefelay a lotok」''(Mountain of Smoke).'' [[Faylo:Sandstorm_in_Al_Asad,_Iraq.jpg|thumb|Faliyos no Tahefod(Sandstorm in Al Asad, Iraq)]] O polong a hahadaf no pala no Parin ira ko 665㎢, nikawrira, nipaloan to sera ko salawacan no riyar mala karopaw a pala, sa matongal ko kakahad to780㎢, ikaka no Ikiris a Man kanatal (''Isle of Man'') to mamang. I sa’ayaw ’edengan 33 ko kanatal, nikawrira to ikor to i,paloen to sera ko salawacan no riyar a mafalic ko pala, i 2008 miheca saka 8 folad, o polong a kanatal tahiraay to i 84 ko kaadihay no ’osi no kanatal. Pakaynien i kakahad no kanatal a rayray o Parin a kanatal, do’edo sa i o Howar kanatal(''Juzur Ḩawār''), Muharako kanatal,Umoansan kanatal ato Sitola kanatal. [[Faylo:Salinity.jpg|thumb|Cicinah ko sera ato nanom(Salinity)]] O lilis no riyar ira ko 161km ko kato’edaw, cowa ka laliting ko kalala’edan to roma a kitakit. O kacifrangan a kakarayan so’emtay fa’edetay, o kasi’enawan sa’emelay. O dafong no pala i, tada patahtahay to kasolin a simal, kaso no pala ato foting.Nikawrira, tada manikaway to kamaomahan a sera, o manga’ayay ka kaomahen a pala i,’edeng mahaop ko 2.8% no polong a pala no kitakit. O tafotafokan a pala i,mahaop ko 92% no polong a pala no kitakit. O latiih no pala i,caay ka ‘eca ka pisaliyaliyaw a ira ko kakedalan a mafetak to ko sota’ ato tata’akay a tahefod, orasak omisi’ayawan a tata’angay a inorong no taliyokan,o malatafok ko o’edengan a omah, masi’ac ko riyar a malatiih ko salawacan no ruyar ato rakarakan.O lalengatan nona latiih i,o nani kaira no tata’akay a taka micoro’ay to simal, mi’olacay to simal a pisanga’an ato misang’ay to dingki, mangalefay oya takaw sanay a matayal i Topoli a kihaw. O nanom ato sera sa i,cilamlam to cinah. == '''Kakarayan'''(氣候) == Macara no nani tokos no Ilan, cilacila maiyof no la’enoay a fali ko Parin. I saka 6 a folad tahira i saka 7 folad o nani Ilako ato SawtiArapo a Faliyos no Tahefod maiyof ko Parin, cowa to ’araw ko ka’ayaway a mamaan. O kaciferangan no Parin caay ka filo ko fa’edet, nawhan i, italiyokay no Parin a riyar pangtaay, tangsol sanaay a macakat ko fa’edet, sa do’et sato ko romi’ad, mangalefay to dadayay. I kacifrangan a fa’edet i,tahiraay to i 50°C ko ka’akawang, o ‘orad sa i, caay ka hakowa, ‘edeng i kasi’enawan ko ka ’oradan, kairaan to pisa’osi to polong a ’orad to cecay a miheca o ’edengan 71.8 hawmi ko kaaduhay. == '''Tamdaw''' (人口) == I 2001 miheca a pisa’osian to tamdaw i, o polong ira ko 650,604 ko kaaloman no tamdaw no Parin, o nani patopatal a mafolaway a tayni a tamdaw cecay no kalitolo1/3. O sa’adihayay ko ni’aroan no tamdaw a tokai i,o Manamah(''Manmah'') ato Mohalako(''Muharrq''), o katongao no tamdaw to mihecaan latek 2.96%.Ono sifoan a sowal i,o Arapiya a sowal, nikawrira, ’aloman kono roma a kitakit a tamdaw itini sa o Ikiris a sowal ko kasasowal. == '''Pitooran'''(宗教) == Ono kitakit a mitoro’an ko Islam(Arapiya a sowal:الإسلام, ''al-’islām'') a Pitooran, orasaka, o [[Faylo:Quran_cover.jpg|thumb|Korancin (Quran cover)]] no Parin sahetoay o mitooray to Muslin. O kasa’isal no Sinyi Felaw ato Sonni Felaw away ko no sifo a pisa’osi, latek mahaop ko 65~75% o Sinyi Felaw no Islam,nikawrira, o Sonni Felaw ko mikowan tona kitakit.[9] Caay ko Islam a Pitooran aca itini, ira ho ko misa Kristoay, ato mitooray to Indo a Kyokai. I 2010 miheca a pisa’osi to tamdaw i,o cowa ko Muslin a maro’ay itini a tamdaw ira ko 367,683 ko tamdaw. == '''Kicai'''(經濟) == Itiya ho o kihakihawan ko Parin a kitakit, o pi’a’alan to odo’ no fidac ato kalalo’acaan a pala, [[Faylo:AlbaGallery8.jpg|thumb|Misolinga'ay to kasoli simal(AlbaGallery8)]] maro’ay itini a tamtamdaw o mi’alaay to odo’ no fidac, mifoting ato malali’acaay ko ‘orip nangra. I 1933 miheca makera ko kasolin simal, o sa’ayaway a mikarkarray to kasolin a kitakit itini tona kihakihawan a pala, o sarad no kasolin ira ko 1712 ofad a ton, kaso no pala a sarad ira ko 924 ofad lifangmi(m³) ko kaadihay. O kahiceraan no kalafalican to payso no kalokitakit itini. Nengnengen kono i 2004 mihecaan a Kapolongan a Nitayal a’Epoc(''Gross National Product'':''GNP'') ira ko 100 ok kono Amirika a payso, ono Kala’isal no Kalotamdaw a Kapolongan ’Epoc(''Gross national income,:GNI''）i,13,590 kono Amirika a payso, o kacemahad no Kapolongan a Nitayal a’Epoc no kalotamdaw mahaop ko 5.6%, nipaliwalan a lalosidan no kitakit to cecay a miheca ira ko 145 ok kono Amirika a payso, ilaloma’ nonini i, o Ni’acaan ira ko 61 ok kono Amirika apayso, o niliwalan i,ira ko 84 ok kono Amirika a payso. [[Faylo:Erdoelprobe_Wietze.jpg|thumb|Tahapinangan a simal(Erdoelprobe Wietze)]] O demak no pili’etan no Parin, masiwar nani 1985miheca masaromaroma ko kafalic no ’aca no simal. Tada macemahaday ko dingwa ato lalan, onini ko sakakahiceraan no kapolongan kaisya no pinapina a kitakit itini. Nikawrira, o lilomah a pala no Parin ’edeng 2.9% no polong no kitakit a sera, orasaka, ono i lalomaan no kitakit a Kapolonga a Nitayalan a ’Epoc ’edeng aca 0.5%, o losay to kaka’enen sahetoay o ni’acaan nani roma akitakit. Tada adihay ko awaay ko tayal a kapah ho a tamdaw. O kalacemcemay a demak no Parin o kalahedaw no kaso a simal ato nanom, oninian a demak i,o haharatengen to ikor. I 2008 miheca a sa’osi o awaay ko tayal mahaop ko 4%, ilaloma’ no nini i, o fafahiyan mahaop ko 85% ko awaay ko tayal. 2007 miheca, o kakreidan no citodongay to tayal ci Macito Ar Alawi hakasi misalof a misongila’ to faco no katayalan, malasa’ayaway a midemak to sapatodong to awaay ko tayal a tamdaw, itini i Arapiya o sa’ayaway ko Parin to midemakay to matiniay a sapatodong. == '''Pisalamaan no lafang'''(旅遊) == O palafangay to cecay amihecaan matafisiw ko 800 ’ofad ko tamdaw, [[Faylo:Bahrain_Fort_March_2015.JPG|thumb|Parin Pisitalaan(Bahrain Fort March 2015)]] o ‘alomanay a lafang i,o nani ngata’ay to Arapiya a kitakit, nikawrira, sa’adihay sanay to a matongal ko nani cowacowaay a lafang, mangalefay ko ka’aloman no lafang a tayni a minengneng to maa’ise’ised a pacikay to tosiya(Ikiris a sowal:''Formula One，F1''), ona kala’ised a demak i,nani 2004 miheca satapang a tahanini. Mapatateko no Parin ko aniniay a punka no Arapiya ato 5 patek ko katelang no rikisi a nalacolan halo [[Faylo:Bahrain_Fort_3.jpg|thumb|Saicomodan (Bahrain Fort 3)]] no lafang. Itini i Parin adihay ko katelang ho pisitalaan, ilaloma’ nonini i, o Parin Pisitalaan(Porokaru a sowal:''Qal'at al Portugal;'' Holan a sowal:''巴林堡'') [10] o karengawan no punpunka no Tirmuen(Kirisiya a sowal:''Týlos''),[11] I’ayaw ni Yisoan miheca to 3000 ko miheca a matenak nani tini.[12] Onini ko pihai no Linhoko Ciawkouncuci(Ikiris a sowal:''United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization''，decdecan a tilid: ''UNESCO'') to malo rarocekan no ihekalay a polong a tamdaw. Caay konini ’aca ko cinganganay, oya itiraay i Muhalako a Arato Pisitalaan tata’angay ko ngangan nonini. Itini i Parin adihay ko pitelian tono to’as ho a dafon a Pookuwan:i Parin no kitakitan a Pookuwan mana’ang ko i’ayaway ni Yiso to 9000 miheca no fakelokelohan a mihecahecan a dafong、o samaamaanay a dafong nani punpunka no Tirmuen tahira i no Arapiyan a punka; Loma’ no Kolancin i, o pinaanaangan ’aca to tadamatelangay a Kolancin a Pookuwan; o Kasolin Simal a Pookuwan o pipatili’an to maamaan a kikai ato tilid nani 1931 miheca yo matama ko kasolin simal. Pakaynien i rikisi a minengneng i, oya nipatirengan i 692 miheca a Kamis Kiokay no Islam(''Khamis Mosque''), i 14~15 sici liyawen ho a misongila’ o samatelangay a Kiokay no Islam; o satata’angay a Kiokay no Islam i,o Afatahe Kiokay; o Papa Pita’ongan(''Barbar Temple'') oni patirengan itiya ho i Tirmuen a mihecahecan; oya i’ayaway ni Yiso to 3000 patek ko mihecan a Ali Tademademan(''Dilmun Burial Mounds)''ira ko 85000 ko kaadihay no tadem. O ’orip a kilang ira ko 400 miheca ko kato’as nona kilang,itiraay i satimolan no Parin a Sacir Tafotafokan(''Sakhir''), away ko nanom itini, nika sanga’ay sa ko karengaw nona kilang, ’aloman ko tayniay a lafang a faheka a minengneng. == '''Tahapinangan a tilid''' (參考文獻) == [1] Houtsma, M. Th. Baḥrayn. Encyclopedia of Islam I. Leiden: E.J. Brill: 941. 1960. [2] Dialect, Culture, and Society in Eastern Arabia: Glossary. Clive Holes: XIX. 2001 [2020-02-14]. （原始內容存檔於2018-12-25）. [3] Room, Adrian. Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries, Cities, Territories, Natural Features, and Historic Sites. McFarland. 2006. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7864-2248-7</nowiki>. [4] First encyclopaedia of Islam 1913–1936. E.J. Brill. 1993: 584. <nowiki>ISBN 978-90-04-09796-4</nowiki>. [5] Faroughy, Abbas. The Bahrein Islands (750–1951): A Contribution to the Study of Power Politics in the Persian Gulf. Verry, Fisher & Co. (New York), 1951. [6] Al-Khalifa. Bahrain Through The Ages. 2014. [7] 巴林-書院、酋長與王國，習慣法、沙利亞與成文法（《劉仲敬思想》第30期）. [8] 存档副本. [2011-02-19]. （原始內容存檔於2011-02-21）. [9] 巴林國王提議增加下議院議員權力。 [10] Axworthy pp.175–274 [11] Bahrain digs unveil one of oldest civilizations. BBC. [2017-09-19]. （原始內容存檔於2014-11-13）. [12] Dilmun and Its Gulf Neighbors. Harriet E. W. Crawford: 9. 1998. glrvxxrmxt1hru5df7k7tnygqhhmx8j 0 914 20843 20842 2021-10-28T12:38:38Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 22 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 20842 wikitext text/x-wiki Parius（分水嶺部落） Itiniay i [[Manzhou]](滿州) Cen no Pingtung(屏東) ko [[Parius]] a niyaro’, 88 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 246 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 96% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 236 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 4% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 10 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Paiwan(排灣族)94%, Bunun(布農族)1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] k68o2k113i3w4glr34h6iktpq3vp98i 0 915 20847 20846 2021-10-28T12:38:40Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 3 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 20846 wikitext text/x-wiki == O paror no pangcah (阿美族的火塘) == [[Faylo:Fireplacefire3800ppx4.jpg|thumb|O paror no pangcah (Fireplace)]] Itiya ho patireng ko pangcah to loma’ . Misafaloco’(審慎) to saka tanektekaw(堅固) . Ta caay ka loyoh(摧毀) no faliyos . Samasa mifadahong(屋簷) sato cangra . sapoener han nangra a misanga’ . Nikaorira . o laloma’ saan .masakakahad(較寬) tono aniniay a loma’ . Ano mifadic(再鋪建) to fadahong . saheto(均) o eli’(茅草) . o patih(牆壁) saan o mitolikan(編織) to ’awel(竹片) . Oya hecek (梁柱)no laloma’ i. ira ko mito’to’an(雕刻) a coka to saka ening(好看) a ma'araw . O takar(床) saan o mitolikan to penen(芒草梗) ato ’oway(藤條) . Onian ko saka caay ka soemet(潮濕) . I laloma’(屋內)saan . ira ko kafoti’an(床鋪) . o pihololan(休息區) ato pisafelan(烹飪區) a paror(爐灶) . O roma sato . ira ko laosidan(家俱) . sikal oray riko’polong no caca'edongen(衣物) . o kakaenen(食物) ato losid(工具) no sakalingad(農事) . Maemin malina'ec(收藏) i laloma’ . Caay to ka lalen(不同) tono aniniay ko rawang(格局) no loma’. ira ko kofaw(廚房) ato 'ariri(儲藏室) . Ora paror i laloma’ i . o pisafelan ato pingiroan(取暖) . Itini a malaholol(圍座) ko polong paro no loma' . Hatatiya(雖然) i laloma’ a misafel ko pangcah . nikaorira .marocekay(齊全) ko lodis nangra to sapitangtang(餐具) . Ano mitapay(燻烤) mikesir to(煎炒) . misafel ato mitamek(烤) . mangaayay kiya sa o . Ora falah(火煋) no paror . cowa ka padeng(熄滅) . Kasienawan(冬天) sato . malaholo cangra a misi'ayaw toya paror . mingro(取暖) .Itini cangra a masasowal(商討) to demak no laloma'an(家庭) . Ora paror i laloma’ . saci ’acofel(冒煙) saan a masaromi’ami’ad . caay ka ’olaw(燻黑) ko patih no laloma’ hakiya? caay ka pakacorah(火災) hakiya? Sanay ko rihanaw9(擔憂) no harateng . O katengilan(根據) to sowal no mato’asay tonini. Ano pararir(時常) a mada’at(被燻) no ’acofel ko laloma’an . ’olaw sato ko patihpatih hananay .o marocekay kona loma’(家和萬事興) sanay kira .Matiya(就好像) irayay ko mato’asay(祖靈) nangra a pacafay(庇佑) cangraanan . Ano sakongkong(冷清) asa ko loma’ i. matiya to o kahiceraan(逗留) no cimacima a kawas(孤魂野鬼) sanay ko patinako(比喻) to sowal . Ora falah(火煋) no lamal i . o karihanawan(擔心) to ko pakacorah . Itini saca i kaliomahan(農忙) . Matatood(全員) ko paro no loma’ a malingad(外出工作) . na'onen(小心) nangra a mipadeng kora langto(餘火) no lamal .Minokay sato a misakalafi(做晚餐) . Tayra i fiyafiyaw(鄰居) a mitotong(點著火) tosalikat a misafel . Ano caay paka hadidi(忍耐) ko wawa to cahiw(飢餓) .Itini a mitamek to konga(地瓜) cangra to sa pacoma(餵食) to kaemangay(幼兒) . I’ayaw o 'orip no pangcah . polong sanay ko kaciloma’no kasalomaloma'(家族) . Matapal(明顯) ko ka samaanmaan(狀況) no paro no loma’ . Ano malalikel(分配) to kafoti’an . Onini ya cahoay ka ciramor(成婚) ko mingataay(靠近) to safawahan(大門) . Cangra ko cacitodong to mamaocor(派遣) a matayal . Mingataay tora paror i . o mama ato wina no laloma’an . ato dadipoten(嬰兒) a kaemangay . ya i salaloma’ay ci'ici'iwananay(最內部) . o samato’asay nangra . Ano sali’si’(寒冷) ko sienaw . Patodongen(準被) nangra ko mato’asay to paror to sapingiro . Hatiniay ko loma' no pangcah hananay . Uruma a suwal nu 'Amis tu "parur"(爐灶) hananay i, pakayniay i aru' nu luma', pasuwalsa, "Fangcalay parur, kanca tatiihay parar saan ku caciyaw nu pangcah. Uruma satu, anu mamikadafu ku fa'inayan a wawa, u faki nu luma' caka eca pipatafu tu sasuwalen "xxx anu tayra tu kisu pikadafuan i, aka kapidah, aka katuka, sa'icelen a mipatireng ku [PARUR] nu pikadafuan isu" saan ku palimu'ut tu mamikadafu. Masa Parur ku aru', fangcal ku pising saki widang atu salikaka nu tireng i tatapangan nu talengawan.Saka, pitu:sur saan ku fa'inayan a matayal i pikadafuan. == Pi'arawan to lakaw == * 曾進光. (2011). Wikipedia 維基百科 族語詞條試寫─原住民族語詞條 2011作品集. 教育部. 1beeh8cow2nyh4nqefx01zkea2xwt4r 0 916 30129 20852 2022-01-06T22:54:11Z UrbanecmBot 380 Bot: Cleaning up old interwiki links 30129 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} [[Faylo:CottonPlant.JPG|thumb|Parok|100px|left]] 44cglcfx6cww1vw9fvzjsfdklf7nhtm 0 917 20877 20876 2021-10-28T12:38:46Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 24 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 20876 wikitext text/x-wiki Parupu（新福部落） Itiniay i [[Guanshan]](關山) Cen no Taitung(台東) ko [[Parupu]] a niyaro’, 158 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 446 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 64% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 284 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 36% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 162 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)59%, Tayal(泰雅族)1%, Bunun(布農族)2%, roma(其他)2%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 4z0ycrxegopvttcu7og5wiips5oakip 0 918 42661 20903 2024-04-03T01:10:11Z Ｍayawtowid 44 42661 wikitext text/x-wiki == O ngangan no Pasawali (巴沙哇力部落由來) == Itiniay i [[Taitung]](台東) Cen no Taitung(台東) ko [[Pasawali]] a niyaro’, 139 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 379 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 52% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 196 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 48% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 183 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)48%, Paiwan(排灣族)1%, Puyuma(卑南族)1%, roma(其他)2%. == O katadamaanan no niyaro’ == == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 7e0w0zk5yryt17slyl9k769rb47wq0k 0 919 20928 20927 2021-10-28T12:38:51Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 24 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 20927 wikitext text/x-wiki Pasikau（巴喜告部落） Itiniay i [[Yanping]](延平) Cen no Taitung(台東) ko [[Pasikau]] a niyaro’, 332 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 1,145 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 89% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 1,021 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 11% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan(族群), polong(全部) han i, 124 ko tamdaw. Ira ko picodadan(桃源國小、桃源國中、中正圖書館) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(延平鄉公所、延平戶政所、延平鄉代會、台東縣消防局延平分隊) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(關山分局延平分駐所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(延平衛生所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] k083hgl2275jumvtr22q4hyluewj1rg 0 920 20955 20954 2021-10-28T12:38:54Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 26 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 20954 wikitext text/x-wiki Pasing（南勢部落） Itiniay i [[Heping]](和平) Cen no Taichung(台中) ko [[Pasing]] a niyaro’, 376 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 966 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 42% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 410 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 58% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 556 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)39%, Amis(阿美族)2%, Bunun(布農族)1%. Ira ko picodadan(和平國小、和平國中) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(和平衛生所) i niyaro’. Ira ko Kiwkay(台灣基督長老教會南勢教會、真耶穌教會南勢教會) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] a4x2bg2i9vdabknt34sdij0xl1evw6j 0 921 20982 20981 2021-10-28T12:38:57Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 26 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 20981 wikitext text/x-wiki == Pangangan 八桑安名稱由來 == == Tahapinangan 特色 == == Tamdaw 人口 == Itiniay i [[Changbin]](長濱) Cen no Taitung(台東) ko [[Pasongan]] a niyaro’, 113 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 259 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 92% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 237 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 8% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 22 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)88%, Bunun(布農族)0.5%, Tayal(泰雅族)0.5%, roma(其他)2%. == Pitooran 信仰 == == O finacadan no Yincomi 所屬阿美族群 == == O kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] h95v4z4kgzq6uuetktzws6g72ddgikf 0 922 21008 21007 2021-10-28T12:39:00Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 25 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 21007 wikitext text/x-wiki Pasumaq（下丹路部落） Itiniay i [[Shizi]](獅子) Cen no Pingtung(屏東) ko [[Pasumaq]] a niyaro’, 109 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 339 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 94% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 320 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 6% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 19 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Paiwan(排灣族)92%, Rukai(魯凱族)1%, Bunun(布農族)1%, Amis(阿美族)1%, roma(其他)1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] qcxsy5m43tfbu4i85q7l80c9bb33kbb 0 923 21035 21034 2021-10-28T12:39:03Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 26 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 21034 wikitext text/x-wiki Patawlinan（巴島力安部落） Itiniay i [[Yuli]](玉里) Cen no Hualien(花蓮) ko [[Patawlinan]] a niyaro’, 439 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 1,158 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 40% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 467 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 60% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 691 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)34%, Bunun(布農族)1%, Tayal(泰雅族)1%, Puyuma(卑南族)1%, roma(其他)2%. Ira ko picodadan(高寮國小) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] j8v5b33f0u5w1wpps6hnhtdieavp9zf 0 924 21059 21058 2021-10-28T12:39:06Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 23 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 21058 wikitext text/x-wiki Paterungan（新社部落） Itiniay i [[Fengbin]](豐濱) Cen no Hualien(花蓮) ko [[Paterungan]] a niyaro’, 83 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 227 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 88% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 200 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 12% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 27 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Kebalan(噶瑪蘭族)55%, Amis(阿美族)27%, Tayal(泰雅族)1%, roma(其他)5%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] or9k3p9rjpwbttuqwd4izsaiypi98fu 0 925 30618 30452 2022-01-26T17:12:38Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q16669148]] 30618 wikitext text/x-wiki Patrice Talon(帕特里斯·塔隆) [[Faylo:Patrice Talon 2016-04-06.jpg|thumb|Patrice Talon 2016-04-06|alt=Patrice Talon 2016-04-06.jpg]] I 1958 a miheca(年) saka 5 folad(月) saka 1 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci [[Patrice Talon]], malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Benin]](貝南) anini i ci Patrice Talon, patirengan(擔任) a romi’ad i 2016 a miheca saka 5 folad saka 1 a romi’ad. == misaparod 家庭 == == mamikowan 政治 == ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] nnunrd7y5yiicv4ujnoqvuo9nx43qkk 0 926 21103 21102 2021-10-28T12:39:11Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 26 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 21102 wikitext text/x-wiki Paudadan（大德﹙巴烏拉藍﹚部落） Itiniay i [[Xincheng]](新城) Cen no Hualien(花蓮) ko [[Paudadan]] a niyaro’, 254 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 727 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 72% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 526 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 28% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 201 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)48%, 撒奇拉雅族1%, Bunun(布農族)4%, Tayal(泰雅族)4%, Truku(太魯閣族)12%, Kebalan(噶瑪蘭族)1%, roma(其他)3%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 0cml0526inucg6ik96tlu9hmsqjce36 0 927 44356 21119 2024-08-29T07:30:56Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 Biya, 2014 44356 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Paul Biya 2014.png|縮圖|Biya, 2014|alt=Paul Biya 2014.png]] I 1933 a miheca(年) saka 2 folad(月) saka 13 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci '''Paul Biya'''(保羅·比亞), malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Cameron]](喀麥隆) anini i ci Paul Biya, patirengan(擔任) a romi’ad i 1982 a miheca saka 11 folad saka 6 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government. [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 981k4bs8jd6csce3z1o55a4vjqsf7d0 0 928 30620 30453 2022-01-26T17:12:39Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q1231345]] 30620 wikitext text/x-wiki Paul Kagame(保羅·卡加米) [[Faylo:Paul Kagame 2014.jpg|thumb|Paul Kagame in kigali, Rwanda, 22 August 2016|alt=Paul Kagame in kigali, Rwanda, 22 August 2016]] I 1957 a miheca(年) saka 10 folad(月) saka 23 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci [[Paul Kagame]], malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Rwanda]](盧安達) anini i ci Paul Kagame, patirengan(擔任) a romi’ad i 2000 a miheca saka 4 folad saka 22 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 4c1qujv04ch0d7tmulxa4ayfbqmz0bl 0 929 21156 21155 2021-10-28T12:39:19Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 20 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 21155 wikitext text/x-wiki Paumeli（包霧目力部落） Itiniay i [[Jinfeng]](金峰) Cen no Taitung(台東) ko [[Paumeli]] a niyaro’, 80 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 270 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 96% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 260 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 4% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan(族群), polong(全部) han i, 10 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko . == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 9gvh0jjvnmkbyjl0m9bf8ianay5qh4g 0 930 43135 38669 2024-05-05T05:50:09Z LiouShowShya 36 43135 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Pawli.ogg|縮圖|pawli]] == pawli (香蕉) == O naitiraay i fa’edetay a kanatal no [[Malay]] ato i ka’amisay no [[Australia]] ko Karengawan no pawli, isa’ayaway, latek itini ''[[Papua New Guinea]]'' ko larengawan nira, caay ho ka kiharen no tamdaw, caay kafangcal ko tatapangan no pawli, caay kafangcal ko kaciheci, caay ho ko mamakaen, o nano mipalomaan to no tamdamdaw, saka ci heci to ko kaliyalaway a pawli. Maedeng ira ko 107 a kitakit to palomaay to pawli. O sakaciheciaw no pawli ko samipalomaay, salongan i malosakeliw, sasaepahen, Beer ano eca malalikot ato misakapahan a pinaloma. I 2013 mihecaan nipalomaan a pawli o saka sepat a kakaenen, aikoray no felac, ^mi ato ’ariray. {{stub}} ''Musa Paradisiaca''[[Faylo:Musa-sp3.1.jpg|thumb|Pawli]] 688yq5pnmf5rjah0bafh56ytuirelz3 0 931 21163 21162 2021-10-28T12:39:23Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 2 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 21162 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Purple passionfruit.jpg|thumb|left|400px|Payayoka]] pzniiqpirvphsax93vicx8zww86gsa8 0 932 21188 21187 2021-10-28T12:39:26Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 24 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 21187 wikitext text/x-wiki Payljus（白鷺部落） Itiniay i [[Laiyi]](來義) Cen no Pingtung(屏東) ko [[Payljus]] a niyaro’, 217 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 664 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 97% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 644 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 3% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 20 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Paiwan(排灣族)95%, Amis(阿美族)1%, roma(其他)2%. Ira ko picodadan(來義國小林分班) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] bf2jxr1e00kgqodjsnil0z6aitb13mn 0 933 21216 21215 2021-10-28T12:39:29Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 27 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 21215 wikitext text/x-wiki Payuwan（排灣部落） Itiniay i [[Majia]](瑪家) Cen no Pingtung(屏東) ko [[Payuwan]] a niyaro’, 156 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 531 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 98% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 518 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 2% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 13 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Paiwan(排灣族)91%, Rukai(魯凱族)1%, Tayal(泰雅族)2%, Amis(阿美族)1%, Bunun(布農族)1%, roma(其他)3%. Ira ko paisingan(排灣村衛生室) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] jgylza8j22macwcfi81m8ok4vnrfbmv 0 934 30621 30454 2022-01-26T17:12:40Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q381027]] 30621 wikitext text/x-wiki Pedro Pablo Kuczynski(佩德羅·巴勃羅·庫辛斯基) I 1938 a miheca(年) saka 10 folad(月) saka 3 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci [[Pedro Pablo Kuczynski]], malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Peru]](秘魯) anini i ci Pedro Pablo Kuczynski, patirengan(擔任) a romi’ad i 2016 a miheca saka 7 folad saka 28 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 229uhkgx81nubx7747h24z97mga5i9g 0 935 21254 21253 2021-10-28T12:39:34Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 21 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 21253 wikitext text/x-wiki Pekus（排骨溪部落） Itiniay i [[Datong]](大同) Cen no Yilan(宜蘭) ko [[Pekus]] a niyaro’, 24 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 41 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 32% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 13 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 68% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 28 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)32%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] ejiqlg96h5e1tiqi057ugidjrn1lb3d 0 936 30236 30208 2022-01-22T00:32:34Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q419]] 30236 wikitext text/x-wiki Peru（祕魯） [[Faylo:Flag of Peru (state).svg|thumb|Flag of Peru|alt=Flag of Peru]] [[Faylo:Peru (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Location of  Peru  (dark green)in South America  (grey)]] Itini i 10 00 S, 76 00 W, noNotimolan Amilika ko [[Peru]]. Polong no sekalay i 1,285,216 sq km “saka 20 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 1,279,996 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 5,220 sq km ” Polong i 30,741,062 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 18.80%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 53%, malo no roma to a sera 28.20%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Lima]](利馬) ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakapito 28 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Pedro Pablo Kuczynski]](佩德羅·巴勃羅·庫辛斯基), patirengan(擔任) a romi’ad i 2016 a miheca(年) saka 7 folad(月) saka 28 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] pi9a0dw0e01h8ryk569u88ve414st6s 0 937 30608 30441 2022-01-26T17:12:28Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q19921375]] 30608 wikitext text/x-wiki Peter M. Christian(彼得·克里斯琴) [[Faylo:President Peter M. Christian.jpg|thumb|President Peter M. Christian|alt=President Peter M. Christian.jpg]] I 1947 a miheca(年) saka 10 folad(月) saka 16 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci [[Peter M. Christian]], malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Micronesia]](密克羅尼西亞聯邦) anini i ci Peter M. Christian, patirengan(擔任) a romi’ad i 2015 a miheca saka 5 folad saka 11 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] by5pjc6dbdaqrapqct9xrd2fme44j1o 0 938 45444 44323 2025-01-16T13:21:09Z 2A02:8308:210:5D00:3951:133A:D904:7289 Mutharika idi 2014年 45444 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Peter Mutharika''' [[Faylo:Arthur Peter Mutharika 2014 (cropped).jpg|縮圖|Mutharika idi 2014年|alt=Arthur Peter Mutharika 2014 (cropped).jpg]] I 1940 a miheca saka folad saka a romi’ad masofoc ci Peter Mutharika, malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit no [[Malawi]] anini i ci Peter Mutharika, patirengan a romi’ad i 2014 a miheca saka 5 folad saka 31 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 9qby1aq6fxk6wqz1yuuo16d5peawd0w 0 939 30098 21304 2022-01-02T00:38:25Z Rotondus 359 2019 30098 wikitext text/x-wiki Petro Poroshenko [[Faylo:Official portrait of Petro Poroshenko.jpg|thumb|Official portrait of Petro Poroshenko|alt=Official portrait of Petro Poroshenko.jpg]] I 1965 a miheca saka 9 folad saka 26 a romi’ad masofoc ci Petro Poroshenko, malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit no [[Ukraine]] anini i ci Petro Poroshenko, patirengan a romi’ad i 2014 a miheca saka 6 folad saka 7 a romi’ad. His presidential term ended on 20 May 2019. [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 3wdedcbn69h1wd1xx8ghzxoe79o8k2r 0 940 30623 30456 2022-01-26T17:12:42Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q155004]] 30623 wikitext text/x-wiki Philippe of Belgium(菲利普) [[Faylo:Koning Filip van België.jpg|thumb|Koning Filip van België|alt=Koning Filip van België.jpg]] I 1960 a miheca(年) saka 4 folad(月) saka 15 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci Philippe of Belgium, malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit no [[Belguim]] anini i ci Philippe of Belgium, patirengan a romi’ad i 2313 a miheca saka 7 folad saka 21 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] ssaxbxq74n1t9so8cqhh1beimoncsfn 0 941 38466 38465 2023-06-24T04:04:58Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38466 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''Philippines, Republika ng Pilipinas(菲律賓共和國)''' == == Filipin Nikapolongan a kitakit(Philippines菲律賓） == [[Faylo:Flag of the Philippines.svg|thumb|o hata no Filipin(Flag of the Philippines)|alt=Flag of the Philippines]] [[Faylo:PHL orthographic.svg|thumb|o kaitiraan no Filipin(Location of the Philippines)]] == Takaray sowal(概略) == Sano Takarok a sowal a pangangan I o Nikapolongan Filipin(Republika ng Pilipnas), sano Ikirissen I Republic of the Pilippines, o kalopangangan I Pilipin hananay, itiniay I katimol no Taywan ko ‘aro ningra. Malala’eday ato Taywan to Lisong Tata’eman(呂宋海峽),99km ko kalala’ed[[Philippines#%20ftn1|[1]]] ato Fotod, isaktimol I malala’ed ato Inni to Siripos Riyar, I saka’etip I Satimolan Riyar ko kalala’ed ato Yienan, isakwali o Filipin Riyar. Mi’aroay I kaka’atorayan, sa cilacila ci’atoray cilacila cifaliyos, nikawrira, onian ko kasaadihay no maamaan ato kina’orip.[[Philippines#%20ftn2|[2]]] Ona kitakit I ira ko 7,641 ko riyaran kanatal,[[Philippines#%20ftn3|[3]]] kalatoloen a misa’osi ko tata’angay a pecih:o Lison riyaran kanatanatal, o Misao riyaran kanatanatal ato Mintanao kanatal. O tamdaw I, ilaloma’ no kitakit ira ko 9,300 ko ‘emang, I cowacowa akitakit I 1,100 ko ‘emang, o I papotalay to ko ‘alomanay no Filioin tamdaw, 2015miheca misa’osi to tamdaw cirafasay to cecay ‘ok(億), o sakatosa ko ka’aloman no tamdaw I Satimolan kitakit. Adihay ko kasasiromaroma no finacadan sa adihay ko kasasiromaroma no punka, ya I’ayaway no likisi a Nikolito(Negrito矮黑人) a tamdaw ko sa’ayaway a maro’ tona kanatal sanay ko sowal,to ikor ira to ko Satimolan Finacadan a tayni mahawikid nangra ko punka no Malisiya a tayni,ikora sato matenak ko pitooran ato kala’aca to dafong no tamtamdaw, mahawokid nangra ko punka no Into,Payrang ato Isulam atayni. == Pihapinangan Tilid == [[Philippines#%20ftnref1|[1]]] 徐慈薇. 2%華人掌握6成經濟！關於菲律賓 台灣人的10大盲點. 中時電子報. 2018-02-19 [2018-07-25]. （原始內容存檔於2018-07-25） （中文（台灣）‎）. 菲律賓是一個群島國，領土最北端的巴丹群島中的Mavudis Island，距離蘭嶼南方小蘭嶼只有99公里 [[Philippines#%20ftnref2|[2]]] About The Philippines. [2018年6月22日]. （原始內容存檔於2018年6月23日） （英語）. [[Philippines#%20ftnref3|[3]]] More islands, more fun in PH. 2016年2月20日 [2018年6月22日]. （原始內容存檔於2018年6月20日） （英語）. o katelang a matiliday: Itini i 13 00 N, 122 00 E, noAsiya ko [[Philippines]]. Polong no sekalay i 300,000 sq km “saka 73 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 298,170 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 1,830 sq km ” Polong i 102,624,209 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 41%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 25.90%, malo no roma to a sera 33.10%. siyoto(首都) O [[Manila]](馬尼拉) ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakaenem 12 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Rodrigo Duterte]](羅德里戈·杜特蒂), patirengan(擔任) a romi’ad i 2016 a miheca(年) saka 6 folad(月) saka 30 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Asiya]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Philippines]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Kitakit]] j2mk6ksy52wclpb4ll7m9ag86iqkj4v 0 942 21364 21363 2021-10-28T12:39:50Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 26 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 21363 wikitext text/x-wiki Pibutingan（順安部落） Itiniay i [[Xincheng]](新城) Cen no Hualien(花蓮) ko [[Pibutingan]] a niyaro’, 370 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 1,056 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 21% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 225 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 79% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 831 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)48%, 撒奇拉雅族10%, Bunun(布農族)2%, Tayal(泰雅族)1%, Truku(太魯閣族)1%, Puyuma(卑南族)1%, roma(其他)3%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] f7ls7xrc4wful7qcj8k2hm71dqwp5mv 0 943 40601 21367 2024-01-05T10:05:33Z Wikijb 690 頁面已重新導向至[[Pitilidan]] 40601 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[pitilidan]] gb13ugsrqesxvz1i5zuwa0t21dn4dx1 0 944 30728 30723 2022-02-04T17:14:25Z WikiEditor50 43 30728 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:High Five.jpg|thumb|Picoiwi'an a lalan]] {{stub}} 7n6w0w76u1f0iknntgr8flyjs5p03p6 0 945 38537 38536 2023-06-27T19:55:44Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38537 wikitext text/x-wiki Picudadan（[[Kuwaping a sowal]]：學校） Maolah kako a talapicudan,minanam a miasip to cudad, romadiw masakero'.lipahak kako to romi'ami'ad. [[Kasasiwasiw:Picudadan]] 38g6isrnk74a3n34nz7qpx9mqshdlwz 0 946 30624 30457 2022-01-26T17:12:43Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q57343]] 30624 wikitext text/x-wiki Pierre Nkurunziza(皮埃爾·恩庫倫齊扎) [[Faylo:Pierre Nkurunziza 2014 press conference (cropped).jpg|thumb|Pierre Nkurunziza 2014 press conference (cropped)|alt=Pierre Nkurunziza 2014 press conference (cropped).jpg]] I 1963 a miheca(年) saka 12 folad(月) saka 18 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci [[Pierre Nkurunziza]], malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Burundi]](蒲隆地) anini i ci Pierre Nkurunziza, patirengan(擔任) a romi’ad i 2005 a miheca saka 4 folad saka 26 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] e4f0frrru99gzqjhbzjapc3skfm70xz 0 947 39099 21392 2023-06-30T10:42:24Z 陳鷹馬 1604 39099 wikitext text/x-wiki == Pilifet to fana' to suwal no Yincumincu ([[kuwaping a sowal]]：原住民族語認證) == Iti:ya ho , misafacalho ko matoa'say , ano misanga’ to lalan no salananoman no omah i , nanitira i tatapangan no tukus a misitapang a palafanaw , ta misulinga’ to a mikarkar a misakengkeng a miropay to halalan no nanom a sera, do^do han nangra ko 'apilis no 'alo ato tono’ a misalalan . ano taharifa to 'ongcoy i , ano awa'ay to ko pakayraan to halalan i , makakutakutay a mipehpeh toya ’ongcoy ato mi’orong a mifalah toya napehpehan a fakeloh,caayay katalaw cangra to cidal ato 'orad , caayay karorayen cangra to romi'ami'ad a tayal , tangasa i kanga'ayan no nanom a romakat , ta palaheci a misalalan tangasa i omaomahan. Mahaenay ko pinangan no mato'asay no mita itiya:ay ho, a mapapalipaliw a madadadama a miliyaw a miliyaw ko demak nangra , ta ira ko kakaenen no mita i matini . 'Araw han no mita i matini , pakayniay i pipalowad to sowal ato tilid no Yen-Cu-Ming-Cu hananay a demak i , saka lima to a mihecaan a milifet to fana’ to sowal no Yen-Cu-Ming-Cu(原住民族), malowan a malowan ko panganganay a finacadan a miseking , maserer a maserer ko pakalifetay to fana’, i tini sca i mitiliday ho i pitilidan a kaemangay no mita mahaen aca , o haharatengen no mita ko mahaenay a demak a misakimokimor a mikingkiw. O Yen-Cu-Ming-Cu Wot-Yen-Hoy no mita i , so'elin to , adihayay to ko naikoran no demak nangra , pakayni i pipalowad to serangawan no mita , caayay to katararikor ko faloco’ ato pinangan nangra , tadamihayi kako to nidemakan nangra , nikaorira , o maherekay to , o pakalifetay to fana’ to sowal no Yen-Cu-Ming-Cu , o malapasifana'ay to i pitilidan a finacadan , caayay katangasa ko pirikec ko patanoktok no Yen-Cu-Ming-Cu Woy-Yen-Hoy no mita , do^do saan tono nisetekan no Ciyaw-I-Pu a demak , caayayho pakamuecel pakalifet to hahademaken i tini a mipa'ading to salongoc no Yen-Cu-Ming-Cu to kioyiku , awaayay ko no niyah a 'icel a lalan a misolinga’ a patireng to hamamamidiput to pasifana'ay i pitilidan . O tomirengay i 'a'ayaw no kioyiko i pitilidan , i niyaro’ i , o pasifana'ay , nengneng han ko sifo no Taywan , cango'otay ko pipa'adingan , cango'otay ko palaheciay to salongoc i kalodemak , cango'otay ko solinga’ no paca'ofay to ngiha no i 'a'ayaway a pasifana'ay , o kasiniada'an to ko tireng ato paro no loma’ ato 'orip no pasifana'ay . Misacikacikay cangra a mirawod to konkoan , kalihanawan to ko rakat i lalalalan to romi’ami’ad , i tatokian tangasa i pipasifana’an a konkoan a pasifana’ to tilid ato suwal no Yin-Cu-Ming-Cu i wawawawaan sa no mita , o itiraay to i pitilidan a singsi no Taywan i , caay ka i mata nangra ko pasifana’ay no Yin-Cu-Ming-Cu , ci faloco’ cangra o Yin-Cu-Ming:-Cu i saan , caayay kamipadang a misa’op a mi’ocol to wawa no Yin-Cu-Ming-Cu a papinanam , oratek i mafu’ot no singsi nangra i pitilidan , o latek i malata'ocoran no singsi nangra a matayal , o roma i o miundoay ko wawa no mita i pitilidan , cecay a lipay sepat a polo’no tatokian ko pinanaman no wawa no mita i , matatodung to mahaenay a demak i , icu:waho a minanam ko wawa no mita , pakayni i tilid , pakayni i suwal , pakayni i serangawan , ci faloco’ci cedi aca ko malopasifana’ay no mita a midemak,'araw han awa saca ko pitadiecan sano pakuyoc sato ko pasifana’ay no Yin-Cu-Ming-Cu i pitilidan , ano itini aca i niyaro’ i , mahaenay aca ko faloco’ no mama ato ina no wawa no mita . Nanay haenen no mita ko ’icel no faloco’ ita a midodo^ to pisalananom no mato’asay iti:yaho, ko pidemak no mita to rayray a demak no Yin-Cu-Ming-Cu , ta nanitera’ talatolis malasacingacinga ta awaay to ko malawaay a dademaken , o kasapaanto no [[Taywan]] a tamdaw kita . == Pi'arawan to lakaw == * 黃英明. (2011). Wikipedia 維基百科 族語詞條試寫─原住民族語詞條 2011作品集. 教育部. ovr0yrmddn8luiailh8rvgvjdyn1ux8 0 948 21419 21418 2021-10-28T12:40:02Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 26 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 21418 wikitext text/x-wiki Piling（比麟部落） Itiniay i [[Jianshi]](尖石) Cen no Hsinchu(新竹) ko [[Piling]] a niyaro’, 94 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 334 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 93% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 311 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 7% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 23 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)90%, Amis(阿美族)1%, roma(其他)2%. Ira ko Kiwkay(真耶穌教會比麟教會) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] rshum0v1nk1gfekro247vdgwjx4bhge 0 949 21448 21447 2021-10-28T12:40:05Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 28 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 21447 wikitext text/x-wiki Pinaski（下賓朗部落） Itiniay i [[Beinan]](卑南) Cen no Taitung(台東) ko [[Pinaski]] a niyaro’, 232 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 670 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 50% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 337 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 50% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 333 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Puyuma(卑南族)36%, Amis(阿美族)4%, Paiwan(排灣族)3%, Bunun(布農族)2%, Rukai(魯凱族)1%, roma(其他)4%. Ira ko picodadan(賓朗國小) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(台東分局卑南分駐所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] curnc20vdrbwr77x13xj13prrq9mfjl 0 950 44367 39567 2024-08-30T19:00:36Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 縮圖 44367 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:IPCF-TITV title on CTV Building 20140810.jpg|縮圖|Pipahosoan to tilifi no Yen-cu-min (原住民電視台)]] Pipahosoan to tilifi no Yen-cu-min(原住民電視臺) Yinmingtay(原民台) han no holam no kwaping ko Tilifi no Yincuming(原住民電視台). O sa’ayaway nikacitilifi no Yincuming i Taywan ato i salaloma’ no Aziya. Edeng onini a cecay ko tilifi no mita o Yincuming. Itiya i 2004 mihecaan 12 a folad saka 1 a romi’ad a mahayda no Yinminghoy(原民會), saka mapatireng kona Tilifi no Yincuming, nikawrira i salaloma’ no Tayse(台視)ko polong no likakawa noya tilifi. Tangsa i 2005 mihecaan saka 8 a folad saka 23 a romi’ad a masomad, o Tongsen a Tilifi(東森電視台) ko sitodongay. Namatira, i salaoma’ nonini a demak, adihay ko nikalalifet no harateng no cisakowanay a tamdaw, tangasa i 2007 mihecaan saka 1 folod saka 1 a romi’ad ta so’linay o yincumingto ko sitodongay to polong no likakawa nora tilifi, ta i saka 4 folad saka 1 a rom’ad a mapangangan to Tilifi no Yincuming a saan. Itini i laloma’ no tayal noya tilifi, mapolongay ko ’Amis, Taloko, Punun, Pariwan, Saysiya ato romaroma a fnacadan. Ano mipasadak sato to singpong ko singpongkisya hawi, makakotakotay ko painiay, macacalicaliw to romi’ad a papelo ato pasadak to masamaamaanay a kamok. O iraay a kamok anini i tilifi hawi, masilsil i rarikor: • 繽紛台灣再發現 • 原少一級棒 • 原住民新聞雜誌 • 原視午間新聞 • 族語新聞 • 原視影展 • 沈哥!好久不見 • 打拚 台灣人民的歷史 • 文化紀錄觀點 看見南島 • 台灣麻里巴國際狩獵祭系列活動 • 超級原舞曲 • 大家說英語 O singpongkisya i salaloma’ nona Tilifi, masilsil ko ngangan i kaikor: • 日茉樂嫚 • Kolas Yotaka • 馬紹•阿紀 • 瑪蓋丹•石卡達法度 • 巴魯.達禮雅露（許鋒生） • 阿力夫.達禮雅露（許倍馳） • 比恕伊•馬紹（陳桃霞） • 阿莉•曼格格 • 卡造（章俊博） • 查勞•卡那斯（連建忠） • 夫洛克（陳信有） • 舞不•石卡大法度 • 歐嗨•思娃娜 • 黃秋忠 • 喀 什 • 孫沛 • 哦飛影 • 里辛 • 伊書兒•法琳基楠 == Pi'arawan to lakaw == * 朱清義. (2011). Wikipedia 維基百科 族語詞條試寫─原住民族語詞條 2011作品集. 教育部. [[Kasasiwasiw:Siwkulang 'Amis]] == No papotalay a kakafit == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140102192333/http://titv.ipcf.org.tw/ 原住民族電視臺] ooxntemicmraoy9ebimcxq4kgjry66k 0 951 21482 21481 2021-10-28T12:40:11Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 25 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 21481 wikitext text/x-wiki Pisirian（比西里岸部落） Itiniay i [[Chenggong]](成功) Cen no Taitung(台東) ko [[Pisirian]] a niyaro’, 418 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 1,054 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 70% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 733 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 30% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 321 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Amis(阿美族)64%, Puyuma(卑南族)1%, roma(其他)5%. Ira ko picodadan(三仙國小、三仙國小附幼) i niyaro’. == O katadamaanan no niyaro’ == == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] pg5t27g4tcflea0diyh1ejtot9h1yai 0 952 30131 21488 2022-01-06T22:54:27Z UrbanecmBot 380 Bot: Cleaning up old interwiki links 30131 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} [[Faylo:Hoedad2-Kaibab-Nat-Forest.jpg|Pitaw|thumb|left|100px]] Pitaw('''Tatak''') 5ihc1jbzs6zygdwdux1k1x8amqgthde 0 953 39091 39090 2023-06-30T10:32:23Z 陳鷹馬 1604 39091 wikitext text/x-wiki == Pitilidan ([[kuwaping a sowal]]: 學校) == [[Faylo:Larkmead School, Abingdon, Oxfordshire.png|thumb|upright=1.1|O pitilidan no Inkilis.]] O pitilidan i.Ira ko tato`oren a mikikaen(計畫)a naylon ato cikan ha dodo`en. Ira ko patidengan a loma` pisa`opoan to tamedawmedaw. Hapi linsiwwan. Hapi hatatanaman. O tadala`oc(目的) no pi hatatanaman mi tour to citay(時代) aca o sa`osi no kitakit, selangasan(文化) sararoma. Sa arafinay kitakit a pitilidan no likisi(歷史)o tanotapan a pitilidan(國王學校) i saayaw ni Yis Kristo 597mihacan i tira [[United Kingdom|Inkilis]](英國) a patiden. Salitengay a pitilidan. I tini to no kowapin a likisi salitengay a pitilidan i tini周朝.Pasifana to sakangaay no pinangan sapalatamdaw. Mi tilid, mi `osi.No sofitay a demak. Anini a citay. O pitilidan ma`ecad o pafanay to sakatayar a demak a tanen (技能).Tangasa o citay hatini ma falicay to ko pinangan. O pitiliday a tamddaw o siwmi(証明) ko minanayan nangra .Ca to kami sa`icer a mihatatanam. Lomasa to o pasifanay a singsi o kafana`an ca ningra misimsim to sapa`ini to mi tiliday a tamedaw. <ref>高櫻花. (2011). Wikipedia 維基百科 族語詞條試寫─原住民族語詞條 2011作品集. 教育部.</ref> [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] e16khebjmmd5ooq1jzbzow8ej93ft9y 0 954 39233 21518 2023-08-13T03:30:17Z Achast 1290 adding links 39233 wikitext text/x-wiki Piyaway（比亞外部落） Itiniay i [[Fuxing]](復興) Cen no Taoyuan(桃園) ko [[Piyaway]] a niyaro’, 41 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 120 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 93% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 112 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 7% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 8 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Tayal(泰雅族)89%, Amis(阿美族)2%, roma(其他)3%. Ira ko imeng(大溪分局榮華派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko [[Kiwkay]](台灣基督長老教會比亞外教會) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 02rwrreftotar5gtihhbyb5fs3bb4ya 0 955 38692 21532 2023-06-29T04:53:24Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38692 wikitext text/x-wiki Piyoxo（小馬部落） Itiniay i [[Chenggong Cen]] no [[Taitung]] ko Piyoxo a niyaro’, 228 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 595 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 70% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 415 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 30% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 180 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Amis]]65%, [[Paiwan]]1%, [[Puyuma]]1%, roma3%. == O katadamaanan no niyaro’ == == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 225oln38d92k6hh21p4vmneqjyrlyds 0 956 21546 21545 2021-10-28T12:40:22Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 13 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 21545 wikitext text/x-wiki Piyuma（平和部落） Itiniay i Taiwu Cen no Pingtung ko Piyuma a niyaro’, 168 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 716 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 98% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 702 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 2% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 14 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Paiwan93%, Amis1%, roma3%. Ira ko picodadan(武潭國小平和分校、比悠瑪部落圖書資訊站) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] aa3qm9syu9syred8sqvgeegkudkskuw 0 957 38984 21561 2023-06-30T08:50:04Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38984 wikitext text/x-wiki Plmwan（平論文部落） Itiniay i [[Jianshi]] Cen no [[Hsinchu]] ko [[Plmwan]] a niyaro’, 36 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 137 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 97% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 133 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 3% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 4 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Tayal]]93%, [[Amis]]1%, [[Paiwan]]1%, [[Saysiyat]]1%, roma1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] lm96cuelafgv1ne9zq0dfugko13c484 0 958 38883 38547 2023-06-30T06:44:54Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38883 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Lalachi.JPG|thumb|200px|Pnguu]] Pnguu（來吉部落） Itiniay i [[Alishan]] Cen no [[Chiayi]] ko Pnguu a niyaro’, 127 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 352 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 97% ko ka’aloman no [[Yincomin]], polong han i, 341 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 3% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 11 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Cou]]94%, [[Bunun]]1%, [[Paiwan]]1%, roma1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 2vuztsqvktcb7kysjl4lt9p1ttxt6f7 0 959 30625 30459 2022-01-26T17:12:44Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q36]] 30625 wikitext text/x-wiki Poland（波蘭） [[Faylo:Flag of Poland.svg|thumb|Flag of Poland|alt=Flag of Poland]] [[Faylo:EU-Poland.svg|thumb|Location of  Poland  (dark green)– in Europe  (green & dark grey)– in the European Union  (green)  –  [Legend]]] Itini i 52 00 N, 20 00 E, noYoropi ko [[Poland]]. Polong no sekalay i 312,685 sq km “saka 70 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 304,255 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 8,430 sq km ” Polong i 38,523,261 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen a sera 48.20%, Malo no kilakilangan a sera 30.60%, malo no roma to a sera 21.20%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Warsaw]] ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakalima 3 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci [[Andrzej Duda]], patirengan a romi’ad i 2015 a miheca saka 8 folad saka 6 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] j78rqeks3b3fdnn6ga8qu6r827yy4mr 0 960 21597 21596 2021-10-28T12:40:31Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 13 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 21596 wikitext text/x-wiki == Pangangan 大峰峰名稱由來 == Polo't a niyaro', == Tahapinangan 特色 == == Tamdaw 人口 == Itiniay i Changbin Cen no Taitung ko Polo't a niyaro’, 33 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 77 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 91% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 70 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 9% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 7 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Amis44%, Kebalan42%, roma5%. == Pitooran 信仰 == == O finacadan no Yincomi 所屬阿美族群 == == O kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] l0ihfal0aql7otk3174upcyxoqg6381 0 961 38979 21612 2023-06-30T08:48:25Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38979 wikitext text/x-wiki Pololan（福祿灣部落） Itiniay i [[Jianshi]] Cen no [[Hsinchu]] ko [[Pololan]] a niyaro’, 48 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 188 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 93% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 175 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 7% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 13 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Tayal]]92%, [[Saysiyat]]1%, roma1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] rzeelvoreghtoxefe20q6y3f2jx28ve 0 962 38986 21626 2023-06-30T08:50:48Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38986 wikitext text/x-wiki Ponaway（帛納外部落） Itiniay i [[Jianshi]] Cen no [[Hsinchu]] ko [[Ponaway]] a niyaro’, 32 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 126 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 98% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 124 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 2% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 2 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Tayal]]93%, [[Amis]]1%, [[Truku]]1%, roma4%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 41mz6k8vx5hpzfqwl5qd5krxum4aw77 0 963 42659 38566 2024-04-03T01:05:31Z Ｍayawtowid 44 42659 wikitext text/x-wiki == O ngangan no Pongodan (大橋部落由來) == Itiraay i [[Nan-rong-li]](南榮里) no [[Posong]](台東市). Itiniay i Taitung Cen no Taitung ko Pongodan a niyaro’, 397 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 1,040 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 58% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 600 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 42% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 440 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Amis]]47%, [[Paiwan]]1%, [[Bunun]]1%, [[Puyuma]]5%, roma3%. Ira ko kofa(台東縣環保局) i niyaro’. Tora kaitiraan no Pongodan i, itiraay toya kalafakelohay a pala, adihay ko masaapolaway a fakeloh, ira ko cecay a fakeloh hato miocekoyay a waco. Ona Pongodan i, tatodong sa itira i fafongohan noya fakeloh, mansa Fafongahan hananay ko ngangan nona Pongodan itiya ho. Ti'edawan ko finawlan a pangangan tona Fafongohan, pasowal to niyaro' naira i, lowan lowan hananay naira a pangangan, saikor to i, keting sa to ko Pongodan a ngangan. O nani Farangaway ko finawlan nona niyaro', iraay ko papina nani 'Etolanay, o Piwma ato nani kaetipay o Cang-hwa ato Pin-tong mafolaw tayni maro'. == O katadamaanan no niyaro’ == == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] njfuz5tzmlceb2q9mtqb21zfknwzx3u 0 964 44465 38471 2024-08-31T07:27:31Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 縮圖 44465 wikitext text/x-wiki Portugal（葡萄牙） [[Faylo:Flag of Portugal.svg|縮圖|Flag of Portugal|alt=Flag of Portugal]] [[Faylo:EU-Portugal with islands circled.svg|縮圖|Location of  Portugal  (dark green)– in Europe  (green & dark grey)– in the European Union  (green)]] Itini i 39 30 N, 8 00 W, noYoropi ko [[Portugal]]. Polong no sekalay i 92,090 sq km “saka 111 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 91,470 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 620 sq km ” Polong i 10,833,816 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen a sera 39.70%, Malo no kilakilangan a sera 37.80%, malo no roma to a sera 22.50%. siyoto(首都) O [[Lisbon]] ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakaenem 10 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci [[Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa]], patirengan a romi’ad i 2016 a miheca saka 3 folad saka 9 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Portugal]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Yoropa]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Kitakit]] o3ernvlnx9yh42yuj1ktg9v3t5c3wlq 0 965 38678 35220 2023-06-29T04:42:21Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38678 wikitext text/x-wiki posi([[kuwaping a sowal]]: 貓) == Takaray a sowal (概要) == O posi a pangangan saheto aca ono loma’ay a pangangan, pakani i [[I-cwan siy]](遺傳學) ato [[Kaw-ko-siy]](考古學)a pikingkiw, pisatapang no tamdaw a pariri’ to posi, maalaay to ko cecay ofad a mihecaan, no Katelangay-[[Egypt|Aykioto]](古埃及)a tamdaw pariri’ to posi maalaay to ko cecay patek a mihecaan, manga’ay a sapiateng to sakakomaenaw no edo to kakaenen. O posi to ko sa’adihayay a mipariri’an no tamdaw anini, o waco ko sa’adihay doedo sato o posi, nikaorira, mikaliangay cingra to ’ayam ato edoedoan. O mipariri’an a posi o ’orip nangra tahiraay i kafafaway no safaw tosa a mihecaan. O samalitengay a posi no hekal maalaay to ko tolo polo ira ko falo a mihecaan.Ira ko posi ako tatolo, kohetingay ko cecay, folatakan ko cecay, makorahay ko cecay. maolah ko fafahi no mako a mi'afofo cairaan. == Kasasiromaroma (種類) == == Tahapinangan (特徵) == == kakarayan ( 氣候) == == Kakaenen (食物) == == Tahapinangan a Tilid (參考文獻) == == Pikafitan i Papotal (外部連接) == [[Kasasiwasiw:Siwkulang 'Amis]] 3qszcvatzckpqwyl2xzbquf1n6i5avw 0 966 21673 21672 2021-10-28T12:40:46Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 12 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 21672 wikitext text/x-wiki Posko（璞石閣部落） Itiniay i Yuli Cen no Hualien ko Posko a niyaro’, 148 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 378 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 42% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 159 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 58% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 219 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Amis33%, Bunun5%, Truku1%, Seediq2%, roma2%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] l7hklfrc7otibf8qm19c8sb1o194o4c 0 967 38567 21677 2023-06-27T20:29:46Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38567 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Posong''' (niyaro') I [[Mingkok]] 58 a mihecaan mapatongal iPawsangli nani Seweyli kona niyaro'. I kaikor no [[Taytongnicong]] a kongkoan ko kasaniyaro' no [[Posong]]. qrk0ryazgo1uivwow83xoqqhknpjkp1 0 968 21736 21735 2021-10-28T12:40:52Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 58 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 21735 wikitext text/x-wiki Potipot siyakay no Siwkolan ’Amis （秀姑巒阿美族的社會組織） Onini a tilid ato “O lalosidan no serangawan no Siwkolan a ’Amis” o malecaday to nai cong-yin-yin min-co-so koni likakawa koni tosa a tilid, nahani, o cecayay ko litapangan, saka o cecayay ko lowad misanga toni tosa a tilid, nika o citodongay cowa kahecad, o laloma’ to ’aloman ko citodongay cowa kahecad. Onini a tilid citodongay i, ira ci 劉斌雄 kapot nira i ira ca 丘其謙 ato 石磊 ato 陳清清 hakasi. 1965 a miheca o cong-yin-yin min-co-so ko patahekalay, maparayray to sakafalo a patosokan a tilid. Tosa miheca ko pirakat mikilim piciyosa toni a tilid, itini i niyaro’ no Fata’an ko patosokan, nika macowak talaroma no Siwkolan a ’etal no niyaro’ no ’Amis. O paro nona tilid ira ko: sakacecay a liyad, o likisi ato salawacan no pala; sakatosa a liyad, kalaklak no niyaro’; sakatolo a liyad, laloma’an ato tamdaw; sakasepat a liyad, o kasangasaw; sakalima a liyad, pangangan no laloma’an ato pinangan no laloma’an; sakaenem a liyad, saki’orip apinangan; sakapito a liyad, o sapikowan to niyaro’; sakafalo a liyad, likakawa no sakidafong; sakasiwa a liyad, o rikec; sakamoetep a liyad o sapifolaw. O roma ’adihay ko painian pakafana’ to potipot no pinangan ato litapangan no sapisilsil to kinaira nitilidan ato malocoka, mato nicokaan to no rayray no ngangasawan no Fata’an a niyaro’, no pakainaay a lilengawan no Fata’an, no Tafalong to pilalang no mangangatay ko kararamod, pahapinang to ’aro no taheka, o kasateked no kapot no Fata’an ato pasinto, sepatay a niyaro’ no siwkolan to pangangan a kasasotiri’, o misilsilan to pinganganan no salawinawina, o rayray no liteng ni cokaan, no itiraay niyaro’ a kasakapot, no Kiwit kasaselal a ngangan, o rayray sapikowan no Fata’an to pala, o ’etal no pifotingan ato sapikowan no rayray lima ko safaw to nicokaan, sepat polo’ ira ko cecay tatiri’en. Toni patalahekalan a ngangan no liyad ato nisadakan nicokaan malotatiri’an, so’elin to maemin maparo ko potipot no siyakay kasamanmaan a manengneng itini tona tilid, tadamahapinang ko serangawan ato likakawa no ’Amis. == Pi’arawan to lakaw == 劉斌雄等，1965，《秀姑巒阿美族的社會組織》。臺北：中央研究院民族學研究所。 陳文德，1989，〈阿美族年齡組制度的研究與意義〉，《中央研究院民族學研究所專刊》68：105-144。 [[Kasasiwasiw:Palidaw 'Amis]] 0b0h4fqq1k2lkvrjr5hb8om91lq025x 0 969 45440 44334 2025-01-16T13:19:03Z 2A02:8308:210:5D00:3951:133A:D904:7289 Pranab Mukherjee idi 2010年 45440 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Secretary Tim Geithner and Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee 2010 crop.jpg|縮圖|Pranab Mukherjee idi 2010年|alt=Secretary Tim Geithner and Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee 2010 crop.jpg]] I 1935 a miheca saka 12 folad saka 11 a romi’ad masofoc ci '''Pranab Mukherjee''', malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit no [[India]] anini i ci Pranab Mukherjee, patirengan a romi’ad i 2012 a miheca saka 7 folad saka 25 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 8gc9rrd6dfuayhn2nom8gy771jctjeh 0 970 38502 21757 2023-06-27T19:11:48Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38502 wikitext text/x-wiki Pratan（布拉旦部落） Itiniay i [[Xiulin Cen]] no [[Hualien]] ko Pratan a niyaro’, 256 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 797 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 94% ko ka’aloman no [[Yincomin]], polong han i, 747 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 6% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 50 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Truku]]83%, [[Amis]]3%, [[Tayal]]3%, roma4%. Ira ko picodadan(三棧國小、三棧國小附幼) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 3z0yudufd8nk3dzyfddxny3hphdgsuj 0 971 30627 30461 2022-01-26T17:12:46Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q3407316]] 30627 wikitext text/x-wiki Prokopis Pavlopoulos(普羅科皮斯·帕夫洛普洛斯) [[Faylo:Prokópis Pavlópoulos portrait.jpg|thumb|Prokópis Pavlópoulos portrait|alt=Prokópis Pavlópoulos portrait.jpg]] I 1950 a miheca saka 7 folad saka 10 a romi’ad masofoc ci [[Prokopis Pavlopoulos]], malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit no [[Greece]](希臘) anini i ci Prokopis Pavlopoulos, patirengan a romi’ad i 2015 a miheca saka 3 folad saka 13 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] hmv0ktm94u9autxsdlxl5a342zq23u4 0 972 21784 21783 2021-10-28T12:41:00Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 15 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 21783 wikitext text/x-wiki Pucunug（文樂部落） Itiniay i Laiyi Cen no Pingtung ko Pucunug a niyaro’, 293 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 1,033 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 97% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 1,007 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 3% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 26 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Paiwan93%, Amis1%, roma2%. Ira ko picodadan(來義鄉幼兒園) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(潮州分局信義派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(來義村衛生室) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] azrjp98ersiv7rxmjc3gh5rivu0lb4v 0 973 39040 21797 2023-06-30T09:34:19Z 陳鷹馬 1604 39040 wikitext text/x-wiki Pudun（布頓部落） Itiniay i [[Jinfeng]] Cen no [[Taitung]] ko [[Pudun]] a niyaro’, 36 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 133 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 97% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 129 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 3% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 4 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko . == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] p3prrn2vmunraf0m9ncq63md26f7rcf 0 974 21808 21807 2021-10-28T12:41:05Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 10 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 21806 wikitext text/x-wiki Puerto rico（波多黎各） [[Faylo:Flag of Puerto Rico.svg|thumb|Flag of Puerto Rico|alt=Flag of Puerto Rico]] [[Faylo:Puerto Rico (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Location of Puerto Rico]] Itini i 18 15 N, 66 30 W, noNotimolan Amilika ko [[Puerto rico]]. Polong no sekalay i 13,791 sq km “saka 163 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 8,870 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 4,921 sq km ” Polong i 3,578,056 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen a sera 22%, Malo no kilakilangan a sera 63.20%, malo no roma to a sera 14.80%. siyoto(首都) O [[[San Juan]](聖胡安) ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakapito 4 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci [[Donald John Trump]], patirengan a romi’ad i 2017 a miheca saka 1 folad saka 20 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 2i8wonrymhqxjfpwewud9xvc40799fy 0 975 38549 32117 2023-06-27T20:08:46Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38549 wikitext text/x-wiki Pukpuk（簿簿部落） Itiniay i [[Ji’an Cen]] no [[Hualien]] ko Pukpuk a niyaro’, 2,688 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 6,978 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 18% ko ka’aloman no [[Yincomin]], polong han i, 1,245 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 82% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 5,733 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Amis]]15%, [[Truku]]1%, [[Bunun]]0.5%, Tayal0.5%. Ira ko imeng(吉安分局仁里派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(花蓮第一大隊仁里分隊) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 5oejavl3od57emp0xn944dx72ha77n5 0 976 38535 21836 2023-06-27T19:54:23Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38535 wikitext text/x-wiki Puljekuwan（下草埔部落） Itiniay i [[Shizi]] Cen no [[Pingtung]] ko [[Puljekuwan]] a niyaro’, 42 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 157 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 97% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 152 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 3% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 5 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Paiwan]]78%, [[Bunun]]3%, roma17%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 3jb111wjicftvwt2c1yfdcqqkt6tgub 0 977 21849 21848 2021-10-28T12:41:11Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 12 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 21848 wikitext text/x-wiki Puljetji（佳興部落） Itiniay i Taiwu Cen no Pingtung ko Puljetji a niyaro’, 138 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 456 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 98% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 447 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 2% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 9 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Paiwan94%, Bunun1%, roma2%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] cved5r50p2x0ypt5v3mhe35p3v85dc6 0 978 38886 21862 2023-06-30T06:46:12Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38886 wikitext text/x-wiki Pungudan（大梅部落） Itiniay i [[Mudan]] Cen no [[Pingtung]] ko [[Pungudan]] a niyaro’, 130 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 359 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 90% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 323 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 10% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 36 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Paiwan]]86%, [[Amis]]1%, [[Bunun]]1%, [[Rukai]]1%, roma1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 16wes4ju1fvwqtckf4mnabj4ttildur 0 979 21866 21865 2021-10-28T12:41:16Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 3 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 21865 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} [[Faylo:Cat_poster_1.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Pusi.]] Pusi. ibkcbpvt9t059auv2jyzttfwqpsq9gk 0 980 42657 39078 2024-04-03T01:03:03Z Ｍayawtowid 44 42657 wikitext text/x-wiki == O ngangan no Pusong (布頌部落由來) == Itiniay i [[Taitung]] Cen no [[Taitung]] ko [[Pusong]] a niyaro’, 284 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 709 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 52% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 368 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 48% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 341 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Amis]]36%, [[Puyuma]]10%, roma6%. Ira ko picodadan(台東女中) i niyaro’. == O katadamaanan no niyaro’ == == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] tshafo59xdzqqjfmsuqdvij8iot2njd 0 981 30080 30079 2021-11-30T02:48:49Z Iyumu 9 30080 wikitext text/x-wiki Puyuma（普悠瑪部落） Itiniay i Taitung Cen no Taitung ko Puyuma a niyaro’, 1,136 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 3,132 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 39% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 1,233 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 61% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 1,899 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Puyuma28%, [[Amis]]6%, [[Paiwan]]1%, Bunun1%, roma2%. Ira ko picodadan(南王國小、卑南國中、南王國小附幼、普悠瑪部落圖書資訊站) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(台東分局南王派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(台東縣消防分局南王分隊) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 2glm5iq0i1lroa8w8kg9ibey05s6zd3 0 982 21914 21913 2021-10-28T12:41:23Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 14 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 21913 wikitext text/x-wiki Pyahaw（比亞豪部落） Itiniay i Nan’ao Cen no Yilan ko Pyahaw a niyaro’, 389 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 1,227 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 92% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 1,133 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 8% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 94 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Tayal86%, Amis2%, Truku1%, Paiwan1%, Bunun1%, roma2%. Ira ko picodadan(碧候國小、碧候國小附幼、碧候部落圖書資訊站) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(蘇澳分局碧候派出所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] sefwq9xhppkcrvjjbj851ihnowtlmwd 0 983 39049 21937 2023-06-30T09:43:06Z 陳鷹馬 1604 39049 wikitext text/x-wiki Pyanan（南山部落） Itiniay i [[Datong]] Cen no [[Yilan]] ko [[Pyanan]] a niyaro’, 259 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 857 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 94% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 806 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 6% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 51 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Tayal]]86%, [[Amis]]1%, [[Truku]]1%, roma5%. Ira ko picodadan(南山國小、南山國小附小) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(三星分局南山派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(南山衛生室) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] s1wvnhegtu0x23i2gabnhrbp1lj8638 0 984 35367 21957 2023-04-02T06:41:15Z Kai3952 413 35367 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Pyasan, Taoyuan.jpg|thumb|200px|Pyasan]] Pyasan（比雅山/角板山部落） Itiniay i Fuxing Cen no Taoyuan ko Pyasan a niyaro’, 273 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 743 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 36% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 266 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 64% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 477 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Tayal31%, Amis2%, Paiwan1%, Truku1%. Ira ko picodadan(介壽國小、介壽國中、復興部落圖書資訊站) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(復興區公所、復興戶政事務所、復興區代會、復興郵局、復興區農會) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(大溪分局復興分駐所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(復興衛生所) i niyaro’. Ira ko Kiwkay(台灣基督長老教會角板教會) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 72ryr437msq1jkkk9k3gcfh8q8mcxz4 0 985 38705 21971 2023-06-29T11:52:35Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38705 wikitext text/x-wiki P’anoh（鹿場部落） Itiniay i [[Nanzhuang Cen]] no [[Miaoli]] ko P’anoh a niyaro’, 48 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 155 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 95% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 147 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 5% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 8 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Tayal]]83%, [[Saysiyat]]8%, [[Amis]]1%, [[Paiwan]]1%, [[Bunun]]1%, [[Seediq]]1%, roma1%. Ira ko imeng(頭份分局陸家派出所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] hplvpfpdarzmthv7jtrbyb66ctbleu0 0 986 30628 30463 2022-01-26T17:12:47Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q57331]] 30628 wikitext text/x-wiki Qaboos bin Said al Said [[Faylo:السلطان قابوس.jpg|thumb|السلطان قابوس|alt=السلطان قابوس.jpg]] I 1940 a miheca saka 11 folad saka 18 a romi’ad masofoc ci Qaboos bin Said al Said, malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit no [[Oman]] anini i ci Qaboos bin Said al Said, patirengan a romi’ad i 1970 a miheca saka 7 folad saka 23 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 43ye8i2k4krfwl12oxazinkmpqbqxgk 0 987 38685 21991 2023-06-29T04:48:11Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38685 wikitext text/x-wiki Qalipusungan（阿里不動部落） Itiniay i [[Xinyi Cen]] no [[Nantou]] ko Qalipusungan a niyaro’, 111 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 260 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 6% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 16 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 94% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 244 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Bunun]]6%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] qn6dxtrwkp5dyyh7fs9nqy6ajtoeg86 0 988 22004 22003 2021-10-28T12:41:37Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 12 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 22003 wikitext text/x-wiki Qaljapang（加羅板部落） Itiniay i Dawu Cen no Taitung ko Qaljapang a niyaro’, 85 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 223 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 95% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 211 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 5% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 12 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Paiwan88%, Amis3%, roma3%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] eyfmm9xmqqcug36zlbbfxcgga4vtlzp 0 989 38485 22017 2023-06-26T05:01:41Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38485 wikitext text/x-wiki Qaljecim（和平部落） Itiniay i Shizi Cen no [[Pingtung]] ko Qaljecim a niyaro’, 98 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 334 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 99% ko ka’aloman no [[Yincomin]], polong han i, 329 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 1% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 5 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Paiwan]]94%, [[Bunun]]2%, [[Amis]]1%, [[Seediq]]1%, [[roma]]1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 9urspf35me221pfqea64i8yrpfw9dkn 0 990 22033 22032 2021-10-28T12:41:41Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 15 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 22032 wikitext text/x-wiki Qapedang（武潭部落） Itiniay i Taiwu Cen no Pingtung ko Qapedang a niyaro’, 308 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 1,146 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 98% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 1,119 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 2% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 27 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Paiwan94%, Bunun1%, Amis1%, roma1%. Ira ko picodadan(武潭國小、武潭國小附幼) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(內埔分局武潭派出所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] lcdbc3ve843p88m9h6ecus2o2wbiyb4 0 991 38802 22046 2023-06-30T01:01:45Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38802 wikitext text/x-wiki Qapuciu（洽波石部落） Itiniay i [[Xinyi]] Cen no [[Nantou]] ko Qapuciu a niyaro’, 105 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 321 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 55% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 175 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 45% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 146 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Bunun]]54%, Tayal1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] b547rjgvbj2p68q9e93hviu8t6mj3p0 0 992 22060 22059 2021-10-28T12:41:46Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 13 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 22059 wikitext text/x-wiki Qapu’（卡普部落） Itiniay i Fuxing Cen no Taoyuan ko Qapu’ a niyaro’, 39 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 100 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 97% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 97 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 3% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 3 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Tayal96%, Truku1%. Ira ko Kiwkay(真耶穌教會卡普祈禱所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] fp97toich7an3d6ufun8zkg1whnqcvq 0 993 22073 22072 2021-10-28T12:41:48Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 12 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 22072 wikitext text/x-wiki Qara（卡拉部落） Itiniay i Fuxing Cen no Taoyuan ko Qara a niyaro’, 119 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 294 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 54% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 158 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 46% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 136 ko tamdaw. Ira ko Kiwkay(台灣基督長老教會加拉教會) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 7t2b8ganfbzdj7dlyku4mov2yzgqvwf 0 994 30237 30195 2022-01-22T00:32:35Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q846]] 30237 wikitext text/x-wiki Qatar（卡達） [[Faylo:Flag of Qatar.svg|thumb|Flag of Qatar|alt=Flag of Qatar]] [[Faylo:QAT orthographic.svg|thumb|Location and extent of Qatar (dark green) on the Arabian Peninsula.]] Itini i 25 30 N, 51 15 E, noAsiya ko [[Qatar]]. Polong no sekalay i 11,586 sq km “saka 166 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 11,586 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 0 sq km ” Polong i 2,258,283 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen a sera 5.60%, Malo no kilakilangan a sera 0%, malo no roma to a sera 94.40%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Doha]] ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakatosa ko safaw 18 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci [[Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani]], patirengan a romi’ad i 2013 a miheca saka 6 folad saka 25 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 8bhkcmskrs1urjkxwbmu35wx85lrr4c 0 995 38939 22098 2023-06-30T07:43:02Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38939 wikitext text/x-wiki Qatu（卡度部落） Itiniay i [[Ren’ai]] Cen no [[Nantou]] ko [[Qatu]] a niyaro’, 306 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 1,166 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 92% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 1,075 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 8% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 91 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Bunun]]89%, [[Amis]]1%, [[Tayal]]1%, [[Seediq]]1%. Ira ko picodadan(中正國小) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(仁愛分局過坑派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(中正村衛生室) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 32nhv0c4hggl978o12lawed5savlypl 0 996 39053 22111 2023-06-30T09:44:22Z 陳鷹馬 1604 39053 wikitext text/x-wiki Qba（九寮溪部落） Itiniay i [[Datong]] Cen no [[Yilan]] ko [[Qba]] a niyaro’, 37 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 90 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 37% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 33 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 63% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 57 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Tayal]]34%, [[Truku]]2%, roma1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] dvy2h2crn66pmc0hwc7qmjbnw0ed1g7 0 997 38799 22124 2023-06-30T00:59:37Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38799 wikitext text/x-wiki Qehuy（內奎輝部落） Itiniay i [[Fuxing Cen]] no [[Taoyuan]] ko Qehuy a niyaro’, 19 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 55 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 96% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 53 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 4% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 2 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Tayal]]87%, roma9%. Ira ko Kiwkay(內奎輝天主堂) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 0vte2k8l7s0vlfttxts0k87joo4w0b8 0 998 22142 22141 2021-10-28T12:41:59Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 17 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 22141 wikitext text/x-wiki Qmocyan（下奎輝部落） Itiniay i Fuxing Cen no Taoyuan ko Qmocyan a niyaro’, 28 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 77 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 94% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 72 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 6% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 5 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Tayal92%, Amis1%, roma1%. Ira ko picodadan(奎輝國小、奎輝國小附幼) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(大溪分局奎輝派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(奎輝衛生室) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 1nczt5nakorxegtl2uglcjvk0gsg6y5 0 999 22160 22159 2021-10-28T12:42:01Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 17 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 22159 wikitext text/x-wiki Qnau（上奎輝部落） Itiniay i Fuxing Cen no Taoyuan ko Qnau a niyaro’, 60 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 192 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 95% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 183 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 5% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 9 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Tayal93%, Amis1%, Saysiyat1%, roma1%. Ira ko picodadan(嘎色鬧獵人學校) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 4449qcou6um2cd09bjrmtx2i2zhg6yj 0 1000 22173 22172 2021-10-28T12:42:03Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 12 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 22172 wikitext text/x-wiki Qnragan（卡那岸部落） Itiniay i Xiulin Cen no Hualien ko Qnragan a niyaro’, 67 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 179 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 69% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 123 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 31% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 56 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Truku59%, Amis3%, Tayal4%, Paiwan2%, roma1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] ddu00mk9fsmd28coahnpkdvjxva5j2c 0 1001 39014 22188 2023-06-30T09:12:06Z 陳鷹馬 1604 39014 wikitext text/x-wiki Qolu（上田埔部落） Itiniay i [[Jianshi]] Cen no [[Hsinchu]] ko [[Qolu]] a niyaro’, 43 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 200 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 96% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 191 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 5% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 9 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Tayal]]92%, [[Paiwan]]1%, [[Truku]]1%, roma3%. Ira ko picodadan(秀巒國小田埔分校) i niyaro’. Ira ko Kiwkay(台灣基督長老教會田埔教會、田埔天主堂) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] pbra9xy84dx6ztffznkcsm5h7lebx0y 0 1002 22205 22204 2021-10-28T12:42:08Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 16 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 22204 wikitext text/x-wiki Qowgan（克奧灣部落） Itiniay i Xiulin Cen no Hualien ko Qowgan a niyaro’, 449 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 1,385 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 93% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 1,284 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 7% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 101 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Truku76%, Amis6%, Tayal4%, Seediq1%, Bunun1%, roma6%. Ira ko picodadan(景美國小) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(新城加灣派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(景美衛生室) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(台鐵景美站) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] nlikwu7uxaq28728a4tqfgjnt74zky3 0 1003 22236 22235 2021-10-28T12:42:11Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 30 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 22235 wikitext text/x-wiki Qoyaw（下高遶部落） Itiniay i Fuxing Cen no Taoyuan ko Qoyaw a niyaro’, 25 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 115 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 95% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 109 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 5% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 6 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Tayal90%, roma5%. Ira ko Kiwkay(高遶天主堂、台灣基督長老教會高遶教會) i niyaro’. Qoyaw（中高遶部落） Itiniay i Fuxing Cen no Taoyuan ko Qoyaw a niyaro’, 23 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 43 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 84% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 36 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 16% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 7 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Tayal84%. Qoyaw（上高遶部落） Itiniay i Fuxing Cen no Taoyuan ko Qoyaw a niyaro’, 53 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 175 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 94% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 164 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 6% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 11 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Tayal89%, Amis2%, Paiwan1%, roma3%. Ira ko picodadan(長興國小) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(大溪分局長興派出所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 9apgml5q30jxse0l5tufiz2l0395p60 0 1004 22249 22248 2021-10-28T12:42:13Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 12 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 22248 wikitext text/x-wiki Qphay（下巴陵部落） Itiniay i Fuxing Cen no Taoyuan ko Qphay a niyaro’, 30 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 92 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 64% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 59 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 36% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 33 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Tayal63%, roma1%. Ira ko Kiwkay(台灣基督長老教會華陵教會) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 2qetmshnfp1ao0vgrjbwy06bo9jhfmo 0 1005 22264 22263 2021-10-28T12:42:15Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 14 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 22263 wikitext text/x-wiki Qrahu（嘎拉賀部落） Itiniay i Fuxing Cen no Taoyuan ko Qrahu a niyaro’, 63 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 135 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 72% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 97 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 28% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 38 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Tayal60%, Amis4%, Paiwan2%, Bunun1%, Cou1%, roma3%. Ira ko Kiwkay(台灣基督長老教會嘎拉賀教會) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] chbkzgdgyt3e0l7h2g0y3p54jyriojx 0 1006 22280 22279 2021-10-28T12:42:17Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 15 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 22279 wikitext text/x-wiki Qu chn.la love vn（古庄部落/含太湖部落） Itiniay i Dawu Cen no Taitung ko Qu chn.la love vn a niyaro’, 66 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 167 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 71% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 119 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 29% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 48 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Paiwan65%, Amis2%, Tayal2%, Bunun1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 8uu4op549d7qyy1xmti56fpw4n5stgr 0 1007 38983 38982 2023-06-30T08:49:45Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38983 wikitext text/x-wiki Quri（下高義部落） Itiniay i [[Fuxing]] Cen no [[Taoyuan]] ko [[Quri]] a niyaro’, 11 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 31 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 90% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 28 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 10% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 3 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Tayal]]87%, roma3%. Ira ko picodadan(高義國小) i niyaro’. Quri（石磊部落） Itiniay i [[Jianshi]] Cen no [[Hsinchu]] ko [[Quri]] a niyaro’, 69 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 315 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 95% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 299 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 5% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 16 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Tayal]]91%, [[Amis]]1%, roma2%. Ira ko picodadan(石磊國小、石磊國小附幼) i niyaro’. Ira ko Kiwkay(台灣基督長老教會石磊教會、石磊天主堂) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 67mme8m9t4n2x7u7nwgxdxnbv98hm1r 0 1008 22322 22321 2021-10-28T12:42:22Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 18 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 22321 wikitext text/x-wiki Qus（和平部落） Itiniay i Fuxing Cen no Taoyuan ko Qus a niyaro’, 14 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 47 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 85% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 40 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 15% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 7 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Tayal79%, Amis4%, Paiwan2%. Qus（庫志部落） Itiniay i Fuxing Cen no Taoyuan ko Qus a niyaro’, 75 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 168 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 87% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 146 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 13% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 22 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Tayal81%, Amis2%, roma4%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 8a3os0ftwwbkl2fxxtutrejxtvk9ggy 0 1009 38679 22335 2023-06-29T04:42:55Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38679 wikitext text/x-wiki Quwis awi’（砂埔鹿部落） Itiniay i [[Tai’an Cen]] no [[Miaoli]] ko Quwis awi’ a niyaro’, 111 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 368 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 67% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 245 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 33% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 123 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Tayal]]63%, [[Amis]]1%, [[Paiwan]]1%, roma2%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] g57fgqtk8yb3832l1gvw5ngz1p4d1lp 0 1010 22348 22347 2021-10-28T12:42:27Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 12 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 22347 wikitext text/x-wiki Quzi（中心部落） Itiniay i Fuxing Cen no Taoyuan ko Quzi a niyaro’, 119 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 294 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 54% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 158 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 46% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 136 ko tamdaw. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] px3zihazjqmqkrrd8925b2xhnwr709i 0 1011 22362 22361 2021-10-28T12:42:29Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 13 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 22361 wikitext text/x-wiki Qwayux（武漢部落） Itiniay i Jianshi Cen no Hsinchu ko Qwayux a niyaro’, 77 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 236 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 86% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 202 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 14% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 34 ko tamdaw. Ira ko Kiwkay(台灣基督長老教會福堂教會) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 7j0qvkptll0mxv0iojfbq76c93wolvu 0 1012 39015 22376 2023-06-30T09:12:23Z 陳鷹馬 1604 39015 wikitext text/x-wiki Qyuws（下田埔部落） Itiniay i [[Jianshi]] Cen no [[Hsinchu]] ko [[Qyuws]] a niyaro’, 88 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 399 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 95% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 379 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 5% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 20 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Tayal]]92%, [[Amis]]0.5%, [[Rukai]]0.5%, roma2%. Ira ko picodadan(秀巒國小田埔部落圖書室) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(新竹縣消防局尖石消防分隊田埔消防站) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] hpaln3j9l1lc90wpe9x7zrs2r2vez3p 0 1013 22378 22377 2021-10-28T12:42:33Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 1 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 22377 wikitext text/x-wiki == 《Tosa ko kakiloma no radiw》 == O radiw(音樂) hananay, tosa ko kakiloma,sakacecay i tanoradiw Saan,awaay ko 'olic.sakatosa i,o ci'olicay a radiw. Anoromadiw ko tamdaw i,pakayni i ngiha ato 'olic no radiw A masapinang ko hemek、ketel、larom、lipahak no Faroco'nira.o pakatengilay to radiw i mihakelong a Mahemek、maketel、malarom、malipahak.hatiraay ko kakiloma No pisolot no radiw to faloco' no tamdaw. == 《o 'orip ko radiw》 == O haliladiway ko 'orip no misapangcahay a finacadan a Tamdaw.ano loma to a finasadan i mahaen to, maolah a Romadiw.naisofocen ko tamdaw tangasa i patay,o lakat no hacecay a Demak no 'orip i, caaykangaay a awakoradiw,nawhani o Sakalalok、 o sakalipahak、 o sapita'ong to tapang（敬拜神及豐年祭）、 o sapisayal to rolay、 o sapihinom to Maloromay ko faroco'、o sapikiwidang、 o sakalacecay no faroco' ko Radiw…. Ano lipahak to、maketel to、malarom to、 mahemek to, Romadiw kita a pasadak to naifaroco'ay a mihalatengan.nawhani itini i karomadiw no tamdaw a mahapinang ko faroco'nira, O lipahakay hakiya、o malalomay hakiya、o maketelay Hakiya、o mahemkay hakiya. == 《o serangawan ko radiw》 == O radiw hananay o mipahapinangay to serangawan no Kasafinacadan,ato demak no 'orip no tamdaw. Nano kato'as tanga：sa anini,masakakilomaay ko serangawan A demak no 'orip no tamdaw,ato radiw. Tinako to [o 'amis hananay atamdaw（阿美族頌）]a dadiw.i Limapolo a mihecaan 50年代aradiw ko ninan.o 'oric no radiw I（歌詞） hatiniay： O 'amis hananay a tamdaw, 阿美族人哪！ O 'amis hananay a tamdaw, 阿美族人哪！ O matayalay to rimi'ami'ad, 日日耕作過活， Caay katalaw to cidal ato 'orad. 不怕太陽曬，不怕風雨打。 Hi yo ho hay yay, 嘿喲荷海呀唉， Micekiw sa i riyar, 在海邊撿貝殼， Mikalang i 'alo, 在山谷溪捉螃蟹， Lipahak to romi'ami'ad. 日日過著快樂的生活。 O misangaan ni lifok（黃貴潮） kona radiw.o mawmahay ko 'orip i tiya,pakayni i kasapakoyc a palitemek amisa'icel To 'orip ko tamdamdaw i ti：yaho,o malalokay a mawmah ato Micekiw i riyar mikalang i 'alo ko mato'asay,ano Caykasamaan kono dafongan a 'orip,ano awaawa ko Payso,nikaolila, caykacahiw ko orip,lipahak to Romi'ami'ad. O naradiw todongay o pahemekay to sapakoycay ato Malalokay a 'orip no misapangcahay.o kalitaangan no Misapangcahay ko naradiw.o a arayen ita ci lifok（黃貴潮） O milaheciay a pasadak to naradiw. == 《o mikadofahay to 'orip ko radiw 》 == Matemgil ko sowa,ano awakoradiw no 'orip i,caay ka Salongan ko 'orip saan.so'elinay to konasowal,ano manan To ademakan no niyalo',sacaromadiw kita,ira ko radiw ta Masakero kita,ta mapahemek a lipahak ko faroco' no Tamdamdaw.pakayni ko sakalikec no finaulan no niyaro'. A dihay ko fangcalay a radiw no misapangcahay a Tamdaw,pakayni i radiw ko tayalnangra,mipahemek to Faroco'no tamdamdaw, pakayni ko sakacietan nira. O radiw hananay o mikadofahay to faloco' ato 'orip. == Pi'arawan to lakaw == * 陳富美. (2011). Wikipedia 維基百科 族語詞條試寫─原住民族語詞條 2011作品集. 教育部. 1p66iu947ojhmhzyr5qosrcyinpn95i 0 1014 42681 30629 2024-04-09T00:03:49Z CommonsDelinker 39 Removing [[:c:File:Presidente_Rafael_Correa.jpg|Presidente_Rafael_Correa.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Bedivere|Bedivere]] because: Copyright violation; see [[:c:COM:Licensing|Commons:Licensing]] ([[:c:COM:CSD#F1|F1]]). 42681 wikitext text/x-wiki Rafael Correa I 1963 a miheca saka 4 folad saka 6 a romi’ad masofoc ci Rafael Correa, malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit no [[Ecuador]] anini i ci Rafael Correa, patirengan a romi’ad i 2007 a miheca saka 1 folad saka 15 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] it3yg5ibpc5xdax8xzzta60svbaj5j1 0 1015 22398 22397 2021-10-28T12:42:37Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 11 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 22397 wikitext text/x-wiki Raga’（楓香部落） Itiniay i Fuxing Cen no Taoyuan ko Raga’ a niyaro’, 10 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 31 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 100% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 31 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 0% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Tayal94%, roma6%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] okwt4saqq1f3s9lv4n3b13tk558c8vf 0 1016 39013 22410 2023-06-30T09:11:36Z 陳鷹馬 1604 39013 wikitext text/x-wiki Rahaw（拉號部落） Itiniay i [[Jianshi]] Cen no [[Hsinchu]] ko [[Rahaw]] a niyaro’, 17 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 56 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 89% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 50 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 11% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 6 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Tayal]]89%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] rr5t0tqai9sjhbx9pnaama02tuvuuik 0 1017 22428 22427 2021-10-28T12:42:41Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 17 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 22427 wikitext text/x-wiki Rahaw（Takan）（溪口台部落） Itiniay i Fuxing Cen no Taoyuan ko Rahaw（Takan） a niyaro’, 60 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 217 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 93% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 202 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 7% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 15 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Tayal87%, Amis1%, Bunun1%, Truku1%, roma2%. Ira ko Kiwkay(台灣基督長老教會溪口教會、溪口天主堂) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] f8ugnxarr03ztx2s54du83ozehwmx6n 0 1018 22430 22429 2021-10-28T12:42:44Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 1 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 22429 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Rahaw, Takan]] ctn3iy1kyyt4p8hjgtd4o3hjllk1567 0 1019 22444 22443 2021-10-28T12:42:46Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 13 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 22443 wikitext text/x-wiki Rahu’（下宇內/小烏來部落） Itiniay i Fuxing Cen no Taoyuan ko Rahu’ a niyaro’, 84 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 294 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 96% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 281 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 4% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 13 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Tayal90%, Amis2%, Bunun1%, roma2%. Ira ko picodadan(義盛國小、義盛國小附幼) i niyaro’. Ira ko Kiwkay(台灣基督長老教會烏內教會、宇內(義盛)天主堂) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] kiykiswrf0c81pnty30tvz3v31pfg65 0 1020 45441 44331 2025-01-16T13:19:31Z 2A02:8308:210:5D00:3951:133A:D904:7289 Vējonis idi 2010年 45441 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Flickr - Saeima - 10.Saeimas deputāts Raimonds Vējonis.jpg|縮圖|Vējonis idi 2010年|alt=Flickr - Saeima - 10.Saeimas deputāts Raimonds Vējonis.jpg]] I 1966 a miheca saka 6 folad saka 15 a romi’ad masofoc ci '''Raimonds Vējonis''', malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit no [[Latvia]] anini i ci Raimonds Vējonis, patirengan a romi’ad i 2015 a miheca saka 7 folad saka 8 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 943p05uufn9b4jp043uaaezl3ky5mbp 0 1021 38587 22464 2023-06-27T20:46:01Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38587 wikitext text/x-wiki Raka（上蘇樂部落） Itiniay i [[Fuxing Cen]] no [[Taoyuan]] ko Raka a niyaro’, 26 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 76 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 91% ko ka’aloman no [[Yincomin]], polong han i, 69 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 9% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 7 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Tayal]]90%, roma1%. Ira ko Kiwkay(台灣基督長老教會拉卡教會) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] j369h21uvu2mseojngmh7ab2ahpn5r6 0 1022 34231 22468 2023-02-11T04:49:54Z YiFeiBot 1295 Bot: Migrating 1 langlinks, now provided by [[d:|Wikidata]] on [[d:q943540]]; 1 langlinks remaining 34231 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} [[Faylo:Rhacophorus malabaricus.jpg|thumb|Rakorako|350px]] [[Faylo:Hylidae 001.jpg|thumb|Rakorako|350px|left]] <!--Interwikis--> [[eo:Arba rano]] 65nla0j4648zvq3mjr9ddxzhvfed9g5 0 1023 38585 38584 2023-06-27T20:45:20Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38585 wikitext text/x-wiki Rangay（[[kuwaping a sowal]]: 斷匯部落） Itiniay i [[Fuxing Cen]] no [[Taoyuan]]（桃源區） ko Rangay a niyaro’, 20 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 56 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 98% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 55 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 2% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 1 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Tayal]]91%, roma7%. Ira ko picodadan(羅浮國小高坡分校、原住民部落大學) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] pke6zghmngr4bxev0387mtyxhu1l5d2 0 1024 22498 22497 2021-10-28T12:42:57Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 14 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 22497 wikitext text/x-wiki Raysinay（石壁部落） Itiniay i Nanzhuang Cen no Miaoli ko Raysinay a niyaro’, 10 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 31 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 90% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 28 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 10% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 3 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Tayal81%, Amis3%, Puyuma3%, roma3%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] mbed0w4s7x0k77hb3wnwfok4o0hr3wa 0 1025 30631 30466 2022-01-26T17:12:50Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q46809]] 30631 wikitext text/x-wiki Raúl Castro [[Faylo:Raul-castro-2015 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Raul-castro-2015 (cropped)|alt=Raul-castro-2015 (cropped).jpg]] I 1931 a miheca saka 6 folad saka 3 a romi’ad masofoc ci Raúl Castro, malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit no [[Cuba]] anini i ci Raúl Castro, patirengan a romi’ad i 2011 a miheca saka 4 folad saka 19 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] eqeoxyesinpv6gz7f0kt4ud3ri3jivw 0 1026 46849 46848 2025-06-30T22:47:55Z Ooligan 2744 2025 46849 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:2025 Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (cropped).jpg|縮圖|Erdoğan idi 2025年]] I 1954 a miheca saka 2 folad saka 26 a romi’ad masofoc ci '''Recep Tayyip Erdoğan''', malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit no [[Turkey]] anini i ci Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, patirengan a romi’ad i 2014 a miheca saka 8 folad saka 28 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] gkq09ap3ttl2ob3mjg4asoj4057jkal 0 1027 38881 22525 2023-06-30T06:44:18Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38881 wikitext text/x-wiki Rekat（永昌部落） Itiniay i [[Luye]] Cen no [[Taitung]] ko Rekat a niyaro’, 127 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 398 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 77% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 306 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 23% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 92 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Amis]]73%, [[Bunun]]1%, [[Paiwan]]1%, [[Puyuma]]1%, roma2%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 4bwls7e365bqgine1tr9cevauadu507 0 1028 30766 30761 2022-02-19T10:33:39Z Firefly 521 Reverted to revision 22530 by [[Special:Contributions/Sotiale|Sotiale]] ([[User talk:Sotiale|talk]]): Rvv (TwinkleGlobal) 30766 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} [[Faylo:Blut-EDTA.jpg|thumb|Remes nu tamdaw]] d5g9uq3pynqetmams4lgkrhxp02eqkm 0 1029 38937 38936 2023-06-30T07:42:12Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38937 wikitext text/x-wiki Ren’ai（仁愛鄉） Itini i [[Nantou]] ko Ren’ai Siyang. sa’osi han ko po:long no palaan i, ira ko 1,219.39 km² (lalotolotokan a plalan no sa’osi i ira ko 909.39 km², o palaan noto’as i'a:yaw i ira ko 201.17 km²), 14,966 ko tamdaw i Ren’ai Siyang, 4,643 ko parod no loma’, itini i niyaro’ a Yincomin sa’osi han ira ko 12,526 a tamdaw, pakaala to 84%(Tayal, Seediq, Bunun) no polong no tamdaw. o Tayal, Seediq, Bunun ko sa’alomanay i Nantou. ==O kasaniyarona== 16 ko cun, 24 ko niyaro’ i Ren’ai Siyang. [[Alang sasi]]（親愛部落）, [[Alang tongan]]（眉溪部落）, [[Alang pulan]]（松林部落）, [[Alang snuwing]]（史努櫻部落）, [[Alang bwarung]]（廬山部落）, [[Alang toda]]（平靜部落）, [[Masitoban]]（瑞岩部落）, [[Knaziy]]（紅香部落）, [[Bukai]]（武界部落）, [[Malepa]]（新望洋部落）, [[Alang sadu]]（沙都部落）, [[Alang busi]]（卜溪部落）, [[Alang truwan]]（德魯灣部落）, [[Qatu]]（卡度部落）, [[Alang nakahara]]（中原部落）, [[Alang gluban]]（清流部落）, [[Qalang kobah]]（慈峰部落）, [[Qalang bayi]]（梅村部落）, [[Alang marosan]]（萬大部落）, [[Qalang mb’ala]]（眉原部落）, [[Alang paran]]（巴蘭部落）, [[Alang ruku daya]]（平和部落）, [[Sima-un]]（萬豐部落）, [[Qalang bubun]]（翠巒部落）. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] 2qak4puug8yfnvsa9f4ri894z2rl85l 0 1030 45448 44337 2025-01-16T13:24:35Z 2A02:8308:210:5D00:3951:133A:D904:7289 Reuven Rivlin idi 2014年 45448 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Reuven Rivlin as the president of Israel.jpg|縮圖|Reuven Rivlin idi 2014年|alt=Reuven Rivlin as the president of Israel.jpg]] I 1939 a miheca saka 9 folad saka 9 a romi’ad masofoc ci '''Reuven Rivlin''', malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit no [[Israel]] anini i ci Reuven Rivlin, patirengan a romi’ad i 2014 a miheca saka 7 folad saka 24 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Israel]] m2t32qnry99uo8oi1d8kmzbya7wi1w4 0 1031 22555 22554 2021-10-28T12:43:11Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 12 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 22554 wikitext text/x-wiki Rgyax（新光部落） Itiniay i Datong Cen no Yilan ko Rgyax a niyaro’, 74 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 246 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 96% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 235 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 4% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 11 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Tayal87%, Amis2%, Seediq1%, roma5%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] cjn42jjyle0ba5gb8u113xek13n9nll 0 1032 38940 22568 2023-06-30T07:52:30Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38940 wikitext text/x-wiki Ride（里德部落） Itiniay i [[Manzhou]] Cen no [[Pingtung]] ko Ride a niyaro’, 167 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 420 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 36% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 153 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 64% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 267 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Paiwan]]35%, [[Amis]]1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] r2vaxi01ii2ba8d36c9ucnt7n7q446k 0 1033 32076 32065 2022-07-28T12:50:14Z 2001:B011:7C01:5155:E57B:C27F:AD43:F889 #ALCD 32076 wikitext text/x-wiki Rinahem（光榮部落） Itiniay i Shoufeng Cen no Hualien ko Rinahem a niyaro’, 327 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 913 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 86% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 787 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 14% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 126 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Amis.Pangach|Amis]]79%, Truku1%, Tayal1%, Bunun1%, roma4%. Ira ko [[picodadan]](Rinahem部落圖書資訊站) i niyaro’. '''Rinahem a niyaru'(光榮部落)''' Pulut nu runung han i naayaw ku ngangan nu’’ kuwangrung’’. I makatimul nu lutuk nu banaw sisa panganga han tu Rinahem. Tengil han ku pasuwalay i nanganga naw maka Talukuay a Linaw hananay a niyaru saan. U macebeday a lutuk ku imi nira. Tangasa nika tayni nu kukuminsiyu pasiket han tu ngangan kira niyaru ta singangan tu’’ kungrung ’’, U nu Rinahem tu a kakuwanan. Tangasa sa i minkuku 68 a mihca. Paruma han a pangangan tu ’’kuwangrung’’. Ina niyaru i papaw tu nu makawanan nu luki, i maka wali i samis nu Rinahem, i saamian cacay a kililu ku nipiraay a masaenaray a siniyaru. U nilatengilan nacaay hen ka sidemak ku cikasuan , ira kiya ci Musa.Avu hananay a mi`adupay. Maaraw nira kina kapahay a kitilaan. Tuna mahaen taluma satu katien tu nira ca Calaw.Vutul, Kayu.siwa, Tavah.Kacaw, a masasuwal a milaheci tina demkan. Tuwa ci Musa.Avu ku saayaway i makawali nu niyar a paluma’. A miletek tu kilakilang a misalaku a paniyaru itila. Tangasa tu herk nikasidemak nu cikasuan i, muketu nu palumaan nu i lidaway a cikasuan malina a paluma i tini, tu ruma a mihcaan, ira aca ku limaay a palumaan nu cikasuan atu cacay a palumaan nu pukpuk a tayni. Araw mala tataakay tu a niyar ku nika aluma nu tamdaw. Pangangan han tu nu ripun tu ’’siwsiya’’. Tangasa i daycin tuluay a mihca asip satu tira niyaruan araw tangasa tu i enemay a pulu’ ira ku tulu nu palumaan. U saadihayay ku cikasuan sepat a pulu’ ira ku lima ku palumaan , liyaw satu u natawran muketep ku palumaan, ta u sakiraya enem ku palumaan , tu u pukpuk atu lidaw ala cacay ku palumaan . tu namahaen alualuman tu ku nikararuyaruy nira cikasuan a paluma itini. Tuni patangasa nu miasipay tu lumalumaan . I cawhe 8 a mihca makaala tu 105 ku palumaay, u tamdaw satu makala tu 553 namahaen ,u babahi 373 may, u babinay i 280 may) amin. U saalumanay ku Pangcah a niyaru' tangasa anini. == Pi'arawan to lakaw == * 張美妹. (2011). Wikipedia 維基百科 族語詞條試寫─原住民族語詞條 2011作品集. 教育部. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] * [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] c76fozv4ze2762tclr6aon3qeufeo1m 0 1034 43237 32148 2024-05-10T02:51:59Z Emic5826 567 43237 wikitext text/x-wiki == Takaray a sowal (概要) == [[Faylo:Riri'.ogg|縮圖|'''Ano pipanayan adihay ko riri' i omaomahan.''']] Kahirahira sa ko romaay a riri’, adihayay tato a masarayaray ko riri’, saka cangootay to kakaenen, la’afa’afas sato saka ’oripan, itini i kamaro'an mataraw to ada cangra. Anca mafana’ay a misafalifalic to cengel no tireng nangra. Ano awa to ko kakaenen i, polong sa a malinah a tayra i faelohay a kamaro’an mikilim to kakaenen cangra. == Kasasiromaroma (種類) == O riri’ hananay kahirahira sako kasasiromaroma’ nangra, itini i hekar mata’elifay to ko cecay ’ofad ko kasasiromaroma’, ira ko no fa’edetay a kamaro’an falawfaway a kamaro’an, saka palaliday a manengnengay no mita a riri’ i, ira kono panay a riri'(稻蝗), Sawaliay Aciya a riri'(東亞飛蝗), hong-ho-fo-a riri'(紅後負蝗), Tay-wan a riri'(台灣稻蝗), ni-taw a riri'(擬稻蝗), kohkohan a riri'.(沙漠蝗). [[Faylo:SGR_laying.jpg|thumb|沙漠蝗(SGR laying)]] No panay a riri'(稻蝗), itini i ka’amis no kitakit no mita ira ko Tay-wan a riri'(中華稻蝗), no Dipongay a riri' no panay(日本稻蝗), ira ko mimingay no panayay a riri' (小稻蝗), kakaya'ay a sapikpik a riri' no panay(長翅稻蝗), awaay ko wadis a riri' no panay(無齒稻蝗) limaay ko kasasiroma nira, saheto o c-ce-mo-pan-twey a riri’ ko hatiniay, ona Tay-wan a riri'((中華稻蝗) ko sa’adihayay, iraay to 85% ko ka’adihay nira. Ona Tay-wana a riri’ i(台灣稻蝗), o sata’akayay a tatirengan a riri’, O tawinaan a riri’ i ikakaay kono okang hananay a riri’ a kiedaw, o kangdaway ko cengel no tatirengan nangra, caayay o tatirengan aca ko ta’angayay, talingtingay aca ko hatiniay a riri’, ona Tay-wan a riri i(台灣稻蝗), ya mafana’ay a miodot, nengnengen ko cepi’ ato waay nangra a:dihayay ko salayalay sanay a ceka. Nikaorira ma:laayay ko piteloc nira, ano palacafay han to kacidalay i, saikol matenok no riri’ ko kacidalay matapiay ko kacidalay, ci’icelay ko hatiniay a riri’. O kohkohan a riri’ i(沙漠蝗), Itiniay i ka'amisay Afriya, kawaliay Afriya, ato katimolay Afriya ko kamaro’ nangra, watahay ko ta’angay nangra a mikali’ang to manmaan a datengan ato rengos, ano talacowa ko kaefel nangra i, awaay to ko manmaan itira, mahecad to Sawaliay Aciya a riri'(東亞飛蝗) talacowa ko efer nangra i, iraay to ko ta’angayay a wacaway itira, itini i ka’etip no ka'amisay Amirika a Karopaw(北美洲) ira aca ko hatiniay pakayni i riri’ a wacaway, o hatiniay a riri’ o sata’angayay ato maliangay to fao koninian. Nikaorira hatiniay a demak i 1902 mihecaan malakisaway to. == Tahapinangan (特徵) == O ngoyos no riri’ todongay to sapipa’pa’, ira aca ko macidemay a ngaroy(大顎), mangangay nangra a mikemkem mipa’pa’ to kakaenen. Tadamahapinangay ko falohang ato koror no riri’, mahapinang aca ko fongoh ato falohang ato tiyad kona toloay kasapecih(三部分), ira ho ko mahecaday to tada no ’efa(馬鞍), mateli i koror nangra. Ano ta’angay to ko riri’, ira to ko tosa moecelay a sapikpik i koror, kifetolay ’atekakay matiya o kator ko ka’ayaway a sapikpik, o kaikoray a sapikpik kohepicay matiya o kadamat(薄膜), milimekay i la’eno no ka’ayaway a sapikpik. ano maefel sa ko riri’ malecad to sapihpih a macelak. Itini to na enemay a waay nangra i, o ka’ikoray a waay i caay ka lecad to ka’ayaway, tata’akay ci ’icelay aca ko ka’ikoray a waay no riri’, mafana’ aca a misatakotakod, roma i kamoko’ay ko wa’a(觸角). Nawhani, itiniay i rengorengosan ato talotalodan(草叢間) ko ka’orip no riri’ mansa kakaya’ ko tatirengan no riri’, tosaay ko cengel no riri’ malecaday to rengos kandaway anca makorahay, o sakanga’ay nangra a pa’ading to tiring a cengel(保護色) a ma’orip. == kakarayan ( 氣候) == Itini i kafaedetan a romi’ad, milimekay ko fa’o i rengorengosan masalomi’ad(整天) i si’emelay . Ano laloodan to i nornor (逐漸)sato a saemel ko romi’ad, o riri’ ato fa’o caay pakafilo to kasasiroma a kafalic no romi’ad, roma sato, kacango’ot to ko kakaenen cangra sakaliki sato a mapatay. == Mafolaw (遷移) == Caay kapadeteng sa a masaopo ato mafolaw ko pinangan no riri, itiniay i omaomahan rengorengosan a ma’orip, o mikaenan nangra o ’akawangay talod (Ikiris a sowal:''grasses'';Kuwapin a sowal:禾草）matiyaay o panay ato fata’an a losay, mansa ira aca to pikali’ang to panay ato rara’(kalitang) a hafay. Ano ’aloman to ko wawa, cango’ot to ko kakaenen, mafalic to ko ka’orip no riri’, saka feleng sato a mafolaw a tayra i faelohay a pala mikilim to kakaenen. == Kakaenen (食物) == Taangayay ko ngoyos no riri’, talingtingay ko cala’, o papah no rengos ko mikaenan nangra, pararid i omaomahan anca i semosemotan a masadak. O sowal no Paylang o cawmiya(草螟) han nangra, maolah a komaen to papah no lapot ato ingcay ato mipalomaan a panay. mato’asay a riri’ ato wawa ira, mafana’ay a mikemkem komaen to ciakawayay a cengo’ ato papah.{{stub}} [[Faylo:Young grasshopper on grass stalk02.jpg|thumb|left|350px|Riri']] lrv1m6q441no36xunhi8nzvlawedib9 0 1035 45438 44341 2025-01-16T13:17:57Z 2A02:8308:210:5D00:3951:133A:D904:7289 Mugabe idi 2015年 45438 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Robert Mugabe May 2015 (cropped).jpg|縮圖|Mugabe idi 2015年|alt=A photograph of Robert Mugabe]] I 1924 a miheca saka 2 folad saka 21 a romi’ad masofoc ci '''Robert Mugabe''', malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit no [[Zimbabwa]] anini i ci Robert Mugabe, patirengan a romi’ad i 1987 a miheca saka 12 folad saka 22 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] a0rwxtbjqp1nome0fv28wws7xgoe6iq 0 1036 30634 30469 2022-01-26T17:12:53Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q599988]] 30634 wikitext text/x-wiki Roch Marc Christian Kaboré(羅克·馬克·克里斯蒂安·卡波雷) [[Faylo:Roch Marc Christian Kaboré.jpg|thumb|Roch Marc Christian Kaboré|alt=Roch Marc Christian Kaboré.jpg]] I 1957 a miheca saka 4 folad saka 25 a romi’ad masofoc ci [[Roch Marc Christian Kaboré]], malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit no [[Burkina faso]](布吉納法索) anini i ci Roch Marc Christian Kaboré, patirengan a romi’ad i 2015 a miheca saka 12 folad saka 29 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] t60r1awotwo1j6geduam4ypjqz381pl 0 1037 45439 44340 2025-01-16T13:18:22Z 2A02:8308:210:5D00:3951:133A:D904:7289 Duterte idi 2017年 45439 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Mongolian Prime Minister Jargatulgyn Erdenebat and Duterte (cropped).jpg|縮圖|Duterte idi 2017年|alt=Mongolian Prime Minister Jargatulgyn Erdenebat and Duterte (cropped).jpg]] I 1945 a miheca saka 3 folad saka 28 a romi’ad masofoc ci '''Rodrigo Duterte''', malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit no [[Philippines]] anini i ci Rodrigo Duterte, patirengan a romi’ad i 2016 a miheca saka 6 folad saka 30 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] emnnow8n8p76kr79lk7uwmi2tkyshtn 0 1038 30636 30471 2022-01-26T17:12:54Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q218]] 30636 wikitext text/x-wiki Romania（羅馬尼亞） [[Faylo:Flag of Romania.svg|thumb|Flag of Romania|alt=Flag of Romania]] [[Faylo:EU-Romania.svg|thumb|Location of  Romania  (dark green)– in Europe  (green & dark grey)– in the European Union  (green)  –  [Legend]]] Itini i 46 00 N, 25 00 E, noYoropi ko [[Romania]]. Polong no sekalay i 238,391 sq km “saka 83 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 229,891 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 8,500 sq km ” Polong i 21,599,736 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen a sera 60.70%, Malo no kilakilangan a sera 28.70%, malo no roma to a sera 10.60%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Bucharest]] ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakatosa ko safaw 1 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci [[Klaus Iohannis]], patirengan a romi’ad i 2014 a miheca saka 12 folad saka 21 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 6bcuoer4k4hfyttkowqtm6gwguys0b5 0 1039 22686 22685 2021-10-28T12:43:29Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 59 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 22685 wikitext text/x-wiki Ronironan a niyaro’ （刺桐部落） Ingata no pasawaliay 11 a lalan 157K itini i pala no Piyoma o Folafolangan ko ngangan no na niyaro’, itini masa’op malaniyaro’ ko Pangcah itini, pangangan han no finacadan Folafolangan han, o Siwkolan i o Roniron han, o roniron akilan. o itiniay a Pangcah saheto i 1950 a miheca, nai Kalolan a ato i Etolan a niyaro’ ko tayni a mafolaw “Itiya ho o niyaro’ no Folafolangan, anini sato no karoroan to” ano sa’osien o maceremay to a ira koni niyaro’. O tada kasasiroma nona Karoroan a niyaro’, to mihecahecaan saka 7 a folad 10 a romi’ad misatapang to miilisin, to cecay a miheca itini i pasawali a niyaro’ no Pangcah sa rataray miilisin a niyaro’. Tomihecahecaan miilisin ko finacadan no Karoroan itini ika’ayaw no “Ronironan a sefi” miilisin masakero cangra, ira ho ko pisalisin palemed to kawas no riyar ato mifetek to to’as, itira i riyar no Karoroan misataloan micelem anca pasalil mifoting. Tona pina a romi’ad pisalisinan pasalilan kinayra a foting, no polong no niyaro’ a kinayra, emineng pakilac ko finacadan malacecay a komaen. Roma sato, o ilisin no Karoroan, roma i mipalecad to misaPosongay a finacadan to ilisin no roma aniyaro’ ato rayray no palafangay a demak. Mato pito ko kasafinacadan no Yincomin tona Posong, maeming tona pahanhanan no mitiliday miilisin to ko kasafinacadan. To mihecahecaan no misa Posongfay o Karoroan ko misatapangay a miilisin, ira ho kono Posong makapahay sanay mapolongay a ilisin, itira no piyoma Katipo a niyaro’ misalisin to pilidong to hafay, ato no Lokay a ilisin, Nengneng han maemin, onini to Karoroan ko sarakat a milengatay tonini a demak. Tona pina a mihecaan, o Pangcah nona Roniron a niyaro, pakaynien nangra tona patirengan “Yofayof no Karoroan a siyaku” no aniniay kasawasil no Siyaku, onini to a yofayof ko palowaday to sakacakat no tayal ato palowad to serangawan no finacadan. Onini a yofayof i 2008 a miheca 1a folad 13 a romi’ad mapatireng koni yofayof, mikapotay a tamdaw 40 ko tamdaw, o Karoro a tamdaw ko saalomanay a mikapot. Toni vKaroroan a niyaro’ adihay ko kasasiroma nangra no pakatiliday taholican no riyar ato kasasiroma no serayan, nika anini sato malecad to misi’ayaw to kicay ato kasadak no tamdaw talapapotal mikilim to ka’oripan, malasaka o ’orip ato no tireng to a serangawan, cato ka parayray. Orasaka onini to a “Yofayof no Karoroan” itinien to nika tomireng no palalanay to pisalamaan no niyaro’ no Roniron, mitanam matatelek ato tata’akay pitilidan no Posong, kinkiwing no Ceng-fu, palowad to sakacakat no Siyako ato mipa’es to talihocan a demak, lalangen ko mikari’angay to kinaira, itinien i no tamdawan ato talihocan a misatapang a parayray. == Pi’arawan to lakaw == *[http://210.240.125.35/citing/citing_content.asp?id=3983&keyword=%A8%EB%AE%E4%B3%A1%B8%A8 台灣原住民族歷史語言文化大辭典] *李景崇，1998，《阿美族歷史》，臺北：師大書苑。 *黄宣衞，2008，《阿美族》，臺北：三民。 *達西烏拉彎‧畢馬，2001，《臺灣的原住民 : 阿美族》，臺北：臺原。 [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 9oyshf216e1evrsn4bosz1zqd1rp8m5 0 1040 38713 22700 2023-06-29T12:00:09Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38713 wikitext text/x-wiki Ru ja qas（魯加卡斯部落） Itiniay i [[Dawu Cen]] no [[Taitung]] ko Ru ja qas a niyaro’, 247 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 588 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 62% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 362 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 38% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 226 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Paiwan]]56%, [[Amis]]3%, [[Tayal]]1%, roma1%. Ira ko paisingan(南興村衛生室) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] h6n6ppgn7exomroyiyq6i56413rky6l 0 1041 38843 22714 2023-06-30T02:47:58Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38843 wikitext text/x-wiki Ruba’（土場部落） Itiniay i [[Wufeng]] Cen no [[Hsinchu]] ko Ruba’ a niyaro’, 77 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 220 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 97% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 213 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 3% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 7 ko tamdaw. Ira ko imeng(竹東分局雲山派出所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 033n8mcvhurgxm2ltisz8bmpc0c8257 0 1042 22719 22718 2021-10-28T12:43:36Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 4 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 22718 wikitext text/x-wiki Ruisui（瑞穗鄉） Itini i Hualien ko Ruisui Siyang. sa’osi han ko po:long no palaan i, ira ko 151.59 km² (lalotolotokan a plalan no sa’osi i ira ko 57.39 km², o palaan noto’as i'a:yaw i ira ko 7.4 km²), 9,520 ko tamdaw i Ruisui Siyang, 3,717 ko parod no loma’, itini i niyaro’ a Yincomin sa’osi han ira ko 4,438 a tamdaw, pakaala to 47%(Amis, Sakizaya) no polong no tamdaw. Itini i niyaro’ a finawlan, o Payrang ko sa’alomanay. ==O kasaniyarona== 11 ko cun, 16 ko niyaro’ i Ruisui Siyang. Langas（拉加善部落）, Lacihakan（拉基禾幹部落）, Morocan（牧魯棧部落）, Atolan（阿多瀾部落）, Koyo（溫泉部落）, Ukang（烏槓部落）, Narowan（娜魯灣部落）, Kalala（迦納納部落）, Sapat（掃叭頂部落）, Maifor（馬立雲部落）, Olalip（屋拉力部落）, Fanaw（法淖部落）, Olaw（梧繞部落）, Marorok（馬聚集部落）, Cirocan（鶺櫓棧部落）, Kiwit（奇美部落）. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] kc2huhsgok4eg1spgm0yp7xgtp3mdjy 0 1043 39047 22734 2023-06-30T09:39:11Z 陳鷹馬 1604 39047 wikitext text/x-wiki Rulakes（魯拉克斯部落） Itiniay i [[Jinfeng]] Cen no [[Taitung]] ko [[Rulakes]] a niyaro’, 124 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 374 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 94% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 352 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 6% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 22 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Paiwan]]72%, [[Rukai]]12%, [[Amis]]2%, [[Bunun]]1%, [[Puyuma]]1%, roma1%. Ira ko imeng(大武分局歷坵檢查哨) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(歷坵村衛生室) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 5h96910apkv0meqkxjnria4gl6jc03a 0 1044 45450 44346 2025-01-16T13:25:26Z 2A02:8308:210:5D00:3951:133A:D904:7289 Rumen Radev idi 2017年 45450 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Rumen Radev.jpg|縮圖|Rumen Radev idi 2017年|alt=Rumen Radev.jpg]] I 1963 a miheca saka 6 folad saka 18 a romi’ad masofoc ci '''Rumen Radev''', malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit no [[Bulgaria]](保加利亞) anini i ci Rumen Radev, patirengan a romi’ad i 2017 a miheca saka 1 folad saka 22 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] k021jdgeejkfw5hjryuv2act0mt5x41 0 1045 38831 38830 2023-06-30T02:24:19Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38831 wikitext text/x-wiki == Russia（[[kuwaping a sowal]]: 俄羅斯） == == Rosiya Patatekoan Kitakit '''俄羅斯聯邦''' == (Rosiya sowal: Российская Федерация;Kuwaping sowal:'''俄羅斯聯邦'''<sup>;</sup> Decdecan: Россия;俄羅斯、俄國) [[Faylo:Flag of Russia.svg|thumb|Hata no Rosiya(Flag of Russia)|alt=Flag of Russia]] [[Faylo:Russian Federation (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Kaitiraan no Rosiya (Location of Russia (green) Russian-administered Crimea (disputed; light green)]] === Takaray sowal(概要): === O Rosiya hananay a kitakit itiraay I saka’amisan no [[Asiya|Aciya]] ato [[Yoropa]] ko aro’ ningra, palociwaay to Yoropa ato Aciya a tosa karopaw, o dadahal no sera ira ko 1,797 ofad km²,o niaro’an a sera ira cecay no kalifalo no polong no cikiw,o sakakahaday ko sera niaro’an i hekal.[1] [2] o sakasiwa ko kaadihay no tamdaw i polong no kitakit, ira ko 1,44 ok ko tamdaw, ilaloma’ no nini to mahaop ko 77% a tamdaw itiraay i Yoropa a pecih. O sakakaay ko kaadihay no kilakilangan ato cecay no kalisepat no fanaw i hekal.[3] Itini I kasado’edo’ no sera malafiyaway ato Nowui,Finlan,Aysaniya,Latowiya,Litawan,Polan,Pirarusi, Ukolan ato Ciyawciya,[4] Asaipaylan, Hasako, Congko, Monko ato Ka’amisay Hanko, polong 14 ko kitakit. Isaka’amis no Rosiya o Ciso’edaay Riyar ato Taypinyang,ka’amis no saka’etip manga’ay pakayra i PolotiRiyar masadak i Tasiyang,i katimol no saka’etip a Kohetingay Riyar tayra i Sifo’an Riyar. I 1917 miheca mapalolol ko Rosiya, patireng to sa’ayaway a o kiwsanto komitekeday a mikowan a kitakit to [[Rosiya Siyakaysiwki Patatekoan Kitakit]]([[Rosiya a sowal|Rosiya sowal]]:''Российская Советская Федеративная Социалистическая Республика'';Roma tilid: ''Rossiyskáya Sovetskáya Federatívnaya Socialistícheskaya Respublika;''Kuwaping sowal: ''俄羅斯蘇維埃聯邦社會主義共和國''),o sarakatay pahapinang i kinpo to Siyakaysiwki kitakit.[5] Isakatosa kalaloodan no polong kitakit, wataay ko ’icel no Rosiya sakapakalowid to sakalala’is. Malepong ko lalood o kafana’an i hekal ko sakakaay a kitakit ko Rosiya, o sakalalifet no Amirika i Li’etecayLalood. Itini i 20 sici ira ko tadamaanay a kaci’epocan dafong, ilaloma’ nonini i,o sarakatay pakasanga’ to nakamayan a fo’is, o sarakatay pakacolo’ to tamdaw tayra i dohaw no kakarayan. I 1990 miheca o sakatosa ko katata’ang a cidafongay kitakit.[6] O sakakaay ko kaadihay no sofitay i hekal, o saadihayay ko sapipatay to tamdaw a dafong. 1991 miheca matekop to ko Patateko’an Kitakitno Rosiya, oya mikapotay a 15 kitakit misiiked a tomireng,nifalic to kinpo ta mala Rosiya Patatekoan Kitakit , itira to a mangay a mirocok to ’icel no kitakit. Tahini to i 2020 miheca, do’edoen ko Kapolongan a Nitayalan a Kaci'epoc(Gross National Product, GNP;國民生產總值) o saka 11 ko kacidafong ko Rosiya,ano pakiraen to pi’aca to dafong i,o saka 6 ko kacidafong ko Rosiya. O sakakaay cisopeday to tadamaanay fokelohato ato ira ko maamaan a kinairaira no pala.[7] O sakakaay a paliwalay to kasolin simal ato palapalaan kaso.[8],[9] O cipakotangay to henen(核子武器). O cecay no lici no Sakarihaday Iinkay no Linheko, o kapot no G20, Sakakay Licikay no Yoropa(European Council), Sakadadama Kayki no [[Faylo:Vladimir_Putin_(2018-03-01)_03_(cropped).jpg|縮圖|Contong ci Fracimir Putin(Vladimir Putin (2018-03-01) 03 (cropped))]] (Ikiris sowal:''Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation''，Decdecan: APEC; Kuwaping sowal:亞太經濟合作會議), Mapapadangay Kapot no Sanghay(Ikiris sowal:''Shanghai Cooperation Organization;'' Kuwaping sowal:上海合作組織), Sakarihaday ato Sakadadama Lekatep no Yoropa(Ikiris sowal:'''''O'''rganization for '''S'''ecurity and '''C'''ooperation in '''E'''urope''，Decdecan:''OSCE; Kuwaping sowal:'' ''歐洲安全與合作組織,簡稱歐安組織''), Hekalay a malali’acaay Lekatep(Ikiris sowal:''World Trade Organization, WTO;'' Kuwaping sowal:世界貿易組織), ato ’Ekim a Linka kitakit(Ikiris sowal: ''BRIC''; Kuwaping sowal''':'''金磚國家)'''.''' O kakeridan heca no Madadamaay Kitakit a Lekatep(Rosiya sowal:''Содружество Независимых Государств;''Kuwaping sowal:獨立國協),ato mipatirengay to ''Евразийский Экономический Союз,'' ЕАЭС(Kuwaping sowal:歐亞經濟聯盟). === '''Sici'''(政治) === O sici no Rosiya a kitakit i,o patatekoan ko faco no sici, o contong ko tapang no kitakit,6 a mihecaan ko katayalan, manga’ay to pararid to kinacecay, o kalotamdaw ko misinkiway, o kinpo ato rikec ko paranaan no kitakit, o sici ira ko citatodongay misang’ay to rikec a ’icel,o citodongay to pisawkit a ’icel ato citodongay to tayal a ’icel. O contong ko sakakaay a ci’icelay, nawhan i,o kakeridan no matayalay no sifo ato rihaday no kitakit a kayki,iraay ko ’icel a mitoro’ to tapang no sifo ato roma a ikakaay tapang no sifo, nikawrira, i’ayawen  ko pihai no Toma o pikaykian no kitakit. O kakeridan ho no sofitay, manga’ay a patangsol pasadak to rikec.[[Faylo:Map_of_federal_subjects_of_Russia_(2014).svg|縮圖|Kasasilsil no Sakowan(Map of federal subjects of Russia (2014) 22個共和國 <sub>，</sub>46個州，9個邊疆區，4個自治區，1個自治州，3個聯邦直轄市) ]] Pakayni i「kinpo no patekoan kitakit no Rosiya」, o Patekoan kitakit no Rosiya a pikaykian ko mamisanga’ to rikec, Tosaay ko Pikaikian Faco no Kitakit, o Kararemay Pikaikian o Toma hananay, o mitayhiyoway to kasacecay no Patekoan Kitakit, o Fafa'eday Pikaikian o mitayhiyaoway to Patekoan Kitakit. === Kasasilsil no Sakowan(行政區劃) === Ira ko 85 ko kasasiromaroma no sakowan no Rosiya: 3 ko mipatosokan no sakakaay sifo a mikowan a taokay(''города федерального значения／federal cities''）o Mosko Si, Senpitopaw Si ato Sayfanpaw Si. 46 ko etal  sakowan（области／oblasts, "provinces"） 9 ko salawacan sakowan（края／krais, "territories"） 22 ko niyahpikowan a kitakit（республики／republics） 1 ko niyahpikowan（автономная область／autonomous oblast, "autonomous province"） 4 ko niyahpikowan a niyaro’ （автономные округа／autonomous okrugs, "autonomous districts"） === '''Kaitiraan pala'''(地理) === O Rosiya a kitakit itiraay i saka’amisan no Aciya ato Yoropa ko aro’ ningra, palociwaay to Yoropa ato Aciya a tosa karopaw, ora saka adihay ko kasasiromaroma no faco no sera ato kakarayan. O polong a sera sahetoay o masadafdafay, mangalefay o itiraay i Yoropa a pecih ato itiraay i Siporiya. Itiraay i sakatimoalan a sera o masadafdafay a rengorengosan pala, o itiraay i saka’amisan a dafdaf i,o kilakilangan. o lotolotokan i,itiraay isakawalian o mingataay to Taypinyang ato isakatimolay, patinako han oya tata’angay a Kawciyaso lotok ato Sayin-Pikal lotok. O lilis no riyar ira ko 37,653 km ko kakaya’, isaka’etip o Tasiyang,   isaka’amis o Ka’amisay a Ciso’edaay Riyar, isakawali o Taypinyang. Adihay ko tata’angay a ’alo, o tadamaanay ’alo i, Folka ’Alo(''Волга''; 伏爾加河),3692 km ko kato’edaw; o sato’edaway itini i Yoropa,[[Russia#%20ftn1|[1]]]  Opi ’Alo(''Обь;''鄂畢河), 3650km ko kato’edaw,''';'''Yienisay ’Alo(''Енисе́й;''葉尼塞河),o polng ira ko 5539km ko kato’edaw; Lina ’Alo(''Ле́на'';'''勒拿河'''),4400 km ko kato’edaw; Amul ’Alo(''Река Амур''''';'''黑龍江),4416km ko kato’edaw. O fanaw i ira ko Pikal Fanaw(''озеро Байкал;''貝加爾湖), ira ko 31494 km² o kakahad,[[Russia#%20ftn2|[2]]] Latolaka Fanaw(''Ладожское озеро;''拉多加湖), o kakahad ira ko 17891 km² , ato Awnika Fanaw(''Онежское озеро''''';'''奧涅加湖), o kakahad ira ko 9700 km². === '''Kakarayan''' (氣候) === O kaitiraan no Rosiya itiraay sakawali no Yoropa ato saka’amis no Aciya, sahetoay itiraay i ka’amisay a dihekoay ato ka’amisay ki’etecay ko romi’ad, masasiromaroma ko romi’ad, o karopaway kakarayan. === '''Nipili’etan Kicay'''(經濟) === I 1997 miheca satapang a comahad ko nipili’etan no Rosiya, nani 1999 miheca tahira i 2001 miheca, ’atekak ko aca no kasolin simal itira to macakat ko nipili’etan kicay no Rosiya, lalen no mihecan mahaop ko 6% ko kacomahadan. I kaleponan no 2005 miheca, o Kapolongan a Nitayalan  'Epoc Ilaloma' no kitakit(Gross National Product: GDP), I 1999 miheca 1570 ok Amirika payso macakat tahira i 7500 ok Amirika payso, tihira to i 2012 miheca tangasa to 2.1 fo’is Amirika payso(2.1兆美元), o tada’ekim a misopedan ’etan i 1998 miheca caay ka paka100 ok Amirika payso macakat tangasa 1822 ok Amirika payso,tahira to i 2006 miheca  matafesiw to ko 2800 ok Amirika payso ko nisopedan, o cecay ihekal ko kaadihay no nisopedan to payso no roma kitakit. === '''Tamdaw''' (人口) === [[Faylo:Ancient_Russian_Clothes_from_Kievan_frescoes-3.jpg|縮圖|To'asan riko' no Rosiya (Ancient Russian Clothes from Kievan frescoes-3)]] Tahira i 2020miheca saka 1 folad saka 2 romi’ad a sa’osi no tamdaw no Rosiya ira ko 146,801,931 ko tamdaw. Ano irairaay ko padahof no sifo to sakaciwawa, nikawrira, racemcem to aca no loma’ sapaising ato sapitilid no wawa, ora saka alacecaay ko kaciwawa no Rosiya tamdaw.o sera sa no Rosiya tadakakahad, ora ko saka matakar ko tamdaw, i Yoropay pecih ko ’alomanay a maro’. I Rosiya adihay ko kasasiromaroma no finacadan, o Rosiya finacadan mahaop ko 77% no polong tamdaw no Rosiya, o roma sato i,ira ko Tatan finacadan(3.8%), Cuwasin Finacadan(1.2%),Pasincir finacadan(1.1%), Ciecien finacadan(0.8%),Mortowa finacadan(0.7%),Utomur finacadan(0.4%),Mali finacadan(0.4%), Awar finacadan(0,3%) polong han 120 ko kaadihay finacadan. Si’enaway ko romi’ad ora saka kali’epah ko faihayan no Rosiya, ora ko kanalikay a mapatay, o fafahiyan to ko ma’osaway sa pangangan ha to 「no mamu a kitakit」. === '''Sowal''' (語言) === O ’edengan a no sifoan sowal ko Rosiya a sowal. O sowal no Rosiya（русский язык）o saadihayay a kalasowalen no Selafu Finacadan, o capa’ no Selafu Finacadan a Sakawaliay Selafu  a sowal ko nini, sahetoay i Rosiya, oya i’ayaway kapot no Solin a kalasowalen, itini tona mikapotay i Solin a kitakit o mitoro’an a sakacecay hatatanamen a sowal, itiya ho i Solin mihecahecaan o kalita’angan a mihatatanam to sowal no Rosiya. Anini sato i,misiiked to kona mikapotay kitakit, nikawrira, matenakay ho ko sowal no Rosiya, mangalefay ano masasowal ato roma a kitakit. === '''Pitooran''' (宗教) === [[Faylo:University_Lomonosov_1991.jpg|縮圖|Mosko Taykak(University Lomonosov 1991)]] Ilaloma’ no pitooran no Rosiya, mipa’adingay ko kinpo naifaloco’ay no kalotamdaw to pitooran, orasaka, caay ka patireng tono kitakit a pitooran, paifaloco’ay sa ko tamdaw mitoor to niharatengan no niyah a pitooran. O pitooran no Rosiya ira ko misakristoay a Saka'etipay So’elinay Kyokai, o cawa ka’aloman  i,Tinsikyo, Fa’elohay Kyokay, Islam Pitooran. Do’edo’en ko 2012 miheca a pisahapinang i,o misakristoay a tamdaw no Rosiya mahaop ko 48.3%( So’elinay Kyokai no Rosiya 41%, oroma a Saka'etipay So’elinay Kyokai 1.5%, away ko kasakumi a misakristoay 4.1%, Tinsikyo ato Fa’elohay kasacinowas Kristoay 1.7%), o away ko pitooran ato cowa ka hapinang ko pitooran mahaop ko 38%(awaay ko patosokan pitooran 25%, cowa ka pakaso’elin to kawas 13%, Islam 6.5%, o Siyaman Cikawasay ato no to’asan pitooran 1.2%, Mipaypayay a Fociyaw 0.5%, o caay ka pahapinang to faloco’ 5.5%.[[Russia#%20ftn3|[3]]] [[Russia#%20ftn4|[4]]] So’elinay Kyokai no Rosiya  o 「Mosko Tatapangan Sikyo Etal」hananay ho a mitahidang, o satata’angay a siikeday So’elinay Kyokai. I rayray no So’elinay Kyokai a Pitooran mido’edo’ay to i Torkiay a Cinstantingpaw(Kirisiya sowal:''Κωνσταντινούπολις Κωνσταντινούπολη；''Latin sowal:''Constantinopolis''；Kuwaping sowal:'''君士坦丁堡),''' i Aykiptoay a Alisanco（Arapiya sowal: الإسكندرية‎；Aykipto sowal: اسكندرية‎; Kuwaping sowal:亞歷山卓）, i Torkiay a Antiyawko kyokay(Kirisiya sowal: ''Ἀντιόχεια'' ; Kuwaping sowal:安條克),ato Yielsalim( Hiporay sowal:  יְרוּשָׁלַיִם; Latin sowal:''Yerushaláyim''; Kuwaping sowal:耶路撒冷), o saka 5 ko Mosko. Ila’eno no Rosiya So’elinay Kyokai ira ho ko Payworosu So’elinay Kyokai, Ukolan So’elinay Kyokai, Congko So’elinay Kyokai ato Dipon So’elinay Kyokai. Yo mipasinli ci Rosi i 988 miheca o rarengatan nona kyokai sa ko kafana’ no ’alomanay tamdaw. O Cinstantingpaw mipatenakay to sowal no Kawas a tamdaw 6 so’ot ko mihecaan to pikowan to Rosu Kyokai, o sikyo no Kiyif ato polong no Rosi o makowanay no Cinstantingpaw tahira i 1686 miheca.  Matekop to Solin nga’ patatiko a ira ko kamaro’an i Rosiya Patatekoan Kitakit, o sakakaay a ’icel o Sikyo Saopo. Ona saopo o tayal ko pi’arawan a mikayki, mapolong ko sikyo a mikihatiya mikayki, ano awa ko kayki o Mosko ato polong Rosiya avsakakaay sinpo ko matayalay, o kamaro’an itiraay i Mosko, nani 2009 miheca saka 2 folad ci Kirir(Rosiya sowal:''Кири́лл''; Kuwaping sowal:基里爾) ko citodongay matayal. [[Faylo:L.N.Tolstoy_Prokudin-Gorsky.jpg|縮圖|Torstay (L.N.Tolstoy Prokudin-Gorsky)]] Itira i 2016miheca saka 2 folad saka 12 romi’ad, mihomong ci Kirir tayra i Kupa, toya pihomongan a rakat itira i Hosi Mati ka’eferan no hikoki malalitemoh ato Cuciyaw no tinsikyo ci Fangciko, makaketeon a milekal mapolong ko cimacima a tamdaw mici’a’ang to tatiihay tamdaw. Toya miheca, malacafay ato Sayrwiya So’elinay Kyokai ato Cyawciya So’elinay Kyokai micoker to pitahidang no Cinstantingpaw a kayki. Ikatimolay no Rosiya a Torki finacadan ato Ka’amisay Kawciyaso tamdaw sahetoay o Islam ko pitooran. 1.44 fois ko tamdaw no Rosiya ira ko 940 ofad ko mitooray to Islam, mahaop ko 6.9%. === '''Punka'''(文化) === ==== '''To’asan Rosu''' ==== Kifu punka ono sifo’ay sici a tato’asan konini, o siikedan i: [[Faylo:Vasbla4.jpg|縮圖|Kyokay no So'elinay Pitooran(Vasbla)]] * Matayoay ko kacomaha no punka,tadamarecepay no nitayalan no to’as ato tato’asan. * Misaikeday, mala’idefay. Itiya ho ono palapalan ho ko saka’orip ora ko sakacaay ka palafang ko tamdaw, away ko kakafikafit no ‘orip. * Tangongol ko pirecep no pitooran, ira ko misakristoay, ira ko pakaso’elinay to masamasaan a kawas. Ono aniniay a punka no Rosiya o sapiliyawaw a patireng to no hontian rosiya kitakit a punka, sapiliyawaw heca a patireng, mirocok tono Solin ho a punka. Anini sato icowacowa patireng kyokay, mitiyol heca to to’asan no pitooran, midama to masamaamaanay a to’asan demak.  O roma sato itiya ho i no Solin a mihecahecaan mapatateko kono kawaliay ato sa’etipay a punka,patinako han ono kawaliay a minanom to ociya ato pitangtang ato kaen. O nitiliday to nitilidan ci Torstay(Rosiya sowal:''Лев Николаевич Толстой''; Kuwapingsowal:列夫·尼古拉耶維奇·托爾斯泰), o nitilidan ningra a《lalood ato rihaday》(Rosiya sowal:''Война и мир;'' Kuwaping sowal:《戰爭與和平》,wataay ko pisiwar nona kimad to faloco’ no tamtamdaw.nani 1902 miheca tahira i 1906 miheca kinapinapina a mapasadak ko ngangan i Nopil Kimad Hofi, i 1901 miheca, 1902 ato 1909 miheca mapasadak ko ngangan i Rihaday Hofi no Nopil, nikawrira, cowa ka pakaala to cecacecay a hofi, oninian o tadamaanay a kasowalen i rikisi no hekal.[[Russia#%20ftn5|[5]]] [[Russia#%20ftn6|[6]]]  [[Russia#%20ftn7|[7]]][[Russia#%20ftn8|[8]]] '''Sofitay''' (軍事) Nano to’asan o tadaci’icelay ko sofitay no Rosiya, itiya ho i hotian a miheca misa’icel a micomahad to sofitay, tahira to i Solin a miheca, away to ko pakalawisan to kaci’icel no sofitay, tahanini ko  kaci’icel. Yo matekop ko Solin i 1991 miheca , to cila a miheca i 1992 miheca  saka 5 folad saka 7 romi’ad,mipangangan ci Yiercin contong to Sofitayan Piocor a Tilid no Rosiya Patatekoan Kitakit, o sfitay ato dafong no Solin i, polongen i Rosiya, pangangan han to「Rosiya Patatekoan Kitakit a Cikowangay ’Icel Sofitay」, malaheci ko patireng to sofitay no Rosiya. O contong ko kakridan nona sofitan. Itini i sasera ma’emin o satata’angay cikowangay to cilintokingay pakotang('''核子武器),''' tiri’aen ko nitilidan no sifo no Rosiya, i 2005 miheca ona pakotang ira ko 8547 laco, yo matekop ko Solin marocok no Rosiya ko 89% a ’icel no sofitay. === '''Rosiya ato Ukolayna''' (俄烏關係) === [[Faylo:2010_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade-5.jpeg|縮圖|2010 Moscow Victory Day Parade-5]] I 2014 miheca Rawraw no Kolimiya(克里米亞危機) ma’eco no Rosiya ko Kolimiya Pecihan Kanatal,i’ayaw i 2008 miheca malalood ato Ciyawciya(俄羅斯－喬治亞戰爭), tonapinapina mihecaan macacoli to kona tosa a kitakit, pakayra i ’aca no palapalan kaso macacoli, i 2021 miheca malalais ko sofitay no Ukolan ato ikawaliay a pala misawidangay to Rosiya a kasafelaw sofitay, damaen no Rosiya konini kasafelaw, tahira to i 2022miheca saka 2 folad saka 24 romi’ad, laheci sato ko kalalood no Rosiya ato Ukolan.[[Russia#%20ftn9|[9]]] ci Safulo. === Tahapinangan Tilid(註腳) === [1] Территория и население Российской Федерации. Greece.mid.ru. [2017-05-23]. （原始內容存檔於2016-04-16）. [2] Russia. Nationsencyclopedia.com. 2000-06-12 [2017-05-23]. （原始內容存檔於2017-06-25）. [3] Library of Congress. Topography and drainage. [26 December 2007]. （原始內容存檔於2006-09-27）. [4] 包括喬治亞宣稱主權但事實獨立的阿布哈茲和南奧塞提亞。 [5] Jonathan R. Adelman; Cristann Lea Gibson. Contemporary Soviet Military Affairs: The Legacy of World War II. Unwin Hyman. 1 July 1989: 4 [15 June 2012]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-04-445031-3</nowiki>. （原始內容存檔於2016-09-02）. [6] GDP – Million 1990. CIA Factbook. 1991 [30 November 2015]. （原始內容存檔於2015-11-09） [7] Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO: Panorama of Russia. Unesco.ru. [29 October 2010]. （原始內容存檔於2016-05-08） [8] International Energy Agency – Oil Market Report 18 January 2012 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Retrieved 20 February 2012. [9] Country Comparison :: Natural gas – production （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 17 February 2012. [10] 地球之靈動 世界著名河流介紹. 右灰文化傳播有限公司. : 128–. GGKEY:003XBQ2XA45. [11] ono Taywan33000 km² ko kakahad no sera. [12] "Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia" （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Sreda, 2012. [13] 2012 Arena Atlas Religion Maps （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 21/04/2017.. [14] [Nomination Database. old.nobelprize.org. [2019-03-08]. （原始內容存檔於2019-10-06）. [15] Proclamation sent to Leo Tolstoy after the 1901 year’s presentation of Nobel Prizes. NobelPrize.org. [2019-03-08]. （原始內容存檔於2019-06-20） （美國英語）. [16] Nobel Prize Snubs In Literature: 9 Famous Writers Who Should Have Won (PHOTOS). Huffington Post. 2010-10-07 [2019-03-08]. （原始內容存檔於2018-07-31） （美國英語）. [17] Hedin, Naboth. Winning the Nobel Prize. The Atlantic. 1950-10-01 [2019-03-08]. （原始內容存檔於2020-10-31） （美國英語）. [18] 認定入侵烏克蘭 拜登宣布對俄羅斯首波制裁. 自由時報. 2022-02-23 [2022-02-23] （中文）. === Potori'an Tilid (參考文獻) === '''1.^''' Chevalier, Joan F. Russian as the National Language: An Overview of Language Planning in the Russian Federation. Russian Language Journal (American Councils for International Education ACTR / ACCELS). 2006, '''56''': 25–36. JSTOR 43669126. '''2.^''' Вот какие мы -россияне Об итогах Всероссийской переписи населения 2010 года. 俄語：Российская газета. [2012-01-02]. （原始內容存檔於2012-01-05） '''（俄語）'''. 3.^ '''<sup>3.0</sup>''' '''<sup>3.1</sup>''' Арена: Атлас религий и национальностей [Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities] (PDF). Среда (Sreda). 2012 [2022-03-06]. （原始內容存檔於2019-05-08）. See also the results' main interactive mapping （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） and the static mappings: Religions in Russia by federal subject (Map). Ogonek '''34''' (5243). 27 August 2012. （原始內容存檔於21 April 2017）. The Sreda Arena Atlas was realised in cooperation with the All-Russia Population Census 2010 (Всероссийской переписи населения 2010) （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, the Russian Ministry of Justice (Минюста РФ) （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, the Public Opinion Foundation (Фонда Общественного Мнения) and presented among others by the Analytical Department of the Synodal Information Department of the Russian Orthodox Church. See: Проект АРЕНА: Атлас религий и национальностей [Project ARENA: Atlas of religions and nationalities]. Russian Journal. 10 December 2012 [2022-03-06]. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-24）. '''4.^''' 俄羅斯10年級聯邦教科書（教科書編者А.Н.Сахаров） '''5.^''' The Russian federation: general characteristics. 俄羅斯聯邦統計局. [2008-04-05]. （原始內容存檔於2011-07-28）. '''6.^''' "Население России сократилось впервые за 10 лет".. [2020-01-16]. （原始內容存檔於2019-12-05）. 7.^ '''<sup>7.0</sup>''' '''<sup>7.1</sup>''' '''<sup>7.2</sup>''' '''<sup>7.3</sup>''' Russia. World Economic Outlook Database. International Monetary Fund (IMF). October 2016 [2016-11-13]. （原始內容存檔於2016-11-13）. '''8.^''' Distribution of family income – Gini index. The World Factbook. 中央情報局. [5 January 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2012-09-16）. '''9.^''' Human Development Report 2019 (PDF). UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME. [2019-12-21]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2018-10-24）. '''10.^''' The Constitution of the Russian Federation. (Article 1). [2009-06-29]. （原始內容存檔於2009-04-17） '''（英語）'''. '''11.^''' 俄罗斯国家概况. [2018-02-19]. （原始內容存檔於2018-02-26）. '''12.^''' Территория и население Российской Федерации. Greece.mid.ru. [2017-05-23]. （原始內容存檔於2016-04-16）. '''13.^''' Russia. Nationsencyclopedia.com. 2000-06-12 [2017-05-23]. （原始內容存檔於2017-06-25）. '''14.^''' Library of Congress. Topography and drainage. [26 December 2007]. （原始內容存檔於2006-09-27）. '''15.^''' 包括喬治亞宣稱主權但事實獨立的阿布哈茲和南奧塞提亞。 '''16.^''' Russia. Encyclopædia Britannica. [31 January 2008]. （原始內容存檔於2015-04-26）. '''17.^''' Excerpted from Glenn E. Curtis (ed.). Russia: A Country Study: Kievan Rus' and Mongol Periods. Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress. 1998 [20 July 2007]. （原始內容存檔於2007年9月27日）. '''18.^''' Rein Taagepera. Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia. International Studies Quarterly. 1997, '''41''' (3): 475–504. doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00053. '''19.^''' Peter Turchin; Thomas D. Hall; Jonathan M. Adams. East-West Orientation of Historical Empires (PDF). Journal of World-Systems Research, Vol. 12 (no. 2): 219–229. 2006 [2016-09-02]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2007-02-22）. '''20.^''' Jonathan R. Adelman; Cristann Lea Gibson. Contemporary Soviet Military Affairs: The Legacy of World War II. Unwin Hyman. 1 July 1989: 4 [15 June 2012]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-04-445031-3</nowiki>. （原始內容存檔於2016-09-02）. '''21.^''' GDP – Million 1990. CIA Factbook. 1991 [30 November 2015]. （原始內容存檔於2015-11-09）. '''22.^''' Commission of the Russian Federation for UNESCO: Panorama of Russia. Unesco.ru. [29 October 2010]. （原始內容存檔於2016-05-08）. '''23.^''' International Energy Agency – Oil Market Report 18 January 2012 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Retrieved 20 February 2012. '''24.^''' Country Comparison :: Natural gas – production （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 17 February 2012. '''25.^''' 《俄羅斯國家名稱變遷考》 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館），郭文深著，江淮論壇2010年3期 '''26.^''' 新遺詔聖經仝序. Orthodox.cn. [2017-05-24]. （原始內容存檔於2016-11-01）. '''27.^''' [1] （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）《語義的文化變遷》，馮天瑜、劉建輝［日］、聶長順編，武漢大學出版社，第166頁： 王松 （字友竹）在其刊行於光緒三十一年 （１９０５）的《台陽詩話》下卷載：「露國黑船東來之始，當年邦人襲用支那所稱，呼曰『俄羅斯』；後乃改稱『魯西亞』，從譯音也。然『魯』字乃愚鈍之意，彼國外交官嫌其侮己，致書於外務省，請以『露』諧音代之；政府乃命各新聞社，凡有涉及『魯西亞』皆宜改用『露西亞』。」 不過，也有觀點認為，「露」字容易讓人聯想到「太陽（=日本）升起來時，露就會消失」。另見關於「露西亞」譯名由來的日文說明：國名の日本語表記の変遷 —— 前はよりロシア語名に近いロシヤと書かれることが少なくなかったが、1980年代ごろからギリシャ語風の（つまりほかのヨーロッパ諸國の名稱に合わせた）ロシアという表記が完全に主流となった。なお1991年（平成3年）の內閣告示『外來語の表記』には、細則的な事項として「イ列・エ列の音の次のアの音に當たるものは、原則として「ア」と書く。」とあり、これに従った場合の表記は「ロシア」になる。現代日本語の漢字表記は露西亜で、略稱は露。江戸時代にはオロシャ、をろしやとも呼ばれた。これは、中國語の「俄羅斯」およびモンゴル語のОрос（オロス）に近い呼び名である。日本の江戸時代から戦前にかけては魯西亜という表記が主流で、1855年に江戸幕府とロシア帝國の間で初めて結ばれた條約は「日本國魯西亜國通好條約」という名稱になった。この漢字表記について1877年（明治10年）にロシア領事館から「魯は魯鈍（愚かなこと・様子）を連想させる」との抗議を受けた當時の日本政府は、ロシア側の希望を受け入れ表記を露西亜とした。しかし、露の字も「日（＝日本）が昇ると露（ろ・つゆ）は消える」というマイナスイメージがあることから、このような表記の変更をあえて受け入れたことに當時の対ロシア観が現れているとする見方もある[22]。なお、白川靜の『字統』によると「魯」の原意は「おろか」でなく「よろこび」である。 '''28.^''' 俄罗斯这个译名. 新民晚報. 2014-07-26 [2014-10-29]. （原始內容存檔於2014-10-29）. '''29.^''' 舌尖上的俄罗斯：没有沙皇 老毛子还有罗宋汤. 騰訊 (中國青年網). 2014-06-23 [2014-10-29]. （原始內容存檔於2014-10-29）. '''30.^''' 舌尖上的俄罗斯：没有沙皇 老毛子还有罗宋汤. 騰訊. 2014-06-23 [2015-01-20]. （原始內容存檔於2015-01-20）. '''31.^''' 闲话罗宋汤. 人民日報海外版. 2004-03-27 [2014-10-29]. （原始內容存檔於2015-09-24）. '''32.^''' Christian, D. A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia. Blackwell Publishing. 1998: 6–7. '''33.^''' Ukraine: Security Assistance. U.S. Department of State. [27 December 2007]. （原始內容存檔於2009-02-07）. '''34.^''' Hamm, M.F. Kiev: A Portrait, 1800–1917. Princeton University Press. 1995. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-691-02585-8</nowiki>. '''35.^''' Solovyov, S. History of Russia from the Earliest Times '''6'''. AST. 2001: 562–604. <nowiki>ISBN 978-5-17-002142-0</nowiki>. '''36.^''' Skrynnikov, R. Ivan the Terrible. Academic Intl Pr. 1981: 219. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-87569-039-1</nowiki>. '''37.^''' "Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia" （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Sreda, 2012. '''38.^''' 2012 Arena Atlas Religion Maps （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 21/04/2017.. '''39.^''' 存档副本. [2017-07-28]. （原始內容存檔於2017-12-06）. '''40.^''' 超過1百萬人口的城市（Excel文件） （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. 俄羅斯聯邦統計局'''（俄文）''' '''41.^''' 50萬至100萬人口的城市（Excel文件） （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. 俄羅斯聯邦統計局'''（俄文）''' '''42.^''' Views of the most popular episode of the animated series "Masha and the Bear" have passed for 3 billion. [2018-07-13]. （原始內容存檔於2018-07-12）. '''43.^''' Golden Trailer Awards Nominees: Warner Bros & ‘Lego Batman’ Lead Pack. [2018-07-13]. （原始內容存檔於2018-01-14）. '''44.^''' Golden Trailer Award Nominations: ‘The Shape Of Water’, ‘Hitman’s Bodyguard’ Top List. [2018-07-13]. （原始內容存檔於2018-06-15）. '''45.^''' Nikolai Kurbatov – Russian film director, trailer editor and poet. [2018-07-13]. （原始內容存檔於2018-06-12）. '''46.^''' Perm resident got in the Russian Book of Records for creating a highly rated trailer for the cartoon "The Lion King". [2018-07-13]. （原始內容存檔於2018-06-12）. '''47.^''' Videos of inhabitant of Perm for movies "The Revenant" and "The Great Gatsby" was entered into the book of records. [2018-07-13]. （原始內容存檔於2018-09-16）. '''48.^''' 日本抗议俄罗斯官员视察北方四岛. [2011-10-09]. （原始內容存檔於2011-11-11） '''（中文（中國大陸））'''. '''49.^''' 日本黑社会成员向俄使馆寄子弹要夺回北方四岛. [2011-10-09]. （原始內容存檔於2011-11-01） '''（中文（中國大陸））'''. '''50.^''' 日本外相抗议日本人持俄罗斯签证赴北方四岛. [2011-10-09]. （原始內容存檔於2010-11-09） '''（中文（中國大陸）'''. === '''外部連結''' === · '''（俄文）'''Gov.ru（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） - 俄國官方網站 · '''（俄文）'''Kremlin（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） - 俄羅斯聯邦總統的官方網站 · '''（俄文）'''Federative CouncilArchive.is的存檔，存檔日期2012-08-05 - 上院官方網站 · '''（俄文）'''Duma（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） - 下院（杜馬）官方網 · [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] · [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] · [[:en:List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government|List of current heads of state and government]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Kitakit]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Rosiya]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Asiya]] bj15radvy60p1fzfb5gom80cdqu02nr 0 1046 45432 30637 2025-01-16T10:22:52Z 2A02:8308:210:5D00:3951:133A:D904:7289 /* Pi’arawan to lakaw（參考資料）*/+ Commons 45432 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Flag of Rwanda.svg|thumb|Flag of Rwanda|alt=The flag of Rwanda: blue, yellow and green stripes with a yellow sun in top right corner]] [[Faylo:Location Rwanda AU Africa.svg|thumb|Location of  Rwanda  (dark blue)– in Africa  (light blue & dark grey)– in the African Union  (light blue)]] '''Rwanda'''（盧安達） Itini i 2 00 S, 30 00 E, noAfilika ko [[Rwanda]]. Polong no sekalay i 26,338 sq km “saka 149 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 24,668 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 1,670 sq km ” Polong i 12,988,423 ko tamdaw. == sera（土地）== Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen a sera 74.50%, Malo no kilakilangan a sera 18%, malo no roma to a sera 7.50%. == siyoto（首都）== O [[[Kigali]] ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakapito 1 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci [[Paul Kagame]], patirengan a romi’ad i 2000 a miheca saka 4 folad saka 22 a romi’ad. == Pi’arawan to lakaw（參考資料）== * [https://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [https://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] {{Commons}} [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] kgx2glyt92prepc5cgb8y6ckk0k4gh4 0 1047 22777 22776 2021-10-28T12:43:46Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 13 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 22776 wikitext text/x-wiki Ryohen（流興社部落） Itiniay i Nan’ao Cen no Yilan ko Ryohen a niyaro’, 178 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 569 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 94% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 534 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 6% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 35 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Tayal90%, Amis1%, Truku1%, Bunun1%. Ira ko picodadan(金岳國小、金岳國小附幼) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] bron5ef93tervq0qi7luurbcjy1j9h3 0 1048 22779 22778 2021-10-28T12:43:48Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 1 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 22778 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Masalipa:RyuHover]] h8md5mw3v31j4jhs4m0bgf8sf9o4mw9 0 1049 38531 22795 2023-06-27T19:50:06Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38531 wikitext text/x-wiki Rʉhlʉcʉ, Haising（高中部落） Itiniay i [[Taoyuan Cen]] no [[Kaohsiung]] ko Rʉhlʉcʉ/Haising a niyaro’, 169 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 574 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 91% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 521 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 9% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 53 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Bunun]]65%, [[Rukai]]1%, [[Cou]]5%, [[Paiwan]]6%, [[Hla’alua]]11%, [[Amis]]2%, roma1%. Ira ko picodadan(興中國小、興中國小附幼) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(六龜分局高中派出所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] na6o63kxreq6k7jsl8z71gn14k8n3r9 0 1050 38819 22809 2023-06-30T01:14:52Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38819 wikitext text/x-wiki R’ra’（天湖部落） Itiniay i [[Wufeng]] Cen no [[Hsinchu]] ko [[R’ra’]] a niyaro’, 67 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 176 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 88% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 155 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 12% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 21 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Tayal]]87%, roma1%. Ira ko Kiwkay(台灣基督長老教會勒俄腊教會) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] r17w5o11an6rbzjpx81yas2h1modbp0 0 1051 38667 22824 2023-06-29T04:34:24Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38667 wikitext text/x-wiki R’uyan（白蘭部落） Itiniay i [[Wufeng Cen]] no Hsinchu ko R’uyan a niyaro’, 92 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 237 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 89% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 212 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 11% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 25 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Tayal]]82%, [[Amis]]4%, [[Bunun]]2%, [[Saysiyat]]1%. Ira ko picodadan(桃山國小、桃山國小附幼) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(竹東分局清泉派出所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] aehzc6bjm1v2k3u5yzgq013z4b1x8xp 0 1052 38670 32026 2023-06-29T04:35:38Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38670 wikitext text/x-wiki Sa'aniwan（宜灣部落） Itiniay i [[Chenggong Cen]] no [[Taitung]] ko Sa'aniwan a niyaro’, 153 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 303 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 91% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 275 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 9% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 28 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Amis]]86%, roma4%. == O katadamaanan no niyaro’ == == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] szy2vfuc5jvmkc6nhfqfdovdr3wr106 0 1053 44686 44685 2024-09-10T03:53:06Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 ''' 44686 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Secretary Kerry meets with Amir of Kuwait (2) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, 2014|alt=Secretary Kerry meets with Amir of Kuwait (2) (cropped).jpg]] I 1929 a miheca saka 6 folad saka 6 a romi’ad masofoc ci '''Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah''', malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit no [[Kuwait]] anini i ci Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, patirengan a romi’ad i 2006 a miheca saka 1 folad saka 29 a romi’ad. == No papotalay a kakafit == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] b3h635lhb7ska174u30dx90t6jw1r6g 0 1054 22861 22860 2021-10-28T12:44:01Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 15 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 22860 wikitext text/x-wiki == Pangangan 三間屋名稱由來 == Sadipongan a niyaro', == Tahapinangan 特色 == == Tamdaw 人口 == Itiniay i Changbin Cen no Taitung ko Sadipongan a niyaro’, 114 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 254 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 38% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 97 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 62% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 157 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Amis36%, roma2%. Ira ko picodadan(三間國小) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(成功分局三間派出所) i niyaro’. == Pitooran 信仰 == == O finacadan no Yincomi 所屬阿美族群 == == O kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 9y6hk2oc15a8iea36k8nbs1ofodl1r4 0 1055 22898 22897 2021-10-28T12:44:05Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 36 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 22897 wikitext text/x-wiki == O ngangan no Sado（砂荖部落） == I tiniay i tarawadaw a lomowad no Sado, Maedeng sepat so’ot a miheca, awaay ko tamdaw i tini itiyaho, ’edeng to fonak a cecay awaay to sera i ’ayaw. ira ko cecay a to’as ci gua la, malaplap no niyaro’ciira, nawhan caay pina’onan a nipipatay ningra ko tamdaw. o nikatengilan to sowal, to nipipatay ni gua la hannanay a demak, o moecelay ato citangalay a tamdaw san to Tafalongay a finawlan. katayni a maro’ i loma’ ni Kacitan no niyaro’. i maro’ay a mfatafatad, adihay ko sapimaan a mitomad to niyaro’ a harateng, ikorto i, mangodo to a maro’ i loma’ ni kacitan. saka tayra satora ciira i Sado a mafariri. nengneng han kira pala, ira to ko ’enem a tamdaw itira a maro’, cecay a tamdaw ira ko cecay a tefon, ikor sato ira to ko tamdaw a tayni, misatapang cangra to dasa’en, to ilisin ato misingkiw. ta ira to ko Sado hananay a niyaro’. O pasadakay a micowatay no Tafalong ko Sado a niyaro’, i ’ayaw, aloman sato ko tamadaw I niyaro’ no Tafalong, saka mipasadakay a micowatay to niyao’ a pala, saka masapalowad to ko Sado a niyaro’. ’edeng to o finacadan no Tafalong, ira ho ko na ititini i lilis no Sawalian lotok. mangataay ko alo’ i ka'ayaw no niyaro’ no Sado, itihi no Litay alo’ ato tamo alo’, i Hualien alo’no katatopitopan no tosaay a sa’owac ko paniyaro’an no maro’. tafesiwsa ko 193 a lalan no Hualien, fafesocen to lalan to kina'amis a romakat, manga’ay a tangasa i Tafalong, fafesocen to lalan to katimol a romakat, manga’ay a tangasa i ’Alolong a niyaro. == O kasiikedan no niyaro’(部落特色) == Sado a niyaro’, Sa-Law ko sowal no holam. pakayni i saka’orip o pala ko pinengnengan no Sado, itiniay i saka'etip a lilis no Sawalian lotok.(海岸山脈) caay ka ’alomanay makapahay a niyaro’i ilaloma’ay no Guangfu-syang (光復鄉 sowal no holam ) no Hualien-siyen (花蓮縣 sowal no holam ) , Maedeng pito polo’ ko maro’ay, to 281 a tmadaw itini. i ingid no misa'odax kaysiya ato Fata’an a henohenotan. o malalokay lafangay a ’amis no niyaro’no Yincomin to ko adihayay itini. Dihekoay to romi’ad i niyaro’, tada fangcal to pinanowang ato pinalengaw a mato’as. nawhan o niyao noYincomin, saka ano tapalen ko kasaniyaro’ no Pangcah i Siwkolan , sapalahad to tadafangcal ko talihoc no salawacan mililis to Sawalian lotok . Sado a niyaro’ manga’ay a misowal o no Tafalong, mangalef i Pangcah i pasawali, saka'orip i ’ayaw a nalikolan no to’as ko mafana’ay a mina’ang a niyaro. ira ko tadamaanay a pinangan i ’orip no Pangcah a pito a tefon, adihay ko likisi a wahekad ato no niyaro’. '''Tefon（祈水祭）''' O Tefon sanay a lekakawa no niyaro’ay a tamdaw iti:yaay ho, o cecay a lisin no Pangcah to sapipa’oripaw to nanom no finawlan. itiniay i Sada a niyaro’, mifariw ho i ‘ayaw ira to ko masanga'ay a tefon i niyaro’, ’emin saan ira to tolo so’ot a miheca a likisi ko matengilay. to mihecahecaan a mamoetep a folad kinacecay to Tefon sanay a lekakawa i Sada a niyaro’. sepat a tokian, mikirid ko tomok to mawacay a kasaselal itira i tefon to Tefon sanay a lekakawa , micolok ko kapah mi'acaw to nanom no sakacecay a tefon ta comikay to sakatosa a tefon miseni'ay to nanom. Masaliyaliyaw hananayay a demak to cecay to tosa, tosa to tolo, tolo to sepat, sepat to lima, lima to cecay…maherek to lima a tefon no niyaro’ a Tefon sanay a lekakawa. todongay ceroh ato rocoken no kararocorocok ko punka no tato'asan saan. anni i edeng to cecay a tefon ko marocekay i laloma’ no finawlan a ronang no niyaro’. manengneng ita ko tatapangan no Sada a sapiharatengan no to’as ato mapalosiyangay likisi no tefon. o sowal no malitengay konini. == O nikalopisak no Sado(人口分佈) == Itiniay i Guangfu Cen no Hualien ko Sado a niyaro’, 98 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 272 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 90% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 246 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 10% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 26 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Amis85%, Kebalan1%, roma3%. == O finacadan no Yincomin(所屬阿美族群) == itiniay i Guangfun-syang (光復鄉 sowal no holam ) no Hualien-siyen(花蓮縣sowal no holam) ko Sada a niyaro’, na itira I Tafalong talatimol tangasa i Guangfumisa'odax kaysiya. o tatapangan a niyaro’, ira ko Tafalong, o Fata’an, o Kiwit a mililis to tarawadaw no Siwkolang a siniyaro’, na itira i tarawadaw no Kalingko talatimol tangasa i Cilamitay, nawhani maemin paniyaro’ i lawac no Siwkolan a tarawadaw sa mapangangan to Siwkolan a ‘amis. ira ko Fata’an a niyaro’, Tafalong a niyaro’, Sado a niyaro’, Atomo a niyaro’, Kalotong a niyaro’, Kalotong a niyaro’, Fahol a niyaro’, Laso‘ay a niyaro’ ato o kakay a niyaro, falo a niyaro' ko pipolongan. == O pitooran no finawlan (族人信仰) == Anini sato, ona matiniay a lisin awaay to ko midoedoay to nano rayray a pinangan a dmak, nawhani masaHolamto ato o roma to ko pitooran, mato lahedaw sato masamatiniay ko dmak. o pitooran ko finawlan no Sada i, ora ma’araway a kiwkay i, ira ko tosa a kinkay i Sada , o tingsikiw ato ciwlokiwkay, o ciwlokiwkay a tamdaw ko ka adihay. kalimelaan ko sowal no Kawas, to sakafana’ to ’orip no tamdaw, ato awaay to ko kaka to nikafana’ to codad. == O tahapinangan (參考文獻) == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] qvdd8n92peotyufdld3r19xeccduxb4 0 1056 39026 22913 2023-06-30T09:28:44Z 陳鷹馬 1604 39026 wikitext text/x-wiki Sagaran（口社部落） Itiniay i [[Sandimen]] Cen no [[Pingtung]] ko [[Sagaran]] a niyaro’, 195 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 698 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 95% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 662 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 5% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 36 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Paiwan]]89%, [[Rukai]]2%, [[Bunun]]1%, [[Amis]]1%, roma1%. Ira ko imeng(里港分局口社派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(口社村衛生室) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] mvjs76enigsotiqgmxr8bn4y7lie2cf 0 1057 22928 22927 2021-10-28T12:44:09Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 14 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 22927 wikitext text/x-wiki Saiku（清水部落） Itiniay i Zhuoxi Cen no Hualien ko Saiku a niyaro’, 128 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 493 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 96% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 475 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 4% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 18 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Bunun89%, Tayal1%, Truku1%, roma4%. Ira ko picodadan(卓清國小) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(玉里分局清水派出所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 5s7wd9m32k49hj335uc6qgi8n8yalvv 0 1058 30725 30263 2022-02-03T12:12:49Z ZabesBot 381 Bot: Cleaning up old interwiki links 30725 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} [[Faylo:1946 National Assembly Constitution.jpg|150px|right|thumb|Sakamoecel a likec no 中華民國]] [[yue:憲法]] lupmo1agfhybz90vsdsuwzls9plc6o6 0 1059 38586 22951 2023-06-27T20:45:42Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38586 wikitext text/x-wiki Sakuhan（細道邦部落） Itiniay i [[Tai’an Cen]] no [[Miaoli]] ko Sakuhan a niyaro’, 119 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 368 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 72% ko ka’aloman no [[Yincomin]], polong han i, 266 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 28% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 102 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Tayal]]68%, [[Amis]]1%, [[Bunun]]2%, [[Truku]]1%, roma1%. Ira ko picodadan(泰興國小、泰興國小附幼) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(大湖分局中興派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(中興檢查哨) i niyaro’. Ira ko Kiwkay(台灣基督長老教會細道邦教會、中興天主堂) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 4m1563fnye8ziffrtwcm2zjizk3gaze 0 1060 22965 22964 2021-10-28T12:44:16Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 13 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 22964 wikitext text/x-wiki Sakur（撒固兒部落） Itiniay i Hualien Cen no Hualien ko Sakur a niyaro’, 616 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 1,699 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 39% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 658 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 61% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 1,041 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Amis25%, 撒奇拉雅族8%, Bunun1%, Tayal1%, Truku3%, roma1%. Ira ko picodadan(興福國小、興福國小附幼) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 0lfsisf545tqf6bfat1qb3biiz26k39 0 1061 22968 22967 2021-10-28T12:44:18Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 2 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 22967 wikitext text/x-wiki Micelem to ko cidal. Satapan to misiwfay. Alatek paliwar to sama`ama`anay a dafong.Ira ko riko, taka`enan , tasalamaan kahilahilasan. O Ka fa`edetay a kitakit(東南亞) o tadama`anay a pisalamaan(觀光區)konini. Pisiwfay a demak ira ko tosa a sasiloma : Saka cecay padetehan a misimsim ko pisiwfayan a maci`. Nolate noniyah a loma. Haca o micaliwwan a loma' hapisiwfayan. Salafi`ifi`sa ko pi siwfay. Irasato Patongalhan pacafay to kapahay no niyalo a mono(特產). Saka tosa i cecay a lipay anga misiwfay. Tora sakaenem, sakapito no lipay. Mikihamonay a siwfay a tamdaw masa`opo malacafay mapolon ko tayal sali- naxlinaxsa ko niyalo a paliwal cangra. Salafi'iay a ma`ci(夜市) i tiya micelem to ko cidal misatapan to pisiwfay paliwar. Kapahanhan to ko matayalay a tamdaw malacafay to idan noratek mapolon ko palo no loma' hakelonsa misalama mi'aca. O:rato Paliwal a dafon kahilahilaan soto. No fa`inayan fafahiyan a rik`o,koco', fati, cangaw , sapi`ino`asikin ,taka`enan,sakatayar a lalosidan,tasalama`an..... kahilahilasaca. I tini sa Taywan salafi`iay a maci hananay a dihay ko sama`ama`anay a dafon kahilahilasa`an ko paliwaran . O siykac` no tamdw. Cowa ka sasawaden a pinangan koni. ==Masalafiiay a Kalali’acaan-夜市== Celem saho ku cidal makakerekrem ku dadaya, mararawrawtu ku salawacan nu Maci(市區), ‘alumantu ku miparayrayay a patala tu sapa'aca. Palitmek a misilsil tu sapa’aca nu tireng paysa’ayaw. Ira ku cipararay, ira ku teli sanay i sasra, ira ku i palidingay a maca'it. Nikawrira, muecel ku parayray a masatisil; kakahad ku kasala'ela'ed nangra, fangcal ku karumakatan nu lafang. Tu'eman satu sataengad sa ku simal, matiya u rumi'ad ku pinengneng mahapi:nang, itiyatu haw i, naicuwacuwaay a tamdaw malisafuntu a tayni minengneng tu nafalucu'an nu tireng itu palitmek.Itini caay kapipadeteng a mirikec tu karumakatan, paka'ayaw kanca pakaikur a misitapang ma^min a manga'ay, pakawanantu , pakawilitu awa ku sumuwalay. Nawhani, u hanhaenay aca ku pinangan tu nanu 'aya'ayaw. Saka ‘a'ecu'ecu satu, mi'isir tu tatirengan rara han mituur ku ka'ayaway a rumakat. U tamdaw ku saka ira nu paysu, awaen nu tamdaw awa ku paysu, unian ku saka^ca ka latu’nu matiniay a tayal, unian ku mituka'ay cangranan u mipaliwalay. Itini i Tayciw, adihay ku miingiday tu Maci(市街) a umah, u paka^sesay a tamdaw i, palasawad han ningraa ku lima fakciw nu facal a mi'amutu misapaenan, malu sapipatireng tu pisiwfayan(市場) tu dadayaay; cila satu, mapatirengtu ku lawalawac nu sra ningra tu takaraway luma’, malecadaytu a macakat ku ‘aca nu sra ningra. Ka'inalan a minengneng ku matiniay a tayal hantu, nikawrira cima ku mafana'ay tu ruray nangra hakiya. Caho kapicelem ku cidal misakimukimur itu, maupuh miparayray tudafung a mipatala tu lafang; ya hinatala tu sakairaaw atu mi'em'em tu sakafuti’aw, tahira i lafii tusa ku tuki; ta nukay sa mafuti’. Anu pararirsa i ngata nu luma’ ku pa'acaan manga'ayho, mafalic tu dadayadaya ku pipa'acaan,alatek fesiwsa tayra i Singciku(新竹),lafii patikul minukay tayni Tauciw. Caay ka cifalucu’ atu caay pakahadidi a tamdaw tangsultu misawad tu matiniay a tayal. Dengan u ‘urad ku mamitena’ tu falucu’ nangra, u misalinalinahay(流動) a siwfay kuninian. Adihay i tokay ku misiwfayay,(商圈) ira ku nu tireng a luma’ira ku micaliwan a luma’tu malu tiyam(店面). Maru'ay tuya ccay a lalan, malecad ku kasasuwal nangra a tahira i lafii ku pisiwfay; patungal han nu i lalanay miparayray, ma:ngalef ku ka’aluman nu tamdaw a miraur. Ruma, ira ku pataduan nu Cenfu(政府) ku pisalamaan a kalali'acaan(觀光市場) tu dadaya, caliw han nu 'alumanay; nika u facu ningra caay ka sasiruma tuna misuwalan tu i ka’ayaway. Tapal han a minangneng ku pa'acaan nu matiniay a pisiwfay i, masalalekuan itini i 'urip ita tu rumi'ami'ad. U Ca'dung, Kakaenen, Sakiluma’atu masamaamaanay a sasalamaen makayrayra itini, anu awawaay i , palatawa hantu pasuwal “Idahi tu nika awa”! Nawhani, aniniay a pisiyakayan i, tada awaaytu ku rumi'ad a mi'aca tu 'a'acaen aca; kanga'ayan ira ku matiniay “Masalafiiay a kalali'acaan". == Pi'arawan to lakaw == * 高櫻花. (2011). Wikipedia 維基百科 族語詞條試寫─原住民族語詞條 2011作品集. 教育部. gmylla03vz48qat9npk16nh3m69nutq 0 1062 38882 22981 2023-06-30T06:44:39Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38882 wikitext text/x-wiki Salinliw（山領榴部落） Itiniay i [[Luye]] Cen no [[Taitung]] ko Salinliw a niyaro’, 162 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 407 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 53% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 214 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 47% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 193 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Amis]]16%, roma2%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 96654jounp2r9n6nqf2za9pxduo9gqf 0 1063 38804 22994 2023-06-30T01:03:04Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38804 wikitext text/x-wiki Salitung（豐丘部落） Itiniay i [[Xinyi Cen]] no [[Nantou]] ko Salitung a niyaro’, 268 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 777 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 51% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 394 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 49% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 383 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Bunun]]48%, [[Tayal]]1%, [[Paiwan]]1%, roma1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] oesg487jkxqqyrnq7wrq8opyxt696nv 0 1064 45433 44688 2025-01-16T13:13:57Z 2A02:8308:210:5D00:3951:133A:D904:7289 Salman of Saudi Arabia idi 2015年 45433 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Salman of Saudi Arabia (2015-11-16) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Salman of Saudi Arabia idi 2015年|alt=Salman of Saudi Arabia (2015-11-16) (cropped).jpg]] I 1935 a miheca saka 12 folad saka 31 a romi’ad masofoc ci '''Salman of Saudi Arabia''', malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit no [[Saudi arabia]] anini i ci Salman of Saudi Arabia, patirengan a romi’ad i 2015 a miheca saka 1 folad saka 23 a romi’ad. == No papotalay a kakafit == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] ik5aavv0202t87p9314inc3spl16rnv 0 1065 45468 44344 2025-01-19T09:28:00Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 Salva Kiir Mayardit idi 2007年 45468 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Salva Kiir Mayardit.jpg|縮圖|Salva Kiir Mayardit idi 2007年|alt=Salva Kiir Mayardit.jpg]] I 1951 a miheca saka 9 folad saka 13 a romi’ad masofoc ci '''Salva Kiir Mayardit''', malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit no [[South sudan]] anini i ci Salva Kiir Mayardit, patirengan a romi’ad i 2011 a miheca saka 7 folad saka 9 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] ok4whd79g8jku2do8j0agchvre3wbew 0 1066 45467 44349 2025-01-19T09:27:25Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 Sánchez Cerén idi 2017年 45467 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Cadena 12 (34186610605) cropped.jpg|縮圖|Sánchez Cerén idi 2017年|alt=Cadena 12 (34186610605) cropped.jpg]] I 1944 a miheca saka 6 folad saka 18 a romi’ad masofoc ci '''Salvador Sánchez Cerén''', malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit no [[El salvador]] anini i ci Salvador Sánchez Cerén, patirengan a romi’ad i 2014 a miheca saka 6 folad saka 1 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 44sn7s605nnf9yxsot3ctnnprj5kh8t 0 1067 43231 23019 2024-05-10T01:55:42Z 嚴美鳳 41 43231 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Sama'.ogg|縮圖|adihay i hadhaday ko sama’]] == Takaray a sowal 概要 == == Tatodong用途 == O sama’, manga’ayay makaen a sinafel, i kalaloodan ato kasienawan a romi’adan, lengaw sanay i palapalaan, i omaomahan ato i padatengan, itiya ho ko ’orip no mawmahay, cango'ot ho ko kakaenen, awaay ko sapakaen to ’ayam, kaciw ato howak, tayra i palapalaan midateng to takaraway tapangan a sama’, tahaloma’ tontonen to kora sama’, pacamol han to afih, ta o sapakaen to howak, saka ira ko roma a pangangan no sama’, o kaciw a dateng han ko roma a ngangan. O Yencomin a tamdaw, o Pangcah a finacadan, ano midateng to sama’, o teloc koengelay aca ko mipitpitan, ’angrer a kaenen, o mato’asay i, ano caka halikaen i, komaen to sama’, fangcal to ko fitoka’,ano mitangtang to sama’, pacamol han to tatokem ato papah no sokoy, sakohaw han misafel, wa:ta ka aledet kohawen ko kohaw nira. Ano o Paywan a finacadan, pacamol han to halo misafel. O sama’ i, manga’ay malasapaiyo, maemin ’angrer ko tapangan, manga’ay misered to kawsiya, ano adada ko fitoka’, tira’, mafaha’, madoka’ ko fanges, o safangcalay a sapaiyo ko sama’. == Tahapinangan 參考文獻 == == Pikafitan i papotal 連接外部 == dc2ux07je7pi1nmq8f22zi8yogaz8pq 0 1068 33844 33843 2023-01-22T12:39:41Z Masaonikar 570 33844 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''Samoa, Independent State of Samoa(薩摩亞獨立國)''' == Samoa masasiikeday kitakit (Samoa a sowal: Malo Sa’oloto Tuto’atasi o Sāmoa, Inkilris: Independent State of Samoa), sa kamoko’ han ko sowal Samoa, o cecay a kanatal i no timolan Taypinyang a palaan kitakit, o la’ed no Hawai ato Niwsilan, saetip no Amilika Samoa, o nano Polinisiya a palapalaan. 1962 miheca misiikeday. == Likisi (歷史) == I ’ayaw no 1000 miheca, ira to ko maro’ay tamdaw i Samoa. Itiya 1000 miheca, malowid no Toitongka kitakit ko Samoa. 1250 miheca, malaplap ko micingcingay no Malitoya laloma’an, itiya o Samoa mala o tatakosan ko mikowanay a misiikedan si’elinay pikowan. Saka 2 kalalood no laloma’an i 1900 mihecaan, o Samoa a kanatal makilatosa to, kawali a pala o Amilika ko mikowanay tahanini a Amilika Samoa, kaetip a pala mala no Toic a micingcingan. Misatapang to saka 1 kalalood no hekal, 1914 miheca 8 folad, macalap no Niwsilan ko no Toic a Samoa, mitena’ to malodemakan to no riyar a sofitay a pala. I palaay a hitay no Toic caay katapi’an, nikawrira caay pico’ay. 1919 miheca, midotoc to Faelsay tonekan, paliyas patorod ihan no Toic ko Niwsilan a mikowan. Ikor o Niwsilan patorod han no kasakitakit a nikatateko ato Linhoko patorod mikowan, tangasa i 1962 miheca 1 folad 1 romi’ad “Kaetip Samoa masiikedan kitakit” mapatireng; 1997 miheca 7 folad 4 romi’ad, mifalic misalof ko sifo to kimpo, mifalic to ngangan o “Samoa siikeday kitakit” [3] [4]. Kaetip Samoa o no Polinisiya kanatal saka cecay a misikeday kitakit i 20 sici a Samoa kitakit. 2006 miheca 3 folad 31 romi’ad, misingkiw ko kalomaocan no Samoa, o citodongay mikowan Rencien-pawho-tang miliyaw pakaala to singkiw, maala ko 49 no tamdaw to 30 ko tamdaw[5]. 2017 miheca, Samoa mitelek to “paterep to heneng sapilood a tonekan[5]. 2017 miheca 6 folad, kalomaocan saki “Samoa a kimpo” saka 1 liyad a misalof, o Kristokiw pakayraan no kitakit[6]. == Sici (政治) == “Samoa kimpo” o Samoa sifo a satakaraway rikec. 1960 miheca kimpo i 1962 miheca nai Niwsilan misiiked misitapang, masasotiri’ to no Inkilis a kalomaocan, midotoc to no Samoa kakawa[7]. 1997 miheca 7 folad, mifalic misalof to kimpo, o ngangan no kitakit nai “Kaetip Samoa masiikedan kitakit” mafalic o “Samoa siikeday kitakit” han[8]. 1960 miheca mitelek, 1962 miheca 1 folad 1 romi’ad misatapang ko kimpo midotoc kakeridan tapang no kitakit o kalomaocan no Samowa ko misingkiway, 5 miheca ko lakad; sa’ayaway kakeridan tapang no kitakit o tahada’ocay. O kasarayray to a tapang o nai sepatay milocokay to niyaro’ a kakeridan. Nakawrira onini caayay kai kimpo midotoc, pinangan o finawlan manga’ay citodong tinatayal. Nika o Samoa milekoay to Konghec (kapolongan rikec), caay ko Tapang a rikec. Dengan o Kakeridan, mipatireng to Taypiaw wiyyinhuy, o wiyyin o micokeray to Kakeridan, 3 ko tamdaw; o tayal, o Kakeridan no kitakit awaayto ano eca caay to pakademak to mipasilsilan, mikotay to demak no Kakeridan. Samoa sifo a Kareridan o todong o mikomoday no Samoa, milaheciay to nilomaocan, mikomoday pasai kalomaocan ko pisi’ayaw. Kalomaocan o patirengay to rikec no Samoa, cecayay ko pitonekan. 49 ko lomaocay, pasasiroma i 49 a ’etal no kitakit. Ira ko 2 a lomaocay citodong to caayay ko Samoa a tamdaw (I likisi o “Ilopiya tamdaw” ko patireng). Nano matelekay to dengan o kasa’etal pisingkiwan, ya “Matayi” (tatakosan a selal) ta manga’ay masingkiw ato misingkiw, 1991 miheca 3 folad mifalic kapolongan misingkiw haw i, o maraoray 21 mihecaan a Samoa a finawlan i ira ko pisingkiw, edeng o “Matayi” ko sasingkiwenanay. Lomaocay a lekad nai 3 miheca mafalic 5 mihecaan to[9]. 2021 miheca matongal to ko lomaocay. == kacacofelan a demak (外交) == Nai 1962 miheca a misiiked tahanini, Samoa (ato ’ayaway kaetip Samoa) tahanini mikihatiya to 106 a kitakit masasitelek to kalali’ay, yo 104 kitakit midotoc to Papotal kalali’ay a kacacayat. == Palapalaan (地理) == Katimolay a Taypinyang a kanatal ko Samoa kitakit, malalaed to Hawai ato Niwsilan, sakaetipan no Amilika Samoa. O kakahad no pala 2,831 pinfang kongli. Kasapala a lotolotok, o cimacelalay, Sawai ’etal satakaraway lotok Silisili (Mauga Silisili) takaraw 1858 cm. o faedetay kalaoraday romi’ad, saka 11 folad tangasa saka tosa miheca 4 folad o kafodo’an, nanom 2500mm to mihecaan. O nano wali a safalat ko fali, 29˚C ko hemhem no mihecaan. == Kasa kowan (行政區劃) == Samoa ira ko 11 ko (itūmālō) sici cefang. I ’ayaw no katayni no Ilopiya tamdaw iraay to no milecokan to 11 ko sakowan. Masiiked: Tuamasaga, A'ana, Aiga-i-le-Tai, Atua, Va'a-o-Fonoti, Faselle Leaga, Gaga'emauga, Gaga'ifomauga, Vaisigano, Satupa'itea, Palauli. == Kicay (經濟) == O maomahay pasaraan, militod to ’afinong, facidol, tali, pawli. Ira ko mimingay kaysya ato pitafoan to nilingadan. O pirarakat ko sakakaay kicay no Samoa. O sata no Samoa malecad to no Inkilis kasakitakit, mafo’ot ko kasasifali sasi’aca no sakipapotal. == Sakaromakat (交通) == == Tamdaw (人口) == Salongan 20 ko ’ofad no tamdaw. 90% o Samoa tamdaw, o Polinisiya finacadan ko sowal, Ilopiya tamdaw ato holam tamdaw. == Punka (文化) == {| class="wikitable" | colspan="3" |Pasera’an a rom’ad |- |Romi’ad |Pangangan |Sapakimad |- |Saka 1 folad 1 romi’ad |Fa^elohay romi’ad | |- |’Ayaw no kalomowadan ni Yis sakalima |Kasemseman ni Yis | |- | |Kalomowadan ni Yis ma’orip | |- | |Kalomowadan ni Yis ma’orip saka cecay romi’ad | |- |Saka 4 folad 25 romi’ad |Ausetaliya Niwsilan sofitay romi’ad | |- | |O ina no Samoa romi’ad | |- | |Pisiikedan no kitakit romi’ad | |- | |Malingaday romi’ad | |- | |Lotu a Tamaiti |Sa’ikoray romi’ad no fohecalay pa’aliwacan |- | |Romi’ad ni Arbor | |- |Saka 12 folad 25 romi’ad |Korosimas romi’ad | |- |Saka 12 folad 26 romi’ad |Kangodoan romi’ad | |} == Onto (體育) == O onto no Samoa ono Inkilis a kanlangciyo ato soedaay mali no Samoa ko sasalamaen. No Inkilis a kanlangciyo ono kitakit a mali. Kapolongan a kanlangciyo maledefay. 2000 mihecaan Kapolongan a kanlangciyo i no hekalan kalalifet micomod ko no Samoa kitakit to sepatay ira ko cecay (4/1) saikoray lalifet. Samoa tamdaw i posingko, pa’etiway, somo ira ko tadamaan ko inaneng. == Sapakimad (注釋) == 1. Samoa. World Economic Outlook Database. International Monetary Fund (IMF). April 2022 [2022-07- 29] (Inkilis). 2. Human Development Report 2019 (PDF). UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME. [2019-12-21]. (nano nina’angan tilid i (PDF) mana’ang i 2020-01-18). 3. Constitution Amendment Act (No 2) 1997 (nano nina’angan tilid, mana’ang i calay). Paclii.org. Retrieved on 9 November 2016. 4. Samoan History. U.S. Embassy in Samoa. [17 January 2017]. (nano nina’angan tilid i 2021-04-14). 5. Chapter XXVI: Disarmament - No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. United Nations Treaty Collection. 7 July 2017 [2020-03-25]. (nano nina’angan tilid i 2019-08-06). 6. Feagaimaali』i-Luamanu, Joyetter. Constitutional Amendment Passes; Samoa Officially Becomes 'Christian State'. Pacific Islands Report. 8 June 2017 [16 June 2017]. (nano nina’angan tilid i 2020-11-11). 7. Background Note: Samoa. U.S. State Department. [9 April 2011]. (nano nina’angan tilid i 2017-01-22). 8. Constitution Amendment Act (No 2) 1997. [9 April 2011]. (nano nina’angan tilid i 2019-04-17). 9. nikamaro’ no kitakit – Congko sakipapotalpo. www.fmprc.gov.cn. [2021-08-31]. (nano nina’angan tilid i 2020-09-27). == Samoa Saikeday to Niyahpikowan a Kitakit'''(薩摩亞獨立國)''' == == Takaray a sowal(概要) == [[Faylo:Flag of Samoa.svg|thumb|Flag of Samoa|alt=Flag of Samoa]] [[Faylo:Samoa on the globe (Polynesia centered).svg|thumb|Location of Samoa]]O nganga nona kitakit i pakisowalen no Samoa i (Malo Sa'oloto Tuto'atasi o Samoa，英語：Independent State of Samoa）,o ikeday a niyahpikowan sanay, i kalosowal i o Samoa hananay a pangangan.Ono Satimolan a kitakit,o aro' ngingra i itiniay i sasifo'an no Hawai ato Nyucilan、i saka'etip no Amirika Samoa,o sasofo'an no Polinisya a kitakitakit,i 1962 miheca a mi'iked a tomireng. Itini i 13 35 S, 172 20 W, no Osiniya ko [[Samoa]]. Polong no sekalay i 2,831 sq km “saka 178 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 2,821 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 10 sq km ” Polong i 198,926 ko tamdaw. === sera(土地) === Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen a sera 12.40%, Malo no kilakilangan a sera 60.40%, malo no roma to a sera 27.20%. === siyoto(首都) === O [[[Apia]] ko Siyoto. === katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) === Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakaenem 1 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci [[Tufuga Efi]], patirengan a romi’ad i 2007 a miheca saka 5 folad saka 11 a romi’ad. === O Sera === katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakaenem 1 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci [[Tufuga Efi]], patirengan a romi’ad i 2007 a miheca saka 5 folad saka 11 a romi’ad. == Pihapinangan a tilid == * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] h90wrx0ccekscja0sm5m0ki504tlhms 0 1069 38890 23048 2023-06-30T06:49:02Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38890 wikitext text/x-wiki Samuluh（新武部落） Itiniay i [[Haiduan]] Cen no [[Taitung]] ko [[Samuluh]] a niyaro’, 56 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 255 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 95% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 243 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 5% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 12 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Bunun]]86%, [[Amis]]2%, [[Paiwan]]2%, [[Puyuma]]2%, roma3%. Ira ko picodadan(初來國小新武分校) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] smp1ph631x7jrlbqqsfw5qaj0wnur53 0 1070 42570 30238 2024-03-26T11:34:39Z Quinlan83 1494 - 42570 wikitext text/x-wiki San marino（聖馬利諾） [[Faylo:Flag of San Marino.svg|thumb|Flag of San Marino|alt=Flag of San Marino]] [[Faylo:Location San Marino Europe.png|thumb|Location of  San Marino  (green)in Europe  (dark grey)  –  [Legend]]] Itini i 43 46 N, 12 25 E, noYoropi ko [[San marino]]. Polong no sekalay i 61 sq km “saka 229 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 61 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 0 sq km ” Polong i 33,285 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen a sera 16.70%, Malo no kilakilangan a sera 0%, malo no roma to a sera 83.30%. siyoto(首都) O [[San Marino (city)]] ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakasiwa 3 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci [[Marino Riccardi]], patirengan a romi’ad i 2016 a miheca saka 10 folad saka 1 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 3a1wroxdxr7b77xd4tc2k3feojw1ttq 0 1071 39028 39027 2023-06-30T09:29:45Z 陳鷹馬 1604 39028 wikitext text/x-wiki Sandimen（三地門鄉） Itini i [[Pingtung]] ko Sandimen Siyang. sa’osi han ko po:long no palaan i, ira ko 185.9 km² (lalotolotokan a plalan no sa’osi i ira ko 94.02 km², o palaan noto’as i'a:yaw i ira ko 85.25 km²), 7,698 ko tamdaw i Sandimen Siyang, 2,296 ko parod no loma’, itini i niyaro’ a Yincomin sa’osi han ira ko 7,320 a tamdaw, pakaala to 95%(Paiwan, Rukai) no polong no tamdaw. o Paiwan, Rukai ko sa’alomanay i Pingtung. ==O kasaniyarona== 10 ko cun, 12 ko niyaro’ i Sandimen Siyang. [[Timur]]（三地部落）, [[Tjavatjavang]]（達來部落）, [[Valjulu]]（馬兒部落）, [[Paridrayan]]（大社部落）, [[Sagaran]]（口社部落）, [[Talamakau]]（青葉部落）, [[Cavak]]（青山部落）, [[Djineljepan]]（安坡部落）, [[Tjailjaking]]（賽嘉部落）, [[Kingdalruwane]]（金大露安部落）, [[Tjukuvulj]]（嘟估甫了部落）, [[Tjusepayuan]]（北巴部落）. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] n0i8kfcifbey07niijh2u1h1ywhbb39 0 1072 38823 23076 2023-06-30T01:16:31Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38823 wikitext text/x-wiki Sansaru（三叉路部落） Itiniay i [[Wufeng]] Cen no [[Hsinchu]] ko [[Sansaru]] a niyaro’, 45 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 128 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 91% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 116 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 9% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 12 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Tayal]]85%, [[Saysiyat]]3%, [[Amis]]2%, [[Paiwan]]1%. Ira ko Kiwkay(台灣基督長老教會烏瀨教會) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] gtrrcsus67s0mm6wq47ybgjdw0veo5k 0 1073 33006 30239 2022-11-22T18:33:01Z CommonsDelinker 39 Replacing Flag_of_Sao_Tome_and_Principe.svg with [[File:Flag_of_São_Tomé_and_Príncipe.svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR4|Criterion 4]] (harmonizing names of file set)). 33006 wikitext text/x-wiki Sao tome and principe（聖多美與普林西比） [[Faylo:Flag of São Tomé and Príncipe.svg|thumb|Flag of São Tomé and Príncipe|alt=Flag of São Tomé and Príncipe]] [[Faylo:Location São Tomé and Príncipe AU Africa.svg|thumb|Location of  São Tomé and Príncipe  (dark blue)– in Africa  (light blue & dark grey)– in the African Union  (light blue)]] Itini i 1 00 N, 7 00 E, noAfilika ko [[Sao tome and principe]]. Polong no sekalay i 964 sq km “saka 185 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 964 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 0 sq km ” Polong i 197,541 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen a sera 50.70%, Malo no kilakilangan a sera 28.10%, malo no roma to a sera 21.20%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Sao Tome]] ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakapito 12 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci [[Evaristo Carvalho]], patirengan a romi’ad i 2016 a miheca saka 9 folad saka 3 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 3g8yedi54bfet2bawz42u3v92d1kqst 0 1075 31259 31252 2022-05-21T10:50:55Z Amire80 14 Bot: Cleaning up old interwiki links 31259 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodphenethylamin Tablets.jpg|thumb|left|350px|]] [[Faylo:Methylphenidate Formulations.jpg|right|thumb|350px|Sapaiyo]] foen80vl5mixbcfdkmjdndqrgjnczn6 0 1076 32448 32447 2022-09-20T08:34:46Z Ｍayawtowid 44 /* O ociya 茶葉 */ #ALCD 32448 wikitext text/x-wiki == O ngangan no Sapat (掃叭頂部落由來) == O ’amisay a sowal to Sapat a niayo, ora pakayniay a tamdaw i Pa-ca (拔仔) ko ka adihayay a tayni. nawhan takalaway a pala ato tada adahay to nipalomaay itini, i Riponan no napipalomaan to kafoy (咖啡) tonini a pala, saka alaen na Ripon to pala no ’Amis, misanga’ to kafoy a pala iti:ya ho. o cecay a fa’elohay a aro’ no finawlan no’Amis ko Sapat a niyaro i laloma’ no Ruysuy-syang(瑞穗鄉). == O kasiikedan no niyaro’(部落特色) == O kasiikedan no niyaro’ i, adihay iniyaro’ no Sapat a pala ko makapahay a nengnengan. itini i niyaroaro’ o saka tadamaan a nikaira i,sakacaay, sakacinganganay a panengnengan no tandaw i, ira ko tosa a tata’akay fokeloh itini, sakatosa, pakayni i saka’orip no Sapat haw i, o niyaro’ no masapangcahay i sakowan no Kalinko, o pala kaliomahay i enar ato pisarafar i lotok, itini i karasapalan o ociya (茶葉) ko nipaloma. === O kongko no tata'akay a fokeloh 掃叭頂石柱 === Ora ma’araway a nipanengnengan i, ira ko tosa a tata'akay a fokeloh itini, o likisi no karafokelohay a pala, caay ka lacodad, o sowal sa a cecay. tono iti:ayho a demak sa, o oyahan a fokeloh, i tira sa i sapat, o nano loma’ ni Tomay Masera. === O ociya 茶葉 === O kahengangay a Ociya (茶葉), O kaolahan no Taywan a tandaw ko ociya. Pakayni i saka’orip no Sapat haw i, o kaliomahan to no finawlan i matini. O niyaro’ no masapangcahay i sakowan no Kalinko, o tata’akay pisanga’an to ociya , o pala kaliomahay i enar ato pisarafar i lotok, itini i karasapalan o ociya (茶葉) ko nipaloma. == O nikalopisak no Sapat (人口分佈) == Itiniay i Ruisui Cen no Hualien ko Sapat a niyaro’, 170 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 366 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 30% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 109 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 70% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 257 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Amis20%, Bunun7%, Tayal1%, Puyuma1%, roma1%. Ira ko picodadan(舞鶴國小) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(鳳林分局舞鶴派出所) i niyaro’. == O finacadan no Yincomin (所屬阿美族群) == I tiniay i Ruysuy-syang (瑞穗鄉 sowal no holam ) no Hualien-siyen (花蓮縣 sowal no holam ) ko Sapat a niyaro’, o tatapangan a niyaro’, ira ko Tafalong, Fata’an, Kiwit, mililis to tarawadaw no Siwkolang a siniyaro’, iraay to Kiwit a niyaro’, Olaw a niyaro’, Olalip niyaro’, Kalala a niyaro’, Sapat a niyaro’, Atolan a niyaro’, Langas a niyaro’, Lacihakan a niyaro’ , Koyo a niyaro’ ato Morocan a niyaro, falo a niyaro’ ko kasaniyaro’aro’ i Ruysuy-syang. o na niyaro’ a maemin i, caayay kalalecad ko rayray no lilengawan, o rakat no kafolaw, o taliyok no paniyaro’an ato kasasiroma no saka’orip, caayay kalecad ko ngarngar no serangawan. == O pitooran no finawlan (族人信仰) == O pitooran ko finawlan no Sapat i, ora ma’araway a kiwkay i, ira ko tosa a kinkay itini , pakayni sa’opo no kinkay, o tingsikiw ato ciwlokiwkay, o ciwlokiwkay a tamdaw ko ka adihay. pakayni sa’opo no kinkay，malosakarikec sto sakarakat no ’orip no Yincomin, ano iraay ko adada, o pades ato ira ko tatiihay a manmaan a demakan, maemin mitahidang to kiwkay mipadang. == O tahapinangan a tilid (參考文獻) == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] * [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 6p2eijp57s68mhm3inr93pynxjw7vkg 0 1077 23141 23140 2021-10-28T12:44:53Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 12 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 23140 wikitext text/x-wiki Sapulju（撒布優部落） Itiniay i Jinfeng Cen no Taitung ko Sapulju a niyaro’, 43 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 156 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 97% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 152 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 3% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 4 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko . == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] iwz4zepujxtslwu9u75nctm04flo9ek 0 1078 38947 23156 2023-06-30T07:55:50Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38947 wikitext text/x-wiki Sarad（撒樂部落） Itiniay i [[Ji’an]] Cen no [[Hualien]] ko Sarad a niyaro’, 3,309 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 8,721 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 7% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 608 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 93% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 8,113 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Amis]]5%, [[Truku]]1%, [[Bunun]]0.5%. Ira ko picodadan(北昌國小) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(吉安分局北昌派出所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] ggvt8mp0735v2pgojn1ftlruif431qb 0 1079 23170 23169 2021-10-28T12:44:57Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 13 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 23169 wikitext text/x-wiki Sariwsiw（大榮部落） Itiniay i Fenglin Cen no Hualien ko Sariwsiw a niyaro’, 109 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 286 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 53% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 152 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 47% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 134 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Amis45%, Truku2%, Kebalan4%, Bunun1%, roma1%. Ira ko picodadan(大榮國小) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] jjwi06su78601odk2tmabe1somw5dvf 0 1080 23183 23182 2021-10-28T12:44:59Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 12 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 23182 wikitext text/x-wiki Saruc（砂崙子部落） Itiniay i Fuxing Cen no Taoyuan ko Saruc a niyaro’, 44 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 154 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 98% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 151 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 2% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 3 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Tayal95%, Amis1%, Bunun1%, roma1%. Ira ko Kiwkay(台灣基督長老教會砂崙子教會) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 0dzmxsj781vay46rto1w9kz1yguot5b 0 1081 38813 23196 2023-06-30T01:11:53Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38813 wikitext text/x-wiki Sasaljak（沙薩拉克部落） Itiniay i [[Taimali]] Cen no [[Taitung]] ko [[Sasaljak]] a niyaro’, 126 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 282 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 72% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 204 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 28% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 78 ko tamdaw. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] q5m47y59w2345wfqkjiliahxlhcfadq 0 1082 23210 23209 2021-10-28T12:45:04Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 13 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 23209 wikitext text/x-wiki Sasasezeman（東江新邨部落） Itiniay i Nanzhuang Cen no Miaoli ko Sasasezeman a niyaro’, 74 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 261 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 96% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 250 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 4% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 11 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Tayal75%, Saysiyat18%, Bunun2%, Amis1%. Ira ko Kiwkay(台灣基督長老教會東江教會、真耶教會東江教會、安息日會南庄佈道所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] mj2ieu8j9gxoeui8w6x488gubkq4pr9 0 1083 23214 23213 2021-10-28T12:45:06Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 3 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 23213 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} [[Faylo:window1.jpg|thumb|left|100px|Sasingaran]] sxyxlh9sd0o6w0yl3cjxq5pefwvo8d3 0 1084 23262 23261 2021-10-28T12:45:09Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 47 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 23261 wikitext text/x-wiki Satapangan ira ko salisin to hafay （粟祭起源） Tadamakadofah ko lisain ato pinangan i ’orip no Pangcah, o kahacecay a finacadan maemin ira ko sapisalisin a demak, pakayni to polong a finacadan, roma i madenga ko paytemek, anca ano malecad malacecay ko kahacecay no masakapotay a tamdaw i pisalisinan to i, maemin midoedo to lisin mileca to lekakawa. Pakayni i salisin no Yincomin i Taywan no kawakwasan a sowal ira kono pitooran ato pisalisin a tatodong, mararid ato ’icel no kawakawasan a marariting, malopidoedoan to tanengnengan a ma’orip tona hekal, ira ko ’icel no kawas a pipadang ato mapalemed no kawas sa, saka o kawas ato tamdaw ira to ko katatelek, onini ko litapangan to pisalisin a demak koni. Itrini i salisin a sowal no kawakawasan i, mangaay to mahapinang ko kasafinacadan no Yincomin no Taywan to karariting no tamdaw ato kawas hananay ato pakayniay to pitooran a demak, malasakangaay ho mahapinang a minengneng to kasa’etal ato cakalecad ko pala no ka’oripan, malasakapalowad ko katadamaan no kasasiroma no finacadan a salisin no demak. Tinako to lilengatan no hafay pisalisin no Pangcah, itini i codad no kawakawasa a sowal ira masowal o calowayay to serangawan a tamdaw i hekal tayra i kakarayan minanamay to no kawasan sapisalisin to sakafangcal no lingad a demak, maherek patiko to minokay, nano itiya misatapang to ira to ko sapisalisin a demak no tamdaw, No telangan ho a mihecaan, Kakomodan Sapatorok a kawas maepod itini. caho caho mafirang to riyar misatapang to mahengheng, Kakomodan Sapatorok a kaws tangsol to minokay talakakarayan, nika o wawa nira ci Sera ato ci Nakaw mikalic to dodang milaliw tayra i Cilangasan, saenger sato itira a paloma’, matenes to raramod sato a tatosa. Milalang ko kawas mararamod ko malekakaay, nika o awaay to ko fafana’en koni a demak, ira ko talaw nangra maketer no kawas, saka o manmaan mina’on cangra, orasaka ca saca pakakera to pades cangra. Iko to makera nangra ko hafay, ciwawa to lalima, safangcal sa malemed ko ’orip nangra. Harateng sato ci Sera ato ci Nakaw, hatini ko nika fangcal malemed ko ’orip, o painian to no kawas a madipot, ano halo piaray a mita’ong a demak mafokil, o mamaaketon to a molahad ko pinaloma sato, orasaka ocor hanto ci Tomay Masera,Tapang Masera tatosa fa’inayan a wawa, tayra i pito’asan a minanam. Mitoor to to sowal no kawas mafana’ to sakilisin a demak ato rarekoen, saheto sakitini no panayan a kawas ato no sakito’as a kawas ko mirekoan a demak. Itini tonina sakilisin a sowal no kawakawasan, tadamahapinang no mita ko kinaira no sapaloma ato sakilisin no tamdaw, maemin na iromaay a kanatal pafelian, o sapiarayaw ato pinanay makadofah to laday, orasaka misalisin ko tamdaw a mita’ong mingodo ko faloco’ ato sakacaciyawan malalicay to kawas, itini mikitado toni a kawas patalahekal to no faloco’an a mingodo. O lisin hananay milecad to no finacadan a kawas mararitiriting to, mangaay kita pakaynien to sowal no kawasan to pisalisin a minengneng to rayray a kawas no kasafinacadan ato pitooran a kawas. == Pi’arawan to lakaw == *[http://210.240.125.35/citing/citing_content.asp?id=2313&keyword=%B5%AF%B2%BD%B0_%B7%BD 台灣原住民族歷史語言文化大辭典] *李景崇，1998，《阿美族歷史》，臺北：師大書苑。 *達西烏拉彎‧畢馬，2001，《臺灣的原住民 : 阿美族》，臺北：臺原。 *黄宣衞，2008，《阿美族》，臺北：三民。 *巴奈‧母路，2010，《阿美族祭儀中的聲影》，花蓮：東華大學原住民民族學院。 [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 6srv20fdfsoxxmml76t9rilj0ypwekq 0 1085 23275 23274 2021-10-28T12:45:12Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 12 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 23274 wikitext text/x-wiki Satefo（下德武部落） Itiniay i Yuli Cen no Hualien ko Satefo a niyaro’, 63 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 148 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 92% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 136 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 8% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 12 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Amis81%, Bunun1%, 撒奇拉雅族1%, roma8%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] mfwyf0mrwtzu5zm0rerngfrmrrolneu 0 1086 30642 30478 2022-01-26T17:13:00Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q851]] 30642 wikitext text/x-wiki Saudi arabia（沙烏地阿拉伯） [[Faylo:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|thumb|Flag of Saudi Arabia|alt=Flag of Saudi Arabia]] [[Faylo:Saudi Arabia (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Location of Saudi Arabia]] Itini i 25 00 N, 45 00 E, noAsiya ko [[Saudi arabia]]. Polong no sekalay i 2,149,690 sq km “saka 13 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 2,149,690 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 0 sq km ” Polong i 28,160,273 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen a sera 80.70%, Malo no kilakilangan a sera 0.50%, malo no roma to a sera 18.80%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Riyadh]] ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakasiwa 23 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci [[Salman of Saudi Arabia]], patirengan a romi’ad i 2015 a miheca saka 1 folad saka 23 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 9ahhzkxsyshd74b14lbfz5nbkcputgm 0 1087 23291 23290 2021-10-28T12:45:15Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 6 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 23290 wikitext text/x-wiki Sauli Niinistö [[Faylo:Sauli Niinistö Senate of Poland 2015.JPG|thumb|Sauli Niinistö Senate of Poland 2015|alt=Sauli Niinistö Senate of Poland 2015.JPG]] I 1948 a miheca saka 8 folad saka 24 a romi’ad masofoc ci Sauli Niinistö, malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit no [[Finland]] anini i ci Sauli Niinistö, patirengan a romi’ad i 2012 a miheca saka 3 folad saka 1 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 8bwg4pb7tgg2fnqwfbkjtgioj6oq399 0 1088 38884 23307 2023-06-30T06:45:21Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38884 wikitext text/x-wiki Saviki（山美部落） Itiniay i [[Alishan]] Cen no [[Chiayi]] ko [[Saviki]] a niyaro’, 191 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 577 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 98% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 568 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 2% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 9 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Cou]]95%, [[Bunun]]1%, [[Tayal]]1%, roma1%. Ira ko picodadan(山美國小、山美國小附幼、山美部落圖書資訊站) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(竹崎分局山美派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(山美村衛生室) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] ilszll64usxgmntd0mvijttnucdi7sq 0 1089 30132 23311 2022-01-06T22:55:42Z UrbanecmBot 380 Bot: Cleaning up old interwiki links 30132 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} [[Faylo:Nuclear waste flask train at Bristol Temple Meads 02.jpg|100px|thumb|left|Sawalakay a lakaw]] ptapeenoywifxg42gzzigmmnim4iyd4 0 1090 23324 23323 2021-10-28T12:45:22Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 12 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 23323 wikitext text/x-wiki Sawanengan（共和部落） Itiniay i Shoufeng Cen no Hualien ko Sawanengan a niyaro’, 262 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 687 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 26% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 180 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 74% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 507 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Amis24%, Seediq1%, roma1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] i5wrc9pnx3y2teua6rx908xx2a8ao97 0 1091 23338 23337 2021-10-28T12:45:24Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 13 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 23337 wikitext text/x-wiki Sawi（百壽部落） Itiniay i Shitan Cen no Miaoli ko Sawi a niyaro’, 156 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 387 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 32% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 123 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 68% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 264 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Saysiyat31%, Tayal1%. Ira ko imeng(大湖分局百壽派出所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] nipsveuf2ckqinrp390zyzhdki7tc72 0 1092 38821 23353 2023-06-30T01:15:36Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38821 wikitext text/x-wiki Sayie（下大隘部落） Itiniay i [[Wufeng]] Cen no [[Hsinchu]] ko [[Sayie]] a niyaro’, 27 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 70 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 96% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 67 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 4% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 3 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Saysiyat]]74%, [[Tayal]]16%, [[Amis]]1%, [[Paiwan]]4%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] d4qkdoaiut99c3h82se80rvi3b7t7zo 0 1093 23366 23365 2021-10-28T12:45:29Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 12 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 23365 wikitext text/x-wiki Sbunaw（雪霧鬧部落） Itiniay i Fuxing Cen no Taoyuan ko Sbunaw a niyaro’, 48 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 179 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 97% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 174 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 3% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 5 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Tayal87%, Amis1%, Seediq1%, roma9%. Ira ko Kiwkay(台灣基督長老教會永美教會、真耶穌教會雪霧鬧教會) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] n5tlk5x52707w85u2p0qeijgfztta7y 0 1094 23385 23384 2021-10-28T12:45:32Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 18 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 23384 wikitext text/x-wiki Sedeng（瑟冷部落） Itiniay i Yuli Cen no Hualien ko Sedeng a niyaro’, 225 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 639 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 33% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 214 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 67% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 425 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Amis28%, Bunun3%, 撒奇拉雅族1%, Puyuma1%, roma1%. Ira ko picodadan(大禹國小、大禹國小附幼) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(玉里分局大禹派出所) i niyaro’. {{stub}} Sedeng(Sowal no Holam: 咬人貓) [[Faylo:Urtica thunbergiana02.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Sedeng]] == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 2vw6xggrbhnrvvs4i832pwdct3s6f7y 0 1095 23388 23387 2021-10-28T12:45:34Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 2 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 23387 wikitext text/x-wiki == O sefi no niyaro' 部落的會所 == Itiya ho i ’ayaw . o paloma’an(住家) no 'Amis a tamdaw . itini i 'apilipilisan(草叢) ato i ’ato’atolan(石頭堆) .o fakeloh ato talod ko sapatireng(建造) to loma’ nangra . Itiya ira koya inanengay(智者) a tomdaw .ci Marang Pawpaw kongangan ningra . i cepo’ ko niyaro’ ningra . matiya o ci faloco'ay(有心) cingra a mikomkom(領導) to niyaro' . Lekalen ningra ko polong finawelan(群眾) no niyaro’ . sa niyaro'en(成部落) no mita ko paloma' .ta masaekong(團結) ama rikec kita o polong masa niyaro' sanay cingra . Oya matatood(隨著) sato a mafolaw(遷徒) ko finawelan . misafaloco' a patireng to paloma'an . mahicera(抵達) nangra ko makapahay(適當) a pala . Tatodong sa ira ko 'alo o pikalangan . mingta to riyar o picekiwan . Sacisowal saan ci Marang Pawpaw . itini to kita a paloma’ .so'elinay yo malepon(完成) nangra a patireng to kalalikelikel(各自) no loma' . patireng to cangra to sefi . malaheci(結束) a masanga’ nangra koya sefi ira ho ko sowal ni Marang pawpaw . masakapot(分組) kita miselal(年齡階層) ko polong o fa’inayan no niyaro’ . ta mahapingang(很清楚) ko kasa sereserep(歲數) no kato'as a masakapokapot saan . # mi’afatay(少年組)---ano ira ko sa’opo no finawelan to dadaya . cangra ko cacisikining(工作任務) a misalikat to datong(營火) to saka’araw no polong . # pakarongay(青年組)---cangra ko mamifadisaw(起火) to sapatala to misetikan(採擷) no kasakakakaka no masakapotay . Oroma sato mipasifana’(教導) ato mikonling(訓練) cangra to tayal no mi’afatay to demak pakayniay(有關) i niyaro . # palalanay(成年組)---cangra ko cacisikining a palalan to sakanga'ay a romakat a tala fonon(郊外) # mi’aw’away---o misimaway cangra to pinaloma(栽種) . todong caay ka sakasak ko pinaloma a losay . # papikedan---cangra ko mico'a'angay(抵抗) to palafoay(侵略者) to niyaro’ .todong o 'adipel(城牆) i salawacan(外圍) no paloma'an . ano ira ko palafoay a 'ada(敵人) . cangra ko milekalay(呼喊) to polong finawelan . a milo’is(反抗) to 'ada . # lakeling---cangra ko citodongay to kenaira(收穫) no finawelan .ano misafafoy misetik .cangra ko ma misilsil(有律的) to tipid(餐盤食物) .ano mararaw ko pisilsil nangra to tipid . matefoc(被罰) no finowelan . # mama no kapah(青年幹部)----cangra ko midimata'ay(擔當) to demak no niyaro’ . Ano ira komisaloma’ay no niyaro'. tayni i mama no kapah a miteng(請示) . ta cipinang cangra a milekal to polong finawelan a ma papadapadang(相互幫忙) . O mama no kapah ko mikowanay(審定) to ciraraway ato tadamaanay a tamdaw . Itiya ho .o kohyak(法規) no niyaro’ ato sarikec to kapah . o mama no kapah ko citodongay . ano ciraraw ko cimacima no niyaro' . matefoc to kolong , fafoy , 'ayam . kirami , maseti’(鞭打)ko romaromaroma . Malepon ko kapipanayan(收割) . i ’ayaw no kailisinan(豐年祭) . Maraheker(興憤) ko faloco’ no polong a finawelan no niyaro’ a hinatala(期待) to pilisin .Mafana’ ko ci kawasay(巫師) a mitangic to kakarayan a misolac(解除) to ci adadaay ato mapalesay(病痛) . O nano ci Marangan misitapang ko matiniay a lekakawa(習俗) no niyaro' . Ano ciromi’ad ko masaselalay no kapot no fa’inayan .tayra i 'alo a misedef(做水壩) ato milesi’ . itira matomes ko kanas to misetikan . Tayra i riyar mifoting ko mama no kapah . mitapal cangra to picelem no kapah . Ano ira ko tadacaayay(無能力) a kapot . oraan ko mamatefoc hananay kira . Ikor sato mala afedo’ay(頭目) to no niyaro' ci Marang Pawpaw .itiya keriren(帶領) ningra ko finawelan(群眾) no niyaro’ a tayra i kadadapidapic(其他部落) no niyaro’ a palafang (友好關係). Pa’araw to kero ato patengil to radiw .Ma lalicay to pi’adop , pi pana’ .masasiyay(競技) to 'icel a comikay . todong o pisanga’ay to roma a niyaro’ . Matini a hatini to ko mihecaan ako .Iraay ho ko sefi no niyaro niyam .Nikaorira .maliyaway(改建) to a patireng to ’amoto .ira to ko dahong(天遮) . caay to katalaw to 'orad ato cidal . Ira ko pita’ongan to sapacakat(祭堂) to mato’asay .Todong o pipalawinaan(寄託) no harateng(心靈) .Kita o pangcah aka palasawaden(放棄) ita ko sefi .Nanay mafana’ ko kararerarem(子孫) to hatiniay a kalekakawa(文化) no niyaro’ . == Pi'arawan to lakaw == * 曾進光. (2011). Wikipedia 維基百科 族語詞條試寫─原住民族語詞條 2011作品集. 教育部. jfqbl5kv5ljyj90q2wvrpx75h6qd184 0 1096 38865 23401 2023-06-30T06:33:17Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38865 wikitext text/x-wiki Seljupetje（南田部落） Itiniay i [[Daren]] Cen no [[Taitung]] ko Seljupetje a niyaro’, 30 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 59 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 64% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 38 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 36% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 21 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Paiwan]]59%, [[Amis]]3%, [[Puyuma]]2%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] hrogtjdjam9amu0jj427ebd5i447egx 0 1097 45424 45423 2025-01-16T07:26:28Z 2A02:8308:210:5D00:3951:133A:D904:7289 ''' 45424 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Selsl'''(年齡階級) sakasipina’ no fafaina a malafainayan. Singangan a ma’min ko masaselalay, I tini i ’[[Amis]] tangasa i nikalasawad no selal ko kasingangan to ngangan no selal. No timolan a pinacadan, Ifelacay tangsa i mama no kappa, oroma ko ngangan, macakat to malakomong masomad ko ngangan no selal. O fainayen a wawa no pangcah, paka safaw to loto ko mih’ecaan,papiselalen to no loma’, parengrengen no tapang no niyaro’ ko falohay a selal.maherek a marengreng ko fafainay,O solinayayto a malakapah no niyaro’. Anini i [[2011 a mihecaan]], sato’asay a selal O Alafangas, Ta o Aladiwas, to Alamay, to Raraw, to Alemet, to Maoway,to Maolac, to Maorad, to Matafok.makomod sasiwa a saselalan ko nikasaselaselal.Nika;malasawad ko cacay a saselalan sisa wawalo to ko selal no niyaro anini. == Pi'arawan to lakaw == * 蔡金木. (2011). Wikipedia 維基百科 族語詞條試寫─原住民族語詞條 2011作品集. 教育部. k9xe87dmfshhokcyhxtnypvz7pb8sev 0 1098 39234 23416 2023-08-13T03:31:30Z Achast 1290 adding links 39234 wikitext text/x-wiki Sena'（順那部落） Itiniay i Donghe Cen no [[Taitung]] ko Sena' a niyaro’, 140 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 335 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 45% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 150 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 55% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 185 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Amis44%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] grw8smvclg2uye2s4elfot5ihe14y36 0 1099 23425 23424 2021-10-28T12:45:42Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 8 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 23424 wikitext text/x-wiki Senegal（塞內加爾） [[Faylo:Flag of Senegal.svg|thumb|Flag of Senegal|alt=Flag of Senegal]] [[Faylo:Location Senegal AU Africa.svg|thumb|Location of  Senegal  (dark blue)in the African Union  (light blue)]] Itini i 14 00 N, 14 00 W, noAfilika ko [[Senegal]]. Polong no sekalay i 196,722 sq km “saka 88 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 192,530 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 4,192 sq km ” Polong i 14,320,055 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen a sera 46.80%, Malo no kilakilangan a sera 43.80%, malo no roma to a sera 9.40%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Dakar]] ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakasepat 4 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci [[Macky Sall]], patirengan a romi’ad i 2012 a miheca saka 4 folad saka 2 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] j6ljfvnbmqn5aicoo2vb0p2hy6z2xft 0 1100 39056 39055 2023-06-30T09:45:49Z 陳鷹馬 1604 39056 wikitext text/x-wiki Sengan（牛鬥部落） i [[Yilan]] a kuwan nu [[Kalingko|Kalinku]] ku niyazu’ nu Sengan. u kasalumaluma’ nu Sengan sa, Itiniay i [[Datong]] Cen no [[Yilan]] ko Sengan a niyaro’, 30 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 93 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 91% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 85 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 9% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 8 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Tayal]]86%, [[Amis]]1%, roma4%. Ira ko imeng(三星分局牛鬥派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(聖母醫院牛鬥站) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Wp/szy]] 1fqvm9iuo28hgjocvanm3ymvb61fab4 0 1101 23456 23455 2021-10-28T12:45:47Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 14 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 23455 wikitext text/x-wiki Seqalapit（斯卡拉比部落） Itiniay i Dawu Cen no Taitung ko Seqalapit a niyaro’, 58 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 151 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 93% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 141 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 7% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 10 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Paiwan90%, Amis3%, roma1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] njcfqi1a58wmai5km44okhpb0w82wga 0 1102 23469 23468 2021-10-28T12:45:50Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 12 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 23468 wikitext text/x-wiki Seqeciin（加津林部落） Itiniay i Dawu Cen no Taitung ko Seqeciin a niyaro’, 93 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 229 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 97% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 221 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 3% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 8 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Paiwan93%, Amis3%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] ro4fakxi2nfqqa2cmu3hejeryej97c6 0 1103 40602 31166 2024-01-05T23:09:46Z CommonsDelinker 39 Replacing Location_Serbia_Europe.png with [[File:Location_of_Serbia_in_Europe_(2006–2008).png]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR3|Criterion 3]]). 40602 wikitext text/x-wiki == Serbia（塞爾維亞） == [[Faylo:Flag of Serbia.svg|thumb|Flag of Serbia|alt=Flag of Serbia]] [[Faylo:Location of Serbia in Europe (2006–2008).png|thumb|Location of Serbia (green) and the disputed territory of Kosovo (light green) in Europe (dark grey).]] == Takaray Sowal: == Sirbiya Kapolongan Kitakit(Sirbiya a sowal: ''Република Србија''; Roma tilid:''Republika Srbija;'' Kuwaping a tilid:塞爾維亞共和國). O itiraay i Parkan-Pecihkanatal a kitakit, kaitiraan i katimol no sakawali no Yoropa, ilaloma’ay no karopaw no Parkan-Pecihkanatal a kitakit, malalocok ko kalala’edan ato Montonikoro''(Црна Гора),'' Posiniya ato Hersaykowina''(Bosna i Hercegovina/Босна и Херцеговина)'',Koroaysiya''(Republika Hrvatska),''Syongyali''(Magyarország),''Romaniya''(România),''Pokariya''(Република България;'' Latin a sowal: ''Republika Bŭlgariya),''Ka’amisay Maciton:(Maciton a sowal:''Република Северна Македонија''; Roma a tilid:''Republika Severna Makedonija''）ato Kosofo(''Republika Kosovo'')''.'' == '''Rikisi'''(歷史) == Na i’ayaw to 8500 mihecan, itira i tatapangan a niyaro’ Pirkoro iraay to ko malahiciay a fa’elohay nafakelohan punka, o Stasaywo-Punka (Starčevo culture''';'''斯塔賽沃文化)[1] [2], i’ayaw no 6000 mihecaan iraay to itini ko tata’angay a niyaro’ o Winca-Punka hananay.[3] O Soloy-tamdaw mikownay to Sirpiya, to ikor to i ‘ayaw no sakasepat no sici o Kirisiya tamdaw macowat ko satimolan no Sirpiya, mala’amisay no ikoray a Yarisanta Tata’angay Honti a kitakit.[4] [5] o Roma a tamdaw itiyaay to i ‘ayaw no saka 2 sici a misatapang micowat to Sirpiya, malosigo’an no sakowan, ora saka ira ko 17 a honti no Roma itiniay i Sirpiya a sofocen.[6] [7] I sa’ayawan no 1910 mihecaan itira i Sakacecay Parkan-Pecihkanatal Lalood ato Sakatosa Parkan-Pecihkanatal Lalood,pasitimol ko kacowat no sera no Sirpiya, mapalolol ko Kosofo a pala, patokeled sa a mipatateko to Maciton Kapolongan kitakit,nikawrira, o i saka’amisay a pala ono Awsyong Hotian a sakowan, cowa ka i laloma’ no Sirpiya.[8] [9] 1914 miheca saka 6 folad saka 28 romi’ad,o Misaca'emot to Finacadan a tamdaw ci Kafulilo-Posilinpo( Sirpiya a sowal: ''Гаврило Принцип；''Latin a tilid: ''Gavrilo Princip)''kowangen ningra a mipatay ko mipalafangay a wawa no Honti no Awsyon ci Faranci-Fitinan ato fafahi ningra ci Sofi. 7 folad saka 28 romi’ad milekal to Sirpiya ko Awsyong Hontian Kitakit a malalood, onini ko lalengatan no Sakacecay Lalood no Hekal. O makatepay no Awsyong Hontian Kitakit, Toic Hontian Kitakit ato Porkaliya Hontian Kitakit mapapolong a mifora to Sirpiya, ma’eco a maaro’ ko Sirpiya.[[Serbia#%20ftn1|[10]]] [[Serbia#%20ftn2|[11]]] [[Faylo:Josip_Broz_Tito_uniform_portrait.jpg|縮圖|Josip Broz Tito uniform portrait]] 1918 mihecaan, malowid no Sirpiya ko Lekatepay-Kitakit, mapalolol ko Sirpiya a kitakit,toya miheca saka 12 folad mapapolong ato fiyaw a kitakit Montonikoro ato oya nikowanan no Awsyong Hontian Kitakit o Srofako, Koroaysiya, Posiniya ato Foyfotina kitakit patireng to ’ayaway a Nansirafo Kitakit, i laloma’ noni kitakit ira ko Sirpiya tamdaw,Koroaysiya tamdaw ato Srofaniya tamdaw.[12] [13] [14] [15] I Sakatosa Lalood no Hekal macikcik no Tokodan-Kitakit o Awsyong Hotian Kitakit,Arpaniya, Toic ato Porkaliya, o kakomodan no Nansirafo Kitakit ci Yisofo Puloci Tito(Sirpiya a sowal:''Јосип Броз Тито'';Roma a tilid:''Josip Broz Tito)'' malowid ningra ko Naci-Toic.[16] [17] [18] 1945 miheca, micomod ko sofitay no Rosiya i Nansirafo, micoker ci Titoan malasakaay a kakeridan nona kitakit, patireng to Kyosanto ko mamikowan a kitakit to Nasirafo Syakaisiwki Kapolongan Kitakit. 1961 miheca, ci Tito ato congton no Aykipto ci Ciamayle AtotuNaso Haysan(Arapiya a sowal: جمال عبد الناصر حسين‎; Roma a tilid:''Jamāl ʻAbdu n-Nāṣir Ḥusayn)'' ato Conli no India ci Ciawahalar Niheru'''(India a sowal:''' जवाहरलाल नेहरू) malacafay a patireng to ’’Cowa ka pikapot a lekatep’’ sanay a saopo, ci Tito ko kakeridan nangra a pacomahad to syakaisiwki-kali’aca a faco, orasaka o sacipaysoay itini i sak’etipay a kyosangto a kitakit.[19] [20] Tahira to i 1990 mihecahecaan, matekop ko Nansirafo a kitakit, i 1992 miheca Nansirfo ato Montikoro miliyaw a patireng to Nansirafo Kapolongan Kitakit. 1999 miheca ikor no kalalood ato Kosofo mapatireng no Linheko ko Pacarcaray Mikowan no Kosofo. Saka 6 folad saka 3 romi’ad laheci sato milekal ko pikaykian to pisiiked no Kosofo, i saka 6 folad saka 5 romi’ad o pikaykian no kitakit no Sirpiya milekal to pisiikeday a kitakit o mirocokay to ’ayaway a Sirpiya kitakit. Itiya sato i 2008 miheca saka 2 folad saka 17 romi’ad lonok sa ko Kosofo a miliyas to Sirpiya misiiked a patireng to kitakit, cowa ka pihai ko Sirpiya to nini.[[Serbia#%20ftn1|[21]]] == '''Kaitiraan'''(地理) == Itiraay i kakatekoan no lalan no sifo’ay ato satimolan a Yoropa ko Sirpiya a kitakit,[22] [23] o ilaloma’anay no karopaw a kitakit,o dadahal no sera ira ko 88,361km² (malapot ko Kosofo). o [[Faylo:Neue_Donau.jpg|縮圖|Tonaw 'alo (Neue Donau)]] Panoniya Dafadaf mahaopay ko cecay no kalitolo no sa’amisay no kitakit,[24] nikawrira, o lotok ‘i, mahaopay ko cecay no kalitolo no satimolan no kitakit,o sera no Sirpiya sahetoay o masakaratay a pala, matiya o salil ko ‘alo romakat i ‘edef no kitakit, oninian ‘alo saheto mitekoay i Tonaw-’Alo ta micomod i Kohetingay-Riyar, o Tonaw-’Alo ilaloma’ no Sirpiya ira ko 588km ko ka to’edaw,[25] o tadakalimelaan a nanom konini.[26] [27] Masiwar no Yoropa-Karopaw, Tasiyang ato Sifo’an-Riyar ko kakarayan, o lalen no fa’edet 0°C i kasi’enawan, isakapito a fold lalen a fa’edet 20°C.[28] O sera no Sirpiya mahaop ko 29.1% o matahepoay no kilakilangan, o dadahal no kilakilangan ira ko 2,252,000 kofo,[29] o karanih no tataparan no kilakilangan 5.29/10 ko ka lalen.itini i Sirpiya pakaala to 39% a cidodohay kina’orip,51 % a fotifotinan, 40% cacoay ato ‘a’adopen, 74% a ’ayam ato mipacocoay a ‘a’adopen.[30] O kakaolahan no masamaamaanay a pina’orip itini. == '''Kasasilsil no sakowan'''(行政區劃) == O polong no Sirpiya ‘i, o katatekoan no Sifo’ay Sirpiya, Kosofo ato Foyfotina polongen 29 ko karopaw, ira ho ko Tadekan Sakowan no sakakaay sifo o Pirkorato,ilaloma’ nonini ’i,Kosofo ira ko 5 sakowan, Foyfotina7 ko sakowan ato adekan Sakowan no sakakaay sifo o Pirkorato, ikararem no sakowan o etal, o Kosofo ira ko 30 a etal, Foyfotina ira ko 54 a etal.[31] [32] [[Faylo:Srpska_nosnja.jpg|縮圖|Sirpiya a finacadn (Srpska nosnja)]] == '''Tamdaw''' (人口) == Nani 1990 miheca karacemcemay to ko kalwan no tamdaw no Sirpia, caay ka citolas ko kapatay no tamdaw to mihecahecaan,[33] [34] pakitinien i sa’osi ’i, i 1990 miheca ira ko 300,000ko miliyasay to Sirpiya, ilaloma’ no nini ’i,mahaop ko 20% o citanengay a tamdaw.[35] [36] Orasaka, o lalen a mihecaan no kalotamdaw i,42.9%,away ko ikakaay to Sirapiya ko kakerem no tamdaw itini i hekal.[37] Cecay no kalilima a loma’ cecayay ko tamdaw,cecay no kalisepat a loma’ sasepatay ko tamdaw.[38] O lalen no polong a tamdaw no Sirpiya 76.1 mihecaan.[39] Sirpiya a tamdaw ira ko 600 ofad,o sakakaay ko ka’aloman no tamadaw, mahaop ko83%, Syongyali a tamdaw ira ko 25 ofad, o saaway ko tamdaw i Sirpiya, mahaop ko 3.5%, i saka’amisay no Foyfotina sakowan,[40] [41] [42] o Posiniya a tamdaw 14.5 ofad, itiraay i katimol no saka’etip ko kamaro’an nangra, ira ko roma a mamangay ko tamdaw a finacadan o Koroaysiya, Arpaniya, Montonikoro, Folahe, Romaniya, Mociton ato Pawciyaliya, o Kuwaping a tamdaw ira ko 15000 tamdaw, o dengay o caay ko Yoropa a tamdaw.[43] [44] == '''Sapili’etan kicai'''(經濟) == O mili’etanay ko kicai no Sirpiya, itini i polong no kitakit isifoay ko katakaraw no ’eten no kalotamdaw no Sirpiya.[45] Tooren ko pisa’osi no Hekalay a Kiking no Payso a Lekatep (International Monetary Fund，IMF) i 2018 miheca o Kapolongan a Nitayalan 'Epoc Ilaloma' no kitakit (GDP) ira ko 506.51 ok payso no Amirika, o lalen no mi’etanan no kalotamdaw ira ko17,555 payso no Amirika.[46] O mihamhamay to lafang a tayal ko sakakay kaci’etan, ilaloma’ no GDP mahaop ko 67.9%, do’edo sa o masanga’ay to dafong,mahaop i GDP to 6%.[47] Nani 2000 miheca masorot ko babicowacoway a payso pateli i sakatayal no Sirpiya, o masortay a payso ira ko 400 ok payso no Amirika,[48] ira ko Fiyato misanga’ay to tosiya, Simonci, Filipomorisu, Miciling, kokakora…[49] itini i saparakat to kikay a kinairaira i,o palapalan kaso no Rosiya ato Roko Kasolin, o saadihayay ko pipateli to pasyso. Ira ho misanga’ay to Stinlis ato ‘ekeng a kofa no Congko.[50] Oni pasadakan a dafong i 2018 miheca ira ko 192 ok payso no Amirika.Ci Safulo komi honyakuay tonini a tilid. == Tahapinangan Tilid (註腳) == [1] Nikola Tasić; Dragoslav Srejović; Bratislav Stojanović. Vinča and its Culture. Vladislav Popović (編). Vinča: Centre of the Neolithic culture of the Danubian region. Smiljka Kjurin (translator). Belgrade. 1990 [2006-10-28]. （原始內容存檔於2009-01-16）. [2] History (Ancient Period). Official website. [2007-07-10]. （原始內容存檔於2012-03-28）. [3] Kitson, Peter. Year's Work in English Studies Volume 77. Wiley-Blackwell. 1999: 5 [2009-05-05]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-631-21293-5</nowiki>. [4] Blic Online - Najseverniji grad Aleksandrovog carstva. Blic Online. （原始內容存檔於2009-08-21）. [5] IWilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992, <nowiki>ISBN 0-631-19807-5</nowiki>, p. 85, "...the area [South Serbia] was originally populated with Thracians..." [6] Serbia's rich and hidden Roman history. BBC News. [2020-02-02] '''（英語）'''. [7] Traces of Empire: Serbia's Roman Heritage. Balkan Insight. 2016-10-24 [2020-02-02] '''（美國英語）'''. [8] The Serbian Revolution and the Serbian State. staff.lib.msu.edu. [9] Serbian Studies '''9–10'''. North American Society for Serbian Studies. 1995: 91. [[Serbia#%20ftnref1|[10]]] Duffy, Michael. First World War.com – Primary Documents – Vasil Radoslavov on Bulgaria's Entry into the War, 11 October 1915. firstworldwar.com. 2009-08-22 [2010-04-28]. [[Serbia#%20ftnref2|[11]]] Највећа српска победа: Фронт који за савезнике није био битан '''（塞爾維亞語）''' [12] 20/7/1917 the Corfu Declaration: Plans for a future Yugoslavia. 2017-07-20. [13] Arhiv Jugoslavije – 1 December Act, 1 December 1918 [14] Bojovi, Jovan,Zakonik knjza Danila,Titograd: Istorijski institut Crne Gore, 1982.––––––, Podgorič ka skupština 1918: dokumenta, Gornji Milanovac: Dečje novine, 1989. [15] Jewish Heritage Europe – Serbia 2 – Jewish Heritage in Belgrade. Jewish Heritage Europe. [2010-04-28]. （原始內容存檔於2010-06-30）. [16] Savich, Karl. The Kragujevac massacre. （原始內容存檔於2012-12-17）. [17] Israeli, Raphael. The Death Camps of Croatia: Visions and Revisions, 1941–1945. Transaction Publishers. 2013-03-04: 31 [2013-05-12]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4128-4930-2</nowiki>. [18] Tito, Josip Broz. Nacionalno pitanje u Jugoslaviji: u svjetlosti narodnooslobodilačke borbe. Zagreb: Naprijed. 1945: 11 '''（克羅埃西亞語）'''. Moram ovdje podvući činjenicu da su u redovima naše Narodno-oslbodilačke vojske i partizanskih odreda u Jugoslaviji, od samog početka pa do danas, nalaze u ogromnoj većini baš Srbi, umjesto da to bude obratno. [19] Tanjug. Posle rata u Srbiji streljano preko 60.000 civila. Mondo.rs. [20] Bokovoy, Melissa Katherine; Irvine, Jill A.; Lilly, Carol S. State-society relations in Yugoslavia, 1945–1992. Scranton, Pennsylvania: Palgrave Macmillan. 1997: 295–296, 301. [[Serbia#%20ftnref1|[21]]] Rift Emerges at the United Nations Over Kosovo. New York Sun. 2008-02-19. [22] Serbia: On the Way to EU Accession. World Bank Group. [2014-10-21]. [23] Serbia. Southeastern Europe Travel Guide. Balkans 360. [2014-10-03]. （原始內容存檔於2014-10-06）. [24] Carevic, Ivana; Jovanovic, Velimir. STRATIGRAPHIC-STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MAČVA BASIN (PDF) (Report): 1. UDC 911.2:551.7(497.11). （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2016-08-30）. [25] National Tourism Organisation of Serbia. www.serbia.travel. [2019-04-27]. [26] Jolović, Dejan. Ten economic benefits of the Danube for Serbia. Danubius. 2016-08-19 [2019-04-27] '''（英語）'''. [27] Takić, Ljiljana M.; Mladenović-Ranisavljević, Ivana I.; Nikolić, Vesna D.; Nikolić, Ljubiša B.; Vuković, Milovan V.; Živković, Nenad V. The assessment of the Danube water quality in Serbia (PDF). Advanced Technologies. 2012: 59. [28] ''The Times Atlas of the World'' (1993). Times Books <nowiki>ISBN 0-7230-0492-7</nowiki>. [29] ::SE "Srbijašume" Belgrade. Srbijasume.rs. 2010-12-31 [2013-10-21]. （原始內容存檔於2013-10-22）. [30] CARSKA BARA – Fauna ptica. Carskabara.rs. [2013-10-22]. （原始內容存檔於2013-10-23） [31] CCRE: Serbia. （原始內容存檔於2012-06-04）. [32] Law on Territorial Organization. National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia. 2007-12-29 [2013-10-06]. （原始內容存檔於2013-10-12） '''（塞爾維亞語）'''. [33] Sebičnost žena u Srbiji nije uzrok bele kuge | EurActiv Srbija. Euractiv.rs. 2013-07-26. [34] Roser, Max, Total Fertility Rate around the world over the last centuries, Our World In Data, Gapminder Foundation, 2014 [2019-05-08], （原始內容存檔於2019-07-08） [35] Serbia seeks to fill the '90s brain-drainage gap. EMG.rs. 2008-09-05. [36] Survey S&M 1/2003. Yugoslav Survey. [37] Country Comparison : Population growth rate. The World Factbook, CIA. 2002. [38] Household numbers (PDF). pod2.stat.gov.rs. [39] Bank, World. Europe Central Asia Economic Update, Spring 2020 : Fighting COVID-19. openknowledge.worldbank.org (World Bank). 2020-04-09: 71, 72 [2020-04-09]. [40] Slovakia's national minority makes Serbia nicer, richer. srbija.gov.rs. 2018-12-11. [41] Lux, Gábor; Horváth, Gyula. The Routledge Handbook to Regional Development in Central and Eastern Europe. Taylor & Francis. 2017: 190. [42] Filep, Béla. The Politics of Good Neighbourhood: State, civil society and the enhancement of cultural capital in East Central Europe. Taylor & Francis. 2016: 71. [43] Chinese Migrants Use Serbia as Gate to Europe, ABC News, 13 July 2010. [44] V. Mijatović – B. Hadžić. I Kinezi napuštaju Srbiju. Novosti.rs. [45] Upper-middle-income economies. The World Bank. [46] World Economic Outlook Database, April 2019. IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. [2019-04-11]. [47] Gross Domestic Product (GDP) 2005–2017 - Revised Data Series (PDF). Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. 2018-01-10 [2021-11-01]. [48] Europe :: Serbia — the World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency. 2021-10-26. [49] US embassy: private sector investments. （原始內容存檔於2010-05-27）. [50] Mining, a new "ace up the sleeve" for Serbia?. * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] fl3ufoft8bddy4pwb1cc9s6sr80gqiz 0 1104 45451 44327 2025-01-16T13:26:17Z 2A02:8308:210:5D00:3951:133A:D904:7289 Mattarella idi 2022年 45451 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Sergio Mattarella Presidente della Repubblica Italiana.jpg|縮圖|Mattarella idi 2022年|alt=Presidente Sergio Mattarella.jpg]] I 1941 a miheca saka 7 folad saka 23 a romi’ad masofoc ci '''Sergio Mattarella''', malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit no [[Italy]] anini i ci Sergio Mattarella, patirengan a romi’ad i 2015 a miheca saka 2 folad saka 3 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] k5435af8wt11hqojw6vqfvotorfb1yx 0 1105 45454 44347 2025-01-16T13:28:59Z 2A02:8308:210:5D00:3951:133A:D904:7289 Sargsyan idi 2013年 45454 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Serzh Sargsyan official portrait.jpg|替代文字|縮圖|Sargsyan idi 2013年]] I 1954 a miheca saka 6 folad saka 30 a romi’ad masofoc ci '''Serzh Azati Sargsyan''', malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit no [[Armenia]] anini i ci Serzh Azati Sargsyan, patirengan a romi’ad i 2008 a miheca saka 4 folad saka 9 a romi’ad. == No papotalay a kakafit == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] h4f195l8ftqkstggufhneqi3wd2xinx 0 1106 38943 23506 2023-06-30T07:53:31Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38943 wikitext text/x-wiki Seveng（士文部落） Itiniay i [[Chunri]] Cen no [[Pingtung]] ko [[Seveng]] a niyaro’, 90 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 401 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 99% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 395 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 1% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 6 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Paiwan]]97%, [[Bunun]]1%. Ira ko picodadan(古華國小士文分校、古華國小士文分校附幼) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] c28mznlk8nu4m3hrmize2p4u2bzft66 0 1107 45443 44328 2025-01-16T13:20:22Z 2A02:8308:210:5D00:3951:133A:D904:7289 Mirziyoyev idi 2017年 45443 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Shavkat Mirziyoyev.png|縮圖|Mirziyoyev idi 2017年|alt=Shavkat Mirziyoyev.png]] I 1957 a miheca saka 7 folad saka 24 a romi’ad masofoc ci '''Shavkat Mirziyoyev''', malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit no [[Uzbekistan]] anini i ci Shavkat Mirziyoyev, patirengan a romi’ad i 2016 a miheca saka 12 folad saka 14 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] ezp8trikyy3v38r8s6g0yfptcddhqhc 0 1108 23518 23517 2021-10-28T12:46:05Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 4 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 23517 wikitext text/x-wiki Shitan（獅潭鄉） Itini i Miaoli ko Shitan Siyang. sa’osi han ko po:long no palaan i, ira ko 79.39 km² (lalotolotokan a plalan no sa’osi i ira ko 10.36 km², o palaan noto’as i'a:yaw i ira ko 2.57 km²), 387 ko tamdaw i Shitan Siyang, 156 ko parod no loma’, itini i niyaro’ a Yincomin sa’osi han ira ko 123 a tamdaw, pakaala to 32%(Saysiyat) no polong no tamdaw. Itini i niyaro’ a finawlan, o Payrang ko sa’alomanay. ==O kasaniyarona== 7 ko cun, 1 ko niyaro’ i Shitan Siyang. Sawi（百壽部落）. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] f16o02xk221dzqd150l1j3lac54nck2 0 1109 38862 38861 2023-06-30T02:58:28Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38862 wikitext text/x-wiki Shizi（獅子鄉） Itini i [[Pingtung]] ko '''Shizi Siyang'''. sa’osi han ko po:long no palaan i, ira ko 313.35 km² (lalotolotokan a plalan no sa’osi i ira ko 156.87 km², o palaan noto’as i'a:yaw i ira ko 140.63 km²), 4,481 ko tamdaw i Shizi Siyang, 1,421 ko parod no loma’, itini i niyaro’ a Yincomin sa’osi han ira ko 4,292 a tamdaw, pakaala to 96%(Paiwan) no polong no tamdaw. o Paiwan ko sa’alomanay i Pingtung Siyang. ==O kasaniyarona== 7 ko cun, 14 ko niyaro’ i Shizi Siyang. [[Lemiyau]]（伊屯部落）, [[Kaidi]]（楓林部落）, [[Nansiku]]（南世部落）, [[Yungkilu]]（新路部落）, [[Tjinavanavalj]]（橋東部落）, [[Kuangka]]（橋西部落）, [[Puljekuwan]]（下草埔部落）, [[Tjisaulem]]（雙流部落）, [[Tjacekes]]（上丹路部落）, [[Pasumaq]]（下丹路部落）, [[Tjuruguai]]（竹坑部落）, [[Qaljecim]]（和平部落）, [[Tjusinlung]]（中心崙部落）, [[Kacedas]]（內獅部落）. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] 9etzji1ht81a42znb8gnc067m0abps3 0 1110 23528 23527 2021-10-28T12:46:10Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 4 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 23527 wikitext text/x-wiki Shoufeng（壽豐鄉） Itini i Hualien ko Shoufeng Siyang. sa’osi han ko po:long no palaan i, ira ko 206.4 km² (lalotolotokan a plalan no sa’osi i ira ko 27.53 km², o palaan noto’as i'a:yaw i ira ko 19.03 km²), 17,884 ko tamdaw i Shoufeng Siyang, 6,803 ko parod no loma’, itini i niyaro’ a Yincomin sa’osi han ira ko 5,671 a tamdaw, pakaala to 32%(Amis) no polong no tamdaw. Itini i niyaro’ a finawlan, o Payrang ko sa’alomanay. ==O kasaniyarona== 20 ko cun, 16 ko niyaro’ i Shoufeng Siyang. Ciamengan（壽豐部落）, Kiku（溪口部落）, Banaw（池南部落）, Rinahem（光榮部落）, Ciwidiyan（水璉部落）, Telu´（豐坪部落）, Cealalupalantdlu（豐山部落）, Adetuman（平和部落）, Tdlu（豐裡部落）, Sawanengan（共和部落）, Taukak（樹湖部落）, Cihak（志學部落）, Cipuypuyan（米棧部落）, Tumay（鹽寮部落）, Sililasay（月眉/上部落）, Siapaluway（月眉/中部落）. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] iz2cojeba96jmd7kzljawe9036zcmf0 0 1111 39080 23541 2023-06-30T10:03:21Z 陳鷹馬 1604 39080 wikitext text/x-wiki Siafulungay（建農部落） Itiniay i [[Taitung]] Cen no Taitung ko Siafulungay a niyaro’, 837 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 2,321 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 39% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 915 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 61% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 1,406 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Amis]]17%, [[Paiwan]]5%, [[Bunun]]2%, [[Puyuma]]11%, roma6%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] lqgzebgv81rypvlwcb34pni6dha21af 0 1112 23557 23556 2021-10-28T12:46:15Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 15 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 23556 wikitext text/x-wiki Siapaluway（月眉（中部落）） Itiniay i Shoufeng Cen no Hualien ko Siapaluway a niyaro’, 191 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 437 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 69% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 300 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 31% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 137 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Amis66%, Truku1%, Tayal3%, roma4%. Ira ko picodadan(月眉國小) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(月眉派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(月眉衛生室) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] rx8zd15m2arf0hxwrfox2mjwhibbcsm 0 1113 30647 30484 2022-01-26T17:13:04Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q1044]] 30647 wikitext text/x-wiki Sierra leone（獅子山） [[Faylo:Flag of Sierra Leone.svg|thumb|Flag of Sierra Leone|alt=Flag of Sierra Leone]] [[Faylo:Location Sierra Leone AU Africa.svg|thumb|Location of  Sierra Leone  (dark blue)– in Africa  (light blue & dark grey)– in the African Union  (light blue)  –  [Legend]]] Itini i 8 30 N, 11 30 W, noAfilika ko [[Sierra leone]]. Polong no sekalay i 71,740 sq km “saka 119 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 71,620 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 120 sq km ” Polong i 6,018,888 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen a sera 56.20%, Malo no kilakilangan a sera 37.50%, malo no roma to a sera 6.30%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Freetown]] ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakasepat 27 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci [[Ernest Bai Koroma]], patirengan a romi’ad i 2007 a miheca saka 9 folad saka 17 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] hh6xam57xowioimki4f6ljoj46yqp17 0 1114 38721 23582 2023-06-29T12:11:20Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38721 wikitext text/x-wiki Sihodingan（常德部落） Itiniay i [[Taitung Cen]] no [[Taitung]] ko Sihodingan a niyaro’, 5,577 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 15,330 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 9% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 1,394 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 91% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 13,936 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Amis]]5%, [[Paiwan]]1%, [[Puyuma]]1%, roma2%. Ira ko picodadan(台東縣家庭教育中心) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(豐榮郵局) i niyaro’. == O katadamaanan no niyaro’ == == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 93u9dd3fim60gkr3zjb21xag9yojlxs 0 1115 23595 23594 2021-10-28T12:46:21Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 12 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 23594 wikitext text/x-wiki Sikihiki（石平部落） Itiniay i Zhuoxi Cen no Hualien ko Sikihiki a niyaro’, 56 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 205 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 93% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 190 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 7% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 15 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Bunun76%, Amis10%, Puyuma1%, roma4%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] kaq70mt3v1mx1hcwosqzcp0lriv2hun 0 1116 23609 23608 2021-10-28T12:46:23Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 13 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 23608 wikitext text/x-wiki Silangkong（喜瑯宮部落） Itiniay i Yuli Cen no Hualien ko Silangkong a niyaro’, 290 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 834 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 30% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 249 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 70% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 585 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Amis15%, Bunun2%, Seediq1%, roma1%. Ira ko picodadan(源城國小) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] ci70q810yll43joslbm82543uy36uc8 0 1117 23623 23622 2021-10-28T12:46:26Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 13 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 23622 wikitext text/x-wiki Sililasay（月眉（上部落）） Itiniay i Shoufeng Cen no Hualien ko Sililasay a niyaro’, 179 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 508 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 81% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 414 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 19% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 94 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Amis77%, Truku1%, Paiwan1%, roma2%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] oa7krj4ytspujnvk3hanud6aktff8cz 0 1118 23639 23638 2021-10-28T12:46:28Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 15 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 23638 wikitext text/x-wiki Siljevavav（喜樂發發吾部落） Itiniay i Laiyi Cen no Pingtung ko Siljevavav a niyaro’, 100 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 341 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 97% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 331 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 3% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 10 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Paiwan90%, Amis1%, Tayal1%, Bunun1%, Saysiyat1%, roma3%. Ira ko picodadan(來義國小、來義國小附幼) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(潮州分局來義檢查所) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(屏東縣消防局來義分隊) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] p0o21fth0kiww666q67ebrv7vp789zl 0 1119 30757 30755 2022-02-19T03:22:38Z Tamzin 519 取消[[Special:Contributions/197.237.253.97|197.237.253.97]]（[[User talk:197.237.253.97|留言]]）的編輯，改回[[User:Sotiale|Sotiale]]的先前版本 23653 wikitext text/x-wiki Silong（喜龍部落） Itiniay i Fuxing Cen no Taoyuan ko Silong a niyaro’, 11 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 34 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 82% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 28 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 18% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 6 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Tayal76%, Amis3%, roma3%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] j3wo58ewwb91laoakjowbjkqd4cb24k 0 1120 38655 23667 2023-06-29T04:25:11Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38655 wikitext text/x-wiki Silupatun（白端部落） Itiniay i [[Zhuoxi Cen]] no [[Hualien]] ko Silupatun a niyaro’, 61 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 181 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 96% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 174 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 4% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 7 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Bunun]]88%, [[Amis]]1%, [[Paiwan]]2%, [[Truku]]1%, [[Seediq]]1%, roma4%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 3fp4n2gdtbeqp8bxtic2n09hr0j1pfb 0 1121 38938 23680 2023-06-30T07:42:29Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38938 wikitext text/x-wiki Sima-un（萬豐部落） Itiniay i [[Ren’ai]] Cen no [[Nantou]] ko [[Sima-un]] a niyaro’, 209 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 817 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 94% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 770 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 6% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 47 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Bunun]]88%, [[Tayal]]3%, [[Seediq]]2%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 0c1djqqzwq5f3m716if41brprnij61l 0 1122 38663 23695 2023-06-29T04:30:35Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38663 wikitext text/x-wiki Sinapalan（希哪巴瀾部落） Itiniay i [[Xinyi Cen]] no [[Nantou]] ko Sinapalan a niyaro’, 187 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 742 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 90% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 671 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 10% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 71 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Bunun]]87%, [[Amis]]1%, roma1%. Ira ko picodadan(新鄉幼兒園) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(新鄉衛生所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 8k947mxttwsfpukt1a34m6vx29vzd8a 0 1123 38885 23711 2023-06-30T06:45:48Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38885 wikitext text/x-wiki Sinevaudjan（牡丹部落） Itiniay i [[Mudan]] Cen no [[Pingtung]] ko Sinevaudjan a niyaro’, 216 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 602 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 97% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 585 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 3% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 17 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Paiwan]]94%, [[Amis]]1%, roma1%. Ira ko picodadan(牡丹國小、牡丹國小附幼) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(牡丹衛生室) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(消防局牡丹分隊) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 5ebwy5jy6yr8xyf779k8lnfkbnabaya 0 1124 23720 23719 2021-10-28T12:46:41Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 8 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 23719 wikitext text/x-wiki Singapore（新加坡） [[Faylo:Flag of Singapore.svg|thumb|Flag of Singapore|alt=Flag of Singapore]] [[Faylo:Singapore in its region (zoom).svg|thumb|Location of  Singapore  (red)]] Itini i 1 22 N, 103 48 E, noAsiya ko [[Singapore]]. Polong no sekalay i 697 sq km “saka 192 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 687 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 10 sq km ” Polong i 5,781,728 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen a sera 1%, Malo no kilakilangan a sera 3.30%, malo no roma to a sera 95.70%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Singapore]] ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakafalo 9 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci [[Tony Tan]], patirengan a romi’ad i 2011 a miheca saka 9 folad saka 1 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] b903kxr9cvbqhngzr15f22e60hy2mhz 0 1125 38844 23737 2023-06-30T02:48:26Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38844 wikitext text/x-wiki Singaw（茅圃部落） Itiniay i [[Wufeng]] Cen no [[Hsinchu]] ko [[Singaw]] a niyaro’, 119 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 315 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 94% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 295 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 6% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 20 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Tayal]]85%, [[Saysiyat]]7%, [[Truku]]1%. Ira ko imeng(竹東分局茅圃派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko Kiwkay(茅圃基督教長老教會) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 8ul3kwc0ahvnm710y3vjyz4saaysv0u 0 1126 31261 31260 2022-05-21T10:52:11Z Amire80 14 Bot: Cleaning up old interwiki links 31261 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} Singpo('''Singpu''';'''Senghu''';'''Simpu''';'''Sinpu''') [[Faylo:Battesimi0113.jpg|thumb|Singpo|100px]] a24uxc2sa4hk6ko84maqls1v3zhlt6e 0 1127 23754 23753 2021-10-28T12:46:48Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 12 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 23753 wikitext text/x-wiki Singsiya（新夏部落） Itiniay i Hualien Cen no Hualien ko Singsiya a niyaro’, 725 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 2,092 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 16% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 345 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 84% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 1,747 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Amis13%, Tayal1%, Truku1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 6m1onbw0tcga3xj40e7ioe288umoyva 0 1128 38867 23767 2023-06-30T06:34:02Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38867 wikitext text/x-wiki Sinka（新化部落） Itiniay i [[Daren]] Cen no [[Taitung]] ko [[Sinka]] a niyaro’, 18 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 42 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 98% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 41 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 2% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 1 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Paiwan]]88%, roma10%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] kisikgbu6ovca3vt5iiyuru3c7h870h 0 1129 38495 23784 2023-06-26T05:09:28Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38495 wikitext text/x-wiki Sinkam（中正部落） Itiniay i [[Zhuoxi Cen]] no [[Hualien]] ko Sinkam a niyaro’, 126 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 431 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 88% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 379 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 12% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 52 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Bunun]]80%, [[Amis]]4%, [[Puyuma]]0.5%, [[Saysiyat]]0.5%, [[Truku]]0.5%, roma2%. Ira ko picodadan(卓溪國小、卓溪附幼、卓溪圖書館、卓溪部落圖書文化資訊站) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(玉里分局卓溪分駐所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(卓溪衛生所) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(卓溪鄉公所、卓溪戶政所、卓溪郵局) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 7q6fhujf4rgplagk5kfvytt4wld57zg 0 1130 23798 23797 2021-10-28T12:46:54Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 13 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 23797 wikitext text/x-wiki Sinpitu（鹿湖部落） Itiniay i Nanzhuang Cen no Miaoli ko Sinpitu a niyaro’, 15 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 35 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 100% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 35 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 0% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, ko tamdaw. Ira ko imeng(鹿湖派出所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] i7gigvy17sngcp3zfd5gctd91x48l5b 0 1131 38716 23816 2023-06-29T12:01:37Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38716 wikitext text/x-wiki Sinvi（新美部落） Itiniay i [[Alishan Cen]] no Chiayi ko Sinvi a niyaro’, 128 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 375 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 93% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 350 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 7% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 25 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Cou]]89%, [[Bunun]]3%, [[Tayal]]1%, [[Amis]]1%. Ira ko picodadan(新美國小) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(竹崎分局新美派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(新美村衛生室) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 4dtyyewl7rzjdbdj2hj50k4wkhiwyr9 0 1132 38797 23829 2023-06-30T00:58:25Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38797 wikitext text/x-wiki Sipazi’（十八兒部落） Itiniay i [[Wufeng Cen]] no [[Hsinchu]] ko Sipazi’ a niyaro’, 126 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 377 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 93% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 349 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 7% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 28 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Tayal]]71%, [[Saysiyat]]19%, [[Amis]]1%, [[Bunun]]1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] i16qlrfvecy5qopasdaq0p7vtjmp6hw 0 1133 38948 23844 2023-06-30T07:56:28Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38948 wikitext text/x-wiki Sirakesay（永安部落） Itiniay i [[Ji’an]] Cen no [[Hualien]] ko Sirakesay a niyaro’, 1,845 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 4,720 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 10% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 486 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 90% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 4,234 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Amis]]8%, [[Truku]]1%. Ira ko imeng(吉安太昌派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(太昌郵局) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 5w3zyk4ifje7zdcbbpzpidjr2klp3qt 0 1134 33193 30181 2022-12-13T15:28:00Z Sera Icyang 1182 新增文化特徵 33193 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} [[Faylo:Goat 01.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Siri]] Ono 哺乳類 a [[pina'orip|pina’orip]] konini. Iraay ko {{Ruby|蹄|sackih}} ato wa'a. Ira ko tosaay a siri i [[Taywan]] i 'ayaw, o 褐色山羊 ato [[台灣長鬃山羊]]. O ccay ngafol ko [[台灣長鬃山羊]]. == Kakako pasiiked (科學分類) == {{Ruby|域|[[sofal|sofol]]}}：[[ma'oripay]] {{Ruby|界|[[salawacan]]}}：[[aadopen]] {{Ruby|門|[[fawahan]]}}：sakololay(脊椎) {{Ruby|綱|[[opir]]}}：[[pacocoay]](哺乳) {{Ruby|目 |[[mata]]}}：[[tosa-savkih|tosa-sackih]](偶蹄) {{Ruby|科|}}：[[kolong]] {{Ruby|屬|}}：siri == O serangawan (文化影響) == I serangawan no Holam i, tadafangcalay a 'a'adopen ko siri. I serangawan no ka'etipay a kanatal i, o cicediay ko pinangan no siri, o homikayay ko pinangan no tadasiri. I Yotaya a kanatal i, o maliyangay ko siri, o mitengilay ko tadasiri. mj10v3fqjkdrj9u7gcm4aht66e9twsw 0 1135 38508 23872 2023-06-27T19:21:08Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38508 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} [[Faylo:Students of Nan Hua High School, Singapore, in the school hall - 20060127.jpg|thumb|left| Sito]] '''Sito / micodaday / mitiliday'''（[[Kuwaping a sowal]]：學生） bbw3at77zfmrrbr3y7h2wnjfgbagkb0 0 1136 38732 23885 2023-06-29T12:20:16Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38732 wikitext text/x-wiki Siulang（秀巒部落） Itiniay i [[Zhuoxi Cen]] no [[Hualien]] ko Siulang a niyaro’, 29 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 113 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 96% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 108 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 4% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 5 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Bunun]]91%, [[Paiwan]]1%, roma4%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] ieg5zip2kibqf6ck67y2rk8iyb9l1pm 0 1137 23888 23887 2021-10-28T12:47:10Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 2 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 23887 wikitext text/x-wiki '''75-7-27''' a romiad misatapangay a paluwad tonya siwa finacadan a paniyaro'an, itini i fangcalay a pasadak tono yincumin akahilahila a serangawan, itini i makapahay a lotok ato pahanaan, saka adihay ko maolahay a lafan a tayni misalama, itini i taywan o sata angayay no paputal a po u kwan, saka adihay ko tiniay a minengneng tono yincumin a demak, naw hani o icuwacuwaay a kayko tayni a liwku, paka alaw cangra to tokopic no taywan a wenfa。 Tonya siwa finacadan haw i, iraay ko tolo taangayay a kasapinangan [[Faylo:Formosa Aboriginal Culture Village.jpg|thumb|Siwa finacadan serangawan a niyalo (九族文化村)]] == Saka cecay == siwa ko finacadan, o tayal, o amis, o paiwan, o bunun, O saysiyat, o piyuma, o rukay, o tsou, o yami, kahilahila ko demak ato pinangan, o pafana to tayniay a lafan, ato pafana to ka i kolay teluc, toya lihoc sataangayay o no yincumin a sacecay cecay a luma pikaysak, ira ko kakeruan ato kikian kadufa musiruy a nengnengen。 mapatasekal mafana ko cimacima a tayniay a widang, o yincumin no taywan tadafancalay。 == Saka tusa == o pisalamaan fasiw fafiw sanay, o kaolahan no wawa a misalama, ano awa ko icel no falocu akato pikalic, ira ko yufu sawi i cilang taykonsan mayatansyin haytawcan cinkwasan kahilahila atasalamaan, mahemek ko wawa a tayra。 == saka tolo == o pahanaan kahilahila no hana tadamakapahay, iraay ko kisya to pikalican, taliyok han no kisya a cumikay, salipahak sako falucu a minengneng to makapahay a hana。 85-7-27 aromi ad ira ko pikiting a kayki, saka no yincumi a romiad, toya lalomaay a kahilahila dafung adihaya ko pipadang no yincumin saan, mikansya patikul to pipadama saan, toya romiad o pinokayan no yincumin, malacecay mahemek lipahak a misalama。 == Pi'arawan to lakaw == * 孔春美. (2011). Wikipedia 維基百科 族語詞條試寫─原住民族語詞條 2011作品集. 教育部. 9n8qgf2hqlza7gygr2mq72es470l3q9 0 1138 23893 23892 2021-10-28T12:47:12Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 4 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 23892 wikitext text/x-wiki Siwkulang 'Amis Siwkulang 'Amis tadamakapah a nengnengen adihay ko pisaramaan maolah kako [[Kasasiwasiw:Siwkulang 'Amis]] d5iwkz9jj31pd3wx8ohswc26m4lq6sq 0 1139 38848 38847 2023-06-30T02:49:38Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38848 wikitext text/x-wiki Si’ung（喜翁部落） Itiniay i [[Wufeng|Wufeng Cen]](五峰) no [[Hsinchu]] ko [[Si’ung]] a niyaro’, 3 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 35 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 77% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 27 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 23% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 8 ko tamdaw. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 517ne81rx86ityxo7x90lnsj7nl6djq 0 1140 38845 23919 2023-06-30T02:48:55Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38845 wikitext text/x-wiki Skaru（石鹿部落） Itiniay i [[Wufeng]] Cen no [[Hsinchu]] ko [[Skaru]] a niyaro’, 78 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 152 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 40% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 61 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 60% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 91 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Tayal]]37%, [[Saysiyat]]3%, [[Bunun]]1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] q58kbd4a8qvepczjy19u2o6i7mvupk0 0 1141 38921 38920 2023-06-30T07:21:43Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38921 wikitext text/x-wiki Slamaw（佳陽部落） Itiniay i [[Heping]] Cen no [[Taichung]] ko [[Slamaw]] a niyaro’, 148 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 271 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 73% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 199 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 27% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 72 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Tayal]]69%, [[Bunun]]4%. Ira ko imeng(和平分局德基派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko Kiwkay(台灣基督長老教會新佳陽教會) i niyaro’. Slamaw（梨山部落） Itiniay i [[Heping]] Cen no [[Taichung]] ko [[Slamaw]] a niyaro’, 287 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 705 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 47% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 334 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 53% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 371 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Tayal]]43%, [[Amis]]3%, [[Bunun]]1%, roma1%. Ira ko picodadan(梨山國小、梨山國中、梨山國小附幼) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(梨山衛生所) i niyaro’. Ira ko Kiwkay(台灣基督長老教會梨山教會) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] el0febi39umireysyalwhdtgwgnu6bs 0 1142 30648 30485 2022-01-26T17:13:05Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q214]] 30648 wikitext text/x-wiki Slovakia（斯洛伐克） [[Faylo:Flag of Slovakia.svg|thumb|Flag of Slovakia|alt=Flag of Slovakia]] [[Faylo:EU-Slovakia.svg|thumb|Location of  Slovakia  (dark green)– in Europe  (green & dark grey)– in the European Union  (green)  –  [Legend]]] Itini i 48 40 N, 19 30 E, noYoropi ko [[Slovakia]]. Polong no sekalay i 49,035 sq km “saka 131 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 48,105 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 930 sq km ” Polong i 5,445,802 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen a sera 40.10%, Malo no kilakilangan a sera 40.20%, malo no roma to a sera 19.70%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Bratislava]] ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakasiwa 1 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci [[Andrej Kiska]], patirengan a romi’ad i 2014 a miheca saka 6 folad saka 15 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 065il04mz39fgxgsqh3j2lbh5rdae7i 0 1143 30649 30486 2022-01-26T17:13:06Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q215]] 30649 wikitext text/x-wiki Slovenia（斯洛維尼亞） [[Faylo:Flag of Slovenia.svg|thumb|Flag of Slovenia|alt=Flag of Slovenia]] [[Faylo:EU-Slovenia.svg|thumb|Location of  Slovenia  (dark green)– in Europe  (green & dark grey)– in the European Union  (green)]] Itini i 46 07 N, 14 49 E, noYoropi ko [[Slovenia]]. Polong no sekalay i 20,273 sq km “saka 155 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 20,151 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 122 sq km ” Polong i 1,978,029 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen a sera 22.80%, Malo no kilakilangan a sera 62.30%, malo no roma to a sera 14.90%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Ljubljana]] ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakaenem 25 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci [[Borut Pahor]], patirengan a romi’ad i 2012 a miheca saka 12 folad saka 22 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] cganrc2wc28d055vawtqw788ru51mgb 0 1144 44966 44965 2024-10-12T08:20:38Z CharlieWu500 2639 更正不是錯字，修正回來 44966 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Smangus.jpg|thumb|200px|Smangus]] Smangus（司馬庫斯部落） Itiniay i [[Jianshi]] Cen no [[Hsinchu]] ko [[Smangus]] a niyaro’, 38 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 176 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 98% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 173 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 2% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 3 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Tayal]]85%, [[Amis]]1%, [[Paiwan]]2%, [[Bunun]]1%, roma10%. Ira ko picodadan(新光國民小學司馬庫斯分班) i niyaro’. Ira ko Kiwkay(台灣基督長老教會司馬庫斯教會) i niyaro’. Smangus（斯馬庫斯部落） Itiniay i [[Jianshi]] Cen no [[Hsinchu]] ko [[Smangus]] a niyaro’, 48 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 233 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 96% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 223 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 4% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 10 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Tayal]]91%, [[Saysiyat]]1%, roma3%. Ira ko picodadan(新光國小、新光國小附幼) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 8i0gc6ioei125adqxewg9hja34xy3a8 0 1145 23999 23998 2021-10-28T12:47:28Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 14 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 23998 wikitext text/x-wiki Snazi（竹頭角部落） Itiniay i Fuxing Cen no Taoyuan ko Snazi a niyaro’, 99 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 303 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 82% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 249 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 18% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 54 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Tayal80%, Amis1%, Bunun1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] sf617dr3l5c6knwxu53svjgcuykjmiv 0 1146 41727 24008 2024-03-05T06:51:52Z Andre Engels 545 merge 41727 wikitext text/x-wiki {{merge|Solomon}} '''Solomon Riyaran Kitakit(Solomon Island) 索羅門群島''' == '''Takaray Sowal(概略)''' == Itiraay I satimolan a Dadahalay Riyar ko aro’ nona kitakit,I ka’amis no Awco, I sakawali no Papuaniwkiniya. O tapang ko mikowanay, o cecay akapot no Tata’angay Ikilis Masakapotay. O syuto I Honiyara. O polong ira ko 990 no riyaran pala,kakahad no sera 28.450km, o tamdaw 64 ko ‘emang,itini I polong no kitakit I o tada manikaway kona kitakit. == '''Palapalaan (地理)''' == O Solomon a kitakit o sakakahaday a riyaran pala, I kawaliay no Papuaniwkiniya, misi’ayaway to Solomon riyar, i ka’etipay i o rakarakaan riyar, o riyaran pala ko misafacoay tona kitakit. O riyaran pala ira a silsilen i la’eno: Sowasol(Choiseul)舒瓦瑟爾島 Syotolan(Shortland)肖特蘭 [[Faylo:Political_map_of_the_Solomon_Islands_archipelago_in_1989.jpg|thumb|Political map of the Solomon Islands archipelago in 1989]] 群島 Fa’elohay Cioci( New Georgia)新喬治亞群島 Sen Isapil(Sant Isabel)聖伊莎貝爾島 Lusil(Russell Island)拉塞爾群島 Ngela(Florida Island) 佛羅里達群島 Malayta(Malaita)馬萊塔島 Kuatakanal(Guadalcanal)瓜達康納爾島 Sikayana(Sikaiana)斯凱亞納島 Maramasik(Maramasike)馬拉馬西凱島 Olawa(Ulawa) 烏拉哇 Oki(Uki) 烏吉 Makira(San Cristobal)馬基拉島 Snata Ana(Santa Ana)拉納爾島 Pilona(Bellona)貝羅納島 Santa Kuruci(Santa Cruz)聖克魯斯群島[[Faylo:Political map of the Solomon Islands archipelago in 1989.jpg|thumb|Political map of the Solomon Ira ho ko iraayay a mimingay a riyaran pala: Tikopya(Tikopia) 第國比亞 Anuta(Anuta) 亞努達 Fatutaka(Fatutaka)華都達卡 Ona riyaran palapalan sahetoay o cilamalay a pala,o kinaira no pala I o nanges ko adihayay. O romi’ad sa I mi’aoraday, fa’edetay,mado’etay. Ira ko tosa sasiroma sanay a sera,o cecay I ono Solomon Kilakilangan a kasafaco no pala,oroma sa I o mingataay to Wannatu I ono Wannatu Kilakilangan a kasafaco no pala. == '''Rikisi(歷史)''' == Limaay ko kasatongotongad no rikisi no Solomon,ora i: '''Milanisya''': [[Faylo:Fenualoa_Tuo_school_children.jpg|thumb|mitiliday a ka'enangay(Fenualoa Tuo school children)]] Talariyariyaran ko Tata’angay Tamina,Malamikowanan a miheca,Sakatosa a kalaloodan,Niyahpikowan. Milanisya: ano do’edoen tala’ayaw ko likisi no Solomon i ira to ko tolo ‘emang ko ka telang no mihecaan, o nani tiraay i Niwkiniya a Milanisya tamdaw ko mafolaway a tayni maro’. '''Talariyariyaran ko Tamina''': caay ko mifotingay aca a tamina ko I riyaray, o tata’angay a tamina mipacakay a micolo’ to maamaan a dafong talacowacowa akitakit. 16sici tatooto’or sa ko nani Yoropaay a tamdaw a tayni I Solomon,1568miheca o mihahinamay a tamdaw ci Alowalo･Montaniya macakat tona riyaran pala, ma’eneng ningra ko kacicangaw no itiniay a tamdaw to ’ekim, pakaheraay to kako to tadadafong ni Solomon Honti saan cingra, sa pangangan han to Solomon kona kitakit. Nikawrira, to ikor to ni Alowalo･Montaniya, tosa a so’ot ko mihecaan maketon ko kakakiting to I papotalay a kitakit. 1767miheca,o citanengay to tamina a tamdaw no Ikiris ci Fuilipu･Katolito miliyaw heca a tayni I Solomon, 1768miheca o mihahinahinamay a tamdaw no Folansu ci Luis･Antowang･Pokanwil tayni a mihinam to maman nona kitakit. '''Malamikowanan no Yoropa:''' 1885miheca ma’eco no Toic ko saka’amis no Solomon, mala no niyam a dadipoten sanay. 1893miheca,o Ikiris to ko tayniay a mi’eco to satimol a riyar apalapalaan, patireng han ko「ono Ikiris a midepotan a pala no Solomon」, linah han ko tatapangan a niyaro’ tayra i Tulaci pala.1900miheca o Toic ato Ikiris satatosa sa amasasowal a miketon to tilid, pakaynien tona katatilidan I sawaden no Ikiris ko salongoc I Samoa, ta maha’emin to ko salongoc a sakanga’ay I Solomon. '''I sakatosa kalaloodan no kaloakitakit''': [[Faylo:Yamamoto-Isoroku.jpg|thumb|Yamamoto Isoroku(Yamamoto-Isoroku山本五十六)]] I sakatosa a kalaloodan 1942miheca sakacecay folad i maaro’ no Dipon, opingataan a milood to Auco sako pisafaloco’ no Dipon. Toya miheca o sofitay no Amirika macakat I Kutakanal riyaran pala, Tulaci riyaranpala, ato Enkola riyaran pala no Solomon. Tonini a lolood I o satatiihay I itiraay I Kutakanal, 6 folad ko katatoker no sofitay no Dipon ato Amirika.1943miheca marowid ko Dipon,o mikalican a hikoki no tapang no sofita ci Yamamoto Isoroku(山本五十六)mahikeda no raco a matefad,1945miheca ha’emin sato ko sofitay no Dipon a laliw to Solomon. '''’Iked no Niyahpikowan:'''1975miheca 6folad 22romi’ad,yano mikowanan ho no Ikiris pasacecay hanto a pangangan to Solomon, 1976miheca 1folad 2romi’ad, misatapang a midemak to Niyahpikowan,misatapang a misinkiw to mamisanga’ to rikec a lipoing,1978miheca saka7folad, saka7romi’ad, malaheci to ko katomireng no kitakit. I 2019miheca, sifo no Solomon mikiwidang to Ciwkoku orasaka mapalasawad ko kalawidang to Taywan, oniko picoker no Malayta(Malaita馬萊塔島)sakowan to Taywan.itiya sato madepdep ko lifong nani Uhan sakowan no Ciwkoku, damaen no Taywan ko Malata sakowan, nikawrira, matena’ no sifo no Solomon koya sapadang a dafong, o syosifo sato no Malata I mitopa to pisahapinangan sanay to. == Kicay(經濟) == O maomahay ato mifotingay ko ‘aromanay tamdaw,o kinairira I heci no nanges,kilinag,koko,foting,konga,tefos,pawli,talacay. O sa’adihayay a tayal I paloma to losay, mifotin ato mikarkar to ‘ekim. Caho ka pikarkar to tada fokeloh. [[Faylo:Olive_oil_from_Oneglia.jpg|thumb|Simal no Nanges(Olive oil from Oneglia)]] I 1990 mihecahecan, o pasadak to dafong a mili’etan o kilang I makilitosaay to ko ‘etan. Ma’asiay tato ko pifafariw to kilang sa panahal sanay to ko tokos, oni ko saka pilalang to a mikilang I 1997miheca. Malowan to ko nipasadakan akiling I malowan ko ‘etan no sifo, oya roma sa ma’etanay a dafong I o simal no nanges, I 1999miheca mapinko ko kaysya, tongal sato ko kanikaw nona kitakit. == '''O pitooran(宗教)''' == O tamdaw no Solomon to 96% paso’elinay ci Yisoan, ilaloma’ nonini I 45% o Sinkonghui(聖公會), 18% I Tinsokiw, o 12% I o Pacecayan(合一教會),10% 人Cinsinhui(浸信會),7% o Ansukunic(安息日會) o 4% I o mi’ikeday, 4% o no to’as a kawas ko mita’ongan. == '''Punka(文化)''' == O sakatimolay I sa’etip a riyaran pala o Sa’etipay Linnil Pala, o satata’angay a rkarakan pala itini I polong no kitakit. O cidemakay to mami dipot to taliyok palapalaan no Linhoko Yunisiko(UN UNESCO) toro’en ningra ko 37 km2 a sera ato nani pala tahyra tolo a km no riyar ko dadipoten sanay. === Tingano Fanaw === Itini tona riyaran pala ira ko tata’angay Tingano fanaw,o dadahal nona fanaw I o satata’angay itini I satimolan a riyar,o citodongay I caay ko sifo o maro’ay itini a tamdaw. Itini tona pala i kali’oraday ,cecay miheca mata’elifay ko 4,000mm a ’orad, sa cio’olay to romi’ami’ad. Adihay itini ko kafahekaan a nanoto’asan kina’orip, o fadadoki,’oner no riyar,maymay, o kilakilangan i masasiroma o nanoto’asan a lan a hana,ato midapdapay a losay. O pido’edoan a rikec no UNESCO a mitoro’ to sapiterekaw a midipot tona pala i sakasiwa a rikec: (9)hadhad a pala,nanonanoman, lawac no riyar, ato riyaran kina’orip ato a ‘adopen to,o kilakilangan to mifalicay ho masafa’eloh, o tahapinangan to kasado’edo no ‘orip no maamaan. == '''Sowal (語言)''' == O sowal no Solomon ira ko 70 ko kasasiromaroma, ono kapolongan a sowal i o Picin hananay a sowal. Ono sifo a sowal i o Ikiris sowal, onini I itiniay aca I syoto tata’angay niyaro’ o kamaro’an no sifo, nikawrira, itini tona niyaro’ o Picin sowal ko sakasasowal no tamtamdaw. Ano milyoko kiso I mafana’ay kako to Ikiris ano sa ko piharateng I caay ka hakowa ko mafana’ay to Ikiris sowal. Ona sowal tonini ono Ikiris a sowal sano Solomon hanahay asomowal, patinako han: You(kiso han no Ikiris),「iu」han no Solomon,(o ngiha’ to no Ikiris ko ma’alaay) Patinakohan:One(cecay) o 「wan」 hananay to, yesterday(nacila)I o 「astade」 hananay to. O pitoro’(人稱):niyah (mi)、kiso (iu)、 cingra(hem), ira ho I la’eno ko patinako: {| class="wikitable" |Picin sowal |Miriniay a Ikirirs sowal |Marapotay tamdaw |- |mi |I,mi |1 |- |iu |you |1 |- |hemhe |him, she, her it |1 |- |mitufala |we,us |2(caay karapotay kiso) |- |iumitufala |we,us |2(marapotay kiso) |- |iutufala | | |- |tufala |they,them |2 |- |mifala |we,us |3(caay ka rapot kiso) |- |iumi |we,us |3(marapot kiso) |- |iufala |you |3~ |- |olketa |they,them |3~ |} O sowal to Picin adhay ko fala sanay, oya fala hananay i o pisa’osi to cecay sanay ko tatodong. === '''O dademakay tilid(動詞)''' === O Pocin a dademakay tilid i sahetoay mito’oray tono Ikilis, ano mafana’ to Ikiris ya lahoday. Nikawrira, nipafitingan to -im anoca -em. Patinako han like falicen to likem,get falicen to getem. Nikawrira, ira ko caay ka hecad to Ikiris a sowal, o have(ira), ono Solomon sowal i garem sanay, eat(ka’en) i o kaikaim hananay. Silsilen ho i la’eno: {| class="wikitable" |Picin sowal |Ikiris sowal |’Amis a sowal |- |likem |like, want |maolah, mangalay |- |garem |have |ira, iraay |- |kaikaim |eat |ka’en |- |herem |hear |tengil |- |kukim |cook |sacacak |- |go |go |tayra |- |cam |come |tayni |- |tingting |think |miharateng |- |lanem |learn |hitatanam |} O laylay no tilid I milecad to Ikiris toya SVO sanay. Patinako han:I like an apple. sano Picingen i Mi likem onefala apple. Ano mina’ayay I tongal han to no manga’ay to. Patinako:I don’t like an apple. sano picingen sowal 'i, ''Mi no likem onefala apple.'' im8k8qb71eh5dx8dzv2bzv7cyiqunec 0 1147 30650 30487 2022-01-26T17:13:07Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q1045]] 30650 wikitext text/x-wiki Somalia（索馬利亞） [[Faylo:Flag of Somalia.svg|thumb|Flag of Somalia|alt=Flag of Somalia]] [[Faylo:Somalia (orthographic projection)-Blue version.svg|thumb|Location of Somalia.]] Itini i 10 00 N, 49 00 E, noAfilika ko [[Somalia]]. Polong no sekalay i 637,657 sq km “saka 44 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 627,337 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 10,320 sq km ” Polong i 10,817,354 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen a sera 70.30%, Malo no kilakilangan a sera 10.60%, malo no roma to a sera 19.10%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Mogadishu]] ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakapito 1 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci [[Borut Pahor]], patirengan a romi’ad i 2012 a miheca saka 12 folad saka 22 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 4sikz8snzux5vgz58qc77htedztre99 0 1148 38178 38177 2023-06-11T04:02:14Z Masaonikar 570 38178 wikitext text/x-wiki == South africa（南非） == South Africa nikapolongan kitakit (Satimol Africa a sowal: Republiek van Suid-Afrika [rɛpɵˈblik fan səitˈafrikɑː], inkiris sowal: Republic of South Africa), kapolongan a sowal to South Africa (Satimol Africa a sowal:Suid-Afrika [səitˈafrikɑː] (Tengilen na ngiha’), Inkiris sowal: South Africa), itiraay i pakatimolay no Africa, South Africa ato katimolay Intoyang a kacacofelisan a ikapolongan kitakit[10][11]. South Africa a sera mata’elif ko 122 ’ofad pinfang kongli ko dadahal[10], o dadahal i saka 24 no hakal[4][10], i katimol mililis to katimolay Tasiyang ato katimilay Intoyang minayat to riyar 2,798 kongli ko kakaya’[11]. Kaetip no South Africa cifiyaw to Namibia, ka’amis makakafit to Botswana ato Zimbabwe, kawali ka’amis makakafit to Mozambique ato Eswatini[11][12]. Oya “laloma’ay no kitakit a kitakit” Lesotho itiniay i laloma’an no South Africa ma’eferay a sera[11][12][13]. Roma, o South Africa dengan toloay ko ci tadamaciay kitakit[10][12][14][15][16]: citodongay dademakan (sakakaay kaitiraan no sifo) a Pretoria, Pirikecan maci (kaitiraan no kalomaocan) i Cape town, Hoyingan maci (sakakaay kaitiraan no hoying) itira i Bloemfontein[10][12][15][16]. Nakawrira, nawhani kasakitakit a Embassy (tasekoan) maemin i kadademakan a maci i Pretoria, orasaka kasakitakit a syakay mihayda to nia tadamaci no South Africa[17][18][19]. Oya satadamaanay maci ato kicay, ponka ciwsin itiraay i Johannesburg[10][20][21][22][23], oya satimolay no Sahara tafokan a saka tosa maci no South Africa at Africa saka tolo ta’akay maci[24]. O South Africa o saadihayay finacadan ato kasasiromaroma a ponka kitakit no Africa[14][25], ira ko 6,014 ’ofad no tamdaw[4], o Europe mafolaway, Into tamdaw ato kasasiroma no fanges tamdaw ’aloman ato kasasisalong o sa’adihayay i Africa kitakit. O kasahirahira no finacadan ato mala’odotay no finacadan a likisi no South Africa ato sakasakapot no sici, oya caayay kapapina tamdaw no fohecalay tamdaw ato ki’alomanay a fohetingay tamdaw ko siwtoc no finacadan ko mamikowan i ngataay likisi no South Africa a sici, syakay, ponkaan. I ’ayaw o Netherland ko mikowanay i, fahecalay tamdaw no Netherland mafolaw i Africa itiya to a caayay ko matatodongay a rikec ko tatodong a nai Europe caayay ka papina a mafolaway a mikowanay[26], malosakalatiih no fahetingay tamdaw a halafin mararid ko kasasila’odotan a masasiwtoc[27]. I 1948 mihecaan a pisingkiwan, ikor o Komintang sarekad misitapang mikowan, o Africa tamdaw ko pakiniyah a finacadan micowat patireng to saki-palaedan to finacadan a rikec[12][27][28][29]. I 1948 miheca tangasa 1990 mihecaan a romi’adan to palaedan to finacadan, o samarariday ko kasasiwtocan no finacadan itiya i South Africa[27]. Talacowa i palaedan to finacadan itiya ’alomanay fohecalay tamdaw micoker to nian a rikec to palaedan to finacadan, nikawrira ira to ko 20% fohecalay tamdaw ko caayay picoker tinian a rikec, oya papotalay a mipececay a ’icel ko sakapaherek no nia palaedan to finacadan[27]. Nai 1990 mihecaan miteka, nanoyaan sa mapalasawad ko rikec to pipalaedan to finacadan no South Africa, nikawrira o sici a rikec ko satadamaanay ko saka sasili’ay ko sapilaheci[25]. Roma, o South Africa i Africa a faniyot tangasa i mamala cemahaday a kitakit, caay kapapina i awaayay ko kasasifelihan no sician a kitakit. I 1993 mihecaan adihayay a kasarakad i kasasowalan a lomaoc micikeroh patireng to fa^elohay a South Africa sifo mitelek ato milaheci to sakidadipot to no tamdawan a kimpo[30][31][32]. Aniniay a South Africa kalosasowalen a no tamdaw o “Talakal ni Idec a kitakit” sanay[33][34], onini a pangangan sa’ayaw o nai Cape Town Anglican kiwkay ’ayaway a kakeridan ci Desmond Duto a nisafaloco’an[10][35][36], ikor oya congtong no South Africa ci Nelson Mandela ko mi’edefay, pasalong to paherekan to palaedan to finacadan no South Africa a kalaliyas ato fa^elohay mengnengen a kasasiromaroma no ponka[37], pafaloco’ to kasasiroma no finacadan a tamdaw manga’ay malalen ko ka’orip itini laloma’ nonian a fangcalay nga’ayay kitakit[35][36]. O South Africa o sa’ayaway, o dengan a cecayay tona paitemaek misanga’ to pacowat heneng a sakalalood ikor o lonok sanay mipeleng to heneng a sakalalood a kitakit[38][39]. O South Africa saka 33 ta’akay kicay lekapot no hekal[7], o satadamaanay kicay no Africa, o sakimetoay a kitakit[12][40][41][42], ira ko sakakaay macowatay ato masafaelohay panasanga’ a tatenaan, o dengan pa’arawan i Africa a fana’ to kicic to nisanga’an a fo’is a kitakit[43]. Halo kacowat no South Africa ikaka to roma i Africa kitakit ciniiraay to nga’ayay a katadamaan a ci kadofahay i hakal to fodawan kinaira, ngalef o no tada^ekim a fodawan ato tadafodawan[44][45]. To hatiniay, o South Africa tenokay a kaci’icel no kitakit to [46][47][48][49][50][51] ato sata’akay kitakit no Africa[52][53][54][55][56][57], o salaloma’an no Linhoko[58][59], o kakeridan no kingko i hekal, sakapot no ma’a’acaay no hekal, sakapot no paysoan i kasakitakit, tata'akay Inkiris a lekatep, katomilay kapolongan lekatep, katimal lekatep, liyok Into lekatep a palowaday, caayay pikapot a onto, ^kiman a kitakit, 20 kitakit kapolongan. Pina mihecaan a South Africa macedengay ko kacakat no kicay[60][61][62], nikawrira ikor ira to a masafa^eloh ko kicay[63]. Anini, o South Africa a kaki a pikingkiw, misang’ay to lalosidan tatenaan, misanga’ay a kicic o sa’ayaway i Africa[64][65][66], mararaay ko laed to romaroma kitakit no Africa[42], o sakaciparana’an no South Africa nai 1942 miheca tangasa 1982 mihecaan a kicay padadoedo ko kacakat. O kingko no hekal pasiikeden ko South Africa o ikakaay no tenokan ko kinaira no kicay ato fa^elohay misang’ay to lalosidan a kitakit[67][68]. I 2022 miheca, South Africa a tamdaw to salaloma’an no kitakit a kinaira midotoc to no kasakitakit a payso mifalic to Amilika payso 6,979 US[7], midotoc to nipi’aca sakitamdawan salaloma’an no kitakit mafalic ira ko 15,361 US payso[7]. No tamdaw a kinaira ira ko 6,080 US, mararid i tenokan kadadefongan[69]. == Ngangan no kitakit (國名) == “South Africa” a ngangan o nai katimolay no Africa a faniyot ko kaitiraan no South Africa. Nai 1910 miheca mapatireng ko South Africa nipatatekoan a kitakit, ikor o “South Africa” itiya miteka ono Inkiris nisakamoko’an pangangan to South Africa, pahapinang to nikalakomodan no South Africa o nano sepatay a nicalapan no Inkiris a sera. Nai 1961 mihecaan, o South Africa miketon to no Inkiris ko pipangangan to “Republic of South Africa”. I Netherland a sowal malo no South Africa sasowalen no kitakit a sakasowal a to’asan, ono Netherland a sowal ngangan no kitakit i “Republiek van Zuid-Afrika”; i 1983 miheca, ono South Africa a sasowalen ma’awid to ko Netherland a sowal to malosowal no kitakit[70], no South Africa a sowal to ngangan no kitakit “Republiek van Suid-Afrika”. Nai 1994 mihecaan, o sasowalen no South Africa kitakit ira ko 11 ko kasasiroma a sakasasowal no kitakit[71]. “Mzansi” nai iKapa a sowal, todong noi a sowal “Timolay” sanay, o sasowalan no South Africa pangangan[72][73], papina a malaafricaay a sarekad kasasowalen ko “Azania” a sasowalan[74]. == Likisi (歷史) == === ’Ayaw noto’asan a pikadkad pikingkiw (史前考古學) === I South Africa ira ko no tato’asan a pikadkad ato malafokelohay tamdawan nalacolan no hakal[10][75][76][77][78]. Pikadkad no mikingkiway o nai Gauteng sa’etal kasadihif maala to ko adihayay malafokelohay ato kaitiraan no horac. Linhoko kiwiko ponka sakapot to nia sa’etal pala i Cape Town o rocek no hekal, o sasowalen “nananoyan no tamdaw” [79][80][81]. Mapacomod i salaloma’an rocek no hekal halo adihayay manengneng a malafokelohay tamdawan a kaitiraan i Steck tamina (Steck Ark) [79][80][81], i Swark Krones, i Cromdrai pipa’adingan a Gondolin a dihif, I Cooper dihif ato Malappa. I 1924 miheca, ci Raymond Dart i Noordwes ngata no cecay niyaro’ Taon ’etal manengneng ko sa’ayaway malafokelohay a tamdaw – Taon wawa[10]. Ikor, mikadkad ko mikingkiway i Limpopo ’etal a Makapansky, i Vrystaat ’etal a Cornelia ato Floris Bard, KwaZulu – Natal ’etal lilisay a dihidihif, i Oos-Kaap ’etal a Clexis ’alo a dihif, ato i Wes-Kaap ’etal a Pinnacle Point, Pioneers ato dihif no pisaepahan menengneng ko adihayay horac a tireng. O nia manengnengay pahapinang, i ’ayaw no 300 ’ofad miheca i South Africa iraay to ko halo Africa faniyot a Af-ongay a kasato’asan a tamdawan[82]. Roma a iraay timol ongay, fatelay tamdaw, tomirengay tamdaw, Rhodesia tamdaw, Floris Bard tangal, Naledi tamdaw ato to’asan tamdaw. Itini to’asan tamdaw ira ko 17 ’ofad miheca a romi’ad maro’ itini i sakatimol no Africa faniyot[83]. Mikingkiway tamdaw i Farr ’alo a sa’alo matama ko kasasiromaroma a fetaol fokeloh o misanga’an a sakadademak[84][85]. Nai ’ayaw ni Yis to 500 mihecaan, San a tamdaw i katimol no Africa patireng halo pi’adopan pilitodan o pakaenay to ’a’adopen ko tayal sakaira no kicay[86]. Pakaenay saka cidafong ato syakay a piti’eran no finawlan. Tanetek ato macowat ko syakay no San a tamdaw, nanoya o tatapangan a san tamdaw mapalowad ko enar a macowat. Ona San tamdaw pakaenay masowal “Koikoi tamdaw” (kalotamdaw), oya pahiceraay masowal to “Bushman tamdaw” (mademetay tamdaw). Hala:fin to kasasiramod ato camel to i, oni tosaay a finacadan mala o Koisan tamdaw. Itaya a to’as a Koisan tamdaw midoedo mililis to riyar a macowat, o caayay ka ’aloman a San tamdaw pado’edo i laloma’ to sa’etal ma’orip. === Picowat no Bantu tamdaw (班圖人擴張) === Salongan i ’ayaw no 2,500 miheca, Bantu a tamdaw miteka nai Niger ’alo toloay faniyot pasayra i South Africa malinah. Nawhani i tiraay South Africa a San tamdaw ato somowalay to Bantu a sowal tamdaw awaay ko no niyah a faco a tilid, saka no South Africa a to’as a likisi dengan o pikadkad to nalacolan a mikilim. Tangasa i ’ayaw to 1200 mihecaan, miteka pasayraay i ka’amis no Africa a kalali’aca. Nanoya, kakeridan tamdaw no pakayraan itiya a miteka manengneng, o tatodong nira matifac to ko no hongti a losid[87]. Kakeridan no pakayraan o tadamaanay no niyaro’, o cipali’ayaway to ikor a demak a citataparanay a ’icel. I saka 4 sici ano eca saka 5 sici, katimol no Limpopo ’alo (aniniay South Africa ato Botswana ato Zimbabwe ka’amisay kalangangan) manengneng to midemakay to marar a Bantu maomahay ato pakaenay kahiceraan. Ona Bantu tamdaw rara: sa pasitimol ko kalinah, itiya micalap macefang to i ’ayaway no Koisan a sowal a Koikoi tamdaw ato San tamdaw. Mihakelong to Bantu a tamdaw miriyad malinah a tayra i South Africa, nanoya cangra malikapot cangra to Koisan tamdaw mahicera ko ’aro, o nian i South Africa ira manengneng i dihif no ’ocoy ko tilid itira. Halo Xhosa a sowal ato Zulu a sowal itira i timolay a Bantu a sowal ira masolot ko ’ayaway nano Koisan a ngiha a sowal. Roma, mikingkiway itini i Bantu tamdaw a kahiceraan manengneng ko adihayay Koisan tamdaw a lalosidan. Midotoc to tilid, o Kwazulu-Natal sa’etal i 1050 mihecaan minengneng to ko sa’ayaway a pisamaradan. I Linpopo ’alo pakatimolay a Xhosa tamdaw, o sowal halo ’ayaway a Koisan a sowal ko kacipinangan. Ikor, Xhosa tamdaw tangasa i aniniay a Oos-Kaap a ta’akay foting ’alo. Nawhani Bantu tamdaw i finawlan ato ponka (maradan to’as pisa’alapitan) ikaka ko picalap, i kalinahan nangra ira to ko sakitado ato nisolotan to no yincumin. I Mpumalanga manengneng ko pinapina mamoloay fokeloh ato matisilay fokeloh[88]. Pakayni to kasaso’aliw to Intoyang, katimolay a Mozambique a Muslim malali’acaay tamdaw, o South Africa mala o kalali’acaan to[87]. Toni a , kalali’acaan to dafong nai tiniay a kinaira a tada^ekim, wadis no elephant, ato nai raa:yay a Congko a kaysing, talid[87]. === Kalalitemohan to Portugal tamdaw (與葡萄牙人接觸) === Yo malalitemoh to Europe tamdaw i, picalapan no finacadan nai ’ayaw ni Yis to 1000 miheca, nai Africa faniyot romaroma a sa’etal milinahay tayra i South Africa a Bantu a finacadan. I likisi no South Africa ira ko tosaay a masakapokapotay a Xhosa finacadan ato Zulu finacadan. I 1487 miheca, o Portugal misolapay ci Bartolomeu Dias mikerid to Europe tamdaw sa’ayaw talahekal i satimolan no Africa faniyot[89][90][91]. 12 folad 4 romi’ad, ci Dias i ci ’isoay ngoso’an minato talahekal (aniniay Namibia), matifac ko no Portugal pakataminaay ci Diogo Con i 1485 miheca samaraayay katangasaan i satimolay no Africa (ka’amis no ’isoay ngoso’an minato a Cross Point), ikor padoedo heca cingra mililis to katimolay Africa faniyot a kaetipay riyar tala’ayaw. I 1488 miheca 1 folad 8 romi’ad ikor, nawhani o ta’akay faliyos patalatimolen ko tamina ni Dias, miraay to hekal no riyar calay no Africa faniyot, orasaka caay kanengneng ningra ko katimolay a Africa faniyot[90][91]. Saka 5 folad, ci Dias tangasa i kawali a hekal no Africa faniyot, sacisowal sa cingra to “Rio do Infante alo’” (aniniay Groot alo’). I pipatikoan i, manengneng ni Dias ko ceca masangoso’ay no riyar, pangangan han ningra “Cabo das Tormentas” [90][91]. Patiko ko Portugal i, Portugal a hongti ci Johnnes saka 2 liyaw han to ningra pangangan koni to “Cabo da Boa Esperança”, nawhani o pita’elifan nai Europe tayra i Asia ko nian, nanoya o saka kadofah a cidafong no Portugal koni[90][91][92]. Ikor, ci Louis de Camis ’olic no Portugal “o radiw no Luzitania tamdaw” maradiw ko pipakatamina ni Dias to nika tadamaan no demak[93][94][95]. Matatood ko Portugal tamdaw i Africa misolap, malali’aca ato mikowan, i South Africa kinatosaay micingcing: siiked i ikor no Netherland ato Portugal kalalood ikor nai Netherland a East India Company (kawali Into kosi) i 1652 miheca patireng to Netherland Cape picingcingan a romi’ad, ato Inkiris i 1795 miheca micalap to nano Netherland Cape picingcingan sera miteka a Inkiris picingcingan to sera romi’ad. === O picingcing no Netherland (荷蘭殖民化) === Tangasa to i17 sici, misitapang maserer ko ’icel no Portugal i riyar, o Inkiris ato Netherland a milietanay alacefocefo’ mifelih to ’icel no Lisbon, nawhani pakaynien no Portugal micalap to kalali’aca to fangsisay ko kadofah a kacidafong[96]. I ’ayaw no 1601 mihecaan itiya, o Inkiris East India Company (kawali Into kosi) a taypiaw irato itini i Cape Town ko pipadamso, nikawrira ikor mafalic to o Ascension kanatal ato Saint Helena kanatal ko sapipatarod a minato[97]. I 1647 miheca, ono Netherland a East India Company (kawali Into kosi) tatosaay matayalay ma’alol i Cape Town to pinapina a folad, ikor malakahemeken no Netherland tamdaw ko Cape Town. Pakayni nai niyaro’ay nakamayan a kafesa’ay nanom ato titian, o saka’orip to no palonanay[97]. Itira haca cangra i kadofahay a sera no Cape Town a misadateng[98], nikawrira o itiniay a Koikoi a tamdaw caay ko maomahay a finacadan, orasaka o East India Company (kawali Into kosi) nai Netherland pacomod to maomahay tamdaw a maomah mipaloma. Pitiko tayra i Netherland, o East India Company (kawali Into kosi) masapa ko Netherland to kai Cape Town a demak o “’ariri ato sahanaan” a sakaci’icel, malopicarcaran rakat no tamina kalali’acaan tayra i Asia[97]. I 1652 miheca 4 folad 6 romi’ad, manengneng i ngoso’an ko calay no rakat to malitosaay sici to ikor i, ci Jan van Riebeck taypiaw no Netherland East India Company (kawali Into kosi) i ngata no Cape Point a Cape Town talahekal, itira patireng i Cape Town to maraayay rakat i Asia a padamso a picaferan, halo miceroh, padatengan ato palosayan[99][100]. O papinapina a pakatayalay i East India Company (kawali Into kosi) paherek ko katatelek itira sato i nicingcingan a matayal[100], ikor sa’aloman sato i Cape Town ko mapakoniraay tamdaw “Vrijlieden” i sa’etal. O milietanay no Netherland nai Indonesia, Madagascar ato kawaliay no Africa faniyot caayay ka sa’osien a nicingcingan pacomod to masafelengay sapatek ko mafadesay tayni[101]. Ikor, i South Africa sarakatay a macacamolay a finacadan a niyaro’ nai Frigiburg tamdaw, o misafadesan nangra ato kasayincumin a finacadan o matatekoay[102]. O saka ira no fa^elohay a finacadan ngoso’an a macengelay tamdaw miteka macowat, o sa’alomanay tamdaw o no Netherland a sowal ato no Kristokiw kalosasowalan ato pitooran nangra[102]. Pisiwali ko picowat no picingcing no Netherland, macacefis to kaetip katimolay a Xhosa malafelay niyaro’ mingataay to ta’akay foting ’alo a pipakaenan to ’a’adopen, orasaka malengat ko sakalalood[103]. I kasalilis no sa’etal a ma’oripay a Frigiburg tamdaw a maomahay masowal o Boolean tamdaw han, o malitosaay ko pipakaen to ’a’adopen a ’orip tamdaw o pakaenay a Boolean tamdaw han[103]. O Boolean tamdaw patireng to “pakeletan cefang” a finawlan sofitay a sakapot, malakakomod to Koisan tamdaw, misakapot to nipatatekoan patararikor to Xhosa tamdaw to pilefo[103]. Awaay ko pinang to kalalood a cimadoka’ay mapatayay, rikor to pinapina mihecaan ira ko kasasilefo to sakimasidayay a ’a’adopen[103]. === O picingcing no Inkiris (英國殖民化) === Nawhani o Frace a tamdaw micalap to macekalay kitakit, o Inkiris nai 1795 miheca tangasa 1803 miheca ko picalap to Cape Town[104], mitena’ to pipi’emet no France[103]. I 1803 miheca, caay ka halafin ko pitikol no Cape Town i Batavia nipatatekoan a mikowan[104]. Nikawrira maraod to i 1806 miheca, Inkiris a tamdaw micalap heca to Cape Town[104][105]. I 1806 miheca o pikatapi’an Cape Town a tatonekan i, o satadamaanay o pihayda to no Netherland a tamdaw to niterekan nangra i ngosoan a nicingcing a sera to piraoy a salongoc ato patodongan[106]. Ikor no paherek no kalalood ni Napoleon, o nicingcingan a sera i ngoso’an paliyas pafeli ko Inkiris, mala no sakakaay a micowatay no Inkiris hontian kitakit a todong[104][107]. Inkiris a tamdaw i 1818 miheca miteka mafolaw tayni i South Africa, nanoya i 1820 miheca pahiceraay mapahapinang ko mafolaway[107]. I kasamaamaanan no pakayraan, fa^elohay micingcingan a sapisalof o pipatongal to Europe tamdaw to sapipakalingad, mitongal i lilis no niyaro’ to sapitena’, mitena’ to picalap no Xhosa tamdaw. I no 19 sici a ‘ayaw to 20 mhecaan, Zulu a hongti kitakit itiya to ni Chaka a nipikerid misata’ang to sera[108]. O Chaka mipalowad to kalalood to piripa’, sakacipatay ko 100 ’ofad tangasa 200 ’, saka i 1820 miheca a pitekaan mahadefek ko i laloma’ay niyaro’ a finawlan tomdaw[109][110]. Zulu tamdaw a cecay ngasaw-Madabel tamdaw patireng to cecay ta’akay a kitakit, halo i fafaway sa’etal a sera malo no ni’emetan no hongti a Mzilikazi hongti a todong[111]. Tangasa to i 19 sici i, micingcingay Netherland a Afrikaans macangal to i Kaap a nicingcingan ma’eme no Inkiris, orasaka o ’alomanay a tamdaw malinah itira. Oya Afrikaans malinah a tayra i Natal, Orange at Transva sa’etal, patireng to pinapina a Boer nikapolongan kitakit (aniniay a Gauteng, Limpopo, Mpumalanga ato Noordwes), Orange Vrystaat (Vrystaat) ato Natalia nikapolongan kitakit (aniniay KwaZulu-Natal). I 1867 miheca i Kimberley manengneng ko cimali^emiay fokeloh ato 1886 miheca 2 folad i Johannesburg manengneng ko tada^ekim saka miteka ko mikeraday to kaloh[20][22][112], itiya ranikay ko kicay no South Africa macakat ato matongal ko malinahay[113]. O Inkiris misa’icel to yincumin a mi’emet. Mala’afas a mi’emet tonini a tadamaanay kinaira no kicay a sakalalifet no Europe tamdaw ato yincumin, ato Boolean tamdaw ato Inkiris a kasasi’ayaw[114]. I 1879 miheca, o sakakaay a micowatay no Inkiris hontian kitakit ato Zulu hongti kitakit malengat ko laloodan[115]. Ci Carnarvon tadamanay i Kanata malaheci patireng to nipatatekoan reko, sowal sa cingra o malecaday a nisa’icelan no sici nitongalan no sofitay latek i South Africa a Africa hongti kitakit, niyaro’ sa’etal ato Boolean nipatatekoan malaheci. 1879 miheca, Inkiris maocor ci Henry Bartle Freer tadamanay tayra i South Africa citodong to sakakaay dademakay, mamisafaloco’ tina halaka midemak, nikawrira madipangan oya iraay misiikeday kitakit South Africa nikapolongan kitakit ato Zulu hongti kitakit ato sofitay. Talacowa Zulu hongti kitakit ici Isandrwana a kalaloodan malowid ko Inkiris tamdaw, nikawrira ikor to malowid a mahilefek, mapacomod to i Natal nicingcingan[115]. I saka cecay Boolean a kalaloodan i, Boolean nipatatekoan no nikacawan ko pilood, mahaenay a lalood matatodong o itiraay a kadademak, orasaka malaheci ko pilifet to micalapay a Inkiris[116]. I sakatosa a kalalood no Boolean i, o Inkiris matongal to ko sofitay, fa^elohay ko rakat ato pilood, saka lasawad sato ko palakaka no Boolean tamdaw[117]. Talacowa o Inkiris nao kalaom no lalood malasawad ’icel ’aloman ko madoka’ay mapatayay, iko nia lalood matapi’ to, midotoc to “Frinisin lahakolongen” makakomod to ko Transva ato Orange[12][113]. === Niyah pikowan ato pisiiked (自治領與獨立) === I laloma’an kitakit no South Africa, Afrikaans miliyang to Inkiris a dademaken ikaka to pisiiked no South Africa[118][119]. I Netherland ato Inkiris a picingcingan, talacowa mitelek to sapi’emet to itiniay kohetingay tamdaw to pahicera ato pilafel, tinako South Africa a “1879 miheca yincumin kacingangan rikec” ato “sakaromakat rikec” lekakawa[120][121][122], nikawrira imatini a South Africa pala’ed to finacadan o pakayraay i caayay ko atodongay a rikec a midemak. I 1908 miheca 10 folad, no Kaap picingcing, Natal picingcing, Transva picingcing ato Orange ’alo picingcing a sepatay nicingcingan no Inkeris a taypiaw saopo sa i Durban masasowal to pipatireng lacecay to nipatatekoan a kitakit no South Africa, mala no Inkiris a niyah a pikowan[15]. Nika, kasataypiaw mapalacecay icowaen ko kaitodong no syoto a masasiliyaliyang, nawhani kasa nicingcingan mangalay painiyah a sa’etal patireng to syoto[15]. Saikoray, kasanicingcingan masacecay a masikol to sakanga’ayaw a masasisorar[15][16]: I Pretorio, Cape Town ato Bloemfontein masasiiked patireng to nipatatekoan a kitakit no South Africa kadademakan a syoto, pipatirengan ko rikec syoto ato hoying syoto, o Durban o kasacomod masadak a dafong a kalali’acaan no nipatatekoan a kitakit no South Africa, o citodongay to sakowan to kicay[15]. Saikoray, kasanicingcingan masacecay a masikol to sakanga’ayaw a masasisorar[15][16]: I Pretorio, Cape Town ato Bloemfontein masasiiked patireng to nipatatekoan a kitakit no South Africa kadademakan a syoto, pipatirengan ko rikec syoto ato hoying syoto, o Durban o kasacomod masadak a dafong a kalali’acaan no nipatatekoan a kitakit no South Africa, o citodongay to sakowan to kicay[15]. Ikor no paherek i saka tosa no Boolean kalalood to 8 miheca, o 4 miheca ko kasasowalan, o Inkiris a kalomaocan mihayda to “1909 miheca South Africa rikec”, i 1910 miheca 5 folad 31 romi’ad patireng to South Africa nipatatekoan a kitakit[12][123], malayap o misiikeday ko kacingangan. nipatatekoan a kitakit halo Kaap picingcing, Natal picingcing, Transva picingcing ato Orange ’alo picingcing a sepatay nicingcingan a sera[124]. South Africa a “1913 miheca yincumin sera a rikec” tada madahdah ko kohetingay yincumin saki sera a hiyah pikowan[123][125]. Itiya a romi’ad, kohetingay tamdaw mi’emetan dengan 7% aca[123][125]. Ikor, o sifo ira ko pipatongal to no yincumin a terekan sera rafas[126]. I saka 1 lalood no hekal, o South Africa a nipatatekoan a kitakit i kasakitakit nipatatekoan patorodan miteka to ’ayaw Germany a ka’etipay South Africa patorod mikowan. Talacowa o ka’etipay South Africa i rikec caayho kaso’elin mapacomod i South Africa, nikarira so’elinay a o no South Africa a sa’etal[127] I 1931 miheca, mihayda ko Inkiris to “Westminster a rikec”, talacowa hongtian no Inkiris oyaan to a miterek to roma a tekedan pikowan to kitakit a kakeridan, nakawrira kalomaocan no Inkiris ato sifo no Inkiris naitiya caay to kanga’ay mikihar to laloma’an demak no tekedan pikowan, orasaka palasawadan no Inkiris sifo to saki South Africa a saikora a salongoc a ’icel. I 1934 miheca, Komin sarekad ato South Africasarekad makakomod malalikowat sarekad, mikilim to no Afrikaans ato Inkiris fohecalay tamdaw to sakalali’ay, nikawrira o na tosaay a sarekad ’aekakay naira ikor i 1939 miheca miliyas to malalikowat sarekad. I 1939 miheca, o South Africa malawidang no Inkiris mikihatiya to saka 2 lalood no hakal, nikawrira onini sakaliyang no polong micokeray to Komin sarekad, o nangra pihirateng o South Africa caay ko tomirengay i Nazi Germany nangra a sowal, mimaan mikihatiya to ’ada a Inkiris malalood. Pinapina o miingiray to Nazi a Komin sarekad micokeray mangalay to South Africa ato Nazi Germany makakmod, naniya miliyas to pi’emet no Inkiris sanay[128]. === Misitapang pala’ed to finacadan (種族隔離的開始) === I 1948 miheca, nikeridan ni Daniel Malan a Komin sarekad matifac to singkiw, misitapang mikowan[129]. Ci Malan misa’icel to saki Netherland ato Inkiris picingcing a mikowan misitapang a mipala’ed to finacadan[28], mitelek to sapikedec to mipala’ed to finacadan rikec[12][27][29][130]. Ni Malan sifo no Canada a “Intian rikec” ko pidoedoan[131], polong no finacadan pasasiromaen to kohecalay tamdaw, macengelay (color) tamdaw, Into tamdaw ato kohetingay tamdaw sapet a finacadan, kasa finacadan pasasiroma ko sa’etal a kamaro’an, kasasiroma finacadan pakniyah a solongoc ato sa’emet[27]. O kohecalay tamdaw caay ka ’aloman (caay pakata’elif to 20%[132]), nikawrira manga’ay mi’emet to ’alomanay a kohetingay tamdaw. Maparoyaroy ato mitelekan a pipala’ed o nian koya South Africa a pipala’ed to finacadan hananay[133]. O kohecalay tamdaw no South Africa i kicay macekal ko kacomahad manga’ay miraoy to Europe a kitakit a milecad to nga’ayay ’orip, nika o kohetingay tamdaw palahecad to roma Africa kitakit a kohetingay tamdaw miraoy to polong no Africa sahefong a sakakaay kanga’ay no ’orip[29]. Nikawrira pahecad han to kohecalay tamdaw, o ’alomanay tamdaw a kohetingay tamdaw saki kinaira, kiwiko, sapaising a isi, kamaro’an, ’oripan ato roma kapolongan a sapatado a maamaan caay ko sakanga’ay[29][134]. I 1954 miheca, misawad ci Malan i, ci Johannes Gerhardus Straitton ko malacongliay, kahapinangan ko Komin sarekad a maselicay to Transvaay to damsayay a Capeay ko pakalowid. Ci Straitton micikeroh to ikakaay to ni Malan ko pidemak to pipala’ed to finacadan demak[27]. I 1955 miheca, nao Africa finacadan lomaocan a citodongay to kalomaocan a nipatatekoan mihapiw to “pakoniraay a kimpo”, milongoc to South Africa paherek to pipala’ed to finacadan, patirengen ko cecay caaya ko pasafinacadan nayay a syakay. I 1958 miheca, mapatay ci Strayton i kacitodongan ho ningra, ci Hendrik Frenzy Verwald ko midotocay mala congli[27]. O kacitodong ho ni Verwald pipatireng to rikec, mirara patireng to kohetingay tamdaw ato fohecalay tamdaw ko kasasipala’edan ko demak[123][135]. == Nikapolongan Kitakit (共和國) == I 1960 mihecaan miteka, o South Africa a midemak to pipala’ed to finacadan demak mangalefmangalef ko kalaliyang, nanoya pinapina kitakit miteka mitiker to South Africa sifo ato kalaliacaan, o todong piliyang to South Africa na midemak to pipala’ed to finacadan lekakawa[136][137]. Nikawrira, o nia pidemak saki South Africa a kicay caayay ka hakowa ko maraay[29], o pidemak no South Africa to pipala’ed to finacadan a demak masasiroma aca nengnengen ko “kafahekaan a kicay” [138][139][140][141][142] Nai 1942 miheca tangasa 1982 mihecaan a 40 miheca[6], o kicay no South Africa macakatay, salongan 7.3 miheca tangasa 7.4 miheca ko no o finawlan ko pi’arawan a sa’osi o fafelihen[138][139][140][141][142]. I 1960 mihecaan tangasa 1970 mihecaan, no South Africa a kicay ranikay malalifet macakat malalecad to hacikayay macakat a Dipong[138][140][141][143], masawal to o “ta’akay tamdaw a kicay no Africa faniyot” [138][141]. Tangasa i 1980 mihecaan, o pitiker a demak maledaf to i kasakitakit ato mihawad to ko romaay kitakit mi’esol[144][145], mangalef o Amilika Europe kitakit nai 1984 miheca miteka mikapot to sapitiker a demak, nanoya so’elin o kicay no South Africa a matefa ito[136][139][140]. I 1960 miheca tangasa1963 mihecaan, o sifo nai 350 ’ofad a kohetingay tamdaw laplapen papiliyas to nano niyaro’ nangra[29], malinah tayra i Bantustan[8], onini i aniniay a likisi ta’akay pilaplap a nidemakan[146]. Itiya, South Africa a sifo mihalaka to saki kohetingay tamdaw papilinah tayra i Bantustan, ikor o nia sa’etal o papafolawen i South Africa, nanoya patangic han a misiiked. Matiniay a mici’iwiay a pidemak nai 1970 miheca masitapang tangasa i satakaraway, palasawaden no sifo ko caay ko kohecalay tamdaw a salongan a sici salongoc, mangalef miteka milingangan to no kohetingay a nano finawlan no South Africa a ngangan. I rikec, cangra o i niyaro’ay niisalan salongoc a 10 a Bantustan a “finawlan”, o sici a salongoc dahdahen i nangraan a Bantustan, oni a Transky, Bobna, Wenda ato Hiskey mala citodongay misiikeday a kitakit[147]. Nai Afrikaans niparocekan to Komin sarekad mahapinang o nikapolongan a pakayraan, o nai Inkiris kakomodan ci Elizabeth saka tosa citodong to kakeridan no South Africa kitakit “sakakaay a micowatay no Inkiris hontian kitakit a misataray” [148]. I 1960 miheca 10 folad 5 romi’ad, o South Africa midemak to kapolongan pitopa, ’alomanay kohecalay tamdaw mitopa mihayda to South Africa pala o nikapolongan kitakit, nikawrira i nano Inkiris a teloc kohecalay tamdaw micalap i Natal sa’etal o miliyangay ko adihayay[149]. Saikor, o South Africa 52.29% ko paya mahayda mala o nikapolongan kitakit[150] I 1961 mihea 5 folad 31 romi’ad, o South Africa masongila’ mala o nikapolongan a kitakit. O salongan o pipienec no tata'akay Inkiris a lekatep a kitakit, o South Africa mala o nikapolongan a kitakit itiya miliyas ko tata'akay Inkiris a lekatep a kitakit[123][151][9], tangasa i 1994 miheca miliyaw haca micomod[151]. O pipatireng to lekatep a kitakit o milinganganay to ni Elizabeth saka tosa to citodong to South Africa kakeridan no South Africa kitakit no Inkiris kakomodana ngangan, oya saikoray malacitodongay no South Africa ci Charles Roberts Swalt mala o sarakatay ongtong no kitakit[152]. Oya saki Westminster a telek a paliyas, o pipatireng to congtong no kitakit o kalomaocan ko patoroday, orasaka o patodong aca to kadademakan, so’elinay a ’icel itiraay i kamay no congli. 1966 miheca, ci Vervold i Cape Town malipalaw macocok mapatay cingra[27][135], o ci Balthazar Johannes Worster ko midotocay mala congli. Kacitodong ni Worster tadamaanay ko pida’oc to saki finacadan a pala’ed, nikawrira o ningra a pidemak mafohatay to no ’ayaway a congli, ci Worster mihaya to fiyaway kitakit a kohetingay tamdaw kakeridan makakomod mitanam to sakalinga’ay misalof to Rhodesia ato South West Africa a kasasietoc[27]. I 1970 mihecaan to ikor, ni Worster a sifo milengat pacomahat to nano Heneng a sakalalood a halaka[38]. I ikor no 10 mihecaan, o South Africa misanga’ to 6 manga’ayay pasadak a Heneng sakalalood[38][153][154]. I 1978 miheca, ci Worster mihapiw to sapisawad, ci Peter Wiliiam Porta ko micadaay to congli[27][155]. Sakamatira, ni Porta to saki pipala’ed to finacadan a demak ikaka ko kalohak to no ’ayaway[156]: I ’ayaw to pilalang caayay ka tatodong i rike a kararamod no finacaan; pipalasawad to pilalang patireng to milakecay to finacadan a sarekad a saopo nitelekan i kimpo; pilalang o caayay ko kohecalay tamdaw itira i sa’etal no kohecalay tamdaw a maro a rikec malohak to[156]. I 1983 miheca, ci Porta pa’owid to fa^elohay “kimpo a rikec” [157]: fa^elohay kimpo palasawad to congli a sakadademak; o sapipakidakid a pacakat to congtong no kitakit a ’icel, o congtong no kitakit dengan o pisi’ayaw to kalomaocan; oya macengelay tamdaw ati Into a tamdaw sakaira citolasay sici a salongoc[157]. Ikor, fa^elohay kimpo i kapolongan pitopa mahayda no kohecalay tamdaw a mitopa. I 1984 miheca, o todong no congli nanoya a mapalasawad, ci Porta malacongtong no kitakit ko demak ningra[155]. Orasaka, i saki kohetingay tamdaw to saki sici a salongoc, paherek no kohecalay tamdaw a pikowan a masalaloma’ay a demak i, aay paliyas ci Porta[155][156]. Ano matiratira aca laloma’ay papotalay no kitakit ira ko miliyangay ngiha i South Africa, nikawrira o sifo ni Porta oya midotoc a pakayra i nirikean ko pidemak to pipala’ed to finacadan a nitelekan. Ci Porta mitefad i karihaday hitay mipenec to laloma’ay no kitakit a saromaay kosowal a tamdaw[27][156], orasaka o karari’angan demak mato kararidan, Africa kitakit a lekatep, Azania finawlan sakapot ato Azania polongan no Africa saopo miliyang to pipala’ed to finacadan saopo ino milimekay pilood[158] ato mitastasay i mici[159] ko demak a miso’ayaw to sifo. Saan, oni a toloay a milifetay a onto malaliyaliyang macacefis to kainanengan i laloma’ no South Africa a masasiwtoc[160]. === Paherek ko pipala’ed to finacadan (種族隔離的結束) === Ci Mangosutub Tletzi ato ci Harry Schwartz i 1974 mheca masasitilis to “Mahrabtini paso’elin sowal” mipa’icel to sakalinga’ay a ’icel ato o tamdamdaw malalen ko sapidotoc, o South Africa kohetingay tamdaw atokohecalay tamdaw sici a kakeridan sarakatay malaheci kina katatelek[161]. I 1989 miheca, ci Poda mihapiw miliyas kadademakan, ci Fareddy William Day Clark ko nicadaay to congtong no kitakit[27][155][156][162]. I 1990 mihecaan, ci Day Clark sifo mihapiw to pipalasawad to saka Africa finacadan kalomaoc (ANC) ato roma miliyangay to pipala’ed to finacadan a demak, tala’ayaw mafalah to pisawaco a sa’awas[12][29][162][163]. Ci Day Clark kacitodongan o mipakoniraay mifalicay ko pakayraan ato Africa finacadan kalomaoc (ANC) kasasowal[161][162][164], nanoya micikeroh to South Africa Kyosanto ato Africa finacadan kalomaoc (ANC) a citodong i rikec[12][162], o sifo mipalafac kadadoedo i Robben kanatal, Polsmoor ato Victor West toloay pirofoan marofoay to 27 mihecaan ci Nelson Mandela [12][162][165][166][167][168]. Padoedo midemak to kasasowalan, miai to pihayda no ’alomanay kohecalay tamdaw to kapolongan pitopa, palasawaden no sifo ko pipala’ed to finacadan a rikec[29][162][164]. Nanoya tata’ang ko no kasakitakit syakay a nirekenan ato sodsod sa milaheci to sakalalen no finacadan, South Africa mihayda to mikowanay to 75 miheca West South Africa a misiiked[169]. I 1990 miheca 2 folad 9 romi’ad, i Namibia mitonek to kimpo. I saka 3 folad 21 romi’ad, Namibia so’elin mihapiw nai South Africa pikowanan misiiked[170]. Oya miheca, o South Africa mihapiw palasawad to Heneng a nipisanga', I 1991 miheca mikapot to “caay pilopisak to Heneng a telek” [38][39]. I1993 miheca, itiyaay a congtong ci Day Clark ato ci Mandela pakayni to sakadademak ato sifo a kasalaliyas masaini masasowal [161]. I 1994 miheca 3 flad 1 romi’ad, o South Africa to ’iso a hefong ato miwatawatay ko rakat a kaciw a kanatal pafeli patiko i Namibia[171]. Saka 4 folad, South Africa sa’ayaw caay kasasicilas to finacadan misingkiw[161][162], ci Mandela nikeridan a Africa finacadan kalomaoc (ANC) a adihayay a malowid[172]. Nai 1994 mihecaan i, o Africa finacadan kalomaoc (ANC) ko mikowanay[173][174][175]. Roma to nian i, South Africa miliyaw micomod to tata'akay Inkiris a lekatep[151], mala katimolay no Africa safaniyot comahaday lekatep. I pipala’ed to finacadan a demak no South Africa i, samaanen militemoh ko masamaamanay kafafalic no demak, o kaawaayan no katayalan no South Africa ’akawang caay kaserer[25][29][176][177]. Talacowa ira ko ’alomanay khetingay tamdaw macakat tangasa to sasifo’an a selalan[25][178][179], nikawrira kohetingay tamdaw nikaawa no katayalan itiraay i 1994 miheca tangasa 2003 mihecaan ko tadanca a malanglang[177][180], halo pipaherekan to pipala’ed to finacadan a demak a masapakoyocay a kohecalay tamdaw matongal ito[181][182][183]. Roma, aniniay sifo misa’icel milaheci to sakipaysoan ato yosang mirikec, mipadama to sakadofah pala’isal[184] ato sakacakat no kicay[185]. Nai 1990 mihecaan itya macakal macakat[186]. Ira ko pakokotay to kai Aids ato cisawarakay adada malenak i South Africa, ato i ’ayaw ko nikaeca pikihar no sifo to sapisalofaw tonini a demak[187] I 2008 miheca 5 folad, o kafangadang no South Africa ci mapatayay to 60 no tamdaw[188]. O kamaro’an a salongoc ato pilaplapa a citodongay misa’osi, ira ko 10 ’ofad no tamdaw ko milaplapan to niyah a loma’ [189]. Talacowa kararawraw o patodong to pikilim to picongacong to malinahay ato malafelay tamdaw, nikawrira ira ko tolo ira ko cecay (3/1) malatiihay a finawlan no South Africa[188]. I 2006 miheca a pitomadaw, o kafolaw no South Africa a kamok, South Africa tamdaw ikaka to romaroma a kitakit ko poliyang to mafolaway[188]. LInhoko mafolaway citodongay i 2008 mihecaan a hokok i, i South Africa misingsiay to picongacong a malafelay mata’elifay to ko 200,000 no tamdaw, ikaka to sepat no ’ayaway miheca ko ka’aloman[191]. Ona tamdaw o nai Zimbabwe a tayniay, nikawrira ira ko ’a;omanay nai Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Luanda, Eritrea, Ethiopia ato Somalia[191][192][193]. Katayalan, kalali’acaan, kapolongan patado atoloma’ a kalalifetan ko saka ci malafelay ato pipakamaro’an a niyaro’ masadakay ko kararimokan[191][192][193]. Matiratira aca mi’ingtelay to papotalay harateng o nian a kacalemceman[194], nika oya karari’ari’angan a demak away to ko kamatiya ’ayaway a kacekokan a mananam ito[191]. Matiratira aca, midotoc ko South Africa misa’icel misalof to no finacadan a demak, nipasadakan sapisalof dengan kai pihayda i pirikecan, tinako mitala to mirikecay to “mi’ingtelay raraw ato mi’ingtelay nisowalan a rikec” [195], itiya mahadimel ko South Africa to saki finacadan to pitena’an ato sakalalenaw a pipa’ayawan[196][197] == Palapalaan (地理) == O South Africa o pakatimol to no Africa faniyot, mililisay katimol Tasiyang ato katimol Intoyang minayat to riyar mata’elif ko 2,500 kongli (1,553 Inli), o sakowat no sera ira ko 1,219,912 pinfang kongli (471,011 pinfang Inli) [198]. Midotoc to (Linhoko tamdaw no mihecaan), South Africa o saka 24 i hekal ko dadahal a kitakit[199]. South Africa a sakowat milecad to Colombia ko dadahal, o tosaay no France, toloay no Dipong, sepatay no Itili ano eca limaay no Inkiris[200]. Itira i Drakensberg a Mafadi ira ko 3,450 meter (11,320 foot), o satakaraway tokos. South Africa itiniay i timolan 22˚ tangasa 35˚, ato ’amisan 16˚ tangasa 33˚ kaitraan[10]. O South Africa a sekal kasa’etal saheto iraay ko dadaha:lay a dafdaf masakapot, nai riyar 1,000 cm tangasa 2,100 cm (3,300 foot tangasa 6,900 foot). Kawali takaraw ko sera, kaetip ato ka’amis panahal apilis, oya katimol ato kaetip katimol away mahapinang ko kasasiromaan no sera. ta’akay tono’ matafo tina akawangay dafdaf[201], o kawali ato satakaraway tokos manayaray pasowal han Drakensberg[202]. O katimol ato kaetip katimol takaraway dafdaf (nai riyar 1,100cm tangasa 1,800cm) ato kalaenoay masasiingiray dafdaf (nai riyar 700cm tangasa 800cm, nengneng coka) o sowal Great Karoo sa’etal, ka’amis a Kalahari tafotafokan o makedalay kilakilangan. Takaraway dafdaf a tenok kawali ato satakaraway a takaraway rengorengosan. I Gauteng a kafafalifalic no romi’ad o so^emetay, o kalali’acaan a omah ato sata’akay mici no South Africa. I ’akawangay rengosan a dafdaf i katimol 25˚30 pasi’amis tala’ayaw, ora mademetay rengos a dafdaf, i Limpopo poeneray sera ato dafdaf ko paherekan[201]. Itira ta’akay tono’ a lawac no riyar iraay ko nai Limpopo poeneray sera masakapot, nai kawali ka’amis pasayra kawanan manayat, oni a riyar ato no Mpumalanga a Drakensberg (kawali no ta’akay toni’) laenoay dafdaf katatokoan[203]. Poeneray dafdaf ikaka to maketonay tono’ a fafa’eday a dafdaf ikaka ko fa’edet, fo’edas, caay kalengaw ma’orip pinalengaw[201]. Itini i South Africa kawali katimol a Limpopo ato Mpumalanga a Kruger kitakit koying macalap ko poeneray rengosan dafdaf, o dadahal ira ko 19,633 pinfang kongli (7,580 pinfang inli) [204]. I poeneray dafdaf a katimol, kacinanoman to mihecaan hakelong sa to KwaZulu-Natal katongal, ngalef i kafa’edetan so’emetay riyar. KwaZulu-Natal ato Lesotho a salawacan nai a ta’akay tono’ a takaraway ato Drakensberg sakapot, ira ko nai riyar 3,000cm (9,800 foot) [205]. I laenoay no Drakensberg lotolotokan a kafafalifalic no romi’ad o maso^emetay. Itiniay sakatimol no ta’akay tono’ ato kaetip katimol minayaray pasilaeno a lilis no riyar halo pinapina kasalecad no masangoso’ay mapiked a lotok, pasa ta’akay tono’ ato riyar masasila’ed[206][207] (onini kasalecad masapikeday lotolotok pahapinang to, mihapinang to ka’amisay no lotok a pasayraan no ta’akay tono’). O la’ed no nia lotok a sekay (nairiyar ira ko 400cm tangasa 500cm), katimol a kasapiked no lotok (oya katimolay a Outeniqua ato Langberg lotok ato ka’amisay a Swat lotok a la’ed) masowal o mimingay Karoo[201], o nai malitosaay tafotafokan a mademetay kilangan sakapot, malecaday o ta’akay Karoo, itini i Swat lotolotokan saseraan a ka’amisan o kala’oraday, orasaka ikaka to ta’akay Karoo manga’ay misanga’ to no tamdawan pipaka’orad. Mimingay Karoo i likisi o mipakaenay I liyok no Oudtshoorn niyaro’ to macekelay ’ayam. Nai Swat lotok paka’amis tangasa ta’akay tono’ a lotok ka’amis poeneray sa’etal (nai riyar 700cm tangasa 800cm) o no ta’akay Karoo poeneray sa’etal, kafafalifalic no romi’ad ato pinalengaw a tilid awaay ko pinang misiiked i ta’akay tono’ a fafaeday Karoo. Pasiriyaran a masangoso’ay mapikeday lotok (o Langberg lotok – Oudtshoorn lotok), mangalef i hanahanaan lalan a George – Knysna – Plettenberg Bay sa’etal, sakiriyaran mararomotay to lilies no riyar polong no miheca takaraw ko katefad no ’orad. Oni sa’alomanay kilakilangan no yincumin i South Africa a cingangan. Itini i kaetip katimol no South Africa a sangoso’an no kanatal o lilisay riyar no South Africa ato Tasiyang pakatimol a katatongodan, saikoray itira i Orange ’alo no South Africa – kalangangan no Namibia ko paherekan. angoso’an no kanatal o no Mediterranean a romi’adan, oni a sa’etal ato liyok no sa’etal mala katimolay Sahara a South Africa safaniyotan kasi’enawan ta’akay kala’oraday a sa’etal[208][209]. Midotoc i 2011 miheca no tamdaw a pipolita, itiraay i sangoso’an no kanatal a Cape Town a maci o kalomaocan no South Africa a maci, ira ko 370 ’ofad ko tamdaw. I pasa’amis no sangoso’an no kanatal a lilies no riyar pasietip a Tasiyang, pasawali a tisil katimol ka’amis a lotok. sangoso’an no kanatal mapikeday lotok itira i katimol 32° tatihi[207], ta’akay tono’ mitaliyokay to mililisay to riyar a dafdaf. Oni a lilies no riyar pakatimol o Swartland ato Malmesbury dafdaf, o satadamaanay palomaan to ^mi a sa’etal i South Africa, mitado to no kasi^enawan a ’orad. Paka’amis a sa’etal o Namaqualand[210], midoedo to pingataan to Orange ’alo makedalay to. Mimingay ’orad itiniay i kasienawan[209], rengorengosan i kacanglahan (8 folad tangasa 9 folad) a hana o satadamaanay nengnengen i hekal a pirarakatan pinengnengan. I Intuyang, i South Africa ira ko cecay ato Canada ci Edward kapah kanatal malecaday ko ngangan a mimingay sa’etal, pangangan han ci Edward kapah sa’etal. Onini a sa’etal o Marion sa’etal (290 pinfang kongli ano eca 110 pinfang Inli) ato Edward kapah sa’etal (45 pinfang kongli ano eca 17 pinfang Inli) masakapot[211]. == Kafafalic no romi’ad (氣候) == O South Africa fa’edetay rengorengosan ko kafafalic no romi’ad[11]. Tasiyang ato Intoyang masasiiked nai kawali, katimol, kaetip toloay ko pakayraan mataliyok ko South Africa[10][212], takaraw ko ka’amis paener ko katimol, ato kasacalay milakec to kakahaday sekal no romi’ad a masasiroma[213]. O kafafalic no romi’ad a kasakowat nai kaetip ka’amis a Namibia tafotafokan katimol tadafa’edetay makedalay a romi’ad, tangasa kawali mililis to Mozambiquesalawacan ato Intoyang a makofakofay fa’edetay romi’ad. o kasienawan no South Africa i saka 6 folad tangasa 8 folad to mihecaan. Kaetip katomol no South Africa o sifo’ay riyar a romi’ad, kasienawan so’emet, kaciherangan fa’edet fo’edas. o South Africa mademetay ato demedemetan ira ko tadamaanay pinalengaw – Fambos, o kasadakan no fadiso’so a epah. Roma, o nia sa’etal mihecaan ira ko pacena’ay a kafalian. Onini a fali pakinali to mitaelif to Cape point a tamdaw (pakataminaay) o katalawan, adihay ko tahacarcaray mateneng ko tamina[90]. I katimolay lilis no riyar a kawali a hanahanaan a lalan, mihecaan a ’orar caay ka sarocod, masakangdaway a tanengnengan[214]. O Vrystaat itiniay i tanokay takaraway dafdf, masapanahal ko kaitiraan. I ka’amis no Farr ’alo, hawhani caay litemoh ko tadahemhem no fa’edatay, o takaraway sera a rengorengosan a sera macepa’ay to. O Johannesburg o itiraay takaraway rengorengosan a tenokan, o nairiyaray 1,740cm (5,709 foot), to mihecaan salongan ’orad ira 760mm (29.9 in). talacowa caay ka adihay ko so^eda, nikawrira oni a sa’etal o kasi’enawan pakaka ko si’enaw. O Drakensberg lotolotokan malatakaraway rengorengosan a kawali katimol kasatono’, itini katimolay nina lotok a Tiffindell so^eda pieseran i kasa’enawan manga’ay padamso to no so^eda pieseran, o dengan pitanengan so^eda pieseran kaitiraan no South Africa[215]. O katimol no Africa safaniyot o si’enaway niyaro’ itira i kaetipay no Rochfeid lotok a Sutherland, kasi’enawan a falawfaw tangasa i -15°C (5°F). Talacowa Edward kapah kanatal to mihecaan a falawfaw maserer, o Sutherland o pakinaliay ko si’enaw nira. Katimolay sekal no Africa safaniyot takaraw ko falawfaw: I 1948 miheca, o Noord-Kaap a Upington ngataay a Kalahari a falawfaw o 51.7°C (125.06°F)[216], nikawrira o nia falawfaw caay ko no citodongay ko matatodongay ko nitilidan. I 1993 miheca 1 folad, Violsdrift a citodongay a takaraway falawfaw 48.8°C (119.84°F)[217]. == Pinalengaw a kasahirahira (生物多樣性) == O South Africa i 1994 miheca 6 folad 4 romi’ad masasitilid to “Pinalengaw a kasahirahira koyak”, i 1995 mheca 11 folad 2 romi’ad malamihaydaay to nia koyak a kitakit[218]. Padoedo, o South Africa misetek to matatodongay tina koyak a kitakit no pinalengaw a kasahirahira sakalalood ato sapidemak a halaka, i 2006 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad itiya mahayda “Pinalengaw a kasahirahira koyak” [219]. I polong no cikiw 17 ko mikapotay a kitakit to tadamaanay to pinalengaw a kasahirahira, o saka enem ko South Africa[220]. === ’A’adopen (動物) === Halo Transva layong, Africa safaniyot lokedaw, South Africa mi’adopay lokedaw, katimolay kohecalay wa’a kolong, langdaway wa’a ^efa, mawiletay wa’a ngafol, kohetingay peno ngafol, kifetolay waco, nanom ^efa ato South Africa kali’elay malonem adihayay ’a’adopen o i medemaetay rengorengosan manengneng[221]. Halo Kruger kitakit koying ato Sabi sand pi’efecan mi’adop i kawali ka’amisan sa’etal, ato i Waterberg pinalengaw a liyok ka’amisay ira ko ta’akay madematay. I South Africa adihay ko masasiromaay pinalengaw, halo itiniay Karoo sa’etal tadamaanay ko kalasawad no lotok a takolil no South Africa[222]. === Karapoy (菌類) === Tangasa i 1945 miheca, i South Africa a nitilidan mata’elif ko 4,900 a tadakarapoy (halo masariko’ay midapongay i sera) 223]. I 2006 mihecaan, nisa’osian ira ko 20 ’ofad a tadakarapoy i South Africa (caay ka sa’osi ko mikafitay a kalangaay); midotoc to nitilidan, i South Africa a tadakarapoy ikaka ko ka’edihay no pinalengawan[224]. O kadofahay ko pinalengaw a kasahirahira i South Africa, mata’elif ko 22,000 ko sasiroma no pinalengaw, micalap ko i cikiway kafana’an pinalengaw to 9%[225]. O rengorengosan ko ma’oripay i South Africa, mangalef i takaraway a sera a rengorengosan, itini ira ko masasiromaay a capoxan a rengos, paeneray mademetay ato ^kim a lopengan kilang malengaway masakapot, satadamaanay ira ko masatangilaay a kalopongay ato cicekaay kilang. Pasayra kaetip ka’amis ko rakat, nawhani awaay ko mamang ko ka’orad, saka matakal ko kalengaw; i ciherang ma’aresakay a Namaqualand a sa’etal, ira ko pinapina misopeday to nanom ciheciay a pinalengaw, tinako no lawilaw ato masalidatengay pinalengaw[226][227]. Pasiwali ka’amis ko rakat, o awaayay ko kilang a rengorengosan a malengaway nao masacapoxay ato kilang fahal sa o makofakofay a mademetay, ka’amisay no Kruger kitakit koying tatihiay ira ko lotongan facidol[228]. I Cape point pinalengaw sa’etal itira i Wes-Kaap a mimingay sa’etal, o nano South Africa pinalengwan[229]. O dadahal o picalap polong no hekal 0.04%, o enemay ta’akay pinalengawan a samimingay[10]. Nikawrira, oni a pinalengaw a sa’eatal halo 9,000 ko kasasiroma no pinalengaw, micalap i hekal to 4%[229]. I Cape point pinalengaw polong no palaan ato pinalengaw saheto o nai Fambos pinalengaw pisapotan, o i cikiway a pinalengaw a kasahirahira a sakadofahay sa’etal[229]. O adihayay a pinalengaw o marariday langdaw pinalengaw ato kifecaway papah a pinalengaw, ira ko mimingay masarinomay ko papah. Roma a tadamaanay a kacihana a pinalengawan a no riyaran kawas hana, i South Africa ira ko 130 masasiromaay riyaran kawas hana a lengaw[230]. Talacowa i South Africa ira adihayay macelakay hana pinalengaw, nikawrira dengan 1% a sera ko no kilakilangan, polong saheto nai KwaZulu-Natal lilisay no riyar so’emetay dafdaf. i cepo’, manengnengay ko katimolay Africa safaniyot awaayay a kahengangay kilang, mangalef o mimingay a kilakilang pidipotan sa’etal, oni a kilakilangan caay ka maan no katodohan, o pasowal lotokay kilakilangan. Pinalengawan o nipakaenan nai roma kitakit a kilangan, caayay ko itiniay a An kilang ato calengan kilang. === Sakipadipotan (保育問題) === I ’ayaw to 40 mihecaan, o South Africa malasawaday to ko ta’akay tataparan macarcaran, nai 19 sici marafas ko tamdaw, o maci makidat ato maletek ko kilakilang. i hekal o South Africa ko mangalefay mitiyaay ko kakari’ang a kitakit, marapotay to adihayay nai papotalay pinalengaw (tinako kohetingay cekaay kilang, Jackson minato Willow, Hack, Lantana ato Jacaranda), saki tiniay a kasahihirahira pinalengaw ato Already cango’ot ko nanom saka kari’ang no kinaira. O Europe micingcingay sa’ayaway menengneng a pinalengaw fala’faay romi’ad a kilang caay ka tolas maletek, tangasa dengan mimingay a kilakilangan. Anini atekakay kilang no South Africa, halo kaliyalaway kilang, ’angsotay kilang ato South Africa kohetingay marar kilang saheto o madipotay no sifo. awa’aay kolong o marariday malipalaway a ’a’adopen[231][232][233][234], nai palaan citodongay nisa’osian pahapinang, 2014 miheca i South Africa ira ko 1,215 ko ciwa’aay kolang mapatayay[235]. Kafafalifalic no romi’ad pa’ayaw to nia kakedalan romi’ad o saka’etal niyaro’ o mafo’edasay ato farawfaway, tadancaay romi’ad ira ko marafrafay fa’edet, lenlen ato makedalay a demak ato pakinali ko katongal. Midotod to no South Africa kitakit pinalengaw nifana’an mikingkiway misanga’ to sapisa’osi pihapinangay to romi’ad[236], tahira i 2050 miheca, o Africa faniyot katimol a lilis no riyar sa’etal a hemhem pali’ayaw macakat to salongan 1°C, oya i Noord-Kaap a ciherangay sera, i kacanglahan ato kaciherangan a kahemhem o mamacakat to 4°C. I Floral sangoso’ o polong no cikiw pinalengaw a kasahirahira i fa’eetay sa’etal[237], nikawrira itiniay latek i kafafalifalican no romi’ad a makari’ang. Mali’ayaw ko keal, pakacorah ki’emelay ato kararian a matongal, ato polong no cikiw o papatodong to ranikay adihayay salongan a pinalengaw o sakalasawad. == Sici ato sifo (政治與政府) == === Kasasolek no sifo (政府結構) === O kalomaocan a nikapolongan kitakit ko South Africa, nikawrira o caayay kalecad to mitiniay a nikapolongan kitakit, o congtong o kakeridan no kitakit oya tatapangan no sifo, o kacitodong a rekad o kalomaocan ko miketonay. O midemakay, mitelekay ato mirikecay saheto o mipalitay i kimpo, ano ma’odang to kimpo, sakakaay hoying citodong midemec to midemakay citodongay ato lomaocan a nidemakan. No finawlan a kalomaocan o i kararemay kalomaoc no South Africa a kalomaocan, polong no lomaocay ira ko 400 tamdaw, lima miheca nai kasasician a kasarekad ko mipanganganay to patatodong no taypiaw masingkiw ko fa^elohay a lomaocan[238]. Polong no kitakit a kasakanatal citodongay o fafa'eday pikaykian no South Africa a kalomaocan, ira ko 90 tamdaw no lomaocay, nai South Africa 9 a kanatal mitelekay citodongay patoro’ to 10 patodong[238]. I kasacecay rekad no singkiw, no finawlan a kalomaocan patorod to cecay mala congtong no South Africa. Nawhani o congtong citodong heca to lomaocay no finawlan kalomaocan, orasaka o congtong limaay miheca ko todong a rekad, malecad to no kalomaocan o rekad. O cecay a kacitodong no South Africa a congtong caay ka nga’ay kinatosa ko rekad[238][239]. O congtong manga’ay patorod to micokeray to congtong ato kakeridan no citodongay[238], o cangra a citodongay ato kakeridan no kasacitodongay mala o salaloma’anay. Finawlan kalomaocan manga’ay mihayda to caayan pakaso’elinan a maoc to caayay ka tatodong a nidemakan no congtong ato laloma’an citodongay. I 2019 miheca 5 folad 8 romi’ad a ta’akay singkiw, o citodangay a sifo sician a kasarekad o Africa safaniyot finawlan lomaocay ko pakalowiday to 57.50% a paya ato230 ko lomaocay, sata’akay miliyangay a sician a kasarekad o nikapolongan nipatatekoan malowid to 20.77% paya ato 84 ko lomaocay. Oya miliyasay to Africa safaniyot finawlan lomaocay a kapah nipatatekoan a ’ayaway kakeridan ci Julius Malema patireng to Kicay pakoniraay macodahay pakalowid to 10.79% paya ato44 ko lomaocay. Nai 1994 miheca paherekan to pala’eday to finacadan, South Africa a kitakit oya to mirepetay to polong no sakowan tangasa[173][174][175], o satata’akay no South Africa a sician a kasarekad[175]. I 2018 miheca 2 folad 14 romi’ad toya dadaya, misi’ayaw to kacaayan ka paso’elinen a lomaoc, itiya congtong ci Jacob Juma papelo to sapiliyas i ka’ayaw no tilifi, oya micokeray to cngtong ci Cyril Ramaphosa ko micadaay to saka lima a congtong no South Africa[240][241][242][243][244]. O South Africa awaay ko todong no tadamaci. “South Africa kimpo” saka 4 liyad matelek: “o kalomaocan itini i Cape Toen, nikawrira midotoc to saka 76 a tosir saka 1 ato 5 a liyad mahapiw i “lomaoc a rikec” manga’ay mihayda ko kalomaocan kacitodongan to ai cowa o kaitiraan.” [245]. Mitaypiaw to South Africa a sifo to toloay a sakowan pasa toloay a maci[10][12][14][15][16]: I Pretoria o kaitiraan no congtong ato laloma’ay citodongay, o midemakay a maci; I Cape Town ko kaitiraan a lomaoc, o pirikecan a maci; I Bloemfontein ko satakaraway pacakatan a hoying kaitiraan, o sakirikec a maci; saki kimpo a hoying itira i Johannesburg[10][12][15][16]. O adihayay citodangay no kacacofelan a demak kasakitalit itiniay i Pretoria, nikawrira roma kitakit itiraay i kasamaci no South Africa pitireng to kadademakan. Nai 2004 mihecaan, o South Africa ira ko masacicingay ko piliyangan a demak, nikawrira itini tina piliyangan saheto o karari’angan. Midotoc to cecay a hakasi a sowal, o South Africa i o “o samarenecay to piliyangan a kitakit i hekal.” [246]. O cecay a sici mipenecan a demak ato mi’odangay to kimpo a patalawan ko pipenec, o saka paheci no mikodkoday ato no finawlan syakay sakapot, saci sowal sa o saka ira no South Africa ano eca saka ira no fa^elohay a sici mipenecayay[247][248] ano eca matefaday ko pihadidi no sici[249]. I 2006 miheca 11 folad 30 romi’ad, o South Africa malasa’ayaway mihaydaay to malecaday ko ringi ko kararamad patodong no rikec a Africa safaniyot a kitakit[250][251], o South Africa tayra i polong no Africa safaniyot a cecay sa’awasan[252]. 2008 miheca, o South Africa i Ibrahim Africa safaniyot pikowan a sa’osi saka 48 a sakatimolay no Sahara a Africa safaniyot o saka lima[253]. O South Africa to saki kowan, pahapinangan ato mapohaday, ato pikihatiya ato tamdawan salongoc o satadamaanay ko nidemakan, nikawrira i sakarihaday ato sapidipotan a pinangan o tadancaay[253]. I 2018 miheca 9 folad 18 romi’ad, o South Africa a kimpo hoying mihapiw to tekedan no South Africa to pidemak ato paloma to Marijuana a marikec, o sa’ayaway i kalawlaan manga’ay i rikec midemak to Marijuana a Africa safaniyot a kitakit[254][255][11], o saka tolo saki isingan manga’ay i rikec midemak to Marijuana a Africa safaniyot a kitakit[256]. == Sarikec (法律) == O “kimpo no South Africa” o satalaraway rikec no South Africa, onini a rikec o sakaira no nikapolongan kitakit padamso to parana’an no rikec, matelek ko saki no finawlan salongoc ato sapipatado, ato sapitolas kasolekan no sifo[257]. O nano masangilay no Netherlan tamdaw a pakamaro’ ato picingcing no Inkiris ko South Africa, o rikec no South Africa o nai “Loma – Netherland rikec” ato Inkiris a “caay ka samaan rikec (Inkiris rikec)” [257][258]. O sa’ayaway rikec no South Africa o nai Europe rikec pasadakan no Netherlan Tong-Into kosi, saka “Loma – Netherland rikec” ahan. Onini a rikec oya “Napoleno rikec” i Europe a rikecan a sarikec mapacomod i South Africa, o adihayay malalecad to no “Scotland rikec” malalecaday, orasaka midotoc to 19 sici no Inkiris rikec a “caay ka samaan rikec (Inkiris rikec)” ato “malekoay a rikec” a tadamaanay. I 1910 miheca, sepatay nicingcingan no Inkiris palekapot mala nipatatekoan a kitakit no South Africa, o South Africa nanoya ira ko noniyah a kalomaocan. Ikor, oni kalomaocan kasasiiked nicingcingan parana’an to lekakawa no rikec, matelek kacitodong no nipatatekoan a kitakit a rikec. O sakirikecan no South Africa nai sepatay hoying malekapot[257]: misawkitay hoying citodong mitengil to mimingay no finawlan demak ato kacirarawan demak; takaraway hoying mikowanay to sofal a hoying; o i satakaraway hoying o sakikimpo a dademakan a satakaraway hoying; oya kimpo hoying dengan pikowan to no kimpo a dademaken[257]. Dengan o AIDS adada, i South Africa kaciraraw no tamdaw macakat caay kaserer o katalawan no kitakit. Midotoc to Germany a parakatay ato laloma’an a mipalitaan, o nangra a pinengneng to kaciraraw no tirengan a katalawan. Salongan 18 folad a romi’ad, o sakiteked ano eca no kaciraraw a salawina a makari’angay. Roma, i pipalitaan i ’ayaw tosa miheca, ira ko 20% a kosi nikaciraraw ci malasawaday to matayalay, o 47% a katayalan, kakeridan ano eca tadamaanay tamdaw nai kaciraraw miliyas to South Africa. I South Africa to romi’ami’ad ira ko 57 tamdaw ko mapatayay[259][260][261][262]. I 2017 miheca 4 folad tangasa 2018 miheca 3 flad a sakipayso no mihecaan, i South Africa ira ko 20,336 tamdaw milipalawan mipatay[260][261][262][263][264], i ikor to pipalasawad to pipala’edan to finacadan a telek to 24 mihecaan satakaraway a sa’osi[260][261][262]. I South Africa a mapatayay pai 10 ’ofad tamdaw ira ko 32.2 tamdaw ko mapatayay, i polong no cikiw salongan 10 ’ofad no tamdaw ira ko 6 tamdaw ti mapatayay kikaka to limaan[265]. Sakitenokan a selal no South Africa tamdaw mikilim to maedefay rihadayay niyaro’ [266][267]. I South Africa no tekedan mikacaway a katayalan o sata’akay i hekal[268][269], ira ko 9,000 laloma’an ko mitokiay a kosi ato 400,000 tamdaw ko mitokiay i no tekedan matayalay, i kaka to no South Africa a yimeng ato sofitay ko ka’aloman[270][271]. Saka ’aloman ko tayniay malinah i South Africa, todongay o kaciraraw nangra o sapiliyasaw[272]. Sakimaomahay niyaro’ a ciraraway o tadamaanay demak koni[273]. Ira ko no sici a tamdaw sapilaheciaw to sici misanga’ to miri’angay a raraw. I omahan a kasasipatay a ciraraway a demak o kohecalay tamdaw a tawki ko patosokan (ngalef o African tamdaw) ato laloma’an[274][275], orasaka malengat i laloma’an no South Africa kitakit ato manengneng no kasakitakit a mitiya[274][275]. O salong i omahay makari’angay nipatay o wawa, ira ko mato’asay tamdaw, onini nawhani ciraraway tamdaw awaay ko nitatoyan tamdaw sa ko nengneng, saka caay ko katalawan cangra sanay. Masowal ko mapatayay i omah, ’aloman ko African tamdaw o papatayen a finacadan saan, ta misanga’ to npatayan a sasa’osien. Nikawrira, citodongay mikowan a Africa kitakit ta’akay lekapot a sici miliyang to kaira no nia demak. Papinapina tekedan tamdaw ato paitemek a nisa’osian to nipatayan a so’osi, nikawrira awaay masongila’ay nisa’osian tilid. I macito a sofal, o nano finacadan ko sakaciraraw ko adihayay nisa’osian. I hekal satakaraway a kitakit ko South Africa to mi’odangay a raraw, salongan to romi’ad ira ko 110 tamdaw ni’odangan[276]. Midotoc nisa’osian, to mihecaan no South Africa ko 500,000 tamdaw a fafahiyan ko ni’odangan[277][278], o mitiliday a kaemangay ikaka to mato’asay ko rahoday a ma’odang[279][280]. I 2009 miheca a pipalita manengneng, ira ko toloay no cecay fafahiyan i ’ayaw to cecay mihecaan pakalitemohay to ni’odangan[283][284][285]. Ira ko ni’odangan nai 10 miheca a wawa ko mapararawan[286]. I hekalan, o wawa no South Africa ato nicocoan wawa ko sakakaay a demak, onini i o caayay kaci AIDS sanay a rihaf ko sakamaka’odang, roma a demak faloay ho a foladan a nicocoan masamsam to[286], onini a demakan mapaoningay to ko ngangan no kitakit[287]. == Kacacofelan a demak (外交關係) == I 1948 miheca tangasa 1990 mihecaan, o kohecalay tamdaw a sifo no South Africa midemak to pipala’edan to finacadan a telek, orasaka matena’ ato ka’alangen syakay no kasakitakit[288][289]. Itiya, o kacitodong no aro’ no South Africa i kasakitakit[288][289], dengan oya kohecalay tamdaw mikowanay ko malekatep. Oya mikowanay micokeray to karawrawan to pala’edan to finacadan a telek no South Africa, nikawrira cangra o nano misi’ayaway to kasasiiked no lalo’od, kohetingay a kararawraw, salifong a adada malokatalawan no kitakit, micoker to kohecalay tamdaw a sakowan to sofitay a payso o mawakelid ko kicay no South Africa. I 1991 miheca 6 folad, o South Africa so’elin ko palamo^ecel a palasawad to palasawad to pipala’edan to finacadan a telek i, o kalohekal a kalokitakit padadoedo sa palasawad to sapi’emet to kicay no South Africa, dadoedo pacakat, patatiko ano eca patireng ato sakikacacofelan a demak to South Africa. I 1998 miheca 1 folad 1 romi’ad, malaliyas ko South Africa ato Taywan (ROC) kacacofelan a demak, itiya macacofel to Congko patireng kacacofelan a demak[290][291][292], o saikoray malaliyasay to Taywan a malekatep kitakit[293][294]. Ano matiratira, o South Africa mipatireng i Taywan to kadademakan[295], o papinapina tamdaw ato Taywan ira ko kasasicofelan a demak to Africa safaniyot a kitakit[291][292]. I 1994 miheca, paherek ko pala’edan to finacadan a telek i, o congtong ci Mandela a kasasicofelan a demak o sapipatiko ato sakalekapotaw to syakay no kasakitakit ko patosokan[296]. I 1999 miheca ci Tabo Mbeki kala congtongan, o kasasicofelan a demak no South Africa sapisalofaw to kasapakoyoc no finawlan a kafadesan, i Africa safaniyot ko patatenokan, ato sapipasasiket to katimolay no cikiw a cemahaday to a kitakit ko patodong, onini toloay maloparana’an no South Africa ato syakay no kasakitakit[296]. O mamidotoc to nipatatekoan a kitakit ko South Africa, o South Africa nikapolongan kitakit o sarakatay mikapotay to Linhoko a kitakit[58][59]. Itiyaay congli ci Jan Smuts mitilid to “kimpo no Linhoko” a pa’ayaw a sowal[297][298]. O South Africa o arakatay mikapotay to Africa safaniyot nipatatekoan a kitakit, orasaka polong no mikapotay o saka tosa ta’akay no kicay. Roma sato, South Africa o Africa nipatatekoan a Africa safaniyot comahaday fa^elohay lekapot sa’ayaway kitakit. I ’ayaw no 10 miheca, i Burundi a South Africa[168], o Congo nikapolongan kitakit[299], Comoros[300] ato Zimbabwe[301] no Africa safaniyot kitakit i kasiwtocan o citodongay mipa’adingay a todongan. Ikor to paherekan ko pala’edan to finacadan, South Africa misafa^eloh mikapot to tata'akay Inkiris a lekatep[151]. South Africa o 77 kitakit a kakerikeridan a lekapot, itiya i 2006 miheca ato 2015 miheca citodong to kakeridan no nia sakapot[302]. Nanoya, o South Africa i katimolay Africa safaniyot comahaday lekatepkitakit, katimolay Tasiyang rihadayay ato kakomodan sa’etal, katimolay Africa safaniyot sataan lekapot kitakit, katimolay ’apocok tatonekan kitakit, I hekalay kalali’acaan sakapot kitakit, kasakitakit paysoan kiking sakapot, 20 kitakit a sakapot, 8 kitakit sakapot milecad to 5 kitakit ato kawaliay ato katimolay minato midipotay cefang a kitakit. 2010 mheca 8 folad 24 romi’ad, itiyaay congtong no South Africa ci Jacob Jomaa to kakeridan no Congko ci Hu Jintao malitelek to “Beijing katatelek” [303], o kasasitelek nai ’ayaway a “kalacafayan no kalalood” mapacakat i takaraway a “ledefan kalacafayan no kalalood”, halosapa’icel’ nai citodongay mikowan ato citodongay mitelek a kasasicofel[304][305]. I 2011 muheca 4 folad, itiya citodongay a congtong ci Juma misapinang to South Africa sapicomod to polong no no kitakit to Africa safaniyot ta’akay kalali’acaan a kalacafay—Brazil, Russia, Intu ato Congko malekapot a no ^kiman sakapot no kitakit[306]. Sacisowal sa ci Joma, o ^kiman a kitakit mala o sakapot malapakayraan to sakiLinafrica, 20 kitakit a sakapot ato IBSA kasasowalan a mala[307]. Nai 1994 miheca Africa kitakit lekatep ko mikowanay i, kalata’angen no South Africa sakipapotal a demak oya o Africa a kapolonfan a kakeridan, masarocod ko pipicikeroh to Africa safaniyot a malekatep ato patodong no Africa safaniyot lekapot sakapot[238]. I 2001 miheca, o South Africa a kakeridan a kitakit, Africa safaniyot kapolongan a sakapot lomaoc miketon mahayda patireng to Africa safaniyot comahad a fa^elohay kalacafayan, I 2002 mheca 7 folad i Durban no South Africa malaheci ko pifalic to Africa safaniyot nipatatekoan[238]. Anini, o South Africa to South Africa kapolongan lekatep ato caay kalekatep a onto a kakeridan, o kakeridan no saka tolo a hekal citodongay[238]. I 2018 miheca 7 folad 31 romi’ad, o congtong no South Africa ci Cyril Ramaphosa mihapiw to kakeridan a citodongay a sician a kasarekad Africa a kapolonfan a kakeridan micoker to sapisalof to kimpo, masa’icel to caayay patodong miala to no kohecalay tamdaw to nai pala’edan to finacadan itiya micefisan a sera[123][125][161][275][308][309]. I 8 folad 22 romi’ad, congtong no Amilika ci Donald Trump papelo to  i Twitter a pasowal, o Amilika a sifo mipalita to South Africa micikeroh to pifalic to sera a demak iraay ko pipatangican miala to sera no kohecalay tamdaw ato pisadadahal to pipatay to kohecalay tamdaw a demak[275][310]. Caay ka pina ko tatokian, paca’of ko sifo no South Africa, mipespes ci Trumpan moraraway pidotoc a hatoh a nipapoloan, mato mikiharay to sakilaloma’an a demak[275], micicihay to sakadanga’ay no finacadan no South Africa[310], mato milengatay to sakahiratengaw no finawlan no South Africa to nano picingcingan a ta’as[311]. O South Africa sifo paini to sowal, kao mina’onay ko demak, mihaopay, pakayni i kasasiroma a harateng ato caayay ka cawas ko kitakit[312], misa’icel paranikay micekeroh to pifalic to sera a ’awasan, sakaeca ka cawas ko kitakit[313][314]. Nikawrira, o sakiratoh a citodongay ci Novella Mocuna paini to sowal, onini a demak caay ka sasiroma ko kalali’ay to South Africa ato Amilika[315]. == Sofitay demak (軍事) == O sofitay no South Africa kitakit nai 1994 miheca mapatireng[316][317], o pa’adingay sofitay no South Africa[318][319][320], o mikomoday ti Africa sakapot (halo finawlan a ’idoc ato Azania finawlan mitedalay sofitay[321]) ato ’ayaway Bantustan miadingay sakapot ko misaopoan[316][322]. O sofitay no South Africa kitakit milisepatay: South Africa seraan hitay, South Africa kakarayan hitay, South Africa riyaray hitay ato South Africa hitay isi patadoay[323][324]. Toni mihecaan, no South Africa a sofitay mala no Africa safaniyot a tadamaanay parihadayay sofitay[325], mikihatiya to Lesotho, Congo nikapolongan kitakit[325][326]Burundi[325][327], Tenok Africa nikapolongan kitakit[325][327] ato South Sudan[331] a sera kadademak. O South Africa a sofitay sakapot hitay nao adihayay kitakit Linhoko palali’ayay ko hitay, tinako Linhoko sofitay micaraay. Dengan o South Africa ko malaheciay ko picowat misanga’ to heneng sapihadefek a kitakit[38][39]. South Africa o sa’ayaway misanga’ to heneng sapihadefek a kitakit o niyah ko mipelengay to heneng sapihadefek a kitakit[38][39] (padoedo o Ukraine a kitakit), itiya pipelengan to heneng sapihadefek i 1991 mihecaan mitelek “caay pilesap to heneng sapihadefek a telek” [38][39][332]. O South Africa i 1970 miheca midemak to cecay heneng sapihadefek a halaka[38][39][332]. Midotoc to sowal no ka’ayaway congtong ci Day Clark, o South Africa sa’ayaw i 1970 miheca i picowat no Soviet Union a pipatalawan miketong patireng to “Hewise” [38][333]. Sacisowal saan, o South Africa i 1979 miheca i Tasiyang ato Intuyang a kasaso’aliwan mitanam to Heneng[38][39][334][335], nikawrira caay pihayda ko citodongay sifo[335]. Ci Day Clark sato, o South Africa caay ho sapitanamaw tina heneng[333]. O South Africa i 1980 miheca tangasa 1990 miheca milepon to enemay a heneng patirengan[38], nikawrira polong no nipatirengan itira i 1991 miheca mitelek ko South Africa to “caay pilesap to heneng sapihadefek a telek” to sapitadtadan[38][333]. == O kasasiiked a sakowan (行政區劃) == No South Africa a kasasiiked a sakowan nai kanatal, sa’etal ato niyaro’ tekedan si toloay a kasatoka’, polong ira ko 9 no kanatal, nai falo ko ta;akay maci a tekedan ci ato 44 ko sa’etal tekedan ci a masakapot to 52 a ’etal[336]. 1910 miheca tangasa 1994 mihecaan, no South Africa kasasiiked a sakowan milisepatay a kanatal: masilsil to Kaap kanatal, Transva kanatal, Natal kanatal ato Orange liberty kanatal[336]. I 1993 miheca 11 folad 18 romi’ad, o South Africa adihayay ko sician a kasarekad a kasasowalan lomaoc a mihayda (linci kimpo nitilidan), miketon i 1994 miheca a pisingkiwan o South Africa kasasiiked a sakowan masilsil to 9 ko kanatal: masilsil ko Noord-Kaap, Wes-Kaap, Oos-Kaap, Noordwes, Vrystaat, Pretoria-Witwatersrand-Frinisin (aniniay Gauteng), KwaZulu-Nat, East Transva (aniniay Mpumalanga), ato Limpopo[336]. Kasakanatal ira ko citodongay a mirikecay mikowanay, lima miheca mihayda to cacitodong a taypiaw a singkiwen[336]. Kasakanatal citodongay singkiwen ko kakeridan (sen-cang) o tapang no sifo, o kakeridan (sen-cang) ko patodongay to mamidemak a wuyyinhuy no kasaselal citodongay i sa’etal[336]. Kasa’etal kasasiiked a sifo a ’icel itiniay i “kimpo no South Africa” laloma’an a matisil, halo sakasomelet, kiwiko, kapolongan kamaro’an ato sakaromakat a sofal[336]. Kasaniyaro’ tekadan a mikowan a ci o ta’akay maci ko cacitodong a mikowan, milaheci to sa’etal ato niyaro’ a dademaken. {| class="wikitable" |Litengan sofal siiked |Ngangan South Africa sowal |Maci |Tamdaw (2016 miheca) [337] |Dadahal (pinfang kongli/km2) [338] |Sakatosa selal ’etal |Cicu ngangan |- | rowspan="4" |Transva |Gauteng |Johannesburg[20] |13,399,724 |18,178 |5 ’etal |7 |- |Limpopo |Polokwane |5,799,090 |125,754 |5 ’etal |9 |- |Mpumalanga |Mbembera |4,335,964 |76,495 |3 ’etal |8 |- |Noordwes |Mayfinger |3,748,435 |104,882 |4 ’etal |6 |- |Natal |KwaZulu-Natal |Pietermaritzbyrg |11,065,240 |94,361 |11 ’etal |4 |- | rowspan="3" |Cape |Oos-Kaap |Bissau |6,996,976 |168,966 |8 ’etal |3 |- |Wes-Kaap |Cape town[339] |6,279,730 |129,462 |6 ’etal |1 |- |Noord-Kaap |Kimberly |1,193,780 |372,889 |5 ’etal |2 |- |Orange Free State |Vrystaat |Bloemfontein [340] |2,834,714 |129,825 |5 ’etal |5 |} == Kicay (經濟) == O South Africa midemak to macamolay kicay[341], aikoray no Nigeria a sakatosa a kicay no Africa safaniyot, nika so’elinay o mamanga’ay ko parana’an a comahad ko South Africa[342]. Nai katimolay no Sahara Africa safaniyot a kasakitakit i, o South Africa a tamdaw ko sa’osi no kapolongan ka rihaday no polong a tamdaw o satakaraway (tangasa 2012 miheca, o South Africa ko sapi’aca ira ko 11,750 Amilika payso), nika cidafongay ato pakoyocay tata’ang ko kararaay[25][29][177][342][343][344]. I 1983 mheca, o Asia teloc (India tamdaw) no tamdawan a sakakinaira o 37% no kohecalay tamdaw, macengelay tamdaw 26%, i maciay a kohetingay tamdaw 22%, o inakaay a kohetingay tamdaw dengan sakakinaira o 6% no kohecalay tamdaw[140]. Itira i Bantustan, tolo ira ko tosa a kohetingay tamdaw o tadapakosiya[140]. Naitiya o kasalaed no finacadan a South Africa o sata’akay ko kararaay no cidafongay ato pakoyocay itini hekal ko South Africa a kitakit[140]. Talacowa paherek to ko nia kasalaed no finacadan, nika aniniay a South Africa oyaan to misi’ayaw to takaraway no kalapakosiya ato kaawa no katayalan[25][29][177][345][346][347], orasaka i Cinisi sa’osi a kinaira caay kalalen mapacomod i saka 10 kitakit i hekal ko kacingangan[25][177][344]. === Mikasolekan a kicay (經濟結構) === Caay kalecad to i hekalay cemahaday to kitakit ato adihayay Africa safaniyot a kitakit, o South Africa caayay ko so’elinay ko nikaeca kacomahad ko kicay[348]. O South Africa a kalingadan dengan ira ko 15% o caayay ko so’elinay a citodongay, o Brazil ato India malitosaay, nika o Indonesia mangalef mangata to sepatay no tolo (4/3). Pakayni kalekapot a cefang palania kararaay pakokot i South Africa dadahalay syakay sakalemed a telek[349]. O hekal a kingko mikingkiw mihapiw, o South Africa a tamdaw to sa’osi no kapolongan ka rihaday no polong a tamdaw ato kacomahad no tamdaw kararayray o sata’akay kararaay a kitakit, dengan o Botswana mikikakaay to no South Africa ko sata’akay kararaay a kitakit[350]. I 1994 mihecaan, fa’elohay South Africa sifo misa’icel mikerod to kacakat no ‘aca no dafong, pacekal to kapolongan a sakidafong no sakadademak, misolot to papotalay a mipasorotay to payso, nikawrira oya:to caay kacakat ko kicay[351]. Nai 2004 mihecaan, o South Africa a kicay salongan masapinang ko kacakat, o katayalan ato nikasasorot no payso ira sa ko nikatongalan[351]. I 2005 miheca, no South Africa a GDP macakat to 5.1%, saka i 2006 mihecaan 5.0% ito[352]. Itiya ni Cuma a kalacongtongan, ira to ko pisitapang no sifo matongal ko no sifo a katayalan a demak. O satadamaanay no sifo a katayalan halo tingki a kosi Escom, South Africa hikoki a kosi ato marar a lalan ato Delansney kosi takedan a micalap to minato. Itini tinian, o South Africa hikoki no kitakit a kosi caayho kacikinaira, oni a kosi i 20 mihecaan mangalay to sapadang no sifo a padama to takaraway 300 walwalan South Africa piso (23 walwalan Amilika payso) [353]. O South Africa o pihamhaman no mirarakatay a nga’ayay nanengnengan[342]. Sa’aloman sa ko cikinairaay saheto o pirarakatan nanay[354]. O mikoliniway to rikec a mafolaway mikihatiya to caayay ko so’elinay a kalali’aca[355]. Nai 1994 mihecaan paherek ko pipalaliyasan to finacadan, o sapifo’ot to mafolaway a demak mangalefay, ’alomanay mafolaw tayni i South Africa mangalef mangalef i latiihay ko ka’oripan[356]. Dengan o roma Africa a kitakit, o South Africa satadamaanay a kasakitakit kalali’acaan a kapot o Germany[357][358], Amilika, Congko[212][359][360][361], Dipong[362], Inkiris[363][364] ato Spain[365]. Ono South Africa a kaliomahan masongila’ay a tayal 10 %, palecaden to no roma Africa safaniyot a kitakit masereday, o linsi a matayalay ko padamsoay a dademakay matayal i South Africa, o malapalowaday to sakaira to 2.6% no kitakit a nikaomahan a kinaira[366]. Nawhani o makedalay ko sera, dengan 13.5% ko manga’ayay kaliomahen a palomaan, oninian ira ko 3% ko satadamaanay no sera[367]. I 2013 miheca 8 folad, o “fDi cassi” midotoc to sakaci’icel no kicay ko South Africa, kalingadan no matayalan, o sakacitodong no sakalingad, kanga’ayan matayal, kanga’ayan masidama ato papotalay sapadang, paini to sasowalen o safangcalay i Africa safaniyot a kitakit[368]. O sapisimed to sakipaysoan a kakarayan i polong no cikiw o saka 50 ko sakarihaday a kitakit, i ’ayaw no Poland, nikawrira o aikoray ho no Mauritius[369]. O South Africa o sasifoan a cemahaday ho a kitakit, o samacemahaday ko kicay i Africa safaniyot a kitakit[12][42]. O kadofahay ko kinaira no South Africa, sakipaysoan a kicay, sarikec, sakalalicay, kinairaira ato kalolalan a comahad, malaheciay ko nipatirengan ato maci kalali’aca no payso mala’ayaway no 20 i polong no cikiw ko South Africa. Salonganay kingko o sepatay ta’akay kingko no South Africa, o sata’akay kingko no Africa safanitot. Itini i South Africa macowatay satakaraway sa’etal halo Cape Town, Johannesburg, Durban ato Elizabeth minato, nika o nian a sa’etalan o roma a sa’etal citolas ko nikacowat, nanoya o laloma’an no kitakit o sakapakinali a kalala’ed no cidafongay ato pakoyocay a demak[25][177][344]. Roma, i laloma’ay no South Africa kitakit nika sasiroma no finacadan, kohecalay tamdaw to sakikicay ira ko sakangilay a ’icel[275][370]. ’aloman ko katayalan a mikowanay o kohecalay tamdaw ko citodongay[370], caira ko mirepetay to ta’akay a sera a kinaira[123][125][161][274][275][371], malosaka i laenoay a kohetingay tamdaw ka’osien, o sakaci’ilo ato mikelotay mapakinaliay[370][372]; tongal sa i fiyaway a kitakit malafelay finawlan pado’edo micomod i South Africa[192][193], ato macakat ko nipidenga no AIDS[25][177], o nian ko sakadahdah a macowat no kicay no South Africa. Orasaka, talacowa no South Africa a laloma’an kinaira o saka sepat takaraway i Africa safaniyot a kitakit, nika oyanan to a o cemahaday ho a kitakit. Saki Africa safaniyot a kasakitakit i o samacemahaday a kitakit. O nitelekan no South Africa a payso o Rand. Mataneng i 2001 mihecaan ko kasereran, o rand no South Africa a midoedo i 2002 miheca tangasa 2005 miheca nao macakatay i hakal mifalic to Amilika payso ko nia rand. Nikawrira ikor no 2005 miheca, o rand no South Africa midotoc to mararaay kicay a lowaming, matiniay demak midoedo tangasa ikor no 2006 miheca a sanga’ay sato. I 2007 miheca tangasa 2008 miheca, 2014 miheca tangasa 2015 miheca ato 2019 miheca, o kacango’ot no tingki no South Africa kitakit ira ko katalawan to sakinairaira, mipacena’ ko sifo i kasasiroma a sa’etal macacorok paterep to tingki[373][374][375]. Nanoya tomerep ko tingki tadamaan ko sangilay i laloma’an no kitakit a sakadademak to sakatayal kalali’aca[373], nikawrira nano laloma’an no kitakit no South Africa caay to ka cekal i takaraway katayalan ato syakay, o tekedan tamdaw a sadama a payso caay to ka pisatata’ak to patodong to sakinaira a tayal, tangal sa o sifo ikaka ko ka’edes to pitomadaw, nanoya awaay ko sakasalof i mamoko’ay romi’adan[376].   ==== Saka cecay a kinaira (第一產業) ==== Nawhani caay ko kala’oraday ko South Africa, talacowa kakahad ko sera nika saheto o makedalay, o manga’ayay kaliomahen i polong no kitakit a sera dengan 12.1% to (2005 miheca) [377], o kinairaan no maomahay a polong no kinaira polong no kitakit a GDP 3% (2009 miheca) [378]. Itiya i 18 sici, o South Africa pacomod to milino cifanohay a tadasiri, nanoya misaadihay to pisafanoh. I ’ayaw no 20 sici, o kicay no South Africa no o misafanahay ko sakaira, mangalef tadamaan ko misasiriay. Ma’awid no pisafanoh a saka 2 ko masadakay no South Africa, aikor no ’ekim. Nikawrira ira ko lalangaw a mirawraw, o pakaenay to siri caay ka papina i, nika o saka’orip no kohecalay tamdaw, ikasata’akay maci i South Africa ko misahacolay no kolong a tayal. O South Africa i aikora no Amilika ato Congko a grapefruit (potawyo) ato karo’ sakatolo a mipalomaay cikinairaay a kitakit[379]. O roma, o paloma’ay to avocado ko South Africa[380]. Micomod i 20 sician i, o maomahay a pakayraan no South Africa nanoya sa a mafalic, halo picowat to pananoman, midemak to kikayan sakamaomah ato pifalic to sera ato sakaloma a sepal. I 1937 miheca, polong no kitakit no South Africa dengan ira ko 6,000 a kangkang, nika tangasa i 1958 mihecaan matongal to tangasa 120,000 to ko kangkang. I hekal o saadihayay ko fodawan kinaira a kitakit ko South Africa, kadadoedo o saka lima i hekal to cikinairaay no kitakit[381]. O kinaira a fodawan no South Africa ira to ko 70 kaadihay no fodawan, o polong no kinaira o kalitosaay no Africa safaniyot ka adihay[45][381]. O kinaira no fodawan i South Africa ira ko tada’ekim, chromium, adicawcaway fokeloh, platinum, laloma’ no nia platinum ira ko ’ekim, fluorspar, chromium ko laloma’ o sakacecay i hekal, o tada’ekim, vanadium, manganese, zirconium o saka tosa, o titanium saka sepat, phosphate, uranium, lead, antimony saka lima, o sikitang, zinc saka folo, copper (tangloy) saka siwa[381]. Oya adicawcaway fokeloh kinaira i hakal ira ko 9%[381]. O roma, o mana’angay i sera no South Africa salongan pisa’osi ira ko 10 walwalan cikeng ko sasasimalen[382][383]. ==== Saka tosa a kinaira (第二產業) ==== Misamararay o sakitosiya, kikay a misanga’an. Nawhani o i laloma’ no South Africa kahiraay ko sikitang, marar, sa macowat ko misamararay masanga’ a masa’opo a taloay ’etal[384]. I Pretoria sa’etal nai 1934 miheca, o marar a tafok nai Tabazimbi no Colokedy a saowac, o satadamaanay a nano mararan, o masalangtoay nai KwaZulu-Natal, oya masa’apolay a ongcoy itiniay masadak. Itini i Frinisin sa’aral nai 1943 miheca, itini mipatireng to pisamararan a kaysya, o nano marar nai KwaZulu-Natal, oya masa’apolay a ongcoy o i Pretoria sa’etalay koni. Itini sa’etal o sapilinanom manga’ay i Pretoria, maedeng ko padamso no tingki. I Mewcastle a kinaira a marar, o marar a tafokan o nai Tabazimbi ato kafiyaway Postmarsburg a mangano sa’etal a kinaira a marar, malo o sapadamso to Frinisin pisamararan a kaysya ato Witwatersrand a sikitang a pisamararay a kaysa. I no South Africa a misanga’an saheto o kikay, o tangal no cinamalay, o sakiomah a kikay, misanga’ay to tamina ato tosiya a sakatayal, o sakitayhi a nitayalan malenak i kawali ka’amisay no Johannesburg a Maud’s Ark, o tayhi ato nisanga’an a komo ko misanga’an. O rama a mitinooyay ato misanga’ay to malokakaenen i South Africa mapatireng iraay to ko 100 mihecaan a likisi, saheto o kahemaway nitayalan. I South Africa malenak ko sepatay a misanga’ay sa’etal, dengan o i Vivatslan misanga’ay sa’etal nawhani o itiniay a malowad mangalay sa mipatirengay to misanga’ay sa’etal, o roma toloay sa’etal o i lawacay lilis no riyar a apocok, o pilitado to kaapocok manga’ay ko picolo’, palingata to kaemeday lifon no matayalay ato icifa a lalowadan a misanga’ay ’etal. O sasowalen, o pisanga’an no South Africa itiniay to nia sepatay sa’etal[385]: I Vivatslan misanga’ay sa’etal o sata’akay no South Africa a misanga’ay sa’etal, o panasanga’ a kinaira 40% ko nisanga’ay i polong no kitakit, o kasakowat nau kaetip a Teresa’s Ark, tangasa kawali a Springs, o kararaay 100 kongli, o patodong to itiniay a fodawanan sa mipatireng to pisanga’ay sa’etal, o todong sakikikay a pisanga’ (misanga’ to sapifodawan a kikay), misariko’ay, mali^miay a fokloh misanga’ay ato lalosidan a misanga’ay. I Cape Point misanga’ay sa’etal o kanga’ay mingata to minato sakanga’ay pacomod pasadak to sapisanga’ patireng to pisanga’ay sa’etal, mitenooyay pisanga’, sriko pisanga’, hakahira no tosisa ato mi'olac to simal. Itiniay a misanga’ay to kinaira 15.5% i polong no kitakit. I Duban misanga’ay sa’etal todong no misataminaay, tayhi misanga’ay, mi'olac to simal. Itiniay a misanga’ay to kinaira 15% i polong no kitakit. I Elizabeth minato a pisanga’an ira ko taya, misakocoay ato tosiya a kahiraan. I South Africa a kinairaira misanga’ay o tadamacowatay, ono kitakit a tingki kosi Escom o saka 10 i hekal a tingkian misanga’ay ato saka 11 ta’akay tingki mipaliwalay, ira i polong no cikiw sata’akay ’icang li’etecay a pisatingan[386][387][388]. Padamsoan kasasiroma 95% no South Africa ato polong no Africa safaniyot to 60%. O dengan pilitadoan to misanga'ay to tingki a Heneng no Africa safaniyot ko South Africa a kitakit[389][390], i Cape Town patireng ko Africa apocok dengan a misanga'ay to tingki a Heneng patireng[381]. == Saka tolo a kinaira (第三產業) == Itini i kinaira a kasolekan, nai 1990 mihecaan, o South Africa a sakalahad no kicay a saka tolo kinaira micokerohan, pahapinang to cemahaday to a kitakit[391], nai 1990 mihecaan, o South Africa saka tolo a kinaira to sakikicay a comahad a katadamaan, madalef o kingko, paysoan, pirarakatan ato hikokian to saki GDP a tadamaanay demak, macalap ko polong no kitakit a GDP mata’elif ko 67%. Laloma’, rarakatan ato hikokian a GDP mata’elif ko 67%[392]. I South Africa ira ko masongila’ay pikantok a mikowan, takaraway ko kimeto a kingko a tayal[25]. Patireng to macikcikay pa’aca a tayal no kingko, patireng tosapipacefongan tayal no kingko. I South Africa ira ko sepatay kingko mi’emetay to macikcikay pa’aca a tayal no kingko no South Africa masasiroma South Africa kadep kingko, saka cecay kitakit kingko, rocek kingko ato Rily kingko[393]. Onini a sepatay kingko mi’emet to macikcikay pa’aca maci i South Africa, itini i Africa a safaniyot o cimikeriday[394]. I’ayaw to 10 miheca, o South Africa misolot to ’alomanay romaay kitakit a kingko ato mimipacefongay a citodongay mipacowat to tayal. Nanoya, o South Africa i no tingki a pipecec a faco no kingko, pali’ayaw pafeli a faco, no sata pikowan ato pitena’ to sakaeca kasa’efitaq o satadamaanay i hekal ko pidemak[392]. Mirarakatay o satadamaanay no South Africa a tayal[10][395], kinaira i laloma’ no kitakit salongan 9%, matayalay misanga’ay ira ko 140 ’ofad no tamdaw[42][396][397]. O kadofahay ko parapatan no South Africa, fangecal no kanga’ayan[42][397]. Polong no kitakit ira ko 700 laloma’an no hotel, 2,800 ko loma’ pacarcaran, ato 10,000 ko kakomaenan[42][397]. Pirarakatan masaopo i kawali ka’amis ato lawacay no riyar sa’etal[42][397]. O tarapatan pirarakatan ato ponka pihalamaan o satadamaanay pirarakatan i South Africa a macowatay[42][397]. I 2015 miheca, tayraay i South Africa a roma kitakit mirarakatay tangasa 890 ’ofad ko tamdaw[397]. O South Africa a hikokian a tayal macowatay, no South Africa o sata’akay i Africa safaniyot a kalali’aca kosi ko South Africa hikoki[42][397], i Johannesburg a Oliver Tambo kasakitakit hikokiciw o pilosimet to lalosidan o sakacecay i Africa safaniyot. Roma, o sakatatolo i hekal mimingsay hikoki mapatalapotalay a kitakit, o mapasadakay a mimingay hikoki polong no kitakit kinaira ira ko 11%[392]. == Pisalalan a patireng ato karomakatan (基建與交通) == O South Africa ira ko lalan, marar lalan, karayan picolo’, nanoman picolo’ ato no simal a calay kasasiroma a sapicolo’. Palalecad to adihayay kitakit, o hacikayay a karomakatan (kawso kanglo) no South Africa ma’edes ko pikantok, tinako parakatay to tofay, cikikayay a kitang ato no kamayan a kacipinangan saheto ’efetay a demak. Itini i South Africa, o sa’ayaway comahad ko kapolongan a sakaromakat a demak[398], o nian a sakacomahad o MyCiTi[399][400]. MyCiTi sanay o faco karomakatan no faso, pakayni kanga’ayan ato mafohatay kalamkamay a sakaromakat dado’edoen a mapadama ko sakanga’ayan no karomakatan no Cape Town, Duban ato Elizabeth a adihayay a tadaminato, o nia minato manga’ayay mahayda sapicolo’ to mirarakatay ato micolo’ay to simal. I 1980 mihecaan, o hacikayay lalan no South Africa o nano saka tatolo no hekal, dengan aikoray no Amilika ato kaetipay Germany[138][141][142]. I 2002 miheca, o South Africa ira ko 362,099 kongli a lalan, o nia ira ko 73,506 kongli (17%) o asfareto (halo 239 kongli a hacikayay lalan) [365]. Tangasa i 2017 miheca, o South Africa ira ko 747,014 kongli a lalan, o saka 10 a lalan, o saka 10 i hekal o saka 10 ta’akay faco[401]. Anini, o romakatay i lalan no South Africa palecad to 1994 miheca matongal ko 600 ’ofad ko kaadihay[401]. I 2008 miheca itiya, o South Africa ira to ko 20,872 kongli ko mararay lalan, polong o 3.5ft (42in) karomot. Oni 20,070 kongli o 1,067mm (3ft 6in) ko lalat (no tingkian 9,090 kongli), osaw to 314 kongli o 610mm (2ft) ko sa’osi. Tangasa 2017 miheca, o South Africa ira ko 22,000 kongli a marar a lalan[402], o saka 10 a ta’akay marar lalan faco i hekal[402]. O kasaminato no South Africa manga’ay pakariyar ko kasacalay no picolo’, nika nawhani awaay ko paka’aloay a rakat micolo’, orasaka o maci awaay ko kalacalay no mararay lalan, tinako o Duban ato East London awaay ko pamo’ecelay a sapicolo’ a lalan. I 2010 miheca 6 folad 7 romi’ad, itiya a manga’ay ko katatongod nai Oliver Tambo kasakitakit hikokiciw ato Thornton a Howden a kisya, o cecay katatongodan a calay nai Johannesburg, Pretoria, Equuleini ato Oliver Tambo kasakitakit hikokiciw a hacikayay mararay lalan picolo’ to mirarakatay kisya a faco[403]. I 2014 mihecaan, i South Africa o polong no kitakit a kasahikociw mirarakatay ira ko 3,500 tamdaw[404]. I South Africa o samalifotay a hikokiciw kadado’edo i o Oliver Tambo kasakitakit hikokiciw, Cape Town kasakitakit hikokiciw, Shaka hongti kasakitakit hikokiciw, Elizabeth kasakitakit hikokiciw ato East London kasakitakit hikokiciw. O South Africa hikoki kosi o nano South Africa kitakit ko citodongay a hikoki kosi[405], padamso to patatikoay nai Johannesburg ato Cape Town a calay no hikoki. O roma sato satadamaanay kasakitakit hikoki kosi tinako Inkiris hikoki, Netherland hongti hikoki, Lufthansa hikoki/Switzerland, Spain hikoki ato France hikoki ira ko padamsoay to romi’ami’ad ma’efer patatikoay i kitakit a kasakitakit hikokiciw. Orama, ira ko papina a hikoki kosi tanako o South Africa calay hikoki, Com hikoki, Kurula hikoki, Mango hikoki, Namibia hikoki, Safa hikoki ato South Africa ranikay micolo’ hikoki padamso to ka’efer i laloma’ay no kitakit ato sakafiyaw kitakit a hikoki. Oya mimingay a hikokiciw i South Africa halo i Bram Fisher kasakitakit hikokiciw no Bloemfontein, Shaka hongti kasakitakit hikokiciw no Duban, Kruger Pumalanga kitakit hikokiciw, East Londen hikokiciw, Polokwane kitakita hikokiciw ato Elizabeth hikokiciw. Talacowa cango’ot to no ’aloan micolo’ ko South Africa, nikawrira no riyaran picolo’ o kimetoay, ira ko 96% a micomoday masadakay saheto pakayniay no riyaran ko sapicolo’ [406]. O South Africa a tadaminato ira ko Cape Town, Duban, Elizabeth, East London, Mossel sangoso’, Richards sangoso’ ato Saldanha sangoso’, manga’ay i kasaminato no hekal a romakat. I 2009 mihecaan, itini i Elixabeth sakawali ka’amis to 20 kongli no Koga fa’elohay a Nicola minato[407]. O minato no South Africa a nisanga’an a pikowan ato pidemak nai Delan Snit tosaay a capa’ a kosi -- Delan Snit kitakit minato citodongay mikowan ato South Afric minato midemakay a cacitodong. == Dademakay a icifa (勞動力市場) == I 1995 miheca tangasa 2003 mihecaan, o South Africa misongila’ to katayalan milowan to tamdaw, o caayay ko masongila’ay a katayalan i matongal ko tamdaw, sakapolongen kaawa no katayalan mangalef ko latiih[180]. I 2009 miheca, o polong no South Africa a kitakit awaayay ko katayalan tahira i 24%[408]. Tonini i, o kohetingay tamdaw awaayay ko katayalan takaraw salongan 29%, macengelay tamdaw salongan 21%, kohecalay tamdaw salongan 5%[408]. O South Africa a sifo mipadang to kohetingay tamdaw a halaka malosaka pipespes no South Africa micowatay kingko kingkiwan ato saparatoh a tataspangan hakasi no kicay ci Neva Makitra[342], sacisowal sa cingra “saheto o sapicokerohaw to kohetingay tamdaw to sakisalongoc (caay ko sapisalofaw to kicay a kasasiromaan), talacowa cidafongay tamdaw masafaco ko kasairairaan” [409]. O citodongay mihayda to nia halaka to saka tongal no kicay cidafong no kohetingay tamdaw, mahapinang ko masafa’elohay macakay sasifo’an a selal no kohetingay tamdaw[25][178][179][410]. O rama a demak halo salongoc ato pikihar no kitakit, onini to sapicomod to adihayay sa’etal masafaco ko takaraway a dipang[411]. O cidahdahay to matayalay a rikec malosakalatiih no kaawa no katayalan no South Africa[180][183][342][412]. Malecad to ’alomanay Africa safaniyot a kitakit, o South Africa i ’ayaw to 20 mihecaan mataneng ko milaliway a cifana’ay tamdaw[177][413][414]. O sakisa’etal a kicay o sakapeleng[415], mihayda to caayay kanga’ay a miti’er to sakiisingan a nipatirengan a sakanga’ay no tamdaw a rihaday[416]. saki South Africa a nifana’an maliposakay a masidayay nanolatiih, o nano nifana’an a masiday no South Africa saheto o nanopisepenan, o sakapiliyas no kohecalay tamdaw to South Africa[29][177][183][417]. Nikawrira, oya sowal to kalasawad no cifana’ay tamdaw a nisa’osaan malosakaira no laliyangan, onini a sa’osian caay ka polong to nika paherek no telek i roma kitakit matayal a mapanokayay. Midotoc to pinapina a mipalitaan[418][419], I 2008 miheca tangasa 2009 miheca polong no cikiw a paysoan a katalawan ato karaod no tatelek no katayal, ikor malasawaday cifana’ay tamdaw masadak ko kalaliyocan. I 2011 miheca saka 1 liyad a PPS to nipalitaan masapinang, o mikingkiway tadamaanay tamdaw a cifaloco’ay no South Africa a tatodongan 84%[420]. == Misafa’elohay ko nikingkiwan (創新科研) == O pinapina a kaki ato nifana’an a nikacowat saheto o nai South Africaay: I 1967 miheca 12 folad 3 romi’ad, o nai Grote Schur isingan no faloco’ a ising ci Christine Barnard malaheci ko nidemakan sa’ayaway nipilinah to faloco’ a tokad i hekal[421][422][423]; ci Max Terrell mipalowad to cecay sapitena’ to kaliyalaway faedetay a salifong[424]; ci Alan McLeod Cormac mipalowad to nano tomography sa’osi a  X-ray (pisahecian to kasapinang a lintoking); ci Aaron Klug mipalowad to crystallography electron microscope a nifana’an. Dengan ni Barnard ising, o roma a tamdaw pakalayap to kompay no Nobel prize, o saadihayay tamdaw to kacikompay to Nobel prize ko South Africa kitakit[425][426]. I 2002 miheca, Sidney Brenner tona molecular biologyan palowaday tayal a pakalayap to kompay no Nobel prize[427]. Patireng to sa’ayaway a calay rihaday kosi Thawte ci Mark Sauderworth, ikor ma’aca no sa’ayaway i hekal a Verisign[428]. Talacowa misa’icel ko sifo to saki biology a fana’, Information (ratohay) a fana’ ato roma takaraway a kaki sofalan a palowadan katayalan, nika o South Africa awaay to ko tadamaanay a kosi. Itiya kafana’en no South Africa sifo, o misanga’ay no South Africa caay to pakatoor to kalalifet no kicay no kawaliwaliay, o kitakit caay ko mamida’oc miti’er to kinaira no fodawan. Orasaka, o patosokan no sifo o sakasaslromaaw no kicay no South Africa, kao takaraway a kaki ko sakalomahad no kicay ko pakayraan. Ira ko fa’ehohay nano astronomy i South Africa, o saki katimolay (peci’) a cikiw a optical telescope – kaitiraan no ta’akay telescope i South Africa. Anini, o South Africa mipatireng to Karoo array a telescope, tangasa i 15 walwalan no EUR payso a pinfang kongli kamok a misolapay[429]. I 2012 miheca 5 folad 25 romi’ad, misahalakaay sakapot mihapiw misiked i South Africa ato Australia ko pipatireng to pinfang kongli a telescope[430], salongan sa’osi i 2019 miheca misitapang patireng. Maherek a mapatireng, o kahapinang nonini a telescope ikaka no i hekalay saki’emelay a musing telescope ko takaraw to 50 ko inaneng, o sapisolap to kakarayan kaharakat tangasa 10,000 inaneng nira, o kahapinangan a nengneng makikaka mata’elif ko no Hubble Space a telescope. I 2018 miheca 7 folad 13 romi’ad, nano 10 miheca ko pisafaco ato pipatireng to MeerKAT i Carnarvon no South Africa midemak. O satata’akay i katimolay (peci’) a cikiw ko MeerKAT, o macikilay a radio telescope[431], o samahapinangay masyasing ko fo’ifo’osan a syasingen[432]. == Pananom ato isian (供水與衛生) == O citodongay to no nanom no South Africa tosaay ko pahapinang o pakoniraay ko pidemak to sakinanom ato no nanoman wiyyinhuy ko sakaira, nanoman wiyyinhuy o cidemakay to calay nai misatafa’an pasimisiikeday si ko pipa’aca to ta’akay to nanom citodongay. O nia sakatadamaan o padamso no patadoay i saki dofongan payso to sakararidaw, nika cangot i pihadimel. Talacowa matiratira i, 2014 miheca 5 folad, i Durban a nanom ato sakiisi no taliyok citodongay kai “nipifalic ato misakodaitay a pakiraan” cikompay to kasenengan to nanoman no Stockholm misang'ay to lalosidan, masowalay ko nia citodongay o “o satala’ayaway i hekal a kapolongan a siyaan”. O Durban sa’ayaway pasayra i pakoyocay a finawlan ko padamso caayay pa’aca to nanom a niyah misiikeday si, o 130 ’ofad a tamdaw macayat to nanom, i laloma’ no 14 mihecaan 70 ’ofad ko tamdaw ko mapadamsoay to tata’ian. Itini i Durban misaopo to nanom no ’orad ato mimingay no nanoman ko pisatingki[433]. Ikor no paherek to finacadan a kasasiiked, o sakinaira no nanom i South Africa mapacakat ko miradomay to nanom, nai 1990 miheca tangasa 2010 mihecaan, o mapananomay a tamdaw nai 66% matongal tangasa 79%to [434]. Oyanan a liyad, o sakiisi a nipatirengan nai 71% matongal 79% to[434]. Ano matiratira ko patodong no sifo to sapifalic to sapatado, pasinanoman ko padamso to pacefong to patiyap to payso, naka nona mihecaan sakareteng pisafaloco’ sato ko pisi’ayaw no sifo to padamso to nanom ato sakiisi a nidemakan[435]. O kawali a sa’etal no South Africa mafodo’ to pakayniay to Holy Child (tadamaanay a wawa) a kakedalan[436]. I 2018 miheca 2 folad 13 romi’ad, o South Africa a sifo miparatoh to Cape Town to nano polongan no kitakit a talatiihay[436], nawhani no Cape Town pipananom tangasa i saka 6 folad o mamakedal to cango’ot no nanom[437]. Nawhani o nitafa’an a nanom dengan to 24.9%, mirahid to nanom i finawlan to romi’adan sa’adihayay 200 liter tangasa 250 liter makerod i 50 liter (taikor mapadahal to 87 ko liter ito), micohong ko kakeridan (siciw) tayra i mikaloyaay to nanom a laloma’an, o mamiparatoh ko kadademakan no kakeridan (siciw) ka’ayaway 100 tamdaw mikaloyaay to nanom a ngangan[438]. O malatapangay no South Africamili’ayaw paterep to nanom “paterepan romi’ad” latek i saka 4 folad ano eca saka 5 folad sanay, ikor manayar tangasa i 6 folad 4 romi’ad. Malemeday i, tangasa 2 foladan, nawhani o maomahay a sacefang halipafeli to nano hiyah nisopedan a nonom pasadak to 100 walwalan liter ko nananomen, ato nipirahid no finawlan to nanom, saka “paterepan romi’ad” manga’ay manayar tangasa 7 folad 9 romi’ad[439]. Nakawrira o South Africa sifo i saka 3 folad mihapiw, ano caay ho ka’orad ko Cape Town, kaawaayan no nanom “paterepan romi’ad” alatek o aitira i saka 8 folad 27 romi’ad, itiya o Cape Town o makedalay awaayay ko nananomen i hekal a maci[440]. Ira kopaini no matanengay to sowal tarohan ko so^eda a lotok nai Katimolay ’Apocok ta masalof ko kaawa no nanom saan, tafone to kiradom madama ko kaeca karanikay malasinol no so^eda a lotok, itiya o ta’akay pasimalan a tamna ko mikeriday to so^eda a lotok patayni i lawac no riyar i katimol no Africa safaniyot kaetip lilis no riyar a Benguela sienaw, mataroh tayni i Cape Town, itiya a micikcik pasakoli, malasinol, palapinapina semo’ot ’ofad a liter ko nananomen[441][442]. Midotoc toLinhoko pihaydaan pali’ayaw, o Cape Town o saka 11 i hekal ko makerahay ko nanom a maci[443][444]. == Tamdaw (人口) == === O nisa’osian ato kasolekan (數量與結構) === O South Africa ira ko 6,014 ’ofad (2021) o nai masasiromaay a lalengawan, ponka, sowal ato pakayraan a pitoora a tamdaw no kitakit[4]. I nacila o pipatiri’an no finawlan i 2011 mihecaan itiya, halo i nacilaay a pipatiri’ i 2016 miheca to milakecay to kitakit a pipatiri’an[445]. Imatini salongan ira ko 500 ’ofad no mitakaway a mafolaw a finawlan[192][193], o nian halo salongan 300 ’ofad tangasa 500 ’ofad a Zimbabwe tamdaw[446][447][448][449][12]. Nai 2008 miheca 5 folad 11 romi’ad miteka, cidemak ko South Africa to sapiliyang mirawraw to mafolaw a finawlan, o sakalifotan no nia litakit[450][451]. O misa’osiay citodongay no South Africa milongoc to tamdaw i pipatiri’an limaay a finacadan ko sapipahapinang to ngangan no niyah[452]. Misa’osiay citodongay i 2011 mihecaan to pipatiri’an no tamdaw a romi’ad o kohetingay tamdaw ira ko 79.2%, kohecalay tamdaw ira ko 8.9%, no macengelay tamdaw ira ko 8.9%, Asia teloc tamdaw ora ko 2.5%, o roma/caay ka patoro’an 0.5%[6][453]. Nai paterep to sakipipalaedan to finacadan a demak, ikor o pinapina a kohecalay tamdaw miliyas to South Africa, salaloma’an no nian kairaira saan a caay kasapinang. O sasowalen, kohecalay tamdaw nai 1911 mihecaan a 22% matefad tangasa 1970 mihecaan a salongan 17%, caay pisawad a matefad tangasa anini 7.8%. I 1911 miheca a pipatiri’ to tamdaw, kohecalay tamdaw ira ko 22%, nika tangasa 1980 mihecaan matefad tangasa 16%[454]. Dengan o papinapina miliyasay a kohecalay tamdaw, o kohetingay tamdaw a nisofocan ikaka to no kohecalay tamdaw ato roma finacadan o nian ko sakatefad no kohecalay tamdaw ko sakatefad[455][456][13]. O South Africa ira ko ’alomanay a malafelay finalan ato milongocay to sadama a tamdaw. Midotoc to no Amilika a malafelay finawlan ato mafolaway wuyyinhuy a piparatoh “2008 miheca no hekalan a pipalitaan to malafelay finawlan”, i 2007 miheca a South Africa ira ko salongan 144,700 tamdaw ko malafelay finawlan ano eca milongocay to sadama a tamdaw[457]. Masasiked cangra nai Zimbabwe (48,400) tamdaw, o Democratic Republic of the Congo (24,800 tamdaw), ato Somalia (12,900 tamdaw) [457], polong mataelif ko 100,000 tamdaw. O nia tamdaw itiraay i Johannesburg, Pretoria, Durban, Cape Town ato Elizabeth minato[457]. Anini, ’alomanay a malafelay finawlan misatapang i Mpumalanga kanatal, KwaZulu-Natal kanatal ato Eastern Cape kanatal a maomahay sa’etal malingad ato ma’orip. == Sowal (語言) == Itini i South Africa ira ko 11 a sowal no kitakit[14][458][459], pasasiroma ira ko Afrikaans, Inkiris sowal, South Ndebele sowal, Northern Sotho sowal, Southern Sotho sowal, Swadi sowal, Tsonga sowal, Zana sowal, Venda sowal, Xhosa sowal ato Zulu sowal. Pakayni to nian, o sakasaspwal no South Africa a kitakit o no sakatosa to no Bolivia, India ato Zimbabwe. Talacowa polong no sakasasowal no kitakit o malecaday to a malalen, nika sakilaloma’ no nia sakasasowal no kitakit o kananaman ito[458]. Midotoc to 2011 mihecaan a pipatiri’ to tamdaw, i South Africa malasepatay ko marariday a masowal o Zulu sowal (22.7%), Xhosa sowal (16.0%), Southern Sotho sowal (13.5%) ato Inkiris sowal (9.6%)[453]. Talacowa o Inkiris sowal o sakasepat a rayray, nika i 2011 miheca dengan 9.6% ko South Africa a tamdaw o saka cepay a sasowalen, nika o Inkiris sowal o saki South Africa i sician, kalali’acaan to sakimitiyaan a sakasasowal[10][458]. O roma i, o Inkiris a sowal ko saka sasowalan no South Africa[453][458]. I South Africa mihayda to pinapina a finacadan sowal, halo Fanagaro, Kerr, Robidus, Nama, Northern Ndebele, Pudi ato South African Sign Language[460]. O nia caayay ko nano kitakit a saasasowal, o saka nidemakan no South African o no kitakit a sasowalen. O San a tamdaw ato Khoikhoi a tamdaw ’alomanay a finacadan manayaray tangasa i Namibia, ato Botswana a kitakitan a sasowalen to caayay ko no kitakit a sakasasowal. Caay kalecad to no roma a Africa safaniyot a tamdaw, o nia tamdaw o nai mi’a’adopay a syakay, orasaka ira ko no nangra to no niyah a ponka kacingangan. O San a tamdaw ato Khoikhoi a tamdaw o maco’ecoay patayra i lawac, o mamalasawad malahedaw ko sowal. O i South Africa a kohecalay tamdaw saheto o mafana’ay to no Europe a sowal, halo Portugal a sowal (ira ko nai Angola ato Mozambique a mafolaway tamdaw ko mafana’ay pasowal), Germany sowal ato Greece a sowal, salongan a Asia teloc a South Africa tamdaw mafana’ay pasowal to no Asia a sowal, tinako Gujarat sowal, Into sowal, Tamil sowal, Telugu sowal ato Urdu sowal. Oya itiniay i South Africa a nano Africa safaniyot France sowal a liyok mafolaway finawlan o nia Africa safaniyot France sowal ko sakasasowalan. == Maci (城市) == I 2000 miheca, ira ko 95% a kohecalay tamdaw ato Asia safaniyot tamdaw, 79% ko cicengelay tamdaw ato 41% kohetingay tamdaw maro’ay i laloma’ no kasamaci. 2005 miheca, maro’ay i maci a tamdaw polongen macalap ko 59.5% ko tamdaw, o nia tamdaw tangasa i 2015 mihecaan matongal tangasa 64.8%. O kamaro’an caayay to ksaedeng ato sakisalawacan a kanga’ayan o sakalatiih to no maci[461][462][463]. Orasaka, taliyok no sa’etal i maci caayay ko masongila’ay a nipatirengan a loma’, tinako o talo’an, cahongan pakoyoc kamaro’an[464][465]. Tahamatini, i South Africa mipatirengay to loma’ caay to pakarenec to South Africa mangalayay to sakaira no kamaro’an a tamdaw, no Soweto maci no kohetingay tamdaw caay to pakalolol to ka’aloman no tamdaw a demak[465][466]. Itini tina maci, ira ko 300 ’ofad tangasa 400 ’ofad a tamdaw maro’ay i laloma’ no 130 pinfang kongli a sa’etal. Ikor no paterep to kalalaedan no finacadan, o sasifo’ay selal ato i takaraway selal a milecokay a kohecalay tamdaw a ka’oripan o kafafalifalic to no syakay a kangilay a masamimingay to. Katelangay a kamaro’an no kohetingay tamdaw a kasaniyaro’ mapaterekay, nawhani dengan caay kapapina ko kohetingay tamdaw ko pakalololay patodong to ’aca to nicaliwan a loma’. Oroma caayay ka papina tamdaw malinah tayra i no kohecalay tamdaw a niyaro’ rahoday ko picamol to no kohecalay tamdaw a ka’oripan. Ono kohetingay tamdaw a tamdaw no maci itini i 20 sici mipado’edo, masa’osi o maomahay tamdaw o mamaserer to 5% tangasa 10%[467]. Satata’angayay maci no South Africa kasarayray. I 2016 miheca niyaro’ a pipalita[468], i hekalay maci a pi’arawan: 2018 miheca misalofan[469] {| class="wikitable" |kasarayray |Ngangan no maci |Kanatal |Tamdaw |- |1 |Johannesburg |Gauteng |9,167,045 |- |2 |Cape Town |Wes-Kaap |4,004,793 |- |3 |Durban |KwaZulu-Natal |3,661,911 |- |4 |Pretoria |Gauteng |2,437,000 |- |5 |Elizabeth minato |Oos-Kaap |1,263,051 |- |6 |Frinisin |Gauteng |957,528 |- |7 |Soshoguvi |Gauteng |841,000 |- |8 |East London |Oos-Kaap |810,528 |- |9 |Bloemfontein |Vrystaat |759,693 |- |10 |Pietermaritzburg |Limpopo |679,76 |} == Pakayraan/pitooran (宗教) == Midotoc i 2016 miheca a pipalita to tamdaw no South Africa, o Kristokiw micalap to 78.0% to tamdaw no South Africa, to nia mitooray o fa’elohay Kristokiw ko ’alomanay[14], caayay kapapina o mitooray to tingsokiw ano eca roma a kiha[470]. Oya fa’elohay Kristokiw, roma ira ko kasakiwha no Kristokiw to 19.7% tamdaw mitooray. I South Africa o mirocokay to pakayraan 4.4%, o Islam tamdaw ira ko 1.6%, no Intokiw 1.0%. ira ko 10.9% ko awaayay ko pakayraan, 2.7% mitoor romaroma pakayraan, 1.4% caay pitoro’ to nitooran[365][470][471][472]. O nai nipalowadan no Africa safaniyot a sakapotan satata’akay a Kristokiw a komodan, ’aloman ko pasowalay to away ko kacotodongan to maanan a sakapot no pakayraan sanay a tamdaw oya mida’ocay to no Africa safaniyot a rocok pakayraan. I South Africa sa’osien ira ko 20 ’ofad a yincumin mirocokay to sapiadah (miadahay)[473], tangasa i 60% ko South Africa a tamdaw pasayraay to miadahay a milicay[474], o sowal nangra to miadahay o “Sangemas” ano eca “Inyanga” han[475][476]. O miadahay palekapoten to no to’as a salo’afangan, ato itiniay a kalo’a’adopen ato kalomalengaway a palecamol todong o sapaiyo a sakaadahaw, matiniay pipaiyo o sasowalen “Muti” ahan ko sowal[477]. ’Aloman ko finacadan pakomoday to no Kristokiw ato no to’asan a pakayraan a midemak[478]. No South Africa a Muslim saheto o macengelay tamdaw ato Into tamdaw masakapot, o nai romaay sa’etal no a South Africa tayni a mikapot to kohetingay tamdaw ano eca kohecalay tamdaw a mitooray to Muslim[479]. Sacisowal sa ko Muslim no South Africa, o nangra a pakayraan i South Africa o saranikayay macowat a pakayraan[480]. Kohetingay tamdaw a Muslim a mitooray i 1991 miheca ira ko 12,000 tamdaw macakat tangasa 2004 mihecaan a 74,700 tamdaw, enemay(6%) ko kacakat[479][481]. O South Africa o nano Yotaya tamdaw a niyaro’, o nian o nai Europe a Yotaya tamdaw, cangra haw i o caayay kapapina a mafolaway nai Europe a ’oasawan[482]. O South Africa a Yotaya tamdaw i 1970 mihecaan tangasa i satakaraway, nika imatinib dengan to salongan 67,000 tamdaw, halo ’osaw a Yotaya tamdaw miliyasay to South Africa. Talacowa a matini, o nia hatiniay a tamdaw itini i South Africa o pala tadamaanay saka 12 i hekal a Yotaya tamdaw a niyoro’an[483]. O Intokiw a mitoray mapaliyad a mapatadamaanay no South Africa[484]. == Ponka (文化) == O ’alomanay kohetingay tamdaw saheto o maomahay, o roma sato saheto i manikaway a kaliomahan a misa’oca’ocayay, nikawrira itiniay sa’etal o midotocay to rocok a rocekay ponka no South Africa[485]. Nikawrira, sa’aloman sato ko kohetingay tamdaw misatapang to masamaciay ato pasayraay to no roma pakayraan a ponka[467], o nia rocok an a ponka rara sa malasawad. Nanoya hacol no South Africa o kohecalay to tamdaw ko iraay, tangasa anini, sa’aloman sato ko kohetingay tamdaw, macengelay tamdaw ato Into tamdaw macaco’co to i sacakat kacidafong a selal[25][178][179][486], o wayway no ’orip nangra matiya o nano Europe, ka’amisay Amilika safaniyot, Australia a adihayay sa’etal a ’alomanay tamdaw. O kaemangay sofitay no South Africa o sa’ayaway i polong no kitakit a kasafinacadan a kapah ato mato’asay a micelakay no kapah a kasakapot no South Africa. I 1977 miheca 7 folad 2 romi’ad, o nia kasakapot i kalomaocan mihayda to “O tatalacowa kako” ko piketon[487]. == Nisongila’an (藝術) == No South Africa tanengnengan a nisanga’an halo samato’asay i hekal a nisongila’an[488], o nia nisongila’an saheto o nai dihifay i South Africa a nialaan, o likisi nira nai miso’edac to mihecaan tangasa 75,000 muheca[489], onini a coka ato i ’ongcoyay a coka 3,000 ko kaitiraan i kitakit no South Africa a matama [490]. Pinapina a sician, o nito’to’an kilang, cinco, pinasanga’ ato pisakapowa o satadamaanay nisanga’an no South Africa, o nia nisongila’an tangasa anini ira i kasicowaan niyaro’ no South Africa a matama[491]. Tamatini, o nisongila’an no South Africa mararid sakadademaken matiya nisanga’an no tamdaw a canot a no aniniay a sakatayal to sasanga’en. Sa’ongan itiya ’ayaw ni Yis to 10000 mihecaan, mafolaw tayni i South Africa a Koisan tamdaw a malopisak misaniyaro misatapang ira ko nangra a niyah ponka ato nisongila’an, oya aniniay masadakay nai dihif a coka[10][491]. Nikawrira, o Bantu tamdaw ato Nguni tamdaw a ponka ato nisongila’an a rocok macelolay to ko no i dihifay a coka[491]. I kefeng no pikarkaran ato i maci, o fa’elohay a nisongila’an o macakatay ato masasiromaay: nao sapicengel sakadademak tangasa kakiniyah a nipidemak to kasasiroma a sakatayal to nipisanga’. Nai 1850 mihecaan miteka, o mapatodong no nikacangilan to nano Netherland a ponka a nisongila’ay, misakolongay a Boolean tamdaw ato marariday mitoor to nano Europe a nirocokan ponka no kohecalay tamdaw a nisongila’an tangasa anini oyanan to ko kasasicamol no ponka a masanga’ a mapasadak[491]. O nipitilid no South Africa nai mitiwa’ay to sici, syakay ato likisi a kasasiroma. Nai kohetingay tamdaw ci Saul Prachi i 1930 miheca mitilid to “Mhoudi” sa’ayaway nano Africa safaniyot a sowal ko sapitilid a nanengnengen. I 1950 mihecaan, “soni no tomtom” a cassi o sapilokes to sici, mimingay tilid ato paifaloco’ay a lalowadan, o malangihaay a sowal no i maciay kohetingay tamdaw a ponka. O sasapinangen ko mitiliday a kohecalay tamdaw ci Alan Patton, i 1948 mihecaan cingra misadak to tadamaanay nitilidan “Tangicen, kaolahan a kitakit”. I 1991 miheca, ci Nadine Gordimer pakalayap to Nobel kompay, malasa’ayaway pakaalaay to Nobel compay a nitilidan no South Africa tamdaw[492][493], o nitilidan ningra “No saka pito folad a finawlan” i 1981 mihecaan mihapiw[492][494][495]. Ci John Maxwell Coetzee pakaala to Nobel tilidan kompay[496], i pipakompayan, o Sweden kakoying pacecay ci Coetzeean o “o nano kasasiromaan a pisakilif a mido’edo to sapikihatiya no papotalay sakacekok no tamdaw” [497]. O Arthur Fugard a kiki maketonay ko romi’ad i South Africa, London (Hongt kamaro’an pikikian) ato New York toloay kaitiraan salawacay pikikian pasadak. Ci Olivier Schreiner a “Africa safaniyot kamaomahan a kimad” (1883 miheca) o pa’arawan to Victoria tilidan: ’aloman ko tamdaw to pakifafahiyanay a pacomod to nitilidan. Tana mikihatiya ci Bretten Breitback to piliyang to picidekay to finacadan a midemokay onto a marofo. I 1979 miheca, ci André Brinker mipasadakay to natilid “katalaremasan romi’ad” ikor mapecec no kohecalay tamdaw sifo itiya, o sa’ayaway pasadakay to nitilidan a mapanecay a mitiliday[498]. == Mitiya ato malifongay ponka (媒體與流行文化) == Ira ko tadamaanay mitiya a siya i South Africa, o Africa safaniyot a mitiya a ciwsing. I South Africa adihay ko radio kosi ato sinpon pasapinang to laloma’an no kitakit a kasasiroma tamdaw[25], o Inkiris a sowal ko sakasasowalan[458]. Nikawrira, roma a mo’etepay kasasiroma sowal iraay itira kasasiromaan a sakasasowal[458]. Adihay ko kasasiroma no radiw a ongkak i South Africa[499]. Kohetingay tamdaw a maradiway misanga’ to nano Kuwedo a mitiwa’ay, sakanga’ay i paratohay, tilifi, cassi a mitiya mapasangilay[500]. O kasapinangan i ci Brenda Fassi, o niradiwan ningra “tadamaanay pahanhanan” o Inkiris a sowal ko piparadiw a malatadamaanay. Adihay ko nai rocokay a maradiway halo ci Ladysmith Black Mabasso, a o ni Soweto sepatay ko kacaca’of a mipangiha to no Africa safaniyot a ponkaan a radiw. Mapasadak ko no South Africa tadamaanay malosiyangay i hekal a ridiwan, mangalef ko ni Hugh Masikla, Jonas Gwangwa, Abdullah Ibrahim, Miriam Macabe, Jonathan Butler, Chris McGregor ato Samar Bea Benjamin. O no South Africa sowal a radiw mapapolongay to no kasasiromaan, matiya aniniay ci Steve Hoffmeyer, punk a (Fokofpolisiekar) radiwan ato nisanga’an a maradiway ci Jeremy Robosan. Talacowa i romaay no South Africa a ika caay ka adihay nisanga’an i South Africa, nika ’aloman ko ramaay kitakit a ika nisanga’an a laloma’ pakayniay i South Africa. Pina miheca, mitodong to no South Africa samanengnengay a ika to “saka siwa pi’efecan” [501]. Roma kasapinanang a ika ira “Karari’angan no tatiihay”, oni a ika i 2005 miheca a saka 78 lekad no Oscar a pipawacayan pakaala to no Oscar a romaay sowal a pawacay, oya “Carmen no Kayarisha” itini i 2005 miheca i Berlin kasakitakit a ikaan mapawacay to ^ekiman tomay kompay. I 2015 miheca, Oliver Hermanus a ika “awaayay ko tolas a ’alo” o sa’ayaway marapotay i Venice ikaan no South Africa a ika. == Kakaenen (飲食) == Adihay ko kasasiroma kakaenen no South Africa[502]. O ’alomanay tamdaw maolag to kasasiromaroma no ponka a kakaenen, mangalef oya mangalayay mitenam komaen to kasasiroma no South Africa a kakaenen[502]. O kakaenen a dateng no South Africa ato ponka no kakaenen saheto o titian ko tatanaan, mala o no South Africa a tadong i kasakapotan, itiniay tamdaw paini sa o “Braai” (o mi’id’idan a titi) [503]. Anini, i South Africa macowatay to ko fadiso’so’ a epah kinairaay kitakit, o fadiso’so’ a epah misanga’ay ko kacingangan; i Stellenbosch, Franschhoek, Paal ato Barrydale a lotokan, adihayay epah a fadiso’so’ cingangan i hekal[504]. == Onto (體育) == Sahalamhaman ato kalifongan no South Africa a onto i o waay mali, katop mali ato soedaay mali[505]. Rama a salongan nicokeran a onto ira midangoyay, comikayay, kalofo, posingko, salilay mali, sapad mali ato langciyo[505]. Talacowa no waay mali o kahalamhaman no kapah, nika o langciyo, pakatapelikay, sapad seray a onto macakatay a kalamhaman ito[505]. Nao i romaay kitakit a waayay mali club a ontoing no South Africa ci Steven Pienaar, Lucas Radepe, Phil Massinga, Benny McCarthy, Aaron Mokona ato Delro Buckley. Nano midemakay ko South Africa i 2010 miheca to kasakitakit a waayay mali a hekalan kompay[506][507][508], kasakitakit waay sakapot citodongay ci Sepp Blatter malaheci ko pidemak to nia hekalan kompay mapaini cingra to 9 (10 marafi’ay) fon karahekeran[509]. Tadamanay no South Africa a posingko halo “mimingay Jack” ci Jacob Matra, Wuyani Bangu, Wellcome Sita, Digan Tobera, Gerry Kotzer ato ci Brian Mitchell. I 2010 miheca, itini i Durban pakatapelikay onto ci Jody Smith pakaala to i Jeffrey Lambey sangoso’ kalalifet, nanoya o satadamaanay i hekal a pakatapelikay ontoing. Nanoya, o South Africa i 1979 miheca o cecay selal (ici-fancese) lalifet to tosiya hekalan kompay ci Judy Scheckert. Satadamanay a onto no South Africa sapad mali a ontoing halo Abraham Benjamin de Villiers, Hashem Amra, Dale Stein, Vernon Philander, Fafa du Plessis, mikihatiyaay to cangra to no Into tadamanay a sapad mali lalifet. Naonian, i South Africa adihay ko no hekalan a kanglangciyo a onto kalalifetan, tinako François Pinard, Jost van der Westerzen, Danny Craven, Fric du Briz, Nas Botha ato Brian Habana. Nao midemakay to i 1995 mihecaan ko South Africa to hekalan kanglangciyo kompay[510][511][512][513], itiya i 2007 miheca makaala to hekalan kanglangciyo kompay. I 1995 miheca hekalan kanglangciyo kalalifet, i 1996 miheca midemak ko South Africa to no Africa safaniyot kitakit kompay, ono kitakit a taypiaw miliyaw pakaala. Midemak ko South Africa i 2003 miheca hekalan sapadan lalifet ato 2007 miheca hekalan T20 sapadan kalalifetan. I 1998 miheca kasakitakit sapadan cefang wa’ecik lalifetan, o South Africa ki’aoten ko kaetipay Into palapalaan, pakaala to sa’ayaway kalalifetan a kompay. I 1998 miheca sa’ayaway hekalan mapohaway tamdaw a sapadan kalalifet, o South Africa pakaala to kompay. I 2004 miheca, ci Roland Schuman, Lyndon Ferns, Darien Townsend ato Rick Netlin midangoyay pakaala to i 2004 miheca Athens Olympics a kompay, nanoya mata’elif ko 4×100 pakoniyah katatongodan a hekalan tilad[514]. Ci Penny Haines i 1996 mihecaan Atlanta Olympics pakaala to kompay. I 2012 miheca, ci Oscar Pistorius sa’ayaway mikihatiya i 2012 miheca London Olympics maposotay wa’ay mamoko’ay cikay ontoing[515]. Itini i kalofo, ci Gary Player pakaala to kinapinaay demakan a kalalifet, o satadamanay i no kalofo cingara, itini i South Africa o cecay no lalimaay kalofo a mikihatiyaay. Roma a pakaalaay to tadamanay kalofo halo ci Bobby Locke, Ernie Ayres, Retief Goosen, Tim Clark, Trevor Immelman, Louis Oosthuizen, Charles Schwartzel. Kasakitakit onto i South Africa a ta’akay kalalifetan kalahecian: (南非在大型國際運動會的成績)： Kaciherangan Olympics: 26 ^ekim, 31 kim, 29 fodawan, 86 ko kompay (Africa safanoyot saka 2, hekal saka 32) Kasi’enawan Olympics: caay ka cingangan. Hekalan ontokay: 6 ^ekim, 11 kim, 18 fodawan, 35 ko kompay (Africa safanoyot saka 2, hekal saka 35) Kaciherangan tata’angay ontokay: 27 ^ekim, 21 kim, 28 fodawan, 76 ko kompay (Africa safanoyot saka 1, hekal saka 27) Kasi’enawan tata’angay ontokay: caay ka cingangan. Hekal kuntaw ontokay: 2 ^ekim, 1 kim, 8 fodawan, 11 ko kompay (Africa safanoyot saka 2, hekal saka 26) Kaciherangan kapah Olympics: 6 ^ekim, 5 kim, 4 fodawan, 15 ko kompay (Africa safanoyot saka 4, hekal saka 27) Kasi’enawan kapah Olympics: caay ka cingangan. == Salongan no kitakit (國家象徵) == Salongan no kitakit no South Africa[516] Kaliyalaw kilang, no South Africa kitakit a kilang Langdaw tolatolaw, no South Africa kitakit a ’ayam Cakoday mangcel, Salongan ’a’adopen no South Africa kitakit Angola kopangan foting, foting no South Africa kitakit == Kacedengan (節日) == Fa’elohay South Africa polong no kitakit kacedengan ato pihiratengan a hanhan[12][517][518]: {| class="wikitable" |Romi’ad |Mihecaan kacedengan |Pitelekan miheca |Pisahecian |- |1/1 |Mihecaan romi’ad |1910 |Saka cecay romi’ad no miheca |- |3/21 |Kasakitakit salongoc no tamdaw |1990 | |- | |Kasemseman ni Yis |1910 |’Ayaw piliyawan ni Yis ma’orip a saka lima |- | |Laloma’an romi’ad |1980 |Ikor no piliyawan ni Yis ma’orip a saka cecay |- |4/27 |Pakoniraan romi’ad |1994 |Pihiratengan no South Africa 1994 nikapolongan kitakit |- |5/1 |Kasakitakit a matayalay |1995 | |- |6/16 |Kapah romi’ad |1995 |1976 miheca pico’ayan no Soweto romi’ad |- |8/9 |Polong no kitakit fafahiyan romi’ad |1995 | |- |9/24 |Rocok romi’ad |1995 | |- |12/16 |Kalali’ayan romi’ad |1995 |Patosokan picekeroh to South Africa finacadan lali’ay ato malacecayay |- |12/25 |Kristmas |1910 |Kasofocan ni Yis |- |12/26 |Saint Stephen romi’ad |1910 |Ikor no Kristmas saka toso romi’ad |} == Kiwiko (教育) == Tina to’asan o nano micingcingan makowan no Inkiris ko South Africa, halo kiwiko a telekan i syakay saheto midotocay to no Inkirisan ko pakayraan, matiya o nikenelan sarina’ no Inkiris. Orasaka, o kiwiko no South Africa o no Inkiris a kiwiko, saka malecaday to no Inkiris[525]. Nawhani o South Africa nao midemakay to kalalaed no finacadan, i ’ayaw o kohetingay tamdaw o awaayay ko solongoc to kiwiko[526], mangalef sapiraoyaw to takaraway kiwiko. Itiya, o daykako no South Africa saheto o kohecalay tamdaw ko patirengay to pitilidan, tangasa mapalasawad ko midemakay to kalalaed no finacadan to ikor, kohetingay tamdaw ira ko malalenay to salongoc a kiwiko. Ikor no nian, mipatireng ko South Africa to patodong to kohetingay tamdaw a daykako, tinako KwaZulu-Natal daykako. I 2007 miheca, o South Africa 15 mihecaan tamdaw mafana’ay to tilid ira ko 88.7%[527], tangasa i 2015 mihecaan macakat tangasa 94.3%[528], parana’an mapatodongay to i cemahaday to kitakit ko kafana’ to tilid. O South Africa nai kaemangay midemak to malitoloay lekad a kiwiko, ikor kowcong ato takaraway kiwiko a mikingkiway daykako ato kicik daykako. Minanamay tamdaw o ai saka 1 miheca minanam tangasa 12 miheca lekad, milayap to 12 miheca masarocoday kiwiko na pitilidan. R leyad o ’ayaw no pikiwiko a parana’an miheca[529]. Milakec to mimingay kiwiko no pitilidan to ’ayaw 7 miheca[530], oya ikor no 5 miheca o kawcong kiwiko. Paherek i 12 mihecaan lekad, o mitiliday misiking to no kitakit takaraway sapawacay, miketon to mamitilid to kakodaykako[529]. Malitoloay ko nipatirengan no kitakit a daykako no South Africa[525][531]: masiiked padamso to sakafana’ a pakayraan salalan daykako a recokan daykako, padamso’ to katayalan a sapawacay, karocekan to kicik a daykako (’ayaw no likong daykako) ato kapolongan a daykako, silsilen padamso to malatosaay pakayraan patodongan sapawacay. Tangasa i 2017 miheca, i South Africa ira ko 26 no kitakit patirengan daykako[531]: ira ko 11 nano lecokan a daykako, 6 ko sakikicik daykako, 9 ko kapolongan daykako[531]. I nano kalalaedan no finacadan, masepenay ko no kohetingay tamdaw a pitilidan cango’ot ko payso ato micidekay a Bantu kiwiko a nananamen, o nia nananamen a sifana’ dadengdeng sa cangraan to sakacifana’ a matayal[532]. I 2004 miheca, misitapang mifalic ko South Africa to takaraway kiwiko a lekakawa: oya mimingay daykako pakakomoden patata’ang to citodongay; oya nano takaraway kiwiko citodongay malice o “daykako”, misalof to caayay ka lalen. Tangasa i 2015 miheca, ira ko 140 ’ofad a mitiliday to tadamanay takaraway kiwiko miraoy to nai 1999 miheca mihapiwan dafongan sadama a halaka[533]. O kiwiko sakatadamaan no South Africa a sofal[342][534], kapolongan kiwiko pasadak to 2002 miheca tangasa 2005 miheca South Africa o finawlan ko pi’arawan a sa’osi to 5.4%[535]. == Sapaising a isi (醫療衛生) == Midotoc to South Africa kasafinacadan minga’ayan kingkiw a sa’osi, I 2009 miheca kohecalay tamdaw a pali’ayaw a ’orip ira ko 71 mihecaan, o kohetingay tamdaw ira ko 48 mihecaan[536]. O masadakay no South Africa a isingan sakatomelek macalap ko GDP to 9%[537][538]. Dengan 16% ko mapa’oripay no isingan halaka ko South Africa tamdaw[539], salongan 20% a tamdaw ko nano tekedan isingan a sakatomenek[540]. Oya rafas tamdaw mangalay to pakoniyahay to sapaising ano eca pakayni ising a no paysoan halaka ko pa’aca[540]. Toloay ko isingan sakapot a Mediclinic, saki’orip isingan ato Nit isi kapolongan mi’emetan to 75% icifa kaaisal[540]. Salongan 84% a tamdaw mimitadoay to kapolongan isingan rocek[537], o nia rocek halafinay cango’ot to saki tamdawan a kinsaira ano eca citolasay ko kinaira a cikalifotan[541]. O sakatolo kaitiraan tata’akay isingan ko Chris Hani Balawanath ising no South Africa[542]. == Cango’otay to sakalifong no tamdaw/AIDS (人類免疫缺乏病毒／愛滋病) == O sa’alomanay madenga’ay to AIDS a tamdaw i polong no cikiw ko South Africa kitakit[25][177][543][544]. Midotoc i 2015 miheca Linhoko AIDS kapolongan mihalakaay citodangay a ratoh, o South Africa sa’osien ira ko 700 ’ofad madengaay no AIDS tamdaw[544][545]. Tadamaan ko latiih no AIDS i South Africa[25][29][177][543][544], I 2013 mihecaan salongan ira ko 560 ’ofad tamdaw (mata’elif ko tamdaw no South Africa to 10%) madengaay no AIDS adada[543]. I 2008 miheca a cecay nikingkiwan pahapinang, kasasiromaroma no finacadan no South Africa ira ko kasasiromaan no salifong to AIDS adada: ira ko 13.6% a kohetingay tamdaw to nano mangalefay AIDS adada, nika dengan 0.3% kohecalay tamdaw ko ciadadaay to AIDS[546]. O South Africa to mihecaan salongan masadak 30 ’ofad fa’elohay a AIDS adada, o pakaniay i AIDS adada mapatayay tangasa to i 27 ’ofad ko tamdaw[543]. I 2005 miheca, o South Africa sa’osien pasiiked ira ko 31% a citiyaday fafahiyan ato 20% a mato’asay tamdaw madengaay to AIDS adada[547]. O South Africa a finawlan madengaay no AIDS ira ko 21.5%, oya i kalahitayan madengaay to AIDS ato ciadadaay to AIDS takaraway to 23%[548]. ’Ayaway congtong ci Mbeki ato nano isian kakeridan ci Manto Shabalala-Mhiman halafinay eca paso’elin to kadengaan no AIDS adada[549], mida’oc cangra, ’alomanay South Africa tamdaw a kapatay o nano cango’otay ko kakaenen [550][551] ano eca kalapakoyocan, caay ko nano AIDS adadaan[552]. I 2007 miheca misitapang, o sapisi’ayaw to pi’enec no kasakitakit, itiya misatapang ko sifo misa’icel mico’ay to AIDS adada[553]. I 2009 mihecaan a pisingkiw, itiyaay congtong ci Juma patoro’ ci Alan Mozlledi hakasian malaise kakeridan, mimiketon cingra to sifo ningra o mamipatongal to sakiadah to AIDS adada[554]. Tangasa i 2015 miheca, South Africa to sakiisingan to AIDS macowat ko kanga’ayan[555], o sifo padamso to makeroday ko ‘aca no nga’ayay sapaiyo, saka li’ayaway ’orip no tamdaw nai 52.1 mihecaan macakat tangasa 62.5 mihecaan[549][556]. == Pinengnengan tilid. 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Fa’elohay kowapin calay.  2016-5-23 [2018-08-17]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-08-17）. 36. O roma a kacingangan no South Africa, Nao paka o “kitakit no talakal ni Idek”. Fana’an no Daykako calay. 2017-5-2 [2018-8-17]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-8-17）. 37. Rainbow Nation–dream or reality?. BBC News. 2008-7-18 [2013-8-10]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2013-9-8）. 38. Russia mitiya: Misawad ko South Africa misanga’ to kinairaira kafana’an. Tencent sinpon. 2012-2-17 [2018-9-8]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-9-9）. 39. O dengan macowatay kitakit i Africa safaniyot misanga’ to kinairaira a misawad aca. Anini mala o sasafaay to. Sina hitayan. 2017-10-13 [2018-10-27]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-10-27）. 40.Kapolongan a sowal: Miliyaw a mala tata’angay kicayan i Africa safaniyot ko South Africa. Fa’elohay kowapin calay. 2016-8-12 [2018-9-8]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-9-9）. 41. Inkiris a mitiya: O Nigeria mafahekol to nira ko tata’angay kicayan i Africa safaniyot. Mihokhokay calay. 2017-3-13 [2018-9-8]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-9-9）. 42. South Africa kicay a nidemakan. South Africa kaping calay. 2008-11-6 [2018-11-21]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-11-21）. 43. Kasakitakit Malataw hikoki lomaocan sa’ayaway itini i Africa safaniyot midemak. Kakak calay. 2011-9-29 [2018-8-6]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-8-6）. 44. South Africa tomadawan kinaira a ci’epocay satata’akay i polong no cikiw. Congko kalali’acaan. 2010-9-21 [2018-8-17]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2020-2-15）. 45. Mitiri’ to i Africa safaniyot tadamaanay kadofahay kitakit to kinairairaan. Fa’elohay kicayan. 2018-9-7 [2019-01-01]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2019-01-01）. 46. Gladys Lechini, Middle Powers: IBSA and the New South-South Cooperation. NACLA Report on the Americas, Vol. 40, No. 5 (2007): 28-33: 'Today, a new, more selective South-South cooperation has appeared, bringing some hope to the people of our regions. The trilateral alliance known as the India, Brazil, and South Africa Dialogue Forum, or IBSA, exemplifies the trend … The three member countries face the same problems and have similar interests. All three consider themselves "middle powers" and leaders of their respective regions, yet they have also been subject to pressures from 'Emerging Middle Powers' Soft Balancing Strategy: State and Perspective of the IBSA Dialogue Forum. Hamburg: GIGA, 2007. 47. 47.Peter Vale, 'South Africa: Understanding the Upstairs and the Downstairs', in Niche Diplomacy: Middle Powers After the Cold War, edited by Andrew F. Cooper (London: Macmillan, 1997). 48.Janis Van Der Westhuizen, 'South Africa's Emergence as a Middle Power', Third World Quarterly, Vol. 19, No. 3 (1998), pp. 435-455. 49.Pfister R (2006) The Apartheid Republuc and African States （Felih mana’ang kapi, mateli i calay pina’angan）, H-Net 50.Eduard Jordaan, 'Barking at the Big Dogs: South Africa's Foreign Policy Towards the Middle East', Round Table, Vol. 97, No. 397 (2008), pp. 547-549. 51.Flemes, Daniel, Emerging Middle Powers' Soft Balancing Strategy: State and Perspectives of the IBSA Dialogue Forum (August 1, 2007). GIGA Working Paper No. 57. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1007692 52.Cooper, Andrew F; Antkiewicz, Agata; Shaw, Timothy M. Lessons from/for BRICSAM about South-North Relations at the Start of the 21st Century: Economic Size Trumps All Else?. International Studies Review. 2007-12-10, 9 (4): 675, 687. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2486.2007.00730.x. 53.David A. Lynch. Trade and Globalization: An Introduction to Regional Trade Agreements. Rowman & Littlefield. 2010 miheca: 51 [2013-8-25]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7425-6689-7</nowiki>. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2013-10-11）. Southern Africa is home to the other of sub-Saharan Africa's regional powers: South Africa. South Africa is more than just a regional power; it is currently the most developed and economically powerful country in Africa, and now it is able to use that influence in Africa more than during the days of apartheid (white rule), when it was ostracised. 54.Buzan, Barry. The United States and the Great Powers. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Polity Press. 2004miheca: 71. <nowiki>ISBN 0-7456-3375-7</nowiki>. 55. www.aims.ca (PDF). [2018-7-27]. （o nano tilid (PDF)mana’ang i 2006-7-21）. 56.www.iss.co.za. [2018-7-27-]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2006-10-12）. 57."Southern Africa is home to the other of sub-Saharan Africa's regional powers: South Africa. South Africa is more than just a regional power; it is by far the most developed and economically powerful country in Africa, and now it is able to use that influence in Africa more than during the days of apartheid (white rule), when it was ostracized." See David Lynch, Trade and Globalization (Lanham, USA: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2010), p. 51. 58.Lekatep. Linhoko. [2018-10-19]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-11-03）. 59. Macakat lekatep. Linhoko. [2018-10-19]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-10-19）. 60. South Africa kicay nai kacilangod a miserer tararikor, congtong pacena’ay. Asdaq paysoan calay. 2018-9-7 [2018-9-10]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-9-10）. 61.Fa’elohay icifa a rarawraw: Masereray kicay no South Africa, o pacena’ay saan ko congtong. on.cc waliay calay. 2018-9-6 [2018-9-10]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-9-6）. 62. Congtong no South Africa: kaserer no kicay o pacena’ay, o mamipalowaden. Sina Hongkong. 2018-9-6 [2018-9-10]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-9-10）. 63. 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The Conversation. 2015-12-1 [2020-2-8]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-7-12）. i 29 00 S, 24 00 E, noAfilika ko [[South africa]]. Polong no sekalay i 1,219,090 sq km “saka 25 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 1,214,470 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 4,620 sq km ” Polong i 54,300,704 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen a sera 79.40%, Malo no kilakilangan a sera 7.60%, malo no roma to a sera 13%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Pretoria]] ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakasepat 27 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci [[Jacob Zuma]], patirengan a romi’ad i 2009 a miheca saka 5 folad saka 9 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] nflqarw9loigz9jzjd1o9numa3idapg 0 1149 30651 30488 2022-01-26T17:13:08Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q958]] 30651 wikitext text/x-wiki South sudan（南蘇丹） [[Faylo:Flag of South Sudan.svg|thumb|Flag of South Sudan|alt=Flag of South Sudan]] [[Faylo:South Sudan (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|South Sudan (orthographic projection)]] Itini i 8 00 N, 30 00 E, noAfilika ko [[South sudan]]. Polong no sekalay i 644,329 sq km “saka 42 ko rayray no ngangan. ” Polong i 12,530,717 ko tamdaw. siyoto(首都) O [[[Juba]] ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakapito 9 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci [[Salva Kiir Mayardit]], patirengan a romi’ad i 2011 a miheca saka 7 folad saka 9 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 38wamu0gnza5pf0265pjfvhx5bppys3 0 1151 30145 30143 2022-01-10T20:22:45Z Kaihsu 391 頁面已重新導向至[[Ngayngay a sowal]] 30145 wikitext text/x-wiki #重新導向 [[Ngayngay a sowal]] sxx537tz81ks5e94iov9v7krtzi18ki 0 1153 34683 34504 2023-02-19T05:58:28Z Mtarch11 659 取消[[Special:Contributions/69.193.69.245|69.193.69.245]]（[[User talk:69.193.69.245|留言]]）的編輯，改回[[User:Sotiale|Sotiale]]的先前版本 24067 wikitext text/x-wiki Spain（西班牙） [[Faylo:Flag of Spain.svg|thumb|Flag of Spain|alt=Flag of Spain]] [[Faylo:EU-Spain.svg|thumb|Location of  Spain  (dark green)– in Europe  (green & dark grey)– in the European Union  (green)]] Itini i 40 00 N, 4 00 W, noYoropi ko [[Spain]]. Polong no sekalay i 505,370 sq km “saka 52 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 498,980 sq km, Polong i 48,563,476 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen a sera 54.10%, Malo no kilakilangan a sera 36.80%, malo no roma to a sera 9.10%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Madrid]] ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakamoetep 12 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci [[Felipe VI]], patirengan a romi’ad i 2014 a miheca saka 6 folad saka 19 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] jdcemolhekink3mura48sz6ofnl7azv 0 1154 39016 24083 2023-06-30T09:12:47Z 陳鷹馬 1604 39016 wikitext text/x-wiki Spwan（司普萬部落） Itiniay i [[Jianshi]] Cen no Hsinchu ko Spwan a niyaro’, 18 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 57 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 100% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 57 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 0% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Tayal]]95%, [[Amis]]2%, roma3%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] tke2c6aoxxec1tih1enavimnnq3opxi 0 1155 39052 24096 2023-06-30T09:44:07Z 陳鷹馬 1604 39052 wikitext text/x-wiki Sqbwh（長嶺部落） Itiniay i [[Datong]] Cen no [[Yilan]] ko [[Sqbwh]] a niyaro’, 11 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 30 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 93% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 28 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 7% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 2 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Tayal]]80%, roma13%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] opv3t9ossfdrk7ykullahl1aygwgpyn 0 1156 24112 24111 2021-10-28T12:47:52Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 15 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 24111 wikitext text/x-wiki Sqiy（志繼部落） Itiniay i Fuxing Cen no Taoyuan ko Sqiy a niyaro’, 33 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 120 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 94% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 113 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 6% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 7 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Tayal88%, Amis1%, roma5%. Ira ko Kiwkay(志繼天主堂、真耶穌教會霞雲祈禱所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 61ejjmmm5b3dsek7w2eb3z8dir2nqw5 0 1157 38918 24128 2023-06-30T07:20:55Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38918 wikitext text/x-wiki Sqoyaw（環山部落） Itiniay i [[Heping]] Cen no [[Taichung]] ko [[Sqoyaw]] a niyaro’, 233 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 699 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 80% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 557 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 20% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 142 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Tayal]]73%, [[Amis]]1%, [[Bunun]]1%, [[Paiwan]]1%, roma3%. Ira ko picodadan(平等國小) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(和平分局環山派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko Kiwkay(台灣基督長老教會環山教會、真耶穌教會環山教會、基督復臨安息日會環山教會、環山天主堂) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] f0i9ykpo2igj8pwb98e8jqk5pe74c9s 0 1158 38460 38459 2023-06-24T03:50:04Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38460 wikitext text/x-wiki Sri lanka（斯里蘭卡） [[Faylo:Flag of Sri Lanka.svg|thumb|Flag of Sri Lanka|alt=Flag of Sri Lanka]] [[Faylo:Sri Lanka (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Location of Sri Lanka]] Itini i 7 00 N, 81 00 E, noAsiya ko [[Sri lanka]]. Polong no sekalay i 65,610 sq km “saka 122 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 64,630 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 980 sq km ” Polong i 22.235 million ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen a sera 43.50%, Malo no kilakilangan a sera 29.40%, malo no roma to a sera 27.10%. siyoto(首都) O [[Colombo]] ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakatosa 4 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci [[Maithripala Sirisena]], patirengan a romi’ad i 2015 a miheca saka 1 folad saka 9 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Satimolan Asiya]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Asiya]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Kitakit]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Sri lanka]] bhij5n8px80ed8vlfnif8ufk7jkwiip 0 1159 38856 24152 2023-06-30T02:54:41Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38856 wikitext text/x-wiki Su'aci（美蘭部落） Itiniay i [[Taoyuan]] Cen no [[Kaohsiung]] ko Su'aci a niyaro’, 22 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 84 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 88% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 74 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 12% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 10 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Bunun]]30%, [[Rukai]]7%, [[Cou]]19%, [[Hla’alua]]30%, [[Amis]]2%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] k3jo4e9c8e88efk1zqhvwnit78x5def 0 1160 38668 24166 2023-06-29T04:34:42Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38668 wikitext text/x-wiki Su nun sung（蘇儂頌部落） Itiniay i [[Yanping Cen]] no [[Taitung]] ko Su nun sung a niyaro’, 114 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 359 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 95% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 341 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 5% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 18 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Bunun]]85%, [[Amis]]7%, [[Puyuma]]1%, roma2%. Ira ko picodadan(延平鄉立幼兒園) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] p3hpkwwy2lm2y4mug5rdr0kvbxgqtha 0 1161 24182 24181 2021-10-28T12:48:03Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 15 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 24181 wikitext text/x-wiki Sudadatan（新城部落） Itiniay i Xincheng Cen no Hualien ko Sudadatan a niyaro’, 573 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 1,495 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 20% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 296 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 80% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 1,199 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Truku10%, Amis8%, Tayal1%. Ira ko picodadan(秀林國中) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(新城分局、新城分局新城派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(花蓮消防第一大隊新城分隊、新城郵局) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 4jst7m9if9ofob1idybs3rb10k02h8r 0 1162 42654 30653 2024-04-02T21:54:50Z 41.95.208.109 42654 wikitext text/x-wiki Sudan（蘇丹） [[Faylo:Flag of Sudan.svg|thumb|Flag of Sudan|alt=Flag of Sudan]] [[Faylo:Sudan (orthographic Sudan projection) highlighted.svg|thumb|Sudan in dark green, disputed regions in light green.]] Itini i 15 00 N, 30 00 E, noAfilika ko [[Sudan]]. Polong no sekalay i 1,861,484 sq km “saka 16 ko rayray no ngangan. ” Polong i 36,729,501 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen a sera 100%, Malo no kilakilangan a sera 0%, malo no roma to a sera 0%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Khartoum]] ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakacecay 1 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci [[Omar al-Bashir]], patirengan a romi’ad i 1993 a miheca saka 10 folad saka 16 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] mfdbzze9vdd4wl2a5okxyd5yng9vb1a 0 1163 38889 24206 2023-06-30T06:48:38Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38889 wikitext text/x-wiki Sulai-iaz（初來部落） Itiniay i [[Haiduan]] Cen no [[Taitung]] ko [[Sulai-iaz]] a niyaro’, 111 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 491 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 97% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 474 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 3% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 17 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Bunun]]85%, [[Amis]]1%, [[Paiwan]]3%, [[Puyuma]]1%, [[Rukai]]1%, roma5%. Ira ko picodadan(初來國小、初來國小附幼) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(關山分局初來派出所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] poa5h953v5bgz9qy2qvxq24g37rzusj 0 1164 30654 30491 2022-01-26T17:13:11Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q730]] 30654 wikitext text/x-wiki Suriname（蘇利南） [[Faylo:Flag of Suriname.svg|thumb|Flag of Suriname|alt=Flag of Suriname]] [[Faylo:Suriname (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Location of  Suriname  (dark green)in South America  (grey)]] Itini i 4 00 N, 56 00 W, noNotimolan Amilika ko [[Suriname]]. Polong no sekalay i 163,820 sq km “saka 92 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 156,000 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 7,820 sq km ” Polong i 585,824 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen a sera 0.50%, Malo no kilakilangan a sera 94.60%, malo no roma to a sera 4.90%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Paramaribo]] ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakacecay ko safaw 25 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci [[Dési Bouterse]], patirengan a romi’ad i 2010 a miheca saka 8 folad saka 12 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] ralipt801v8ox6pcku3a6jax7b4tel7 0 1165 24228 24227 2021-10-28T12:48:11Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 12 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 24227 wikitext text/x-wiki Suru（蘇魯部落） Itiniay i Tai’an Cen no Miaoli ko Suru a niyaro’, 95 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 292 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 96% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 279 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 4% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 13 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Tayal94%, Amis1%, Rukai0.5%, roma0.5%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] ieojwwdotgl5eow6dg6sovw102r9nia 0 1166 24241 24240 2021-10-28T12:48:13Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 12 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 24240 wikitext text/x-wiki Swasal（古村部落） Itiniay i Zhuoxi Cen no Hualien ko Swasal a niyaro’, 161 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 509 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 97% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 494 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 3% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 15 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Truku74%, Bunun7%, Tayal6%, Amis2%, Seediq1%, roma7%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 4laoln4azh9droq02vj0ysjwyhmtt7w 0 1167 24259 24258 2021-10-28T12:48:15Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 17 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 24258 wikitext text/x-wiki Swasiq（斯瓦細格部落） Itiniay i Tai’an Cen no Miaoli ko Swasiq a niyaro’, 92 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 340 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 85% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 290 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 15% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 50 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Tayal80%, Paiwan2%, Bunun1%, Saysiyat1%, roma1%. Ira ko picodadan(斯瓦細格部落圖書資訊站) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(大湖分局龍山派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko Kiwkay(台灣基督長老教會斯瓦細格教會) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 0vaa393puy411f44c7ffnholjasemfe 0 1168 34687 34500 2023-02-19T05:58:30Z Mtarch11 659 取消[[Special:Contributions/69.193.69.245|69.193.69.245]]（[[User talk:69.193.69.245|留言]]）的編輯，改回[[User:Bestoernesto|Bestoernesto]]的先前版本 32163 wikitext text/x-wiki Swaziland（史瓦濟蘭） [[Faylo:Flag of Eswatini.svg|thumb|Flag of Eswatini|alt=Flag of Eswatini]] [[Faylo:Location Eswatini AU Africa.svg|thumb|Location of  Eswatini (dark blue)– in Africa  (light blue & dark grey)– in the African Union  (light blue)]] Itini i 26 30 S, 31 30 E, noAfilika ko [[Swaziland]]. Polong no sekalay i 17,364 sq km “saka 159 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 17,204 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 160 sq km ” Polong i 1,451,428 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen a sera 68.30%, Malo no kilakilangan a sera 31.70%, malo no roma to a sera 0%. siyoto(首都) O [[Mbabane]] ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakasiwa 6 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci [[Mswati III]], patirengan a romi’ad i 1986 a miheca saka 4 folad saka 25 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw {{commons|Eswatini|Eswatini}} * [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/eswatini/ Eswatini – CIA World Factbook] * [https://www.mofa.gov.tw/CountryInfo.aspx?CASN=2&n=163&sms=33&s=90 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] jjmz0hikgu73dw1biel5t8mhqazk7fb 0 1169 31921 31920 2022-07-08T08:00:27Z Safulo 35 31921 wikitext text/x-wiki == Takaray sowal(概要) == [[Faylo:Flag_of_Sweden.svg|縮圖|Flag of Sweden]] Roytin Hontian Kitakit(瑞典王國;Roytin a sowal:''Konungariket Sverige),'' o itiraay i Skantinawiya Pecihan Kanatal itira i Saka’misan Yoropa, o tatapangan a niyaro’ o Stokormo(斯德哥爾摩; Roytin a sowal:''Stockholm).'' O kaitiraan no sifo, Pikaykian no Kitakit ato loma’ no hontai itiniay tona taokay Stokormo.ona tokay itiraay i sakawalian a riyar, mingataay to PolotiRiyar, isaicomod no Milalon Fanaw, tadamakapahay kona pala itini, o pirenokan no mipalafangay.ilaloma’ no tokay ira ko 14 a kanatal ato cecay a pecihankanatal, 70 ko kayakay ko pakalitilitingay tona tata’angay niyaro’,matiya o ”isaka’amisay a winis”. Itiya ho i saka 13 sici, ona Stokormo tokay kaitiraan no sici, ponka, kicay ato picolo’an. Ona tokay caay ka haop no lalood, orasaka, masongila’ ko katelik tahanini, anini ira ko safw no 400 so’ot ko pi’arawan to dafong a loma’, mapa’araw ko masamaamaanay a dafong,ono rikisi, finacadan, palapalaan ato sasongilaan. O kasofocan ni Arforoy Nopir ko Stokormo. Nani 1901 miheca misatapang, itira i saka12 folad saka10 romi’ad misaharateng cingranan i [[Faylo:EU-Sweden.svg|縮圖|EU-Sweden]] lalomaan, o honti no Royti ko pafeliay to Nopir Hofi, malaheci i, itira i sifoan a kakomaenan a pakalafi to lafang. == '''Kaitiraan'''(地理) == Itiraay i saka’amis no Yoropa ko kitiraan nona kitakit, isakawali no Skantiwiya Pecihan Kanatal, isawali misi’ayaw to PolotiRiyar ato Potiniya Kihaw, orasaka, ira ko ka’edaway a lilis no riyar. Isaka’etip o Skantiwiya Lotolotokan, onini o kalala’edan ato Nowi kitakit. O kakahad no sera no Roytin ira ko 449,964 km², o maedengay a malaliomah a sera mahaop ko 7.0%,[1] i sakalima ko kakahad i Yoropa, o sakakaay ko kakahad i Ka’amisay Yoropa. O pala kocedis a kakaya’,nani ka’amis tayra timol ira ko 1574 kilo, nani sa’etip tara wa[2]li ira ko 500 kilo, nani ka’amis tara timol a malikelon. Pakitinien i pala ko pisiiked, toloay etal:saka’amis o Norlan Takaeaway Dafda, adihay ko lotok,kakahad ko kilakilangan; Swialan itiraay i sifo’ no sakatimol, sahetoay o tapolo a sera,ira ko 9 ofad a fanaw; isakatimol o Yietalan, o katatekoan no Smolan Dahetal ato ci’afoay a Skona Dafdaf. [[Faylo:Sarek_Skierffe_Rapadelta.jpg|縮圖|o caacaay ho ka tefing no tamdaw apala(Sarek Skierffe Rapadelta)]] mahaop ko 15% a sera itiraay i ka’amis ho no Pocok no Saka’amis.[3] O sakakaay a kanatal o Kotolan Kanatal ato Wolan Kanatal; WinaenFanaw,Witoen Fanaw ato MilalonFanaw. O itiraay i katimol a WoleEtal ato isifo’ay a MilalonFanaw sakakaay ko kakodefet no tamdaw a maro’. == '''Tamdaw''' (人口) == O tamdaw no Roytin o sasafaay ko lonok sanay a sofoc,o sato’edaway ko lalen a ’orip ato sakakaay ko kaliteng no ’orip a kitakit.[4] O polong no tamdaw mahaop ko 90% masacecayay i katimol ato sasifo’an a etal maro’, sakakaay ko ka’aloman no tamdaw i, o Stokormo, Kotopow ato Maormo a maro’ tona toloay tokay. I 2004 miheca saka 8 folad a sa’osi to tamdaw, satapang sa a malafas to 900 ofad, i 2017 miheca saka 1 folad saka 20 romi’ad, o patokiay a tamdaw no Roytin cilafas to 1000 ofad.[5] [6] itini a mahapinangan ko pisalinahlinah a maro’ no tamdaw. I sa’aya’ayaw ho i, o matayalay a tayni a tamdaw ko ’alomanay, to ikor to i, o maforaway a tamdaw. I 2010 a pisolap mahaop ko 14.3 % o maforaway tamdaw, 9,2% caay ko nani Yoropaay tamdaw, ’edeng 5.1% o nani roma a kitakit no Yoropa a tamdaw. O maforaway a tamdaw o nani Fenlan,Torki,Toic,Tanmay,Norway, Polan, Ilako ato nani ’ayaway Nanslafo.[7] I 2005 miheca a pisa’osi o nani Ka’amisay Yoropa ira ko 20,162 tamdaw, nani Aciyaay ira ko 16,739 tamdaw, nani Afrika ira ko 5,625 tamadaw, o nani LatinAmirika ira 2,655 tamdaw.[8] == '''Sowal'''(語言) == Ona sifoan a sowal o Roytin Sowal, onini i, o Ka’amisay-Luerman ono Indo-Yoropa Rayray, o Skantinawiya sowal hananay ho a mitahidang,[9] miriniay to sowal no Tanmay ato Norwi, nikawrira, o ngiha’ ato pitilid cowa ka lecad. O Norwi ato Tanmay a tamdaw rahodayay a mafana’ to sowal no Roytin. 2009 miheca saka 7 folad saka 1 romi’ad, malaheci a misanga’ ko fa’elohay a rikec no sowal, o malasifoan a sowal ko Roytin a sowal.[10] O sowal no Roytin malasifoan a sowal han?halafin ko kacacoli tonini, i 2005 miheca ira ko pasadak to sasanga’en a rikec to sapihayaw to malosifoan sowal,[11] nikawrira, caay ka laheci kona rikec. O sakaay a sowal ko sowal no Roytin, ono mamangay ko finacadan a sowal ira ko Fenlan sowal, Mian sowal, Sami sowal, Romu sowal ato Itisyu sowal.[12] Masiwar no katenak no kalali’aca to dafong, o Ikiris sowal malasamatenakay sowal itini i Roytin. I ikor no 1849 miheca, o malahatatanamen koawcong pitilidan a sowal ko Ikiris, i ikor no 1940 miheca, malahatatanamen no polong a pitilidan ko Ikiris, matiya o Sypanya sowal, Toiv sowal, Fransu sowal ato Italiya sowal. == '''Pitooran(宗教)''' == I’ayaw no 11 sici, mita’ong to kawakawas no Ka’amisay Yoropa,ono to’asan ho a pitooran konini, o Uposala Pita’ongan (烏普薩拉; Roytin a sowal:''Uppsala''）i, o kahiceran no mitooray [[Faylo:Domkyrkan_i_Uppsalas_stadsbild.jpg|縮圖|Domkyrkan i Uppsalas stadsbild]] konini. Tahira to saka 11 sici micomod to ko Kristo Pitooran, mafalic to ko rikec no kitakit milalang tono to’asan a pitooran, tangasa i saka 19 sici ta malahedaw kono to’asan a pitooran. I 1530 miheca ira ko pisalof to pitooran cowa ka pitoor to Tinsikiw ko lalomaan no hoti, o Fa’elohay Kristo ko pitooran. Ikor tono 18 sici, ta manga’ay ko mitooray to Yotaya ato Tinsikiw mipatenak to sowal no Pa’oripay i Roytin. 1951 miheca, mapacomod i rikec ko paifaloco’ay ko pitoor sanay tilid. 2000 miheca, laheci han to a misasip palasawad ko Royrin Kiwkai(瑞典教會; Roytin sowal: ''Svenska kyrkan),'' caay to nitolo’an no kitakit a pitooran. Pakiraen i sa’osi, o tamdaw no Roytin ira ko 275,000 ko tamdaw cowa ko naifaloco’ay ko pitooran, o maforaway a tayni ira ko 92,000 ko tamdaw o Tinsikiw ko pitooran,100,000 ko tamdaw mitooray to Sa’etipay So’elinay Kiwkai, 500,000 ko tamdaw o Musulin.[[Sweden#%20ftn1|[1]]] Tooren ko sa’osi i 2005 miheca, ira ko 23% a Roytin tamdaw paso’elin to Kawas, mahaop ko 53% tamdaw pakaso’elin iraay ko tadamaanay a ’icel no salo’afang ato ’Orip, 23% caay ka paso’elin to Kawas ato ’icel no salo’afang ato ’Orip.[[Sweden#%20ftn2|[2]]] O Uposala Sikyo Etal (烏普薩拉主教座堂; Royrin a sowal:''Uppsala domkyrka''), i 1287 miheca a mapatireng, o aniniay a kiwkai i, i 1885-1893 miheca a patirengen. O ’akawang i, ira ko 118.7 laya’,o sakakaay i Skantinawiya konini a kiwkai. Yo patireng i, o kiwkai no Roma Tinsikiw, o pipacalokan to honti ato pitademan itini, ikor no Pisalof to Pitooran, o Kiwkai no Roytin ko maro’ay itini, anini i, o kamaro’an no Uposala Sikyo. == Pacefafay tilid (註釋) == [1] 《中國對外投資促進國別/地區系列報告-投資瑞典》 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館），第三頁 - 於2007年7月10日查閱。 [2] 《中國對外投資促進國別/地區系列報告-投資瑞典》 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館），第三頁 - 於2007年7月10日查閱。 [3] 瑞典地理概況 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館），外語教育網-瑞典文化 - 於2007年7月10日查閱。 [4] 《中國對外投資促進國別/地區系列報告-投資瑞典》 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館），第三頁 - 於2007年7月10日查閱。 [5] 移民大量涌入致瑞典人口终破千万. [2017-01-22]. （原始內容存檔於2017-02-02）. [6] 《瑞典人口2004年-2007年每月統計數據》 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2009-07-14.'''（瑞典文）''' - 於2007年7月10日查閱。 [7] 瑞典移民局，《Pocket Facts: Statistics on Integration》 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館），<nowiki>ISBN 91-89609-30-1</nowiki>'''（英文）''' - 於2007年7月10日查閱。 [8] 瑞典移民局，《Pocket Facts: Statistics on Integration》 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館），<nowiki>ISBN 91-89609-30-1</nowiki>'''（英文）''' - 於2007年7月10日查閱。 [9] 《中國對外投資促進國別/地區系列報告-投資瑞典》 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館），第三頁 - 於2007年7月10日查閱。 [10] Landes, David (1 July 2009). "Swedish becomes official 'main language'". The Local. thelocal.se. Retrieved 15 July 2009. [11] 《瑞典語不會成為官方語言》（Svenskan blir inte officiellt språk） 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2009-10-14.'''（瑞典文）'''，瑞典電視臺，2005年12月7日 [12] 《新聞公告：語言法壢今天生效！》（Pressmeddelande: I dag börjar språklagen gälla!） 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2010-08-20.，語言委員會 [[Sweden#%20ftnref1|[13]]] 馬爾摩的穆斯林 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2012-01-13.'''（瑞典文）''' - 於2007年7月11日查閱。 [[Sweden#%20ftnref2|[14]]] 《歐盟民意調查機構關於宗教信仰的調查報告》 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2006-05-24.（PDF格式），'''（英文）''' - 於2007年7月11日查閱。 * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] == 參考文獻 == # Mottoes of The Kings and Queens of Sweden. www.kungahuset.se. Royal Court of Sweden. [2015-12-22]. （原始內容存檔於2015-12-23）. # '''^''' Norborg, Lars-Arne. svensk–norska unionen. ne.se. Nationalencyklopedin. [2015-08-06]. （原始內容存檔於2016-01-15） （瑞典語）. # Befolkningsstatistik - Nyckeltal. Statistiska centralbyrån. [2018-09-20]. （原始內容存檔於2017-03-27） （瑞典語）. # Sweden. World Economic Outlook Database. International Monetary Fund (IMF). April 2022 [2022-05-15] （英語）. # Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income (source: SILC). # Human Development Report 2019 (PDF). UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME. [2019-12-21]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2020-01-18） # Summary of Population Statistics 1960–2012. Statistics Sweden. [2013-06-09]. （原始內容存檔於2013-03-17）. # Är svenskan också officiellt språk i Sverige? [Is Swedish also an official language in Sweden?]. Swedish Language Council. 2008-02-01 [2008-06-22]. （原始內容存檔於2014-02-06） （瑞典語）. # Population Statistics. Statistics Sweden. [2016-01-21]. （原始內容存檔於2015-10-16）. # 《中國對外投資促進國別/地區系列報告-投資瑞典》 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館），第三頁 - 於2007年7月10日查閱。 [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] s2qa3loyt5qxuj70uuwp0ikvvovzxr3 0 1170 30657 30494 2022-01-26T17:13:15Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q39]] 30657 wikitext text/x-wiki Switzerland（瑞士） [[Faylo:Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg|thumb|Flag of Switzerland|alt=Flag of Switzerland]] [[Faylo:Europe-Switzerland.svg|thumb|Location of  Switzerland  (green)in Europe  (green & dark grey)]] Itini i 47 00 N, 8 00 E, noYoropi ko [[Switzerland]]. Polong no sekalay i 41,277 sq km “saka 136 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 39,997 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 1,280 sq km ” Polong i 8,179,294 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen a sera 38.70%, Malo no kilakilangan a sera 31.50%, malo no roma to a sera 29.80%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Bern]] ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakafalo 1 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci [[Didier Burkhalter]], patirengan a romi’ad i 2012 a miheca saka 1 folad saka 1 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 8l5cl0pnsvng5hi20od360ou6ktury1 0 1171 39051 24301 2023-06-30T09:43:44Z 陳鷹馬 1604 39051 wikitext text/x-wiki Syanox（松羅部落） Itiniay i [[Datong]] Cen no [[Yilan]] ko [[Syanox]] a niyaro’, 158 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 543 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 90% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 489 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 10% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 54 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Tayal]]83%, [[Amis]]1%, [[Paiwan]]1%, [[Bunun]]1%, roma3%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] cfqb9e4feopwo2yqdm8s444cwklvq63 0 1172 45398 45331 2024-12-23T09:09:16Z Yeagvr 1031 45398 wikitext text/x-wiki Syria（敘利亞） [[Faylo:Flag of Syria.svg|thumb|Flag of Syria|alt=Flag of Syria]] [[Faylo:Syria (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Location of Syria]] Itini i 35 00 N, 38 00 E, noAsiya ko [[Syria]]. Polong no sekalay i 185,180 sq km “saka 89 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 183,630 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 1,550 sq km ” Polong i 17,185,170 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen a sera 75.80%, Malo no kilakilangan a sera 2.70%, malo no roma to a sera 21.50%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Damascus]] ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakasepat 17 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci [[Bashar al-Assad]], patirengan a romi’ad i 2000 a miheca saka 7 folad saka 17 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 0h4tdhh2ohnkvpzzy4ljr8cxlecu7kp 0 1173 38855 24324 2023-06-30T02:54:15Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38855 wikitext text/x-wiki Sʉhlʉnganʉ, Sulungan（草水部落） Itiniay i [[Taoyuan]] Cen no [[Kaohsiung]] ko Sʉhlʉnganʉ/Sulungan a niyaro’, 41 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 108 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 88% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 95 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 12% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 13 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Bunun]]69%, [[Rukai]]3%, [[Cou]]7%, [[Paiwan]]1%, [[Hla’alua]]6%, [[Seediq]]1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 1f5vpm9iwe2jd7dil8uco4t7c0skcf8 0 1174 38917 38496 2023-06-30T07:20:28Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38917 wikitext text/x-wiki S’yux（三叉坑部落） Itiniay i [[Heping]] Cen no [[Taichung]] ko S’yux a niyaro’, 99 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 280 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 73% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 204 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 27% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 76 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Tayal]]69%, [[Amis]]1%, [[Bunun]]3%. Ira ko Kiwkay(真耶穌教會自由教會) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] kvvv7bdw8sb6lmnk68psarl3ofp8skq 0 1175 45463 44333 2025-01-19T09:19:22Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 Vázquez idi 2017年 45463 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Visita Oficial del Presidente de Uruguay 1 (cropped).jpg|縮圖|Vázquez idi 2017年|alt=Visita Oficial del Presidente de Uruguay 1 (cropped).jpg]] I 1940 a miheca saka 1 folad saka 17 a romi’ad masofoc ci '''Tabaré Vázquez''', malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit no [[Uruguay]] anini i ci Tabaré Vázquez, patirengan a romi’ad i 2015 a miheca saka 3 folad saka 1 a romi’ad. == No papotalay a kakafit == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 9a9klibhekfvmhmj2zhngvjlm81tzns 0 1176 24365 24364 2021-10-28T12:48:34Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 17 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 24364 wikitext text/x-wiki Tabilas（圓墩部落） Itiniay i Tai’an Cen no Miaoli ko Tabilas a niyaro’, 115 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 361 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 81% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 292 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 19% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 69 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Tayal75%, Amis1%, Saysiyat1%, Bunun2%, Paiwan2%, roma1%. Ira ko picodadan(汶水國小、汶水國小附幼) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(消防局泰安分隊) i niyaro’. Ira ko Kiwkay(台灣基督長老教會達比拉斯教會、圓墩天主堂、錦水神召會) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 82h88x4alty38179quno39i160kpn7j 0 1177 38919 24379 2023-06-30T07:21:12Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38919 wikitext text/x-wiki Tabuk（松茂部落） Itiniay i [[Heping]] Cen no [[Taichung]] ko Tabuk a niyaro’, 114 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 245 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 72% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 177 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 28% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 68 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Tayal]]65%, [[Bunun]]4%, roma1%. Ira ko imeng(和平分局松茂派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko Kiwkay(台灣基督長老教會松茂教會) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 3ehsl5kf3cwwt84ag9snw4trhwwwf30 0 1178 43246 43245 2024-05-11T04:10:04Z Ｍayawtowid 44 43246 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:太巴塱木雕.JPG|替代文字|縮圖|'''''[http://www.tipp.org.tw/ Tafalong 瞭望台]''''']] [[Faylo:LL-Q143 (epo)-Ｍayawtowid-cidal.wav|縮圖]] == O ngangan no Tafalong (太巴塱部落由來) == [[Faylo:LL-Q35132 (ami)-Ｍayawtowid-O ngangan no Tafalong.wav|縮圖|O ngangan no Tafalong]] O kaitiraan nona [[niyaro']] itiraay i saka'etp 'apilis no sawalian a tokos no Taywan.O no [[Tafalong]] no [[Amis.Pangach|pangcah]] i, o sowal są a cecay, caay ka lacodad. pakayni i Fakong a Cilakala lotok a tyani ko tato’as no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B7%B4%E5%A1%B1%E9%83%A8%E8%90%BD Tafalon] a niyaro’, i rikor i, ta malinah ko finawlan i Dong-fo niyaro’ saan. Saka , Masa’alomanay ko i niyaro'ay a tamdaw ato caay ka pipalomaan a sera. samisalinalinahan kora paniyaro'an ngara tahaniniay Tafalon. i ’ayaw ho, adihay ko apalang hananayay a kalang i 'alo, saka, o “’afalong” ko ’ayaway a ngangan no Tafalon, falic han sano Kuwaping o Apalong(阿巴塱) hananay, o tatodong nonini a sowal o Adihayay ko kohecalay a kalang sanay , orasaka falic han to to Tafalong, ono sano Kuwaoingan a pangangan to 太巴塱 konini,<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20140906133122/http://www.tipp.org.tw/tribe_detail3.asp?City_No=19&TA_No=7&T_ID=323</ref>巴塱 祖靈庇護之地 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館），Nownews今日新聞網 雜誌櫃，今日傳媒股份有限公司，2014年9月6日查閱。</ref>o romai, lra ko kakahaday a sera hananay a sowal itini. == O kasiikedan no niyaro’(部落特色) == [[Faylo:太巴塱拉祖傲階層.JPG|替代文字|縮圖|548x548像素|'''<big>[http://www.tipp.org.tw/ 加一串文字]</big>''']] O Tafalong a riyaro’, o ta’akay a niyaro’ i ilaloma'ay no [[Guangfu|Guangfu-syang]] ([https://zh.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%BE%A9%E9%84%89 光復鄉] sowal no holam ) no Hualien-siyen ([https://zh.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E8%93%AE%E7%B8%A3 花蓮縣] sowal no holam ) ko Tafalon , itini i ira ko sepat a niyaro’ pisaopoan, o kawalian a niyaro’(東富村)、o saetipan a niyaro’(西富村)、o satatimolan a niyaro’(南富村) ato sa'amisan a niyaro’(北富村) a masaopo itini i Tafalon, itira i Tafalonan iraay ko patiyamay iraay ko matayalay, oya to ko saka'aloman. sa o sowal no holam i o 富田 han. Pakayni i saka’orip o pala ko pinengnengan no Tafalon, i enaray ko ’orip a [[Amis.Pangach|Pangcah]] haw i, fangcal ko pisapala no Tafalon, misafonon a malingad paedeng sa to kakaenen, tada adihay ko mapalomaay panay, o lamlo, o tefos, o konga, losay ato masamaamaa:nay. ira ko ’osaw mana’ang, to laday misadateng, anca talalotok mi’adop, midongec ato midateng to no pala a dateng, roma i, tala’alo mitafokod mifoting, ano i pala to, i fatad no lalan, i lawac no ’alo, i lotok to haw i, iraay ko mamalitod nangra itira. caay kanikaw to kakaenen. o roma i, Ira ko talolongay a rayray no [[Amis.Pangach|Pangcah]] i Tafalong, mapakanengneng to ko ’atomo、nito’to’an、mitenoon ato nakamayan to saki’orip a lalosidan i niyaroan. sato maemin cinaneng ko mato'asay no 'Amis. i polong no lisin no [[Amis.Pangach|Pangcah]] i laloma’ no cecay a mihecaan, o satata’akay haw i, ya ilisin no kaloniyaro’ itiniay i faloay a folad. o roma sato , itini i ira ko pita’ong ngara to to’as ato rayray no pangcah, onini a piilisinan a romi’ad, o kaolahan no mihololay a tayra mikapot to acang no kaloniyaro’. == O Rikisi no Tafalong (歷史) == '''Misanga’ to ’atomo (陶器工藝)''' [[Faylo:Ancient Greece Neolithic Pottery Pithos from Sesklo, c. 4800 BC.jpg|左|縮圖|227x227像素|'''Misanga’ to ’atomo''']] O sowal no mana’angay a litid no rikisi i, i ’ayaw no cecay so’ot ira ko lima polo’ a mihecaan, iraay to ko pisanga'an to ’atomo no [[Amis.Pangach|Pangcah]]. o sarakatay misanga’ to ’atomo ko ’Amis a finacadan saan ko sowal no rikisi. O Tafalong a niyaro’ itiya ho i, o tata’akay pisanga’an to ’atomo, i ’ayaw ho, o sota' ko sapisanga' nangra to kapowa, adihay ko misanga’an to saki’orip a lalosidan, o kaysing, o sala, o kopo ato... masamaamaa:nay a kapowa. o nakamayan misanga’an a lalosidan i, o roma soto, ira ko ’atomo, o koreng, o tatoronan, o tamangan...ato masamaamaanay. nikaorira, yo tayni to ko Ripon a mikowan to Taywan how i, misatapang a misawad ko niyaro’ay a tamdaw to misa’atomo a tayal. pasayra to pisafonon a paloma to panay, nika manengneng ho ita ko pisanga'an to ’atomo a kaysiyaan no sa’ayaway i [[Atomo]] a niyaro’. == O nikalopisak no Tafugan (人口分佈) == Do'edoen ko sa'osi no Citodongay tono kalotamdaw a demak no Kalinko kowan, ira ko 5,000 ko loma' 1.2 'ofad ko tamdaw no Tafalong, o sa'awaay ko tamdaw a niyaro' o 大華村ato 大富村, i 2022 mihecaan a sa'osi 'dengan 1,349 kotamdaw ato 315 kotamdaw.<ref>人口統計-人口統計各式列表. 花蓮縣政府民政處. [2022-10-27]. （原始內容存檔於2022-11-08） '''（中文（臺灣））'''.</ref>{{stub}} Tafalong（太巴塱部落） [[Faylo:太巴塱瞭望台.JPG|thumb|[[adawan]] no niyaro' a Tafalong i Ilisinan]] Itiniay i Guangfu Cen no Hualien ko Tafalong a niyaro’, 1,007 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 2,958 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 88% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 2,609 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 12% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 349 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Amis83%, roma4%. Ira ko picodadan(太巴塱國小、太巴塱國小附幼) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(鳳林分局富田派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(東富村衛生室) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(富田村郵局) i niyaro’. == O finacadan no Yincomin(所屬阿美族群) == itiniay i [[Guangfu|Guangfun-syang]] ([https://zh.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%BE%A9%E9%84%89 光復鄉] sowal no holam ) no Hualien-siyen([https://zh.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E8%93%AE%E7%B8%A3 花蓮縣]sowal no holam) ko Tafalong a niyaro’, O tatapangan a niyaro’, ira ko Tafalong, o [[Fata’ an|Fata’an]] a niyaro’, o Kiwit a niyaro’, mililis to tarawadaw no Siwkolang a siniyaro’, na itira i tarawadaw no Kalingko talatimol tangasa i Cilamitay, nawhani maemin paniyaro’ i lawac no Siwkolan a tarawadaw sa mapangangan to Siwkolan a ’amis. ira ko Fata’an a niyaro’, o Tafalong a niyaro’, o Sadoa niyaro’, o Atomo a niyaro’, o Kalotong a niyaro’, o Kalotong a niyaro’, o Fahol a niyaro’, o Laso‘ay a niyaro’ ato O kakay a niyaro, falo a niyaro' ko pipolongan. == O pitooran no finawlan (族人信仰) == O pitooran ko finawlan no Tafalong i, adihay ko pitooran no niyaro’ a tamdaw, ira ko tingsikiw, o kirisito-kiw, o taw-kiw, o sintaw-kiw ato to’as a kawas no ’amis. o tingsikiw a tamdaw ko ka adihay. itini i ira ko pitooran ngara, pakayni sa’opo no kawas, malosakarikec sto sakavakat no ’orip no Yincumin, saka o Pangcah a tamdaw, ano iraay ko adada, o pades ato ira ko tatiihay a manmaan a demakan, maemin mitahidang to kiwkay mipadang. == O tahapinangan（參考文獻） == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 10fdrasxh1kt86nugd90o1fzcz2tuz0 0 1179 24547 24546 2021-10-28T12:48:48Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 121 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 24546 wikitext text/x-wiki Tafolod （情人袋） O patelian to lalosidan siwit han mica’elay kora tafolod no sakiilisain, itiya ho onini a tafolod siwit ha mica’elay ano matayal anca to laday a ma’orip, o patelian to ’icep, o fila’, tamako, teking ato patelian to mimingay a lalosidan. ’Alofo/ dofot o mita’eselan no wina sapafeli to wawa malotafolod sakatayal, rama i, o papinang patalahekal to taneng a mita’esel, todongay to o olah ato palata’ang to katadamaan no loloma’an a wawa ato katanestes. Orasaka. ano masasiolah ko fa’inayan ato fafahiyan malosapatiwid mafafalic to lalosidan, todongay to papinang to olah, ano iraira ko ka papaliw a matayal i, iraen ko pihayda no laloma’an roma i pasadak sa patalahekal toni a demak. O faco no ’alofo / dofot caayay ka lecad kono kasaniyaro’, o roma i, o cecay a niyaro’ caayay kalecad ko kasangasaw pita’esel ato malosa’eres, o nakamayan ko pi’arawan. Nano rayray a faco toni ta’eselan a ’alofo/dofot deng o tilid ato fidac ko sa’eres, nika na malalacal to roma a finacadan, adihay to ko kasasiroma no ’eres, ira to pakafitay to payso ato tangroy. Ano hapinangen a minengneng ko faco no aniniay i, tosa aca ira ko masasikakay, masalonanay. No sa’amisan a ’etal Siwkolan ato sa’amisan no pasawaliay o Kalingko a ’etal, kakahad ko kaikor, masasikak ko tafolod, saca’elay mapakafit to maedilay, kimolmolay dadingo, masatapelik ko tilid, mapakafit to ’odo, o kahengangay ko cengel, pacamol to langdaway kaliyalaway kangdaway ato romaay a cengel sasiroma sa; satimolan no pasawali a Pangcah, itiraay i Posong a Pangcah miming ko saca’elay sakakaya sa, masalonan ko ’alofo, kalaeno i mapasaysay to kohetingay, awaay ko sapaedil, saheto o nakamayan a mita’eselan ko pisanga’, pasayra i langdaway ko cengel, nika o kahengangay ko cengel no fafahiyan, awaay ko saysay no ’eres. No itiraay to i Falangaw ,’Etolan Torik no satimolan a niyaro’ masalonan ko ’alofo. No Kalingko Fakong, Kakacawan no Posong, Madawdaw no Sa’aniwan, nawhan adihay to ko kalalacal no mararamoday, orasaka cacamol sato ira ko masalonanay, ira ko masasikakay no ’alofo anini. Hakikawananen misiwit talakawili ko pica’elay to ’alofo/dofot. caayay pakido sa patafolod to roma fa’inayan anca o fafahiyan. No Tafalong a niyaro’ i, ano cipadesay a loma’ hakikawili talakawanan a mico’is ko pica’elay, todongay cipadesay sa ko papinang. Ca kalecad ko pinangan no kasaniyaro’, nika ano sowalen i, saikoray to a romi’ad no kailisinan, mangaay to pacomod to fafahiyan pakapot to selal no fa’inayan a masakero, ano ira ko kaimahan no fafahiyan, mangaay comod sa mikayat toya kaolahan a fa’inayan a masakero, o roma i, cacay ko fa’inayan ’aloman ko miraoday a fafahiyan mikayat, todongay to ’aloman ko maolahay a fafahiyan toni a fa’inayan. roma i, cifaloco’ay a mato’asay mitapal to cimacima koya masasiolahay to ’ayaw a miheca, anca nima a kapah a fafahiyan ko maolahay kiting han nira koya fafahiyan pakayat toya fa’inayan palacafay a masakero. ano ira ko mato’asay to ko mihecaan o cahoay ka ciramod, mangaay masamatini sowal han ko mato’asay, cingra to papakayat, roma i patahekal han palimo’ot, papisafaloco’en pakaciramod Ano mapatahekal to ko sakaciramodaw oni o tafolod ko kacipinangan, itini no Siwkolan tono to’as a rayray pinangan, itini i kailisinan toya kasakeroan, ano cima ko kaolahan cefis han nira ko tafolod noya kapah, todongay to maolah toya fa’inayan, nika ano maceficefis koya tafolod nira, ano ira ho ko cofi’it no faloco’, sakatosa a romi’ad mangaay ho patikoen toya fa’inayan. Ano na macefis koya tafolod awa sa patiko, roma i mata’elif to ko kailisinan awa ho patiko, todongay maketon to ko kasasiolah no faloco’. Itiya to misatapang to ko mato’asay caciyaw to sakararamod nangra. Ona matiniay o fafahiyan ko miki’ayaway patahekal to olah hananay i, oya pakainay hananay a finacadan no Pangcah koni, caayay ko nipatangican todod sanay to nafaloco’an, ano maolah ho ko fa’inayan toni a fafahiyan, mangaay ano ’aloman ko tamdaw patiwid sa toya ’alofo/dofot paca’elay toya fafahiyan, roma i pa’araw sa koya fafahiyan milikicoh to ’icep pafili toya fa’inayan, onini ko pakafana’ to kalalacal nangra a tatosa, onini koya “sakiolah a tafolod ” matini ko saka ira noni a ngangan, toni a dadaya i “O kasasiolahan a dadaya ” hananay ko pangangan imatini. Ira to koni patatodong a ngangan nona tafolod, orasaka malasa’eres to no rayray a losid no Pangcah, mato cicaedong to losid ano caay ka citafolod a kapah, mato o caay ka lalok a matayal malecad awaay ko maolahay, awa ko salosalongan a manengneng. Itiya i 1965 a mihecaan palowad itira i Kalingko to pisalamaan mapatireng ko “ Serangawan no Pangcah” hananay piki’arawan, ira to ko patafoloday to miki’araway a lafang, malasaka hapinang to ko sa’eres no finacadan a serangawan no mita tahanini. [[Kasasiwasiw:Siwkulang 'Amis]] 505gq6mubbj1yrycl7be2htx0z93s0m 0 1180 38588 24575 2023-06-27T20:46:49Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38588 wikitext text/x-wiki == O ngangan no Tafugan (三富橋部落由來) == ’Ayaw no Ko-Foko-Go, nawhani misaomah ato ciloma’ ko salong a tamdaw i Cawi’, malinah ko aro' ngara tayra i tatihitihi no Cawi’ a ( sowal no holam San-Fo-caw saan ), sa Tafugan a niyaro han kora kamaro’an. o Sahfongan ko finawlan masaPangcahay koya pala. o moener a sera sanay. ira ko mamangay Cawi’ han no Holam ( codad a ngangan: 豐年祭之旅 )1988. == O kasiikedan no niyaro’ (部落特色) == O Tafugan a riyaro’, misi’ayaw mililis to riyar ko pasawali a [[Pangcah]],  i katimol no Cawi’ ko Tafugan a riyaro. o sakatimol a niyaro’ no pasawali a 'Amis i Kalinko. saka 9 lin ( 第9鄰 sowal no holam) no Cawi’ a niyaro’ ko limaw no niyaro’, caay ka ’alomanay a tamdaw itini. ano pakayni a misalma’ kita i, talacowa adihay ko makapahay a sasalamaan no riyar a niyaro i Kaliko, nikaorira, awaay ko cilamalay a tngasa itini i Fakong, orasaka masanga'ay kita Parakat to tosiya ato paso a tayra ! Tai-xian mapalacalay to ko niyaroaro‘. o 'edengan a lalan koni ko karomakat. Misi’ayaw mililis to riyar ko pasawali a ’Amis, tada kanga’ayan no palafangay a misalama, nengneng han i lalan tadamahapinang ko lawac. ’adawang no Tafugan niyaro’, o nakamayan to nito'to'an i sacomod no niyaro'. manengneng ko langdaway a riyar i sa’ayaw. o lomaloma’ no niyaro’ i , iraay a misi’ayaw to lotok, iraay to misi’ayaw to riyal, o ka'emingay a niyaro no Pangcah ko Tafugan a riyaro’. nawhani o pasawali misi’ayaw to riyar, orasaka o kakaenen a o foting, o’afar, o kalang ato cekiw ato rengos, saheto itira i riyar a miala, ano fangcalay ko romi’ad i ira to ko kalomaan a kakaenen. saka malopisak to i kasaniyaro’ no pasaetip ko ’Amis miliyas to niyaro’ ato kaliomahan, nengneng han ko tamdaw no niyaro’ caay to ka ’adihay, awaay to ko matengilay to sonisoni. 'edeng to ko mato’asay ato wawawawa itini i niyaro. o roma how i, ano mangalay a tayra i kalinko, pasi'amis fesochan ko parakat to padiling,maedengay cecay ira ko pangkiw no toki a tangasa to. == O nikalopisak no Tafugan (人口分佈) == Itiniay i [[Fengbin Cen]](Siyang) no [[Hualien]] ko Tafugan a niyaro’, 33 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 69 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. mahaop ko 78% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 54 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 22% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 15 ko tamdaw. O kahaop (pa-sin-to,百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i,78% ko [[Amis]]. == O finacadan no Yincomin (所屬阿美族群) == O Pasawali a ’amis ko Tafugan a niyaro' , itini i nowalian a lotok, mililis to riyar, mifater to Kalingko na itira i Fakong talatimol tangasa i Madawdaw, saka pasawali a ’amis han. i tiniay i Fengbin-syang (豐濱鄉 sowal no holam ) no Hualien-siyen (花蓮縣 sowal no holam ) ko Tafugan a niyaro’. o Malalo’ong a niyaro, oTingalaw a niyaro, o Fakong a niyaro, o Haciliwan a niyaro, oTidaan a niyaro, o Makota’ay a niyaro, o Laeno a niyaro, o Ticilan a niyaro, o Cawi’ a niyaro ato Tafugan a niyaro, moetep a niyaro ko pipolongan. == O pitooran no finawlan (族人信仰) == Tadasakenaay a pitooran no finawlan ko San-fo-kiw tingsikiway, o pitooran ko finawlan no Tafugan i, kalimelaan ko sowal no Kawas, to sakafana’ to ’orip no tamdaw, ato awaay to ko kaka to nikafana’to codad how i. ora ma’araway a kiwkay i, o tingsikiw ato ciwlokiwkay, o ciwlokiwkay a tamdaw ko ka adihay. pakayni sa’opo no kinkay, malosakarikec sto sakarakat no ’orip no Yincomin, mamaan ca ko deamk no sapitolon ko niyaro’. == o Pikafitan i Papotal(外部連接) == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 5oi5w6xlckbmtzlfo7awv70lglunmoa 0 1181 38808 38477 2023-06-30T01:09:35Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38808 wikitext text/x-wiki Taimali（太麻里鄉） Itini i [[Taitung]] ko Taimali Siyang. sa’osi han ko po:long no palaan i, ira ko 102.29 km² (lalotolotokan a plalan no sa’osi i ira ko 4.53 km², o palaan noto’as i'a:yaw i ira ko 57.38 km²), 7,128 ko tamdaw i Taimali Siyang, 2,979 ko parod no loma’, itini i niyaro’ a Yincomin sa’osi han ira ko 4,782 a tamdaw, pakaala to 67%([[Paiwan]], [[Amis]]) no polong no tamdaw. o Paiwan, Amis ko sa’alomanay i TaitungSiyang. ==O kasaniyarona== 9 ko cun, 13 ko niyaro’ i Taimali Siyang. [[Lupakatj]]（魯巴卡茲部落）, [[Tjavualji]]（大麻里部落）, [[Kiring]]（給陵部落）, [[Tjatjigel]]（喳其格勒部落）, [[Anasolay]]（荒野部落）, [[Davugele]]（大武窟部落）, [[Takidis]]（德其里部落）, [[Padrangigrang]]（溫泉部落）, [[Calavi]]（查拉密部落）, [[Kanadun]]（金崙部落）, [[Sasaljak]]（沙薩拉克部落）, [[Lalauran]]（拉勞蘭部落）, [[Cilalongay]]（吉拉龍噯部落）. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] ij1t1kdp7cbg5nqxmck0nz44tb7jw5b 0 1182 39076 39075 2023-06-30T10:01:02Z 陳鷹馬 1604 39076 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Taitung（臺東市）== [[Faylo:台東縣台東市 台9線 - panoramio.jpg|縮圖]] Itini i Taitung ko Taitung. sa’osi han ko po:long no palaan i, ira ko 111.48 km² (lalotolotokan a plalan no sa’osi i ira ko 0.47 km², o palaan noto’as i'a:yaw i ira ko 1.09 km²), 10,692 ko tamdaw i Taitung, 3,655 ko parod no loma’, itini i niyaro’ a Yincomin sa’osi han ira ko 6,817 a tamdaw, pakaala to 64%(Amis, Puyuma, Paiwan) no polong no tamdaw. o [[Amis]], Puyuma, Paiwan ko sa’alomanay i Taitung Cen/ Siyang. ==O kasaniyarona== 46 ko cun, 20 ko niyaro’ i Taitung. [[Apapuro]]（高坡部落）, [[Pasawali]]（巴沙哇力部落）, [[Ining]]（伊濘部落）, [[Falangaw]]（馬蘭部落）, [[Asiroay]]（阿西路愛部落）, [[Pusong]]（布頌部落）, [[Alapanay]]（阿拉巴奈部落）, [[Karoroan]]（加路蘭部落）, [[Matang]]（馬當部落）, [[Katatipul]]（卡地布部落）, [[Kasavakan]]（射馬干部落）, [[Puyuma]]（普悠瑪部落）, [[Papulu]]（巴布麓部落）, [[Kalaluran]]（卡拉魯然部落）, [[Fukid]]（新馬蘭部落）, [[Pongodan]]（大橋部落）, [[Sihodingan]]（常德部落）, [[Kakawasan]]（石山部落）, [[Siafulungay]]（建農部落）, [[Pakurung]]（巴古崙部落）. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] igbkdl4fsgg6rjtezkwalx70busej5d 0 1183 24591 24590 2021-10-28T12:48:59Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 4 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 24590 wikitext text/x-wiki Taiwu（泰武鄉） Itini i Pingtung ko Taiwu Siyang. sa’osi han ko po:long no palaan i, ira ko 124.11 km² (lalotolotokan a plalan no sa’osi i ira ko 62.71 km², o palaan noto’as i'a:yaw i ira ko 55.5 km²), 5,057 ko tamdaw i Taiwu Siyang, 1,288 ko parod no loma’, itini i niyaro’ a Yincomin sa’osi han ira ko 4,921 a tamdaw, pakaala to 97%(Paiwan) no polong no tamdaw. o Paiwan ko sa’alomanay i Pingtung. ==O kasaniyarona== 6 ko cun, 9 ko niyaro’ i Taiwu Siyang. , Qapedang（武潭部落）, Kaviyangan（佳平部落）, Ulaljuc（泰武（吾拉魯滋）部落）, Masisi（馬仕部落）, Piyuma（平和部落）, Ludja（安平部落）, Tjaialev（達里部落）, Puljetji（佳興部落）, Tjaranauma（萬安部落）. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] 6q6dlzubgcy4ndjfk6eeaeku2k4smwq 0 1184 24596 24595 2021-10-28T12:49:01Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 4 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 24595 wikitext text/x-wiki Tai’an（泰安鄉） Itini i Miaoli ko Tai’an Siyang. sa’osi han ko po:long no palaan i, ira ko 602.88 km² (lalotolotokan a plalan no sa’osi i ira ko 524.2 km², o palaan noto’as i'a:yaw i ira ko 59.69 km²), 4,814 ko tamdaw i Tai’an Siyang, 1,508 ko parod no loma’, itini i niyaro’ a Yincomin sa’osi han ira ko 3,986 a tamdaw, pakaala to 83%(Tayal) no polong no tamdaw. o Tayal ko sa’alomanay i Miaoli. ==O kasaniyarona== 8 ko cun, 16 ko niyaro’ i Tai’an Siyang. B’anux（天狗部落）, Maylubung（梅園部落）, Mepuwal（象鼻部落）, Mabanan（永安部落）, Malabang（馬那邦部落）, Suru（蘇魯部落）, Pakwari（八卦力部落）, Gali-hwan（南灣部落）, Matabalay（榮安部落）, Mabatuan（大坪部落）, Tabilas（圓墩部落）, Maibagah（司馬限部落）, Sakuhan（細道邦部落）, Swasiq（斯瓦細格部落）, Maytayax（大安部落）, Quwis awi’（砂埔鹿部落）. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] ea2k75v3x60f6qt0v78jzteoeo0vc79 0 1185 30660 30497 2022-01-26T17:13:18Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q863]] 30660 wikitext text/x-wiki Tajikistan（塔吉克） [[Faylo:Flag of Tajikistan.svg|thumb|Flag of Tajikistan|alt=Flag of Tajikistan]] [[Faylo:Tajikistan (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Location of  Tajikistan  (green)]] Itini i 39 00 N, 71 00 E, noAsiya ko [[Tajikistan]]. Polong no sekalay i 144,100 sq km “saka 96 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 141,510 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 2,590 sq km ” Polong i 8,330,946 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen a sera 34.70%, Malo no kilakilangan a sera 2.90%, malo no roma to a sera 62.40%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Dushanbe]] ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakasiwa 9 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci [[Emomali Rahmon]], patirengan a romi’ad i 1994 a miheca saka 11 folad saka 16 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 2p12ernapqqyq8pzp7xvfk2t3ss8mka 0 1186 38583 24620 2023-06-27T20:44:16Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38583 wikitext text/x-wiki Takamimura（高見部落） Itiniay i [[Laiyi Cen]] no [[Pingtung]] ko Takamimura a niyaro’, 233 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 778 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 97% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 757 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 3% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 21 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Paiwan]]94%, roma3%. Ira ko imeng(潮州分局南和派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(南和衛生室) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] nc1m85574ut1staos2x0o2drhfmz1lu 0 1187 35298 30150 2023-03-30T03:20:58Z Kai3952 413 35298 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Roadside statue near the Namasia District Joint Administrative Center, as taken on 1st October 2020.jpg|thumb|200px|Takanua]] Takanua, Takanua（達卡努瓦部落） Itiniay i [[Namasia]] Cen no Kaohsiung ko Takanua /Takanua a niyaro’, 243 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 998 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 96% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 958 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 4% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 40 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Bunun65%, Cou16%, Kanakanavu12%, Paiwan1%, Tayal1%, Amis1%. Ira ko imeng(達卡努瓦派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(達卡努瓦衛生室) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] my06kusxx0wsqc4fadxjzdoj0ujx5kr 0 1188 24653 24652 2021-10-28T12:49:10Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 17 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 24652 wikitext text/x-wiki Takay（達蓋部落） Itiniay i Yuli Cen no Hualien ko Takay a niyaro’, 162 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 391 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 20% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 79 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 80% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 312 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Amis16%, Bunun2%, Tayal2%, roma1%. Ira ko picodadan(三民國小、三民國小附幼、三民國中) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(玉里分局三民派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(花蓮消防隊三民分隊) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(三民郵局) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] f6a4eadw8xs6e7s20lb39wtigaz5608 0 1189 38812 24667 2023-06-30T01:11:20Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38812 wikitext text/x-wiki Takidis（德其里部落） Itiniay i [[Taimali]] Cen no [[Taitung]] ko [[Takidis]] a niyaro’, 157 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 371 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 57% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 212 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 43% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 159 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko 人口數有出入. == O katadamaanan no niyaro’ == == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 8vvimbgxpoja3isule2sj2ml53lwv61 0 1190 38892 24680 2023-06-30T06:49:54Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38892 wikitext text/x-wiki Takimi（龍泉部落） Itiniay i [[Haiduan]] Cen no [[Taitung]] ko [[Takimi]] a niyaro’, 87 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 327 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 87% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 286 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 13% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 41 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Bunun]]78%, [[Amis]]4%, [[Paiwan]]2%, [[Tayal]]1%, [[Cou]]1%, roma2%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] jou44bto7u6h63iepgh86hxgoe8kpyq 0 1191 38888 24693 2023-06-30T06:48:19Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38888 wikitext text/x-wiki Takinusta（瀧下部落） Itiniay i [[Haiduan]] Cen no [[Taitung]] ko [[Takinusta]] a niyaro’, 30 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 113 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 96% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 108 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 4% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 5 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Bunun]]79%, [[Amis]]9%, [[Paiwan]]2%, [[Tayal]]1%, roma5%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] oq6xk32l9ir3qz1b9qgs8yzwq987ul9 0 1192 24707 24706 2021-10-28T12:49:19Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 13 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 24706 wikitext text/x-wiki Takofan（德高部落） Itiniay i Guanshan Cen no Taitung ko Takofan a niyaro’, 359 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 1,048 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 55% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 578 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 45% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 470 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Amis52%, Saysiyat1%, roma1%. Ira ko picodadan(德高國小) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] e55qur70h5dewjv323p0w613nujqww7 0 1193 38660 24724 2023-06-29T04:27:36Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38660 wikitext text/x-wiki Takubuwan（達固部灣部落） Itiniay i [[Hualien Cen]] no [[Hualien]] ko Takubuwan a niyaro’, 451 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 1,209 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 17% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 211 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 83% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 998 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Amis]]13%, [[Sakizaya]]3%, [[Truku]]1%. Ira ko picodadan(慈濟大學) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(花蓮慈濟醫院) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 8pxx6rkzhzq0aw8uk3bn2rrrv9cnn1o 0 1194 38827 24741 2023-06-30T01:18:13Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38827 wikitext text/x-wiki Takunan（羅山部落） Itiniay i [[Wufeng]] Cen no [[Hsinchu]] ko [[Takunan]] a niyaro’, 94 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 248 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 95% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 235 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 5% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 13 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Tayal]]90%, [[Saysiyat]]1%, [[Amis]]2%, [[Truku]]1%. Ira ko picodadan(花園國小竹林分校) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(竹東分局羅山派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(竹林衛生室) i niyaro’. Ira ko Kiwkay(台灣基督長老教會達谷楠教會) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] o7lqicwjidtilg0vu8bfqg94n91c3v2 0 1195 39213 24745 2023-07-15T15:14:52Z Jsu2848 1557 39213 wikitext text/x-wiki === Talacay/Onglay === ==== '''O tatapangan no talacay.鳳梨的由來''' ==== O loma a ngangan no talacay how i polo(菠蘿) sanay, o tatapangan nira i nai tiniay i timolay Amirika(南美洲) saan ko sawal, ono fa^edtay a kaka^enen, o kalasalangay o ko^sanay o ‘acicimay, fangcalay to kacihelangan a komaen, fangcalay a misaadihay ami paloma, nawhani adihayay koma olahay a komaeng, o sowal no pasowalay i halafinay to ama lenak i tira i timolay Amirika to pinapi:na a mihecaan saan ko sowal, likosato itira toya 17seci(17世紀), misalingato to a malengak a tayra i Oco(歐洲) hananay a finacadan, dodosato tangasa i 1820 a mihecaan, adihay to komi palomaay a talacowaco:wa to sapi ^etanaw no tamdaw. Lomasa apipangangan no tamdaw tora talacay i, o citiyaday(露肚子)( ''Ananas comosus'') han nangra a pangangan, ngalef sato itira toya 20seci(20世紀) no Amirikaan a Syawiyi(美國夏威夷) tada adihay adi:hay sato kora talacay hananay, ano i tira to i Kesetalica(哥斯大黎加)、Pasi(巴西)、Filipin(菲律賓) to, ngalef sato koka adihay a malenak matafesiw to tolitosa koka adihay no talacay i hekal. Noitiniay i no kaholaman a finacadan i, ora talacay naitini i 1709 a mihecaan ami salingato ama rengak tangasangasa i Taywan, nawhani o heci nira matiya o wikol no Sonlofong(森若鳳) a topi/’ayam sanaw o fongli(鳳梨) han nangra a pangangan, nanoya alatek naytiniay i Coawa(爪哇) atayni ama lenak saan kosowal sanaw o Polo(波蘿) hen koloma a pangangan, I’ayaw tono Taywan a talacay i, adihay a mapaloma itini i Ilan(宜蘭) ato i Taynan(台南), no kaholaman sato a niyaro i, itini i timol kosa adiha:yay amalenak, ano i Mintong(閔東) ato i Minnan(閔南), adihay komi palomaay to talacay, pangangan sa cangra o hangli(黃梨) han nangra, o sasangaen nganra to fongliso(鳳梨酥)、poloso(菠蘿酥)、hoangliso(黃梨酥) hananay、ato fonglimingpaw(鳳梨麵包). ==== '''O pinangan no taracay.鳳梨的形態''' ==== O taracay hananay i mato o rengos no sela kopi’alaw, nawhani kangdaway ko to’as nira caay katakalaw ko tileng nira, apoto’ay ko tapangan nira, caay katalolong kopi pa lamit nira, macilak koka cipapah nira saka’daw sa cicekaay matiya o salosalod, o takalaw nira i alatek tangasa i 60~100 a ditekan, o satakalaway i pakaara to 150 a ditek, yahana nira i o todangay to o heci nira, yaheci nira i o todongay o hana nira, iraay koka fangsis nira sanaw maolah ko kalofao ami lingling, o tilid no heci nira i maloloay, ano tata’ak koraheci nira i masaka’daw a limoloay, i wikor nora heci nira i iraho ko ki^mingay a papah a malengaw, o cecay a tapangan no rengaw nira o cecayay ko hecinira, ma^deng matafesiw ko cecay miheca, o takalaw nira tangasa i 15 a ditekan, todongay to a caci falo, saka kahengan sato ko teloc no papah nira, tala’ayaw mahadak ko salimolo sanay a hana no heci nira, irato ko topi/’ayam ato ‘acacenar ami palalamod to hana nira to sakaciheciaw, hatiraay ko kalorengaw no talacay. ==== '''Samanen ami paloma to talacay.鳳梨的種植''' ==== I tini i ’orp no mita o tamdaw, irasahca kopi saadihay ami paloma to kalomaamaan,  pakayniay i talacay hananay i hatiraay to ko tayar, nani’ayaw adihay ko kasasiloma no talacay, yamisalingato nai Oco(歐洲) ami palenak ami saadihay a paloma i, minanam ca^ra itini i masalaloma’ay a paloma(室內栽培), dodosato 1820 amihecaan malenak tangasa i Folanse(法國) ato Eingkilis(英國), tiya malenak haca a tangasa i Siawiyi(夏威夷) ato icowaco:wa to sakafana’ ami paloma. Itini i Taywan i, tadamaan aca koka pikingkiw(研究) a paloma sanaw irato ko Cincanfongli(金鑽鳳梨)、Niwnayfongli(牛奶鳳梨)、Secafongli(釋迦鳳梨) hananay, samihecacaan sato ami paloma, maolah tono Taywanay so^metay a lomi’ad, tala’ayaw ami paloma i, iraho kopi sasapar a paloma i likot, ato pisongira’ topi palomaan a omah, hakowa ko kakahad topi palomaan to talacay i, misa’osi ami hapinang toka hakowa koka adihay ami sasapar, itini i pisasaparan ami hapinang to omaan ko todongay ami palomaan iso, ma^deng ko to’as nina i likot i, micompi to totayar ami linah a patayra i omah, ano masolinga’ kopi paloma ato pidipot tora talacay i, o fafangcal ko lengaw nira ama lahad, lomasato irako todongay to sapa tayhi ato sapa hiliw to kasasilomaloma no talacay, inian hawi o fana’ to nomatayalay ami hapinang to kasasilomaloma no talacay. ==== '''Samaeng a koma^en to talacay.如何食用鳳梨''' ==== O talacay hananay o heci nira kala salangay, ano kaen i hato ‘acicimay, irako ko^sanay sanaw tala’ayaw a komaen i ira ko mipapili’ay to kaka^enen, ano mi tokad to heci nora talacay i o fongoh ato o wikol ko sapili’ayaw ami tokad, tiya mipodac to podac nira, rikol sato mihacecaycecay to ami pe^ci’ tiya manga’ay a kaen, o matomesay no iyofong(營養) nga’ay ami patatodong a komaen, nikaolira caay kanga’ay ami saadihay tato a komaen sanga’ayay i iikol no kaen to lahok ato lafi a komaen, caay kafangcal i ‘ayaw no kakomaen to hemmay a komaen, nawhani metalaw kakali’angen no fitoka. Nikaolira o mafana’ay a tamdaw i mafana’ ami samaamaan ami sanga’ to kakomaen to talacay, ano kaladatengen to ami liawli(料理) pacamol to matatodongay a sapacamol, tada o fangcalay a dateng, irako misa^sa^ay i katopih tosa pihalafing a nga’ay a kakaenen, lomasa nga’ayay a heteceng kola salang nira a mala nananomen. Nikaolira o ciadadaay to Tangniwpin(糖尿病) ato Sencangpin(腎臟病) caay kanga’ay a komaen to talacay, nawhani o ‘acicimay ko talacay, o ‘acicim no PH nira i 3~4(值), ano komaen hawi ma kali’ang ko fitoka, lomasato adihayho ko nana’oen a komaen, caay kanga’ay a pacacamolen to miloko akomaen, sanaw o noniyasato afana’ ami pili’ a komaen. (Siwkolan “Amis suman 0714’23) == Tahapinangan參考文獻: == 1王思明. 外来作物如何影响中国人的生活. 中國農史. 無. 2018, '''37''' (2): 3–14. ISSN 1000-4459 2胡寄塵編輯. 清季野史 第二編[M]. 1913 第(百二-百三)102-103頁 3《台灣府志》-卷七〈風土志〉果之屬：「菠蘿葉似蒲而闊，兩旁有刺。果生於叢心中，皮似波羅蜜，色黃，味『酸甘』。果末有葉一簇，可妝成鳳，故名之」；前一段即為波羅蜜：「波羅蜜亦荷蘭國移來者。實生於樹幹上，皮似如來頂；剖而食，『甘如蜜』」 4葉春榮編譯，《初探福爾摩沙：荷蘭筆記》，頁 140。 鳳梨, Fengli （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） 藥用植物圖像資料庫 (香港浸會大學中醫藥學院) {{stub}} [[Faylo:Pineapple and cross section.jpg|left|thumb|100px|Talacay]] fqixxbtbbootc80yrqaqvoltxsespex 0 1196 39032 24760 2023-06-30T09:31:41Z 陳鷹馬 1604 39032 wikitext text/x-wiki Talamakau（青葉部落） Itiniay i [[Sandimen]] Cen no [[Pingtung]] ko [[Talamakau]] a niyaro’, 229 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 757 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 95% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 718 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 5% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 39 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Rukai]]85%, [[Paiwan]]5%, [[Bunun]]1%, [[Amis]]2%, roma2%. Ira ko picodadan(青葉國小) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(青葉衛生室) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] lhshx0n1g88zwlol62pbn1xmakavk77 0 1197 39048 24773 2023-06-30T09:41:45Z 陳鷹馬 1604 39048 wikitext text/x-wiki Talampo（達蘭埠部落） Itiniay i [[Fuli]] Cen no [[Hualien]] ko [[Talampo]] a niyaro’, 71 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 127 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 98% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 124 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 2% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 3 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Amis]]91%, [[Paiwan]]2%, [[Seediq]]2%, roma4%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] bv9frk09z016wfi52r6laocz901qu0n 0 1198 24775 24774 2021-10-28T12:49:32Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 1 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 24774 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Talawadaw no pangcah (秀姑巒阿美)''' Talawadaw a Niyaor，iteni i fata'an tangsa' i pusku ci sra a ci nakaw o lalengawan si no pangcah i tira ci lagasan ko olip na no to'as ci sra a ci nakaw o tatapangan si no pangcah na i tira ci langasan maepod taila kiwit sa ci wawa san ci nakaw ci tapang masra ci calaw panahay,ci karo o korol citomay i masra i tira say i amis i tira ciwidian hananay a nirao o yanan a fikeloh i tira say i sapat oroma' ni tapangya masra ci calaw panahay i tira say i kiwit ci karo o kowol i tira i tafalong o tenod kono kiwit o kawal kono tafalong o danoang kono nataoran hatira'ay korairay tonano o toas hatira'ay kolenak no mita o pangcah == Pi'arawan to lakaw == * 嘎落‧夫亞. (2011). Wikipedia 維基百科 族語詞條試寫─原住民族語詞條 2011作品集. 教育部. axc7mxqo9rpb4gfote88uce75ubgj39 0 1199 38711 31263 2023-06-29T11:58:36Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38711 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} Talip('''Sekato''';'''Hakama^''';'''Sukun''';'''Sokato''';'''Tarip'''、[[kuwaping a sowal]]: 裙) [[Faylo:Polkadotskirt.jpg|thumb|Talip]] [[Faylo:Plaid Kilt Nontraditional.jpg|thumb|left|Talip]] riv3rdz3s9xulgnixapj8lgijtpqshs 0 1200 24790 24789 2021-10-28T12:49:36Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 10 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 24789 wikitext text/x-wiki Taloan(工寮) O pahahana no matoasay a matayal. Kangkang (耕耘機) Ilakokagnkag i tila i taloan. Malalok ko Amis a mataial. Mafana kiso a mikangkang haw. anip (秧苗) Mafana kiso a mianip haw? Mafana ko matoasay anip. Mikapkap(除草) Adihay ko lengos no facal . Malaiok ko Matoasay amikapkap. Pahilyw(施肥) Sapipatay to fao no anip .ta makapah ko lengew no anip. Mipanay to(收割) Adihay ko panay i pala . Malipaha ko faloco no matoasay Pahanghang (休息) Malolay a matayal ko matoasay . Pahanghang to a matayl, t9xhub0sx4w0qmsgtw2ilazuhbjfdzt 0 1201 38504 24859 2023-06-27T19:14:50Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38504 wikitext text/x-wiki Talo’an （集會所） Caay kaeca ira mapatireng to talo’an ko niyaro’ no [[Pangcah]], ’Amis a ’etal o talo’an han, no Sikolan Pangcah ’adawang han, no [[Tafalong]] i sorarataan han, no Falangaw ato pariyapay i sefi han ko pangangan, ano o manmaan to pakayniay i kasaselal a salisin, kayki, konglin no sifana’, pakimad, parayray to nakamayan a taneng, sakilafang, mikngkong sapapinang ato tadamaanay a demak no niyaro’ maemin itini i talo’an a mireko. O ’adawang hananay no Talawadaw a niyaro’ no Pangcah o kalisaotan no kasaselal kora ’arawang, todongay to o picodadan no fa’inayan ato pinanaman to sakicitaneng, mato misanga’ to satalakal, mikawit to salil, pakimad to nanorayray a femak, o ratoh a sowal no niyaro’ anca o kimad ato minanaman to radiw to kero o sakingodo ato kalomanmaan maemin itini a masaopo parayray, o sakakaay no kasaselal anca o cifenekay toni nakamayan ko papasifana’; caayay ko deng pilayapan to limo’ot ato pireko a mikonglin a ’arawang, itini to ko tadamaanay kakiliniken a mikayki a demak; orasaka, onini a ’arawang pangangan hanto pisoraratan. Sifo’ no talo’an masanga’ ko tangiro’an, caay kapadeng ko namal to mihecahecaan, todongay to ira ko nisitalaay sanay, mitena’ to ’ada a awaen to tamdaw no niyaro’ a milipalaw ’mi’eco milood; taliyok no tangiroan ira ko no ’aol ato no kilang a anengan, o sifo’ mingataay to ngiro no kalas to kamaro’an, doedo to sakaka kaka sato ko kamaro’an, sasafaay to no selal i kaikor to miraay to tangiroan. Orasaka, pakayni to fa’inayan no Pangcah, nano pakarongay misatapang itini to i talo’an misa’icel to tireng, minanam to sakiwidang,\ ciramod ho deng ira ko tadamaanay a demak anca ira konotireng todong tatayalen ta materek i taloan, ta mangaay to miliyas to kato’asan no tireng ato kananaman a kamaro’an- O talo’an. [[Kasasiwasiw:Siwkulang 'Amis]] qoxa9t2zssowsithjjdiq675639pd3e 0 1202 24874 24873 2021-10-28T12:49:42Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 14 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 24873 wikitext text/x-wiki Taluk（卓樂部落） Itiniay i Zhuoxi Cen no Hualien ko Taluk a niyaro’, 169 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 629 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 93% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 583 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 7% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 46 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Bunun83%, Amis2%, Tayal1%, Truku2%, roma4%. Ira ko picodadan(卓樂國小) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(玉里分局卓樂派出所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] dw3k4au0thg40d5ak051nbe59sew2z1 0 1203 24887 24886 2021-10-28T12:49:44Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 12 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 24886 wikitext text/x-wiki Talunas（達魯那斯部落） Itiniay i Yanping Cen no Taitung ko Talunas a niyaro’, 88 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 327 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 83% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 273 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 17% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 54 ko tamdaw. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 2cd9fbdfqv7q49jjwoogep8x78bc08c 0 1204 38854 24901 2023-06-30T02:53:52Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38854 wikitext text/x-wiki Tamahu（建山部落） Itiniay i [[Taoyuan]] Cen no [[Kaohsiung]] ko [[Tamahu]] a niyaro’, 218 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 771 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 92% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 708 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 8% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 63 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Bunun]]83%, [[Rukai]]2%, [[Cou]]1%, [[Paiwan]]4%, [[Tayal]]1%, [[Amis]]1%, roma1%. Ira ko picodadan(建山國小、建山國小附幼) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] c22gbyuxv43x1gcfcel4yzbvdvx1zo1 0 1205 34016 34015 2023-01-31T14:23:11Z LiouShowShya 36 #ALCD 34016 wikitext text/x-wiki == Tamako (菸草) == mipaloma ko 'Amis to tamako. == kasasiromaroma (種類) == == kakarayan a romi'ad (氣候) == {{stub}} [[Faylo:Tobacco.jpg|left|100px|thumb|Tamako^]] ct48acl2nxoh4obnpnf0collxtvbxdv 0 1206 30764 30760 2022-02-19T10:32:37Z Firefly 521 Reverted to revision 24918 by [[Special:Contributions/Sotiale|Sotiale]] ([[User talk:Sotiale|talk]]): Rvv (TwinkleGlobal) 30764 wikitext text/x-wiki Tamalakaw（大巴六九部落） Itiniay i Beinan Cen no Taitung ko Tamalakaw a niyaro’, 53 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 1,352 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 51% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 689 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 49% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 663 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Puyuma36%, Amis7%, Bunun3%, Paiwan2%, roma2%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 1odf6j9vtk0zazpwsqtzcswhwi61oec 0 1207 39054 24931 2023-06-30T09:44:53Z 陳鷹馬 1604 39054 wikitext text/x-wiki Tamalon（玉蘭部落） Itiniay i [[Datong]] Cen no [[Yilan]] ko [[Tamalon]] a niyaro’, 90 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 277 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 13% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 37 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 87% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 240 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Tayal]]11%, [[Amis]]1%, [[Rukai]]1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 93pebczl9j40xo2xxqbp4jqb2v8uqd6 0 1208 32314 32313 2022-09-05T09:49:41Z Akamycoco 27 #ALCD 32314 wikitext text/x-wiki Tamazuan（達瑪巒部落） Itiniay i Xinyi Cen no[[Nantou]] ko Tamazuan a [[niyaro’]], 322 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 1,109 ko sa’osi no [[tamdaw]]. 93% ko ka’aloman no [[Yincomin]], polong han i, 1,027 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 7% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 82 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Bunun]]90%, [[Tayal]]2%. Ira ko picodadan(地利國小、瑪巒部落圖書館) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(信義鄉公所行動辦公室) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(信義分局青雲派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(地利村衛生室、中國醫大附設醫院地利門診部) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] bcsk37niiyj5bn00fsvluqgcu2cksxt 0 1209 45434 44693 2025-01-16T13:14:41Z 2A02:8308:210:5D00:3951:133A:D904:7289 Sheik Tamin bin Hamad Al Thani in Argentina idi 2016年 45434 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Sheik Tamin bin Hamad Al Thani in Argentina, 2016.jpg|thumb|Sheik Tamin bin Hamad Al Thani in Argentina idi 2016年|alt=Sheik Tamin bin Hamad Al Thani in Argentina, 2016.jpg]] I 1980 a miheca saka 6 folad saka 3 a romi’ad masofoc ci '''Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani''', malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit no [[Qatar]] anini i ci Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani, patirengan a romi’ad i 2013 a miheca saka 6 folad saka 25 a romi’ad. == No papotalay a kakafit == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 4fzo59mpspza5diry5eec0q3kvyjtxi 0 1210 39018 24977 2023-06-30T09:16:23Z 陳鷹馬 1604 39018 wikitext text/x-wiki Tampya（忠治/桶壁部落） Itiniay i [[Wulai]] Cen no [[New Taipei City]] ko [[Tampya]] a niyaro’, 528 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 1,835 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 42% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 775 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 58% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 1,060 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Tayal]]37%, [[Amis]]2%, [[Bunun]]1%, [[Truku]]1%. Ira ko kofa(烏來區公所、烏來戶政事務所、烏來區政諮委會) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(新店分局忠治派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(烏來衛生所) i niyaro’. Ira ko Kiwkay(台灣基督長老教會忠治教會、忠治天主堂、真耶穌教會烏來祈禱所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] ln5mg2a1rwcdr5iln01bogz7px7fu51 0 1211 24999 24998 2021-10-28T12:50:03Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 21 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 24998 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Kuo_Hsing-Chun_20170907_(cropped).jpg|250px|thumb|Tana Kuo]] =Tana Kuo (郭婞淳)= ==Takaray a Sowal(概略)== '''Tana Kuo''' (郭婞淳) I 1993 a miheca(年) saka 11 folad(月) saka 26 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci [[Tana Kuo]]. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) no [[Taywan]](臺灣) anini i ci '''Tana Kuo'''. ==lalamod(配偶)== ==salikaka(兄弟姐妹)== ==natayalan(事蹟)== <!---'''嗨! 很歡迎你加入翻譯維基，但是一個條目至少要寫2000字, 請你繼續寫完。這不是Line群族, 不要隨興貼字。'''---> =No papotalay a kakafit= * [https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%83%AD%E5%A9%9E%E6%B7%B3 中文維基百科] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 67bqnblkx2qihqwcvy9rm522p0goivr 0 1212 34380 30726 2023-02-12T08:55:10Z CAPTAIN RAJU 1298 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[File:Plain Aborigines Taipei.jpg]] → [[File:At the Kanatsui tribe of Basay people in Taihoku.jpg]] [[c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] (meaningless or ambiguous name) 34380 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} Tangafolan('''Tangabulan''';'''Tangafodan''';'''Paridaw''';'''Tafangolan''') [[Faylo:Pepohoan Mother and Child.jpg|150px|thumb|[[Ina]] ato [[wawa]] no Tangafolan]] [[Faylo:At the Kanatsui tribe of Basay people in Taihoku.jpg|150px|right|thumb|Basay]] 0uxngsenstqizjss4jmm1d8t2msdkxw 0 1213 25018 25017 2021-10-28T12:50:08Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 14 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 25017 wikitext text/x-wiki Tangahang（長橋部落） Itiniay i Fenglin Cen no Hualien ko Tangahang a niyaro’, 53 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 145 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 42% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 61 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 58% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 84 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Amis27%, Truku9%, Bunun3%, roma3%. Ira ko imeng(鳳林分局長橋派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(萬榮郵局) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] d6hioefstblrao2amrq2kv7ut23gef2 0 1214 25023 25022 2021-10-28T12:50:10Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 4 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 25022 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} [[Faylo:Earrr.JPG|thumb|Tanginga nu tamdaw]] Tanginga ('''Tangila''') 8yx8sh6i88nz56x3gngk7zw1ofmajro 0 1215 38857 25036 2023-06-30T02:55:05Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38857 wikitext text/x-wiki Tanguhla, Dinkam（四社部落） Itiniay i [[Taoyuan]] Cen no [[Kaohsiung]] ko Tanguhla/Dinkam a niyaro’, 42 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 147 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 99% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 145 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 1% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 2 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Bunun]]82%, [[Rukai]]1%, [[Tayal]]1%, [[Cou]]9%, [[Hla’alua]]4%, [[Amis]]1%, roma1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 7o45ye9k62dbm0uw6e2h8rnddg1auta 0 1216 30262 30223 2022-01-22T00:33:02Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q924]] 30262 wikitext text/x-wiki Tanzania（坦尚尼亞） [[Faylo:Flag of Tanzania.svg|thumb|Flag of Tanzania|alt=Flag of Tanzania]] [[Faylo:Tanzania (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Location of Tanzania]] Itini i 6 00 S, 35 00 E, noAfilika ko [[Tanzania]]. Polong no sekalay i 947,300 sq km “saka 31 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 885,800 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 61,500 sq km ” Polong i 52,482,726 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen a sera 43.70%, Malo no kilakilangan a sera 37.30%, malo no roma to a sera 19%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Dodoma]] ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakasepat 26 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci [[John Magufuli]], patirengan a romi’ad i 2015 a miheca saka 11 folad saka 5 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 9apxbyluc7ctra9qf8vbpfktttqbu1o 0 1217 38853 38852 2023-06-30T02:53:17Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38853 wikitext text/x-wiki Taoyuan（桃源區） Itini i Kaohsiung ko Taoyuan. sa’osi han ko po:long no palaan i, ira ko969.43 km² (lalotolotokan a plalan no sa’osi i ira ko 871.9 km², o palaan noto’as i'a:yaw i ira ko 86.77 km²), 4,172 ko tamdaw i Taoyuan, 1,320 ko parod no loma’, itini i niyaro’ a Yincomin sa’osi han ira ko 3,872 a tamdaw, pakaala to 93%(Bunun, Hla’alua) no polong no tamdaw. o Bunun, Hla’alua ko sa’alomanay i Kaohsiung. ==O kasaniyarona== 8 ko cun, 14 ko niyaro’ i Taoyuan. [[Ciusinlun]]（寶山部落）, [[Husida]]（藤枝部落）, [[Tamahu]]（建山部落）, [[Sʉhlʉnganʉ, Sulungan|Sʉhlʉnganʉ/Sulungan]]（草水部落）, [[Rʉhlʉcʉ, Haising|Rʉhlʉcʉ/Haising]]（高中部落）, [[Su'aci]]（美蘭部落）, [[Kalʉvʉnga, Ngani|Kalʉvʉnga/Ngani]]（桃源部落）, [[Tanguhla, Dinkam|Tanguhla/Dinkam]]（四社部落）, [[Mizuhu]]（勤和部落）, [[Ua-asik]]（復興部落）, [[Lavulan]]（拉芙蘭部落）, [[Dakus]]（樟山部落）, [[Masuhuaz]]（梅山部落）, [[Dai-ni]]（二集團部落）. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] t37io3iu3wedo8domj5u6oxbwg0ox8x 0 1218 25054 25053 2021-10-28T12:50:19Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 3 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 25053 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} [[Faylo:Heritiera littoralis D3553.JPG|left|thumb|100px|Tapangan]] rc5lugx68db8yapqzfy23rkxkfbkg5c 0 1219 38690 35335 2023-06-29T04:52:31Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38690 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Dabang tribe in the mountain.jpg|thumb|200px|Tapangʉ]] Tapangʉ（達邦部落） Itiniay i [[Alishan Cen]] no [[Chiayi]] ko Tapangʉ a niyaro’, 227 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 642 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 88% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 565 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 12% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 77 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Cou]]83%, [[Amis]]1%, [[Tayal]]1%, [[Bunun]]1%, [[Saysiyat]]1%，roma1%. Ira ko picodadan(達邦國小、達邦國小附幼、阿里山圖書館) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(竹崎分局達邦派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(達邦村衛生室) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(嘉義林管處達邦駐在所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] eom2i34gu33nvyfmn67nwy0h23qrwov 0 1220 25094 25093 2021-10-28T12:50:24Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 22 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 25093 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Tapowaray, Saranawan（大俱來部落）== Itiniay i ka’amis no Kakacawan (Changbin Siang, 長濱鄉) no Posing ([[Taitung]] Sian, 台東縣) ko Tapowaray a niyaro’.<br> Ka’amis no Tapowaray i, o Cifotingay a ’alo (水母丁溪) ato Loham (八仙洞). Katimol i, o Sadipongan a niyaro’ (三間屋社區). Mipasi’ayaway to riyar ko kamalo' no Tapowaray.<br> Aenem ko tata’angay a ’alo no Tapowaray, o roma sato o ci^ci’. Nani’amis, o Sinkian, o Ritecay, o Pakacanan, o Pakongkongan, o Ma’oraway, ato o Cifongoray. ==Tamdaw no niyaro’== Polong i 124 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, maala 250 ko tamdaw. 93% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, 7% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan.<br> O pa-sin-to (百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko ’Amis 89%, roma 4%. == Rayray no Niyaro’ == O “'''Saranawan'''” han no mato’asay a mipangangan to nini a niyaro’, o naitiya:ayho a ngangan koni. Awaay to ko fana’ no aniniay a tamdaw ko piala tora Saranawan hananay. O sowal i tilid ato no mato’asay i, micomocomod tayni i Saranawan ko mafolaway a ngasangasawan. Mikilim to kasafangcal no ’orip. Na i Patorongan, i Fakong, i Makotaay, i Dafdaf, ato i cowacowa a niyaro’ no Kalingko.<br> I a’ayaw, malaklak i tatihi no Ritecay ko pipatileng to loma’. Nawhani, ma peleng no lonen ko omah ato loma’ no filawnlan. Miliyaw haca a mafolaw ko roma a finawlan tayra i Koladot (i ka’amis no Cifotingay) ato i Pisirian. Awato ko malo’ay i nalacolan no Saranawan. Ira:ho ko “'''Naniyaro’an'''” hananay a ngangan no pala i tatihi no Ritecay i fafaed. O pipatirengan to loloma’ no niyaro’ iti:yaho. Roma a finawlan i, malinah tayra i timol, tatihi no Pakongkongan ato Ma’oraway, miliyaw a patileng to faelohay a kamalo’an. O “'''Naloma’an'''” han no mato’asay a pangangan tora pala no faelohay a katelian. O Saranawan iho ko ngangan no niyaro’ itiya.<br> O mako^koay no Dipong na i Naloma’an tayra to i aniniay a kamalo’an. Ta o “'''Tapowaray'''” to tadangangan no malokelonay a niyaro’. O rayray nora ngangan no “Tapowaray”, o kapowar no nemnem noya ’alo (Ritecay). Caayay ko karayas/kaenar nora dafdaf ko kacinganngan no Tapowaray. Moraraw ko pitilid no Taywan i codacodaan ko kaira nora ngangan. Yo caayho ka palokelon no Dipong tayni i kamalo’an anini, o “'''Cisielacay'''” han no ’alomanay a mipangang tora pala. Adihay ko masamaanay a sielac i tatihi no riyar. Caay ka fangcal a misaomah, adihay tato ko sielac ato fokeloh. I ’ayaw, ’aloman ko mipodpoday to kohecalay a sielac no Tapowaray a mipacakay. Anini sato, maleneng to no riyar ko sawali:ay a hekal, caay to ka hakowa ko sielac a ma’araw. I tiyaho, mipanay ato malingad ko mato’asay, tay:ra i Ritecay a miladom to kietecay a nanom. O samafana’ay a minanom i, no i tadalaenoay ato i fafaeday noya to’el ko tatodongay saan. Aedengan, taka:raw tato ko kaci’apol (石灰含量) no nanom no Ritecay, caay ka fangcal a mararid a nanomen, makali’ang ko fowa’ ato cefo. == Lisin no niyaro’ == ===Ilisin(豐年祭)=== Malopon ko tayar no malingaday i kacihelangan, mi salisin ko niyaro’ a mapolong. ’Adihay ko tayal i piilisinan a romi’ad.<br> ===Misacepo’=== I ’ayaw no pikakahongan a romi’ad, misacepo’ ko fa’inayan no niyaro’ i riyar.<br> ===Pakacidal=== O sowal no mato’asay i, ano mararid sa ma’orad ko romi’ad, masa’opo ko niyaro’ a mamipakacidal. Ira ko sakero, radiw, pitolon (祈禱) no ’alomanay i talo’an. Misanga’ to nisapangaan a kilang, o hahawikiden a tayra i lotok. Ira ko lalan tora lotok na i fafaed no Sadipongan. Maratar a lomowad ko kapakapah (tolo ko toki no matiniay a to’ek (時代)), miliyas to pikalat no cidal. Tayra to i lotok, mitolon to kawas no cidal (cilocidal a kawas?), mipatireng tora nisapangaan a kilang tora lotok, haw mapakalemed ni cilocidal a kawas ko niyaro’ no mipakacidalay.<br> Herek sato, tayra ho i taro’an no niyaro’ a milepon tora lisin.<br> Ikor sato, miliyaw ho a misanga’ to faelohay a nisapangaan a kilang to sapipakacidal. Caay ka pipatedo saan mikilim to masamaanay a kilang ko sapisanga’ tora panga (o masamaanay a kilang?). O ya katelangay a nisapangaan, todohen ano misafaeloh toya lisin, ato i lisin no pipaka'orad.<br> ===Paka’orad=== Ano mararid a tata’ang ko cidal, eca ka ’orad, makerah to ’alo (eca ka kerah ko ’alo no Ritecay), eca ka edeng ko nanom to sapipaloma, sapipadateng, sapisa’ayam, sapisafafoy i, misa’opo ko ’alomanay a misatapang to lisin no sapipaka’orad i taro’an. Ira ko kero, radiw ato lisin. Maherek to i, tayra ho ko kapah no niyaro’ toya pipakacidalan a lotok, mitolon to kawas no mipa’oraday.<br> Malokelon sato na i lotok, tayra i ’alo no Ma’oraway, misakero, romadiw, mitodoh toya sa’ayaway a nisapangaan a kilang i pipakacidalan ho. Mitala ko roma a tamdaw no niyaro’ i ’alo, mapolong a misalisin. == Ngasaw no niyaro’ == '''Pacidal''' (太陽氏族)：’Aloman ko nai Makotaay.<br> '''Cikatopay''':<br> '''Ciwidian''': O nani Ciwidiaanay.<br> '''Monali''':<br> '''Malolang''': O Pi’edoan han no roma a finawlan. == Radiw no niyaro’ == '''«Radiw no Tapowaray (Saranawan)»''' ''Misi’ayaw to riyar o paniyaro’an niyam (ako).''<br> ''Kaetip, o lotok pidongecan.''<br> ''Kawali, o riyar pifotingan say no kapah.''<br> ''Fangcal, fangcalay kopaniyaro’an no Tapowaray (Saranawan).''<br> ''O kahemekan no tayniay.''<br> ''Cecay ko ’awas matahafikod no kakahong i Tapowaray (Saranawan).''<br> ''I-yo-in-hay-yan-na-i-ya-yan, hoy-yan-no-i-yo-yin, hoy-ya-yan-hay-yo-yin, o-hi-ya-hoy-yan.'' == Selal == No i tiyaayho a selal ko mitilidan i laeno. '''Malitengay''': Mato’asay.<br> '''Mama no kapah''': Mamikimad, mipapro to tayar.<br> '''Cipo’otay''': O mipacokay to fafoy, mitokaday o titi.<br> '''Malacacaway''': O mitefocay. Mikelid to safa a selal.<br> '''Malakapahay''': (Hakeno, cima ko mitongal?)<br> '''Pakarongay''': I piilisinan, miala to dotong hananay a kilang, o safangcalay a matodoh a kilang. Tosa a raya’ ko cecay a tamaw. Ano mimaan ko loma', militemoh, miradom, mipananom to mato’asay.<br> '''Mi'afatay''': Misoped to ’afat (ma’icangay a ’aor), ’acam, ato maamaanay a sapitodoh to kilang. Mipaedil to talo’an no niyaro’.<br> '''Miasikay''': O sakaemangay a wawa. Mamiasik to lawac ato lalan no niyaro’. Anini sato, masapafaeloh ko ngangan no selaselal, mikapoto ko fafahiyan i selaselalan. Lima a miheca ko cecay tatodongan a selal. ==Tayal no Niyaro’== ===tayal i riyar=== '''dadangoyan'''<br> O sapifoting i riyar ko dadangoyan.<br> I tiyaho, kaaway ho no soka (塑膠), a cidadangoyangoyan ko finawlan no niyaro’.<br> Miala ko ’aol i lotok, kelacen ko ca’ang ato podac no ’aol, tenoren i nanom, ta faloden to keliw no ’oway. Matatodong sa cecay (ano tosa to?) a tamdaw tomireng i fafaed.<br> O ceray no kamoraw (榕樹的氣根) ko sapisakadot (kadot, 槳). Mocelay, kakaya’ay ko matiniay a ceray, fangcal a malasakadot no dadangoyan.<br> Edengan to o Saranawan a niyaro’ ko ci dadangoyanay, malaliday a mifoting tayra i wali i Kakacawan anini.<br> == Roma == Ira ko picodadan (大俱來部落圖書資訊站) i niyaro’.<br> Ira ko simaysiw (借詞？碾米廠。指『穗記碾米廠』) i niyaro’.<br> Tolo ko kiwkay a mapatileng, o 天主教, 基督教, ato 真耶穌教. ’Aloman ko mipasingliay.<br> Malignad, mifoting, mitama’, misiyakay ko ’orip no finawlan no Tapowaray.<br> O mafana'ay a misanga’ to tamina ko fa’inayan no Tapowaray. Ci taminamina ko ’alomanay i tiyaho. Iraho ko cisapaday a timina a fa’inayan anini. O samafana:’ay a mifoting, mitoor to kakohong ato maamaanay a foting. Mafana’ haca a micelem, mipacing, micekiw, ato mi’aowang. Misakosoy (種植香茅草) ko mato’asay i lotolotok no Tapowaray. Cietan i ’ayaw ko misakosoyay. ==Pi’arawan to lakaw== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian ’Amis]] 7k1nezryfcc55ywxabx2o65bhkoobuw 0 1221 38946 25108 2023-06-30T07:55:22Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38946 wikitext text/x-wiki Taracan（達拉贊部落） Itiniay i [[Ji’an]] Cen no [[Hualien]] ko Taracan a niyaro’, 292 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 737 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 36% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 269 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 64% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 468 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Amis]]34%, [[Bunun]]1%, roma1%. Ira ko picodadan(化仁國小、化仁國小附幼) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] dx27kuvdtm7z5pelxdrlr110tmnjmoj 0 1222 38735 30818 2023-06-29T12:26:58Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38735 wikitext text/x-wiki Sa’alo’alo ([[kuwaping a sowal]]: 河川) Kasa’alo’alo o karomakatan no [[nanom]], kafesa’ay han ko sowal, masonol tayra i riyar, fanaw ato roma ’alo. Sakimatiniay i, o ’alo ’ayaw no malananom, masonol i sera ato malalahod. O mimingay [[’alo o cici’]], [[’alo]] ato [[sa’owac]] (stream, creek and brook). Tarawadaw i o kadado’edoan, kasaopoan no masonolay nanom; palolol to la’enoay no sera ato nemnem a nanom; misopeday o li^etecay ato so^eda parocek to palapala.{{stub}} [[Faylo:Arno presso varlungo.JPG|thumb|left|100px|Tarawadan ni Firenze]] j9sw4eueaqodut4c74fohh25aoqq2nm 0 1223 25126 25125 2021-10-28T12:50:31Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 13 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 25125 wikitext text/x-wiki Taromak（達魯瑪克部落） Itiniay i Beinan Cen no Taitung ko Taromak a niyaro’, 493 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 1,388 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 89% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 1,235 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 11% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 153 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Rukai74%, Paiwan4%, Amis3%, Bunun1%, Puyuma3%, roma3%. Ira ko picodadan(大南國小、大南國小附幼) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] cd8dcs28ez9glsivfpwvs305ajkbhsn 0 1224 25141 25140 2021-10-28T12:50:33Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 14 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 25140 wikitext text/x-wiki Tasutasunan（達蘇達蘇湳部落） Itiniay i Hualien Cen no Hualien ko Tasutasunan a niyaro’, 3,465 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 7,402 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 53% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 3,908 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 47% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 3,494 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Amis37%, Bunun2%, Tayal2%, Paiwan1%, Truku6%, Sakizaya3%, roma1%. Ira ko picodadan(中華國小、中華國小附幼) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(花蓮分局豐川派出所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] ecc7h51k4w4puvrxdcynp6zq9631jxc 0 1225 25143 25142 2021-10-28T12:50:35Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 1 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 25142 wikitext text/x-wiki Ci Sera aci Nakaw o lalengawan si no Pangcah itira Cilangasan ko ’orip nano to’as. Ci Sera aci Nakaw o tatapangan si no Pangcah na itira Cilangasan maepod tala Kiwit. Sa ciwawa sa ci Nakaw ci Tomay Masera, ci Calaw Panahay, ci Karo Ko’er, ci Tapang Masera, itira sa i ’amis, itira Ciwidian hananay a niyaro’. Oyanan a fikeloh, itira sa i sapat, o nano loma’ ni Tomay Masera. Calaw Panahay, itira sa i kiwit, ci Karo Ko’er itira i Tafalong. O tayhaw kono Kiwit, o kawal ko no Tafalong, o dodang ko no Nataoran, hatiray ko rayray. No nano to’as, hatiraay ko demak no mita sa o Pangcah. pwhkx8yrjfyyf1uri55wjxoyof9sb50 0 1226 31234 31233 2022-05-19T07:57:56Z EN-Jungwon 415 取消[[Special:Contributions/2A02:A03F:E348:A300:69A1:2786:BD47:FDB5|2A02:A03F:E348:A300:69A1:2786:BD47:FDB5]]（[[User talk:2A02:A03F:E348:A300:69A1:2786:BD47:FDB5|留言]]）的編輯，改回[[User:Sotiale|Sotiale]]的先前版本 31234 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} [[Faylo:Taiwan_HighSpeedRail_Train_Disable-Friendly_Lavatory.JPG|thumb|100px|left|Tatayi'an]] j5erjp1ipus6wyflwc4en0q8o5bhwg0 0 1227 38491 25165 2023-06-26T05:06:41Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38491 wikitext text/x-wiki Tatoba’（五峰部落） Itiniay i [[Wufeng Cen]] no [[Hsinchu]] ko Tatoba’ a niyaro’, 159 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 407 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 88% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 360 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 12% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 47 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Tayal]]60%, [[Saysiyat]]27%, [[Amis]]1%. Ira ko picodadan(五峰國中、五峰國小、五峰國小附幼、五峰部落圖書資訊站) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(五峰鄉公所、五峰郵局、五峰戶政事務所) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(竹東分局五峰分駐所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(五峰衛生所) i niyaro’. Ira ko Kiwkay(五峰天主堂、台灣基督長老教會五峰教會、真耶穌教會五峰教會) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] hs0jsjf9xih0g1q4vi89npv0ltdc520 0 1228 25178 25177 2021-10-28T12:50:41Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 12 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 25177 wikitext text/x-wiki Taukak（樹湖部落） Itiniay i Shoufeng Cen no Hualien ko Taukak a niyaro’, 157 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 394 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 14% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 54 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 86% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 340 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Amis9%, Truku2%, Tayal2%, roma1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] dypu2qwbpbx77cnmz5bmod2o8r29beu 0 1229 31453 30241 2022-06-04T19:59:48Z CommonsDelinker 39 Removing [[:c:File:President_Taur_Matan_Ruak.jpg|President_Taur_Matan_Ruak.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Yann|Yann]] because: Media missing permission. 31453 wikitext text/x-wiki Taur Matan Ruak I 1956 a miheca saka 10 folad saka 10 a romi’ad masofoc ci Taur Matan Ruak, malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit no [[Timor-leste]] anini i ci Taur Matan Ruak, patirengan a romi’ad i 2012 a miheca saka 5 folad saka 19 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] qy0g4e9pte4nji68zne2ivci4oj21c6 0 1230 25199 25198 2021-10-28T12:50:46Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 13 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 25198 wikitext text/x-wiki Tausa（山里部落） Itiniay i Zhuoxi Cen no Hualien ko Tausa a niyaro’, 12 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 592 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 98% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 578 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 2% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 14 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Seediq73%, Tayal10%, Amis2%, Bunun2%, Paiwan1%, Truku6%, roma5%. Ira ko imeng(玉里分局立山派出所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 54pz6vv2eny0tcvgeibp6pk1jp356lr 0 1231 25213 25212 2021-10-28T12:50:48Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 13 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 25212 wikitext text/x-wiki Tavila（太平部落） Itiniay i Zhuoxi Cen no Hualien ko Tavila a niyaro’, 103 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 408 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 99% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 402 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 1% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 6 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Bunun91%, Tayal1%, Truku1%, Paiwan1%, roma4%. Ira ko picodadan(太平國小、太平國小附幼) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] cy6csm116bj4xbsps2w6usdlyr5kld3 0 1232 38985 25229 2023-06-30T08:50:23Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38985 wikitext text/x-wiki Tayax（抬耀部落） Itiniay i [[Jianshi]] Cen no [[Hsinchu]] ko [[Tayax]] a niyaro’, 38 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 142 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 99% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 141 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 1% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 1 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Tayal]]94%, [[Amis]]1%, [[Paiwan]]1%, roma1%. Ira ko Kiwkay(台灣基督長老教會抬耀教會) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 27eplztlhymjw8qgcnsv78umu1t1x6s 0 1233 45430 44366 2025-01-16T10:10:18Z 2A02:8308:210:5D00:3951:133A:D904:7289 /* Pi’arawan to lakaw */+s 45430 wikitext text/x-wiki {{otheruses|other= talaTayliko no Cung-huwa-min-ku(中華民國大陸時期)|Cung-huwa-min-ku (1912-1949)}} {{stub}} [[Faylo:Taiwan NASA Terra MODIS 23791.jpg|縮圖|Taywan]] ==Taywan== O cecay a kitakit ko Taywan. [[Faylo:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|thumb|Taywan|alt=A red flag, with a small blue rectangle in the top left hand corner on which sits a white sun composed of a circle surrounded by 12 rays.]] [[Faylo:Locator map of the ROC Taiwan.svg|thumb|Territory controlled by the Republic of China: Taiwan Island, Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu Islands, Dongsha Islands and Taiping Island]] Itini i 23 30 N, 121 00 E, noAsiya ko [[Taywan]]. Polong no sekalay i 35,980 sq km “saka 139 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 32,260 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 3,720 sq km ” Polong i 23,464,787 ko tamdaw. ==sera(土地)== Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen a sera 22.70%, malo no roma to a sera 77.30%. ==siyoto(首都)== O [[Taypak]] ko Siyoto. ==katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日)== Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakamoetep 10 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci [[Cay ing-wen]], patirengan a romi’ad i 2016 a miheca saka 5 folad saka 20 a romi’ad. == Pi’arawan to lakaw == * [https://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [https://www.mofa.gov.tw/Default.aspx 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Taywan]] 9xmpty5yhlfcevehofvsxiwsacf1ctu 0 1234 25258 25257 2021-10-28T12:50:56Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 14 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 25257 wikitext text/x-wiki == Pangangan 膽曼名稱由來 == Ta´man a niyaro', == Tahapinangan 特色 == == Tamdaw 人口 == Itiniay i Changbin Cen no Taitung ko Ta´man a niyaro’, 101 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 279 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 90% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 252 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 10% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 27 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Amis88%, roma3%. Ira ko picodadan(膽曼部落圖書資訊站) i niyaro’. == Pitooran 信仰 == == O finacadan no Yincomi 所屬阿美族群 == == O kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] sdmdjt8d9bghjh3ncofu7wbajf2kzbi 0 1235 38923 25275 2023-06-30T07:22:40Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38923 wikitext text/x-wiki Tbulan（松鶴部落） Itiniay i [[Heping]] Cen no [[Taichung]] ko Tbulan a niyaro’, 291 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 693 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 52% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 358 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 48% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 335 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Tayal]]44%, [[Amis]]4%, [[Paiwan]]1%, [[Bunun]]1%, [[Cou]]1%. Ira ko picodadan(博愛國小、博愛國小附幼) i niyaro’. Ira ko Kiwkay(台灣基督長老教會博愛教會、真耶穌教會博愛教會) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] qi8y0ce28vv5gn4qr32indgsgqbls6z 0 1236 25289 25288 2021-10-28T12:51:01Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 13 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 25288 wikitext text/x-wiki Tdlu（豐裡部落） Itiniay i Shoufeng Cen no Hualien ko Tdlu a niyaro’, 583 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 1,631 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 17% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 284 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 83% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 1,347 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Amis16%, Truku1%. Ira ko picodadan(豐裡國中、豐里國小) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 369utymejcoynb6fzbot7l6y1ri0qxv 0 1237 25293 25292 2021-10-28T12:51:03Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 3 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 25292 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} [[Faylo:TakenokoBambooSprouts.jpg|left|thumb|100px|Tefo']] 7opw0eu5m6axas2v63p2cnxzk7sir6k 0 1238 25312 25311 2021-10-28T12:51:05Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 18 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 25311 wikitext text/x-wiki Teldreka（茂林部落） Itiniay i Maolin Cen no Kaohsiung ko Teldreka a niyaro’, 262 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 876 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 93% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 815 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 7% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 61 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Rukai76%, Paiwan7%, Bunun6%, Amis2%, Cou1%. Ira ko picodadan(茂林國小、茂林國中、茂林國小附幼、高雄圖書館翠屏分館) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(茂林區公所、茂林郵局、茂林戶政事務所) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(六龜分局茂林分駐所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(茂林衛生所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] iaoae26lwtf79edlzak1sbav5x0wkqi 0 1239 25325 25324 2021-10-28T12:51:07Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 12 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 25324 wikitext text/x-wiki Telu´（豐坪部落） Itiniay i Shoufeng Cen no Hualien ko Telu´ a niyaro’, 373 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 1,045 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 25% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 266 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 75% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 779 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Amis24%, roma1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 0y2okcbudgyidzshtd37ppx8n6quscu 0 1240 30662 30499 2022-01-26T17:13:19Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q57385]] 30662 wikitext text/x-wiki Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo [[Faylo:Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo at the White House in 2014.jpg|thumb|Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo at the White House in 2014|alt=Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo at the White House in 2014.jpg]] I 1942 a miheca saka 6 folad saka 5 a romi’ad masofoc ci Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit no [[Equatorial guinea]] anini i ci Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, patirengan a romi’ad i 1979 a miheca saka 8 folad saka 3 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] eyct0crw9eefcyd0bamsddfm9agsq48 0 1241 38794 25345 2023-06-30T00:57:22Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38794 wikitext text/x-wiki Tfuya（特富野部落） Itiniay i [[Alishan Cen]] no [[Chiayi]] ko Tfuya a niyaro’, 122 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 389 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 96% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 374 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 4% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 15 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Cou]]90%, [[Bunun]]1%, roma1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] mebpj0byxlzaehuqjbe7bfff6u108w1 0 1242 38922 25359 2023-06-30T07:22:13Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38922 wikitext text/x-wiki Tgbin（桃山部落） Itiniay i [[Heping]] Cen no [[Taichung]] ko Tgbin a niyaro’, 135 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 424 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 72% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 306 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 28% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 118 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Tayal]]69%, [[Paiwan]]1%, [[Bunun]]1%. Ira ko Kiwkay(台灣基督長老教會雪山教會) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] nb5rqdqrpknw3092vhu33s918xwwxju 0 1243 38712 25371 2023-06-29T11:59:47Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38712 wikitext text/x-wiki Tgleq（鐵立庫部落） Itiniay i [[Fuxing Cen]] no Taoyuan ko [[Tgleq]] a niyaro’, 25 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 99 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 93% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 92 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 7% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 7 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Tayal]]90%, [[Amis]]1%, [[Truku]]1%, roma1%. Ira ko Kiwkay(台灣基督長老教會鐵立庫教會) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] k1j4awm15k3f6sonbs04arcmsxzbilz 0 1244 38441 30082 2023-06-24T03:32:54Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38441 wikitext text/x-wiki Thailand（泰國） [[Faylo:Flag of Thailand.svg|thumb|Flag of Thailand|alt=Flag of Thailand]] [[Faylo:Location Thailand ASEAN.svg|thumb|Location of  Thailand  (green)in ASEAN  (dark grey)  –  [Legend]]] Itini i 15 00 N, 100 00 E, no [[Asiya]] ko [[Thailand]]. Polong no sekalay i 513,120 sq km “saka 51 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 510,890 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 2,230 sq km ” Polong i 69,950,850 ko tamdaw. sera（土地） Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen a sera 41.20%, Malo no kilakilangan a sera 37.20%, malo no roma to a sera 21.60%. siyoto（首都） O [[Bangkok]]（曼谷）ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad（國家紀念日） Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakatosa ko safaw 5 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci [[Vajiralongkorn]], patirengan a romi’ad i 2016 a miheca saka 10 folad saka 13 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Thailand]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Asiya]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Kitakit]] qq426j3ca0uiyjym0ueo5tfypnau2rp 0 1245 25393 25392 2021-10-28T12:51:20Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 12 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 25392 wikitext text/x-wiki Thgahan（大加汗部落） Itiniay i Wanrong Cen no Hualien ko Thgahan a niyaro’, 49 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 117 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 97% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 114 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 3% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 3 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Truku59%, Amis1%, Tayal12%, Seediq14%, roma12%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] i3jymfhonma8zgjqzg6i8bshk3e05k6 0 1246 38989 35301 2023-06-30T08:51:46Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38989 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:泰崗 Taigang - panoramio.jpg|thumb|200px|Thyakan]] Thyakan（泰崗部落） Itiniay i [[Jianshi]] Cen no [[Hsinchu]] ko [[Thyakan]] a niyaro’, 113 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 409 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 95% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 387 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 5% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 22 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Tayal]]89%, [[Amis]]2%, [[Rukai]]1%, roma2%. Ira ko imeng(泰崗派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko Kiwkay(台灣基督長老教會泰崗教會) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] fne7b000t20b6awualdzs9ccm2mfegl 0 1247 25441 25440 2021-10-28T12:51:25Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 31 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 25440 wikitext text/x-wiki == O ngangan no Tida'an (石梯坪部落由來) == O Tida'an, masilsil i satimolan no sawali ko Tida'an no Fakong a 'Amis. o rakat no kafolaw,’alomanay ko maro’ay na i Makota’ay tayni i Tida’an no Fakong, sanaw ira to ko niyaro ittini. == O kasiikedan no niyaro’ (部落特色) == O Tida'an a riyaro’, Se-Ti-pin(石梯坪) ko sowal no holam. pakayni i saka’orip o pala ko pinengnengan no Tida’an, itiniay i saka’etip a lilis no Sawalian lotok.(海岸山脈) caay ka ‘alomanay a makapahay a niyaro’ i ilaloma'ay no Fongbin-syang (豐濱鄉 sowal no holam ) no Hualien-siyen (花蓮縣 sowal no holam ) , misi’ayaw mililis to riyar ko pasawali a 'Amis, i tatihi no Makotaay ko Tida’an a riyaro’. o talakapahay a niyaro’ no pasawali a Pangcah i Kalinko. itini i caay ka 'alomanay a tamdaw. o tadafangcalay a niyaro’ ko Tida’an. Tada adihay ko cikaratay a ’ongcoy. nganganhan koya ’ongcoy, maemin caay kalecad ko kakaya’ay kamoko’ay, mahecad sarowirowais sanay mateli ko kawal, onini koya misowalan masakawalay a karat. adihay to ko masarakaay a ’ongcoy, ira ko marimooday, ira ko malecad to palosokan ato maamaan a ’ongcoy i riyar. misi’ayaw mililis to riyar ko pasawali a ’amis, tada kanga’ayan no palafangay a misalama, nengneng han i lalan tadamahapinang ko lawac, mangalef mililis to riyar mikefoh to i riyar ko masakaratay a ’ongcoy, ano malileng ko fongoh a tomireng a tamdaw i tongroh no padiyac. O kakaenen no Tida'an a riyaro’, nawhani, misi’ayaw to riyar, mingataay to riyar mikitado to riyar a ma’orip, o kakaenen a foting, ’afar, kalang ato cekiw ato rengos, saheto itira i riyar a miala, fangcal ho ko romi’ad ira to ko kalomaan a kakaenen, sa ira ko mapalosiyangay a sowal. nika ano ira ko tadamaanay a romi’ad, mato misaloma’, pataloma’, kailisinan, pakelang ato mililafang caykaeca misahakhak anca misatoron malo hemay sapakaen. Sakapito folad tangasa i sakafalo folad no kaciherangan to mihecahecaan adihay ko misalamaay ato mipalafanay a tamdaw tayni i Se-ti-ping ( sowal no holam ), ano tatanga’sa a miilisin to ko kasaniyaro’ no Pasawali a Pangcah na niyaroaro’, sa tadamaanay a demak to mihecahecaan konini, manga’ay kakayakayat sa to mato’asay ato wawa malacecay salafii’, cowa mamatawal no mako a rikorar no namo yo. == O katadamaanan no niyaro’ (人口分佈) == Itiniay i Fengbin Cen no Hualien ko Tida'an a niyaro’, 104 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 245 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 65% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 159 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 35% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 86 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko 'Amis59%, Kebalan1%, roma5%. == O finacadan no Yincomin (所屬阿美族群) == Tida'an a niyaro' i ko pasawalian a 'Amis a riyaro , o sa’alomanay a finacadan no Yincomin. itini i nowalian a lotok, mililis to riyar, mifater to Kalingko na itira i Fakong talatimol tangasa i Madawdaw, saka pasawali a ’Amis han. i tiniay i Fengbin-syang ( sowal no holam ) no Hualien-siyen ( sowal no holam) ko Fakong a niyaro’, o Malalo’ong a niyaro, o Tingalaw a niyaro’, o Fakong a niyaro’, o Haciliwan a niyaro’, Tidaan a niyaro’, o Makota’ay a niyaro’, Laeno a niyaro’, o Ticilan a niyaro’, o Cawi’ a niyaro ato Tafugan a niyaro’, moetep a niyaro ko pipolongan. == O pitooran no finawlan (族人信仰) == O pitooran ko finawlan no Tida’an i, ira ko tosa a kinkay , o tingsi-kiw ato ciwlo-kiwkay i Makotaay , o ciwlo-kiwkay a tamdaw ko ka adihay. mamaan ca ko deamk no sapitolon ko niyaro’. pakayni sa’opo no kinkay，malosakarikec sto sakarakat no ’orip no Yincomin, ano iraay ko adada, o pades ato ira ko tatiihay a manmaan a demakan, maemin mitahidang to kiwkay mipadang. == O kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] rmc6y30taynfkl6zkdfiq8wnfbeenvr 0 1248 31265 31264 2022-05-21T10:53:51Z Amire80 14 Bot: Cleaning up old interwiki links 31265 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} [[Faylo:臺灣原住民口簧琴 - 1.jpg|thumb|300px|Tiftif]] '''Tiftif'''(口簧琴) 2hym7vv9uijjhxtwx3jttigj8ke82ys 0 1249 43578 25451 2024-06-16T11:15:49Z 嚴美鳳 41 43578 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Crystal128-tv.svg|thumb|Tilifi]] [[Faylo:Tilifi.ogg|縮圖]] Tilifi Tuol sa ko lahal no K^ci（科技） ，ira to ko Tilifi（電視） no kahaccayccay no loma’ca，pakani i Tilifi ，maaraw ko no romi’admi’ad a ratoh（新聞） ato kahmekan a Ika（影片）。Nikawrira，maenep ko ’alomanay a kaemangay a wawa tona Tilifi ，saka ’ aloma sato ko maroparopay（模糊） ko kaarawan no mata a wawa。 ’Aloman ko malawinaay ato malamamaay ，pasany to pineneng to Tilifi，makiyam to ko cikang a misacaciyaw to wawa，ta cakafangcal ko sapidipot to wawawawaan i laloma。Aloman ko kingkiw（研究） a pahapinang，o pinangan ato harateng no wawa i ，malilid no Tilifi saan，yu ira ko maraodotay anca o maodangay a pinangan，malatatodongan no wawa ko hatiniay a demak，hahatira a maci’iwi ko pinangan no wawa。 O kingkiw no Kohac（科學家） i，yu mahadak ko ngiha’ no Tilifi i ，malowan ko caciyaw no malawinaay ato wawa，malowan ko falo a so’ot % （80%）ko caciyaw saan。yu mineneng ko malawinaay to Tilifi i，anca o wawa ko maolah a mingenge to Tilifi i ，mahapinangan a malowan ko kalalicay nara；Nawhani，o kalalimela’an no wawa ko kalalicaylicay to malawinay i orip nira，o papasongira a malahal to pono’ no wawa，caayay a pakalayap i Tilifit ko hatiniay。Nikawrira，iraay ko oromaay a pakaalawan a tamdaw，nga’ayay a mipacafay a mitongal to taneng ko Tilifit saan。hakiya ，latek ngaayay ？ latek tatiihay ko Tilifit i orip no mita？latek liyas han ko Tilifit kanga’ay to haw？Sowal sa ko mikingkiway，sifaloco’en to mamang a cikang a milacafay to wawa anini，papiliyasen to Tilifit ko wawa，papicudaden to tilid，i ikor to a ngengen i，o tadanga’ayay a tada^tan konini saan。 == Pi'arawan to lakaw == * 陳振雄. (2011). Wikipedia 維基百科 族語詞條試寫─原住民族語詞條 2011作品集. 教育部. aq1xyql8n9vb1c25jxa537pqysmaix3 0 1250 38509 30703 2023-06-27T19:22:07Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38509 wikitext text/x-wiki Timor-leste（東帝汶） [[Faylo:Flag of East Timor.svg|thumb|Flag of East Timor|alt=Flag of East Timor]] [[Faylo:Timor Leste (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Location of East Timor]] Itini i 8 50 S, 125 55 E, no[[Asiya]] ko [[Timor-leste]]. Polong no sekalay i 14,874 sq km “saka 160 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 14,874 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 0 sq km ” Polong i 1,261,072 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen a sera 25.10%, Malo no kilakilangan a sera 49.10%, malo no roma to a sera 25.80%. siyoto(首都) O [[Dili]] ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakalima 20 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci [[Taur Matan Ruak]], patirengan a romi’ad i 2012 a miheca saka 5 folad saka 19 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] == Timor東帝汶 == == Sawalian-Tiwen Finawlan-kitakit(東帝汶民主共和國;Toron a sowal:Repúblika Demokrátika Timor-Leste) == [[Faylo:LocationEastTimor.svg|縮圖|kaitiraan ]] Potawya a sowal:República Democrática de Timor-Leste;通稱東帝汶; [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%BE%B7%E9%A1%BF%E8%AF%AD Toton a sowa]l:Timor Lorosa'e; Potawya a sowal:Timor-Leste). O ititraay i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%9C%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A Katimol-Sakawalian Etal] isakawalian no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B8%9D%E6%B1%B6 Tiwen-kanatal] a kitakit, o dengan a Micowatan-kowan no Potawya itiya ho (oroma a cecay o Awmen).1999 miheca saka 8 folad midemak to Kapolongan-Pitopa no finawlan to sapisiikedaw, 2002 miheca saka 5 folad saka 20 romi’ad lafii milekel to kalaheci no pisiiked, 2002 miheca saka 9 folad saka 27 romi’ad malaheci ko pikapot i Linheko, o saka 191 a cefang no Linheka.<ref>东帝汶总统开始访华之旅. Macauhub. Macauhub. 2015-09-01 [2017-07-03]. （原始內容存檔於2017-10-28）.</ref> == Tatapangan no ngangan(詞源) == O pipangangan no Kawaliay-Tiwen sifo o “ Timor-Leste”, patokeled sa o malongangan no kitaktit tono Potawya a sowal. “ leste” sanay a sowal no Potawya, o “ sawalian” sanay ko imi nona tilid;ora sa “Timor” o nano sowal no Inni to “timur” o sawalian ko imi no nini a tilid,orasaka, [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%90%8C%E7%BE%A9%E5%8F%8D%E8%A6%86%E5%90%8D%E7%A8%B1%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8 nipatata’edipan] ko sawalian sanay a tilid ko ngangan nona kitakit, ala hananay to ko “ Timor Timur” malongangan no pala, pangangan hato to “Tim-tim” Sawalian-Tiwen. Ora sato o “Lorosa’e” o sowal tono Toton to sawalian sanay, o kasadakan no cidal sanay ko imi. == Rikisi(歷史) == [[Faylo:INTERFET 12 Feb 2000.jpg|縮圖|Sofitay no Awco]] O [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99 Potawya] ato Sawalian-Tiwen misatang malali’aca to dafong i satapangan no saka 16 sici, patokeleday a mipaheci a micowatay-pikowan, tahira to i sasifo’an no saka 20 sici. 1859 miheca mararawraw ato Holan ta ira ko katatilid to kakaketonan, kelit han no Potawya ko isaka’etipay nona kanatal([https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%A5%BF%E5%B8%9D%E6%B1%B6 Sa’etipay-Tiwen]) pafeli ko Holan. I sakatosa-Laloodan, i ikor no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B8%9D%E6%B1%B6%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9 Tiwen-Lalood] ma’eco no Dipon i 1942-1945 mihecaan ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%91%A1%E5%B1%AC%E5%B8%9D%E6%B1%B6 Micongacongay to Potawya a Tiwen], nikawrira, yo malowid sato ko Dipon milolol heca ko Potawya a mikowan tona Tiwen. [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8E%BB%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%8C%96 Misawad to Micowatay-Pikowan] <ref>去殖民化。'''去殖民化'''（英語：decolonization，又稱'''非殖民化'''），是指一個地方因外國殖民統治，造成政治與經濟上的不平等關係，轉而進行獨立及自治。</ref>a demak ko sifo no Potawya i 1974 miheca, sawaden ko i papotalay a Micowatan-kowan, orasaka tatootoor sa a misiiked ko nikowan no Potawya i papotal. Oni sa Sawalian-Tiwen itiraay i 1975 miheca saka 11 folad saka 28 romi’ad midiiked, oatireng to Sawalian-Tiwen Finawlan-kitakit, nikawrira, ikor to 9 romi’ad ma’eco no Inni, <ref>Jardine, pp. 50–51.</ref>patirengen no Inni ko Sawalian-kowan(Timor Timur) i 1976 miheca saka 7 folad.<ref>Official Web Gateway to the Government of Timor-Leste – Districts. Government of the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste. [16 July 2011]. （原始內容存檔於21 March 2012）.</ref> sanoyanan sa to 20 mihecaan cilacila ira ko mikangyiay a rawraw, oniniay o parariday to 20 mihecaan ko pilongoc to sapisiikedaw a lalood , ira ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%9C%E5%B8%9D%E6%B1%B6%E5%A4%A7%E5%B1%A0%E6%9D%80 10-20 ‘ofad ko mihadekan mipatayay tamdaw].<ref>Benetech Human Rights Data Analysis Group. The Profile of Human Rights Violations in Timor-Leste, 1974–1999. A Report to the Commission on Reception, Truth and Reconciliation of Timor-Leste. Human Rights Data Analysis Group (HRDAG): 2–4. 9 February 2006. （原始內容存檔於22 February 2012）.</ref> [[Faylo:East Timor Demo.jpg|縮圖|Pilaliw ko Indonisiya, patireng to misiikeday kitakit]] 1999 miheca saka 8 folad saka 30 romi’ad, kantoken no Linheko ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/1999%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%9C%E5%B8%9D%E6%B1%B6%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%95 Kapolongan-Pitopa]no finawlan, sahetoay mihayiay to sapisiikedaw nani pikowan no Inni. O sofitay no Inni ato mifelihay to pisiiked a tamdaw malakapot a midemak to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/1999%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%9C%E5%B8%9D%E6%B1%B6%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA ‘edef no kitakit to pipenec a paco’ay.] Latek ira ko 1,400 ko tamdaw no Sawalian-Tiwen ko mapatayay, mapaci’eci ho pafolaw tayra i Sa’etipay-Tiwen. O dafong no kitakit to loma’, pananoman, nananomen, pitilidan ato dinki sahetoay to mapeleng to 100%. 1999 miheca saka 9 folad saka 20 romi’ad, o sofitay no Awco ko sarakatay do’edo sa ko roma a kitakit micomod a mihedefong, orasaka mapaterep kona mipadesay a pipenec. Pacarcar han no “[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%9C%E5%B8%9D%E6%B1%B6%E8%BF%87%E6%B8%A1%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%BD%93%E5%B1%80 Pacarcaray mikowan to Sawalian-Tiwen no Linheko]” (''United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor'') to tosa ira ko pangkiw mihecaan, ta laheci sato ko pisiiked i 2002 miheca saka 5 folad saka 20 romi’ad, o ngangan no kitakit o Sawalian-Tiwen Finawlan-kitakit, malamihayian no kasakitakit a misiikeday-kitakit. I kaleponan no 2006 miheca saka 4 folad, yo tomireng ko fa’elohay a Tapang no kitakit, makakaforawan ko kitakit mamalahedaw sato ko pakirikecay pikowan. Ira ko pilongoc no sifo no Sawalian-Tiwen, o sofitay no Awco ko sa’ayaway a micomod ko Kasakitakit-sofitay(ISF) i Sawalian-Tiwen i saka 5 folad. Saka 8 folad, patireng ko Linheko Sakarihaday-Iinkay to “[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%9C%E5%B8%9D%E6%B1%B6%E7%BB%BC%E5%90%88%E7%89%B9%E6%B4%BE%E5%9B%A2 Pacarcaray mikowan to Sawalian-Tiwen a Mapolongay Kasafelaw]”(UNMIT),ilaloma’ noni ira ko 1,600 a tayhin. Tangsol sato a mahinaker ko karawraw no Sawalian-Tiwen, 2007 miheca saka 4 folad ato saka 6 folad misinkiw ko congtong ato Kalomaocan, awa ko masamaamaanay fangafang. 2008 miheca saka 2 folad, cakalaheci ko sapipatayaw no mifelihay to sifo a masakapotay, o tomok to nona masakapotay ko mapatayay, mipasitira ko ‘alomanay a mifelihay a sofitay. Sanoyanan sato ko kahinaker no Sawalian-Tiwen. == Kaitiraan(地理) == O ititraay i Katimol-Sakawalian Etal isakawalian no Tiwen-kanatal a kitakit,I sakawaliay [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B0%8F%E5%B7%BD%E4%BB%96%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B Mamangay-Sin kanatanatalan] no Indonisiya-kanatanatalan, isakatimolan no sakawali o Awco(Awstoraiya). O sera mahaop ko sakawalian ato saka’etipay lilis no riyar no Tiwen-kanatal, o malikotay no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A Inni] a Wokusi-etal ato ingataay a Atawro-kanatal. Isaka’etipan madado’edo ato nikowanan no Inni a Sa’etipay-Tiwen. Tona kitakit adihay ko tokos, i dafdaf ato la’ed no tokos o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%86%B1%E5%B8%B6%E4%B9%BE%E6%BF%95%E5%AD%A3%E6%B0%A3%E5%80%99 Fa’edetay-rengorengosan kakarayan], tadafa’edetay to polong no mihecaan, tadamahapinangay ko ma’icangay ato macepa’ay a kakarayan; oroma a etal o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%86%B1%E5%B8%B6%E9%9B%A8%E6%9E%97%E6%B0%A3%E5%80%99 Fa’edetay-kilakilangan kakarayan], o ‘emin no mihecaan takaraw ko fa’edet kali’orad. O sa’adihayay a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3 koleng] o lenlen ato seli’ no tokos, ira heca ko ‘atoray [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%B5%B7%E5%95%B8 cenami] ato faliyos. O [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90 kinaira no pala] ira ko ’ekim, simal-kasolin, kaso ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A4%A7%E7%90%86%E7%9F%B3 ’adicaw.] O liomah sa i,oya no to’asan ho a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%88%80%E8%80%95%E7%81%AB%E7%A8%AE miilohan a mifaliw] ko tokos a misamatang, orasak cilacila mailoh ko tokos maseli’ ko sera. Ilawacay no Sa’etipan-Tiwen a riyariyaran, o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B8%9D%E6%B1%B6%E6%B5%B7 Tiwen-riyar], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%90%A8%E6%AD%A6%E6%B5%B7 Sawu-riyar] ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%8F%AD%E8%BE%BE%E6%B5%B7 Panta-riyar], ono [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%8F%8A%E7%91%9A%E7%A4%81 ’Atol no riyar] a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%8F%8A%E7%91%9A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92 tata’angay toloay-coco’ a faniyot],<ref>國立臺灣大學理學院：演化生物學及印度－西太平洋區海洋生物多樣性暨生物地理學之研究.</ref> ira ko ikakaay a kasasiromaroma a kina’orip a ka’oripan. [[Faylo:Dili warehouse.jpg|縮圖|237x237像素|Sapadang a felac no roma kitakit]] == '''Saka’orip'''(經濟) == I kaleponan no 1999 mihecaan, mapeleng ko 70% no saka’orip a dafong no mifelihay to sapisiikedaw ato sofitay no Inni. 30 ’ofad ko mafolaway a tamdaw malapakoyoc. To ikor to tolo mihecaan, ira ko 5,000 mipahinakeray-sofitay ato 1,300 a tayhin mipadang a miliyaw patireng to dafong no tokay ato iyaro’. Tahira to i kaleponan no 200 mihecaan minokay patikor koya mafolaway ano ca itira i Inni a maro’. Wataay ko sasi’ayawen a salifet to sapiliyaw a patireng to saka’orip no Sawalian-Tiwen, tinako o paranaan a nipatirenganm o pikowan to matayalay i sifo, misahalaka to sakacitayal no ‘alomanay a away ko tayal a kapah. Malemeday to kaira no ‘etan no pikarkar to salawacan no riyar a simal, o kaso mapaliwal i Awco. I 2005 miheca saka 6 folad mihayi ko Kalomaocan no kitakit to Nosimalan-pisopedan to payso, to sapina’ang to polong a ’etan no simal, sapipaini to ikor a tamdaw no Tiwen to sapipa’ading to sakakadofah no dafong no simal.tahira i 2010 miheca saka 10 folad, ona misopedan-payso ira to ko 6.6 ’ok payso no Amirika.ona kitakit awaay ko citanengay to nikipaysoay-demak, orasak o sarihadayay a pipatelian to payso o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E5%82%B5 Kitakitan-Kiyam no Amirika], caka tahafikod toya [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/2007%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%8D2008%E5%B9%B4%E7%92%B0%E7%90%83%E9%87%91%E8%9E%8D%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F karawraw no kasakitakit a pakipaysoay demak i 2007-2008 mihecaan], toyanan a mihecahecaan o Salongocan-Kiking ko sakakaay ko kaci’etan. O kasafaco no saka’orip no Sawalian-Tiwen(2001miheca) o mihamhamay-tayal 57%, liomah 25%, misanga’ay to dafong 17%, ira ho kinaira no simal ato kaso, onini a taya i,mapenec no Awco. 2001 miheca o nipacomodan a dafong a li’aca ira ko 2’ok 3,700 ’ofad ko Amirika payso. O sakakaay nipacomodan a dafong o kikay. O sakakaay nipasadakan paliwal a dafong ira ko kafi, komo, kilang, simal,kaso. Ona kitakit o samanikaway a kitakit itini i kasakitakit, sahetoay o paini no roma a kitakit ko saka’orip, misafilofiloay a sakanga’ayaw no saka’orip, nikawrira, tahanini awaay ho malaheciay to sakarihaday. [[Faylo:Klein-g20-V1 Ermera.jpg|縮圖|yincumin no Sawalian-Tiwen kitakit]] == '''Tamdaw ato Pitooran'''(人口與宗教) == I 2011 miheca saka 7 folad ira ko 117 ’ofad ko polong a tamdaw. o syoto tatapangan tokay o Tili, ira ko 16 ’ofad ko maro’ay tamdaw. ilaloma’ nonini o yincumin no Sawalian-Tiwen(maramramay to ‘ilang no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B7%B4%E5%B8%83%E4%BA%9A%E4%BA%BA Papoya-tamdaw] ato Malaysiya ano ca [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%8E%BB%E9%87%8C%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E Polinisiya]) mahaop ko 78%, Inni-tamdaw 20%, Conko-tamdaw 2%. Ira ko 91% no polong tamdaw nona kitakit o mitooray to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83 Roma-Tinsikiw], o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%96%B0%E6%95%99 Fa’elohay-Misakristoay] ira ko 2.6%, 1.7% o Muslain.0.3% o Indo-pitooran, 0.1% o Fcociyaw. Yo misiiked ko Sawalian-Tiwen i 1975 miheca, o sowal no Potawya kono sifoan sowal, yo mihidegong ko Inni milalang to sowal no Potawya. 2002 misiiked a patireng to kitakit i,milaheci ko sifo o Potawya-sowal ato Toton-sowal ko halosowal no sifo,i kalo’orip ira ho ko 16 a kasasiromaroma a sowal no tamtamdaw, o tamdaw no itiniay mafana’ay sowal to safaw 10 a masasiromaromaay sowal. O roma sato i,o kalasowalan to romi’ami’ad o Inni-sowal ato Ikiris-sowal. Mingataay to sifo’ay-konis no cikiw itini, orasak tadafa’edetay a so’emaet, ‘adihay ko adada. O sakakaay a lifong o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%85%B9%E7%80%89 piyas],[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%94%B2%E5%9E%8B%E8%82%9D%E7%82%8E A-’atay],[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%BC%A4%E5%AF%92 malalisan,]cifa’edet, [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%AA%A8%E7%97%9B%E7%86%B1%E7%97%87 tenkero] ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%96%9F%E7%96%BE malaliya]. == '''Ponka'''(文化) == Macacorok ko Potawya, Holan Dipon ato Inni a mikowan to Sawalian-Tiwen, masasiroma ko mikowanay masasiroma ko nipainian a ponka, ora ko pirecep i ‘orip no tamdaw nona kitakit, macacamol heca ato ponka no itiniay a yincumin. Ira ko  micidekay a makayamay-dafong ato sakero.<ref>People & Culture. Ministry of Tourism Timor Leste. [2020-09-24]. （原始內容存檔於2020-06-23）.</ref> o kiwiku cowa ho katenak, nawhani cowa ka nga’ay ko ‘orip, i 2010 mihecaan a pisa’osi o mafana’ay to tilid dengan 58.3% no polong tamdaw. == Pacefaday tilid(註腳) == [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 7b2ns5jghpc45wmyyitbxdkqrd85vav 0 1251 39605 32153 2023-10-06T01:02:53Z InternetArchiveBot 33 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 39605 wikitext text/x-wiki Timur（三地部落） Itiniay i [[Sandimen]] Cen no Pingtung ko Timur a niyaro’, 498 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 1,728 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 95% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 1,640 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 5% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 88 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Paiwan80%, Rukai9%, Tayal1%, roma4%. Ira ko picodadan(地磨兒國小、地磨兒附幼、三地門圖書館) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(三地門鄉公所、三地門戶政所、消防局三地門分隊) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(里港分局三地門派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(三地門衛生所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220709113609/https://www.pthg.gov.tw/sandimen/default.aspx 三地門鄉公所] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 4zcl0d5q75l0dt8wnr6v8pjpuu1q0qx 0 1252 25509 25508 2021-10-28T12:51:37Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 31 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 25508 wikitext text/x-wiki == O ngangan no Tingalaw (豐富部落由來) == 【 Tingalaw 】, masilsil i sa'amisan no ka'etip ko Tingalaw no Fakong ko Tingalaw. sowal sa no holam ko 豐富部落. saka saan i, o Tingalaw han, itiyaho, ano mangalay kiso tarya i Fata’an ato tayni i Fkong matafesiw itini. nikaorira itina ho how i awaay ho ko picakayan to nanom, yo romakat a finawlan ma’araway koya Ding-Zilou’alo(丁仔漏溪). sapipahanhanaw cangra itini how i, maso’away ko tamdaw, tayraay i alo’ minanom. wa:ta tingalaway ko nonom no ‘alo, i kawanan no Ding-Zilou a pala sa mapangangan na to’as to Tingalaw. == O kasiikedan no niyaro’ (部落特色) == kaitiraan no Tingalaw, ira ko satingalaw sanay a 'alo. adihay ko ‘a’adopen itini na lotok. masapi:nang a ma’araw ko fo’is to dadaya itini. i kawili no ‘alo ko pisaopoan naira. itini i o tapang no Pacidal a ngasaw, o sakata'angay a ngangasawan no pangcah. i kawanan no Ding-zi-lo 'alo a pala, o litapangan no Pacidal a ngasaw kora apala. Tangasa to anini, malopisak to i kasaniyaro’ no pasaetip ko Pangcah, miliyas to niyaro’ ato kaliomahan, nengneng han ko tamdaw no niyaro’ caay to ka papina, awaay to ko karaawaw sonisoni a matengil. == O nikalopisak no Tingalaw (人口分佈) == Itiniay i Fengbin Cen no Hualien ko Tingalaw a niyaro’, 150 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 398 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 92% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 367 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 8% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 31 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to (百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Amis 88%, roma 5%. == O finacadan no Yincomin (所屬阿美族群) == O pasawalian a Pangcah, o sa’alomanay a finacadan no Yincumin, itini i nowalian a lotok, mililis to riyar, mifater to Kalingko na itira i Fakong talatimol tangasa i Madawdaw, saka pasawali a Pangcah han. == O pito'oran no finawlan (族人信仰) == O pito'oran ko finawlan no Tingalaw i, itini a niyaro’ i tosatosa ko nipatirengan a kiwkay a maneneng. O pito’oran nira i o tingsikiw ato kirisito-kiw. == O kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] bo8ajn0pkhr9zvou7emrsuifqzoijof 0 1253 25522 25521 2021-10-28T12:51:39Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 12 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 25521 wikitext text/x-wiki Tisilan（靜安部落） Itiniay i Fengbin Cen no Hualien ko Tisilan a niyaro’, 87 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 239 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 79% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 190 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 21% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 49 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Amis75%, Paiwan1%, roma2%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] szhu6bbscoqba9v558kuczdrq6fux3v 0 1254 25537 25536 2021-10-28T12:51:42Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 14 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 25536 wikitext text/x-wiki Tjacekes（上丹路部落） Itiniay i Shizi Cen no Pingtung ko Tjacekes a niyaro’, 83 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 278 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 98% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 273 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 2% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 5 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Paiwan95%, roma3%. Ira ko picodadan(丹路國小、丹路國小附幼) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(丹路村衛生室) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] chxoslnf9iio2d2u0ty2wuzw5kt3cbk 0 1255 25550 25549 2021-10-28T12:51:44Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 12 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 25549 wikitext text/x-wiki Tjacupu（大竹，工作地部落） Itiniay i Dawu Cen no Taitung ko Tjacupu a niyaro’, 48 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 116 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 90% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 104 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 10% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 12 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Paiwan87%, Amis1%, Bunun2%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] s0i51ld4qdiispv03m3wr71kndm98lj 0 1256 38942 25565 2023-06-30T07:53:01Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38942 wikitext text/x-wiki Tjadukudukung（長樂部落） Itiniay i [[Manzhou]] Cen no [[Pingtung]] ko [[Tjadukudukung]] a niyaro’, 235 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 663 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 62% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 413 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 38% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 250 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Paiwan]]59%, [[Amis]]2%, [[Rukai]]1%, roma1%. Ira ko picodadan(長樂國小、長樂國小附幼) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(恆春分局長樂派出所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 80pa6u5z06ika5b8ge4q3ty74eg8y6h 0 1257 30765 30759 2022-02-19T10:33:13Z Firefly 521 Reverted to revision 25578 by [[Special:Contributions/Sotiale|Sotiale]] ([[User talk:Sotiale|talk]]): Rvv (TwinkleGlobal) 30765 wikitext text/x-wiki Tjaialev（達里部落） Itiniay i Taiwu Cen no Pingtung ko Tjaialev a niyaro’, 27 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 97 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 97% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 94 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 3% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 3 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Paiwan93%, Amis2%, roma1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] pev0d1zw88qeyivl8cmcq97xeubbnwd 0 1258 39033 25602 2023-06-30T09:32:05Z 陳鷹馬 1604 39033 wikitext text/x-wiki Tjailjaking（賽嘉部落） Itiniay i [[Sandimen]] Cen no [[Pingtung]] ko [[Tjailjaking]] a niyaro’, 240 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 875 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 94% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 820 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 6% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 55 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Paiwan]]84%, [[Rukai]]2%, [[Bunun]]1%, [[Puyuma]]1%, roma5%. Ira ko picodadan(賽嘉國小) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] hgwrpe6mxkr55vc6fe52q3ycq6oeonw 0 1259 25616 25615 2021-10-28T12:51:53Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 13 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 25615 wikitext text/x-wiki Tjalja’avus（來義部落） Itiniay i Laiyi Cen no Pingtung ko Tjalja’avus a niyaro’, 341 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 1,122 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 97% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 1,092 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 3% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 30 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Paiwan93%, Amis1%, Rukai1%, roma2%. Ira ko picodadan(南和國小、南和國小附幼) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] ngrixeyog96rzh7lxdgzcjlxkb7wdb3 0 1260 38916 25629 2023-06-30T07:18:43Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38916 wikitext text/x-wiki Tjanavakung（達那瓦功部落） Itiniay i [[Majia]] Cen no [[Pingtung]] ko [[Tjanavakung]] a niyaro’, 44 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 116 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 98% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 114 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 2% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 2 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Paiwan]]91%, [[Rukai]]3%, [[Tayal]]1%, roma3%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] iy7zx7rawh0glan2u6hf1bwrkr74mdz 0 1261 25643 25642 2021-10-28T12:51:58Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 13 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 25642 wikitext text/x-wiki Tjana’asiya（義林部落） Itiniay i Laiyi Cen no Pingtung ko Tjana’asiya a niyaro’, 124 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 427 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 97% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 413 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 3% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 14 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Paiwan91%, Bunun1%, Cou1%, roma3%. Ira ko picodadan(來義鄉幼兒園、新來義部落圖書資訊站) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] rcx9e2qbfbijbwtcb9xs7akibfgvfm8 0 1262 25656 25655 2021-10-28T12:52:00Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 12 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 25655 wikitext text/x-wiki Tjaranauma（萬安部落） Itiniay i Taiwu Cen no Pingtung ko Tjaranauma a niyaro’, 125 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 543 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 99% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 538 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 1% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 5 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Paiwan94%, Amis2%, Bunun1%, roma1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 45snzj5rm0r8m9pehvubdhxxqetonc5 0 1263 38810 25670 2023-06-30T01:10:30Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38810 wikitext text/x-wiki Tjatjigel（喳其格勒部落） Itiniay i [[Taimali]] Cen no [[Taitung]] ko [[Tjatjigel]] a niyaro’, 354 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 780 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 79% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 616 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 21% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 164 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Amis]]11%, [[Paiwan]]66%, [[Puyuma]]1%, roma1%. Ira ko picodadan(大溪國小、大溪國小附幼) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 30x210pjlct84cgsgv8gxtzfx0reixk 0 1264 39029 25683 2023-06-30T09:30:06Z 陳鷹馬 1604 39029 wikitext text/x-wiki Tjavatjavang（達來部落） Itiniay i [[Sandimen]] Cen no [[Pingtung]] ko [[Tjavatjavang]] a niyaro’, 132 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 404 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 97% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 393 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 3% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 11 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Paiwan]]88%, [[Rukai]]3%, [[Bunun]]1%, [[Tayal]]1%, roma3%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] kazh5wp9jv6fq603ajtd4yzvhfdke6n 0 1265 39039 25696 2023-06-30T09:33:53Z 陳鷹馬 1604 39039 wikitext text/x-wiki Tjaviljaul（叉飛勞巫勒部落） Itiniay i [[Jinfeng]] Cen no [[Taitung]] ko [[Tjaviljaul]] a niyaro’, 36 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 133 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 97% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 129 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 3% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 4 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko . == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] nwvhol7lqbhlchfyo5w0kvxe7cqxtuu 0 1266 38809 25710 2023-06-30T01:10:04Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38809 wikitext text/x-wiki Tjavualji（大麻里部落） Itiniay i [[Taimali Cen]] no [[Taitung]] ko [[Tjavualji]] a niyaro’, 884 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 2,112 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 41% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 863 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 59% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 1,249 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Paiwan]]34%, [[Amis]]4%, [[Rukai]]1%, [[Puyuma]]1%. Ira ko picodadan(大王國小、大王國中、大王國小附幼) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] fyuwdakpuuwmp4atbl7vccad5i1et2f 0 1267 38864 25725 2023-06-30T02:59:12Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38864 wikitext text/x-wiki Tjinavanavalj（橋東部落） Itiniay i [[Shizi]] Cen no [[Pingtung]] ko [[Tjinavanavalj]] a niyaro’, 62 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 195 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 98% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 191 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 2% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 4 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Paiwan]]89%, [[Amis]]2%, [[Rukai]]1%, roma7%. Ira ko picodadan(草埔國小、草埔國小附幼) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(坊寮分局草埔派出所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] peie9mou060lcok5vl7adw63li0gx2n 0 1268 38497 25738 2023-06-26T05:10:22Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38497 wikitext text/x-wiki Tjisaulem（雙流部落） Itiniay i [[Shizi Cen]] no [[Pingtung]] ko Tjisaulem a niyaro’, 59 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 166 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 95% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 157 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 5% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 9 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Paiwan]]84%, [[Bunun]]1%, [[Amis]]1%, roma9%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 8efwwhp6sza9j1dr0d8ap3s6uafy9sw 0 1269 38868 25754 2023-06-30T06:34:25Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38868 wikitext text/x-wiki Tjuabal（土坂部落） Itiniay i [[Daren]] Cen no [[Taitung]] ko Tjuabal a niyaro’, 302 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 879 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 98% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 861 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 2% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 18 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Paiwan]]93%, [[Amis]]1%, [[Bunun]]1%, [[Rukai]]1%, roma1%. Ira ko picodadan(土坂國小、土坂國小附幼) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(大武分局派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(土坂衛生室) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 13klwhgrgzwtoshisf9d3tiovzqczwi 0 1270 38539 25767 2023-06-27T19:58:54Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38539 wikitext text/x-wiki Tjuamanges（加滿額斯部落） Itiniay i [[Daren Cen]] no [[Taitung]] ko Tjuamanges a niyaro’, 42 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 96 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 98% ko ka’aloman no [[Yincomin]], polong han i, 94 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 2% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 2 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Paiwan]]96%, [[Bunun]]2%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] rahvdrcif6ksmq9kkzaxlrdm403qu78 0 1271 38866 25780 2023-06-30T06:33:38Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38866 wikitext text/x-wiki Tjuaqau（台坂部落） Itiniay i [[Daren]] Cen no [[Taitung]] ko Tjuaqau a niyaro’, 67 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 185 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 96% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 178 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 4% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 7 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Paiwan]]95%, [[Amis]]1%, [[Bunun]]1%, [[Puyuma]]1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] j593dn6pdiackaw6ym8ajq8rlmz88u7 0 1272 38869 25795 2023-06-30T06:34:51Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38869 wikitext text/x-wiki Tjuavanaq（嘉發那部落） Itiniay i [[Daren]] Cen no [[Taitung]] ko [[Tjuavanaq]] a niyaro’, 39 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 89 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 99% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 88 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 1% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 1 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Paiwan]]98%, [[Puyuma]]1%. Ira ko picodadan(台坂國小) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(台坂衛生所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] sm7khf5e4o7j310ktlyzf3hyhpzo73m 0 1273 39041 25810 2023-06-30T09:34:33Z 陳鷹馬 1604 39041 wikitext text/x-wiki Tjudjaas（都達卡斯部落） Itiniay i [[Jinfeng]] Cen no [[Taitung]] ko [[Tjudjaas]] a niyaro’, 40 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 119 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 94% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 112 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 6% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 7 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko . Ira ko picodadan(新興國小、新興國小附幼) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(新興村衛生室) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 1w5whunhshef1yjdx3g180w76hziwzl 0 1274 39038 39037 2023-06-30T09:33:32Z 陳鷹馬 1604 39038 wikitext text/x-wiki Tjukuvulj（愛國蒲部落） Itiniay i [[Dawu]] Cen no [[Taitung]] ko [[Tjukuvulj]] a niyaro’, 71 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 170 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 94% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 160 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 6% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 10 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Paiwan]]91%, [[Amis]]1%, [[Tayal]]1%, [[Puyuma]]1%. Tjukuvulj（讀古物部落） Itiniay i [[Jinfeng]] Cen no [[Taitung]] ko [[Tjukuvulj]] a niyaro’, 34 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 116 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 98% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 114 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 2% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 2 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko . Ira ko paisingan(金鋒衛生所) i niyaro’. Tjukuvulj（嘟估甫了部落） Itiniay i [[Sandimen]] Cen no [[Pingtung]] ko [[Tjukuvulj]] a niyaro’, 40 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 115 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 98% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 113 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 2% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 2 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Paiwan]]76%, [[Rukai]]12%, [[Amis]]2%, roma9%. Ira ko picodadan(地磨兒國小、地磨兒國小附幼) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(里港分局德文派出所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] ol6ip1x5mjs8hjb33hmmofsofakkxzc 0 1275 39042 25856 2023-06-30T09:34:57Z 陳鷹馬 1604 39042 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tjukuvulj-viri'''（肚久武部落） Itiniay i [[Jinfeng]] Cen no [[Taitung]] ko [[Tjukuvulj-viri]] a niyaro’, 22 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 57 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 100% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 57 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 0% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko . == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] fx1jx3mp7tv6wu8dsfg75nnp4qk1um5 0 1276 39046 25871 2023-06-30T09:38:42Z 陳鷹馬 1604 39046 wikitext text/x-wiki Tjuletevetevek（督魯得福得福閣部落） Itiniay i [[Jinfeng]] Cen no [[Taitung]] ko [[Tjuletevetevek]] a niyaro’, 90 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 268 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 96% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 258 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 4% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 10 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko . == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] kueosazt5xvkyew1jrr0fhs5qzerz1t 0 1277 39044 25885 2023-06-30T09:37:26Z 陳鷹馬 1604 39044 wikitext text/x-wiki Tjulitjulik（斗里斗里部落） Itiniay i [[Jinfeng]] Cen no [[Taitung]] ko [[Tjulitjulik]] a niyaro’, 62 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 203 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 98% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 198 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 2% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 5 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko . Ira ko imeng(大武分局政興派出所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 24rn4rop4r96zhjmbvoy67toot4uo5s 0 1278 38575 25898 2023-06-27T20:38:53Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38575 wikitext text/x-wiki Tjuluuai（都魯烏外部落） Itiniay i [[Jinfeng Cen]] no [[Taitung]] ko Tjuluuai a niyaro’, 32 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 124 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 96% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 119 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 4% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 5 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko . == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] ea34e5nwaucwgy6mlipkkww71vdm2k9 0 1279 25911 25910 2021-10-28T12:52:39Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 12 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 25910 wikitext text/x-wiki Tjuruguai（竹坑部落） Itiniay i Shizi Cen no Pingtung ko Tjuruguai a niyaro’, 104 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 319 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 93% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 297 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 7% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 22 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Paiwan89%, Bunun1%, Amis1%, Tayal1%, roma2%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] icmo682kxp9jo9495ncgenh27giw0s0 0 1280 39034 25926 2023-06-30T09:32:28Z 陳鷹馬 1604 39034 wikitext text/x-wiki Tjusepayuan（北巴部落） Itiniay i [[Sandimen]] Cen no [[Pingtung]] ko [[Tjusepayuan]] a niyaro’, 148 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 504 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 99% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 498 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 1% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 6 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Paiwan]]83%, [[Rukai]]10%, [[Bunun]]1%, roma5%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] cov0vdst38qxqmfd0mbf7424iy9ilyg 0 1281 25939 25938 2021-10-28T12:52:43Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 12 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 25938 wikitext text/x-wiki Tjusinlung（中心崙部落） Itiniay i Shizi Cen no Pingtung ko Tjusinlung a niyaro’, 89 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 264 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 98% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 259 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 2% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 5 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Paiwan92%, Bunun2%, Amis2%, Tayal1%, roma2%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 2af3ez396b6e2j6r8gam7lnk9rq2026 0 1282 38540 25953 2023-06-27T19:59:27Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38540 wikitext text/x-wiki Tjuvecekadan（七佳部落） Itiniay i [[Chunri Cen]] no [[Pingtung]] ko Tjuvecekadan a niyaro’, 304 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 1,097 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 96% ko ka’aloman no [[Yincomin]], polong han i, 1,051 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 4% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 46 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Paiwan]]94%, [[Bunun]]1%, roma1%. Ira ko picodadan(力裡國小、力裡國小附幼、七佳部落圖書資訊站) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 3opllm629375bfr9f6h2vdp0yj0859c 0 1283 25967 25966 2021-10-28T12:52:47Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 13 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 25966 wikitext text/x-wiki Tjuwaqau（大後部落） Itiniay i Laiyi Cen no Pingtung ko Tjuwaqau a niyaro’, 72 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 265 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 99% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 262 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 1% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 3 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Paiwan91%, Amis2%, Tayal2%, Rukai1%, roma3%. Ira ko picodadan(文樂國小) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] noom3cuqqut0bdwm61gl95rgfbs12hk 0 1284 25982 25981 2021-10-28T12:52:50Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 14 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 25981 wikitext text/x-wiki Tkasan（下蘇樂部落） Itiniay i Fuxing Cen no Taoyuan ko Tkasan a niyaro’, 19 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 57 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 95% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 54 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 5% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 3 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Tayal95%. Ira ko Kiwkay(台灣基督長老教會義興教會、真耶穌教會義盛教會) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] lxmq09o8jy1l2q70ayeuvsletenj64e 0 1285 25998 25997 2021-10-28T12:52:52Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 15 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 25997 wikitext text/x-wiki Tkijig（得吉利部落） Itiniay i Xiulin Cen no Hualien ko Tkijig a niyaro’, 219 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 684 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 60% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 410 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 40% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 274 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Truku50%, Amis4%, Tayal3%, Bunun1%, Saysiyat1%, roma2%. Ira ko picodadan(崇德國小、崇德國小附幼) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(新城分局重德派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(海巡署崇德安檢所、台鐵崇德站) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 0ybngrqdxl4oqjbtd50tadylann4jyo 0 1286 26015 26014 2021-10-28T12:52:54Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 16 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 26014 wikitext text/x-wiki Tmunan（文蘭部落） Itiniay i Xiulin Cen no Hualien ko Tmunan a niyaro’, 217 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 758 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 93% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 707 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 7% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 51 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Truku83%, Amis3%, Tayal3%, Bunun1%, roma3%. Ira ko picodadan(銅蘭國小) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(文蘭衛生室) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 2fqfn213v1ybrhaxaygsmggl3sies4r 0 1287 26076 26075 2021-10-28T12:52:58Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 60 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 26075 wikitext text/x-wiki Toci （督季） O kapawpaw no to’as no Pangcah a sowal no ratoh i Taywan konini, no to’ato’as ho a mihecaan, o tadamaraayay Cilangasan a pala hananay ko pangangan, masatamdaway a tamdaw no Pangcah, mingataay to riyal a paloma’. o “Pangca” kami saan cangra, pinaay to ko kasarayray a maro’ itini tona pala. Yo cecay a romi’ad, kafahalan sa makotem makadit ko kakarayan, mamafodo’ saan ko romi’ad, caho caho mangernrer to ko sota macedas to ko lotok, o hengheng no riyar macakat to talaniyaro’, caho caho maemin to malafanaw ko niyaro’, yo mamahadefek ci Doci tangsol to miafofo toya tomangicay a safanira ci Lalakan takod saan mikalic to dodang, tatoy to satoko no cifar cangra tatosa malekaka, itira to kasodol no cedas mapawpaw maleneng, o mamapatay to, kinapinapinaay a milifet to kada’at no nanom, pinaay to a romi’ad ko nika pawpaw, macahiwen to cangra, ramot ramot han nangra ka sakalecad masodol talariyaray a ’icep, facidol. kamaya o marawisay no kamay i niyaro a kakaenen, sa ira ko sowal naw itira i niyaro’ no Pangcay caayay kaawa koni a losay mapaloma. Pinaay to a romi’ad ko kasonol a mapawpaw, yo maratar to dafak, o nika so’aw to talipaelal cangra tatosa a malekaka, matengil ko kahacecacecay ko soni no ’ayam ato fao, pasalong sa makelkel lengaw han ko mata, caay ko papakasoelin, nengneng han ko misi’ayawan satomekeng sa tomireng ko lotok, daditediteng sa ko kilakilang, faloco’ nangra tatosa mato minokayay talaniyaro’ i Cilangasan, na mafana’ cangra, taynini sa tona kafokilan a pala, nika o tadafangcalay a kanatal-o Taywan. Awa to ko lenlen, ma’araw to nangra ko lotolotokan, o riyar, o ’a’adopen ato kalomanmaan a taholic no salawacan mato lecad saan to naniyaro’an, orasaka tora kahiceraan nangra a lotok pangangan han o Cilangasan han nangra. Itira i lotok awaay ko kafanaan to mihecaan, fahal mataelif to ko moetep a miheca, nano wawa ho nengneng han to anini masakapah to, o tatirengan sa tanestes, cicedi’ awaay to ko talaw a malasakapah, ya mimingay kaemang ho romatini sato masakaying to. O ’ilol nangra to naniyaro’an sacifaloco’ saan to sapikiliman cangra to niyaro’ nangra ato mama ina nangra, o kaka pasi’amis, o safa fafahiyan pasitimol ko rakat, tangoong’or ko faloco’ nangra tatosa, o kanir no faloco’ nangra to sapikiliman awaay ko mamisa’et to faloco’ nangra a tatosa. Pinaay to mihecaan caay to ka ranih a misa’osi. Yo cecay a romi’ad, tomireng ci Doci itira kafafaed no taporo no lotok pasiwali a mitapal to riyar, saromi’ami’ad sa cingra a minengneng caay kahengel cingra, kafahalan manengneng nira ko cecay sa tariktik sanay ko tatirengan no tamdaw manengneng nira i riyar, cekok sa mato rokrok sanay to ko cikay no remes i tatirengan nira, o lipahak acanira, awaay to ko pinan to rakat o cikay saan mipekaw talariyar, sa nengneng nengneng han nira mihapinang o tadakaying to a fafahiyan, sacaciyaw han nira mato awaay ko laed nangra tatosa. Nano itiya caay to ka sasiwatid cangra a tatosa, sa kalamkam sato masasiolah cangra, caho ka tenes raramod sato cangra a tatosa. mararamod to tongatongal sato ko ka sasifana, mafana’ to oya malekakaay cangra a tatosa, nano o faloco’ nangra itiya ho, misafaloco’ to cangra to sakafangcal no ’orip, maherek a malalicay, patatiko cangra toya kahitefoan nangra a pala, itira to cangra patireng to loma’, itira to pamatang to sota maloma to kakaenen. Ikor to ciwawa to cangra enem ko fa’inayan enem ko fafahiyan, pangangan han ira ci Looh, ci Kacaw, ci Tapola, ci Pispis, ci Sera, ci Nakaw, ci Keliw, ci Lisin, ci Panay, ci Angay, ci Papaw, ci Cidal, itiya i, ya pinakalic nangra a dodang matefad ko paeno no kafohongay, ’icep, kingking ato facidol, anini sato maemin to a takaraw malofic to ko heci. Onini a lalomaan i, midotocay to pinangan no to’as ya malalokay a matayal, malalok pamatang malingad to omah, o wawa maemin halimato’asay macacoker ko malikakaay, lahoday malemeday ko cecay paparodan nangra a ma’orip. == Pi’arawan to lakaw == *[http://210.240.125.35/citing/citing_content.asp?id=2221&keyword=%B7%FE%A9u 台灣原住民族歷史語言文化大辭典] *李景崇，1998，《阿美族歷史》，臺北：師大書苑。 *達西烏拉彎‧畢馬，2001，《臺灣的原住民 : 阿美族》，臺北：臺原。 *林淳毅，2001，《阿美族傳說：邦查的山海故事，後山的美麗傳奇》，臺中：晨星。 *達西烏拉彎畢馬，2003，《阿美族神話與傳說：再創生、彩虹的傳說、人頭祭、鍬與刀、製陶的口傳故事》，臺中：晨星。 *黄宣衞，2008，《阿美族》，臺北：三民。 * [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] tf3ghdz9a459xuue1lshu4kqfdh32n2 0 1288 44315 30664 2024-08-28T06:38:49Z CommonsDelinker 39 Replacing Flag_of_Togo.svg with [[File:Flag_of_Togo_(3-2).svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: 3-2 aspect ratio is more accurate than "golden ratio". See [[:c::en:Talk:Flag of Togo#Truly_golden?|]] for more information.). 44315 wikitext text/x-wiki Togo（多哥） [[Faylo:Flag of Togo (3-2).svg|thumb|Flag of Togo|alt=Flag of Togo]] [[Faylo:Location Togo AU Africa.svg|thumb|Location of  Togo  (dark blue)in the African Union  (light blue)]] Itini i 8 00 N, 1 10 E, noAfilika ko [[Togo]]. Polong no sekalay i 56,785 sq km “saka 126 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 54,385 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 2,400 sq km ” Polong i 7,756,937 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen a sera 67.40%, Malo no kilakilangan a sera 4.90%, malo no roma to a sera 27.70%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Lome]] ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakasepat 27 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci [[Faure Gnassingbé]], patirengan a romi’ad i 2005 a miheca saka 5 folad saka 4 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] efqh23t7uby3bjr2d0ki7z4p9w353wp 0 1289 45397 32069 2024-12-20T04:44:26Z InternetArchiveBot 33 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 45397 wikitext text/x-wiki Tokar（都旮薾部落） Itiniay i Yuli Cen no Hualien ko Tokar a niyaro’, 137 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 355 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 94% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 332 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 6% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 23 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Amis.Pangach|Pangcah/'Amis]] 88%, Bunun 1%, Tayal 1%, roma 5%. Ira ko picodadan no wawa i niyaro' [https://web.archive.org/web/20061014152334/http://www.gips.hlc.edu.tw/ Kwan-Yin ko-syaw(觀音國小)] hananay. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 25gmjyvu2wqlss63hxfusccfatojpfa 0 1290 30242 26104 2022-01-22T00:32:41Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 10 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q515]] 30242 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} [[Faylo:Shinjuku 2006-02-22 a.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Tokayto-Tokyo]] [[Faylo:Manhattan3 amk.jpg|right|150px|thumb|Tokayto-New York]] ce7twfw3jqeoazwmj0fm1tlkbx438wr 0 1291 43232 32501 2024-05-10T02:28:33Z 嚴美鳳 41 43232 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Tomato.ogg|縮圖|O kahengangay a tomato koni]] O losay konini, {{stub}} [[Faylo:Tomatoes plain and sliced.jpg|left|100px|thumb|Tomato]] o7f4y10wkhwjzo3iidswl277bknh9xf 0 1292 30665 30502 2022-01-26T17:13:22Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q57431]] 30665 wikitext text/x-wiki Tomislav Nikolić [[Faylo:Tomislav Nikolić, official portrait.jpg|thumb|Tomislav Nikolić, official portrait|alt=Tomislav Nikolić, official portrait.jpg]] I 1952 a miheca saka 2 folad saka 15 a romi’ad masofoc ci Tomislav Nikolić, malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit no [[Serbia]] anini i ci Tomislav Nikolić, patirengan a romi’ad i 2012 a miheca saka 5 folad saka 31 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] gpb9ba2l8ton9l6j77pdret58mke4g0 0 1293 38851 26130 2023-06-30T02:51:40Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38851 wikitext text/x-wiki Tomiyac（重安部落） Itiniay i [[Chenggong]] Cen no [[Taitung]] ko [[Tomiyac]] a niyaro’, 168 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 404 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 88% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 354 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 12% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 50 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Amis]]81%, roma7%. Ira ko picodadan(博愛國小) i niyaro’. == O katadamaanan no niyaro’ == == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] ks2ktir2aaw0hw2f6n2pbzbrv6khspt 0 1294 45442 44336 2025-01-16T13:19:57Z 2A02:8308:210:5D00:3951:133A:D904:7289 Remengesau idi 2016年 45442 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Tommy Remengesau 2016.jpg|縮圖|Remengesau idi 2016年|alt=Tommy Remengesau 2016.jpg]] I 1956 a miheca saka 2 folad saka 29 a romi’ad masofoc ci '''Tommy Remengesau''', malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit no [[Palau]] anini i ci Tommy Remengesau, patirengan a romi’ad i 2013 a miheca saka 1 folad saka 17 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] cnkmt39aen2pfw4mw7zqxhwr9rng54c 0 1295 41638 41251 2024-03-02T14:38:28Z CommonsDelinker 39 Removing [[:c:File:The_Free_Church_of_Tonga_2.jpg|The_Free_Church_of_Tonga_2.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Krd|Krd]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/Files in Category:Centenary Chapel (Nuku'alofa)|]]. 41638 wikitext text/x-wiki Itini i polong no Satimolan Kitakit ‘odeng to o '''Tonga''' ko Hontian Kitakit. Sanosowalen no Tonga a pangangan i「Pule'anga Fakatu'i 'o Tonga; sano Ikilisenen i: Kingdom of Tonga」, o ma’alaay a ngangan i o Tonga. [[Faylo:Coat_of_arms_of_Tonga.svg|thumb|Coat of arms of Tonga]] Itiraay i satimolan no sa’etip no Fancalay Riyar, ilaloma’ nona kitakit iraay ko 172 riyariyaran pala, o polong no dadahal no sera i 748 sq km, o tamdaw cisafaway to mo’etep ko ‘emang(2011 miheca a misa’osi). 1875 miheca mapatireng no Hontian a kitakit taha nini, nano mikowanan no Ikilis, 1970 miheca misa’iked a tomireng tono niyah pikowan, 1999 miheca mikapot i [[Linhoko]]. == Likisi(歷史) == I ‘ayaw no 3000miheca iraay to ko nani Polinisya a tamdaw mafolaw a tayni maro’ itini i Tonga Tapu a riyariyaran pala,sa ira itini ko samatelangay a nalacolan. O mikalicay to tamina ko ‘orip no Tonga a tamdaw, itiyaho cecay a patek ko mihecaan ko pisacikacikay a tala fiyaw a riyariyaran pala o Samoa ato Fici. 1616 miheca Toi Kanokopolo hongti masofoc i saka enem miheca, no etipay a kiemelay Holan a misolapay misataminaay ci Wilian Skaten ato Yokop Lemil tangasa ka’amisay Noau Topotapo pala. I 1643 miheca, Apil Taseman (Abel Tasman) miliyaw tayra i Tonga Tapo pala a Tonga Tapo pala ato Hayapay pala, nika Ilopiya tamdaw saki palapalaan a kasasilitemoh nai 1773 tangasa 1777 mihecaan no Inkilis misolapay ci Camos Koke a singciw (misafadilan) a kinapinapina misolap.saci sowal sa ci Koke to kanatalay tamdaw malali’ayay, nawhani patopatongal to kakaenen ko Yincumin cingraan, mihamhamay cingraan. I 1797 miheca tangasa 1822 miheca, Lonton a tintosi ato Wesleyans masasiroma pipatenak to Kritokiw i Tonga, nika caay kalaheci. 1799 miheca tangasa 1852 miheca Tonga a toloay laloma’an macacefis to sakalahongti a lalomaay lalood, Toi Kanokopolo laloma’an ci Ciyoci Tawfaahaw mipaterepay tina fodfod, i Wesleyans a mitooray a pidama, i 1845 miheca malahongti, oya Ciyoci Topo saka cecay. 1797-1822miheca ira ko nani Ikilis a mipatenakay to sowal ni Yiso Kiristo,nikawrira, caay ka laheci, 1826 miheca Wesleyans miliyaw haca mipatenak, itiya to a malaheci. 1842 miheca Maliyakay siwni patireng to Tingsokiw tingtokiw, mapatireng no Mariyan a Syusi ko Tinsukyo a kyokay. Mani 1845 tara 1893miheca,malaheci to ko patireng to Niyahay Pikowan Kitakit(獨立國家), 1863miheca palasawaden ko koli a demak(奴隸制度)，1875miheca 11folad masanga’ kono aniniay a Kinpo ato Sarikec, onini ko pito’oran a patireng to mikowanay a sifo. O honti ci Cyoci．Tutu mito’or to no Pa’oripay sa itira to koni tenak no paso’elinay to Pa’oripay. Matatilid heca ato romaroma akitakit to sakalawidangaw a kakaketonan a tilid, nika mihayi to ko Toic,Ikilis ato Amirika to mala Niyahay Pikowan Kitakit. [[Faylo:Tasman-dagboek-a.jpg|thumb|1643 Abel Tasman micowat tahira i Tongatapu a riyaran pala]] 1918miheca,malahonti ko fafahiyan a teloc ni Cyoci．Tutu ci Saloto．Tutu,o tatirengan nginra I tata’ang, o takalaw i 1.89 laya’. I sakatosa a lalood no polong no kitakit malapahicelaan no sofitay no Amirika ato Niw Cilan ko Tonga.1965miheca 12folad 15romi’ad, mapatisod no wawa ni Saloto．Tutu a malahonti. Tahira to i 2010miheca nga’ mafalic ko rikec satapang sa a ira ko kalotamdaw, a malalipoiing. == Sici(政治) == Ono Hontian kitakit ko Tonga, o malatapangay ato komuing, sahetoay o salawinasina o honti. Itini i pikaykian no kitakit toya Lipoing i sahetoay o lalomaan no honti. O tamdaw no Tonga toloay ko kasasiromaroma tireng no masakapotay,orira i o Hontian,o Kakita’an ato kalotamdaw, ona kasasiromaroma tireng caayay ka falic tahira i kapatayan, ira ko patinako, i 1980miheca o wawa no honti ci Onaay．Pahamama cifafahi to kalotamdaw akaying ,sa mapalasawad ko no hontian salawinawina a tiring. Iromatiay to ira ko tireng sarikec, nikawrira, itini I kinpo I o polong a tamdaw no Tonga malalenay sanay ko tilid. [[Faylo:Kingtupoucropped.jpg|thumb|O Honti no Tonga]] O kiing no pikaykian no kitakit ono kakita’anay I sasiwa ko tamdaw, ono kalotamdaw I mo’etep cisafaw to pito ko tamdaw, nikawrira, sahetoay o sowal no honti ko pido’doan a mikayki a misanga’ to rikec. I 2005 miheca yo tayraay ci Safulo hakasi i Tongka a mihomong, caay to ko malawidangay ko Tongka ato Taywan,pasitiraay to i Tayliku ko Tongka a kitakit. == Palapalaan(地理) == O Tonga kitakit I iraay ko sepat a palapalan, 172 ko riyariyaran pala, I laloma’ nonini I sepatay aca ho iraay ko tamdaw a maro’. Ona riyariyaran pala nani ka’amis tala timol 600km ko kakaya’, 200km ko daddhal, o cilamalay lotok kona kitakit,ityaho mafetas ko lamal no tokos maleneng ko sawaliay a pala, mowad a masadak ko sa’etipay a pala, naikoran to no cilamalay lotok malaraka to. Ona riyariyarn pala: 1.Tongatapu: o kaitiraan no syoto(首都Nukuarofa) itini,o sa tata’angay a pala makilatosa ko polong sera no kitaki. 2.’Eoa:I satimolan a pasi’eti’etip no Tongatapu to 10 km. 3.Ha’apay:I sala’amis a pasi’eti’etip no Tongatapu to150km. [[Faylo:Māʻuluʻulu_lahi_taha.jpg|縮圖|Māʻuluʻulu lahi taha]] 4.Fafa’u:I ka’amis a sawalian no Tongatapu to 400km. 5.Niwatoputapu: I ka’ami’amis no sawalian no Tongatapu to 600km. 6.Niwafo’o:I saka’etipay no Niwatoputapu a rakarakaan pala. == Mili’etan - Tamorak(經濟-南瓜) == O sa’adihayay a tayal no Tonga I o maomahay, mifotingay ato pisalamaan no lafang. Away ko pananoman a omah, sa itira ko ka’adihay ko pipaloma to losay I hadhad.o tamdaw no Tonga I caayay ka koma’en to ciyak, nikawrira , o sota’ no Tonga I tada nga’ayay ko lahad no ciyak, mafa’ to ko haliciyakay a dipong I papipalomaen nangra ko tamdaw no Tonga,itira I kasi’enawan a romi’ami’ad, adihay ko kakoma’en no dipong a tamdaw, patatanga a misa’adihay a paloma ko ciya,1980 a mihecahecan tayni sato ko kaysya no dipong a pasifana’ to fangcay a nipipaloma a demak. Tahanini sato mala tadatata’angay a pitokeran tono nipili’etan no Tonga ko ciyak, adihay ko ‘etan nani dipong, anini sato caay ko dipong aca ko pipa’acaan, matongal to Hanko,Congko-Tayliku ato NiwCilan, ciharateng ko sifo no Tonga, ano sacecay sa ko cecay a losay to nipili’etan I tada masakakinihay, ano kasamaan ca sato ka pi’aca ko dipong I seli’ sato ko katatiih no nipili’etan no kitakit, sa itira to ko pisaharaterateng to pitongal to sapili’etan a losay. == Tilid(文字) == Ano o kilng ko sapatinako I cecaay ko tatapangan a lamit no polong a Satimolan Finacadan, o Satimolan Sowal hananay,o lalengawan nonini I nani tiniay I Taywan a matenak, . O sowal no Tonga I o nano capa’ no Satimolan Sowal, marariniay to sowal no Hawaii,Mawli no NiwCilan,Samoa ato sowal no Tahici. === O Tilid ato Ngiha’(文字和發音) === Matiya o Yincumin no Taywan iraay ko sowal nika awaay ko tilid, o Tonga I caliw han ko tilid no Latin(o no Yincumin no Taywan o no Roma a tilid koni caliwan) , o mikedecay a ngiha’ I patongal hananay to 「’」a kunis. ==== O winaan a ngiha’(母音): ==== '''a'''  matiya no Ikilis a ''father'' '''e'''  matiya no Ikilis a ''met'' '''i'''  matiya no Ikilis a ''machine'' '''o'''  matiya no Ikilis a ''note'' '''u'''  matiya no Ikilis a ''tune'' ==== o wawaan a ngiha’(子音) ==== '''f'''  matiya no Ikilis a ''foot'' '''h'''  matiya no Ikilis a ''horse'' '''k'''  matiya no Ikilis a ''king'' '''l'''  matiya no Ikilis a ''lead'' '''m'''  matiya no Ikilis a ''man'' '''n'''  matiya no Ikilis a ''nest'' '''ng'''  matiya no Ikilis a ''singer'' (caay kalecad to ''finger'' ) '''p'''  matiya no Ikilis a ''stop'' '''s'''  matiya no Ikilis a ''see'' '''t'''  matiya no Ikilis a ''time'' '''v'''  matiya no Ikilis a ''vine''(away kono ’Amis a ngiha’ tonini ) fakau’a ( ’ ) mikedecay === o ngiha’(音節構造) === Cecay a ngiha’ ca ka ca kaira ko cecay a wina ngiha’. Onini ko pito’oran no cecay a sowal pinaay ko ngiha’ I hatiraay ko ka’adihay no wina a ngiha’. Cecay a ngiha’ ‘edeng cecaay aca ko wawa a ngiha’ a mikafit. Tatiihay a pakahatatosaen ko wawa a ngiha’ a palakafit. Ng o cecayay a ngiha’ ko piso’si tonini, cowa ko pakapi’an a wawa ngiha’, orasaka ano mitilid I cecayay a ngiha’ han a mitilid. O polong a ngiha’ 'i, o wina a ngiha’ ko milahecaay.O matiniay ko polong no Satimolan Finacadan. O ( ’ ) mikedecay i o wawaan a ngiha’ orasaka patihien i ikor ko cecay a wina a ngiha’. ano sakingiha’ a mateli i ka’ayaw 'i,ika’ayawen no wina angiha’ a miteli. Ano cirafas to tosa ko ngiha’ 'i, o kaletengay a ngiha’(重音) i ka’ayawen to cecay a ngiha’ no saikoray a ngiha’. Nikawrira, mito’oray to pinangan no somowalay a tamdaw a milinah. Toloay ko kasasiromaroma no sowal:no Honti a sowal,no Kakita’an（Houʻeiki）a sowal ato no kalotamdaw a sowal. [[Faylo:Faikava.jpg|thumb|o kafa a punka (kava culture)]] O malecaday ko faco no sowal no 'Amis to nini, o polong itiraay i riyariyaran a kitakita cecaay ko wina no sowal, nika halafin to ko kacacinowas a ma'orip sa ira ko kasasiroma no sowal, nikawrira, i'ayaw no 5000 a mihecaan nani Afrika ko tamdaw maliposak i cowacowa nona cikiw, o to'as no Yincumincu i 'ayaw no 5000 ko mihecaan a tahini i Taywan a macakat, orako saka o cecaay ho ko wina no finacadan no mita ato i riyariyaran a finacadan, sa malecad ko lamit no punka ato sowal. === Tatili'an Tilid(參考文獻) === 註1.「トンガ王国」『世界年鑑2016』（共同通信社、2016年）225頁。 2. トンガの聖俗二重王権構造（神聖王としてのトゥイ・トンガ王朝と首長として実権を握るトゥイ・カノクポル王朝）の構造は終焉を迎えた。 『海洋島嶼国家の原像と変貌』(編集：塩田光喜、アジア経済研究所、<nowiki>ISBN 4-258-04473-3</nowiki>、執筆：大谷裕文、「第4章 異人と国家 -トンガの場合-」、pp.147-189) 3.大谷裕文「第2章トンガ王国における新政治制度確立の意味 民主化運動の帰結とその問題点」塩田光喜 編『グローバル化とマネーの太平洋』(ジェトロ・アジア経済研究所 調査研究報告書) 2012年3月 <references group="『海洋島嶼国家の原像と変貌』(編集：塩田光喜、アジア経済研究所、ISBN 4-258-04473-3、執筆：大谷裕文、「第4章 異人と国家 -トンガの場合-」、pp.147-189)" /> os86012uj9p9d19ycw798kfbndk0nc9 0 1296 26151 26150 2021-10-28T12:53:17Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 2 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 26150 wikitext text/x-wiki Tonghwa Taise(東華大學) I tini i Cihak(志學) ko picodadan. O sadadahalay a picodadan i Taywan(台灣). Makapah ko sinari no picodadan. Ira ko lotok(中央山脈) i saetipan, ira ko tarawadaw(花蓮溪) i sawalian, ira ko 'akay a riyar(太平洋) i sa'amisan, ira ko dahetal(花東平原) i satimolay. 7mx63su93vnh8dxbpwprikzwlle1yot 0 1297 26156 26155 2021-10-28T12:53:19Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 4 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 26155 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} [[Faylo:Jiuqudong 2003-01.jpg|100px|left|thumb|Truku Tonotono'an]] feeset0ze68y9ytb2t0w8180y7x89b2 0 1298 45461 44330 2025-01-19T09:18:19Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 Tony Tan idi 2016年 45461 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Tony Tan Keng Yam cropp.jpg|縮圖|Tony Tan idi 2016年|alt=Tony Tan Keng Yam cropp.jpg]] I 1940 a miheca saka 2 folad saka 7 a romi’ad masofoc ci '''Tony Tan''', malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit no [[Singapore]] anini i ci Tony Tan, patirengan a romi’ad i 2011 a miheca saka 9 folad saka 1 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 5ex37mbkhu0628g0ncwr106iy4tg23v 0 1299 38850 26186 2023-06-30T02:50:52Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38850 wikitext text/x-wiki == O Litapangan no Torik 都歷部落 == == O katadamaanan no niyaro’ == Torik, i sowal no [[Pangcah]] , o fotoen ko maan o sanay. i ka'ayaw ,ira ko riyar. i kaikor,ira ko lotok. so’elinay mato wawa no riyar ato lotok kita o misa’Amisay. caay ka cango’ot kita to saka’orip ato kakaenen. == O nikalopisak no Torik == Itiniay i [[Chenggong]] Cen no Taitung ko Torik a niyaro’, 397 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 1,060 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 83% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 882 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 17% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 178 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Amis]]76%, roma6%. Ira ko picodadan(信義國小、信義國小附幼) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(成功分局都歷派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(信義社區衛生室) i niyaro’. == Radiw i Torik == '''«(hakeno-1)»''' (No fa'inayan: fi; no fafahiyan: ff; mapolong: po) (fi) O kapah no niyaro' kami. (ff) Kayoing no niyaro' kami. (fi) Mafana'ay a miraradiw. (ff) Mafana'ay a masakero. (ff) Hi-ya-yo-yan-ho-hay-yan. (fi) Hin-hey-yo-yan-hi-ya-yo-yan. (ff) Hin-hey-yo-yan-hi-ya-yo-yan. (po) Ho-hay-yan. (fi) Ano ira ko kanga'ayan no niyaro', aka pitawal konamo i tamiyanan. (ff) Makakitikiting kita masakero, awa ko kihar say no mita. (fi) O kapah no niyaro' ko kami. (ff) O kayoing no niyaro' ko kami. (po) Hey-ye-yo-yan-ho-hay-yan. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 6ioq5yqkzt6sleqpa3i2f2cjw505y93 0 1300 39050 26199 2023-06-30T09:43:25Z 陳鷹馬 1604 39050 wikitext text/x-wiki Toruy（東壘部落） Itiniay i [[Datong]] Cen no [[Yilan]] ko [[Toruy]] a niyaro’, 53 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 169 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 96% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 163 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 4% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 6 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Tayal]]84%, [[Amis]]1%, [[Paiwan]]2%, roma9%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] stz9t70xqwwmsyuydfupokm90wiifi5 0 1301 26212 26211 2021-10-28T12:53:29Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 12 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 26211 wikitext text/x-wiki Tpihan（塔壁罕部落） Itiniay i Nan’ao Cen no Yilan ko Tpihan a niyaro’, 75 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 256 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 93% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 239 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 7% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 17 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Tayal88%, Amis2%, Bunun1%, Truku1%, roma1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] mithy9ii722z6h9ueg72n1ez6gtbxlv 0 1302 26225 26224 2021-10-28T12:53:31Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 12 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 26224 wikitext text/x-wiki Tpuqu（陶樸閣部落） Itiniay i Xiulin Cen no Hualien ko Tpuqu a niyaro’, 155 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 543 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 96% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 521 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 4% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 22 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Truku83%, Tayal4%, Amis2%, roma6%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] l6jn9e61m0dw9o7xi766wz6ucqonqvs 0 1303 26239 26238 2021-10-28T12:53:33Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 13 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 26238 wikitext text/x-wiki Tqwiy（哈嘎灣部落） Itiniay i Fuxing Cen no Taoyuan ko Tqwiy a niyaro’, 59 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 184 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 91% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 167 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 9% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 17 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Tayal88%, Amis2%, Cou1%, roma1%. Ira ko Kiwkay(台灣基督長老教會哈嘎灣教會、真耶穌教會光華教會) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] lna1jtbvn54vz5p3s5vramwu250t1cw 0 1304 39019 26258 2023-06-30T09:16:52Z 陳鷹馬 1604 39019 wikitext text/x-wiki Tranan（福山部落） Itiniay i [[Wulai]] Cen no [[New Taipei City]] ko Tranan a niyaro’, 201 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 757 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 82% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 622 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 18% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 135 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Tayal]]78%, [[Amis]]3%, [[Bunun]]1%. Ira ko picodadan(福山國小) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(新店分局福山派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko Kiwkay(台灣基督長老教會福山教會、台灣基督長老教會下盆教會、福山天主堂) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 61ixl8suv0s3x77cor2zdvalzbcqqxf 0 1305 38828 26273 2023-06-30T01:18:29Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38828 wikitext text/x-wiki Trayan（松本部落） Itiniay i [[Wufeng]] Cen no [[Hsinchu]] ko [[Trayan]] a niyaro’, 17 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 72 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 42% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 30 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 58% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 42 ko tamdaw. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] ai3mk20oxs16vejdvi41d1ceaz1pz8j 0 1306 26285 26284 2021-10-28T12:53:40Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 11 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 26284 wikitext text/x-wiki Triqan（大利幹部落） Itiniay i Fuxing Cen no Taoyuan ko Triqan a niyaro’, 18 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 46 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 93% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 43 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 7% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 3 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Tayal93%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] tgydrbv8hl7acifj8gr5c9eub1d7yhp 0 1307 30667 30504 2022-01-26T17:13:24Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q7833292]] 30667 wikitext text/x-wiki Trần Đại Quang I 1956 a miheca saka 10 folad saka 12 a romi’ad masofoc ci Trần Đại Quang, malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit no [[Vietnam]] anini i ci Trần Đại Quang, patirengan a romi’ad i 2016 a miheca saka 4 folad saka 2 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] lg1ntljk4e7xkte50cjxitd4orjhtk5 0 1308 31122 26300 2022-04-26T18:28:32Z Sdf 668 31122 wikitext text/x-wiki Tsai Ing-wen [[Faylo:蔡英文官方元首肖像照.png|thumb|蔡英文官方元首肖像照|alt=蔡英文官方元首肖像照.png]] I {{Bd|1956 a miheca|8 a folad saka 31 a romi’ad||}} ci Tsai Ing-wen, malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit no [[Taiwan]] anini i ci Tsai Ing-wen, patirengan a romi’ad i 2016 a miheca saka 5 folad saka 20 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] of5gn7jolleajlhmgpz3wkz3orvi7js 0 1309 45447 44335 2025-01-16T13:23:56Z 2A02:8308:210:5D00:3951:133A:D904:7289 Elbegdorj idi 2009年 45447 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Цахиагийн Элбэгдорж.jpg|縮圖|Elbegdorj idi 2009年|alt=Цахиагийн Элбэгдорж.jpg]] I 1963 a miheca saka 3 folad saka 8 a romi’ad masofoc ci '''Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj''', malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit no [[Mongolia]] anini i ci Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj, patirengan a romi’ad i 2009 a miheca saka 6 folad saka 18 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] gx53isj3xxpmfnkdoghn157coszu3t2 0 1310 38891 26322 2023-06-30T06:49:33Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38891 wikitext text/x-wiki Tuapuu（大埔部落） Itiniay i [[Haiduan]] Cen no [[Taitung]] ko [[Tuapuu]] a niyaro’, 60 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 232 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 96% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 223 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 4% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 9 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Bunun]]88%, [[Amis]]2%, roma6%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] reu1i7e55th568lllp46xzr0tha1hmb 0 1311 26336 26335 2021-10-28T12:53:50Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 13 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 26335 wikitext text/x-wiki Tuba（大窩部落） Itiniay i Fuxing Cen no Taoyuan ko Tuba a niyaro’, 55 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 163 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 6% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 10 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 94% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 153 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Tayal6%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] arejtljslsqvsk5te4v8cpkxo5coggv 0 1312 39043 26349 2023-06-30T09:35:21Z 陳鷹馬 1604 39043 wikitext text/x-wiki Tudrivuan（篤立富安部落） Itiniay i [[Jinfeng]] Cen no [[Taitung]] ko [[Tudrivuan]] a niyaro’, 29 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 83 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 98% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 81 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 2% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 2 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko . == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 096kfutykb4ccc5cep33vsq1fix1jom 0 1313 45449 44339 2025-01-16T13:24:59Z 2A02:8308:210:5D00:3951:133A:D904:7289 Tufuga Efi idi 2016年 45449 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Tupua Tamasese Tupuola Tufuga Efi 00.jpg|縮圖|Tufuga Efi idi 2016年|alt=Tupua Tamasese Tupuola Tufuga Efi 00.jpg]] I 1938 a miheca saka 3 folad saka 1 a romi’ad masofoc ci '''Tufuga Efi''', malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit no [[Samoa]] anini i ci Tufuga Efi, patirengan a romi’ad i 2007 a miheca saka 5 folad saka 11 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] pz18jnbnfemz619orrg89z5rkqvnwru 0 1314 26371 26370 2021-10-28T12:53:56Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 12 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 26370 wikitext text/x-wiki Tumay（鹽寮部落） Itiniay i Shoufeng Cen no Hualien ko Tumay a niyaro’, 243 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 518 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 43% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 222 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 57% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 296 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Amis36%, Truku3%, Paiwan1%, roma3%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] mqji1ohpod5m5lxqt5igzchdtq6dq30 0 1315 38805 35362 2023-06-30T01:03:51Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38805 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:東埔布農部落 Tumpu Daingaz - panoramio.jpg|thumb|200px|Tungpu daigaz]] Tungpu daigaz（東埔部落） Itiniay i [[Xinyi]] Cen no [[Nantou]] ko [[Tungpu daigaz]] a niyaro’, 98 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 395 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 92% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 362 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 8% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 33 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Bunun]]87%, [[Truku]]1%, [[Amis]]1%, [[Cou]]1%, [[Paiwan]]2%, [[Seediq]]1%, roma1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] ppthenp4klayxeq1fwobyy2grfgozcm 0 1316 38726 38725 2023-06-29T12:15:35Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38726 wikitext text/x-wiki == Tunisiya Kapolongan kitakit(突尼西亞共和國;Arapiya a sowal:الجمهورية التونسية‎). == == '''Takaray a sowal'''(概略): == [[Faylo:Flag_of_Tunisia.svg|替代文字|縮圖|Flag of Tunisia]] Tunisiya ([[kuwaping a sowal]]: 突尼西亞共和國) hananay ko pitahidang to kaloromi’ad. Itiraay i saka’amis no [[Afrika]], ika’amis no saka’etip miingid to [[Sifo’an-Riyar]]. Tosa ko fiyaw no Tunisiya, isaka’etip o Arciliya(o kasalala’ed ira ko 965km², ikatimol no sakawali o Lipiya kasalala’ed ira ko 460km², isaka’amisan mangata ko Itali.ono Arapiya a tamdaw ko 'alomanay itini. [[Faylo:Location_Tunisia_AU_Africa.svg|縮圖|Location of  Tunisia  (dark blue)in Africa  (light blue)]] == '''Ngangan no kitakit'''(名稱) == Mi’alaay to ngangan no tatapangan tokay Tunis ko ngangan nona kitakit, ora Tunis hananay i,o to’asan ho a [[[Ciyatayci]] ('''迦太基;''' Finici a sowal; 𐤒𐤓𐤕 𐤇𐤃𐤔𐤕；''QRT ḤDŠT'';To’asan kirisiya a sowal:''Καρχηδών''; Latin a sowal:''Carthago'') a fafahiyan kawas ci Tanito a mingangan.[[Tunisia#%20ftn1|[1]]] Ira ko roma a sowal, onani Popor a sowal: ''ⵜⵏⵙ tns'', o miaro’ to pala sanay ko imi nona tilid.[[Tunisia#%20ftn2|[2]]] Ono to’asan ho a ngangan i, o “Afirika”(''Africa''或''Ifriqiya''), o tatapangan no aniniay a Afrika ngangan.o ''afri'' sanay i, itiraay i ngata no Ciatayci (迦太基) a Sanmito a ngangan konini,o minganganay to ''afar'', o “sera” sanay ko imi nonini,orasaka, o katelang a Roma nani afar ko pipanganan to “ Afrika”, ona ngangan tahanini. == '''Rikisi'''(歷史) == O sasifo’an a kitakit ato lalengawan no Ciyatayci ko Tunisiya. Ona itiraay i ka’amisan no Afrika ko Tunisiya o mikowanay to Sipanya, Ka’amisay-Afrika, salawacan no Sifo’ay-Riyar a kitakit ato etal a pala, o sakakaay a kitakit itiya ho ko Tunisiya, ora ko sakalaadaen no Roma-kitakit. O kakeridan no sofitay no Ciyatayci ci Hanipa-Paka(漢尼拔·巴卡; Latin a sowal:''Hannibal Barca)'' mangata to a milood to Roma-kitakit. Toikor to i,malingato ko Sakaktolo-Pono Lalood no Roma ato Ciyatayci i Saka’amisay-Afrika,tona kalaloodan malowaid ko Ciyatayco mala Afilika-Kowan no Roma kapolongan kitakit. Noyanan to i,madado’edo ko Wantar-Hontian kitakit(汪達爾-阿蘭王國; Latin a sowal:''Regnum Vandalorum et Alanorum''), Saka’etipay-Roma kitakit(東羅馬帝國，現代學界又稱其為拜占庭帝國; Latin a sowal:''Imperium Romanum)''atoArapiya-Hontian kitakit a mikowan. Orasaka, halafin makowan no Otoman-Hontian kitakit. I 1881 miheca, misamatang ko Fransu itini, orasaka, malamikowanan no Fransu, toikor malami’adingan no Fransu, onini i, o Malamikotoday-kitakit no Fransu. I Sakatosa-Lalood i 1940 miheca malowid ko Fransu, i 1942 miheca malami’adingan-kitakit no Toic. I 1956 miheca saka3 tolo folad saka 20 romi’ad, ira ko sapipalasadaw to Mi’ecoan-Sakowan a sapisiikedaw,malaheci to ko pisiiked no Tunisiya, mafalic ko ngangan no kitakit to Tunisiya-Hontian Kitakit. I 1957 miheca saka7 folad saka25 romi’ad milekal to nipatireng to kapolongan no finawlan a kitakit, o Nikifinacadan-Ca'enot a tamdaw ci Hapito-Pocipa(哈比卜·布爾吉巴; Arapiya a sowal:الحبيب بورقيبة‎；Fransu a sowal:''Habib Bourguiba)o sarakatay congtong noTunisiya makikid ningra ko Tunisiya a kitakit malacomahacaday a kitakti. Do’edo malacongtongay ci Cayin-Apitin-Panali(宰因·阿比丁·班·阿里; Arapiya a sowal:زين العابدين بن علي‎), sakacomahadaw no kitakit ko patosongakan , nikawrira, o paifaloco’ay ko ka’orip no tamdawdaw ko pisa’icel nigra.'' Cayin-Apitin-Panali misa’icel a micoroh to sakacomahad no pili’etan to saka’orip, paiteked sa ko pili’etan, orasaka, ‘aloman ko cipaysoay a tamdaw no roma a kirakir a tayni teli to payso to sakatayal. Kapolongan a Nitayalan 'Epoc Ilaloma' no kitakit(''Gross Domestic Product,GDP'') nani 1989miheca a 1,201 Amirika payso tayra to i 2008 miheca macakat to 3,876 Amirika payso.[[Tunisia#%20ftn1|[1]]] Nani 1987 miheca latek 20 miheca ira ko 5% ko ka tongal no kaci’etan no polong no kitakit. Toan a mihecahecaan a pili’etan no Tunisiya o “kakafehekaan no Tucisiya” hananay.itini i 133 a kitakit i hekal a rayray o sakakaay, itini i polong no kitakit o saka40 ko rayray,malapi’arawan no tala’ayaway ko kacomahad a kitakit ko Tunisiya.[[Tunisia#%20ftn2|[2]]] I 2008 miheca ira ko karawraw no Pakapaysoay-Cunami no polong no kitakit i hekal, matiya o maselenay nona cunami ko kalo’orip no tamtamdaw a ‘aloman ko malapakoyocay. I 2011 miheca ira ko cecay a fafahiyan a momuing(matayalay i sifo)mistepi’ to cecay a paliwalay i lawac no lalan a tamdaw, o milokesay to Islam-Ponka konini sato ko finawlan a maketer, nona mateti’ay a fainayan i, mikinatodoh to niyah a tireng i ka’ayaw no katayalan no sifo. O sifo sa i, sakahemao han aca ko tefoc tona matayalay i sifo a fafahiyan,onini to ko lalengatan a masa’opo ko finawaln to sapifelihaw to sifo a “ Ciyasmi-Pilolol”(茉莉花革命;Arapiya a sowal:ثورة الياسمين‎，Fransu a sowal'':Révolution de jasmin''), o congtong ko catitodang tonini sa ko finawlan, ca to ka pakagilo to salongoc no finawlan palasawad han to no congtong ko Lomaocan-Kitakit, nikawrira, ocowacowa ira ko rawraw no kitakit, sawad sato ko congtong ci Cayin-Apitin-Panali(宰因·阿比丁·班·阿里) patorod han ko Congli ci Muhanmuto-Ciyanusi(穆罕默德·加努希; Arapiya a swoal:محمد الغنوشي‎) misolimet tona fangafang no kitakit. == '''Kaitiraan''' (地理) == Mahaop ko 40% a sera no Tunisiya o Sahala-Tafotafokan (撒哈拉沙漠; Arapiya a sowal:الصحراء الكبرى‎，''aṣ-Ṣaḥrāʾ al-Kubrā ''), o kakahad no nini a tafotafokan ira ko 9,400,000 km², milecaday to kakahad no sera no Amirika.o ‘osaw to 40% o ci’afoay a sera. I’ayaw ho to katateko i Roma- Hontian kitakit, itira i ’ayaw ni Yieso to 3 sici, o katenekan to no Ciyatayci-Ponka ('''迦太基文明''';Finici a sowal:𐤒𐤓𐤕 𐤇𐤃𐤔𐤕；''QRT ḤDŠT).'' Isaka’amisan i, o takaraway a tokos ato taporoporoan, o sakakaay i, o Atolas-Lotolotkan(阿特拉斯山脈; Ikiris a sowal:''Atlas Mountains''; Arapiya a sowal:جبال أطلس‎); isasifo’an o masakawalay a dafdaf,nani ka’etip pasiwali a malikelon, ikatimol nona dafdaf i o cicinahay a pala,skawali o sato’edaw sanay a salawacan no riyar a dafdaf, ikatimol o Sahala-Tafotafokan. O lilis no riyar ira ko 1148 kilo ko kato’edaw. O sa’akawangay i, o Seanapi-Lotok ('''舍阿奈比山'''; Ikiris a sowal:''Jebel ech Chambi''; Arapiya a sowal:جبل الشعانبي‎). O sapa’enelay i, o Cilito-Cinahay-Fanaw, nani tongroh no riyar i la’eno to 17 laya’. Itini i 34 00 N, 9 00 E, no Afrika ko [[Tunisia]].Polong no kakahad no sera ira ko163,610 km², saka 93 ko rayray no ngangan i hekal. O sekalay no sera i, 155,360 km², no nanom a sekalay i, 8,250 km² ,Polong i 11,134,588 ko tamdaw. sera(土地):Masakilac ko sera to kaomahen a sera 64.80%, o kilakilangan a sera 6.60%, no roma to a sera 28.60%. == '''Tamdaw(人口)''' == I 2001 miheca a pisa’osi to tamdaw, ira ko 9,700,000 ko tamdaw, isalaloma’ no nini i, mahaop ko 90% o Arapiya a Popo tamdaw.i 2008 mihecan a pisa’osi to tamdaw ira ko 10,380,000 ko tamdaw. == '''O sowal''' (語言) == Ono sifoan a sowal i, o Arapiya a sowal, nikawrira, o Fransu a sowal, Ikiris a sowal ato Italiya a sowal o kalasowalen no tamtamdaw. == '''Pitooran''' (宗教) == Pakaynien i Tatapangan Rikec no kitakit ono kitakit a pitooran ko Islam-Pitooran, orasaka, misa’eli to mamalacongtong kao Muslim ko tireng. Nikawrira, o kalotamdaw manga’ay to paifaloco’ ko pitooran, mapa’ading no Tatapangan Rikec ko paifaloco’ay a pitoor. O tamdaw no Tunisiya mahaop ko 98% o mitooray to Islam a Muslim, dengan 1% o mitooray to misakristoay,roma to a 1% o Yotaya pitooran. I Tunisiya iraay ko tata’angay etal no mitooray to Kristo, latek ira ko 23,000 ko salikaka, sakakaay i o Tinsikyu ira ko 22,000 ko tamdaw.tahira to i satapangan no saka15 sici Popor-Kristo parariday ho a maro’ i Tunisiya. O maro’ay i ngata no tatapangan niyaro’ ato taliyokan no syoto a Yotaya tamdaw cecay no kalitolo no polong a Yotaya a tamdaw, oroma i, itiraay i Cierpa-Kanatal, itini tona kanatal ira ko 39 a kyokay no Yotaya ato i’ayaway no 25,000 mihecaan a niyaro’ no Yotaya. == Pacefaday a Tilid(註腳) == [[Tunisia#%20ftnref1|[1]]] Taylor, Isaac. Names and Their Histories: A Handbook of Historical Geography and Topographical Nomenclature. BiblioBazaar, LLC. 2008: 281. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-559-29668-0</nowiki>. [[Tunisia#%20ftnref2|[2]]] Rossi, Peter M.; White, Wayne Edward. Articles on the Middle East, 1947–1971: A Cumulation of the Bibliographies from the Middle East Journal. Pierian Press, University of Michigan. 1980: 132. [[Tunisia#%20ftnref1|[3]]] UNdata Record View Per Capita GDP at Current Prices （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館），United Nations。 [[Tunisia#%20ftnref2|[4]]] 何清涟 : 突尼斯宪政的“路径依赖” - 阿拉伯之春三周年回顾（1）. 美國之音. 2014-02-01 [2017-08-02]. （原始內容存檔於2015-09-20）. == Papotalay pikafitan(外部連結) == * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Tunisia]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Kitakit]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Afrika]] j4w6b7k23uqya8dcupkhplt3bukrot8 0 1317 45431 39606 2025-01-16T10:18:34Z 2A02:8308:210:5D00:3951:133A:D904:7289 /* Pi’arawan to lakaw */Commons 45431 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Turkey'''（土耳其） [[Faylo:Flag of Turkey.svg|縮圖|Flag of Turkey|alt=Flag of Turkey]] [[Faylo:Turkey (orthographic projection).svg|縮圖|Location of Turkey]] Itini i 39 00 N, 35 00 E, noAsiya ato Yoropa ko [https://web.archive.org/web/20220813213118/http://www.secimekacgunvar.com/ Turkey]. Polong no sekalay i 783,562 sq km “saka 37 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 769,632 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 13,930 sq km ” Polong i 80,274,604 ko tamdaw. == sera（土地）== Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen a sera 49.70%, Malo no kilakilangan a sera 14.90%, malo no roma to a sera 35.40%. == siyoto（首都）== O [[Ankara]] ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakamoetep 29 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]], patirengan a romi’ad i 2014 a miheca saka 8 folad saka 28 a romi’ad. == Pi’arawan to lakaw（參考資料）== * [https://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [https://www.mofa.gov.tw/Default.aspx 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] {{Commons}} [[Kasasiwasiw:Turkey]] s2dy7s6i1svdoybmju6ovog9u110end 0 1318 30848 30847 2022-03-24T13:31:18Z 95.0.32.95 30848 wikitext text/x-wiki Turkmenistan（土庫曼） [[Faylo:Flag of Turkmenistan.svg|thumb|Flag of Turkmenistan|alt=Flag of Turkmenistan]] [[Faylo:Turkmenistan on the globe (Eurasia centered).svg|thumb|Location of  Turkmenistan  (red)]] Itini i 40 00 N, 60 00 E, noAsiya ko [[Turkmenistan]]. Polong no sekalay i 488,100 sq km “saka 53 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 469,930 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 18,170 sq km ” Polong i 5,291,317 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen a sera 72%, Malo no kilakilangan a sera 8.80%, malo no roma to a sera 19.20%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Ashgabat]] ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakamoetep 27 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci [[Serdar Berdimuhamedow]], patirengan a romi’ad i 2022 a miheca saka 12 folad saka 21 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] li15twzj3ymv3qf3fvcweckpjgp2ly1 0 1319 33918 33917 2023-01-23T15:47:12Z Masaonikar 570 33918 wikitext text/x-wiki == Tuvalu（吐瓦魯） == [[Faylo:Tuvalu_Funafuti_atoll_beach.jpg|縮圖|Tuvalu Funafuti atoll beach]] Tuvalu (Inkiris: Tuvalu) nai siwaay ko maliyokay a raka a palapala sakapotay a kanatal, itiniay i katimolay Taypinyang, o nano Tayang kanatal riyaran a pala. Nawhani opener ko sera, sa’akawangay 4 laya’, orasaka o nikaci’epoc no hemhem sakamacakat ko nanom malokatalawan mafolkok no Tuvalu, polong no hekal manaopay no nanom a katalawan a kitakit. Tuvalu a kitakit o sapaeneray a cowa ho kacemahad a kitakit. Tuvalu caay ka dadahal, 26 pinfang kongli aca ko sera[3], saiko:ray to saka 4 a kitakit no hekal, kitata’ak no Nauru, Monako ato Fantikang. Nawhani o inakaay a niyaro’ cango’ot ko pirarakatay, Tuvalu o saawaayay ko lafang tayra mirarakat a kitakit. == Likisi (歷史) == Tuvalu a palapalaan i ’ayaw no 1 sici iraay to ko maro’ay tamdaw. Nai Spain a Europe misolapay sarakat i 1568 miheca pakanengneng tina sera, naka dengan o pa’acaay to malafadesay tamdaw ato mifotingay to ’iso ko talahekalay ikor, Europe tamdaw awaay ko sapicalapaw a halaka. I 1892 miheca mikapot to Gilbert palapalaan malo no Inkiris a dadipoten a sera “Gilbert ato Ellice palapalaan” (Gilbert and Ellice Islands). I 1915 miheca mala no Inkiris a micingcingan a sera. I 1947 miheca, o nikarawrawan no finacadan, ono Polynesia a tamdaw to Ellice palapalaan finawlan milongoc kapolongan a pitopa, haki Micronesia tamdaw a Gilbert palapalaan (Gilbert Islands) malalicinowas. Ikor, o Kiribati palapalaan misinting to pisiiked, kacingangan o nano sowal no kitakit Kiribati; Ellice palapalaan i 1975 miheca mafalic o Tuvalu palapalaan ahan ko pangangan, i 1978 miheca mihayda ko Inkiris to pisiiked. == Palapalaan (地理) == No Tuvalu o Fa'etay a riyaran ko Kakarayan, sa’akawangay a hemhem tangasa i 40˚, saloklonay 22˚, la’isal no hemhem 26˚-32˚. ’orad no mihecaan 3,000 – 3,500 kongli. 11 folad tangasa roma miheca 3 folad ka’oradan, foladan ’orad 300mm. 4 folad tangasa 10 folad awaay ko a’oraden, foladan 200-300mmm[4]. Tuvalu nao 9 liyokay a raka sakapot (I fayafay 9 ko fo’is todong 9 taliyok), kitiraan i kaetip katimol Taypinyang, katimol 5-10, kawali 176 tangasa 179 a laed, katimol ka’amis 560 kongli ko talolong, nai kaetip ka’amis pasi kawali katimol matisil salongan 130 ’ofad pinfang kongli laloma’an no riyar. O Fonafoti ko kanatal. 9 palapalaan ira ko cecay awaayay komaro’ay tamdaw, 5 pala ko cifanaway. Awaay ko lotok ’alo, sa’akawangay caay pakataelif to 4 a laya’, o raraya’ no hekal 15 inli, o hekal mararad manaop ni riyar, o sera malowan to mihecahecaan, orasaka Tufalu sifo ma’imer to kafafalic no kakarayan, ka hemhem nohekal ato manaop macakat ko nanom ko nisafaloco’an. I 2001 miheca, Tuvalu sifo mihapiw misi’ayaw to kafafalic no kakarayan manaop macakat no nanom ko hekal, i:kor o laliyasen no finawlan konini a palapala no Tuvalu. O niwsilan makahi milayap to mihecaan patamdaw to mamiliyasay, nikawrira caay ka kahi ko Australia to longoc no Tuvalu sifo. Tuvalu samimingay ko pala a kitakit, o sera caay kaenga’ mipaloma, awaay ko pisopedan to nanom, tado sa to ’orad a nanom == Sici (政治) == Tuvalu o Tata'akay Inkiris a Lekatep a kitakit (caay pikihatiya to Tata'akay Inkiris a Lekatep no tapang a lomaoc), roma a 15 Tata'akay Ikiris a Lekatep hongti milecad to no Hontian Rikec a tapang a kitakit, o sawara'an ko pafeliay to sakowan to Tuvalu a demak. Citodongay to Hontian sawara'an patireng to kakeridan ato kasa kakeridan no demak, o finawlan no Tuvalu. O ufalu a sawara'anmidotoc to satadamaanay patodong to kakeridan a tapang. Aniniay kakeridan ci Iacobah Itarelli. Matelak i kimpo ko Tuvalu o nikapolongan pikowan kitakit, sa’akawangay o kimpo, midamaay to finawlan i kasamaamaan no salongoc. Awaay ko pipatireng to pisakapot a cefang i Tuvalu, o iing pakoniya sa to pisalakapot, 15 a iing, citodongay mikowan (8 tamdaw) ato caayka citodong mikowan (7 tamdaw) tosa saocor. O Fale i Fono hanko kalomaocan, cecay ko pirikecan, 15 tamdaw iing sakapot, nano nisingkiwan no finawlan, 4 miheca ko cecay liyad, o kakeridan no kalomaocan o iing ko misingkiway. Cacitodong mikowan o 15 a iing ko misingkiway, 6 ko sakowan no po, o kakeridan ko mitoroay to cacitodong kakeridan no po, o kalomaocan ko cacitodong laloma’an, mipatireng to roma kakeridan no kinsa 1 tamdaw, o todong no sifo a pitengilan. Hoying malitolo ’akawangay hoying, niyaro’ay hoying ato palaay hoying, mamiliclic to kalodemak no finawlan, ira ko maliyangay, pacakaten tangasa ’akawangay hoying miliyaw misawkit. ’akawangay hoying o ’akawangay a pisawkitan. Cecay ko citodongay misapalitaay ato mikinsaay to nai niyaro’ay hoying ato 8 pala a hoying pacakatan tatomadawen. Ira ho ko miliyangay to pipasetek no ’akawangay hoying, o Fici a hoying ko pipacakatan, ira ho maliyangay, patayraen i Inkiris to citodongay no rikecan hoying a mitomadaw. == O kasasikiked a sakowan (行政區劃) == Nano 9 raka pala, 6 ko liyokan no raka a masapala (Atoll) ato 3 sacecayay a pala Niwlakita, Niwtaw, Nanomanga, Funafuti sifo i Funafalay pala a Vaiaku niyaro’, salongan 4,900 ko tamdaw, dadahal 2.79 pinfang kongli. Nanumea raka i sakaetip ka’amis liyok no raka no Tuvalu. == Kicay (經濟) == Awaay ko tataparan kinaira i Tuvalu, o sakaira ni kinaira saheto o padahof no Padaka. I 1999 miheca sifo a saipayso a yosang masadakay 1390 ’ofad no Australia payso. Sakilingad saheto o nai mifotingay ato mirarakatay, nawhani maraayay awaay caay pakatahira ko mirarakatay. Roma mipa’aca to kitti ko sakaira no payso. O kingko no Tufalu, i 1980 miheca mapatireng. I 1993 miheca mipatadoay tayal saicakat 9.4%. sailaloma’an nitayalan: 1665 ’ofad Australia payso (1995 miheca) 1220 Amilika payso (2000 miheca) no tamdawan nitayalan (2000 miheca):1100 Amilika payso. Miming ko sera no Tuvalu, fohokay ko sera, manga’ay aca kadofah ko riyar, matenak ko makoro a foting, o saadihayay pitatafikan, nikawrira tararikor ko fana’, caay kaedeng ko sapicomahad. Cangray sa to roma kitakit pikomod a mifoting, sakacikicay o pipa’aca to kompay sakanga’ay mifoting; mikapot to Dipong, Koriya ato Taywan to kasasitelek a mifoting, to mihecaan ira ko 30 ’ofad no Autralia payso. O ’alomanay kapah no Tuvalu tayra i Nauru to misacilahay a kosi an eca mikalic to tamina no roma kitakit, mietan to kinaira, o kafafalifalic to payso ko sakaira. 1993 miheca o kinaira no mirarakatay 30 ’ofad no Amilika, 1994 mihrcaan mirarakatay ira ko 1,224 ko tamdaw. Tuvalu mararid micangray to Inkiris, Australia, New Zealand, Taywan, Dipong, Europe sapicomahad a payso ato Linhoko micowat halaka padamso to saipayso sadama. Nai 1987 miheca, o Inkiris sakimilitadoay to sadama makeror to mihecaan yosang to 10 ’ofad Australia payso. O sakalasawadaw to karorayan, Tuvalu mitelek to sapicomahad, Tuvalu mipatireng to sapicomahad to dademaken a halaka, yanan miheca 6 folad patireng to Tuvalu paso’elin patorod kiking, mitahidang to Inkiris, New Zealand, Australia a payso komong kosi mikowanay ato misasorot, o pina’ang to payso a wawa ano eca o pisasorot malosapicomahad to kicay no Tuvalu. Autralia, New Zealand, Inkiris, Dipong ato Korea ko midamaay kitakit, i 2000 miheca a kiking tangasa 6010 ’ofad Australia payso. 1990 miheca a wawa tangasa 100 ’ofad Australia, sakisadakay no sifo, miheca a yosang 25%. Anini milongoc to romaroma kitakit to sapadafoh. 1986 miheca, misamawmaw to patodong no Linhoko to sasafaay-kacemahad a kitakit, o sapisamawmaw to kanga’ayan micaliw to payso no hekal a kingko. Midotoc to sakikali’aca a lalitelek, misamawmaw to dafodafongan to kalasawad no sata. Tuvalu a kicay ono “tataparananay ko kicay”, o picadiway, palomaan a midemakan ko sakaira no kicay, awaay ko kofa no Tuvalu. No loma’ a nitayalan ato ko saka’orip. Mapolongay tayal, dengan o pifoting ato pipaloma to ’afinong, pawli, tali, maanan a pinaloma malaisal ko laloma’an. 1993 miheca maomahay a kinaira macakat to 8.7%. Tuvalu ’afinong kakomod kosi, i 1979 miheca mapatireng, itiya Tuvalu ’afinongan kalakomod cefang kosi, i 1985 miheca mafalic ko ngangan. Tuvalu ’afinong kakomod sacefang kosi, 1979 miheca patireng; nai 8 palapalan malakomoday cefang. Tuvalu kitakit masadakay dafong ira ko foting, ’afinong, pinasanga’ losid. Masadakay dafong samihecahecaan makerod, o saka’orip saheto nai papotalay pacomodan. Kali’acaan o New Zealand, Australia ato Fiji. 1998 miheca sailaloma’an a pasapotal ira ko 6.7 ’ofad Australia payso, micomoday 1140 ofad Autralia payso. O li’acaan o ’afinong; micomoday o kakaenen, simal, pinasanga’, kikay ato sakaromakat. Tuvalu a kicay nano pipa’aca to ta’I no ’ayam malakoyasi ko sakaira, nakawrira nawhani o nanom no riyar macakatay, lowan sato ko sera no kitakit. I 2000 miheca, nao malenak toko kalocalay, Tuvalu 3000 ’ofad Amilika payso ’akawang ko pacaliw to kasakitakit a calay ’etal ngangan “.tv” sakararid kicay no kitakit. Tuvalu karomakat no payso ono Australia. Talacowa ano mamamamang ko kicay, nika saipayso mina’on mikowan, ci’osaw ito, caay ka sarad ko tadah i papotal. == Sakaromakat (交通) == Pasakawili ko parakat to paliding no itiniay. Sakaromakat otofay ato tosiya, i maci ira ko mimingay faso. Kamoro’an kaitiraan no Tuvalu maraay, madadi’ec ko sera, awaay ko nga’ayay talolongay minato, saka noriyar, karayan sakaromakat caay kanga’ay. Mahitefoay hikoki dengan o mimingay 50 ko tamdaw i Funafuti kasakitakit hikokiciw, anini dengan o Fiji hikoki kosi 44 tamdaw ATR 42-500 a hikoki kina 3 to cecay lipay mahitefo maefer, o saawaayay hikoki a kitakit na hekal. O Australia a sifo mipadang to Tufalu i ta’angay maci patireng to talolongay minato, sakanga’ay no matatodongay tamina miparo to 20 ko laya’ no hako. Ta’akay maci no Fiji Suva ato Funafuti ira ko kasasi rakat no tamina, cecay folad kinacecay, Austraria New Zealand ira ko micolo’ay to dafong Southern Moana karomakat i Tuvalu, paifolad cecay ko rakat. Saki kasapalapala no Tuvalu a dafong, pakayra no kitakit a tamina 600 ton “Nivaga II ato Manufolau micolo’ay, i maci ko nga’ayay piti’eran, oroma to a palapalaan itira sa i riyar pa’enor ko tamina, o mimingay to tamina ko mipatalahekalay. == Kiwiko (教育) == Maledef ko siawsi a kiwiko. 11 ko siawsi no kitakit, 72 ko singsi, mitiliday 1,485 ko tamdaw; cecay ko congsi, 31 ko singsi, mitiliday 345 ko tamdaw. Ira ko pinanaman to sakatayal i tamina, 52 ko tamdaw minanamay. 1991 miheca midemak to mifalicay kiwiko, siawsi ato congsi a pitilid 6 miheca manayar 8 mihecaan, o todong to sakikiwiko kinian, mapalaedef ko no niyaro’ caayay kanga’ay pisifana’, misaadahal ko pinanaman to sakatayal i tamina; sakacifana’ to tayal, kicik ato sakili’acaan pinanam, 1990 miheca no kiwiko masadakay yosang 16.2%. == Tamdaw (人口) == Polong no finawlan 10,000 tamdaw, malitoloay ko maro’ay i Funafuti a pala. Tuvalu a tamdaw o nano Polynesia finacadan, ato Tonga ato Samoa malecaday ko ngasaw. O sakasasowal no niyaro’ay o Tuvalu a sowal, o Inkilis ko no sifo a sowal. Maro’ay i ka’amis Nui a pala finawlan o Kiripati ko sakasasowal. == Sofitay (軍事) == Awaay ko sofitay, dengan 38 ko taylin. == Kacacofelan a demak (外交) == Tuvalu kasasiterepan romi’ad o miliyangay to kiwsan ca’enot ko Kacacofelan a demak, anini ira to ko dahdahay pisadadahal. Tuvalu to Inkiris, New Zealand, Australia masasinga’ayay. Matiya o Fiji ko kasasiket, i Fiji mapatireng ko kacitodongan, i Taywan, Pilcin ato Amilika patireng to saipapotal taypiaw. New Zealand, Australia patireng to kacitodongan, i roma kitakit awaay ko pipatireng, dengan palingataay a kitakit mitadoay to citodongay no Tuvalu. Tuvalu ato Tata'akay Inkiris a Lekatep ato Belgium, Chile, Netherland, France, Germany, Dipong, Korea, Taywan a kitakit ko kacacofelan a demak. Tuvalu mikihatiya kasakitakit a kasakapot ira ko Asia-Tay kicay lakapot lomaoc, Taypinyang kanatal kalisaot, Taypinyang kalacecayan, Wanko yofing kasakapot, Asia misaomah kingko ato Linhoko kiwiko kakak ponka kasakapot. Tuvalu o caay ka papina ko mihaydaay to Abkhazia ato timolay Ossetia a kitakit, nikawrira ikor Georgia pakayni payso ko kacacofelan a demak ko saka lasawad pihayda to saki Abkhazia ato timolay Ossetia kacacofelan. == Pinengnengan tilid. (參考文獻) == 1. CIA Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). [2021-07-04]. (nano nina’angan tilid i 2021-07-04). 2. Tuvalu. World Economic Outlook Database. International Monetary Fund (IMF). April 2022 [2022-07-29]. (nano nina’angan tilid i 2022-09-22). (Inkilis). 3. Wangcyin. Palapalaan pitiya sakafana’ piliso’an, o sakacecay ako a pitiya, Tincin finawlan mirina’an; Esphere Media. 2013-02-01. <nowiki>ISBN 9787201079677</nowiki> (congwen) . 4. Current and Future Climate of Tuvalu (PDF). Tuvalu Meteorological Service, Australian Bureau of Meteorology & Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO). 2011 [7 September 2015]. (nano nina’angan tilid i (PDF) i 2021-01-19). [[Faylo:Tuvalu on the globe (Polynesia centered).svg|thumb|Location of Tuvalu]] [[File:Nui atoll.jpg|thumb|Nui atoll]] * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] royvv4s83mrba5o08b9ahwxjeu9vq2c 0 1320 38533 26436 2023-06-27T19:52:29Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38533 wikitext text/x-wiki Tuwapun（華東部落） Itiniay i [[Hualien Cen]] no [[Hualien]] ko [[Tuwapun]] a niyaro’, 1,682 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 4,170 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 20% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 816 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 80% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 3,354 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Amis]]13%, [[Truku]]2%, [[Bunun]]2%, [[Tayal]]1%, [[Paiwan]]1%, roma1%. Ira ko picodadan(美崙國中) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 135dortdfmkuz440e4rb85yoocfrroy 0 1321 26456 26455 2021-10-28T12:54:10Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 19 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 26455 wikitext text/x-wiki Twan nokan（武道能敢部落） Itiniay i Fuxing Cen no Taoyuan ko Twan nokan a niyaro’, 88 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 286 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 92% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 262 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 8% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 24 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Tayal85%, Amis3%, Bunun2%, roma1%. Ira ko picodadan(三光國小、三光國小附幼) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(大溪分局三光派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(三光里衛生室) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(三光里辦公處) i niyaro’. Ira ko Kiwkay(真耶穌教會三光教會、三光天主堂) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] dt5893sdg1h55gav2y7ugd9207t4439 0 1322 38846 26469 2023-06-30T02:49:08Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38846 wikitext text/x-wiki T’apan（忠興部落） Itiniay i [[Wufeng]] Cen no [[Hsinchu]] ko [[T’apan]] a niyaro’, 30 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 38 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 79% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 30 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 21% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 8 ko tamdaw. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 54ie8t30ilxy1k402q7by5lwdvan31d 0 1323 26471 26470 2021-10-28T12:54:14Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 1 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 26470 wikitext text/x-wiki == U Yincumin ni Taywan (台灣原住民) == [[Faylo:Taiwan Formosan.svg|thumb|U Yincumin ni Taywan]] Yincumin(原住民) han ni Taywan o sa’ayaway nu pairang a tumaru’ itini Taywan a tamdaw. Adihay ku rurumay a kimad a mapasuwal kina taini a ciruma’. Tina pina a mihcaan anu duduhan kuya nicudadan nu kaw-ku-cha hantu yui-yuan-cha atu wen-ha walu a lebut a ayawho no pairang kita chiruma’ tini Taywan saan. I aayaw no cecay atu pitu a eli’ a mihcaan cangla tahni i Taiwan. Wu Austronesian ku ksasadakan nu mita a suwal saan ku micudaday atamdaw. Ira ku mahcaday a pikasadakan numita tu Philippine atu Malaysia hatu Indonesia hayatu Madagascar hantuya Oceania a tamdaw. Mafalic tu ku mita a orip anini a ira cangla itini Taiwan. Pataynien nangra ku tatii’hay a damak kitaan mafana ni wayku hantu nipapalu cangla. Ya ni kuannay a ceng-fu sapimangalay a nipacacay tu suwal nu mita. Falicen ku namoay a wayway suwal atu surit saan. Aninituhaw cicaytu ku suwal nu mita tulonghan namiay a suwal saan. Wu nimaramud hantu wu nipasafalic tu kuli ku sapinanam nangla ku orip mita.hansa malasawad a’min tu anini. Ira ku tusa a falu a suwal no ayaway a tamdaw i Taiwan. Mukteptu ku mapatayaytu lalima ku malamasawaday usawtu ku mangatatu a mapetek. Anini ku micudaday matiya wu kasadakan nu Austronesien a tamdaw saan, wu lemeltu kinian a makilimtu ku ayaway a orip. Naayaway a tamdaw ni Taywan mangalay ciluma’ i lutuklutukan. I 中間 ku adihayay. Duduhan ka lakelal a patireng to niyaru’. Aniayaw ta hanini mtumes tuku lima patek ku alumna nu tamdaw. Aniniay a tamdaw anu nikilim tu niyaru’ iraku maulahay tu lutoklutokan iraku maulahay in tu-chi. Caykahcad ku sapiorip hantu ku wayway nu mita tu pairing sa iraku tata’akay a atul nu orip fuwak sa i aayaw nu mita. Anu sau’sien ku awaay mikuli hatu micudaay nu mita tamdaw . mitaay ku karakaway tu pairing. I ayaw nu 1980 amihcaan. Adihay asiruma a tamdaw mikilimtu bangcalay a kuli hantu nipaluwad tu mitaay orip. kita ku ciluma’ay tiya saan i falucu’. Anini masapulungtu ku wayay nu mita chitihi’tu sirumaay a tamdaw. Yama matatudungay ladiw nu mita yuan-cu- min kapah mapacakay. Ya niyaro’ay a tamdaw malaluk ni paluwad ku wayway nu mita kuya ilisin hantu suwal. A’min kita I niyaro’ay yuan-cu- min maulah pacumud tu kuan-kangay kuli mi tungal tu sapiorip a paisu. == Pi'arawan to lakaw == * 江欣憶. (2011). Wikipedia 維基百科 族語詞條試寫─原住民族語詞條 2011作品集. 教育部. 7nba0skwf1dypqh0tr7zjivgebfepey 0 1324 26473 26472 2021-10-28T12:54:16Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 1 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 26472 wikitext text/x-wiki == U lisin nu Pangcah tu cacayay a mihca (年節慶名稱) == Silisin ‘amin ku kalu niyaru nu Pangcah i cacayay a mihca, nu i amisay a Pangcah (南勢阿美族群) ku suwalen anini. # U saka cacay a bulad, u ’’pisaumahan(春耕)’’ a bulad. Mibulsak ku maumahay tu panay. # U saka tusa a bulad ’’ piteluban(相撲)’’ han, marimurak malipahak aca ku niyaru’ a malalebulebu ku babainay. # U saka sepat a bulad ’’pibahbahan(驅蟲)”, mapuyapuy ku tipus imatia, uruma ku sida’it nu maumahay a kaenen a buruburen nu takenawan ku mipalumaan. Tangasa hakia i nipitipus ku kapah nu tipus sa a lihalaw. Manay, mitakus ku binawlan tu sikawasay a papibahbay tu matilaay parawacuay misara’cusay tu nipalumaan a takenawan. Urasisa, u inian u nipatatudung a demak, pacucu tu tipus han ku ruma a suwal. # Saka lima a bulad, ’’mibalidas’’ han, mababiyanga(拔河比賽) ku kapah i kakabekacan nu niyaru. # Saka enem atu pituay a bulad, u “pila’disan(捕魚祭)” tu a bulad, uruma ku lipahak nu babainay a tara i tarawadaw i liyal i ciris a mibuting, salipahak sa ku salumalumaan a malahuk i umah tu nibutingan. # Saka walu a bulad, u “pilisinan(豐年祭)”, u kalalikidan a bulad, tatalaan u salipahak nu binawlan tu cacay a mihcaan. U babainay a selal, nanu dabak tangasa i katu’eman, caay pasatuku a misakeru i lalikidan. U kapah nu masaselalay, imatia i katuasan a mihca, a ca’ay kitini nu babahi i pilalikidan, paysin saan sa ku suwal nu matuasay. # Saka muktepay a bulad “mirecuk(巫師祭)” – u lisin nuhni u sikawasay kina bulad, macacuruk kuhni a tayra i ruma’ a mapapuhpuh(驅病), miasik tu luma’(除穢), padaesu(降幅) tu tireng nuhni. A pacakat aca tu taneng nu tireng tu sakay kawas. # Saka sabaw cacay a bulad “talatuas(祭祖)” – misalisin ku binawlan tu tuas nu mita u Pangcah, ira aca a patudung tuini u mapatayay a tamdaw nu luma’.. # Saka sabaw tusa a bulad, u “kaliliwan” sa ku suwal nu matuasay. Caay kanca ku babainay pitiker tu ayam i umaumahan, u ruma sa iri, cacay a lalipayan a taira i lutuk, sakasaan, ira haw ku tatangican nu kapahay tarayaay a banuh nu ayam, tu sasangaan tu tinpi’ i sakalalikidan nu babainay. Sisa, caay kanca katara i maraayay a lutuk a miteker ku babainay. Anu malemed ira ku nitekeran, tanu ulah sa ku babainay a pataluma’ tu ni’alaan, salipahak satu ku lalabu nu luma’ a malabi. Ina kakawau, “malahuk tu liliw” han ku suwal. == Pi'arawan to lakaw == * 李文廣. (2011). Wikipedia 維基百科 族語詞條試寫─原住民族語詞條 2011作品集. 教育部. gq3fio6efpz7js03qs268c2rp2zv922 0 1325 26529 26528 2021-10-28T12:54:19Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 55 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 26528 wikitext text/x-wiki U lusid nu Pangcah （阿美族服飾） U lusid nu Pangcah, i kabana’an nu nimanima i, sabacal teli’sananay, sulinay dadahal ku niyaru’ nu Pangcah, namaka Tatiboracan tangasa i pusung, midungdung aca tu liyal, caay kanca kamelaw tu kira narakatan nu Pangcah, sisa pakayra i saamisan a malingatu ku silsil, tangasa i siwkulan atu waliay nu dungdung tu liyal a Pangcah, tangasa i satimulan nu Balangaw atu Palidaw, caay kasasulecad ku lusid nu niyaniyaru’. Pakayra i cengel kita a mimelaw, i amisay u lahengangay, muhetingay, bucalah ku tapang, i tilaay i makatimul i, misengi tu buduy nu Piyuma, simisamis, sicacahebayan i abala, u muhetingay, u kaimuay, u atipulingay, langdaway, lahengangay atu kulawlaway a cengel. Anu semuwal tu buduy i, a maka tusaay a patekenan nu mihecaan kiyari a malingatu a pasuwal, u Pangcah nitiyahen, u tubah nu kilang ku sapsakidudung a misanga tu tuper, tu tawpaw, sabuut, hundusi, talip atu satamec, ira ku nisuri naitiyahen. Mahaen ku nipisatapang tu babahi a misaselal, u buduy nu kapah atu timpi kiyari ku mamelawen atu sakabana tu nikasaselal. Tadaadihay tu ku buduy nu kapah, pakayra i tuper, tawpaw, sicaledungay, hahidaw, buduy payayaw, sakikamay, hundusi, talip, satelec, sateleng, satelep, sacahebay atu nisangaan tu nu balaku nu kararayan a kucu. U limucedan a kayingi, sinanut tu sapatungal tu buduy ku tapang. Ira emin nu caluk a lusid i, pakayra i tawpaw, payayaw, mapusutay a buduy, sukun, satelec atu talakes a masuramud. U tapang nu satungal, ira ku timpi nu babainay, nu babahi i cu’ung, ulet, sabetbet, cangaw, cael, pay’ayaw, sakipatelaw, satamec karing. U caay kaw mamasiday ku tuper, u mamelawan atu sapasubana’i niyaru’, adihay ku nisanga tu sapamisamis tu tuper, tu sapamelaw tu tarakaw nu tiren i selal, tu sakacaay yaaca kaw mamatudung nu nimanima a macaluk, sisa u sakahemekan ku lingatu nu tuper. U rumasatu u cakaw, ira ku nipasuwal nu matu’asay, anu tatak ku buhang nu cakaw u sakapahay a sining kira, sisa adihay ku sasangaan tu cakaw, matiya u nu lalacan, nu ukak, nu bekeluh, nu awul, nu kilang, nu manaw, nu kangkang, nu banuh adihay caay kaw mamaasip. [[Kasasiwasiw:U suwal nu i amisay a Pangcah]] 71u5grzcp4561zoko4qo1oxbvsu0zo5 0 1326 38708 26733 2023-06-29T11:55:32Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38708 wikitext text/x-wiki U micidekay a demak nu Cengkuwangaw （[[kuwaping a sowal]]: 成廣澳事件） U demak nu Cengkuwangaw malesitudung tu Madawdaw. Na nikuwantu i ka[[Japan|Ripunan]] ku sawaliyan nu Taywan, mamelaw nu heni kira [[Pangcah]] atu ruma a payniyaru’an, sadihemay saan caay kariang, sisa pakadademakan tu pihacengay a demakan, matiya misalalani’, misakayakay, misatimu, misapungkang, misaminatu, mikilang, mibekeluh, misaluma… adihay ku sasanga’an, awaay ku paherekan. Matiya i 1904 nu mihecaan, maherek kira rarayaay a lalan, namaka Puyuma tangasay Kudic nu Bakung, makalat tu pitu a pulu’ ira ku siwa ku nikararaya nisanga’ tira lalan. I 1909 nu mihecaan, malingtu a misanga tu lalan nu silamalay tangasa i 1911 a mihecaan tiya maherek. Na makara i minatu nu Nabakuwan tangasa i Puyuma nu Pusung atu dengayay a kayraan nu silamalay a lalalalanan. Tuna mahaen saupu han tu nira Ripun ku kapah amin a papisikak, araw maburibur tu waca ku ’urip nu niyaru’, micidek ku wayway, sacudacuday hank u niyaru a papitupin tu tamdaw nu heni a talacuwacuwa, adihayadihay tu ku cingelaway, caayay pakadungdung tu demak nira Ripun, haen satu a malalais i 1908 nu mihecaan, ta masadak ku saayaway nu la’is nu Cikasuan i niyaru’ nu Pangcah. I kaRipunan nu 1910 nu mihecaan, i sakatusa a bulad nu tusa a pulu’ira ku lima a remiad, ira ku nilubang nu kantu nu Ripun tu “lima a miheca tu sapilesimet tu bansing”sanay a lubang, tu sapieping tu itiniay a Yincumin patahekal satu mamikisa tu lalalalanan, tangasa sa i limaay a bulad tu sabaw enem,lubang sat u sakay umah,mahaen tu sapialaw tu sera nu Yincumin, a mipekpek tu sapitengilaw tu suwal nu Ripun. Tangasa i 1911 nu miheca i limaay a bulad, i herek a palipida kira Ripun, masasuwal tu kira tumuk amin a malecapu i Pisirian a masasuwal a milubang tu sapibelihaw tira Ripunan, atu nikelul tu lipida, nirawacu atu nialaw tu kuwakuwang, mahaen ku ringes atu sakangalayaw a mibahbah tu Ripun. Sulinay i tiyatu nu mihecaan herek nu lisin, caay yamin piculu tu nitipus a pateli i suku nira Ripun, araw kabana’an, belut satu kira sakakaay a miruyaruy a tayra i Madawdaw atu tulik a paremiad a papiculu’, padudu satu papasuwalen nira Ripun ci Kolas Mahengheng a misasa’a miherek tinademakan, ta caay tu piliclic kira Ripun. I tiya:tu a mihecaan tu pituay a bulad nu tusa a pulu’ ira ku sepat, ira ku kincal nu Tulik ci 福間彥四郎 palecapu tu tumuk nu niyaru’ a micihi a miliclic tira ni sangaan a lalan, araw macacihi atu tumun nu Tulic ciRaoron, makamelaw kira sakakaay a tumuk nu Tulik araw belung satu amin kira tumuk nu niyaru’a mipekpek ta mapatay kira kincal a sidemak tira “Cengkuwangaw hanay a demak”. Makatengil kira tumuk nu Madawdaw, kerid satu tu binawlan a micalap tu tayritayringan atu cacudadan, pacuk han kira kincal atu pasubana’ay. Tuwa pasaupu han nira ku niyaru’ nu Madawdaw, Cirarukuhay, Kaheciday, Turik, Paung^ung, makala tu tuluay a patekenan nu kapah a mikukung tira kalecapuan atu lalubangan, araw malalitemuh i Kanapuka atiya kincal nu Ripun a maletaes, mapatay kiya tatusaay a kincal, maduka ku madukaay, makamelaw kiya i amisay a kincal belung han kira Pangcah milaliw, tuna mahaen papaya satu a micumud tu luma’ nu Ripun a mitakaw amipeci tu maamaan tu sapiedis tira Ripunan. Milaliwmilaliw tu kuheni i Kinapuka. I sangsangdeb nu enemay ku tuki, makatengil tu kira i Babukuday a kincal putun han ku makaamisay a sakasasuwal a telay, maletep henaca ku lelesian nu Puyuma, maputun ku lalan, sabaw enem tu kira kincal u mamikinsa a tayra i Babukud, iterung nu lalan malitemuh nu heni kira caayay katatanu kincal atu pasubana’ay nu Madawdaw a mapasubana’a mitungal tu tayraaya tamdaw. I tuya tusaay a pulu’ira ku walu a remiad, maaununtu a palecapu tu hitay kira Ripun, tu sakacaay tu pakacumut kira Pangcah, padudu satu i waluay nu bulad ira ku sepat nu reimad , ira tu ku tayniyay nu maka Taypakay, maka Ilannay, maka Taycuay, makaTaynanay a mipadang tu sapipatuyaw tura hitay nu Pangcah. Ira Tapang nu Pusungay ci 朝倉菊三郎 ku mikeriday namaka timul dungdungsa a taamis, ruma satu mikatimul besuc sa a tayra i Kinpuka a miletaes tira hitay nu Pangcah ta caay pakademec laliw satu. I waluay nu bulad ira ku cacay a remiad tangasa tu kira hitay i Madawdaw, awaay tu kira tamdaw nu Pangcah itila. Tutiya tu a remiad maletaes tu atu Turik a niyaru’, a caay pakademec papilimekan tu kira wawawawa atu patu’asay atu babahi i terung nu lutuk, tuna mahaen milaliwmilaliw tu heni tu ka’uripan a Katomayan. Marariwasak tu kira i waliay a Pangcapangcahan, i waluay nu bulad ira ku muketep a remiad, mitanumu tu Tumuk nu balangaw ci Kulas·mahenghengan, a mieping tina demakan, maanen naca matuas tu ku miheca nira tumuk mudeku tu i tatakel, u lihalaw haw tu pihaceng nu demak, papitamurungen tu kapah a tayra tiya tumukan nu Tulik atu Madawdaw tiya balah han kira nikapet nu kuwang a maherek kira sepatay a pulu’ira ku walu a nikakakuwang. Tuherek ninademak caay kapihaceng ku nipisaybang nira Ripung, miaray aca ci Kulas·Mahenghengan a pakawlah, tunamahaen pabalucu’ay tu sapiletaes tu Taluku, matalaw a malecapu ku Pangcah atu Taluku a miletaes tu henian, sisa caay kabaeket ku saybang, alaw han a cacay ku kuwang nu Pangcah ira palalanay a tumuk nu Madawdaw ci Lekal, tumuk nu Tulik ci Asan, sipacait i aayaw ni lalubangan nu heni a pamelaw tu nipiputun tu awul, napakakudul a mahetik pihaceng ku duka tiya pauli hantu ku heni a palaliw. [[Kasasiwasiw:U suwal nu i amisay a Pangcah]] rx7qdo9ka8zf5nxemnm0hrzxojwmtg8 0 1327 38719 26735 2023-06-29T12:08:28Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38719 wikitext text/x-wiki ''U parik a lutuk([[kuwaping a sowal]]: 美崙山)'' I maka`amis nu [[kalingko|kalingku]], ira kiya 108 mayta katarakaw, pitu a pulu’ ira ku enem kadadahalay a masapucukay a lutuk. ’’Parik’’ han kuni pangangan. Nay `ayaw adihay ku ni pangangan tira lutukan. Tangasa saan i 1951 a mihca, tamek han tu a pangangan tu ’’maylunsan’’han nu hulam tangasa anini. (tuwa parik han nu Pangcah anini a pangangan). I enar ira ku mahaenay u kulul nu Isu a masapucukay a lutuk. U makamelaway sulinay mapaaw tu. Kay namahaen haw mapatanglal nira lutuk, ta sibangcalay atu kapahay a kungku nu Arikakay atu Kadabuwang. Mahaen kiyari ku saayaway a kungku. U ni Kadabuwang, tataak tarakaw kira tamdaw, makadipas tu i kakarayanay a kutem, malamaan ku tarakaway a lutuk awit han nira. Pasun caay ka riang caay kaedes, dihemay ku balucu. Sisa caay ka cacihi ka letaes atu Pangcah. Sa cacay saan a mawmah a ma`urip. Tuna mahaen araw si babahi cira tu kaying nu Pangcah ta masubuc tu babainay a wawa. Tu cacay a remi`ad mawmah cira i laku, araw pateli han nira ku nitatakan a sera i tepar nu liyal, caay ka tenes araw masalutulutk i tepar nu liyal. Bihbih han nu kamay ku sera nu i tirengay, araw matihtih i kawili nu kuku nira, mala aniniay tu a lutuk’’maylunsan’’…. Tuna mahaen caay mipisamisi cira araw mapacuk nira ku wawa atu babahi nira. Tuna mahaen matukatu, matakawtu , tangasa satu i salikulay araw masaybang nu niyar a patayan Kadabuwang. == Pi'arawan to lakaw == * 張美妹. (2011). Wikipedia 維基百科 族語詞條試寫─原住民族語詞條 2011作品集. 教育部. noq40ms61tw5ft1qe489irwd69m79bc 0 1328 38505 26794 2023-06-27T19:15:56Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38505 wikitext text/x-wiki U rakarak atu nikasaniyaru’ nu i [[kalingko|kalingkuay]] a [[Pangcah]] （花蓮縣阿美族部落的形成與變遷） I nacudad namakayra i1985 nu miheca, nasuritan ni “[[Liyaw-su-ceng]]”. Ta i [[1977 nu mihecaan]] mala kuciw nu Siwlinsiyang, sulinay sibalucu’cira a miherek tu nabalucu’an nira atu sapatudung tu likulay a sabasaba atu wawawawa tu sapabana’tu serangawan nu Tayan atu nikasumad nu rakat a ma’urip, maan naca simainapay i ciraan, araw i 1984 mapulul cira, i papululan caay kasaterep a miherek tu nasuritan nira, milesimet aca tu nu Pangcah a masamaanay a demak tu sikabana’ anini. Ina saka cacay a liyad i, pasubana’ay tu lingatu nu Pangcah, atu patudungay tu saayaway ku Pangcah i liyal a ma’urip sanay a kungku, atu serangawan nu binacadan tangasa i Talu ku raritin. Tunamahaen misurit aca tu narakatan a ma’urip nu Pangcah i Taywan, sisa cira a cacay ku mabana’ay tu sasuriten nu payniyaru’an, milesimet aca tu nay kahulaman atu karipunan nu Pangcah. Lalikul tu nu sepat a liyad, saniyaniyaru’han nira a palasepat a patatudung: makayra i amisay a Pangcah,siwkulan a Pangcah,waylay a Pangcah, atu Palidaway a Pangcah. Mapatudung nira ku ’urip atu narakatan nu Pangch. Matiya u nilesimet tunu Tayal katesek, sisa ira ku mamelawan nu mikingkiway nu niPangcah a demak. Tuna mahaen alumak ku mitaduay ku misaakuay tu nilesimet tu bana’ nira a macacengang, tangasa salikulay ci Liyawsuceng tu ku sitatudungay tina cudadan, makibana’ nu mikingkiway Tangasa i matini caay katerak ku nikasatapang i matini. == Pi’arawan to lakaw == [[Kasasiwasiw:U suwal nu i amisay a Pangcah]] 87cwq9mw0sbfseqzhr6s44olgeoid8r 0 1329 38858 26808 2023-06-30T02:55:29Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38858 wikitext text/x-wiki Ua-asik（復興部落） Itiniay i [[Taoyuan]] Cen no [[Kaohsiung]] ko Ua-asik a niyaro’, 112 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 347 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 96% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 333 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 4% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 14 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Bunun]]89%, [[Amis]]1%, [[Cou]]1%, [[Paiwan]]4%. Ira ko picodadan(樟山國小復興分班) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 83m4oxuwdwto4g820dev99f0gidbyod 0 1330 30671 30508 2022-01-26T17:13:28Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q1036]] 30671 wikitext text/x-wiki Uganda（烏干達） [[Faylo:Flag of Uganda.svg|thumb|Flag of Uganda|alt=Flag of Uganda]] [[Faylo:Uganda (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Location of  Uganda  (dark green)– in Africa  (light blue & dark grey)– in the African Union  (light blue)]] Itini i 1 00 N, 32 00 E, noAfilika ko [[Uganda]]. Polong no sekalay i 241,038 sq km “saka 81 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 197,100 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 43,938 sq km ” Polong i 38,319,241 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen a sera 71.20%, Malo no kilakilangan a sera 14.50%, malo no roma to a sera 14.30%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Kampala]] ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakamoetep 9 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci [[Yoweri Museveni]], patirengan a romi’ad i 1986 a miheca saka 1 folad saka 29 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 3qfh232yxazzzckp5z0wfnrk1lb1sjt 0 1331 30697 30519 2022-01-26T17:13:52Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q196070]] 30697 wikitext text/x-wiki Uhuru Kenyatta [[Faylo:Uhuru Kenyatta.jpg|thumb|Uhuru Kenyatta|alt=Uhuru Kenyatta.jpg]] I 1961 a miheca saka 10 folad saka 26 a romi’ad masofoc ci Uhuru Kenyatta, malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit no [[Kenya]] anini i ci Uhuru Kenyatta, patirengan a romi’ad i 2013 a miheca saka 4 folad saka 9 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] fum1vth68emxsafk8cvuop4si1vf52t 0 1332 39663 32816 2023-10-07T07:34:20Z Ｍayawtowid 44 39663 wikitext text/x-wiki == O ngangan no Ukang（烏槓部落） == Ukang a niyaro’, Malinah ko i ’ayaway a moto’asay a tayni . o no Ukang no pangcah i, o sowal są, Ukang a niyaro’, Mapangangan toni a kamaro'an ko i'ayaway a tamdaw , Caliwen to sowal no holam , fa'inayan a kolong( Ukang=公牛,閩南語借詞 ). itiniay i sakawali a lilis no itiniay i sakawali a lilis no Sasifo’an lotok(中央山脈), O no Ukang a pangcah i, o sowal są a cecay, caay ka lacodad. Yo kasakapingan ho i,ira to ko malinahay a finawlan no Amis itira. O Maroro han no maro'ay ko pipangangan tiraan a niyaro’. ikor sato ira to Fata’anay,Poskoay a Malinah itira. I (1946) Manawnaway ko loma’ no niyao’ a ma^min. Tangsa I (1970) mihecan Ukang han no Milinahay a tayni a Finawlan a miliyaw ko ngangan, ta caay to kafalic tangasa anini. == O kasiikedan no niyaro’(部落特色) == O Ukang a riyaro’, misi’ayaw mililis to Sasifo’an lotok(中央山脈) ko Siwkolan a Pangcah,  i katimol no koyo ko Ukang a riyaro. itini i ka’oripan no mita o Pangcah itiya ho, ira ko i palaay, ira ko I hadhaday, ira ko i lawacay no riyar ato taliyokay no fanaw. O roma i, ira ko talolongay a rayray no Pangcah i Tafalong, mapakanengneng to ko ’atomo、nito’to’an, mitenoon ato nakamayan to saki’orip a lalosidan i niyaroan. saheto maemin cinaneng ko mato’asay no ’Amis. i polong no lisin no Pangcah i laloma’ no cecay a mihecaan, o satata’akay haw i, ya ilisin no kaloniyaro’ itiniay i faloay a folad. o roma sato , == O nikalopisak no Tafugan (人口分佈) == Ukang（烏槓部落） Itiniay i Ruisui Cen no Hualien ko Ukang a niyaro’, 288 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 700 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 13% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 89 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 87% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 611 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Amis35%, Paiwan1%, Truku4%, Tayal1%, Bunun2%, roma1%. Ira ko kofa(瑞穗鄉公所、瑞穗鄉代會) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(鳳林分局瑞穗分駐所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(瑞穗衛生所) i niyaro’. == O finacadan no Yincomin (所屬阿美族群) == O Siwkolan a ’amis ko Ukang a niyaro’, na itira i tarawadaw no Kalingko talatimol tangasa i Cilamitay, nawhani maemin paniyaro’ i lawac no Siwkolan a tarawadaw sa mapangangan to Siwkolan a ’amis. i tiniay i Ruysuy-syang (瑞穗鄉 sowal no holam ) no Hualien-siyen (花蓮縣 sowal no holam ) ko Olalip a niyaro’. ira ko ira ko Posko. iraay ko Kiwit a niyaro’, [[Olaw]] a niyaro’, Olalip niyaro’, Kalala a niyaro’, [[Sapat]] a niyaro’, [[Atolan]] a niyaro’, [[Langas]] a niyaro’, [[Lacihakan]] a niyaro’ , [[Koyo]] a niyaro’ ato [[Morocan]] a niyaro, falo a niyaro' ko kasaniyaro'aro' i Ruysuy-syang. == O pitooran no finawlan (族人信仰) == O pitooran ko finawlan no Ukang i, ora ma’araway a kiwkay i, ira ko tosa a kinkay i Ukang, o tingsikiw ato ciwlokiwkay, o ciwlokiwkay a tamdaw ko ka adihay. Kalimelaan ko sowal no Kawas, to sakafana’ to ’orip no tamdaw, ato awaay to ko kaka to nikafana’ to codad how i . itini i ira ko pitooran ngara, pakayni sa’opo no kinkay, malosakarikec sto sakavakat no ’orip no Yincumin, mamaan ca ko deamk no sapitolon ko niyaro’. == O Pikafitan i Papotal(外部連接) == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 1fxpz1mnq4zuci72bvfvainumicnb73 0 1333 45413 45160 2025-01-02T21:57:17Z CommonsDelinker 39 Replacing Europe-Ukraine.svg with [[File:Europe-Ukraine_(1991-2014).svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR4|Criterion 4]] (harmonizing names of file set) · according to the map content and 45413 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ukraine（烏克蘭） == [[Faylo:Flag of Ukraine.svg|thumb|Flag of Ukraine|alt=Flag of Ukraine]] [[Faylo:Europe-Ukraine (1991-2014).svg|thumb|Location of  Ukraine  (green)Claimed, but Russian controlled (light green)]] == Takaray Sowal: == Ukolan ( Ukolan sowal:''Україна''，Roma tilid:Ukrayina; Kuwaping sowal:'''烏克蘭'''), itiraay I Sakawalian Yuropa, I katimol misisilisay ato Kahetingay Riyar(Ikiris sowal: ''Black Sea''), isalawali malafiyaway ato Rosiya, isaka;amis malafiyaw ato Pirasoriya, isa’etip malafiyaw ato Polan, Slofako, Siyongyali, Romaniya ato Mortofa a kitakit. O kahiceraan no Sa’etioay kitakit ato Rosiya , o kahiceraan heca no Tinsikyo ato Saka’etipay So’elinay Kiyokai a punka.Mido’edo’ay to Rosiya ko kakahad no kitakit, ira ko 603,700 km², o polong 4,117 ko tamdaw (caay ho kassa’osien kono Kolimoya Picihan Kanatal). [[Faylo:Ilja_Jefimowitsch_Repin_-_Reply_of_the_Zaporozhian_Cossacks_-_Yorck.jpg|縮圖|Ilja Jefimowitsch Repin - Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks - Yorck]] I saka 9 sici o tatapangan takay no Ukolan o Kiyif hananay ko pahiceraan, o litengan ho a Slaf Finacadan patireng to sa’ayaway a finacadan kitakit Kiyif-Rosu, away ko ikakaay ko ‘icel to no kitakit, tahira to i 12 sici matekop a malaklak.Nani sifo’an no 14 sici, madado’edo’ a makowan no Cincahan kitakit(Monko sowal:''Алтан Орд''，''Altan Ord''；Ikiris asowal:''Kipchak Khanate;'' Kuwaping sowal:'''欽察汗國'''）,Polan Hontian kitakit, ato Litawan Sarawa’an kitakit(Latin sowal:''Magnus Ducatus Lituania''，Litawan sowal:''Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė''; Kuwaping sowal:'''立陶宛大公國'''）.[[Ukraine#%20ftn1|[1]]] I 1700~ 1721 miheca a Ni’amisan Lalood(Rosiya sowal:''Северная война''，Loytin sowal:''Stora nordiska kriget),''malowid no Rosiya ko Loytin, ikor to i, mapapecihpech no icowacowaay a kitakit ko Ukolan. I 19sici o Hontian Rosiya Kitakit ko mipolongay a mikowan to Ukolan, o ’osaw to a pala i, o Awsiyong Hontian Kitakit ko mikowanay. Itira to i Sakacecay Lalood no Hekal matatanga to Sapifelihaw to sifo a rawraw ko Rosiya, ora saka pacalcal a misiiked ko Ukolan. I 1922 miheca o cecay no mikapotay a patireng to Solin ko Ukolan, i kaherekan no Sakatosa Lalood no Hekal, oya mikowanan no Polan a Saka’etioay Ukolan mapatateko i Sowiay Ukolan. 1945 miheca mikapot i Linhoko.[[Ukraine#%20ftn2|[2]]] 1954 miheca oya kakeridan no Kiyosanto no Solin ci Ninita Helosyefo ko milengatay a mikerid to Sakakay [[Faylo:Nikita_Khruchchev_Colour.jpg|縮圖|Ninita Helosyefo (Nikita Khruchchev )]] no Solin, o pikining to Katateko’an no Rosiya ato Ukolan a romi’ad a mipecih a pafelien ko Ukolan to Kolimiya Pecihan Kanatal(Rosiya sowal:''Кры́мский полуо́стров''，Roma tilid: ''Krymskiy poluostrov;'' Kuwaping sowal:克里米亞半島) I 1991 miheca yo matekop ko Solin i, alasiikeiked sa koya 15 a mikapotat to Solin a kitakit, itira to a misiiked ko Ukolan malasiikeday kitakit, mikapot a patireng to Siikeday Kitakit a Lekatep. Misiiked to ko Ukolan rocoken ningra ko paranaan no sofitay no itiyay ho no Solin, malamido’edo’an to Rosiya o sakatosa a ci’icelay a kitakit itini i Yoropa. I 2014 miheca ma’eco no Rosiya ko Kolimiya Pecihan Kanatal ora sa ka tangsolsol sa miliyas ko Ukolan to Siikeday Kitakit a Lekatep. Yo misiiked ko Ukolan midemak to nipaliwalay to dafong a sapili’etan a kicay,caho ka citaneng to matiniay a cicay, orasaka 10 ko mihecaan ko kanglilos no ’orip no tamtamdaw.[[Ukraine#%20ftn3|[3]]] Nikawrira, anini sato i, o sakatola a saadihayay ko nipasadakan a kakaenen i hekal.[[Ukraine#%20ftn4|[4]]] I 2022 miheca saka2 folad saka 21 romi;ad milekal ko Rosiya to pisiiked no isakawaliay no Ukolan a sakowan o misiikedan a kitakit ko nini saan toTonnicuko Kitakit（Rosiya sowal:''Донецкая народная республика;''Roma tilid:''Donetskaya narodnaya respublika''; Kuwaping sowal:頓內次克人民共和國）ato Rokanseko Kitakit(Rosiya sowal:''Луганская народная республика''，Roma a tilid:''Lugansk narodnaya respublika''; Kuwaping sowal:盧干斯克人民共和國). Tahira tona miheca saka 2 folad saka 24 romi’ad milood to ko Rosiya to Ukolan. '''Tatapangan no ngangan(國名來源)''' Itiya ho i 13sici, sahetoay to mi’aroan to no Konko tamdaw ko Ukolan, nikawrira, oya i la’edan no Ukolan ato Polan a Kalisiy Sawra’an Etal ato i sak’amisay no saka’etip no Ukolan a Wolonsi Sakowan cowa ka ’eco no Monko a tamdaw, ono tosa a Sakowan no Sawara’an itiraay i katimol no [[Faylo:Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg|縮圖|So'elinay Kyokay (Christ Pantocrator mosaic from Hagia Sophia 2744 x 2900 pixels 3.1 MB)]] aro’ ningra. O nanicowaay kona Ukolan a sowal awaay ko kacipinangan, nikawrira, ona Ukolan oni patatekoan a tosaay tilid, o 「U」sanay i, ono「no mita, no itiniay」sanay ko imi nira, o「kolan」sanay i, ono「no mita kitakit/o i salawacan a la’eday pala」sanay ko imi nonini, ’eminen a somowal i, o「I salawacanay a kitakit」sanay. Oya maro’ay itini a tamdaw o「Ukolan tamdaw」hananay to a mitahidang, o i「salawacanay tamdaw」ko pangangan, o nano ngangan no finacadan ko sapangangan to kitakit tora Ukolan.[5] '''Rikisi(歷史)''' O pikakinkiw no mikakarkaray to katelang nalacolan,ira makera ko i’ayaway no 2 ofad ~3 ofad a notelangan ho nikunisan i ’ongcoy a cuka. O rikisi no Ukolan i, o Wiking tamdaw ko patirengay to Kifros i saka 9 sici, latek i 10 sici, o Sa’etipay Selafu Finacadan matateko mala To’asan Rosu Finacadan,patireng to Kifros Kitakit. Yo mikowan ci Sey Fracimil Swiyatoslawici(Rosiya sowal:''Св.Влади́мир Святосла́вич''; Kuwaling sowal:聖弗拉基米爾·斯維亞托斯拉維奇) o tadacomahaday a kitakit i hekal. Itiya a mipacomod to Saka’etipay So’elinay Kyokay, misanga’ heca to Rikec no Rosu. I saka 12 sici tahira i saka 14 sici,nani Tatapangan Tokay Kiyief matenak taraka’amis no saka’etip a pala, itira to a mala’afa’afas to hasakowan a pala, orasaka malaklak to koya finacadan to Rosiya tamdaw (Tata’angay Rosiya tamdaw), Ukola tamdaw(Mamangay Rosiya tamdaw) ato Kohecalay Rosiya tamdaw(Pirosiya). === '''Ingataay a mihecahecaan'''(近現代史) === I 13sici tahira i 14 sici mitoker to picowat no Monko tamdaw, Rerman tamdaw ato Torki tamdaw.Latek nani 14sici satapang a miliyas to katelang Kifros malacitekeday tono niyah a sowal, punka ato pinangan no ’orip, laheci malamisiikeday a finacadan. I 1569 miheca, komoden ni Lupolin ko Polan Hontian kitakit ato Litawan Sawara’an kitakit patireng to Polan-Litawan Matatekoay Kitakit. To ikor to pinapina so’ot a mihecaan o Mosko Sawara’an Kitakit ko mipatatekoay mapapolong to ka’amis no sakawaliay pala, mala Rosiya Hontian Kitakita(Safang). [[Faylo:Catherine_II_by_Alexey_Antropov_(18th_c,_Tver_gallery).jpg|縮圖|Yiekacilina II (Catherine II by Alexey Antropov (18th c, Tver gallery))]] O roma sato, o itiraay i katimol no saka’etip a pala o Polan-Litawan Matatekoay Kitakit ko mikowanay to aniniay Pirarosi ato aniniay Ukolan. Ano sahecien a somowal i, o aniniay a Ukolan itiraay i 17sici tahira i 14sici a malacecay a finacadan, italiyokan no Nipo’alo, o Kifu, Potawa ato Cinikof ko kahiceraan. I 17sici, mapapolong ko Ukolan ato Sa’etipay So’elinay Kyokay mi toker to Tinsikyo no Polan a mafodfod. 1654 miheca, o kakeridan no Kosako no Ukolan ci Pokotan Hominiceci(Ukolan sowal: ''Богдан Зиновій Михайлович Хмельницький;''Polan sowal:''Bohdan Zenobi Chmielnicki''; Rosiya sowal:Богдан Хмельницкий; Kuwaping sowal:博格丹·赫梅利尼茨基) matatilid ato Honti no Rosiya(Safan) to『Piliyaslafu sakarihaday kakaketonan』(《佩列亞斯拉夫和約》), tahidangen ko Hongti no Rosiya a mikowan, nanoyanan sato matateko ko sawalian Ukolan(sakawilian lilis no Nipo’alo) ato Rosiya Hongtian Kitakit,malekatep to ko Ukolan ato Rosiya. Yo mamalepon ko 18 sici, o fafahiyan hongti no Rosiya ci Yiekacilina II(Rosiya sowal: ''Екатерина Алексеевна''; Ikiris sowal: Catherine II; Kuwaping sowal:葉卡捷琳娜二世·阿列克謝耶芙娜) ato hongti no Awtili, ato honti no Polusi malacafay kinatolo a mipech to Polan, onini ko polong sato ko Ukolan ato Pirasosu mapateko i Rosiya. Cowa konini aca koni patekoan, i 1783 miheca malowid nira ko Otoman-Torki hongtian kitakit,patateko han to ko malamicongacongay kitakit no Otoman-Torki hongtian Kolimiya kitakit, safeleng sato ko tamdaw no Rosiya a mafolaw tayra i Kolimiya Pecihan Kanatal.itini to i 1795 miheca a misatapang ko Rosiya micoroh a patenak to sowal no Rosiya i ’edef no Kolimiya Pecihan Kanatal, paci’ecien ko pikihatiya no Ukolan tamdaw to Rosiya a pinangan. === '''Solin a mihecahecaan'''(蘇聯時期) === I 1917 miheca mapalolol ko kitakit, mafelih ko Rosiya Hontian Kitakit, ira ko padama no Toic Hontian Kitakit ta mapatireng ko siikeday Ukolan Kapolongan Kitakit. 1918 miheca matatilid ko Rosiya ato Malekatepay-Kitakit to《''Pelisto-Litawan kakaketonan''》（Rosiya a sowal:''Брестский мир;'' Toic a sowal: ''Friedensvertrag von Brest-Litowsk''; Kuwaping a sowal:布列斯特-立陶夫斯克條約）, onini ko sapi’eco no Toic Hontian Kitakit ato Awdyong Hontian Kitakit to Ukolan, mapalsawad ko Ukolan Kapolongan Kitakit, mapatireng ko mi’aningay to Toic a Ukolan kitakit, mapateli ko sofitay no Toic itini. Yo malepon ko Sakacecay Lalood no Hekal malowid ko Toic, liyas sato to Ukolan, mapatatiko i Solin ko Ukolan, oya i sakawaliay no Ukolan patireng to Sowiay Sifo, mapatireng to ko Ukolan Sowiay Siyakaysiuki Kapolongan Kitakit. 1922 miheca patireng to Sowiay Siyakaysiuki Kapolongan Kitakit Lekatep(Rosiya asowal:''Союз Советских Социалистических Республик''''';''' Kuwaping a sowal:蘇維埃社會主義共和國聯盟; decdec a tilid:蘇聯) mikapot ko kawaliay Ukolan tona lekatep, malamisatapangay patireng a kitakit. O i saka’etipay a Ukolan mala no Polan a sera. Yo sakaira no Sakatosa Lalood no Hekal, malapecih ko Solin ato Toic to Polan, oya i saka’etipay a Ukolan mapateko i Solin.1941 miheca saka 6 folad saka 22 romi’ad malalood ko Solin ato Toic i Ukolan a pala, oya itiraay i Kifo a lslood 70 ofad ko mapatayay sofitay no Solin, o itiraay i Awtosa a lalood malowid no Romaniya ko sofitay no Solin, laheci han to no Toic a mipolong a mi’eco ko Ukolan.1943 miheca saka11 folad matepek no Solin ko sofitay no Toic,patikor heca ko Solin taira i Ukolan. Itini tona sakatosa a lalood itiniay i Ukolan ko kalaloodan, orasaka, tada mapadesay kona kitakit. 1985 miheca yo mala Sakakaay no kyosanto no Solin ci Kopacifo (Rosiya asowal:''Михаил Сергеевич Горбачёв''; Roma a tilid:''Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev''; Kuwaping a sowal:'''米哈伊爾·謝爾蓋耶維奇·戈巴契夫)''' macekiw to ko masamaamaanay a ka’intelan to Rosiya, ira to ko pisaharateng no Ukolan a tamdaw to sapisiikedaw nani Rosiya. === '''Iikor na misiiked''' (烏克蘭獨立後) === 1990 miheca saka 7 folad saka16 romi’ad, matalahekal no pikaykian no Ukolan kitakit ko《Tatapangan Salongoc no Ukolan a Pilekal》. 1991 miheca saka8 folad saka24 romi’ad, matekop ko Solin Patatekoan Kitakit, oya mikapotay i Solin a 15 kitakit alasiikeiked sato, o pikaykian no Ukolan kitakit tangsolsol sa a milekal to《Ukolan misiiked a lekal》. Tona miheca saka 12 folad saka 1 romi’ad, mihai ko tamdaw no Ukolan nami kapolongan pitopa, laheci sato miliyas to Solin misiiked, falicen ko ngangan no kitakit to Ukolan Kapolongan Kitakit, 337 ko mihecaan ta malaheci ko kapisiiked, tona romi’ad tomireng malacongton ci Liangnito ( Ukolan a sowal:''Леонід Макарович Кравчук''; Kuwaping a sowal:列昂尼德·馬卡羅維奇·克拉夫丘克) o sa’ayaway a congtong ko cingra. [[Faylo:Volodymyr_Zelensky_Official_portrait_(cropped).jpg|縮圖|Cilinski congtong (Volodymyr Zelensky Official portrait)]] 1996 miheca matongko ko fa’elohay a kimpo, o Tatapangan Salongoc, Misiiked ato nikafinawlan a kitakit sa ko pisetek i tilid, falicen ho ko ngangan no kitakit to Ukolan.2004 miheca, misinkiw to congtong ci Yusinko(Ukolan a sowal:''Віктор Андрійович Ющенко;''Kuwaping a sowal:維克多·安德烈耶維奇·尤申科) pakaala to 52% a satopa maala malacongtong. I 2013 miheca saka 11 folad o mitadipiay to Yoropa a kasafelaw satapang a mikangi to sifo,[6] to cila a miheca i 2014, sakaira ko lolol Kolimiya Pecihan Kanatal,[7] [8] [9] matekop ko misawidangay to Rosiya sifo ni Yanukowici (Rosiya a sowal:''Виктор Фёдорович Янукович''; Ukolan a sowal:''Віктор Федорович Янукович;''Kuwaping a sowal:維克托·費奧多羅維奇·亞努科維奇), o misawidanay to Yoropa to ko mikowanay to Ukolan. 2014 miheca ’eco han to no Rosiya a patateko ko Kolimiya i Rosiya. 2019 miheca saka 4 folad saka 21 romi’ad oya misifayay i tilifi ci maala ni( Ukolan a sowal: ''Володимир Зеленський'';Roma a tilid: ''[[Volodymyr Zelensky]];'' Kuwaping a sowal:弗拉迪米爾·亞歷山德羅維奇·澤倫斯基) pakaala to 70% a sayopa maala malacongtong.[10] === '''Faco no sici'''(政治制度) === O Ukolan a kitakit midamakay to Toloay ko Kasasiiked no Sakowan 'Icel, oranan i, o misanga’ay to rikec, misawkitay ato matayalay kona toloay kasasiked no ’icel a matayal. O kimpo ko pado’edoan no kalosakowan to tayal, nilalangan ko micowatay to demak no roma a sakowan. O congtong ko Sakakaay Kakeridan no kitakit, Sakakaay Lata o misanga’ay to rikec,[11] citodongay to tayal no kitakit o Sakakaay Sifo, mitengil to sowal no congtong. Cecayay ko Pikaykian no Kitakit, o Sakakaay Lata konini, o miketonay a misang’ to rikec no kitakit, o mihaian no rikec ira ko 450 ko tamdaw no kiing, o kalotamdaw ko mitopaay a misinkiw, sepat miheca ko kalakiingan. O sinkiw no congtong o kalotamdaw misimedan ko ngangan a mitopa, 5 miheca ko katayalan no congtong, milalangan to cilafas to tosa riyad a malacongtong(10 miheca).o kakeridan no sifo o congtong ko panganganay, mahai no Lata nga’ manga’ay malacongli.[12] [[Faylo:Viktor_Yanukovych_(01910428)_(cropped).jpg|縮圖|Viktor Yanukovych (01910428) (cropped)]] O Ukolan mihaian no rikec ko adihayay a centang, o mipanganganay i pisawkitan ira ko 349 ko kasasiromaroma a kasarekarekad. === '''Larengatan no rawraw no sici'''('''政局動盪''') === ==== '''2004-2005 miheca a sanokoltoay cengel a nipalolol.'''(橙色革命) ==== (Ukolan a sowal:''Помаранчева революція''; Kuwaping a sowal:橙色革命又譯'''栗子花革命'''), itiya ira ko sinkiw no congtong, o kakeridan no 「Nomita a Ukolan」(Ukolan a sowal: ''Наша Україна'') sanany a Rekad(tang) ci Wikoto Antoriyiwici Yusinko(Ukolan a sowal:''Віктор Андрійович Ющенко)''mipacoli toiraay ko milipaysoay tona sinkiw sanay a pakokot a mopakarat,sakakinatolo a miliyaw mitopa lahecai sato a maala malacongtong no Ukolan. Yo malacongtong ci Yusinko mikiteked tono niyah finacadan to demak,palalak saan a pafeli to finawlan to payso no sifo, ora sako ka’emed to ko payso macakat a ’atekak ko maamaan a dafong, itira to ko ka serer no ’orip no tamtamdaw. Roma sato i, ona sifo cilacila macacoli ko malatapangay, mangalefay ko mitao’ay to kitakit a「Nomita a Ukolan」a tang ato Malekateapay ni Yuliya Timosinko marari’ari’ang, o Tapang tono sifo ci Yuliya mapaci’eci a mapalasawad ko kamaro’an i sifo. Itiya sato i 2006 miheca a pisinkiw to iing no Pikaykian no Kitakit oya misawidangay to Sa’etipay Lekatep malowid, o misawidangay to to Rosiya ci Wikoto Fiawtorowici Yanukowici (Rosiya a sowal: ''Виктор Фёдорович Янукович;'' Ukolan a sowal: Віктор Федорович Янукович; Kuwaping a sowal: 維克托·費奧多羅維奇·亞努科維奇) ko maalaay malacongtong a miliyaw. 2013 miheca o patalaw a mikangyi(toker)to sifo ko misawidangay to Sa’etipay Kitakit, oya sato o misawidangay to Rosiya a congtong ci Yanukowici paterep han to ningra ko Kakaketonan no Paifaloco’ay Kali’aca ato Sa’etipay Kitakit, misa’icel ato Rosiya a mapapadang. Oya sato mitadipiay to Sa’etipay Kitakit a kasafelaw a tamdaw,misaopo to to finawlan a mipacoli mitoker to sifo.[13] [[Faylo:Normandy_format_talks_in_Minsk_(February_2015)_03.jpeg|縮圖|O Tapang no Ukolan, Rosiya, Toic ato Fransu (Normandy format talks in Minsk (February 2015) 03)]] 2014 miheca saka 2 folad saka 22 romi’ad,mangalef to ko larawraw sato ko ’edef no kitakit,mapalasawad to ko kamaro’an ni Yanukowici laliw sato a tara Rosiya madipot no Rosiya. Lalowadan no rawraw konini. ==== '''2014 miheca o karawrawan no Kolimiya Pecihan Kanatal(2014年克里米亞危機)''' ==== O maro’ay i Kolimiya kanatal a tamdaw i, o Rosiya ko ’alomanay ora sa ka mikiRosiyaay ko faloco’ no tamtamdaw, yo malaplap no Ukolan ko misawidangay a congtong ci Yanukowici,sowal sato ko congtong no Rosiya:「misaharateng to kita to sapipanokayaw to Kolimiya patatiko tayni i Rosiya」saan. Tona miheca saka 2 folad saka 27 romi’ad o citapodoay a sofitay mi’eco to Sakakaay Pikaykian no Kitakit, maaro’ ko tadamaanay a kaitiraan no Kolimiya, orasaka, ma’emin sato no Rosiya a mapa’eker ko Kolimiya. Tona miheca saka 3 folad saka16 romi’ad midemak to Kapolongan Pitopa(全民公投) no polong tamdaw no Kolimiya,mahaop ko 96.77% ko mihaydaay to sapitekkoaw i Rosiya,laheci sato ko pilekal patireng to Kolimiya Kapolongan Kitakit.[14][15][16][17] Nikawrira,o Yoropa Lekatep, Kanata, Dipon ato Amirika o caay ka tatodong i rikec konini a kapolongan pitopa saan,[18] [19] ==== '''2022 karawraw i Ukolan''' ==== Itiya 2015 miheca matatilid to kakaketonan tilid ko Ukolan, Rosiya, Toic ato Fransu to Fa’elohay Kakaketona i Misko(Ikiris sowal:''Minsk II''；Kuwaping sowal:《新明斯克協議》), to saka caaw ka ngalef ko saso’iring a malalood. I 2022 miheca saka 2 folad saka 22 romi’ad mihai ko congtong no Rosiya ci Putin to pisiiked nani Ukolan ko ikawaliay a sakowan no Ukolan o Tonicuko(Ukolan sowal:''Донецьк''; Kuwaping a sowal:頓內次克) ato Rokansko(Rosiya a sowal:''Луганская народная республика; Kuwaping a sowal:''盧干斯克人民共和國), ocoren ni Putin ko sofitay no Rosiya tayra tona tosa a sakowan a midipot.[[Ukraine#%20ftn1|[20]]] Tahira sato i 2022 miheca saka 2 folad saka 22 romi’ad saso’eli’elin[[Ukraine#%20ftn2|[21]]] sato ko pilood ni Putin to Ukolan. == Tahapinangan Tilid(註腳) == [[Ukraine#%20ftnref1|[1]]] Ukraine :: History – Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Britannica.com. [2011-10-31]. （原始內容存檔於2014-10-14）. [[Ukraine#%20ftnref2|[2]]] Activities of the Member States – Ukraine. United Nations. [2011-01-17]. （原始內容存檔於2011-05-03）. [[Ukraine#%20ftnref3|[3]]] Macroeconomic Indicators. National Bank of Ukraine. [2007-12-16]. （原始內容存檔於2007-10-21）. [[Ukraine#%20ftnref4|[4]]] Ukraine becomes world's third biggest grain exporter in 2011 – minister. Blackseagrain.net. [2012-08-25]. （原始內容存檔於2013-01-21）. [5] З Енциклопедії Українознавства; Назва "Україна". Litopys.org.ua. [2011-10-31]. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-11）. [6] Yanukovych: The man who sparks revolution in Ukraine. Yahoo! News. Agence France-Presse. 2014-02-20 [2014-03-07]. （原始內容存檔於2008-12-01）. [7] Damien McElroy. Ukraine revolution: live – Ukraine's president has disappeared as world awakes to the aftermath of a revolution. The Daily Telegraph. 2014-02-23 [2014-03-04]. （原始內容存檔於2014-02-24）. [8] Ukraine conflict: Tymoshenko speech ends historic day of revolution. BBC News. 2014-02-22 [2014-03-04]. （原始內容存檔於2017-02-13） [9] Neil Buckley and Roman Olearchyk. Yanukovich toppled in new Ukrainian revolution. Financial Times. 2014-02-22 [2014-03-04]. （原始內容存檔於2015-06-24）. [10] 乌克兰大选：喜剧演员泽连斯基高票胜出. BBC News 中文. [2022-02-27]. （原始內容存檔於2022-02-27） '''（中文（簡體））'''. [11] 「會議」在烏克蘭語中為「Рада」，音譯「拉達」，在俄語中為「Совет」，音譯「蘇維埃」，「拉達」與「蘇維埃」實際上是同一個意思。2008年9月之前，中華人民共和國政府將「烏克蘭議會」譯成「烏克蘭最高蘇維埃」，從2008年9月4日起，中華人民共和國政府按照烏克蘭官方人士的意見將「烏克蘭議會」譯成「烏克蘭最高拉達」，參見 <nowiki>http://news.xinhuanet.com/ziliao/2007-07/26/content_6432574.htm</nowiki> （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） [12] General Articles about Ukraine. Government Portal. [2007-12-24]. （原始內容存檔於2008-01-20）. [13] 烏克蘭十萬人抗議政府延遲加入歐盟. 亞太日報. 2013-11-26 [2014-01-27]. （原始內容存檔於2014-02-03） '''（中文（繁體））''' [14] Crimea referendum: Voters 'back Russia union'. BBC News. 2014-03-16 [2022-03-04]. （原始內容存檔於2018-06-17） [15] Crimeans vote over 90 percent to quit Ukraine for Russia. Reuters. 2014-03-16 [2022-03-04]. （原始內容存檔於2022-03-04）. [16] Crimea 'votes to rejoin Russia' after controversial poll. ITV. 2014-03-16 [2017-11-26]. （原始內容存檔於2022-03-05）. [17] Crimea applies to be part of Russian Federation after vote to leave Ukraine. The Guardian. 2014-03-17 [2022-03-04]. （原始內容存檔於2014-03-17） [18] Crimea referendum: Voters 'back Russia union'. BBC News. 2014-03-16 [2022-03-04]. （原始內容存檔於2018-06-17）. [19] Japan does not recognise Crimea vote – govt spokesman. Reuters. 2014-03-17 [2022-03-04]. （原始內容存檔於2022-03-05）. [[Ukraine#%20ftnref1|[20]]] Putin orders Russian troops to Ukraine after recognising breakaway regions. [2022-02-22]. （原始內容存檔於2022-02-21）. [[Ukraine#%20ftnref2|[21]]] 联大通过决议要求俄罗斯立即从乌克兰撤军. 聯合國新聞. 2022-03-02 [2022-03-05]. （原始內容存檔於2022-03-03） （中文（簡體））. == Kakafitan i Papotal(外部連接) == * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] qzzjxhegwxc64sodc0hy61qjfr0x3vl 0 1334 26865 26864 2021-10-28T12:54:51Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 15 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 26864 wikitext text/x-wiki Ulaljuc（泰武/吾拉魯滋部落） Itiniay i Taiwu Cen no Pingtung ko Ulaljuc a niyaro’, 225 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 915 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 98% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 896 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 2% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 19 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Paiwan95%, Bunun1%, roma2%. Ira ko picodadan(泰武國小) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(內埔分局忠孝派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(泰武村衛生室) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] nxw9ewbq5qhatohvw5qf5j37ymmsjq4 0 1335 38826 38825 2023-06-30T01:17:51Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38826 wikitext text/x-wiki Ulay（烏來部落） Itiniay i [[Wulai]] Cen no [[New Taipei City]] ko Ulay a niyaro’, 871 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 2,734 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 41% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 1,130 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 59% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 1,604 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Tayal]]37%, [[Amis]]2%, [[Bunun]]1%, [[Paiwan]]1%. Ira ko picodadan(烏來國小、烏來國中、新北市圖書館烏來分館) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(新店分局忠治派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko Kiwkay(烏來天主堂) i niyaro’. Ulay（烏來部落） Itiniay i [[Jianshi]] Cen no [[Hsinchu]] ko Ulay a niyaro’, 45 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 210 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 97% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 204 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 3% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 6 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Tayal]]95%, [[Bunun]]1%, [[Saysiyat]]0.5%, roma0.5%. Ira ko Kiwkay(台灣基督長老教會馬里光教會) i niyaro’. Ulay（清泉部落） Itiniay i [[Wufeng]] Cen no [[Hsinchu]] ko Ulay a niyaro’, 189 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 511 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 92% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 468 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 8% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 43 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Tayal]]86%, [[Saysiyat]]3%, roma2%. Ira ko picodadan(桃山國小、桃山國小附幼) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(竹東分局清泉派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko Kiwkay(真耶穌教會清泉教會、清泉天主堂) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 4lxrnsb0n3ese3vssyhfbtugli3vub2 0 1336 26916 26915 2021-10-28T12:54:57Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 13 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 26915 wikitext text/x-wiki Ulivelivek（初鹿部落） Itiniay i Beinan Cen no Taitung ko Ulivelivek a niyaro’, 97 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 302 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 67% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 202 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 33% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 100 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Puyuma62%, Amis2%, Bunun1%, roma1%. Ira ko picodadan(卑南圖書館) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(初鹿村衛生室) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] rad15duhg9z9npnl1ruktiorx71e1a5 0 1337 26925 26924 2021-10-28T12:54:59Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 8 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 26924 wikitext text/x-wiki United arab emirates（阿拉伯聯合大公國） [[Faylo:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg|thumb|Flag of United Arab Emirates|alt=Flag of United Arab Emirates]] [[Faylo:United Arab Emirates (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Location of  United Arab Emirates  (green)in the Arabian Peninsula  (white)]] Itini i 24 00 N, 54 00 E, noAsiya ko [[United arab emirates]]. Polong no sekalay i 83,600 sq km “saka 115 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 83,600 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 0 sq km ” Polong i 5,927,482 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen a sera 4.60%, Malo no kilakilangan a sera 0.038, malo no roma to a sera 91.60%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Abu Dhabi]] ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakatosa ko safaw 2 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci [[Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan]], patirengan a romi’ad i 2004 a miheca saka 11 folad saka 3 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] l5a97zz8upkx7dzzyh0f25bqreiu6y3 0 1338 44369 39217 2024-08-30T19:03:40Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 縮圖 44369 wikitext text/x-wiki United kingdom（英國） [[Faylo:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|縮圖|Hata no Inko|alt=A flag featuring both cross and saltire in red, white and blue]] [[Faylo:Europe-UK.svg|縮圖|Location of the  United Kingdom  (dark green)– in Europe  (green & dark grey)– in the European Union  (green)]] Itini i 54 00 N, 2 00 W, noYoropi ko United Kingdom. Polong no sekalay i 243,610 sq km “saka 80 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 241,930 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 1,680 sq km ” Polong i 64,430,428 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen a sera 71%, Malo no kilakilangan a sera 11.90%, malo no roma to a sera 17.10%. siyoto(首都) O [[London]] ko Siyoto. O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci [[Charles III]], patirengan a romi’ad i 2022 Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Kitakit]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Yoropa]] 88w9269g8pfce7c0b9nr8qg46iqphms 0 1339 45428 39273 2025-01-16T10:03:33Z 2A02:8308:210:5D00:3951:133A:D904:7289 /* Pinengnengan tilid. (參考文獻) */+s 45428 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Flag of the United States.svg|縮圖|Hata no Amilika]] == Amilika (美國) == Nipatatekoan a kitakit a Amilika (Inkiris: The United States of America、U.S.A.、 United States、U.S.), sakamoko’ (America), [[ka’amisay Amilika]] a kanatal o nipatatekoan a kitakit, aniniay a saki’emelay a dengan kitakit[<ref>CBS news. Putin: Russia respects U.S. as world's "only superpower". CBS news. CBS news. [2021-12-08]. （原始內容存檔於2022-02-27）.</ref>, laenoay 50 ko kanatal patongal to nipatatekoan sifo i Washington no Colombia tadamaanay niyaro’, ira ko 5 a miliyasay a misiikeday a ser ato pinapina a papotalay palapalaan sakapot<ref>五個自治領土指美屬薩摩亞、關島、北馬里亞納群島、波多黎各和美屬維京群島。另有11個無常住人口的島：貝克島、豪蘭島、賈維斯島、強斯頓環礁、金曼礁、中途島和巴美拉環礁。美國關於巴霍努埃沃淺灘、納弗沙島、塞拉尼拉淺灘和威克島的領土主權存在爭議</ref>. O sera no kitakit ira ko 9,833,520 pinfang kongli (3,796,740 pnfang inli) <ref>Bureau, US Census. New Vintage 2021 Population Estimates Available for the Nation, States and Puerto Rico. Census.gov. [2022-01-02]. （原始內容存檔於2021-12-21）.</ref>, sakatosa a ka’amisay no Amilika (ikor no Kanata), o saka tolo ano eca saka sepat[<ref>The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. [2019-03-01]. （原始內容存檔於2014-02-09）.</ref>. Tangasa i 2020 mihecaan, o tamdaw no Amilka ira ko 3.3 walwalan ko adihay<ref>Population Clock. United States Census Bureau. [2019-03-01]. （原始內容存檔於2015-11-17）.</ref>, saka tolo no hekay ta’akay kitakit<ref>U.S. Census Bureau Current Population. U.S. Census Bureau. [2019-03-01]. （原始內容存檔於2019-03-02）.</ref><ref>Bureau, US Census. Improved Race and Ethnicity Measures Reveal U.S. Population Is Much More Multiracial. The United States Census Bureau. [2021-09-28]. （原始內容存檔於2021-10-21） '''（美國英語）'''.</ref>, saadihayay tamdaw a cemahaday to a kitakit. [[Faylo:USA orthographic.svg|縮圖|Kaitiraan]] O Amilika ato roma kaetipay a kitakit, halo Kanata, Austaliya, Niwsilan, malecaday ko nai kaicowaay no hekal mafolaway, o kasasiromaromaay a finawlan ato ponka a kitakit<ref>Adams, J.Q.; Strother-Adams, Pearlie (2001). ''Dealing with Diversity''. Chicago: Kendall/Hunt. <nowiki>ISBN 0-7872-8145-X</nowiki>.</ref>, ira ko “masaparoday a finacadan” ko pangangan. O sera no Amilika masasiroma ato kasasifodan ko kafalifalic no romi’ad, malengaw ko kasasiromaroma i tarapatan molengaway, o kasahirahiraay ko a ’a’adopen malengway a salaloma’an[23]. O Amilika ato roma kaetipay a kitakit, halo Kanata, Austaliya, Niwsilan, malecaday ko nai kaicowaay no hekal mafolaway, o kasasiromaromaay a finawlan ato ponka a kitakit[22], ira ko “masaparoday a finacadan” ko pangangan. O sera no Amilika masasiroma ato kasasifodan ko kafalifalic no romi’ad, malengaw ko kasasiromaroma i tarapatan molengaway, o kasahirahiraay ko a ’a’adopen malengway a salaloma’an<ref>Wildlife Library. National Wildlife Federation. [2014-12-23]. （原始內容存檔於2016-11-08）.</ref>. O Amilika ato roma kaetipay a kitakit, halo Kanata, Austaliya, Niwsilan, malecaday ko nai kaicowaay no hekal mafolaway, o kasasiromaromaay a finawlan ato ponka a kitakit<ref>Adams, J.Q.; Strother-Adams, Pearlie (2001). ''Dealing with Diversity''. Chicago: Kendall/Hunt. <nowiki>ISBN 0-7872-8145-X</nowiki>.</ref>, ira ko “masaparoday a finacadan” ko pangangan. O sera no Amilika masasiroma ato kasasifodan ko kafalifalic no romi’ad, malengaw ko kasasiromaroma i tarapatan molengaway, o kasahirahiraay ko a ’a’adopen malengway a salaloma’an<ref>Wildlife Library. National Wildlife Federation. [2014-12-23]. （原始內容存檔於2016-11-08）.</ref>.I 19 sici miteka ko Amilika na misiiked nai Inkiris ko picalap a kitakit misitapang pasayra i kaetip micomod ato pasipapotal micowat, Amilika a nipatatekoan kitakit a sifo ’ayaw ikor 1803 miheca ato 1819 miheca kanatosa mi’aca to sera, kasasowal to Sakakaay a Micowatay no Ikiris Hontian Kitakit, mipidah to Mexico ato mitofok mipatay paci’eci papilinah to yincumin a maala ko ka’amisan konis 49˚ katimol, Grande ’alo ka’amisay a polong a sera, nai Russia a Hontian Kitakit ma’aca ko Alaska. [[Faylo:IJzeren voetring voor gevangenen transparent background.png|縮圖|Palakoliay-faco no Amilika]] Nanoyaan dado’edo sa ko fa^elohay patireng to naomacalapay kitakit misingsi to pikapot to Amilika a nipatatekoan a kitakit, kasamatira a mahayda ko micowat to sera a fa^elohay kanatal, tangasa 1848 mihecaan o paseraan no Amilika malakec to ko ka’amsay Amilika a hekal<ref>Carlisle, Rodney P.; Golson, J. Geoffrey. Manifest Destiny and the Expansion of America. Turning Points in History Series. ABC-CLIO. 2007: 238. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-85109-833-0</nowiki>.</ref>. I 19 sici ikoran, katimolay no Amilika pitoay mihopeday to nifadesan tamdaw a kanatal mihapiw to sakapiliyasaw to nipatatekoan a misiiked mipatireng to malekatep kitakit a Amilika, nanoya ira ko laloma'ay no Kitakit a lalood, ikor i pikowan ni Lincoln a mikerid to nipatatekoan a kitakit sifo i pifolaw maliyaw malekapot, itiya mapalasawad to ko pipadesay to tamdaw a rikec([https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B8%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6 Palakoliay-Faco])<ref>The Civil War and emancipation 1861–1865. Africans in America. Boston, Massachusetts: WGBH Educational Foundation. 1999 [2016-09-06]. （原始內容存檔於1999-10-12）.</ref><ref>Britannica Educational Publishing. Wallenfeldt, Jeffrey H. , 編. The American Civil War and Reconstruction: People, Politics, and Power. America at War. Rosen Publishing Group. 2009: 264. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-61530-045-7</nowiki>.</ref> Teloc no 19 sici, nayaten n Amilika ko sakowan to sera tayra i Taypinyang no Hawai, I saka tosa a falicen to kikai ko sakatayal picikerohan miteka misa’ekimay a to’ek ato misaadahiay a to’ek a kacomahadan<ref>Work in the Late 19th Century. Library of Congress. [2015-01-16]. （原始內容存檔於2015-01-06）.</ref>. Matatorod pakalowid to kalalood no ka’etipay no Amilika, saka Amilika sakipapotalay mikiharan mata’elif ko mo niyah, o ’icel no Amilika micomod tayra i Caribbean riyar ato ka’etip Taypinyang. [[Faylo:Aldrin Apollo 11.jpg|縮圖|Apolo 11]] Micomod to i 20 sici i, o Amilika i ikor no saka 1 kalalood a pikihatiyaan itiya mapatireng ko tatodong no ’icel no sofitay to sakihekalan. Paherek to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%92%86%E5%93%AE%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3 20 mihecaan ko pi’owang], o Amilika i 1930 miheca misi’ayaw to karawrawan no kicay, i saka 2 kalalood nohekal pakalowid k Amilika itiya a saranikay sato malasatadamaanay a kitakit. Mala o lekapot no lalimaay no sakapot i Linhoko, o Amilika cihenengay a kitakit, o sa’ayaway no hekal pakasanga’ay to heneng a sahadfek, dengan mikihatiyaay kalaloodan a kitakit<ref>CBS news. Putin: Russia respects U.S. as world's "only superpower". CBS news. CBS news. [2021-12-08]. （原始內容存檔於2022-02-27）.</ref>. Ikor no saka 2 kalaloodan amilika ato Russia pakayni i kasasiroma no nihiratengan ato kaitiraan nosici a malalifet i pinaay mo^etep miheheca ko ki’etecay a lalood, i kasasi’ayawan to sakikakarayanay kalalifetan sakalaheci manga’ay no tamdaw sa’ayaway tayra i folad halaka. I 20 sici a 90 mihecaan malopisak to ko Russia i, masowal to o saki’emelay to a kitakit i hekal[.<ref>CBS news. Putin: Russia respects U.S. as world's "only superpower". CBS news. CBS news. [2021-12-08]. （原始內容存檔於2022-02-27）.</ref> O Amilika nai 19 sici telocan miteka osata’akay i hekal no kicayan<ref>Digital History; Steven Mintz. Digital History. Digitalhistory.uh.edu. [2012-04-21]. （原始內容存檔於2004-03-02）.</ref>, tahatini o pido’edoan i polong no cikiw a kicay, sakisofitay, kiwiko<ref>Global Firepower. 2021 Military Strength Ranking. Global Firepower. [2021-12-08]. （原始內容存檔於2021-03-21）.</ref>, pkingkiw to kakak<ref>QS Top Universities. The World's Top 100 Universities. QS Top Universities. [2021-12-08]. （原始內容存檔於2022-02-27）.</ref>, kakarayan a kakak pikingkiw<ref>World Population Review. Countries With Space Programs 2021. World Population Review. [2021-12-08]. （原始內容存檔於2022-02-27）.</ref> ato isingan fana’ <ref>areppim AG, Switzerland. Global Ranking of Academic Subjects 2019 Medical Technology. areppim AG, Switzerland. [2021-12-08]. （原始內容存檔於2021-12-10）.</ref> a sakiemelay kitakit. O Amilika ko takaraway kalaliacaan kitakit, sata’akay micomoday nohekal ato saka tosa a pasadakay to dafong a kitakit<ref>Leading import countries worldwide in 2017 (in billion U.S. dollars). Statiska. [2019-03-01]. （原始內容存檔於2019-03-02）.</ref><ref>Leading export countries worldwide in 2017 (in billion U.S. dollars). Statiska. [2019-03-01]. （原始內容存檔於2019-03-31）.</ref>, o sakacecay Kapolongan a Nitayalan 'Epoc Ilaloma' no kitakit mido’edo tokasakitakit a payso, o paka’acaay dafong i o sakatosa. I finawlan a sakinaira<ref>Average annual wages, 2013 USD PPPs and 2013 constant prices. OECD. [2016-04-30]. （原始內容存檔於2016-05-05）.</ref>, sakacowat no tamdaw, Kapolongan a Nitayalan 'Epoc Ilaloma' no tamdaw ato misanga’ay no tamdaw<ref>U.S. Workers World's Most Productive. CBS News. 2009-02-11 [2013-04-23]. （原始內容存檔於2013-10-02）.</ref> citodong to saki syakay kicay a pahapinang kacitodongan, malo kakeridan no hekal ko Amilika. Mocomod to ikoray no kikay ko sakatayal a to’ek ko kicay no Amilika, mipatadoay a tayal mihaop to todong no kicay, malasa’ayaway no hekal. Lahecadsa, o misanga’ay to kalomaan hatira ko dadahal, saka tosa i hekal<ref>Manufacturing, Jobs and the U.S. Economy. Alliance for American Manufacturing. 2013 [2016-09-06]. （原始內容存檔於2015-07-07）.</ref>. Mihaop to 4.4% tamdaw no hakal ko Amilika<ref>U.S. and World Population Clock. United States Census Bureau. [2016-07-11]. （原始內容存檔於2016-07-07）.</ref> patadamaan to sepatay no cecay (4/1) to Kapolongan a Nitayalan 'Epoc Ilaloma' no kitakit ato toloay no cecay (3/1) masadakay i polong no cikiw to sakisofitay<ref>Trends in world military expenditure, 2013. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. April 2014 [2014-04-14]. （原始內容存檔於2015-01-04）.</ref>, oni saki kicay ato sofitay saheto o satadamaanay to no hekal. O Amilika to sakisici atoponka a cecay kahapinangan nohekal o ci’icelay kitakit, i pikingkiw to kakak ato nifana’an mahaop malo o kakeridan no hakal<ref>Cohen, 2004: History and the Hyperpower BBC, April 2008: Country Profile: United States of America</ref>. O Amilika o Linhoko, kingkonohekal, kasakitakit a payso a kiking sacefang, kasacefang no Amilika pa’ayaway a cefang ato kaitiraan a songto ko Amilika, i kasakitakit a demakan miheop to sakasasowal. [[Faylo:Gilbert Stuart Williamstown Portrait of George Washington.jpg|縮圖|Sakacecay congtong ci Cyoci-Huasintong]] == Ngangan no kitakit (國名) == === No Inkiris ngangan (英文名) === “The United States” onini a ngangan o lecok no Amilika ato so’elinay a pipangangan, sa’ayaway manengneng i misiiked a rotoh ato kimpo no Amilika (Constitution of the United States), I sakowan, misilsil ko kitakit to sasowalen to Amilika i, o pakaynian to sasowalan. Sa’ayaw o nairaan, tinako “The United States are” (nairaan kapolongan lekatep a), halo 1856 miheca nihaydaan dademaken a “kimpo no Amilika” saka 13 liyad nifalican ang. tangasa i paherek no laloma'ay no Kitakit a lalood no Amilika, itiya a niira “The United States is” (niira kapolongan lekatep a). anini niira sanay to salongan[47][48], sakamoko’ ko pitahidang U.S.. “United States of America”, nai ci John Dickinson mitiliday i 1776 miheca 6 folad 17 romi’ad a nipatatekoan a kitakit a kasatisil saka tosa a pa’ayaw tilid masadak[49], sakamoto’ tilid misakamoko’ U.S.A.. patodong to norikec a sakowan a pangangan, caay to kamatiya no US ko dadahal kananam. Talacowa tina tosaay manga’ayay to demaken, nika ira to ko sakacitodongan pidemak, USA sa’adihayay pidemak itiniay i onto a kalalifetan. Tinako i tilifi pahapinang to milifetay no kitakit a fayfay o ISO ko marocekay, misakamoto’ U.S.A., Amilika caay ka dengan koni, mitilid to kasatelek no Amilika sa’ayaway masadakay a taypiaw no citodongay a ngangan “United States of America”. Roma a sakamoto’ “America” (Amilika), I 1507 miheca, nai Germany micokaay ci Martin Wasemuller nisanga’an “o palapalaan no hekal”, Amilika kanatal sa’ayaw i coka no hekal mapatilid to “America” [50]. Nawhani misolapay no Itali ci Amerigo Vespucci paini tina ta’akay sera o fa^elohay caay ko nano itiyaay a na Columbus a nisowalan tiya kawaliay no Asiya. O Amilika nai Amilika kanatal a cingangan. I Inkiris a sowal, Amilika ato Milikan malecaday to “America”, o pifalic ko kasasiroma, ’ayaway pitoro’ to Amilika kanatal, ikoray pitoro’ to U.S. [51][52]. “Columbia (kolompiya)” o nanaman pangangan to Amilika, o nai ci Columbusan, pinapina a demakan no Amilika tangasa anini o nian “Columbia” ko pangangan, tinako Washington Columbia tadaniyaro’, Columbia paratohay kosi, South Carolina maci Columbia[53]. == Likisi (歷史) == [[Faylo:Columbus Taking Possession.jpg|縮圖|252x252像素|1492miheca sa'ayaway miripa ci Kolonpo]] Mi’o’ot mikikiway pahapinang, ’ayaway ni Yis to 5 ’ofad mihecaan miteka masadak ko tamdaw i Amilika. Orira ato tamdaw malecad a masadak i Dipong ato Scandinavia a romi’ad. I ’ayaw no kairaan no tamdaw malinah nai Asiya ato Europe. O karomakatan no tamdaw nai salongan i ’ayaw 1.4 ’ofad tangasa 1.1 ’ofad mihecaan. Ikor masa o yincumin no Amilka[59]. I 1492 miheca 10 folad 12 romi’ad, i no Spain fafahiyan hongti a nitoka’an, ci Columbus tahira i Bahamas palapalaan a San Salvador pala[59]. I 1493 miheca, ci Columbus itira i aniniay a Santo Domingo patireng to saka cecay a nicingcingan no Spain[59]. Ka’amisay Amilika kanatal a yincumin sarakat mihamham parono mipadang to mafalaway finawlan, nikawrira matokinihay aca o nipicingcingan a mipatay, milaplap ato mifades, nanoyaan miteka ko yincumin a macingcing[60]. I 1607 miheca, itira i London a Virginia kosi i ka’amis Amilika Chesapeake Bay a James niyaro’ patireng to no Inkiris saka cecay nicingcingan[59]. Ikor, Inkiris i ka’amis Amilika Tasiyang lilis no riyar a kawali ka’amisay ato sasifo’an dado’edo patireng to picingcingan. I 1624 miheca, Netherlands (Holand) i Hudson ’alo patireng to picingcingan – New Netherlands, naitiya to ikor pinapina polo’ mihecaan misakakahad tayra i Connecticut ato Delaware ’alo[59]. I 1652 miheca tangasa 1675 miheca, Inkiris ato Netherlands kinatolo a malalood, ikor nanoya miliyas ko Netherlands to ka’amis Amilka, itiya matafad no Inkiris ko New Netherlands pado’edo micowat to picingcingan. Tangasa 1775 miheca, ’ayaw no kalalood to pisiiked no Amilka, o Inkiris i ka’amis Amilika Tasiyang a lilis no riyar aniniay Amilika laloma’ tiya a mipatirengan to 13 a nicingcingan (New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina ato Georgia) [60]. === Siiked ato picowat (獨立與擴張) === [[Faylo:Declaration of Independence (1819), by John Trumbull.jpg|縮圖|254x254像素|Matatilid ko micowatay ]] I 1760 mihecaan ato 1770 mihecaan, 13 ko ka’amisay Amilika nicingcingan ato Inkiris a masasirimok, saka i 1774 miheca ato 1775 miheca madado’edoay a kasasiwtoc. Pikihatiya no 13 a no macingcingay taypiaw to saka 2 lekad lalan a kalomaocan i 1776 miheca 7 folad 4 romi’ad masasitilid “paratoh pisiiked no Amilka”, oya kasasiwtoc mala o pisiiked a lalood, o taypiaw i kalomaocan miketong patireng to lalanay sofitay sapilifet to safitay no Inkiris, ci George Washington ko kakeridan[60]. I 1781 miheca, “kasalekatep a tonekan” ya 13 a nipatatekoan a kitakit mapolong to mihayda, patireng to mido’ocay a kasalekatep. Nano Pppadang no Frence ato Spain, mataneng karorayan to 8 mihecaan sakisiiked a lalood, o saklalan a sofitay paherek ko pipidah to sofitay no Inkiris, itiya o Inkiris i 1783 miheca mitilid to “Paris tatonekan”, songila’ mihayda to 13 a ka’amisay Amilika nicingcingan a missiked. I 1787 mihecaan i Philadelphis a lomaoc, paini to no lekatep mafalic to o nipatatekoan a kitakit i kimpo, I 1789 miheca 6 folad, onini a “Nipatatekoan a kitakit a Amilika” milayap to ko 9 a kanatal ko mitliday to sapisitapang[60]. I 19 sici miteka, o salaloma’an no Amilika miteka ira ko “ono kakarayan a niketonan ko ’orip”, “o nipafelian no kakarayan ko ’orip” mala o pakayraan no sici no Amilika a sowal[61][62], o roma to a sasowalen “o nipili’an no kakarayan” ko Amilika tamdaw sanay to sapisadadahalaw to sera ato ’icel. Nai 1803 miheca tangasa 1848 mheca, o pala no Amilika nai pisiikedan matongal to 3 sainanengan, pafalohang to fa^elohay a Nikapolongan Kitakit o “mamisakakahad to polong no ta;akay sera” sanay a pisafaloco’, pasayra i awaayay ko tolas ko pisadadahal, halo ’ayaw pi’aca to Louisiana micomoday to i laloma’ay a sera[63]. Mahaenay picowat i 1812 miheca a kalaslood itiya malitemoh ko kamoto’ay a safo’ot, nika ranikay nai kalaloodan a paherek a pado’edo ko demak. Nanoya kalaloodan, finawlan no Amilika matongal “nai Tasiyang tayra i Tayang” ko picowat a haratengan, o caayay ko mamafo’ot a ’orip. I 1848 miheca micalap to katimlay maci no Moxico, pakatapi’ i lalood no Amilika Moxico. Mihayda to ko Moxico to Taxas to piteko i Amilika, mikelac to 200 ’ofad pinfang kongli a sera (o malitosaay a sera) pafeli han ko Amilika[64]. Patoror ko sifo no Amilika pasietip ko pipamatang, mapatoror haca to pipalalan to no marar a lalan, itiya adihay ko siwtoc to Intian Yicumin. I 19 sici salepon sofitay no Amilika ato finawlan sofitay kinapinapina sapitekopan to Yincumin no Amilka a demak, tangasa paherekan saki’orip no Yincumin no Amilka[65]. === Sapifades rikec, laloma’an lalood ato kakayan a saniyaro’ (奴隸制、內戰和工業城市化) === Mido’edo tomacowat ato comahad no kitakit, masadak to ko fa^elohay a hahiratengen, ka’amisay citodongay to nipatatekoan a sifo ato katimolay kanatal a sifo itini tosapisopedaw to sapifades ato sakowan no kanatal ira ko kasacirid no demak: ka’amisay kanatal maliyang to sapicowat to mifadesay a telek (caay ko sapiliyang to pifadesay a telek), miliyang to fa^elohay micomod a kanatal to sapifades a talek; okatimol kanatal miliyang to ka’amisay a kanatal to pilalang to matiniay saki’orip, orasaka militadoay to pifades a telek to saka cakat to misatakomoday a kinaira[24]. I 1860 miheca mala congtong ko nikapolongan cefang ci Lincoln Abraham itiya, tata’ak ko kala siwtocan[66], onian o nano ni Lincoln a nikapolongan cefang ko miliyangay to sapicowat to mifadesay a telek. O South Carolina mala sa’ayaway mihapiw to sapiliyas to nipatatekoan a kanatal, tatootoor sato ko 6 a katimolay kanatal sapiliyasan, i 1861 miheca mipatireng to nipatatekoan kitakit a Amilika sapiso’ayaw miliyang to nipatatekoan kitakit a sifo. Caay ho kahalafin ko pipatireng ci Lincoln, ira to ko laloma'ay no Kitakit a lalood, laloma'ay lalood no Amilika i 1865 miheca mapaherek, itiya paherek ko sapifades a telek ato no kanatal ira ko tatodong to sapaliyas to nipatatekoan a kitakit a solongoc sa a kalaliyang. Onini a laloma'ay no kitakit a lalood malacawang no likisi no Amilika, nanoya matongal ko salingoc no nipatatekoan sifo[67], mapatireng ko tatodong no nipatatekoan cefang a mi’emet to sapikowan to Amilika a sici, tangasa i 1933 mihecaan. === I 1902 miheca kawaliay hekal mafolaway no Amilika itira i New York Ellis pala mipatireng to kaysiya, marer a lalan ato kaliomahan (1902年美國東岸的移民在紐約埃利斯島創辦工廠，鐵路和農場) === I laloma'ay no Kitakit a lalood a nicowatan a kaki ato nai Europe ’alomanay mafolaway o saka damso to ’alomanay a matayalay to fa^elohay a kinaira no Amilika, i ’ayaw awaay ko mikiharay mapatireng to ko adihayay niyaro’ ato maci, ranikay macowat ko misanga'ay to dafong no Amilika ato sakapasayra i ci’icelay i kasakitakit. Matatood, o Amilika midemak to katalawan i roma kitakit to sakihongtian, halo kalalood i kaetipay Amilika[68] ikor no pilowid macalap ko Puerto Rico ato Philippine nano Spain a micingcingan i roma kitakit, o saka malaci’icelay no hekal kpo Amilika[60]. === Tosaay kalalood no hekal ato karawrawan no kicay (兩次世界大戰與經濟大恐慌) === Saka cecay kalalood no hekal i 1914 mihecaan miteka, sa’ayaw i kitenokay ko Amilika; nawhani o Germany milalood ko i lalinikay no riyar a tamina mipaleneng to ramakatay tamina no Amilika i Tasiyang (RMS Lusitania), saka’adihay ko mapatayay finawlan no Amilika, maforaw to ko finawlan no Amilika[60]. I saikoray a kalaloodan, o Amilika i 1917 miheca mikapot to kasatatelekan kitakit a miliyang to malekatepay kitakit. Nawhani o likisian a demak, o finawlan no Amilika sini’adaay to Inkiris ato France, talacowa ira ko miliyangay a papinapina no Germany tamdaw ato Ireland tamdaw to pikihatiya[69]. O sakadamaaw no mikadomay ato nipatatekoan a sifo to adihayay a mikadomay i Europe o nian ko sapikihatiya no Amilika malalood. I Amilika nai 1917 miheca ona mikihatiya to lalood, sakilalood ira ko kafalican, saki kasatatelekan kitakit i 1918 mihecaan matapi’ay. Ikor no lalood, calemcemay to pihakitiya to demak no Europe, o Kararemay pikaykian kalomaocan caay pihayda to no kasatatelekan kitakit to pisetek to malekatep kitakit a Versailles tatelek[60]; mafelihay, pasayraay i pakacecayay ko halaka no Amilika. O kalaloodan o sakadoka’ no Inkiris France Germany a kitakit. Nawhani kalalood caay ho kai sera no Amilika, malosakacidafong ato katadamaan no Amilika. Satowitowis han i 1920 mihecaan, o miliomahan a pinaloma alokelong ko ’aca, macakat ko nitayalan a kinaira, saka macowat a cemahad ko kicay no Amilika. O roma sato macakat ko picaliw to payso ato kadom no laliacaan kowat itiniay tina kacomahad no kicay, itiya i 1929 miheca maseri’ ko nikadoman, nanoyaan sa kararawrawan to kicay[60]. Oni a kararawrawan no kicay paherek sato ko pikowan mikerid pinapina mo^etepay miheca to sici no Amilika, o nikapolongan cefang ci Franklin Delano Roosevelt ko macakatay mikowan. O sakatapi’elalaw no kicay, ni Franklin Delano Roosevelt a sifo misafa^eloh to pakayraan no sifo, mitongal a picara ko nipatatekoan sifo to kalaliaca no kicay, nikawrira, o kicay no Amilika tangasa ikor no saka tosa kalaloodan a mapalowad[60]. I 1941 miheca 12 folad 7 romi’ad tona pihokhok no Dipong to Pearl harbor, mikapot ko Amilika miliyang to fascism (Nisatekedan a Mikowan) malekatep a milifet to mi’erecay kitakit. Padoedo a pinapina a kalaloodan malosakatadamaan a likisi no Amilika a kalalood, nikawrira tala’ayaway ato aikoray masanga’ ko adihayay a katayalan, ato no sofitay a misang'ay to lalosidan a sakapalowad ko kinaira nisanga’ay, o sakapasadak i katalawan a kicay no Amilika. Nanoya manga’ay mikihatiya ko fafahiyan no Amilika tina ta’angay katayalan[70]. [[Faylo:Abernathy Children on front line leading the SELMA TO MONTGOMERY MARCH for the RIGHT TO VOTE.JPG|縮圖|247x247像素|Martin Roto hakasi misa'eli to sakalatamdaw]] === ki’etecay a laloodan ato siwtoc no fanacadan (冷戰時期和種族衝突) === Ikor no katapi’ no lalood, Amilika ato Rossia a siwtoc masapinangay, o Amilika taypiaw no micongeday to sihong ca'enot halaka to kicay a kalaliacaan ato sakisici a pakoniraay nikapolongan sakowan, o Russia o taypiaw no micongeday to kisanto ca’enot halaka to kicay ato nisatekedan a mikowan, sakacowat no Russia ato niharatengan ko sakasiwtoc i 1940 mihecaan teloc lalingatoan a ki’etecay a laloodan[60]. Oni tasaay a kitakit i romaroma a sa’etal ato kitakit ko mikotayay to kalalood, halo South Korea lalood, Vietnam lalood, kinalimaay a lalood i Middle East (congtong) ato mangangataay to o heneng ko kalalood a katalawan sapirapot i Cuba, ato Afghanistan a lalood[60]. I nisa’icelan to no Amilika a hikoki no kitakit ato kakarayan congpo, ikor i no Amilika romi’ad i 1969 miheca 7 folad 20 romi’ad sakinacecay malaheci ma’efer ko tamdaw tayra i mipatalafekangan i folad. Oyaan i laloma’ no Amilika, o syakay no Amilika masapinang ko kasasiiked no finacadan, ngalef i no timolan. Nai 1950 mihecaan milingato, oni a misawacoay a rikec malosapilengat na Martin Luther king kakeridan to sakilongoc no finawlan a onto, tahaikor mapalasawad ko katimolay kasakanatal to misiikeday to finacadan a rikec[60], i 1964 mihecaan sakilongoc no finawlan mitelek to paherek to sakicimacimaan to finacadan ato sakicimaan a pisawacoan to tamdaw, halo katayalan ato kiwiko a misawacoay[71]. Talacowa anohatini, o sakifinacadan no Amilika ato caayay kalalen no kicay ira i salaloma’an a waray tangasa anini caayay ka haheci masalof[72]. === Yanaa (當代) === [[Faylo:North face south tower after plane strike 9-11.jpg|縮圖|271x271像素|2001miheca 911 a nisongtolan loma']] Yana a mihecaan i 1970 katalawan to sakisimal sakatararikor no kicay, ci Ronald Reagan i 1980 mihecaan malacongtong, itiya o samato’asay a congtong. I 1980 mihecaan, misa’icel pasikicay picikeroh ni Reagan, saka i 1980 miheca milengato mapalowad ko kicay no Amilika. 1991 miheca o Russia malaliyas ko lekapot, dengan cecay to o Amilka ko sakiemelay kitakit i hekal[60]. Oyanan to ko pipaocor no Amilika to sofitay tayra i roma kitakit milalood, tinako i 1991 mihecaan a lalood i Persian gulf. I 1990 miheca, nawhani pasidigit kafalic ato calay ko misanga’ay to adihayay katayalan ato kicik kafafalic, mataneng to no Amilika ko awaayay ho a kacowat nokicay, fa^elohay a silicon malasatadamaanay to a kinaira no hekal kaitiraan, mahofoc ko matiyaay o Apple kosi ato Google ta’akay sakiratoh kinaira a kosi[76][77]. I satapangan no 21 sici talikeda to 911 a demak, mapasemer ko faloco’ no finawlan no Amilka, sakadadefong no kacacofelan a demak no Amilika mipasatoker to masakakoki’an ca’enot a katalawan ko patonekan[78]. O Amilika sifo milingato mico’ay to sakakoki’an ca’enot lalood ato demak – Afghanistan lalood, i 2001 miheca 10 folad mawarwar ko Taliban sakowan no Afghanistan, ikor toya miheca 12 folad patireng linci sifo ko Afghanistan; haca i 2003 miheca mipalowad to lalood i Iraq, mawarwar ko sakowan ni Saddam Hussein, patireng to linci sifo ko Iraq[79]. Nawhani o Amilika to saki tiniay sifo ikaka ko mitiya a pinangan ato sofitay a ’icelan, o saka rihanaw no finawlan i kaitiraan no sofitay. O Amilika to sakico’ay to sakakoki’an ca’enot i, nawhani kasademak malitemoh ko ka’acekan to pifades to marofoay ato pisailipalaw to finawlan a demak, matiya o pilifades no sofitay no Amilika to marofoay lalaloodan a Iraq, milokes ko sofitay to Koran a codad demak, mifohatan no wiki topipipatay to finawlan no Iraq a filomo (sasing) ato pipatireng no Amilika i kasaicowa no hekal a to’emanay pirofoan, malasaka’iloen no i niyaro’ay finawlan ato kasakitakit[80][81][82]. Nai ikor no 2008 mihecaan, talahenot ko kicay no Amilika to sakinatosa localiw to payso a katalawan, masa matefad ko kicay, i matini lomowaday to a macakat, awaayay ko katayalan tamdaw nai ’akawangay to 10% masereday to. Nikawrira, polong no sakinatosa localiw to payso katalawan saki Amilika o kiemelay kitakit oya: to caay ka ngiyangi. I 2009 miheca 1 folad 20 romi’ad, i likisi no Amilika sa’ayaway nano Afrika tamdaw congtong ci Baraba Obama mihapiw to piptirengan, i 2017 miheca 1 folad misawad. 2017 miheca 1 folad 20 romi’ad, sakato’asay mihecaan congtong no Amilika – itiya 70 miheca ni Downer Trump mihapiw to piptirengan, i 2019 miheca kalifongan to COVID – 19 itiya, mangalef ko kasetol no kicay, macakat ko awaayay katayalan. I 2021 miheca 1 folad 6 romi’ad, micokeray ci Trump mimedok i kalomaocan no Amilika, mirawraw to pisa’osi ato piwacay to paheci no pisingkiw to congtong a citodongay saopo no lomaocan no Amilika[84][85]. 2021 miheca 1 folad 20 romi’ad, 78 mihecaan ni Joe Biden mihapiw to piptirengan, i likisi samato’asay mihecaan no Amilika a ongtong malifet aca. == Palapalaan (地理) == O Amilika itiniay i kaetpay kalitosa no cikiw, nano Amilika, Alaska sa’etal ato Hawaii sa’etal toloay a masakapot: Amilika nano sera halo ka’amisay Amilika faniyot 48 kasasiriting a sa’etal; Alaska sa’etal i ka’amis Amilika faniyot pakaetip ka’amis latoso pala; Hawaii itiniay i Taypinyang kasapalaan. Roma, Taypinyang ato Caribbean riyar ira ko Puerto Rico no Amilika sera. I palapalaan, no “Amilika a sera” patoro’ to nao Amilika sera masasikiting to 48 a sa’etal, halo Washington Columbia (D.C), caay ka halo Alaska sa’etal, Hawaii sa’etal, Puerto Rico, Guam ato Amilikan Virgin palapalaan, Amilikan Samoa, ira ho ka’amis Mariana palapalaan, ato 11 awaayay ko tamdaw a kasapala (Bajo Nuevo pantaay hakal ato Serranella pantaay hakal) iraay ho ko kalaliyangan, so’elinay o Colombia ko mikowanay). === Dadahal no ’a’ecocen (領土面積) === O Amilika nao saka tosa ta’akay kitakit, i hekal o saka tolo ano eca sakasepat ta’akay kitakit, o dadahal no sera halo niyah sera, ka’amisay Amilika safaniyot a Alaska ato Taypinyang tenokay a Hawaii palapalaan. O dadahal ira ko 937 ’ofad pinfang kongli (o no sera a dadahal ira ko 915 ’ofad pinfang kongli), ano patongalen to limaay a ta’akay fanaw no Amilika a todong makowanan 16 ’ofad pinfang kongli, cepo’ no ’alo, ngoso’ no minato, laloma’ay riyar a mililisay to riyar a nanom salongan ira ko 10 ’ofad pinfang kongli, o dadahal salongan ira ko 963 ’ofad pinfang kongli, ano tongalen ko riyar a sofal dadahal ira ko salongan 20 ’ofad pinfang kongli, dadahal solongan ira ko 983 ’ofad pinfang kongli. Ano padeteng o dadahal no hekalan a sera, Amilika (salongan 915 ’ofad pinfang kongli) o saka tolo a tisil, rarikoran no Russia, Congko, ka’ayaw no Canada (salongan 909 ’ofad pinfang kongli) [86] Sakakaay maocor citodong “no hekal alatek” matisil 9,833,517 km² oni sa’osi halo no niyah a riyaran dadahal[87] Sakakaay maocor citodong “no hekal alatek” matisil nai 1989 miheca tangasa 1996 miheca miteka no Amilika polong no dadahal matisil 9,372,610 km². I 1997 miheca mafalic tangasa i 9,629,091 km², 2004 miheca mafalic tangasa 9,631,418 km², 2006 miheca tangasa 9,631,420 km², 2007 miheca tangasa 9,826,630 km², 2010 miheca tangasa 9,826,675 km²[88][89]. I laloma’ no “Sakakaay a micowatay no Inkiris hontian kitakit pitiya a hong” matilid ira ko 9,525,067 km², oni a tilid halo sera ko dadahal ira ko 221,783 km², o limaay a ta’akay fanaw no Amilika a todong makowanan 155,641 km²; caay ko halo lilissay no riyar a nanom dadahal (laloma’ no nanom) ira ko 109,645 km² ato sofal riyar dadahal198,921 km²[90][91]. === Sofal sera a pisakakahadan (領土開拓史) === Nai 1783 miheca 9 folad 3 romi’ad “Paris tonekan” kasasitelek, makahayda ko Amilika to pisikedan i, Amilika a sofal pasietip ko picowat, to kinapitoay, nao 13 ko kasa’etal matongal tangasa 50 to ko kasa’etal. ==== Ta’akay ko cwat: (主要大的進展：) ==== I 1803 miheca 4 folad 30 romi’ad, Amilika ato France masasitelak to pakayniay to kalali’aca to Louisiana, Amilika 1500 ’ofad Amilika payso ma’aca ko 2,144,476 pinfang kongli a sera, matiya to aniniay Amilika a sera kadadahal to 22.3%, o itiyaay yaan Amilika a sera k dadahal, saka masadadahal pasayra kaetip macowat[24]: I 1819 miheca, nai Spain ma’aca ko Florida sa’etal[24]; I 1845 miheca, Taxas nikapolongan kitakit mikapot to Amilika (Taxas nikapolongan kitakit i 1836 miheca misiiked nai Mexico) [24]; I 1848 miheca, ikor no kalalood no Amilika ato Maxico, California nikapolongan kitakitnai Maxico misiiked mikapot to nipatatekoan a kitakit, citodong to ko Amilika to California sa’etal, Nevada sa’etal, Utah sa’etal polong a niyaro’, Colorado sa’etal, Arizona sa’etal, New Mexico sa’etal ato Wyoming sa’etal a todong niyaro’ [24]; 1864 miheca, masasitelek to Inkiris, citdong to Oregon sa’etal (halo aniniat Oregon, Washington ato Edward sa’etal) [24]; 1867 miheca 4 folad 9 romi’ad, Amilika pai 720 ’ofad amilika payso nai Russia gongti kitakit ma’aca ko Alaska, 1959 miheca macakat o saka 49 sa’etal no Amilika[24]; 1898 miheca 8 folad 12 romi’ad, paherek ko kalalood no Amilika ato Spain, o Spain 2000 ’ofad ko pipa’aca to Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico to Amilika; oya miheca a Hawaii nikapolongan kitakit mikapot to Amilika, 1959 miheca 8 folad 21 romi’ad, Hawaii sa’elin mala no saka 50 a sa’etal no Amilika[24]. ==== Aniniay a rakat (現狀) ==== Nano Amilika ira ko 50 sa’etal ato Washington D.C (Washington Columbia) sakapot. Oya 48 sa’etal mararitiritingay, o saka’amsay Amilika faniyot sifo’an. Osaw tosaay sa’etal, Alaska itiraay ka’amis Amilika faniyot sakakaetip ka’amis, o kawali makakafit to Canada, kaetip ato Russia Siberia niyaro’ mila’ed to riyar masasi’ayaw; Hhawaii itiniay i Taypinyang a kasakanatal, kaetip katimol no ka’amis Amilika to 3700 kongli. Roma, ira ko milesapay i Caribbean riyar (Puerto Rico) ato Taypinyang (tinako Guam) papotalay no riyar a sofal. O sera no Amilika nai kawali tangasa Tasiyang, kaetip tangasa Taypinyang, katimol tangasa Maxico, ka’amis tandasa Canada, ka’amis so^eda riyar (Alaska sa’etal) [92]. === Kasakowat (地形) === == Rikec ato sici (法律與政治) == === Rikec (法律) === Midotoc to lecok no Inkiris ko rikec no Amilika to pisawkit, mirocok to “patododay to’asan” ko hoing no Amilika, o nano Inkiris Amilika Frace (riyaran rikec) a nisakapotan. I ’ayaw sifo’an no 19 sici, ’ayaway a pidemak noAmilika midoedo to itiyaay ho no Inkiris a tinakoan, ikor macowat to ko Amilika ira to ko no niyah a pisetek to rikec, tangasa aniniay Amilika polong no sarikec midoedo to no niyah to. O kimpo no Amilika ko pakayraan no rikec, polong no kasasiroma nai kimpoay o i laenoay no kimpo ko sapilaheci. O maanan to a rikec caay ka pico’ay to kimpo. O i satakaraway ko kimpo, ano mihayda to ko kalomaocan ato kasiwtoc no rikec to kimpo, o i satakaraway no hoying ko painiay to sapiliyang to rikec, o kasacecay no hoying no Amilika o midotocay to kimpo a mitmadaw to demak. O satakaraway hoying i Marbury kokso Madison fangafang (1803 miheca) a mahapinang ko ’icel no salongoc no hoying, malasarakatay no hekal ko Amilika mitomadaw to maliyangay a kitakit. I matini o samasongila’ay ato samalekoay to malacecayay mapolong a rikec “polong no kalaliaca a rikec” (UCC, 1952 mihecaan mahapiw) ato “pi’arawan sapitefoc rikec” (ALI). Kasakanatal o awaayay ko no niyah tapangan salongoc a kitakit, ira ko no niyah a kimpo, miterek caira to nitelekan todengan no nipatatekoan a kimpo, no nipatatekoan a rikec ato nipatatekoan a kalomaocan a mihaydaan no kasakitakit nitelekan a kasahira a rikecan a sakowan. Polong no kasakanatal saheto no Inkiris a salongan rikec ko parana’an a nitelek. Louisana kanatal tona masangil no France “Napoleon sarikec” a dengan. === Kimpo (憲法) === O sahalafinay ko likisi mipatirengay to Nikapolongan Kitakit ko Amilika, i 1789 miheca milingato “kimpo” o sa’ayaway midemak to masaheciay a kimpo. O kimpo noAmilika ato kalosalongoc a rikec to nisalofan o pisa’icel midama to sakapakoniraaw to finawlan: halo nisowalan, pakayraan a mitoor ato pakoniyah a mipasadak; mihayda to mi^ecelay piomadaw a salongoc; sakaira ato miwikid to sapilood a salongoc; pisingkiw salongoc, sasingkiwen salongoc ato kacidafong a salongoc. Talacowa o pihapiw topisiiked no Amilika mapatodong nohekal to sakacomahad to no tamdawan salongoc, ikor to nitelekan a kimpo o pidoedoan tadamaanay tosaki nikapolongan ato tamdawan salongoc, nikawrira pahapinang i likisi no Amilika, o milahecian ira ko kalaliyangan: tangasa i 1865 miheca o pipalasawad to mifadesay a telek; fafahiyan tangasa i 1920 miheca itiya ira ko pitopa a salongoc; 1964 miheca “finawlan salongoc a rikec” itiya to mapatireng paterep to mirapotay misawacoay to finacadan a rikec. === Sici (政治) === O ’icel no nipatatekoan a citodongay malitoloay, o roma sato masasikantokay ato masasi’emetay (malitoloay ko ’icel): Mirikecay citodongay: oya lomaocan, nai Fafa'eday kalomaocan ato kararemay kalomaocan a malotosa. Ira ko nipatatekoan a pirikec a ’icel, pihapiw to lalood a ’icel, pihayda to telek a ’icel, kalali’aca no sifo a ’icel ato sapipalasawadaw a ’icel; Midemakay citodongay: oya congtong, micokeray congtong ato nao congtong nitoro’an a Fafa'eday a nihaydaan no kalomaocan kakeridan no citodongay ato kasirarem, citodong midemak to no nipatatekoan a sarikec a mikowan a ’icel; Hoying citodongay: oya fafa'eday ato kararemay no nipatatekoan hoying, mitomadaway nai congtong nitoro’an mihaydaan no kalomaovcan; ira ko pisaheci a ’icel ato mifilihay to miliyangay to kimpo a rikec a ’icel. == Saocor citodongay (情報機構) == === Kalomaocan no kitakit (國會) === Kalomaocan no Amilika a kitakit tosaay ko kalomaocan faco a mirikecay, fafa'eday kalomaocan ato kararemay kalomaocan. Fafa'eday kalomaocan ira ko 100 a malomaocay, ano kasasi ’aloman malowan ko tamdaw, kasakanatal ira ko 2 a malomaocay, o sapipa'ading to mimingay a kanatal i nipatatekoan a tatodong ato sakinaira. 6 miheca a lekad ko fafa'eday kalomaocan, mile’ed to 2 miheca salongan malitoloay to cecay (3/1) laliyawen misingkiw ko lomaocay. kararemay kalomaocan ira ko 435 lomacay, o taypiaw no kasalomaocan a sa’etal, kasakanatal midotoc to ’aloman malowan no tamdaw a misingkiw to lomaocay, 2 miheca a lekad no lomaocay. O rocek midotoc to tamdaw, 10 miheca miliyaw kinacecay misaliyad, kasakanatal parocek to 1 ko kararemay kalomaocay. Nawhani kasa kanatal a tamdaw masasiromaay, imatinib kasa kanatal no kararemay kalomaocay fa^elohay a rocek no lomaocay (nai 2013 mihecaan mitekaan), ira ko 7 kanatal 1 ko lomaocay, sa’alomanay tamdaw o Califonia kanatal ira ko 53 no lomaocay, saka tosa o Texas kanatal 36 lomaocay, New York kanatal 27 lomaocay, Florida kanatal 27 lomaocay, Illinois kanatal ato Pennsylvania kanatal maka ha ira 18 lomaocay. === Congtong (總統) === O tatapangan no kitakit ko congtong, kakeridan no sifo, kakeridan no karayan riyaran, lalanan sofitay ato kalomaocan no sakarihaday no kitakit, ira ko todong mitoro’ i nipatatekoan kasatodong a kakeridan ato mikeriday, sa’akawangay hoying, kasafa'eday nipatatekoan hoying, niocoran a cacitodong a tamdaw, o ai fafa'eday kalomaocan a ’alomanay ko mihaydaay itiya manga’ay mapatodong, nakawrira ano midemak ato mipili’ ko lomaocay, mifalic to pihayda to sarikec no lomaocan, o mata’elif ko litosaan no kalomaocan manga’ay citodong. O congtong mikerid to micokeray congtong ato citodongay midemak to dademaken. I laloma’ nolekad, o laloma’an no congtong i itira toya White House (fahecalay loma’) a maro’. O congtong manga’ay mi’inga’ing to mihahecian no kalomaocan a rikec, nikawrira ano nirikecan mahayda no tosaay ko kalomaocan a faco to malitosaay no tolo (3/2) piya, o mi’inga’ingan no congtong o mafelihay to. Manga’ay nocongtong pasayra i lomaocan midakdak to masamaanay sasowalen ato sapipatireng to rikec a halaka. O micokeray congtong sa’ayaway tamdaw mamirocok to congtong, midama to pidemak no congtong to demak no kitakit, o cafay no congtong mikowan, pitengilan ato taypiaw to congtong mikihatiya to tadamaanay saopo. O micokeray congtong o laloma’an no lomaoc to sakarihaday no kitakit, orasaka tadamaan kai lomaoc to sakarihaday no kitakit. O micokeray congtong citodong to kakeridan no tosaay ko pikaykian faco no kitakit, citodong to (ano eca patorod to cecay fafa'eday pikaykian citodong) to kalocalay kalomaoc faco no kitakit. ’alomanay caay pikihatiya to pipakamay ko micokeray congtong, dengan malalen ko paya to pipakamay. Micokeray congtong citodong to mikerid to sakisaopo no kalomaocan. Congtong ato micokeray congtong 4 miheca kinacecay misingkiw, nai 1951 mihecaan, mapatolas o cecay tamdaw sa’adihayay tosa a rekad. Talacowa congtong ato micokeray congtong a singkiw o finawlan ko misikiway, nikawrira sakacitodong o misingkiway tamdaw (misikiway o finawlan) ko miketonay – dengan o Maine ato Nebraska tosaay kanatal midotoc to nitopaan a todong no misingkiway a paya, roma 48 kanatal ato Washington a tadamaanay sa’etal ko “milowiday” a telek, no kanatal a misingkiway maemin pafelien to adihayay ko nitopaan a sasingkiwen a congtong, polong no kitakit a sasingkiwen 538 paya, o sasingkiwan ira ko 270 paya itiya a maala, o sa’osi malecaday to kalomaocan a lomaocay ko polonga to toloay i Washington a tadamaanay sa’etal a nisingkiwan a paya. Sasingkiwen a cefang i “papipa singkiw” o sakalahecian a demak, maalaay nisingkiwan i masingkiway a pitopa o papatayraen i maalaay i kanatal a congtong sasingkiwen, orasaka polong no pisingkiw itiya a romi’adan midotoc to kasakanatal a nisingkiwan a malaheci. O sa’alomanay a tamdaw no Amlika itiraay i California kanatal ira ko 55 a sasingkiwen, saka tosa o Texas kanatal 38 lomaocay, saawaayay tamdaw o Alaska a 7 kanatal ko 3 ko sasingkiwen a paya. Nengnengen ko matiniay a demak, i hatiniay to a rekad to pisingkiw to congtong, o ’alomanay ko tamdaw o kalalifetan no congtong a sasingkiwen. I likisi no Amilika kinapinaay mafangafang ko demak, o congtong sasingkiwen talacowa i pisingkiwan makisafa ko paya to sakalalifet, pakaala to maedengay ko sasingkiwen a paya a maala to. Nikawrira, caay ko nikaawaay to sasingkiwen ko mamiselic to singkiw; mafelih aca, sasingkiwen cimaay ko nitopaan, o mamiti’er aca to kapolongan a singkiw pahecian, haloya nawhani i ’ayaw a pihalaka caay sapinang to matiniay nitelekan a kacangootan (nawhani itiya ho caayho ka fangcal ko sakicalay, midama to mami’ari'ang mirawraw to Amilika, saka mipatireng to nia citodongay) to saka caay ka ikaka to adihayay a paya maala a malacongtong (caayay ko mirocokay to sasingkiwen), matiniay a telek o sakanga’ay no ta’akay a cefang kosakaalaaw. === Congtong kadademakan a rawang (總統行政辦公室) === I 1939 miheca, mihayda ko kalomaocan no kitakit tocecay ta’akay rikec, caciyasen patireng mito’eto pasi congtong ko cacitodong a midemak. Tangasa anini citodongay a matongal ko dademakay sa misadadahalay. Adihayay citodongay o mamikerid to hamaan to o lomaocay ko mamihayda, dengan o caay ka papina, tinako Amilika a midemakay sapikowan ato miyosangay kakeridan ato Amilika kalali’acaan kakeridan a taypiaw (sahato o lalomaan no kakeridan a selal), laloma’ noni saheto o matayalay nai nipatatekoan a kitakit citodongay. Kasasitodong no midemakay nai Kohecalay Loma’ madademakay citodongay ko mamikerid. ==== Anini kasacefang no citodongay: (目前有以下組成機構：) ==== Kohecalay Loma’ kadademakan: oni citodongay i o congtong cecay ko midamaay, o kasakapot o congtong ko patodongay hamaan to o Kararemay lomaocan ko mihaydaay. ’akawangay tapang ono congtong a lekapot a misingkiw ato kapasdo’elinen ko citodongay, caay ka papina a dadermakay o sacofang misingkiw a mikingkiway ato talicayan ko citodongay. Kohecalay Loma’ a kakeridan ato micokeray kakeridan ko mamikerid. Kicay komong wiyyinhuy Liyok mangilosay wiyyinhuy Amilika kitakit sakanga’ay lomaoc Saseraan no kitakit sakanga’ay lomaoc Rawang kadademakan Pikowan ato yosang kadademakan: nai 1921 miheca patireng, o kakeridan ato laloma’an a selal, papihaydaen ko Kararemay pikaykian. Kitakit sawarak mi’emetay dademaken a kadademakan Kakako ato kicic dademaken a kadademakan Amilika kalali’aca a taypiawso: Kakeridan “Amilika kalali’aca a taypiaw” o laloma’ay kakeridan a selal, papihaydaen ko Kararemay pikaykian Saka cowat no kicay komong wiyyinhuy Paocoray komong wiyyinhuy ==== Nipatatekoan a kitakit kadademakan (聯邦行政部門) ==== Nipatatekoan a kitakit kadademakan o tapang a kakeridan (po), o kakeridan no sakikacacofelan a demak no kitakit (kuo-o-cin), o salalomaananay dademakay no Amilika. Anini ira ko 15 nipatatekoan a kitakit no Amilika kadademakan: Fayfay no Amilika i kuo-o-yin kuo-o-yin: I 1789 mheca patireng, i laloma’ay no kimpo a sa’ayaway kadademakan no nipatatekoan a kitakit. O todong to sakikacacofelan a demak (way-ciaw-po), satata’akay a kadademakan citodongay no Amilka, o kakeridan (kuo-o-cin). Paysoanpo: I 1789 miheca patireng. Pisimaw to kitakitpo: I 1947 miheca patireng, kadademakan i limaay kalico’co’an loma’. Sakirikecpo: caay ko sakihoying citodongay, o nipatatekoan a kitakit misolapay (FBI) itiniay laeno. Salaloma’anpo: citodongay mikowan to nipatatekoan a kitakit sifo to nanorocek a sera, onini caay ka lecad to roma kitakit to salalomaanpo patodong to yimeng ato sakarihaday a sakidemak. Saliomahpo Kalali’acapo Matayalaypo Isi atokapolongan sadamapo Kamaro’an ato niyaro’ comahadpo Picacolo’anpo Kinairairapo Kiwikopo Misawaday sofitay dademakpo Sakirihaday no serapo Misiikeday citodongay no Nipatatekoan a kitakit Misiikeday citodongay dengan o ka’ayaway a 15 sifo kasarekad ira ho ko kacitodong to ’icel no Nipatatekoan a kitakit, oya ’alomanay wiyyinhuy a sakapot mapolong mikowan a citodongay. Nawhani o iraay ko tekadan a kicic ato sakisici a matenokay pahapinang to nano nipidemak o saka’akawang no nipidemak. O citodongay kakeridan i kasasiromaroma a mala no Nipatatekoan a kitakit mikowanay ato mitomadaway. Matini misiikeday citodongay i: Amilika nipatatekoan a kitakit pasasaay sasiiked a licikay ta’akay loma’ (美聯準總部大樓) Nipatatekoan pasasaay sasiiked (聯邦準備制度): i 1913 miheca mapatireng, o citodongay to demak no takaraway kinko. Citodong mikowan misakingkoay ato misarikec to midemakay to sakipayso. Masarocod ko nai 12 a sa’etal a pipasasaan a dademaken no kingko. Sa’akawangay mikowanay kasaselal no nipatatekoan pasasaay licikay nai 6 a wuyyin sakapot, kakeridan no wuyyinhuy nai wuyyin citodong, o congtong ko patoro’ay o kalomaocan ko mihaydaay, kakeridan no wuyyinhuy 4 miheca ko rekad a manga’ay padoedo. O todong no rekad no citatodongay a wuyyin ato kakeridan milakec to pinapinaay no congtong ato kalomaocan ko kacitongong no rekad. Takaraway citodongay to saocor (中央情報局): 1947 miheca mapatireng, misopeday ato misaheciay to roma kitakit a sifo, kosi ato tekedan, sici, ponka, kaki a saocor, mipakakomod to romaroma a kitakit to aocoren a citodongay a pikihatiya, matiniay a saocor paratohen ko kasarekad no citodongay no Amilika. Hikokian no kitakit ato citodongay to sakikakarayan no Amilika: 1958 mihecaan mapatireng, pateked to Amilika a kamok sapikingkiw to kakarayan. Misimaway to liyok a pala no Amilika Nipatatekoan singkiwan wuyyinhuy: Mihimaw to nipatatekoan kadademak no pisingkiw ato pisa’opo to payso no sakadademak. Nipatatekoan calay tingwa wuyyinhuy Kasakitakit kalali’aca wuyyinhuy no Amilika: nihaydaan rikecan nipatatekoan a citodongay. Citodong pasa i mirikecay citodongay ato midemakay citodongay padomso to kasakitakit lali’acaan painiay to nifana’an a sowal, citodong to micomoday to sakasiwtoc a kikayan no Amilika, masawili’ay lali’aca (tanako: paliwal ato picalap to nano nitilidan a demak) sapirahid. Patinako a salolod (cen-cien) kalali’aca wuyyinhuy no Amilika: Sapidipot to ma’acaay to sa’isal (ko-piaw) ato salitadah (cay-cien) mipa’esolay. Kalalingadan wuyyinhuy no Amilika: Sapidipot to mitahidangay ato makingaday. Nina’angan ato nitilidan citodongay no kitakit: Mikowanay to sakilikisi no kitakit a nina’angan no kitakit. Sakalemad no syakay citodongay: Mikowan to misawaday, sapalemed to masamo’ay ato saki’orip a payso patodong to hoking no syakay. Sapikowan to matayalay a rawang: Padama to sakalalen ato kanga’ayan mipili’ ato sakanga’ay no malakomoyingay a lekapot. Sakarihaday no kasasicolo’ wuyyinhuy no kitakit: Mitomadaw i Amilika to polong no malali’acaay no hikoki, todong no maraday lalan ato roma a ka’angian. Yofingkyok no Amilika Amilika kasakitakit kacowat citodongay: Mikowan to no Amilika i macowatay i hekal, tenokay ato sakawali no Europe, ato ’ayaway Soviet Union (Russia) a lekapot kitakit i papotalay kitakit a kicay ato saki no tamdawan sadama a kamok. === Sakirikec no nipatatekoan a kitakit (聯邦司法) === O hoying no nipatatekoan a kitakit citodong mitomadaw to tosaay ato rafasay kasa kanatal a fangafang, mi’iloay to rikec no nipatatekoan a kitakit, tatonekan no kasakitakit, kimpo no Amilika, no riyar a kalali’aca rikec, mapingko a rikec a todong no demak. Hoying no nipatatekoan a kitakit malitoloay a selal: sa’ayaw pitomadawan a hoying oya i kasaniyaro’ay no Amilika a hoying, ira ko 94, mitomadaw to salaloma’an nikowanan no Hoying no nipatatekoan a kitakit kalodemakan; ira ko 12 pipacakatan hoying no Amilika, o pipasetek to nai kasa i laloma’ay no Hoying no nipatatekoan a kitakit to nai niyaro’ay pacakatan a dademakan, adihayay a dademakan o sapilaheci a setak to nipacakatan a hoying; pilaheci misetak o sakakaay hoying no Amilika, to mihecaan nilayapan i safa no 100 ko tatomadawen no hoying, o todong a midemak a saikoray o pisaheci to kimpo no Amilika. Sakakaay hoying no nipatatekoan a kitakit ira ko 9 mipalitaay lekapot, o 1 malo tadamaanay a mipalitaay. Kasa mipalitaay o nano congtong a nitoro’an, pakayni i pitengil pihayda no fafa'eday lomaocay patorod. Sakinipatororan a kasademak, pakayni sa i pipaciro’ to kamay ko sapisetek. === Kasakanatal ato kasaniyaro’ a singkiw (各州與地方選舉) === Kasakanatal sifo no Amilika citodong to niyah a kimpo no kanatal, ira ko no niyah a fafa’eday kararemay a lomaocan (midotoc to kasasiromaan, dengan o Nebraska kanatal ko roma, cecayay ko kalomaocan). Kasakanatal pisikiwan masasiroma ko mihecaan. Kakeridan no kanatal 4 miheca ko rekad (dengan o Vermont kanatal ato Hampshire kanatal a kakeridan no kanatal 2 miheca ko rekad), manga’ay padoedo, ira ko ci sarekaday no kakeridan kanatal, ira ko awaay rekad. === O nipatatekoan sifo ato kanatal sifo (聯邦與州政府的關係) === I no nipatatekoan a kitakit a todong, o kanatal ato nipatatekoan sifo kasasifodan. Midotoc to sarikec no Amilika, kasakanatal ato kitakit malecaday ko salongoc. Nikawrira, i laloma’an kalalood no Amilika ato “Texas kanatal pakokot ci Whitean” patireng to pido’edoan i, o kanatal awaay ko tatodong miliyas to nipatatekoan a kitakit; midotoc to kimpo, awaay ko todong to kacacofelan a demak. nipatatekoan a kitakit no Amilika a rikec pakayni i kimpo a tatorodan a sofal ikaka ko no kasakanatal a niketonan kasasiromaromaan no sarikec, nakawrira o nipatatekoan a kitakit a sakowan itiniay i kimpo a nitelekan ko nidemakan; polong no caayay ka patorod i nipatatekoan a kitakit a sakowan materek i kasakanatal a sifo ato finawlan pakoniyah. O sasowalen, laloma’ay no kanatal a demak a citodongay saheto i kamayay no kanatal a sifo. Onini halo lalomaay a kasasiparatoh; pakayni dafong, misang'ay to lalosidan, kalali’aca ato kapolongan a patirengan a lakakawa; pakayni no kanatal a rikec, tinako to patay a tefoc; ato no kanatal lalomaan a dademaken. Adihay ko no kanatal a rikec palecadan i kasakanatal. Ira ho ko na kanatal sakowan ato no nipatatekoan a kitakit a sakowan a matati’edipay. To pina mihecaan, nipatatekoan a kitakit a sifo to sakiisingan, kiwiko, sakalemed, sakaromaskat, kamaro’an ato no maci a kacomahadan a sofal miteka tadamaan ko pakayraan midemak. Kasakanatal a kimpo ato no nipatatekoan a kitakit a kimpo malecaday to, dengan sakidemak a milaheci ira ko sasiroma, saki tamdawan a salongoc ato sifo a kasakapot. I lali’acaan, paysoan, kapolongan patado ato palemeday citodongay, ono kanatal a kimpo i kaka ko no nipatatekoan a kitakit a kimpo ko nikatasim. == Sician a kasarekad (政黨) == O nipatatekoan a kitakit sifo no Amilika ato kalomaocan ato kanatal a sifo ato lomaocan ira ko tosaay malalifetay a sician a kasarekad: oya pakoniraay sarekad ato nipapolongan sarekad. Oya mimingay a sician sa’iked o mikihatiyaay misingkiw ira ko maalaay. Pakoniraay sa’iked to sakisyakay a pakayraan o pakoniraay, o polong no Amilika a tamdaw saheto o malalenay, ano o sofoc, finacadan, pasayraan no ’enep, pasayraan no herateng, pakayraan ato masamo’ay, orasaka mangalef ko pisa’imer to fafahiyan, Africa tamdaw, Latin tamdaw, Asia tamdaw, Yataya tamdaw ato LGBT Finacadan a salongoc. Sakikicay a demak o adahiay ato pakoniraay ko pakayraan. Nipapolongan sa’iked to sakisyakay a pakayraan o mato’angay, sakikicay a demak o noto’asan ko pakoniraan, sakipapotal o ’atekakay ko pisamaw to kitakit a kacacofelan a demak, o mikiharay ko pakayraan. O finawlan no Amilika pasaraay tina tosaay a cecay noni, nikawrira roma a tamdaw pasayra toya misiikeday mimingay a sician sa’iked misingkiwan tamdaw, halo pakoniraay sa’iked, kangdaway sa’iked, kimpo sa’iked[86]. 1933 miheca tangasa 1995 miheca, Pakoniraay sa’iked mi’emetay to tasaay a kitakit pilisaotan, o nipapolongan sa’iked itira i 1947 miheca tangasa 1949 miheca ato 1953 miheca tangasa 1955 miheca tosa a rekad ko pi’awid to ’alomanay. I 1994 miheca nipapolongan sa’iked mifalic, ikor dengan i 2001 miheca tangasa 2002 miheca o pakoniraay sa’iked micalap to kararemay a lomaocan, o nipapolongan sa’iked mimi’emet to tasaay fafa’eday kararemay a lomaocan ’alomanay a ’icel tangasa 2007 miheca 1 folad, i 2010 miheca 11 folad a pisingkiwan, nipapolongan sa’iked miliyaw pakaala to ’alomanay kararemay a lomaocan, mi’emet to kararemay a lomaocan. 2015 miheca mi’emet to fafa’eday lomaocan. 2019 miheca o pakoniraay sa’iked ko ’alomanay to kararemay lomaocan, maledef ko pikowan. Sakisingkiw to congtong, nai 1860 miheca ci Lincoln maala ko kalacongtong, o nipapolongan sa’iked padoedo sa to congtong (sepatay rekad) tangasa i 1932 miheca maala ci Roosevelt a malacongtong. I 1952 miheca o pakoniraay sa’iked paherek ko kai 20 mihecaan ko pikowan. Ikor o pakoniraay sa’iked ato nipapolongan sa’iked macacalicaliw to a mikowan. I 2008 miheca 11 folad 4 romi’ad pakoniraay sa’iked a misingkiway ci Barack Obama ko maalaay i saka 44 rekad malacongtong no Amilika, i 2009 miheca 1 folad 20 romi’ad mapatireng, o sa’ayaway no Amilika o nano Africa finacadan a congtong no Amilika. I 2016 miheca 11 folad 9 romi’ad, nipapolongan sa’iked ci Donald Trump maala saka 45 rekad congtong no Amilika, mala o i likisi no Amilika a sa’ayaway caayay ko no sici ko lalowadan a congtong. I 2020 miheca 11 folad, pakoniraay sa’iked ci Joe Biden maala i saka 46 rekad congtong no Amilika, i likisi no Amilika samato’asay congtong, ci He Jinli maala to micokeray congtong, sa’ayaway i likisi no Amilika a fafahiya micokeray congtong ato sa’ayaway o nano Africa ato Asia finacadan a micokeray congtong. == O kasasikiked a sakowan (行政區劃) == Dengan o Hawaii, o roma 49 1 kanatal o i tiraay i Amilika a sera. o Alaska, 48 a kanatal o makakafitay halo Washington, roma a sowal sera no Amilika. Roma a tamdaw o Alaska o i laloma’ay no “hiyah sera” a kanatal, nawhani o i tiniay i “salaenoay no 48 kanatal” a nilaedan no Canada sanay, nakawrira no saran a nengneng o ka’amisay no Amilika a sera sanay. Polong no sasowalen o halo Washington Colombia a sa’etal. Saka 50 a kanastal a Hawaii itiraay i Taypintang a palapalaan. O nicalapan no Amilika a sera, sa’etal ato nicalapan a ’etal. Satadamaanay itiniay a Washington Colombia a sa’etal, awaay ko todong no kanatal a sa’osi, i kalomaocan awaay ko taypiw, nikawrira i congtong a singkiw ira ko 3 a nisingkiwan. Roma i papotalay a riyar kasapala halo American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana palapalaan, Puerto Rico, ato US Virgin palapalaan. Palmera liyok rakarakaan o no Amilika patatekoan caayay kapatireng a sera, nikawrira tahanini awaayho ko maro’ay tamdaw. Paspotalay no Amilika a sera a palapala o Caribbean riyar ato Typinyang a adihayay awaayay ko maro’ay a palapalaan sakapot. Roma sato, nai 1898 mihecaan miteka, Amilika i Cuba a Guantanamo sa’efong iraay ko tadamaanay no riyaray a sofitay itira. ’Ayaw no nicalapan no Amilika a sa’etal Panama picolo’an ’alo sa’etal, nai 1903 miheca tangasa 1979 miheca o nano Amilika a sera. roma, Philippines palapalaan nai 1898 miheca tangasa 1946 miheca o nano Amilika a sera, I 1935 miheca o Amilika patireng itira to Philippines no niyah siiked pikowan mala citodongay misiikeday kitakit, ikor i 1946 miheca Philippines so’elin o misiikeday kiakit, nikawrira Amilikas oya: to citodong to sofitay a kaitiraan, Amilika ato Philippines ano dofitay to, ponka to ato kicay to ira ko kasasiti’er. O yincumin a nano sera (Indian reserve) no Amilika a cicu, roma ikaka ko salongoc no noniyah a sa’etal, mitiya o kanatal, cisiikeday mikowan ato sarikec, o niyaro’ a sifo ko mikowanay. Dengan no Amilika a kanatal ato ’a’ecocen, ira ko pina kitakit mangalayay mikapot a mikadep (Associated States), halo Micronesia nipatatekoan (1986 mihecaan ta anini), Palau kitakit (1994 mihecaan ta anini), ato Marsal kanatal kapolongan kitakit (1986 ta anini), o nia kitakit ira ko no kasakitakit a salongoc mikowan ato sakisera no kitakit to sakakaay mi’emet a salongoc mikowan, orasaka i kasakitakit o misiikeday i Amilika sanay ko nengneng. Nikawrira, oni a kitakit a sifo mihayda ro Amilika padamso to sapisimaw ato payso a sadama, pafeli ko Amilika to sakanga’ay no mipafekan, padamso to adihayay mikapot to salaloma’an no Amilika dademaken a halakaan, halo mitena’ to sakacilafo, mapa’orip nai latiih ato sapiliyaw patireng a halaka. Onini ko niyah a mikadep miti’er to Amilika a sapadamso to payso a mapadama mapararid ko demak no sifo ato sakadademak no payso saka’edeng. Saikoray o nia tadamaanay no Amilika a yincumin a nano sera (Indian reserve), nawhani sa’etal ira ho ko no niyaro’ a sakowan, misafaloco’an no kitakit sakaira sakowan, malecad to cecayay a kanatal no Amilika, talacowa  o satadamaanay nidemakay no citodongay, nikawrira misiikeday a sici patateko citodong to cecay sa’etal ’a’ecocen, ono nipatatekoan a kitakit no Amilika a sakiniyaro’ a finacadan ko patdong to nia sa’etal. === Maci (城市) === Anini polong no Amilika ira ko salongan 77% tamdaw maro’ay no sa’etal a maci, ira ko malitosaay masopeday i 37 a tadamaci. Ona maci masanga’ ko ponka no Amilika, lecokan ato kicay. I 004 miheca, polong no Amilika ira ko 251 a maci mata’elifay ko 10 ’ofad ko tamdaw, ato 9 a maci mata’elifay ko 100 ’ofad ko tamdaw, halo i polongay no hekal a maci, tinako i New York, Los Angeles ato Chicago. Roma, ano patatekoen pacomod ko i lawacay no maci a kasa’etal, mata^elif to 50 ko 100 ’ofad ko tamdaw no ta’akay maci[87]. O nian to mihecaan polong no hekal masasipili’ ko nga’ayay karo’ay i maci, o saadihayay i laloma’an no kitakit a maci a kitakit ko Amilika. {| class="wikitable" | rowspan="2" |Kasarayray | rowspan="2" |Maci | rowspan="2" |Tamdaw Laloma’an | rowspan="2" |Tamdaw kadadi’ec pinfang Inli | colspan="2" |Maci sa’etal | rowspan="2" |Sa’etal |- |’Ofad |Rayray |- |1 |New York |'''8,363,710''' |26,402.9 |19.0 |1 |Kawali ka’amis |- |2 |Los Angeles |'''3,833,995''' |7,876.8 |12.8 |2 |Kaetip |- |3 |Chicago |'''2,853,114''' |12,750.3 |9.5 |3 |Sasifo’ kaetip |- |4 |Houston |'''2,242,193''' |3,371.7 |5.7 |6 |Katimol |- |5 |Phoenix city |'''1,567,924''' |2,782.0 |4.2 |12 |Kaetip |- |6 |Philadelphia |'''1,447,395''' |11,233.6 |5.8 |5 |Kawali ka’amis |- |7 |San Antonio |'''1,351,305''' |2,808.5 |2.0 |28 |Katimol |- |8 |Dallas |'''1,279,910''' |3,469.9 |6.3 |4 |Katimol |- |9 |San Diego |'''1,279,329''' |3,771.9 |3.0 |17 |Kaetip |- |10 |San Jose |'''948,279''' |5,117.9 |1.8 |31 |Kaetip |} {| class="wikitable" | colspan="6" |Amilika a’akay maci（2010 miheca tamdaw nipanganganan） |- |Ngangan |Sa’etal |Tamdaw |Ngangan |Sa’etal |Tamdaw |- |New York |NY-NJ-CT-PA |22,255,491 |Atlanta |GA-AL |6,054,858 |- |Los Angeles |CA |17,877,006 |Detroit |MI |5,318,744 |- |Chicago |IL-IN-WI |9,840,929 |Seattle |WA |4,274,767 |- |Washington |DC-MD-VA-WV-PA |9,032,651 |Philadelphia |AZ |4,246,484 |- |San Francisco |CA |8,923,942 |Minneapolis |MN-WI |3,721,504 |- |Boston |MA-RI-NH-CT |7,893,376 |Cleveland |OH |3,630,166 |- |Phoenix city |PA-NJ-DE-MD |7,067,807 |Orlando |FL |3,447,946 |- |Dallas |TX |6,816,237 |San Diego |CA |3,095,313 |- |Miami |FL |6,199,860 |Denver |CO |3,090,874 |- |Houston |TX |6,114,562 |Bowland |OR-WA    |2,921,408 |} Takaraw macaka ko kicay no Amilika, tata’akay ko kinaira, ka’ayaw ko fana’ to sakaira, masongila’ ko citoongay; maomah kikayay malecsa ko kacomahad; o lalan, hikoki a fana’ ato sapicolo’ saheto o sa’ayaway i hekal; sakipapotal a kalaliaca kinaira saka tosa i hekal; sakipaysoan tadamacomahad; o sakikicay o sa’ayaway i hekal, o tamdaw a GDP mata’elif ko 6 ’ofad Amilika payso, sa’ayaway no macakatay tamdaw to 5000 ’ofad kitakit, o satadamaanay tono kicay i hekal, sakikicay a ’orip no tamdaw tadamaan ko nidemakan. === Sakacomahad a pakayraan (發展史) === Nengnengen ko kicay a pakayraan no Amilika, nai micingcingan a kicay maditditay mata’elif angasa i 20 sici malasatata’akay a kikayan kitakit i hekal. O Amilika nai 19 sici mata’elif to ko Inkiris malasata’akay a kicay i hakal, tangasa anini o finawlan ira ko sakakaay a saka’orip, i 2010 mihecaan a tamdaw o finawlan ko pi’arawan a sa’osi mata’elif ko 5 ’ofad Amilika payso, o sa’ayaway no hekal, o sakadofahay i polong no cikiw, comahaday no kicay ato macakatay ko ’orip a kitakit. === Dadahalay ko nengneng to kicay (宏觀經濟) === O sakikicay citodong to tekedan sakaira no ^etan ato macacamolay a pakayraan. Pakayni to nia pakayraan, o malakomoday ato misiikeday citodongay ko sapinengneng to pakayraan no kicay, o sifo i laloma’an no kitakit kicay a saka’orip o sakidama ko tatodong; nikawrira, kasa sifo no kapolongan to GDP 36%; o i mamala cemahaday a kitakit i, o sakalemed no syakay a calay no Amilika mimingay, sifo to sakikalaliacaan a pikowan i safa no roma a cemahaday a kitakit[88]. I kasa’etal kadademak no kicay caay to ka lalen. Tinako: I New York maci a kalaliaca no payso ato ^kim, picolo’ a tamina, pirina’, paratohay ato kwangkaw a kalo pakayraan no tayal a tenokan, o sa’ayaway no hekalan a kicay tenokan; I Los Angeles o likoto, ika ato tilifi a kamok pisanga’an tenokan, o kaetipay no sa’amisay Amilika fanoyot tangasa i no Asia Taypinyang sa’etal a kicay tenokan; o San Francisco apocok sa’etal ato lilis no Taypinyang kaetip ka’amis sa’etal o cifana’ay micomahad a tenokan, o Silicon satakaraway kicik i hekal ato kakako kingkiw tenokan; sasifoan kaetip no Amilika o kikakikayan a tenokan, i Detroit o pisanga’an to tosiya niyaro’, o Seattle o pisanga’an to hikoki itira, Chicago o itiraay a sa’etal a o kalaliacaan no payso ato ^kim a tenokan; kawali katimol o sakisapaiyo pikingkiw, pirarakatan ato pisasanga’an a kinairaan, o sakacilifonan i safa to romaroma a sa’etal, orasaka masalalad ko piolot to pipacefong to misanga’ay tayal. Padamaay tayal no Amilika, sainanengan o kalaliacaan no payso, picolo’ todafong a tayal, no sakihoking tayal ato kalaliaca padamaay a GDP o sata’akay a nidemakan, polong no kitakit sepatay ira ko tolo (4/3) a dademakay matayal to padamaay tayal[89], o kakeridan no hekal ko kacingangan, o New York caay ko polong no saka cecay ta’akay maci ato kicay tenokan, ngalef o saka cecay saka tosa ni hekal a paysoan, padamaay tenokan. O kiwiko o satadamaanay a kicay kadadekan, to mihecaan masolot ko nai cowacowaay no hekal a mitiliday tayni minanam, nanoya masolot ko matanengay a tamdaw. I Amilika adihay ko kasairaira kadofahay no mararan, halo ^kim, simal ato uranium (yo), nikawrira adihay a kinaira militado to no romaay kitakit a pacomod. O satata’akay i hekal ko liomahan no Amilika, satadamaanay niliomahan halo ’ariray, emi, ’odax ato tafak, saka tenokan kaetip dadahalay dafdaf a sa’etal o kafahekaan liomahan kinaira masawal o “’ariri no hekal” sanay[90]. No Amilika a kinaira no kikayan ira ko tosiya, hikoki ato kalotingkian kasaira. o nisanga’an a hikoki, mapasadak ko kasaira no maamaan no sakalalood ato kalotingkian kasaira ko Amilika. O Amilika kimeto ko pirarakatan, o saka 3 i hekal kadadoedo[91]. O Amilika sata’akat kaliacaan a cafay parareping to Canada (19%), Congko (12%), Moxico (11%), Dipong (8%) ko midoedoay i aikor, to romi’ami’ad ira ko 11 walwalan no Amilika payso ko kinaira no ’aca pakayni nai Amilika Canada a kitakit masadak. No Amilika a kicay malasakaay i hekal sata’akay tadamaanay a kicayan. Sa hatira to ko kicay a kimeto no Amilika, oasaka o adihayay kitakit no cikiw a kalali’aca a payso ato Amilika payso a makakafit, o kanga’ayan kaoradan romi’adan sakipinang lali’aca icifa ato tadahan a kompay o kacipinangan. I Amilika adihay ko kasasofal adihayay i kasakitakit a kacingangan, tinako Boeing, Apple, Microsoft, Google, Facebook, Mcdonald, KFC (Kentucky), Starbucks, Nike a maamaan, malenak i polong no cikiw. Nai 1980 mihecaan kalacongtong ni Ronald Reagan i, matongal to ko fa^elohay pakoniraay kicay dademaken no Amilika, yan saka malowan to ko pikihar no sifo to kicay, malowan to ko sapalemed a kakawaan, mafalah mapalasawad to ko halafinay nidemakan nai karawrawan kicay, pasayra i pikiharan a Cairns a pakayraan a kicay. Orasaka, Amilika sifo saki syakay sakalemed a padomso to pipadama ikaka ko no roma kikayan ho kitakit ko kalowan, mikeror to sakisata i laloma’ no kitakit, militado to pakoniraay icifa ato tekedan niyah a padama citodongay. Talacowa fa^elohay pakoniraay paini to malohakay kicay sakacomahad kang’ayan no katayalan, nai matiniay a lekakawa no kicay malenak pasayra i picefis no Caytang, saka masada ko caayay kalalen a kalalifetan, ato i sasafaay a lifonan malakalaliyangan to no syakay, sa’aliwa’iwsa i kalomaocan ato congtng a singkiw masadak ko kalaliyangan a sowal. I 1990 mihecaan, o tingnaw (computer) ato kaloalay maledef micomod i Amilika to sakicemahad ato polong no kaki o sa’ayaway a kacingangan. 21 sician, mapelengay to ko mafowakay kalocalay a kicay, o saka nai hacikayay macemahad talahenotay a rara sato malahad ko kicay no Amilika. Talacowa o kicay no Amilika i ikor no 2003 miheca malaliaw to a nga’ayay ko kacemahad, nikawrira i 2007 miheca malaliyaw haca ko sakinatosa a pitadah to loma’, o saka ngalef mafenges ko Amilika ato polong no kicay no hekal, orasaka Amilika a paysoan ato kicayan a paso’elinan a misakamolasotan, saki no Amilika a payso ko pisa’osi to kasakitakit a ^kim ato tadasimal a kaingangan mapasadak a kasasowalen, Yan saka tangasa i 2008 mihecaan, o sakinatosa a pitadah to loma’ a katalawan payso a faliyos maasik ko polong no cikiw, o saka paysoan langod masapeti’ ko kicay no kasakitakit, malasakasefad no polong no cikiw to paysoan, loma’an, tosiyaan, maamaan matekesay dafong, ato o kalali’aca no finawlan mangalef ko kaserer, mangalef o Inkiris ato Amilika a cemahaday to a kitakit. Anini pasodsod sa micomod ikoray no paysoan langod a to’asan, no kicay a demak ato ikor o mamiliyaw masasowal ato sapifalic to masodsod masapinang, nikawrira caay ko paso’elinen (o pisaadihay mirina’ to payso), matiratira aca, nikawrira no Amilika a kicay a todong ikakaay to ko kacingangan. === Misanga’ay to dafong (工業) === O saka tosa no hekal ko misanga’ay to dafong kitakit ko Amilika, o misanga’an a dafong kasairaira, ira ko marar, tosiya, tayhi tayal, simal, hikoki, kikay, misatamina, misatingki, mifokeloh, misa^kim, mirina’, mitinooy, misanga’ sapaiyo, kakaenen, sofitay kalalood. Misanga’ to tosiya ato pisatingki ira ko no hekalan ikaka to 1/5. Tona mihecaan sakinaira i laed no fokeloh ira ko lahod a kafalic ato nipatatekoan a kitakit mifohat to sapipasadak to simal, o Amilika ko satadamaanay pasadakay to simal, masalof to ko karawrawan no Amilika to pina moetepay miheca a kinairaira siikedan a demak, tadamaan ko saki rihaday no kitakit. Orasaka o lahod a kinaira o saka tosa mikapiay laed no fokeloh a simal, matongal to ko pipasadak. Faelohay misanga’ay to dafong citodongay ira tingkian sakadademak, likat tingki, selapan, kidefetay kikay, talakarayan efer, kinairaira, kahirahira no pisapaiyo ato ifaeday a sakalalood a nisangaan dafong i kakaay no hekal. === Kaliomah (農業) === O sata’akay i hakal ko liomahan no Amlika, malekoay ko sakatayal to kinaira o nga’ayay: saka sepat ta’akay i hekal ko Mississippi a ’alo mifatel to katimol ka’amis, o dafdaf no dadahal a sera malitosaay, o kaliomahan a sera maawd ko no hekal to 10/1; matatodongay ko kasacalay, kakahad ko sera ni kitakit, kafafalic no romi’ad malekoay; tolo ko riyar nisi’ayawan (kaetip Taypinyang, kawali Tasiyang, katimol o Mexico hefong), ira ko adihayay i Taypinyang a kanatal pifotingan, ka’amis ira ko limaay fanaw, katimol kala’orad, kaetip ira ko takaraway lotok so’eda nanom, maparocek ko kinaira no nanom sapipananom to pinaloma ato pipakaen to foting ’afar; makimeto ko kicay, liomahan kinaira macakat ko fana’; manga’ay ko lalan; masamaamaanay pinaloma saheto o nga’ayay. No Amilika a emi, hahac, ’ariray, parok, tafak, titi fitaol miluku hakarayra malasa’ayaway, o emi a kinaira 10/1 no hakal; o hahac ato ’ariray ira ko 40%, nipakaenan kimeto ito, o sapadamso to kakaenen no tamdamdaw, i Amilika malosapakaen to ’a’adopen, talacowa o tamdaw mila’omay to titititi ato mila’omay tokakaenen a kitakit, nikawrira nawhani pakaka ko kaadihay no kanaira, ’osaw a kakaenen mapasadak ato paaca tayra roma kitakit oya sakacecay no hekal. Nikawrira o sasa’imeren i niyaro’ no amilika away ko fa’edetay kasasiray, nawhani mangalay to pacomod to cocoa, coffee, paratan ’adeteng no kilang, pawli a fa’edetay pinaloma, no Amilika a fa’edatay pakayni i tingnaw (computer) mi’emetan ko liyok laloma’ay pipalagadan, i laloma’ no Amilika mataelif ko litosa no losay saheto nai kakki sakimeto i California sa’etal ko paloma. Roma caay ka dengan o nian ko nengneng to nipalomaan sakaira no kicay, nawhani takaraway ko kikay ato kakkian, ano oya sakamaomah a kikay, pakietec, piparo, pinalengaw kakki, liyokan a katayal pakapi mipolong i kinaira, so’elinay o aira ko masapinangay a nisa’osian, tinako i Amlika a Monsanto kosi talacowa o misatayhian kaysya, nika mirapot to ising sapaiyo a safal, halo midemakay to kasafalifalic no romi’ad k nidemakan, matiniay a kasasiisal to tayal a malasa’ayaway nisadakan a kaloira, pal ani sadakan malatakaraway to, nisadakan a kinaira padoedo sa misapinang, mahaenay “o cisofokay a pakaenay tamdaw”, “I pikingkiwan a maomahay” o nian koya tadamaanay i lofocay kaliomahan no Amilika hananay. === Kakak a nifana’an (科學技術) === O Amilika i kakohak ato pifana’ nikingkiwan, ato fana’ a pinasanga’ misafa’eloh saheto o satadamanay i hekal. Malecad o Amilika ira ko adihayay a masalaloma’ay a kakki, orasaka o Amilika sakiroma kitakit ikaka ko kakki a kacomahad. O tamdaw to saki misang'ay to lalosidan adihay ko tadamaanay nisanga’an, halo sapipi’pi to parok a kikay, kanga’ayan sakatayal, pisanga’an calay saheto o nai Amilikaay, oya misang'ay to lalosidan “pisaadihay misanga’” nai niharatengan malaso’elinay to.Oroma tadamaanay nisanga’ay halo hikoki, dawdaw, tingwa. O Amilika nai 20 sici mifiyac to tadamaan a Manhattan to atomic bomb (yinctan) halaka, Apollo macakat to folad halaka ato tamdawan a lalengawan a halaka. I saka 2 kalaloodan nohekal, sa’ayaway ko Amilika misanga’ to atomic bomb (yinctan), o kakki no tamdaw mapatayra i atomic (yinc) a to’asan fa’elohay sici. I kafasawan lalood, o Amilika i kakarayan a kakhak ato nifana’an safal o ka’ayaway, nai kakarayan kalalifetan mapidah ko Russia, saka misanga’ to namal a ‘idoc a fana’, sakalalood pikingkiw, sakadademak kakhak ato tingnaw (computer) a sofal ko tala’ayaw, i 1969 miheca 7 flad, tona ci Neil Armstrong nai Apollo 11 haw a maeferay tamina a masadak i, malasarakatay tamdaw miripa’ to folad, o pahapinang to i tongroay kalalifetan. I saka 2 kalaloodan i, o Amilika to saki tingnaw (computer) ato kalocalay a kacowat tadamaanay, halo saka 2 lalood a nisanga’an a tingnaw (computer) ato sa’ayaway no sofitay sakadademak, tangasa anini o Google, Microsoft, IBM, Intel, Apple, Hp ato Dell o patodong to katadamaan no kosi to saki tingnaw (computer) ato saparatoh a sofal masanga’ ko ta’akay pisafa’eloh ato satadamaan. Roma Amilika a sapikacaw to kitakit misanga’ to ARPA calay o nifan’an tocalay pa’ayaway. Itini i kakhak pikingkiw, Amilika a hakasi pakacitodong to Nobel prize (compay), mangalef i sakipina’orip ato isingan a sofal, parocek to Amilika mi’awiday ko pikingkiwan a liyokan to saki misolotay to cifana’ay. No kitakit a isi kingkiwyin o pasayraan to pina’orip isingkak noAmilika, malaheci ko no tamdawan pinangan a halaka, saka o tamdaw to piras, Alzheimer’s adada a mipaadadaay to sapiadah pikingkiw micomod to tadamaanay kalingatoan[92]. Saki kakarayan ato karayan a pikingkiw no sifo a citodongay o nano Amilika kitakit karayan ato karayan citdongay. Boeing kosi ato Lockheed Martin kosi a notekedan a misanga’ay to kacitodang nira. === Picolo’an lalan (交通運輸) === Nawhani kakahad ko sera no Amilika mingapir aca to toloay riyar sakacomahad no kicay, saka adihay ko pipalalan picolo’ to dafong a nifana’an ato pinacolo’ o sakakaay i hekal. O lalan, o merar lalan a kasaki’ec o mikikakaay i hekal, hacikayay marar lalan pipatireng nawhani no hikoki tala’ayaw a tadamaan, maki’ayaw ko ka’aya’ayaway kitakit. Hikoian ato minato a nidemakan o ka’ayaway to i hekal. Nawhani ono maradan lalan a calay madahdahay, i laloma’an no kitakit a sakaromakat to maraayay o parakat to paliding ato pakahikoki ko ngapa’ay. === Lalan (公路) === Nawhani marataray ko kacomahad no Amilika to sakitosoya, o adihayay a maci micowat mali’ayaway ko pihirateng maci ato niyaro’ patatodong to calay no lalan a misafaco. O pipacalay to dadahalay sera no kitakit, misafaco ko Amilika patireng to manga’ayay karomakatan no kalotisiya, saharakatay a hacikayay lalan, o kitakit no Amilika faco no lalan militado to hacikayay lalan a calay. O sakacitodong itiniay i kasakanatal hacikayay lalan a calay a faco ko pipatirengan. O nia hacikayay lalan i 1950 mihecaan pakayni itiyaay ci Eisenhower patoroday patireng. Midotoc 2004 mihecaan a tilid, o lalan no Amilika o kakaya’ 6,407,637 kongli, o sakacecay i hekal. Los Angeles a hacikayay lalan a kacacofelan pido’edoan, ira ko mici’iwi’iwian nika manga’ay o calay no lalan, malopitodongan no kasahekal. Itini i picingcingan ho to’asan, i Amilika adihayay sa’etal o pakawiliay ho ko pido’edoan sarikec. Misiiked to ko Amilika i, macoker siikeday France ato ikoray 18 sici Europe mifolaway finawlan[93], nanoyaan sa ko lalan pakayraan mafalic pasikawanan romakat, oni a rikec i laloma'ay no kitakit a lalood mapolong no kitakit. === Marar lalan (鐵路) === Patirengen no Amilika ko mahifalatay i sekal mararay lalan a calay, ira ko 48 a sa’etal ko kanga’ay mocolo to dafong. Amilika marar kosi (Amtrak) a patirengan calay no marar lalan mifatel to 48 a sa’etal to 46 sa’etal, saki faso a todong. O kaya’ay no marar a lalan no Amilika o sakacecay i hekal[94]. Midotoc i 2007 miheca a tilid, o marar a lalan no Amilika polong no kakaya’ ira ko 226,427 kongli. Nikawrira nawhani o hacokayay lalan no Amilika ato hikokian kimetoay, o kasalalowadan ato sakamoko’ no romi’ad ikaka to no marar a lalan ko ranikay, saka o marar a lalan no Amilika caay kamatiya o no Europe ato Dipong ko kakimeto. O pisahapinang no Amilika sifo to hikoan a karomakat pakayni to marar a lalan a kosi i 1970 miheca madadoedo mapingko. Nikawrira midotoc to to’as a mafafalic, comahad to ko harateng no ’alomanay malacecay ko pico’ay to kafa’edat no hekal a o kapolong ko sapicolo’. Halo California sa’etal a mipasadakan pacowat to no California hacikayay marar a lalan a misahalakaan, sifo no Amilika ato kasa’etal a sifo misatatasay to misahalaka matayal to ’alomanay hacikayay marar a lalan sakanga’ay a mikingkiw, ikor no ralan o fa^elohay ko pipatalaan. === Maci a lalan (城市交通) === Adihay ko maci no Amilika iraay ko kapolongan sakaromakat a faco, nika i New York maci a pakalinikay calay lalan o sata’akay, romi’ami’ad mikalicay tamdaw o saka tosa no hekal ko ka’aloman, ikor no Tokyo no Dipong a pakalinikay lalan, o karomakat a marar lalan ato faso calay lalan tangasa i Long island, fafa’eday New York sa’etal, New Jersey sa’etal ato Connecticut sa’etal, mala sa’alomanay ko nicolo’an tamdaw sata’akay calay no lalan i hekal. Nikawrira o sasowalen, maci no Amilika kapolongan sakaromakat palalecaden to cemahaday to kitakit i aikoray ho, dengan caayay ka’aloman tinako New York, Chicago ato San Francisco a kapolongan sakaromakat ko macowatay a no takay, romaay to tamdaw masadak saheto miti’eray to tekedan tosiya ko saka romakat. === Nanom a lalan (水運) === O Amilika sakatolo i hakal kakaya’ay mililisay to sekal a kitakit, manga’ay mapatireng ko adihayay minato. I sekal no Tasiyang a New York minato, ka’amis no Mexico ngoso’ay a Houston minato, ato i kawali no Taypinyang a Los Angeles minato (kakaya’ay tatafokan minato) o saka tolo ta’akay pisadakan to dafong minato no Amilika, oya masadakay micomoday satadamaanay minato i hekal. Kasatisi nai katimol tala’amis no Amilika a Mississippi a ’alo karomakatan no tamina saka tolo no ’aloan picolo’ to dafong kasakitakit no hekal, kafafaw o karomakatan ’alo a lalan ato limaay fanaw ato Hudson a matatongod, laloma’ay ’alo manga’ay ramakaten a micolo’. Itiniay i katimolay sekal no Michigan fanaw o saka tolo ta’akay maci Chicago tadamaanay no sekalan minato i Amilika. === Hikoki (航空) === O Amilika tona misanga’ ko tamdaw to hikoki a masaheci ko Kaefer a kitakit, saki o dadahalay ko sera a kitakit a macomahad ko kicay no Amilika, o tataparan malacalay no hikoki a samacowatay a kitakit, nawhani sapalolol to kacasngo’otan no mararay a lalan, o ikakaay no so’ot a rarakaten, salaloma’an kasa’etal kakaya’ay rarakaten o hikoki ko pitadoan. Makalic to hikoki a tayra i roma a maci, o kananaman no Amilika tamdaw. Orasaka polong no kitakit ikaka to 1,500 no kaira no hikokiciw, o madaicoay hikokiciw a kitakit, macalap ko polong no cikiw to 25%[95]. O mikalicay i, i 2004 miheca polong no hekal o sa’ayaway no 30 a marariday tayal a hikokiciw ira ko 17 i Amilika, kalo sakacecay i Hartsfield – Jackson hikokiciw no Atlanta. Saki nicolo’an a sa’osi, o cecay miheca, sa’ayaway i polong no hekal saka 30 ko marariday tayal a hikokiciw ira ko 12 i Amilika, halo saka cecay a Memphis kasakitakit hikokiciw (MEM) . Roma i, o Chicago, San Francisco (San francisco), Seattle, Huston, Miami, Washington o satadamaanay a hikokiciw. Nawhani o Amilika i polong no cikaw a faeferay a tayal o tadamaanay, o citodongay to sakaefer no kitakt (FAA) a mihapiwan a telek roma i mala no polong no hekal maeferay a o pinengnengan matatodongay. === Pirarakatan (旅遊) === Talacowa pipatireng no Amilika to kitakit 200 ko likisi, nikawrira kimeto ko kicay no finawlan ato away ko saka tosa i hekal ko nika aniniay a ponka ato kicay ko kasenengan no parapatan a nengnengen a pirarakatan malaki’emelay a kitakit. Masowal ko tadamaanay i hekal a New York a maci, tadamaanay nipatirengan i Chicago, o ci ponkaay likisi a niyaro’ San Francisco, o niyaro no coyoh a Los Angeles, tadamaci a Washington, pipakiyawan niyaro’ a Las Vegas. Parapatan a pinengnengan kaliyalaway fokeloh koying, Colorado ta’angay ’efong, cilahay fanaw niyaro’, Olympic kitakit koying, limaay ta’akay fanaw pinengnengan, Hawaii kasakanatal, malinikay a Alaska sa’etal saheto o mihecaan pirarakatan caayay ka tararikor katayraan mirarakat. O Disney pisalamaan, piliyokan cikiw ika niyaro’, Amilika kitakit hikokian ato karayan kateraan o tadamaanay nipatirengan misolotay to ’alomanay mirarakatay tamdaw sakaira. === Papotal kalali’aca (對外貿易) === O saka tosa kitakit no hekal a kalali’aca ko Amilika, sata’akay micomoday kitakit i hekal, saka tosa kitakit pasadakay no hekal. O sata’akay pasadakay to ^mi, ’ariray, kakot ko Amilika. Oya hikokian, tingkian, tayhi a tayal a kinaira ko pasadakan. Roma, o Amilika o sata’akay pasadakay to sakalalood i hekal. Micomoday a dafodafongan i Amilika o manga’ayay a kinairaira, tingki, misang’ay to lalosidan, o pinasanga’an a lalosidan, komo, cocoa, kohi. O sakatadamaan kalali’acaan no dafong no Amilika ira ko Canada, Congko, Dipong, Mexico, Germany, France, Saudi Arabia, Into, Korea, Taywan, Brazil. O Canada ato Congko ko satadamaanay kalali’acaan kitakit no Amilika. == Tamdaw (人口) == === Likisi (歷史) === I 1880 miheca tangasa 1900 mihecaan, o i maciay a tamdaw no Amilika nai 28% macakat 40 %, 1920 miheca tangasa i 50%, salongan nawhani o Europe malinah tayni. I 1890 mihecaan, ikor o maomahay no Amilika a tamdaw nao kikayan malenak saka o maomahay tamdaw makotay no kikay saka i maci ko aro’ a tamdaw makeroday malokelon. === Aniniay kadademak (現狀) === Midotoc to no Amilika tamdawan pipalita i 2017 miheca nisaopoan a tilid, Amilika polong ira ko 321,004,407 no tamaw, ano engan mipili’an a finacadan, Amilika kohecalay tamdaw ira ko 73%, tamdaw ira ko 234,370,202 tamdaw, caay kapatodong ko Spin dotoc ato Lating Amilika tamaw a kohecalay ira ko 61.5%, tamdaw ira ko 197,277,729 tamdaw, ira ko Spin dotoc ato Lating Amilika tamdawan a kohecalay tamaw 11.5%, o tamdaw ira ko 37,092,473 tamdaw. Iraay ko no Spin dotoc ato ira ko no Lating Amilika tamdaw polong 17.6%, tamdaw ira 56,510,571 ko tamaw, mihaydaay o kohecalay tamdaw sanay ira ko 11.5%, tamdaw ira 37,092,473 ko tamdaw, roma caay ko kohecalay tamdaw a Lating Amilika tamdaw ira 6.1%, tamdaw ira 19,418,098 ko tamdaw. O Africa Amilika tamaw polong no tamaw 12.7%, polong ira ko 40,610,815 tamdaw. O Asia Amilika tamaw polong tamaw ira ko 5.4%, tamaw ira 17,186,320 ko tamdaw, sata’akay a Asia finawlan a Holam Amilika tamdaw (halo Congko, Hongkong, Taywan, kawali katimol Asia a holan), macalap ko 1.3%, polong no tamaw ira 4,108,085 ko tamdaw, saka tosa o Into tamaw, ira ko 1.1%, tamdaw ira ko 3,672,647 tamdaw. O yincumin no Amilika i o Intian tamdaw, Alaska yincumin polong no tamdaw 0.8%, ira ko 2,622,102 tamdaw. O i Taypinyang a sera a yincumin no Amilika (o sowal: Taypinyang finawlan) polong no tamdaw 0.2%, ka’aloman ira ko 570,116 no tamdaw. Tangasa i 2010 miheca, o tamdaw no Amilika polong tangasa 3.08 walwalan, itini hekal aikora no Congko, Intu saka tolo ko tamdaw, o katongal no tamdaw 0.59%[96]. Saan, caayay ko Spain a kohecalay tamdaw ira ko 64%, roma o Latin Amilika tamdaw, Africa safaniyot tamdaw, Asia tamdaw. Nai kasakanatal a nengnengen, o California kanatal ko sa’alomanay tamdaw no Amilika, ira ko 3720 ’ofad; o saawaayay tamdaw ko Wyoming kanatal, dengan ira ko 56.4 ’ofad; o Texas kanatal ko ranikayay matongal ko tamdaw no Amilika, ikaka to no 2000 miheca matongal to 430 ’ofad, tangasa to 2510 ’ofad. Kohetingay tamdaw no Amilika, Latin Amilika tamdaw ato Asia tamdaw caayay ka’aloman a finacadan polong no tamdaw ira 1.007 walwalan ko tamdaw (tangasa 2006 miheca 7 folad), itiniay i Amilika a Latin Amilika tamdaw mata’elif to ko 5000 ’ofad, macalap ko Amilika tamdaw to enemay ira ko cecay (16.66%), padoedo sa maro i Amilika a safaw finacadan ko aro’. Amilika a Holam tamdaw salongan ira ko 400 ’ofad (tangasa 2011 miheca). Mafana’ to Inkiris a sowal. Roma salongan ira ko 300 ’ofad tamdaw ko mafana’ay to Holam a sowal. Ira 51.3% ko finawlan mitooray to Kristokiw, roma a finawlan mitoor to Tingsokiw, Yotayakiw, caayay ko cima ciwha ira ko 4%. Midotoc to 2000 miheca a palita to tamdaw, salongan ira ko 79% a tamdaw maro’ay i tokay[97], o Amilika o masasiromaay finacadan caayay kalalen ’alomanay finacadan a kitakit, polong no kitakit ira ko 31 a finacadan mata’elif ko 100 ’ofad ko tamdaw, safa no 100 ’ofad a tamdaw adihay ho[98]. O ’alomanay Amilika tamdaw (I 2004 miheca ira ko 74.67%)[99] o Europe kohecalay malinahay a wawawawa, oni a malinahay itiya ho o picingcing ko kanga’ay no aro’, ’alomanay i o ikoray no laloma'ay no Kitakit a lalood “Katimol miliyaway patireng a onto” a tayni i Amilika, nawhani caayay ko kohecalay tamdaw malinahay ato caayay ka papina a finacadan kalahofocay, caayay ko Latin Amilika a kohecalay tamdaw malowanay to[100]. O nano Europe a Germany (15.6%), Ireland (10.8%), England (8.7%), Italy (5.6%) ato Scandinavia (3.7%); adihay ko nai Slavic kitakit, tinako Poland ato Russia; roma a Europe a teloc malinahay nai kawaliay Europe, katimol Europe ato Canada a France sowal sa’etal. O yincumin no Amilika a Indian tamdaw ira ko 440 ’ofad no tamdaw[101], tonni ira ko salongan 35% miro’ay i no sifo mahalakaan a yincumin niterekan sa’etal. O Asia teloc Amilika tamdaw (caay ka citodong to i Hawaii ato Taypinyang kasa’etalay maro’ay) o saka tolo caayay ka papina a finacadan, i 2005 miheca mapalita ira ko 5%. O ’alomanay Asia Amilika tamdaw masaopo i kaetipay lilis no riyar ato Hawaii, o Asia teloc sa ta’akay finacadan o Congko, Hongkong, Macao, Singapore, Taywan, Malaysia, Kawali katimol Asia Holam tamdaw malekapot a Holam a Amilika tamdaw, padoedo o Into, Philippines, Vietnam, Korea ato Dipong. O Latin teloc Amilika tamaw o sata’akay finacadan a finawlan, polong no tamaw 16.1% (2005 miheca), toni laloma’an nai Mexico malinahay tayni ira ko 66%, pali’ayaw to sowal ikor no 10 miheca o mamacakat a ’aloman. O Africa teloc a Amilika tamdaw maledefay i laloma’an no Amilika, nikawrira katimolay a kohetingay tamaw o sa’alomanay, polong 3,500 ’ofad (12.12%). O tato’asan nangra nai ’ayaw no laloma'ay no kitakit a lalood kalali’acaan a malafades. I 2011 miheca 6 folad 28 romi’ad, o nano Amilika katayalan mikingkiway (AEI) mihapiw to cecay maolahay to kitakit mipalita a pakafana’ pahapinang, mata’elif ko 6% finawlan (ira 61% a milicayan a o Amilika tamdaw o “tadamalita’angay”, 25% milicayan “malita’ang”) o nano Amilika tamdaw malita’ang, o ’alomanay Amilika tamdaw o kalasofitay o maolahay to kitakit sanay a pahapinang, o finawlan no Amilika saki sofitay no Amilika o takaraway ko nengneng[102] I 2020 miheca 6 folad 15 romi’ad, Inkiris a “romi’aday simpon” pasinpon, nawhani COVID-19 a salifong makatalawan ko kicay ato sakasomelet, patongal o kohetingay tamdaw ci George Floyd mapatay kararawrawan no syakay, o kalata’angan to kitakit no Amilika matefad tangasa 20 mihecaan salaenoay. Saka cecay mihapiwan a fa^elohay tilid pahapinang, saki niyahan no Amilika tamdaw “tadamalita’angay” padoedo saan mitefad, tangasa 2020 miheca dengan to 42%. I Gallup halafinay 20 mihecaan a finawlan pipalita mikingkiw, saka cecay pasadakan dengan caay ka tahira i 50% ko no kohecalay tamdaw a lekatep (49%) saki Amilika a “tadamaan” kalita’angan. I 2001 miheca, i ’ayaw no 911 kakoki’an salipalaw, Gallup midemak to polita a mikingkiwan pahapinang, milicayan tamdaw saki kitakit a “tadamaan” kalita’angan salongan 55%, ikor no 3 mihecaan, oni kakoki’an salipalaw malo sakarikec to no Amilika tamdaw, oni a palalecadan macakat to 65% tangasa 70%. 2005 miheca mitefad tayra i 61%, tangasa i 2015 miheca tangasa 54%[103]. === Kasaselal no syakay (社會階層) === I 2004 mihecaan no Amilika a syakay hakasi ci Leonard Beeghley mipalita to limaay to syakay kasaselal no Amilika mapasasiini to kasaselal syakay no Amilika ira i kalaeno[104], o micomoday kasacefang saheto Amilika payso: Itiniay California San Jose kalawacay a sasifo’ay macakatay kasasiiraay salaloma’an malekatepay. Takaraway ko kinaira a laloma’an 5%, laloma’an kalietan i kakaay to 100 ’ofad, o maledefay to kaira no Daykako a ponka: Sa’akawangay micomoday laloma’an 0.9%-- o patekan cidafngay ato walwalan a cidafongay; Sasifo’ay selal, nai 46% -- ko fainayan micomoday to 5.7 ’ofad, fafahiyan mihecaan micomoday ira ko 4 ’ofad ko tamdaw, o pinanaan naira o misawaday tp Canglong daikako; o malingaday macalao 40.45 -- salongan micomoda 2.6 ’ofad, o ’aslomanay o nai kasasi todong no safakay, paskoyacay a langdaway nicalapan 40%--45% 4 ’ofad ko kosi mitiliday, salongan fafahiyan a tamdaw ko 2.6 ’ofad, saheto saheto i cyukakko ko misawad; salongan fainayan micomoday 4 ’ofad, fafahiyan micomoday ira ko 2.6 ’ofad o misawaday to Congsi; o i laenoay pakoyocay a tamdaw, salongan laloma’an ira ko 12% ko saki’orip a malaloma’an mataelif to ko 1.8 ’ofad, o mitiliday to congsi misawaday. Mitodong to paitemed ato laloma’an a paeneray masasiroma’ay a syakay selal a nengnengen, masapinang to tekedan a nipitilid ko kacitodong, i 2005 miheca polong no laloma’an no Amilika a micomoday ira ko 46326 Amilika payso, nika 18% a loma’an micomoday mata’elifay ko 10 ’ofad Amilika payso, o sakitekadan micomoday a miso’osian ira ko 32,140 Amilika payso (misa’osian 25 mihecaan a teked) [105]. O citodongay to caayay ka nengneng a tadamaanay a tayal ano eca dademakay to no syakay a demak malotadamaanay nitayalan, o i tadamaanay tamdaw, o macakatay ko kinaira nangra: o citadamaanay demak ato hakasi tamdaw ikakaay ko kinaira o 15% a malekapot, ’ayaw no 15% ko kinaira salongan milietanan ikakaay to 62,500 Amilika payso; o tadamaanay a nialaay to no daykako a kompay a tamdaw cikinaira o cidafongay, o ikakaay ko katadamaan[106]. == Sowal (語言) == Talacowa o Amilika awaay ko todong no rikec to sowal no kitakit, so’elin o Inkiris a sowal ko sakasasowal no kitakit. Midotoc i 2008 miheca mapolong, salongan 3 walwalan 1480 ’ofad (99.6%) nai limaay mihecaan ko laloma’an o Inkiris ko kasasowal. O Inkiris ko kararidan sakasasowal, marepetay a todong o Inkiris a sowal ko sapicomod a mafolaw ni longocan. Salongan Amilika tamdaw mipaini palasowalen no kitakit ko Inkiris a sowal sanay, ira ko 28 a kanatal ko mihaydaay to a niyaro’ay hoying to Inkiris a sowal; ira ko 3 kanatal mihaydaay to roma a sowal palalenay ato Inkiris a sowal: Louisiana kanatal a France a sowal, Hawaii kanatal no Hawaii sowal ato New Mexico kanatal a Spain sowal. Dengan o Inkiris, ira ko tamdaw mata’elifay to 100 ’ofad tamdaw a sowal palamlamay to Spain swal, Holam sowal, Tagalo sowal, Vietnam sowal, France sowal, Korea sowal, Germany sowal[107]. == Pakayraan (宗教) == Nai ’ayaw pipatireng no Amilika to kitakit o nicingcingan no Inkiris itiya awaay ho ko pakoniraay no pakayraan mitoor, ira ko katalawan to rikec no pakayraan, saki caayay pitoor to Kristokiw a tamdaw o a’epecen, kakari’angen, onini saki Tingsokiw a mitooray (roma o piliyang to cisakowanay to kiwkay) nikawrira o Kristokiw kasasoroma no kiwha mi’emet to kasa’etal to masasiromaay kiwha a mitooray midemak to sapi’epec a lakakawa[108] Tona mapatireng to ko kitakit no Amilika, o kimpo no Amilika saka cecay nisalofan i 1791 miheca mahayda, mi’efec to kalomaocan no Amilika mitelek patireng to kitakit a pakayraan, o Amilika sa’ayaw mipadama to pakayraan pakonira a salongoc a kitakit, Amilika a nipatatekoan a kitakit sifo midemak to kasasiiked no sici kiwkay a katatelek, tatiih micoker tatiih miliyang to kasasiromaroma no pitooran. Nikawrira na itiya nawhani pipadama to pitooran a mapakonira a comahad, o ’icel noKristokiw naikoran patireng to kitakit miteka marekrek comahad, saki amilika a sici a pisingkiw ira to ko todong a miselic a ’icel, dengan ni John Kennedy ato ci Joe Biden o Tingsokiw a mitooray, o kasarekad o congtong no Amilika sahetoay o Kristokiw mitooray. I 2007 miheca a nisa’osian a tilid[109]: Kristokiw - 51.3% Tingsokiw – 23.9% Awaayay ko pitooran – 16.1% Roma ano eca caayay pahapinang – 2.5% Mormonism – 1.7% Orthodox kiwkay – 1.6% Yotayakiw – 1.4% Buddha – 0.7% Islam – 0.6% I cemahaday to kitakit, o Amilika a pitooran talolong to sakikitakit. Nikawrira o Amilika i kasakanatal ira ko kasasiromaan. O Amilika masinanotay mi’imeray a Kristo ’aloman i katomol ato tenok kaetip a kasa kanatal, ’alomanay o nikapolongan (kong-he) a sician a kasarekad micokeray, katimolay kohetingay tamdaw sa’etal, kawali ka’amisay ato kaetip mililisay to riyar kanatal a mitooray o mafohatay ko faloco’, o no nikapolongan (min-co) a sician a kasarekad micokeran. Katimolay kanatal, o katimolay Amilika a paino’ay sata’akay kiwha, ikor o Methodist kiwkay; i kawali ka’amis o New England sa’etal ato mingataay to Mexico a lilis niyaro’, o Tingsokiw ko micalapay, nawhani itiraay tamdaw ’aloman nai Europe Tingsokiw sa’etal (tinako katimolay Bavaria no Germany, Ireland, Italy ato poland) mafolaway a teloc, ano eca ka’amisay Amilika roma a niyaro’ (tinako Quebec ato Puerto Rico) mafolaway a teloc, katimolay o nai Mexico a Latin Amilika mafolaway a teloc. Romaroma niyaro’ no Amilika sa’etal a Kristokiw tamdaw o masasiromaay kiwha mapapolongay. Talacowa ’alomanay Amilika a mitooray paso’elin to Fa^elohay Kristokiw, nikawrira nawhani o Fa^elohay mitooray o kasasirma no kiwha, orasaka Tingsokiw o ’alomanay ko mitooray, orasaka o Tingsokiw mitooray o nai Latin Amilika a teloc mafolaway sakatongal, takaraw ko nikasofoc nangra ira ko sapadang matingal ko mitooray no Amilika, mangalef o Tingsokiw. O Mormonism a ’icel caay ka eca o sasikolen. == Syakay ato saki’orip (社會與生活) == === Micomoday kinaira no finawlan (居民收入) === O saka’ayaway i hekal ko micomoday kinaira no finawlan no Amilika, polong no kitakit tamdaw salongan to mihecaan to kinaira 4.7 ’ofad no Amilika payso[110]. Onini a patoroan mingataay to misang'ay to lalosidan kitakit, tinako Switzerland (5.4 ’ofad Amilika payso), nikawrira o kacidafong i mamala cemahaday a kitakit masaopo, ato malalenay ko pisa’isal to Europe ato Australia palahecad, 40% a tamdaw malapakoyocay to, dengan 1% ko iraay, ka’ayaway tamdaw 20% ko cidafongay, nicalap to 70% a kinaira no kicay[111], orasaka oni a 1%, pala’isal to 40% no kitakit ko kacidafong. Nai 1975 mihecaan i, o kadademak no syakay, dademakay matayal malitosaay, o kaciheci no kicay a macakat pasayra i takaraway ko kinaira to 20% a laloma’an[112]. O laloma’an no finawlan no Amilika takaraw ko kinaira, nikawrira o kasakanatal mahapinang ira ko kasacila^ed, tinako i West Virginia kanatal a kinaira no laloma’an 3.3 ’ofad amilika payso, o New Hampshire kanatal takaraw to 5.7 ’ofad Amilika payso[113][114], o mitodongay to no Inkiris kitakit (45575 Amilika payso) [115] ato New Zealand (30256 Amilika payso) a lala’edan[116]. Tatenokan a kinairaay o marariday matayal a kinaira koni nai 1970 mihecaan oyaanan to, o masereray ko kinaira mangalef maserer ko kinairaan, talacowa matongal macakat ko nitayalan macakat ko kinaira. O kasakanatal no Amilika a masereray a lifon to kinaira a todong malalenay i cecay a toki 7-8 Amilika a payso, salongan ira ko no Europe ato Australia malitosaay no todong[117][118]. O mitakaway mafolaw a finawlan to kinaira o masereray ko lifon malosaka lapakoyoc a 10% matayalay[119], nikawrira mitafoay to titi a tayal ato maomahay a sakinaira saheto o mitadoay to mitakaway a matalay[120]. I 2005 miheca a nai Amilika citodongay to matayalay a paratohan i, nai 1960 mihecaan i, o kinaira micalap to no finawlan a GDP a masereray ato katayalan a micomoday malalen ko takaraw matiya ko tilid no likisi[121]. Pakafafahiyan salongac a onto i Amilika ato Europe mapalowad ko sakacakat no katayalan. I 1950 mihecaan a Amilika ciramoday a fafahiyan a katayalan dengan 11%, makisafa no i 1920 mihecaan[122]. Mataneng i 1960 mihecaan, 1970 mihecaan mihakelong to masawilihay a salongoc a onto o nano naikoran no fafahiyan salongocan, i 1978 miheca ci ramoday to fafahiyan no Amilika macakat 50% ko katayalan. I 1997 miheca tangasa i 61%, I 1990 miheca tangasa 21 sici a ’ayaway a mihecaan o kacakatan no kicay i, mihayda to “minokay i loma’ misolimet ko fainay ato wawa” a “mipili’ to salongoc no fafahiyan” rara sato a patiko[123], miliyaw patiko matayal ko fafahiyan no Amilikato 54%[124], i 2008 mihecaan macowat ko katalawan no hekal paysoan, nawhani kareteng ko saki’orip, o ciramoday fafahiyan no Amilika macakat ko katayal[125], dengan o caay kalalen ko kinaira no kasasilomaan, no fafahiyan a kinaira makisafa to no fainayan, fainayan a matayalay adihay ko madoka’ay matayal. Matiniay a demak dengan o Africa safaniyot, nawhani kohetingay tamdaw a kapah caayho ka raramod ci wawa ito ano eca marofoay ko mama, malainaay mangalay to katayalan sapahafay to wawa. === Isi dadipotan (醫療保健) === Midotoc to no hekal isi a sakapot i 1997 miheca to pakayniay to sapipaising a dotoc a pihapinang mirayray, o Amilika itini i no hekalan isi sakapot o saka 15 a kitakit[126]. Micalap to sa’osi no kapolongan polong no tamdaw ato nilaoman no tamdaw masasiteko i, o sakisomelet no malaomay (teked ato kapolongan malaomay mapolong) ikaka to romaroma kitakit ko no Amilika[127]. Nikawrira, hatiniay to ko masadakay caay pakadamso to kacitodong no sakapa’orip to kapolongan sakasomelet. Satakaraway miratohay to sakihekal a tilid pahapinang, o Amilika ato roma a kitakit misanga’ay to dafong a kitakit patatekoen i, o wawa a mapatayay takaraw, o saki’orip no finawlan makisafa no Sweden[128] ato France[129][130] a kitakit. No Amilika a ising salingan a kinaira a lifon o katakaraway i hekal[131]. Nikawrira o masosoay o kararimaan no kapolongan a isi, salongan malosaka adihay no masadakay to saki isi to pinaay so’ot a walwalan payso no Amilika. Palongen pisa’osi i no Amilika masapakoyocay tamdaw masosoay kaiaka ko takaraw nora[132]. Caayto kalecad to no a kitakit, o saki sadama to hoking no kasomelet caay ka o kapolongan ko pa’acaay, oya o kitakit ato tekedan ko pafeliay, i Amilika awaay ko polongan no finawlan a sakasomelet a hoking, o congtong no Amilika ci Clinton patoror to fafahi ningra ci Hillaryan misafaloco’ to sapi patireng to a sakasomelet a hoking, manga’ay no finawlan no Amilika a ira ko isingan a hoking nasa, nikawrira matena’ no kalomaocan ato sapitekedan kasacefang. Midotoc i 2004 miheca a tilid, tekedan a sakasomelet makaloya to sakitekedan hoking pasadak to 36%, tekedan micalap to 15%, no nipatatekoan a kitakit, kanatal ato niyaro’ay sifo micalap to 44%[133]. I 2005 miheca, ira ko 4120 ’ofad a finawlan (polong no tamdaw no Amilika to 14.2%) toya a mihecaan a romi’ad awaay ko sakasomelet a hoking; nikawrira ira ko malitoloay to cecay a laloma’an mata’elifay ko 5 ’ofad no Amilika payso to kinaira, cangra a tamdaw malitosaay pakata’elifay to 7.5 ’ofad no Amilika payso ko tamdaw[134]. Oroma i, maedengay citodong to kapolongan hoking a tamdaw ira ko malitoloay to cecay tamdaw ko ccayay ho picomod. No isi a hoking i Amilika i no litengan a nitahidangan a sapalemed. Matiya to, ano adadaay ira ko ’icel palolol to sapaising, o paisingan o paoadamso to kacalohan a pitado, nikawrira kacalohan pipaising manga’ay milaplap to caayay palefod pafeli to sapaising a ’aca a adadaay. I Amilika, sapaising a sapaiyo ko saka peleng no tamdaw[135]. No Amilika sakipaising a pikingkiw wataay ko payso to pateli, onini o tekedan a padafohan. Midotoc i 2000 mihecaan a pisaopo, no tekedan caayay ko malali’acaay citodongay mipacomodan micalap to 7%, tekean a malali’acaay micalap to 57%, no sata a sacoker no kitakit a isi kingkiwying macalap ko 36%[136]. == Kiwiko (教育) == I Amilika, sakowan to kiwiko o kanatal ato niyaro’ay sifo ko citodongay, caay ko nipatatekoan sifo[137]. Nika, nipatatekoan sifo a kiwikopo mihayda to sapi’emet to kiwiko kiking a sakacitodong. O mitiliday sito ira ko telek a i no kitakit a pilayap nai ka’emangay pitilidan tangasa 12 mihecaan lekad no kiwiko; oya ka’emangay pitilid 5 miheca, sasifo’an 3 miheca, kawcong 5 miheca, masasiisal to no kitakit, no tekedan tosaay, o no kitakit a pitilidan ko ’alomanay, midemakay to caayay ka li’aca a todong a kiwiko; roma, ka’emangay tenokan a pitilid caay pa’aca ano eca malitosaay ko aca no sakalahok, o mitiliday o faso no pitilidan ko micolo’ay. Ta, 18 mihecaan manga’ay misawad, nikawrira o romaroma a kanatal mihayda i 16 mihecaan manga’ayto miliyas to pitilidan[138]. Dengan o mitiliday i no kitakit a pitilidan, manga’ay no mato’asay no mitiliday i loma’ a mikiwiko to wawa[139], ano eca seraen patayra i kiwkay ano eca i no tekedan a pitilidan. Misawad to kawcong i, o mitiliday manga’ay mipili’ to no kitakit ano eca no tekedan a daykako. No kitakit a daykako nai nipatatekoan ano eca o kanatal a sifo milayap to sapa’aca, milayap to roma pakayraan a sapitilid a payso, nikawrira ’alomanay mitiliday i pisawad ito mapatiko to nicaliwan a sapotilid a payso. Tekedan a daykako a sapitilid mikikaka to no kitakit daykako a sapitilid payso. ’Alomanay mitiliday i ’ayaw picomodan to daykako ato kakoying micomod i katayalan ano eca malasofitay mietan to sapitilid a payso, Amilika a sofitay ato adihayay tekedan katayalan mipadang to matayalay to sadama a ta’akay sapikiwiko a payso[140][141]. Adihay ko daykako no Amilika. Nai ’ayaw no 360 miheca malinah tayni i Amilika a Puritan nai 1 636 miheca 9 folad patireng to polong no Amilika saka cecay daykako – Harvard daykako[142], no Amilika a takaraway pikiwiko midotoc to no Europe to’asan daykako tinako no Inkiris Cambridge daykako ato Oxford daykako a to’asan. Macowat tangasa anini ira ko 2600 a daykako palilamay to kompay no bachelor, master, PHD sepatay miheca a daykako[143]. Oya tosaay miheca a no syakay kakoying adihay tangasa 3400 ko pitilidan. 2009 miheca Linhoko pacowatay halaka a tamdawan picowat a sa’osi no kiwiko[144] nai Amilika kiwiko a saka 21 no hekal. I matini ira ko 7660 ’ofad a Amilika tamdaw milayapay to kiwiko (nai yociying tangasa daykako) [145]. Adihayay takaraway kakoying pitilidan no Amilika o malalifetay, ano kitakit ito ano eca no tekedan to a pitilidan. Polong no Amilika daykako pitilidan ira ko 3400 ko daykako[146]. Tadamaanay daykako halo Ivy malekatep, roma ira ko Stanford daykako, Chicago daykako ato Massachusetts kaki kakoying, o tatodong to sakofit no kiwiko i polong no cikiw, to mahecaan masolot ko nai kasahekal a sapitilidan tayni minanam. == Kakaenen (飲食) == O kakaenen no Amilika misolot to no yincumin no Amilika a kakaenen a pakayraan ato sapisafel, tinako siciminciw, konga’ (potato), ’ariray, tamorak, o nian malokacango’otan ponka no Amilika. O apple pie, pizza, hamburger o nai ano eca nai Europe a nifalican, anini o Amilika ranikayay kakaenen a ponka a losid. Mexico lolodan ato tacos o nai Mexicoay. Nai Africa teloc Amilika tamdaw nai pifadesan itiya nai Africa mapacomod “Soul food” (adingoan kakaenen) mala o kakaenen no finawlan. Polong no sasowalen, nawhani adihayay ko takaraway kaloli a kakaenen, no Amilika a nananomen caay ko sakasomelet, orira masosoay tamdaw ’aloman i laloma’ no kitakit. O kaen no Amilika a tamdaw cecay romi’ad tolo ko kaen. O karanaman dafak pito ko toki tangasa falo ko toki. O nikaenan kasaniyaro’ ko kasasiromaan. O sakaranam ira ko niperecan to falo, miloko, ^mi, epang ato kohi a kakaenen. O ranam i loma’ a komaen, ano ira ko sakalalicay to dademakan mitado to karanaman, sasowalen “karanaman a tayal”. Kalahokan 12 ko toki tangasa herek no lahok 2 ko toki. Nawhani mamoko’ ko romi’ad maraay ko loma’, orasaka o mitiliday ato matayalay caay ka i loma’ a malafi, mihawikid nai loma’, saka o saka taloay a kaen no Amilika o lahok ko rahodayay, manta’ay dating, epang, hamburger ato ’apeladay, hot dog, ato ociya. O kalafian i 6 ko toki tangasa 7 ko toki miteka, o kadofahay ko nikaenan, orasaka ono Amilika a sakalafi ira ko nga’ayay a kaen, tadakaen. O sakalafi ira ko niperecan to falo ato kohaw, oroma sato pasadak to kakaenen a dating. O mapasadakay a dating ira ko titi no kolong, titi no fafoy, nitapayan a kolong, ’ayam, ’afar, ham ato mi’id’idan titi no siri. Alomanay Amilika tamdaw maolah i ikor no kalafian ira ko koesanay kaenan, tinako o mikeritan, aysklim ato chocolate. I pa’aliwacan a romi’ad, ’alimanay laloma’an tosaay ko kaen. Patatekoen nangra ko ranam ato lahok ao ranam lahok a kaenan. Manga’ayay kini. Ira a laloma’an pa’aliwacan caay ka i loma’ a misacacak, polong sa laloma’an tayra i kakomaenan. O kaacangan lisin no Amilika i, laloma’an no Amilika mararid tayra papotal mipakelang ato mi’id’id to kakaenan. == Mitiya (傳媒) == O Amilika to sinpon o takaraway ko pakoniyahan a kitakit, onini nai kimpo no Amilika to saki finawlan a midipotan[147]. Tongal sa no kicay ko kao cemahaday to ato kalalifetan no kalali’acaan, saka o Amilika itini i hekal o cemahaday to rocek no mitiya a kitakit. Amilika a mitiya mapolongay, halo tilifi, pahoso, sinpon, casi ato calayan. Adihayay a mitiya saheto o kalali’acaan to no tekedan mitiya a kosi, militado cangra to piparatoh, pi’aca ato pa’aca to nisanga’an a kinaira. I Amilika ira ko toloay ta’akay mitiya a kosi o to’asan a warner (ira ko calayan a tilifi sinpon calay, loma’an ikakang, to’asan lipay a casi ato warner malikaka tilifi calay li’aca), sinpon kakeridan (ira ko fox ratoh kosi, wall street sinpon ato New York sinpon) ato disney (ira ko Amilika ratoh kosi) [148]. === Tilifi (電視) === Polong no Amilika a kasaniyaro’ a tilifi ira ko masacicingan laloma’an, o adihayay masasiisalay to pitoay tekedan kosi i polong no kitakit awaayay ko calay tilifi: milecokay to toloay a tilifi calay-polong no kitakit ratoh kosi, Amilika ratoh kosi ato Colombia ratoh kosi[149], ato oya na mihecaan ranikayay macakat a sepatay tilifi calay-fox ratoh kosi, mapapolongay paramount tilifi calay (UPN), warner malikaka tilifi calay (WB) ato parkes tilifi calay (PAX). Oya fafaeday awaayay ko calay tilifisanga’ay calay, ira ho i Amilika ko adihayay cicalayay tilifi lalan, oya pasadakay to ika, nano nisanga’an tilifi a ika, misyasingan to sakiloma’ a ika ato polong no cikiw sa’ayaway nitenekan 24 ko toki masaromi’ad a sinpon a cicalayay tilifi sinpon a tanektekay, onini tosaay laloma’an a to’asan warner kosi a tekedan. Masowal koya CNN.com calayan likisiay saka cecay sinpon calay (1995 miheca 8 folad 30 romi’ad mapatireng), anini i polong no cikiw 212 ko kitakit ato kasa’etal ira ko salongan 10 walwalan tamdaw ko minengnengay to CNN kamok. ABC kosi midemak to kasasiroma ato pakayraan paratoh a pakayraan, ira ko roma mikapiay paratohay a paratoh a pakayraan. Kasakamok: Boston rikec, toloay sofitay kakeridan (Command in Chief). === Paratohay pakayraan (廣播電台) === No Amilika a paratohay malitosaay ko ’etal, masasiiked to nipili’an ato nifalican. Manengnengan i milika malitosaay ko pakayraan masasiiked masasowalay ato radiwan, o nian o radiw ko sakakaay, masongila’ ko nisiikedan. Adihayay no Amilika o pakayraan no ratoh saheto o tekedan kalali’acaan a pakayraan. Polong no kitakit a kapolongan pakayraan no ratoh o sata’akay i Amilika a kapolongan paratohay a calay. === Sinpon (報紙) === O adihayay sinpon no Amilika saheto o no tekedan, o papalosiyang ko saka ira no kicay. Sata’akay o “New York”, onini a sinpon masowal o “so’elinay ko pahapinang to syakay no Amilika”, o sinpon a painian o dadahalay ko pakafana’ to kasaniyaro’ no kitakit, kaolahan no mikingkiway ato citodongay. O kalali’acaan, paysoan a pawacay ko no “Wall street sinpon” ato noetipay “Los Angeles sinpon” ko kasangil, nika oni tosaay i sinpon a kaitiraan caay to pakalecad to “New York sinpon”. “Aniniay Amilika” talacowa mata’elif ko semo’otay ’ofad ko li’aca, nika dengan o kalawlaan, onto a sofal a sasowalen, cango’ot to tatodong no mitiya a kasatamdawan, caay pakatoor to toloay a ka sangilan. Oni a sepatay sinpon o sata’akay sinpon i Amilika, i adihayay kasamaci mapasadak. === Cassi (雜誌) === Cassi no Amilika macowatay, kasasiroma ato laloma’ no cassi kadofahay, o cassi i Amilika icowa to a ta’akay maci a pa’acaan to tilid ko pi’acaan. O adihayay cassi saheto laenoay o ta’akay mitiya kosi. ==== Amilika toloay tadamanay sinpon a cassi: (美國三大主流新聞類周刊：) ==== 1. “To’asan”: 1923 miheca patireng, anini ira ko malasepatay a tilid, malaieal no Amilikaay, Europe, Asiya, timolay Taypinyang a nirina’an. O nano to’asan kasakitakit a todongan ato masangilay a cassi. 2. “Sinpon lipayan”: 1923 miheca pasadak, adihayay kitakit ko pasadakan, nipasadakan aikoray no “To’asan”. 3. “Amilika sinpon ato hekal a paratoh”: 1948 miheca nai “Amilika sinpon” ato “Hekal a paratoh” ko patatekoan. ==== Roma cassi: (其他雜誌主要有：) ==== 1888 miheca Amilika kitakit palaan kakokay patireng pa’oliday to palaan kako a “kitakit palaan” (foladan a tilid): o kafana’an no tamdaw i hekal a cassi, to folafolad kasasiroma a sowal marina’ 900 ’ofad a tilid, ira ko 5 patekan ’ofad ko mitiri’ay. 1894 miheca midemak to radiwan cassi “raratohan”. 1913 miheca mirina’ to kasenengan cassi “kacinganganan”. 1917 miheca misanga’ to kalali’acaan cassi “Forbes”. 1953 miheca misanga’ to “playboy” (foladan) ato 1965 miheca pasadak to “’amanaw” tadamaanay no malakapahay a cassi. O “kalawlaan” (Variety, 1905 miheca midemak), “Holy wood simpon” (1939 miheca midemak) ato “salamaan lipayan” (1990 miheca midemak, ono to’asan warner kakeridan) a citodongay ika, tilifi, malawlaay cassi. === Calay (網際網路) === Matiya o calay o nai Akilikaay, Amilika redek sa ko calay a kadofah ato comahad ko kitakit. Citodongay misintingay kosi ira ko noniyah a calayan, ira ko papsangay, ira ko roma salongan a paposang. Amilika tamdaw misanga’an a calay tinako Facebook、Amazon、Google、Wikipedia、YouTube ato Twitter, saheto polong no cikiw mina’angan ato midemakan no ’adihayay tamdaw. Hawikidan a tanengan nga’ayay linahan a to’asan nikatayni, matiya o Instagram ato Pinterest a calayan kasalongan no tamdamdaw i hekal. Amilika o cecay calayan a mapakoniraay a kitakit, no calay a nisowalan madamaay no “Amilika kimpo saka cecay nisalofan” madipot. Orasaka, mitomadaw ko sifo to no calay a nisowalan awa:ay masadak. Nikawrira, o Amilika i calay mikantok to ta’angay to nidadingoan halaka a todong, matiraay saka “o ’ada no calay a tamdaw” ahan no awaayay ko kitakit a pasingsiay. === Sapakafana’ (通訊) === O satadamaanay ko sapakafana’ a kasado’edo no Amilika. Imatinib, o apple (pinko) kosi ko sata’akay to sapakafana’ a kaki kosi. O sa’ayaway no Amilika a lopini’ay a sapakafana’ i 1877 miheca mapatireng, tona pipatireng masadak ko calayan a tingwa, tangasa 20 sici 70 mihecaan, mapasadak to saka cecay a wikidtingwa ato sapitahidang, 80 mihecaan, mapatayra i Congko. 2019 miheca, Amilika o i 3.1232 walwalan ko mitatoyay polong no cikiw o saka tolo (aikor no Congko ato Intu) [150]. Sa’ayaway i AT&T、Verizon、Sprint ato T-Mobile a wikidan calay misatingwaay ko pipatingwa. I Amilika ira ko sapatay wikidan calay misatiwaay micomod to 5G a to’asan, sa’ayaw pasadakan no Nokiya ato Samsong a kosi a nipasadakan 5G a wikidtingwa. Nanoya no Amilika a wikidan calay a misatingwaay micomod to i Facebook、Twitter、YouTube hananay sakapot calay rarong fangko. == Pikowan to sakarihaday (治安) == O pikowan to sakarihaday o i niyaro’ay a imeng ato mikowanay to sakarihaday a kakeridan ko citodangay, sa’etal a imeng padamso to liyok a pipatado. No nipatatekoan a kitakit citodongay tinako nipatatekoan a kitakit palitaay ato Amilika no rikec a imeng kasateked a nidemakan. No nipatatekoan a kitakit ato sa’etal a rikec pakisarikec ko piliclic. Sa’etal hoying miliclican saheto o ciraraway nidemakan, nipatatekoan a kitakit hoying a niliclican o tadamaanay raraw ato nipacakatan a laliclicen. O i salaloma’an no cemahaday to a kitakit, o nikafolawan kaciraraw mangalef o no kowang a sakari’ang ato kapapatay a kaciraraw ikakaay to roma a cemahaday to kitakit[151]. I 2007 miheca salongan 10 ’ofad tamdaw ira ko 5.6 tamdaw ko mari’angay[152], o nia tilidan o taloay no kafiyaw Canada a kitakit[153]. No Amilika a kasapapatay nai 1991 miheca tangasa 1999 mihecaan matongal to 42%, imatinib mato mamatalelay to[152]. Orasaka kacitodong to kowang mala saka laliyangan a sasowalen no sici no Amilika. O Amilika ira ko satakaraway to nikantokan i polong no cikiw[154] ato saadihayay ciraraway a tamdaw[155]. I 2008 mihecaan ira ko mata’elifay 230 ’ofad tamdaw itiraay i nikantokan, kasa 100 tamdaw ira ko 1 tamdaw marofoay[156]. Anini nirofoan 7 ko ’aloman i 1980 miheca[157]. Africa teloc Amilika a fainayan marofoay o 6 no fohecalay fainayan, ato 3 no Spain ato Portugal teloc fainayan[154]. I 2006 miheca Amilika nirofoan o 3 no poland, o komodan to kicay ato kacomahad sakapotan a takaraway kitakit[158]. O cacitodong oya nipatatekoan a kitakit a citodongay to rikec a nipasetekan a ni’esesan ato patoro’an to cisawarakay a ciraraway a dademakan[154][159], tinako ta’akay a salongan tamdaw nawhani oakayra i mimingay kalali’acaan to cisawarakay ko nirofoan[160]. Talacowa ’alomanay kitakit mapalasawaday to ko sapipatay a rikac, nika anini o Amilika a nipatatekoan a kitakit sifo patodong a miterek to sapipatay, ato iraay ho ko 34 a kanatal miterekay tonini a lekakawa. Nai 1976 miheca Amilika satakaraway hoying mipalowaday to sapidemak to sapipatay (i ’ayaw nipaterepan to 4 miheca), tangasa anini ira to ko 1000 tamdaw ciraraway a mapatayay tamdaw[161]. I 2006 miheca, Amilika midemak to pipatay a tamdaw sa’osien o saka enem no polong no cikaw, i aikoray no Congko, Iran, Pakistan, Iraq ato Sudan[162]. I 2007 miheca New Jersey kanatal mala i 1976 mihecaan sa’ayaway mipalasawadayo pipatay a kanatal, nanoyanan o New Mexico i 2009 miheca ato Ilinois kanatal i 2011 miheca mido’edo mipalasawaday to pipatay[163]. To pinapina a miheca o nipiti’ti’ malowanay to, ira ko 31 a kanatal ato Washington Colombia sa’etal (halo New York kanatal, Washington kanatal, Ilinois kanatal, Massachusetts kanatal, Alaska kanatal, New Jersey kanatal, New Mexico kanatal, Hawaii kanatal ato California kanatal) mitena’ to pitilidan miseti’ to mitiliday, nika ira ko 19 a kanatal (halo Georgia kanatal, Mississippi kanatal, Utah kanatal, Arizona kanatal, Florida kanatal, Texas kanatal, Louisiana kanatal) midemakay ho to piseti’. O New Jersey kanatal i 1867 miheca o sarakatay mipaterep to piseti’ a kanatal, ikor to o New Mexico kanatal i 2011 miheca mipalasawaday to piseti’ i pitilidan. Talacowa o Amilika caay ka polong ko paterep to piseti’ no pitilidan, nika polong no lomaloma’an caayay to piseti’. O piseti’ caay ko patodongan no pikiwiko. == Pa’aliwacan romi’ad (節日) == === No nipatatekoan a kitakit nipiketon to pipa’aliwac: (聯邦法定假日如下：) === {| class="wikitable" |Romi’ad |Pa’aliwacan |pahapinangan |- |1/1 |Fa’elohay miheca |Pahemek to fa’elohay miheca. |- |Saka 1 folad, saka 3 lipay saka cecay |Pihiratengan ci Martin Luther King |Pihirateng to kasofocan (1929/1/15) salongoc onto a kakeridan ci Martin Luther King, i 1986 miheca miteka. |- |1/20 |Patirengan |O congtong ato micokeray congtong patirengan, 4 miheca kina cecay, dengan i Washington sifo a nipatatekoan a kitakit sifo mitahidangan, ato Maryland kanatal ato Virginia kanatal sifo a matayalay manga’ay pa’aliwac. |- |2 folad saka 3 lipay saka cecay |Congtong romi’ad |Pihiratengan to sa’ayaway congtong ci Geoge Washington a kasofocan (1932/2/22), 1879 miheca miketonan no kalomaocan. |- |Saka 5 folad saikoray lipay saka cecay |Pihiratengan kapatayan no sofitay |O pihiratengan to katimol ka’amis a lalood mapatayay a hitay, ikor tilaken tayra piharatengan to makinafalahay ’orip i kalaloodan a hitay no Amilika, polong no kitakit mita’ong a romi’ad i no walian romi’ad to herek no lahok 3 ko widi miteka. Ira i 5 folad 30 romi’ad, i finawlan toya romi’ad i kaciherangan misatapang.  |- |7/4 |Pisiikedan romi’ad (no Amilika a romi’ad) |Mihirateng to Amilika i 1776 miheca 7 folad 4 romi’ad mihapiw to “Pisiikedan a pipapelo” ato pipatireng to kitakit. |- |Saka 9 folad saikoray lipay saka cecay |Matayalay romi’ad |Pasayra i matayalay ko pita’ong, mihirateng to katadamaan no matayalay a onto. Polong no kitakit manga’ay pado’edo pahanhan to 3 romi’ad. |- |Saka 10 folad saka 2 lipay saka cecay |Romi’ad ni Columbus |Pihiratengan ci Christopher Columbus i 1492 miheca 10 folad 12 romi’ad nai Europe milakec to Tasiyang a riyar tangasa manengneng ko Amilika safaniyot. |- |Saka 10 folad saikoray lipay saka cecay |Misawaday hitay romi’ad |O pingodo a mita’ong to minokayay a hitay, mihirateng to saka 1 lalood no hekal i 1918 miheca 11 folad 11 romi’ad ’ayaw no lahok 11 ko toki paterep to lalood. 1968 miheca, o kalomaocan no Amilika mihayda to “pa’aliwacan a hanhan rikec”, o pisawadan no hitay mafalic i mihecaan saka 10 folad saka 4 lipay to saka cecay, kanga’ayan 3 romi’ad ko hifang. |- |Saka 11 folad saka 4 lipay no saka 4 |Kansyasay romi’ad |Maacangan to pipanayan, o pikansyan to Intian tamdaw to so’elinay sapadang, micacak to siciminciw ko finawlan. |- |Saka 12 folad 25 romi’ad |Kristmas |Maacang to kasofocan ni Yis, polong no laloma’an ira ko saka lifi, midotoc to to’as a panangan, piKristmasan, o fafahiyan tomireng sakalaeno, cima a tamdaw manga’ay micocop. |} === Ira ko to’asan ato kasalongan a kalawlaan: (其他傳統與流行節日還有：) === Mingohahay: 2 folad 14 romi’ad, pa’odax to cyawkeli, cato at ohana sapakaolah to kaimahan tamdaw, pahapinang to kaolah ano eca kalawidang. Piliyawan ni Yis ma’orip: to mihecahecaan kacanglalan saka 1 pa’aliwacan, mihirateng ci Yisan nai ikoran ni Yis 33 miheca mapacek i ciwcika mapatay saka 3 romi’ad ma’orip a demak. O mitooray (Kristo) misanga’ to macengelay fitaol, pi;iyawan ma’orip fitaol tinako “fa^elohay ’orip” a pihapinang to palemed ato pafaloco’an. Pifolaan romi’ad: 4 folad 1 romi’ad, mananamay pifolaan. Pipatalawan romi’ad: 10 folad 31 romi’ad, ciriko’ to makaditay ato patalaway. Malingato i sakakaay a micowatay no Inkiris hontian kitakit no Celtic tamdaw to’asan a kaacangan romi’ad, masowal “mapatayay tamdaw a romi’ad” ano eca “kawaskawasan”. I ’ayaway no pipatalawan a dadaya ko kalawlaan, saki ’alomanay Kristo a mitooray no Amilika saki matiniay awaay ko epoc. == Kacacofelan a demak (外交) == === Kacacofelan a likisi (外交史) === O pifalican no Amilika itiya, o Amilika ato Europe a kitakit patireng to kacacofelan a demak, pakasowal to France, Spain ato Netherland mipadama miliyang to Inkiris. Pado’edo o pimatangan litelitengan, Amilika oya ko pasayra i France ano eca pasayra Inkiris tosaay ko pirakat. Itiya o Amilika saki Europe a demakan caay sapikiharan, pasafaloco’ sa to ka’amisay Amilika to sapisakakahad to sera. [milongoc to naicowaay] Ikor o Amilika pasiromaay a demakan a masasiroma ko nisowalan pararima to Europe to itiniay i Latin Amilika to sangilay, sakadama to no hiyah i Amilika a safaniyot sa’etal a sapatodong a demakan. No Amilika a sapicowat a halaka mipatokitok to kalalood to Mexico ato Spain, oni tosaay a lalood paherekan o Amilika kopakalowiday. I katimol ka’amis laloodan i, o Amilika mipatorcek to Inkiris ato France to mipakamay to sakasiikedaw no nipatatekoan a kitakit no Amilika, sapicalapaw to Mexico. Nika paherek ko laloma'ay no kitakit a lalood, o Amilika i ka’amisay Amilika safaniyot citodong to sakerid itiya caay to kaira ko milifetay. [milongoc to naicowaay] Matongal a matongal to kaci’icel no kitakit itiya, misatapang to ko Amilika pasayra i roma’ay to a kitakit, mangalef to sakili’acaan ko pikowat. Nanoya, o Amilika micalap to i taypinyang adihayay a ’a’ecoen a sera, halo Hawaii, Philippines, mikihatiya to ci’icelay Europe malalifet to sapisangil to Congko. Naikoran no saka 2 lalood no hekal, o Amilika saki Linhoko mapatodong ko sakacitodong to demak, mala o mida’ocay a lalimaay rihaday licikay. [milongoc to naicowaay] Nai kalalifetan, o Amilika sa’ayaw mitanam to sapidahdahaw to Soviet Union i kasaniyaro’ no hekal a nisangilan. O sapisi’ayaw milifet to Soviet Union, o Amilika, Canada ato 10 Europe a kitakit mapolong patireng to Saka’amisay Tata’angay Sa’etipay Riyaran (Tasiyang) a Kakaketonan Lekatep, o mapapolongay nipatatekoan ko nipatatekoan sapisi’ayaw milifet to masamaamaanay saka’amisay Amilika ato Europe a hitay a demak, ikor ira ko 14 a Europe a kitakit ko mikapotay to Saka’amisay Tata’angay Sa’etipay Riyaran (Tasiyang) a Kakaketonan Lekatep, halo Turkey ato papinaay a nano Warsaw Treaty (Huasa ) Kakaketonan Lekatep ato Republics of the Soviet Union (Soviet nikapotay Nikapolongan Kitakit). O sakisician a pihiratengan, o Amilika mikihatiya to no Kyosanto Kitakit a kapot to Syakayay kitakit malakapot to sakalalood, tinako tona kalatiihan no Congko Russia itiya malakapotay to Congko. [milongoc to naicowaay] Pina a mihecaan, nawhani malacinowasay to ko Soviet Union (Soviet nikapotay Nikapolongan Kitakit), malasawad to ko sakalalifet i polong no cikiw, pasayra to noniyah a lilis a sakarihaday, mitena’ to mitakaway malafelay finawlan ato mitakaway pacomod to cisawarakay i laloma’ no kitakit, mangalef o Mexico ato Caribbean riyar a kitakit[166]. O Amilika kai katomerepan no lalood malakakeridan to no polong no cikiw, saki kinaira no kitakit ato kapolongan pakoniraay a sakaci’epoc no hirateng, sapiteka’ to katalawan a sakapot, “milafoay pakayraan” a kitakit ato ta’akay sapiri’ang a malopisak, o patosokan nonini o sakanga’ay no sakinaira no kitakit, matiya o mikiharay ko tatodong. Pina miheca nawhani o Congko sakikicay ato hitay ranikay macowat, o Amilika pasodsoday pa’icel to saki Asia (ngalef i Sauth sea/Nan hay) patireng to kamaro’an no hitay[167]. === Aniniay a demak (現狀) === O kicay, sici ato hitay no Amilika masangil to polong no cikiw, sakacacofelan a demak o pamotekan ato kasasowalan no hekal. No Amilika a Kacacofelan a demak hatira o polong no hekal ko dadahal. Polong no kasakitakit mipatireng to kamaro’an ato matayalay i Washington tadamaanay ’etal. Tahamatini i hekal dengan o Taywan (ROC) (ona iraay ko kacacofelan, i 1979 miheca 1 folad 1 romi’ad mapaterep tangasa anini, nika ira ko Amilika a nano Taywan cefang a sakamasaso’aliw no sifo), Ka’amisay Korea (Cawsien) Nikapolongan Kitakit, Iran Islamic Nikapolongan Kitakit (nao kacacofelan, i 1980 miheca 4 folad 7 romi’ad mapaterep tangasa anini), Arab Syria Nikapolongan Kitakit (nao kacacofelan, i 2012 miheca mapaterep tangasa anini) ato Bhutan hongti kitakit ko caayay patireng to Kacacofelan a demak. I 2015 miheca itiyaay a congtong ci Obama na tayra i Cuba, ikor Cuba ato Amilika mapalowad ko maketonay to 50 miheca ko Kacacofelan a demak, nanoya Amilika itiya ci Trump a sifo ato Ka’amisay Korea (Cawsien) micowat ko tapang a palowad to Kacacofelan a demak. O i pasaetipay hekal, minengneng cangra to Inkiris, Canada, Australia, New Zealand o tadawidang no Amilika saan, pasowal sa limaay mata a nipatatekoan. Itiniay i Asia, ikor no saka tosa lalood no hekal, Dipong, Korea ato Israil ato Amilika o makakedecay ko kacacofel, Dipong , Korea ira ko ko sofiyay no Amilika itira[168]. Polong no sasowalen, Saka’amisay Tasiyang a Kakaketonan Lekatep o matatekoay ko sofitay no Amilika itira, matahepoay ko ka’amisay Amilika ato Europe 30 a kitakit. Nawhan o matatekoay a sofitay, o Saka’amisay Tasiyang a Kakaketonan Lekatep i kasakitakit ta’akay sakicisian mihayda a malacecay. Roma i, o Amilika iraay ho ko caayay ko Saka’amisay Tasiyang a Kakaketonan malekatep a kitakit, cangra miraoy to pafeli no Amilika to sofitay ato sakalakapot topaysoan a salongoc. Ikor no kasa’engeran no lalood a Amilika saki tenok nowalian ato Islam a syakay caay kafangcal ko sakacacofel a demak, samasa mararid ko paratoh no mitiya o mapidahay saan. Nai Palestine ato Israil a kacaengatan a kalalifet, i 911 a demak misatapang tahira i talahenotay no lalood i Afghanistan, lalood i Iraq, o canglahan no Alab mala kasi’enawan a Alab, malifet to no Libya ato Syria tangasa i Egypt, Lebanon tangasa anini caay ho kacekal ko pakayraan, o sakangalef ko liyang no i tenok kawaliay sa’etal a 20 ko kitakit ko pifelih to Amilika. Midotoc to paratohay, Amilika a sifo i lekatep no kakoki’an nipipatalaw, pakonira saan, o saka ira no ISIS hananay sakamatongal a katalawan[169][170]. Nikawrira mapalafangcal ko kasasinga’ay ’alomanay no Alabia kitakit ato Israil, nao matatekekay to Shia a Iran a sasiwaray itiya masasinga’ay to ko Sunny a Alabia kitakit a sasiwar[171]. == Sofitay (軍事) == O sofitay no Amilika a lalanay riyaray karayanay o satadamaanay i hekal, orasaka o sakisofitay a payso macalap ko no hekalay pasadakan to 47%, o sata’akay cicediay a sofitay, ira ko ta’akay no heneng a sakalalood i hekal, polong no hekal o tadamaanay ko ca’edong no sapihedefek, no aniniay a sofitay o sakacecay. O congtong no Amilika o satakaraway a kakeridan no Amilika a sofitay, o sofitay ko misimaway to kitakit a  kakeridan ko citodongay, o citodongay miwatawat to sofitay o kasahitay no talicayan. Cangraay ko masacefangay a kakeridan talicayan lekatep lomaoc mitelek to sakalalood no halaka masakapot to sapidemak. Lalimaay ko kasasiiked sofitay no Amilika: o satakaraway a kakeridan no Amilika a sofitay mikowanay to lalanay sofitay, riyaray sofitay, karayanay sofitay, riyaray misolapay hitay ato sakarihaday a sera no kitakit a mikowanay mililisay to hekal a sofitay. Mililisay to hekal a sofitay i kalalinga’ayan o sakarihaday a sera no kitakit ko citodongay a mikowan, i kalaloodan patikol i misimaway to kitakit a riyaray sofitay. Sofitay no Amilika i 20 sici tangasa anini matanengay to ko sakacecay lalood, sakatosa lalood, Korea lalood, Vietnam lalood, Kosovo lalood, Afghanistan lalood ato Iraq lalood a kalaloodan, o kinapinaay to mikihatiya to no Linhoko parihadayay a demak i Persian faniyot a lalood micalapay to Kuwait a sofitay no Iraq malaplap nai Kuwait. Sofitay no Amilika a ’icel pahapinang to kalalinahan mikowan ato tingki lalood a ’icelan, sakitini ta’akay a kanga’ayan o sofitay no Amilika ranikay malekapot a misi’ayaw to sakalalood. O karayan sofitay no Amilika ira ko C-5, C-17 ta’akay sapicolo’ a hikoki, mapateli ko fa^elohay F-22 a misiyopay sakalalood hikoki ato F-35 kalapiyat saka tosa a sakalalood hikoki. O riyaray sofitay no Amilika ira ko 11 ta’akay karayan inaan a lonan, patihiay to sakaci’icel no sofitay a milood, o sakaranikay mico’ay to katalawan ko sofitay no Amilika. O Amilika i 1949 miheca 4 folad 4 romi’ad mikihatiya to kasa’etal mitena’ay sakapot no sofitay a Saka’amisay Tata'angay Sa'etipay Riyaran a Kakaketonan Lekatep, o saka ira i sera no Amilika ko papotalay no hitay satena’ a sadipot. Imatini mikingkiway misanga’ to saka 6 a lalood hikoki (F/A-XX/F-X). == Ponka (文化) == O ponka no Amilika palamit i nao picingcingan no Inkiris itiya, do’edo sa to niyaro’ay a kacowat no liyok masiiked ko misasiroma tadamaanay a ponka, halo Spain-Mexico misakolongay kapah a ponka, katimol ka’amis Amilika safanoyot a Intian tamdaw yincumin ponka ato ikoray micingcingay a ca’edesay sangilan, halo Europe, Africa safaniyot ato Asia safaniyot. Polongen kina sowal, o kahapinangan a ponka no Amilika masangilay nai kaetipay Europe, mangalef o Germeny, England ato Ireland[172], ato ikoray a Italy, Greece, ato tenokay Europe a Yotaya tamdaw a ponka a nisangilan. Nao palafadesan a Africa Amilika tamdaw ira to ko nai kaetipay Africa a ponka. O pala no Amilika a ngangan pahapinang to England, Netherland, France, Spain, ato Amilika a yincumin nanay matatekoay likisi. O sasowalen to ponka no Amilika matiyaay o “ta’akay pisamararan”: malinahay mafolaw tayni mihawikid to ponka, micomod i ponka no Amilika, ikor malapolongay i ponka no Amilika. Saan ira ko tatodongen a “macengelay a kaysing”: malinahay mafolaw mihewikidan ponka maleko noniyah a masiikeday ponka, caay kaleko to nanoya ponka no Amilika, o nihewikidan nangra a ponka o cecay malaponka no Amilika[173]. Aniniay syakay hakasi saki ponka no Amilika a patosokan pasayraay i kasasiromaroma a ponka, caay ko samarar, sata’akay a masapinang nisawadan ko misamararay a hirateng[174]. ’Ayaw no 20 sici a ponka no Amilika o mitodongay to nai Europe (ngalef no Inkiris) mirara macowat mala no niyahay to a ponka, ikor no 2 lalood micakat to ko kicay hitay sici a ’icel, ono niyah a ponka sakipolong no hekal, ngalef o Europe malasata’akasy a sangilay. Tangasa anini, o ongkak no Amilika malosiyang i polong no cikiw, ika no Amilika ato tilifi maledef i cikiw mapalosiyang. Pakayni i ponka no Amilika o matiyaay o “micalapay” i polong no cikiw ko nanga’ayan, o nipipespes caay kalasawad i tangila matengil. ’Alomanay Europe tamdaw masawawaay ko ponka no Amilika saan, mangalef o France, Russia a kitakit to ponka no Amilika ko sapitiker. Oya kawaliay Asia, kawali katimol Asia, katimol Asia ato tenokay kawali sa’etal a ponka ato no Amilika caayay ka lalen, masadak matatiwtiway, masapinangay masangil o nicingcingan a Philippine, ato ikor no 2 laloodan a Ripon, Korea, Singapore a malekatepan a kitakit, orama sato o Asia Islam kitakit ira ko katatekohan. Nanoya ’aloman ko Canada tamdaw ato Australia tamdaw saki ponka no Amilika a sangilay o makacalemceman. O ponka no Amilika kacitodong i hekal o sapipalosiyang to Inkiris a sowal, mala o nihaydaan no hekal “No hekalan a sowal”, o France ira ko nano niyah a nisangilan misa’icel mico’ay to pisangil no Inkiris sowal a ponka, matiya o pina’ang i Africa safaniyot a sakasasowal to France a sowal. == Ongkak (音樂) == Ongkak no Amilika a kasasiroma ato pakayraan adihayay, o pahapinang to macengelay kaysing a ponka no Amilika. Misacakocakoday, bruce, jazz, hiha ato niyaro’ay a ongkak maledef i hekal saheto nai Amilikaay. I 20 sici, nai likodo pacomod, pirina a kasenangan ongkak malosiyang i polong no hekal, oya niradiwan a ongkak icowa to no hekal ira a matengil[175]. Tangasa anini. Ono calay a mitiya a to’asan ato calay a ongkak maledef micikeroh no Amilika a ongkak macowat i polong no cikiw. O likisi ongkak no Amilika manga’ay makilim i ’ayaway yincumin no Amilika to’asan sakapitooran a ongkak, kadado’edo kafolaw tayni no Europe kitakit, mapatongal ko ongkak no Amilika to nai Kristokiw a radiw, masasiroma a ongkak a niradiwan. Ikor kasarodis no kafolaw mahawikid ko masasiromaay sa’etal, masasiromaay ponka ato tadamaanay ongkak. Adihayay a Africa teloc Amilika tamdaw mihewikid to no Africa a to’asan ongkak, ikor no 19 sici miteka masapinang ko kasalongan ongkak no Amilika o nai Africa telocay Amilika tamdaw a bruce, ato i 1920 mihecaan miteka comahad ko fokoing a radiw. Africa teloc Amilika tamdaw a ongkak o parana’an kasenengan ongkak no Amilika, matatekoay to Europe ato yincumin a ongkak. Amilika ira ko ’adihayay kasaniyaroay ongkak ato nai Ukraine, Iraland, Scotland, Poland, Mexico ato Yotaya tamdaw nanay mafolaway a ongkak. Adihay i maci ato niyaro’ no Amilika a macowat ko masiikeday I niyaro a ongkak. I Detroit, New York, Chicago, Los Angeles nanay a ta’akay maci ato caayay ka sa’osi a kasaniyaro’ macowat ko no niyah a ongkak. == Tilidan a fana’ (文學) == Matiya o roma a kasakitakit, no Amilika a tilidan o masatekeday ko nano comahaday a likisi mapatireng. I ’ayaw, o Amilika nai kawali a hekal no riyar a nipicingcing no Inkiris masatisil, orasaka no Amilika a tilidan a to’asan miingiray to no Inkiris a tilidan. Nikawrira, nanoya kacomahad ato nikafolaw a midotoc ko likisi, o tilidan no Amilika mata’elifay to ko no Inkiris a niyah a sakatadamaan ato dadahal nira. I sa’ayaway a picingcingan itiya, o tilidan no Amilika saheto o palata’ang to micingcingay ato Europe a kitakit a nikaira a sakanga’ay no fa^elohay a sera. Halo pitooran a kalaliyangan. Nanoya itini i pifelihan a kalalood ato sapisiked no Amilika, ci Benjamin Franklin ato Thomas Paine mitilid to pakayniay sician a tilid ato sician a sapisangil, mapalowad ko Fa^elohay kitakit a sapisiikedan a hirateng. Matilid ko misiikeday a saratoh ikor mala congtong no Amilika ci ThomasJefferson mapala o sa’ayaway matanengay mitiliday no Amilika. Do’edo sato i 1812 miheca a kalalood ato misiikeday a tilid a kangalayan, adihay ko fa^elohay, tadamaanay a mitiliday no Amilika ci Edgar Allan Poe a masadak a tadamaan. O kasiwtocan ko mifadesay a telek ato kadado’edo no laloma'ay no kitakit a lalood mapakasangil sapisiikedaw a tilid no Amilika, tangasa i 19 sician, macowat to ko kikayan ko sakatayal ato paherek ko sapimatangan a romi’ad, o salitilidan no Amilika malasawaday to ko nano o cililisay a tilidan, ci Mark Twain malasakacecay o caayay ko kawaliay a hekal no riyar a tadamaanay mitiliday, mapalalan to ko no niyah i Amilikaay mitiliday. No Inkiris a mitiliday ci Maugham to nano nitilidan ni Melville a “kahecalay ’iso a tilid” o satadamaanay i hekal a mo^etepay a nitilidan, o ikakaay ho ni Mark Twain ko katadamaan. Micomd to 20 sician, o kikayan ko sakatayal sakafalic no syakay nanoya sa a comahad a kasairaira ato maci’iwian ko nitilidan no Amilika. Ci Hemingway pahapinang nai sakacecay lalood no hekal o ka’iwilan no tamdamdaw. 1925 miheca ci Fitzgerald pasadak to “o ’orip no sakakaay” pahpinang to 20 mihecaan ’ayaw no kalapekawan no kicay a kaoratan no Amilika tamdaw. O kohetingay tamdaw a tilidan, timolay a nitilidan, ato aniniay nitilidan itiya a macowat. I saka tosa lalood no hekal, fa^elohay a hekalan, fa^elohay finacadan, sa’etal, syakay a losid ato ’ayaway a to’asan caay to kalecad, ’alomanay mafolaway a nitilidan ato fa^elohay a fafahiyan pakayraan a nitilidan malanitilidan no Amilika. == Ikaan ato sifay (影視與戲劇) == Nai Amilika ko pitekaan no ika. Itiniay i Inkiris masofoc a misyasingay no Amilika ci Edward Muybridge syasingan ningra ko sarakatay a ika a comikayay a ^efa. Naitiya misitapang, o ika no Amilika ranikay a macowat, i California a Holly Wood ko kaitiraan macowat ko ika, o adihayay a ika a nifana’an a pisanga’ ato macowat saheto naitiniay, no Holly Wood a ika malasakacitodong a ponka no Amilika. I 1920 mihecaan, i Amilika a masongila’ay ika to mihecaan salongan ira ko 800, ci Richard Chaplin a tatawaen a sifay, midotocan i nitilidan “fasiyaw” a nifalican mitilid “Karawrawan no hekal a nga’ayay tamdaw” ato “satadamaan tamdaw” adihayay ika mapatenak tayra i cowacowa a kasakitakit, malokakafana’en no lomaloma’ ko Amilika. Matiniay a ika mapasadak o sakaira no kalali’acaan no Amilika, tinako ta’akay ika no Amilika “Titanic” “The lord of the Rings Trilogy: miliyaw tayni ko hongti” “Pirates of the Caribbean” “Avantar” “Transformers 3” saheto o mata’elifay ko 10 walwalan no Amilika payso ko kinaira nai kasaniyaro’ no hekal. O Amilika o sa’ayaway mafana’ay micowat to tilifi ato maledef a kitakit i hekal. I anini, i Amilika ira ko masapatekay ko ka’alomay no tilifi, o tilifi o ponka ato saki’orip no Amilika a tamdaw, maolah minengneng to tilifi o sakatadamaan no ’alomanay Amilika tamdaw. O finawlan no Amilika pakayni i tilifi mafana’ to laloma’ay papotalay no kitakit a sinpon a kalodemakan, miki’araw to ika, malalifetay, kartoon ato safonan a sifay. Ira ko 99% a laloma’an no Amilika o citilifiay to cecay, o ’alomanay laloma’an tosaay ko tilifi. == Onto (運動) == O onto o kapolongan a pahanhanan pikihatiya no Amilika, o kalalitemohan mihamham ko roma a fohokan a sapikihatiya. I Amilika o sata’akay kalali’acaan ko nitayalan a onto, pasayraay i matayalan a ontoing a tamdaw takaraw ko kinaira a payso. I polong no hekal satakaraway a kinaira a onto sacefang ato ontoing sahetoay i milika[177]. Masowal to “sepatay a tangal” a sofal no onto halo yakiw, Amilika wa’ayan mali, so^eda a piseti’ mali ato cadada mali. Oroma a mihamhaman a onto holo kalalifetan no tosiya ato to’asan no Amilika a onto, nai yincumin no Amilika a safaniyot a safangay onoc mali. I Amilika ira ko karekerekan katayalan onto a nipatatekoan, tinako kitakit katop mali nipatatekoan (NFL), Amilika katayalan yakiw nipatatekoan (MLB), kitakit cadada mali nipatatekoan (NBA) ato kitakit so^eda mali nipatatekoan (NHL). Micowat ko Amilika to kalofo ato salilay mali (tennis) a malaonto no kitakit. Nanoya o Amilika to nai kaetipay kitakit a posingko ato katayalan a masasemoay kacowatan, kalalifetan malokaki’arawen no ’alomanay tamdaw, itiya misolot to tamdaw i masamaamaanay onto a pakiyaway a demak, orasaka mapalowad ko tadamaanay to posingko i hekal a tamdaw. Orama a pa’etiway a onto, tinako nai Dipongay a malalifet to kongsotaw, o kahamhamen i Amilika, marariday a malalifet. I amilika adihay ko nai Europe, macowat i Amilika kina onto, tinako malalifetay to efa. O nano Inkiris a katop mali (sacor) kalihamhamen. Oroma nai Europe a efaay pimali ato sapad a mali, talacowa caay kaledef, nikawrira ’aloman ko tamdaw a miki’araway. Talacowa o nano Inkiris a tekeran mali (foodball) o kalihamhaman no hekalay a onto, nika i Amilika a tekeran mali (foodball) caay ka matiya o roma a kitakit ko kaledef nira, o nika ’aloman to no Latin Amilika safaniyot a tamdaw, Italia ato Spain a tamdaw i kasa’etal o kalahamhamen a onto. Itiya ikor no picomod i 2000 mihecaan, sa’aloman sato ko kohecalay tamdaw a kapah no Amilika mipili’ to tekeran mali (foodball) a onto, midotoc to kitakit a midemakay a niratohan i 2000 miheca a nipitomadaw, i Amilika ira ko 1600 ’ofad a tamdaw ko mipili’ay micokar to tekeran mali (foodball), nai 1987 miheca tangasa 2006 miheca, o tekeran mali (foodball) dengan o nian a onto ko macowatay saan[178], ’aloman ’aloman sato ko maci patireng to club micomod a masangil macahal a MLS (Amilika tekeran mali (foodball) a nipatatekoan); o tekeran mali (foodball) a kalalifet to no hekalan a kopay macakat ko sakasaheci (tingsu), I 2002 miheca o Korea ato Dipong micomod i fafaloay a kalalifet no hekalan a kopay, 2010 miheca i South Africa hekalan a kopay micomod i saliyawan kalalifetan. Maledef i daykako no Amilika ko onto, malecad o matayalay ko sofal a kahamhamen, mangalef o no Amilikaay a tekeran mali (foodball) ato cadada a mali (basketball) a sofal. Adihayay daykako ato kakoyin mapalowad ko kasacefang no miontoay, maparomi’aday ko kalalifetan no pitilidan. Daykako ato kakoyin a mipalowadan a onto kasairairaay, nai comikayay onto tangasa no nanom a pimali. Matiya ito, o kawcong no Amilika ira kasasiromaay a onto, toroma o onto i pitilidan a kalalifet malasasowalen i sinpon, o finawlan no Amilika to sakiontoan ko kaolah ato masafaloco’ a mahapinang. == Pirarakatan a palapala (旅遊景點) == I Philadelphia a pisiikedan no Amilika a piharetengan: o cecay no Geoge a loma’ o kahengangay a lingka nipatirengan, naitiya i 1732 mheca tangasa 1753 mihecaan, itiya o Pennsylvania a micingcingan no kanatal a kalomaocan. I 1776 miheca 7 folad 4 romi’ad, nai Inkiris a micingcingay to ka’amis Amilika a 13 a kanatal mitaypiaw itini mitelek ci Thomas Jefferson ko mitiliday to “Amilika siiked a ratoh”. I 1787 miheca, Amilika kimpo itini mapatelek. I 1790 miheca tangasa 1800 miheca o Philadelphia malatadamaanay maci no Amilika itiya, oya mapatirengay a loma’ o kaitiraan a kalomaocan. I 1790 miheca mapatilid o nalacolan ponka no hekal. === I San Francisco kingmon kayakay: (舊金山金門大橋) === I 1933 miheca 1 folad 5 romi’ad misatapang matayal, i 1937 miheca 4 folad malepon. O tektek mi’awas to 1280.2m ko kakaya’, o sakacecay mi’awasay to 1000m mitelengan to waya a kayakay. Ira saka sepat no hekal a kayakay, takaraw 227.4m, o polong no kakaya’ kayakay ira ko 2737.4m. === New York (紐約) === ==== Pakoniraay fafahiyan a samiyay: (自由女神像) ==== Pakoniraay fafahiyan a samiyay: o pafeli no France i 1886 miheca to Amilika pisiiked to 100 mihecaan a sapakaolah, tomireng i New York maci a pakoniraan a pala. 1984 miheca mapala o nalacolan ponka no hekal. O tadamaanay pirarakatan ato kamaro’an no Amilika. === Manhattan: (曼哈頓) === Kasaopoan no tadamaanay, o tada^kim ko cecacecay a sera. === Hongti kitakit a loma’: (帝國大廈) === I 1930 miheca midemak, i 1931 miheca mipasarayan. I 1931 miheca tangasa 1972 miheca o satakaraway mipatirengan loma’ i hekal. Imatini o Amilika ato Amilika safaniyot saka 3 ko takaraw, saka 15 no hekal a katakaraw, o sasera ira ko 102 a selalan, o takaraw 381 m, i 1951 mihecaan mapatongal ko antila calay to 62m ko takaraw, polong no takaraw 443m. anini sala pito kafahekaan nitayalan no hekal. === Broadway: (百老匯) === Pisifayan a pipangangan. === Wall street:(華爾街) === Kasaopoan no paysoan (金融中心) === Tenokan a koying: (中央公園) === Manhattan ’etal ta’akay macian koying, o kakahad 843 acre (3.41 pinfang kongli), kakaya’ 4 kongli, kadadahal 800m, o mimingay a liyadan no itiraay a fanawlan a kangdaway safaniyot. Nawhani mararad masadak i ika ato tilifi manengneng, malasatadamaanay i hekal no maci a koying. === Sinpon a potal (nipifalic o nanoto’as potal): (時報廣場（又譯為時代廣場）) === O pipangangan nai “New York sinpon” (New York Times) na’ayaw mapatireng ko kamaro’an a loma’. === Linhoko kamaro’an loma’: (聯合國總部大樓) === Nai 1949 miheca ato 1950 miheca mipatireng, i kawaliay no Manhattan ’etal, manga’ay minengneng to kawaliay ’alo. === Washington DC (華盛頓特區) === ==== Washington pihiratengan ’otoc (華盛頓紀念碑：) ==== I 1876 miheca misitapang misanga’, 1884 miheca 12 folad 6 rmi’ad paherek, ikor no 4 miheca mafohat ko mirarakatay. Oni ’otoc o kohecalay a ’adicaw fokeloh pipatireng, ta’araw 169.3m. ==== Lincoln piheratengan (林肯紀念堂：) ==== I 1915 miheca 2 folad 12 romi’ad misitapang misanga’, i 1922miheca 5 folad 30 romi’ad paherek. Polong no nia nipatirengan masalipaay, o kakaya’ 58m, kakahad 36m, takaraw 25m. o mitodongay to to’as no Kirisiya Parthenon a pakawasan no ’adicaw patirengan katelangay a loma’. Ira ko 36 ko hecek kohecalay ’adicaw limoloay hecek mitaliyok to pihiratengan, todongay kalacongtong ni Lincoln itiya ira ko 36 ko kanatal. === Los Angeles (洛杉磯) === ==== Kodak pikikian (柯達劇院：) ==== Itira i lalan no Holly Wood, i 2001 miheca 11 folad 9 romi’ad misatapang. O Kodak kosi mipadangay to 7500 ’ofad Amilika payso sapipatireng, itiya citodong to sapipangangan. Anini i Los Angeles maci iraay, i 2002 miheca misatapang mala mida’ocay Oscar kompay kacedengan. ==== No Holly Wood a malikatay a lalan (好萊塢星光大道：) ==== O mido’edoay to karomakatan no tamdaw a lalan i Holly Wood lalan ato Vine lalan no Amilika, i fafaed ira ko 2300 ko nano ci kompayay a mapahofi a ngangan i Holly Wood kasasowalan, pihiratengan cangraan to satadamaan nangra to kasalamaan. ==== Beverly hills (比佛利山：) ==== Itira i kaetipay no Los Angeles a maci. Beverly hills ato kasafiyaw kaetipay o maliyokay no Holly Wood maci. Nai Beverly hills, Los Angeles a Bel-Air ato Holmby Hills toloay kasalakapot. Onini a sakowan o tadamaanay a loma’ masowal o “latoloay kohecalay ’ekim”, ’alomanay a tadamaanay masifayay aniniay ano eca i ’ayaway maro’ay itini. === O tataparan nengnengan (自然風光) === ==== Kitakit Koying no Amilika (美國國家公園) ==== ===== Kaliyalaway fokeloh Kitakit Koying (黃石國家公園：) ===== Mapatireng i 1872 miheca, o sakacecay kitakit koying i hekal. Itira i sasifoan kaetipay Wyoming kanatal kaetip ka’amisan, pasayra i kaetip ka’amis minayat tayra i Idaho kanatal ato Montana kanatal, o dadahal ira ko 7988 pinfang kongli. Polong no cikiw to malitosaay pacena’ay a nemnem saheto itiniay, onini a faedetay a kafahekaan i hekal sata’akayma’oripay namal lotok iraay a wacay. Laloma’ no koying ira ko 200 ’aloman no tomay, 100 ko mafa’aray tomay. I 1978 miheca mapacomod i mala parapatan nalacolan i hekal. ===== Colorado ta’akay ’efong (科羅拉多大峽谷：) ===== Itira i Arizona kanatal kaetip ka’amisan, o nano Colorado ’alo nao pina:ay a so’otan ’ofad mihecaan a malihocay matiniay to, o kacengel mameliay, tonotono’ o katalawan. Ta’akay ’efong o kakaya’ nira ira ko 446 kongli, salongan talolong ira ko 1200 cm (kongce), dadahal nira nai 0.5 kongli tangasa 29 kongli kiya. Ta’akay ’efong kitakit koting i 1979 miheca mapacomod i hekalan tataparan nalacolan, polong no Amilika kalihamhaman a kitakit koying, midotoc misa’opoan mihecaan a mirarakatay a tamdaw salongan ira 400 ’ofad. ===== Ta’akay a henot (大沼澤地國家公園：) ===== Itira i katimol no Florida kanatal, kadofah ko kasairaira to ’a’adopen ato pinalengaw. Ira itira ko tadamaanay a lomoh a kilang, kiwli, maroda^eci tali, papo, fidang, malengaway cepo a kilang a kasairaira, itira o pisalamaan no nanomay ’ayam, wani, otter a ’a’adopen. I 1979 miheca mala parapatan nalacolan i hekal. ===== Kahongangay kilang kitakit koying (紅木國家公園：) ===== Itiraay i ka’amis no California kanatal lilisay no Taypunyang a riyar, onini a koying madipotay miterek i California ko kahongangay kilang kakahad to 45%. No California a kahongangay kilang itini i cikiw o satadamaanay a pinalengaw. O roma tonian, o kitakit koying madipot ko dadahalay rengorengosan (prairie) ato o iraay ponka a nalacolan, ato kakaya’ay 37 mile a parapatan a lilis no riyar. 1980 miheca mala parapatan nalacolan i hekal. ===== Olympic kitakit koying (奧林匹克國家公園：) ===== Itira i Washington kanatal kaetip ka’amis kalico’co’ a pala, mingataay to Taypinyang, mingata to Seattle salongan 3 tangasa 4 ko toki a rakat. Onini a koying nai so^eda a lotok, farawfaway ’oradan ato riyaran malekapot, nai lilis no riyar a farawfaway so’emetay tangasa takaraway lotok si’enaway, mirarakatay a tamdaw sakinacecay sa ko pitaneng, masapinang kono cecayay miheca a kasasiroma no romi’ad, ato manengneng ko masasiromaay parapatan a pinalengaw. I 1981 miheca mala parapatan nalacolan i hekal. ===== Ta’akay ’acefel kitakit koying (大煙山國家公園：) ===== Itira i kawali no Amilika, milacalay to Tennessee kanatal ato North Carolina kanatal. Masowal kawaliay no Amilika saiko:ray to kakahaday a kilakilangan, micalap to 2100 pinfang kongli. Nawhani i laloma’an no koying a kasasiromaroma no takaraw, marocek ko nika’orad, malosakanga’ay no kasasiroma a malengaway itini a koying. Oroma onini a koying o da’ocan ka’oripan no Cherokee tamdaw. Nawhani o saka 441 a lalan mipihifalatay to koying, orasaka ona koying o sa’alomanay ko tamdaw a mirarakatan a kitakit a koying, 2008 miheca mirarakatay a tamdaw ira ko 900 ’ofad. I 1983 miheca mala parapatan nalacolan i hekal. ===== O safangcalay pala kitakit koying (優勝美地國家公園：) ===== Itini i sasifo’an no California kanatal, ona koying o tadamaanay kasenengan a malikatay ’adicawcaw a fokeloh a tono’, cascas, tingalaway a nanom no ’alo, ta’angay fidengal a kilang ato kadofahay kasairairaan a cingangan, mata’elif ko 95% a sera mapatodong o nano nalacolan kalengawan a sofal. I 1984 miheca mala parapatan nalacolan i hekal. To mihecaan ira ko mata’elifay 370 ’ofad tamdaw ko mirarakatay tona koying, o ’alomanay o saki Yosemite Valley (co’ed) ko sakatayni. ===== O Carlsbad dihif kitakit koying (卡爾斯巴德洞窟國家公園：) ===== Itiniay i kawali katimolay no New Mexico, mataelif ko 117 a dihif, ira ko cecay sakakaya’ay 120 Inli, oni a dihif mata’elif ko 40 ’ofad no Mexico awaayay ko wikol a pedadoki ato roma 16 ko kasasiroma a ’a’adopen. I 1995 miheca mapala parapatan nalacolan i hekal. ===== O riyar no Hawaii (夏威夷海灘：) ===== O dengan fa’edetay pala a kanatal no Amilika, nai 19 a palapalaan ato raka a karat malekapot. Polong no palapalaan o nano namal lotok a nidemakan. Imatinib dengan o tata’akay a pala Hawaii ko dademakay a namal a lotok. O kakinaira no kicay no Hawai o pirarakatan, o cifangcalay fa’edetay a romi’ad to mihecaan maso’ot ko masaso’otay ’ofad ko mirarakatay tamdaw nai hakalay kasakitakit a mirarakatay tamdaw. ===== Niagara cascas (尼亞加拉瀑布：) ===== Niagara ’alo katatongod Yili fanaw ato Ontario fanaw o sakalalaedan no New York Amilika ato Ontario no Canada, o karomakatan no nanom salongan 350m ko kakahed a Goat Island no Amilika ta matefad i kasatono’, malitosa no cecay a cascas: American Falls ato Horseshoe Falls. Salongan a nanom 5720 pinfang m/s, milecad to Iguazu cascas ato Victoria cascas a o sata’akay cascas i hekal. O safangcalay a kasenengan, ta’akay a pipalatingkian ato pilifetan to taliyok a pidipotan a tayal ko kafahekaan i hekal, o kalihamhaman no mirarakatay a pisalamaan. ==== Roma pakayraan (其他方面) ==== ===== American Dream(lemed) (美國夢) ===== O American a Dream(lemed), o nipipaso’elin kaitini i Amilika ko pisa’icel o malosaka ci nga’ayay ko ’oripan, orasaka o tamdaw pakayni i niyah a misa’icelan, codahan, kaiharetengan ato safaloco’an ko kacemahad, o caayay pilitado to patodong no syakay a selal ato padama no tao. No roma matiniay a niheratengan no tamdaw o sakikicay a malowad ano eca malatawkiay a harateng koni[179]. ’alomanay a Europe mafolaway tamdaw o cifaloco’ay a o American a Dream(lemed) ko satayra i Amilika. Nika o caayay kapapina a tamdaw mi’epesay to American a Dream(lemed) o misangalefay to dafongan to sakakadofahaw milita’ang ato lipahakan pahapinang. Nawhani kao ’alomasnay kitakit a tamdaw caay ka matira, itini i Amilika o pakoniraay a kicay adihayay, awaay ko tatodong no sifo, saka o syakay no Amilika ranikay ko kadademakan. Nai pisiiked no Amilika tangasa i 19 sician, dadahalay a sera awaay ko maro’ay ato ciseraay, manan cifaloco’ay a tamdaw manga’ay micelap misafaloco’ mimatang. Tangasa i falicen to kikay ko sakatayal, ta’akay a parapatan a kinaira ato fa’elohay kakayan a fana’ ranikay ramakat i syakay no Amilika. [milongo o naicowaay] === O salongoc no tamdawan (人權狀況) === Papatirengan no Amilika to kitakit mitelek to kimpo midahdah to ’icel no sifo o sakacitodong no finawlan a mapakonira. O tatodong no salongoc a rikec o sapidipot to finawlan a caay ka forawen no nipatatekoan a kitakit. O tadamaanay saka cecay nisalofan a patosokan o sadama to pakoniraay a sowal, mirina’ pakonira, pakayraan a mitoor pakonira ato romaroma a salongoc. Oroma a nisalofan o sapidipot to finawlan a maliclicay piliclic a salongoc, caay ka wadwad ko ka’eca ka pasadakan ato sapa’ading a salongoc a kasasiroma. O sifo no Amilika nai 1940 mihecaan mipespesay to pina a kitakit ato sa’etalan to solongoc no tamdaw[180]. I 1970 mihecaan no Amilika a satakaraway citodongay no kitakit i laloma’an a calay to mihecaan mihapiw to i hekalay kasakitakit masapinangay salongoc no tamfawan pihapiw[181][182], orasaka maliyang ko kasakitakit to pipespes no Amilika, tinako o Congko nai 2003 mihecaan miteka, to mihecaan mihapiw “Amilika miforaway to salongoc no tamdaw a tilid” [183] ko sapicoay. O Russia midemak to Amilika salongoc no tamdaw a pitengilan, o Amilika saki salongoc no tamdaw to lekatep kitakit ato misa’adaay kitakit nidemakan malitosaay ko salongan, o solongoc no tamdawan pakinali ko pikihar to roma kitakit a sician[184]. No singapore kacacofelan a demak to saki Amilika a solongoc no tamdaw a patilid paca’of o Amilika to saki Singapore malitosaay ko salongan, saki Amilika miterek to Guantanamo pirofoan o Amilika to salongoc no tamdaw caay kasapinangan[185]. O Vietnam mipespes to Amilika a pisakakinih ato moraraway a kafana’an a ratoh, saki Vietnam caayay ko dadahalay ko pipaini, caay katatodong i so’ilinay no Vietnam[186]. No Bolivia a congtong ci Morales saciswal sa Amilika a satakaraway citodongay no kitakit mihapiwan to salongoc to tamdaw a praroh to saki Bolivia laloma’an a demak pakinali ko kihar, sacisowal sa o Amilika sifo to saki Iraq hekal laloma’an caay pisaodo’ to solongoc pakayraan, a masasowal to no Latin Amilika sasafaniyot ato Bolivia a salongoc no tamdaw o ma’efoay ko nidemakan[187]. No Brazil a kacacofelan a demak sowal sa caay paso’elin ko Brazil to nihapiwan no Amilika satakaraway citodongay no kitakit a salongoc tamdawan a paratohan a matatodongay i rikec, o pakinaliay ko picalap no Amilika to hekalan a salongoc no tamdaw a kitakit[188]. O Cuba, Nicaragua, North Korea a kitakit milongoc to sofitay no Amilika i Iraq ato Afghanistan a midemak saka’aloman ko finawlan madoka’ay mapatayay midemak a palita, ato misawkitan a citodongay a tamdaw. India, Bengal, South Africa, Malaysia, Indonesia a kitakit, tahamatini mihayan no Amilika toloay ko cecay(3/1) ko no kasakitakit solongoc tamdaw to sadipot a katatelek, paini i Amilika to sowal to karanikay mihayda ato midemak (kicay, syakay, ponka salngoc i kasakitakit a telek) “palasawad to saki fafahiyan a pisepen a telek” “no wawa salongoc a telek” “mapokongay tamdaw salongoc telek” masakemoday kasakitakit salongoc no tamdaw a telek[189]. O Amilika to Linhoko a salongoc no tamdaw a licikay mafasaway ko pinangan. O Amilika i 2018 miheca 6 folad 9 romi’ad o i “Linhoko salongoc no tamdaw a licikay caay ho laheci ko pidama to salongoc no tamdaw” patodong i Linhoko salongoc no tamdaw a licikay[190]. == Pasaheciay (注釋) == Limaay ko niyah mikowanay to sera o Amilika Samoa, Guan, Northern Mariana palapalaan, Puerto Rico ato Amilika Viking palapalaan. Ira ko roma 11 awaayay ko tamdaw a maro’ a pala: Baker pala, /Howland pala, Jarvis pala, Johnston liyokan karat, Kingman pala, Midway pala ato Palmera liyokan karat. Pakayni to Bajo Nuevo pangtaay tafok hekal, Navsa pala, Serranella tafok hekal ato Wick pala a ’a’ecocen salongoc ira ho ko kalaliyangan[17]. == Pinengnengan tilid. (參考文獻) == 1. History of 'In God We Trust'. US Department of the Treasury. 03/08/2011 [03/06/2016]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2016-04-17）. 2. U.S. Code: Title 36, 304. United States Code. United States: Cornell Law School. 08/12/1998 [2015-02-15]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2010-12-09）. 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[2010-10-13]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2013-05-15）. 149. Fast Facts. Nces.ed.gov. [2019-03-01]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2019-03-05）. 150. What are the new back to school statistics for 2018?. The Washington Post. [2019-03-01]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2019-03-02）. 151. United States of America 1789 (rev. 1992). [2019-03-01]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2019-03-21）. 152. The 30 biggest media companies in the world. Business Insider. [2019-03-01]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2019-03-01）. 153. Types of Media. Sparknotes. [2019-03-01]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2019-02-28）. 154. Number of internet users in the United States 2019. Statista. [2020-03-25]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2020-11-11） （Inkiris a sowal）. 155. Eighth United Nations Survey of Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice Systems (2001–2002) (PDF). United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime(UNODC). 2005-03-31 [2008-05-18]. （nano nina’angan tilid (PDF) i 2006-04-23）. Krug, E.G, K.E. Powell, and L.L. Dahlberg. Firearm-Related Deaths in the United States and 35 Other High- and Upper-Middle Income Countries. International Journal of Epidemiology. 1998年4月, 7 (2): 214–221 [2011-06-18]. ISSN 0300-5771. <nowiki>PMID 9602401</nowiki>. doi:10.1093/ije/27.2.214. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2010-05-01）. 156. Crime in the United States by Volume and Rate per 100,000 Inhabitants, 1988–2007. Crime in the United States 2007. FBI. 2008年9月 [2008-10-26]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2008-10-20）. 157. 30 Curiosities of the United States.pdf (PDF). Statistics India. [2022-06-26]. （nano nina’angan tilid (PDF) i 2022-06-26）. 158. New Incarceration Figures: Thirty-Three Consecutive Years of Growth (PDF). Sentencing Project. 2006年12月 [2007-06-10]. （nano nina’angan tilid (PDF) i 2016-04-10）. 159. Walmsley, Roy. World Prison Population List (PDF). King's College London, International Centre for Prison Studies. 2005 [2007-10-19]. （nano nina’angan tilid (PDF) i 2007-06-28）. For the latest data, see Prison Brief for United States of America. King's College London, International Centre for Prison Studies. 2006-06-21 [2007-10-19]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2007-08-04）. For other estimates of the incarceration rate in China and North Korea see Adams, Cecil. Does the United States Lead the World in Prison Population?. The Straight Dope. 2004-02-06 [2007-10-11]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2008-09-15）. 160. Pew Report Finds More than One in 100 Adults are Behind Bars. Pew Center on the States. 2008-02-28 [2008-03-02]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2008-03-03）. 161. Incarceration Rate, 1980–2005. U.S. Dept. of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. 2006 [2007-06-10]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2007-06-11）. 162. Entire World—Prison Population Rates per 100,000 of the National Population. King's College London, International Centre for Prison Studies. 2007 [2007-10-19]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2007-08-24）. 163. The Impact of the War on Drugs on U.S. Incarceration. Human Rights Watch. 2000/5 [2007-06-10]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2008-11-28）. 164.Washionton misolapay singpon. [2011-06-18]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2004-06-03）. 165. Executions in the United States in 2007. Death Penalty Information Center. [2007-06-15]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2008-09-07）. 166. Executions Around the World. Death Penalty Information Center. 2007 [2007-06-15]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2008-09-13）. 167. Quinn Signs Death Penalty Ban, Commutes 15 Death Row Sentences to Life. Chicago Tribune. 2011-03-09 [2011-03-09]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2011-03-11）. 168.Mahathir mihamham to takaraway kakeridan no Amilika. www.enanyang.my. 2018-08-03 [2021-01-30] （Congko tilid）. 169.Malaysia Shingapore sinpong. Takaraway kakeridan no Amilika ci Pompeo miliso’ ci Mahathiran. Malaysiakini. 2018-08-03 [2021-02-21]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2021-04-26） （Congko a tilid）. 170. "Transnational Issues" （Saayaway pising mana’ang kapi, mateli i pina’angan a calay）. 20 April 2006. CIA World factbook. Accessed 30 April 2006. 171. "In challenging China's claims in the South China Sea, the US Navy is getting more assertive" (nano Inkiris ko sowal) 172. Foreign relations of the United States （Saayaway pising mana’ang kapi, mateli i pina’angan a calay）. 13 October 2005. Art History Club. Accessed 2 May 2006. 173.Middle East makerih ko miliyanay to Amilika, pisaheci to Amilika o papidahay ko pakayraan a demakto saki Middle East. Chinanews.com. 2012-08-17 [2017-05-23]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2017-08-09）. 174. 2012-12-25 07:13. Amilika “Kacacofel a demak” o saki Middle East o papadoedo. News.qq.com. 2012-12-25 [2017-05-23]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2017-08-09）. 175.O sakapidah Israil a kacacofelan a demak itini ka’amisay no Africa caay ka laheci ato Amilika saki Middle East a dademak ko a sakangilay. BBC. [2020-12-27]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2021-05-04）. 176. Adams, J.Q.; Pearlie Strother-Adams (2001). Dealing with Diversity. Chicago, IL: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company. 0-7872-8145-X. 177. Joyce Millet, Understanding American Culture: From Melting Pot to Salad Bowl （Saayaway pising mana’ang kapi, mateli i pina’angan a calay）. culturalsavvy.com. 2006/6/28 178. Adams, J.Q.; Pearlie Strother-Adams. Dealing with Diversity. Chicago, IL: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company. 2001. 0-7872-8145-X. 179. Provine, Rob with Okon Hwang and Andy Kershaw. "Our Life Is Precisely a Song" in the Rough Guide to World Music, Volume 2, pg. 167. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-85828-636-5</nowiki>. 180. Maccambridge, Michael. America's Game : The Epic Story of How Pro Football Captured a Nation. 26 October 2004. Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-50454-9 181. "The Best-Paid Athletes" （Saayaway pising mana’ang kapi, mateli i pina’angan a calay）. 24 June 2004. Forbes.com. Accessed 2 May 206. 182. takaraway kakeridan no Amilika kasakitakit paratohay (Amilika pihapinangan) -（micokaran mali iAmilika mikingkiw a misapinang）. Usinfo.org. [2017-05-23]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2013-05-14）. 183. Boritt, Gabor S. Lincoln and the Economics of the American Dream. Page 1. December 1994. University of Illinois Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-252-06445-6</nowiki>. 184.O ’alomanay miliyang to saki salongoc no tamdaw o pacefaay a mihokokan no Amilika. 365jia.cn. [2017-05-23]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2017-10-25）. 185. Human Rights. State.gov. [2017-05-23]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2017-05-20）. 186.Salongoc no tamdaw a hokok,  Embassy of the United States. Chinese.usembassy-china.org.cn. 2016-09-27 [2017-05-23]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2017-02-06）. 187.（Patorodan a hokok）2020 mihecaan no Amilika a picalap salongoc no tamdaw a hokok. [2021-08-27]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2021-03-30）. 188.Russia sa’ayaw paini to solongoc no tamdaw a miliyang to Amilika. Csstoday.net. [2017-05-23]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2017-01-04）. 189.Singapore miliyan to Amilika to saki salongoc no tamdaw a hokok malitosaay no demak. News.xinhuanet.com. [2017-05-23]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2013-11-19）. 190.Vietnam miliyang to Amilika i 2007 mihecaa a salongoc no tamdaw hokok. News.qq.com.1970-01-02 [2017-05-23]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2016-10-01）. 191.Bolivia a congtong miliyang to no Amilika a solongoc no tamdaw a hokok. News.qq.com. 1970-01-02 [2017-05-23]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2016-10-01）. 192.Brazil miliyang to Amilika a no kitakit a roma kitakit a salongoc to tamdaw a hokok. Gb.cri.cn. [2017-05-23]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2016-03-04）. 193. 1507. Amilika tamdaw salongoc no tamdaw miliyang ko ’alomanay kitaki. World.people.com.cn. 2010-11-07 [2017-05-23]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2016-03-04）. 194.O Amilika nai Linhoko salongoc no tamdaw Licikay a piliyas to lekapot a paherekan. 2018-06-20 [2019-12-20]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2020-02-06） （Inkiris a sowal）. （美國） Itini i 38 00 N, 97 00 W, noNo’amisan Amilika ko United states. Polong no sekalay i 9,833,517 sq km “saka 3 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 9,147,593 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 685,924 sq km ” Polong i 323,995,528 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen a sera 44.50%, Malo no kilakilangan a sera 33.30%, malo no roma to a sera 22.20%. siyoto(首都) O [[Washington, DC]] ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakapito 4 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci [[Joe Biden]], patirengan a romi’ad i 2021 a miheca saka 1 folad saka 20 a romi’ad. == Pacefaday a atilid(註腳) == [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] <references /> == Pikafitan i papotal(外部連接) == * CIA * 外交部 * List of current heads of state and government * [[Category:Amilika]] [[Category:Kitakit]] [[Category:Sa’amisay Amilika]] adxossn76h35kczhssgyz5e8kwiwlq3 0 1340 38980 35303 2023-06-30T08:48:47Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38980 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:宇老 Yulao - panoramio (1).jpg|thumb|200px|Uraw]] Uraw（宇老部落） Itiniay i [[Jianshi]] Cen no [[Hsinchu]] ko [[Uraw]] a niyaro’, 43 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 181 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 94% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 171 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 6% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 10 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Tayal]]91%, [[Amis]]1%, [[Paiwan]]1%, roma2%. Ira ko imeng(橫山分局宇老派出所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] k9wjm7l07811w1imvy7ja41d8p08s4p 0 1341 38786 38785 2023-06-30T00:46:14Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38786 wikitext text/x-wiki == Uruguay（[[kuwaping a sowal]]: 烏拉圭） == '''Uruguay kawaliay hakal Nikapolongan Kitakit''' ([[Sepanaya sowal]]: República Oriental del Uruguay), kapolongan sowal '''Uruguay''' ([[Sepanaya sowal]]: Uruguay), katimol [[Amilika]] kawali katimol [[kitakit]], kaetip [[Argentina]], kawali ato ka’amis [[Brazil]], miingiray to [[Labrador]] ’alo, kawali katimol o Tata'angay Sa'etipay Riyaran. O tamdaw no Uruguay 342 ’ofad[2], mingata to 180 ’ofad maro’ay i ta’akay tokay Montevideo ato roma a tokay. O sera no Uruguay 176,000 pinfang kongli (68,000 pinfang inli), saka 2 mimingay kitakit i katimolay Amilika, kikaka no Suriname. Charuya tamdaw maro’ i Uruguay 4000 mihecaan ko halafin. I 1680 miheca, Portugal micerakan sakowan tahini patireng to Colonia-del Sacramento, itiniay a niyaro’ samatelangay Ilopiya kaitiraan. 18 sici Sepaniya itini patireng to kahiceraan i Montevideo, itini malingato macaceficefis. 1811 miheca tangasa 1828 miheca, i Sepaniya, Portugal, Argentina ato Brazil sasepat kitakit ko macacefisay, Uruguay sakasiikedan a kitakit. I 19 sici a Uruguay kinapinapina masacomocomd no roma kitakit misawi ato micalap, o sofitay i laloma’ no kitakit sici mararid milosiday, mahaenay rarid sa tangasa 20 sici salepon. Matiniay Uruguay o nikapolongan a kimpo kapolongan Kitakit, congtong o sawara'an ato kakeridan no sifo. I Latin Amilika kanatal kitakit, Uruguay a nikapolonganay, halinga’ayay, ma'imeray[6] ato masacalayay ko sakadademak[7] o sasa’ayaway, o sinpon pakoniraay, kicay sakakaay no katimolay Amilika[6]. Uruguay sakiLinhoko mapako’emeday a sofitay picoker sakacecau i hekal[6]. I kicay pakoniraay, malalen ko kinaira, malaliisal to kinaira ato papotalay mikafo to payso picomod masongila’, Uruguay i kasakanatal sakatosa[6]. I polong no Amilika kanatal, o sakacomahad no tamdaw no Uruguay, GDP macakat[8], misafa^elohay ’icel ato tatenaan kalopatirengan[6] kasakanatal saka tolo. Linhoko palasatakaraway a kinaira a kitakit ko Uruguay[7]. I tingnaw pikihatiya i, Uruguay sakatatolo no hekal[7]. Uruguay tadamaan ko fanoh no siri, felac, naniwac, titi no kolong, ^min ato miloko masadakay[6]. I 2013 miheca, “kicayay tamdaw” pacomodaen ko Uruguay i “No mihecaan kitakit no hekal” [9], sakisamowa pipaloma, kalali’aca ato mapatodong no rikec ko mitamakoay pihayda: mahayda to malecaday ko rangi a raramod, mipesi’ to wawa marocok i rikec. Nanonian, Uruguay o cimapakoniraay ato adahiay syakay a kitakit, i no tekedan salongoc, ko’emi’ay ato misoraray o ka’ayaway i hekal[10]. == Ngangan no kitakit (國名) == Sakacingangan no Uruguay nai Uruguay ’alo, “Uruguay” o nano ’alo Guarani finacadan a sowal pangangan no Sepaniya a sowal. Pakayni tina ngangan adihay ko caay kalecad a saheci, tinako “’ayam ’alo” (Charuya sowal “ura ’alo”, toya “urú” ’ayam howak) sanay[11][12]. Oni a ngangan latek nai niyaro’ay masowalay “uruguá” ’aloay a ’aos[13]. nicerakan sakowan no Sepaniya ’ayaw ikor, Uruguay ato lilisay a niyaro’ pangangan “Cisplatina” ato “Banda Oriental”, ikor pangangan to “waliay hekalan”, tona misiiked to panganganan “Uruguay waliay hekal Nikapolongan Kitakit” (la República Oriental del Uruguay) [14][15][16]. == Likisi (歷史) == === ’Ayaway nicerakan sakowan likisi (早期殖民史) === 1516 miheca nia niyaro’ nao misolapay no Sepaniya ci Juan Dias de Solis manengneng. Nai 1680 miheca ikor o Sepaniya ato Portugal macacefis. Ikor i 1726 miheca o Sepaniya tamdaw ko pakalowiday, saka o no Sepaniya a nicerakan sakowan, patireng to Montevideo sofitay a minato. 1776 miheca Sepaniya pakapien to Labrador songto sakowan, itiya pangangan han “Labrador waliay hekal” (Banda Oriental). === Siikeday lalefo (獨立鬥爭) === I 19 sici ’ayaw, palong no nikowanan no Sepaniya i Latin Amilika kasakanatal, alamasadak ko misiikeday lalood. 1811 mihecaan hiro (tadamaanay) no finacadan ci Jose Gervasio Artigas mipalowad tina lalood, i 1815 miheca ma^emet ko emin no kitakit. I 1816 miheca Portugal miliyaw micalap, i 1821 miheca 7 folad polong no Uruguay patatekoen to Brazil, mafalic ko ngangan “Nepra kanatal. 1825 miheca 8 folad 25 romi’ad, ci Joan Antonio Lavalleja kakridan 33 waliay tamdaw minokay nai Argentina, malosimet ko Monteverde niyaro’, mihapiw misiiked ko Uruguay, I saka 8 folad 25 romi’ad ko romi’adan no kitakit. I 1828 miheca Monteverde telek so’elin ko salongoc no Uruguay. === Aniniay likisi (現代歷史) === Ikor Uruguay matapecik to fiyaw a kitakit sofitay ko sasiwtoc, ’aloman ko mapatayay. Oya sato Uruguay nai Ilopiya dipotan ko ’alomanay mafolaway, saka o maomahan pasadakan ko saki’orip kicay no Uruguay. ’ayaw no saka 2 lalood Ilopiya ato hakal icowacowaay matapecik ko lalood, adihaya pinaloma nai Uruguay mapasadak, mitadoay to maomahay ko sakadofah kitakit no Uruguay. Ikor no saka 2 lalood, nawhani kasakitakit a maomahan ranikay maserer ko ’aca, saka halafin malasot maserer ko kicay no Uruguay. maserer ko kicay saka rarawraw ko sici, kinapinapina fangafang ko sofitay, orasaka nanoya saa tararikor ko kicay no kitakit. 2004 miheca, ci Tavarre Vazquez malacongtong, 2005 miheca 3 folad 1 romi’ad so’elin ko patireng congtong no Uruguay, saka cecay i likisi no kitakit o Kawiliay-Kasafelaw a congtong. Matatoor to Kawiliay-Kasafelaw a nipatatekoan maledaf kasacefang macakat mikowan, maso^emetay a syakay kicay kafalic, o kicay no Uruguay ranikay lomowad, i 2004 miheca tangasa 2008 miheca, GDP mihecaan 6.7% ko ranikay cemahad, pakoyocay tamdaw nai 33% maserer tangasa 21.7%, 2011 miheca maserer haca tangasa 18.6%, masowal i Latin Amilika kitakit a taengaday. I polong no hekal katalawan no paysoan, madahdah ko kacemahad no kicay, nakawrira mihayda ko sifo pasadak to ’akawangay kapolongan sapasadak ato sapicoker payso, saka’eca katararikor no kicay, saka 2010 miheca o kicay no Uruguay rinikay macakat to 7%. 2013 miheca, Uruguay mala mihecaan a taypiaw no kicaykak tamdaw[17], o sakamitira nahani congtong no Uruguay ci Jose Musika no finawlan ko lekakawa a kasasowalen i hekal. Uruguay i 2013 miheca 4 m,4 mihayda to malecaday ko rangi ramod a rikec, 2013 miheca 7 folad heca ko rikec to sa’ayaway mahayda mipanga’ayay malali’aca to mowa a kitakit[18]. == Palapala (地理) == I satimolay Amilika kasafaniyot saka 2 mimingay kitakit,takaraway lotok i 514cm. mililisay to riyar a pala, o pipaka’enan to kolong ato siri. O adihayay ’alo ko Uruguay, sata’akay i o Uruguay ’alo, o hakal no ’alo adihay ko fanaw, kaetip no ’alo malasala’edan no kitakit. Uruguay a karayan no katimolay fa^edet soemetay, saka 5 folad tangasa 8 folad kasi^enawan, 12 folad tangasa 2 folad kaciherangan. Talacowa nai kaetipay fo’edas fali nai Andes lotok, nika nawhani mingataay to riyar, ira haca ko nai Brazil farawfaw fali, kala’orar aca.[[Faylo:Flag of Uruguay.svg|thumb|Flag of Uruguay|alt=Flag of Uruguay]] [[Faylo:Uruguay (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Location of  Uruguay  (dark green)in South America  (grey)]] ''Itini i 33 00 S, 56 00 W, noNotimolan Amilika ko [[Uruguay]]. Polong no sekalay i 176,215 sq km “saka 91 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 175,015 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 1,200 sq km ” Polong i 3,351,016 ko tamdaw. == Sici (政治) == I 1832 miheca 7 folad 18 romi’ad mahapiw ko saka 1 kimpo, ikor kinapinapina mifalic. 1951 miheca a kimpo mapalasawad ko Congtong a safaco, patireng to no kalomaocan rikec (sakakaay midemakay ’icel citodongay). I 1966 miheca mifalic to kimpo, mapatiko ko congtong a rikec. I 1973 miheca mirawraw mifalic ko sofitay mapaterep ko kimpo. 1985 miheca macakat ko nisingkiwan sifo mapalowad. Miketon ko kimpo a midemakay to Nikapolongan Kitakit ko Uruguay, toloay ko kasasiiked no sakowan 'icel. Sawara'an no kitakit ato kakeridan no sifo ko congtong, citodong sakakaay no mamifolaw, micokeray to congtong malafafa'eday lomaocan, citodong to kakeridan no kalomaoca. Congtong, micokeray to congtong, iing no kalomaocan ato kasakanatal kakeridan saheto nai finawlan ni singkiwan, lekad 5 miheca. Congtong caay kanga’ay pararid, nika manga’ay palaed a masadak misingkiw. Congtong tefad patireng to 13 ko masalaloma'an kakeridan, o congtong ko patoroday, citodong to kasa citodongay dademakay. 2015 miheca 3 folad 1 romi’ad, kacifaloco’an no finawlan ci Jose Musika malopon a malokelon, midotocay ci Tavarre Vazquez (Tabaré Vázquez). == O kasasikiked a sakowan (行政區劃) == Polong no kitakit masiiked 19 kanatal Sifasif, Canelones, Cerro Largo, Colonia, Durazno, Flores, Florida, Lavalleja, Maldonado, Montevideo, Paysandú, Río Negro, Rivera, Rocha, Salto, San José, Soriano, Tacuarembó, Treintay Tres. == Sofitay (軍事) == == kicay (經濟) == O sakakaay kicay no Uruguay o nipasadakan a nikaomahan, i ’ayaw no 20 sici kalaloodan no Ilopian itiya, adahay ko nikaomahan no Uruguay mapatayra i Ilopoyan, mala o kadofahay kitakit i satimolay Amilka ko Uruguay. Aniniay a kicay no Uruguay talacowa caayto kalecad to ’ayaway 20 sici, o Uruguay pikimaomahay ko pitadi’ecan. 2000 miheca katimalay Amilika malengat ko karawrawan no kicay, o Brazil ato Argentina sarakatay matalatiih, Uruguay makilatosaay a niliomahan a dafong mapatayra i Brazil ato Argentina, ikor makarapotay, nika maserer ko masadakay, awayay ko katayalan tangasa i mo^etepay. O masereray ko kicay a kitakit no Uruguay i satimolay Amlika, nikawrira 2004 miteka, o kicay no Uruguay midotoc to Brazil ato Argentina a macakat, talacowa ira ko katalawan a kicay, o kicay no Uruguay macakal macakat, masapinang to palalecaden to Brazil, Paraguay ato Argentina. 2011 miheca salongan no tamdaw no laloma’an a nisangan 15,469 Amilika payso, o satadamaanay i katimol Amilika. Oromasato, kasasiroma no Latin Amilika i, o Gini sa’osi o samamangay i Latin Amilika ko Uruguay (0.446). == Tamdaw ato finacadan (人口和民族) == 328.63 ’ofad (2011 miheca, sapipolong kitakit no Uruguay), fohecalay tamdaw 90.8%, Intian ato Inlopiyan camel tamdaw 5%. No kitakit a sowal no Sepaniya. Saheto o Tingsokiw ko pakayraan a mitoor. O tamdaw no Uruguay saheto nai Ilopiya tamdaw mafolaway tayni. O yincumin Charuya tamdaw i ’ayaw to pinapina so’ot miheca picomod no Ilopiyan tayni ’aloman ko nipatayan. Oni a Ilopiyan saheto o Sepaniya tamdaw ato Itilian, nika Uruguay tamdaw o Sepaniya ko sakasasowal. == Ponka (文化) == == Onto (體育) == Cokaran mali o kaolahan onto no Uruguay tamdaw. O Cokaran mali a onto no Uruguay makatadamaan i hekal, i 1924 miheca ato 1928 miheca kanatosaay a Olimpiko ontokay a Cokaran mali pakaala to kompay. Saka Uruguay sa’ayaway midemak to Cokaran mali i Uruguay kitakit, saka i 1930 miheca ato 1950 miheca ciniala to kompay. Oromasato, 1970 miheca ato 2010 miheca kinatosa pakaala to sake sepat a kompay. I Uruguay langciyo ato kanglangciyo tadamaan i kasakitakit. == Pinengnengan (參考) == 1. Atlas Sociodemografico y de la Desigualdad en Uruguay, 2011: Ancestry (PDF). National Institute of Statistics: 15. [2016-10-10]. （nina’angan tilid (PDF) i 2014-02-09） （Sepaniya sowal）. 2. Uruguay. World Economic Outlook Database. International Monetary Fund (IMF). April 2022 [2022-06-25]. （nina’angan tilid i 2022-06-25） （Inkiris）. 3. Resultados del Censo de Población 2011: población, crecimiento y estructura por sexo y edad ine.gub.uy Gini Index. World Bank. [21 November 2015]. （nina’angan tilid i 2015-02-09）. 4. Human Development Report 2019 (PDF). UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME. [2019-12-21]. （nina’angan tilid (PDF) i 2019-12-09）. nina’angan kapi (PDF). [2016-10-10]. （nina’angan tilid (PDF) i 2021-02-10）. 5. Data Center. [2016-10-10]. （nina’angan kapi i 2014-08-11）. 6. From 2005 to 2011 (PDF). [2016-10-10]. （nina’angan kapi  (PDF) i 2021-02-10）. 7. Earth_S_Got_Talent. The Economist. 21 December 2013 [2014-01-16]. （nina’angan kapi i 2018-05-13）. 8. The Social Progress Imperative. [2016-10-10]. （nina’angan kapi i 2016-03-04）. 9. Revista Del Río de La Plata. 1971: 285 [2016-10-10]. （nina’angan kapi i 2016-02-03）. The word itself, "Uruguay," is clearly derived from the Guaraní, probably by way of the tribal dialect of the Charrúas […] from uru (a generic designation of wild fowl) 10. Nordenskiöld, Erland. Deductions suggested by the geographical distribution of some post-Columbian words used by the Indians of S. America. AMS Press. 1979: 27 [2016-10-10]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-404-15145-4</nowiki>. （nina’angan kapi i 2016-02-03）. In Paraguay the Guaraní Indians call a fowl uruguaçú. The Cainguá in Misiones only say urú. […] A few Guaraní-speakiug Indians who call a hen uruguasu and a cock tacareo. Uruguaçu means "the big uru". 11. El País newspaper: "Presentan tesis del nombre Uruguay" （felih nina’angan，nina’angan i calay）, （Sepaniya sowal） Retrieved 21 November 2014. 12. Central Intelligence Agency. Uruguay. The World Factbook. [5 January 2010]. （nina’angan kapi i 2015-12-08）. 13. Uruguay. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008 [2 September 2008]. （nina’angan tilid i 2008-06-12）. "Eastern Republic of Uruguay" is the official name used in many United Nations publications in English, e.g. Treaty Series. UN Publications. 1991 [2016-10-10]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-92-1-900187-9</nowiki>. （nina’angan tilid i 2016-02-03）. & in some formal UK documents, e.g. Agreement Between the European Community and the Eastern Republic of Uruguay. H.M. Stationery Office. 1974 [2016-10-10]. （nina’angan tilid i 2016-05-13）. 14. The Economist’s country of the year-Earth’s got talent. [2014-01-16]. （nina’angan tilid i 2018-05-13）. 15. Kicay tamdaw i 2013miheca taypiaw kitakit: Uruguay （nina’angan kapi i，nina’angan i calay），pinko sinpon，2013 miheca 12 folad 22 romi’ad. 16. Encuesta Continua de Hogares 2008 – Religion. Instituto Nacional de Estadística. [2 December 2010]. （nina’angan tilid i 2010-11-14）. ''sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen a sera 87.20%, Malo no kilakilangan a sera 10.20%, malo no roma to a sera 2.60%.'' ''siyoto(首都) O [[[Montevideo]] ko Siyoto.'' ''katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakafalo 25 a romi’ad.'' ''O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci [[Tabaré Vázquez]], patirengan a romi’ad i 2015 a miheca saka 3 folad saka 1 a romi’ad.'' ''Pi’arawan to lakaw'' * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Uruguay]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Kitakit]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Satimolan Amirika]] kwp7to8epmixjn0yao0hxfbylrqxxcc 0 1342 26986 26985 2021-10-28T12:55:10Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 13 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 26985 wikitext text/x-wiki Uruw（中高義部落） Itiniay i Fuxing Cen no Taoyuan ko Uruw a niyaro’, 51 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 182 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 95% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 172 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 5% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 10 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Tayal91%, Amis2%, roma2%. Ira ko picodadan(高義國小附幼) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 5r3pyaojroho7eqbemyvd33s2mvw684 0 1343 32739 30674 2022-10-22T08:47:27Z Thomas Norren 1082 32739 wikitext text/x-wiki Uzbekistan（烏茲別克） [[Faylo:Flag of Uzbekistan.svg|thumb|Flag of Uzbekistan|alt=Flag of Uzbekistan]] [[Faylo:Узбекистан на глобусе.svg|thumb|Location of Uzbekistan (green)]] Itini i 41 00 N, 64 00 E, noAsiya ko [[Uzbekistan]]. Polong no sekalay i 447,400 sq km “saka 57 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 425,400 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 22,000 sq km ” Polong i 29,473,614 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen a sera 62.60%, Malo no kilakilangan a sera 7.70%, malo no roma to a sera 29.70%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Tashkent]] ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakasiwa 1 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci [[Shavkat Mirziyoyev]], patirengan a romi’ad i 2016 a miheca saka 12 folad saka 14 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] ehrmklwxcnykhm32wc5tckc8osu4h1j 0 1344 38893 27009 2023-06-30T06:50:12Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38893 wikitext text/x-wiki Vahu（下馬部落） Itiniay i [[Haiduan]] Cen no [[Taitung]] ko [[Vahu]] a niyaro’, 38 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 102 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 99% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 101 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 1% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 1 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Bunun]]83%, [[Amis]]7%, [[Paiwan]]2%, roma7%. Ira ko picodadan(霧鹿國小利稻分校) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 0eybz2zw0aqivoawhiwdudflanhgt45 0 1345 30675 30512 2022-01-26T17:13:32Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q548733]] 30675 wikitext text/x-wiki Vajiralongkorn I 1952 a miheca saka 7 folad saka 28 a romi’ad masofoc ci Vajiralongkorn, malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit no [[Thailand]] anini i ci Vajiralongkorn, patirengan a romi’ad i 2016 a miheca saka 10 folad saka 13 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 1656a6cnngq4afl9fvr311f4847bcha 0 1346 27030 27029 2021-10-28T12:55:18Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 12 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 27029 wikitext text/x-wiki Vakangan（瓦岡岸部落） Itiniay i Yanping Cen no Taitung ko Vakangan a niyaro’, 140 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 516 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 96% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 493 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 4% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 23 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Bunun85%, Amis4%, Paiwan2%, Cou1%, roma2%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] dkup3jgyu6loxttbgxts3mvs523hipk 0 1347 38806 27043 2023-06-30T01:04:14Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38806 wikitext text/x-wiki Valana（法蘭娜部落） Itiniay i [[Xinyi Cen]] no [[Nantou]] ko [[Valana]] a niyaro’, 38 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 129 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 94% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 121 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 6% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 8 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Bunun]]92%, [[Amis]]2%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] cv8t3ar83jyxchw8dhwjlom1bifjsg7 0 1348 27056 27055 2021-10-28T12:55:23Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 12 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 27055 wikitext text/x-wiki Valau（中興部落） Itiniay i Zhuoxi Cen no Hualien ko Valau a niyaro’, 69 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 273 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 99% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 271 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 1% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 2 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Bunun93%, Amis2%, Tayal1%, Paiwan1%, Seediq1%, roma2%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] aredrymgcgz0dx32hf6d5ijmkscgdej 0 1349 39031 39030 2023-06-30T09:31:16Z 陳鷹馬 1604 39031 wikitext text/x-wiki Valjulu（娃優魯部落） Itiniay i [[Jinfeng]] Cen no [[Taitung]] ko [[Valjulu]] a niyaro’, 94 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 242 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 99% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 239 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 1% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 3 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko . Ira ko kofa(太麻里戶政金鋒辦公室) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(大武分局金鋒分駐所) i niyaro’. Valjulu（馬兒部落） Itiniay i [[Sandimen]] Cen no [[Pingtung]] ko Valjulu a niyaro’, 128 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 399 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 96% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 383 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 4% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 16 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Paiwan]]91%, [[Rukai]]3%, [[Bunun]]1%, roma1%. Ira ko paisingan(馬兒村衛生室) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] t1wsqfg0msvngk4mb73btaa8ksblcgr 0 1350 33864 33863 2023-01-23T06:20:40Z Masaonikar 570 33864 wikitext text/x-wiki == Vanuatu,Republic of Vanuatu（萬那杜共和國） == Vanuatu kapolongan kitakit (Ferans: République de Vanuatu, Inkiris: Republic of Vanuatu, Pislama: Ripablik blong Vanuatu) polong no sowal Vanuatu, itiniay i kaetip katimolay a pala kanatal, i 1980 miheca micidek to Inkiris, Ferans a misiiked patireng to kitakit, yo 80 ko palapalaan (68 ko iraay ko tamdaw a maro’), o nano Melanesia a palapalaan, o fa’edetay no riyaran a romi’ad no mihecaan. == Likisi (歷史) == Pinapi:na no patekan i, irato ko maro’ay tamdaw a pinapina a pala, salongan i ’ayaw to 4000 miheca miteka[4], salongan i ’ayaw to 1300 mihecaan, itini tona sera ira ko kapowa koreng a pinademakan[5]. === Europe a picingcingan (歐洲殖民時期) === I 1606 miheca, yo ci Peter Queiroz kakeridan no misolapay sarakatay talahekal tina pala a Europe tamdaw, paka kafokilan a sera saan to itiniay a pala. I 18 sici, o Inkiris misolapay ci James cook o sakinatosa a misolap tahini tina pala, pangangan tina pala to New Hebrides palapalaan, iroray a Europe tamdaw misatapang malinah tayni a maro’. I 1887 miheca miteka, New Hebrides pala nao no Inkiris France a riyar sofitay wiyyinhuy mikowanay. I 1889 miheca, i Vera minato ci todong to niyah pikowan, talacowa dengan o fohecalay tamdaw ko mikomoday, naka malo sa’ayaway caayay pisakakinah a misingkiw to salongoc[6]. I 1906 miheca, Inkilis ato Ferans tosaay kitakit mihayda to New Hebrides palapalaan o Inkiris France mapapolong mikowan, patireng to New Hebrides palapal kapolongan a sera. nawhani ’aloman to ko Europe mafolaw tayni a maro’, i 1935 miheca a New Hebrides palapa lira ko 45,000 a tamdaw. Saka 2 kalalood no hekal i, Eti ato Espiritu Santo malapakomodan a hitay a kahiceraan. === Pisiikedan (獨立時期) === I 1980 miheca 7 folad 30 omi’ad, Fanoato misiikeday, mala no Tata'akay Inkilis a Lekatep kitakit, siiked i 1981 miheca ato 1983 miheca micomod i Linhoko ato caay ko matatekoay onto. == Palapalaan (地理) == Fanuatu nao 83 ko palapaan masakapot, ta sacisowal ira ko Matthew pala ato Hunter pala a sakowan. 83 a palapalaan i, ira ko 14 mataelifay ko 100 pinfang kongli ko dadahal, tonian satata’akay o San Espirito. Fanuatu a kakomodan a maci a Vera minato, o satata’akay maci no Fanuatu, i Eti pala ato Luganville[7]. Fanuatu nano Fa'etay ato no Asiya Fa'etay kakarayan, o Fa'etay a kilakilangan, o palapalaan saheto o ’akawangay lotok ato macelalay, sa’akawangay lotok itira i San Espirito a Bwemasana lotok, ira ko  1,879m takaraw. == Kafalic no kakarayan (氣候) == I 2015 miheca, Linhoko daykako patodong han ko Fanuatu to kasakitakit o sakakaay katalawan kitakit to nano o tataparan kari’ang[8]. === No Fa'etay a kaci’ariyos fali (熱帶氣旋) === Fanuatu mararid ci’ariyos to fali. I 2015 miheca 3 folad, o kitakit masakasak no Pam ’ariyos a fali, wata ko makari’angay, pinapina a niyaro’ maloyoh a lomaloma’, o minato a Port Vila 90% ko lomaloma’ ko maloyohay. === Lonen (地震) === Mararid ci lonen ko Fanuatu, no roma ci rangoday. == Kasasilsil no sakowan (行政區劃) == == Sici (政治) == Fanuatu midemak to kalomaoc no nikapolongan rikec, o tatapangan no kitakit i o congtong, 5 miheca ko liyad. O kalomaocan ko misingkiway to congtong, malitoloay no tosa (3/2) ko paya to maala, no Fanuatu a sici a tatapangan i o komodan a congli. Fanuatu a kalomaocan cecayay lalomaan, nai 52 tamdaw ko sakapot, o iing o finawlan ko misingkiway, 4 miheca ko cecay lekad. Fanuatu mikapot to adihayay kasacefang no kasakitakit, halo Tata'akay Ikiris a Lekatep, hekalan kingko, Asiya misaomahay kingko, hekalay a kiking no payso a lekatep, ponka ato kakomofan citodongay ato polong no misaFrance ko sowal i hekal. == Kacacofelan a demak (外交) == == Fanuato Nikapolongan a Kitakit（萬那杜共和國） == == Takaray sowal (概略) == o ngangan no nona kitakit o Fanuato Fanuato Nikapolongan a Kitakit(Ikiris sowal:Vanuatu,Republic of Vanuatu; Kuwaping sowal:萬那杜共和國)o Ona kitikit I malanikowanan no Fulansu sa mapangan to[s1]  République de Vanuatu、ono Ikilis I Republic of Vanuatu, o no Pislama a sowal I Ripablik blong Vanuatu，omaalaay a ngangan I o Vanuatu, mikisa’etipay no satimolan no masasinotay a riyar ko aro’nona kitakit.1980miheca a mapatireng kona kitakit,faloay a polo’ ko pala ilaloma’ nona kitakit,nikawrira, ‘edeng 68 ko citamdaway a pala, o ‘emin no mihecaan I o fa’edetay ko romi’ad. == Palapalan (地理) == [[Faylo:Flag of Vanuatu (official).svg|thumb|Flag of Vanuatu|alt=Flag of Vanuatu]] [[Faylo:Vanuatu on the globe (Polynesia centered).svg|thumb|Location of Vanuatu]] Itini i 16 00 S, 167 00 E, no Osiniya ko [[Vanuatu]]. Polong no sekalay i 12,189 sq km “saka 164 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 12,189 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 0 sq km ” Polong i 277,554 ko tamdaw. == sera(土地) == Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen a sera 15.30%, Malo no kilakilangan a sera 36.10%, malo no roma to a sera 48.60%. [[Faylo:Port_Vila_market.jpg|縮圖|Port Vila market]] == katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) == Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakapito 30 a romi’ad.siyoto(首都) O [[[Port-Vila]] ko Siyoto. O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci [[Baldwin Lonsdale]], patirengan a romi’ad i 2014 a miheca saka 9 folad saka 22 a romi’ad. == Pihapinangan a tilid(註腳) == * [http://www.cia.gov/ CI] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [[:en:List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government|List of current heads of state and government]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 7ea9olmwk3uu0v2cwokxpyybflqcafh 0 1351 38914 27107 2023-06-30T07:17:56Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38914 wikitext text/x-wiki Vecekadan（三和部落） Itiniay i [[Majia]] Cen no [[Pingtung]] ko [[Vecekadan]] a niyaro’, 277 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 836 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 98% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 816 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 2% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 20 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Paiwan]]92%, [[Rukai]]2%, [[Amis]]1%, [[Puyuma]]1%, roma1%. Ira ko picodadan(瑪家國中) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(三和村衛生室) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] j6vzepkv5sbj7ju3sr7r33afwjkwy88 0 1352 30676 30513 2022-01-26T17:13:33Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q717]] 30676 wikitext text/x-wiki Venezuela（委內瑞拉） [[Faylo:Flag of Venezuela (state).svg|thumb|Flag of Venezuela|alt=Flag of Venezuela]] [[Faylo:Venezuela (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Venezuela (orthographic projection)]] Itini i 8 00 N, 66 00 W, noNotimolan Amilika ko [[Venezuela]]. Polong no sekalay i 912,050 sq km “saka 33 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 882,050 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 30,000 sq km ” Polong i 30,912,302 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen a sera 24.50%, Malo no kilakilangan a sera 52.10%, malo no roma to a sera 23.40%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Caracas]] ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakapito 5 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci [[Nicolás Maduro]], patirengan a romi’ad i 2013 a miheca saka 4 folad saka 19 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 7f1pglz4dbjxxzcalj791593h09eh20 0 1353 38419 37505 2023-06-24T00:48:09Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38419 wikitext text/x-wiki Vietnam（越南） [[Faylo:Flag of Vietnam.svg|thumb|Flag of Vietnam|alt=Flag of Vietnam]] [[Faylo:Location Vietnam ASEAN.svg|thumb|Location of  Vietnam  (green)in ASEAN  (dark grey)  –  [Legend]]] YI-NAN-SE-HOY-CO-I-KONG-HE-KWO, YI-NAN sa to a mapangangan, I kakaay to no 9,600 a ca'or ko ka’aloman no polong a tamdaw, i saka15 ko sa’alomanay a tamdaw itini i hekal. O HE-NEY-SE ko syoto, HO-CE-MIN-SE ko sata’angayay a maci. O edengan i rikecay a Seyci-Tantay no seyfo ko Yi-Nan-Kong-Can-Tang. I ’ayaway to, aniniay to i, o no Holam a tilid ato pongka ko tapinangan no YI-NAN, o no Tong-Nan-Ya a kitakit a cefang, Se-Ciy-Maw-I a cefang, Ya-Co-Tay-Ping-Yang-Cin-Ci-He-Cow a cefang, O mamalasaka11 a Forans a sowal a kitakit a cefang. Itini i 16 10 N, 107 50 E, noAsiya ko [[Vietnam]]. Polong no sekalay i 331,210 sq km “saka 66 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 310,070 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 21,140 sq km ” Polong i 95,261,021 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen a sera 34.80%, Malo no kilakilangan a sera 45%, malo no roma to a sera 20.20%. siyoto(首都) O [[Hanoi]] ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakasiwa 2 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci [[Trần Đại Quang]], patirengan a romi’ad i 2016 a miheca saka 4 folad saka 2 a romi’ad. '''Finacadan/Tamdaw''' Adihayay ko finawlan no YI-NAN, makomod i 54 ko finawlan, Cin-Co(Yey-Co) ko masakakaay a finawlan, 86.2% ko ka’aloman i komod no finawlan, maedeng 1% ko teloc no Holam a tamdaw. '''Kei-Cay''' I 1986 a miheca mipalasawad to to adihayay a pipatokas a misatapang a misafeloh mifalic to ko YI-NAN, 2001 a miheca mapatiteng to ko mikeriday a SE-HOY-CO-I to Maci- Kei-Cay i, sanarikay sato a mapalowad ko Kei-Cay no polong no finawlan, malasanarikayay a lomahad a malalad ko Kei-Cay i Asia, i hekal to, nai sapakoyocay a kitakit a matongal to ko lifon no kitakit, i kafiyor no '''Covid-19''' a lifong ko kalokitakit i, lomahad matongal haca ko Kei-Cay no YI-NAN[51] O kanga’ayan a pala no liomahan i YI-NAN, makadofahay ko panay, makadofahay ko kafaedetan a pinaloma ato i ’aloay i riyaray a pina’orip, o sata’angayay a mipa’acaay to liomahan a kitakit, o sata’angayay a pa’acaay to kaso i hekal, maedeng 80% ko ka’adihay no kaso i hekal, o saka2ay a pa’acaay to panay i hekal, o saka2ay a pa’acaay to kohi, o sa’adihayay a Ropasta kohi no pa’acaan a kitakit. [53] Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Vietnam]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Kitakit]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Asiya]] im4zb6oted3binrg2fn5pswm0rtq140 0 1354 39045 27140 2023-06-30T09:38:18Z 陳鷹馬 1604 39045 wikitext text/x-wiki Viljauljaul（比魯部落） Itiniay i [[Jinfeng]] Cen no [[Taitung]] ko [[Viljauljaul]] a niyaro’, 51 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 161 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 96% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 154 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 4% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 7 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko . Ira ko picodadan(正興部落圖書資訊站) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 679ml48c3584j5kqbp9ntriq82mrjuz 0 1355 34720 34481 2023-02-20T23:26:49Z NicoScribe 1318 取消[[Special:Contributions/188.146.123.59|188.146.123.59]]（[[User talk:188.146.123.59|留言]]）作出的修訂34481 ? 34720 wikitext text/x-wiki Vladimir Putin [[Faylo:Vladimir Putin (2017-07-08) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Vladimir Putin (2017-07-08) (cropped)|alt=Vladimir Putin (2017-07-08) (cropped).jpg]] I 1952 a miheca saka 10 folad saka 7 a romi’ad masofoc ci Vladimir Putin, malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit no [[Russia]] anini i ci Vladimir Putin, patirengan a romi’ad i 2012 a miheca saka 5 folad saka 7 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 6vlnx7pi1jyhj8gr7vbw9hn5vcph4cq 0 1356 38691 27160 2023-06-29T04:53:01Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38691 wikitext text/x-wiki Vukide（富給特部落） Itiniay i [[Jinfeng Cen]] no [[Taitung]] ko Vukide a niyaro’, 70 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 272 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 97% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 264 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 3% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 8 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko . == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] tmk1kfa2d4ho74b6au8sblwmu6co2zw 0 1357 27174 27173 2021-10-28T12:55:42Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 13 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 27173 wikitext text/x-wiki Vungalid（望嘉部落） Itiniay i Laiyi Cen no Pingtung ko Vungalid a niyaro’, 304 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 1,067 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 97% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 1,032 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 3% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 35 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Paiwan94%, roma2%. Ira ko picodadan(望嘉國小、望嘉國小附幼) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] afo8z9usa3nui05hxdrwtl5u711xdbw 0 1358 45136 45135 2024-11-16T12:18:29Z Koliciw 2701 45136 wikitext text/x-wiki == Takaray a sowal (概要) == Tadawidang no tamdaw ko waco, itini i niyaro, ano malingad caay ka'eca ka pitoor ko waco, mangalef ano mami'adop, i'ayaw no kalingadan sa taliyoliyok sato ko waco i 'ayaw no kalingadan no mi'adopay tamdaw, ano citama' i, cowa ka komaen to tama' simaw han ningra a mitala ko mi'adopay. == Kasasiromaroma (種類) == Adihay ko kasasiromaroma no waco, pakayni to tireng nangra, roma i o ngoyos ko tahapinangan, macidem makompi makofet, kahahirahira ko kasaroma no waco.adihay ok waco == Tahapinangan (特徵) == Itini i tamdawan a pinengneng, o waco malecaday toya mafokilay a misasiroma to cengel, o waco hananay edeng o kangdaway ato kaliyalaway aca ko manengnengay nangra, tongal sa o mata no waco i, caay kahecad to mata no tamdaw, cakangangay a minengneng to sasiromaromaay a nanengnengen. roma i matalaway to matediay a ’edil ko mata no waco. == kakarayan ( 氣候) == == Kakaenen (食物) == Mangaay no waco a komaen to manmaan, ira ko dateng ato holo, ano sahetohan to titi a sapakaen cango’otay to sapatalingting to no okakan, saka caay ka tatodong to hatiniay a sapakaen to waco. Itini i ci-in(基因) no waco a mahapinang, iraay ko sasiroma sakaci’icel no ’otong (澱粉酶活性) hananay, itini i ci-in(基因) no waco, ira aca ko sakangaay sakaci’icel a komaen to no ’otong a kakaenen, latek i ayaw oninian ko sapikonglin nangra. O rama a waco i, iraay kono ngalayan ’otong (唾液澱粉酶) hananay. O kakaenen no waco i safaay no tamdaw ko kaadihay, mato o 可可鹼no巧克力 maosoyay a matoled no waco.Ano ma’asi ko kakomaen no waco to ciyaw-ke-li(巧克力) mawarak anca mapatay, o roma sa o tananiki ato o fadisoso’, makaen ko fadisoso’ kaliangay to fowa’ no waco. O ing-taw(櫻桃)、low-li(酪梨) iraay ho ko ci wanengay (木糖醇) a kakaenen ato ’epang, o kiyaping, o cikodasingay ato kakaenan no tamdaw a sapaiyo itini i waco mahecaday to. Saka ano pariri’ to waco kita, aka pakaenen tono tamdawan a kakaenen ato  sapaiyo no tamdaw, kafana’ kita o pariri’ay to waco a tamdaw, aka pakaenen to ’epang ato waneng ko waco tati’ihaw ko fowa’ no waco, ano tati’ih ko fowa’ no waco malaslasay/mafonol ko fanoh no waco. == O kongko no Pangcah (阿美的故事) == O Pakararomay a waco, I 'a:yaw ira koya maramamoday, ci Calaw Mata ko fa'inayan, ci Falahan ko fafahiyan, lipahakay rihadayay awaay ko kararimaan no 'orip nangra tatosa. Ira ko cecay a romi'ad, keriden ni Calaw ko sepat a waco talalotok a mi'adop, talapala omaomahan a maomah ci Falahan, Awaay ko tamatama' ni Calaw Mata toya a romi'ad, sowal sa koya cecay a waco, == Tahapinangan a Tilid (參考文獻) == O Ni Isop a Sapatinako 阿美語譯伊索寓言 Sing 'OLAM 星–歐拉姆 == Pikafitan i Papotal (外部連接) == Ono 哺乳類 konini. o widang no mita ko waco mi aocilay to malitengay talaomah patadominengneng to taloan Pararid ko tamdaw ato waco a malakapot misalama, [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] fm2jwh4gd271fc49s73to2pavlc397k 0 1359 27192 27191 2021-10-28T12:55:48Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 3 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 27191 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} [[Faylo:Teeth by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|Wadis nu tamdaw]] 9pafcwbfiwskfmzez9g1b2010sd2sun 0 1360 38915 27205 2023-06-30T07:18:21Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38915 wikitext text/x-wiki Wakaba（涼山部落） Itiniay i [[Majia]] Cen no [[Pingtung]] ko Wakaba a niyaro’, 331 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 1,267 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 96% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 1,215 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 4% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 52 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Paiwan]]93%, [[Amis]]1%, [[Bunun]]1%, roma1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 0a9g05c81c50f0utci3cga95wib1hye 0 1361 27210 27209 2021-10-28T12:55:52Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 4 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 27209 wikitext text/x-wiki Wanrong（萬榮鄉） Itini i Hualien ko Wanrong Siyang. sa’osi han ko po:long no palaan i, ira ko 687.39 km² (lalotolotokan a plalan no sa’osi i ira ko 627 km², o palaan noto’as i'a:yaw i ira ko 49.32 km²), 5,610 ko tamdaw i Wanrong Siyang, 1,807 ko parod no loma’, itini i niyaro’ a Yincomin sa’osi han ira ko 5,400 a tamdaw, pakaala to 96%(Truku, Bunun) no polong no tamdaw. o Truku, Bunun ko sa’alomanay i Hualien. ==O kasaniyarona== 6 ko cun, 10 ko niyaro’ i Wanrong Siyang. Ihownang（紅葉部落）, Murisaka（摩里莎卡部落）, Maribasi（馬里巴西部落）, Matanki（馬太鞍部落）, Donkuan（東光部落）, Kunuan（固努安部落）, Damayan（大馬遠部落）, Thgahan（大加汗部落）, Ciyakang（支亞干部落）, Gbayang（新白楊部落）. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] d7c2hhfpgcwar91mcgvb1kp13vgcdr9 0 1362 30727 30712 2022-02-03T12:13:51Z ZabesBot 381 Bot: Cleaning up old interwiki links 30727 wikitext text/x-wiki West sahara（西撒哈拉） [[Faylo:Flag of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg|thumb|Flag of Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic|alt=Flag of Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]] [[Faylo:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Areas controlled by the SADR in dark green, claimed but uncontrolled areas in light green]] Itini i 24 30 N, 13 00 W, noAfilika ko [[West sahara]]. Polong no sekalay i 266,000 sq km “saka 78 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 266,000 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 0 sq km ” Polong i 587,020 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen a sera 18.80%, Malo no kilakilangan a sera 2.70%, malo no roma to a sera 78.50%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Laayoune]] ko Siyoto. O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci [[Brahim Ghali]], patirengan a romi’ad i 2016 a miheca saka 7 folad saka 9 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] eow4ha96m3ukgtdr0zwb2xzxjzskqbg 0 1363 44338 30677 2024-08-29T07:07:26Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 ''' 44338 wikitext text/x-wiki I 1967 a miheca saka 4 folad saka 27 a romi’ad masofoc ci '''Willem-Alexander''', malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit no [[Netherlands]] anini i ci Willem-Alexander, patirengan a romi’ad i 2013 a miheca saka 4 folad saka 30 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 6olf994mdodulsl6zm81g1uac4v1yxn 0 1364 27244 27243 2021-10-28T12:55:58Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 16 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 27243 wikitext text/x-wiki Wsilung（詩朗部落） Itiniay i Fuxing Cen no Taoyuan ko Wsilung a niyaro’, 70 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 211 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 82% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 172 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 18% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 39 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Tayal74%, Amis2%, Cou2%, Paiwan1%, roma2%. Ira ko Kiwkay(台灣基督長老教會角板教會) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] p64416pacggk8wosc51lie2l7dfrjqk 0 1365 27248 27247 2021-10-28T12:56:00Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 3 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 27247 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[U Yincumin ni Taywan]] c84gopmv0jsd5ad8m8iu7tdkezo15ls 0 1366 38818 38817 2023-06-30T01:14:01Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38818 wikitext text/x-wiki Wufeng（五峰鄉） Itini i Hsinchu ko Wufeng Siyang. sa’osi han ko po:long no palaan i, ira ko 210.04 km² (lalotolotokan a plalan no sa’osi i ira ko 139.96 km², o palaan noto’as i'a:yaw i ira ko 139.96 km²), 5,114 ko tamdaw i Wufeng Siyang, 1,895 ko parod no loma’, itini i niyaro’ a Yincomin sa’osi han ira ko 4,517 a tamdaw, pakaala to 88%(Tayal, Saysiyat) no polong no tamdaw. o Tayal, Saysiyat ko sa’alomanay i Hsinchu. ==O kasaniyarona== 4 ko cun, 31 ko niyaro’ i Wufeng Siyang. [[Maybalay]]（和平部落）, [[Kyu’ang]]（下比來部落）, [[Oro’raw:]]（上比來部落）, [[Mayl’ux]]（大冬田部落）, [[Mayhuman]]（花園部落）, [[R’ra’]]（天湖部落）, [[Sipazi’]]（十八兒部落）, [[Tatoba’]]（五峰部落）, [[Sansama:an]]（上大隘部落）, [[Sayie]]（下大隘部落）, [[Ip’ipa’an bato]]（朱家莊部落）, [[Yohae’]]（高峰部落）, [[Sansaru]]（三叉路部落）, [[Ulay]]（清泉部落）, [[Takunan]]（羅山部落）, [[Trayan]]（松本部落）, [[Lwax khu’]]（雲山部落）, [[Minse]]（民生部落）, [[R’uyan]]（白蘭部落）, [[Ruba’]]（土場部落）, [[Kawabata]]（河頭部落）, [[Kahaehaeoan]]（泰平部落）, [[Ngangihaw]]（鵝公髻部落）, [[Singaw]]（茅圃部落）, [[Blangaw]]（桃山部落）, [[Heku’]]（黑崮部落）, [[Kukung]]（出河部落）, [[Mintuyu]]（民都有部落）, [[Skaru]]（石鹿部落）, [[T’apan]]（忠興部落）, [[Si’ung]]（喜翁部落）. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] i6801zrphoto7tagax42wc4vt49w9u3 0 1367 39017 27258 2023-06-30T09:15:39Z 陳鷹馬 1604 39017 wikitext text/x-wiki Wulai（烏來區） Itini i [[New Taipei City]] ko [[Wulai]]. sa’osi han ko po:long no palaan i, ira ko 333.51 km² (lalotolotokan a plalan no sa’osi i ira ko 299.28 km², o palaan noto’as i'a:yaw i ira ko 19.98 km²), 5,931 ko tamdaw i Wulai, 1,793 ko parod no loma’, itini i niyaro’ a Yincomin sa’osi han ira ko 2,793 a tamdaw, pakaala to 47%(Tayal) no polong no tamdaw. Itini i niyaro’ a finawlan, o Payrang ko sa’alomanay. ==O kasaniyarona== 5 ko cun, 4 ko niyaro’ i Wulai. [[Tampya]]（忠治(桶壁)部落）, [[Ulay]]（烏來部落）, [[Lahaw]]（信賢部落）, [[Tranan]]（福山部落）. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] dsx9ee7kluf52yas5yump2k8c9hxj92 0 1368 38659 27272 2023-06-29T04:26:43Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38659 wikitext text/x-wiki Wutai（霧臺鄉） Itini i [[Pingtung]] ko Wutai Siyang. sa’osi han ko po:long no palaan i, ira ko 304.67 km² (lalotolotokan a plalan no sa’osi i ira ko 244.47 km², o palaan noto’as i'a:yaw i ira ko 58.03 km²), 3,314 ko tamdaw i Wutai Siyang, 1,058 ko parod no loma’, itini i niyaro’ a Yincomin sa’osi han ira ko 3,247 a tamdaw, pakaala to 98%([[Rukai]]) no polong no tamdaw. o Rukai ko sa’alomanay i Pingtung. Wutai（霧臺部落） Itiniay i Wutai Cen no Pingtung ko Wutai a niyaro’, 224 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 758 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 99% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 747 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 1% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 11 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Rukai92%, Paiwan4%, Bunun1%, Amis1%, roma1%. Ira ko picodadan(霧台國小、霧台國小附幼) i niyaro’. ==O kasaniyarona== 6 ko cun, 8 ko niyaro’ i Wutai Siyang. [[Kabalelradhane]]（神山部落）, [[Kinulane]]（吉露部落）, [[Adiri]]（阿禮部落）, [[Wutai]]（霧臺部落）, [[Karamemedesane]]（佳暮部落）, [[Kudrengere]]（谷川部落）, [[Kucapungane]]（好茶部落）, Labuwan（大武部落）. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] or3u45ulz0km3gfigln90x3pz034dpi 0 1369 45462 44342 2025-01-19T09:18:50Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 Xi Jinping idi 2016年 45462 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Xi Jinping 2016.jpg|縮圖|Xi Jinping idi 2016年|alt=Xi Jinping 2016.jpg]] I 1953 a miheca saka 6 folad saka 15 a romi’ad masofoc ci '''Xi Jinping''', malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit no [[China]] anini i ci Xi Jinping, patirengan a romi’ad i 2012 a miheca saka 11 folad saka 15 a romi’ad. == No papotalay a kakafit == * [[:en:List of current heads of state and government|List of current heads of state and government]] [[Kasasiwasiw:China]] 1jabjbsprjgf4gruj5josit69nwrm70 0 1370 27286 27285 2021-10-28T12:56:11Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 4 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 27285 wikitext text/x-wiki Xincheng（新城鄉） Itini i Hualien ko Xincheng Siyang. sa’osi han ko po:long no palaan i, ira ko 28.83 km² (lalotolotokan a plalan no sa’osi i ira ko 0 km², o palaan noto’as i'a:yaw i ira ko 0.22 km²), 16,246 ko tamdaw i Xincheng Siyang, 6,110 ko parod no loma’, itini i niyaro’ a Yincomin sa’osi han ira ko 5,380 a tamdaw, pakaala to 33%(Amis) no polong no tamdaw. Itini i niyaro’ a finawlan, o Payrang ko sa’alomanay. ==O kasaniyarona== 8 ko cun, 12 ko niyaro’ i Xincheng Siyang. Pacidal（華陽部落）, Paudadan（大德﹙巴烏拉藍﹚部落）, Lalumaang（東方羅馬部落）, Palamitan（康樂部落）, Kaliyawan（嘉里部落）, Cilapuk（嘉新部落）, Sudadatan（新城部落）, Pibutingan（順安部落）, Hupu（北埔部落）, Katanka（佳林部落）, Pabuisan（北星部落）, Palinkaan（復興部落）. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] d182yg632z5cqvwka5vxazkcm1m5is8 0 1371 38803 38801 2023-06-30T01:02:24Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38803 wikitext text/x-wiki Xinyi（信義鄉） Itini i Nantou ko Xinyi Siyang. sa’osi han ko po:long no palaan i, ira ko 1,423.52 km² (lalotolotokan a plalan no sa’osi i ira ko 1,067.28 km², o palaan noto’as i'a:yaw i ira ko 113.33 km²), 12,373 ko tamdaw i Xinyi Siyang, 3,695 ko parod no loma’, itini i niyaro’ a Yincomin sa’osi han ira ko 9,393 a tamdaw, pakaala to 76%(Bunun) no polong no tamdaw. o Bunun ko sa’alomanay i [[Nantou]]. ==O kasaniyarona== 14 ko cun, 17 ko niyaro’ i Xinyi Siyang. [[Lanngdun]]（人倫部落）, [[Qapuciu]]（洽波石部落）, [[Tamazuan]]（達瑪巒部落）, [[Isingan]]（雙龍部落）, [[Laidazuan(malavi)]]（潭南部落）, [[Naihunpu]]（明德部落）, [[Salitung]]（豐丘部落）, [[Sinapalan]]（希哪巴瀾部落）, [[Halusipun]]（筆石部落）, [[Luluna]]（羅娜部落）, [[Qalipusungan]]（阿里不動部落）, [[Mahavun （Mamahavunna）]]（久美部落）, [[Kalibuan]]（望鄉部落）, [[Tungpu daigaz]]（東埔部落）, [[Ilausan]]（依勞善部落）, [[Valana]]（法蘭娜部落）, [[Hanbizan]]（涵碧蘭部落）. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] rbf70ybp1un3zz8ls6x24j47yc9dzqy 0 1372 27296 27295 2021-10-28T12:56:15Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 4 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 27295 wikitext text/x-wiki Xiulin（秀林鄉） Itini i Hualien ko Xiulin Siyang. sa’osi han ko po:long no palaan i, ira ko 1,623.87 km² (lalotolotokan a plalan no sa’osi i ira ko 1,489.3 km², o palaan noto’as i'a:yaw i ira ko 88.31 km²), 14,830 ko tamdaw i Xiulin Siyang, 4,504 ko parod no loma’, itini i niyaro’ a Yincomin sa’osi han ira ko 13,244 a tamdaw, pakaala to 89%(Truku) no polong no tamdaw. o Truku ko sa’alomanay i Hualien. ==O kasaniyarona== 9 ko cun, 18 ko niyaro’ i Xiulin Siyang. Knlibu（克尼布部落）, Gukut（吾谷子部落）, Tkijig（得吉利部落）, Bsngan（玻士岸部落）, Pratan（布拉旦部落）, Kdusan（格督尚部落）, Kulu（固祿部落）, Tpuqu（陶樸閣部落）, Dowras（道拉斯部落）, Bsuring（秀林部落）, Kulu（水源部落）, Dowmung（都門部落）, Ibuh（依柏合部落）, Tmunan（文蘭部落）, Myawan（米亞丸部落）, Branaw（重光部落）, Qowgan（克奧灣部落）, Qnragan（卡那岸部落）. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] i7wuhud7tdyhmb573lriu7r5mvh2oon 0 1373 27299 27298 2021-10-28T12:56:17Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 2 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 27298 wikitext text/x-wiki Y.P.S.P.T.(臺灣阿美族語言永續發展學會) bylaui3qbei6h6nogdefkyxts7g1ttw 0 1374 45469 44343 2025-01-19T09:30:34Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 Yang di-Pertuan Agong idi 2019年 45469 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Sultan Ibrahim Ismail (48400998097) (cropped).jpg|縮圖|Yang di-Pertuan Agong idi 2019年]] I 1969 a miheca saka 10 folad saka 6 a romi’ad masofoc ci '''Yang di-Pertuan Agong''', malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit no [[Malaysia]] anini i ci Yang di-Pertuan Agong, patirengan a romi’ad i 2016 a miheca saka 12 folad saka 31 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Malaysia]] rfkickcbc49305efynze0e42no4w9hu 0 1375 27311 27310 2021-10-28T12:56:21Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 3 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 27310 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Chihsingshan, Tatun volcanoes.jpg|thumb|Yangmingsan a pisalama'an]] Yangmingsan a pisalama'an (陽明山國家公園) Masako 01-22-2011 I kaliponan ho i. “Cawsan”hananay ko ngangan no Yangmingsan a pisalama’an 山”. Kalichan ko pasu tatayla I Yangminsan nani tata’akay a lalan no Yangminsan mamacukacuk ko pasu. I pasayla’ay I Selin a niyar’o Mitafeshow ho to Yangtetataw tiya tahilato I lotok Tahilato I Yangminsan ira’ay ho ko pasayra’ay I Cinsan ato Wanli a pafesotay I riyal a kinigtolo. awa’ay ko sasuwaren to kapah ato fangcal no Yangmingsan a pisalama’an Marawod to ko kamok no hana I sakatolo a fulad O kacifalo’an to no hana、 o kacicuongan no kilang anini Adihay ko masamasamanay a tilid no hana 、irako masasiloma’ay a sakora、lopas、toc’in. Sakora hananay a hana o sacinganganay no Yangminsan.Na sakatolo a fulad I aloman ko pasayniay misalama a tamdaw . Misa’osian ko cikang a mamacukacuk na lotok Padeteng ko matayalay I kosi a tamtamdaw mihifan Palimaw tara I lotok minengneng to hana. O tatenokan no kasa’opo’an no misarama’ay ko Yangminsan Ira’ay ho ko citatodongay a pasifan’ay to defang ato koko nona Yangminsan a pisalama’an. Yangmingsan a pisalama’an I sa’amis no TayPak’, O kongnan ninra ko Selin、P’ito a lalotokan、ato pasayla’ay laliyalan a niyar’o. o lotok no itiniay I 200~1120 meta ko takaraw. Masasiloma ko romi’ad i lotok no Yangmigsan .Na sakatolo a fulad namiheca’an o kacangrahan aloman ko pasayniay misalama a icuwacuwa’ay kanatar a tabdaw.satosil sa ko sakora a mafetelak fiw~han no fail I sataontaon sa matawa .na malorayay a mata、 sienaway a faloc’o . masinanot itini a lotok Palimaw to tara I lotok minengneng to makapahay a hana . Kaciharangan to no Yanmingsan tadafaeded ko Taypak.O pikisaemelan kona lotok. Oloma siy’a sako ‘odad Ikol to no ‘odad, nohoni ira o to ko cidal amingada, I ra’ay a lotok ira ko talakal ni idek a masadak sakapahsan ko tilid miedir tona lotok. Marawod to ko pipanayan I sakamoetep a fulad Malakahengan to ko lotolotokan mafalic to ko tilid no pahpah I kilangkilangan ,sakahengan ko adingol a kilang , fiw~han no pasa’amisay a kietecay a fail Maeminmatefad to ko papah no kilang .　　Marawod ko kasienawan I ; O romi’ad no lotok macep’a to nano raliday a ‘odad ,tata’anay ko sienaw itini ,madipadip tono calofacud ko lalang ato lotok ,loma ira ko malasuda”ay to ko semo ato papah no kilang satemel’i san to kona lotok == Pi'arawan to lakaw == * 林春妹. (2011). Wikipedia 維基百科 族語詞條試寫─原住民族語詞條 2011作品集. 教育部. rn045ctodrqk6uortcgmcswb5afjhx8 0 1376 27316 27315 2021-10-28T12:56:23Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 4 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 27315 wikitext text/x-wiki Yanping（延平鄉） Itini i Taitung ko Yanping Siyang. sa’osi han ko po:long no palaan i, ira ko 480.64 km² (lalotolotokan a plalan no sa’osi i ira ko 419.42 km², o palaan noto’as i'a:yaw i ira ko 48.33 km²), 3,828 ko tamdaw i Yanping Siyang, 1,131 ko parod no loma’, itini i niyaro’ a Yincomin sa’osi han ira ko 3,523 a tamdaw, pakaala to 92%(Bunun) no polong no tamdaw. o Bunun ko sa’alomanay i Taitung Siyang. ==O kasaniyarona== 5 ko cun, 11 ko niyaro’ i Yanping Siyang. Kainisungan（卡努舒岸部落）, Kamisatu（卡米莎度部落）, Kaminu（卡米努部落）, Nakanu（拿卡努部落）, Su nun sung（蘇儂頌部落）, Buklavu（布谷拉夫部落）, Kalisahan（卡里沙汗部落）, Minami（米娜咪部落）, Vakangan（瓦岡岸部落）, Pasikau（巴喜告部落）, Talunas（達魯那斯部落）. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] qatzh2p314wtimep28g1hjvvsi09pc6 0 1377 38949 27332 2023-06-30T08:04:36Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38949 wikitext text/x-wiki Yayo（椰油部落） Itiniay i [[Lanyu]] Cen no [[Taitung]] ko Yayo a niyaro’, 408 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 1,150 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 79% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 906 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 21% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 244 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Yami]](Tao)73%, [[Amis]]3%, [[Paiwan]]1%, [[Puyuma]]1%, roma1%. Ira ko picodadan(椰油國小、蘭嶼高中、蘭嶼圖書館、椰油部落圖書資訊站) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(蘭嶼戶政所) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(台東縣東清派出所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 31iynunaug0o95vl8ncjpbrfvj3qou2 0 1378 27341 27340 2021-10-28T12:56:27Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 8 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 27340 wikitext text/x-wiki Yemen（葉門） [[Faylo:Flag of Yemen.svg|thumb|Flag of Yemen|alt=Flag of Yemen]] [[Faylo:Yemen on the globe (Yemen centered).svg|thumb|Location of  Yemen  (red)]] Itini i 15 00 N, 48 00 E, noAsiya ko [[Yemen]]. Polong no sekalay i 527,968 sq km “saka 50 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 527,968 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 0 sq km ” Polong i 27,392,779 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen a sera 44.50%, Malo no kilakilangan a sera 1%, malo no roma to a sera 54.50%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Sanaa]] ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakalima 22 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci [[Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi]], patirengan a romi’ad i 2012 a miheca saka 2 folad saka 27 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] njulx4pnc31f7t9o11zccmmaxr4hmdt 0 1379 27367 27366 2021-10-28T12:56:30Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 25 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 27366 wikitext text/x-wiki Yin-cu-mincu-way-yin-huwey （原住民族委員會） Yin-cu-mincu-weyin-huwey (sapuru han a panganga –Yin-min-huwey) u miebaway, u mipadamaay tu demak nu masaniyaniyaru’ay a tarakaway a Seyhu nu mita i Taywan. Na i 1996 a miheca tu sabaw tusa a bulad a nipatireng. U miebaway, u padamaay tu masama:anay a demakan nu yin-cu-min i Sey-hu. == Pi’arawan to lakaw == [https://web.archive.org/web/20200717175113/https://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/index.html 原住民族委員會] [[Kasasiwasiw:U suwal nu i amisay a Pangcah]] qvdbt76enmsn9zg52gu9hmtssbqcsop 0 1380 38682 30185 2023-06-29T04:46:13Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38682 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} [[Faylo:Chunghwa Post Logo.svg|100px|thumb|Yofing ([[kuwaping a sowal]]: 郵局)]] [[Faylo:Japan Post.jpg|100px|left|thumb|Yofing ([[kuwaping a sowal]]: 郵局)]] [[Faylo:Postie on motorbike - chadstone.jpg|thumb|ˇ60px|Yofing]] [[Faylo:Estatua El Cartero.jpg|thumb|left]] <!--Interwikis--> jiqgpuqc0d6q5qc4yhas8n88d6epwtn 0 1381 38822 27387 2023-06-30T01:16:10Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38822 wikitext text/x-wiki Yohae’（高峰部落） Itiniay i [[Wufeng]] Cen no [[Hsinchu]] ko [[Yohae’]] a niyaro’, 61 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 187 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 97% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 182 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 3% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 5 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Saysiyat]]55%, [[Tayal]]39%, [[Paiwan]]1%, [[Seediq]]1%, roma3%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 3w112h6aj4xuf9sdqnip6v4ahb378n6 0 1382 45453 44325 2025-01-16T13:27:40Z 2A02:8308:210:5D00:3951:133A:D904:7289 Yoweri Museveni idi 2015年 45453 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Yoweri Museveni September 2015.jpg|縮圖|Yoweri Museveni idi 2015年|alt=Yoweri Museveni September 2015.jpg]] I 1944 a miheca saka 9 folad saka 15 a romi’ad masofoc ci '''Yoweri Museveni''', malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit no [[Uganda]] anini i ci Yoweri Museveni, patirengan a romi’ad i 1986 a miheca saka 1 folad saka 29 a romi’ad. ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] qy5e8gndr54lexxekdviqyk9goj5c9x 0 1383 38795 27408 2023-06-30T00:57:44Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38795 wikitext text/x-wiki Yubang（上宇內部落） Itiniay i [[Fuxing Cen]] no [[Taoyuan]] ko Yubang a niyaro’, 18 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 74 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 93% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 69 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 7% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 5 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Tayal]]88%, [[Amis]]3%, roma3%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] tcde76plzk8ha8kpqliam4vno7t0faf 0 1384 27413 27412 2021-10-28T12:56:41Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 4 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 27412 wikitext text/x-wiki Yuchi（魚池鄉） Itini i Nantou ko Yuchi Siyang. sa’osi han ko po:long no palaan i, ira ko 124.35 km² (lalotolotokan a plalan no sa’osi i ira ko 52.93 km², o palaan noto’as i'a:yaw i ira ko 1.66 km²), 970 ko tamdaw i Yuchi Siyang, 348 ko parod no loma’, itini i niyaro’ a Yincomin sa’osi han ira ko 296 a tamdaw, pakaala to 31%(Thau) no polong no tamdaw. Itini i niyaro’ a finawlan, o Payrang ko sa’alomanay. ==O kasaniyarona== 13 ko cun, 1 ko niyaro’ i Yuchi Siyang. Ita thao（伊達邵部落）. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] g8b7hlx235ca1db6huu5uz3xoobz9ak 0 1385 27418 27417 2021-10-28T12:56:43Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 4 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 27417 wikitext text/x-wiki Yuli（玉里鎮） Itini i Hualien ko Yuli. sa’osi han ko po:long no palaan i, ira ko 210.89 km² (lalotolotokan a plalan no sa’osi i ira ko 62.21 km², o palaan noto’as i'a:yaw i ira ko 14.21 km²), 12,299 ko tamdaw i Yuli, 4,458 ko parod no loma’, itini i niyaro’ a Yincomin sa’osi han ira ko 6,346 a tamdaw, pakaala to 52%(Amis) no polong no tamdaw. Itini i niyaro’ a finawlan, o Payrang ko sa’alomanay. ==O kasaniyarona== 15 ko cun, 20 ko niyaro’ i Yuli Cen/ Siyang. Angcoh（安通部落）, Afih（阿飛赫部落）, Harawan（哈拉灣部落）, Lingacay（苓雅仔部落）, Ceroh（春日部落）, Patawlinan（巴島力安部落）, Makotaay（瑪谷達璦部落）, Sedeng（瑟冷部落）, Tokar（都旮薾部落）, Lohok（洛合谷部落）, Posko（璞石閣部落）, Silangkong（喜瑯宮部落）, Cihakay（吉哈蓋部落）, Cilakesay（吉拉格賽部落）, Cinemnemay（吉能能麥部落）, Takay（達蓋部落）, Satefo（下德武部落）, Namisan（拿彌散部落）, Matadim（馬太林部落）, Mangcelan（滿自然部落）. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] dyn0k77lhiw9epybsfoagseg2a49s2d 0 1386 39012 27432 2023-06-30T09:11:18Z 陳鷹馬 1604 39012 wikitext text/x-wiki Yuluw（養老部落） Itiniay i [[Jianshi]] Cen no [[Hsinchu]] ko [[Yuluw]] a niyaro’, 44 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 163 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 98% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 159 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 2% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 4 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Tayal]]91%, [[Paiwan]]2%, [[Bunun]]1%, [[Truku]]1%, roma10%. Ira ko Kiwkay(真耶穌教會養老祈禱所、養老天主堂) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 2pw5qs2g4lx9qm8xorpnkzey0qxx85t 0 1387 38863 27446 2023-06-30T02:58:55Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38863 wikitext text/x-wiki Yungkilu（新路部落） Itiniay i [[Shizi]] Cen no [[Pingtung]] ko [[Yungkilu]] a niyaro’, 123 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 363 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 95% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 345 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 5% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 18 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Paiwan]]88%, [[Tayal]]1%, [[Rukai]]1%, roma3%. Ira ko picodadan(麻里巴部落圖書資訊站) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 4sa6cb95tmwjjjn5tuftc6247hnaxa3 0 1388 38951 27462 2023-06-30T08:05:44Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38951 wikitext text/x-wiki Yutak（小錦屏部落） Itiniay i [[Jianshi]] Cen no [[Hsinchu]] ko [[Yutak]] a niyaro’, 52 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 145 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 83% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 120 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 17% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 25 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Tayal]]81%, [[Bunun]]1%, roma1%. Ira ko Kiwkay(社團法人中華台灣基督教曠野協會) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] bvf6e8jlnifeg3puhx8dc4b3hos6sq5 0 1389 27480 27479 2021-10-28T12:56:52Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 17 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 27479 wikitext text/x-wiki Yuwhbun raka（優霞雲部落） Itiniay i Fuxing Cen no Taoyuan ko Yuwhbun raka a niyaro’, 43 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 117 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 90% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 105 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 10% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 12 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Tayal86%, Amis2%, roma2%. Ira ko picodadan(霞雲國小) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(霞雲派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(霞雲里辦公處) i niyaro’. Ira ko Kiwkay(台灣基督長老教會可愛教會) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 3ds19hsfi4z5dfmsvled6sghfz008hi 0 1390 27489 27488 2021-10-28T12:56:54Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 8 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 27488 wikitext text/x-wiki Zambia（尚比亞） [[Faylo:Flag of Zambia.svg|thumb|Flag of Zambia|alt=Flag of Zambia]] [[Faylo:Zambia (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Location of Zambia]] Itini i 15 00 S, 30 00 E, noAfilika ko [[Zambia]]. Polong no sekalay i 752,618 sq km “saka 39 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 743,398 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 9,220 sq km ” Polong i 15,510,711 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen a sera 31.70%, Malo no kilakilangan a sera 66.30%, malo no roma to a sera 2%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Lusaka]] ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakamoetep 24 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci [[Edgar Lungu]], patirengan a romi’ad i 2015 a miheca saka 1 folad saka 25 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] mkapkjt5w13o71vd8psba2nhhmnn7rv 0 1391 38913 27502 2023-06-30T07:17:39Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38913 wikitext text/x-wiki Zayazayan（玉泉部落） Itiniay i [[Majia]] Cen no [[Pingtung]] ko [[Zayazayan]] a niyaro’, 233 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 793 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 97% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 768 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 3% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 25 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Paiwan]]89%, [[Rukai]]3%, [[Tayal]]1%, [[Amis]]1%, [[Bunun]]1%, roma2%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 2td0amgtgmud8zvut68f3bo572yrobn 0 1392 27507 27506 2021-10-28T12:56:58Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 4 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 27506 wikitext text/x-wiki Zhuoxi（卓溪鄉） Itini i Hualien ko Zhuoxi Siyang. sa’osi han ko po:long no palaan i, ira ko 1,011.71 km² (lalotolotokan a plalan no sa’osi i ira ko 921.78 km², o palaan noto’as i'a:yaw i ira ko 65.08 km²), 6,040 ko tamdaw i Zhuoxi Siyang, 1,512 ko parod no loma’, itini i niyaro’ a Yincomin sa’osi han ira ko 5,768 a tamdaw, pakaala to 95%(Bunun, Seediq, Truku) no polong no tamdaw. o Bunun, Seediq, Truku ko sa’alomanay i Hualien. ==O kasaniyarona== 6 ko cun, 17 ko niyaro’ i Zhuoxi Siyang. Hunhungaz（古楓部落）, Silupatun（白端部落）, Sikihiki（石平部落）, Siulang（秀巒部落）, Izukan（崙天部落）, Nakahila（中平部落）, Valau（中興部落）, Dauqpusan（崙山部落）, Tavila（太平部落）, Taluk（卓樂部落）, Lamuan（南安部落）, Saiku（清水部落）, Tausa（山里部落）, Swasal（古村部落）, Bgurah branaw（三笠山部落）, Sinkam（中正部落）, Panital（卓溪部落）. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] mjp29c2j3h0q5mlniann6v89wvprdl7 0 1393 27529 27528 2021-10-28T12:57:01Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 21 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 27528 wikitext text/x-wiki Zihing（義興部落） Itiniay i Fuxing Cen no Taoyuan ko Zihing a niyaro’, 76 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 256 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 95% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 242 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 5% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 14 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Tayal91%, Amis1%, roma1%. Ira ko Kiwkay(台灣基督長老教會義興教會、真耶穌教會義盛教會) i niyaro’. Zihing（爺亨部落） Itiniay i Fuxing Cen no Taoyuan ko Zihing a niyaro’, 79 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 246 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 93% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 230 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 7% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 16 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Tayal90%, Bunun1%, roma2%. Ira ko Kiwkay(台灣基督長老教會爺亨教會、爺亨天主堂) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] q75py293dvmplbmv988volfm3k4tdt9 0 1394 30680 30518 2022-01-26T17:13:37Z EmausBot 234 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q954]] 30680 wikitext text/x-wiki Zimbabwa（辛巴威） [[Faylo:Flag of Zimbabwe.svg|thumb|Flag of Zimbabwe|alt=Flag of Zimbabwe]] [[Faylo:Location Zimbabwe AU Africa.svg|thumb|Location of  Zimbabwe  (dark blue)in the African Union  (light blue)]] Itini i 20 00 S, 30 00 E, noAfilika ko [[Zimbabwa]]. Polong no sekalay i 390,757 sq km “saka 61 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 386,847 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 3,910 sq km ” Polong i 14,546,961 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen a sera 42.50%, Malo no kilakilangan a sera 39.50%, malo no roma to a sera 18%. siyoto(首都) O [[[Harare]] ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakasepat 18 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci [[Robert Mugabe]], patirengan a romi’ad i 1987 a miheca saka 12 folad saka 22 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 75mae0z6ds2vrbswmmoz39kdamh7w9p 0 1395 27542 27541 2021-10-28T12:57:05Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 3 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 27541 wikitext text/x-wiki Itini i niyaro’ no [[Pangcah]], caykanca^ ira ko takara:way a loma’ a nipatirengan, iraan haw i, o pikacawan han no Pangcah. ==tatodong== Ira ko toloay a kakalimelaan tonini a adawan. * O sapikacaw to ’ada^. Iti:ya ho, o cecay a niyaro’ mato cecayay a kitakit ko kakawaw. Ira ko [[tomok]], o kakeridan no niyaro’. Ira ko [[selal]], o todong no sofitay no niyaro’. Ira ko sikawasay, o todong o ising ato mi’ekakay to caayay pitengil a tamdaw ato micicihay to rikec no niyaro’ ato pa’iloay a tamdaw. Matira saka ma’adipel ko niyaro’ no Pangcah, ira ko ’adawang caay pacefa^ ko mikacaway a papicomod i niyaro’ no Pangcah. Ano cidemak ko niyaro’ i, malala’is ko kasaniyaro’ iti:ya ho. [[Militafad]] han no mita ko nikalala’is itiya. I ka’amis no Pangcah haw i, ira ko [[Taloko]], i kaetip haw i, ira ko [[Iwatan]]; i katimol haw i, ira ko [[Piwma^]], o masasi’adaay konini a kasakitakit. Hanihani ira ko milidadayaay a kokong, orasaka patireng ko niyaro’ to pikacawan haw i, o sapikacaw to ’ada^, ta caay ka rawraw ko nika’orip no niyaro’ay no Pangcah. * O piang^angan. Iti:ya ho, awaay ho ko dingki, awaay ho ko sapahoso a paini to finawlan. Ano ira ko kapolongan a demak no finawlan i, tinako ano ira ko misaloma’ay, roma ano ira ko sa’opo no kalas no niyaro’, macakat ko tomok i pikacawan a miang^ang a paratoh to finawlan. Matira ko demak no niyaro’ iti:yay ho. * O kasa’opoan no finawlan, o soraratan han no kapolongan. Ano katangasaan to ko romi’ad to piilisinan no niyaro’ haw i, itini i soraratan ko polong no i niyaro’ay a masa’opo. Itira caay kanca^ ira ko pikacawan a mapatireng, o todong to hata^ no niyaro’ no Pangcah konini. Orasaka, ano ira ko sa’opo no Pangcah i cowaco:wa haw i, caykanca^ ira ko pipatireng to pikacawan, o todong pipahapinangan to ’icel ato nikarikec no cecayay a niyaro’. 594bruxy49xzg4pecovn907wez6nbqc 0 1396 27604 27603 2021-10-28T12:57:09Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 61 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 27603 wikitext text/x-wiki Adiyam （薑） Asiyan “Sasifo’an a Pangcah o kiseraay/ adiyan han, no satimolan a Pangcah kacipa’ay han”. Pangangan sa ko Pangcah, “Ina no pala”, nawhani kalamkam paci’im. Koengel malahad, todongay caay pitolas marayray matenak ko wawawawa saan. Orasaka itira i pisalisinan mitatoy ko cikawasay to cipapahay a adiyam misalisin, mato tatiihay ano awa koni a mitato’aya. Saka, o finacadan sato no mita sowal sa nano ira koni a hakal o adiyam ko sarakat a pinaloma toni hekal saan. Ano tooren koni a sowal, adihay toni a pala ko mangaayay makaen a pinaloma, mato maemin ira ko sapiadah a iyo ato saki’icel no pitooran a lisin. Pakaynien i lisin no Pangcah, tono hekalan a sapiadah a sapaiyo, manengneng no mita ko finacadan itini i pala mikilim to maloiyo a pinaloma. Itiya ho, awaay ko ising hananay tadamaanay a tamdaw, onini ciiyoay a pinaloma ko tadakalimelaan. Mato matolo’, maliwih, patongal han ko epah sipasip han to adiyam tora kaadadaan, tangsol cato kaadada, ato malowan to ko kalifawa. Onini lahoday sapiadah a pinaloma, ano awaa:wa matilid i kinanaang a codad, pakayni pirakat a milicay makafana’ to, itiya ho itini i finawlan no Pangcah, maparayray to makafana’ o sapiadah to adadaay konini. “Adiyam”, o kaolahan no finacadan komaen koni kakaenen, caay kaawa to pisalisinan. O pisanga’ i, sakohepic han a micikcik, paemod han i ’icep, pacafay a mipaepa’, ira ko cilah hanaca a komaen. Itini i Dipong, Into, Tongnanya ato i Ocoo, maemin pasikaen to adiyam, maparo i iyo anca i nananomen. Itini i Taywan a paloma, matenes to ko likisi, doedoen itini telang a codad matilid, na tayni mafolaw ko Yincomin toni Taywan ira to koni pinaloma, o sato’asay to a pinaloma toni a Taywan. Ikor to tayni to ko Holam nai Talu, adihay to ko kasasiroma no adiyam, ira to ko no ’aol adiyam, Nanyan adiyam, kaliyalaway adiyam, maemin ira ko kanga’ayan katatiihan nira. O adiyam i ira ko kaedah, manga’ay sapimanmaan, caay pihengel a kaenen. Ano itini piliwlian, caay ko tadamaanay cingra, nika o safangcalay a tahadaoc, malo safangcalay sapacamol to manma:an. == Pi’arawan to lakaw == *[http://210.240.125.35/citing/citing_content.asp?id=1717&keyword=%C1%A4 台灣原住民族歷史語言文化大辭典] *李景崇，1998，《阿美族歷史》，臺北：師大書苑。 *黄宣衞，2008，《阿美族》，臺北：三民。 *達西烏拉彎‧畢馬，2001，《臺灣的原住民 : 阿美族》，臺北：臺原。 [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 2nchvstkjdha4gd8de6y8kqtw1xzwlu 0 1397 39760 39759 2023-10-11T02:23:46Z Hani lo'oh 1519 39760 wikitext text/x-wiki == Takaray a sowal (概要) == 'alilis ([[kuwaping a sowal]]: 老鷹) O “老鷹” hanca no aniniay [[tamdaw]] a misanoholam. I [[pasawaliay a sowal]], o “大冠鷲” ko 'alisis. Ano macelak ko sapikpik i kaeferan nira, ma'araw ko mahapinangay a kohecalay konis i sakaikor. Komaen ko nisa'ayaman no tamdaw. I dafak, ano macidal ko romi'ad, ira to miceli' ko 'alilis. Sataliyoliyok sanay ko kaefer nira a mikilim to sapi'adop. I Roma a niyaro', o “赤腹鷹” hananay a 'ayam ko 'alilis. Ira ko tolo a kohetingay a konis i wikor nora 'ayam ano maefer. Koheting ko teloc i opih no sapikpik. Kahengang roma a manegneg ko tiyad. Romasato, o “松雀鷹” ko mitoro'an. Malecad to “赤腹鷹”, adengan caay ka koheting ko teloc no nini a 'ayam. Kasasiiked no tootood ato kasasiromaroma no ’ayam ma’emin ono ciicelay o tomayan a tatelek ko nipangangan to Arefis(Alilis) hananay . == Kasasiromaroma (種類) == O cuka no hata(payapay) Alo:manay no kitakit ihekal, misanga to cuka no hata’( payapay) tahapinangan a mahemek a mitaong to hata Patireng no heni a mipaypay ko cuka no Arefis(Alilis) . mangalefay kono pahikokian saan . pasowal sa matiya o ci’icelay no tomay awaay ko talaw o hacikaay matiya o pana ko kahacikay no ’icel nira a ma’efer, o tada rihadayay canira . ano sa’osihan ko iraay ko matiniyay a tahapinangan a pasiket to hata no Arefis(Alilis) i 40 ko saopo no kalokitakit mae’min saan. Sowalsa itini tona kitakit sakay matilid i codad ano sa’osihan ko kasasiromaroma no Arefis(Alilis) ira 190 ko saopo saan , so’elin no saopo 20 ko kasasiroma .itini i Taywan 6 aca ko Arefis(Alilis) o Ridef,o Kowaw, o Palang, o Pahawpahw,’Ak’ak saan . Nikaorira so’elinay a mameraway no mita anini i tini i Taywan. ’odengan 3 saan o Arefis, o Ridef,o Kowaw .marariwasak ko heni itira ikasa niyaniyaro’an ko karedafo’an ,i masa’enaray no lotok , i so’emetay no sota’ , mikidongdongay i lilis no riyar(i lilis no riyar) ,i kasadakan no ’alo’aloan(i cepo’).Pakani i nika aloman aloman tono tamtamdaw a macakat ko orip,adihay adihay to ko patirengy to lomalomaan, ma’emin a masayar a makaykong(mapamatang) ko omaomahan ato miforesak(mifonsiya)aca to sapaiyo,orasaka awa:ay toko kaka,enan adi:di to ko kaytiraan ato karedafo’an no heni sisa lasawad lasawad sato a mapatay a maserep ko Arefis(Alilis) .   == Tahapinangan (特徵) == O Ci’ecelay ma’efelay a ’ayam Awaay ko katalawan no Arefis,ano maorad matiya o faliyos ko katataang no fali ira:to a mafaher(ma’fer) cingra , hacikay takalaw ko nika faher . Tinakosa ma’edeng cingra a  milais micefis a mipatay to layong ato tomay saan. O kaolahan no Arefis(Alilis) a mi’adop itira kamocereman i ka’epodan no cidal a to’eman ko romiad, itiya cingra a mitama to ’a’adopen. kiyanca' caay ka tata’ang ko tireng nira a melawen . Nikaorira ano makaaraw kita tada o katalawan matalaw kita o tamdaw a ma’emin to tireng no 'Arefis hananay . Karedafo’an I tini i karopaw no hekal(世界各大洲) ato icowaco:waay no kitakit maraliwasak a matenak i kakaha:day no palapalaan . ano itini i Taywan,i niyaniyaro’an,ato i omaomahan anoca i lotolotokan,i tokotokosan tangasa i romaanan no finacadan a kitakit cakanca caay ka awa ira:to a mamelaw no mita ko kaitiraan a masaopo misadipong(鳥窩) to karedafo'an ko Arefis(Alilis) a ma’orip . == kakarayan ( 氣候) == Misadipong O dipong no Arefis itira i kodokodor no kilang i masataptappay caaay ka ala no tamdaw, patedo簡陋 han ko pisa dipong o ca’ang no kilang, yo masasoolaholah canira 38 ko romi’ad mahofoc kinacecay a siwawa i 3 anoca 5 ko wawa , makomod a tatosa koheni a midipot to rita’or(fita’ol) nangra,tangasa i nika toas 6 a (lalipayan),miliyas to dipong ta minanam a mafaher pakayni i nikananam tono heni a mi’adop kemaen.   O (nikafangcal)cira Kynca kafana’an no mita o tamdaw, sakatalawan to ma’edes komaenay ko Arefis saan kita,Nikaorira ira ko ngaayay fangcalay otonasiay, deko sananay a cacay ato mafaher. O ’orip no Arefis(Alilis) 70 ko mihecaan . == Kakaenen (食物) == O titi ko ka’enen O lahay sa to romi’ami’ad i kakarayan anca i kokodol no kilakilangan, cecay sa mafaher(ma’efer) a miholol misalama o faher nira pakayni i nika nanowang a malimad malinah ko aro’, ano tata’ang ko fali a matiya o faliyos a ira ko ’adiyoc no fali sangalefen ko olah nira misaniyor i kokodol mihakolong to ’adiyoc no fali ko faher nira.o karedafoan nangra i itira i masataptapay(懸崖) no lotok .Kitataaken no ra’ang雌鷹ko tireng no mainayan saan,ma’edes很兇 sakatalawan tata:ang ko tiretirengan ato okaokakan no heci, o ro:ma’ koka ci’icel, yo ma harhar mato miceli’eay a hemengheng a hou hou sako soni no ngiha apa hanhan ,makelec ko hecihecian ato cepi^e , tata:ak itekak sa ko tosaay a sapikpik nira, tanohtoh ko orip malawmaw aca ko wayway no tireng nira ,ano mafaher cira mato o pana’ ko kahacikay no ’icel nira a mafaher , o kolakolawan ko kolit no mata . mara:ay iti:ra mamelaw to nira ko ’a’adopen , mahaen a micacidek caay pikilecad to tao ko mata , ira ko sapaka tata’ang to mata nira , ano maka melaw cingra to ’a’adopen masadak koya keter no ’edes兇狠i mata, 10 kilo no raay oyo mimingay a ciyociyo小雞(ciwciw)adidi ko nikananowang no tootood mamelaw to nira . O koko’nira hato kamay ko katata’ang, masakorawit ko ngoyos ato kanoos ,o sakangaayaw nira a micefis a micicih miala ta mirepet mirawis a komaen to titi no ’a’adopen o heci no kalo tootood a titi ko makaenay nira , o remakatay i la’eno o waco,o oner,o sasola’,o ’edo,ato mafaheray a ’ayam,o foting,o kakoya’,o katacemoli,o kalang,o liliek,o ’atikak ato mapatayai . == Tahapinangan a Tilid (參考文獻) == == Pikafitan i Papotal (外部連接) == l31c3etbqzisw72ygqhyq58qlvimc9y 0 1399 27626 27625 2021-10-28T12:57:16Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 12 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 27625 wikitext text/x-wiki batbato’an（二坪部落） Itiniay i Nanzhuang Cen no Miaoli ko batbato’an a niyaro’, 32 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 81 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 98% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 79 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 2% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 2 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Saysiyat93%, Tayal2%, Paiwan1%, roma1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] b2s4jcfkcowssrbqswu69p7rqyl59o8 0 1400 38578 27639 2023-06-27T20:40:35Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38578 wikitext text/x-wiki bayi（梅村部落） Itiniay i [[Ren’ai Cen]] no [[Nantou]] ko bayi a niyaro’, 30 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 92 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 90% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 83 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 10% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 9 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Tayal]]83%, [[Seediq]]3%, [[Bunun]]3%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] iviovnudjb7p7mhwm74obm2xuu6626z 0 1401 27655 27654 2021-10-28T12:57:21Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 15 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 27654 wikitext text/x-wiki bubun（翠巒部落） Itiniay i Ren’ai Cen no Nantou ko bubun a niyaro’, 191 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 499 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 81% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 403 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 19% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 96 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Tayal76%, Seediq1%, Bunun1%, Amis2%, Hla’alua1%. Ira ko picodadan(翠巒國小) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(仁愛分局翠巒派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(翠巒醫療中心) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 9yb5ex69sm1dhsl8euygymn2myw0g5f 0 1403 35365 27671 2023-04-02T06:36:24Z Kai3952 413 35365 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:TarokoNPJamesHuang001.jpg|thumb|200px|Busi]] busi（卜溪部落） Itiniay i Ren’ai Cen no Nantou ko busi a niyaro’, 69 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 249 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 93% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 232 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 7% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 17 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Seediq85%, Tayal4%, Bunun2%, Amis1%, Truku2%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 2jjq69phy21uzqf2bz7c3z3himxtjtg 0 1404 27687 27686 2021-10-28T12:57:28Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 15 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 27686 wikitext text/x-wiki bwarung（廬山部落） Itiniay i Ren’ai Cen no Nantou ko bwarung a niyaro’, 272 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 870 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 84% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 735 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 16% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 135 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Seediq75%, Tayal6%, Bunun3%, Truku1%. Ira ko picodadan(盧山國小、廬山國小附幼) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(仁愛分局中正檢查所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(精英村衛生室) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] nrrck4mhj3rhm17vila9u31wh7r2y6u 0 1406 38665 27702 2023-06-29T04:33:35Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38665 wikitext text/x-wiki == Takaray a sowal == Eca ka hakowa ko sowal no 'Amis to cengel. [[Faylo:Cengel.png|thumb|阿美族語 (Pangcah/'Amis) 的顏色名稱。]] Hatiniay ko ka'adihay no cengel a ngangan: [[Kohecal]]: 白色。<br> [[Tomili']]: 白晳，潔白。(常用在形容膚色上)<br> [[Masa'afoay a cengel]]：灰色。<br> [[Koheting]]: 黑色。<br> [[To'em]]：暗色，陰暗。<br> [[Kahengang]]：紅色。<br> [[Manowad]]/[[Minowad]]：粉紅色。<br> [[Koleto]]：橙色。(Masamami'ay a cengel：橘子一樣的顏色。)<br> [[Kaliyalaw]]/[[Kaliyawliyaw]：黃色。<br> [[Korah]]：褐色。<br> [[Lo'tim]]：棕色。<br> [[Kangdaw]]：綠色。<br> [[Langdaw]]：藍色。<br> [[Lolo]]：紫色。<br> [[Tarangitang]]：粉紅色。 587ufn467duwpz7oqicb307cq9ttck7 0 1407 27707 27706 2021-10-28T12:57:35Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 4 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 27706 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT[[Cilangasan]] djsmbyfk9qmrx2o033ubjxd7rif019p 0 1408 27733 27732 2021-10-28T12:57:39Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 25 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 27732 wikitext text/x-wiki cinaw（智腦部落） Itiniay i Datong Cen no Yilan ko cinaw a niyaro’, 21 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 55 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 95% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 52 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 5% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 3 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Tayal87%, roma6%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 9htd5qjpahfg46v8vqlkfofvsb69iij 0 1409 27851 27850 2021-10-28T12:57:45Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 117 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 27850 wikitext text/x-wiki dadangoyan （竹筏） Maraod to ko saka 4 a folad tangasa i saka 6 a folad to mihecahecaan, pifotingan to kakahong no pasawali a pangcah koni a “dadangoyan”. Orasaka, itiya ho misanga’ to dadangoyan o tadatata’akay a demak no niyaro koni, nano to’as a rayray ko taneng a misanga’. Itiya ho misanga’ to dadangoyan, o mama ko pasifana’ay to wawa, o mama ko papasifana’ to taneng a mikadot, anini sato i, o selal to ko pasifana’ay to taneng mikadot. Nano to’as o paniyaro’ an no Pancah i, midoedo to kasa’alo no lotok nai Kalingko tangasa i Posong ato mililisay to riyar masaniyaro’ay. Maro’ay i pasawali a Pangcah i, misiikor to lotok misi’ayaw to riyar, mingata to Tay-pin-yang, orasaka o Pangcah hananay, caayay ka edeng o i Fotoday ko iraay ko pariyaray a serangawan. o Pangcah to i, o manmaan saka’orip, kakaenen, sakalali’aca maemin milecad to talihocan. Nika, o Pangcah han mafana’ miala to ’aol, mato misaloma’, tayhaw, sasoni a sapengpeng, halo “dadangoyan ” sakatayal a ma’orip maemin mafana’ miala to ’aol malo sakatayal a lalosidan. ano tooren ko pifoting to rayray, o mililisay to riyar o tada saka’orip ko pifoting a demak, saka caayay ko sasawaden ko lisin no pifoting a demak ato foting to. == Misanga’ to dadangoyan (製作) == Maala ko cecay a folad ko pisanga’ to cecay a dadangoyan, tosa, tolo miheca mafalicen to. Misanga’ to dadangoyan, i’ayaw no cecay a miheca, talalotok ko fa’inayan mipili’ to mowatik ato fitonay a ’aol, papolong sa miala to matatodong a panokay, ta patatodong han miketon ta lafongen i tafok mi’icang sakaca ka ngela’, caka fao. pinapina to a folad, alaen to i tafokan, o po’ot ko sapipodac, roma a niyaro sapikayangan mili’akong, no telang ho ko taneng, dohdohan a mitarang, sarara sa, tatiih tata’ak ko namal, patatodongen kalamkamen, sakaca ka todoh masiyaw. saikoray to satisil han to mitelek, o ’oway ko safalod, roma sato miala tokilang no kamoraw malosakadot. pacefong to dadangoyan tanamed misakadokadot, ano caka tatodong o nengneng o fana’ a miselic, mato pakafitan to sakadot, tahiraen to nika fangcaal to misakadokadot ko pisalof. == pacefong (下水儀式) == Maherek masanga’ ko dadangoyan, ira ko pasalong pacefong a lekakawa. Tinako to itiniay i Torik no Pasong a niyaro’, pinaherek a dadangoyan itira i riyar no Torik a pacefong, ala sa to limaay a fatac no talod falodhan malofawahan, saycomod patelien ko cecay a talod, ka’ayaw i sota patelien ko tamako ato ’icep sapato’aya, sarakat o Tomok ko mamikerid to kalas mifetek misaali nanay lihaday ko pacefong, makadofa ko kinayra a foting, oya misangaay toya dadangoyan a tamdaw hacecacecay sa micomod toya fawahan, todongay to mifalah toya kaacekan a demak, tatiih misiikor a minengneng. Pakayni tonini pisalongoc to to’as, o kawas no riyar ato kawas no lotok palemeden koni pacefong ato adihay ko foting. Ano haratengen, caka samaan ko pisanga’ to dadangoyan, nika mikadot sato i caay ko kahemaway, nawhan kahemaw mahakelong no tapelik a masonol, ano awaay ko taneng ato nafanafan’an i, caay kafilo a mikadot, aniniay sato no soka to ko sapisanga’, awaay to ma’araw ko no ’aol, Onini to ko sakalahedaw ko taneng ato pacefong a marayray ko demak, itini i pasawali i Kakacawan no Posong i 2005 a mihecaan pasangen a palowad no tata’akay a pitilidan no siyako, palowad to malalifetay mi’iwas to dadangoyan, paytemek sa ko kasaniyaro’ a misanga’ to dadangoyan, lacecay sa patalahekal to taneng, nanay toni kalalifet, maparayray ko taneng, ko pisanga’ to dadangoyan ato pacefong, maparayray ko tadaheci no serangawan. [[Kasasiwasiw:Siwkulang 'Amis]] 4e7gnwvcgx0kmxctla0u20ryyvf22zp 0 1410 43233 38681 2024-05-10T02:32:24Z 嚴美鳳 41 43233 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Dateng.ogg|縮圖|O maan ko mitangtangan iso a dateng?]] == dateng([[kuwaping a sowal]]: 野菜) == o tamana hananay a [[deteng]]. mxrg6nvo1ot3s97bgen7pdupmce0jvs 0 1411 33192 27917 2022-12-13T15:11:24Z Niauah 882 33192 wikitext text/x-wiki == Takaray a sowal (概要) == Itini i niyaro' no 'Amis ano masoni ko 'ekong to dadaya i, nipasifana'ay to niyaro' o aira to ko cipoyapoyay itni tona niyaro' sanay. itini i Dipon o midipotay to kalotamdaw ko 'ekong sanay ko sowal. == Kasasiromaroma (種類) == == Tahapinangan (特徵) == O kilang ato fakeloh ko kamaro'an no ekong, halisadak cangra i dadaya. Komaingay ko opih no ekong, saka hacikay a awaay ko soni ko piefer nangra. == kakarayan ( 氣候) == == Kakaenen (食物) == == Serangawan (文化) == == Tahapinangan a Tilid (參考文獻) == == Pikafitan i Papotal (外部連接) == ekong(貓頭鷹) Mapako kaswas no dipot ko ekong。 qmlibco5sds5m8zndv09197smts0c08 0 1412 27924 27923 2021-10-28T12:57:59Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 6 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 27923 wikitext text/x-wiki faes(麻糬) O doway ko sapisafaes. [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] ritlqwzxizneqcwsjl5b0snue9n8fbl 0 1413 30790 27930 2022-03-08T15:38:59Z Afuko1018 75 30790 wikitext text/x-wiki faki 男性長輩（伯；叔；舅） 例句：I cowa ci faki no miso? （你的阿伯在哪裡？） O tadaso^linay a rihadayay ko niyaro' no 'Amis, mafana' a mapapadang to demak no masamaamaanay a demak no niyaro'. Pakayni to raramod i, maolah ko kaying to pipaini no faki, pasifana'en no faki to cacicfayaw a demak, Ano maraod to ko pipararamodan i, o inato noya kaying ko mamipalimo'ot to wawa ningra. [[Kasasiwasiw:Siwkulang 'Amis]] sdft1il3ivevfeycwn5fe8o949p7cxo 0 1414 27936 27935 2021-10-28T12:58:04Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 5 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 27935 wikitext text/x-wiki Malaheci to ni Parac Hakasi a misanga' ko tilid to pakayniay i likisi ato tadamaanay .ci tanengay a tamdaw no Falangaw; nano to'asanho tahira anini falangaw(馬蘭) I posongay ko niyaro' no mako o falangan hananay a niyaro' mu9rmwrmyjgt0xpvy7qcnu79cc7kscx 0 1415 27946 27945 2021-10-28T12:58:07Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 9 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 27945 wikitext text/x-wiki Tosa ko kasasiroma no imy no falo hananay a sowal, o cecay i, o sa'osi to falo, o roma i, o cora no losay, o hana hananay ho a pangangan. Falo (8, 數字八), o sapisa'osi a ngangan, ikor no pito, i ’ayaw no siwa ko kaitiraan nona 'osi. O kaolahan no Holam a pisa’osian konini, iharateng i o falo (8)hananay i, malecad to ngiha' no 發 sanay a sa’osien , ta adihay to ko pida, fangcal to ko katayalan saan. Falo (花的總稱) O kapolongan a pangangan to rarengawan no falo. Romasato, ano mamisacepa’en to ko hana, o cacifalo to han no ’alomanay a somowal. [[Kasasiwasiw:Siwkulang 'Amis]] g7z0ov1su9p38mxwby1voqobp66e636 0 1416 38724 38723 2023-06-29T12:14:04Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38724 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Eichhörnchen_Düsseldorf_Hofgarten_edit.jpg|250px|thumb|Fohet]] '''Fohet''' ([[kuwaping a sowal]]: 松鼠) Ma'araw ako ko fohet i kilakilagan , ira ko fohet mikaen to [[tefo']]. [[Category:'a'adopen]] 4ydgi83yqhkzaxvizmheqfka3qmaslz 0 1419 44519 43136 2024-09-02T04:32:40Z LiouShowShya 36 44519 wikitext text/x-wiki == Takaray a sowal (概要) == [[Faylo:Foting.ogg|縮圖|'''Adihay ko foting i riyariyaran.''']] O komaenay to rengos no riyar ko foting, roma komaen to fao, ano ira ko mapatayay a ’afar, anca maponiay a titi’, anca o matefaday no mipacemotay a sapariri’, o mifalahan no tamdaw a lakaw, la’afas’afas sa kona foting a komaen. Matengilay to no mita, "ano ira ho ko nanom i, ira haca ko 'Amis itira". o so^elinay ko ni a demak. == Kasasiromaroma (種類) == == Tahapinangan (特徵) == == kakarayan ( 氣候) == == Mafolaw (遷移) == == Kakaenen (食物) == foting(魚) Komaen kiso to foting haw? [[Kasasiwasiw:Siwkulang 'Amis]] rkif7wedxcgshqrub7c1cvz3zp27e4r 0 1420 27977 27976 2021-10-28T12:58:18Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 14 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 27976 wikitext text/x-wiki gluban（清流部落） Itiniay i Ren’ai Cen no Nantou ko gluban a niyaro’, 146 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 501 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 94% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 469 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 6% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 32 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Seediq82%, Tayal8%, Bunun1%, Paiwan1%, roma1%. Ira ko picodadan(仁愛鄉幼兒園) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(仁愛分局清六派出所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 5fltnbg50rpz1amfm599eqlhv6p2f5n 0 1421 27992 27991 2021-10-28T12:58:20Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 14 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 27991 wikitext text/x-wiki gnaalu（博愛新村部落） Itiniay i Ji’an Cen no Hualien ko gnaalu a niyaro’, 304 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 801 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 30% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 243 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 70% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 558 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Amis20%, Truku4%, Tayal3%, Bunun3%, roma1%. Ira ko picodadan(南華國小、南華國小附幼) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(吉安分局南華派出所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] e7fe04getzt85wmkjxfz279uo2k5xtz 0 1422 38657 28007 2023-06-29T04:25:47Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38657 wikitext text/x-wiki haboeh（大窩山部落） Itiniay i [[Nanzhuang Cen]] no [[Miaoli]] ko haboeh a niyaro’, 29 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 82 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 93% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 76 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 7% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 6 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Saysiyat]]91%, [[Tayal]]2%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] rpphm2oqmtr8r0gj69g27s4z2jrj6rx 0 1423 28011 28010 2021-10-28T12:58:26Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 3 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 28010 wikitext text/x-wiki hana (花) O mialaan nai Dipong kona sowal. O [[falo]] han no roma a niyaro', no roma a finawlan. orbe9w0bbzpyoj1lcmmv78ddebvtu18 0 1424 38796 28024 2023-06-30T00:58:05Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38796 wikitext text/x-wiki hororok（鵝公髻部落） Itiniay i [[Nanzhuang Cen]] no [[Miaoli]] ko hororok a niyaro’, 19 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 50 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 94% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 47 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 6% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 3 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Saysiyat]]92%, [[Tayal]]2%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] by8dw4uaclm3v2oi41dp1equdqm7xm5 0 1425 28093 28092 2021-10-28T12:58:34Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 68 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 28092 wikitext text/x-wiki icep （檳榔） Ono 'afinong a siiked a matifac ko ka'akawang( 棕櫚科常綠喬木) a kilang ko ’icep ato ’afinong, o ka’akawang no cecay a kilang i, anca tahiraay i 2 (a 公尺 )a lalaten. O nani “pinang” a sowal no Mallaysiya ko lalengatan no ngangan no ’icep. Itini i finawlan no ’Amis i, o sapihamham to lafang ko ’icep ato sapa’icep to widang, o sapipatafang to liteng ato kawas ko ’icep, malecad to imi no kacilemed ato kaci’aloman no wawawawa ko imi no ’icep. O sapa’icep to widang ato salawina ano malaholoholol. O heci no ’icep nga’ayay a kemkemen a mi’icep, o teloc ato focacing nira i, nga’ayay a tangtangen. Ona teloc no ’icep i, pan-tin-son sanay ko ngangan nira to no Kowaping, o teloc no ’icep, I kafekang no kilang, koengelay kohecalay hato tefo’, mansa singangan to pan-tin-son. I ’orip no 'Amis( Pangcah), o ’icep ko tadamaanay , malecad o tapangan no ’icep manga’ay misaloma’, oya palo’ nira manga’ay malakaysing ato o sasalamaen no wawa, saka o sinafel ato ’icep tiini i ’orip no 'Amis(Pangcah), o tadakalimelaan o rayray no mita. == Pi’arawan to lakaw == *[https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AA%B3%E6%A6%95 中文維基百科] *吳雪月，2006，《臺灣新野菜主義》。臺北：天下文化。 *宋龍生，1997，《臺灣原住民史料彙編第4輯：卑南族的社會與文化》。南投：臺灣省文獻委員會。 *李景崇，1998，《阿美族歷史》，臺北：師大書苑。 *林二郎，2005，《以大巴六九部落的實踐經驗芻建卑南族巫術的理論》，國立臺南大學臺灣文化研究所碩士論文，未出版。 *黄宣衞，2008，《阿美族》，臺北：三民。 *達西烏拉彎‧畢馬，2001，《臺灣的原住民 : 阿美族》，臺北：臺原。 [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] r7kj3ld1xzirbz60kwqntzeudtfk7mt 0 1426 39230 38411 2023-08-08T14:56:36Z Masaonikar 570 39230 wikitext text/x-wiki == ilisin(豐年祭) == [[Faylo:Likoda no Ining niyaro' no Falangaw.jpg|縮圖|O likoda no Ining niyaro' no Falangaw]] O Ilisin no '[[Amis]] a tamdaw itini i [[Taywan]], miilisin to mihecahecaan.Itiya ho kato'asan o hafay ko nipalomaan no 'Amis a tamdaw, orasaka, o herek no pihafayan ko kailisinan itiya ho, tahira to i satapangan no saka 19 sici mipaloma to to panay, ikor to sarocod sato misapanay ko 'orip no 'Amis a tamdaw, masawad to ko hafay, o herek tono pipanay ko kailisinan anini cowa to ko hafay. O paratoh no malitengay, itiya ho yo misahafay ho ko 'orip no 'Amis a tamdaw, maleon ko pihafayan a romi'ad, ma'acang a malikoda ko kaloniyaro', miaray to kawas no hafay to ka'adiahy a pafelian to hafay ato pidipot to finawlan awa ko masamaamaanay tona mihecaan, na o nian ko lalengatan no ilisin a demak. == Lalengatan no ilisin i pisahafayan(小米時期豐年祭的起源) == [[Faylo:分豬肉給各年齡階級.jpg|縮圖|Sapalahok ]] O sakakaay a saka'orip kakaenen no 'Amis a tamdaw itiya ho o hafay o lamlao han ho a pangangan, o tipos han no roma a tamdaw, adihay ko kasasiromaroma no hafay o sowal no malitengay, o hafay hananay i, o tadacihapinangay i nipalomaan no tamdaw, o adihayay ko kawas a maro' a losay konini, sakalifotan haca ko pisahafay a tayal, matiya o tamdaw ira kono kawasan a mata, kawasan a tangila, kawasan a kacipinang, orasaka adihay ko kapaysinan, ano ca ka sinanot ko tayal tangsol a tahikeda to kapaysinan, wa cilafo to tatiihay. oninian ko palimoot no malitengay ano matayal i omah pinaon to sowal, o wayway aka ka 'apacangen, ano maliyang tonini wa tahikeda to paysin saan.<ref>黃貴潮《豐年祭之旅》，交通部觀光局東部海岸國家風景區管理處 編印，民國83 年，第11 頁。</ref> patinako han o sowal to "minokay" "pahanhan" "malepon" sanay a sowal, ato "ma'etot" "mipalo" o tadaka'osian no kawas no hafay koninian. ira ko cecay a ratoh no malitengay: iti:ya ho tala'ayaw ko pisahafay a tayal i omah, yo tatalaomah ko ina patolon han ni ina ko sakakaay a wawa: hatini adada ko safa iso, ano caka pakahadidi to adada a tomangic, "tangtang han..." ni ina a palimoot koya sakakaay a wawa. Naikoran no ina a talaomah, toor han to noya sakakaay wawa a mitangtang ko safa a mapatay. o so'elinay a sowal no ina i, "tangtang han ko nanom a paino' (paliloc/pangingoy)" o sanay, nawhani, i kaliomahan to hafay tatiihay a pasowal to "nanom" ato "maiino' /mingingoy" sanay a sowal, ora to ko saka ira no matiniay a kakeseman a demak.<ref>黃貴潮《豐年祭之旅》，交通部觀光局東部海岸國家風景區管理處 編印，民國83 年，第11 頁。</ref> == O rayray no tayal i pisahafayan(播種小米的過程) == Itiya ho misahafay (misalamelo) adihay ko tayal, cecay miheca kinacecayay ko pisahafayan, nani satapang tahira i pisahafayan, miparo i 'ariri ira ko siwa a tatayalen: Mi'adop: i'ayaw no pipalomaan to hafay to mo'etep ano eca cisafaw to lima a romi'ad, mi'adop ko masakapotay no niyaro', ta mapalemed ko aniniay mihecaan a hafay saan. O Yincomin hananay i Taywan, 'alomanay a finacadan, safaw enem to ko kasafinacadan itini i Taywan, [[Faylo:老蕃與頭目.jpg|縮圖|Lofang ato kakita'an (老番與頭目錄)]] O kahemekan no 'Amis a tamdaw koni a romi'ad, O kapolongan a demak no niyaro', tona pisetekan a romi'ad i, masa'opo a ma^min ko kasaselal, mikapot ko kakitaan a masaowal to samaanen ko tayal, mitahidang ko selal ato kalas, o mamipasifana' to kararem no selal no niyaro' to hademak to ilisin. Kinacecay aca to cecay a miheca a midemak tonini a ilisin hananay. O todong no satapangan no mihecaan no 'Amis konini a demak, ono maomahay pinangan/pilitodan a romi'ad. O rayray no tayal i pisahafayan ira ko pinapina a riyad: <ref>蔡中涵，'''原住民族傳統祭儀的變遷與傳承之調查研究---以台東阿美族豐年祭典為例，2008:30頁'''</ref> # Mi'adop (狩獵祭) : I'ayaw no pipalomaan to hafay to latek mo'etep latek lima safaw ko romi'ad, talalotok ko masakapotay kapah o niyaro' mi'adop, to pipatala to kacihafay. # Matongdaw (準備祭) : o kaloloma' no niyaro' mi'emin a komaen to niterekan a foting, tatiih a ci'osaw, maherek a komaen oya pitelian to foting a dafong songila'en a misawsaw ta caay ka kakali'ang ato kawas no hafay. # Paferaang (播種祭) : o pipalomaan to hafay a romi'ad misalisin to kawas no hafay Cilohafayaw, minanay to pipalemed ningra manga'ay ko romi'ad eca ka kedal eca ka fodo' makapah ko lengaw no hafay. # Mikolas (除草祭) : oya nifolesakan a sapaloma molengaw sato i, kolasen ko maditekay ta tata'ang ko lengaw, mikolas heca to semot ta caay ka pi'eco to hafay, o kalloloma' ma'acang a paca'edong to fa'elohay riko' to wawa, todongay o sakalahad no hafay. # Mitapoh (驅蟲祭): cowa ko niketonan ko romi'ad konini, ano ira ko fao no hafay itiyaay a midemak tonini a mitapoh. # Pakacidal (乞晴祭) : cowa ko niketonan ko romi'ad konini, ano mararid ko 'orad itiyaay a midemak tona Pakacidal. # [[Faylo:I tokayay a kiloma'an no Falangaw.jpg|縮圖|I tokayay a kiloma'an, o Lisicang ko maro'ay i kafekang]]Milikoc (收割祭) : i'ayaw no misahafayan a romi'ad o polong no niyaro' misaliway a komaen to foting, oya dafong to pipatelian to foting songila'en a misawsaw. #Mihafay (始割祭) : i pihafayan a romi'ad toya papacem midemak tonini a lisin. #Minaang (入倉祭) : oya mihafayan a hafay mitatingan i pangpangan a mipawali, ma'icang to i, i'ayaw no piparo i 'ariri midemak tona minaang lisin.<ref>黃貴潮《豐年祭之旅》，交通部觀光局東部海岸國家風景區管理處 編印，民國83 年，第11 頁。</ref> Anini sato i misatokayay a 'Amis a tamdaw a kiloma'an o lisecang no syaku(社區理事長) ko i fafa'eday a maro', i la'enoay ko kakaita'an a maro', cowa to katatodong i pinangan no 'Amis a tamdaw koni a demak, awaay to koya mingodoay a faloco' to i kakaay a kapot(selal). == O ngangan no ilisin ( 豐年祭的名稱) == Masowal to i ka'ayaw ko lalengatan no ilisin itiraay i pasahafayan ho mihecahecaan a misatapang midemak to ilisin, o tadamaanay a demak itini i kaloniyaro' no 'Amis a tamdaw, o rayray no ilisin nani satapangan tahira i pileponan o Mi'adop, Matongdaw, Paferaang, Mikolas , Mitapoh, Milikoc Mihafay , saikoray to i o Minaang a lisin.itiya ho o kailisinan cisafaway to mo'etep ko romi'ad, oroma a niyaro masafoladay ko kailisinan, o pangangan tona ilisin hananay i, masasiromaromaay ko kaloniyaro', cowa ka lecad, o tayal i ilisinan cowa ka lalen ira kono niyaro' a demak ato pangangan, nikawrira malecad ko pita'ong to kawas no hafay ato to'as,itini i sawalian a kaloniyaro' a pangangan o matiniay:<ref>蔡中涵，'''原住民族傳統祭儀的變遷與傳承之調查研究---以台東阿美族豐年祭典為例，2008:33-36頁'''</ref><ref>蔡中涵，'''原住民族傳統祭儀的變遷與傳承之調查研究---以台東阿美族豐年祭典為例，2008:86'''</ref> # Ilisin : o maalaay itini i sawalian a niyaro' ko nini a ngangan no lisin,o nani itiyay ho i kapisahafayan a miheca iraay to konini a pangangan no 'Amis a tamdaw, iro matini o matenakay a sowal itini i pasawalian no Taywan, i cowacowa to a niyaro' o ninian ko ngangan no lisin, itini i misatokayay oninian ko pangangan, matiya o kapolongan a ngangan konini. # Kiloma'an : ono Falangaw a pangangan konini, o tatodong nonini i, itini i kaherekan to mipanayay a tayal , pahanhan ho to polong a tayal no liomah ato no laloma'an sacecay sa ko faloco' a miaray to kawas no panay ato to'as, yo sanay ko tatodong nona kiloma'an hananay, ano masacecay ko faloco' mingodo to to'as fangcal ko liomah, cowa ka comaan ko tatirengan, cowa ka cotiih ko niyaro' yo sanay konini. # Malalikid : o sowal no itiniray i ka'ami'amisan a 'Amis a niyaro' konini, o todongay o ilisin, kiloma'an sanay konini a sowal.ano roma o " lalikid " hananay a somowal malecad ko tatodong nona tilid.o nani " malalikilikid " ano sa i, makakayakayat a masakero sanany konini a tatodong, matiyaay o "malikoda " sanay. # Malikoda : o tatodong nonini i,o makakayakayat a masakero sanay a sowal no itiniay i pasawalian a niyaro', itini i ilisinan cay ka ca kaira ko malakayakayatay a sakero no polong no niyaro' itini tona kasakeroan i pakayatay ko mama no kapah ano ca o kakita'an to kaying ato kapah a masakero, ano ifaloco'ay koni kayatan o mamalangohah, to ikor to i mamalalamod no tireng. # Cukimisay : ono kadipongan ho a panganan konini to sowal no Dipon to "月見祭 ", nawhani, itini i kailisinay matatodongay to kacanlalan no folad , itini a masakero ko matatodongay saan, o maalay a sowal itini i Kalingko kowa a niyaro', matiya o " 中秋節 " han no Kuwaping a tamdaw. # Siwkakusay : o kailisanan no 'Amis a tamdaw itiraay ko kalahecian to a mipanay, pahanhan ho a maomah ato tayal no loma', orasaka o " 收穫祭 " sano Dipon, o maalay itini i sawalian a niyaro' konini a ngangan.<ref>蔡中涵，'''原住民族傳統祭儀的變遷與傳承之調查研究---以台東阿美族豐年祭典為例，2008:111。'''</ref> == pipatala (預備期) == Kinacecay aca to cecay a miheca a midemak tonini ilisin hananay, O todong no satapangan no mihecaan no 'Amis, o todong no pilitodan to kakaenen no maomahay. == tayal (分配工作) == == caedong (服飾) == mica'edong to makapahay a riko ko polong mikapotay toni ilisin a finawlan, o mipatal a ma^min to losid a malikoda, o sasana'en kono fa'inayan a losid ato no fafahiyan a losid. == Pacefaday a tilid (註腳) == [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] <references /> ccpabw90sqankr5jpomtycdsfie3dgl 0 1427 43332 38849 2024-05-19T15:03:07Z 嚴美鳳 41 43332 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Impic.ogg|縮圖|Cecay ko impic, cecay ko ciwming.]] '''impic''' ([[kuwaping a sowal]]: 鉛筆) Ira ko impic no mako cecay. [[Kasasiwasiw:Siwkulang 'Amis]] seximyy6hgs0cmcrutxdukmq3muogdq 0 1428 38506 30752 2023-06-27T19:16:50Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38506 wikitext text/x-wiki ising（[[Kuwaping a sowal]]：醫生） O maan ko ising? O ising kako. [[Kasasiwasiw:Siwkulang 'Amis]] [[Faylo:Acupuncture1-1.jpg|thumb|ising]] kanf3psai92re923sedcjxyifovubei 0 1429 28121 28120 2021-10-28T12:58:42Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 6 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 28120 wikitext text/x-wiki Katacomoli (Kacomoli, comoli: 蝸牛) [[Faylo:Achatina_fulica_-_walking.JPG|thumb|Katacomoli]] 'Adihay ko katacomoli no Taywan. Maala to 282 ko matamaay. Adengan, mamama:mang, kihepihepic a maemin. == Kakaenen a katacomoli == O maenga'ay a makaen a katacomoli i, o “非洲大蝸牛 (Achatina fulica, o pipangangan no mikingkiway)” hananay. O mipacomodan no Dipong ko kakaenan a katacomoli tayni i Taywan. Maala ko cecay kapal no tamdaw ko sakatata'angay. O sapitongalaw nangra to kakaenen a titi no pina'orip to 'alomanay. Cango'ot to titi ko tamdaw no Taywan i tiyaho, o misa'ayaman, o misafafoyan, o mifotingan, caay ka edeng. O matiniay sato ko mipacomodan no mikingkiway a Dipong. Sepat, roma lima a folad i, tata'angto ko kalomahad no matiniay a katacomoli. Maenga' to a ciwawa, maala ko cecay so'ot ko kacifita'ol. Harakat ko kalomahad nangra. Maala ko lima miheca ko 'orip nangra. O fita'ol no katacomoli, kohecal, makimamangho to kanoos no saliki^li' a tarodo'. Matalaw to cidal. Maolah i lidolidongan no semot, no pipalomaan to lapot. Komaen to pinaloma no tamdaw, no koengelay a papah ato ca'ang to pina'orip. O saka'osian no malingaday. 'Alomanto ko misakatacomoliay anini, nawhani, 'aloman ko maolahay a komaen to titi no katacomoli. Ano sapisafelan a komaen to titi no matiniay a katacomoli, tengeren!. Cifao to “廣東住血線蟲” ko katocomoli. Mangalef ko matiniay. Ano caay kaedeng ko pitenger i, micomod ko fao nai katacomoli tayra i remes, malo' i pono' no tamdaw. Roma mapatay ko tamdaw. == Pi’arawan to lakaw == 中文維基百科 [https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/非洲大蝸牛][[:zh:非洲大蝸牛|https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/非洲大蝸牛]] tkn2748litwj3vpkm685w25a32ym131 0 1430 28134 28133 2021-10-28T12:58:45Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 12 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 28133 wikitext text/x-wiki kahkahoe’an（八卦力部落） Itiniay i Nanzhuang Cen no Miaoli ko kahkahoe’an a niyaro’, 59 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 146 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 71% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 104 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 29% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 42 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Saysiyat67%, Tayal3%, roma1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] c63y5fe1iope9fhpb33evhu8mj6e5hc 0 1431 38558 28138 2023-06-27T20:22:23Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38558 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kakohkoh'''（[[kuwaping a sowal]]：眼鏡蛇） [[Kasasiwasiw:Siwkulang 'Amis]] [[Faylo:Indiancobra.jpg|thumb|kakohkoh]] 6jrnz5zueikz8p4zdibu0v6k578wxpw 0 1432 33294 28144 2022-12-20T15:34:14Z Niauah 882 33294 wikitext text/x-wiki O masakapokapotay a matayal ko kakonah. Ira ko tolo a kasawasil no kakonah: o matayalay a kakonah (工蟻), o fa'inayan a kakonah (雄蟻), o fafahiyan tapang a kakonah (蟻后). Caay karomakat ko kakonah i kaemang ho, saka o matayalay a kakonah (工蟻) ko mipakaenay i cangranan. Kaenen no matayalay a kakonah (工蟻) ko masananomay a kakaenan, ano minokay to, ota'en ningra a mipakaen to wawa a kakonah. Awaay ko sapikpik no matayalay a kakonah (工蟻), dengan o fa'inayan ato limecedan a kakonah ko cisapikpikay. Ano maherek a mipalamo ko fafahiyan a kakonah, alaen no mira ko sapikpik ningra. Mapatay ko fa'inayan a kakonah (雄蟻) i herek no pipalamoan. Malakakaenen, sapaiyo ato sapilisin no tamdaw ko kakonah. Nikaorira, mikari'angay ko kakonah to nipalomaan, micomoday ho i loma' no tamdaw, saka o kalifotan no tamdaw ko kakonah to roma. O Way-ci-so (外激素) ko sapisasowal no kakonah to kapot. Ano matama no kakonah ko kakaenen, ira aca ko sanek i lalan no pinokayan. [[Kasasiwasiw:Siwkulang 'Amis]] mdaiydn4v968lgtrst07j8gfy1p35at 0 1433 32965 32964 2022-11-18T14:59:33Z 嚴美鳳 41 #ALCD 32965 wikitext text/x-wiki == Takaray a sowal 概要 == O itiniay i papalaan lengaw sanay a kakorot, miming ko heci nira, cecay a heci tolo polo’ tangasa tosa so’ot a kongke ko kareteng nira, matiya o kimolmolay a cangaw faco ato macidemay faco ko podoc no kakorot. Ona mimingay a kakorot mikingarer to tata’ang a kakorot, ira to paratohay no mikiwkiway, oni mimingay a kakorot i, manga’ay miserer to sitang血糖 ato sice血脂。 Maharateng ho no mako i kaemang ho, ano mihakelong to mama ato ina talalotok mikasoy anca talaomah malingad, mara’od to ko safaw cecay tatokian, midateng to kami malakaka i palapalaan, ira ko kakorot, papah no kakorot, sama’, lapat, tatokem, kapayaay ato lokot, mitangtang sa maemin han pacamol misafel, tadakadofahay ko sakalahok niyam. Tenas han to cilah ko kakorot, saaledet sa kaenen, nika meromero han caay kafana’ to kaaledet kaenen, sarara han mikemkem a komaen, itiya mahapinang a kaaledet. Itini i Pangcah a finacadan, caay ko heci aca ko mikaenan, halo teloc ato papah makaen to, tadaangrer a kaenen, makilatolo ko tata’ak no i palapalaay a kakorot, oya mamangay matiya o cokana, matiya o fita’ol ko terongay, mitiya o kiwli ko tata’akkay, ira ko somowalay to kakorot no i omahay, o kakorot no i lotokay han, tadamakapahay ko cengel nira sakangdaw saan, mikiangrer to mipalomaan a kakorot, nikaorira, lengaw sanay i palapalaan, ca:ay kacifao, ‘aloman ko maolahay a komaen. itini i sepat a folad tangasa i moetep a folad to mihecaan ko kacihecian nira, o tapangan nira maemin manga’ay a kaenen, ira to cecay so’ot to ko likisi nona kakorot a ma’orip, ano lengaw sanay i palapalaan i, aledet a kaenen, nikaorira, ’aloman to ko mipalomaay anini. Mitangtang 料理 O kakorot no omah ato kalokakorot, caay kalecad ko nipitangtang, ano mangalay to caayay ka'angrer manga’ay cikciken, ta ceno’ han i fadisaw ta ciyanen, manga’ay sakohopicen micikcik ta teli han i lengtong no pingsiyang, ano kamoen sato i tenas han to tawiw anca o cilah ato damdam ko sapitenas, tadakaeso a kaenen. Manga’ay cikciken pacamol han to titi no fafoy, o imsiya, o sowana ato damdam a polong han miciyan, aledet a kaenen, o roma manga’ay pacamolen to fadowac no fafoy ko kakorot no omah, ano caay kaolah komaen to ’angreray ko paro no loma’ a wawa, kimolmolay a haci nira pacamol han to fadowac no fafoy a mitangtang, makakaen ko wawa to aledetay a ’angrer nira. So^elinay o aniniay a tamdaw saheto sakohaw han a mitangtang, ira haca pacamolen to podaw a miciyan, o samanta’ han, maemin ka^eso a kaenen, anini masadak toko ngangan no sinafel no Aims’ i Fantiyen ato i yese, o salakakorot, o omahay a kakorot ato fadowac no fafoy misakohaw. Matatodong a kaenen ko manta’ay a karot i kaciherangan, mahapinga ko ka^eso’ no omahay a kakorot, i kacihecian a foladan, cikciken a mihonhon miicang, manga’ay cefos han to faedetay a nanom a minanom, o maloamid koniyan. Adihay ko“Kokowaciyen”no kakorot no omah, pakaeso’ ko nikaen, caay ko soaw, pakasaepi’ to soeso no tiyad, palasawad to sawarak, mihadeng to lifawa, mifahfah to kietec no tiring. O kakorot no omah ato kakorot o lalomaan cangra, nikaorira, ano marohem to ko heci no kakorot no omah, ciwarak ko heci nira o paeno nira ciwarak to, ano samanta’ a makaen i, maota’ ato mapiyas ko tiyad a adada, sanaw oya kangdaway oh ko heci nira ta manga’ay a makaen. == Tahapinangan 參考文獻 == == Pikafitan i papotal 連接外部 == ji530lintoqorkojhqymribs7pdoayb 0 1434 28209 28208 2021-10-28T12:58:55Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 56 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 28208 wikitext text/x-wiki kakurut （山苦瓜） malecaday atu tananuman, u mikayatay a masarengusay ku caang, kilemel a mikucakuc. Dengay a mibuhat tu sakaen, tu su’aw, tu caledes, tu duku, tu lemawan ku kakurut. I tini i Taywan, Makala tu patekenan ku mihecaan nu nika’urip nu kakurut nu lutuk. Belung samin i matini a paluma, a mibuwah. u tapang nu sinabek nu payniyaru’. U Pangcah han tu i, makaen ku lusay nu kakurut, makaen naca ku luengelay a teluc nu caay atu papah. U langdaw nu papah mikialengel tu ni palumaan a kakurut, kilemel ku nika’ urip nu caang sisa awa:ay ku kemanay nu cirekay, saka ulahan nu tamdaw a kemaen. == Pi’arawan to lakaw == *[https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%A6%E7%93%9C 中文維基百科] *吳雪月，2006，《臺灣新野菜主義》。臺北：天下文化。 *鄭元春，1985，《野菜一》。臺北：渡假。 *李景崇，1998，《阿美族歷史》，臺北：師大書苑。 *黄宣衞，2008，《阿美族》，臺北：三民。 *達西烏拉彎‧畢馬，2001，《臺灣的原住民 : 阿美族》，臺北：臺原。 [[Kasasiwasiw:U suwal nu i amisay a Pangcah]] lroziatxi5mihk8pmm57g8utdsh8irw 0 1435 28221 28220 2021-10-28T12:58:57Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 11 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 28220 wikitext text/x-wiki == <big>Kananaman 習慣</big> == == kero 舞蹈 == == Pinangan 風俗習慣 == === cipoyapoy懷孕 === o kacipoyapoy no fafahiyan Ano cipoyapoy ko fafahiyan to fisac ^i, latek caay ho ka fana’ cingra to demak no cipoyapoyay. Ano ma’araw no fai nira ko nika cipoyapoy nira ^i, milicay i cingraan, ”pinato a folad kora tiyad iso? ano saan ^i, ano mafokilay ho to demak no nika citiyad a fafahiyan ^i, o papasifana’ noya fai i cingraan to nika i hakowa a tomerep ko nika folad nira. Ta itiyato cingra a mafana’ to nika pinaay a folad ko nika cipoyapoy ako asaan. Ano mafokil koya cipoyapoyay ^i, ”Aya: ko nika fokil nira”, ano saan koya fai ^i, pakafana’en nira koya fafahiyan to polong no malo demak no cipoyapoyay. === mahofocay 生產 === pakayni i kahofoc to wawa ^i, tangsol saan ko faloco’ no ’Amis a maharateng ko pawawaay, o midipotay titaanan ci Dongi hananay a kawas. Saka, matadi^ec no ’Amis konini a Dongi. ano o maanto ko masadakay a nihofocan a wawa, ano o fa’inayan to, ano o fafahiyan to ^i, salipahak saan a paka’araw to fa^lohay a nisofocan a wawa. Nikawrira, tona o mamikadafo ko fa’inayan, saka, o fafahiyan a wawa ko kakaolahan no ciwawaay. caay kasimanay ko pinangan no wawa no Pangcah. Yo mahofoc ko fafahiyan ^i, awaay ko mamidama to nika sofoc nira. Nawhani, tona karatayalay ko ’Amis, tangasa to i kahofocan a romi’ad a matayal, Saka, oromaroma ^i, itira i omaomahan a mahofoc. Caay ka fana’ koya fafahiyan to nika a mamahofoc kako anini asaan, saka, ki^mel ko tireng. Ano awaawa ko tangasaay itira a midama ^i, hofohofoc saan cingra. Yo mapoyapoyay ho ko fafahiyan ^i, mapasifana’ no ina nira ano ^ca i o fai nira to sakafana’aw to demak no kahofoc. === demak no ka^mangay 孩童的活動 === === demak no mararamoday 夫婦的活動 === === demak no sakapicidekay 分家的活動 === == Saki kaen a demak no 'Amis 飲食習慣 == == Ngodo no 'Amis禮節 == === matoa'say 成人禮節 === Ano caacaay ka fana' ko Pangcah to tilid to sakafana'aw tono tamdawan a 'orip i, mapafaloco' to no kawas cangra to sakafana'aw to kakangodoan a demak. Saka, nano ka^mangan no Pangcah i, mapasifana' no mama ato ina ko wawa to dademaken to sakitini i loma' ato sakalingad a matayal i omah. Fana', caay ka saan a milonok ko tamdaw. Nano nipasifana'an to no mama ato ina. Tamitoor ko wawa a mido^do to nano sowal no mama ato ina. Itira a matongal a matongal ko fana'. Saka, fahal sa a masatamdaw to ko faloco' nira ato demak nira. Mato'as cingra i, fana' sato ko faloco' mira to kangodoan a demak. Ano haenen ako i, caay ka nga'ay. Ano haenen ako i saan, nga'ay saan. Mafana' a miharateng to nga'ayay a demak , tamiliyas to tatiihay a demak. === ka^mangay 孩子禮節 === === mitiliday 學生禮節 === == Inanengay ko 'Amis 勤勞的民族 == Tona karatayalay ko ’Amis, saka, caay piharateng to sapihololaw a misalama a talacowacowa. Caay ka fana’ ko ’Amis to sakaci^tanaw. Pa^deng saan to nitayalan nira ko saka’orip. Caay ka fana’ to ’anof hananay. Tona adihay ko makaenay no ’Amis a masamaamaanay a talod(dateng) no palapalaan saka, saraheker sa ko nika ’orip no ’Amis. Ano hacowa ko mitayalan no tiring ^i, ma^deng saan. Caay pi’afas. Caay pitakaw tono tao. Oya nitayalan no tireng ^i, hatira saan. Caay ka ’ina’inal ko Pangcah to dafong no tao. Dadamadama saan. Itini I lalan ^i, o kakakonini ano saan ^i, miki’ayaw ko safa a tamdaw a milicay to kakakaka, ano o ina, ano o mama, ano o kasasafasafa no ’orip. Ano itini i maamaan a demak ^i, awaay ko podoh no Pangcah. Ano ira ko adadaay, mapatayay, madoka’ay, ano o ma’alolay ^i, caay pipaconoh i cimacimaan. Ano mafana’ ho koya tamdaw ^i, oya tamdaw ko mala sa’ayaway a pa’orip. Karasini’ada ko Pangcah tono tirengan to a finacadan. Ano o dateng to ^i, ano ira kono niyah a dateng ^i, “Ira kono mako” saan. Caay ka podoh(’idi). Sasipafeli saan. Mahaen ko demak saka, ano o kapah to ^i, ano masamaan ko demak no cima a kapah, “Aya: o kakasini’adaen cingra. Ano o cidoka’ay cingra hakini? Ano o makalatay no ’oner hakini? Ta caay pakapidemak kora  kapah tono loma’ a tayal ^i, ano cima ko awid nira a selal ^i, papadapadang saan a pakasoy. == Sakalipahak 娛樂 == Ano awaay ho ko tatayalen ^i, tayra i riyar a micekiw, ano i ’alo aca a mifoting. Misakapolongan ko malikakaay ano ^ca omalininaay a malafi i loma’ no samalitengay a misalipahak toya dadaya. Maherek a malafi ^i, komaen to ^pah ta romadiw a masakero’ a ma^min. O kalipahakan no ’Amis ko matiniay. O todong no pipalipahak to ’orip no malitengay a mihinom to roray no faloco’. Saka, misalipahak i ka’ayaw no malitengay a patengil to radiw ato pa’araw to kero’. Onini ko sakafana’ no ’Amis a romadiw ato makero’, Kala’orip han no ’Amis konini a demak. 15uk5dyip0ud68qi2s94serbi11dgah 0 1436 38710 28228 2023-06-29T11:57:47Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38710 wikitext text/x-wiki kangcang([[kuwaping a sowal]]: 關山) o mamangay a niyaro fangcalay a niyaro maolah to kako toni a niyaro Ira ko makapahay a kongying tcswsugfpwtxu2cs3i2vl57i5pgp3qc 0 1437 38503 28235 2023-06-27T19:14:09Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38503 wikitext text/x-wiki == kiloma'an（豐年祭） == o [[kiloma'an]] ahana'nay i,masasiroro'ay kosowal no kasaniyaroaro'.o kilomaa'an hananay no katimolomol,o [[ilisin]] hananay no ka'amiamis. === o kapot aca o selal (年齡階級） === o kapot hananay i o ksacecacecay nomasakapotay === kakita'an(頭目） === o kakridan no niyaro' === misacepo'(海祭） === i sakasepat a folad i tarariyar a misacepo'. jqptw7s4pwy01qjhn6zcdy2w6vbfwdg 0 1438 28248 28247 2021-10-28T12:59:04Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 12 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 28247 wikitext text/x-wiki kiyumi（福興部落） Itiniay i Ji’an Cen no Hualien ko kiyumi a niyaro’, 1,212 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 3,340 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 20% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 670 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 80% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 2,670 ko tamdaw. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 65zxfhwh6nbw2dj1al4dvcvzs5ojcr6 0 1439 28338 28337 2021-10-28T12:59:08Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 89 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 28337 wikitext text/x-wiki ko-li Taywan po-o-kowang （國立臺灣博物館） O nipatirengan no kitakit kona ko-li Taywan po-o-kowan (o tay-po, tay-po-kowan, Taywan po-o-kowan ko roma a ngangan nira.) I ka’amis no 228 kining kong-yeng ko kamaro’an nira, o con-howa-min-ko on-howa-po ko mikowanany. I kaDipongan a mapatireng, o sa’ayaway a po-o-kowan i Taywan, o ka’ayaw nira a ngangan i, o Taywan cong-to-fo po-o-kowan, o mapatoro’ay no con-howa-min-ko to no litengan ho a nipatirengan. == kasarayray == 1889 a mihecaan, mipatireng to Taywan cong-to-fo min-cen-po pirayarayan to dafong a loma’. 1908 miheca 10 folad 24 a romi’ad, falicen ko ngangan to Taywan cong-to-fo min-cen-po cen-can-ci mihawikidan patireng a po-o-kowan. 1913 miheca（saka2 a miheca no ta-cen no Dipong, o tapang Co-cen-se(祝辰巳) sapikiningaw ci I-yin-tay-langan(玉源太郎) o wawa no saka4 a tapng no Taywan cong-to-fo ato ci o-teng-sing-pin(後藤新平) o tapang no min-cen-po, mansa misolot cira to payso i finawlan to 256,101 payso no Dipong, o sapatireng to sakikining a loma’ nona tatosaay, ona loma’ i, itiraay i kaitiraan no Taypak ta-tin-ho-kong itiyaho (1912 miheca mapihiw no faliyos matastasay to, o 228 kong-yen to anini). Papisafacoen no Taywan cong-to-fo ko misafocoay to loma’ a tamdaw o Dipong ci Yi-con-i-lang(野村一郎) ato ci howang-mo-long(荒木榮), o mahecaday to no Si-la a kitakit ko hecek noya nisanga’an a loma’, o roma sato, nitodongan naira ko pinangan no pisanga’ to loma’ i pa-lo-ke ti’eror (巴洛克時期), i 1915 miheca a malaheci misanga’halo micomod tona loma’. 1949 miheca, kaikor no saka2 hekal kalalood, micada a mikowan ko cong-howa-min-ko(中華民國) to Taywan, itiya mafalic ko Taywan cong-to-fo to Taywan-sen po-o-kowan(臺灣省博物館), o Taywan-sen sin-cen-cang-kowan-kong-so(臺灣省行政長官公署) ko mikowanay; miliyaw a mifalic to ngangan to Taywan sen-li po-o-kowan(臺灣省立博物館), o Taywan sen-cen-fo(臺灣省政府) ko mikowananay. 1999 miheca, awaay to ko Taywan sen-cen-fo(臺灣省政府), o sing-cen-yen wen-howa-cin-se woy-yin-hoy (行政院文化建設委員會) (o cong-howa-min-ko wen-howa-po to anini (今中華民國文化部)) ko mikowanay, miliyaw haca mafalic ko ngangan to ko-li Taywan po-o-kowang (國立臺灣博物館). == Pi’arawan to lakaw == [https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E7%AB%8B%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8 中文維基百科] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] bfedpmn3vykt4evr97bp76koykduzlu 0 1440 28351 28350 2021-10-28T12:59:10Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 12 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 28350 wikitext text/x-wiki kobah（慈峰部落） Itiniay i Ren’ai Cen no Nantou ko kobah a niyaro’, 56 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 141 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 74% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 104 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 26% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 37 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Tayal67%, Seediq4%, Bunun1%, Cou1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] muv705pagf8y3g5k2ilt70v4s622k84 0 1441 47190 38658 2025-08-23T12:05:47Z InternetArchiveBot 33 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 47190 wikitext text/x-wiki ==koco ([[kuwaping a sowal]]:鞋子)== [[Faylo:Skor_från_1700-_till_1960-talet_-_Nordiska_Museet_-_NMA.0056302.jpg|250px]] ===鞋子=== *Ma'opicay ko '''koco''' ako a talapicodadan. **我去學校時鞋子是濕的。 *Makapahay ko '''koco''' no miso. **你的鞋子很漂亮。 *Mamicakay kako to fa^elohay a '''koco'''. **我要去買新鞋。 ==Tahapinangan a Tilid(參考文獻)== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20210802170812/https://e-dictionary.ilrdf.org.tw/ami/terms/2152_255423.htm 原住民族語言線上詞典 - koco] {{stub}} 6ua36l5u0r7nqolm57cf978yz4vr94y 0 1442 43580 33260 2024-06-16T11:18:54Z 嚴美鳳 41 43580 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Kolang.ogg|縮圖]] == Takaray a sowal (概要) == O dafong no malingaday itiyaho, O mamikangkang to omah, ano i ikor to pipatangan, ano i 'ayaw no pi'anip, O mamikidkid to karetengay a lalosidan. Iti:ya ho, o 'orip no maomahay, saheto sa cikolongay, kaemang ho mafana' to mito'or to mato'asay a tayra omah. O tadamaanay ko ’orip no kolong itini i ’orip no tamdaw. Itiya ho o ’orip no tamdaw, onini manga’ay pakayni’en itiniserengawan no mira a pasadak, itini sato Ingtok(印度) o kolong nangra tadamaa:nay salonganay hananay ko kolong. Pakayni i taliyok tona Hen-he(恆河), saheto sa o sapikamaomah nangra ko kolong i omaomahan, o sanga’ayay haw i, malahiliw mala’afo no sakahira ko ta’i no kolong, ona kolong hananay malecaday to mitayhiway to ’orip no Ingtok(印度) hananay. Maedeng masamaanen kona kolong, o tadamaanay a sakamaomah a ’a’adopen, pakayni tona maomahay a lalengatan. O roma a maomahay i ’ayaw no kacanglahan a mimaomah i, midemakay cangra to pakayniay tono kolong hananay a demak. Ira ko pinanay nangra to kanga’ayan a cingangan tona demakan, ona kolong itini i kamaomahan a citay, ira kono mira a tadamaanay a locek, tinako itini i Taywan, o roma a maomahay a tamdaw i, caayay ka komaen to titi no kolong, anca i miatengay ho ko sifo milalang a mitokad mipacok to kolong, malowanaw ko sakamaomah a kolong saan, sa adihayay ko pakayniay tono kolong hananay a locek a romi’ad. Itini maomahay a citay, pinaay ho ko mangaayay a maomah a kolong, o sakahapinang no niyah to a kadofah ato pakoyocay, itiya ho o kolong ato siri ato fafoy tolo ’a’adopen, o tadamaanay a sapihangsay konian, tinako to kolong o malalokay, manga’ay a mikangkang ato misenat a maomah, ikor to mafana’ to ko tamdaw to ’icel no kolong, ira ho ko romaay a picokaymas to kolong, ira ko sakamaomah ato sakatalacowacowa to sakaromakat, roma malasofitayay a dademaken, itini i Can-kwo-ci-tay(戰國時代) ona Iyen-kwo(燕國) tono kolongan nangra a pila’is to ’ada na mira, tono kolongen aca nangra to sapicolo’ to maamaan. Mansa itini i maomahay o tadamaan ko kolong, ya itiyaay ho maomahay a tamdaw caayay ka komaen to titi no kolong, mangaref itini i Song-caw(宋朝) ano niyah sa a mipacok mitokad to kolong, o ciraraway kona pinangan. == Kasasiromaroma (種類) == O komaenay to rengos a kolong, saheto o tata’akay ko tatirengan, pakayni i tamdawan tadamanay ko kaemahay(rarapa) ato tadakolong. O roma a kolong i o pariri’an to i loma’ a palahad. To hatiniay o micocoay to hacol no tawinaan ko ciciw no kolong, maedeng ira ko 220 ko kasasiromaroma to hatiniay a ’a’adopen. 90% saheto sa o tosaay ko sacekih, Itini i Congko china(中國) a matilid ira ko safaw tosa a ’a’adopen, todongay to o kasasiromaroma no mihecahecaan a pangangan, itiniay i sakatosa ko kolong a parayray  pangangan. '''O todeng ko sakamaomah ko kaemahay, ira to ko lakota a kangkang i, malakakaenanto ko kaemahay. Itini i enem polo’ ira ko tolo a mihecaan, micomoday toko no padaka a titi’ no kolong, lowanlowan sanay to ko kaemahay ato tadakolong.''' == Tahapinangan (特徵) == O kaemahay no Taywan i caayay ka tata’ang ko tatirengan, o tawinaan a kolong maedeng tolo so’ot lima polo’ tangasa sepat so’ot ko tingting, o kaleteng no okang a kolong i enem so’ot tangasa folo so’ot, hofoc han ho a ciciw no kolong maedeng safaw falo tangasa tosa polo ira ko tolo a tingting. Tanektekay ko tatirengan no kaemahay, ira ko kasasiroma no fanges o kaliyalaway, kohetingay, makolahay, kahengangay, kohecalay, ira ho ko cilamlamay a cengel, o tiyad ato sepat a waay ato kaikoray no cepi’ pantaay ko cengel, o apelahay ko cengel no wa’a. '''Iraay ko no itiya:ay ho a katengilan a sowal, sowal sa o matingatingay ko fanges no kaemahay, anohatira saw? Ira ko cecay a romi’ad, kona kaemahay ato tadakolong itiniay i ’alo a misalama to nanom, itiya masariko’ay no kaemahay ko riko’ no tadakolong, mansa matingating ko fanges no kaemahay, malalaway to ko kaciriko’ masamaingcoay to a nengnengen ko caedong no tadakolong.''' == kakarayan ( 氣候) == Itini i 2006 a mihecaan, ira ko pasifana’ no Lin-ho-ko(聯合國), o caay kafana’ an i taliyok no kamaro’an no mita, pasadak no mira itini i alaf’afan(溫室效應), o mikaliangay ko sakafalic no romi’ami’ad, o sowal no mira i, iraay ko 10.5 ’ok kona eso’ no kolong ko pasadakan a a-yang-hwa-tan(二氧化碳), maala’ay to ko kasadak no hatiniay a fali hananay to 18%, ikakaay aca no acefel no tosiya ko kaadihay no mira, ira ho ko sowal o eso’ no kolong ato ta’i no mira manga’ay a pasadak to cisawarakay a fali(氣體), itini mapasadakay aca ko 2/3 a tan(氨), mipasadakay to acicimay a ’orad ko tan(氨), roma itini naifitokaay no kolong miliyaway ho a patatiko a komaen, mapasadak no mira ko adihayay a cya-wan(甲烷), pasadak to hatiniay a fali, o hatiniay a fali i maalaay to 1/3 a cya-wan(甲烷), mikali’ang no mira to romi’ad ikakaay no mira ko a-yang-hwa-tan(二氧化碳)ko kali’ang no mira. Irasa ko somowalay e:min han a komaen kona kolong nga manga’ay a mafalic kafiyor ko cikiw, emin han a mipatay kona kolong manga’ayto a malowan ko tati’ihay a fali, caay to a kaliki a malasawad ko cikiw sa, haratengen ho no mita icowaay ko lalengatan no mira, mana adihay ko mipasadakan no kolong to hatiniay a fali, pakayniay to i tamdawan ko kafalic no ’orip no mita, samanen macakatay to ko minanayan no mita to pakayni i kolong, tinako itini to komaenay to titi no kolong, tangsol sa a malahad ko pariri’ay to kolong, pakayni to pinanay no tamdaw adihadihay sato ko mipariri’an to no mira, itini kona kaadihay no pariri’an sa adihay to ko mapasadakay ko tati’ihay a fali. Pakayni tona cisawarakay a miloko mahapina’ay to san-ci-cin-an(三聚氰胺), itini mahapinang no mita ko tati’ihay a misiwfayay, o saka adihayaw to etan nangra, patongalan nangra ko tati’ihay a tayhi (化學物質), songila’ han a minengneng i saka malolohay to koya kolong, maamaan ho a ’a’adopen saheto sa iraay toko no mira a mapasadakay to hatiniay a fali, alatek haw i o skadiheko(溫室氣體), mangalef to ko aniniay a tamdaw haemin han a mipatay saw? Saka iraen ko minanayan no mita, falicen no mita ko kakaenen no mita, mangaay ko taliyok no kamaro’an no mita lowanen ko kakomaen to titi, manga’ay a malasawad ko hatini’ay a fali. == Mafolaw (遷移) == == Kakaenen (食物) == O maan ko mikaenan no aniniay a kolong hani? O rengos ato o mipalomaan no tamdaw a rengos, ira ho ko karengaw sanay i omaomahan a talod ato no papah no dateng, ato i nanonanoman a rengos, ira ho ko koengeray a co’ong no kilang anca i o siriw, manga’ay ko kalowan no kasadak no payso sa ko pariri’ay to kolong a tamdaw, mapacakat ho ko mipariri’an. O koengelay a papah ko mikaenan no kolong, ano maikes to caay ka olah ko kolong. O rengos ko mikaenan no kolong, ano awa ko kangdaway a rengos. Manga’ay aca komaen to mipa’icangan a rengos anca o asisiw, ira ho ko emi a rengos mangaayay a sapakaen, omaamaan a rengosan mangaayay a sapakaen to kolong, o marariday a manengneng no mita haw i, o emi a rengos, kinacecay a paloma i, mangaay a colok han a pakaen ko kolong, malecaday to kosay ko pinaan a resres, kasi’enawan away to. Nawhani itini i laloodan anca kaciherangan a romi’ad manga’ay a pa’icangen a misoped tahira i kasi’enawan. To aniniay a kolong saheto sanay o siriw ko sapakaen to kolong, iraay aca ko rengos ato ma’icangay a talod ko sapakaen, ono siriw aca ko sadihayay ko sapakaen no tamdaw. == Kakako pasiiked (科學分類) == {{Ruby|域|[[sofal|sofol]]}}：[[ma'oripay]] {{Ruby|界|[[salawacan]]}}：[[aadopen]] {{Ruby|門|[[fawahan]]}}：sakololay(脊椎) {{Ruby|綱|[[opir]]}}：[[pacocoay]](哺乳) {{Ruby|目 |[[mata]]}}：[[tosa-savkih|tosa-sackih]](偶蹄) {{Ruby|科|}}：[[kolong]] {{Ruby|屬|}}：kolong ha9hh6az50ylw9mknd63c1yjpms6nok 0 1443 43234 38492 2024-05-10T02:34:58Z 嚴美鳳 41 43234 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Kopir.ogg|縮圖|Adihay ko nipalomaan ni ama a kopir.]] '''kopid''' （[[Kuwaping a sowal]] : 藤包） No ’oway nisanga’an a “patafoan to hemay” o kopid han no [[Pangcah]], to laday maherek matangtang ko hakhak anca o kakaenen to tangsol sa maparo i kopid, masadak sato hawikid hanto, O saka’orip to laday koni a kopid, saka ira ko sowal mafana’ay miwikwik nisanga’ to kopid o tadafa’inayan sa ko sowal, ano mafokil i makatawa no finacadan ci awaan no ’epoc han. Malalecad ko kasasiroma nano rayray ko nakamayan nisangaan ko no Pangcah, mato onini “telangan a faco nisanga’an”. ano nengnengen ato saki i ’orip “O lisin” mararangi to malacecay, o fana’ to to nakamayan a tayal i ’orip ato serayan mararingi to. Mato o palo’, tayhaw, takid, no ’oway miwikwikan, no ’aol mitolikan. o roma i, maolahay maro’ i lawac no riyar ato i ’aloay a Pangcah, mafana’ misanga’ to sacadiway to foting, romatini sato mafana’ to micelem mipacing to foting ato miala to fokeloh ato nisanga’an a cifar sapisafel masamaanay saki’orip a taneng. palecad han konini to taneng saki’orip, sedak sedak sa ko nakamayan a nisanga’an a lalosidan, mato mifoting sa misanga’ to kanas, rakar, cadiway, ala sa tono pala malosakatayal, ira to kono ’oway miwikwikan, sateno’oy, no lengac nisanga’an a sikal, nano nisafaloco’an no fenek konini a fana’. Sa adihayay maala no Pangcah misanga’ to kalomaan a lalosidan ko ’oway, nawhani caayay kapitek cingra, masamanay ano mitolik miwikwik maemin matatodong. Nika ano saka’ifecangan anca sapiditekan, roma matongal to no ’aol, Tadamaan ko taneng no mafana’ay a miwikwik, caayay ka adihay ko sakatayal, tadanga’ayay miwikwik to masamaanay fangcalay malo lalosidan. Mitayal to matiniay ira to ko fonos ato po’ot tosa aca maedeng to, roma i, edeng mitayal to maditekay a piwikwik, ta ira ko salilit ato sapekpek to ngala’ a mikedec, miwikwik adihay ko kasasiroma no piwikwik, ira ko masiwicay, makienemay ko lawac, matelengay, masasikakay, mitaliyokay, makakafetay ato maliyonay, o sasanga’en ko pi’arawan, polong han pito ko kasasiroma to piwikwik to lalosidan. Misatapang misanga’ to wawikwiken, o para no lalosidan ko pi’arawan, nawhani masasiroma ko piwikwik to taparaan, malasakacipinang to kasasiroma no faco to sasanga’en. To laday pisatapang nangra misanga’ to para’ ira ko masasikakay, masiwiray, malikaenemay, maliyonay sepat ko kasasiroma, ta doedo sato toya i fafaeday nisowalan ko piwikwik, ta mahapinang o masamaanay ko faco ato malomaan a lalosidan sa ko piwikwik a matayal, o sapilepon to lawac i, oya ’osaw to a tolic, piked pacocok han, roma mitongal to satolic, pakayra i ngala’ pacocok, mato 8 a tilid ko faco sepat ko sapisilawac a paherek. Mangaay sapimanmaan ko pinasanga’ a lalosidan, ano o kanas aca adihay to ko kasasiroma, mato faroro, kanas. To piparoan to lalosidan no ’oway ko sapisanga’ ira ko kopid, fakar, sa saesa’, roma i, sapilosimet to panay, mato sasiwasiw, fasolan, ano sapifoting a lalosidan, ira ko rakar. roma ho misanga’ to toper ato karahay, fangcal malosapisanga’. Tada sowal to, tada kalimelaan no Pangcah ko ’oway, saka padeteng sa tayra i lotok a mi’oway. O tala’ayaway ho pakarongay mikotod to mato’asay tayra i lotok a mi’oway, mi’owayan to ’asidaw linged han misakimolo miorong a panokay. Tangsasa i loma’, hacecacecay han miteleng misamoecel, dafak maratar to dafak tangsolen to micarcar, anca haenen mapadadaya ’ifecang to. maherek to pili’en to misakilac, malosapisaloma’, icowaay ko sapitolik, sakilacen ho ta mangaay malosakatayal. Orasaka, nano kakaemangan ho ko pakarongay itira to minanam to piwikwik no mato’asay ta mafana to taneng ato sakafana’ a matayal. == Tahapinangan a Tilid(參考文獻) == *[http://210.240.125.35/citing/citing_content.asp?id=4001&keyword=%C3%C3%A5 台灣原住民族歷史語言文化大辭典] *李景崇，1998，《阿美族歷史》，臺北：師大書苑。 *黄宣衞，2008，《阿美族》，臺北：三民。 *達西烏拉彎‧畢馬，2001，《臺灣的原住民 : 阿美族》，臺北：臺原。 [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] eyupzxyrvldm0ekgc2frrzjmkvcy5zw 0 1444 33299 33297 2022-12-20T16:12:01Z Sera Icyang 1182 /* Nana'unen tu adada atu piadah(預防與治療) */ 33299 wikitext text/x-wiki Kutu(頭蝨） Ira ko kotu noni == Nana'unen tu adada atu piadah(預防與治療) == Ira ku sepatay a daduduen： Sakacacay, mivaca’ tu fuduy, ulay atu tatangalan, mililuc tu remiremi'ad. Sakatusa, aka pilingid tu sikutuay a tamdaw, aka piiyong tu sakadat, tuper, fuduy atu tatangalan etc. Sakatulu, dengay hen a misawsaw tu vukes, anu saremi'ad sa a misawsaw i, maluwan ku simal nu vukes, a cikutu tu. Sakasepat, anu miiyung tu siiyuay a sapikalulu i, manga'ay a mipatay tu kutu. U mimingay la'ed a sakadat ku sapikadat tu vukes, maala ku vitaul nu kutu. Kaurira, sulinga'en a misawsaw ku sakadat anu maherek. [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] im2vzm8l2rcsudvktzofzh3f40qlqkb 0 1445 28559 28558 2021-10-28T12:59:27Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 58 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 28558 wikitext text/x-wiki lahekakay a panay, tadapanay, bangsisay a panay （紅糯米） Bangsisay a panay, i enaray ku nipaluma, matiya i rueru, i ruru pa’urip tu kira bangsisay a panay, tangsa anini masumad tu dengay tu i laku a pasapur, sisa caay kalecad ku cengel, adihayaca tu waytamin A aut tiyice. I matini a mihecaan mabana’tu, tu kapah nu bangsisay a panay, macakat tu ku lipida nu Panay, adihay ku waytaminA, E tiyice atu tanpayce malesingetud tu atu belac, sisa u sakapahay a sapakaen tu adadaay atu hereksa henay a masubu’a sapatata a sapakakilemel tu tiring. Ina bangsisay a panay i kikung, i makapatayay, i lipahakay, i lisin iraaca, mitiya u basisay a panay, u epah, u icep u tapang anu pakaen tu tu’as i PangcaPangcahan. Malecad tu anini ku nipaluma, ira hen ku i enaray a paluma, tangasa i matini caay kasumad ku cidek nu caang nu bangsisay a panay caay katalaw tu cirekay a tu adada nu panay. [[Kasasiwasiw:U suwal nu i amisay a Pangcah]] 23jevtfub66y7ksvtbar3fiw0ci1sm5 0 1446 34034 34027 2023-02-02T00:24:06Z Masaonikar 570 34034 wikitext text/x-wiki O masadakay i pitodohan a likat ato faedet ko lamal. Ano caay kalecad ko nitodohan, caay kalecad ko cengel ato likat no lamal. O lamal ko sapitangtang, sapingiro, sapilikat ato saparakat to kasoling. Ano mitodoh ko tamdaw to simal ato sikitang, masadak ko e-yang-hwa-tan (二氧化碳). O nian ko sakafaedet no romi'ad no mita i matini. ogmpx09myvukoadq7q3718jbme7c40z 0 1447 40437 28665 2023-12-28T11:00:47Z LiouShowShya 36 40437 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Alpinia intermedia s2.jpg|縮圖]] lengac （月桃） To mihecahecaan i laloodan, o lengaw no lengac i teroc hacecacecay masafaliling mahadak a mifitelang ko hana, Hacecacecay sa manayat hacecacecay sa mapingaping, makapah a masasiroma ko falo no hana tadamisolotay faloco’ no tamdaw. I kafalwfawan mafitelak ko hana no lengac kahenga a ciheci sakapah sa ko lalan no lotok kalomihecahecaan no laloodan, o lengaw no lengac i teroc hacecacecay masafaliling mahadak a mifitelang ko hana. Hacecacecay sa manayat hacecacecay sa mapingaping, makapah a masasiroma ko falo no hana tadamisolotay faloco’ no tamdaw. I kafalwfawan mafitelak ko hana no lengac kahenga a ciheci sakapah sa ko lalan no lotok, toya kangdaw ho ko kaciheci, cuwa picomod i mata no tamdaw, namido^do to kafafalic no palapatan, saroma saroma sato a ta’angay ko heci a mafalic ko cengel, si^naw to ko romi’ad, masafaliling to ko heci no lengac mahapinang to no tamdaw ko kahengaay a heci no lengac, oya kahengangay ira ko kasasiroma no katatingroh. Oya kakahengang no heci nai kafalawfawan tahira i kasienaway, toya kakahengang no heci masakoheting to, ikol toi, mafitelak to koya heci malaslas to i sera mala sapaloma. == nakamayan a dafong(手工藝品) == Itiya ho ko malitengay mafana’ay to misanga’ to nakamayay a lalosidan, ano milengac tistisen ho ko papah, tano po’oten a mikiskis ko mifalah ko maponi’ay, nga’ pawalien i cidal mi’icang, to hasapi sanga’ to lengac a sikal / damiyan. Itiya ho caho kacakat ko pipaisingan, adihay ko kacango’otan to sapiadah to adada, o tafedo’ no lengac nga’ayay kalacemelen sapilifasal. I kacanglahan a milengac nga’ayay ko tafedo’ tangtangen anca sapihemhem to kakaenen. Ki’edaway ko ’a’owakay no lengac, cuwa ka halilato’, ano misa’emo o papahen no lengac ko sapisa’emo tada fangsisay ko ’emo. O ’a’owakay ato papah o sapilolong to maamaan ato sapisanga’ to hatisaki, awaay ko fafalahen. [[Kasasiwasiw:Palidaw 'Amis]] pkufc4hx69skd61twwuhwyhsrmzfeq9 0 1448 36063 36060 2023-04-21T08:57:49Z LiouShowShya 36 36063 wikitext text/x-wiki Lisin(名字) O pipangangan to wawaan no pangcah, o ni a ngangan i , matatodong to fa'inayan ato fafahiyan a ci ngangan kinian a ngangan. o ci Lisin sa ko ngangan i , sowal sa ko mato'asay :I piilisinan a folad a masofoc kira wawa, nanay o inian ko pangangan no mato'asay. ira ho ko cecay a sowal: Ano ira ko ci ngangan ko lisin sanay no mato'asay, ci wawa i tiyad ko ina how i, Ano malemed ko cima a mato'asay i, iraan ko pangangaan koya wawa. lisin(祭祀) Itini i niyaro', ano ira ko tatiihay a maan, ira ko cikawasay midemak, mifohafoh to tatiihay, o no Pangcah, itira i sakapito a folad tahira i sakafalo a folad ko piilisinan no niyaro', o 豐年祭 han no holam. Adihayay ko lisin, mido^doay to lisin ko 'Amis/Pangcah, [[Kasasiwasiw:Siwkulang 'Amis]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Wp/szy]] 8fkmji9ddrnw4sltd037w3iopcjlnpv 0 1449 28682 28681 2021-10-28T12:59:38Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 10 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 28681 wikitext text/x-wiki liyal(海) u liyal hananay u ahecaday ku nananuman, u liyal 70.8% ku ahecaday a nanum,u lalesing nu liyal iri nu kanatal(cikiw)u sapahanhan,  mikilim ku tamdaw tu liyal makacaway ku nanum sa,araw mabana kuheni makahacaway,makasawaliyay、 masakasatipan 、sakatimul、sakaamisay a liyal saan, Ku kabana nu tametamedaw. U liyal iri adahay kumamamaanay a buting, ira ku tataangay abuting ira ku adidiay abuting. Mibuting sa ku tamedaw,u mitabukud patiked mibuting mamaanay,u sakaulahan nu tamedaw a mibuting iri u mipatikeday . Sisa u nanum nu liyal u aheciday,anini u liyal mauning kunanum ,ahecidaca ku nanum  sa raecus a nanuman kuliyalay a nanum.u liyalay a nanum matiya caay alaen kucilah raecus a pananum tu umah,anini mabana tu kicic ku tamedaw ,alaen ku cilah kiya madengay tu pananum madengay tu ananuman. U nanum nu liyal dengay sa ku baedet,u ruimad tahekal ku cidal melangaw kudamay kusalulul,mitiay away kucidal caay ka lemangaw ku damay,anini caledes ku kiciw ,awayay tu kudamay. q85tze2fc743fxxwo5mkujfygb2rxyn 0 1450 39570 28689 2023-09-30T00:16:12Z InternetArchiveBot 33 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 39570 wikitext text/x-wiki '''lukut''' （山蘇） ira ku lukut atu cupel ==o kasadakan no lihaf== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20191228114746/http://titv.ipcf.org.tw/news-36172 山蘇嫩葉口感美味 葉形奇特可當花材] [[Kasasiwasiw:U suwal nu i amisay a Pangcah]] ko98heitfc9lls9ncuua0sl6vqeh67f 0 1451 28693 28692 2021-10-28T12:59:42Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 3 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 28692 wikitext text/x-wiki makomod(統治) I 1895 a mihecaan, misatapang a makomod ko Ripon to Taywan tangasa i 1945 a mihecaan. mezw3h7qiw2qmuazsqhq09h05ou1pns 0 1452 28750 28749 2021-10-28T12:59:45Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 56 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 28749 wikitext text/x-wiki malasong （馬拉松） O saparengreng no pakarongay no ’Amisan kasa’etel koni malasong a konglin, onini a malasong a cikay, o sapilifet no pakarongay to cikay ato hadidi, malo sakatanektek tariktik no tatirengan, o saka tanestes no tatirengan no Pangcah a tamdaw, o nano kaemangan a mikoling konini a demak. Parengrengan toya romi’ad sepat ko toki to kanikaran maherek pato’aya to kawas i, polong a kapah masa’opo i talo’an, mawawacay ko tatirengan, tano sakelec sa to no kirarom i tatelecan, mitatoy to cipahpahay ho ’adiyam, malo sapatada ano ca pakafilo ko tatirengan, tahakawas ato makera ko satena’ to lalan, anca ca paka’araw ko mata, kemkem han mipa’epa’ sapipespes anca sapipacpac to tatirengan. Kanikaran misatapang lomowad malalifet, tahira i kahiceraan, makaki’ayaw ho ato cidal ko kalalifet. I’ayaw no kalomowad, patahekal ho to epah, o ’icep, o toron sapato’aya to to kawas i kakaraayan ko tomok kakitaan mato’asay halo palimo’ot pa’icel, sowal sa, “Tadafangcalay a wawa no Pangcah, sa’icelen namo anini pasayra toya taengadat a pala comikay.” Matengil no ’alomanay maemin to mi lowi’, “Hai! waw!” sato, malecad toya palafacan a efa palifet to tala’ayaw a comikay. Ira i aikor a mikotod ko kangodoan, calowayay cinganganay a mato’asay, pacilo’ to kamay mitatoy to tomili’ay a ’ayam mitoor toya saikoray a tamdaw, matakop nira papikorahoc han nira to sakopol no ’ayam i koror, ano ira ko matakopay makorahot, o kakangodoan to saan ko ’alomanay, saka awaay ko caay pisa’icel a tamdaw. Lawaca no lalan ’aloman ko mihamhamay pa’icel a finacadan, roma a tamdaw miala to pahpah no ’adiyam mipacpac pa’icel toya aikoray ho a tamdaw, tahira i kasadakan no talawadaw i riyar no Kalingko, saikoray mitaelif ho toya masataporoay i lawac no riyar, ta milakowit ho toya tafotafokan tangasa paherekan ta papinang to sakarayray. Naw patama sa mapili’ koya kasadakan no talawadaw i riyar saw? O rayray nano to’as o kacakatan no Satimolan a ’etal koni, o pisaharatengan to pisa’icel, to roray a pamatang, to pifariw to cikacekaan a a faloco’ no tato’asan. Nengneng han ira ho ko samoecel sanay a tomireng ko miletekan ho a ’aol, mapasiket ko siwalaan, po’ot, ’idoc ato sapato’aya, ira ko patakecay i teloc no ’aol to fayfay sapapinang a lalosidan. Maein to tahini i paherekan ko ’alomanay, tomireng to ko Tomok pa’icel a pakimad, maherek to palata’angen ho koya calowayay to kaolah, liliden a mikakoy milowi’. Paherek sato ko Tomok a pasowal, “Malifet to namo ko karetengay a salifet, kahemeka to kamo! itini ho kako a miliyaw a pasowal, malakapah to kamo!” == Pi’arawan to lakaw == *[http://210.240.125.35/citing/citing_content.asp?id=3072&keyword=%B0%A8%A9%D4%AAQ 台灣原住民族歷史語言文化大辭典] *李景崇，1998，《阿美族歷史》，臺北：師大書苑。 *黄宣衞，2008，《阿美族》，臺北：三民。 *達西烏拉彎‧畢馬，2001，《臺灣的原住民 : 阿美族》，臺北：臺原。 [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] jhdxpwjzcivfao5ri7yjd1d3mwb8ps2 0 1453 28754 28753 2021-10-28T12:59:47Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 3 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 28753 wikitext text/x-wiki malitengay(老人家) Romadiw ci malitengay. (老人家在唱歌) [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] sgsgo27shqb3wv7mxqak65i04w5vu3k 0 1454 28758 28757 2021-10-28T12:59:49Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 3 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 28757 wikitext text/x-wiki malonem hananay i, [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 9ukz0ixu26mddgzi429rcfmub3ldqr3 0 1455 28766 28765 2021-10-28T12:59:52Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 7 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 28765 wikitext text/x-wiki == Takaray a sowal == maramod(結婚) Maramod han niyam o 'Amis ko nika lacacay no fafa'inai ato fafahi. O tataakay a demak no lalafo no loma' ko nika raramod i niyaro'. Patata ko fal'elohay a maramoday to titi no fafoy ato 'epah a pakaen to lalomaan i loma'. Mapapatakid ato mapapa'icep ko fal'elohay a maramoday. Mitolon ko faki to fal'elohay a maramoday, ato pakalemed i tohnian. n00hspmy27z7bnxjj3ra87yturhooky 0 1456 28781 28780 2021-10-28T12:59:54Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 14 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 28780 wikitext text/x-wiki marosan（萬大部落） Itiniay i Ren’ai Cen no Nantou ko marosan a niyaro’, 65 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 159 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 71% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 113 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 29% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 46 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Tayal64%, Seediq3%, Bunun3%, Amis1%, Truku1%. Ira ko picodadan(親愛國小萬大分校) i niyaro’. Ira ko kofa(萬大郵局) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] etb5m5whqh10scgpessvtajw30v1al4 0 1457 28786 28785 2021-10-28T12:59:57Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 4 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 28785 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[mata]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Siwkulang 'Amis]] gdmo6ykwf3wfg73os8mo045vbhfvrgk 0 1458 38563 35359 2023-06-27T20:25:37Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38563 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:眉原部落 Meiyuan Community - panoramio.jpg|thumb|200px|Mb’ala]] mb’ala（眉原部落） Itiniay i [[Ren’ai Cen]] no [[Nantou]] ko mb’ala a niyaro’, 142 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 449 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 86% ko ka’aloman no [[Yincomin]], polong han i, 385 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 14% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 64 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Tayal]]77%, [[Seediq]]5%, [[Bunun]]2%, [[Amis]]1%, [[Cou]]1%. Ira ko paisingan(新生村衛生室) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] gv4mq8949p36jq40ch9l47tqt5rfbp5 0 1459 28804 28803 2021-10-28T13:00:01Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 3 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 28803 wikitext text/x-wiki == Micronesia,Federated States of Micronesia('''密克羅尼西亞聯邦)''' == == Mikoronisiya Mapolongay a Kitakit('''密克羅尼西亞聯邦)''' == == Takaray sowal(概略) == I kawaliay no Taywan ko ka itiraan nona kitakit, o hadahal no kanatal I 700㎢, o polong 112,6490 tamdaw(I 2018miheca misa’osi, sahetoay o Mikoronisiya a finacadan,o syoto I 1989miheca nani Koroniya malida tayra I Parokil. O sowal I faloay ko kasasiromaroma, o kapolongan I o Ikiris a sowal. O kiristo ato Tinsikio ko pitooran no tamtamdaw. == Rikisi(歷史) == I’ayaw no 4000miheca, iraay to ko a maro’ ko Mikoronisiya a tamdaw sanay ko sowal.[[Faylo:Chronological dispersal of Austronesian people across the Pacific (per Benton et al, 2012, adapt Itiya 1500 a mihecahecaan, o Sipanya ko sa’ayaway a tayni tona riyaran kanatal, yo tahira to I 1886miheca toro’ han no Sipanya ko Maliyana ato Karorina a kanatal no niyam to konini saan,itiya to I 1899miheca, pakido han no Sipanya a pacakay I Toic ko Mikoronisiya a riyaran palapalaan. Malalood sato to sakacecay a kalokitakit a lalood, lakamkam a mi’eco ko Dipon to Mikoronisiya Polongan kitakit,Palau,Masyalu ato ka’amisay a Maliyana kanatal. I sakatosa a lalood no kalokitakit,o Amirika to ko mi’ecoay a maro’ itini. 1947miheca toro’en no Linhoko ko Amirika a mikowan tona kanatal,tahira to I 1965miheca sakacecay folad patireng to no kitakit a pikaykian, masasowal to saliyasaw to pikowan no Amirika a mi’iked. 1979miheca mihalalaka ko Linhoko ato Amirika mihalalaka to sapisangaaw to Kinpo o tatapangan rikec no kitakit, maloparanaan to sapatireng to kitakit. 1990miheca 12folad, mikayki ko Linhoko mapasetek to tilid to pipalasawad no Amirika a mikowan tona kitakit,to cila a mihea toya1991miheca, saka 9folad 17romi’ad,malakopot no Linhoko ko Mikoronisiya Malikowatay Kitakit. == Sakowan(行政區劃) == O polong I sepatay ko kasapecih no sakowan:Yapu(Yap)、Cuku(chuuk)、Ponapi(Pohnapei) ato Kosiri(Kosraw).[[Faylo:Map of the Federated States of Micronesia CIA.jpg|thumb|Map of the Federated States of Micron == Sici(政治) == Dodoen koya masanga’at I 1979miheca saka5folad 10romi’ad a Tatapangan Rikec no kitakit tora Kinpo a sarikec I, o Congton ko tapang no kitakit, o kakeridan no sifo.o congtong ato sapadang congtong o Lipoiing(國會議員)ko alamisinkiway, ya saadihayay ko satopa a Lipoiing ko malacongtongay ato sapadang congtong. Yo malacongton to kona tatosa I,cingla’ to tosa ko Lipoiing, miliyaw a misingkiw koya kaitiraan nona malacongtongay to sapiporo to ngala’ no Lipoiing. Cecaay aca ko misanga’ay to rikec a Lipoiing,onani sepat a pecih sakowan ko masadakay a malalipoiing, ilaloma’ nonini to 10 ko tamdaw tosaay miheca ko kalalipoiingan, o ‘osaw a 4 lipoiing I 4miheca ko kalalipoiingan, mileponay to 4 kalalipoiingan. == Tamdaw(人口) == Itiya 2019miheca a misa’osi to tamdaw 1500 ko polong tamdaw. Ilaloma’ no nini ‘I, Mikoronisiya tamdaw 97%, o kakaketonan a tilid no Mikoronisiya Malikowatay Kitakit ato Amirika o tamdaw no Mikoronisiya Malikowatay Kitakit manga’ay to paytemek sa a ciloma’、mitilid ato matayal I Amirika, caay ka masa’eli to sapiwacay to tiring a tilid, onini ka sakacisafaw ko cecay ‘emang ko tamdaw a maro’ I Amirika, do’edo sa itira I Hawai, Kuantaw ato ka’amisay Maliana a kanatanatal ko ‘alomanay tamdaw no Mikoronisiya Malikowatay Kitakit. == Sowal (語言) == Tada ‘adihay ko kasasiromaroma a sowal itini, nikawrira, sahetoay o Satimolan Finacadan Sowal ko lamit. Cecay kanatal cecay ko sowal,sepat ko kalapecih sakowan sa sepat ko kapolongan sowal(sifo sowal),o Ikiris sowal ko hasowal no roma a sakowan, I pitilidan o caay aca ko hatatanamen ko ikiris sowal. == Pitooran(宗教) == Tada talolongay ko nika cirep no punka no Yoropa, i saka’etip no Mikoronisiya Malikowatay Kitakit I mingataay to Filipin, sa ‘aloman ko mitooray to Tinsikiw,mahaop ko 50% no tamdaw, I sakawali I o Kiristo ko ‘alomanay mahaop ko 47% no tamdaw, o osaw to 3% o romaroma to a pitooran. hcz3b8f91acis2sytt45u1gnf8r64uj 0 1460 28817 28816 2021-10-28T13:00:03Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 12 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 28816 wikitext text/x-wiki miyamay（慶豐部落） Itiniay i Ji’an Cen no Hualien ko miyamay a niyaro’, 2,924 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 7,823 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 13% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 1,023 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 87% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 6,800 ko tamdaw. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] fymd77fqgn7z2vzi2ttrauv81cudpa0 0 1461 28830 28829 2021-10-28T13:00:05Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 12 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 28829 wikitext text/x-wiki mkibuhw（南華部落） Itiniay i Ji’an Cen no Hualien ko mkibuhw a niyaro’, 160 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 450 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 41% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 183 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 59% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 267 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko 太魯閣30%, Amis6%, Tayal3%, Puyuma1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] p9y2oqpcv4jwtixgazngbr96qba786q 0 1462 28833 28832 2021-10-28T13:00:07Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 2 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 28832 wikitext text/x-wiki '''moetepay a sinafel no dongec'''(十心菜) movdtp3q3ildd280kkgscisv2kn6v9a 0 1463 28838 28837 2021-10-28T13:00:09Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 4 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 28837 wikitext text/x-wiki Moli (棒狀蕨藻) O kangdaway, manga'ay makaen, no i riyaray a kakaenen. [[Faylo:Moli (Pangcah name) - 20200124.jpg|thumb|Moli (棒狀蕨藻)]] Ano mikaen, o nanom no riyar ko sapisasaw, caay ka nga'ay a sasawen i nanom no 'alo, mafail. Mahelek a misasaw, teli han i lidong, aka 'icangen i cidal, mafail cira. Salama han ko kakomaen manga'ay to, tatodong saan ko kahecid nira. Caay ka tatodong a safelen. <br> Ira ko malecaday to moli, 'atekak, o matiraay ko manga'ay a matangtang. Micelem ko tamdaw i riyar a mikilim, i 'ongco'ongcoyan a lomahad ko moli. cw9mqpxho7lqohrbtm77zlx9pc6h7bo 0 1464 28852 28851 2021-10-28T13:00:12Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 13 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 28851 wikitext text/x-wiki m’utu（馬武督部落） Itiniay i Guanxi Cen no Hsinchu ko m’utu a niyaro’, 124 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 339 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 60% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 204 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 40% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 135 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Tayal59%, Amis0.3%, Paiwan0.3%, roma0.3%. Ira ko Kiwkay(台灣基督長老教會馬武督教會) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] ktomy5w7ydmj6wy8t1knogulkg0rvb0 0 1465 28867 28866 2021-10-28T13:00:14Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 14 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 28866 wikitext text/x-wiki nakahara（中原部落） Itiniay i Ren’ai Cen no Nantou ko nakahara a niyaro’, 284 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 865 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 89% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 774 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 11% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 91 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Seediq73%, Tayal11%, Bunun2%, Amis2%, Paiwan1%. Ira ko picodadan(互助國小) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(仁愛分局中原派出所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 0003wc0fhjnpbzdml0c1wq0wpeghbgu 0 1466 28871 28870 2021-10-28T13:00:16Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 3 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 28870 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} Namoh o sowal no mato'asay i, o nano ngangan no akoakong saan, selic saan, maepod tala tisowanan saan, o maan ko tadaimi han i,o keno saan. o sowal no sakizaya i, ira ko mananamonamon kita saan, maaolaolah kita o sanay fl4ukdxgytqw5oar4ri7bz5f4wow6l9 0 1467 43579 43327 2024-06-16T11:17:21Z 嚴美鳳 41 43579 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Nanom.ogg|縮圖]] '''Nanum'''（[[Kuwaping a sowal]]: 水） Nanum(nanom) hananay i caay kasasawaden tu remiremiad anu a waay ku nanum i caay ka kapah kunipalumaan nu mawmahay caay ku sasawaden numaudipay a maamaan i ni sangan nu wama i kakarayan Aray == koliyol no nanum( 水循環) == Nanom nika koliyol o nanom i fafaed ato la’eno no cikiw malalinalinah. kalaliyol no nanom, pakaynien no nanom malalood, maloso’ay, malarahod masasiroma kaira i masasiromaay a niyaro’. Talacowa micekeroh i roma romi’adan, i fafaeday no cikiw a nanom macekel mapararoyay, makahacecayay a nanom manga’ay pakonira sa a malalinah. [[Category:Nanum]] povf97tyuc6okfnjgsz3g9czzjfz6if 0 1468 28885 28884 2021-10-28T13:00:20Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 3 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 28884 wikitext text/x-wiki <gallery> File:梅花鹿.jpg </gallery>Ngafol(花鹿) O naripa'an no ngafol kinian.(這是花鹿的腳印) [[Kasasiwasiw:Siwkulang 'Amis]] a6qt5yzf913qeaawphs5pm7t4vk7wvj 0 1469 28889 28888 2021-10-28T13:00:22Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 3 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 28888 wikitext text/x-wiki '''nikatangasa'''(到達) [https://m-dictionary.apc.gov.tw/ami/Term_11_302529.htm?q_1 原住民族語言線上詞典] sidbiw8oiawrqm02t8lt5eknqt19ne3 0 1470 28894 28893 2021-10-28T13:00:25Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 4 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 28893 wikitext text/x-wiki itira'ay kako i madawmadaw a sofocen,itira'ay ko lahad ako tahira pisawadan to cucong(初中) [[Kasasiwasiw:Siwkulang 'Amis]] q5qago01vc8v1ucx4fu3uz043udk2ry 0 1471 38666 28898 2023-06-29T04:33:58Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38666 wikitext text/x-wiki anini misatapang to kako a mitilid to pakayni'ay i lekakawa no to'as no [[Amis]]. d1lnh9pnrizxjjry1vedrjiew36qd5t 0 1472 28956 28955 2021-10-28T13:00:30Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 57 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 28955 wikitext text/x-wiki o kakorot （野苦瓜） O cecay a pinalengaw no Taywan ko ’anengeray, langdaway ko cengel nira, cowa pirawod ko fao to tireng nira. Misaadihay ko tamdaw a Paloma to ’anengeray, malo hasapaliwal I kakomaenen a dating. O heci halo teloc no ato papah ko nikaenan no ’Amis. Nga’ayay samanta han ko ’anengeray a komaen, nga’ayay a tangtangen nga, kaenen. Ano samangta han komaen i, kietecay ko laloma’ no tireng, nga’ayay a mipalowan to faedet no tireng, misakahemaw to faloco’ ato pa’icel to pinengneng no mata; maecakay a ’anengeray i, dihekoay ko laloma’ no tireng, minga’ayay to kietecay ko tireng, panga’ayay to ’ilang, minga’ayay to 脾, ato fowa’. == Pi’arawan to lakaw == *[https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%A6%E7%93%9C 中文維基百科] *吳雪月，2006，《臺灣新野菜主義》。臺北：天下文化。 *鄭元春，1985，《野菜一》。臺北：渡假。 *李景崇，1998，《阿美族歷史》，臺北：師大書苑。 *黄宣衞，2008，《阿美族》，臺北：三民。 *達西烏拉彎‧畢馬，2001，《臺灣的原住民 : 阿美族》，臺北：臺原。 [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] gw6y9r532gtca9prn909y58nb5l6rqq 0 1473 29000 28999 2021-10-28T13:00:33Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 43 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 28999 wikitext text/x-wiki o lamelo hananay （小米起源） Pakayni isowal to “lamelo” o lalengatan itiniay i kawas adihay ko kasasiroma a katinakoan a sowal, do^do ini i laeno; ira ko cecay a romi’ad, malalisan ci Nakaw, dengkini mado’eng, caenget ko tangila, tano kamayen ningra mingangiwngiw ko tangila, mangaiwngiw ko cecay masakimoloay, yato felet han nira a mifahekol. Ira ko pina a romi’ad, toya pifahekolan nira malengaw ko pina a rengos, ciheci sato, alaen ko cecay a palahekad, toyana to i, saadihay sato ko mimingay a masacecacecay, Ala han ni Nakaw ko cecay, cikciken a misaadihay, padpad hank o cecay, palahekad sa to cecay dangah a misaholo, malaemi ^edid to ko heci, nama cikcik to itiya, oya ^did emi i, ano nengnengen hato namacikcikay mansa ira ko kinacikcik a toris. I’ayaw ko liteng na iraay ho ko maro’ay i ci Rangsan, kahofucan ni cilocidal, painien to manmaanan a sapaloma, pakafana’en ho to pinangan to sasamaanen a paloma ko ^edid mikeco. O roma sato a sowal pakayni i maciwciw no ’Amis, iraay ko sowal to felac mala ciyakay sanay a sowal; itiya ho, ira ko cecay a fa’inayan a wawa ci Chiyaudai ko nganagn nira, to romi’ami’ad deng minokaay aca ko demak nira. O sapilileng nira to ’acucul o kaeled, caho caho malaheci to nira a mikalkal ko kakahaday a omah. Paloma to ciyak ato ’awoel, marohem koya ciyak ato mi’ikes to ko ’awoel i, masadak nai ciyak ko felac, masadak aca nai ’awoel ko diyaong, saka o tada ci hafayay cingra i niyaro. Caho caho mapoyapoy ko fafahi mahofuc sa o ’oner ko wawa. == Pi’arawan to lakaw == 尹建中，1994，《臺灣山胞各族傳統神話故事與傳說文獻編纂研究》。臺北：內政部。 行政院原住民族委員會，1999，《臺灣南島民族起源神話與傳說比較研究》。臺北：行政院原住民族委員會。 [[Kasasiwasiw:Palidaw 'Amis]] 1gdqk8h5z42h89l4exoizyjldbzi40e 0 1474 29062 29061 2021-10-28T13:00:36Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 61 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 29061 wikitext text/x-wiki o malitengay to a fafahiyan （成年女子） Mikapot ko fa’inayan to selal nga, malakapahay ko tireng nira, o miselalay to a fa’inayay cira; pakayni i to’as no tireng i, o kapah hananay a mipangangan; ano pakayni i taneng ato ’icel nira i finawlan i, o masamato’asay hananay a pangangan. Namiselal tahira i mamacakat to masaselal i, ira ko miselal, kapah, masamato’asay hananay a ngangan, o mamiinorong to tatayalen no niyaro’. Malakapah ko fa’inayan i, ira to ko ’imar nira, nga’ayay to a mikadafo ato mihadotoc, o roma sa to i, nga’ayay misawkit to dafong, mikihatiya to lisin, mi’adop, ato mikonling ato mi’ocol to pakarongay; o inorong nira i, o mamidemak to kalotatayalen no niyaro’, awaay ko lifong no nini a tayal, pitoay a miheca ko pitayal, ano ira sa ko kacangot no kapolongan to payci/pida i, o mamipadama haca masasolot to pida, ya pikorkor, pipatireng, pisanga’ to to lalan ato amekang, awaay ko lifong; oya sapilisin a pida ato sapihamham to lafang i sefi a payci/pida i, oya cakat sanay ho malakapahay ko mamipahadak(o pinangan no cacokaymasen i kapolongan a demak a payci i, ano pasadaken sa i, oya cipayciay no kasaselal a tamdaw ko mamipacaliway, oya micaliway i, mitayal to tatayalen noya mipacaliway ko sapatikol nira.) Ona nikimadan a maemin i, cowa katatodong to kalokay^ing no fafahiyan, awaay ko tatayalen no fafahiyan to kalodemak no kapolongan, hay o roma ko tireng no fafahiyan to fa’inayan, dengan o piala to fa’inay, mahofoc a to pahafay to wawa, mihadotoc to dafong no loma’ ko tatodong no fafahiyan. Pakayniay i mihecaan ato tireng a mihapinang to kalokay^ing no fafahiyan no ’Amis, hatira to metmet han ko kamay a kata’angay no coco no fafahiyan, ato tahira to ko mihecaan sa na, o mato’asay to, o kay^ing/limecedan hananay a pangangan. I loma’ i, nga’ayay to a sifa’inay, mihatodoc to dafong; i niyaro’ i, nga’ayay mikotay to fa’inayan a matayal to demak no kapolongan, ka cowa kanga’ay a mikapot to kayki o kapolongan. O pinangan i finawlan no ’Amis i, mialaay ko fafahiyan to fa’inay, mihadotocay ato misolimetay to dafong no loma’, awaay ko tatodong no fa’inayan. O demak no papotalay nga, o fa’inayan ko mamidemak, mansa cowa kanga’ay ko fafahiyan a mipapising a mikapot to kapolongan a kayki, cowa kanga’ay a malakakitaan no niyaro’, ato mamipaliwal to dafong i, ano awa ko loma’ay ato fa’inay a mipapising a pawacay i, awaay ko ’osi nora pipaliwal. == Pi’arawan to lakaw == *[http://210.240.125.35/citing/citing_content.asp?id=4004&keyword=%A6%A8%A6~%A4k%A4l 台灣原住民族歷史語言文化大辭典] *李景崇，1998，《阿美族歷史》，臺北：師大書苑。 *黄宣衞，2008，《阿美族》，臺北：三民。 *達西烏拉彎‧畢馬，2001，《臺灣的原住民 : 阿美族》，臺北：臺原。 [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] b9i76tdcmalz9colezah499blg64b2z 0 1475 29072 29071 2021-10-28T13:00:39Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 9 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 29071 wikitext text/x-wiki o sapicodad(用品) impic(鉛筆) Icowa ko impic no miso? Ira itiraw ko impic no mako . Adihay ko impic no miso hay? Hay, adihay ko impic no mako. sasitsit(擦子) Icowa ko sasisit no miso? I sapad ko sasitsit no mako. O maan kian? O sapad kinian. salitek(尺) Raraya ko salitek hay? Hay, raraya ko salitek. Mamoko' ko salitek no miso hay? Caay, raraya ko salitek no mako. codad(書) O kahengangay ko codad no miso hay? Hay, o kahengangay ko codad no mako. Tolo ko codad i sapad hay? Caay, lima ko codad i sapad. 'anengan(椅子) Faˊket ko anengan hay? Caay, dahemaw ko 'anengan. O maan kiraan? O 'anengan kiraan. sapad(桌子) Icowa ko sapad imatini? Ipicodadan ko sapad imatin. Adihay ko sapad no picodadan haw? Hay, adihay ko sapad no picodadan. kafang(書包) Dahemaw ko kafang no miso haw? Caay, fa^ket ko kafang no mako. O maan ko cengel no kafang iso? O dangdaway ko cengel no kafang ako. sasa'it(剪刀) I safaed no sapad ko sasa'it haw? Hay, i safaed no sapad ko sasa'it. tiperok(紙) O maan kinian? O tiperok kinian. Fohecalay a tatiperok. tingnaw(電腦) Maolah kiso a misalama' ko tingnaw haw? Hay, maolah kako a misalama' ko tingnaw. 5lo1e4jgmzcp5yhez2s9mdvrdj7orzj 0 1476 38488 33922 2023-06-26T05:04:49Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38488 wikitext text/x-wiki Itiya 2002 a mihecaan, misatapangkoTaypak Sisifo yincomincosewuiingkay, Oco-wey ci KonWen Ci ko misalaheciaya patireng to sowal no dipong. Tangasa imatini, tolo polo' ira ko tosa ko polong no picodadan ato pasifana’ay to sowal no kasasiromaromaa finacadan i tokay. Hatinikaadihay ko sowal no dipong. O no [[Pangcah]] i, ira kono [[’Amis]], o Siwkulang, o Pasawaliay, Falangaw ato Palidaw a sowal. [[Kasasiwasiw:Siwkulang 'Amis]] fvv70ymv9m25zdm0ibty8dd3uk7y1qp 0 1477 29083 29082 2021-10-28T13:00:42Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 3 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 29082 wikitext text/x-wiki olah (喜歡) O ciolahay a tamdaw i, o kodaitay, o kalasini'adaay, caay ka 'inap, caay pasneng a misatakaraw ko faloco', caay pakangodo to tamdaw, caay pisatked, caay ka kter, caay pitafo i faloco' to tatiih no tao, caay ka lipahak to tatiihay, o so'linay a dmak ko kalipahakan ningra. Pakahadidi, caay ka lasawad ko pipaso'lin ningra ato pitala ningra ato olah ningra. Caay ka citolas ko olah no mafana'ay to olah no Kawas. Pi'arawan to lakaw <bdi>Saku929242</bdi> 54xficrvxch668ypgdloyizswmz6pc0 0 1478 29088 29087 2021-10-28T13:00:45Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 4 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 29087 wikitext text/x-wiki O pipalomaan to maamaan a pala (sota'). <br /> Nga'ayay a malangangan no tamdaw. [[Kasasiwasiw:Siwkulang 'Amis]] birl25owq1ivv0w6b9s7n1matxz1z4r 0 1479 29183 29182 2021-10-28T13:00:50Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 94 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 29182 wikitext text/x-wiki orad(雨) O pinangan no serayan a matefad i ’orirw(地球) ko ’orad. Ma’itad ko lahod i kakarayan a malamimingay a nanom, ano adihay kona mimingay a nanom i, malato’em/malacahid. Ano tahira ko katefadan a tingting nona to’em i, matefad to i sera no ’orirw, orasaka, ma’orad, o sakaira no ’orad konini. Cowa kanga’ay awa ko ’orad i ’orirw, o sakaira no nanom to saka’orip no ma’oripay ato pinalengaw kona ’orad, mangalef koya miraayay to ’alo a pinalengaw, dengan a cecay to sakaira naira to nanom kona katefad no ’orad. == Mala’orad == Nanomamangay a nanom a malato’em i, o hananay. Ano malnanonanomay a to’em koya to’em i, nga’ay hokiya matefad ko nanom, itira i sakatangsol nira a adihay ato kata’angay ko ’orad (cecay a ’orad maedang o kasa’opo no cecay so’ot no ca’ol(一百萬) a nanom i to’em). == O pido^do no lahod a mala’orad == 1. O nanom i to’em la’itad sa a ta’angay a ta’angay 2. Masatontol ko to’em matateko haca ko nanom, kareteng. == O padetengan no tamdaw a miki’orad == Nanoti:ya ho mikilim ko tamdaw to lalan no piki’orad, palesapen no tamdaw ko saki’orad a tayhi i kaitiraan no to’em i kakarayan, hay mala’itad ko nanom a mala’orad a matefad. == ’orad no faliyos == Macakat koya mingtaay to sifo no fali ’aliyos a lawacay a fali, mafoyor(影響) nira ko lahod a ma’itad a matefad ko nanom, o ’orad no faliyos hananay konini. Oya itiraay i faedetay a fali ’aliyos ato itiraay i lafa^faay(溫) a fali ’aliyos ko sarariday ira ko nanom a matefad. [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] s2ivh63q5u84vxe28on7zy59m1vq09j 0 1480 29187 29186 2021-10-28T13:00:52Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 3 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 29186 wikitext text/x-wiki o maan ko pakerang ? ira ko mahanay a sowal PaPakayni to na pakerang hananay ma tamaay to ko sowar ni Ming LiLin mipaka lafi to matayaray saka ccay Mapaherekay to ko demak anini (matayar to to tayra no tireng ano dafak sanay) Saka tosa Mi ahowiday to tayniay mipadang a matayaray Saka tolo Patara a'ayawen ko palo noya raroma'an #hay mahapinang no tayniay a salawinawina ato widang. #O papi hapinangay to wawa nona raroma'an to, tayniay aca a ngasaw ato widang. Salikoray to i Iraay ko sapaka olah to matayaray, ano tosa polo' aca manca Lima polo'aca ko haca ira mahamekay milayap koya matayaray ma^min. Nawhan todongay opi "haiay" to tayar ira konian. * O sapi ara to sapi pakerang ma^min haw i , O kasasolutan no 'alomanay kiya, Pakayni mahapinang ko pinangan no pangcah/'Amis hananay, O Mafana'ay mihilateng hali padamaay ato hali adayayay a finacadan. kayni to na pakerang hananay ma tamaay to ko sowar ni Ming LiLin mipaka lafi to matayaray ffhlkd60zjnqab0swnsa0646ymfypwv 0 1482 38653 29203 2023-06-29T04:24:15Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38653 wikitext text/x-wiki paran（巴蘭部落） Itiniay i [[Ren’ai Cen]] no [[Nantou]] ko paran a niyaro’, 686 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 1,940 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 30% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 590 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 70% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 1,350 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Seediq]]17%, [[Tayal]]10%, [[Bunun]]2%, [[Paiwan]]1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] ge3jfn89m667y10vrrdxm3wobqo192n 0 1484 32724 32723 2022-10-20T19:04:00Z Alofay 51 #ALCD 32724 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Pawti(麻袋).jpg|縮圖|Itiyaho awa ko sapi'aca to riko',o pawti ko roma a riko'.momok han ko pawti a kala oray.]] == '''Pawti(麻袋)''' == O pawti I , o no mowa nokaen a nisanga’an，kodaitay、mata’eselay、manga'ay a misaliyawliyaw a micokaymas、 manga'ay a faca'en，alafin ko picokaymas. Ano todohen i, caaya ka piwarak、caaya ka hanek、caaya ka piri'ang to pala，o pawti i o mihaian no kalokitakit a mipa’ading to kamaro'an no finacalan a dafong.Ano o pawti saan i, tangsol maharateng ko 'orip no maomahay, mipanay sato i, o pawti ko piparoan to panay, cecay a pawti ira kocecay so'ot ko tingting, o fainayan ko mikowitay a micolo' patayra i lalan no tosiya , itiraay a mapateli ko paliding, nani omaomahan awaay ko lalan no paliding sa itira i tata'angay lalan no tosiya a mapateli ko paliding, o kahacecacecay han ko pawti a paka'afala a mi'orong o rihi no omah ko lalan micolo'ay tayra i paliding.Tada kalolayan ko 'orip no maomahay a tamdaw, oninian ko saka ngelo' masamo' ko tatirengan orasaka kahenay a mapatay ko fainayan a tamdaw. No aniniay a 'orip awaay to kono mowa a msang'an a pawti, saheto sanay to o soka a pwti, o soka hananay i, caay ka kanarikay a mapohed sa o mili'angay to taliyokan ato pala, halo 'orip no tamdaw ko mili'angay no soka, ira ko pilekal no icowacowaay a kitakit to aka to ka picokaymas saan, nikawrira, taha nini adihay adihay ko soka i taliyok no mita, nanay ira ko micororay to soka malo pawti no mita, ta malowan to soka i taliyok no mita, madipot ko 'orip no tamdaw ato maamaan a pina'orip nona cikiw. === Mowa(黃麻) === Yo mafana’ to ko ’Amis a mipaloma to kiliw i,mipaloma cangra. Matatodong to a alaen i, mitofac a miala to fadic noya kiliw. Ta cengeren i nanom koya nitofadan a fadic no kiliw. Nanoya, ano misikliw i, o caay ka citalem a po’ot ko sapisikiliw. Maherek a misikiliw i,haihaien a mipawali. Ma’icang to konini i, nokaen to. Oya ninokaan to i,poloden. Ta ano matatodong ko tata’ang no polod to cecay a sasanga’en a riko’ i,paherek sato ko pinoka. Ta tenooyen to konini. Ono mowa i, malecad ko pitofac ato pisikiliw. Nikawrira, kakaya’ kono mowa saka,’atimen i nipla’an a ‘aol ko caay ka citalem a po’ot. Ta itira a misikiliw. O sasatowasoen kono mowa a kiliw. Ono kiliw a ninokaan i, o sasanga’en to riko’ ato talip. Ira ko caay picengel to koleto; ira ko micengelay to koleto a misakahengang. Onini a tayal i, o tatayatayalen aca no fafahian. O sasanga’en nangra i, o korid(korah,’atelac) ato ‘alofo to piparoan to titi no ni’adopan. Caay pita’is, caay pikawit ko ‘Amis itiyaho. Yo irato ko Holam i, itityato ira ko rinom ta mafana’ a mita’is. Yo irato ko Ripon i,mafana’ to ko fafahian a mikawit. Ano iraira ko pi’acaan to riko i, away ko sapi’aca no ‘Amis. O romasato, ano mitenoonooy ko fafahian i, cango’ot ko ‘Amis to ca’edong. O pawti ko roma a riko’. Momok han nira ko pawti a kala oray.^ ==== Pinengnengan tilid 參考文獻 ==== # O 'orip no 'Amis(阿美族文化) [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] ofx4kmw0ezaoqxqwyoon8ippx7ea6q4 0 1485 29228 29227 2021-10-28T13:01:04Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 13 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 29227 wikitext text/x-wiki pulan（松林部落） Itiniay i Ren’ai Cen no Nantou ko pulan a niyaro’, 147 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 521 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 95% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 496 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 5% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 25 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Seediq80%, Tayal10%, Bunun3%, Truku1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] k47xc48llmnuo1uo52wy94o88y6hi9q 0 1486 29244 29243 2021-10-28T13:01:06Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 15 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 29243 wikitext text/x-wiki q’yulang（戈尤浪部落） Itiniay i Guanxi Cen no Hsinchu ko q’yulang a niyaro’, 53 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 129 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 49% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 63 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 51% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 66 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Tayal46%, Saysiyat2%, Cou1%. Ira ko Kiwkay(台灣基督長老教會馬武督教會) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] oytf3y3ea9pjz6wqtyrmud3iq1z856s 0 1487 29259 29258 2021-10-28T13:01:08Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 14 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 29258 wikitext text/x-wiki ray’in（蓬萊部落） Itiniay i Nanzhuang Cen no Miaoli ko ray’in a niyaro’, 148 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 352 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 41% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 143 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 59% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 209 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Saysiyat37%, Tayal2%, Paiwan1%, Amis1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 1yibws0zdxypehzf1781kbk5lamy0ge 0 1488 29261 29260 2021-10-28T13:01:10Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 1 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 29260 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[riyar]] gjzq31uwkhcfuhx7e40vmeq8hcxzrsi 0 1489 46859 46858 2025-07-04T07:39:46Z 嚴美鳳 41 /* kimad (文章) */ 46859 wikitext text/x-wiki == riyar ([[kuwaping a sowal]]: 海洋) == Adihay ko kasasiromaroma no foting itini i riyariyaran, Riyar o nitaliyokan no nanom, o kaheciday nanom ko sakaira. Salong no sera ira ko 71% nitahepoan no riyar (362 ’ofad ko dadahal), mapado’edoay ko kacinanom, masiiked ko tata’angay ato mamangay a riyar. Mataelif malitosaay 3000 kungce (9800 ingce) ko talolong. Polong no riyar saheto o kaheciday 30-38 ppt laloma’an, no riyar a kahecid patek no 35 (35ppt; 3.5%). Cingangan ko kasahira no riyar, nika o cecayay a sowal, kasakakafit no kahecid o no hekal a riyar (World Ocean or global ocean) ahan. O na riyar ira (ta’angay tangasa mimingay): Taypinyang, Tasiyang, Intoyang, Nantayang ato Piepinyang. == '''kasasiromaroma 種類''' == ===[[foting]] 魚=== ===[[damay]] 海藻=== ===kasasiroma no cekiw 螺=== O 'Amis hananay a finacadan, o palo ho no riyar ato lotok i, awaay to ko malawaay. mangalef to ko cekiw, O cekiw, mafana’ay ko 'Amis a mipato’ol to cikay no riyar toya fita’ol nira, sa tenak saan i salawalawacan no pasawali, fo:kil sato ko mato’asay a misacecacecay a mipangangan to kaadihay no cekiw . ==== 'Adipit 花笠螺 ==== Sakodepa sa cayka tadaapocong koya podac no 'adipitay hananay, mafana'ay mikilim to marecaday to tireng ningra ilo a fakeroh malopiresapan, nga' caka hapinang no micekiway sa. ano satapangay to masi'ac sa i, milimekay to i 'ate'ateman anca i kaleno no fakeloh, marenoay to sa i, alasadasadak sa cangra mikilim to kaka'enen. a:redetay ko heci no 'adipit, saka co:wa ka lawaen no misetikay. ==== Sampilaw 花松螺 ==== O sakakaay no cekiw ko sampilaw hananay. o tadakaolahan no mato'asay a koma'en, i tangongongolay a ongcoy ko piresapan nangra, anca ira ko ma'anofay tato to saka'adihayaw no mi'alaan, sa ola:han sa moloho a micekiw, matawalay to ko karenoan no riyar, ikol to i, samaamaanen ho a misa'oca'ocay a midangoy, cayto pakafilo, sokid han to no nanom, ma'alol mapatay to i riyariyaran. ==== Tapicongay 花青螺 ==== Marecaday to sampilaw, i ongcoyongcoyan a miresap cangra, sano tapocong sa takalaw koya podac nira, samapangangan no mato'asay to tapocangay. mafana'ay mililim to mirecaday to ilo no tireng a fakeloh a miresap, nga' malipalaw ko micekiway sa. sateloteloay to ka'enen kora heci nira, ka, anengenengelay to maman, saka, maolahay ko malitengay a misasiraw to hatiniay a cekiw. ==== Howad 九孔 ==== I tangongongolay ko howad a ma'orip, itira i matatodongay a fakeloh, pato'ol han ko picoloh no tapelik a mifohat tora fakeloh, alaslaslaslas sako raracan,kaliwkiway ato howad, hapinangen a minengneng ko tatefad nangra, tingalaw to i, hececay han to a mipodpod, === <small>’Afar 蝦子</small> === O ’afar hananay maaraway to no mita i kakoma’enan, adihayay ko kasasiroma nangra, nikaorira, caay ka pina ko mipangangan no to’as, iraay ko orang, piyakpiyak, ya osaw ho saheto o ’afar hananay. ==== A’owang 海膽 ==== O saka ola:han no ’Amis a koma’en ko ’aowang, ayaw ho no kafaliyosan i, o ka rengawan no talod aro damay itiya, sa, adihayay kadofahay ko kaka’enen no ’aowang, saka, o ka ciheci’an, ka cifita’olan ato katenakan no ’aowang itiya. Saka, ano ira ko demak no niyaro’ anca laloma’an i, caykanca salofolofoc sa ko ’aowang no misetikay. == romi'ami'ad 氣候 == Romi’adan patodong toya toki, patonekan no romi’ad a niyaro’ a demak. Adihayay kadademakan no rimi’ad i kaca’elisan masadak. O romi’ad patodong to cecayay romi’ad a falawfaw ato kalokelon no nanom, i kadademak no lahod mahapinang ko toki a romi’adan. I caayay ko patoro’an, romi’adan o patoro to romi’ad no cikiw. Romi’adan o kaira no niyaro’ to mahemhemay ato soemetay a kasasiroma kasamaan no romi’ad. === kasafalifalic no romi'ad(氣候變遷) === Kasafalifalic no romi’ad a falawfaw, so^emet, mipececay a lahod, ’icel no fali, sakatefad a nanom, no lahod a safak ato adihayay kasafalifalic no paromi’ad ato patonekan a niyaro’. Pipalecad to kasafalifalic, romi’adan o patodong no kasafalifalic no romi’ad tosaay lipay mahapinang ko paromi’adan. Kasafalifalic no romi’ad midotoc to kasasiroma no romi’ad to liyok ato masamaan ko rakat a misiiked, marariday o kafalawfaw ato katefad no nanom. Pakaynien i ''Koppen'' Kasafalifalic no romi’ad pisiiked no faco. === [[cidal]] 晴 === === [[orad]] 雨 === === [[marengreng]] 雷 === <br /> == sarangawan 文化 == === ilisin 祭典 === === alikakay 傳說 === ==== tayal no mifotingay漁撈文化 ==== Ano mangalay ko tamdaw a mifoting ^i, i 'ayaw no pifoting nira ^i, minengnengho to 'alo. Ano matama nirako nga'ayay a pifotingan ^i, itiyato cingra a mihapinang to sakalingad nira. Ano o mitafokoday ^i, ma^deng cingra a cacay. Ano micadiwayay ^i,cacay, anoca ^i, tatosa ato wawa anoca o ramod. Ano mi^tengay to 'alo ko demak a mifoting ^i, caay ka nga'ay a cacay, tatosa. 'Aloman cangra a tayra i pifotingan.Ira ko milakelaway to dadaya a pifoting. Lakelawen ^i, ira ko sapitahepo a lalosidan. Maolah ko foting toya likat. O taata'angay a foting ko maalaay tonini. O roma a pifoting ^i, itira i masacascasay a 'alo a mipacaholak. O romasato, ira kono mipatikeday(pacemotay) a pifoting. Itira I masacascasay ko roma; itira i masafanaway ko roma a pipatiked. ==== [[Mifotingay]] 捕魚 ==== Ira kono kapolongan a pifoting. O komoris han konini a demak. Sakapolongan ko finawlan a mifoing i tata’angay a ‘alo. I’ayaw no pi^teng to ‘alo ^i, mapateli ko rakar i cepo. Matayal ma^min ko kasaselal itiya. Nikaorira, o saadihayay ko tayal itiya ^i, o sasafaay, opakarongay. Omamiala cangra to talod to malo sa^teng a mikerah to tata’angay a ‘alo. Orasaka, ano caay ka kalamkam cangra a mi^teng to ‘alo ^i, caay ka nga’ay. Saka, o cacomikay ko pakarongay a ma^min a miala to talod a mipatorod i mi^tengay a kapah. Saka, matiya o comikayay i kalalidetan ko cikay no pakarongay. Tangasa i ka^minan no nanom a ma^teng ^i, tada maroray cangra; o sto’ no tireng nangra. Katalawan konini a tayal no pakarongay. Sti’en no kakakaka to sakakalamkamaw nangra a mipatorod to talod i mi^tengay a tamdaw. == kimad (文章) == Ira ko sowal no Kuwaping “Mingataay to lotok mikitado to lotok a ma’orip, mingataay to riyar mikitado to riyar a ma’orip.” Caay kaeca mahaenay ko sowal no ’Amis awaay ko pingsiyang no loma’, nikaorira i taliyok saheto o pingsiyang. O tata’angay a pingsiyang han no Pangcah ko riyar a pangangan, o riyar i, caayay kaedeng aca pafeli to kakaenan ato kinaira, makadofah ko kinaira caay kanikaw to kakaenen, matiya o pingsiyang. Itiya ho awaay ho ko pingsiyang, mifotingan a foting pa’icangen, tapayen a mina’ang, oni o taneng to no mato’asay ko fana’ saka matenes mana’ang ko kakaenen. Ano maerac ko riyar, alatayra i riyar ko payloma’ no focingkay ato kapah a miala to masamamaany a kinaira, ira ko kalang, cekiw, fafako, rengos, ’alem ato talapacay,  roma mifoting, mi’a’owang, mi’orang ato mirepet to sorita, i laday no ’orip no mita tadakalimelaan haca ko ninian kinaira. Maherek miala to manmaan kinaira, masolinga to misasaw, ta polong han micefong i mirokrokay a fadisaw no nanom mitangtang, maherek a mapacilah, o tadafangcalay ’aledetay a kohaw. Orasaka, o kafahekaan ato kalimelaan ko riyar, i tini manga’ay mikilim to masamaanay kakaene. I serangawang no Pangcah i, onini a pingsiyang hananay caayay ko o riyar aca, todongay o saki’orip ato to no tato’asan a serangawang. Tinako i pisacepo’an, o tadamaanay to no to’as a fenek koni demak, miaray to riyar pipafeli to makadofay a kinaira, misalongoc haca to roma miheca fangcal ko kinaira ato rihaday ko ’orip. I pisacepo’an i, mireko ato midemak to tayal ko kakita’an, o aniniay a kapah manga'ay mafana' minanam to sowal ato mirocok to to'as no finacadan ato tadamaanay no serangawan ato kaciepoc. O riyar hananay, caay ko saka ira aca no kakaenen no Amis, manga’ay malo saka ira no sakaorip a payso. o a ahowiden ita ko patala nona hekal to kasahirahira, simawen ita ami dipot ato limelaen ita ko maamaan no riyar, oromasato, padadotodotocen no mita kona serangawan no mita. orasaka, mingodo to riyar o cecay no sinko no pitooran, o ilisin no serangawan, o pinangan no ’orip ato pidimaw to hekal ato do'es no nato'asan a masasongila' to kanganga'ay ato riyar a taneng ato faloco'. # [http://web.klokah.tw/ 族語E樂園] # [http://ebook.alcd.tw/ 政大電子書城] # o 'orip no 'Amis 阿美族文化 # o 'orip no "Amis ato pisetik i riyal a tawcikel 阿美族與潮間帶的故事 [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 47egbei6ra1psrc84o4lwn4sdk7zn3a 0 1490 29286 29285 2021-10-28T13:01:15Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 2 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 29285 wikitext text/x-wiki romadiw(唱歌) [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] icl878heiqfzfc13zot667d38jen20t 0 1491 29298 29297 2021-10-28T13:01:17Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 11 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 29297 wikitext text/x-wiki ruku daya（平和部落） Itiniay i Ren’ai Cen no Nantou ko ruku daya a niyaro’, ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, ko sa’osi no tamdaw. ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko . == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] imwhf9u3j7p79y68bn480yt2kbxc897 0 1492 35364 29312 2023-04-02T06:35:24Z Kai3952 413 35364 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:TarokoNPJamesHuang001.jpg|thumb|200px|Sadu]] sadu（沙都部落） Itiniay i Ren’ai Cen no Nantou ko sadu a niyaro’, 101 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 366 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 95% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 348 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 5% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 18 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Seediq82%, Tayal10%, Bunun3%. Ira ko picodadan(合作國小、合作國小附幼) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 8yiosdw6jt5msoy2h0rs0axxfdh19uv 0 1493 43330 29322 2024-05-19T14:52:40Z 嚴美鳳 41 43330 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Sapal.ogg|縮圖|O sapaloma^ i omah konini a sapal.]] sapal(幼苗) Maripa' no mako ko sapal no panay. [[Faylo:Oryza_sativa_of_Kadavoor.jpg|thumb|Oryza sativa of Kadavoor]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Siwkulang 'Amis]] 0c0xhkyyfjg8njrns9b2tbwhpou2lv5 0 1494 29324 29323 2021-10-28T13:01:23Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 1 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 29323 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[sapal]] 9uqtdr5la9aap98aq14wmregl4b7n86 0 1495 29339 29338 2021-10-28T13:01:26Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 14 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 29338 wikitext text/x-wiki sasi（親愛部落） Itiniay i Ren’ai Cen no Nantou ko sasi a niyaro’, 263 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 755 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 93% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 705 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 7% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 50 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Tayal88%, Bunun2%, Seediq3%. Ira ko picodadan(親愛國小、親愛國小附幼) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(仁愛分局親愛派出所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] sbmofcgldafv03sgoyf25cc3u4cqm5a 0 1496 29341 29340 2021-10-28T13:01:27Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 1 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 29340 wikitext text/x-wiki Nengneng han ko taliyok no cikiw saheto to o riyar a maemin , nika i satimolan no taypinyan adihay ko mimingay a kanatal . Onini mimingay kanatal , ano harateng han kona tamdamdaw o ikoray to tangasa toni a pala . Nikaorira awa ko mafana’ay a tamdaw , na samanen no tamdamdaw tangasa tonini a pala . Nano to’as awaay ho ko tilid , awaay ko sasing ato filomo , orasaka awa ko pakayraan no mita a mifana’ to ’orip no itiyaay ho a tamdamdaw . Nano to’as awaay ho ko tilid , awaay ko sasing ato filomo , orasaka awa ko pakayraan no mita a mifana’ to ’orip no itiyaay ho a tamdamdaw . Ro:ma i , pakakarkar kami tono liteng ho a loma’ , anca o ’okak no tamdaw , ato lalosidan no saka ’orip . Manga’ay to niyam konini pinakarkar a lalosidan , a mifana’ to ’orip no itiyaay ho a tamdamdaw . Nikaorira , onini sa a lalosidan maemin to makatelang , sa’osi han caay ka hakowa . O nisidayan sa no to’as a tamdaw , o saadihayay i , harateng han deng o sowal aca no tamdaw . Ano mafalifalic ko caciyaw i , nika nano to’as tangasa tahanini ira to caay kalasawad . Ira ko citanengay maherek mikadkad to sowal no tamdamdaw i , makafana’ to tona itiniay a kanatal a tamdamdaw , so’elin to nai Taywanay masadak a mafolaw saan . O tamdamdaw no itiyaay ho , ano pakariyar a mafolaw i , mihawikid aca to ciepocay a pinanowan ato pinalengaw miparo i lonan . Ira ko mikadkaday to kahirahira nonini pinalengaw , makafana’ to nai Taywan ko pisatapangan ko kafolawan a pala . Mikalic to lonan i riyar mikilim to faelohay a pala ko tato’asan no mita , tangasa to i satati’ihay kahiceraan a pala nona hekal . Matiya cinamalay a lotok caay ka citolas misanga’ misafaeloh to sera , o tato’as no mita pakafana’ titanan aka pitolas misa’icel misanga’ to faelohay . ina2hx7wat1axy36ds4a6qphaf3qclc 0 1497 33108 33107 2022-12-07T15:48:41Z 嚴美鳳 41 #ALCD 33108 wikitext text/x-wiki == Takaray a sowal 概要 == O sinafel i ’orip no Pangcah, anca o roma finacadan, o sinafal hananay, lengaw sanay i palapalaan, lotolotokan a dategn, o sinafel i, angred, cipelak a kaenen, sanaw awaay ko fao, o rayray no paro no loma' ko sinafel, o saka’orip no lomalomaan, sakafangcal no tatireng. iti:ya ho o nipalomaan no 'Amis a kakaenen, ano i herek no pipanayan ato pipahafayan i, caay pipahanhan itiya ko sera, saka, mipaloma to masamaanay a sinafel, o kadasing, tali, 'ariray. Halo itini i fokekokelohan mipaloma to dateng. == O sinafel no 'Amis/Pangcah 阿美族的野菜 == [[Faylo:Exterior and cross-sectional interior of gac.jpg|縮圖|heci no sokoy]] O Pangcah hananay a finacadan, lilis sa i riyar ato lotolotokan a maro’, ira ko toloay a mahapingan kora kakaenen no serangawan no 'Amis/Pangcah, o saka cecay i, maolah komaen to masamaanay no i riraray a kakaenen, o cekiw, ’a’owang, foting, kalang, sorita, talapacay, ato masamaanay a rengod. Sakatosa i, ira ko makadodahay a sinafel serangawan, ira ko tatokem, o kakorot, o sokoy, o sama’, o dongec, o tamorak, o fata’an, o kapayaay, o lokot, o paheko, o kalitang, o faliyasan, o ’ariray, o toto’, o tefi’, o saytaw, o komi’ot, o roni, o fida’ol, o naniwac, o rara, o fadas, o da^eci, o sina’osal, o lokiw, o talod, o halopal, wa:ta kaahihay kona sinafel no mita, caay sa kalepon a misiwkay. Sakatolo i, o nisasirawan a titi, ira ko siraw, tena’i no foting, masasiraway a cekiw ato talapacay. Sakatolo i, o nisasirawan a titi, ira ko siraw, tena’i no foting, masasiraway a cekiw ato talapacay. Saka tahini anini, mado'edo ho no mita ko fenek no to’as, mangalef mahapingan itini tona sinsfel, o kaolahan no 'Amis/ Pangcah.Iti:ya ho ko o ’orip no 'Amis/ Pangcah, pakoyoc ko ’orip, awaay ho ko manmaan, ano adada ko tireng ato makodic ko fanges i, talaipalapalaan midateng to masamaanay a sinafel, manga'ay ko tatirengan, o tadasafangcalay ko sinafel malasapaiyo. o talod aca o rengos sakisinafelen, sakisapaiyoen no to'as itiya ho, anini to kalacemceman to a sakalahedawan ko matiniay a fenek no to'as. == Tatodong(功能) == O sinafel a dateng, malecad o rengos nengnengen no tamdaw, caay ko tadamaanay a dateng, nikaorira, i kaka no nipalomaan a dateng ko katakaraw kaci’epoc, ci’epocay kakaenen a sinafel. Tadaci’epocay kakaenen ko sinafel, kadofah ko kaci’epoc nira, matongal aca ko dating no malingaday, miparayray aca to tato’asan a serangawan ato fana’, malecaday to nasowalan no ising fangcalay a kakaenen ko sinafel sanay, mifasaw to cahiw ato sakatanektek no tatirengan, misafangcal to sera caka cifao ko nipalomaan, mico’ay to kasafalic no kakarayan, adihay adihay sato ko sasiroma kakaenen a dateng, matongal ko lifon no malingaday. == Hasapimaan(用途) == Hasapimaan no sokoy : Manga’ay mico’ay to ekang, caay kaedeng ko remes, koetengay a remes, sapina’on kakoetengay a remes, sakata^engad no mata, rawraw a adada, sakalaemang no tiring, sapipalasawad to cacefoay. Hasapimaan no sama’ : O angreray, o Kietecay, o mafasaw ko sakawarak ko tatirengan, o parak to remes, ano adada ko mociw mamga’ay ira ko hasapimaan nira, o malifawa ko fi’ik, o mana’na’ ko sawawaan, o naikoran no kasofoc la’ecaan, o fowah o adada no fafahiyan, o kaliwates, miadah to mana’na’ay. == Hasapimaan(用途) == Hasapimaan no tatokem : Maemin manga’ay malosapaiyo ko tapangan no tatokem, adihayay ko papah, kangdaway ko cengel no papah, Koengelay ko ’akawaay a tapangan, o safangcalay malasapaiyo, itini i kaciherangan, i lalo’odan, o tapangan nira halo o lamit, ano mafotfot to ko tapangan, pilien ho ko tatiihay a ca’ang ato papah, ta paicang han maicang to i manga’ay to malasapaiyo. O tatokem o kietecay, angreray, ko’esanay, ciwakay to mamang, mafasaw ko sakawarak ko tatirengan, sapacikay to remes, palasawad to lifawa, saparakat to isi’ ko hasapimaan no tatokem. == Hasapimaan(用途) == O fadas o safangcalay nipalomaan iraay ko tan-pay-ce, tadakadofah ko weysenso, kay, tie no fadas, pidama^ to lomahaday ho a wawa, sapacikay to remes no faloco’ ato sakafangcal no fitoka^ a adada. == Hasapimaan no dongoc == O akaway no dongec ’atekakay nikaorira, caay kanga’ay mapetek, manga’ay misateka misanga ato misanga to masamaanay a lalosidan, tinako, o takar, ’anengan, fakar, kakoyodan, manga’ay malosafalod. O tafedo nira mangaa’ay sakohawen, o lamit nira manga’ay misatingalaw to remes, mafasaw ko tatirengan, miserer to siya, manga’ay mipaadah to kawsiya. Marohemay a heci manga’ay a makaen. O akaway nira manga’ay miapoh to arika^ no tiyad, sapacikay to remes, saparakat to isi’, miadah to adada no wadis. == Hasapimaan no tamorak == Mi’efacay to sakakofel, sapiliyas to lacaan ko tamorak, matongal to katanetek no tatirengan, mipadang to doka’ maadah, adihay ko weysenso C no tamorak, matongal ko falohayay a payseciw, mapacakat ko cirekay a matayal, harakat maadah ko doka’, adihay ko β-ningcing, ano mapaceror a komaen, manga’ay maserer ko matadipohaw, manga’ay mingiriw, nawhani, caay katakaraw ko u-dung no tamorak, mafecol a kaenen, o sasafangcal manga’ay ano sapimingiriw to tiring. == Tahapinangan 參考文獻 == O 'orio no 'Amis 阿美族文化 野菜-阿美族的冰箱 == Pikafitan i papotal 連接外部 == 0zb2hp2iyqr14g78ouahmmycddzvpzt 0 1499 29383 29382 2021-10-28T13:01:35Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 29 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 29382 wikitext text/x-wiki skikun（四季部落） Itiniay i Datong Cen no Yilan ko skikun a niyaro’, 295 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 994 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 96% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 955 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 4% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 39 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Tayal89%, Amis1%, roma6%. Ira ko picodadan(四季國小、四季國小附幼) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(三星分局四季派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(四季衛生室) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] lqsvkioc84w8s2vbyrxgu6gghqi1tgj 0 1500 38551 29401 2023-06-27T20:11:36Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38551 wikitext text/x-wiki snuwing（史努櫻部落） Itiniay i [[Ren’ai Cen]] no [[Nantou]] ko snuwing a niyaro’, 364 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 1,246 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 93% ko ka’aloman no [[Yincomin]], polong han i, 1,156 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 7% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 90 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Seediq]]76%, [[Tayal]]13%, [[Bunun]]2%, [[Amis]]1%. Ira ko picodadan(春陽國小、春陽國小附幼) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(仁愛分局春陽派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(春陽村衛生室) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 9kdf9tb50ecr9g8oh4dz305legh6ioy 0 1501 33202 33201 2022-12-13T15:45:26Z Masaonikar 570 #ALCD 33202 wikitext text/x-wiki Solomon Riyaran Kitakit(Solomon Island) == Takaray Sowal(概略) == Itiraay i satimolan a Dadahalay Riyar ko aro’ nona kitakit, i ka’amis no Awco, i sakawali no Papuaniwkiniya. O tapang ko mikowanay, o cecay akapot no Tata’angay Ikilis Masakapotay. O syuto i Honiyara. O polong ira ko 990 no riyaran pala, kakahad no sera 28.450km, o tamdaw 64 ko ‘emang, itini i polong no kitakit i o tada manikaway kona kitakit. [[Faylo:Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg|thumb|148x148px|Flag of the Solomon Islands]] [[Faylo:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg|thumb|172x172px|Coat of arms of the Solomon Islands]] == Palapalaan (地理) == Solomon palapala ko dadahal no sera 2.84 ’ofad pinfang kongli[15], o dadahalay ko pala a kitakit. Solomon palapala i sakawalian no Papua New Guinea, sakaetip Solomon riyar, sakaetip katimol o raka riyar, o adihayay palapalaan. Halo Choiseul, Isabel, Malaita, Guadalcanal, Makira, Rennell, Bellona…a palapalaan. O citodongay to kicay no riyar 160 ’ofad pinfang kongli[15]. Ona palapalaan saheto o nano macelalay pala. Sakaetipay ato saka waliay a pala salongan 1500 kongli ko raraay. I sakaetip no Manatua a Santa Keloce pala ko raraay to roma palapalaan ira 200 kongli. Sata’akay Guadalcanal pala ko dadahal 6475 pinfang kongli, toni a pala sa’akawangay lotok Popomsanasiw, nai tongroh no riyar ira ko 2330 cm[16]. O Solomon a kitakit o sakakahaday a riyaran pala, i kawaliay no Papuaniwkiniya, misi’ayaway to Solomon riyar, i ka’etipay i o rakarakaan riyar, o riyaran pala ko misafacoay tona kitakit. O riyaran pala ira a silsilen i la’eno: Sowasol(Choiseul)舒瓦瑟爾島 Syotolan(Shortland)肖特蘭群島 Fa’elohay Cioci( New Georgia)新喬治亞群島 Sen Isapil(Sant Isabel)聖伊莎貝爾島 Lusil(Russell Island)拉塞爾群島 Ngela(Florida Island) 佛羅里達群島 Malayta(Malaita)馬萊塔島 [[Faylo:Medium_shot_of_idyllic_villages_beach_near_Auki,_the_capital_of_Malaita._(10702263414).jpg|thumb|Medium shot of idyllic villages beach near Auki, the capital of Malaita. (10702263414)(馬萊塔島)]] Kuatakanal(Guadalcanal)瓜達康納爾島 Sikayana(Sikaiana)斯凱亞納島 Maramasik(Maramasike)馬拉馬西凱島 Olawa(Ulawa) 烏拉哇 Oki(Uki) 烏吉 Makira(San Cristobal)馬基拉島 Snata Ana(Santa Ana)拉納爾島 Pilona(Bellona)貝羅納島 Santa Kuruci(Santa Cruz)聖克魯斯群島[[Faylo:Political map of the Solomon Islands archipelago in 1989.jpg|thumb|Political map of the Solomon Ira ho ko iraayay a mimingay a riyaran pala: Tikopya(Tikopia) 第國比亞 Anuta(Anuta) 亞努達 Fatutaka(Fatutaka)華都達卡 Ona riyaran palapalan sahetoay o cilamalay a pala, o kinaira no pala i o nanges ko adihayay. O romi’ad sa i mi’aoraday, fa’edetay, mado’etay. Ira ko tosa sasiroma sanay a sera, o cecay i ono Solomon Kilakilangan a kasafaco no pala, oroma sa i o mingataay to Wannatu i ono Wannatu Kilakilangan a kasafaco no pala. == Likisi(歷史) == Limaay ko kasatongotongad no likisi no Solomon,ora i:Milanisya, Talariyariyaran ko Tata’angay Tamina,Malamikowanan a miheca,Sakatosa a kalaloodan,Niyahpikowan. '''Milanisya''': ano do’edoen tala’ayaw ko likisi no Solomon I ira to ko tolo ‘emang ko ko telang no mihecaan, o nani tiraay I Niwkiniya a Milanisya a tamdaw ko mafolaway a tayni maro’. T'''alariyariyaran ko Tamina''': caay ko mifotingay aca a tamina ko I riyaray, o tata’angay a tamina mipacakay a micolo’ to maamaan a dafong talacowacowa akitakit. 16sici tatooto’or sa ko nani Yoropaay a tamdaw a tayni I Solomon,1568miheca o mihahinamay a tamdaw ci Alowalo･Montaniya macakat tona riyaran pala, ma’eneng ningra ko kacicangaw no itiniay a tamdaw to ’ekim, pakaheraay to kako to tadadafong ni Solomon Honti saan cingra, sa pangangan han to Solomon kona kitakit. Nikawrira, to ikor to ni Alowalo･Montaniya, tosa a so’ot ko mihecaan maketon ko kakakiting to I papotalay a kitakit. 1767miheca,o citanengay to tamina a tamdaw no Ikiris ci Fuilipu･Katolito miliyaw heca a tayni I Solomon, 1768miheca o mihahinahinamay a tamdaw no Folansu ci Luis･Antowang･Pokanwil tayni a mihinam to maman nona kitakit. '''Malamikowanan no Yoropa:''' [[Faylo:Alvaro_de_Mendaña_de_Neyra.png|thumb|Alvaro de Mendaña de Neira(1542–1595), the first European to sight the Solomons]] 1885miheca ma’eco no Toic ko saka’amis no Solomon, mala no niyam a dadipoten sanay. 1893miheca,o Ikiris to ko tayniay a mi’eco to satimol a riyar apalapalaan, patireng han ko「ono Ikiris a midepotan a pala no Solomon」, linah han ko tatapangan a niyaro’ tayra i Tulaci pala.1900miheca o Toic ato Ikiris satatosa sa amasasowal a miketon to tilid, pakaynien tona katatilidan I sawaden no Ikiris ko salongoc I Samoa, ta maha’emin to ko salongoc a sakanga’ay I Solomon. '''I sakatosa kalaloodan no kaloakitakit:'''I sakatosa a kalaloodan 1942miheca sakacecay folad i maaro’ no Dipon, opingataan a milood to Auco sako pisafaloco’ no Dipon. Toya miheca o sofitay no Amirika macakat I Kutakanal riyaran pala, Tulaci riyaranpala, ato Enkola riyaran pala no Solomon. Tonini a lolood I o satatiihay I itiraay I Kutakanal, 6 folad ko katatoker no sofitay no Dipon ato Amirika.1943miheca marowid ko Dipon,o mikalican a hikoki no tapang no sofita ci Yamamoto Isoroku(山本五十六)mahikeda no raco a matefad,1945miheca ha’emin sato ko sofitay no Dipon a laliw to Solomon. [1] ’Iked no Niyahpikowan:1975miheca 6folad 22romi’ad,yano mikowanan ho no Ikiris pasacecay hanto a pangangan to Solomon, 1976miheca 1folad 2romi’ad, misatapang a midemak to Niyahpikowan,misatapang a misinkiw to mamisanga’ to rikec a lipoing,1978miheca 7folad 7romi’ad, malaheci to ko katomireng no kitakit. I 2019miheca, sifo no Solomon mikiwidang to Ciwkoku orasaka mapalasawad ko kalawidang to Taywan, oniko picoker no Malayta(Malaita馬萊塔島)sakowan to Taywan.itiya sato madepdep ko lifong nani Uhan sakowan no Ciwkoku, damaen no Taywan ko Malata sakowan, nikawrira, matena’ no sifo no Solomon koya sapadang a dafong, o syosifo sato no Malata I mitopa to pisahapinangan sanay to.[2] == Sici (政治) == Solomon palapala aniniay kimpo i 1978 miheca 7 folad 7 romi’ad misiiked itiya mihapiw tina kimpo. Solomon palapala kimpo matelak todong no kitakit o no Hontian Rikec. Solomon palapala a kitakit a tapang o Hontian no Inkiris Charles saka 3, Hongti no Kitakit ko patodongay to citatodong mikerid a taypiaw, mikotayay to kakomodan a dademaken[15]. Midoedo to ’ayaway, citodongay a finawlan no Solomon palapala, o kalomaocan ko mipanganganay, lima miheca ko lekad. Anini Solomon palapala a citodongay ci David Vunaji, i 2019 miheca 7 folad mipatirengan[15]. Solomon palapala cecayay kalomaocan no finawlan ko mamidemak to sapirikec solongoc, Solomon palapala kalomaocan ko sakakaay ci’icelay no Solomon palapala, finawlan kalomaocan 50 ko iing malakapot, 4 miheca ko lekad[15]. Congli a pikerid to laloma’an to sakidademaken, congli nai kalomaocan a iing ko misingkiway, kakeridan o congli ko mitoro’ay. Kalomaocan iing manga’ay ko cacitodong. == Kicay(經濟) == O maomahay ato mifotingay ko ‘aromanay tamdaw,o kinairira I heci no nanges,kilinag,koko,foting,konga,tefos,pawli,talacay. O sa’adihayay a tayal I paloma to losay, mifotin ato mikarkar to ‘ekim. Caho ka pikarkar to tada fokeloh. [[Faylo:Roadside_Stand_(31811063104).jpg|thumb|mahaholol i lawac no lalan]] I 1990 mihecahecan, o pasadak to dafong a mili’etan o kilang I makilitosaay to ko ‘etan. Ma’asiay tato ko pifafariw to kilang sa panahal sanay to ko tokos, oni ko saka pilalang to a mikilang I 1997miheca. Malowan to ko nipasadakan akiling I malowan ko ‘etan no sifo, oya roma sa ma’etanay a dafong I o simal no nanges, I 1999miheca mapinko ko kaysya, tongal sato ko kanikaw nona kitakit. Solomon palapala ’alomanay tamdaw o malingaday, mifotinfay ato palomaay ko saka’orip. O nipalomaan ira ko ’afinang, kilang, panay, keke, nitayalay to foting, konga, pawli, talacay ato podac no tato’elep (kadang). O pipaloma ko sakaira no kicay no finawlan, mifotingay ato mi’ot’otay to ^ekim. Polong no pinasanga’ ato simal nai pacomodan. Toni palapala adihay ko kinaira cowa ho kacemahad ko fodawan, tinako ’oteng, sin, ni’ ato ^ekim[22]. 2022 miheca, Solomon palapala sifo hararakaten no payso sakaira 35.59 walwalan Amilika payso[23], o hararakaten masadakay 45.3 walwalan Amilika payso[24]. == Tamdaw 人口 == Solomon palapala a isal no tamdaw salongan 72 ’ofad, 94.5% o Milanisiya tamdaw, o Inkiris ko sakasasowal no kitakit, o Piking kosowal no niyaroaro’ [15]. == Sician nipalafang (外交) == I Tayangkanatal ato Taypinyang, malacecayay i Tata'akay Ikiris a Lekatep a kitakit[20], misarocod micowat halo Inkiris a kalo micowatay kitakit makakomod kacacofel, o nian ko parana’an no sician nipalafang no Solomon palapala. Tangasa i 2019 miheca, Solomon palapala ira 122 ko kacacofelan a demak kitakit. Solomon palapala i 1983 miheca ato Taywan sifo mala cacofelan a kitakit, nika i 2019 miheca 9 folad 16 romi’ad, Solomon palapala a citodongay nitelek ato Congko a macacofelan a kitakit. == O pitooran(宗教) == O tamdaw no Solomon to 96% paso’elinay ci Yisoan, ilaloma’ nonini i 45% o Sinkonghui(聖公會), 18% i Tinsokiw, o 12% i o Pacecayan(合一教會), 10% 人Cinsinhui(浸信會), 7% o Ansukunic(安息日會) o 4% i o mi’ikeday, 4% o no to’as a kawas ko mita’ongan. == Punka(文化) == O sakatimolay i sa’etip a riyaran pala o Sa’etipay Linnil Pala, o satata’angay a rkarakan pala itini i polong no kitakit. O cidemakay to mami dipot to taliyok palapalaan no Linhoko Yunisiko(UN UNESCO) toro’en ningra ko 37 km2 a sera ato nani pala tahyra tolo a km no riyar ko dadipoten sanay.[3] Itini tona riyaran pala ira ko tata’angay Tingano fanaw, o dadahal nona fanaw i o satata’angay itini i satimolan a riyar, o citodongay i caay ko sifo o maro’ay itini a tamdaw. Itini tona pala i kali’oraday, cecay miheca mata’elifay ko 4,000mm a ’orad, sa cio’olay to romi’ami’ad. Adihay itini ko kafahekaan a nanoto’asan kina’orip, o fadadoki, ’oner no riyar, maymay, o kilakilangan i masasiroma o nanoto’asan a lan a hana, ato midapdapay a losay. O pido’edoan a rikec no UNESCO a mitoro’ to sapiterekaw a midipot tona pala i sakasiwa a rikec:[4] (9)hadhad a pala, nanonanoman, lawac no riyar, ato riyaran kina’orip ato a'adopen to, o kilakilangan to mifalicay ho masafa’eloh, o tahapinangan to kasado’edo no ‘orip no maamaan. == Sowal (語言) == O sowal no Solomon ira ko 70 ko kasasiromaroma, ono kapolongan a sowal i o Picin hananay a sowal. Ono sifo a sowal i o Ikiris sowal, onini i itiniay aca i syoto tata’angay niyaro’ o kamaro’an no sifo, nikawrira, itini tona niyaro’ o Picin sowal ko sakasasowal no tamtamdaw. Ano milyoko kiso i mafana’ay kako to Ikiris ano sa ko piharateng i caay ka hakowa ko mafana’ay to Ikiris sowal. Ona sowal tonini ono Ikiris a sowal sano Solomon hanahay asomowal, patinako han: You(kiso han no Ikiris),「iu」han no Solomon, (o ngiha’ to no Ikiris ko ma’alaay) Patinakohan:One(cecay) o 「wan」 hananay to, yesterday(nacila)I o 「astade」 hananay to. O pitoro’(人稱):niyah (mi)、kiso (iu)、 cingra(hem), ira ho I la’eno ko patinako: {| class="wikitable" |Picin sowal |Miriniay a Ikirirs sowal |Marapotay tamdaw |- |mi |I,mi |1 |- |iu |you |1 |- |hemhe |him, she, her it |1 |- |mitufala |we,us |2(caay karapotay kiso) |- |iumitufala |we,us |2(marapotay kiso) |- |iutufala | | |- |tufala |they,them |2 |- |mifala |we,us |3(caay ka rapot kiso) |- |iumi |we,us |3(marapot kiso) |- |iufala |you |3~ |- |olketa |they,them |3~ |} O sowal to Picin adhay ko ''fala'' sanay, oya ''fala'' hananay i o pisa’osi to cecay sanay ko tatodong. O dademakay tilid(動詞) O Pocin a dademakay tilid i sahetoay mito’oray tono Ikilis, ano mafana’ to Ikiris ya lahoday. Nikawrira, nipafitingan to -im anoca -em. Patinako han ''like'' falicen to ''likem, get'' falicen to ''getem.'' Nikawrira, ira ko caay ka hecad to Ikiris a sowal, o ''have(ira),'' ono Solomon sowal i ''garem'' sanay, ''eat''(ka’en) i o ''kaikaim'' hananay. Silsilen ho i la’eno: {| class="wikitable" |Picin sowal |Ikiris sowal |’Amis a sowal |- |likem |like, want |maolah, mangalay |- |garem |have |ira, iraay |- |kaikaim |eat |ka’en |- |herem |hear |tengil |- |kukim |cook |sacacak |- |go |go |tayra |- |cam |come |tayni |- |tingting |think |miharateng |- |lanem |learn |hitatanam |} O laylay no tilid i milecad to Ikiris toya SVO sanay. Patinako han: ''I like an apple''. sano Picingen i ''Mi likem onefala apple.'' Ano mina’ayay i tongal han to ''no'' manga’ay to. Pinako: ''I don’t like an apple.'' sano picingen sowal i ''Mi no likem onefala apple.''[[Faylo:Flute_de_pan_MHNT_ETH_AC_NH_31_Savès.jpg|thumb|o tipolo no Solomon(dFlute se pan MHNT ETH AC NH 31 Savè)]] == Pihapinangan a tilid(註釋) == [1] Hogue, ''Pearl Harbor to Guadalcanal'', p. 235–236 [2] 不滿政府與台灣斷交 索羅門友台馬萊塔省辦獨立公投 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館），中央通訊社，2020/09/03 [3] ^ 日本ユネスコ協会連盟『世界遺産年報2010』p.23 [4] ^ List of World Heritage in Danger due to logging that is affecting the ecosystem of the Solomon Islands’ World Heritage site.（世界遺産センター、英語） 1. CIA Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). [2018-11-13]. (nina’angan tilid i 2017-10-14). 2. Solomon Islands. World Economic Outlook Database. International Monetary Fund (IMF). April 2022 [2022-05-29]. (nina’angan tilid i 2022-05-29) (Inkiris). 3. Solomon Islands - Solomon palapala. Kitakit kiwiko kingkiwyin tosa ko sowal, kingkiw a tilid ato citin kalocalay. [2022-05-03]. (nina’angan tilid i 2022-05-04). 4. Solomon kalaloodan piki’arawan hikoki temera. Awenhuypow(Hongkong). (nina’angan tilid i 2013-06-14). 5. Solomon mirawraw to holam lalan, Australiya mipahitay midama. [2006-04-27]. (nina’angan tilid i 2006-04-27). 6. Hogue, Pearl Harbor to Guadalcanal, p. 235–236. 7. Cynthia Banham; Craig Skehan. Troops, police fly in to Honiara. The Sydney Morning Herald. 2006-04-20 [2017-08-15]. (nina’angan tilid i 2017-08-16). 8. Spiler. Misapinang: Solomon a kararawraw patonek to holam. BBC kowaoin. 2006-04-23 [2017-08-15]. (nina’angan tilid i 2017-07-22). 9. ’Alomanay Congko finawlan miliyas to Solomon palapala. BBC Congkocalay. 2006-04-23 [2017-08-15]. （nina’angan tilid i 2016-07-18）. 10. Cenfong. Terik Sikoa malaCngli no Solomon palapala. Sinlangcalay. Kasakitakit calay. 2007-12-20 [2017-08-15]. （nina’angan tilid i 2017-08-15）. 11. Macangal to sifo malaliyas to Taywan, Solomon a widang Malayta kanatal misiiked pitopaan （nina’angan tilid, manga’an i kalocalay）, congyang calay, 2020/09/03 12. Solomon palapala parakatay masadadahal, Congli a loma’ mailoh, kasakitakit, congyangse. CNA. www.cna.com.tw. [2021-11-26]. （nina’angan tilid i 2022-04-16）(Taywan). 13. Autraliya miocor to semo’otay hitay tayra i Solomon palapala mipadama, ’maratar simpong. www.zaobao.com.sg. [2022-04-02]. （nina’angan tilid i 2022-05-24） （Congko）. 14. ’Aikoray no Congko a Autraliya o maan ko nisamawmawan. BBC News Congko. [2022-04-02]. （nina’angan tilid i 2022-04-22）（Congko）. 15. Pakafana’ to kitakit no Solomon palapala. Congko sician nipalafang. 2021-08 [2022-04-19]. （nina’angan tilid i 2018-08-20）（Congko）. 16. Wangceyin. Palaoala pitiya kafana’an, o sarakatay ako a pitiya tilid. Tincin mirina’ay. <nowiki>ISBN 7201079670</nowiki>. 17. World Weather Information Service. [2007-04-03]. （nina’angan tilid i 2007-02-08）. 18. Pasifana’ to kitakit. Pala ato faco. Solomon palapala kalali’acaan ato ponka citodongay. [2017-08-15]. （nina’angan tilid i 2017-08-15）. 19. Solomon palapala a kasaira. Finawlan calay. 2006-11-01 [2017-08-15]. （nina’angan tilid i 2015-09-22）. 20. Inkiris nipatatekoan a kitakit. Finawlan calay. 2006-03-28 [2017-08-15]. （nina’angan tilid i 2017-08-16）. 21. Kapolongan simpon calay. Salaloma’an no Solomon niketonan ato kalaliyas to Taywan, kacacofelan po 18:30 simpon. Kapolongan simpon calay. [2019-09-16]. （nina’angan tilid i 2022-03-22） （Taywan）. 22. Pasifana’ to kitakit. kicay. Solomon palapala kalali’acaan ato ponka citodongay. [2017-08-15]. （nina’angan tilid i 2017-08-15）. 23. 2022 REVENUE ESTIMATED AT $3.5 BILLION PLUS. SIG ICT Services. 2022-04-19 [2022-04-19]. （nina’angan tilid i 2022-04-19） （Inkiris sowal）. 24. 2022 BUDGET EXPENDITURE ESTIMATED AT $4.531 BILLION. SIG ICT Services. 2022-04-19 [2022-04-19]. （nina’angan tilid i 2022-04-19） （Inkiris sowal）. 25. Solomon palapala mafangafang, makari’ang ko Congko, ano eca sakitelak. Amilika Congko calay. 2021-11-25 [2021-11-26]. （nina’angan tilid i 2021-11-26）. 26. O sapiri’angaw tisowa, Amilika Autraliya mipenec to Solomon palapala micicih ato Peicin. Kapolongansimpon calay. 2022-04-20 [2022-04-20]. （nina’angan tilid i 2022-06-07）. ---- 790zfbhy122r8ae0sr0k3fdqlkp8kio 0 1502 29438 29437 2021-10-28T13:01:43Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 23 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 29437 wikitext text/x-wiki stacis（寒溪巷部落） Itiniay i Datong Cen no Yilan ko stacis a niyaro’, 147 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 463 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 94% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 436 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 6% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 27 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Tayal85%, roma8%. Ira ko picodadan(寒溪國小) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(三星分局寒溪派出所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 0e3lma0klen5h4vmkyv5kmz0r8k1zbp 0 1503 29441 29440 2021-10-28T13:01:45Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 2 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 29440 wikitext text/x-wiki '''tadamakapah''' == 中文解釋 == *真漂亮 juvgspl2gx5v9h2x4y02ztsmkygcxgm 0 1504 29486 29485 2021-10-28T13:01:48Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 44 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 29485 wikitext text/x-wiki tafokod （網罟/褡褳） Tafokod hananay o tayal no fahinay kapah no pangcah mafanaay a tyra i talawadaw ato riyar a mifoting, halikaen to pangcah tona foting, saka mido’do to mato’asay a minocos mateneay a demak. Ano mangta to ilisin i, fafahinay a tayal konini tayra i aloaloan mifoting, sakaen no po:long a niyaroen. Itira:ho o orip no sapangcahay i, o minocos to mahaanay a demak, cacay ka tawalen ko mahaanay a demk, o fafahinay tyra i talawadaw mi konglen, sasifanay no mama no kapah mahanaay a demak. == Pi’arawan to lakaw == Sowal no mama fuya na i koyo a niyaro a tamdaw http://www.amis.org.tw/ p2g1t48a4butky7h9ov19vncp4y4o5v 0 1506 29503 29502 2021-10-28T13:01:52Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 13 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 29502 wikitext text/x-wiki tamayo’an（大湳部落） Itiniay i Nanzhuang Cen no Miaoli ko tamayo’an a niyaro’, 22 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 84 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 92% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 77 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 8% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 7 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Saysiyat76%, Tayal11%, Bunun4%, Amis1%. Ira ko imeng(頭份分局蓬萊派出所) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 7w8n37g30jisy69sfbk8alyp4bj1oth 0 1507 42650 38557 2024-04-01T05:22:45Z LiouShowShya 36 42650 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Tatokem.jpg|縮圖|tatokem]] [[Faylo:LL-Q35132 (ami)-LiouShowShya-nga'ay a malasapaiyo ko tatokem.wav|縮圖|nga'ay a malasapaiyo ko tatokem]] O “tatokem” han no ’[[Amis]] a pangangan ko[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%BE%99%E8%91%B5_(%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9) 龍葵], lengaw sanay i palapalaan a sinafel. Itini i omah, i padatengan, i lalan ko lengaw nira, i palapalaan no [[Taywan]] ma’araw ko lengaw nira. I pala no niyaro’ caay kanikaw ko tatokem, o kalodateng no i [[Kalingkoay]] ato i [[Posongay]] no Pangcah koni sinafel, o kamolengawan no tatokem a folad, itini i saka cecay folad kasienawan tangasa i sakatolo folad kacanglahan,caay ko padateng a mipaloma, kamolengawan to i, dapic sa i omaomahan a lomongaw, ano adihay ko mitatokeman i, palada’ to fiyafiyaw malina’ay, roma i, pa’acaen i pa’acaan to dateng mipaliwal. Ano misafel i, pacamolen to fadas, sama, kacekaay, hikoki, karawangay, tayalin, cefong han ko oka’ no titi a mipacamol, wa:ta kaaledet ko kohaw nona sinafel. == tahapinangan 特徵 == Yo kaemangan ho, malowangen no wawa koya marohemay a heci no tatokem, micedem a kaenen, nika ano kangdaw ho ko heci nira, caay kanga’ay a kaenen, ano makaen i mawarak, mapiyas ko tatirengan.O mitena’ay to ^kang ko tatokem a dateng, ano ciwidi ko ngoso’ no kolong, pelpel han ko heci no tatokem, sipasip han i ngoso’ nira, masadak to ko widi.Itiya ho ko maomahay, ano mipaloma’ to masamaanay a datengan caay pifonsiw to sapaiyo, mangalef ko lengaw sanay ipalapalaan, o safangcalay a sinafel manga’ay malosapaiyi, sanaw awa:ay ko ciadadaay to ^kang, nikaorira, o aniniay a tamdaw i, mahapingan to mita ko ’orip no aniniay, masasiroma ato itiyaay ho a ’orip,caay to lecad, sa ’aloman to ko ciadadaay to ^kang, mapatayay tona ^kang hananay. Aniniay a ’orip, ano o fali to, o nanom to, o mipalaman to sinafel, maemin cisapaiyo, o kakaenen saheto to mipacamol to wangen ato patedo sa komaen. ’Aloman a tamdaw caay kafana’ o sapaiyo ko tatokem, ano pararid komaen to tatokem, sakanga’ay no tatirengan mitena’ay to ^kang. O tatokem a sinafel, Pararid a komaen ko Ycomin, ano misafel sa i, sakohaw hanca ko pitangtang, caay pacamol to fita’ol, titi, to holo, sa’ayaw mikohaw to kohaw  i ’angrer a kohawen, nikaorira, ikor to saaledet sa ko kohaw nira, o kaolahan no Pangcah a sinafel. [[Kasasiwasiw:Siwkulang 'Amis]] dydkggoilx8mq9zgztgwfrmfqnth0a7 0 1508 29513 29512 2021-10-28T13:01:57Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 3 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 29512 wikitext text/x-wiki tatukem 龍葵 U kaulahan nu Pangcah,u sapisaray tu baedet tu lalud. [[Kasasiwasiw:U suwal nu i amisay a Pangcah]] 7i4gktvqndldz7zjq68if5cfenxvkkf 0 1509 47191 29519 2025-08-23T13:25:03Z InternetArchiveBot 33 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 47191 wikitext text/x-wiki ==tayi' (大便)== [[Faylo:Elephant_feces_in_the_wildlife.jpg|250px]] ===大便=== *Tata'ang ko '''tayi'''' no [[kolong]]. **牛的大便很大。 ==Tahapinangan a Tilid(參考文獻)== == Pikafitan i Papotal(外部連接) == *[https://web.archive.org/web/20210802171624/https://e-dictionary.ilrdf.org.tw/ami/terms/2169_256180.htm 原住民族語言線上詞典 - tayi'] {{stub}} 8y2h88ixbqkkl4fyw93udon5u5m1qku 0 1510 29522 29521 2021-10-28T13:02:01Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 2 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 29521 wikitext text/x-wiki taylin o pacaliwen no paylang a caciyaw, o Amilika no sowal i, plice mahaenay！ le118nzjuhpplb3o2fvw78czxiyvcmm 0 1511 29538 29537 2021-10-28T13:02:03Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 15 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 29537 wikitext text/x-wiki toda（平靜部落） Itiniay i Ren’ai Cen no Nantou ko toda a niyaro’, 252 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 795 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 97% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 773 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 3% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 22 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Ira ko picodadan(平靜國小、平靜附幼) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(仁愛分局平靜派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(精英村衛生室) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] g7xse1g6d65raqlkz4imi5bki825ed6 0 1512 38554 33199 2023-06-27T20:14:22Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38554 wikitext text/x-wiki tomay([[kuwaping a sowal]]: 熊） tata'angay kora tomay O ta'angayay, micococay 'a'adopen a "LEY" ko tomay, o komaenay to titi a "MO". Ira ko tata'akay a tatirengan, cicediay a kamay ato oo', kakaya'ay a ngoso', kifetolay cifanohay a fanges, kamoko'ay a wikor. O kamay ato oo' no tomay i, ira ko ma'ikongay macidemay a kanoos, caay karecad to no posi a manga'ay a mahimed i kamay. O [[Pey-Ci-Syong]] hanany a tomay i, o komaenay to titi, nikaorira, ira ko komaenay to aol a tomay, o [[Ta-Maw-Syong]] hananay. O roma a tomay i, komaenay to maamaan, caay kapipili'. [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] i4tzvs1ssxkz4vvwx5wzcubkigrbouw 0 1513 29559 29558 2021-10-28T13:02:07Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 14 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 29558 wikitext text/x-wiki tongan（眉溪部落） Itiniay i Ren’ai Cen no Nantou ko tongan a niyaro’, 278 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 952 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 88% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 841 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 12% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 111 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Seediq71%, Tayal9%, Amis2%, Bunun3%, Paiwan1%, Truku1%, roma1%. Ira ko picodadan(南豐幼兒園) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(南豐村衛生室) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 772q84jics2tazgw3nqdhxovtnv336p 0 1515 38555 29574 2023-06-27T20:14:44Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38555 wikitext text/x-wiki truwan（德魯灣部落） Itiniay i [[Ren’ai Cen]] no [[Nantou]] ko truwan a niyaro’, 60 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 167 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 97% ko ka’aloman no [[Yincomin]], polong han i, 162 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 3% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 5 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Seediq]]81%, [[Tayal]]11%, [[Bunun]]4%，roma1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] tdp5l0p2f362hi8j32zg5pz94yjekte 0 1516 29579 29578 2021-10-28T13:02:13Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 4 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 29578 wikitext text/x-wiki wacu(狗) [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] nir9aym2wk9ww3wdf46ilmprrl30wzz 0 1517 29597 29596 2021-10-28T13:02:16Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 17 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 29596 wikitext text/x-wiki walo’（瓦祿部落） Itiniay i Nanzhuang Cen no Miaoli ko walo’ a niyaro’, 209 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 524 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 66% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 348 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 34% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 176 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Saysiyat52%, Tayal11%. Ira ko picodadan(東河國小、東河國小附幼、東河部落圖書資訊站) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(頭份分局東河派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(東河村衛生室) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] amqoe7u41dyxohoktjdydqgkh981w4h 0 1518 29603 29602 2021-10-28T13:02:18Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 5 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 29602 wikitext text/x-wiki widang ~widang ako O widang no mako [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] 3xk0g7sgx0ctbwugxqtvyhqx0bvrxbo 0 1519 29620 29619 2021-10-28T13:02:21Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 16 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 29619 wikitext text/x-wiki ‘Bu balung（上巴陵部落） Itiniay i Fuxing Cen no Taoyuan ko ‘Bu balung a niyaro’, 147 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 394 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 76% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 299 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 24% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 95 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Tayal72%, Amis2%, Truku1%, roma1%. Ira ko picodadan(巴陵國小、巴陵國小附幼) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(大溪分局巴陵派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko Kiwkay(真耶穌教會上巴陵教會、台灣基督長老教會巴陵教會) i niyaro’. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 78l8uwnice8d7il2zuxkwdm2y4yeg76 0 1520 29640 29639 2021-10-28T13:02:24Z Sotiale 15 已匯入 19 筆修訂：[TEST] importing amiwiki via a tool 29639 wikitext text/x-wiki katimolay no kaysiya. I ka’amisay no pasi’fekangay ko rakat no nanom a pisalamaan ko loma’ ako. I ka’ayaw no loma’ niyam I o riyar (Taypinyang), ano makapah ko romi’ad I, ma’araw ko Fotod. I kaikol no loma’ niyam I, o fangcalay a tokos no ‘Etolon. Ano romakat I kiso I lalan no ‘Etolan, ma’araw iso ko alomanay nani padakaay ato roma a kitakit a tamdaw, o kaolahan no tamdamdaw a mirarakat konini a niyaro’.mihamham kami to tayniay a palafan. ‘Etolan（阿度蘭部落） Itiniay i Donghe Cen no Taitung ko ‘Etolan a niyaro’, 1,032 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 2,486 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 47% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 1,178 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 53% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 1,308 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Amis44%, Paiwan1%, roma2%. Ira ko picodadan(都蘭國中、都蘭國小、都蘭國小附幼、東河圖書館) i niyaro’. Ira ko imeng(成功分局都蘭派出所) i niyaro’. Ira ko paisingan(都蘭衛生室) i niyaro’. O niyaro' no ponka ko 'Atolan. Fangcal ko nanitoa'asan, ko radiw, ko kero', ato rayray no malitengay no niyaro', makapah ko faelohay a ponka konika misanga' ko kapah no niyaro' ato lafang no niyaro'. Ira ko 都蘭唐廠 hananay a kaisha i niyaro', nano 2000 miheca i, 'aloman ko isoka (藝術家) a maro' ira, masanga' nangra ko faelohay a kasa'opoan. Ikaishaay a isoka, ira ciRahic Talif, ciToto, ciSiki Sufin, ciHana Kliw, ciYao Aicin, ciIno, ciSakuliw, ciAcai, ato ciEki. Itiya i, tayniay ko parakatay to tapelik ato masamaanay a lafang a misalama. 'Aloman ko radiway i niyaro'. Ira ci Pan Cingtien faki, ciSiki Sufin, ciTakanaw, ciPanay Kasui, ciSuming Rupi, ato ciSonglay. CiSuming Rupi ko misanga'ay to 阿密斯音樂節. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 9ov25202b97buu2xoq08mo3xk2o9g2g 0 1521 38684 29655 2023-06-29T04:47:56Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38684 wikitext text/x-wiki ‘Syabutay（四方林部落） Itiniay i [[Datong Cen]] no Yilan ko ‘Syabutay a niyaro’, 51 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 191 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 88% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 169 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 12% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 22 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Tayal]]83%, [[Amis]]1%, [[Truku]]1%, roma4%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] mtr3zis017j9ed5wyz4gkwoy8tfr34z 0 1522 43333 38596 2024-05-19T15:04:38Z 嚴美鳳 41 43333 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:'anengan.ogg|縮圖|Maro' i 'anengan ko ina ako.]] === Takaray a sowal === O 'axanan hananay a pangangan, o roma a niyaro' o 'anengang hananay , malecaday to o kamaro'an no [[tamdaw]]'''.'''I nolitengan ho cowa kaci'anengang ko to'as a tamdaw, ano komaen to, ano malaholol to hakakanan sanay ko kamaro'.ira ko kasasiromaroma no 'anengang, kahenayay a mafiyal ko oo' ato tatelecan, orasaka ikor to i,misanga' to to 'anengang, ira ko o mitorikan to oway, o roma o mito'to'an a kilang, pa'eneray ko matiniay. Anini sato a mihecahecan, ira to ko masamaamaanay a 'anengang, i loma' i, sahetoay o safa hanany a o katol no kolong ko sapisanga'. itini i pitilidan o kilang a 'anengang, i pikaikian i o 'alomi a 'anengang.[[Faylo:Vincent Willem van Gogh 138.jpg|thumb|'Anengang]] == kasasiromaroma(種類) == === [[Takal]]： === o takal hanay i opasasa hananay no ‘amis i laloma' , o tadadafong no laloma'. Ano patayraen ipapotal a miteli i o sasa' hanay. O ta’angayay a 'anengan. ==== [[Sasa']]： ==== ta'angayay a 'anengan hananay ko sasa' === Tahapinangan a tilid === === Pikafitan i papotal === {{stub}} 2bpwucbu8wg3d8456glr7femws16evb 0 1523 38981 29692 2023-06-30T08:49:17Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38981 wikitext text/x-wiki Ｍami（馬美部落） Itiniay i [[Jianshi]] Cen no [[Hsinchu]] ko [[Ｍami]] a niyaro’, 30 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 99 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 87% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 86 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 13% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 13 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Tayal]]83%, roma4%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] him2dzxto9fz5ylcbzwh3njw85fl760 0 1545 38478 32761 2023-06-24T04:19:13Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38478 wikitext text/x-wiki haba:（大屋坑部落） Itiniay i Nanzhuang Cen no [[Miaoli]] ko haba: a niyaro’, 93 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 230 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 21% ko ka’aloman no [[Yincomin]], polong han i, 49 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 79% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 181 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Saysiyat]]20%, [[Tayal]]1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] dz8zew3obnqd3dz4egzq0x98frw4evl 0 1546 32762 29763 2022-10-25T12:55:47Z EN-Jungwon 415 /* o kasadakan no lihaf */clean up, replaced: [[Category: → [[Kasasiwasiw: using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 32762 wikitext text/x-wiki kaehkaba:oS（馬果坪部落） Itiniay i Nanzhuang Cen no Miaoli ko kaehkaba:oS a niyaro’, 87 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 241 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 35% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 85 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 65% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 156 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko Saysiyat35%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 9mml1hap9p9fgfso9tudb7ai9mjy9sd 0 1547 32764 29787 2022-10-25T12:55:51Z EN-Jungwon 415 /* o kasadakan no lihaf */clean up, replaced: [[Category: → [[Kasasiwasiw: using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 32764 wikitext text/x-wiki Oro’raw:（上比來部落） Itiniay i [[Wufeng|Wufeng]](五峰) Cen no Hsinchu(新竹) ko [[Oro’raw:|Oro’raw:]] a niyaro’, 40 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 108 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 90% ko ka’aloman(多的) no Yincomin(原住民), polong han i, 97 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 10% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong(全部) han i, 11 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan(族群) i, ko Saysiyat(賽夏族)77%, Tayal(泰雅族)11%, Amis(阿美族)2%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] kgclcfkbaujon2femrcqawkgcoigrmm 0 1548 32765 29858 2022-10-25T12:55:54Z EN-Jungwon 415 /* Pi’arawan to lakaw */clean up, replaced: [[Category: → [[Kasasiwasiw: using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 32765 wikitext text/x-wiki Pi’arawan to sorit: Mi’edaw （竹占） Ano mangalay ko cima a tamdaw mafana’ to ca’of no kawas toya kafokilan nira a demak i, mi’edaw. O ’awol ko sapi’edaw. I tiraay i Falangaw a Pangcah, ano malitemoh nangra ko lafades no ’orip i, caay ka eca mi’edaw, nika o samato’asay no loma’ ko midemakay. O likakawa tonini a demak i, ala han ningra ko tosaay laya’ no kamay ko karaya’ a ’awol, itira cipongoay i, o pisipasipan to remes no kolong. Ano mi’edaw i, telien ko po’ot i terong no ya ’awol, ta pasayra i awaayay ko pongo a misakohepic, ta telien haca ko kilang i tatihi noya ’awol, itiya sato, ripa’ han to wa’ay koya kilang, ta tengteng han to kamay koya ’awaol, nanikawanan tayra i kawili, nanikawili tayra i kawanan, satiyotiyolen a mitengteng ta malefot koya ’awaol. Ano o adadaay a tamdaw ko ’edawen i, patalafaleden ko ya kalefotan, i kawananay i, o sakitamdaw; i kawiliay i, o sakikawas. Ano mafedfed koya kawiliay i, o pahapinang to nipiliyas no kawas to tamdaw, o tata’akay ko adada noya tamdaw; ano mafelih, i kawananay ko mafedfeday i, o pahapinang o tamdaw ko miliyasay to kawas, o mamapatay koya tamdaw. Ano macacayat ko kawas ato tamdaw i, o pahapinang caay piliyas ko kawas toya tamdaw, o mamaadah koya tmadaw. Orasaka, o pi’edaw haw i, o nikangalay no tamdaw to ca’of no kawas to samaanen ko piso’ayaw ano pakalitemoh to masamaamaanay a demak. Ano nga’ayay ko ’edaw i, o sakanga’ay no faloco’ a midemak; ano tatiihay ko ’edaw i, o sakafana’ a miliyas. == Pi’arawan to lakaw == *[http://210.240.125.35/citing/citing_content.asp?id=3992&keyword=%A6%CB%A5e254 台灣原住民族歷史語言文化大辭典] *石磊，1976，〈馬蘭阿美族宗教信仰的變遷〉，《中央研究所民族學研究所集刊》47：97-127。 *李景崇，1998，《阿美族歷史》，臺北：師大書苑。 *達西烏拉彎‧畢馬，2001，《臺灣的原住民 : 阿美族》，臺北：臺原。 *原英子原著；黃淑芬、江惠英、林青妹編譯，2005，《台灣阿美族的宗教世界》，臺北，中研院民族所。 *臺灣總督府臨時臺灣舊慣調查會原著、中央研究院民族學研究所編譯，2007，《蕃族調查報告書[第一冊] 阿美族南勢蕃、阿美族馬蘭社、卑南族卑南社》。臺北：中央研究院民族學研究所。 [[Kasasiwasiw:Siwkulang 'Amis]] 1bcwfvpva0a21w6sg91qjnendfqtfyl 0 1549 32766 29979 2022-10-25T12:55:56Z EN-Jungwon 415 /* Pi’arawan to lakaw */clean up, replaced: [[Category: → [[Kasasiwasiw: using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 32766 wikitext text/x-wiki Pi’arawan to sorit: Pakomod （祝福儀式） O pakomod hananay a likakawa haw i, o cecay no lisin no Pangcah, o fangcalay, o sapa’icel, o sapalemed to i niyaro’ay a tamdaw. Onini a likakawa haw i, o pakariko:ray to a romi’ad no pitoay romi’ad no piilisin i Tafalong. O kasakeroan a romi’ad. O dafak haw i, ono kasaselal a sa’opo, itira cangra i nikasasowalan nangra a kaitiraan. Hreok no lahok haw i, malinah cangra a tayra i kakitaan hananay a kasa’opoan no niyaro’ a masakero. Itira a masakero i, o paytemek no faloco’ a masakero, awaay ko paci^ciay. O pisakero itira i, o cecay a lisin to pilongoc to sapalemed no kawas, orasaka awaayay ko demak a tamdaw i, caay ka olah a tayra mikapot to sa’opo; nika o faloco’ nangra, ano caay pikapot i, latek pakalitemoh to lafades no ’orip saan, saka mikapot tomatira. Orasaka, oya tatiihay ko lemed ato tatiihay ko tireng a tamdaw i, malalok a tayra mikapot to sa’opo, mangalay caira to sakasomad no ’orip nangra. O citatodongay to nini a likakawa haw i, o fafahian a sikawasay, tomesen nangra ko epah i taymangan, ta macakat i takaraway a kaitiraan a mifores to epah, onini o todong o sapihelong to faeketay a ’inorong no faloco’ no tamdaw. O tayraay mikapot a tamdaw i, safeleng sa tayra i kalaeno noya miforesay to epah a sikawasay, hay mafores matesi’ nora epah ko tireng ako saan. Oya matesi’ay no epah a tamdaw i, miceli’ a pasowal, sowal sa, “Nanay maliyas to ako ko adada ato tatiihay a lemed ako!” saan. Oya caayay pakatefing to epah ato ya caayay kafores no epah i ’a’ayaw i, ripaen naira ko matefaday i sera a epah, haenen i, malecad to a mapalemed. Onini ko sakaraheker no finawlan a mapalemed ko ’orip naira. Yo maherek a pakomod toya romi’ad i, o pipakeras to a lisin. I laloma’ no nini a likakawa i, li’ayaw han a micikcik ko ’icep ta patelien i ta’akay a cinaw, ala han no citodongay a macakat i faled no loma’, ta folesak han koya micikcikan a ’icep i sera; itiya i, la’alaw sa ko kapah a mikacep, ano eca, podpoden koya mahetikay i sera a ’icep. Ya pakaalaay a kapah i, miceli’ a pasowal, sowal sa, “Nanay matiya o pikacep ako to ’icep ko pakaala ako to tama’ ano mi’adop.” saan. O pakeras a likakawa i, o sapalemed to kapah to sakafangcal no tayal nangra a mi’adop ato mifoting sanay a lisin. Ona pakeras a lisin, palimo han no roma a niyaro’, nika o malecaday a likakawa to sapakalemed a lisin. == Pi’arawan to lakaw == *[http://210.240.125.35/citing/citing_content.asp?id=3002&keyword=%AF%AC%BA%D6%BB%F6%A6%A1 台灣原住民族歷史語言文化大辭典] *李景崇，1998，《阿美族歷史》，臺北：師大書苑。 *達西烏拉彎‧畢馬，2001，《臺灣的原住民 : 阿美族》，臺北：臺原。 *原英子原著；黃淑芬、江惠英、林青妹編譯，2005，《台灣阿美族的宗教世界》，臺北，中研院民族所。 *林春治、林素珍、陳耀芳，2008，《阿美族當代宗教研究》，南投：國史館臺灣文獻館。 *黄宣衞，2008，《阿美族》，臺北：三民。 *巴奈‧母路，2010，《阿美族祭儀中的聲影》，花蓮：東華大學原住民民族學院。 *黃貴潮，2015，《阿美族口傳文學集 = O sa’opo to kimakima [[Kasasiwasiw:Siwkulang 'Amis]] n4gsdkqsgz5y8bllmic5t9os5pajrh1 0 1550 38486 32763 2023-06-26T05:02:42Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38486 wikitext text/x-wiki rareme:an（向天湖部落） Itiniay i [[Nanzhuang Cen]] no [[Miaoli]] ko rareme:an a niyaro’, 57 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 155 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 98% ko ka’aloman no [Yincomin]], polong han i, 152 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 2% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 3 ko tamdaw. O pa-sin-to(百分比) no ka’aloman no tamdaw no kasafinacadan i, ko [[Saysiyat]]91%, [[Tayal]]1%, [[Cou]]1%, [[Amis]]4%, [[roma]]1%. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] oanktzwy0rhudm4v8426ri9to76lmz4 0 1551 38820 32760 2023-06-30T01:15:13Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38820 wikitext text/x-wiki Sansama:an（上大隘部落） Itiniay i [[Wufeng]] Cen no [[Hsinchu]] ko Sansama:an a niyaro’, 54 ko sa’osi no parod no loma’, 178 ko sa’osi no tamdaw. 91% ko ka’aloman no Yincomin, polong han i, 162 ko tamdaw; o roma sato i, 9% ko ka’aloman no roma a finacadan, polong han i, 16 ko tamdaw. == o kasadakan no lihaf == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105210/http://www.ris.gov.tw/346 內政部戶政司全球資訊網] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170705043614/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=812FFAB0BCD92D1A 原住民族委員會全球資訊網統計資料] [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] oqtj5vdgo30im54coxvlhj9e6wdtphc 10 1552 30016 30009 2021-10-29T13:32:10Z Sotiale 15 Sotiale malinah to ko felih nani [[Masalipa:Wp/ami/Mafana' kiso?]] tangsa i [[Masalipa:Mafana' kiso?]]，caay safaelohen misiyor 30008 wikitext text/x-wiki <br clear="all" /> <div style="float:right;margin-left:1em;"><!--將圖放喺呢度，記得要拎走right屬性，因為right會將圖變成浮動體-->[[Image:Formosan languages.png||thumb|100px]]</div> *...'''Families of Formosan languages before Chinese colonization'''（<small>Siyasing</small>） Malayo-Polynesian (red) may lie within Eastern Formosan (purple). 2crnjd7xwm5beueoiqm2vo6i9t2p67h 0 1554 30018 2021-10-29T14:22:51Z Sotiale 15 Sotiale malinah to ko felih nani [[Main Page]] tangasa i [[Sa’ayayaw pising no tyin-naw]] 30018 wikitext text/x-wiki #重新導向 [[Sa’ayayaw pising no tyin-naw]] 1i8l8jk203uohv0acu67yesi9qehd87 14 1562 30051 2021-11-20T20:47:30Z 2A00:23C6:372E:E201:31FF:27C3:FDC6:8949 建立內容為「{{Commons|Category:Turkey}} [[Kasasiwasiw:Asiya]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Yoropa]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]]」的新頁面 30051 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commons|Category:Turkey}} [[Kasasiwasiw:Asiya]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Yoropa]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] brh9iw6ywq2z780m1kqints2jvrruzp 10 1563 38401 38400 2023-06-23T23:30:55Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38401 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sister project | position = {{{position|}}} | project = commons | text = 維基共用資源中相關的多媒體資源：'''[{{localurl:Commons:{{{1|{{PAGENAMEE}}}}}}}?uselang={{int:Conversionname}} {{{2|{{PAGENAME}}}}}]''' }}<noinclude>{{documentation}}<!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc sub-page --></noinclude> bgh1x181wdzk0zj5pywjwr8vbhkwhcd 10 1564 30054 2021-11-22T00:17:49Z Weather Top Wizard 54 建立內容為「{{#invoke:documentation|main|_content={{ {{#invoke:documentation|contentTitle}}}}}}<noinclude> <!-- Categories go on the /doc subpage, and interwikis go on Wikidata. --> </noinclude>」的新頁面 30054 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:documentation|main|_content={{ {{#invoke:documentation|contentTitle}}}}}}<noinclude> <!-- Categories go on the /doc subpage, and interwikis go on Wikidata. --> </noinclude> o4ddn701tao1ufdnkxe1wdgz5b5ga84 828 1565 30055 2021-11-22T00:20:59Z Weather Top Wizard 54 建立內容為「-- This module implements {{documentation}}. -- Get required modules. local getArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs local messageBox = require('Module:Message box') -- Get the config table. local cfg = mw.loadData('Module:Documentation/config') local p = {} -- Often-used functions. local ugsub = mw.ustring.gsub ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Helper functions -- -- These are defined as local function…」的新頁面 30055 Scribunto text/plain -- This module implements {{documentation}}. -- Get required modules. local getArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs local messageBox = require('Module:Message box') -- Get the config table. local cfg = mw.loadData('Module:Documentation/config') local p = {} -- Often-used functions. local ugsub = mw.ustring.gsub ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Helper functions -- -- These are defined as local functions, but are made available in the p -- table for testing purposes. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function message(cfgKey, valArray, expectType) --[[ -- Gets a message from the cfg table and formats it if appropriate. -- The function raises an error if the value from the cfg table is not -- of the type expectType. The default type for expectType is 'string'. -- If the table valArray is present, strings such as $1, $2 etc. in the -- message are substituted with values from the table keys [1], [2] etc. -- For example, if the message "foo-message" had the value 'Foo $2 bar $1.', -- message('foo-message', {'baz', 'qux'}) would return "Foo qux bar baz." --]] local msg = cfg[cfgKey] expectType = expectType or 'string' if type(msg) ~= expectType then error('message: type error in message cfg.' .. cfgKey .. ' (' .. expectType .. ' expected, got ' .. type(msg) .. ')', 2) end if not valArray then return msg end local function getMessageVal(match) match = tonumber(match) return valArray[match] or error('message: no value found for key $' .. match .. ' in message cfg.' .. cfgKey, 4) end local ret = ugsub(msg, '$([1-9][0-9]*)', getMessageVal) return ret end p.message = message local function makeWikilink(page, display) if display then return mw.ustring.format('[[%s|%s]]', page, display) else return mw.ustring.format('[[%s]]', page) end end p.makeWikilink = makeWikilink local function makeCategoryLink(cat, sort) local catns = mw.site.namespaces[14].name return makeWikilink(catns .. ':' .. cat, sort) end p.makeCategoryLink = makeCategoryLink local function makeUrlLink(url, display) return mw.ustring.format('[%s %s]', url, display) end p.makeUrlLink = makeUrlLink local function makeToolbar(...) local ret = {} local lim = select('#', ...) if lim < 1 then return nil end for i = 1, lim do ret[#ret + 1] = select(i, ...) end return '<small style="font-style: normal;">(' .. table.concat(ret, ' &#124; ') .. ')</small>' end p.makeToolbar = makeToolbar ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Argument processing ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function makeInvokeFunc(funcName) return function (frame) local args = getArgs(frame, { valueFunc = function (key, value) if type(value) == 'string' then value = value:match('^%s*(.-)%s*$') -- Remove whitespace. if key == 'heading' or value ~= '' then return value else return nil end else return value end end }) return p[funcName](args) end end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Entry points ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.nonexistent(frame) if mw.title.getCurrentTitle().subpageText == 'testcases' then return frame:expandTemplate{title = 'module test cases notice'} else return p.main(frame) end end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Main function ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- p.main = makeInvokeFunc('_main') function p._main(args) --[[ -- This function defines logic flow for the module. -- @args - table of arguments passed by the user -- -- Messages: -- 'main-div-id' --> 'template-documentation' -- 'main-div-classes' --> 'template-documentation iezoomfix' --]] local env = p.getEnvironment(args) local root = mw.html.create() root :wikitext(p._getModuleWikitext(args, env)) :wikitext(p.protectionTemplate(env)) :wikitext(p.sandboxNotice(args, env)) -- This div tag is from {{documentation/start box}}, but moving it here -- so that we don't have to worry about unclosed tags. :tag('div') :attr('id', message('main-div-id')) :addClass(message('main-div-classes')) :newline() :wikitext(p._startBox(args, env)) :wikitext(p._content(args, env)) :tag('div') :css('clear', 'both') -- So right or left floating items don't stick out of the doc box. :newline() :done() :done() :wikitext(p._endBox(args, env)) :wikitext(p.addTrackingCategories(env)) return tostring(root) end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Environment settings ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.getEnvironment(args) --[[ -- Returns a table with information about the environment, including title objects and other namespace- or -- path-related data. -- @args - table of arguments passed by the user -- -- Title objects include: -- env.title - the page we are making documentation for (usually the current title) -- env.templateTitle - the template (or module, file, etc.) -- env.docTitle - the /doc subpage. -- env.sandboxTitle - the /sandbox subpage. -- env.testcasesTitle - the /testcases subpage. -- env.printTitle - the print version of the template, located at the /Print subpage. -- -- Data includes: -- env.protectionLevels - the protection levels table of the title object. -- env.subjectSpace - the number of the title's subject namespace. -- env.docSpace - the number of the namespace the title puts its documentation in. -- env.docpageBase - the text of the base page of the /doc, /sandbox and /testcases pages, with namespace. -- env.compareUrl - URL of the Special:ComparePages page comparing the sandbox with the template. -- -- All table lookups are passed through pcall so that errors are caught. If an error occurs, the value -- returned will be nil. --]] local env, envFuncs = {}, {} -- Set up the metatable. If triggered we call the corresponding function in the envFuncs table. The value -- returned by that function is memoized in the env table so that we don't call any of the functions -- more than once. (Nils won't be memoized.) setmetatable(env, { __index = function (t, key) local envFunc = envFuncs[key] if envFunc then local success, val = pcall(envFunc) if success then env[key] = val -- Memoise the value. return val end end return nil end }) function envFuncs.title() -- The title object for the current page, or a test page passed with args.page. local title local titleArg = args.page if titleArg then title = mw.title.new(titleArg) else title = mw.title.getCurrentTitle() end return title end function envFuncs.templateTitle() --[[ -- The template (or module, etc.) title object. -- Messages: -- 'sandbox-subpage' --> 'sandbox' -- 'testcases-subpage' --> 'testcases' --]] local subjectSpace = env.subjectSpace local title = env.title local subpage = title.subpageText if subpage == message('sandbox-subpage') or subpage == message('testcases-subpage') then return mw.title.makeTitle(subjectSpace, title.baseText) else return mw.title.makeTitle(subjectSpace, title.text) end end function envFuncs.docTitle() --[[ -- Title object of the /doc subpage. -- Messages: -- 'doc-subpage' --> 'doc' --]] local title = env.title local docname = args[1] -- User-specified doc page. local docpage if docname then docpage = docname else docpage = env.docpageBase .. '/' .. message('doc-subpage') end return mw.title.new(docpage) end function envFuncs.sandboxTitle() --[[ -- Title object for the /sandbox subpage. -- Messages: -- 'sandbox-subpage' --> 'sandbox' --]] return mw.title.new(env.docpageBase .. '/' .. message('sandbox-subpage')) end function envFuncs.testcasesTitle() --[[ -- Title object for the /testcases subpage. -- Messages: -- 'testcases-subpage' --> 'testcases' --]] return mw.title.new(env.docpageBase .. '/' .. message('testcases-subpage')) end function envFuncs.printTitle() --[[ -- Title object for the /Print subpage. -- Messages: -- 'print-subpage' --> 'Print' --]] return env.templateTitle:subPageTitle(message('print-subpage')) end function envFuncs.protectionLevels() -- The protection levels table of the title object. return env.title.protectionLevels end function envFuncs.subjectSpace() -- The subject namespace number. return mw.site.namespaces[env.title.namespace].subject.id end function envFuncs.docSpace() -- The documentation namespace number. For most namespaces this is the same as the -- subject namespace. However, pages in the Article, File, MediaWiki or Category -- namespaces must have their /doc, /sandbox and /testcases pages in talk space. local subjectSpace = env.subjectSpace if subjectSpace == 0 or subjectSpace == 6 or subjectSpace == 8 or subjectSpace == 14 then return subjectSpace + 1 else return subjectSpace end end function envFuncs.docpageBase() -- The base page of the /doc, /sandbox, and /testcases subpages. -- For some namespaces this is the talk page, rather than the template page. local templateTitle = env.templateTitle local docSpace = env.docSpace local docSpaceText = mw.site.namespaces[docSpace].name -- Assemble the link. docSpace is never the main namespace, so we can hardcode the colon. return docSpaceText .. ':' .. templateTitle.text end function envFuncs.compareUrl() -- Diff link between the sandbox and the main template using [[Special:ComparePages]]. local templateTitle = env.templateTitle local sandboxTitle = env.sandboxTitle if templateTitle.exists and sandboxTitle.exists then local compareUrl = mw.uri.fullUrl( 'Special:ComparePages', {page1 = templateTitle.prefixedText, page2 = sandboxTitle.prefixedText} ) return tostring(compareUrl) else return nil end end return env end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Auxiliary templates ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- p.getModuleWikitext = makeInvokeFunc('_getModuleWikitext') function p._getModuleWikitext(args, env) local currentTitle = mw.title.getCurrentTitle() if currentTitle.contentModel ~= 'Scribunto' then return end pcall(require, currentTitle.prefixedText) -- if it fails, we don't care local moduleWikitext = package.loaded["Module:Module wikitext"] if moduleWikitext then return moduleWikitext.main() end return '' end function p.sandboxNotice(args, env) --[=[ -- Generates a sandbox notice for display above sandbox pages. -- @args - a table of arguments passed by the user -- @env - environment table containing title objects, etc., generated with p.getEnvironment -- -- Messages: -- 'sandbox-notice-image' --> '[[Image:Sandbox.svg|50px|alt=|link=]]' -- 'sandbox-notice-blurb' --> 'This is the $1 for $2.' -- 'sandbox-notice-diff-blurb' --> 'This is the $1 for $2 ($3).' -- 'sandbox-notice-pagetype-template' --> '[[Wikipedia:Template test cases|template sandbox]] page' -- 'sandbox-notice-pagetype-module' --> '[[Wikipedia:Template test cases|module sandbox]] page' -- 'sandbox-notice-pagetype-other' --> 'sandbox page' -- 'sandbox-notice-compare-link-display' --> 'diff' -- 'sandbox-notice-testcases-blurb' --> 'See also the companion subpage for $1.' -- 'sandbox-notice-testcases-link-display' --> 'test cases' -- 'sandbox-category' --> 'Template sandboxes' --]=] local title = env.title local sandboxTitle = env.sandboxTitle local templateTitle = env.templateTitle local subjectSpace = env.subjectSpace if not (subjectSpace and title and sandboxTitle and templateTitle and mw.title.equals(title, sandboxTitle)) then return nil end -- Build the table of arguments to pass to {{ombox}}. We need just two fields, "image" and "text". local omargs = {} omargs.image = message('sandbox-notice-image') -- Get the text. We start with the opening blurb, which is something like -- "This is the template sandbox for [[Template:Foo]] (diff)." local text = '' local pagetype if subjectSpace == 10 then pagetype = message('sandbox-notice-pagetype-template') elseif subjectSpace == 828 then pagetype = message('sandbox-notice-pagetype-module') else pagetype = message('sandbox-notice-pagetype-other') end local pagetypee if subjectSpace == 10 then pagetypee = message('template-pagetype') elseif subjectSpace == 828 then pagetypee = message('module-pagetype') else pagetypee = message('default-pagetype')--message 'other-pagetype' 不存在 end local templateLink = makeWikilink(templateTitle.prefixedText) local compareUrl = env.compareUrl if compareUrl then local compareDisplay = message('sandbox-notice-compare-link-display') local compareLink = makeUrlLink(compareUrl, compareDisplay) text = text .. message('sandbox-notice-diff-blurb', {pagetype, templateLink, compareLink}) else text = text .. message('sandbox-notice-blurb', {pagetype, templateLink}) end -- Get the test cases page blurb if the page exists. This is something like -- "See also the companion subpage for [[Template:Foo/testcases|test cases]]." local testcasesTitle = env.testcasesTitle if testcasesTitle and testcasesTitle.exists then if testcasesTitle.namespace == mw.site.namespaces.Module.id then local testcasesLinkDisplay = message('sandbox-notice-testcases-link-display') local testcasesRunLinkDisplay = message('sandbox-notice-testcases-run-link-display') local testcasesLink = makeWikilink(testcasesTitle.prefixedText, testcasesLinkDisplay) local testcasesRunLink = makeWikilink(testcasesTitle.talkPageTitle.prefixedText, testcasesRunLinkDisplay) text = text .. '<br /><small>' .. message('sandbox-notice-testcases-run-blurb', {pagetypee, testcasesLink, testcasesRunLink}) .. '</small>' else local testcasesLinkDisplay = message('sandbox-notice-testcases-link-display') local testcasesLink = makeWikilink(testcasesTitle.prefixedText, testcasesLinkDisplay) text = text .. '<br /><small>' .. message('sandbox-notice-testcases-blurb', {pagetypee, testcasesLink}) .. '</small>' end end -- Add the sandbox to the sandbox category. text = text .. makeCategoryLink(message('sandbox-category')) omargs.text = text local ret = '<div style="clear: both;"></div>' ret = ret .. messageBox.main('ombox', omargs) return ret end function p.protectionTemplate(env) -- Generates the padlock icon in the top right. -- @env - environment table containing title objects, etc., generated with p.getEnvironment -- Messages: -- 'protection-template' --> 'pp-template' -- 'protection-template-args' --> {docusage = 'yes'} local protectionLevels, mProtectionBanner local title = env.title protectionLevels = env.protectionLevels if not protectionLevels then return nil end local editProt = protectionLevels.edit and protectionLevels.edit[1] local moveProt = protectionLevels.move and protectionLevels.move[1] if editProt then -- The page is edit-protected. mProtectionBanner = require('Module:Protection banner') local reason = message('protection-reason-edit') return mProtectionBanner._main{reason, small = true} elseif moveProt and moveProt ~= 'autoconfirmed' then -- The page is move-protected but not edit-protected. Exclude move -- protection with the level "autoconfirmed", as this is equivalent to -- no move protection at all. mProtectionBanner = require('Module:Protection banner') return mProtectionBanner._main{action = 'move', small = true} else return nil end end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Start box ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- p.startBox = makeInvokeFunc('_startBox') function p._startBox(args, env) --[[ -- This function generates the start box. -- @args - a table of arguments passed by the user -- @env - environment table containing title objects, etc., generated with p.getEnvironment -- -- The actual work is done by p.makeStartBoxLinksData and p.renderStartBoxLinks which make -- the [view] [edit] [history] [purge] links, and by p.makeStartBoxData and p.renderStartBox -- which generate the box HTML. --]] env = env or p.getEnvironment(args) local links local content = args.content if not content then -- No need to include the links if the documentation is on the template page itself. local linksData = p.makeStartBoxLinksData(args, env) if linksData then links = p.renderStartBoxLinks(linksData) end end -- Generate the start box html. local data = p.makeStartBoxData(args, env, links) if data then return p.renderStartBox(data) else -- User specified no heading. return nil end end function p.makeStartBoxLinksData(args, env) --[[ -- Does initial processing of data to make the [view] [edit] [history] [purge] links. -- @args - a table of arguments passed by the user -- @env - environment table containing title objects, etc., generated with p.getEnvironment -- -- Messages: -- 'view-link-display' --> 'view' -- 'edit-link-display' --> 'edit' -- 'history-link-display' --> 'history' -- 'purge-link-display' --> 'purge' -- 'file-docpage-preload' --> 'Template:Documentation/preload-filespace' -- 'module-preload' --> 'Template:Documentation/preload-module-doc' -- 'docpage-preload' --> 'Template:Documentation/preload' -- 'create-link-display' --> 'create' --]] local subjectSpace = env.subjectSpace local title = env.title local docTitle = env.docTitle if not title or not docTitle then return nil end local data = {} data.title = title data.docTitle = docTitle -- View, display, edit, and purge links if /doc exists. data.viewLinkDisplay = message('view-link-display') data.editLinkDisplay = message('edit-link-display') data.historyLinkDisplay = message('history-link-display') data.purgeLinkDisplay = message('purge-link-display') -- Create link if /doc doesn't exist. local preload = args.preload if not preload then if subjectSpace == 6 then -- File namespace preload = message('file-docpage-preload') elseif subjectSpace == 828 then -- Module namespace preload = message('module-preload') else preload = message('docpage-preload') end end data.preload = preload data.createLinkDisplay = message('create-link-display') return data end function p.renderStartBoxLinks(data) --[[ -- Generates the [view][edit][history][purge] or [create] links from the data table. -- @data - a table of data generated by p.makeStartBoxLinksData --]] local function escapeBrackets(s) -- Escapes square brackets with HTML entities. s = s:gsub('%[', '&#91;') -- Replace square brackets with HTML entities. s = s:gsub('%]', '&#93;') return s end local ret local docTitle = data.docTitle local title = data.title if docTitle.exists then local viewLink = makeWikilink(docTitle.prefixedText, data.viewLinkDisplay) local editLink = makeUrlLink(docTitle:fullUrl{action = 'edit'}, data.editLinkDisplay) local historyLink = makeUrlLink(docTitle:fullUrl{action = 'history'}, data.historyLinkDisplay) local purgeLink = makeUrlLink(title:fullUrl{action = 'purge'}, data.purgeLinkDisplay) ret = '[%s] [%s] [%s] [%s]' ret = escapeBrackets(ret) ret = mw.ustring.format(ret, viewLink, editLink, historyLink, purgeLink) else local createLink = makeUrlLink(docTitle:fullUrl{action = 'edit', preload = data.preload}, data.createLinkDisplay) ret = '[%s]' ret = escapeBrackets(ret) ret = mw.ustring.format(ret, createLink) end return ret end function p.makeStartBoxData(args, env, links) --[=[ -- Does initial processing of data to pass to the start-box render function, p.renderStartBox. -- @args - a table of arguments passed by the user -- @env - environment table containing title objects, etc., generated with p.getEnvironment -- @links - a string containing the [view][edit][history][purge] links - could be nil if there's an error. -- -- Messages: -- 'documentation-icon-wikitext' --> '[[File:Test Template Info-Icon - Version (2).svg|50px|link=|alt=]]' -- 'template-namespace-heading' --> 'Template documentation' -- 'module-namespace-heading' --> 'Module documentation' -- 'file-namespace-heading' --> 'Summary' -- 'other-namespaces-heading' --> 'Documentation' -- 'start-box-linkclasses' --> 'mw-editsection-like plainlinks' -- 'start-box-link-id' --> 'doc_editlinks' -- 'testcases-create-link-display' --> 'create' --]=] local subjectSpace = env.subjectSpace if not subjectSpace then -- Default to an "other namespaces" namespace, so that we get at least some output -- if an error occurs. subjectSpace = 2 end local data = {} -- Heading local heading = args.heading -- Blank values are not removed. if heading == '' then -- Don't display the start box if the heading arg is defined but blank. return nil end if heading then data.heading = heading elseif subjectSpace == 10 then -- Template namespace data.heading = message('documentation-icon-wikitext') .. ' ' .. message('template-namespace-heading') elseif subjectSpace == 828 then -- Module namespace data.heading = message('documentation-icon-wikitext') .. ' ' .. message('module-namespace-heading') elseif subjectSpace == 6 then -- File namespace data.heading = message('file-namespace-heading') else data.heading = message('other-namespaces-heading') end -- Heading CSS local headingStyle = args['heading-style'] if headingStyle then data.headingStyleText = headingStyle elseif subjectSpace == 10 then -- We are in the template or template talk namespaces. data.headingFontWeight = 'bold' data.headingFontSize = '125%' else data.headingFontSize = '150%' end -- Data for the [view][edit][history][purge] or [create] links. if links then data.linksClass = message('start-box-linkclasses') data.linksId = message('start-box-link-id') data.links = links end return data end function p.renderStartBox(data) -- Renders the start box html. -- @data - a table of data generated by p.makeStartBoxData. local sbox = mw.html.create('div') sbox :css('padding-bottom', '3px') :css('border-bottom', '1px solid #aaa') :css('margin-bottom', '1ex') :newline() :tag('span') :cssText(data.headingStyleText) :css('font-weight', data.headingFontWeight) :css('font-size', data.headingFontSize) :wikitext(data.heading) local links = data.links if links then sbox:tag('span') :addClass(data.linksClass) :attr('id', data.linksId) :wikitext(links) end return tostring(sbox) end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Documentation content ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- p.content = makeInvokeFunc('_content') function p._content(args, env) -- Displays the documentation contents -- @args - a table of arguments passed by the user -- @env - environment table containing title objects, etc., generated with p.getEnvironment env = env or p.getEnvironment(args) local docTitle = env.docTitle local content = args.content if not content and docTitle and docTitle.exists then content = args._content or mw.getCurrentFrame():expandTemplate{title = docTitle.prefixedText} end -- The line breaks below are necessary so that "=== Headings ===" at the start and end -- of docs are interpreted correctly. return '\n' .. (content or '') .. '\n' end p.contentTitle = makeInvokeFunc('_contentTitle') function p._contentTitle(args, env) env = env or p.getEnvironment(args) local docTitle = env.docTitle if not args.content and docTitle and docTitle.exists then return docTitle.prefixedText else return '' end end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- End box ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- p.endBox = makeInvokeFunc('_endBox') function p._endBox(args, env) --[=[ -- This function generates the end box (also known as the link box). -- @args - a table of arguments passed by the user -- @env - environment table containing title objects, etc., generated with p.getEnvironment -- -- Messages: -- 'fmbox-id' --> 'documentation-meta-data' -- 'fmbox-style' --> 'background-color: #ecfcf4' -- 'fmbox-textstyle' --> 'font-style: italic' -- -- The HTML is generated by the {{fmbox}} template, courtesy of [[Module:Message box]]. --]=] -- Get environment data. env = env or p.getEnvironment(args) local subjectSpace = env.subjectSpace local docTitle = env.docTitle if not subjectSpace or not docTitle then return nil end -- Check whether we should output the end box at all. Add the end -- box by default if the documentation exists or if we are in the -- user, module or template namespaces. local linkBox = args['link box'] if linkBox == 'off' or not ( docTitle.exists or subjectSpace == 2 or subjectSpace == 828 or subjectSpace == 10 ) then return nil end -- Assemble the arguments for {{fmbox}}. local fmargs = {} fmargs.id = message('fmbox-id') -- Sets 'documentation-meta-data' fmargs.image = 'none' fmargs.style = message('fmbox-style') -- Sets 'background-color: #ecfcf4' fmargs.textstyle = message('fmbox-textstyle') -- 'font-style: italic;' -- Assemble the fmbox text field. local text = '' if linkBox then text = text .. linkBox else text = text .. (p.makeDocPageBlurb(args, env) or '') -- "This documentation is transcluded from [[Foo]]." if subjectSpace == 2 or subjectSpace == 10 or subjectSpace == 828 then -- We are in the user, template or module namespaces. -- Add sandbox and testcases links. -- "Editors can experiment in this template's sandbox and testcases pages." text = text .. (p.makeExperimentBlurb(args, env) or '') text = text .. '<br />' if not args.content and not args[1] then -- "Please add categories to the /doc subpage." -- Don't show this message with inline docs or with an explicitly specified doc page, -- as then it is unclear where to add the categories. text = text .. (p.makeCategoriesBlurb(args, env) or '') end text = text .. (p.makeSubpagesBlurb(args, env) or '') --"Subpages of this template" local printBlurb = p.makePrintBlurb(args, env) -- Two-line blurb about print versions of templates. if printBlurb then text = text .. '<br />' .. printBlurb end end end fmargs.text = text return messageBox.main('fmbox', fmargs) end function p.makeDocPageBlurb(args, env) --[=[ -- Makes the blurb "This documentation is transcluded from [[Template:Foo]] (edit, history)". -- @args - a table of arguments passed by the user -- @env - environment table containing title objects, etc., generated with p.getEnvironment -- -- Messages: -- 'edit-link-display' --> 'edit' -- 'history-link-display' --> 'history' -- 'transcluded-from-blurb' --> -- 'The above [[Wikipedia:Template documentation|documentation]] -- is [[Wikipedia:Transclusion|transcluded]] from $1.' -- 'module-preload' --> 'Template:Documentation/preload-module-doc' -- 'create-link-display' --> 'create' -- 'create-module-doc-blurb' --> -- 'You might want to $1 a documentation page for this [[Wikipedia:Lua|Scribunto module]].' --]=] local docTitle = env.docTitle if not docTitle then return nil end local ret if docTitle.exists then -- /doc exists; link to it. local docLink = makeWikilink(docTitle.prefixedText) local editUrl = docTitle:fullUrl{action = 'edit'} local editDisplay = message('edit-link-display') local editLink = makeUrlLink(editUrl, editDisplay) local historyUrl = docTitle:fullUrl{action = 'history'} local historyDisplay = message('history-link-display') local historyLink = makeUrlLink(historyUrl, historyDisplay) ret = message('transcluded-from-blurb', {docLink}) .. ' ' .. makeToolbar(editLink, historyLink) .. '<br />' elseif env.subjectSpace == 828 then -- /doc does not exist; ask to create it. local createUrl = docTitle:fullUrl{action = 'edit', preload = message('module-preload')} local createDisplay = message('create-link-display') local createLink = makeUrlLink(createUrl, createDisplay) ret = message('create-module-doc-blurb', {createLink}) .. '<br />' end return ret end function p.makeExperimentBlurb(args, env) --[[ -- Renders the text "Editors can experiment in this template's sandbox (edit | diff) and testcases (edit) pages." -- @args - a table of arguments passed by the user -- @env - environment table containing title objects, etc., generated with p.getEnvironment -- -- Messages: -- 'sandbox-link-display' --> 'sandbox' -- 'sandbox-edit-link-display' --> 'edit' -- 'compare-link-display' --> 'diff' -- 'module-sandbox-preload' --> 'Template:Documentation/preload-module-sandbox' -- 'template-sandbox-preload' --> 'Template:Documentation/preload-sandbox' -- 'sandbox-create-link-display' --> 'create' -- 'mirror-edit-summary' --> 'Create sandbox version of $1' -- 'mirror-link-display' --> 'mirror' -- 'mirror-link-preload' --> 'Template:Documentation/mirror' -- 'sandbox-link-display' --> 'sandbox' -- 'testcases-link-display' --> 'testcases' -- 'testcases-edit-link-display'--> 'edit' -- 'template-sandbox-preload' --> 'Template:Documentation/preload-sandbox' -- 'testcases-create-link-display' --> 'create' -- 'testcases-link-display' --> 'testcases' -- 'testcases-edit-link-display' --> 'edit' -- 'module-testcases-preload' --> 'Template:Documentation/preload-module-testcases' -- 'template-testcases-preload' --> 'Template:Documentation/preload-testcases' -- 'experiment-blurb-module' --> 'Editors can experiment in this module's $1 and $2 pages.' -- 'experiment-blurb-template' --> 'Editors can experiment in this template's $1 and $2 pages.' --]] local subjectSpace = env.subjectSpace local templateTitle = env.templateTitle local sandboxTitle = env.sandboxTitle local testcasesTitle = env.testcasesTitle local templatePage = templateTitle.prefixedText if not subjectSpace or not templateTitle or not sandboxTitle or not testcasesTitle then return nil end -- Make links. local sandboxLinks, testcasesLinks if sandboxTitle.exists then local sandboxPage = sandboxTitle.prefixedText local sandboxDisplay = message('sandbox-link-display') local sandboxLink = makeWikilink(sandboxPage, sandboxDisplay) local sandboxEditUrl = sandboxTitle:fullUrl{action = 'edit'} local sandboxEditDisplay = message('sandbox-edit-link-display') local sandboxEditLink = makeUrlLink(sandboxEditUrl, sandboxEditDisplay) local compareUrl = env.compareUrl local compareLink if compareUrl then local compareDisplay = message('compare-link-display') compareLink = makeUrlLink(compareUrl, compareDisplay) end sandboxLinks = sandboxLink .. ' ' .. makeToolbar(sandboxEditLink, compareLink) else local sandboxPreload if subjectSpace == 828 then sandboxPreload = message('module-sandbox-preload') else sandboxPreload = message('template-sandbox-preload') end local sandboxCreateUrl = sandboxTitle:fullUrl{action = 'edit', preload = sandboxPreload} local sandboxCreateDisplay = message('sandbox-create-link-display') local sandboxCreateLink = makeUrlLink(sandboxCreateUrl, sandboxCreateDisplay) local mirrorSummary = message('mirror-edit-summary', {makeWikilink(templatePage)}) local mirrorPreload = message('mirror-link-preload') local mirrorUrl = sandboxTitle:fullUrl{action = 'edit', preload = mirrorPreload, summary = mirrorSummary} if subjectSpace == 828 then mirrorUrl = sandboxTitle:fullUrl{action = 'edit', preload = templateTitle.prefixedText, summary = mirrorSummary} end local mirrorDisplay = message('mirror-link-display') local mirrorLink = makeUrlLink(mirrorUrl, mirrorDisplay) sandboxLinks = message('sandbox-link-display') .. ' ' .. makeToolbar(sandboxCreateLink, mirrorLink) end if testcasesTitle.exists then local testcasesPage = testcasesTitle.prefixedText local testcasesDisplay = message('testcases-link-display') local testcasesLink = makeWikilink(testcasesPage, testcasesDisplay) local testcasesEditUrl = testcasesTitle:fullUrl{action = 'edit'} local testcasesEditDisplay = message('testcases-edit-link-display') local testcasesEditLink = makeUrlLink(testcasesEditUrl, testcasesEditDisplay) -- for Modules, add testcases run link if exists if subjectSpace == 828 and testcasesTitle.talkPageTitle and testcasesTitle.talkPageTitle.exists then local testcasesRunLinkDisplay = message('testcases-run-link-display') local testcasesRunLink = makeWikilink(testcasesTitle.talkPageTitle.prefixedText, testcasesRunLinkDisplay) testcasesLinks = testcasesLink .. ' ' .. makeToolbar(testcasesEditLink, testcasesRunLink) else testcasesLinks = testcasesLink .. ' ' .. makeToolbar(testcasesEditLink) end else local testcasesPreload if subjectSpace == 828 then testcasesPreload = message('module-testcases-preload') else testcasesPreload = message('template-testcases-preload') end local testcasesCreateUrl = testcasesTitle:fullUrl{action = 'edit', preload = testcasesPreload} local testcasesCreateDisplay = message('testcases-create-link-display') local testcasesCreateLink = makeUrlLink(testcasesCreateUrl, testcasesCreateDisplay) testcasesLinks = message('testcases-link-display') .. ' ' .. makeToolbar(testcasesCreateLink) end local messageName if subjectSpace == 828 then messageName = 'experiment-blurb-module' else messageName = 'experiment-blurb-template' end return message(messageName, {sandboxLinks, testcasesLinks}) end function p.makeCategoriesBlurb(args, env) --[[ -- Generates the text "Please add categories to the /doc subpage." -- @args - a table of arguments passed by the user -- @env - environment table containing title objects, etc., generated with p.getEnvironment -- Messages: -- 'doc-link-display' --> '/doc' -- 'add-categories-blurb' --> 'Please add categories to the $1 subpage.' --]] local docTitle = env.docTitle if not docTitle then return nil end local docPathLink = makeWikilink(docTitle.prefixedText, message('doc-link-display')) return message('add-categories-blurb', {docPathLink}) end function p.makeSubpagesBlurb(args, env) --[[ -- Generates the "Subpages of this template" link. -- @args - a table of arguments passed by the user -- @env - environment table containing title objects, etc., generated with p.getEnvironment -- Messages: -- 'template-pagetype' --> 'template' -- 'module-pagetype' --> 'module' -- 'default-pagetype' --> 'page' -- 'subpages-link-display' --> 'Subpages of this $1' --]] local subjectSpace = env.subjectSpace local templateTitle = env.templateTitle if not subjectSpace or not templateTitle then return nil end local pagetype if subjectSpace == 10 then pagetype = message('template-pagetype') elseif subjectSpace == 828 then pagetype = message('module-pagetype') else pagetype = message('default-pagetype') end local subpagesLink = makeWikilink( 'Special:PrefixIndex/' .. templateTitle.prefixedText .. '/', message('subpages-link-display', {pagetype}) ) return message('subpages-blurb', {subpagesLink}) end function p.makePrintBlurb(args, env) --[=[ -- Generates the blurb displayed when there is a print version of the template available. -- @args - a table of arguments passed by the user -- @env - environment table containing title objects, etc., generated with p.getEnvironment -- -- Messages: -- 'print-link-display' --> '/Print' -- 'print-blurb' --> 'A [[Help:Books/for experts#Improving the book layout|print version]]' -- .. ' of this template exists at $1.' -- .. ' If you make a change to this template, please update the print version as well.' -- 'display-print-category' --> true -- 'print-category' --> 'Templates with print versions' --]=] local printTitle = env.printTitle if not printTitle then return nil end local ret if printTitle.exists then local printLink = makeWikilink(printTitle.prefixedText, message('print-link-display')) ret = message('print-blurb', {printLink}) local displayPrintCategory = message('display-print-category', nil, 'boolean') if displayPrintCategory then ret = ret .. makeCategoryLink(message('print-category')) end end return ret end ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Tracking categories ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- function p.addTrackingCategories(env) --[[ -- Check if {{documentation}} is transcluded on a /doc or /testcases page. -- @env - environment table containing title objects, etc., generated with p.getEnvironment -- Messages: -- 'display-strange-usage-category' --> true -- 'doc-subpage' --> 'doc' -- 'testcases-subpage' --> 'testcases' -- 'strange-usage-category' --> 'Wikipedia pages with strange ((documentation)) usage' -- -- /testcases pages in the module namespace are not categorised, as they may have -- {{documentation}} transcluded automatically. --]] local title = env.title local subjectSpace = env.subjectSpace if not title or not subjectSpace then return nil end local subpage = title.subpageText local ret = '' if message('display-strange-usage-category', nil, 'boolean') and ( subpage == message('doc-subpage') or subjectSpace ~= 828 and subpage == message('testcases-subpage') ) then ret = ret .. makeCategoryLink(message('strange-usage-category')) end return ret end return p 50p732arvlvnk2lwecoqfra3cayqfzj 828 1566 30056 2021-11-22T00:22:38Z Weather Top Wizard 54 建立內容為「-- This module provides easy processing of arguments passed to Scribunto from -- #invoke. It is intended for use by other Lua modules, and should not be -- called from #invoke directly. local libraryUtil = require('libraryUtil') local checkType = libraryUtil.checkType local arguments = {} -- Generate four different tidyVal functions, so that we don't have to check the -- options every time we call it. local function tidyValDefault(key, val) if type(val)…」的新頁面 30056 Scribunto text/plain -- This module provides easy processing of arguments passed to Scribunto from -- #invoke. It is intended for use by other Lua modules, and should not be -- called from #invoke directly. local libraryUtil = require('libraryUtil') local checkType = libraryUtil.checkType local arguments = {} -- Generate four different tidyVal functions, so that we don't have to check the -- options every time we call it. local function tidyValDefault(key, val) if type(val) == 'string' then val = val:match('^%s*(.-)%s*$') if val == '' then return nil else return val end else return val end end local function tidyValTrimOnly(key, val) if type(val) == 'string' then return val:match('^%s*(.-)%s*$') else return val end end local function tidyValRemoveBlanksOnly(key, val) if type(val) == 'string' then if val:find('%S') then return val else return nil end else return val end end local function tidyValNoChange(key, val) return val end function arguments.getArgs(frame, options) checkType('getArgs', 1, frame, 'table', true) checkType('getArgs', 2, options, 'table', true) frame = frame or {} options = options or {} --[[ -- Get the argument tables. If we were passed a valid frame object, get the -- frame arguments (fargs) and the parent frame arguments (pargs), depending -- on the options set and on the parent frame's availability. If we weren't -- passed a valid frame object, we are being called from another Lua module -- or from the debug console, so assume that we were passed a table of args -- directly, and assign it to a new variable (luaArgs). --]] local fargs, pargs, luaArgs if type(frame.args) == 'table' and type(frame.getParent) == 'function' then if options.wrappers then --[[ -- The wrappers option makes Module:Arguments look up arguments in -- either the frame argument table or the parent argument table, but -- not both. This means that users can use either the #invoke syntax -- or a wrapper template without the loss of performance associated -- with looking arguments up in both the frame and the parent frame. -- Module:Arguments will look up arguments in the parent frame -- if it finds the parent frame's title in options.wrapper; -- otherwise it will look up arguments in the frame object passed -- to getArgs. --]] local parent = frame:getParent() if not parent then fargs = frame.args else local title = parent:getTitle():gsub('/sandbox$', '') local found = false if type(options.wrappers) == 'table' then for _,v in pairs(options.wrappers) do if v == title then found = true break end end elseif options.wrappers == title then found = true end -- We test for false specifically here so that nil (the default) acts like true. if found or options.frameOnly == false then pargs = parent.args end if not found or options.parentOnly == false then fargs = frame.args end end else -- options.wrapper isn't set, so check the other options. if not options.parentOnly then fargs = frame.args end if not options.frameOnly then local parent = frame:getParent() pargs = parent and parent.args or nil end end if options.parentFirst then fargs, pargs = pargs, fargs end else luaArgs = frame end -- Set the order of precedence of the argument tables. If the variables are -- nil, nothing will be added to the table, which is how we avoid clashes -- between the frame/parent args and the Lua args. local argTables = {fargs} argTables[#argTables + 1] = pargs argTables[#argTables + 1] = luaArgs --[[ -- Generate the tidyVal function. If it has been specified by the user, we -- use that; if not, we choose one of four functions depending on the -- options chosen. This is so that we don't have to call the options table -- every time the function is called. --]] local tidyVal = options.valueFunc if tidyVal then if type(tidyVal) ~= 'function' then error( "bad value assigned to option 'valueFunc'" .. '(function expected, got ' .. type(tidyVal) .. ')', 2 ) end elseif options.trim ~= false then if options.removeBlanks ~= false then tidyVal = tidyValDefault else tidyVal = tidyValTrimOnly end else if options.removeBlanks ~= false then tidyVal = tidyValRemoveBlanksOnly else tidyVal = tidyValNoChange end end --[[ -- Set up the args, metaArgs and nilArgs tables. args will be the one -- accessed from functions, and metaArgs will hold the actual arguments. Nil -- arguments are memoized in nilArgs, and the metatable connects all of them -- together. --]] local args, metaArgs, nilArgs, metatable = {}, {}, {}, {} setmetatable(args, metatable) local function mergeArgs(iterator, tables) --[[ -- Accepts multiple tables as input and merges their keys and values -- into one table using the specified iterator. If a value is already -- present it is not overwritten; tables listed earlier have precedence. -- We are also memoizing nil values, but those values can be -- overwritten. --]] for _, t in ipairs(tables) do for key, val in iterator(t) do if metaArgs[key] == nil then local tidiedVal = tidyVal(key, val) if tidiedVal == nil then nilArgs[key] = true else metaArgs[key] = tidiedVal end end end end end --[[ -- Define metatable behaviour. Arguments are memoized in the metaArgs table, -- and are only fetched from the argument tables once. Fetching arguments -- from the argument tables is the most resource-intensive step in this -- module, so we try and avoid it where possible. For this reason, nil -- arguments are also memoized, in the nilArgs table. Also, we keep a record -- in the metatable of when pairs and ipairs have been called, so we do not -- run pairs and ipairs on the argument tables more than once. We also do -- not run ipairs on fargs and pargs if pairs has already been run, as all -- the arguments will already have been copied over. --]] metatable.__index = function (t, key) --[[ -- Fetches an argument when the args table is indexed. First we check -- to see if the value is memoized, and if not we try and fetch it from -- the argument tables. When we check memoization, we need to check -- metaArgs before nilArgs, as both can be non-nil at the same time. -- If the argument is not present in metaArgs, we also check whether -- pairs has been run yet. If pairs has already been run, we return nil. -- This is because all the arguments will have already been copied into -- metaArgs by the mergeArgs function, meaning that any other arguments -- must be nil. --]] local val = metaArgs[key] if val ~= nil then return val elseif metatable.donePairs or nilArgs[key] then return nil end for _, argTable in ipairs(argTables) do local argTableVal = tidyVal(key, argTable[key]) if argTableVal == nil then nilArgs[key] = true else metaArgs[key] = argTableVal return argTableVal end end return nil end metatable.__newindex = function (t, key, val) -- This function is called when a module tries to add a new value to the -- args table, or tries to change an existing value. if options.readOnly then error( 'could not write to argument table key "' .. tostring(key) .. '"; the table is read-only', 2 ) elseif options.noOverwrite and args[key] ~= nil then error( 'could not write to argument table key "' .. tostring(key) .. '"; overwriting existing arguments is not permitted', 2 ) elseif val == nil then --[[ -- If the argument is to be overwritten with nil, we need to erase -- the value in metaArgs, so that __index, __pairs and __ipairs do -- not use a previous existing value, if present; and we also need -- to memoize the nil in nilArgs, so that the value isn't looked -- up in the argument tables if it is accessed again. --]] metaArgs[key] = nil nilArgs[key] = true else metaArgs[key] = val end end metatable.__pairs = function () -- Called when pairs is run on the args table. if not metatable.donePairs then mergeArgs(pairs, argTables) metatable.donePairs = true metatable.doneIpairs = true end return pairs(metaArgs) end metatable.__ipairs = function () -- Called when ipairs is run on the args table. if not metatable.doneIpairs then mergeArgs(ipairs, argTables) metatable.doneIpairs = true end return ipairs(metaArgs) end return args end return arguments m9ddo769dkkvlkz48buir34035j4qhc 828 1567 30057 2021-11-22T00:23:58Z Weather Top Wizard 54 建立內容為「-- This is a meta-module for producing message box templates, including {{mbox}}, {{ambox}}, {{imbox}}, {{tmbox}}, {{ombox}}, {{cmbox}} and {{fmbox}}. -- Require necessary modules. local getArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs local categoryHandler = require('Module:Category handler').main local yesno = require('Module:Yesno') -- Load the configuration page. local cfgTables = mw.loadData('Module:Message box/configuration') -- Get a language object f…」的新頁面 30057 Scribunto text/plain -- This is a meta-module for producing message box templates, including {{mbox}}, {{ambox}}, {{imbox}}, {{tmbox}}, {{ombox}}, {{cmbox}} and {{fmbox}}. -- Require necessary modules. local getArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs local categoryHandler = require('Module:Category handler').main local yesno = require('Module:Yesno') -- Load the configuration page. local cfgTables = mw.loadData('Module:Message box/configuration') -- Get a language object for formatDate and ucfirst. local lang = mw.language.getContentLanguage() -- Set aliases for often-used functions to reduce table lookups. local format = mw.ustring.format local tinsert = table.insert local tconcat = table.concat local trim = mw.text.trim -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Helper functions -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function getTitleObject(page, ...) if type(page) == 'string' then -- Get the title object, passing the function through pcall -- in case we are over the expensive function count limit. local success, title = pcall(mw.title.new, page, ...) if success then return title end end end local function union(t1, t2) -- Returns the union of two arrays. local vals = {} for i, v in ipairs(t1) do vals[v] = true end for i, v in ipairs(t2) do vals[v] = true end local ret = {} for k in pairs(vals) do tinsert(ret, k) end table.sort(ret) return ret end local function getArgNums(args, prefix) local nums = {} for k, v in pairs(args) do local num = mw.ustring.match(tostring(k), '^' .. prefix .. '([1-9]%d*)$') if num then tinsert(nums, tonumber(num)) end end table.sort(nums) return nums end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Box class definition -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local box = {} box.__index = box function box.new() local obj = {} setmetatable(obj, box) return obj end function box.getNamespaceId(ns) if not ns then return end if type(ns) == 'string' then ns = lang:ucfirst(mw.ustring.lower(ns)) if ns == 'Main' then ns = 0 end end local nsTable = mw.site.namespaces[ns] if nsTable then return nsTable.id end end function box.getMboxType(nsid) -- Gets the mbox type from a namespace number. if nsid == 0 then return 'ambox' -- main namespace elseif nsid == 6 then return 'imbox' -- file namespace elseif nsid == 14 then return 'cmbox' -- category namespace else local nsTable = mw.site.namespaces[nsid] if nsTable and nsTable.isTalk then return 'tmbox' -- any talk namespace else return 'ombox' -- other namespaces or invalid input end end end function box:addCat(ns, cat, sort) if type(cat) ~= 'string' then return end local nsVals = {'main', 'template', 'all'} local tname for i, val in ipairs(nsVals) do if ns == val then tname = ns .. 'Cats' end end if not tname then for i, val in ipairs(nsVals) do nsVals[i] = format('"%s"', val) end error('無效的ns參數傳送到box:addCat；有效的數值為' .. mw.text.listToText(nsVals, '、', '或')) end self[tname] = self[tname] or {} if type(sort) == 'string' then tinsert(self[tname], format('[[Category:%s|%s]]', cat, sort)) else tinsert(self[tname], format('[[Category:%s]]', cat)) end end function box:addClass(class) if type(class) ~= 'string' then return end self.classes = self.classes or {} tinsert(self.classes, class) end function box:setTitle(args) -- Get the title object and the namespace. self.pageTitle = getTitleObject(args.page ~= '' and args.page) self.title = self.pageTitle or mw.title.getCurrentTitle() self.demospace = args.demospace ~= '' and args.demospace or nil self.nsid = box.getNamespaceId(self.demospace) or self.title.namespace end function box:getConfig(boxType) -- Get the box config data from the data page. if boxType == 'mbox' then boxType = box.getMboxType(self.nsid) end local cfg = cfgTables[boxType] if not cfg then local boxTypes = {} for k, v in pairs(dataTables) do tinsert(boxTypes, format('"%s"', k)) end tinsert(boxTypes, '"mbox"') error(format('無效的訊息框類型「%s」；有效的類型為%s', tostring(boxType), mw.text.listToText(boxTypes)), 2) end return cfg end function box:removeBlankArgs(cfg, args) -- Only allow blank arguments for the parameter names listed in cfg.allowBlankParams. local newArgs = {} for k, v in pairs(args) do if v ~= '' then newArgs[k] = v end end for i, param in ipairs(cfg.allowBlankParams or {}) do newArgs[param] = args[param] end return newArgs end function box:setBoxParameters(cfg, args) -- Get type data. self.type = args.type local typeData = cfg.types[self.type] self.invalidTypeError = cfg.showInvalidTypeError and self.type and not typeData and true or false typeData = typeData or cfg.types[cfg.default] self.typeClass = typeData.class self.typeImage = typeData.image -- Find if the box has been wrongly substituted. if cfg.substCheck and args.subst == 'SUBST' then self.isSubstituted = true end -- Find whether we are using a small message box. if cfg.allowSmall and ( cfg.smallParam and args.small == cfg.smallParam or not cfg.smallParam and yesno(args.small) ) then self.isSmall = true else self.isSmall = false end -- Add attributes, classes and styles. if cfg.allowId then self.id = args.id self.name = args.name if self.name then self:addClass('box-' .. string.gsub(self.name,' ','_')) end end self:addClass(cfg.usePlainlinksParam and yesno(args.plainlinks or true) and 'plainlinks') for _, class in ipairs(cfg.classes or {}) do self:addClass(class) end if self.isSmall then self:addClass(cfg.smallClass or 'mbox-small') end if yesno(args.hidden) then self:addClass('infobox editsection') end self:addClass(self.typeClass) self:addClass(args.class) self.style = args.style -- Set text style. self.textstyle = args.textstyle -- Find if we are on the template page or not. This functionality is only used if useCollapsibleTextFields is set, -- or if both cfg.templateCategory and cfg.templateCategoryRequireName are set. self.useCollapsibleTextFields = cfg.useCollapsibleTextFields if self.useCollapsibleTextFields or cfg.templateCategory and cfg.templateCategoryRequireName then self.name = args.name if self.name then local templateName = mw.ustring.match(self.name, '^[tT][eE][mM][pP][lL][aA][tT][eE][%s_]*:[%s_]*(.*)$') or self.name templateName = 'Template:' .. templateName self.templateTitle = getTitleObject(templateName) end self.isTemplatePage = self.templateTitle and mw.title.equals(self.title, self.templateTitle) or false end -- Process data for collapsible text fields. At the moment these are only used in {{ambox}}. if self.useCollapsibleTextFields then -- Get the self.issue value. if self.isSmall and args.smalltext then self.issue = args.smalltext else local sect if args.sect == '' then sect = '此' .. (cfg.sectionDefault or '頁面') elseif type(args.sect) == 'string' then sect = '此' .. args.sect end local issue = args.issue issue = type(issue) == 'string' and issue ~= '' and issue or nil local text = args.text text = type(text) == 'string' and text or nil local issues = {} tinsert(issues, sect) tinsert(issues, issue) tinsert(issues, text) self.issue = tconcat(issues) end -- Get the self.talk value. local talk = args.talk if talk == '' -- Show talk links on the template page or template subpages if the talk parameter is blank. and self.templateTitle and (mw.title.equals(self.templateTitle, self.title) or self.title:isSubpageOf(self.templateTitle)) then talk = '#' elseif talk == '' then talk = nil end if talk then -- If the talk value is a talk page, make a link to that page. Else assume that it's a section heading, -- and make a link to the talk page of the current page with that section heading. local talkTitle = getTitleObject(talk) local talkArgIsTalkPage = true if not talkTitle or not talkTitle.isTalkPage then talkArgIsTalkPage = false talkTitle = getTitleObject(self.title.text, mw.site.namespaces[self.title.namespace].talk.id) end if talkTitle and talkTitle.exists then local talkText = '相關討論可見於' if talkArgIsTalkPage then talkText = format('%s[[%s|%s]]。', talkText, talk, talkTitle.prefixedText) else talkText = format('%s[[%s#%s|討論頁]]。', talkText, talkTitle.prefixedText, talk) end self.talk = talkText end end -- Get other values. local date if args.date and args.date ~= '' then date = args.date elseif args.time == '' and self.isTemplatePage then date = lang:formatDate('Y年n月j日') elseif args.time and args.time ~= '' then date = lang:formatDate('Y年n月j日', args.time) end if date then local ok, tempdate = pcall(lang.formatDate, lang, 'Y年n月j日', date) -- 正規化日期 if ok then date = tempdate end end if date then self.date = string.format(" <small class='date-container'>''(<span class='date'>%s</span>)''</small>", date) end if args.fix and args.fix ~= '' then self.fix = format("<br /><small>%s</small>", args.fix) else self.fix = '' end self.info = args.info end -- Set the non-collapsible text field. At the moment this is used by all box types other than ambox, -- and also by ambox when small=yes. if self.isSmall then self.text = args.smalltext or args.text else self.text = args.text end -- Set the below row. self.below = cfg.below and args.below -- General image settings. self.imageCellDiv = not self.isSmall and cfg.imageCellDiv and true or false self.imageEmptyCell = cfg.imageEmptyCell if cfg.imageEmptyCellStyle then self.imageEmptyCellStyle = 'border:none;padding:0px;width:1px' end -- Left image settings. local imageLeft = self.isSmall and args.smallimage or args.image if cfg.imageCheckBlank and imageLeft ~= 'blank' and imageLeft ~= 'none' or not cfg.imageCheckBlank and imageLeft ~= 'none' then self.imageLeft = imageLeft if not imageLeft then local imageSize = self.isSmall and (cfg.imageSmallSize or '30x30px') or '40x40px' self.imageLeft = format('[[File:%s|%s|link=|alt=]]', self.typeImage or 'Imbox notice.png', imageSize) end end -- Right image settings. local imageRight = self.isSmall and args.smallimageright or args.imageright if not (cfg.imageRightNone and imageRight == 'none') then self.imageRight = imageRight end -- Add mainspace categories. At the moment these are only used in {{ambox}}. if cfg.allowMainspaceCategories then if args.cat then args.cat1 = args.cat end self.catNums = getArgNums(args, 'cat') if args.category then args.category1 = args.category end self.categoryNums = getArgNums(args, 'category') if args.all then args.all1 = args.all end self.allNums = getArgNums(args, 'all') self.categoryParamNums = union(self.catNums, self.categoryNums) self.categoryParamNums = union(self.categoryParamNums, self.allNums) -- The following is roughly equivalent to the old {{Ambox/category}}. local date local sortDay local dayName = { [1] = '㏠', [2] = '㏡', [3] = '㏢', [4] = '㏣', [5] = '㏤', [6] = '㏥', [7] = '㏦', [8] = '㏧', [9] = '㏨', [10] = '㏩', [11] = '㏪', [12] = '㏫', [13] = '㏬', [14] = '㏭', [15] = '㏮', [16] = '㏯', [17] = '㏰', [18] = '㏱', [19] = '㏲', [20] = '㏳', [21] = '㏴', [22] = '㏵', [23] = '㏶', [24] = '㏷', [25] = '㏸', [26] = '㏹', [27] = '㏺', [28] = '㏻', [29] = '㏼', [30] = '㏽', [31] = '㏾' } if args.date and args.date ~= '' then date = args.date local ok, tempdate = pcall(lang.formatDate, lang, 'Y年n月', date) -- 正規化日期 if ok then date = tempdate end elseif args.time and args.time ~= '' then date = lang:formatDate('Y年n月', args.time) sortDay = lang:formatDate('j', args.time) sortDay = tonumber(sortDay) sortDay = dayName[sortDay] end date = type(date) == 'string' and date local preposition = '自' for _, num in ipairs(self.categoryParamNums) do local mainCat = args['cat' .. tostring(num)] or args['category' .. tostring(num)] local allCat = args['all' .. tostring(num)] mainCat = type(mainCat) == 'string' and mainCat allCat = type(allCat) == 'string' and allCat if mainCat and date and date ~= '' then local catTitle = format('%s%s%s', preposition, date, mainCat) if sortDay then self:addCat('main', catTitle, sortDay) else self:addCat('main', catTitle) end catTitle = getTitleObject('Category:' .. catTitle) if not catTitle or not catTitle.exists then self:addCat('main', '模板中使用无效日期参数的条目') end elseif mainCat and (not date or date == '') then self:addCat('main', mainCat) end if allCat then self:addCat('main', allCat) end end end -- Add template-namespace categories. if cfg.templateCategory then if cfg.templateCategoryRequireName then if self.isTemplatePage then self:addCat('template', cfg.templateCategory) end elseif not self.title.isSubpage then self:addCat('template', cfg.templateCategory) end end -- Add template error category. if cfg.templateErrorCategory then local templateErrorCategory = cfg.templateErrorCategory local templateCat, templateSort if not self.name and not self.title.isSubpage then templateCat = templateErrorCategory elseif self.isTemplatePage then local paramsToCheck = cfg.templateErrorParamsToCheck or {} local count = 0 for i, param in ipairs(paramsToCheck) do if not args[param] then count = count + 1 end end if count > 0 then templateCat = templateErrorCategory templateSort = tostring(count) end if self.categoryNums and #self.categoryNums > 0 then templateCat = templateErrorCategory templateSort = 'C' end end self:addCat('template', templateCat, templateSort) end -- Categories for all namespaces. if self.invalidTypeError then local allSort = (self.nsid == 0 and 'Main:' or '') .. self.title.prefixedText self:addCat('all', '需要修复的信息框', allSort) end if self.isSubstituted then self:addCat('all', '錯誤使用替換引用的頁面') end -- Convert category tables to strings and pass them through [[Module:Category handler]]. self.categories = categoryHandler{ main = tconcat(self.mainCats or {}), template = tconcat(self.templateCats or {}), all = tconcat(self.allCats or {}), nocat = args.nocat, demospace = self.demospace, page = self.pageTitle and self.pageTitle.prefixedText or nil } end function box:export() local root = mw.html.create() -- Add the subst check error. if self.isSubstituted and self.name then root :tag('b') :addClass('error') :wikitext(format( '模板<code>%s[[Template:%s|%s]]%s</code>被錯誤地替代。', mw.text.nowiki('{{'), self.name, self.name, mw.text.nowiki('}}') )) end -- Create the box table. local boxTable = root:tag('table') boxTable :attr('id', self.id) for i, class in ipairs(self.classes or {}) do boxTable :addClass(class) end boxTable :cssText(self.style) :attr('role', 'presentation') -- Add the left-hand image. local row = boxTable:tag('tr') if self.imageLeft then local imageLeftCell = row:tag('td'):addClass('mbox-image') if self.imageCellDiv then -- If we are using a div, redefine imageLeftCell so that the image is inside it. -- Divs use style="width: 52px;", which limits the image width to 52px. If any -- images in a div are wider than that, they may overlap with the text or cause -- other display problems. imageLeftCell = imageLeftCell:tag('div'):css('width', '52px') end imageLeftCell :wikitext(self.imageLeft) elseif self.imageEmptyCell then -- Some message boxes define an empty cell if no image is specified, and some don't. -- The old template code in templates where empty cells are specified gives the following hint: -- "No image. Cell with some width or padding necessary for text cell to have 100% width." row:tag('td') :addClass('mbox-empty-cell') :cssText(self.imageEmptyCellStyle) end -- Add the text. local textCell = row:tag('td'):addClass('mbox-text') if self.useCollapsibleTextFields then -- The message box uses advanced text parameters that allow things to be collapsible. At the -- moment, only ambox uses this. textCell :cssText(self.textstyle) local textCellSpan = textCell:tag('span') textCellSpan :addClass('mbox-text-span') :wikitext(self.issue) if not self.isSmall then textCellSpan :tag('span') :addClass('hide-when-compact') :wikitext(self.talk and self.talk) end textCellSpan :wikitext(self.date and self.date) if not self.isSmall and self.fix ~= '' then textCellSpan :tag('span') :addClass('hide-when-compact') :wikitext(self.fix and self.fix) end if not self.isSmall then textCellSpan :tag('span') :addClass('hide-when-compact') :wikitext(self.info and self.info) end else -- Default text formatting - anything goes. textCell :cssText(self.textstyle) :wikitext(self.text) end -- Add the right-hand image. if self.imageRight then local imageRightCell = row:tag('td'):addClass('mbox-imageright') if self.imageCellDiv then imageRightCell = imageRightCell:tag('div'):css('width', '52px') -- If we are using a div, redefine imageRightCell so that the image is inside it. end imageRightCell :wikitext(self.imageRight) end -- Add the below row. if self.below then boxTable:tag('tr') :tag('td') :attr('colspan', self.imageRight and '3' or '2') :addClass('mbox-text') :cssText(self.textstyle) :wikitext(self.below) end -- Add error message for invalid type parameters. if self.invalidTypeError then root :tag('div') :css('text-align', 'center') :wikitext(format('此訊息框使用無效的「type=%s」參數，需要修復。', self.type or '')) end -- Add categories. root :wikitext(self.categories) return tostring(root) end local function main(boxType, args) local outputBox = box.new() outputBox:setTitle(args) local cfg = outputBox:getConfig(boxType) args = outputBox:removeBlankArgs(cfg, args) outputBox:setBoxParameters(cfg, args) return outputBox:export() end local function makeWrapper(boxType) return function (frame) local args = getArgs(frame, {trim = false, removeBlanks = false}) return main(boxType, args) end end local p = { main = main, mbox = makeWrapper('mbox') } for boxType in pairs(cfgTables) do p[boxType] = makeWrapper(boxType) end return p si3urgp36dnctgsl69jwbld9e0o8uzg 828 1568 30058 2021-11-22T00:25:02Z Weather Top Wizard 54 建立內容為「-- Function allowing for consistent treatment of boolean-like wikitext input. -- It works similarly to the template {{yesno}}. return function (val, default) -- If your wiki uses non-ascii characters for any of "yes", "no", etc., you -- should replace "val:lower()" with "mw.ustring.lower(val)" in the -- following line. val = type(val) == 'string' and val:lower() or val if val == nil then return nil elseif val == true or val == 'yes' or val == '…」的新頁面 30058 Scribunto text/plain -- Function allowing for consistent treatment of boolean-like wikitext input. -- It works similarly to the template {{yesno}}. return function (val, default) -- If your wiki uses non-ascii characters for any of "yes", "no", etc., you -- should replace "val:lower()" with "mw.ustring.lower(val)" in the -- following line. val = type(val) == 'string' and val:lower() or val if val == nil then return nil elseif val == true or val == 'yes' or val == 'y' or val == 'true' or val == 't' or val == 'on' or val == '是' or val == '开' or val == '開' or tonumber(val) == 1 then return true elseif val == false or val == 'no' or val == 'n' or val == 'false' or val == 'f' or val == 'off' or val == '否' or val == '关' or val == '關' or tonumber(val) == 0 then return false else return default end end 5hqvgmakelaihcallcdiwwqvnkeqhqo 828 1569 30059 2021-11-22T00:26:13Z Weather Top Wizard 54 建立內容為「-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- -- -- CATEGORY HANDLER -- -- -- -- This module implements the {{category handler}} template in Lua, -- -- with a few improvements: all namespaces and all n…」的新頁面 30059 Scribunto text/plain -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- -- -- CATEGORY HANDLER -- -- -- -- This module implements the {{category handler}} template in Lua, -- -- with a few improvements: all namespaces and all namespace aliases -- -- are supported, and namespace names are detected automatically for -- -- the local wiki. This module requires [[Module:Namespace detect]] -- -- and [[Module:Yesno]] to be available on the local wiki. It can be -- -- configured for different wikis by altering the values in -- -- [[Module:Category handler/config]], and pages can be blacklisted -- -- from categorisation by using [[Module:Category handler/blacklist]]. -- -- -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Load required modules local yesno = require('Module:Yesno') -- Lazily load things we don't always need local mShared, mappings local p = {} -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Helper functions -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function trimWhitespace(s, removeBlanks) if type(s) ~= 'string' then return s end s = s:match('^%s*(.-)%s*$') if removeBlanks then if s ~= '' then return s else return nil end else return s end end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- CategoryHandler class -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local CategoryHandler = {} CategoryHandler.__index = CategoryHandler function CategoryHandler.new(data, args) local obj = setmetatable({ _data = data, _args = args }, CategoryHandler) -- Set the title object do local pagename = obj:parameter('demopage') local success, titleObj if pagename then success, titleObj = pcall(mw.title.new, pagename) end if success and titleObj then obj.title = titleObj if titleObj == mw.title.getCurrentTitle() then obj._usesCurrentTitle = true end else obj.title = mw.title.getCurrentTitle() obj._usesCurrentTitle = true end end -- Set suppression parameter values for _, key in ipairs{'nocat', 'categories'} do local value = obj:parameter(key) value = trimWhitespace(value, true) obj['_' .. key] = yesno(value) end do local subpage = obj:parameter('subpage') local category2 = obj:parameter('category2') if type(subpage) == 'string' then subpage = mw.ustring.lower(subpage) end if type(category2) == 'string' then subpage = mw.ustring.lower(category2) end obj._subpage = trimWhitespace(subpage, true) obj._category2 = trimWhitespace(category2) -- don't remove blank values end return obj end function CategoryHandler:parameter(key) local parameterNames = self._data.parameters[key] local pntype = type(parameterNames) if pntype == 'string' or pntype == 'number' then return self._args[parameterNames] elseif pntype == 'table' then for _, name in ipairs(parameterNames) do local value = self._args[name] if value ~= nil then return value end end return nil else error(string.format( 'invalid config key "%s"', tostring(key) ), 2) end end function CategoryHandler:isSuppressedByArguments() return -- See if a category suppression argument has been set. self._nocat == true or self._categories == false or ( self._category2 and self._category2 ~= self._data.category2Yes and self._category2 ~= self._data.category2Negative ) -- Check whether we are on a subpage, and see if categories are -- suppressed based on our subpage status. or self._subpage == self._data.subpageNo and self.title.isSubpage or self._subpage == self._data.subpageOnly and not self.title.isSubpage end function CategoryHandler:shouldSkipBlacklistCheck() -- Check whether the category suppression arguments indicate we -- should skip the blacklist check. return self._nocat == false or self._categories == true or self._category2 == self._data.category2Yes end function CategoryHandler:matchesBlacklist() if self._usesCurrentTitle then return self._data.currentTitleMatchesBlacklist else mShared = mShared or require('Module:Category handler/shared') return mShared.matchesBlacklist( self.title.prefixedText, mw.loadData('Module:Category handler/blacklist') ) end end function CategoryHandler:isSuppressed() -- Find if categories are suppressed by either the arguments or by -- matching the blacklist. return self:isSuppressedByArguments() or not self:shouldSkipBlacklistCheck() and self:matchesBlacklist() end function CategoryHandler:getNamespaceParameters() if self._usesCurrentTitle then return self._data.currentTitleNamespaceParameters else if not mappings then mShared = mShared or require('Module:Category handler/shared') mappings = mShared.getParamMappings(true) -- gets mappings with mw.loadData end return mShared.getNamespaceParameters( self.title, mappings ) end end function CategoryHandler:namespaceParametersExist() -- Find whether any namespace parameters have been specified. -- We use the order "all" --> namespace params --> "other" as this is what -- the old template did. if self:parameter('all') then return true end if not mappings then mShared = mShared or require('Module:Category handler/shared') mappings = mShared.getParamMappings(true) -- gets mappings with mw.loadData end for ns, params in pairs(mappings) do for i, param in ipairs(params) do if self._args[param] then return true end end end if self:parameter('other') then return true end return false end function CategoryHandler:getCategories() local params = self:getNamespaceParameters() local nsCategory for i, param in ipairs(params) do local value = self._args[param] if value ~= nil then nsCategory = value break end end if nsCategory ~= nil or self:namespaceParametersExist() then -- Namespace parameters exist - advanced usage. if nsCategory == nil then nsCategory = self:parameter('other') end local ret = {self:parameter('all')} local numParam = tonumber(nsCategory) if numParam and numParam >= 1 and math.floor(numParam) == numParam then -- nsCategory is an integer ret[#ret + 1] = self._args[numParam] else ret[#ret + 1] = nsCategory end if #ret < 1 then return nil else return table.concat(ret) end elseif self._data.defaultNamespaces[self.title.namespace] then -- Namespace parameters don't exist, simple usage. return self._args[1] end return nil end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Exports -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local p = {} function p._exportClasses() -- Used for testing purposes. return { CategoryHandler = CategoryHandler } end function p._main(args, data) data = data or mw.loadData('Module:Category handler/data') local handler = CategoryHandler.new(data, args) if handler:isSuppressed() then return nil end return handler:getCategories() end function p.main(frame, data) data = data or mw.loadData('Module:Category handler/data') local args = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs(frame, { wrappers = data.wrappers, valueFunc = function (k, v) v = trimWhitespace(v) if type(k) == 'number' then if v ~= '' then return v else return nil end else return v end end }) return p._main(args, data) end return p letwavu3yvlayfzew66uuwixmwebq5b 10 1570 30060 2021-11-22T00:27:32Z Weather Top Wizard 54 建立內容為「{{#if: {{#ifeq: {{lc: {{{nocat|}}} }} | true | dontcat <!--"nocat=true", don't categorize--> }}{{#ifeq: {{lc: {{{categories|}}} }} | no | dontcat }}{{#switch: {{lc: {{{category2|¬}}} }} | yes | ¬ = <!--Not defined--> | #default = dontcat <!--"category2 = no/'defined but empty'/'anything'"--> }}{{#switch: {{lc: {{{subpage|}}} }} | no = {{basepage subpage | | dontcat <!--"subpage=no" and on a subpage--> | pag…」的新頁面 30060 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#if: {{#ifeq: {{lc: {{{nocat|}}} }} | true | dontcat <!--"nocat=true", don't categorize--> }}{{#ifeq: {{lc: {{{categories|}}} }} | no | dontcat }}{{#switch: {{lc: {{{category2|¬}}} }} | yes | ¬ = <!--Not defined--> | #default = dontcat <!--"category2 = no/'defined but empty'/'anything'"--> }}{{#switch: {{lc: {{{subpage|}}} }} | no = {{basepage subpage | | dontcat <!--"subpage=no" and on a subpage--> | page = {{{page|}}} <!--For testing--> }} | only = {{basepage subpage | dontcat <!--"subpage=only" and not on a subpage--> | page = {{{page|}}} <!--For testing--> }} }} | <!--Don't categorise (result was "dontcat" or "dontcatdontcat" and so on)--> | <!--Check blacklist--> {{#switch: {{#ifeq: {{lc: {{{nocat|}}} }} | false | <!--"nocat=false", skip blacklist check--> | {{#ifeq: {{lc: {{{categories|}}} }} | yes | <!--Skip blacklist check--> | {{#ifeq: {{lc: {{{category2|}}} }} | yes | <!--Skip blacklist check--> | {{category handler/blacklist| page = {{{page|}}} }} <!--Check blacklist--> }} }} }} | hide = <!--Blacklist returned "hide", don't categorize--> | #default = <!--Check if any namespace parameter is defined--> {{#ifeq: h0#384!5nea+w9 | {{{all| {{{main| {{{talk| {{{user| {{{wikipedia| {{{file| {{{mediawiki| {{{template| {{{help| {{{category| {{{portal| {{{book| {{{wikiproject| {{{other| h0#384!5nea+w9 }}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}} | <!--No namespace parameters fed, basic usage--> {{namespace detect | main = {{{1|}}} | file = {{{1|}}} | help = {{{1|}}} | category = {{{1|}}} | portal = {{{1|}}} | book = {{{1|}}} | wikiproject = {{{1|}}} | page = {{{page|}}} <!--For testing and demonstration--> }} | <!--Namespace parameters fed, advanced usage. If "data" is a number, return the corresponding numbered parameter, else return "data". --> {{{all|}}}{{category handler/numbered | 1 = {{{1|}}} | 2 = {{{2|}}} | 3 = {{{3|}}} | 4 = {{{4|}}} | 5 = {{{5|}}} | 6 = {{{6|}}} | 7 = {{{7|}}} | 8 = {{{8|}}} | 9 = {{{9|}}} | 10 = {{{10|}}} | data = <!--Check what namespace, and return the data for it. Respecting empty parameters on purpose. --> {{namespace detect | main = {{{main| {{{other|}}} }}} | talk = {{{talk| {{{other|}}} }}} | user = {{{user| {{{other|}}} }}} | wikipedia = {{{wikipedia| {{{project| {{{other|}}} }}} }}} | file = {{{file| {{{image| {{{other|}}} }}} }}} | mediawiki = {{{mediawiki| {{{other|}}} }}} | template = {{{template| {{{other|}}} }}} | help = {{{help| {{{other|}}} }}} | category = {{{category| {{{other|}}} }}} | portal = {{{portal| {{{other|}}} }}} | book = {{{book| {{{other|}}} }}} | wikiproject = {{{wikiproject| {{{other|}}} }}} | other = {{{other|}}} <!--Namespace special or a new namespace--> | page = {{{page|}}} <!--For testing and demonstration--> }} }} }} }} }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Add categories to the /doc subpage, and interwikis to Wikidata. --> </noinclude> mrfnbwbcbuyufw1vj6f7100kk24rdi8 828 1571 30061 2021-11-22T00:28:43Z Weather Top Wizard 54 建立內容為「local ambox = { types = { speedy = { class = 'ambox-speedy', image = 'Ambox warning pn.svg' }, delete = { class = 'ambox-delete', image = 'Ambox warning pn.svg' }, content = { class = 'ambox-content', image = 'Ambox important.svg' }, style = { class = 'ambox-style', image = 'Edit-clear.svg' }, move = { class = 'ambox-move', image = 'Merge-split-transwiki default.svg' }, protection = { class = 'ambox-pro…」的新頁面 30061 Scribunto text/plain local ambox = { types = { speedy = { class = 'ambox-speedy', image = 'Ambox warning pn.svg' }, delete = { class = 'ambox-delete', image = 'Ambox warning pn.svg' }, content = { class = 'ambox-content', image = 'Ambox important.svg' }, style = { class = 'ambox-style', image = 'Edit-clear.svg' }, move = { class = 'ambox-move', image = 'Merge-split-transwiki default.svg' }, protection = { class = 'ambox-protection', image = 'Semi-protection-shackle-keyhole.svg' }, notice = { class = 'ambox-notice', image = 'Information icon4.svg' } }, default = 'notice', allowBlankParams = {'talk', 'sect', 'date', 'issue', 'fix', 'subst', 'hidden'}, allowSmall = true, smallParam = 'left', smallClass = 'mbox-small-left', substCheck = true, classes = {'metadata', 'ambox'}, usePlainlinksParam = true, allowId = true, imageEmptyCell = true, imageCheckBlank = true, imageSmallSize = '20x20px', imageCellDiv = true, useCollapsibleTextFields = true, imageRightNone = true, sectionDefault = '條目', allowMainspaceCategories = true, templateCategory = '條目訊息模板', templateCategoryRequireName = true, templateErrorCategory = '缺少參數的條目訊息模板', templateErrorParamsToCheck = {'issue', 'fix', 'subst'} } local cmbox = { types = { speedy = { class = 'cmbox-speedy', image = 'Ambox warning pn.svg' }, delete = { class = 'cmbox-delete', image = 'Ambox warning pn.svg' }, content = { class = 'cmbox-content', image = 'Ambox important.svg' }, style = { class = 'cmbox-style', image = 'Edit-clear.svg' }, move = { class = 'cmbox-move', image = 'Merge-split-transwiki default.svg' }, protection = { class = 'cmbox-protection', image = 'Semi-protection-shackle-keyhole.svg' }, notice = { class = 'cmbox-notice', image = 'Information icon4.svg' } }, default = 'notice', showInvalidTypeError = true, classes = {'cmbox'}, usePlainlinksParam = true, imageEmptyCell = true } local fmbox = { types = { warning = { class = 'fmbox-warning', image = 'Ambox warning pn.svg' }, editnotice = { class = 'fmbox-editnotice', image = 'Information icon4.svg' }, system = { class = 'fmbox-system', image = 'Information icon4.svg' } }, default = 'system', showInvalidTypeError = true, allowId = true, classes = {'fmbox'}, usePlainlinksParam = true, imageEmptyCell = false, imageRightNone = false } local imbox = { types = { speedy = { class = 'imbox-speedy', image = 'Ambox warning pn.svg' }, delete = { class = 'imbox-delete', image = 'Ambox warning pn.svg' }, content = { class = 'imbox-content', image = 'Ambox important.svg' }, style = { class = 'imbox-style', image = 'Edit-clear.svg' }, move = { class = 'imbox-move', image = 'Merge-split-transwiki default.svg' }, protection = { class = 'imbox-protection', image = 'Semi-protection-shackle-keyhole.svg' }, license = { class = 'imbox-license', image = 'Imbox license.png' }, featured = { class = 'imbox-featured', image = 'Cscr-featured.svg' }, notice = { class = 'imbox-notice', image = 'Information icon4.svg' } }, default = 'notice', showInvalidTypeError = true, classes = {'imbox'}, usePlainlinksParam = true, imageEmptyCell = true, below = true, templateCategory = '檔案訊息模板' } local ombox = { types = { speedy = { class = 'ombox-speedy', image = 'Ambox warning pn.svg' }, delete = { class = 'ombox-delete', image = 'Ambox warning pn.svg' }, content = { class = 'ombox-content', image = 'Ambox important.svg' }, style = { class = 'ombox-style', image = 'Edit-clear.svg' }, move = { class = 'ombox-move', image = 'Merge-split-transwiki default.svg' }, protection = { class = 'ombox-protection', image = 'Semi-protection-shackle-keyhole.svg' }, notice = { class = 'ombox-notice', image = 'Information icon4.svg' }, note = { class = 'ombox-notice', image = 'Information icon4.svg' } }, default = 'notice', showInvalidTypeError = true, classes = {'ombox'}, usePlainlinksParam = true, allowSmall = true, imageEmptyCell = true, imageRightNone = true } local tmbox = { types = { speedy = { class = 'tmbox-speedy', image = 'Ambox warning pn.svg' }, delete = { class = 'tmbox-delete', image = 'Ambox warning pn.svg' }, content = { class = 'tmbox-content', image = 'Ambox important.svg' }, style = { class = 'tmbox-style', image = 'Edit-clear.svg ' }, move = { class = 'tmbox-move', image = 'Merge-split-transwiki default.svg' }, protection = { class = 'tmbox-protection', image = 'Semi-protection-shackle-keyhole.svg' }, notice = { class = 'tmbox-notice', image = 'Information icon4.svg' } }, default = 'notice', showInvalidTypeError = true, classes = {'tmbox'}, usePlainlinksParam = true, allowId = true, allowSmall = true, imageRightNone = true, imageEmptyCell = true, imageEmptyCellStyle = true, templateCategory = '討論訊息模板' } return { ambox = ambox, cmbox = cmbox, fmbox = fmbox, imbox = imbox, ombox = ombox, tmbox = tmbox } p2ubt99bq93xuddwipvkbzm4777t3sc 10 1572 30062 2021-11-22T00:29:57Z Weather Top Wizard 54 建立內容為「{{Side box | position = {{{position|}}} | image = {{#switch: {{{image|}}} | none = <!-- "image=none", do nothing --> | = <!-- No image fed, select an image --> File:{{#switch: {{lc: {{{project|}}} }} | commons = Commons-logo.svg | meta|metawiki|m = Wikimedia Community Logo.svg | wikibooks|wbk|wb|b = Wikibooks-logo.svg | wikidata|data = Wikidata-logo.svg | wikiquote|quote|wqt|q…」的新頁面 30062 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Side box | position = {{{position|}}} | image = {{#switch: {{{image|}}} | none = <!-- "image=none", do nothing --> | = <!-- No image fed, select an image --> [[File:{{#switch: {{lc: {{{project|}}} }} | commons = Commons-logo.svg | meta|metawiki|m = Wikimedia Community Logo.svg | wikibooks|wbk|wb|b = Wikibooks-logo.svg | wikidata|data = Wikidata-logo.svg | wikiquote|quote|wqt|q = Wikiquote-logo.svg | wikipedia|wp|w = Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg | wikisource|source|ws|s = Wikisource-logo.svg | wiktionary|wkt|wdy|d = Wiktionary-logo.svg | wikinews|news|wnw|n = Wikinews-logo.svg | wikispecies|species = Wikispecies-logo.svg | wikiversity|betawikiversity|wv|v = Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg | mediawiki|mw = MediaWiki-2020-icon.svg | wikivoyage|voyage|voy = Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg | outreachwiki|outreach = Wikimedia Outreach.png | incubator = Incubator-notext.svg | #default = Wikimedia-logo.svg }}|40x40px|class=noviewer|alt=|link= ]] | #default = {{{image|}}} }} | text = {{{text}}} | below = {{{below|}}} | imageright = {{{imageright|}}} | class = plainlinks sistersitebox | style = font-size:small; | metadata=no }}<noinclude>{{Documentation}}<!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --></noinclude> bb031ea7ynri5kome47n4ajm9whbt7h 828 1573 38402 30063 2023-06-23T23:34:30Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38402 Scribunto text/plain ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- -- Configuration for Module:Documentation -- -- Here you can set the values of the parameters and messages used in Module:Documentation to -- localise it to your wiki and your language. Unless specified otherwise, values given here -- should be string values. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local cfg = {} -- Do not edit this line. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Protection template configuration ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- cfg['protection-reason-edit'] -- The protection reason for edit-protected templates to pass to -- [[Module:Protection banner]]. cfg['protection-reason-edit'] = 'template' --[[ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Sandbox notice configuration -- -- On sandbox pages the module can display a template notifying users that the current page is a -- sandbox, and the location of test cases pages, etc. The module decides whether the page is a -- sandbox or not based on the value of cfg['sandbox-subpage']. The following settings configure the -- messages that the notices contains. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --]] -- cfg['sandbox-notice-image'] -- The image displayed in the sandbox notice. cfg['sandbox-notice-image'] = '[[Image:Sandbox.svg|50px|alt=|link=]]' --[[ -- cfg['sandbox-notice-pagetype-template'] -- cfg['sandbox-notice-pagetype-module'] -- cfg['sandbox-notice-pagetype-other'] -- The page type of the sandbox page. The message that is displayed depends on the current subject -- namespace. This message is used in either cfg['sandbox-notice-blurb'] or -- cfg['sandbox-notice-diff-blurb']. --]] cfg['sandbox-notice-pagetype-template'] = '[[Wikipedia:範本的沙箱和測試樣例|沙箱]]' cfg['sandbox-notice-pagetype-module'] = '[[Wikipedia:範本的沙箱和測試樣例|沙箱]]' cfg['sandbox-notice-pagetype-other'] = '沙箱' --[[ -- cfg['sandbox-notice-blurb'] -- cfg['sandbox-notice-diff-blurb'] -- cfg['sandbox-notice-diff-display'] -- Either cfg['sandbox-notice-blurb'] or cfg['sandbox-notice-diff-blurb'] is the opening sentence -- of the sandbox notice. The latter has a diff link, but the former does not. $1 is the page -- type, which is either cfg['sandbox-notice-pagetype-template'], -- cfg['sandbox-notice-pagetype-module'] or cfg['sandbox-notice-pagetype-other'] depending what -- namespace we are in. $2 is a link to the main template page, and $3 is a diff link between -- the sandbox and the main template. The display value of the diff link is set by -- cfg['sandbox-notice-compare-link-display']. --]] cfg['sandbox-notice-blurb'] = '這是$2的$1。' cfg['sandbox-notice-diff-blurb'] = '這是$2（$3）的$1。' cfg['sandbox-notice-compare-link-display'] = '差異' --[[ -- cfg['sandbox-notice-testcases-blurb'] -- cfg['sandbox-notice-testcases-link-display'] -- cfg['sandbox-notice-testcases-run-blurb'] -- cfg['sandbox-notice-testcases-run-link-display'] -- cfg['sandbox-notice-testcases-blurb'] is a sentence notifying the user that there is a test cases page -- corresponding to this sandbox that they can edit. $1 is a link to the test cases page. -- cfg['sandbox-notice-testcases-link-display'] is the display value for that link. -- cfg['sandbox-notice-testcases-run-blurb'] is a sentence notifying the user that there is a test cases page -- corresponding to this sandbox that they can edit, along with a link to run it. $1 is a link to the test -- cases page, and $2 is a link to the page to run it. -- cfg['sandbox-notice-testcases-run-link-display'] is the display value for the link to run the test -- cases. --]] cfg['sandbox-notice-testcases-blurb'] = '參見本$1的$2。' cfg['sandbox-notice-testcases-link-display'] = '測試樣例' cfg['sandbox-notice-testcases-run-blurb'] = '參見本$1的$2（$3）。' cfg['sandbox-notice-testcases-run-link-display'] = '執行' -- cfg['sandbox-category'] -- A category to add to all template sandboxes. cfg['sandbox-category'] = '範本沙箱' ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Start box configuration ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- cfg['documentation-icon-wikitext'] -- The wikitext for the icon shown at the top of the template. cfg['documentation-icon-wikitext'] = '[[File:Test Template Info-Icon - Version (2).svg|50px|link=|alt=文件圖示]]' -- cfg['template-namespace-heading'] -- The heading shown in the template namespace. cfg['template-namespace-heading'] = '範本文件' -- cfg['module-namespace-heading'] -- The heading shown in the module namespace. cfg['module-namespace-heading'] = '模組文件' -- cfg['file-namespace-heading'] -- The heading shown in the file namespace. cfg['file-namespace-heading'] = 'Summary' -- cfg['other-namespaces-heading'] -- The heading shown in other namespaces. cfg['other-namespaces-heading'] = '文件' -- cfg['view-link-display'] -- The text to display for "view" links. cfg['view-link-display'] = '檢視' -- cfg['edit-link-display'] -- The text to display for "edit" links. cfg['edit-link-display'] = '編輯' -- cfg['history-link-display'] -- The text to display for "history" links. cfg['history-link-display'] = '歷史' -- cfg['purge-link-display'] -- The text to display for "purge" links. cfg['purge-link-display'] = '清除快取' -- cfg['create-link-display'] -- The text to display for "create" links. cfg['create-link-display'] = '建立' ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Link box (end box) configuration ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- cfg['transcluded-from-blurb'] -- Notice displayed when the docs are transcluded from another page. $1 is a wikilink to that page. cfg['transcluded-from-blurb'] = '上述[[Wikipedia:範本文檔頁模式|-{zh-cn:文檔; zh-tw:文件;}-]][[Wikipedia:嵌入包含|嵌入]]自$1。' --[[ -- cfg['create-module-doc-blurb'] -- Notice displayed in the module namespace when the documentation subpage does not exist. -- $1 is a link to create the documentation page with the preload cfg['module-preload'] and the -- display cfg['create-link-display']. --]] cfg['create-module-doc-blurb'] = '您可能想要$1本[[Wikipedia:Lua|Scribunto模組]]的文件。' ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Experiment blurb configuration ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --[[ -- cfg['experiment-blurb-template'] -- cfg['experiment-blurb-module'] -- The experiment blurb is the text inviting editors to experiment in sandbox and test cases pages. -- It is only shown in the template and module namespaces. With the default English settings, it -- might look like this: -- -- Editors can experiment in this template's sandbox (edit | diff) and testcases (edit) pages. -- -- In this example, "sandbox", "edit", "diff", "testcases", and "edit" would all be links. -- -- There are two versions, cfg['experiment-blurb-template'] and cfg['experiment-blurb-module'], depending -- on what namespace we are in. -- -- Parameters: -- -- $1 is a link to the sandbox page. If the sandbox exists, it is in the following format: -- -- cfg['sandbox-link-display']（cfg['sandbox-edit-link-display'] | cfg['compare-link-display']） -- -- If the sandbox doesn't exist, it is in the format: -- -- cfg['sandbox-link-display']（cfg['sandbox-create-link-display'] | cfg['mirror-link-display']） -- -- The link for cfg['sandbox-create-link-display'] link preloads the page with cfg['template-sandbox-preload'] -- or cfg['module-sandbox-preload'], depending on the current namespace. The link for cfg['mirror-link-display'] -- loads a default edit summary of cfg['mirror-edit-summary']. -- -- $2 is a link to the test cases page. If the test cases page exists, it is in the following format: -- -- cfg['testcases-link-display']（cfg['testcases-edit-link-display']） -- -- If the test cases page doesn't exist, it is in the format: -- -- cfg['testcases-link-display']（cfg['testcases-create-link-display']） -- -- If the test cases page doesn't exist, the link for cfg['testcases-create-link-display'] preloads the -- page with cfg['template-testcases-preload'] or cfg['module-testcases-preload'], depending on the current -- namespace. --]] cfg['experiment-blurb-template'] = "編者可以在本範本的$1和$2頁面進行實驗。" cfg['experiment-blurb-module'] = "編者可以在本模組的$1和$2頁面進行實驗。" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Sandbox link configuration ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- cfg['sandbox-subpage'] -- The name of the template subpage typically used for sandboxes. cfg['sandbox-subpage'] = 'sandbox' -- cfg['template-sandbox-preload'] -- Preload file for template sandbox pages. cfg['template-sandbox-preload'] = 'Template:Documentation/preload-sandbox' -- cfg['module-sandbox-preload'] -- Preload file for Lua module sandbox pages. cfg['module-sandbox-preload'] = 'Template:Documentation/preload-module-sandbox' -- cfg['sandbox-link-display'] -- The text to display for "sandbox" links. cfg['sandbox-link-display'] = '沙箱' -- cfg['sandbox-edit-link-display'] -- The text to display for sandbox "edit" links. cfg['sandbox-edit-link-display'] = '編輯' -- cfg['sandbox-create-link-display'] -- The text to display for sandbox "create" links. cfg['sandbox-create-link-display'] = '創建' -- cfg['compare-link-display'] -- The text to display for "compare" links. cfg['compare-link-display'] = '差異' -- cfg['mirror-edit-summary'] -- The default edit summary to use when a user clicks the "mirror" link. $1 is a wikilink to the -- template page. cfg['mirror-edit-summary'] = '建立$1的沙箱版本' -- 本訊息無法使用轉換 -- cfg['mirror-link-display'] -- The text to display for "mirror" links. cfg['mirror-link-display'] = '鏡像' -- cfg['mirror-link-preload'] -- The page to preload when a user clicks the "mirror" link. cfg['mirror-link-preload'] = 'Template:Documentation/mirror' ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Test cases link configuration ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- cfg['testcases-subpage'] -- The name of the template subpage typically used for test cases. cfg['testcases-subpage'] = 'testcases' -- cfg['template-testcases-preload'] -- Preload file for template test cases pages. cfg['template-testcases-preload'] = 'Template:Documentation/preload-testcases' -- cfg['module-testcases-preload'] -- Preload file for Lua module test cases pages. cfg['module-testcases-preload'] = 'Template:Documentation/preload-module-testcases' -- cfg['testcases-link-display'] -- The text to display for "testcases" links. cfg['testcases-link-display'] = '測試樣例' -- cfg['testcases-edit-link-display'] -- The text to display for test cases "edit" links. cfg['testcases-edit-link-display'] = '編輯' -- cfg['testcases-run-link-display'] -- The text to display for test cases "run" links. cfg['testcases-run-link-display'] = '執行' -- cfg['testcases-create-link-display'] -- The text to display for test cases "create" links. cfg['testcases-create-link-display'] = '建立' ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Add categories blurb configuration ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --[[ -- cfg['add-categories-blurb'] -- Text to direct users to add categories to the /doc subpage. Not used if the "content" or -- "docname fed" arguments are set, as then it is not clear where to add the categories. $1 is a -- link to the /doc subpage with a display value of cfg['doc-link-display']. --]] cfg['add-categories-blurb'] = '請在$1子頁面中添加分類。' -- cfg['doc-link-display'] -- The text to display when linking to the /doc subpage. cfg['doc-link-display'] = '/doc' ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Subpages link configuration ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --[[ -- cfg['subpages-blurb'] -- The "Subpages of this template" blurb. $1 is a link to the main template's subpages with a -- display value of cfg['subpages-link-display']. In the English version this blurb is simply -- the link followed by a period, and the link display provides the actual text. --]] cfg['subpages-blurb'] = '$1。' --[[ -- cfg['subpages-link-display'] -- The text to display for the "subpages of this page" link. $1 is cfg['template-pagetype'], -- cfg['module-pagetype'] or cfg['default-pagetype'], depending on whether the current page is in -- the template namespace, the module namespace, or another namespace. --]] cfg['subpages-link-display'] = '本$1的子頁面' -- cfg['template-pagetype'] -- The pagetype to display for template pages. cfg['template-pagetype'] = '範本' -- cfg['module-pagetype'] -- The pagetype to display for Lua module pages. cfg['module-pagetype'] = '模組' -- cfg['default-pagetype'] -- The pagetype to display for pages other than templates or Lua modules. cfg['default-pagetype'] = '頁' ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Doc link configuration ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- cfg['doc-subpage'] -- The name of the subpage typically used for documentation pages. cfg['doc-subpage'] = 'doc' -- cfg['file-docpage-preload'] -- Preload file for documentation page in the file namespace. cfg['file-docpage-preload'] = 'Template:Documentation/preload-filespace' -- cfg['docpage-preload'] -- Preload file for template documentation pages in all namespaces. cfg['docpage-preload'] = 'Template:Documentation/preload' -- cfg['module-preload'] -- Preload file for Lua module documentation pages. cfg['module-preload'] = 'Template:Documentation/preload-module-doc' ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Print version configuration ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- cfg['print-subpage'] -- The name of the template subpage used for print versions. cfg['print-subpage'] = 'Print' -- cfg['print-link-display'] -- The text to display when linking to the /Print subpage. cfg['print-link-display'] = '/Print' -- cfg['print-blurb'] -- Text to display if a /Print subpage exists. $1 is a link to the subpage with a display value of cfg['print-link-display']. cfg['print-blurb'] = 'A [[Help:Books/for experts#Improving the book layout|print version]] of this template exists at $1.' .. ' If you make a change to this template, please update the print version as well.' -- cfg['display-print-category'] -- Set to true to enable output of cfg['print-category'] if a /Print subpage exists. -- This should be a boolean value (either true or false). cfg['display-print-category'] = true -- cfg['print-category'] -- Category to output if cfg['display-print-category'] is set to true, and a /Print subpage exists. cfg['print-category'] = 'Templates with print versions' ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- HTML and CSS configuration ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- cfg['main-div-id'] -- The "id" attribute of the main HTML "div" tag. cfg['main-div-id'] = 'template-documentation' -- cfg['main-div-classes'] -- The CSS classes added to the main HTML "div" tag. cfg['main-div-classes'] = 'template-documentation iezoomfix' -- cfg['start-box-linkclasses'] -- The CSS classes used for the [view][edit][history] or [create] links in the start box. cfg['start-box-linkclasses'] = 'mw-editsection-like plainlinks' -- cfg['start-box-link-id'] -- The HTML "id" attribute for the links in the start box. cfg['start-box-link-id'] = 'doc_editlinks' ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- {{fmbox}} template configuration ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- cfg['fmbox-id'] -- The id sent to the "id" parameter of the {{fmbox}} template. cfg['fmbox-id'] = 'documentation-meta-data' -- cfg['fmbox-style'] -- The value sent to the style parameter of {{fmbox}}. cfg['fmbox-style'] = 'background-color: #ecfcf4' -- cfg['fmbox-textstyle'] -- The value sent to the "textstyle parameter of {{fmbox}}. cfg['fmbox-textstyle'] = 'font-size: small' ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Tracking category configuration ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- cfg['display-strange-usage-category'] -- Set to true to enable output of cfg['strange-usage-category'] if the module is used on a /doc subpage -- or a /testcases subpage. This should be a boolean value (either true or false). cfg['display-strange-usage-category'] = true -- cfg['strange-usage-category'] -- Category to output if cfg['display-strange-usage-category'] is set to true and the module is used on a -- /doc subpage or a /testcases subpage. cfg['strange-usage-category'] = 'Wikipedia pages with strange ((documentation)) usage' --[[ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- End configuration -- -- Don't edit anything below this line. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --]] return cfg 2s3lpz0a2m1bwnzs39nekuk0ha0ia3h 828 1574 30064 2021-11-22T00:32:27Z Weather Top Wizard 54 建立內容為「-- This module assembles data to be passed to [[Module:Category handler]] using -- mw.loadData. This includes the configuration data and whether the current -- page matches the title blacklist. local data = require('Module:Category handler/config') local mShared = require('Module:Category handler/shared') local blacklist = require('Module:Category handler/blacklist') local title = mw.title.getCurrentTitle() data.currentTitleMatchesBlacklist = mShared.match…」的新頁面 30064 Scribunto text/plain -- This module assembles data to be passed to [[Module:Category handler]] using -- mw.loadData. This includes the configuration data and whether the current -- page matches the title blacklist. local data = require('Module:Category handler/config') local mShared = require('Module:Category handler/shared') local blacklist = require('Module:Category handler/blacklist') local title = mw.title.getCurrentTitle() data.currentTitleMatchesBlacklist = mShared.matchesBlacklist( title.prefixedText, blacklist ) data.currentTitleNamespaceParameters = mShared.getNamespaceParameters( title, mShared.getParamMappings() ) return data k26mwixuaeijisfddb0sxkg82iux8v4 828 1575 30065 2021-11-22T00:33:52Z Weather Top Wizard 54 建立內容為「-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- [[Module:Category handler]] configuration data -- -- Language-specific parameter names and values can be set here. -- -- For blacklist config, see [[Module:Category handler/blacklist]]. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local cfg = {} -- Don't edit this line. ---------------…」的新頁面 30065 Scribunto text/plain -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- [[Module:Category handler]] configuration data -- -- Language-specific parameter names and values can be set here. -- -- For blacklist config, see [[Module:Category handler/blacklist]]. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local cfg = {} -- Don't edit this line. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Start configuration data -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Parameter names -- -- These configuration items specify custom parameter names. -- -- To add one extra name, you can use this format: -- -- -- -- foo = 'parameter name', -- -- -- -- To add multiple names, you can use this format: -- -- -- -- foo = {'parameter name 1', 'parameter name 2', 'parameter name 3'}, -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- cfg.parameters = { -- The nocat and categories parameter suppress -- categorisation. They are used with Module:Yesno, and work as follows: -- -- cfg.nocat: -- Result of yesno() Effect -- true Categorisation is suppressed -- false Categorisation is allowed, and -- the blacklist check is skipped -- nil Categorisation is allowed -- -- cfg.categories: -- Result of yesno() Effect -- true Categorisation is allowed, and -- the blacklist check is skipped -- false Categorisation is suppressed -- nil Categorisation is allowed nocat = 'nocat', categories = 'categories', -- The parameter name for the legacy "category2" parameter. This skips the -- blacklist if set to the cfg.category2Yes value, and suppresses -- categorisation if present but equal to anything other than -- cfg.category2Yes or cfg.category2Negative. category2 = 'category2', -- cfg.subpage is the parameter name to specify how to behave on subpages. subpage = 'subpage', -- The parameter for data to return in all namespaces. all = 'all', -- The parameter name for data to return if no data is specified for the -- namespace that is detected. other = 'other', -- The parameter name used to specify a page other than the current page; -- used for testing and demonstration. demopage = 'page', } -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Parameter values -- -- These are set values that can be used with certain parameters. Only one -- -- value can be specified, like this: -- -- -- -- cfg.foo = 'value name' -- -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- The following settings are used with the cfg.category2 parameter. Setting -- cfg.category2 to cfg.category2Yes skips the blacklist, and if cfg.category2 -- is present but equal to anything other than cfg.category2Yes or -- cfg.category2Negative then it supresses cateogrisation. cfg.category2Yes = 'yes' cfg.category2Negative = '¬' -- The following settings are used with the cfg.subpage parameter. -- cfg.subpageNo is the value to specify to not categorise on subpages; -- cfg.subpageOnly is the value to specify to only categorise on subpages. cfg.subpageNo = 'no' cfg.subpageOnly = 'only' -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Default namespaces -- -- This is a table of namespaces to categorise by default. The keys are the -- -- namespace numbers. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- cfg.defaultNamespaces = { [ 0] = true, -- main [ 6] = true, -- file [ 12] = true, -- help [ 14] = true, -- category [100] = true, -- portal [108] = true, -- book } -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Wrappers -- -- This is a wrapper template or a list of wrapper templates to be passed to -- -- [[Module:Arguments]]. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- cfg.wrappers = 'Template:Category handler' -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- End configuration data -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- return cfg -- Don't edit this line. 6ga9hbq2pdwalsvx68i53dmbr421rq5 828 1576 30066 2021-11-22T00:34:57Z Weather Top Wizard 54 建立內容為「-- This module contains shared functions used by [[Module:Category handler]] -- and its submodules. local p = {} function p.matchesBlacklist(page, blacklist) for i, pattern in ipairs(blacklist) do local match = mw.ustring.match(page, pattern) if match then return true end end return false end function p.getParamMappings(useLoadData) local dataPage = 'Module:Namespace detect/data' if useLoadData then return mw.loadData(dataPage).mappings e…」的新頁面 30066 Scribunto text/plain -- This module contains shared functions used by [[Module:Category handler]] -- and its submodules. local p = {} function p.matchesBlacklist(page, blacklist) for i, pattern in ipairs(blacklist) do local match = mw.ustring.match(page, pattern) if match then return true end end return false end function p.getParamMappings(useLoadData) local dataPage = 'Module:Namespace detect/data' if useLoadData then return mw.loadData(dataPage).mappings else return require(dataPage).mappings end end function p.getNamespaceParameters(titleObj, mappings) -- We don't use title.nsText for the namespace name because it adds -- underscores. local mappingsKey if titleObj.isTalkPage then mappingsKey = 'talk' else mappingsKey = mw.site.namespaces[titleObj.namespace].name end mappingsKey = mw.ustring.lower(mappingsKey) return mappings[mappingsKey] or {} end return p omlsnhudxz6juptvtxz7ns97jutbzc5 828 1577 30067 2021-11-22T00:35:53Z Weather Top Wizard 54 建立內容為「-- This module contains the blacklist used by [[Module:Category handler]]. -- Pages that match Lua patterns in this list will not be categorised unless -- categorisation is explicitly requested. return { '^Main Page$', -- don't categorise the main page. -- Don't categorise the following pages or their subpages. -- "%f[/\0]" matches if the next character is "/" or the end of the string. '^Wikipedia:Cascade%-protected items%f[/\0]', '^Us…」的新頁面 30067 Scribunto text/plain -- This module contains the blacklist used by [[Module:Category handler]]. -- Pages that match Lua patterns in this list will not be categorised unless -- categorisation is explicitly requested. return { '^Main Page$', -- don't categorise the main page. -- Don't categorise the following pages or their subpages. -- "%f[/\0]" matches if the next character is "/" or the end of the string. '^Wikipedia:Cascade%-protected items%f[/\0]', '^User:UBX%f[/\0]', -- The userbox "template" space. '^User talk:UBX%f[/\0]', -- Don't categorise subpages of these pages, but allow -- categorisation of the base page. '^Wikipedia:Template messages/.*$', '/[aA]rchive' -- Don't categorise archives. } ne8sdldor304iu81gnqa05p401j3exc 10 1578 30068 2021-11-22T00:36:44Z Weather Top Wizard 54 建立內容為「{{#invoke:Side box|main}}<noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Categories go on the /doc subpage, and interwikis go on Wikidata. --> </noinclude>」的新頁面 30068 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:Side box|main}}<noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Categories go on the /doc subpage, and interwikis go on Wikidata. --> </noinclude> s1zpy5c500y28mjgve7gykq14088u4e 828 1579 30076 30069 2021-11-22T01:04:10Z Weather Top Wizard 54 30076 Scribunto text/plain -- This module implements {{side box}}. local yesno = require('Module:Yesno') local p = {} function p.main(frame) local origArgs = frame:getParent().args local args = {} for k, v in pairs(origArgs) do v = v:match('%s*(.-)%s*$') if v ~= '' then args[k] = v end end return p._main(args) end function p._main(args) local data = p.makeData(args) return p.renderSidebox(data) end function p.makeData(args) local data = {} -- Main table classes data.classes = {} if yesno(args.metadata) ~= false then table.insert(data.classes, 'metadata') end if args.position and args.position:lower() == 'left' then table.insert(data.classes, 'mbox-small-left') else table.insert(data.classes, 'mbox-small') end table.insert(data.classes, args.class) -- Image if args.image and args.image ~= 'none' then data.image = args.image end -- Copy over data that doesn't need adjusting local argsToCopy = { -- Styles 'style', 'textstyle', -- Above row 'above', 'abovestyle', -- Body row 'text', 'imageright', -- Below row 'below', } for i, key in ipairs(argsToCopy) do data[key] = args[key] end return data end function p.renderSidebox(data) -- Renders the sidebox HTML. -- Table root local root = mw.html.create('table') for i, class in ipairs(data.classes or {}) do root:addClass(class) end root:css{border = '1px solid #aaa', ['background-color'] = '#f9f9f9'} if data.style then root:cssText(data.style) end -- The "above" row if data.above then local aboveCell = root:newline():tag('tr'):tag('td') aboveCell :attr('colspan', data.imageright and 3 or 2) :addClass('mbox-text') if data.textstyle then aboveCell:cssText(data.textstyle) end if data.abovestyle then aboveCell:cssText(data.abovestyle) end aboveCell :newline() :wikitext(data.above) end -- The body row local bodyRow = root:newline():tag('tr'):newline() if data.image then bodyRow:tag('td') :addClass('mbox-image') :wikitext(data.image) else bodyRow:tag('td'):css('width', '1px') end local textCell = bodyRow:newline():tag('td') textCell:addClass('mbox-text plainlist') if data.textstyle then textCell:cssText(data.textstyle) end textCell:wikitext(data.text) if data.imageright then bodyRow:newline():tag('td') :addClass('mbox-imageright') :wikitext(data.imageright) end -- The below row if data.below then local belowCell = root:newline():tag('tr'):tag('td') belowCell :attr('colspan', data.imageright and 3 or 2) :addClass('mbox-text') if data.textstyle then belowCell:cssText(data.textstyle) end belowCell:wikitext(data.below) end return tostring(root) end return p jfmbvohofft3khrv2rsbyzmhn8vt45d 828 1580 30070 2021-11-22T00:38:41Z Weather Top Wizard 54 建立內容為「--[[ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- -- -- NAMESPACE DETECT -- -- -- -- This module implements the {{namespace detect}} template in Lua, with a -- -- few improvements: all namespaces and all namespac…」的新頁面 30070 Scribunto text/plain --[[ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- -- -- NAMESPACE DETECT -- -- -- -- This module implements the {{namespace detect}} template in Lua, with a -- -- few improvements: all namespaces and all namespace aliases are supported, -- -- and namespace names are detected automatically for the local wiki. The -- -- module can also use the corresponding subject namespace value if it is -- -- used on a talk page. Parameter names can be configured for different wikis -- -- by altering the values in the "cfg" table in -- -- Module:Namespace detect/config. -- -- -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --]] local data = mw.loadData('Module:Namespace detect/data') local argKeys = data.argKeys local cfg = data.cfg local mappings = data.mappings local yesno = require('Module:Yesno') local mArguments -- Lazily initialise Module:Arguments local mTableTools -- Lazily initilalise Module:TableTools local ustringLower = mw.ustring.lower local p = {} local function fetchValue(t1, t2) -- Fetches a value from the table t1 for the first key in array t2 where -- a non-nil value of t1 exists. for i, key in ipairs(t2) do local value = t1[key] if value ~= nil then return value end end return nil end local function equalsArrayValue(t, value) -- Returns true if value equals a value in the array t. Otherwise -- returns false. for i, arrayValue in ipairs(t) do if value == arrayValue then return true end end return false end function p.getPageObject(page) -- Get the page object, passing the function through pcall in case of -- errors, e.g. being over the expensive function count limit. if page then local success, pageObject = pcall(mw.title.new, page) if success then return pageObject else return nil end else return mw.title.getCurrentTitle() end end -- Provided for backward compatibility with other modules function p.getParamMappings() return mappings end local function getNamespace(args) -- This function gets the namespace name from the page object. local page = fetchValue(args, argKeys.demopage) if page == '' then page = nil end local demospace = fetchValue(args, argKeys.demospace) if demospace == '' then demospace = nil end local subjectns = fetchValue(args, argKeys.subjectns) local ret if demospace then -- Handle "demospace = main" properly. if equalsArrayValue(argKeys.main, ustringLower(demospace)) then ret = mw.site.namespaces[0].name else ret = demospace end else local pageObject = p.getPageObject(page) if pageObject then if pageObject.isTalkPage then -- Get the subject namespace if the option is set, -- otherwise use "talk". if yesno(subjectns) then ret = mw.site.namespaces[pageObject.namespace].subject.name else ret = 'talk' end else ret = pageObject.nsText end else return nil -- return nil if the page object doesn't exist. end end ret = ret:gsub('_', ' ') return ustringLower(ret) end function p._main(args) -- Check the parameters stored in the mappings table for any matches. local namespace = getNamespace(args) or 'other' -- "other" avoids nil table keys local params = mappings[namespace] or {} local ret = fetchValue(args, params) --[[ -- If there were no matches, return parameters for other namespaces. -- This happens if there was no text specified for the namespace that -- was detected or if the demospace parameter is not a valid -- namespace. Note that the parameter for the detected namespace must be -- completely absent for this to happen, not merely blank. --]] if ret == nil then ret = fetchValue(args, argKeys.other) end return ret end function p.main(frame) mArguments = require('Module:Arguments') local args = mArguments.getArgs(frame, {removeBlanks = false}) local ret = p._main(args) return ret or '' end function p.table(frame) --[[ -- Create a wikitable of all subject namespace parameters, for -- documentation purposes. The talk parameter is optional, in case it -- needs to be excluded in the documentation. --]] -- Load modules and initialise variables. mTableTools = require('Module:TableTools') local namespaces = mw.site.namespaces local cfg = data.cfg local useTalk = type(frame) == 'table' and type(frame.args) == 'table' and yesno(frame.args.talk) -- Whether to use the talk parameter. -- Get the header names. local function checkValue(value, default) if type(value) == 'string' then return value else return default end end local nsHeader = checkValue(cfg.wikitableNamespaceHeader, 'Namespace') local aliasesHeader = checkValue(cfg.wikitableAliasesHeader, 'Aliases') -- Put the namespaces in order. local mappingsOrdered = {} for nsname, params in pairs(mappings) do if useTalk or nsname ~= 'talk' then local nsid = namespaces[nsname].id -- Add 1, as the array must start with 1; nsid 0 would be lost otherwise. nsid = nsid + 1 mappingsOrdered[nsid] = params end end mappingsOrdered = mTableTools.compressSparseArray(mappingsOrdered) -- Build the table. local ret = '{| class="wikitable"' .. '\n|-' .. '\n! ' .. nsHeader .. '\n! ' .. aliasesHeader for i, params in ipairs(mappingsOrdered) do for j, param in ipairs(params) do if j == 1 then ret = ret .. '\n|-' .. '\n| <code>' .. param .. '</code>' .. '\n| ' elseif j == 2 then ret = ret .. '<code>' .. param .. '</code>' else ret = ret .. ', <code>' .. param .. '</code>' end end end ret = ret .. '\n|-' .. '\n|}' return ret end return p j7kygz1y56jpz4doq0m2c6x1td5d8ar 10 1581 30071 2021-11-22T00:39:44Z Weather Top Wizard 54 建立內容為「{{#switch: {{lc: <!--Lower case the result--> <!--If no or empty "demospace" parameter then detect namespace--> {{#if:{{{demospace|}}} | {{{demospace}}} | {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:0}} | main | {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{TALKSPACE}} | talk | {{NAMESPACE}} }} }} }} }} | main = {{#switch:{{str mid|{{FULLPAGENAME}}||{{#expr:abs({{str find|{{FULLPAGENAME}}|:}})-1}}}}<!-- ---->|…」的新頁面 30071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#switch: {{lc: <!--Lower case the result--> <!--If no or empty "demospace" parameter then detect namespace--> {{#if:{{{demospace|}}} | {{{demospace}}} | {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:0}} | main | {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{TALKSPACE}} | talk | {{NAMESPACE}} }} }} }} }} | main = {{#switch:{{str mid|{{FULLPAGENAME}}||{{#expr:abs({{str find|{{FULLPAGENAME}}|:}})-1}}}}<!-- ---->| MOS = {{{pseudo| {{{mos| {{{other|}}} }}} }}}<!-- ---->| LTA = {{{pseudo| {{{lta| {{{other|}}} }}} }}}<!-- ---->| NT = {{{pseudo| {{{nt| {{{other|}}} }}} }}}<!-- ---->| NC = {{{pseudo| {{{nc| {{{other|}}} }}} }}}<!-- ---->| #default = {{{main| {{{other|}}} }}}<!-- ---->}} | talk = {{{talk| {{{other|}}} }}} | user = {{{user| {{{other|}}} }}} | wikipedia = {{{wikipedia| {{{other|}}} }}} | image = {{{image| {{{other|}}} }}} | mediawiki = {{{mediawiki| {{{other|}}} }}} | template = {{{template| {{{other|}}} }}} | help = {{{help| {{{other|}}} }}} | category = {{{category| {{{other|}}} }}} | portal = {{{portal| {{{other|}}} }}} | wikiproject = {{{wikiproject| {{{other|}}} }}} | other | #default = {{{other|}}} }}<!--End switch--><noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Add categories to the /doc subpage, and interwikis to Wikidata. --> </noinclude> s7x3ccudm3scprf3d78o69x0o2wtgug 828 1582 30072 2021-11-22T00:41:01Z Weather Top Wizard 54 建立內容為「-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Namespace detect data -- -- This module holds data for [[Module:Namespace detect]] to be loaded per -- -- page, rather than per #invoke, for performance reasons. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local cfg = require('Module:Namespace detect/config') l…」的新頁面 30072 Scribunto text/plain -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Namespace detect data -- -- This module holds data for [[Module:Namespace detect]] to be loaded per -- -- page, rather than per #invoke, for performance reasons. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local cfg = require('Module:Namespace detect/config') local function addKey(t, key, defaultKey) if key ~= defaultKey then t[#t + 1] = key end end -- Get a table of parameters to query for each default parameter name. -- This allows wikis to customise parameter names in the cfg table while -- ensuring that default parameter names will always work. The cfg table -- values can be added as a string, or as an array of strings. local defaultKeys = { 'main', 'talk', 'other', 'subjectns', 'demospace', 'demopage' } local argKeys = {} for i, defaultKey in ipairs(defaultKeys) do argKeys[defaultKey] = {defaultKey} end for defaultKey, t in pairs(argKeys) do local cfgValue = cfg[defaultKey] local cfgValueType = type(cfgValue) if cfgValueType == 'string' then addKey(t, cfgValue, defaultKey) elseif cfgValueType == 'table' then for i, key in ipairs(cfgValue) do addKey(t, key, defaultKey) end end cfg[defaultKey] = nil -- Free the cfg value as we don't need it any more. end local function getParamMappings() --[[ -- Returns a table of how parameter names map to namespace names. The keys -- are the actual namespace names, in lower case, and the values are the -- possible parameter names for that namespace, also in lower case. The -- table entries are structured like this: -- { -- [''] = {'main'}, -- ['wikipedia'] = {'wikipedia', 'project', 'wp'}, -- ... -- } --]] local mappings = {} local mainNsName = mw.site.subjectNamespaces[0].name mainNsName = mw.ustring.lower(mainNsName) mappings[mainNsName] = mw.clone(argKeys.main) mappings['talk'] = mw.clone(argKeys.talk) for nsid, ns in pairs(mw.site.subjectNamespaces) do if nsid ~= 0 then -- Exclude main namespace. local nsname = mw.ustring.lower(ns.name) local canonicalName = mw.ustring.lower(ns.canonicalName) mappings[nsname] = {nsname} if canonicalName ~= nsname then table.insert(mappings[nsname], canonicalName) end for _, alias in ipairs(ns.aliases) do table.insert(mappings[nsname], mw.ustring.lower(alias)) end end end return mappings end return { argKeys = argKeys, cfg = cfg, mappings = getParamMappings() } ojp6d3pc8mql5nufaqdg576c9so3479 828 1583 30073 2021-11-22T00:42:01Z Weather Top Wizard 54 建立內容為「-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Namespace detect configuration data -- -- -- -- This module stores configuration data for Module:Namespace detect. Here -- -- you can localise the module to your wiki's language. -- --…」的新頁面 30073 Scribunto text/plain -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Namespace detect configuration data -- -- -- -- This module stores configuration data for Module:Namespace detect. Here -- -- you can localise the module to your wiki's language. -- -- -- -- To activate a configuration item, you need to uncomment it. This means -- -- that you need to remove the text "-- " at the start of the line. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local cfg = {} -- Don't edit this line. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Parameter names -- -- These configuration items specify custom parameter names. Values added -- -- here will work in addition to the default English parameter names. -- -- To add one extra name, you can use this format: -- -- -- -- cfg.foo = 'parameter name' -- -- -- -- To add multiple names, you can use this format: -- -- -- -- cfg.foo = {'parameter name 1', 'parameter name 2', 'parameter name 3'} -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---- This parameter displays content for the main namespace: -- cfg.main = 'main' ---- This parameter displays in talk namespaces: -- cfg.talk = 'talk' ---- This parameter displays content for "other" namespaces (namespaces for which ---- parameters have not been specified): -- cfg.other = 'other' ---- This parameter makes talk pages behave as though they are the corresponding ---- subject namespace. Note that this parameter is used with [[Module:Yesno]]. ---- Edit that module to change the default values of "yes", "no", etc. -- cfg.subjectns = 'subjectns' ---- This parameter sets a demonstration namespace: -- cfg.demospace = 'demospace' ---- This parameter sets a specific page to compare: cfg.demopage = 'page' -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Table configuration -- -- These configuration items allow customisation of the "table" function, -- -- used to generate a table of possible parameters in the module -- -- documentation. -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---- The header for the namespace column in the wikitable containing the list of ---- possible subject-space parameters. -- cfg.wikitableNamespaceHeader = 'Namespace' ---- The header for the wikitable containing the list of possible subject-space ---- parameters. -- cfg.wikitableAliasesHeader = 'Aliases' -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- End of configuration data -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- return cfg -- Don't edit this line. 1o6ozz56i8q0xgyl6xa41n2v7kelhli 4 1586 47683 47616 2025-10-09T04:47:56Z MediaWiki message delivery 176 /* 分享您的意見：請參與維基媒體基金會理事會投票2025 */ 新章節 47683 wikitext text/x-wiki * '''ami:''' {{int:please-translate}}. * '''en:''' Requests for the [[m:bot|bot]] flag should be made on this page. This wiki uses the [[m:bot policy|standard bot policy]], and allows [[m:bot policy#Global_bots|global bots]] and [[m:bot policy#Automatic_approval|automatic approval of certain types of bots]]. Other bots should apply below, and then [[m:Steward requests/Bot status|request access]] from a steward if there is no objection. ---- == Bot policy == {{int:hello}} To facilitate [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards|steward]] granting of bot access, I suggest implementing the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Bot policy|standard bot policy]] on this wiki. In particular, this policy allows stewards to automatically flag known interlanguage linking bots (if this page says that is acceptable). The policy also enables [[m:Bot policy#Global_bots|global bots]] on this wiki (if this page says that is acceptable), which are trusted bots that will be given bot access on every wiki that allows global bots. This policy makes bot access requesting much easier for local users, operators, and stewards. To implement it we only need to create a redirect to this page (or to the dedicated page the community uses to handle bot approvals) from [[Project:Bot policy]], and add a line at the top noting that it is used here. Please read the text at [[m:Bot policy]] before commenting. If you object, please say so; I hope to implement it soon if there is no objection, since it is particularly written to streamline bot requests on wikis with little or no community interested in bot access requests. Please, feel free to move this message to the appropriate community discussion page, if this page is not the right place. {{int:thank-you}} --[[Midemakay:MarcoAurelio|MarcoAurelio]] ([[Kasasowal no midemakay:MarcoAurelio| kalalicay]]) 2022年1月7日 (週五) 02:57 (CST) : '''Done.''' --[[Midemakay:MarcoAurelio|MarcoAurelio]] ([[Kasasowal no midemakay:MarcoAurelio| kalalicay]]) 2022年1月22日 (週六) 05:41 (CST) == Community Wishlist Survey 2023 opens in January! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> ''{{int:Please-translate}}'' {{int:Hello}} The [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023|'''Community Wishlist Survey (CWS) 2023''']], which lets contributors propose and vote for tools and improvements, starts next month on Monday, [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1674496831 23 January 2023, at 18:00 UTC] and will continue annually. We are inviting you to share your ideas for technical improvements to our tools and platforms. Long experience in editing or technical skills is not required. If you have ever used our software and thought of an idea to improve it, this is the place to come share those ideas! The dates for the phases of the Survey will be as follows: * Phase 1: Submit, discuss, and revise proposals – Monday, Jan 23, 2023 to Sunday, Feb 6, 2023 * Phase 2: WMF/Community Tech reviews and organizes proposals – Monday, Jan 30, 2023 to Friday, Feb 10, 2023 * Phase 3: Vote on proposals – Friday, Feb 10, 2023 to Friday, Feb 24, 2023 * Phase 4: Results posted – Tuesday, Feb 28, 2023 If you want to start writing out your ideas ahead of the Survey, you can start thinking about your proposals and draft them in [[m:Community Wishlist Survey/Sandbox|the CWS sandbox]]. We are grateful to all who participated last year. See you in January 2023! </div> {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}} <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">Community Tech, [[m:User:STei (WMF)|STei (WMF)]]</bdi> 2022年12月13日 (tinosa) 20:59 (CST) <!-- 訊息由 User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:STei_(WMF)/CWS_2023_List&oldid=24226232 --> == Feminism and Folklore 2023 == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2023 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]] ::<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <center>''{{int:please-translate}}''</center> Dear Wiki Community, Christmas Greetings and a Happy New Year 2023, You are humbly invited to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2023|Feminism and Folklore 2023]]''' writing competition from February 1, 2023, to March 31, 2023 on your local Wikipedia. This year, Feminism and Folklore will focus on feminism, women's issues, and gender-focused topics for the project, with a [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2023|Wiki Loves Folklore]] gender gap focus and a folk culture theme on Wikipedia. You can help Wikipedia's coverage of folklore from your area by writing or improving articles about things like folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, women and queer folklore figures, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch hunting, fairy tales, and more. Users can help create new articles, expand or translate from a [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2023/List of Articles|list]] of suggested articles. Organisers are requested to work on the following action items to sign up their communities for the project: # Create a page for the contest on the local wiki. # Set up a fountain tool or dashboard. # Create the local list and mention the timeline and local and international prizes. # Request local admins for site notice. # Link the local page and the fountain/dashboard link on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2023/Project Page|meta project page]]. This year we would be supporting the community's financial aid for Internet and childcare support. This would be provided for the local team including their jury and coordinator team. This support is opt-in and non mandatory. Kindly fill in [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSea81OO0lVgUBd551iIiENXht7BRCISYZlKyBQlemZu_j2OHQ/viewform this Google form] and mark a mail to [mailto:support@wikilovesfolklore.org support@wikilovesfolklore.org] with the subject line starting as [Stipend] Name or Username/Language. The last date to sign up for internet and childcare aid from our team is 20th of January 2023, We encourage the language coordinators to sign up their community on this link by the 25th of January 2023. Learn more about the contest and prizes on our [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2023|project page]]. Feel free to contact us on our [[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2023/Project Page|meta talk page]] or by email us if you need any assistance. We look forward to your immense coordination. Thank you and Best wishes, [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2023|Feminism and Folklore 2023 International Team]] ::::Stay connected [[File:B&W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&nbsp; [[File:B&W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]] </div></div> --[[Midemakay:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Kasasowal no midemakay:MediaWiki message delivery| kalalicay]]) 2022年12月24日 (六) 18:23 (CST) <!-- 訊息由 User:Tiven2240@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=23942484 --> == <span lang="zh" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Your wiki will be in read only soon</span> == <div lang="zh" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|閱讀本消息的其他語言版本]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] [[foundation:|維基媒體基金會]]即將測試第一和第二個数据中心之间的切换。 这项举措能够确保维基百科以及其他的维基媒体项目可以在经受灾害冲击时依然维持线上运作。 为确保一切正常，维基媒体技术部门计划进行测试，保证系统能够可靠地在两个数据中心之间切换。测试需要确保多个团队做好准备，修复任何问题。 所有流量将在'''{{#time:Y年n月j日|2023-03-01|zh}}'''进行切换。 本次測試將會在'''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2023-03-01T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2023-03-01T14:00}}]'''開始。 因[[mw:Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]]系统限制，切换期间将短期无法进行编辑。 我們在此對您的不便致以歉意，並努力將其影響減至最低。 '''期间您可以阅读但暂时无法编辑所有的维基。''' *{{#time:Y年n月j日|2023-03-01|zh}}，您大約有一个小时的时间不能进行编辑。 *届时编辑条目或保存更改时将出现错误信息。 我们希望过程中没有编辑丢失，但无法确保。 如果您看到错误消息，请耐心等待一切恢复正常， 然后保存您的编辑。 保存前请先另行复制一份您的修改，以防万一。 '''其他影響'''： *后台作业变慢，有些可能被丢弃。 紅鏈可能無法像平時一樣即時更新。 如果您建立了一个新条目，而该条目的名称此前已经在其他页面显示为红色的内部链接，则该链接需要更长的时间才会被更新为蓝色。 一些长时间运行的脚本将停止。 * 我們預期代碼部署將如同往常一般進行。 不過，部分個案代碼可能因操作需要而暫時凍結。 * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]]會暫停服務，為時約90分鐘。 如有必要，此项目有可能推迟。 您可以[[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|在wikitech.wikimedia.org阅读计划]]。 任何變化都將會在這份计划书中更新。 我们将发布更多关于此项目的通知。 每一個維基將會在此行動發生的30分鐘之前顯示一個通告。 '''请把它分享给您的社区。'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> </div> <span dir=ltr>[[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Trizek (WMF)|{{int:talk}}]])</span> 2023年2月28日 (tinosa) 05:20 (CST) <!-- 訊息由 User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=24390465 --> == Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2023: We are back! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> [[File:UCDM 2023 promo.png|180px|right]] {{int:please-translate}} Hello, dear Wikipedians!<br/> [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the third edition of writing challenge "'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2023|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''", which lasts from 1st until 31st March 2023. The campaign is dedicated to famous Ukrainian artists of cinema, music, literature, architecture, design and cultural phenomena of Ukraine that are now part of world heritage. We accept contribution in every language! The most active contesters will receive [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2023/Prizes|prizes]].<br/> We invite you to take part and help us improve the coverage of Ukrainian culture on Wikipedia in your language! Also, we plan to set up a [[m:CentralNotice/Request/UCDM 2023|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in such a challenge! </div> [[m:User:ValentynNefedov (WMUA)|ValentynNefedov (WMUA)]] ([[m:User talk:ValentynNefedov (WMUA)|talk]]) 07:58, 1 March 2023 (UTC) </div> <!-- 訊息由 User:ValentynNefedov (WMUA)@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=23942484 --> == <span lang="zh" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">2023 年維基媒體國際會議歡迎議程提交</span> == <div lang="zh" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="wikimania-program-submissions"/>[[File:Wikimania Singapore Logo.svg|right|frameless]]您想在 2023 年維基媒體國際會議（2023 Wikimania）舉辦實體或線上議程嗎？也許是動手實踐工作坊、熱烈討論、有趣的表演、引人入勝的海報或令人難忘的閃電演講？ [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2023:Program/Submissions|'''提交截止至 3 月 28 日''']]. 該活動將有專門的混合會議形式，因此也歡迎虛擬提交和預先錄製的影片內容。 如果您有任何疑問，請加入我們即將於 3 月 12 日或 19 日舉行的對話，或通過 wikimania@wikimedia.org 電子郵件聯繫或 Telegram。 維基上有更多信息。<section end="wikimania-program-submissions"/> </div> <!-- 訊息由 User:CKoerner (WMF)@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=24390465 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Seeking volunteers for the next step in the Universal Code of Conduct process</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/U4C Building Committee/Nominations/Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/U4C Building Committee/Nominations/Announcement}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Hello, As follow-up to [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/IOMVS7W75ZYMABQGOQ2QH2JAURC3CHGH/ the message about the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines] by Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees Vice Chair, Shani Evenstein Sigalov, I am reaching out about the next steps. I want to bring your attention to the next stage of the Universal Code of Conduct process, which is forming a building committee for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C). I invite community members with experience and deep interest in community health and governance to nominate themselves to be part of the U4C building committee, which needs people who are: * Community members in good standing * Knowledgeable about movement community processes, such as, but not limited to, policy drafting, participatory decision making, and application of existing rules and policies on Wikimedia projects * Aware and appreciative of the diversity of the movement, such as, but not limited to, languages spoken, identity, geography, and project type * Committed to participate for the entire U4C Building Committee period from mid-May - December 2023 * Comfortable with engaging in difficult, but productive conversations * Confidently able to communicate in English The Building Committee shall consist of volunteer community members, affiliate board or staff, and Wikimedia Foundation staff. The Universal Code of Conduct has been a process strengthened by the skills and knowledge of the community and I look forward to what the U4C Building Committee creates. If you are interested in joining the Building Committee, please either [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/U4C_Building_Committee/Nominations|sign up on the Meta-Wiki page]], or contact ucocproject[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org by May 12, 2023. '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/U4C_Building_Committee|Read more on Meta-Wiki]]'''. Best regards,<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 2023年4月27日 (四) 03:00 (CST) <!-- 訊息由 User:Xeno (WMF)@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=24941045 --> == <span lang="zh" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">通用行為準則協調委員會建構委員會遴選</span> == <div lang="zh" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> 《通用行為準則》流程的下一階段是成立一個通用行為準則協調委員會建構委員會，為通用行為準則協調委員會（英文簡稱為：U4C）制定章程。通用行為準則協調委員會建構委員會已經選定。[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/U4C_Building_Committee|請在元維基上閱讀有關成員和未來工作的信息。]]<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> -- [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Project|UCoC Project Team]], 2023年5月27日 (六) 12:20 (CST) <!-- 訊息由 User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=25018085 --> == <span lang="zh" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> 宣布新的选举委员会成员名单</span> == <div lang="zh" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections committee/Nominatons/2023/Announcement - new members|您可以在元維基上找到這則訊息其他語言的翻譯。]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections committee/Nominatons/2023/Announcement - new members|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections committee/Nominatons/2023/Announcement - new members}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' 大家好， 我们很高兴地宣布[[listarchive:list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/4TALOUFPAP2VDBR27GKRVOP7IGQYU3DB/|选举委员会的新成员和顾问]]。[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections_committee|选举委员会]]协助维基媒体基金会董事会设计和实施程序，挑选社群和联盟成员的理事。经过公开的提名过程，最強的候选人已在理事会上發言、四名候选人已被要求加入选举委员会。另外四位候选人已被要求作为顾问一同参与。 感谢所有提交名字供审议的社群成员。我们期望在不久的将来与选举委员会一起合作。 谨代表维基媒体基金会董事会<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 2023年6月29日 (四) 01:59 (CST) <!-- 訊息由 User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=25018085 --> == <span lang="zh" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">審查《通用行為準則》協調委員會的章程</span> == <div lang="zh" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/U4C Building Committee/Announcement - Review|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/U4C Building Committee/Announcement - Review}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' 大家好， 我很高興與大家分享有關[[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|《通用行為準則》]]工作的下一步。[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|《通用行為準則》協調委員會 (U4C) 章程草案]]現已準備好供您審核。 [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|《通用行為準則》執行規範]]要求以[[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines#4.5_U4C_Building_Committee|《通用行為準則》協調委員會 (U4C) 建構委員會]]形式起草一份章程，概述被稱為[[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines#4._UCoC_Coordinating_Committee_(U4C)|《通用行為準則》協調委員會（U4C）]]的全球委員會的程序和細節。在過去的幾個月裡，《通用行為準則》協調委員會 (U4C) 建構委員會作為一個小組共同討論和起草了《通用行為準則》協調委員會 (U4C) 的章程。《通用行為準則》協調委員會 (U4C) 建構委員會歡迎大家從現在到 2023 年 9 月 22 日期間就章程草案提供反饋。在此日期之後，《通用行為準則》協調委員會 (U4C) 建構委員會將根據需要修改章程，社群投票將於其後開始。 請在[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/U4C Building Committee#Conversation hours|對話時間]]內加入對話，或立即在在[[m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|元維基]]上加入對話。 致以最誠摯的問候，<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]], on behalf of the U4C Building Committee, 2023年8月28日 (tinocay) 23:35 (CST) <!-- 訊息由 User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=25392152 --> == <span lang="zh" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">==为自治體委员会、申诉专员委员会、和案件审查委员会提供机会==</span> == <div lang="zh" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> <div style="margin:.2em 0 .5em;margin-{{#switch:{{PAGELANGUAGE}}|ar|arc|ary|arz|azb|bcc|bgn|ckb|bqi|dv|fa|fa-af|glk|ha-arab|he|kk-arab|kk-cn|ks|ku-arab|ms-arab|mzn|pnb|prd|ps|sd|ug|ur|ydd|yi=right|left}}:3ex;"> [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/Committee appointments/Announcement/Short|''您可以在元維基上找到這則訊息其他語言的翻譯。'']] ''<span class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/Committee appointments/Announcement/Short|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/Committee appointments/Announcement/Short}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</span>''</div> 大家好！[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee|自治體委员会]]（AffCom）、[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ombuds_commission|申诉专员委员会]]（OC）和[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Trust_and_Safety/Case_Review_Committee|案件审查委员会]]（CRC）正在招募新成员。这些志愿者团体为社群和运动提供重要的结构和监督支持。我们鼓励大家舉薦自己或鼓励他们认为能为这些小组做出贡献的其他人申请加入。在[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/Committee appointments|'''元维基页面''']]上有更多关于这些小组的作用、所需技能和申请机会的信息。 謹代表委员会支援小组,<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> ~ [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 2023年10月10日 (tinosa) 00:41 (CST) </div> <!-- 訊息由 User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=25570445 --> == <span lang="zh" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">請审查并评论2024年维基媒体基金会董事会整套遴选规则</span> == <div lang="zh" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/wiki/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Rules package review - short| 您可以在元維基上找到這則訊息其他語言的翻譯。]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/wiki/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Rules package review - short|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:wiki/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Rules package review - short}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' 敬啟者： 即日起至2023年10月29日，请对维基媒体基金会董事会整套遴选规则进行审核并提出意见。该整套遴选规则由选举委员会基于旧版本制定，将用于2024年董事会遴选。现在提出您的意见将有助于他们提供更顺利、更完善的董事会遴选程序。[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024|在元維基頁面上的更多内容]]. 順祝商祺 Katie Chan<br> 选举委员会主席<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> 2023年10月17日 (tinosa) 09:12 (CST) <!-- 訊息由 User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=25570445 --> == Do you use Wikidata in Wikimedia sibling projects? Tell us about your experiences == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> ''Note: Apologies for cross-posting and sending in English.'' Hello, the '''[[m:WD4WMP|Wikidata for Wikimedia Projects]]''' team at Wikimedia Deutschland would like to hear about your experiences using Wikidata in the sibling projects. If you are interested in sharing your opinion and insights, please consider signing up for an interview with us in this '''[https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/Wikidata-for-Wikimedia-Interviews Registration form]'''.<br> ''Currently, we are only able to conduct interviews in English.'' The front page of the form has more details about what the conversation will be like, including how we would '''compensate''' you for your time. For more information, visit our ''[[m:WD4WMP/AddIssue|project issue page]]'' where you can also share your experiences in written form, without an interview.<br>We look forward to speaking with you, [[m:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[m:User talk:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|talk]]) 08:53, 5 January 2024 (UTC) </div> <!-- 訊息由 User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/WD4WMP/ScreenerInvite2&oldid=26055343 --> == Feminism and Folklore 2024 == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2024 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]] ::<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <center>''{{int:please-translate}}''</center> Dear Wiki Community, You are humbly invited to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2024|Feminism and Folklore 2024]]''' writing competition from February 1, 2024, to March 31, 2024 on your local Wikipedia. This year, Feminism and Folklore will focus on feminism, women's issues, and gender-focused topics for the project, with a [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2024|Wiki Loves Folklore]] gender gap focus and a folk culture theme on Wikipedia. You can help Wikipedia's coverage of folklore from your area by writing or improving articles about things like folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, women and queer folklore figures, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch hunting, fairy tales, and more. Users can help create new articles, expand or translate from a generated list of suggested articles. Organisers are requested to work on the following action items to sign up their communities for the project: # Create a page for the contest on the local wiki. # Set up a campaign on '''CampWiz''' tool. # Create the local list and mention the timeline and local and international prizes. # Request local admins for site notice. # Link the local page and the CampWiz link on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2024/Project Page|meta project page]]. This year, the Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced two new tools to enhance support for the campaign. These tools include the '''Article List Generator by Topic''' and '''CampWiz'''. The Article List Generator by Topic enables users to identify articles on the English Wikipedia that are not present in their native language Wikipedia. Users can customize their selection criteria, and the tool will present a table showcasing the missing articles along with suggested titles. Additionally, users have the option to download the list in both CSV and wikitable formats. Notably, the CampWiz tool will be employed for the project for the first time, empowering users to effectively host the project with a jury. Both tools are now available for use in the campaign. [https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ '''Click here to access these tools'''] Learn more about the contest and prizes on our [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2024|project page]]. Feel free to contact us on our [[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2024/Project Page|meta talk page]] or by email us if you need any assistance. We look forward to your immense coordination. Thank you and Best wishes, '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2024|Feminism and Folklore 2024 International Team]]''' ::::Stay connected [[File:B&W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&nbsp; [[File:B&W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]] </div></div> --[[Midemakay:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Kasasowal no midemakay:MediaWiki message delivery| kalalicay]]) 2024年1月18日 (四) 15:26 (CST) == Wiki Loves Folklore is back! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{int:please-translate}} [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]] Dear Wiki Community, You are humbly invited to participate in the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2024|Wiki Loves Folklore 2024]]''' an international photography contest organized on Wikimedia Commons to document folklore and intangible cultural heritage from different regions, including, folk creative activities and many more. It is held every year from the '''1st till the 31st''' of March. You can help in enriching the folklore documentation on Commons from your region by taking photos, audios, videos, and [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UploadWizard&campaign=wlf_2024 submitting] them in this commons contest. You can also [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2024/Organize|organize a local contest]] in your country and support us in translating the [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2024/Translations|project pages]] to help us spread the word in your native language. Feel free to contact us on our [[:c:Commons talk:Wiki Loves Folklore 2024|project Talk page]] if you need any assistance. '''Kind regards,''' '''Wiki loves Folklore International Team''' -- [[Midemakay:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Kasasowal no midemakay:MediaWiki message delivery| kalalicay]]) 2024年1月18日 (四) 15:26 (CST) </div></div> <!-- 訊息由 User:Tiven2240@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=23942484 --> == <span lang="zh" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">有關《通用行為準則》協調委員會章程的投票</span> == <div lang="zh" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - voting opens|您可以在元維基上找到此訊息的其他語言翻譯版本。]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - voting opens}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' 大家好， 我今天聯絡您是為了宣布[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|《通用行為準則》協調委員會]]（U4C）章程的投票期現已開始。社群成員現在可以[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter/Voter_information|透過SecurePoll進行投票並提供有關章程的評論]]，直至'''2024年2月2日'''。曾在[[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|《通用行為準則》執行規範]]制定過程中發表意見的人士將會發現這個流程很熟悉。 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|《通用行為準則》協調委員會章程的當前版本]]已在元維基上發布，並提供翻譯版本。 請閱讀章程，投票並與社群中的其他人分享此訊息。我可以自信地說《通用行為準則》協調委員會期待您的參與。 謹代表《通用行為準則》專案團隊，<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 2024年1月20日 (六) 02:08 (CST) <!-- 訊息由 User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=25853527 --> == Enabling Section Translation: a new mobile translation experience == {{int:Hello}} Pangcah Wikipedians! Apologies as this message is not in your language, {{int:Please-translate}}. The [[mw:Wikimedia_Language_engineering|WMF Language team]] is pleased to let you know about our plans to enable the [[mw:Content_translation/Section_translation|Section translation]] tool in Pangcah Wikipedia. For this, our team would want you to read about the tool and test it so you can: * Give us your feedback * Ask us questions * Tell us how to improve it. Below is background information about Section translation, why we have chosen your community, and how to test it. '''Background information''' [[mw:Content_translation|Content Translation]] has been a successful tool for editors to create content in their language. More than one million articles have been created across all languages since the tool was released in 2015. The Wikimedia Foundation Language team has improved the translation experience further with the Section Translation. The WMF Language team enabled the early version of the tool in February 2021 in Bengali Wikipedia. Through their feedback, the tool was improved and ready for your community to test and provide feedback to make it better. [https://design.wikimedia.org/strategy/section-translation.html Section Translation] extends the capabilities of Content Translation to support mobile devices. On mobile, the tool will: * Guide you to translate one section at a time in order to expand existing articles or create new ones. * Make it easy to transfer knowledge across languages anytime from your mobile device. Pangcah Wikipedia seems an ideal candidate to enjoy this new tool since it has a Content Translation tool enabled by default. We plan to enable the tool by 15th of February 2024, if there are no objections from your community. After it is enabled, we’ll monitor the content created with the tool and process all the feedback. In any case, feel free to raise any concerns or questions you may already have in any of the following formats: * As a reply to this message * On [[mw:Talk:Content_translation/Section_translation|the project talk page]]. '''Try the tool''' Before the enablement, you can try the current implementation of the tool in [https://test.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&from=en&to=ami&sx=true#/sx our testing instance]. Once it is enabled on Pangcah Wikipedia, you’ll have access to https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation with your mobile device. You can select an article to translate, and machine translation will be provided as a starting point for editors to improve. '''Provide feedback''' Please provide feedback about Section translation in any of the formats you are most comfortable with. We want to hear about your impressions on: * The tool * What you think about our plans to enable it * Your ideas for improving the tool. Thanks, and we look forward to your feedback. [[Midemakay:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Kasasowal no midemakay:UOzurumba (WMF)| kalalicay]]) 2024年1月27日 (六) 06:26 (CST) On behalf of the WMF Language team. == <span lang="zh" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">《通用行為準則》協調委員會章程的最後投票期</span> == <div lang="zh" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - voting reminder|您可以在元維基上找到此訊息的其他語言翻譯版本。]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - voting reminder}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' 大家好， 我想提醒大家[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|《通用行為準則》協調委員會]]（U4C）章程的投票期將於'''2024年2月2日'''結束。社群成員可以[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter/Voter_information|透過SecurePoll進行投票並提供有關章程的評論]]。曾在[[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|《通用行為準則》執行規範]]制定過程中發表意見的人士將會發現這個流程很熟悉。 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|《通用行為準則》協調委員會章程的當前版本]]已在元維基上發布，並提供翻譯版本。 請閱讀章程，投票並與社群中的其他人分享此訊息。我可以自信地說《通用行為準則》協調委員會期待您的參與。 謹代表《通用行為準則》專案團隊，<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 2024年2月1日 (四) 01:00 (CST) <!-- 訊息由 User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=25853527 --> == <span lang="zh" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">公佈《通用行為準則》協調委員會章程批准投票結果</span> == <div lang="zh" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - results|您可以在元維基上找到這則訊息其他語言的翻譯。]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - results}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' 各位好， 我們十分感謝大家關注《通用行為準則》的進展。我在此宣佈[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|《通用行為準則》協調委員會章程]]的[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter/Voter_information|批准投票]]結果。1746位貢獻者在本次批准投票中投票，1249名選民支持該章程，420名選民不支持。而是次投票過程允許選民對該章程發表評論。 投票統計報告和選民評論摘要將在未來幾週內在元維基上發佈。 敬請期待後續的進展。 謹代表《通用行為準則》專案團隊，<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 2024年2月13日 (tinosa) 02:23 (CST) <!-- 訊息由 User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26160150 --> == 台灣分會2024年2月對話時間 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style="padding: 0.5rem 1rem; background: #f5f5f5; border: 1px solid #FFFFCC; margin:1em 0; font-size: 1.08em;"> [[File:Wikimedia Taiwan.svg|160px|right|alt=|link=]] [[meta:Wikimedia Taiwan|台灣維基媒體協會]]2024年2月的[[meta:Wikimedia Taiwan Office Time|對話時間]]，<br> 訂於台灣時間'''2/29 (四) 19:00'''舉行，<br> 參與連結為 https://meet.google.com/qiv-ctih-sse 。<br> 想跟更多台灣維基人互動嗎？不知道台灣有個維基協會，或知道協會但不知道他們平常都在幹嘛嗎？對今年第一線資訊有興趣嗎？首次對話時間歡迎一起來聊聊！ </div> </div> <!-- 訊息由 User:NHC@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_Taiwan_Office_Time/List&oldid=26182737 --> == Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2024: We are back! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> [[File:UCDM 2024 general.jpg|180px|right]] {{int:please-translate}} Hello, dear Wikipedians!<br/> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the forth edition of writing challenge "'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2024|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''", which lasts from 1st until 31st March 2024. The campaign is dedicated to famous Ukrainian artists of cinema, music, literature, architecture, design and cultural phenomena of Ukraine that are now part of world heritage. We accept contribution in every language! The most active contesters will receive prizes.<br/> We invite you to take part and help us improve the coverage of Ukrainian culture on Wikipedia in your language! Also, we plan to set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/UCDM 2024|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in such a challenge! [[:m:User:ValentynNefedov (WMUA)|ValentynNefedov (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:ValentynNefedov (WMUA)|talk]]) </div> <!-- 訊息由 User:ValentynNefedov (WMUA)@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=26166467 --> == <span lang="zh" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> 通用行為準則協調委員會組織章程批准報告公布；現正受理協調委員會委員候選人申請登記</span> == <div lang="zh" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – call for candidates| 您可以在元維基上取得此訊息之其他語言版本；]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – call for candidates}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' 您好： 目前，[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|通用行為準則協調委員會]]（U4C）之[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Vote results|《組織章程》批准評論報告]]已經公布。此外，自即日起至4月1日止，將受理通用行為準則協調委員會委員候選人申請登記。 通用行為準則協調委員會致力於公正執行《通用行為準則》（UCoC）之規定。我們歡迎社群成員申請登記為協調委員會委員候選人。有關委員會職責及其他資訊，詳見[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|組織章程]]頁面。 依《組織章程》規定，通用行為準則協調委員會置委員16人，其中有8人由全體社群成員選出，另有8人按地區分配選出，以確保協調委員會有效反映社群多元組成。 有關候選人申請登記辦法及其他具體細節，詳見[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024|元維基頁面]]。 謹代表《通用行為準則》專案團隊，<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 2024年3月6日 (tinolo) 00:25 (CST) <!-- 訊息由 User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26276337 --> == <span lang="zh" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> 維基媒體基金會理事會 2024 遴選</span> == <div lang="zh" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> : ''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Selection announcement| 您可以在元維基上找到此訊息的其他語言翻譯版本。]]'' : ''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Selection announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Selection announcement}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' 大家好， 今年，維基媒體基金會理事會的四名由社群和維基媒體自治體選出的理事會成員的任期將會結束[1]。維基媒體基金會理事會邀請整個維基媒體運動參與今年的選拔過程並投票填補這些席位。 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections committee|維基媒體基金會理事會選舉委員會]]將在維基媒體基金會工作人員的支持下監督這一過程[2]。維基媒體基金會理事會治理委員會從無法參與 2024 年由社群和維基媒體自治體選出的理事會成員遴選過程候選人的理事會成員中成立了一個理事會遴選工作小組，由Dariusz Jemielniak，Nataliia Tymkiv，Esra'a Al Shafei，Kathy Collins，和 Shani Evenstein Sigalov 組成[3]。該小組的任務是為維基媒體基金會理事會監督 2024 年理事會成員選擇流程，並向理事會通報情況。請參閱此處以了解有關選舉委員會、理事會和工作人員角色的更多詳細資訊 [4]。 以下是已計劃的主要日期： * 2024 年 5 月：徵集候選人和問題 * 2024 年 6 月：維基媒體自治體投票選出 12 名候選人入圍名單（如果只有 15 名或以下候選人申請，則不設入圍名單）[5] * 2024 年 6 月至 8 月：競選活動期間 * 2024 年 8 月底/9 月初：為期兩週的社群投票期 * 2024 年 10 月至 11 月：已獲選候選人的背景調查 * 2024 年 12 月舉行的維基媒體基金會理事會會議：新理事會成員就任 請在[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024|此元維基頁面]]上了解有關 2024 年維基媒體基金會理事會選舉流程的更多信息，包括詳細的時間表、候選流程、競選規則和選民資格標準，並制定您的計劃。 '''選舉志願者''' 參與維基媒體基金會理事會 2024 選舉過程的另一種方式是成為選舉志願者。選舉志願者是選舉委員會與其各自社群之間的橋樑。他們幫助確保他們的社群得到代表並動員他們投票。請在此 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Election Volunteers|元維基頁面]] 上了解有關該計劃以及如何加入的更多資訊。 此致， [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Pundit|Dariusz Jemielniak]] (維基媒體基金會理事會治理委員會主席、維基媒體基金會理事會選舉工作小組) [1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2021/Results#Elected [2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Committee:Elections_Committee_Charter [3] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Minutes:2023-08-15#Governance_Committee [4] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections_committee/Roles [5] 儘管理想的人數是 12 名候選人競選 4 個空缺席位，但如果超過 15 名候選人參選，就會觸發入圍名單流程，因為被剔除的 1 至 3 名候選人可能會感到被排斥。對於維基媒體自治體來說，只從候選人名單中剔除 1 至 3 名候選人的入圍名單程序將是一項繁重的工作。<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:MPossoupe_(WMF)|MPossoupe_(WMF)]]2024年3月13日 (tinolo) 03:56 (CST) <!-- 訊息由 User:MPossoupe (WMF)@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26349432 --> == 台灣分會2024年3月對話時間 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style="padding: 0.5rem 1rem; background: #f5f5f5; border: 1px solid #FFFFCC; margin:1em 0; font-size: 1.08em;"> [[File:Wikimedia Taiwan.svg|160px|right|alt=|link=]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Taiwan|台灣維基媒體協會]]2024年3月的[[m:Wikimedia Taiwan/Wikimedia Taiwan Office Time|對話時間]]，<br> 訂於台灣時間'''3/30 (六) 14:00'''舉行，<br> 參與連結為 https://meet.google.com/mvd-jwng-brh 。<br> 想跟更多台灣維基人互動嗎？不知道台灣有個維基協會，或知道協會但不知道他們平常都在幹嘛嗎？本次對話時間將針對鼓勵提高台灣社群參與度進行討論，歡迎一起來聊聊！ -- [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Taiwan|Wikimedia Taiwan]] 2024年3月28日 (四) 18:02 (CST) </div> </div> <!-- 訊息由 User:NHC@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_Taiwan/Wikimedia_Taiwan_Office_Time/List&oldid=26298276 --> == <span lang="zh" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">現在投票選出第一屆《通用行為準則》協調委員會成員</span> == <div lang="zh" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote opens|您可以在元維基上找到這則訊息其他語言的翻譯。]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote opens}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' 各位好， 我在此通知您，《通用行為準則》協調委員會（英文簡稱為：U4C）的投票期現已開放，截止日期為 2024 年 5 月 9 日。請閱讀[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024|元維基上的投票頁面]]以了解有關投票和選民資格的更多資訊。 《通用行為準則》協調委員會（英文簡稱為：U4C）是一個致力於公平地和一致地實施《通用行為準則》的全球性組織。社群成員受邀提交《通用行為準則》協調委員會候選人申請。如需了解更多資訊和《通用行為準則》協調委員會的職責，請[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|查看《通用行為準則》協調委員會的章程]]。 請與您的社群成員分享此訊息，以便他們可以參與是次投票。 謹代表《通用行為準則》專案團隊，<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 2024年4月26日 (五) 04:20 (CST) <!-- 訊息由 User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26390244 --> == 台灣分會2024年4月對話時間 == <div style="padding: 0.5rem 1rem; background: #f5f5f5; border: 1px solid #FFFFCC; margin:1em 0; font-size: 1.08em;"> [[File:Wikimedia Taiwan.svg|160px|right|alt=|link=]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Taiwan|台灣維基媒體協會]]2024年4月的[[m:Wikimedia Taiwan/Wikimedia Taiwan Office Time|對話時間]]，<br> 訂於台灣時間'''4/29 (一) 19:00'''舉行，<br> 參與連結為 https://meet.google.com/qiv-ctih-sse 。<br> 想跟更多台灣維基人互動嗎？方才自柏林歸來的Wikimedia Summit心得收穫與感想、以及即將截止的COSCUP議程軌報名，本次對話時間將針對上述兩項活動進行討論，歡迎一起來聊聊！ --[[Midemakay:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Kasasowal no midemakay:MediaWiki message delivery| kalalicay]]) 2024年4月26日 (五) 04:28 (CST) </div> <!-- 訊息由 User:NHC@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_Taiwan/Wikimedia_Taiwan_Office_Time/List&oldid=26298276 --> == <span lang="zh" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">報名參加語言社群會議（5月31日 16:00 UTC舉行）</span> == <div lang="zh" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="message"/>大家好， 下一場語言社群會議將於幾週後舉行，日期與時間是5月31日 16:00 UTC。如果您有興趣，可以[https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_Language_engineering/Community_meetings#31_May_2024 在此wiki頁面報名]。 這是由參與者驅動的會議，我們在會議中分享與各項專案相關的語言更新，共同探討與各語言版本維基相關的技術問題，並集思廣益尋找可能的解決方案。例如，在上次會議中，討論主題包括機器翻譯服務（MinT）及其目前支援的語言和模型、Kiwix團隊的在地化工作，以及孟加拉語維基文庫使用的檔案數值排序所面臨的技術挑戰。 關於分享您所在的專案相關的技術更新，您有什麼想法？您希望在會議期間討論什麼問題？您是否需要從英語到其他語言的口譯支援？請傳送電郵至ssethi(__AT__)wikimedia.org與我聯繫，並[[etherpad:p/language-community-meeting-may-2024|新增議程項目至此文件中]]。 我們期待您的參與！ <section end="message"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 2024年5月15日 (tinolo) 05:22 (CST) <!-- 訊息由 User:SSethi (WMF)@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26390244 --> == 台灣分會2024年5月對話時間 == <div style="padding: 0.5rem 1rem; background: #f5f5f5; border: 1px solid #FFFFCC; margin:1em 0; font-size: 1.08em;"> [[File:Wikimedia Taiwan.svg|160px|right|alt=|link=]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Taiwan|台灣維基媒體協會]]2024年5月的[[m:Wikimedia Taiwan/Wikimedia Taiwan Office Time|對話時間]]，<br> 訂於台灣時間'''5/25 (一) 14:00'''舉行，<br> 參與連結為 https://meet.google.com/qiv-ctih-sse 。<br> 想跟更多台灣維基人互動嗎？不知道台灣有個維基協會，或知道協會但不知道他們平常都在幹嘛嗎？本次對話時間將針對ESEAP Conference與會經驗進行討論，歡迎一起來聊聊！ --[[Midemakay:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Kasasowal no midemakay:MediaWiki message delivery| kalalicay]]) 2024年5月21日 (tinosa) 09:56 (CST) </div> <!-- 訊息由 User:NHC@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_Taiwan/Wikimedia_Taiwan_Office_Time/List&oldid=26298276 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Feedback invited on Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle/Invitation for feedback (MM)|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle/Invitation for feedback (MM)}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' [[File:Sibling Project Lifecycle Conversation 3.png|150px|right|link=:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle]] Dear community members, The [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee|Community Affairs Committee]] (CAC) of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees|Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees]] invites you to give feedback on a '''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle|draft Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle]]'''. This draft Procedure outlines proposed steps and requirements for opening and closing Wikimedia Sibling Projects, and aims to ensure any newly approved projects are set up for success. This is separate from the procedures for opening or closing language versions of projects, which is handled by the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Language committee|Language Committee]] or [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Closing_projects_policy|closing projects policy]]. You can find the details on [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle#Review|this page]], as well as the ways to give your feedback from today until the end of the day on '''June 23, 2024''', anywhere on Earth. You can also share information about this with the interested project communities you work with or support, and you can also help us translate the procedure into more languages, so people can join the discussions in their own language. On behalf of the CAC,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 2024年5月22日 (tinolo) 10:25 (CST) <!-- 訊息由 User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26390244 --> == <span lang="zh" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">公告第一屆《通用行為準則》協調委員會</span> == <div lang="zh" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – results|您可以在元維基上找到這則訊息其他語言的翻譯。]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – results}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' 您好， 監票員已完成監票工作。我們會持續跟進[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024|《通用行為準則》協調委員會選舉]]的結果。 在此恭喜以下用戶成為《通用行為準則》協調委員會的區域代表（任期兩年）： * 北美地區（美國及加拿大） ** – * 北歐及西歐地區 ** [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Ghilt|Ghilt]] * 拉丁美洲與加勒比地區 ** – * 中歐及東歐地區 ** — * 撒哈拉以南非洲地區 ** – * 中東及北非地區 ** [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Ibrahim.ID|Ibrahim.ID]] * 東亞、東南亞及太平洋地區 ** [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:0xDeadbeef|0xDeadbeef]] * 南亞地區 ** – 也恭喜以下用戶成為《通用行為準則》協調委員會的的社群成員代表（任期一年）： * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Barkeep49|Barkeep49]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Superpes15|Superpes15]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Civvì|Civvì]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Luke081515|Luke081515]] * – * – * – * – 再次感謝參與這一進程的所有人，衷心感謝參選人對維基媒體運動和社區的引領和奉獻。 在接下來的幾周里，U4C將召開會議規劃2024-2025年的工作以支持UCoC和執行指南的實施和審查。請在[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|元維基]]上關注他們的工作。 謹代表《通用行為準則》專案團隊，<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 2024年6月3日 (tinocay) 16:14 (CST) <!-- 訊息由 User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26390244 --> == <span lang="zh" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">維基媒體運動憲章的最終文本現已發佈在元維基上</span> == <div lang="zh" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Final draft available|您可以在元維基上找到這則訊息其他語言的翻譯版本。]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Final draft available}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' 大家好， [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|維基媒體運動憲章]]的最終文本現已以二十多種語言發佈在元維基上供您閱讀。 '''維基媒體運動憲章是什麼？ 維基媒體運動憲章是一份建議文件，旨在定義維基媒體運動所有成員和實體的角色和責任，包括創建一個新機構——全球理事會（Global Council）——以進行維基媒體運動的治理。 '''請參與維基媒體運動憲章的「發佈派對」''' 請參與 '''2024 年 6 月 20 日''' '''14.00-15.00 世界協調時間'''（[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1718892000 您的當地時間]）的 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Movement Charter Launch Party|「發佈派對」]]。在這次線上會議中，我們將慶祝維基媒體運動憲章最終版本的發佈，並介紹其內容。請在投票之前參與此線上會議，並了解維基媒體運動憲章。 '''維基媒體運動憲章批准投票''' 投票將於'''2024 年 6 月 25 日''' '''00:01（世界協調時間）'''在安全投票上開始，並將於'''2024 年 7 月 9 日''' '''23:59（世界協調時間）'''結束。請在元維基上閱讀有關[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Ratification/Voting|投票流程、投票資格標準和其他詳細資訊]]。 如果您有任何疑問，請在[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Movement Charter|元維基的討論頁面]]上發表評論或發送電子郵件至維基媒體運動憲章起草委員會[mailto:mcdc@wikimedia.org mcdc@wikimedia.org]。 謹代表維基媒體運動憲章起草委員會，<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 2024年6月11日 (tinosa) 16:44 (CST) <!-- 訊息由 User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26390244 --> == 台灣分會2024年6月對話時間 == <div style="padding: 0.5rem 1rem; background: #f5f5f5; border: 1px solid #FFFFCC; margin:1em 0; font-size: 1.08em;"> [[File:Wikimedia Taiwan.svg|160px|right|alt=|link=]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Taiwan|台灣維基媒體協會]]2024年6月的[[m:Wikimedia Taiwan/Wikimedia Taiwan Office Time|對話時間]]，<br> 訂於台灣時間'''6/27 (一) 19:00'''舉行，<br> 參與連結為 https://meet.google.com/qiv-ctih-sse 。<br> 想跟更多台灣維基人互動嗎？不知道台灣有個維基協會，或知道協會但不知道他們平常都在幹嘛嗎？本次對話時間將針對現行仲裁委員會制度進行分析，歡迎一起來聊聊，並填寫會前[https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfSVGcXjC9Lcj0pFV6QIi0kz-SBhMSvLzjLNrWBrHQM5GY7sg/viewform 提問表單]！ --[[Midemakay:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Kasasowal no midemakay:MediaWiki message delivery| kalalicay]]) 2024年6月25日 (tinosa) 07:20 (CST) </div> <!-- 訊息由 User:NHC@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_Taiwan/Wikimedia_Taiwan_Office_Time/List&oldid=26298276 --> == <span lang="zh" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">批准維基媒體運動憲章的投票現已開放 – 請投下您的一票</span> == <div lang="zh" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Ratification vote opens|您可以在元維基上找到這則訊息其他語言的翻譯版本。]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Ratification vote opens}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' 大家好， 批准 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|'''維基媒體運動憲章''']] 的投票現已開放。維基媒體運動憲章是一份定義維基媒體運動所有成員和實體的角色和責任的文件，包括創建一個新的機構——全球理事會（Global Council）——來進行維基媒體運動的治理。 維基媒體運動憲章的最終版本[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|在元維基上以不同語言提供]]。 投票將於'''2024 年 6 月 25 日''' '''00:01（世界協調時間）'''在安全投票上開始，並將於'''2024 年 7 月 9 日''' '''23:59（世界協調時間）'''結束。請閱讀有關[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Ratification/Voting|選民資訊和投票資格的詳細資訊]]。 閱讀維基媒體運動憲章後，請[[Special:SecurePoll/vote/398|'''投票''']]並進一步向您的社群分享此資訊。 如果您對批准投票有任何疑問，請聯絡維基媒體運動憲章選舉委員會 [mailto:cec@wikimedia.org '''cec@wikimedia.org''']。 謹代表維基媒體運動憲章選舉委員會，<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 2024年6月25日 (tinosa) 18:51 (CST) <!-- 訊息由 User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26989444 --> == <span lang="zh" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">批准維基媒體運動憲章的投票即將結束</span> == <div lang="zh" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Final reminder|您可以在元維基上找到這則訊息其他語言的翻譯。]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Final reminder}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' 大家好， 謹此提醒您，批准 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|維基媒體運動憲章]] 的投票期將於'''2024 年 7 月 9 日''' '''23:59 （世界協調時間）'''結束。 <div class="mw-translate-fuzzy"> 如果您尚未投票，請在此 [[m:Special:SecurePoll/vote/398|SecurePoll]] 上的連結]投票。 </div> 謹代表[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Ratification/Voting#Electoral_Commission|維基媒體運動憲章選舉委員會]]，<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 2024年7月8日 (tinocay) 11:45 (CST) <!-- 訊息由 User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26989444 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">U4C Special Election - Call for Candidates</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – call for candidates|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – call for candidates}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Hello all, A special election has been called to fill additional vacancies on the U4C. The call for candidates phase is open from now through July 19, 2024. The [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the [[:foundation:Wikimedia Foundation Universal Code of Conduct|UCoC]]. Community members are invited to submit their applications in the special election for the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, please review the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|U4C Charter]]. In this special election, according to [[Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter#2. Elections and Terms|chapter 2 of the U4C charter]], there are 9 seats available on the U4C: '''four''' community-at-large seats and '''five''' regional seats to ensure the U4C represents the diversity of the movement. [[Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter#5. Glossary|No more than two members of the U4C can be elected from the same home wiki]]. Therefore, candidates must not have English Wikipedia, German Wikipedia, or Italian Wikipedia as their home wiki. Read more and submit your application on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election|Meta-wiki]]. In cooperation with the U4C,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 2024年7月10日 (tinolo) 08:02 (CST) <!-- 訊息由 User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26989444 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Wikimedia Movement Charter ratification voting results</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Results of the ratification vote|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Results of the ratification vote}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Hello everyone, After carefully tallying both individual and affiliate votes, the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Ratification/Voting#Electoral Commission|Charter Electoral Commission]] is pleased to announce the final results of the Wikimedia Movement Charter voting.   As [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Movement Charter#Thank you for your participation in the Movement Charter ratification vote!|communicated]] by the Charter Electoral Commission, we reached the quorum for both Affiliate and individual votes by the time the vote closed on '''July 9, 23:59 UTC'''. We thank all 2,451 individuals and 129 Affiliate representatives who voted in the ratification process. Your votes and comments are invaluable for the future steps in Movement Strategy. The final results of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|Wikimedia Movement Charter]] ratification voting held between 25 June and 9 July 2024 are as follows: '''Individual vote:''' Out of 2,451 individuals who voted as of July 9 23:59 (UTC), 2,446 have been accepted as valid votes. Among these, '''1,710''' voted “yes”; '''623''' voted “no”; and '''113''' selected “–” (neutral). Because the neutral votes don’t count towards the total number of votes cast, 73.30% voted to approve the Charter (1710/2333), while 26.70% voted to reject the Charter (623/2333). '''Affiliates vote:''' Out of 129 Affiliates designated voters who voted as of July 9 23:59 (UTC), 129 votes are confirmed as valid votes. Among these, '''93''' voted “yes”; '''18''' voted “no”; and '''18''' selected “–” (neutral). Because the neutral votes don’t count towards the total number of votes cast, 83.78% voted to approve the Charter (93/111), while 16.22% voted to reject the Charter (18/111). '''Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation:''' The Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees voted '''not to ratify''' the proposed Charter during their special Board meeting on July 8, 2024. The Chair of the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees, Nataliia Tymkiv, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Board_noticeboard/Board_resolution_and_vote_on_the_proposed_Movement_Charter|shared the result of the vote, the resolution, meeting minutes and proposed next steps]].   With this, the Wikimedia Movement Charter in its current revision is '''not ratified'''. We thank you for your participation in this important moment in our movement’s governance. The Charter Electoral Commission, [[m:User:Abhinav619|Abhinav619]], [[m:User:Borschts|Borschts]], [[m:User:Iwuala Lucy|Iwuala Lucy]], [[m:User:Tochiprecious|Tochiprecious]], [[m:User:Der-Wir-Ing|Der-Wir-Ing]]<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[Midemakay:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Kasasowal no midemakay:MediaWiki message delivery| kalalicay]]) 2024年7月19日 (五) 01:52 (CST) <!-- 訊息由 User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26989444 --> == 台灣分會2024年7月對話時間 == <div style="padding: 0.5rem 1rem; background: #f5f5f5; border: 1px solid #FFFFCC; margin:1em 0; font-size: 1.08em;"> [[File:Wikimedia Taiwan.svg|160px|right|alt=|link=]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Taiwan|台灣維基媒體協會]]2024年7月的[[m:Wikimedia Taiwan/Wikimedia Taiwan Office Time|對話時間]]，<br> 訂於台灣時間'''7/28 (日) 14:00'''舉行，<br> 參與連結為 https://meet.google.com/qiv-ctih-sse 。<br> 想跟更多台灣維基人互動嗎？不知道台灣有個維基協會，或知道協會但不知道他們平常都在幹嘛嗎？本次對話時間將針對維基媒體運動憲章投票結果進行分析，歡迎一起來聊聊！ --[[Midemakay:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Kasasowal no midemakay:MediaWiki message delivery| kalalicay]]) 2024年7月25日 (四) 12:02 (CST) </div> <!-- 訊息由 User:NHC@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_Taiwan/Wikimedia_Taiwan_Office_Time/List&oldid=26298276 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Vote now to fill vacancies of the first U4C</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – voting opens|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – voting opens}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Dear all, I am writing to you to let you know the voting period for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is open now through '''August 10, 2024'''. Read the information on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election|voting page on Meta-wiki]] to learn more about voting and voter eligibility. The Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. Community members were invited to submit their applications for the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well. In cooperation with the U4C,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 2024年7月27日 (六) 10:46 (CST) <!-- 訊息由 User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26989444 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Reminder! Vote closing soon to fill vacancies of the first U4C</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – reminder to vote|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – reminder to vote}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Dear all, The voting period for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is closing soon. It is open through 10 August 2024. Read the information on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2024_Special_Election#Voting|the voting page on Meta-wiki to learn more about voting and voter eligibility]]. If you are eligible to vote and have not voted in this special election, it is important that you vote now. '''Why should you vote?''' The U4C is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. Community input into the committee membership is critical to the success of the UCoC. Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well. In cooperation with the U4C,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 2024年8月6日 (tinosa) 23:29 (CST) <!-- 訊息由 User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == <span lang="zh" dir="ltr">即將推出：新的子參考功能 – 試用看看吧！</span> == <div lang="zh" dir="ltr"> <section begin="Sub-referencing"/> [[File:Sub-referencing reuse visual.png|{{#ifeq:{{#dir}}|ltr|right|left}}|400px]] 您好。多年來，社群成員一直要求一種簡單的方法來重複使用參考資料，又能修改其中的一些細節。現在，MediaWiki解決方案即將推出：新的子參考功能將能用於wikitext和視覺化編輯器，並將增強現有的參考系統。您可以繼續使用其他引用方式，但您可能會在其他使用者撰寫的條目中遇到子參考。更多資訊請參閱[[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|專案頁面]]。 '''我們需要您的回饋'''來確保此功能適合您： * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Test|試用]]<nowiki/>beta維基上的當前開發狀態，[[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|告訴我們您的想法]]。 * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/Sign-up|在此登記]]來獲取更新或受邀參加用戶研究活動。 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Deutschland|德國維基媒體協會]]的[[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|技術願望]]團隊計劃在今年稍後將此功能引入維基媒體維基。我們將事先聯繫參考相關的工具和模板的創建者/維護者。 請協助廣傳這則訊息。 --[[m:User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|Johannes Richter (WMDE)]] ([[m:User talk:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|talk]]) 10:36, 19 August 2024 (UTC) <section end="Sub-referencing"/> </div> <!-- 訊息由 User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johannes_Richter_(WMDE)/Sub-referencing/massmessage_list&oldid=27309345 --> == Sign up for the language community meeting on August 30th, 15:00 UTC == Hi all, The next language community meeting is scheduled in a few weeks—on August 30th at 15:00 UTC. If you're interested in joining, you can [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community_meetings#30_August_2024 sign up on this wiki page]. This participant-driven meeting will focus on sharing language-specific updates related to various projects, discussing technical issues related to language wikis, and working together to find possible solutions. For example, in the last meeting, topics included the Language Converter, the state of language research, updates on the Incubator conversations, and technical challenges around external links not working with special characters on Bengali sites. Do you have any ideas for topics to share technical updates or discuss challenges? Please add agenda items to the document [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org/p/language-community-meeting-aug-2024 here] and reach out to ssethi(__AT__)wikimedia.org. We look forward to your participation! [[Midemakay:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Kasasowal no midemakay:MediaWiki message delivery| kalalicay]]) 2024年8月23日 (五) 07:19 (CST) <!-- 訊息由 User:SSethi (WMF)@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == 台灣分會2024年8月對話時間 == <div style="padding: 0.5rem 1rem; background: #f5f5f5; border: 1px solid #FFFFCC; margin:1em 0; font-size: 1.08em;"> [[File:Wikimedia Taiwan.svg|160px|right|alt=|link=]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Taiwan|台灣維基媒體協會]]2024年8月的[[m:Wikimedia Taiwan/Wikimedia Taiwan Office Time|對話時間]]，<br> 訂於台灣時間'''8/28 (三) 19:00'''舉行，<br> 參與連結為 https://meet.google.com/qiv-ctih-sse 。<br> 想跟更多台灣維基人互動嗎？不知道台灣有個維基協會，或知道協會但不知道他們平常都在幹嘛嗎？本次對話時間將針對Wikimania與會經驗進行討論，歡迎一起來聊聊！ --[[Midemakay:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Kasasowal no midemakay:MediaWiki message delivery| kalalicay]]) 2024年8月26日 (tinocay) 05:56 (CST) </div> <!-- 訊息由 User:NHC@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_Taiwan/Wikimedia_Taiwan_Office_Time/List&oldid=26298276 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Announcing the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/board-elections@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/OKCCN2CANIH2K7DXJOL2GPVDFWL27R7C/ Original message at wikimedia-l]. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement - results|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement - results}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Hello all, The scrutineers have finished reviewing the vote and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Elections Committee|Elections Committee]] have certified the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Results|results]] for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) special election]]. I am pleased to announce the following individual as regional members of the U4C, who will fulfill a term until 15 June 2026: * North America (USA and Canada) ** Ajraddatz The following seats were not filled during this special election: * Latin America and Caribbean * Central and East Europe (CEE) * Sub-Saharan Africa * South Asia * The four remaining Community-At-Large seats Thank you again to everyone who participated in this process and much appreciation to the candidates for your leadership and dedication to the Wikimedia movement and community. Over the next few weeks, the U4C will begin meeting and planning the 2024-25 year in supporting the implementation and review of the UCoC and Enforcement Guidelines. You can follow their work on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Meta-Wiki]]. On behalf of the U4C and the Elections Committee,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 2024年9月2日 (tinocay) 22:05 (CST) <!-- 訊息由 User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == <span lang="zh" dir="ltr">表達您的意見：投票選出 2024 年維基媒體基金會理事會成員!</span> == <div lang="zh" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> 大家好， [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024|維基媒體基金會理事會選舉2024]]的投票期現已開放。是次選舉。 有十二 (12) 位候選人，以競選維基媒體基金會理事會的四 (4) 個席位。 請透過[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Candidates|閱讀他們的候選人陳述]]和他們的[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2024/Questions_for_candidates|對社群問題的回答]]，以了解更多有關候選人的資訊。 當您準備好後，並前往[[Special:SecurePoll/vote/400|SecurePoll]]投票頁面進行投票。'''投票開放時間為 9 月 3 日 00:00 （世界協調時間）至 9 月 17 日 23:59（世界協調時間）。''' 如希望檢查您的選民資格，請前往[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2024/Voter_eligibility_guidelines|選民資格頁面]]。 祝好， 選舉委員會和維基媒體基金會理事會選舉工作小組<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[Midemakay:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Kasasowal no midemakay:MediaWiki message delivery| kalalicay]]) 2024年9月3日 (tinosa) 20:13 (CST) <!-- 訊息由 User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == 台灣分會2024年9月對話時間 == <div style="padding: 0.5rem 1rem; background: #f5f5f5; border: 1px solid #FFFFCC; margin:1em 0; font-size: 1.08em;"> [[File:Wikimedia Taiwan.svg|160px|right|alt=|link=]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Taiwan|台灣維基媒體協會]]2024年9月的[[m:Wikimedia Taiwan/Wikimedia Taiwan Office Time|對話時間]]，<br> 訂於台灣時間'''9/28 (六) 14:00'''舉行，<br> 參與連結為 https://meet.google.com/qiv-ctih-sse 。<br> 想跟更多台灣維基人互動嗎？不知道台灣有個維基協會，或知道協會但不知道他們平常都在幹嘛嗎？本次對話時間將討論故宮合作案消息，歡迎一起來聊聊！ --[[Midemakay:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Kasasowal no midemakay:MediaWiki message delivery| kalalicay]]) 2024年9月24日 (tinosa) 01:51 (CST) </div> <!-- 訊息由 User:NHC@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_Taiwan/Wikimedia_Taiwan_Office_Time/List&oldid=26298276 --> == 'Wikidata item' link is moving. Find out where... == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><i>Apologies for cross-posting in English. Please consider translating this message.</i>{{tracked|T66315}} Hello everyone, a small change will soon be coming to the user-interface of your Wikimedia project. The [[d:Q16222597|Wikidata item]] [[w:|sitelink]] currently found under the <span style="color: #54595d;"><u>''General''</u></span> section of the '''Tools''' sidebar menu will move into the <span style="color: #54595d;"><u>''In Other Projects''</u></span> section. We would like the Wiki communities feedback so please let us know or ask questions on the [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|Discussion page]] before we enable the change which can take place October 4 2024, circa 15:00 UTC+2. More information can be found on [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|the project page]].<br><br>We welcome your feedback and questions.<br> [[Midemakay:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Kasasowal no midemakay:MediaWiki message delivery| kalalicay]]) 2024年9月28日 (六) 02:58 (CST) </div> <!-- 訊息由 User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&oldid=27524260 --> == <span lang="zh" dir="ltr">2024年維基媒體基金會理事會選舉的初步結果</span> == <div lang="zh" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> 大家好， 我們在此感謝所有參與[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024|2024年維基媒體基金會理事會選舉]]的人士。來自180個以上維基媒體專案的近6000名社群成員已投票。 以下四位候選人得票最多： # [[User:Kritzolina|Christel Steigenberger]] # [[User:Nadzik|Maciej Artur Nadzikiewicz]] # [[User:Victoria|Victoria Doronina]] # [[User:Laurentius|Lorenzo Losa]] 儘管這些候選人已透過投票得出名次，但他們仍需要被任命為維基媒體基金會理事會成員。他們需要成功通過背景調查，並滿足章程中規定的資格。新的維基媒體基金會理事會成員將於2024年12月舉行的下一次維基媒體基金會理事會會議上任命。 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2024/Results|請閱讀元維基上的選舉結果。]] 祝好， 選舉委員會和維基媒體基金會理事會選舉工作小組 <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:MPossoupe_(WMF)|MPossoupe_(WMF)]] 2024年10月14日 (tinocay) 16:25 (CST) <!-- 訊息由 User:MPossoupe (WMF)@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == <span lang="zh" dir="ltr">尋找志願者加入維基媒體運動的委員會</span> == <div lang="zh" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> 每年10月至12月間，維基媒體基金會若干委員會均會招募志願者。 請在元維基頁面上閱讀有關委員會的更多資訊： * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|自治體委員會（Affiliations Committee，AffCom）]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ombuds_commission|監察委員會（Ombuds commission，OC）]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Community Resilience and Sustainability/Trust and Safety/Case Review Committee|案例審查委員會（Case Review Committee，CRC）]] 各委員會本輪職務申請自2024年10月16日起。自治體委員會委員之申請期限至2024年11月18日止，而監察委員會和案例審查委員會的委員之申請期限則至2024年12月2日止。您可以透過[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation/Legal/Committee_appointments|造訪元維基上有關委員會任命事宜的頁面]]了解如何進行申請。如果您有任何問題，請發佈到討論頁面或發送電子郵件至 [mailto:cst@wikimedia.org cst@wikimedia.org]。 謹代表委員會支援團隊, <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 2024年10月17日 (四) 07:07 (CST) <!-- 訊息由 User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27601062 --> == 'Wikidata item' link is moving, finally. == Hello everyone, I previously wrote on the 27th September to advise that the ''Wikidata item'' sitelink will change places in the sidebar menu, moving from the '''General''' section into the '''In Other Projects''' section. The scheduled rollout date of 04.10.2024 was delayed due to a necessary request for Mobile/MinervaNeue skin. I am happy to inform that the global rollout can now proceed and will occur later today, 22.10.2024 at 15:00 UTC-2. [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|Please let us know]] if you notice any problems or bugs after this change. There should be no need for null-edits or purging cache for the changes to occur. Kind regards, -[[m:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 2024年10月22日 (tinosa) 19:30 (CST) <!-- 訊息由 User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&oldid=27535421 --> == 台灣分會2024年10月對話時間 == <div style="padding: 0.5rem 1rem; background: #f5f5f5; border: 1px solid #FFFFCC; margin:1em 0; font-size: 1.08em;"> [[File:Wikimedia Taiwan.svg|160px|right|alt=|link=]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Taiwan|台灣維基媒體協會]]2024年10月的[[m:Wikimedia Taiwan/Wikimedia Taiwan Office Time|對話時間]]，<br> 訂於台灣時間'''10/25 (五) 19:00'''舉行，<br> 參與連結為 https://meet.google.com/qiv-ctih-sse 。<br> 想跟更多台灣維基人互動嗎？不知道台灣有個維基協會，或知道協會但不知道他們平常都在幹嘛嗎？本次對話時間將針對亞洲月進行討論，歡迎一起來聊聊！ --[[Midemakay:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Kasasowal no midemakay:MediaWiki message delivery| kalalicay]]) 2024年10月22日 (tinosa) 22:41 (CST) </div> <!-- 訊息由 User:NHC@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_Taiwan/Wikimedia_Taiwan_Office_Time/List&oldid=26298276 --> == Proposal to enable the "Contribute" entry point in Pangcah Wikipedia == {{Int:Hello}} Pangcah Wikipedians, Apologies as this message is not in your language. {{Int:please-translate}}. The [[mediawikiwiki:Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization|WMF Language and Product Localization]] team proposes enabling an entry point called "Contribute" to your Wikipedia. The [[:bn:বিশেষ:Contribute|Contribute]] entry point is based on collaborative work with other product teams in the Wikimedia Foundation on [[mediawikiwiki:Edit_Discovery|Edit discovery]], which validated the entry point as a persistent and constant path that contributors took to discover ways to contribute content in Wikipedia. Therefore, enabling this entry point in your Wikipedia will help contributors quickly discover available tools and immediately click to start using them. This entry point is designed to be a central point for discovering contribution tools in Pangcah Wikipedia. '''Who can access it''' Once it is enabled in your Wikipedia, newcomers can access the entry point automatically by just logging into their account, click on the User drop-down menu and choose the "Contribute" icon, which takes you to another menu where you will find a self-guided description of what you can do to contribute content, as shown in the image below. An option to "view contributions" is also available to access the list of your contributions. [[File:Mobile_Contribute_Page.png|Mobile Contribute Page]] [[File:Mobile_contribute_menu_(detailed).png|Mobile contribute menu (detailed)]] For experienced contributors, the Contribute icon is not automatically shown in their User drop-down menu. They will still see the "Contributions" option unless they change it to the "Contribute" manually. This feature is available in four Wikipedia (Albanian, Malayalam, Mongolian, and Tagalog). We have gotten valuable feedback that helped us improve its discoverability. Now, it is ready to be enabled in other Wikis. One major improvement was to [[phab:T369041|make the entry point optional for experienced contributors]] who still want to have the "Contributions" entry point as default.           We plan to enable it '''on mobile''' for Wikis, where the Section translation tool is enabled. In this way, we will provide a main entry point to the mobile translation dashboard, and the exposure can still be limited by targeting only the mobile platform for now. If there are no objections to having the entry point for mobile users from your community, we will enable it by 9th November 2024. We welcome your feedback and questions in this thread on our proposal to enable it here. Suppose there are no objections, we will deploy the "Contribute" entry point in your Wikipedia. We look forward to your response soon. Thank you! On behalf of the WMF Language and Product Localization team. [[Midemakay:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Kasasowal no midemakay:UOzurumba (WMF)| kalalicay]]) 2024年10月23日 (tinolo) 11:11 (CST) == 台灣分會2024年11月對話時間 == <div style="padding: 0.5rem 1rem; background: #f5f5f5; border: 1px solid #FFFFCC; margin:1em 0; font-size: 1.08em;"> [[File:Wikimedia Taiwan.svg|160px|right|alt=|link=]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Taiwan|台灣維基媒體協會]]2024年11月的[[m:Wikimedia Taiwan/Wikimedia Taiwan Office Time|對話時間]]，<br> 訂於台灣時間'''11/23 (六) 14:00'''舉行，<br> 參與連結為 https://meet.google.com/qiv-ctih-sse 。<br> 想跟更多台灣維基人互動嗎？不知道台灣有個維基協會，或知道協會但不知道他們平常都在幹嘛嗎？本次對話時間將討論中文維基百科首屆仲裁委員會，歡迎一起來聊聊！ --[[Midemakay:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Kasasowal no midemakay:MediaWiki message delivery| kalalicay]]) 2024年11月22日 (五) 03:05 (CST) </div> <!-- 訊息由 User:NHC@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_Taiwan/Wikimedia_Taiwan_Office_Time/List&oldid=26298276 --> == Sign up for the language community meeting on November 29th, 16:00 UTC == Hello everyone, The next language community meeting is coming up next week, on November 29th, at 16:00 UTC (Zonestamp! For your timezone <https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1732896000>). If you're interested in joining, you can sign up on this wiki page: <https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community_meetings#29_November_2024>. This participant-driven meeting will be organized by the Wikimedia Foundation’s Language Product Localization team and the Language Diversity Hub. There will be presentations on topics like developing language keyboards, the creation of the Moore Wikipedia, and the language support track at Wiki Indaba. We will also have members from the Wayuunaiki community joining us to share their experiences with the Incubator and as a new community within our movement. This meeting will have a Spanish interpretation. Looking forward to seeing you at the language community meeting! Cheers, [[User:SSethi (WMF)|Srishti]] 2024年11月22日 (五) 03:54 (CST) <!-- 訊息由 User:SSethi (WMF)@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27746256 --> == 台灣分會2024年12月對話時間 == <div style="padding: 0.5rem 1rem; background: #f5f5f5; border: 1px solid #FFFFCC; margin:1em 0; font-size: 1.08em;"> [[File:Wikimedia Taiwan.svg|160px|right|alt=|link=]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Taiwan|台灣維基媒體協會]]2024年12月的[[m:Wikimedia Taiwan/Wikimedia Taiwan Office Time|對話時間]]，<br> 訂於台灣時間'''12/23 (一) 19:00'''舉行，<br> 參與連結為 https://meet.google.com/qiv-ctih-sse 。<br> 想跟更多台灣維基人互動嗎？不知道台灣有個維基協會，或知道協會但不知道他們平常都在幹嘛嗎？2024年即將進入尾聲，本次對話時間將進行2025年核銷請款制度說明，歡迎一起來聊聊！ --[[Midemakay:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Kasasowal no midemakay:MediaWiki message delivery| kalalicay]]) 2024年12月10日 (tinosa) 01:09 (CST) </div> <!-- 訊息由 User:NHC@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_Taiwan/Wikimedia_Taiwan_Office_Time/List&oldid=26298276 --> == 台灣分會2025年1月對話時間 == <div style="padding: 0.5rem 1rem; background: #fffaf5; border: 1px solid #d7ad9b; margin:1em 0; font-size: 1.08em; display: flex; align-items: center;"> <div style="flex: 1;"> [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Taiwan|台灣維基媒體協會]]2025年1月的[[m:Wikimedia Taiwan/Wikimedia Taiwan Office Time|對話時間]]，訂於台灣時間'''1/25 (六) 14:00'''舉行，<br> 參與連結為 https://meet.google.com/qiv-ctih-sse 。<br> 想跟更多台灣維基人互動嗎？不知道台灣有個維基協會，或知道協會但不知道他們平常都在幹嘛嗎？<br> 本次對話時間將聚焦於 2024 年回顧與新年新展望的討論與分享，這是將是讓你深入了解協會運作並參與交流的絕佳機會！快來一起參加！ 另，[https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeUZIk_yo5IPc7CL8IWfbkUJ9qWIYzYjBIQgra2d8ESGYvPUg/viewform 2026年ESEAP區域年會填寫調查問卷]填寫期限至1/22為止，敬請踴躍參與。 --[[Midemakay:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Kasasowal no midemakay:MediaWiki message delivery| kalalicay]]) 2025年1月22日 (tinolo) 00:20 (CST) </div> <div style="margin-left: 1rem;"> [[File:Wikimedia Taiwan.svg|160px|alt=|link=]] </div> </div> <!-- 訊息由 User:NHC@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_Taiwan/Wikimedia_Taiwan_Office_Time/List&oldid=26298276 --> == Universal Code of Conduct annual review: provide your comments on the UCoC and Enforcement Guidelines == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> My apologies for writing in English. {{Int:Please-translate}}. I am writing to you to let you know the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines is open now. You can make suggestions for changes through 3 February 2025. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]]. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 2025年1月24日 (五) 09:11 (CST) </div> <!-- 訊息由 User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27746256 --> == Feminism and Folklore 2025 starts soon == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2025 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]] ::<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <center>''{{int:please-translate}}''</center> Dear Wiki Community, You are humbly invited to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025|Feminism and Folklore 2025]]''' writing competition from February 1, 2025, to March 31, 2025 on your local Wikipedia. This year, Feminism and Folklore will focus on feminism, women's issues, and gender-focused topics for the project, with a [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025|Wiki Loves Folklore]] gender gap focus and a folk culture theme on Wikipedia. You can help Wikipedia's coverage of folklore from your area by writing or improving articles about things like folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, women and queer folklore figures, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch hunting, fairy tales, and more. Users can help create new articles, expand or translate from a generated list of suggested articles. Organisers are requested to work on the following action items to sign up their communities for the project: # Create a page for the contest on the local wiki. # Set up a campaign on '''CampWiz''' tool. # Create the local list and mention the timeline and local and international prizes. # Request local admins for site notice. # Link the local page and the CampWiz link on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025/Project Page|meta project page]]. This year, the Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced two new tools to enhance support for the campaign. These tools include the '''Article List Generator by Topic''' and '''CampWiz'''. The Article List Generator by Topic enables users to identify articles on the English Wikipedia that are not present in their native language Wikipedia. Users can customize their selection criteria, and the tool will present a table showcasing the missing articles along with suggested titles. Additionally, users have the option to download the list in both CSV and wikitable formats. Notably, the CampWiz tool will be employed for the project for the first time, empowering users to effectively host the project with a jury. Both tools are now available for use in the campaign. [https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ '''Click here to access these tools'''] Learn more about the contest and prizes on our [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025|project page]]. Feel free to contact us on our [[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2025/Project Page|meta talk page]] or by email us if you need any assistance. We look forward to your immense coordination. Thank you and Best wishes, '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025|Feminism and Folklore 2025 International Team]]''' ::::Stay connected [[File:B&W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&nbsp; [[File:B&W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]] </div></div> --[[Midemakay:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Kasasowal no midemakay:MediaWiki message delivery| kalalicay]]) 2025年1月29日 (tinolo) 10:35 (CST) == Wiki Loves Folklore is back! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{int:please-translate}} [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]] Dear Wiki Community, You are humbly invited to participate in the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025|Wiki Loves Folklore 2025]]''' an international media contest organized on Wikimedia Commons to document folklore and intangible cultural heritage from different regions, including, folk creative activities and many more. It is held every year from the '''1st till the 31st''' of March. You can help in enriching the folklore documentation on Commons from your region by taking photos, audios, videos, and [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UploadWizard&campaign=wlf_2025 submitting] them in this commons contest. You can also [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025/Organize|organize a local contest]] in your country and support us in translating the [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025/Translations|project pages]] to help us spread the word in your native language. Feel free to contact us on our [[:c:Commons talk:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025|project Talk page]] if you need any assistance. '''Kind regards,''' '''Wiki loves Folklore International Team''' --[[Midemakay:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Kasasowal no midemakay:MediaWiki message delivery| kalalicay]]) 2025年1月29日 (tinolo) 10:35 (CST) </div> <!-- 訊息由 User:Tiven2240@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=26503019 --> ==Enabling Dark mode for logged-out users in this Wikipedia== {{int:Hello}} Wikipedians, Apologies, as this message is not written in your native language. {{Int:please-translate}}. The [[mediawikiwiki:Reading/Web|Wikimedia Foundation Web team]] will be enabling [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading|dark mode]] here on your Wikipedia by February 2025 now that pages on your wiki have passed our checks for accessibility and other quality checks. Congratulations! The plan to enable is made possible by the diligent work of editors and other technical contributors in your community who ensured that templates, gadgets, and other parts of pages can be accessible in dark mode. Thank you all for making dark mode available for everybody! For context, the Web team has concluded work on dark mode. If, on some wikis, the option is not yet available for logged-out users, this is likely because many pages do not yet display well in dark mode. As communities make progress on this work, we enable this feature on additional wikis once per month. If you notice any issues after enabling dark mode, please create a page: <code>Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Reporting/xx.wikipedia.org</code> in MediaWiki ([[mediawikiwiki:Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading/Reporting|like these pages]]), and report the issue in the created page. Thank you! On behalf of the [[mediawikiwiki:Reading/Web|Wikimedia Foundation Web team]]. [[Midemakay:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Kasasowal no midemakay:UOzurumba (WMF)| kalalicay]]) 2025年1月31日 (五) 00:16 (CST) == Reminder: first part of the annual UCoC review closes soon == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> My apologies for writing in English. {{Int:Please-translate}}. This is a reminder that the first phase of the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines will be closing soon. You can make suggestions for changes through [[d:Q614092|the end of day]], 3 February 2025. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]]. After review of the feedback, proposals for updated text will be published on Meta in March for another round of community review. Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 2025年2月3日 (tinocay) 08:48 (CST) </div> <!-- 訊息由 User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28198931 --> == <span lang="zh" dir="ltr"> 即將舉行的語言社群會議（2 月 28 日，14:00 UTC世界協調時間）和新聞通訊</span> == <div lang="zh" dir="ltr"> <section begin="message"/> 大家好， [[File:WP20Symbols WIKI INCUBATOR.svg|right|frameless|150x150px|alt=象徵多種語言的圖像]] 我們很高興地宣佈，下一次'''語言社群會議'''即將舉行，時間為'''2 月 28 日 14:00 UTC 世界協調時間'''！如果您希望加入，只需在'''[[mw:Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community_meetings#28_February_2025|此維基頁面]]'''上註冊即可。 這是一個以參與者為導向的會議，我們在此分享語言相關專案的最新消息、討論語言維基專案中的技術挑戰，並協力尋求解決方案。在上次會議中，我們討論的主題包括開發語言鍵盤、建立莫西語維基百科，以及維基媒體非洲區域會議語言支援軌道的最新消息。 '''您有話題希望跟大家分享嗎？'''無論是有關您專案的技術更新、需要協助的挑戰，或是口譯支援的請求，我們都很樂意聽到您的意見！請隨時'''回覆此訊息'''或新增議程項目至'''[[etherpad:p/language-community-meeting-feb-2025|此文件]]'''。 此外，我們希望與您分享語言與國際化通訊第六版（2025 年 1 月）可在此處閱讀：[[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January|Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January]]。本通訊提供 2024 年 10 月至 12 月季度新功能開發的最新動態、各種語言相關技術專案和支援工作的改進、社群會議的詳細資訊，以及為專案做出貢獻的想法。如希望獲取最新信息，您可以在其維基頁面上訂閱新聞通訊：[[:mw:Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter|Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter]]。 我們期待您參與語言社群會議並分享您的想法，到時見！ <section end="message"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 2025年2月22日 (六) 16:28 (CST) <!-- 訊息由 User:SSethi (WMF)@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28217779 --> == 台灣分會2025年2月對話時間 == <div style="padding: 0.5rem 1rem; background: #fffaf5; border: 1px solid #d7ad9b; margin:1em 0; font-size: 1.08em; display: flex; align-items: center;"> <div style="flex: 1;"> [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Taiwan|台灣維基媒體協會]]2025年2月的[[m:Wikimedia Taiwan/Wikimedia Taiwan Office Time|對話時間]]，訂於台灣時間'''2/26 (三) 19:00'''舉行，<br> 參與連結為 https://meet.google.com/qiv-ctih-sse 。<br> 想跟更多台灣維基人互動嗎？不知道台灣有個維基協會，或知道協會但不知道他們平常都在幹嘛嗎？<br> 本次對話時間將聚焦於2025 A+F藝術與女性編輯松的討論，這是將是讓你深入了解協會運作並參與交流的絕佳機會！快來一起參加！ --[[Midemakay:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Kasasowal no midemakay:MediaWiki message delivery| kalalicay]]) 2025年2月24日 (tinocay) 22:08 (CST) </div> <div style="margin-left: 1rem;"> [[File:Wikimedia Taiwan.svg|160px|alt=|link=]] </div> </div> <!-- 訊息由 User:NHC@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_Taiwan/Wikimedia_Taiwan_Office_Time/List&oldid=26298276 --> == Universal Code of Conduct annual review: proposed changes are available for comment == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> My apologies for writing in English. {{Int:Please-translate}}. I am writing to you to let you know that [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/Proposed_Changes|proposed changes]] to the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) Enforcement Guidelines]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) Charter]] are open for review. '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/Proposed_Changes|You can provide feedback on suggested changes]]''' through the [[d:Q614092|end of day]] on Tuesday, 18 March 2025. This is the second step in the annual review process, the final step will be community voting on the proposed changes. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find relevant links about the process on the UCoC annual review page on Meta]]. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] 2025年3月8日 (六) 02:51 (CST) </div> <!-- 訊息由 User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28307738 --> == An improved dashboard for the Content Translation tool == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{Int:hello}} Wikipedians, Apologies as this message is not in your language, {{Int:please-translate}}. The [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization|Language and Product Localization team]] has improved the [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=es Content Translation dashboard] to create a consistent experience for all contributors using mobile and desktop devices. The improved translation dashboard allows all logged-in users of the tool to enjoy a consistent experience regardless of their type of device. With a harmonized experience, logged-in desktop users now have access to the capabilities shown in the image below. [[file:Content_Translation_new-dashboard.png|alt=|center|thumb|576x576px|Notice that in this screenshot, the new dashboard allows: Users to adjust suggestions with the "For you" and "...More" buttons to select general topics or community-created collections (like the example of Climate topic).  Also, users can use translation to create new articles (as before) and expand existing articles section by section. You can see how suggestions are provided in the new dashboard  in two groups ("Create new pages" and "Expand with new sections")-one for each activity.]] [[File:Content_Translation_dashboard_on_desktop.png|alt=|center|thumb|577x577px|In the current dashboard, you will notice that you can't adjust suggestions to select topics or community-created collections. Also, you can't expand on existing articles by translating new sections.]] We will implement [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation#Improved translation experience|this improvement]] on your wiki '''on Monday, March 17th, 2025''' and remove the current dashboard '''by May 2025'''. Please reach out with any questions concerning the dashboard in this thread. Thank you! On behalf of the Language and Product Localization team. </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> 2025年3月13日 (四) 10:55 (CST) <!-- 訊息由 User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/sandbox_CX_Unified_dashboard_announcement_list_1&oldid=28382282 --> == 台灣分會2025年3月對話時間 == <div style="padding: 0.5rem 1rem; background: #fffaf5; border: 1px solid #d7ad9b; margin:1em 0; font-size: 1.08em; display: flex; align-items: center;"> <div style="flex: 1;"> [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Taiwan|台灣維基媒體協會]]2025年3月的[[m:Wikimedia Taiwan/Wikimedia Taiwan Office Time|對話時間]]，訂於台灣時間'''3/29 (六) 14:00'''舉行，<br> 參與連結為 https://meet.google.com/qiv-ctih-sse 。<br> 想跟更多台灣維基人互動嗎？不知道台灣有個維基協會，或知道協會但不知道他們平常都在幹嘛嗎？<br> 本次對話時間將聚焦於ESEAP Hub進度的更新與分享，這是將是讓你深入了解協會運作並參與交流的絕佳機會！快來一起參加！ --[[Midemakay:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Kasasowal no midemakay:MediaWiki message delivery| kalalicay]]) 2025年3月25日 (tinosa) 06:56 (CST) </div> <div style="margin-left: 1rem;"> [[File:Wikimedia Taiwan.svg|160px|alt=|link=]] </div> </div> <!-- 訊息由 User:NHC@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_Taiwan/Wikimedia_Taiwan_Office_Time/List&oldid=26298276 --> == Final proposed modifications to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter now posted == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> The proposed modifications to the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines]] and the U4C Charter [[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/2025/Proposed_Changes|are now on Meta-wiki for community notice]] in advance of the voting period. This final draft was developed from the previous two rounds of community review. Community members will be able to vote on these modifications starting on 17 April 2025. The vote will close on 1 May 2025, and results will be announced no later than 12 May 2025. The U4C election period, starting with a call for candidates, will open immediately following the announcement of the review results. More information will be posted on [[m:Special:MyLanguage//Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election|the wiki page for the election]] soon. Please be advised that this process will require more messages to be sent here over the next two months. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 2025年4月4日 (五) 10:04 (CST) </div> <!-- 訊息由 User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28469465 --> == Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025: Invitation == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:UCDM 2025 general.png|180px|right]] {{int:please-translate}} Hello, dear Wikipedians!<br/> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the fifth edition of writing challenge "'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''", which lasts from '''14th April''' until '''16th May 2025'''. The campaign is dedicated to famous Ukrainian artists of cinema, music, literature, architecture, design, and cultural phenomena of Ukraine that are now part of world heritage. We accept contributions in every language! The most active contesters will receive prizes. If you are interested in coordinating long-term community engagement for the campaign and becoming a local ambassador, we would love to hear from you! Please let us know your interest. <br/> We invite you to take part and help us improve the coverage of Ukrainian culture on Wikipedia in your language! Also, we plan to set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in such a challenge! [[:m:User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|talk]]) </div> 2025年4月17日 (四) 00:10 (CST) <!-- 訊息由 User:Hide on Rosé@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:OlesiaLukaniuk_(WMUA)/list_of_wikis&oldid=28552112 --> == Vote now on the revised UCoC Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> The voting period for the revisions to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines ("UCoC EG") and the UCoC's Coordinating Committee Charter is open now through the end of 1 May (UTC) ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746162000 find in your time zone]). [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/2025/Voter_information|Read the information on how to participate and read over the proposal before voting]] on the UCoC page on Meta-wiki. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review of the EG and Charter was planned and implemented by the U4C. Further information will be provided in the coming months about the review of the UCoC itself. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well. In cooperation with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 2025年4月17日 (四) 08:34 (CST) </div> <!-- 訊息由 User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28469465 --> == 台灣分會2025年4月對話時間 == <div style="padding: 0.5rem 1rem; background: #fffaf5; border: 1px solid #d7ad9b; margin:1em 0; font-size: 1.08em; display: flex; align-items: center;"> <div style="flex: 1;"> [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Taiwan|台灣維基媒體協會]]2025年4月的[[m:Wikimedia Taiwan/Wikimedia Taiwan Office Time|對話時間]]，訂於台灣時間'''4/29 (二) 19:00'''舉行，<br> 參與連結為 https://meet.google.com/qiv-ctih-sse 。<br> 想跟更多台灣維基人互動嗎？不知道台灣有個維基協會，或知道協會但不知道他們平常都在幹嘛嗎？<br> 本次對話時間將聚焦於2025 COSCUP議程徵件的討論，這是將是讓你深入了解協會運作並參與交流的絕佳機會！快來一起參加！ --[[Midemakay:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Kasasowal no midemakay:MediaWiki message delivery| kalalicay]]) 2025年4月26日 (六) 09:16 (CST) </div> <div style="margin-left: 1rem;"> [[File:Wikimedia Taiwan.svg|160px|alt=|link=]] </div> </div> <!-- 訊息由 User:NHC@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_Taiwan/Wikimedia_Taiwan_Office_Time/List&oldid=26298276 --> == Sub-referencing: User testing == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Sub-referencing reuse visual.png|400px|right]] <small>''Apologies for writing in English, please help us by providing a translation below''</small> Hi I’m Johannes from [[:m:Wikimedia Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland]]'s [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes team]]. We are making great strides with the new [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing feature]] and we’d love to invite you to take part in two activities to help us move this work further: #'''Try it out and share your feedback''' #:[[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing# Test the prototype|Please try]] the updated ''wikitext'' feature [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Sub-referencing on the beta wiki] and let us know what you think, either [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|on our talk page]] or by [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/talktotechwish booking a call] with our UX researcher. #'''Get a sneak peak and help shape the ''Visual Editor'' user designs''' #:Help us test the new design prototypes by participating in user sessions – [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/gxk0taud/apply sign up here to receive an invite]. We're especially hoping to speak with people from underrepresented and diverse groups. If that's you, please consider signing up! No prior or extensive editing experience is required. User sessions will start ''May 14th''. We plan to bring this feature to Wikimedia wikis later this year. We’ll reach out to wikis for piloting in time for deployments. Creators and maintainers of reference-related tools and templates will be contacted beforehand as well. Thank you very much for your support and encouragement so far in helping bring this feature to life! </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|Johannes Richter (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|talk]])</bdi> 2025年4月28日 (tinocay) 23:04 (CST) <!-- 訊息由 User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johannes_Richter_(WMDE)/Sub-referencing/massmessage_list&oldid=28628657 --> == <span lang="zh" dir="ltr">對《通用行為準則執行規範及其協調委員會章程》的修訂投票</span> == <div lang="zh" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> 《通用行為準則執行規範及其協調委員會章程》修订案的投票期将于世界协调时 (UTC) 2025年5月1日23:59结束（[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746162000 在您的时区查找对应时间]）。请在 Meta-wiki 上的UCoC页面投票前，[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025/Voter information|阅读关于如何参与的说明并仔细审阅提案]]。 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|通用行為準則執行規範協調委員會(U4C)]]是一個全域性的組織，致力於公平、一致地實施UCoC。本年度審查由U4C規劃和實施。如需更多資訊和 U4C 的責任，您可以[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|檢閱U4C的章程]]。 請酌情以您的語言與您的社群成員分享此訊息，以便他們也能參與。 與U4C共同合作 -- <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 2025年4月29日 (tinosa) 11:40 (CST)</div> <!-- 訊息由 User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28618011 --> == <span lang="zh" dir="ltr">徵求《通用行為準則》協調委員會（U4C）候選人</span> == <div lang="zh" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> 《通用行為準則》執行指南和《通用行為準則》協調委員會(U4C)憲章的投票結果[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025#Results|可在Meta-wiki上獲得]]。 您現在可以[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025/Candidates|提交您在U4C服務的候選人資格]]，截至2025年5月29日12:00 UTC止。有關[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025|資格、程序、和時間表的資訊請參閱 Meta-wiki]]。候選人投票將於2025年6月1日開始，為期兩週，於2025年6月15日12:00 UTC結束。 如果您有任何問題，可以在[[m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025|選舉討論頁面]]上提出。-- 感謝您與U4C合作 </div><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|kalalicay]])</bdi> 2025年5月16日 (五) 06:06 (CST) <!-- 訊息由 User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28618011 --> == RfC ongoing regarding Abstract Wikipedia (and your project) == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> ''(Apologies for posting in English, if this is not your first language)'' Hello all! We opened a discussion on Meta about a very delicate issue for the development of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia|Abstract Wikipedia]]: where to store the abstract content that will be developed through functions from Wikifunctions and data from Wikidata. Since some of the hypothesis involve your project, we wanted to hear your thoughts too. We want to make the decision process clear: we do not yet know which option we want to use, which is why we are consulting here. We will take the arguments from the Wikimedia communities into account, and we want to consult with the different communities and hear arguments that will help us with the decision. The decision will be made and communicated after the consultation period by the Foundation. You can read the various hypothesis and have your say at [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content|Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content]]. Thank you in advance! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|<span class="signature-talk">{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}</span>]]) 2025年5月22日 (四) 23:26 (CST) </div> <!-- 訊息由 User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Sannita_(WMF)/Mass_sending_test&oldid=28768453 --> == <span lang="zh" dir="ltr">2025年維基媒體基金會理事會理事選舉公告及徵求提問</span> == <div lang="zh" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Selection announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Selection announcement}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' 您好： 今年，維基媒體基金會理事會有兩席社群及自治體理事任期將屆滿 [1]。本會邀請維基媒體運動全體成員參與新任理事選舉流程。 本會選舉委員會將主辦此次選舉，而本會職員將提供適當支援 [2]；其餘不參選理事，則組成治理委員會，負責監督選舉，並向全體理事隨時報告進展 [3]。您可在此處檢視有關選舉委員會、理事會及其他職員工作內容的詳細資訊 [4]。 目前，此次選舉重要時程規劃如下： * （2025年）5月22日至6月5日：發布選舉公告，並徵求提問 [6] * 6月17日至7月1日：候選人登記 * 7月：若候選人超過10名，則由自治體先行投票予以篩選 [5] * 8月：競選活動 * 8月至9月：兩週社群投票 * 10月至11月：理事當選人背景檢查 * 12月：新任理事正式就職 您可在此處檢視詳細時程、候選機制、競選活動規則、選舉人資格等有關此次選舉流程的詳細資訊。[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025|[連結]]] 徵求提問 如同往年，社群可以提出問題，要求理事候選人回覆。選舉委員會且將自社群擬議的問題清單挑選特定內容，以供候選人作答。候選人必須回答申請中表列的特定問題，否則不得參選。今年，選舉委員會將挑選5個問題，作為候選人申請必填項目；而擬定問題時，並可能整合社群所提出若干類似或相關者。[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Questions_for_candidates|[連結]]] 選舉志願者 您可以應徵為選舉志願者，參與此次選舉流程。選舉志願者為選舉委員會及社群間的聯繫樞紐，致力於確保社群代表權，並鼓勵投票。您可在此處檢視有關選舉志願者及其應徵方式的詳細資訊。[[m:Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Election_volunteers|[連結]]] 感謝！ [1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Results [2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Committee:Elections_Committee_Charter [3] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Resolution:Committee_Membership,_December_2024 [4] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections_committee/Roles [5] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/FAQ [6] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Questions_for_candidates 祝好， 維多利亞·多羅妮娜（Victoria Doronina） 選舉委員會理事聯絡人 治理委員會委員<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[Midemakay:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Kasasowal no midemakay:MediaWiki message delivery| kalalicay]]) 2025年5月28日 (tinolo) 11:07 (CST) <!-- 訊息由 User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28618011 --> == 台灣分會2025年5月對話時間 == <div style="padding: 0.5rem 1rem; background: #fffaf5; border: 1px solid #d7ad9b; margin:1em 0; font-size: 1.08em; display: flex; align-items: center;"> <div style="flex: 1;"> [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Taiwan|台灣維基媒體協會]]2025年5月的[[m:Wikimedia Taiwan/Wikimedia Taiwan Office Time|對話時間]]，延至台灣時間'''6/1 (日) 14:00'''舉行，<br> 參與連結為 https://meet.google.com/qiv-ctih-sse 。<br> 想跟更多台灣維基人互動嗎？不知道台灣有個維基協會，或知道協會但不知道他們平常都在幹嘛嗎？<br> 本次對話時間將聚焦於ESEAP Summit的與會經歷與分享，這是將是讓你深入了解協會運作並參與交流的絕佳機會！快來一起參加！ --[[Midemakay:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Kasasowal no midemakay:MediaWiki message delivery| kalalicay]]) 2025年5月29日 (四) 11:06 (CST) </div> <div style="margin-left: 1rem;"> [[File:Wikimedia Taiwan.svg|160px|alt=|link=]] </div> </div> <!-- 訊息由 User:NHC@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_Taiwan/Wikimedia_Taiwan_Office_Time/List&oldid=26298276 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr"> Upcoming Deployment of the CampaignEvents Extension</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="message"/> Hello everyone, ''(Apologies for posting in English if English is not your first language. Please help translate to your language.)'' The Campaigns Product Team is planning a global deployment of the '''[[:mw:Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]]''' to all Wikipedias, including this wiki, during the '''week of June 23rd'''. This extension is designed to help organizers plan and manage events, WikiProjects, and other on-wiki collaborations - and to make these efforts more discoverable. The three main features of this extension are: * '''[[:m:Event_Center/Registration|Event Registration]]''': A simple way to sign up for events on the wiki. * '''[[:m:CampaignEvents/Collaboration_list|Collaboration List]]''': A global list of events and a local list of WikiProjects, accessible at '''[[:m:Special:AllEvents|Special:AllEvents]]'''. * '''[[:m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Invitation_list|Invitation Lists]]''': A tool to help organizers find editors who might want to join, based on their past contributions. '''Note''': The extension comes with a new user right called '''"Event Organizer"''', which will be managed by administrators on this wiki. Organizer tools like Event Registration and Invitation Lists will only work if someone is granted this right. The Collaboration List is available to everyone immediately after deployment. The extension is already live on several wikis, including '''Meta, Wikidata, English Wikipedia''', and more ( [[m:CampaignEvents/Deployment_status#Current_Deployment_Status_for_CampaignEvents_extension| See the full deployment list]]) If you have any questions, concerns, or feedback, please feel free to share them on the [[m:Talk:CampaignEvents| extension talkpage]]. We’d love to hear from you before the rollout. Thank you! <section end="message"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:Udehb-WMF|Udehb-WMF]] ([[User talk:Udehb-WMF|kalalicay]]) 2025年5月30日 (五) 00:47 (CST)</bdi> <!-- 訊息由 User:Udehb-WMF@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Udehb-WMF/sandbox/deployment_audience&oldid=28803829 --> == Vote now in the 2025 U4C Election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Apologies for writing in English. {{Int:Please-translate}} Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2025 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2025|2025 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 17 June 2025 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1750161600 12:00 UTC]. Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 1 July 2025. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 2025年6月14日 (六) 07:00 (CST) </div> <!-- 訊息由 User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28848819 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees 2025 - Call for Candidates</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Call for candidates|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Call for candidates}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div> Hello all, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025|call for candidates for the 2025 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees selection is now open]] from June 17, 2025 – July 2, 2025 at 11:59 UTC [1]. The Board of Trustees oversees the Wikimedia Foundation's work, and each Trustee serves a three-year term [2]. This is a volunteer position. This year, the Wikimedia community will vote in late August through September 2025 to fill two (2) seats on the Foundation Board. Could you – or someone you know – be a good fit to join the Wikimedia Foundation's Board of Trustees? [3] Learn more about what it takes to stand for these leadership positions and how to submit your candidacy on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Candidate application|this Meta-wiki page]] or encourage someone else to run in this year's election. Best regards, Abhishek Suryawanshi<br /> Chair of the Elections Committee On behalf of the Elections Committee and Governance Committee [1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Call_for_candidates [2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Bylaws#(B)_Term. [3] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Resources_for_candidates<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[Midemakay:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Kasasowal no midemakay:MediaWiki message delivery| kalalicay]]) 2025年6月18日 (tinolo) 01:43 (CST) <!-- 訊息由 User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28866958 --> == 台灣分會2025年6月對話時間 == <div style="padding: 0.5rem 1rem; background: #fffaf5; border: 1px solid #d7ad9b; margin:1em 0; font-size: 1.08em; display: flex; align-items: center;"> <div style="flex: 1;"> [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Taiwan|台灣維基媒體協會]]2025年6月的[[m:Wikimedia Taiwan/Wikimedia Taiwan Office Time|對話時間]]，訂於台灣時間'''6/26 (四) 19:00'''舉行，<br> 參與連結為 https://meet.google.com/qiv-ctih-sse 。<br> 想跟更多台灣維基人互動嗎？不知道台灣有個維基協會，或知道協會但不知道他們平常都在幹嘛嗎？<br> 本次對話時間將進行今年COSCUP議程主題爆料，這是將是讓你深入了解協會運作並參與交流的絕佳機會！快來一起參加！ --[[Midemakay:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Kasasowal no midemakay:MediaWiki message delivery| kalalicay]]) 2025年6月23日 (tinocay) 09:01 (CST) </div> <div style="margin-left: 1rem;"> [[File:Wikimedia Taiwan.svg|160px|alt=|link=]] </div> </div> <!-- 訊息由 User:NHC@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_Taiwan/Wikimedia_Taiwan_Office_Time/List&oldid=26298276 --> == <span lang="zh" dir="ltr">Sister Projects Task Force reviews Wikispore and Wikinews</span> == <div lang="zh" dir="ltr"> <section begin="message"/> 親愛的維基媒體社群， 維基媒體基金會理事會的[[m:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee|社群事務委員會 (CAC)]]指派[[m:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Sister Projects Task Force|姊妹專案工作小組 (SPTF)]]更新並實施一套評估姊妹專案（即[[m:Wikimedia projects|由維基媒體基金會 (WMF)支援的維基媒體計劃]]）生命週期的程序。 維基媒體運動始終秉持著提供相關、可訪問且具有影響力的自由知識願景。隨著維基媒體專案生態系統的不斷發展，我們必須定期審查現有專案，以確保所有專案仍然符合我們的目標和社群能力。 儘管有些維基媒體專案的初衷崇高，但這些專案可能不再有效地服務於其最初的目標。'''審查此類專案並非放棄，而是對共享資源進行負責任的管理'''——志願者的時間、員工支援、基礎設施和社群關注都是有限的，而隨著我們的生態系統進入一個與我們最初創立時不同的網路時代，非技術成本往往會大幅增長。支持不活躍的專案或未能實現我們目標的專案，可能會無意中將這些資源從更具潛在影響力的領域轉移。 此外，維護那些不再體現維基媒體名稱所代表的品質和可靠性的專案會帶來聲譽風險。一個被放棄或可靠性下降的專案會影響人們對維基媒體運動的信任。 最後，'''如果不停止或重新規劃那些不再有效的維基媒體專案，啟動新專案將變得更加困難。'''當社群感到被過去的每一個決定所束縛——無論這些決定多麼過時——我們就有可能陷入停滯。一個健康的生態系統必須允許進化、適應，並在必要時放手。如果我們期望每個維基媒體專案都必須無限期地存在，我們就會限制實驗和創新的能力。 因此，姊妹專案工作小組審查了兩項關於姊妹專案生命週期的申請，以進行研究並示範審查流程。我們選擇 Wikispore （維基孢子） 作為可能啟動新姊妹專案的案例研究，並選擇維基新聞作為現有專案審查的案例研究。初步調查結果已在 2024 年 9 月 11 日的社群事務委員會會議上進行了討論，社群事務委員會建議就這兩項提案進行社群諮詢。 <span id="Wikispore"></span> === Wikispore （維基孢子） === 以[[m:Wikispore|Wikispore （維基孢子）為新姊妹專案的申請]]已於2019年提交。姊妹專案工作小組決定更深入地審查此申請，因為 Wikispore （維基孢子）不像大多數新姊妹專案提案那樣專注於特定主題，而是有潛力培養多個新創的姊妹專案。 經過仔細考慮，姊妹專案工作小組決定'''不推薦 '''Wikispore （維基孢子）作為維基媒體姊妹專案。考慮到目前的活動水平，目前的安排允許'''更好的靈活性'''和實驗性，而維基媒體基金會則提供核心基礎設施支援。 我們認同該專案的潛力，並尋求社群意見，以確定什麼樣的活動和參與度才算足夠，以便在未來重新考慮其地位。 作為審查過程的一部分，我們與 Wikispore （維基孢子）社群分享了這項決定，並邀請了社群領導人之一 Pharos 參加姊妹專案工作小組會議。 目前，我們特別邀請大家就專案準備情況提供可衡量的回饋，例如貢獻者數量、內容量以及持續的社群支援。這將充分闡明開設新姊妹專案的標準，包括未來 Wikispore （維基孢子）可能會重新申請。然而，這些數字只是提供指導作用，因為任何數字都可能被操縱。 <span id="Wikinews"></span> === 維基新聞 === 在現有的維基媒體姊妹專案中，我們選擇對維基新聞進行審查，因為我們從多方面觀察到維基新聞是最受關注的專案。 自 2023 年姊妹專案工作小組成立以來，其成員一直在會議和社群線上會議上就未履行維基媒體運動承諾的姊妹專案徵求社群意見。[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:WCNA_2024._Sister_Projects_-_opening%3F_closing%3F_merging%3F_splitting%3F.pdf <nowiki>[1]</nowiki>][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Community_Affairs_Committee/Sister_Projects_Task_Force#Wikimania_2023_session_%22Sister_Projects:_past,_present_and_the_glorious_future%22 <nowiki>[2]</nowiki>][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiConvention_francophone/2024/Programme/Quelle_proc%C3%A9dure_pour_ouvrir_ou_fermer_un_projet_%3F <nowiki>[3]</nowiki>] 維基新聞是評估的主要候選專案，因為來自多個語言社群的人們提出了這項建議。此外，從大多數指標來看，維基新聞是最不活躍的姊妹專案，多年來活動量下降幅度最大。 雖然語言委員會定期開放和關閉姊妹專案的小語種版本，但從未有人提出關閉主要語言維基百科或任何英語姊妹專案的有效提案——維基新聞則並非如此。曾有人提議關閉英文維基新聞，該提議獲得了一些支持，但並未最終付諸行動[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Proposals_for_closing_projects/Closure_of_English_Wikinews <nowiki>[4]</nowiki>][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiConvention_francophone/2024/Programme/Quelle_proc%C3%A9dure_pour_ouvrir_ou_fermer_un_projet_%3F <nowiki>[5]</nowiki>]，此外同時有一份關閉所有語言維基新聞的提案草案[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:Proposals_for_closing_projects/Archive_2#Close_Wikinews_completely,_all_languages? <nowiki>[6]</nowiki>]。 維基媒體基金會工作人員編製的[[:c:File:Sister Projects Taskforce Wikinews review 2024.pdf|初步指標]]同時佐證了維基媒體運動社群對維基新聞的擔憂。 基於此報告，姊妹專案工作小組建議社群重新評估維基新聞。我們得出的結論是，維基新聞目前的結構和活躍度在現有姊妹專案中最低。姊妹專案工作小組同時建議在諮詢期間暫停新語言版本的開放。 姊妹專案工作小組將對此分析進行討論，並歡迎討論其他替代方案，包括潛在的重組措施或與其他維基媒體專案整合。 目前提到的'''選項'''（可能僅適用於活躍度較低的語言或所有語言）包括但不限於： *重構維基新聞的運作方式，並將其與其他專案中的時事工作連結起來； *將維基新聞的內容合併到相關語言的維基百科中，亦可能合併到新的命名空間中； *將內容合併到相容授權的外部專案中； *封存維基新聞專案。 您的見解和觀點對於塑造這些專案的未來至關重要。我們鼓勵所有有興趣的社群成員在相關討論頁面或其他指定的回饋管道分享他們的想法。 <span id="Feedback_and_next_steps"></span> === 回饋與後續步驟 === 如果您有意參與討論這些專案的未來發展和審核流程，我們將不勝感激。我們正在設定兩個不同的專案頁面：[[m:Public consultation about Wikispore|關於維基孢子的公眾諮詢]]和 [[m:Public consultation about Wikinews|關於維基新聞的公眾諮詢]]。請在2025年6月25日至2025年7月27日之間參與，屆時我們將總結討論內容，以便推進後續工作。您可以使用自己的語言撰寫意見。 同時，我將於7月16日星期三11:00（世界協調時間）和7月17日星期四17:00（世界協調時間）主持社群對話（通話連結即將發布），並將在維基媒體國際會議上進行更多討論。 <section end="message"/> </div> -- [[User:Victoria|Victoria]] on behalf of the Sister Project Task Force, 2025年6月28日 (六) 04:56 (CST) <!-- 訊息由 User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Sister_project_MassMassage_on_behalf_of_Victoria/Target_list&oldid=28911188 --> == Wikidata Item and Property labels soon displayed in Wiki Watchlist/Recent Changes == ''(Apologies for posting in English, you can help by translating into your language)'' Hello everyone, the [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team is excited to announce an upcoming change in how Wikidata edit changelogs are displayed in your [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlists]] and [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent Changes]] lists. If an edit is made on Wikidata that affects a page in another Wikimedia Project, the changelog will contain some information about the nature of the edit. This can include a QID (or Q-number), a PID (or P-number) and a value (which can be text, numbers, dates, or also QID or PID’s). Confused by these terms? See the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Glossary|Wikidata:Glossary]] for further explanations. The upcoming change is scheduled for '''17.07.2025''', between '''1300 - 1500 UTC'''. The change will display the label (item name) alongside any QID or PIDs, as seen in the image below: [[File:Apr10 edit summary on Wikidata.png|An edit sum entry on Wikidata, labels display alongside their P- and Q-no.'s]] These changes will only be visible if you have Wikidata edits enabled in your User Preferences for Watchlists and Recent Changes, or have the active filter ‘Wikidata edits’ checkbox toggled on, directly on the Watchlist and Recent Changes pages. Your bot and gadget may be affected! There are thousands of bots, gadgets and user-scripts and whilst we have researched potential effects to many of them, we cannot guarantee there won’t be some that are broken or affected by this change. Further information and context about this change, including how your bot may be affected can be found on this [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|project task page]]. We welcome your questions and feedback, please write to us on this dedicated [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|Talk page]]. Thank you, - [[m:User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] on behalf of the Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects Team. [[Midemakay:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Kasasowal no midemakay:MediaWiki message delivery| kalalicay]]) 2025年7月14日 (tinocay) 20:45 (CST) <!-- 訊息由 User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&oldid=28981877 --> == 台灣分會2025年7月對話時間 == <div style="padding: 0.5rem 1rem; background: #fffaf5; border: 1px solid #d7ad9b; margin:1em 0; font-size: 1.08em; display: flex; align-items: center;"> <div style="flex: 1;"> [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Taiwan|台灣維基媒體協會]]2025年7月的[[m:Wikimedia Taiwan/Wikimedia Taiwan Office Time|對話時間]]，訂於台灣時間'''7/27 (日) 14:00'''舉行，<br> 參與連結為 https://meet.google.com/qiv-ctih-sse 。<br> 想跟更多台灣維基人互動嗎？不知道台灣有個維基協會，或知道協會但不知道他們平常都在幹嘛嗎？<br> 本次對話時間將聚焦於第二十三次動員令的討論，這是將是讓你深入了解協會運作並參與交流的絕佳機會！快來一起參加！ --[[Midemakay:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Kasasowal no midemakay:MediaWiki message delivery| kalalicay]]) 2025年7月23日 (tinolo) 22:51 (CST) </div> <div style="margin-left: 1rem;"> [[File:Wikimedia Taiwan.svg|160px|alt=|link=meta:Wikimedia_Taiwan]] </div> </div> <!-- 訊息由 User:NHC@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_Taiwan/Wikimedia_Taiwan_Office_Time/List&oldid=26298276 --> == <span lang="zh" dir="ltr">Parsoid遷移作業</span> == <div lang="zh" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> <em>[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Parsoid Read Views/Read View Announcement|閱讀這則公告的其他語言版本]]</em> <div class="mw-translate-fuzzy"> 大家好！我很高興地通知貴社群，作為[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|解析器統一]]專案的下一步，Parsoid即將啟用成為此wiki的預設條目渲染器。我們正在逐步增加使用Parsoid的維基站點數量，目的是讓Parsoid成為MediaWiki的下一個長期支援版本的預設wikitext解析器。這將使我們的維基對編輯者、讀者和工具來說更加穩定可靠，同時也使未來的wikitext功能開發更加容易。 </div> 如果這項遷移作業會打亂您的工作流程，請不用擔心！您仍然可以透過使用者偏好設定選擇退出；或透過「工具」側邊欄在當前頁面上關閉Parsoid（如[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|Extension:ParserMigration]]說明文件所述）。 參閱[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Confidence_Framework|關於我們的推出策略的更多資訊]]，包括為新維基站點啟用Parsoid之前所做的測試。 若要回報錯誤和問題，請先參閱我們的[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Known Issues|已知問題]]說明文件；如果您發現新的錯誤，請在Phabricator中建立工單並標記[[phab:project/view/5846|Content Transform團隊]]。 <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[mw:User:ABreault (WMF)|Content Transform Team]]</bdi> 2025年7月26日 (六) 05:36 (CST) <!-- 訊息由 User:ABreault (WMF)@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_Foundation/Product_and_Technology/Parsoid_Read_Views/2025-07-23_Wikipedias&oldid=29034875 --> == 台灣分會2025年8月對話時間 == <div style="padding: 1.2rem 1rem; background: #fffaf5; border: 1px solid #d7ad9b; margin:1em 0; font-size: 1.08em; display: flex; align-items: center;"> <div style="flex: 1;"> <div style="font-size:x-large; padding-bottom:5px;">'''社群疑難雜症找協會！'''</div> [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Taiwan|台灣維基媒體協會]]2025年8月的[[m:Wikimedia Taiwan/Wikimedia Taiwan Office Time|對話時間]]，訂於台灣時間'''8/28 (四) 19:00'''舉行，<br> 參與連結為 https://meet.google.com/qiv-ctih-sse 。<br> 協會到底在做什麼？如果你覺得協會存在感超低，有事都找不到人，把握這次的對話機會！這是一個定期舉辦的服務時段，由協會秘書長親自主持，有問題馬上解決。協會會分享目前進行中的專案與計劃，也邀請社群朋友分享想法、反映需求，彼此開講、一起討論。 本月討論主題將聚焦於今年維基愛古蹟賽事，這是將是讓你深入了解協會運作並參與交流的絕佳機會！快來一起參加！ --[[Midemakay:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Kasasowal no midemakay:MediaWiki message delivery| kalalicay]]) 2025年8月26日 (tinosa) 19:08 (CST) </div> <div style="margin-left: 1rem;"> [[File:Wikimedia Taiwan.svg|160px|alt=|link=m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Taiwan]] </div> </div> <!-- 訊息由 User:NHC@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_Taiwan/Wikimedia_Taiwan_Office_Time/List&oldid=26298276 --> == <span lang="zh" dir="ltr">臨時帳號即將推出</span> == <div lang="zh" dir="ltr"> <section begin="body"/> 您好，我們是維基媒體基金會[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity|產品安全與整合]]團隊。我們在此宣佈，'''我們計劃於9月1日當週為本維基計劃啟用[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|臨時帳戶]]'''。 臨時帳戶已成功在 30 個維基計劃上線，其中包括許多大型維基計劃，例如德語、日語和法語維基計劃。這帶來的改變尤其與未有登入的編輯者息息相關，此功能旨在保護這些用戶。同時，這與我們的社群成員息息相關，例如導師、巡查員和管理員——任何撤銷編輯、封鎖用戶或以其他方式與未有登入的編輯者互動，以維護維基安全與正確性的人。 '''我們為何要建立臨時帳戶?''' 我們的維基媒體專案應該預設為未有登入的編輯者提供更安全的編輯體驗。臨時帳戶允許用戶在不建立帳戶的情況下繼續編輯維基百科，同時避免公開他們的編輯行為與其 IP 位址關聯。我們相信這符合未有登入的編輯者的最佳利益，他們為維基百科做出了寶貴的貢獻，並且以後可能會創建帳戶，壯大我們的編輯者、管理員和其他角色社群。儘管維基百科會警告未有登入的編輯者，他們的 IP 位址將與其編輯行為關聯，但許多人可能並不理解 IP 位址是什麼，或者這可能會以意想不到的方式被用來獲取其他相關資訊。 此外，我們的審核軟體和工具過度依賴網路來源（IP 位址）來識別使用者和活動模式，尤其是在 IP 位址本身作為識別碼的穩定性日益降低的情況下。臨時帳戶允許與未有登入的編輯者進行更精準的互動，包括更精準的屏蔽，並有助於減少我們無意中屏蔽使用與惡意用戶相同 IP 位址的善意用戶的頻率。 '''臨時帳戶的工作原理''' [[File:Temporary account banner and empty talk page.png|thumb]] 每當未有登入的編輯者在本維基媒體專案上發布編輯時，該使用者的瀏覽器中都會設定一個 Cookie，並自動建立一個與該 Cookie 綁定的臨時帳戶。此帳戶的名稱將遵循以下格式：<code dir=ltr>~2025-12345-67</code>（波浪號、當前年份、數字）。在「最近更改」或頁面歷史記錄等頁面上，將顯示此名稱。該 Cookie 將在創建後 90 天過期。只要它存在，從此設備進行的所有編輯均將歸因於此臨時帳戶。即使 IP 位址發生變化，該帳戶仍是同一個，除非使用者清除 Cookie 或使用其他裝置或網路瀏覽器。每次編輯時使用的 IP 位址記錄將在編輯後保存 90 天。但是，只有部分登入使用者能夠看到這個帳戶。 '''這對於不同的用戶群體意味著什麼？''' '''對於未有登入的編輯者''' * 此舉將增強隱私：目前，如果您未使用註冊帳戶進行編輯，那麼即使超過 90 天，其他人都可以看到您編輯的 IP 位址。但在本維基媒體專案上，此舉將不再適用。 * 如果您在過去 90 天內使用臨時帳戶在不同地點（例如，在家中和咖啡店）進行編輯，則所有這些地點的編輯歷史記錄和 IP 位址將合併記錄到同一個臨時帳戶。[[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Access_to_temporary_account_IP_addresses|符合相關要求]]的用戶將能夠查看這些數據。如果您對此造成任何個人安全擔憂，請聯絡talktohumanrights@wikimedia.org尋求建議。 '''對於與未有登入的編輯者互動的社群成員''' * 臨時帳戶與設備唯一關聯。相較之下，IP 位址可以與不同的裝置和人員共用（例如，學校或工作場所的不同人員可能擁有相同的 IP 位址）。 * 與當前情況相比，更安全的方法是假設臨時用戶的討論頁面只屬於一個人，並且該用戶會閱讀在那裡留言。如螢幕截圖所示，臨時帳戶使用者將收到通知。用戶同時可以感謝他們的編輯，在討論中與他們互動，並邀請他們更多地參與社群活動。 '''對於使用 IP 位址資料在維基媒體專案進行審核和維護的用戶''' * 對於負責追蹤持續濫用者、調查違反政策行為等的'''巡查員'''：[[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Access_to_temporary_account_IP_addresses|符合條件]]的用戶將能夠公開臨時用戶的 IP 位址以及來自特定 IP 位址或範圍的臨時帳戶的所有貢獻 ([[Special:IPContributions]])。他們同時可以透過 IP 資訊功能存取有關 [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/IP Info|IP 位址的]]有用資訊。許多其他軟體已被建置或調整以支援臨時帳戶，包括濫用篩選器 (AbuseFilter)、全域封鎖、全域使用者貢獻等等。 （有關志願開發者如何更新工具代碼的信息，請參閱本訊息的最後部分。） * '''對於封鎖未有登入的編輯者的管理員:''' ** 只需屏蔽臨時帳戶即可屏蔽許多濫用者。如果管理員選擇[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Autoblock|自動封鎖選項]]，被封鎖的使用者將無法快速建立新的臨時帳號。 ** 他們仍然可以屏蔽 IP 位址或 IP 段。 * 臨時帳戶不會追溯部署前的貢獻。在 Special:Contributions 中，您可以查看現有 IP 使用者的貢獻，但無法查看該 IP 位址上臨時帳戶的新貢獻。您應該使用 Special:IPContributions 來實現這一點。 '''我們的要求和後續步驟''' * 如果您知道任何使用 IP 位址資料或可供未有登入的編輯者使用的工具、機器人、小工具等，您可能需要在[[testwiki:Main_Page|testwiki]] 或 [[test2wiki:Main_Page|test2wiki]] 上測試這是否有效。如果您是志願開發者，請閱讀 [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|我們面向開發者的文檔]] 特別是 [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers#How should I update my code?|特別是關於您的程式碼可能需要如何更新的部分]] * 如果您想要測試臨時帳戶的使用體驗，例如，只是想了解使用體驗，請訪問 testwiki 或 test2wiki 並在不登入的情況下進行編輯 。 * 如果您知道任何需要解決的困難，請告訴我們。我們將盡力提供協助，如果無法解決，我們將考慮其他可行的方案。 * 請查看我們之前關於無擴展權限但可能需要存取 IP 位址的使用者要求的[[m:Meta:Babel#Temporary_Accounts:_access_to_IP_addresses_and_next_steps|資訊。]] 如希望了解更多關於該計劃的信息，請查看我們的 [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/FAQ|常見問題解答]] ——您會在那裡找到許多有用的答案。您同時可以查看 [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|更新資訊]] （我們剛剛發佈了）並 [[mw:Newsletter:Product Safety and Integrity|訂閱我們的通知]]。如果您想在維基媒體專案之外與我 (Szymon) 交流，您可以在 Discord 和 Telegram 上找到我。謝謝！<section end="body" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:user:NKohli (WMF)|NKohli (WMF)]], [[m:user:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]]</bdi> 2025年8月27日 (tinolo) 05:35 (CST) <!-- 訊息由 User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Quiddity_(WMF)/sandbox6&oldid=29181713 --> == 台灣分會2025年9月對話時間 == <div style="padding: 1.2rem 1rem; background: #fffaf5; border: 1px solid #d7ad9b; margin:1em 0; font-size: 1.08em; display: flex; align-items: center;"> <div style="flex: 1;"> <div style="font-size:x-large; padding-bottom:5px;">'''社群疑難雜症找協會！'''</div> [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Taiwan|台灣維基媒體協會]]2025年9月的[[m:Wikimedia Taiwan/Wikimedia Taiwan Office Time|對話時間]]，訂於台灣時間'''9/27 (六) 14:00'''舉行，<br> 參與連結為 https://meet.google.com/qiv-ctih-sse 。<br> 協會到底在做什麼？如果你覺得協會存在感超低，有事都找不到人，把握這次的對話機會！這是一個定期舉辦的服務時段，由協會秘書長親自主持，有問題馬上解決。協會會分享目前進行中的專案與計劃，也邀請社群朋友分享想法、反映需求，彼此開講、一起討論。 本月討論主題將邀請到亞洲月團隊成員分享與交流，這是將是讓你深入了解協會運作並參與交流的絕佳機會！快來一起參加！ --[[Midemakay:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Kasasowal no midemakay:MediaWiki message delivery| kalalicay]]) 2025年9月25日 (四) 20:22 (CST) </div> <div style="margin-left: 1rem;"> [[File:Wikimedia Taiwan.svg|160px|alt=|link=m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Taiwan]] </div> </div> <!-- 訊息由 User:NHC@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_Taiwan/Wikimedia_Taiwan_Office_Time/List&oldid=26298276 --> == <span lang="zh" dir="ltr">分享您的意見：請參與維基媒體基金會理事會投票2025</span> == <div lang="zh" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> 大家好， [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025|維基媒體基金會理事會選舉2025]]投票期間現已開放。候選人將競選兩 (2) 個理事會席位。 如希望檢查您的選民資格，請前往[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Voter eligibility guidelines|選民資格頁面]]。 請[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Candidates|閱讀候選人的申請聲明並觀看他們的參選影片]]來了解更多關於他們的資訊。 當您準備好後，請前往[[m:Special:SecurePoll/vote/405|SecurePoll 投票頁面進行投票]]。 '''投票時間為 10 月 8 日 UTC （世界協調時間） 00:00 至 10 月 22 日 UTC （世界協調時間） 23:59。 ''' 祝好， Abhishek Suryawanshi<br />選舉委員會主席<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[Midemakay:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Kasasowal no midemakay:MediaWiki message delivery|kalalicay]]) 2025年10月9日 (四) 12:47 (CST) <!-- 訊息由 User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki 傳送，使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29360896 --> ctgzullg1zc0fhzpcss0nbqknnnhzw8 0 1587 30151 2022-01-10T20:36:35Z Kaihsu 391 頁面已重新導向至[[Takanua, Takanua]] 30151 wikitext text/x-wiki #重新導向 [[Takanua, Takanua]] 1v85sw55e8kj53ugiw6fgaz80rnj5vc 0 1588 30152 2022-01-10T20:37:01Z Kaihsu 391 頁面已重新導向至[[Maia, Mangacun, Mangacun]] 30152 wikitext text/x-wiki #重新導向 [[Maia, Mangacun, Mangacun]] qym329k3on45t5ya4ghqfcz6682sirq 0 1589 32767 30179 2022-10-25T12:55:59Z EN-Jungwon 415 /* o kasadakan no lihaf */clean up, replaced: [[Category: → [[Kasasiwasiw: using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 32767 wikitext text/x-wiki {|class="wikitable" align="right" width="30%" ! colspan="2" align="center" | Edirne |- ! colspan="2" align="center" | [[File:Latrans-Turkey location Edirne.svg|200px]] |- ! colspan="2" align="center" | [[File:Edirne location Merkez.svg|200px]] |- ! colspan="2" align="center" | [[File:Edirne mosque outside.jpg|200px]] |- |} Edirne (埃迪爾內) Itini i Edirne Province, [[Turkey]] ko Edirne. sa’osi han ko po:long no palaan i, ira ko 0844 km² (lalotolotokan a plalan no sa’osi i ira ko 0.326 km², o palaan noto’as i'a:yaw ira ko 0.42 km²), 400.280 ko tamdaw i Edirne, 6.098 ko parod no loma’ itini i niyaro’ a Yinconmin sa’osi han ira ko 180,327 a tamdaw, pakaala to 66% (Turkey) no polong no tamdaw. o Turkey ko sa’alomanay i Edirne Province. ==O kasaniyarona== 20 ko cun, 24 niyaro’ i Edirne. [[Kocasinan]], [[Fatih]], [[Şükrüpaşa]], [[İstasyon]], [[1. Murat]], [[Barutluk]], [[Menzilahir]], [[Nişancıpaşa]], [[Medrese Ali Bey]], [[Saricapaşa]], [[Sabuni]], [[Talatpaşa]], [[Meydan]], [[Babademirtaş]], [[Abdurrahman]], [[Çavuşbey]], [[Mithatpaşa]], [[Dilaverbey]], [[Yeniimaret]], [[Yıldırım Hacı Sarraf]], [[Yıldirim Beyazıt]], [[Karaağaç]]. ==o kasadakan no lihaf== {{commons|Category:Edirne}} * [http://www.edirne.bel.tr/ www.edirne.bel.tr] [[Kasasiwasiw:Turkey]] 3bapnehl55ti2bnysnlb6mzrzqjyrqu 4 1590 30178 2022-01-21T21:42:01Z MarcoAurelio 378 redirected to [[Wikipedia:O ’adawang no niyaro’|bot request page]] for [[m:bot policy|standard bot policy]] 30178 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:O ’adawang no niyaro’]] t4u9u9uuzrtijldem4y484buq6y4m9h 0 1591 38590 30710 2023-06-27T20:49:14Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38590 wikitext text/x-wiki == Kanpociya Hontian Kitakit(柬埔寨王國) == === ''T'''akaray sowal(概要)''''' === Kanpociya Hontian Kitakit([[kuwaping a sowal]]: 柬埔寨王國) [[Kanpociya sowal]]:高棉語：ព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពុជា，Roma a tilid：Preăh Réachéanachâk Kâmpŭchéa; [[Kuwaping sowal]]: 柬埔寨王國), itiraay i [[Faylo:Flag_of_Cambodia.svg|縮圖|Flag of Cambodia]] a Pecihan-Kanatal中南半島,Katimol-Sakawalian Aciya a Korapaw東南亞大陸地區 ko kaitiraan nona [[kitakit]], o syoto tatapangan a tokay o [[Cinpin]](Kanpociya sowal:ក្រុងភ្នំពេញ，Roma a tilid:krong Phnum Pɨñ; Kuwaoing sowal:金邊). O kapot no Linheko ato Katimol-Sakawalian Aciya kitakit a Katatelekan. Isaka’etip no Kanpociya i,malalocokay ato Tayko, isaka’amis no sakawali Malala’eday ato Laoko, isakawali ato sakatimol no sawalian malafiyaw ato Yienan, ikatimol o SinloKihaw(暹羅灣). Hato masadangahay ko pala no Kanpociya,tolo no pasitiraan o tapolo ato tokos, isifo’ o dadahalay a cihenekay dafdaf, ona sera tonini makinatolo no sepat no polong sera no kitakit. Ira ko tata’akay ‘alo Mikong-‘alo(湄公河), ira ho tata’angay a fanaw o Tonglisa-fanaw(Kanpociya sowal:បឹងទន្លេសាប，Roma a tilid:Tonlé Sap; Kuwaping sowal: 洞里薩湖). === '''Nangan no kitakit(國名)''' === O tadangangan no Kanpociya o Kanpociya Hontian Kitakit(Kanpociya sowal:ព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពុជា，Roma a tilid:Preăh Réachéanachâk Kâmpŭchéa; Kuwaping sowal:柬埔寨王國）。O 「ព្រះ」hananay i, fangcalay sanay「神聖的」,o 「រាជាណាចក្រ」hananay i,o honti sanay「王國」, o「កម្ពុជា」hananay i,o Kanpociya sanay「柬埔寨」. Ona ngangan tonini i,nani「कम्बोजदेश」（Kambujadeśa）(Ikiris sowal:Sanskrit; Kuwaping sowal:梵語),o maan ko imi nona sowal han i, o 「sera ni Cinfusa 」[1] sanay. Ona ngangan no Kanpociya itini i rikisi no kuwaping itiraay ho i Tonghan(東漢 25-220 mihecaan)iraay to a matilid,nikawrira adihay ko masasiromaromaay a pangangan, tahira to i Min Wanli a mihecahecaan(明朝萬曆) nga’ sacecay sanay to a pangangan to Kanpociya(柬埔寨) . Itini I nitilidan no Sa’etipay-Kitakit i,o misahinahinamay tamdaw ci [[Faylo:Location_Cambodia_ASEAN.svg|縮圖|Location Cambodia ASEAN]] (Italiya sowal:Antonio Pigafetta; Kuwaping sowal:安東尼奧·皮加費塔) o 「Camogia」[2] hananay ningra a pangangan. === '''Palapalaan(地理)''' === O dadahal no sera ira ko 181,035 km², o polong no kitakit i,misilsilan maka24 ko etal ato cecay a no Hontian a Tokay, ika’amis malafiyaw ato Tayko, Lyawko, ikatimol i,madado’edo’ ko pala ato Yienan, isakatimol no sa’etipan misi’ayaway to Sinlowan(暹羅灣). O kakaya’ no lislis no riyar ira ko 443 km,ilaloma’ nona kitakit ira ko cecay a fanaw o Tonlisa fanaw(Kaping a sowal: 洞里薩湖; Roma a tilid: Tonlé Sap), o pifotingan, pialaan to nanom itini, o saka’orip tamtamdaw.Mahaop ko 20% no polong a sera o liomahan. 24 ko kasaetal sakowan, sepatay aca ko misi’ayaway to riyar a sakowan, tolo ko niyahay pikowan a sakowan, 172 ko mamangay a etal. O tahapinangan a pala i, o isifo’ay nona kitakit a Tonlisa fanaw(Kaping a sowal: 洞里薩湖), Pasa ’alo ato nani ka’amis taratimol a mihifalat tona kitakit a Mikong ’alo,isifo’ay no kitakit a dafdaf i,mahaop ko 3/4 no polong a sera no kitakit. O Tonlisa Fanaw ato Mikong ’alo nani tongroh no riyar 100 m ko ka’akawang.sa’akawang sa nani tongroh no riyar i,masakefohkefohay ko pala,o itiraay i sakatimol no sa’etipay a Toko lotok mitifacay to 1500 m ko ka’akawang, nani ka’amisay no sa’etipan taratimol sa no sa’etipan ko do’edo’edo. O itiraay I kawali a Awlar Lotok（Phnom Aural）o sa’akawangay no Kanpociya kitakita, tahiraay to 1771 m ko ka’akawang. === '''Siici(政治)''' === Itiyaay i 1993 mihecan a kinpo tatapangan rikec no kitakit, misetek to faco no kitakit o Hontian Kitakit, masasiiked ko Misanga’ay to rikec, Matayal to Demak ato Misawkitay,toloay ko kasasiiked no sakowan ’icel. O honti i,tahira i patay ko kalasawara’an,kakomodan no sofitay, o tahapinangan no kalacecay no kitakit ato kaira no kitakit a tahadahoc, ira heca ko ’icel mitedal to tata’angay raraw no malofoay tamdaw. Ano cakapakatayal ato ano miholol i romaay kitakit ko honti, o tapang no Fafa’eday Pikaykian no Kitakit ko mamiceror to tayal no honti.Ano mapatay ko honti, o tapang no sifo, kakeridan no tosaay rekad no mipaypayay a Fociyaw, o tapang no Fafa’eday Pikaykian ato Finawlan Pikaykian polong han 9 ko tamdaw misanga’ to iingkay, masasowal a misimsim to mamalahonti nani laloma’an no honti, patireng to fa’elohay a honti. === '''Kicai(經濟)''' === O cecay no polong a cowaho kacomahad ko ’orip a kotakit ko Kanpociya,ira ko 4 a hecek no pili’etanan nona kitakit, oriraan i,o pihololan no lafang, mitelekay to riko’, misaloma ato liomah. Oninian haw i,cowa ka citolas ko fodfod tona kitakit, orasaka, macara ko sapicomahadaw to kicai no kitakit, kalomihecaan a kacomahad no kicai tahiraay aca i 7% ko sa’osi.orasaka, tadamatatifac ko kasasiroma no cipaysoay ato manikaway ko ’orip, o manikaway a tamdaw i,awa ko sapaising, cakapapitilid to ka’emangay,tada awa ko fana’ to maamaan. I 2006 miheca, o mipalafangay a tayni cilafas to 170 ko ofad,[3]2005 miheca makarkar i riyar ko kasolin a simal ato palapalaan a kaso, i 2009 ano ca i 2010 miheca a misatapang paliwal, tata’ang ko pisiwar to kacomahad no kicai no Kanpociya a manga’ay. [1] === '''Tamdaw(人口)''' === O polong a tamdaw no Konpociya ira ko 1550 ofad, o Kanpociya a finacadan mahaop ko 90% ko ka’aloman, ira ho roma a mamangay a finacadan o Kuwaping mahaop ko 1%, o Cing finacadan(Kuwaping a sowal:京族; Roma a tilid:Gin)mahaop ko 9%, o Laos(Kuwaping a sowal:佬族）ato Tay finacadan, ira ho ko masasiromaromaay a mamangay a 20 ko finacadan,oninian i,ira ko ikemoday no lotok a maro’. O lalen no ’orip i, 71.41 ko mihecaan. == '''Sowal(語言)''' == O tamdaw no Kanpociya sahetoay mira’oyay to sowal ato tilid no Kanpociya,ira kono niyah a sa’osi,itini i Kanpociya ikakaay ko katenak no Kanpociya pasasotiri’en ato no Arapiya a sa’osi. O sowal no Kuwaping itini ono Cawco a sowal(Ikiris a sowal: Teochew ano ca Chiuchow),o cecay a sowal no Payrang itini i Taywan.ono niyah a sowal ko hasowal no kasasiromaroma a finacadan. Itiya ho halafin malamicowatan a sokowan no Franso ko Kanpociya, orasaka, o sakatosa a matenakay a sowal ko Franso a sowal, nikawrira, anini sato cowa ka matiya toya i’ayaway ko katenak no Franso a sowal. Tahanini sato i,adihay to ko katayalan cemahad to ko kicai ’aloman ko tayniay a misanga’ to kofa ko Kuwaping a tamadaw, orasaka, matenak ko sowal no Kuwaping ato Ikiris a sowal i Kanpociya. [[Faylo:Kraing_Tbong_VB_01_06_6.JPG|縮圖|niyaro' (Kraing Tbong )]] === '''Pitooran(宗教)''' === O mipaypayay a Fociyaw koni pasetekan malo no kitakit a pitooran, i matini mahaop ko 95% no polong a tamdaw no Kanpociya ko mitooray tonini, sakakaay ko ka’aloman ko mitooray i,o Kanpociya a tamdaw, malecad ato fiyaw a Tayko. O itiniay a Kuwaping ato Cin finacadan o Tacen Fociya(Kuwaping a sowal:大乘佛教;Ikiris a sowal:mahāyāna buddhism）, Tinsikyo ato Fa’elohay a Kristoan, o Can finacadan(Kuwaping a sowal:占族;Ikiris a sowal:Urang Campa)[5] [6] o Islan Ciyaw ko pitooran, ira ho cowa ka ’aloman a tamdaw o mitooray to pawidangay. === '''Punka(文化)''' === O sakero no Kanpociya tolo ko kasasiiked:o to’asan sakero, niyaro’ay sakero, ato sapalafang sakero. O tahapinangan no Kanpociya a sakero i,ono to’asan sakero. Adihay ko masariromaromaay a siikeday a pisalaan no lafang itini, o cinganganay i kalokitakit i, itiraay i ka’amis no kitakit a [[Faylo:Fishsale.jpg|縮圖|itaminaay paliwal to dafong(Fishsale)]] no hekalay kitakit o Wukoku(Kuwaping a sowal:吳哥窟 [7]Roma a tilid: ʾṅ̥grvt̥t=ʾaṅgaravatta).isasifo’an no kitakit i, tadaadihay ko nipatirengan Fyo pipaypayan, isaka’etipan ira ko Tonlisa Fanaw, o lalen no ’ngongol no nanom ira ko cecay laya’, o kakahad i,ira ko 1,700 km²,manga’ay a pakatamina a minengneng to tataparan. Itini tona fanaw ’aloman ko kalaloma’ hananay ko tamina a ’orip, isakatimol dihekoay ko cidal, toloay ko mihaian no Linheko a rocok no punka no Kanpociya. === '''Tahapinangan a Tilid (參考文獻)''' === [1] 劍浮沙(梵語：Kamboja)是印度列國時代的十六雄國之一，又譯為甘菩遮國。 [2] Relazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo - Wikisource. it.wikisource.org. [2019-08-07]. （原始內容存檔於2018-11-22） [3] 1.7 million. [2007-07-27]. （原始內容存檔於2013-12-02）. [4] 廣西對柬埔寨投資呈爆發式增長 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）news.xinhuanet.com [5] Andaya, Leonard Y. Leaves of the same tree: trade and ethnicity in the Straits of Melaka. University of Hawaii Press. 2008: 44 [2018-02-22]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-8248-3189-9</nowiki>. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-08） [6] Reid, Anthony. Verandah of violence: the background to the Aceh problem. NUS Press. 2006: 8 [2018-02-22]. <nowiki>ISBN 978-9971-69-331-2</nowiki>. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-08）. [7] 中國地名委員會. 外国地名译名手册. 商務印書館. 1993: 31. <nowiki>ISBN 7-100-00798-4</nowiki>. Ângkôr Wat 【柬】 吳哥窟; === '''Pikafitan i papotal(外部連結)''' === •（英文）柬埔寨王國 - Cambodia e-Gov •（英文）柬埔寨電子簽證 - Cambodia e-Visa （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） •（繁體中文）柬埔寨旅遊部官方網站 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） •（英文）柬埔寨旅遊指南 •（英文）開放式目錄計劃中和柬埔寨相關的內容 •（英文） 維基媒體的柬埔寨地圖集 • 維基導遊上有關柬埔寨（繁體中文）的旅行指南 • 維基導遊上有關柬埔寨（法文）的旅行指南 • 維客旅行上的柬埔寨 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） • OpenStreetMap上有關柬埔寨的地理資訊 •谷歌地圖 ef8ky0b7kv068pyuwet72119j5xe62i 8 1592 32698 30717 2022-10-19T06:53:50Z MediaWiki default 459 Disabling mentorship for wikis with no list of mentors ([[:phab:T321056]]) 32698 json application/json { "GEHelpPanelAskMentor": true, "GEHelpPanelExcludedNamespaces": [], "GEHelpPanelHelpDeskPostOnTop": false, "GEHelpPanelHelpDeskTitle": "", "GEHelpPanelLinks": [ { "title": "mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User guide", "text": "Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User guide", "id": "mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User_guide" }, { "title": "mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User guide#Images", "text": "Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User guide", "id": "mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User_guide" }, { "title": "mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User guide#Editing references", "text": "Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User guide", "id": "mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User_guide" } ], "GEHelpPanelReadingModeNamespaces": [ 2, 4, 12 ], "GEHelpPanelSearchNamespaces": [ 4, 12 ], "GEHelpPanelViewMoreTitle": "", "GEHomepageManualAssignmentMentorsList": "", "GEHomepageMentorsList": "", "GEHomepageSuggestedEditsIntroLinks": { "create": "mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User_guide", "image": "mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User_guide#Images" }, "GEInfoboxTemplates": [], "GEMentorshipEnabled": false } gxlihzo390u8921i7o4gc01p7sgwksp 8 1593 39182 39181 2023-07-10T08:44:14Z MediaWiki default 459 Prepare image recommendations. 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[[:phab:T337330]] [[:phab:T341150]] 39182 json application/json { "copyedit": { "disabled": false, "group": "easy", "templates": [], "excludedTemplates": [], "excludedCategories": [], "type": "template-based" }, "expand": { "disabled": false, "group": "hard", "templates": [], "excludedTemplates": [], "excludedCategories": [], "type": "template-based" }, "image-recommendation": { "disabled": false, "templates": [], "excludedTemplates": [], "excludedCategories": [], "type": "image-recommendation", "group": "medium", "learnmore": "", "maxTasksPerDay": 25 }, "links": { "disabled": false, "group": "easy", "templates": [], "excludedTemplates": [], "excludedCategories": [], "type": "template-based" }, "references": { "disabled": false, "group": "medium", "templates": [], "excludedTemplates": [], "excludedCategories": [], "type": "template-based" }, "section-image-recommendation": { "type": "section-image-recommendation", "group": "medium", "maxTasksPerDay": 25 }, "update": { "disabled": false, "group": "medium", "templates": [], "excludedTemplates": [], "excludedCategories": [], "type": "template-based" } } jnvgzu2z4io8ws34570g2kmuatm9n9e 0 1596 41256 33992 2024-02-02T19:24:56Z Kwamikagami 348 41256 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Marsal kanatal'''(馬紹爾群島) kapolongan kitakit (Marsal sowal: Aolepān Aorōkin M̧ajeļ, Inkilis: Republic of the Marshall Islands) a pipangangan to Marsal kanatal, Marsal (Inkilis: Marshall Islands), itiniay i no’amisan Taypinyang a kanatanatal masakitakit. Marsal kanatal i salaloma’ay no Mikelonisiya a kanatanatal, o dadfahal no sera 181 pinfang kongli, o dadahal no riyar mata’elif ko 200 pinfang kongli, 68,480 ko tamdaw, malopisak a maro’ i 1,156 a kanatal safinacadan to 34 i karakaratan. Kasafiyaw no riyar a pala ka’amis o Wike kanatal, katimol o Nolo a kanatal, ka’etip o Mikelonisiya kasakitakit ato kawali katimol a Cilipas. O taliyok no masakaratay a pala alomanay tamdaw i o Maciwlo, o tadaniyaro’ no Marsal kanatal. I ’ayaw no 2000 no mihecaan i, o Mikelonisiya a tamdaw matatoor tayni i Marsal kanatal a maro’, pakaynien nangra i nano kilangan a piwikwik to manawnaway a salil ko kasa laed no kanatal a romakat. Elopiya a tamdaw i 16 sici to 20 mihecaan pakanengneng to Marsal kanatal, Sepaniya a misolapay a cefang ci Alongso Salasar i 1526 miheca 8 folad nai riyar pakanengneng tina masaliyokay a kanatal. Rikor roma a Sepaniya ato Inkilis a misolapay pakanengneng tina kanatal. Marsal kanatal a ngangan nai Inkilis a misolapay ci Yohani Marsal. 1871 miheca, Marsal kanatal mala no Sepaniya a waliay a Into a kanatal. 1884 miheca oni a kanatal mapa’aca i Toic, i 1885 miheca mala no Toic a Sinciniya a todong. Saka 1 kalalood no hekal macalap no Dipong kina Marsal kanatal, i 1919 miheca o kalokitakit lakapot laheci patoror to Dipong, nanoya o Marsal kanatal i notimolan Taypinyang (Nan-yo) no Dipong ko mikowanay. Saka 2 kalalood, itiya kalalood i Cierpot ato Marsal kanatal macalap no Amilika, itiya tinakanatal o liyok no kanatal a Pikini kinapinapina pikingkiwan to adihayay temera, saka makari’ang ko caayay ko mapalolol kakari’ang no pala. Ikor no kalalood, Marsal kanatal ato romaroma a kanatal i Taypinyang malecad o mikowanan no Amilika a kasakanatal i Taypinyang. 1979 miheca Marsal kanatal midemak to niya a salongoc, i 1986 miheca ato Amilika matatilid to “Mapakoniraay kapolongan a katatelek” a citodong to sapikowan. Marsal kanatal o cecayay a congtong a tapang ko polongay kitakit, milecad to no Amilika mapakoniraay kapolongan kalacalay. Padamso ko Amilika to Marsal kanatal to sakihadimel a hitay, misasorot ato Sakarihaday no Kalotamdaw. Nawhani kinaira no kanatal cango’otay, orasaka o kicay no Marsal kanatal dengan o patadoay ato mifotingay ato maomahay. O sakacikarapoy no kitakit o nipadamaan no Amilika. Marsal kanatal o no Amilika a payso ko niya a payso. Marsal kanatal a tamdaw o no Marsal ngasaw ko dotoc, caay kapapina nai Filipin ato roma a kanatal no Taypinyang. Tosa ko sowal no kitakit o Marsal ato Amilika sowal ko nisowalan no Marsal kanatal kitakit. Polong no finawlan a pitooran i, 4/3 a finawlan micomod to kapolongan Keristo kiwkay- Marsal kanatal konglihuy (UCCCMI) ato Sencawhuy. == Likisi (歷史) == I 1885 miheca, picalap no Toic to Marsal kanatal itiya i, o nano Toic a Niwkiniya ko midipotay, saka 1 no kalalood no hekal o Dipong ko micalapay, ikor to i o Dipong ko mikowanay. I 1944 miheca, o Amilika ko micalapay to Marsal kanatal, ikor no kalalood mapatorod no Linhoko ko Amilika mikowan, saka I Taypinyang a kanatal a nikowanan. 1946 tangasa 1968 mihecaan, patireng ko Amilika i Taypinyang malapitanaman to sakitemeraan, itini i Marsal kanatal ira ko 66 to pitanam a mipeling. I 1979 mihecaan, kana’ayen to no Marsal kanatal ko “Mikelonisiya kapolongan a kimpo” a kapolong mitopa, paitemek sa a patireng to niya a sifo ato pipatireng to kitakit. I 1986 mihecaan, masasitelek to Amilika to “Mapakoniraay kapolongan a katatelek”, oya a miheca 10 folad 21 romi’ad mihapiw to misiikeday kitakit. I 1994 miheca, paherek ko patoror no Lihoko to Amilika, milayap to Marsal kanatal kitakit o kaying no Linhoko a kitakit. == Pala (地理) == Marsal kanatal kitakit polong no kanatal 29 ko kasapala ato 5 ko maraayay a pala, o sera no kitakit malitosaay kawaliay a Latak (mahihar) a kalakiting ato kaetip Lalik (picelem) a kalakiting, lalaed no kawali ato kaetip 208 kongli ko raraay. O takaraw no pala 2 ko laya’ [4]. Aro’ no tamdaw 3/2 i Maciwlo ato Epaye (Ebeye) tosaay maliyokay a pala kamaaro’an. O karaya’ no hekal no riyar 370.0 kongli. O faedetay ko romi’ad itira, 27˚C ko hemhem, mihecaan a katefad no nanom to ’orad 3350 ko katefad, saka 5-11 folad ko ’orad, 12 folad – roma miheca 4 folad o kakedalan. == Sasiiked no sakowan (行政區劃) == Marsal kanatal caayho kasasiked ko sakowan, nikawrira 26 ko kasiiked ko patireng to rikec no sapipili’an (legislative districts). == Kicay (經濟) == 1. Karayra no micomoday : kakaenen, sapisakikay, simal, lalosodan, tamako. 2. Pacomoday: Amilika, Dipong, Autaliya, Niwsilan, Singkapo, Fici, Taywan, Filipin. 3. Masadakay: ’Afinong a simal, ma’akikay ’afinong ato mikawitan, foting. 4. Cifa no kasadakan: Amilika, Dipong, Autaliya, Cungko. 5. Minato ato kali’acaan: Majuro Island、Majuro Atoll. == Sakaromakat (交通) == I Maciwro ko tokay a kasakitakit hikokiciw no Marsal kanatal. Ira ko fois kalocalay a mapatirengay i Marsal kanatal. I maci hikokiciw ira ko kahitefoan no 707, 727 ato 737 hikoki. Marsal kanatal hikoki kaysya ira ko paromi’aday maefer i 10 a palapala ato mangataay i timolay Taypinyang a kanatal kitakit. Laloma’an no kitakit ira ko tamina to kamaro’an no lafang. I tokay Maciwro ira ko talolongay minato. == Sakihitay (軍事) == Marsal kanatal a kaitiraan no hitay. Saka 2 kalaloodan, Amilika ato Dipong parekpok ko kalalood. 1946-1962 miheca, o Amilika kaetip ka’amis a Pikini ato Aikewitok masaso’ayaway a toloa pala kina 10 a mitanam a mipeling. == Sici (政治) == I 1979 miheca 3 fola mahayda i kimpo, saka 5 folad 1 romi’ad masaheci. Matelek i kimpo no Marsal kanatal midotoc to congtong rikec. Marsal kanatal a congtong o tatapangan no kitakit, o kakeridan no sifo, o iing ko misingkiway. Pikaykian no kitakit o cecayay rikec, 33 ko iing a saopo, 4 miheca ko lekad. Roma ono to’as a kakeridan (Iroji) citodong to sera, rocok no punka, lekakawa no niyaro’ tadamaan ko kacitatodongan no sowal. == Patotalay kalali’ay (外交) == Marsal kanatal tangasa anini ato hekalay 90 a kitakit ko kalali’ayan, Amilika, Dipong, Taywan i Marsal kanatal kitakit mapatirengan a kamaro’an katayalan no kitakit. I romaay kitakit a finawlan ano awaay ko kamaro’an katayalan no kitakit sakaira no kadadama, manga’ay tayra i kamaro’an katayalan no kitakit no Amilika, kamaro’an katayalan no kitakit no Amilika padamso to malalenay sadama to fanawlan no Marsal ato Amilika a finawlan. === Ka lali’ay to Congko (與中華人民共和國關係) === Kalacalay: Congko ato Marsal kanatal kitakit. === Ka lali’ay to Taywan(ROC) (與中華民國關係) === Minengneng: Taywan(ROC)- Marsal kanatal lali’ay Ciongko nai 1990 miheca 11 fola 16 romi’ad ato Marsal kanatal, 1998 miheca 11 folad 20 romi’ad Marsal kanatal malokiyol pasayra i Taywan, saka 2 folad masasawad to Congko, o Marsal kanatal o saka 14 no Taywan a kalali’ay a kitakit. === Saki Amilika kalali’ay (與美國關係) === Marsal kanatal makowan no Amilika 40 mihecaan, tangasa anini malali’ay to Amilika. Marsal kanatal no Amilika a payso ko sakadademak, kalomaamaan a dafongan miraoy to Amilika. Midotoc “Mapakoniraay kapolongan a katatelek” matelek, Marsal kanatal a sakihitay a sadama patorod to Amilika patodong, finawlan manga’ay mikihatiya to no Amilika a malahitay. Roma, Marsal kanatal a finawlan manga’ay pakoniya micomod masadak i Amilika ato maro’, matayal ato mitilid, eca to kaci fica (naka o ciraraway malaplap no Amilika). Marsal kanatal sakipapotal a yofingan nai o Amilika ko citoonga, o ’aca malecad to no Amilika, mapayofin tayra i Palaw, Mikelonisiya kapolongan, kasaniyaro’ no Amilika, noniya sera ato kalacalay no hitay a niyaro’ saheto nai kitakitay nisa’osian. “Mapakoniraay kapolongan a katatelek” mirikec to Amilika ato Marsal kanatal sifo a kasadema no kicay, ato pacaliw to Koakalin a karakaratan no hitay no Amilika. Kasacokeran ato pasadak a payso, Amilika ato Marsal kanatal a dademaken o salaloma’an no kanatal a nidamakan (caay ko kitakit) citodongay. == Pinengnengan (參考文獻) == 1. CIA Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). [2018-11-13]. (nina’angan tilid, kalocalay mateli 2021-01-02). 2. Marshall Islands. World Economic Outlook Database. International Monetary Fund (IMF). April 2022 [2022-07-30] (Inkilis). 3. Human Development Report 2019 (PDF). UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME. [2019-12-21]. (nina’angan tilid, kalocalay mateli (PDF) 2020-04-16). 4. Geography. [2015mihca 9 folad 16 romi’ad]. (nina’angan tilid, kalocalay mateli 2013-11-15) (Inkilis). :→ [[Marshall Island]] == Masyalu kanatanatal a kitakit(馬紹爾群島共和國) == === Takaray sowal(概略) === O Masyalu palapalaan a kitakit I o pangangan no Masyalo a tamdaw I 「Aolepān Aorōkin M̧ajeļ」,o no Ikilis I 「Marshall Islands」,o ma’alaay a ngangan I o Masyalo, itini’ay I saka’amis no Masinanotay a riyar(太平洋).O cecay a pala no Mikronisya palapalan ko Masylo,o dadahal no pala I 181 sq km,o no riyar a kakahad I cirafasay to tosa a ‘emang sq km, o tamdaw I 68.480,laklak sanay a maro’ I 1,156 a pala ato rakarakan, o sa’alomanay ko tamdaw a maro’I itiraay I Maciwlo a niyaro’ o tatapangan a niyaro’ no kitakit. [[Faylo:Kwajalein-closing_in.jpeg|縮圖|Kwajalein-closing in]] O Masyalo a kitakit I o kapolongan ko sici o congtong ko mikowanay,o mitidapi’ay I Amirika, orira ko pidama no Amirika to sofitay a mipidipot,a mipa’orip. Nawhany, caay ka hakowa ko kinaira no maamaan nona kitakit,sa orira ko pitadipi to pipadahof no Amirika, o mifotingay ko saka’rip no tamdaw itini. Opayso no itiniay I o no Amirika. O kapolongan a sowal no itiniay I o Masylo ato Ikilis. === Rikisi (歷史) === O tamdaw nona kitakit I ono Satimolan a Sowal ko sowal ngara, o tamdaw sa I ono Satimolan Kitakit, nikawrira,I 1885miheca ma’eco no Toic, tahira I Sakakinacecay Lalood I o Dipong to ko mikowanay.1944miheca,o Amirika to ko mi’ecoay a mikowan, maherek to ko sakakinatosa a lalood I o patoroden no [[Linhoko]] ko Amirika a mikowan. Toya pikowanan no Amirika nani 1946miheca tahira I 1968miheca,mipatireng ko Amirika to pitanaman to ‘icel no pakotang, o kafana’an aca I kina 66 a misaliyaliyaw a mitanam to pakotang, onini ko sakaciadada ko itiniay a tamdaw mapatidi’ to lintokin, ono adada toni’an I caay kafilo a paadahen, ano ciwawa sa I sahetoay o mangilosay. 1979miheca,misawad to pikapot I Mikulonisya, sa’iked sato a mipatireng tono niyah a kitakit,o niyah ko mikowan tono niyah a kitakit.1986miheca,matatilid ato Amirika toniyah a nisafaloco’an a pikapot,toya to a miheca 10folad,21romi’ad,si’iked sato a tomireng ko Masylo, caay to ko tao ko mikowanay.1991miheca,1991miheca mikapot to I Linhoko. [[File:Castle Bravo Blast.jpg|thumb|Castle Bravo Blast]] === Kaitiraan a sera(地理) === O kaitiraan no RapaNui I tosaay ko pecih sakawali ato sa’etip.O sakawali a malilisay a pala I o Lalatak(o kahadakan no cidal sanay),o saka’etio a mililisay a pala I o Lalik(o piceleman no cidal sanay), o kslala’ed no sawali ato sa’etip 208km ko kararaay(nani Posong tahira I Taypak ). O tosa no kalitolo a tamdaw I itiray maro’ I Maciwlo ato Ipay.[[File:MH -map A.png|thumb|MH -map A]] [[File:JJ7V2741 (40325750).jpg|thumb|JJ7V2741 (40325750)]] === To'as a kakita'an(傳統領袖) === ==== Sici(政治) ==== 1979miheca malaheci a masanga’ ko Kinpo(憲法),do’edoen ko rikec nona Kinpo I o congtong ko sakakaay tapang no kitakit, o mikowanay,o mamalatapang a tamdaw I nani tiraay I kakitaan no niyaro’ a piri’en. O sakakaay a pikaykian no kitakit ko misanga’ay to polong a rikec no kitakit(matiya o Lipoing no Taywan),o polong no iing I 33 ko tamdaw, sepat miheca kinacecay a liyawen a misingkiw. Ira ho ko roma a sakakaay a pikaykian o Iroji hananay, o iing nonini I o kalo pala aniyaro’, ano caay ka tatodong ko misanga’an no Lipoing a rikec to rayray no to’as I manga’ayay a mifelih kona Iroji papiliyaw a papisanga’ anoca papisalof to rikec no kitakit,sa oninian ko sakacaay ka doka’ ko to’as a wayway ato pinangan no niyaro’, to ma’osaw ko kalacecay no to’as a sera. ==== Mitanam to 'icel no pakotang(核試爆) ==== 1946miheca tahira I 1968miheca,mipatireng ko Amirika to pitanaman to ‘icel no pakotang, o kafana’an aca I kina 66 a misaliyaliyaw a mitanam to pakotang, onini ko sakaciadada ko itiniay a tamdaw mapatidi’ to lintokin, ono adada toni’an I caay kafilo a paadahen, ano ciwawa sa I sahetoay o mangilosay. == Makakafitay i papotal(外部連結) == * 太平洋試驗場 （英文） * 馬紹爾群島總統府 （英文） * 美國中情局世界概況—馬紹爾群島 （英文） * 中華民國外交部—馬紹爾群島 （繁體中文） hph774btdq20dou6y0c3l1qwdv1bius 0 1598 44464 41249 2024-08-31T07:27:09Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 縮圖 44464 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Papua New Guinea map-zh.png|frameless|right|upright=1.25]] '''Papua Niw Kiniya(巴布亞紐幾內亞)''' [[File:Flag of Papua New Guinea.svg|frameless|right]] [[File:National Emblem of Papua New Guinea.svg|frameless|right]] O tada ngangan nona kitakit sano Ikirisen I Independent State of Papua New Guinea, sano sowal no Papua Picin i Papua Niugini, sano Silimotu sowal i Papua Niu Gini, o ma’alaay a ngangan i o Papua Niw Kiniya, sa kantang han i Paniw. Itiraay I satimolan no Dadahalay Riyar, o malapotay a sera I fatad no sakawali no Niwkiniya pala, madado’edoay ko sera I saka’etip to Papua Sakowan no Inni,I katimol I mingataay to Auco, I ka’etip masasi’ayaw to Solomon riyaran pala. O na ngangan to Papua Niwkiniya hananay I,itiya awa ho a tayni ko Yoropa a tamdaw, O papua sanay a sowal I o pitoro’to riyaran pala。 Nani cowaay ko palamitan nona tilid hokiya, tahanini away ho mapatesekay a sowal. Ira ko cecay a sowal I nano sowal no Totori Tata’angay Laloma’an (蒂多雷蘇丹國)a sowal sanay(Tidore language),ona Laloma’an I o cecay a mikowanan no Kakita’an I Moluka riyaran pala I Inni. o tatodong nona sowal(o imi nona sowal) ,「papu」o(malacecay)sanay,「a」o (milalangay),patateko han i 「cowa ka lacecay」ano ca, o「iraayay a pala(sa caka lacecay)」sanay. Ora Irian hananay ngangan I o pitoro’ toya riyaran pala ato Irian Sakowan a sowal no Inni,oya I Irian Barat sakowan. Ona sowal no maro’ay I Piyako riyaran pala a Piyako tamdaw a sowal, o imi ira i 「palowad」、「mapacakat」sanany, nipahadakan ni Markus Kaysipo i 1945miheca,yo kalomowadan ningra a malatapang no Irian Sakowan. === Pi'arawan(目錄) === 2 Takaray Sowal(概要) 3 Likisi(歷史) 4 Palapalaan ato kakarayan(地理與氣候) 5 Sakowan(行政區) 6 Sici(政治) 7 Punka ato Sowal(文化與語言) 8 Pihapinangan a Tilid(註腳) === likisi(歷史) === I’ayaw no 8000 patek miheca, iraay to ko tamdaw a maro’ I takraway a tokos. Nani 18sici tahira I 19sici nga’ ira to ko kaysya no Olanta nani Patawiya a tayni mikowan tona kanatal, nikawrira,o lawac nona kanatal sahetoay o kilakilangan ato nanonanoman a henot, caayay ho ka nga’aay a ‘aroen no tamdaw, sa itira sanay ko tamdaw i hadhad no lawac no riyar a ma’orip. [[File:Territorios coloniales de Nueva Guinea.PNG|縮圖|Territorios coloniales de Nueva Guinea]] Itira sato i 19sici ‘aloman’aloman ko Yoropa a tamdaw mala’afa’afas a micowat hano niyah sakowan, 1884miheca o Ikilis ato Toic malapecih han ko NiwKiniya, ato I ngataay a kanatal. I 1906miheca patelas han no Ikilis a pafeli ko Auco toya mikowanan a sera mala no Auco to a samowan. Yo malaheci ko sakacecay a lalood no kaloakitakit,ma’eco no Auco koya mikowanan no Toic asera no PapuwaNiwkini, I 1920miheca,12folad,17romi’ad palaheci han to no Kocilinmon(國際聯盟) a papikowan ko Auco; I kalaloodan to sakatosa no kalokitakit, ma’eco no sofitay no Dipong ko na kitakit,yo malaheci to ko lalood I sano yanan han no [[Linhoko]] a papikowan ko Auco toya sakowan no Toic a pala, itiya sato I 1949miheca,oya nano sakowan no Ikiris ato sakowan no Toic palapolong han a palacecay, o 「PapuwaNiwkini Sakowan」han a pangangan. Tahira sato I 1973miheca 12folad 1romi’ad, milikakawa to Niyahpikowan.1975mihwca, mapalasawad to ko pikowan no Auco nga’ tiring sanay to kona kitaki. === Palapalaan ato kakarayan(地理與氣候) === O polong no hadahal a sera no PapuwaNiwkiniya 462,840㎢, I sakatimolay no telong a konis no cikiw, o kala’oraday, mado’etay ko romi’ad itini. O I fa’edetay a kilakilangan kona pala itini, oria sakaadihay no maamaan a kina’orip, o killing to, o ’a’adopen to matahtah. O taliyok palapalaan I miriniay tono [[Australia|Auco]], [[New Zealand|Niwcilan]], ato I kawaliay no [[Indonesia|Inni]] a riyaran kanatal, malapot ko Solomon ato Wannatu. O romi’ad sa I fa’eday, mado’etay to tepor no mihwca. === Sakowan(行政區) === PapuwaNiwkiniya a kitakita I sepatay ko tata’angay a Sakowan(Rigion), onini ko kasa’ike’iked no tayal to, patiyamay to,ato kasasiromaroma no ‘orip no tamdaw. Tona sepat a tata’angay Sakowan I nipecihan ho to 22 asakowan(省) ato cecay a Niyahpikowan(Pusenwil Niyahsakowan) ato kamaro’an no sifo a Tata’angay Sakowan. O cecay a sakowan I nipecihan ho to maloniyaro’. [[File:Papua new guinea provinces (numbers) 2012.png|縮圖|Papua new guinea provinces (numbers) 2012]] Syoto:Mosipi Minato1 .1.Sifo'ay a sakowan(central) 2. Cinpo sakowan(Chimbu) 3.Ka’etipay a Takaraway pala sakowan(East Highlands) 4. Kawaliay a NiwPuriteng sakowan(East New Britain) 5. Ka’etipay a Sipik sakowan(East Sepik) 6. Enga sakowan(Enga) 7. Kihaw sakowan (Gulf) 8. Matang sakowan(Madang) 9. Manus sakowan(Manus) 10. Milen a kihaw sakowan (Milne Bay) 11. Moropi sakowan(Morobe) 12. Niw Ayelan(New Ireland) 13. Ka’amisay Oro (Oro Northern) 14. Pukenpiri Niyahsakowan (Autonomous Region of Bougainville) [[Faylo:Papua_New_Guinea_(orthographic_projection).svg|縮圖|Papua New Guinea (orthographic projection)]] 15. Katimolay a Takaraway pala sakowan(Southern Highlands) 16. Sa’etipay sakowan(Western) 17. Sa’etipay Takraway pala sakowan(Western Highlands) 18. Ka’etipay a NiwPuriteng sakowan(West New Britain) 19. Santaw ka’etipay Sipik sakowan (Sandaun)West Sepik. 20. Syoto Sakowan (Ntinol Capital District) 21. Hila sakowan(Hela) 22. Ciwaka sakowan(Jiwaka) === Sici(政治) === [[Faylo:Huli_Wigman_visit_Cooktown,_Australia_2005.jpg|縮圖|Huli Wigman visit Cooktown, Australia 2005]] O sici no PapuwaNiwkiniya a kitakit i, o Rikec no Tapang(君主立憲) ko pido’edoan no demak,o Tapan no kitakit I, o Fafahiyan Honti no Ikiris,nikawrira, caayay ka itini ko aro’ no honti, sa toro’ hananay ko Sotok a mikowan. O misang’ to rikec no kitakit ato mamikantok to komuing a pikaykian no kitakit(Lipoing) cecayay aca,o Tapang no sifo I o Congli(總理)，o kakeridan no sa’alomanay ko tamdaw I pikaykian ko cacitodong tora mamalatapang. O kiing no Lipoin I 111ko tamdaw, ilaloma’ no nini I 21 ko tamdaw to halokilac no 21 sakowan, 22 ko tamdaw ko halokilac no Syoto kamaro’an no Tata’angay sifo. Ono sici a Tang(政黨) ira ko 40 ko kasasiromaroma a tang,ilaloma’ no nini to ci’icelay a tang o Kuominlinmon Tang, o Matayalay Tang, o Misopsopay kinairaira Tang,Masakapotay Tang,Panku Tang,Midayhyoway to Finawlan Tang, O Kalatamdaw ko Pi’arawan Tang,Matayalay Tang,Tara’ayaway Tang,PapuwaNiwkiniya Tang ato Aniniay ko ’orip Tang. === Punka ato Sowal(文化與語言) === [[File:PNG Rattle QM-r.jpg|縮圖]] Itini I PapuwaNiwkiniya cisafaway to cecay a patek ko kasasiromaroma a sowal, oni ko kaira no kasasiromaroma a punka, sa ira ko masamaamaanay a mito’eto’an, sakero, sapi’adop, riko’ radiw, ato nipatirengan a dafong. Ona kasasiromaroma a punka i, masasiroma ko sowal. O nika’orip to romi’admi’ad o niyaro’ ko pi’arawan a mawmah,cecay a niyaro’ ma’edengay a komaen ko finawlan. Oroma sa I cowa ka o kamaomah aca, ko ’orip, mi’adopay, mi’alaay to I palapalaay a tali. O mawmahay to, o mi’adopay to, o mifotingay to oya inanengay a tamdaw o kakangodoan no finawlan. Itira i salawacan no Sipik ’alo a niyaro’ i o mito’eto’ay to to’as ho a dafong, itini toya mito’eto’an a dafong mipahapinangan ko matiyaay ‘adingo no to’as. [[File:Papua New Guinean.JPG|縮圖]] O payso no PapuwaNiwkiniya I, o tolak no cekiw ko sapisanga’, mapalasawaday to i 1933miheca. Nikawrira, itira I kemoday no palapalaan a niyaro’ I,oninian ho ko kalapaysoan apinangan no tamtamdaw,o todongay o heci no punka, ano mi’ala to fafahiyan kadafo , o sainokay I o tolak no cikiw a payso. O sainokay no roma a niyaro’ o payso, o diyong,o ‘ayam. O 「sing sing」hananay a ilisin no itira I tokotokosan a niyaro, tada o kakahemekan ko kasiromaroma a cengel no ca’edong, o sapipahapinangan to ‘adongo no ‘ayam, kilang ato tokas, cikafong to ciopihay,ciriko’ to tolak no ‘a’asopen, micipoh to laway ato tatirengan, masakero, romariw to no kalaloodan tata’angay demak.ci Safulo. === Pihapinangan a Tilid(註腳) === [1] Pickell, David; Kal Müller. Between the tides: a fascinating journey among the Kamoro of New Guinea. Tuttle Publishing. 2002: 153. ISBN 978-0-7946-0072-3. ISBN 978-1-4128-1206-1. [2] Tarmidzy Thamrin. Boven Digoel: lambang perlawanan terhadap kolonialisme. Ciscom-Cottage. 2001: 424 （印度尼西亞語）. === kakafitan i papotal(外部連結) === * （英文）巴布亞紐幾內亞政府網站 * （英文）國家統計局 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） * （英文）《世界概況》上有關Papua New Guinea的條目 * （英文）開放式目錄計劃中和巴布亞紐幾內亞相關的內容 * Papua New Guinea at ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * （英文） 維基媒體的巴布亞紐幾內亞地圖集 * OpenStreetMap上有關巴布亞紐幾內亞的地理資訊 [[Category:Papua New Guinea]] [[Category:kitakit]] 8ll19jl3an589ifhz2hlk5s6gmhiygm 0 1599 38734 30827 2023-06-29T12:23:38Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38734 wikitext text/x-wiki == Taliyokan no pala（[[kuwaping a sowal]]：自然環境） == Taliyokan no Pala pitoro’ to hekalay ato i palaay a ma’oripay ato caayay ka ’orip a demak to sedak sanay mahapinang. O nano kasasipaini no pala kaloma’oripay noni a hekal. Taliyokan no Pala ira ko pinapina a kasasiiked: 1.Masongila’ay a sadama to palapalaan mihaopay, o patoro’ to caayay ka rawraw no tamdaw a tekedan kadademak a seray a lalan, halo rengos, ’a’adopen, fayking, sera, ’ongcoy, lahod, ato salaloma’ay no mademakay no serayan. 2.Caayay kacipinang to kadademak no tamdaw a kinaira no palapalaan ato masapinangay a masanga’ay, tinako to fali, nanom ato kasafalifali no romi’ad, ato pakayraan no ’icel, midenga’ay a ’icel, citingkiay a ’icel ato misolotay a tingki. Taliyokan no Pala kasaso’ayaw no mapatirengay a pala, mapatirengay a pala halo masaniyaro’ay ato masaopoay a nidemakan no tamdaw, o cecay a niyaro’ o ecayay a Taliyokan no Pala. Manengneng ko masongila’ay a Taliyokan no Pala o kada’atan, nika manengnengay i kadado’edo no kafalifalic no serayan, nai lafalifali o 0% ko seray, tangasa i roma nga’ayay lafalifali 100% ko so’elinay seray. So’elinen ko sowal, misaharateng kita to caayay kalecad pala ato sakapotan, manengneng ko seray naira o aayay ka lecad. [2] Tinako, ano o maomahay kita, misahiraterateng to awaayay ko tenem ato sera a kinaira, masapinang ita, ’ayaway ni sowalan malecaday o caayay kacara a sera no kilang, nika o masasiromaay ko kinaira Taliyokan no Pala o pacarcaran ko palecadan a sowal. Tinako, tona masowal ita ko macingaway a ngafol o ma’oripay itira i fa’edetay rengorengosan a Taliyokan no Pala. [[Faylo:Jordens_inre-numbers.svg|縮圖|Jordens inre-numbers地球的層狀結構。（1）內核;（2）外核;（3）下地函;（4）上地函;（5）岩石圈;（6）地殼]] === Kararayray: === === 1. sakapot === === 2.kadademak no sera === === 3. Nanom no cikiw === === 4.Lahod, kasafalifalic romi’ad ato no romi’adan === === 5. Saka hemhem no romi’ad no hekal === === 6. Ma’oripay ato pinalengaw === === 7. Pinalengaw a faco === === 8. Kahiceraan no pinalengaw === === 9. Pina’orip pinalengaw tayhi koliyol === === 10. Tanengnengan pitiri’an === === sakapot === === '''Cikiw kakak sepatay ko kahirahira(kahirahira no Ciliw kakak), liyok ’ongcoy, liyok nanom, liyok sela’ no hekal, liyok molengaway, sakalalitemoh ‘ongcoy,nanom, fali ato ’orip.Kasahira ato masarayay Taliyokan no Pala adihay ko kahirahira. O nikaira no fali,nanom, rengosan, ’a’adopen, sera, ’ongcoy tenem, no cidal a kadenga'''. === === Patodongan: === === Sera a nifana’an O radac no sera, noca karatan(liyok ’ongcoy), radac, o papotalay a radac a no hekal. O nano malasooray a ’ongcoy (malananom a ’ongcoy) mafasaw mala’ateka’kay fokeloh. Masiiked malapadiyac a ’ongcoy, masakimooday sera, malapadiyac a ’ongcoy i kaenoay no sera, kafa’eday no kimooday a sera, ato horac no sera caay ka tatongod to ni Mo (Andrija Mohorovičić) caay katatongotongod a nisowalan, padiyac ato kimooday o ni Gut (Beno Gutenberg) caay katatongotongod. Malapadiyac a ’ongcoy masiiked fafaeday, palakecay ato la’enoay padiyac, fafaeday padiyac halo ’ongcoy ato koemihay, sakalakoemihay o nai adihayay mapasadak ko macahedal ko yanan a mapafa’edet, o nian nai papotalay a ’ongcoy marara a malinah, o nisowalan a malasapaday ’ongcoy a nisowalan. === === [[Nanom]] no cikiw(地球上的水) === ==== [[Riyar]] (海洋) ==== ==== Riyar o nitaliyokan no nanom, o kaheciday nanom ko sakaira. Salong no sera ira ko 71% nitahepoan no riyar (362 ’ofad ko dadahal), mapado’edoay ko kacinanom, masiiked ko tata’angay ato mamangay a riyar. Mataelif malitosaay 3000 kungce (9800 ingce) ko talolong. Polong no riyar saheto o kaheciday 30-38 ppt laloma’an, no riyar a kahecid patek no 35 (35ppt; 3.5%). Cingangan ko kasahira no riyar, nika o cecayay a sowal, kasakakafit no kahecid o no hekal a riyar (World Ocean or global ocean) ahan. O na riyar ira (ta’angay tangasa mimingay): Taypinyang, Tasiyang, Intoyang, Nantayang ato Piepinyang. ==== ==== [[Sa’alo’alo]] (河川) ==== ==== Kasa’alo’alo o karomakatan no nanom, kafesa’ay han ko sowal, masonol tayra i riyar, fanaw ato roma ’alo. Sakimatiniay i, o ’alo ’ayaw no malananom, masonol i sera ato malalahod. O mimingay ’alo o cici’, ’alo ato sa’owac (stream, creek and brook). Tarawadaw i o kadado’edoan, kasaopoan no masonolay nanom; palolol to la’enoay no sera ato nemnem a nanom; misopeday o li^etecay ato so^eda parocek to palapala. ==== ==== [[Lahod]], kasafalifalic romi’ad ato no romi’adan 大氣，氣候和天氣 ==== O lahod no hekal o sakararid no kasafalifalic no romi’ad a faco, onini a kihepicay mitahepoay to hekal a lahod malakaretengay ko kasaopo. Mahayhayay a lahod nao 78% ko Tan-ci, 21% a Yang-ci ato 1% a Ya-ci ato Tou a rahod, eyanghuatan masakapot. Roma a lahod o mimiday a lahod han, i lalomay a lahod, tinako cilahoday, eyanghuatan, ciyawan, iyanghuaetan, cuoyang. Mapaliso’so’ay a fali ira ko mimingay a malatayhiay. Caayayho kapaliso’so’ a fali i, ci’adihayay ko tataparan maliso’so’ay, halo tahfod, hoper no falo ato papo, langod, acohod no celal ato mi’oliday fo’is. Kasasiroma no tayhi latek ira i laloma’ no fali, tinako lyu (yensu ato huahewu), fuhuahewu, yensukong, eyanghualiw ato no liw a kacacamol oya SO2. O kahetengay a lahod no cikiw milowanay to cadi^eci(UV) no likat i hekal, midama to ma’oripay i hekal a DNA saka^eca ka kari’ang no cadi^eci. Kasata’edi’edip no lahod o sapicaliwa’ to falawfaw, o dadaya mihoped to fa’edet, milowan to pakanaliay fa’edeta no romi’ad. ==== Kasata’edi’edip no lahod(主要大氣層) ==== Kasata’edi’edip no lahod no hekal lima ko kasasiiked, mido’edo to katakaraw no lotok a mafali ko hemhem to takaraw ato kalowan. Nai ’akawangay tangasa po^eneray: ===== Papotalay a lahod to’edip(外氣層): ===== Papotalay no kasata’edi’edip no lahod, oya cingci ato hayci sakapot. ===== Mirakarakay lahod to’edip(游離層): ===== Mitongalay to’edip, miliyasay to’edip, tingrohay no mirakarakay lahod to’edip laenoay no papotalay a lahod to’edip, la’ed to sera 800 kongli, Taykongcan no kasakitakit itiraay toni a kato’edip no lahod to’edip. ===== Sasifoay to’edip(中間層): ===== Tenokay lahod a to’edip, itira i 50 tangasa 85 kongli ko takaraw, o kacakat katefad no falawfaw. ===== Maladacay to’edip(平流層): ===== Malecaday falawfaw, 50 kongli ko raraay to sera, laeno 10 kongli, nonini a to’edip awaay ko lalitemoh, kasopedan no adihayay no cuoyang, o cuoyangcen han. ===== Kasacoelisan to’edip(對流層): ===== Mingataay to sera a kasato’edip no lahod, mayamayam ko kasaco’elis, o nian a to’edip ko kadademakan no romi’ad, o kasaco’elis no to’edip o kacakat katefad no falawfaw, kacakatan 100 kongce, 0.6°. ==== Kasafalifalic no romi’ad.(氣候) ==== Kasafalifalic no romi’ad a falawfaw, so^emet, mipececay a lahod, ’icel no fali, sakatefad a nanom, no lahod a safak ato adihayay kasafalifalic no paromi’ad ato patonekan a niyaro’. Pipalecad to kasafalifalic, romi’adan o patodong no kasafalifalic no romi’ad tosaay lipay mahapinang ko paromi’adan. Kasafalifalic no romi’ad midotoc to kasasiroma no romi’ad to liyok ato masamaan ko rakat a misiiked, marariday o kafalawfaw ato katefad no nanom. Pakaynien i Koppen Kasafalifalic no romi’ad pisiiked no faco. [[Faylo:Water_cycle.png|縮圖|Water cycle. Nanom nika koliyol]] ==== Romi’adan(天氣) ==== Romi’adan patodong toya toki, patonekan no romi’ad a niyaro’ a demak. Adihayay kadademakan no rimi’ad i kaca’elisan masadak. O romi’ad patodong to cecayay romi’ad a falawfaw ato kalokelon no nanom, i kadademak no lahod mahapinang ko toki a romi’adan. I caayay ko patoro’an, romi’adan o patoro to romi’ad no cikiw. Romi’adan o kaira no niyaro’ to mahemhemay ato soemetay a kasasiroma kasamaan no romi’ad. Saka hemhem no romi’ad no hekal (全球氣候變暖的影響) [[Ma’oripay]] ato [[pinalengaw]] (生命與生物圈) Pinalangaw a faco (生態系統) Kahiceraan no pinalengaw (生物群落) Kahiceraan no pinalengaw matiya o faco no pinalengaw. Pakayni i pinalengaw a fana’ malecad to romi’adan, saki romi’ad ato seraan pisiiked to pala, matiya pinalengaw a kaheceraan, no ’a’adopen kahiceraan ato no sera a pinalengaw. Pinalengaw a kahiceraan mangaay midotoc to sapiwama a misiiked, matiya pinalengaw a mala (kilang, pangpang ato rengos), papah (pada’eciay kilang), kalasal (lolotokan, demedematan, rengorengosan), ato kasafalifalic no romi’ad. [[Faylo:Plagiomnium_affine_laminazellen.jpeg|縮圖|Plagiomnium affine laminazellen.These are Chloroplasts visible in the cells of ''Plagiomnium affine'']] ==== Pina’orip pinalengaw tayhi koliyol(生物地質化學循環) ==== Pina’orip pinalengaw tayhi koliyol (Ikiris sowal:Biogeochemical Cycle), sadama to palapalaan mihaopay faco no camel kalaliyol) saki sadama to palapalaan fana’ o saki tayhi nikaira ato kasasilsil nai sadama to palapalaan a faco a masiiked ko pina’orip kahiceraan ato mipatadoan pala masasiliyol a rarakaten. Pakayni malacalayay a sakaira masaloyol, talacowa kai sasiyol no sakaira no tayhi halafinay masoped i mateli caay ka lalinah. ===== Tan a kasasiyol(氮循環) ===== O patodong to sadaksanay a Tanhuahewu a malasaka Cunhuacuyong, malalima a masiiked, masiiked a Tunghuacuyong, An huacuyong, Syawhuacuyong, Tuosyawhuacuyong ato Kutancuyong. ===== Nanom nika koliyol(水循環) ===== [[Faylo:Oxygen_Cycle.jpg|縮圖|Oxygen Cycle.Sapasasela’ nika koliyol]] O nanom i fafaed ato la’eno no cikiw malalinalinah. kalaliyol no nanom, pakaynien no nanom malalood, maloso’ay, malarahod masasiroma kaira i masasiromaay a niyaro’. Talacowa micekeroh i roma romi’adan, i fafaeday no cikiw a nanom macekel mapararoyay, makahacecayay a nanom manga’ay pakonira sa a malalinah. ===== Malangtoay nika koliyol(碳循環) ===== I fafaeday no cikiw a pina’orip, seraan, ’ongoyan, nanoman ato rahodan a malangtoay a kafafalifalic. ===== Sapasasela’ nika koliyol(氧循環) ===== Ira ko toloay katelian no sapasasela’ (lahod, pina’orip ato ’ongcoy) a kalalinah, sapasasela’ nika koliyolpakayni tedi’ no likat ka sakalalinah. ===== Lin nika koliyol(磷循環) ===== Ira i Lin a ’ongcoyan, nanoman ato pina’orip a malinah, Lin ato romaroma a kaira o nai lalood ko sakaira.ci Masao Nikar ko hongyakuay. [[Faylo:Carbon_cycle-cute_diagram.svg|縮圖|Carbon cycle-cute diagram. Malangtoay nika koliyol]] 3etrkxbkrdpd2o3tj7k2x6ybpfw56j8 0 1600 38510 30889 2023-06-27T19:25:28Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38510 wikitext text/x-wiki Notimolan a kalokanatal finacadan (Inkilis: Austronesian languages, “Notimolan a kalokanatal”(Austronesia) a sowal, tosaay ko tilid: austro ato nesia pakapotan. Austro nai Lating a tilid austrālis, timol a sowal; nesia nai Kirisiya a sowal nesos, kalokanatal sowal, o adihayay ko kalokanatal i katimolay Taypinyang sanay.) o notimolan a kalokanatal finacadan ko nisowalan no i Tayangcu ato timolan no [[Asiya]] finacadan. Halo [[Timor-leste|tungtiwen]], [[Indonesia|Intonisiya]], [[Malaysia|Malaysiya]], [[Philippines|Filipin]], [[Brunei|Wenlay]], [[Madagascar|Matakaska]], [[Micronesia|Keronisiya nipatatekoan a kitakit]], [[Hawaii|Hawayi]], ato [[Polynesia|Polinisiya]] ato [[Taywan]] yincuminco, Nahay huyhuy finacadan (Can ngasaw), Niwzilan a maoli finacadan (Polinisiya ngasaw), mafokilay somowal to no Papowa a Milanisiya finacadan (no Satimolan Kanatal a kasado’edo a aowal, o matiyaay no Papowa a finacadan ko silosi) alomanay finacadan. Cangra malopisak i sa’amisan niyaro’ no Tay kitakit, Singkapo, saetipan no Yinan niyaro’ ato Canpo niyaro’ (maledef sasifo’an no Yinan ato satimolan Capo sakowan kitakit), Campotiya. Oni a niyaro’ o Satimolan kalokanatal a finacadan. Notimolan kalokanatal finacadan a sowal, nai ’amis Taywan, talatimol o Niwsilan, kawali Fuhocyi kanatal, noetipan o Matakaska. == Tatapangan no rayray 歷史起源 == Tatapangan ato kalopisakan no Satimolan kalokanatal a finacadan, midotoc ko hakasi to sowal ato pikadkad to tatiri’en, patirang to sasowalen. === No Taywan a sasowalen 出台灣假說 === No hakasi a sowal, nai Asiya malinahay tayra i Taywan finacadan, i Taywan to a mala o Satimolan kalokanatal a finacadan ko sowal, ikor do’edo sato kanatal, malenak tayra i Taypinyang kasa niyaro’. Mahaenay a sowal, o nai Taywanay (Out of Taiwan) sanay a sowal. Oni a sowal sa’ayaway nai sowal a hakasi ko pasadakay, mirocokay masano’ayamay ko pacalayay to DNA ko pikingkiw, pakayni to sasowalen adihay ko pasadak to pitinako. Latek Pakayni to nia sowal adihay ko hakasi ko micokeray. Ci Sutele ato ci Marke i 1975 mihecaan pasadak mihapiw, nao tatapangan no Satimolan kalokanatal a finacadan a sowal ko Taywan, hakalay mirocokay hakasi milayap to nikingkiwan ningra[17]. Mangalef ni Pitiro Pirwote (inkilis: Peter Bellwood) i 1991 mihacaan i “Kaki Amilika tamdaw) a cassi, pakayni toni mihapiwan ikor i, “o tatapangan no Satimolan kalokanatal a finacadan a sowal o nai Taywanay” sanay ko pahapinang, malo kalacecayan no alomanay a hakasi[18]. I:kor miliyaw pasadak, Satimolan kalokanatal a finacadan o nai Asiya a pala a tayni saan, i ’ayaw no 8000 mihecaan tayni i Taywan, i:kor macowat to saki no riyaray a fana’(’icel), ditdit sa a mafolaw tayra i roma a kanatal, nengneng[19]; halafin to kakaya’ay romi’ad, paterep sa, ta mido’edo a mafolaw, ano mipili’ to ta’angay ato mamangay kitakit, saheto i fa^edetay ato ciherangay pala ko tadamaan a kanga’ayan. Dotocen ko ni Pirwote a nikingkiwan, no Satimolan kalokanatal a sowal o nai Asiya a pala ko katayni han ko Satimolan kalokanatal a finacadan, latek o milecaday to tayniay i Taywan a tayni ato nai timolay Asiya finacadan, micedekay tayni i Taywan, i ’ayaw no 6000 mihecaan. Latek ’ayaw no 5000 mihecaan, itiya misatapang nai Taywan pasitimol malopisak tayra i Filipin a kanatal, masapinangay i sa’amisan a Lisong pala. Nanitira malinah tayra i Polocu, sawaklian no Intonisiya, o romi’ad latak i ’ayaw no 4500 mihecaan. Nanitira talawali, talaetip ko kalopisak, kawali tayra i Miliyana a kalokanatal (Kuang a kanatal, Saipan a kanatal), tayra i timol Taypinyang a pala, tala’etip tayra i Malaysiya kanatal, Sumentala, romi’ad latek i ’ayaw no 3200 miheca. Pado’edo malopisak tayra i sifoan no Taypinyang Milanisiya a pala Kalulin kitakit. Nanoya pasitwali, latek i saka 300 mihecaan tahira i Polinisiya. Anini i Niwsilan a Maoli finacadan, o saiko:ray a malinahay, latek i saka 800 mihecaan[20]. Onini a kalopisak a safaco, manga’ay o nokonga a kalenak ko kahapinangan, pakayni i katalawali malinah no Satimolan kalokanatal a finacadan, ato timolan a Amilika a yincumin kalalitemohan, o konga ko sapalenak nai Amilika patayra i liyok no Taypinyang a pala[21][22]. Roma kacipinangan o i Taypinyang rorang a kilan. 2015 mihecaan Taywan daykako no lotok a liyok kinaira si ato Celi kitakit malakapot mikingkiw, misapinang to ’etipay Taypinyang a kitakit a patinako to rorang a kilang, masapinang kasaniyaro’ a rorang ato timolan Taywan a rorang a kilang ira ko kalecadan no langdaway a sapiwina a patodongan (inkilis: haplotype), ’etip Tapinyang kasakitakit a rorang kilang o nai Taywanay. Nawhani no Taypinyang rorang a kilang awaay ko okangan tawinaan sanay sasiroma a lengaw, caay ka lonok a sa ciheci, pakaynien no tamdawa ko pipasidenga ko pipalenak, saka maplasawad ko no ’a’adopen a nipalenakan. Taypinyang rorang a kilang a tolak o sakadademak no Satimolan kalokanatal a finacadan, saki lekakawa o sakadademak ko tolak. Nawhani Taypinyang rorang a kilang ato Satimolan kalokanatal a finacadan madadihecoay, mitoor ko nakilang to kalalinah no Satimolan kalokanatal a finacadan malenak. Mapahapinang itini malalikeday ma’orip kina no Taywan a sowal[23]. === No nai palapalaan (tayliko) tatapangan a sowal 巽他大陸起源說 === Ni Setifen Openhaymo pasadakan. nai palapalaan (tayliko) tatapangan a sowal, no ki’etecay ho a wali-timol-Asiya masararem ho tono anini a riyar, Kafa kitakit, Sumentala kitakit ato Makaysiya kitakit makakafitay, masataylikoay, sakadadahal no Asiya. Nikawrira kaki’etecan, kalalaedan no ki’etec, macakat to ko nanom, malenlen to ko pala. Oni a palaay maro’ay mapalinah, matiya o Satimolan kalokanatal a finacadan. === Kawaliay Asiya tayliko mililisay to riyar a sowal 東亞大陸沿海假說 === I Fucien matanam i Tansesan ko nalacolan, i Cangcu-Tungsan-Tamawsan nalacolan, Nintesyaposin-huangkuasan-Piciw nalacolan, Ciencu-cinciangsan-saciw nalacolan, Fucu-pintan-kociwto nalacolan, midotoc to nikingkiwan malecad to Satimolan kalokanatal a finacadan no punka. I Fucien masadakay a ’ongcoy, fokeloh pa’ot ato sacocok a po’ot, i Polinisaya manengneng to. I Fucien pinapina ta’angay kasadakan no fokeloh, misadita’an a nalacolan a nisanga’an, sakadademak, no ina a sowal ko pipacoroh, timolay Taypinyang, Indoyang a kalokitakit o tatapangan no Satimolan kalokanatal a finacadan, i wali-timol no Cungkuo mililisay to riyar a punka ira ko kararomakatan. Cungkuo yiyaw taykako ci Keyincin hakasi, mihadoy to makalasapiwina fana’ kafafalic pakairaan ato kicic, misilsil to i Macu-Liyan-tao masadakay a Liyan-tao tamdaw a horac, liyawen patireng mirocok a rayray, saka ’aya:way a Satimolan kalokanatal a finacadan i ’ayaw no 8000 mihecaan o nai lilisay to niyaro’ no rirar no Fucien, miliyang to Taywan ato wali-timol-Asiya kitakit o ’ayaway nai Satimolan kalokanatal a finacadan saanay sowal[24]. O nangra pihaen, E ato R9 o cecayay masadak i Taywan a yincumin a rocok, o Liyan-tao tamdaw ato Satimolan kalokanatal a finacadan ira ko sangasaw saan, malengat ko hekalay to no tamdawan fana’ a kalisaot ato kalaliyang; nawhani no calayan a E pisacecay to i Cungkuo tayliko awaay mahapinang, ato ni Ke a malawama ikoray pado’edo topakayniay i Liyan-tao saka 1 tamdaw a Y cengel heci no pikingkiw, makinsaay a tatosa a tamdaw to nano Liyan-tao tamdaw to malaheciay a cengel no pikingkiw, tangasa anini awaay ho i Taywan ko pihapiw, masiromaay a pikingkiw, awaay ko macaco’elisay a pahapinang a sowal. [25] Cunghuaminkuo mikingkiway to to’as ci Can-kung-I midotoc to no Fucu-pintan-kuciwto nalacolan pasadam, ikoray i no’etipan lilis a riyar no Taywan a Tafenkeng a punka ato nini a punka mamatatoresay, tosaay a punka laway pasowal I’ayaway iraay to Fucien ato Satimolan kalokanatal a finacadan ko lalengawan saan. [26] == Sowal 語言 == === Tatapangan: 南島民族國家 === === Satimolan kalokanatal finacadan a sowal. === {| class="wikitable" |'''Kitakit no finacadan''' '''(民族國家)''' |'''Niyaro’''' '''(地理地區)''' |'''Fanacadan''' '''(主體民族)''' |'''Watawat''' '''(國旗)''' |'''Silosid''' '''(國徽)''' |'''Finacadan ato tamdaw''' '''(南島民族人口)''' |- |Intonisiya 印尼 |Kawali-timol Asiya 東南亞 |Cuawa tamdaw 爪哇人 | | |222,781,000 |- |Filipin 菲律賓 |Kawali-timol Asiya 東南亞 |Pisaya tamdaw 比薩亞人 | | |92,226,600 |- |Malasiya 馬來西亞 |Kawali-timol Asiya 東南亞 |Malay tamdaw 馬來人 | | |12,290,000 |- |Matakaska 馬達加斯加 |Afelika 非洲 |Melina tamdaw 梅里納人 | | |Mata’elif ko 500 ’ofad tamdaw 超過500萬人 |- |Tungtiwen 東帝汶 |Kawali-timol Asiya 東南亞 |Tungtiwen a yicumin(sowal o Satimolan kalokanatal finacadan, ono Papoya ato Malay a camel, matiya o Papoya tamdaw. ) 東帝汶原住民(語言上屬南島語系，但實際上是巴布亞人與馬來人混血後裔，外貌偏向巴布亞人) | | |947,000 |- |Wenlay 汶萊 |Kawali-timol Asiya 東南亞 |Malay 馬來人 | | |724,000 |- |Solomen kitakit 所羅門群島 |Tayangcu 大洋洲 |Solomen tamdaw(sowal no Satimolan kalokanatal finacadan, matiya o o Papoya tamdaw.) 所羅門人(語言上屬南島語系，但外貌上和巴布亞人沒分別) | | |478,000 |- |Fici 斐濟 |Tayangcu 大洋洲 |Fici tamdaw (sowal no Satimolan kalokanatal finacadan, matiya o o Papoya tamdaw.) 斐濟人(語言上屬南島語系，但外貌上和巴布亞人沒分別) | | |456,000 |- |Samowa 薩摩亞 |Tayangcu 大洋洲 |Samowa tamdaw 薩摩亞人 | | |193,773 |- |Tuwalo 圖瓦盧 |Tayangcu 大洋洲 |Polinisiyan tamdaw 波利尼西亞人 | | |11,052 |- |Mikelonisiya nipatatekoan a kitakit 密克羅尼西亞聯邦 |Tayangcu 大洋洲 |Mikelonisiya tamdaw密克羅尼西亞人 | | |106,104 |- |Nolo 諾魯 |Tayangcu 大洋洲 |Nolo yincumin 諾魯原住民 | | |9,642 |- |Niway 紐埃 |Tayangcu 大洋洲 |Niway yincumin 紐埃原住民 | | |1,614 |- |Kuke kitakit 庫克群島 |Tayangcu 大洋洲 |Kuke kitakit maoli 庫克群島毛利人（英語：Cook Islands Māori） | | |17,459 |- |Tungka 東加 |Tayangcu 大洋洲 |Polinisiya tamdaw 波利尼西亞人 | | |100,651 |} === Satimolan kalokanatal finacadan a kalofinacadan. === === 以南島民族為重要民族： === {| class="wikitable" |Kirakit 國家 |Niyaro’ 所屬地區 |Satimolan kalokanatal finacadan 南島民族 |Watawat 國旗 |Silosid 國徽 |Satimolan kalokanatal finacadan tamdaw 南島民族人口 |- |Taywan (Cunghuaminkuo) 台灣（中華民國） |Wali Asiya 東亞 |Taywan yincuminco 台灣原住民 | | |60 ’ofad tamdaw tamdaw 約60萬人 ^[10] |- |Yinan 越南 |Wali-timol Asiya東南亞 |Can, Culo, Ayti, Ciyalay, Lakelay finacadan 占族 · 朱魯族 · 埃地族 · 嘉萊族 · 拉格萊族 | | |Mata’elif 95 ’ofad tamdaw 超過95萬人 |- |Niwsilan 新西蘭 |Tayangcu大洋洲 |Maoli tamdaw 毛利人 | | |85.5 ’ofad tamdaw 85.5萬人 |- |Singkapo 新加坡 |Wali-timol Asiya 東南亞 |Malay tamdaw 馬來人 | | |Ta’elif 60 ’ofad tamdaw 超過60萬人 |} === Caay ko miisiikeday sici 非獨立政體 === {| class="wikitable" |'''Niyaro’''' '''地區''' |'''Kitakit''' '''主權國家''' |'''Finacadan''' '''主體民族''' |'''Watawat''' '''旗幟''' |'''Tamohong''' '''徽章''' |'''Tamdaw''' '''總人口''' |- |Tokalaw 托克勞 |Niwsilan 新西蘭 |Tokalaw tamdaw 托克勞人 | | |1,499 |- |Kekes kitakit 科科斯群島 |Austaliya 澳大利亞 |Kekes kitakit Malay tamdaw 科科斯群島馬來人 | | |628 |- |Waliay Samowa 東薩摩亞 | rowspan="4" |Amilika 美國 |Samowa tamdaw 薩摩亞人 | | |55,519 |- |Kuan kitakit 關島 |Camolo tamdaw 查莫羅人 | | |162,742 |- |’Amis maliyana kitakit 北馬里亞納群島 |Calolin tamdaw 加羅林人 | | |53,833 |- |Hawai 夏威夷州 |Hawai tamdaw 夏威夷人 | | |1,419,561 |- |Felans Polinisiya 法屬波利尼西亞 | rowspan="3" |Felansi kapolongan kitakit 法蘭西共和國 |Polinisiya tamdaw 波利尼西亞人 | | |275,918 |- |Niwkelitoniya 新喀里多尼亞 |Malanisiya tamdaw, Polinisiya tamdaw 美拉尼西亞人、波利尼西亞人 | | |268,767 |- |Walisihefutona 瓦利斯和富圖納 |Polinisiya tamdaw 波利尼西亞人 | | |11,558 |- |Piteken kitakit 皮特肯群島 |Ikilis 英國 |Piteken tamdaw (ikilis: Pitcairn Islanders) 皮特肯人（英語：Pitcairn Islanders） | | |50 |} === Likisiay a Satimolan kalokanatal finacadan a kitakit 歷史上的南島民族國家 === === Wali timol Asiya 東南亞 === {| class="wikitable" |'''Likisi mikowatay歷史政權''' |'''Kaitiraan niyaro’''' '''地理地區''' |'''Citodongay finacadan''' '''主體民族''' |'''Sowal''' '''主要語言''' |'''Watawat''' '''國旗''' |'''Mihecaan''' '''年代''' |- |Canpo 占婆國 |Sifo-timol kitakit 中南半島 |Canpo tamdaw 占婆人 |Canpo sowal 占語 | |137-1832 miheca 137年－1832年 |- |Yetiw 葉調 |Cuawa kitakit? Sumentala kitakit? 爪哇島？、蘇門答臘島？ |Cuawa tamdaw 爪哇人？ | | | |- |Sanfoci (Selifose) 三佛齊(室利佛逝) |Sumentala kitakit 蘇門答臘島 |Malay tamdaw馬來人 |Malay sowal, Fan sowal 馬來語、梵語 | |7 sici-13 sici 7世紀－13世紀 |- |Moloyu 末羅瑜 |Sumentala kitakit 蘇門答臘島 |Malay sowal 馬來人 | | |Latek 4 sici-13 sici 大約4世紀－13世紀 |- |langyasiw 狼牙脩 |Malay kitakit 馬來半島 |Malay tamdaw 馬來人 |Malay sowal 馬來語 | |2 sici-14 sici 2世紀－14世紀 |- |Somotoce kitakit 蘇木都剌國 |’Amis Sumentala kitakit 蘇門答臘島北部 |Malay tamdaw 馬來人 |Malay sowal 馬來語 | |1267-1521 miheca 1267年–1521年 |- |Citasutan hongti 吉打蘇丹王朝 |Malay kitakit 馬來半島 |Malay tamdaw 馬來人 |Malay sowal 馬來語 | |1909-1941 miheca 1945-1946 miheca 1909年–1941年 1945年－1946年 |- |Manceka kitakit 滿剌加國 |Malay kitakit 馬來半島 |Malay tamdaw 馬來人 |Malay sowal 馬來語 | |1402-1511 miheca 1402年－1511年 |- |Setusutan hongti 色陀蘇丹王朝 |Malay kitakit 馬來半島 |馬來人 |Malay sowal 馬來語 | |1808-1916 miheca 1808年–1916年 |- |Lemansutan hongti 勒曼蘇丹王朝 |Malay kitakit 馬來半島 |Malay tamdaw 馬來人 |Malay sowal 馬來語 | | 1810-1902 miheca 1810年–1902年 |- |Usosutan hongti 勿述蘇丹王朝 |Malay kitakit 馬來半島 |Malay tamdaw 馬來人 |Malay sowal 馬來語 | |1780-1899 miheca 1780年–1899年 |- |Rofosutan hongti 柔佛蘇丹王朝 |Wali-timol Asiya 東南亞 |Malay tamdaw 馬來人 |Malay sowal 馬來語 | |1528miheca-19 sici 1528年－19世紀 |- |Sulosutan kitakit 蘇祿蘇丹國 |Mitanaer kitakit 民答那峨島 |Sulo tamdaw 蘇祿人（英語：Suluk） |Sulo sowal 蘇祿語（英語：Tausug language） | |1390-1917 miheca 1390年－1917年 |- |Minila hongti 梅尼拉王國 |Lisong kitakit 呂宋島 |Takalok tamdaw 他加祿人 |Tada takalok sowal 舊他加祿語（英語：Old Tagalog） | |1500-1570 miheca 1500年－1570年 |- |Mancepoyi 滿者伯夷 |Cuawa, Malay, Polocu, Sumentala kitakit 爪哇島、馬來半島、婆羅洲、蘇門答臘 |Cuawa tamdaw 爪哇人 |Cuawa sowal爪哇語 | |1293-1527 miheca 1293年－1527年 |- |Singkesali 信訶沙里 |Cuawa kitakit 爪哇島 |Cuawa  vamdaw 爪哇人 |Tada Cuawa sowal 古爪哇語 | |1222-1292 miheca 1222年－1292年 |- |Sialitela hongti 夏連特拉王國 |Cuawa  kitakit爪哇島 |Cuawa  tamdaw 爪哇人 | | |752?-832 miheca? 752年？—832年？ |- |Matalan hongti 馬打蘭王國 |Cuawa kitakit爪哇島 |Cuawa tamdaw 爪哇人 | | |8 sici-10 sici 8世紀－10世紀 |- |Matalan sutan kitakit 馬打蘭蘇丹國 |Cuawa kitakit 爪哇島 |Cuawa tamdaw 爪哇人 |Cuawa sowal 爪哇語 | |1586-1755 miheca 1586年－1755年 |- |Wantansutan kitakit 萬丹蘇丹國 |Cuawa kitakit 爪哇島 |Sienta tamdaw 巽他人 |Sienta sowal 巽他語 | |1527-1813 miheca 1527年–1813年 |- |Kewasutan kitakit 戈瓦蘇丹國 |Sulawisi kitakit 蘇拉威西島 |Wankasi tamdaw 望加錫人 |Wankasi sowal 望加錫語 | |14 sici-1946 miheca 14世紀－1946年 |- |Yacisutan kitakit 亞齊蘇丹國 |Sumentala kitakit 蘇門答臘島 |Yaci tamdaw 亞齊人 |Yaci sowal 亞齊語 | |1496-1903 miheca 1496年－1903年 |- |Malay nipatatekoan a kitakit 馬來聯邦 |Malay kitakit 馬來半島 |Malay tamdaw 馬來人 |Malay sowal 馬來語 | |1895-1942 miheca 1945-1946 miheca 1895年－1942年 1945年－1946年 |- |Kuntiensutan kitakit 坤甸蘇丹國 |Kalimantan kitakit 加里曼丹島 |Malay tamdaw馬來人 |Intonisiya sowal 印度尼西亞語 | |1771-1950 miheca 1771年－1950年 |- |Salawak hongti 砂拉越王國 |Polocu kitakit 婆羅洲島 |Taya finacadan 達雅族 |Taya sowal 達雅語 | |1841-1942 miheca 1945-1946 miheca 1841年－1942年 1945年－1946年 |- |Wenlay kitakit 汶萊帝國 |Polocu kitakit 婆羅洲島 |Malay tamdaw 馬來人 |Wenlay malay sowal 汶萊馬來語 | |1368-1888 miheca 1368年－1888年 |- |Petanien sutan kitakit 北大年蘇丹國 |Malay kitakit 馬來半島 |Malay tamdaw 馬來人 |Malay sowal 馬來語 | |1516年－1902年 |- |Nanmoloka Nikapolongan Kitakit 南摩鹿加共和國 |Nanmoloka 南摩鹿加 |Nanmoloka  tamdaw 摩鹿加人 |Sifo’ Maluku sowal 中馬魯古語 | |1950-1963 miheca 1950年－1963年 |- |Singkopo hongti 新加坡王國 |Singkopo 新加坡 |Malay tamdaw 馬來人 |Tada Malay sowal 古馬來語 | |1299-1398 miheca 1299年－1398年 |} === Taywan 台灣 === {| class="wikitable" |Mikowanay rikisi 歷史政權 |Kaitiraan niyaro’ 地理地區 |finacadan 主體民族 |sowal 主要語言 |watawat 國旗 |mihecaan 年代 |- |Tatu hongti 大肚王國 |Sifo’ Taywan 中臺灣 |Paypaola finacadan 拍瀑拉族 |Paypaola sowal 拍瀑拉語 | |’ayaw 16 sici-1732 miheca 16世紀以前－1732年 |- |Takoywen tapang 大龜文酋邦 |Timol Taywan 南臺灣 |Paiwan tamdaw 排灣人 |Paiwan sowal 排灣語 | |’ayaw 16 sici-1930 miheca 16世紀以前－1930年代 |- |Sekalo tapang 斯卡羅酋邦 |hengcun 恆春半島 |Paiwan tamdaw 排灣人 |Paiwan sowal 排灣語 | |Latek 17 sici-1904 miheca 約17世紀－1904年 |- |Maka tapang 瑪家酋邦 |Pintung tangsa Taynan 屏東到臺南一帶 |Paiwan 排灣人 |Paiwan sowal 排灣語 | |’ayaw 14 sici-1930 miheca 14世紀以前－1930年代 |- |Tansuy kitakit 淡水國 |’Amis Taywan 北臺灣 |Pasay tamdaw 巴賽人 |Pasay sowal 巴賽語 | |Latek 17 sici 約17世紀 |- |Cilong kitakit 雞籠國 |’Amis Taywan 北臺灣 |Pasay tamdaw 巴賽人 |Pasay sowal 巴賽語 | |Latek 17 sici 約17世紀 |- |Paynan tapang 卑南酋邦 |Sawali Taywan 東台灣 |Paynan tamdaw 卑南人 |Paynan sowal 卑南語 | | |- |Piykang kitakit 北港國 |Taywan 台灣 |Fomosa tamdaw 福爾摩沙人 |Taywan Satimolan kalokanatal a sowal 台灣南島語言 | |Latek 17 sici 約17世紀 |- |Liwciw kitakit 流求國 |Taywan? Liwciw? 台灣?、琉球? |Pacay finacadan? 巴宰族? |Pacay sowal 巴宰語? | |Kongyin 7 sici 公元7世紀 |- |Haalan 36 siya 蛤仔蘭三十六社 |Lanyang dafdaf 蘭陽平原 |Kefalan finacadan 噶瑪蘭族 |Kefalan sowal 噶瑪蘭語 | |Kafokilan-1812 miheca 未知－1812年 |- |Kawsa kitakit 高砂國 |Takaw taliaw 高雄市大寮區 |Taywan yincuminco 台灣原住民族 |Taywan Satimolan kalokanatal a sowal 臺灣南島語言 | |2003-2004 mihecaan 2003年-2004年 |} === Tayangcu 大洋洲 === {| class="wikitable" |Mikowanay rikisi 歷史政權 |Kaitiraan niyaro’ 地理地區 |finacadan 主體民族 |sowal 主要語言 |watawat 國旗 |mihecaan 年代 |- |Hawayi hongti夏威夷王國 |Hawayi kitakit 夏威夷群島 |Hawayi tamdaw 夏威夷人 |Hawayi sowal 夏威夷語 | |1795-1894 miheca 1795年－1894年 |- |Hawayi Nikapolongan Kitakit 夏威夷共和國 |Hawayi kitakit 夏威夷群島 |Hawayi tamdaw 夏威夷人 |Hawayi sowal 夏威夷語 | |1894-1898 miheca 1894年－1898年 |- |Fici hongti nipatatekoan 斐濟王國聯盟 |Fici kitakit 斐濟群島 |Fici tamdaw 斐濟人 |Fici sowal 斐濟語 | |1865-1867 miheca 1865年–1867年 |- |Pawu hongti 包烏王國 |Pawu kitakit 巴烏島 |Fici tamdaw 斐濟人 |Fici sowal 斐濟語 | |1867-1869 miheca 1867年–1869年 |- |Lawu hongti 拉烏王國 |Lawu kitakit 拉烏群島 |Lawu tamdaw 斐濟人 |Fici sowal 斐濟語 | |1869-1871 miheca 1869年–1871年 |- |Lawu nipatatekoan 拉烏聯盟國 |Lawu kitakit 拉烏群島 |Lawu tamdaw 斐濟人 |Fici sowal 斐濟語 | |1869-1871 miheca 1869年–1871年 |- |Fici hongti 斐濟王國 |Fici kitakit 斐濟群島 |Lawu tamdaw 斐濟人 |Fici sowal 斐濟語 | |1871-1874 miheca 1871年–1874年 |- |Fici hongti 斐濟王國 |Fici kitakit 斐濟群島 |Lawu tamdaw 斐濟人 |Fici sowal 斐濟語 | |1970-1987 miheca 1970年–1987年 |- |Tuyi tungka hongti 圖依東加帝國 |Tungka kitakit 東加群島 |Polinisiya tamdaw 波利尼西亞人 |Tungka sowal 東加語 | |950-1865 miheca 950年代－1865年 |- |Wuwiya 烏韋阿 |Walis kitakit 瓦利斯島 |Polinisiya tamdaw 波利尼西亞人 |Walis sowal 瓦利斯語 | |Latek 15 sici- 1887 miheca 約15世紀 - 1887年 |- |Alo 阿洛 |Futona, Alofi kitakit 富圖納島、阿洛菲島 |Polinisiya tamdaw 波利尼西亞人 |Futona sowal 富圖納語 | |?-1888 miheca ?－1888年 |- |Sikawi 錫加韋 |Futona kitakit 富圖納島 |Polinisiya tamdaw 波利尼西亞人 |Futona sowal 富圖納語 | |?-1888 miheca ?－1888年 |- |Polapola hongti 波拉波拉王國 |Polapola kitakit 波拉波拉島 |Polinisiya tamdaw 波利尼西亞人 |Polinisiya sowal 波利尼西亞語 | |19 sici-1895 miheca 19世紀早期－1895年 |- |Laiatea hongti 賴阿特阿王國 |Laiatea kitakit 賴阿特阿島 |Polinisiya tamdaw 波利尼西亞人 |Polinisiya sowal 波利尼西亞語 | |?-1888 miheca ?－1888年 |- |Hoasini hongti 胡阿希內王國 |Hoasini kitakit 胡阿希內島 |Polinisiya tamdaw 波利尼西亞人 |Polinisiya sowal 波利尼西亞語 | |?-1895 miheca ?－1895年 |- |Tahiti hongti 大溪地王國 |Tahiti 大溪地 |Tahiti tamdaw 大溪地人 |Tahiti sowal 大溪地語 | |1788-1880 miheca 1788年－1880年 |- |Lolotu hongti 魯魯土王國 |Lolotu hongti 魯魯土王國 |Polinisiya tamdaw 波利尼西亞人 |Polinisiya sowal 波利尼西亞語 | |?-1900 miheca ?－1900年 |- |Lilatala hongti 里馬塔拉王國 |Limatala kitakit 里馬塔拉島 |Polinisiya tamdaw 波利尼西亞人 |Polinisiya sowal 波利尼西亞語 | |?-1901 miheca ?－1901年 |- |Tawata hongti 塔瓦塔王國 |Tawata kitakit 塔瓦塔島 |Polinisiya tamdaw 波利尼西亞人 |Polinisiya sowal 波利尼西亞語 | |?-1842 miheca ?－1842年 |- |Lapa hongti 拉帕王國 |Lapa kitakit 拉帕島 |Polinisiya tamdaw 波利尼西亞人 |Polinisiya sowal 波利尼西亞語 | |?-1881 miheca ?－1881年 |- |Mangarifa hongti 曼加雷瓦王國 |Mangarifa kitakit 曼加雷瓦島 |Polinisiya tamdaw 波利尼西亞人 |Polinisiya sowal 波利尼西亞語 | |?-1881 miheca ?－1881年 |- |Tuyamotu hongti 土亞莫土王國 |Tuyamotu kitakit 土亞莫土群島 |Polinisiya tamdaw 波利尼西亞人 |Polinisiya sowal 波利尼西亞語 | |?-1881 miheca ?－1881年 |- |Niwai hongti 紐埃王國 |Niwai kitakit 紐埃島 |Polinisiya tamdaw 波利尼西亞人 |Niwai sowal 紐埃語 | |Latek 18 sici-1900 miheca 約18世紀－1900年 |- |Lalotangka hongti 拉羅湯加王國 |Koke kitakit 庫克群島 |Maoli tamdaw 毛利人 |Koke kitakit Maoli sowal 庫克群島毛利語 | |1858-1893 miheca 1858年－1893年 |- |Niwsilan 新西蘭 |Kapolongan niyaro’ patatekoan 聯合部落邦聯 |’Amis maoli tamdaw 北島毛利人 |Maoli sowal 毛利語 | |1835-1840 miheca 1835年－1840年 |- |Fuhoci kitakit hongti 復活節島王國 |Fuhoci kitakit復活節島 |Lapanoyi tamdaw 拉帕努伊人 |Lapanoyi sowal 拉帕努伊語 | |?-1888 miheca ?－公元1888年 |- |Sawteriel hongti 紹德雷爾王朝 |Ponapil kitakit 波納佩島 |Mikelonisiya tamdaw 密克羅尼西亞人 |Ponapil sowal 波納佩語 | |Latek 1100-1628 miheca 約1100年－約1628年 |- |Wanoatu finawlan pacena’ay sifo瓦努阿圖人民臨時政府 |Milanisiya kitakit 美拉尼西亞群島 |Wanoatu tamdaw 瓦努阿圖人 |Pislama sowal 比斯拉馬語 | | 1977-1978 1977-1978 |- |Nolu hongti 諾魯王國 |Nolu kitakit 諾魯島 |Naolu tamdaw 瑙魯人 |Nolu sowal 諾魯語 | |?-1888 miheca ?-1888年 |- |Samoya hongti 薩摩亞王國 |Samoya kitakit 薩摩亞群島 |Samoya tamdaw 薩摩亞人 |Samoya sowal 薩摩亞語 | |1250-1900 miheca 1250年-1900年 |} === Matakaska 馬達加斯加 === {| class="wikitable" |Mikowanay rikisi 歷史政權 |Kaitiraan niyaro’ 地理地區 |finacadan 主體民族 |sowal 主要語言 |watawat 國旗 |mihecaan 年代 |- |Antankarana hongti 安坦卡拉納王國 |Matakaska kitakit 馬達加斯加島 |Antankarana tamdaw 安坦卡拉那人 |Matakaska sowal 馬拉加斯語 | |Latek 17 sici-1895 miheca 約17世紀－1895年 |- |Antonciil hongti 安通吉爾王國 |Matakaska kitakit 馬達加斯加島 |Malakasi tamdaw 馬拉加西人 |Matakaska sowal 馬拉加斯語 | |1773-1786 miheca 1773年－1786年 |- |Poyina hongti 博伊納王國 |Kaetip ’amis Matakaska kitakit 馬達加斯加島西北部 |Malakasi tamdaw 馬拉加西人 |Matakaska sowal 馬拉加斯語 | |1690-1840 miheca 1690年－1840年 |- |Minapi hongti 梅納貝王國 |Matakaska kitakit 馬達加斯加島 |Sakalawa tamdaw 薩卡拉瓦人 |Matakaska sowal 馬拉加斯語 | |Latek 1685-1834 miheca 約1685年–1834年 |- |Imolina hongti 伊默里納王國 |Matakaska kitakit 馬達加斯加島 |Milina tamdaw 梅里納人 |Matakaska sowal 馬拉加斯語 | |1540-1897 miheca 1540年－1897年 |- |Tamatafo hongti 塔馬塔夫王國 |Matakaska kitakit 馬達加斯加島 |Malakasi tamdaw 馬拉加西人 |Matakaska sowal 馬拉加斯語 | |1712-1820 miheca 1712年－1820年 |- |Tanipi hongti 塔尼貝王國 |Matakaska kitakit 馬達加斯加島 |Malakasi tamdaw 馬拉加西人 |Matakaska sowal 馬拉加斯語 | |1822-1828 miheca 1822年–1828年 |- |Malangasiy kapolongan hongti 馬拉加西共和國 |Matakaska kitakit 馬達加斯加島 |Malakasi tamdaw 馬拉加西人 |Matakaska sowal 馬拉加斯語 | |1958-1975 miheca 1958年–1975年 |- |Matakaska Nikapolongan Kitakit 馬達加斯加民主共和國 |Matakaska kitakit 馬達加斯加島 |Malakasi tamdaw 馬拉加西人 |Matakaska sowal 馬拉加斯語 | |1975-1992 miheca 1975年－1992年 |- |Matakaska Saka tolo Nikapolongan Kitakit馬達加斯加第三共和國（英語：Third Republic of Madagascar） |Matakaska kitakit 馬達加斯加島 |Malakasi tamdaw 馬拉加西人 |Matakaska sowal 馬拉加斯語 | |1992-2010 miheca 1992年–2010年 |} == Tahapinangan Tilid (註腳) == # [https://www.wikiwand.com/zh-hk/%E5%8D%97%E5%B2%9B%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F#/cite_ref-2020census_1-0 '''^''' ''Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2020''] ''(PDF). Statistics Indonesia: 9. 21 January 2021 [21 January 2021]. （原始內容[https://web.archive.org/web/20210122154418/https:/www.bps.go.id/website/materi_ind/materiBrsInd-20210121151046.pdf 存檔] (PDF)於2021-01-22） '''（印度尼西亞語）''''' # [https://psa.gov.ph/content/2020-census-population-and-housing-2020-cph-population-counts-declared-official-president '''^''' ''2020 Census of Population and Housing''] ''(2020 CPH) Population Counts Declared Official by the President. Philippine Statistics Authority. [2021-08-03]. （原始內容存檔於2021-07-07）.'' # '''^''' ''Population, total - Data. data.worldbank.org. [2017-12-10]. （原始內容存檔於2016-10-10）.'' # '''^''' ''The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency. www.cia.gov. [2012-01-11]. （原始內容存檔於2010-12-28）.'' # '''^''' ''Archived copy. [2013-07-22]. （原始內容存檔於2013-02-07）.'' # '''^''' ''Archived copy. [2016-07-24]. （原始內容存檔於2016-02-07）.'' # '''^''' ''存档副本. [2012-01-11]. （原始內容存檔於2007-02-23）.'' # '''^''' ''存档副本. [2012-01-11]. （原始內容存檔於2007-11-27）.'' # '''^''' About 13.6%of the Singaporeans are of Malay descent. In addition to these, many Chinese Singaporeans are also of mixed Austronesian descent. See also''Archived copy (PDF). [2007-04-25]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2007-07-04）.'' # ^ '''^10.0''' '''^10.1''' ''原住民人口數統計資料. 中華民國原住民族委員會. 2020年7月 [2020年7月]. （原始內容存檔於2018-02-07） '''（中文）'''.'' # '''^''' ''Archived copy (PDF). [2007-03-23]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2007-04-03）.'' # '''^''' ''U.S. 2000 Census. [2012-01-11]. （原始內容存檔於2011-11-18）.'' # '''^''' ''The World Factbook. Cia.gov. [2013-10-21]. （原始內容存檔於2013-10-21）.'' # '''^''' ''A2 : Population by ethnic group according to districts, 2012. Census of Population& Housing, 2011. Department of Census& Statistics, Sri Lanka. [2017-12-10]. （原始內容存檔於2017-10-10）.'' # '''^''' According to the anthropologist Wilhelm Solheim II: "I emphasize again, as I have done in many other articles, that 'Austronesian' is a linguistic term and is the name of a super language family. It should never be used as a name for a people, genetically speaking, or a culture. To refer to people who speak an Austronesian language the phrase 'Austronesian speaking people' should be used." Origins of the Filipinos and Their Languages.（January 2006）. # '''^''' 國中社會1上歷史課本，頁94 # '''^''' Shutler and Marck 1975 # '''^''' Bellwood 1991 # '''^''' Bellwood （1997） # '''^''' 引自李壬癸 1996，45 # '''^''' Van Tilburg, Jo Anne. 1994. ''Easter Island: Archaeology, Ecology and Culture.'' Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press # '''^''' Langdon, Robert. The Bamboo Raft as a Key to the Introduction of the Sweet Potato in Prehistoric Polynesia, ''The Journal of Pacific History', Vol. 36, No. 1, 2001'' # '''^''' ''吳柏軒. 一顆種子改寫歷史 南島祖先台灣出發. 自由時報. 2015年10月9日 [2015-10-09]. （原始內容存檔於2015年10月10日） '''（中文（臺灣））'''.'' # '''^''' ''馬祖亮島的「亮島人」經DNA演化基因証實為最古老的南島民族. 中央社. 2014年3月31日 [2015年10月9日]. （原始內容存檔於2015年9月24日） '''（中文（臺灣））'''.'' # '''^''' ''亮島專題之一》首次發現！澳學者 ：馬祖亮島1號人是早期出非洲的澳美人種. 新頭殼. 2017-09-14.'' # '''^''' ''首個國際性南島語族考古研究基地揭牌. 人民網. 2017年11月7日 [2017年11月20日]. （原始內容存檔於2017年11月18日） '''（中文（臺灣））'''.'' == Potori'an Tilid (參考文獻) == * Bellwood, Peter, ''Man's conquest of the Pacific: The prehistory of Southeast Asia and Oceania'', 1979 * Bellwood, Peter, ''Prehistory of the Indo-Malaysian Archipelago'', 1986 * Bellwood, Peter, James J. Fox, and Darrell Tryon eds., ''The Austronesians : historical and comparative perspectives （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）'', Australian National University, 1995 * Diamond, Jahed, ''Guns, Germs, and Steel'', Vintage & Random House, 1998 * Benitez-Johannot, Purissima (ed.), 'Paths of Origins', ArtPostAsia Books, 2009 == No potalay a pakakafit (外部連結) == Cristian Capelli; 等. A Predominantly Indigenous Paternal Heritage for the Austronesian-Speaking Peoples of Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania (PDF). American Journal of Human Genetics. 2001, 68 (2): 432–443 [2012-01-11]. PMC 1235276 可免費查閱. <nowiki>PMID 11170891</nowiki>. doi:10.1086/318205. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2008-02-19）. 本條目出自公有領域：Chisholm, Hugh (編). 大英百科全書 (11th ed.). 劍橋大學出版社. 1911. Books, some online, on Austronesian subjects by the Australian National University Languages of the World: The Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian) language Family（頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） Encyclopædia Britannica: Austronesian Languages 7kcje6ra74iz6rdramhr3pyco6dyxfc 0 1601 45459 34295 2025-01-19T09:16:23Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 Abraham Lincoln idi 1863年 45459 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Abraham Lincoln head on shoulders photo portrait.jpg|縮圖|Abraham Lincoln idi 1863年]]Aparaham. Linken(Inkilis a sowal, 1809/2/12-1865/4/15), saka 16 pireko a contong no Amilika, 1861/3 folad a mapatireng, tangasa 1865/4 makotangay a mapatay. Ci Aparaham. Linken mikerid to Amilika nalaloodan ato mangalefay sakaci’efo, kinpo(tatapangan a ceding) ato sici a katalawan—sakatimol at saka’amis a kalalood. Pakayni tonini a kalalood, mahadimel ningra ko polong no kanatal no Amilika, mapalasawad ko palafadesay a rikec, macoladaf ko ’icel no mapolongay sifo a sakowan, micekeroh to kicay a malasintayhua. Namoya o akatimi ato finawlan no Amilika rariden masowal ci Aparaham. Linken o satadamaanay contong i rayray likisi no Amilika saan. == Fenek(智慧)== O sofoc ni Aparaham. Linken Kentaki kanatal a pamatangay a loma’, i Ilino kanatal ko pitilidan a malafingkosi, i 1830 mihecaan malalomaocay no Hoyketang(Amilika) ato Ilino a kanatal a lomaocay, i 1840 mihecaan malaiing no kitakit to kanacecay. Misafaloco’ cingra palowad to kingko, no ’alo lalan, misalalanay no cinamalay ato sacomod a sata patoror patireng to kaysiya, sakaranikay malasintayhua, maliyang to kalalood to Mosiko kitakit. I 1858 miheca ci Linken ato ci Tawkelas malaliyangan nangra papelo cingra to miliyangay to micowatay to palafadesay a rikec, nanoya i mapidah cingra to singkiw no Caniyin i sakalalifet ningra, no Mincotang a tamdaw ci Stifen. Ano. Tawkelas. 1860 mihecaan, sakimalitosaay a kanatal, ci Aparaham. Linken mapalowad no Kunghetang(Amilika) congtong a pangangan. I 1860 miheca to pisingkiwan to congtong i, i no timolan no Amilika mapidah, i saka’amisan no Amilika paikaka ko ningra, saikor maala cingra to congtong no Amilika. == Nalipaan(事蹟)== Nakaala ningra sapiliyasan a mitokolic micidek ko papitoay notimolan a kanatal mihopeday to palafadesay, miliyas to mapolongay patireng to Milicien yofayof “Panglien”. Sa’ayaw milalangay ko sowal ningra, nika malalifet to sakipalafades a masasiliyang, away ko kasasisorar ato kalali’ayan, pakayni tonini ci Aparaham. Linken micongacong to sapiloodaw to i timolay a Panglien, malacecay mipalasawad misedal to palafadesan. O nian ko palingangan to “mipakoniraay a congtong” a han cingra a kangodoan no tamdamdaw. 1861/4/12, ikor pilood no Panglien to Samotepao, malacecay marikec ko ’amisay no Amilika, ci Aparaham. Linken saimer sato i kalaloodan ato sakisici a demak. Misafaloco’ cingra to sapalacecayaw to kitakit, pacena’ to midipotay to tamdaw, caayto sawkiten repet roof han ko masacicingay ’alomanay tamdaw a palaliyasay kahinapecan tamdaw. Ikor no 1861 miheca, mapalaawa to ningra ko Telontehaw a demak no tamina, saka^ca pikihar no Inkilis. Pakaynien ningra i kasasifosifod no sici, satadamaanay i 1863 mihecaan “misdeal to palafadesay ratoh”, ato o sofitay ko midipotay to milaliway a malafadesay, pa’icel to i lawacay a kanatal mipalafadesay i mipamoraraway ko demak a han, micikeroh a mihai ko kayki to Milicienhecongkuo kinpo salofan saka 13 rikec, maledo mapalasawad ko palafadesa a rikec. Aparaham. Linken ma’imer to nikalalood, nipipili’ to kakeridan no hitay ci Yolisis. Sinposen.Kelante. Sapilood tadamaan ko pisetek ningra, halo pipakayra i liyal karomakat no ka’a’aca no katimolay matena’ no hitay, macalap ko Kantaki ato Tiennasi, ato ’emetan no cisafilongay a tamina no sofitay i notimolay a ’alo. Kinapinapi:na cingra a sapilefekaw to no Panglien a kamaro’an a maci Licimon(Ficiniya kanatal), minacecay mapidah i kinacecay mifalic to kakeridan no hitay, tangasa to ci Yolisis. Sinposen.Kelantean i 1865 mihecaan itiya to malaheci. Aparaham. Linken saki sici no kasacecay no kanatal marocek masaoinang ningra, laya’en ningra ko kamay to papasayra no “Lalood micutang”(micoker to ka’amisay), i 1864 mihecaan pado’edo cingra maala to singkiw no congtong. Sakiso^emetay kakeridan no Konghetang (Amilika) tamdaw, si’ayawen ni Aparaham. Linken no timolan sapipakaka ko karofirof to Konghetang a tamdaw, nanay adihay ko pisorar to kalalood no Konghetang (Amilika) tamdaw, pakakaay ko ’intel cingraan a timolay tamdaw ato sapihalaka mikotang mipataya palaliyasay [[tamdaw]]. == Sakisici(政治)== Ci Aparaham. Linken ko saka rari’ang nangra, sakimadematay a sowal ko sakaci’icel a maladies ko finawlan no Amilika. 1863 mihecaan “Kaycepaw a papelo” malo pafaloco’an no Amilika to saki kitakit, sakalaliay, sakalalen no salongoc, mapakoniraay ato macowatay a salongan a papelo. Ci Aparaham. Linken sakipalowad to kitakit o so^emetay ko faloco’, pai dadahalay ko kalali’ay ranikay sakalacecay no kitakit, Ikor no Panglien a kakeridan ci Lopote. E. Li to enem romi’ad, ci Aparaham. Linken pakayni toya calowayay a pakahemekay ato micokeray to Panglien ci Yohani. Wierkes. Pos a tamdaw makowang a mapatay. * [[Amilika]] qh09hmidvjnoxddzo4v8v0adowou5lc 14 1603 30891 2022-03-30T03:26:16Z Chongkian 441 建立內容為「[[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]]」的新頁面 30891 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] hfdwwfmc0iao0qdnjfmr5706k7tvgv3 14 1604 30896 2022-03-30T03:28:30Z Chongkian 441 建立內容為「[[Kasasiwasiw:China]]」的新頁面 30896 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kasasiwasiw:China]] 3jwe1kh0buffsyf0m86d9y8v9hj4p4c 14 1605 30899 2022-03-30T03:29:38Z Chongkian 441 建立內容為「[[Kasasiwasiw:China]]」的新頁面 30899 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kasasiwasiw:China]] 3jwe1kh0buffsyf0m86d9y8v9hj4p4c 14 1606 30902 2022-03-30T03:31:01Z Chongkian 441 建立內容為「[[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]]」的新頁面 30902 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] hfdwwfmc0iao0qdnjfmr5706k7tvgv3 14 1607 30905 2022-03-30T03:32:46Z Chongkian 441 建立內容為「[[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]]」的新頁面 30905 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] hfdwwfmc0iao0qdnjfmr5706k7tvgv3 14 1608 30908 2022-03-30T03:34:04Z Chongkian 441 建立內容為「[[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]]」的新頁面 30908 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] hfdwwfmc0iao0qdnjfmr5706k7tvgv3 14 1609 30911 2022-03-30T03:35:42Z Chongkian 441 建立內容為「[[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]]」的新頁面 30911 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] hfdwwfmc0iao0qdnjfmr5706k7tvgv3 0 1610 43676 30941 2024-07-17T09:37:16Z Silee Eelis 2459 43676 wikitext text/x-wiki “Ira ko cecay a pisalemed ako.”(inkilis: I Have a Dream) i 1960 mihecaan a nano katadamaan no pipapelo i Amilika o kakeridan no finawlan salongoc to sakalatamdaw no kohetingay tamdaw ci Mating. Lote. [[Faylo:Martin_Luther_King,_Jr..jpg|縮圖|Martin Luther King, Jr. (1964)]] King hakasi, o sakatadamaan ningra itini tina papelo ningra, ci’icel pakasowal to paini ningra to kohetingay tamdaw ato kohecalay tamdaw ira ko cecay romi’ad malanga’ay ko ka’orip sanay a nihiratengan ningra, satikotiko sa ko sowal to “Ira ko cecay a pisalemed ako.” Sanay. O pipapelo i 1963/8/28 pirarakatan i Wasenton, ka’ayaw to pihiratengan(pikiningan) ci Linkenan a papelo. Onini a papelo malosaka laheci no pikaykian no Amilika i 1964 miheca maketon i “1964 miheca no tamdaw salongoc a rikec” mahapiw kalomisiikeday to finacadan ato misawacoay a rikec o caayay katatodong i sarikec. I 20 sici a 60 mihecaan itiya, o Amilika a tamdaw ditdit sato a mafana’ to satimol ato sa’amis a kalaloodan o sapipalasawad to palafadesay to fohetingay tamdaw a onto, nika awaay aca ko malanga’ayay ko ka’orip a heci. Ikoray 19 sici, o fohetingay tamdaw no Amilika a salongoc no nikalatamdaw madahdah i sakowan no kanatal ato misawacoay to fohetingay tamdaw a rikec. Saki’orip to romi’ami’ad, fohetingay tamdaw no Amilika mapalacidek, caay ka nga’ay ko fohecalay tamdaw malakapot mitilid, maro’to i fasu palacideken, caay kanga’ay malafiyaw i cecay a niyaro’. Fohetingay tamdaw caay ka nga’ay mikihatiya to ’orip no syikay no Amilika, halo ikor to no 100 miheca o yanan to ato mipalawaco a milingangan to masamaamaanay to salongoc, orasaka fohetingay tamdaw no Amilika awaay ko malecaday to nikacowat to saki’orip nangra. Milonokay sakapot no fohetingay tamdaw ato kiwkay ato kasasiroma a sida’itay a kasakapot no Amilika tamdaw, malacecay ko faloco’ misa’icel palowad to salongoc no nikalatamdaw a onto. Colacolen nangra ko Finawlan-Pikaikian a papiketon to cicediay a sarikec, mapalasawad to i syakay no Amilika ko palacidekay to finacadan no syakay ato palawacoay to finacadan. 1963/8/28 romi’ad i Wasenton pihiratengan(pikiningan) ci Linkenan masaopo to ko “tala’ayaw to sapakonira a tayal” o tadamaanay ko nian to salongoc no nikalatamdaw a onto. Toya romi’ad o pacekilan no faloco’ no finawlan, citodong ci Mating. Lote. King poksi to notimolan a Keristokiw saopo a papeloay. Ira ko cecay a sinpon kisya sowal sa, o pipapelo ni King “matomes ni Linken ato ni Kanti a salo’afang ato rakat no Fangcalay Cudad”, saan. Mipatesel ko sowal ato cimarama’ay, patalahekal paratoh to – tatapangan no ticukacu ko nian – caay ka cipakafolaway ko pakayraan no sapifalic, marayray ko sowal, ci’icel ko piliyang. Itiya i 60 miheca ato 70 mihecaan, palisaotan no Amilika, congtong ato hoying malosapipalasawad to midipangay to sarikec ko nipipapelo ni King. I ’ayaw no 100 miheca, o cecay tadamaanay no Amilika a tamdaw mifica to misdeal to palafadesay a hapiw sanay, anini itini kita mapolong i ka’ayaw pihiratengan cingraan masaopo. O katadamaanan a matiya o likat no ci’edilay, o [[Faylo:Photograph_of_White_House_Meeting_with_Civil_Rights_Leaders._June_22,_1963_-_NARA_-_194190_(no_border).tif|縮圖|CONGTONG ci Kannayti aci KingHakasi (Photograph of White House Meeting with Civil Rights Leaders. June 22, 1963 )]] sakacipafaloco’an no pafadesay to ’orip i awaayay ko mo’ecelay i masalefotay a kohetingay a tamdaw. Sakaira niira matiya o lipahak no monihar, paherek to ko raraya’ay a dadaya mipalitay to fohetingay tamdaw. Nikawrira ikor no 100 mihecaan to anini i, mahapinangaw ita awaayho ko mapakoniraay itini a sakifadesan a so’elinay. Ikor no 100 mihecaan anini, mipalacidekay to finacadan a sapalit iyar. Ikor no 100 mihecaan anini, fohetingay tamdaw oyaan: to i mafekotay i kalico’co a syakay i kitakit no Amilika, matiya o malafelay i sera no tireng a masapinang. Anini masaopo kita itini, o nian ko patengil to sakahapinang no ’alomanay a tamdaw. Oroma a patodong i, anini o milongocay to sapisodsodaw no kitakit ita ko sakatayni. O kalata’angan no mipatirengay to nikapolongan kitakit a kinpo ato micidekay a hapiw a sowal i, oya nipacecayan i kahacecay i finawlan no Amilika. Pacecay cangra to tamdamdaw to sakanga’ay ma’orip, mapakonira ato kacifaloco’ to sakalemed o ’eca ko mamalingangan ko salongoc. Sakiroma a finawlan i, mato caay kalaheci ko nano nisowalan i kitakit no Amilika. Awaay ko sapilahecian to sakatadamaan no demak, o sowal aca to sakifohetingay tamdaw, sacisowal sa i laloma’ “caay ka’edeng ko sasorot” saan a patatiko, o sata’angay a padafongan ko kitakit nao awaay ko ni’osawan. Orasaka anini longocen ita ko sapisodsodaw to misowalan to sapafeli titaanan a sapakonira ato mo’ecel a pa’oripay. Patapalay kita to kitakit no Amilika ko sakatayni ita itini tona tadamaanay a sera, o makalahayto kita anini. Caayto ko tomerepay ato matayoay ko nihaenan. Anini o sapilaheciaw to nikapolongan sowal. Anini nai mafohokay to’emanay a mipalacidekay to finacadan pasadaken a milacal patayra i masapanahalay ta’engaday a lalan. Imatini o pasayraay i fawahan no Tapang a Kawas ko wawa to fainayan fafahiyan. Imatini o kitakit no mita pa’oripen nai masonolay i caayay kalalen to sakifinacadan, patirengen i ’ongcoy a malali’ay a milikakaay to. Ano satalimaan han no kitakit no Amilika kina kakalahan ato misafaay to faloco’ no fohetingay tamdaw i, anohatini i, saki kitakit no Amilika i, o sakasemer koni. Ano caay karaod i nga’ayay kacanglahan ko mapakoniraay ato sakalalenaw, cirahoday a keter no fohetingay tamdaw caay ko mamalasawad. 1963 mihecaan caay ko paherekan ko sakalalefo, o satapangan koni. Mangalay ko cima tamdaw, ano mafasaw ko keter no fohetingay tamdaw maraheked to saan, ano o nian ko sakarihaday no kitakit no Amilika, a caay ka temitemik, o mamatolas ko tamdaw. Caay pakatafad to salongoc no finawlan ko fahetingay tamdaw, awaayko sarimadac ato sapater sanay no kitakit no Amilika. O ta^ebgad no mo’ecel caayko tatayni, maliyangay a faliyos o pararid mingiyangi to tatenaan no kitakit. Nikawrira sakitala to sakamo^ecel no fawahan o kasararimorimok a tamdaw, ira aca ko sasowalen ako. O sakadopohaw to sakatatodong no rikec i, caay pasayra imoraraway ko sapidemak ita. Aka ka o sakadamso’ to sapakoniraaw a misa’adaay ato mi’intelay i falo^efoay ko pi’owak. Ano sapilefoaw ita ka o manga’ayay ko kasasowal, masinanotay. Aka ka o mikafolaway ko laloma’ no pico’a’angay ko demak. Pacakaten ita ko ’icel no harateng to sapipacoli to ’icel no sakidafongan. Imatini syakay no fohetingay tamdaw o tadamaanay a fa^elohay sakalalood, nikawrira aka ka o caayay paso’elinay to fohecalay a tamdaw. Nawhani ’alomanay a fohecalay tamdaw a salikaka o mafana’ayto titaanan, o saki’orip nangra malecaday to no mita a ’orip masasiket, o samikihatiya anini o wacay nangra koni. O malalenay ko sakacipakonira nangra to no mita. Caay ka nga’ay a sacecay han ita ko demak. Ano dademak to kita i, o tatala’ayaw a romakat kita. Akaa tararikod. Anini ira ko milicayay to cisalongocay a tamdaw, “Ano hakowa a damso’en kamo?” saan. Ano cimapadesay masemsem ko pikari’ang no imeng to fohetingay tamdaw i, caayko mamadanso’ kita. Ano katalapapotal a misacikacikay kita a maroray to ko tireng i lawac nalalan a pacarcar ato pacarcar i maci mikilim to kamaro’an, o ca ^ca ko dadanso’. Ano kadademakan no fohetingay a nai kamaroma no macahiway finacadan malinah tayra i ’alomanay macahiway finacadan, o ca ^ca ko dadanso’. Ano oyanan to kacaay ka nga’ay no fohetingay tamdaw mikihatiya to singkiw i Misispi, ano i Niwyoko ira ko cecay fohetingay tamdaw awaay ko depoc to pisingkiw ano saan i, o ca ^ca ko dadanso’. Caay, caay ka dadanso’ kita anini, i ikor to caay ko dadanso’, dengan o mo’ecelay ato caay ko misawilihay matiya o rodis no ’alo, masakakoyol a mimoli. O mahapinangay to ako, mikihatiyaay to saopo a tamdaw anini, ira ko nai mapadesay ato malafadesay, ira ko nai pirofoan a masadak, ira ko mikilimay to sapakoniraaw, nai kamaro’an a malapades, i pipekpek no imeng a warawarasa. O sakitamdawan ko nikararid namo a mapades. Hadidien ho, sa’imeren ko pipaso’elin, mi’emetan caay ko sapatefoc no nikasemsem koni. Panokayen kita tayra i Misisipi, minokay i Alapama, minokay i Saus Kalolana, mnokay i Ciociya, minokay i Lois Anna, minokay kita i no ’Amisan a maci kamaroma no macahiway finacadan ato roma finacadan, kai faloco’en to, o mahaenay a demak o mamanga’ay a mafalic. Aka ka talahenot isatoras a ^ca to pakadocoh. Idangaw, pasowal kako anini tisowanan, toni tatokian, talacowa malitemah ita ko ka’em’eman ato matinakoay i, ira ko cecay a pisalemed ako. Oni a misalemedan i o talolongay a lilamit i citiihay a Amilika. == Ira ko misalemedan ako anini. 我今天有一個夢想 == Misalemad kako ira ko cecay romi’ad, o tatomireng kina kitakit, o so’elinay milaheciay tonini a so’elinay a rikac, “O hirateng kita awaay to sasowalen toni a papaso’elinen: Malalenay ko sofoc no tamdamdaw.” Misalemad kako ira ko cecay romi’ad, i kahenganay a lotok no Ciociya, malafadesay a wawa ato palafadesay a wawa malatihi ko aro’, mato malikakaay ko kasasowal. Misalemad kako ira ko cecay romi’ad, halo i Misisipi lalengawan no mo^ecel, mapaekel a malafali, matiya o i kohekohan a mala cipakoniraay ato cima^ecelay a masafaniyot ko kangdaway. Misalemad kako ira ko cecay romi’ad, o sasepatay a wawa caay ko nikakoheting nangra, o wayway to katadamaan katanca ko sakaciepoc i ka’oripan nangra. Misalemad kako ira ko cecay romi’ad, ira ko nikafalic no Alapama, ano masasiromaroma ko nisowalan no kakeridan, caay pihayda to rikec no nipatatekoan a kitakit, nikawrira ira ko cecay romi’ad, itiraay a fainayan ato fafahiyan a wawa no fohetingay ato fainayan tamdaw ato fafahiyan a wawa no fohecalay tamdaw masasi cecayay ko kasadakan, malahakelong micomod masadak. Misalemad kako ira ko cecay romi’ad, macakat ko co’ed, malokelon ko lotok, kasapikepiked no lalan malanga’ayay a rakaten, mapa’edilay, malikat i hekal. == mapakoniraay to. 自由了 == O nian ko nisafaloco’an no mita. O nian ko sapinokay no mako a tayni i timol, o papakayra kita i citirasay a karat a fokeloh mapalalan. Ira ko nia harateng, o kalanangan a rarawrawan no kitakit ita, mafali’ a malecad malakayatay salikaka a nga’ayay tengilen ko ngiha no radiw. Ira ko nia harateng, malacecayay ko tayal, pitolon, malalefo, marofo, mihadimel to pakoniraan, nawhani kafana’en ita, ira ko cecay romi’ad, o mamapakoniraen kita. Saka ira ko pakoniraan to a rami’ad, o polong no wawa no Kawas o fa^elohay to ko karomadiw toni “O kitakit ako, ci mapakoniraay nga’ayay niyaro’, romadiw kako i tisowanan. O kapatayan no mato’asay niyaro’ kiso, o kalita’angan no ’ayaway tayni kiso, o wadihang no lotolotok ko kapakonira.” Ano mala o tadamaanay ko kitakit no Amilika i, lahecien ko ni salemedan. Mapakoniraay a ngiha o nai lotok no Niw Hanposeel a tayni, Mapakoniraay a ngiha o nai lotok no Niw Yoko a tayni haw? Mapakoniraay a ngiha o papakayra i Alekeni a lotok no Pinsifaniya a tayni. Mapakoniraay a ngiha o papakayra i matahepoay no so^eda i Roaki a lotok no Kolaroto a tayni, Mapakoniraay a ngiha o papakayra i matisilay lotolotok no Kalifoniya a tayni haw? Caay ka dengan onini, o sapakonira a ngiha o papakayraen masakaratay a lotok no Ciociya tayni haw? Mapakoniraay a ngiha o papakayra i pikecoran lotok no Tiennasi ko nikatayni. Mapakoniraay a ngiha o papakayni i kasacecacecay no taporo no Misisipi a tayni haw? O mapakoniraay a ngiha nai kasacecaceay no lotok a tayni. Tona mahoni ko ngiha no pakoniraay, o nai kasacecay no niyaro’, kasacecay no nipatatekoan a kitakit ato tokay a mahoni i, itiya, o wawa no Kawas, fohetingay ato fohecalay tamdaw, Yotayakiw ato caay ko Yotayakiw, Kiristokiw ato Tingsokiw, o mamalakayat ko kamay, malacecay romadiw to radiw no fohetingay tamdaw, “Mikalakomodan mapakonira to, mikalakomodan mapakonira to, miahowid to ci’icelay Kawas, mikalakomodan niyam mapakoniraay to.” qmtk3250n1j0p2eluu8jv1a9ge8wkiu 0 1611 38706 30950 2023-06-29T11:53:16Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38706 wikitext text/x-wiki == Kamaro'an 位置 == Notimolan ’Apocok ([[ikilis a sowal]]: south pole) o pidotoc to nikaliyon no cikiw miketon to [[sakatimolay]]. O pahapinang to kasadefadefak Notimolan ’Apocok a palapalaan, patodong mipaketingan a kamaro’an. Do’edoen ko no kalokitakit to rarakaten a falono’, lalat no katimol no 60° o katimolay a pala o Notimolan ’Apocok no hekal todong, saka o Nantayang ato kalokanatal ato Notimolan ’Apocok no hekal a pala a sowal, 6500 ’ofad a kongli ko kadadahal. == Nipatonekan 定義 == No tilidan, katimolay no cikiw ko Notimolan ’Apocok. Nika ira ho ko notimolan ’apocok karopaw, notimolan ’apocok peno, notimolan ’apocok pala, notimolan ’apocok niyaro’, notimolan ’apocok taliyok sanay a tatodong. Sakipalapalaan to Notimolan ’Apocok o notimolan tolas no hekal ato notimolan cisyak no hekal. == Notimolan tolas no hekal南地極 == Ona “Notimolan tolas no hekal” i salalomaan no notimolan karopaw, mapahecekay ko kacipinangan. Nika malinahay ko pala, i no cikiw a rikisi ’adihayay romi’ad notimolan karopaw o miraayay to Notimolan ’Apocok; o romasato, la’ed no romi’ad, Palapalaan a hakasi misasalof to Notimolan ’Apocok a kamaro’an. Inacila masalof Notimolan ’Apocok kaitiraan a romi’ad i 2000 mihecaan. Roma, no kakarayan a fana’, ano safi’en “Notimolan tolas no hekal” tayra i kakarayan a cikiw, mapacahcah i Notimolan tolas no kakarayan. === Notimolan cisyak no hekal 南磁極 === “Notimolan cisyak no hekal” [1], o malatosaay no cisyak koni. i ngataay no Notimolan ’Apocok a palapala, nikawrira o kamaro’an niira o matayoay ko kafalifalic. 1909 miheca 1/16, nai ci Onaste Sakerton ko mikeriday to misolapay matamaay ko Notimolan cisyak no hekal. === Notimolan taliyok 南極圈 === lalat no katimol no 66° 34 a calay no Notimolan taliyok. i taliyokay no romi’ad ato dadaya, taliyokay masiikeday to safala’faay ato li’etecay a tolas. === Notimolan karopaw 南極洲 === Notimolan karopaw halo notimolan pala ato taliyok no kitakit, o dadahal niira 1400 ’ofad kongli, kasaliyaliyad 2.47 kongli. Notimolan karopaw ira 158.2 kongli ko ki’etecay. Notimolan karopaw a dadahal no pala mo^etep ira ko cecay. [2] === Notimolan pala 南極大陸 === == Patodongan: Notimolan ’Apocok karopaw 南極洲 == Notimolan pala o nano Notimolan karopaw i liyokay no kanatal a pala, o saikoray a matama a pala I hekal koni, matifahaw sa i satimolay a cikiw. Notimolan ’Apocok a pala 95% matahepoay no kifetolay a so^eda, o “fohecalay pala” a han ko sowal. I hekal enemay a pala i, ikaka no Austaliya pala ko dadahal to Notimolan pala, o saka 5 a rayray. Ona tosaay Notimolan pala ato Austaliya pala o nitaliyakan riyar a tata’angay pala, taliyok ira ko Taypinyang, Tasiyang, Intoyang, mitaliyokan a cikiw no tata’angay nanom, matiya o ma’edefay (nengneng ko nanpinyang), miliyasay to roma a pala, ato payrayrang hekal miliyasay a pala, tangasa anini awaay ko maro’ay tamdaw itira, dengan papinaay a kaki misokoliway tamdaw macacalicaliway itira maro’ ato matayalay. === Salongoc a Kitakit 主權 === 1820-1940 mihecaan, kasakitakit a misolapay madado’edo pakatama to kasasiroma no palapala i Notimolan pala, Ikilis, Niwsilan, Toic, Nanfiy, Austaliya, Ferans, Nowiy, Cili, Akenting, pelasil 10 kitakit a sifo to saki Notimolan karopaw a liyad pasadak to Salongoc a Kitakit, o halafinay to maledefay no so^eda to ’ofadan mihecaan o kafangafangan to no kalokitakit. Dotoc nai 1961 mihecaa saka 6 folad mahayda to “Notimolan ’Apocok tatonekan”, mafedi’ ko sasiwaay kitakit to pilongoc to Notimolan ’Apocok a sera to salongoc, telekan ko Notimolan ’Apocok o sapilinga’ay ko patosokan, ona Notimolan ’Apocok caay ko no nima a kitakit ko citodongay, o no polong no tamdaw i hekal koni. === Sakaromakat 交通 === Notimolan ’Apocok pala o caayay ko rahodayay ngataen nina pala. Mingataay to Notimolan ’Apocok  pala o timolay Amilika a karopaw, o Terike a riyar ko kalalaed to 970 kongli. O kararaay to Notimolan ’Apocok pala ato roma a pala ikaka ko kararaay, o taliyok o kifetolay a so^eda ato mapawpaway so^eda ko mitaliyokay, kasi’enawan sai mapawpaway so^eda tangasa 1900 ’ofad kongli ko dadahal; Notimolan ’Apocok pala taliyok no riyar a mapawpaway so^eda caay to ka sa’osi ko adihay no masalotokay a so^eda, masa kararimaan ato katalawan to romakatay i riyar. === Ditek no sera 地勢 === Toni a cikiw o sadadaha:lay ko Notimolan ’Apocok pala[3]. I fafaed no cikiw a pala to takaraw naira: Asiya karopaw 950 mi, ’amis Amilika karopaw 700 mi, timol Amilika karopaw 600 mi, Afelika karopaw 560 mi, Iropiya karopaw sapoeneray, 300 mi aca, no Tayang karopaw caay ka sapinang ko takaraw, latek somo’otay aca. Nawhani, Notimolan ’Apocok pala, o fadic niira, o takaraw 2350 mi, makikaka ko no roma a pala to takaraway a Asiya karopaw. Nikawrira, ano lihedaken ko ya mitahepoay so^eda i fafaed Notimolan ’Apocok pala, o takaraw niira ma’eden 410 mi aca, palecaden to ciseraay no cikiw a sapa’eneray. === Kasafalifalic no romi’ad 氣候 === Nawhani takaraw ko so^eda, kihepic ko fali, patongal han no li’etecay so^eda a pipatedi no cidal, Notimolan ’Apocok pala mala o sasienaway a pala, o falawfaw ikaka to No’amisan ’Apocok ko kalietec to 20°. Notimolan ’Apocok pala to mihecaan a ki’etec falawfaw isafa no ciro to 25°. Notimolan ’Apocok pala i lilis no riyar a ki’etec falawfaw isafa no ciro to 17-20°; i laloma’ay no pala no mihecaan ki’etec falawfaw isafa no ciro to 40-50°; i kawali to timol a Notimolan ’Apocok takaraway pala o sasi’enaway, mihecaan a ki’etec falawfaw isafa no ciro to 57°. Tangasa anini, fafaeday no cikiw ma’araw o saki’etec falawfaw isafa no ciro to 89.2°, onini 1983 miheca saka 7 folad i Solien kawaliay a kacawan a manengnengay. [4] Notimolan ’Apocok o satakaraway ki’etec falawfaw nano Aispilansa kacawan i 2020 miheca 2/6 malalatay 18.3° a Ses, ma’awid to ko no 1961 muheca kasafalifalic matilid satakaraway a fa’edetay a falawfaw[5]. Notimolan ’Apocok a si’enaw o kaitiraan ko sakamatira, nawhani itira i si^enaway a pala ko kaitiraan, orira masamihecaan ko dadaya awaay ko tedi no cidal. Nasaan, o tedi no cidal ko nihaenan, ’akawang ko lalat, dadahal ko nikaselic no cidal, malowan ko pisolot to fa^edet no cidal. Itini i cikiw i ’akawangay a lalat ko kaitiraan no Notimolan ’Apocok, o sasafaay ko tedi no cidal, salongan to ko tedi no cidal. Roma i, Notimolan ’Apocok pala 95% madapong no so^eda, o pi’eceng to cidal 80%-84%, ’osaw caay to pakatahira 20 % ko i seraay, o hatiraay to ko fa’edet a matarang, mapatikol tayra i kakarayan. Ono Notimolan ’Apocok katakaraw no pala ato kihepic no fali caay pakasoped to fa’edet, samasa o marariday ko si^enaw no Notimolan ’Apocok. === Fali ’Apocok 風極 === Notimolan ’Apocok pala o mangalefay ko ’icel no fali tina pala, o rakat no fali mata’elif ko 100 kongli to cecay toki a mararid. Mililisay to lawac no riyad a pala i Notimolan ’Apocok pakinali, o cikay no fali 40-50 mi ko widi. Itini i Felans a kacawan a pilalatan “Tielwiel” malalat kai widi 100 mi ko katata’ang (360 kongli ko cecay toki, ikaka to no faliyos Taypay ko kaci’icel), matiya to Pofose a fali ko kangalef 17 awid a 1.78 kakinali nira, o pikari’ang nira tangasa 12 awid to 3.18 kinalian. Tangasa anini o sa’akawangay ta’angay ’icel no fali matilid. Orasaka, Notimolan ’Apocok o “Fali a ’Apocok” ahan. O pakaka no si^enaw, halofali ko katalawan no kakak misolapay a malitemohay naira. Halofali paranikayay palasawad to fa^edet no tireng, sakaranikay madoka’ no ’okot a cimapatayay a demak. No dadaya a fali a pikari’ang, o cikay no fali cecay widi 40 mi (13 awid fali). Ano ira ko i papotalay a tamdaw, o katalawan a mapades ko ’orip. 1960 miheca 10/10 herek no lahok, i Dipong Siyoho a pala midemak to kakok sapisolapan ci Futawsen hakasi, masadak taipapotal pakaen to Waco, talifahal sanay a cecay widi 35 mi ko cikay no fali, nanoya ^ca to patatikol. Tangasa 1967 miheca 2/9 romi’a, mapatayay tireng ningra cila’ed 4.2 kongli ko ray matama itira. === Kakingkiwen 探索 === I ’ayaw tona pakayra ko rakat no Ilopiya tamdaw pakanengneng to fa^elohay ato karomakatan a lalan, iraay to ko cicu no notimolan ’apocok karopaw, masapinang to ko lotok ’alo ato lilis no riyar no notimolan ’apocok karopaw. Ano aniniay fa^elohay a sapihelam to katato’edip no so^eda a mahapinang, matama salalinikay no so^eda o so’elinay pala no Notimolan ’Apocok, milecad to 16 sici a telangay cicu mahapinang to[8]. O sarakatay pakatama to Notimolan ’Apocok pala a pakataminaay tangasa anini o malaliyangay ho, nikawrira no ’Elosi tamdaw Pilinsikawcin ko sakamatini. Sarakatay miripa’ to sera no Notimolan ’Apocok pala a tamdaw, latek o Amilika mikakotangay to lokedaw no riyar a tamina ci Yohani Tafiti a kakeridan. Ci Roald Amundsen cangra tomireng i Notimolan ’Apocok kaitiraan, 1911 miheca 12 folad. Nai kawiki tala kawanan: Roald Amundsen, Helmer Hanssen, Sverre Hassel, ato Oscar Wisting, (sasing sakalalima ci Olav Bjaaland ko misasingay.) O sarakatay tangasa i Notimolan ’Apocok kaitiraan ci Roald Amundsen ato mikapotay icingraan, katangasaan nangra a romi’ad i 1911 miheca 12/14 romi’ad. Ci Amundsen o sakalalifet ci Robert Falcon Scott i ikor no cecay folad tangasa i Notimolan ’Apocok kaitiraan. I pipatikolan, ci Scott ato kapot ningra a sasepat i nika cahiw ato pakinali no si’enaw a mapatay itira. Itiya ira ko papitoay a misahinahinamay kapot pakayra i hekal ko rakat tangasa i Notimolan ’Apocok kaitiraan. Katangasaan nangra a romi’ad masilsil: 1. Roald Amundsen ato Robert Falcon Scott 2. Edmund Percival Hillary 3. Vivian Forks 4. Antero Havola 5. Albert P. Crary ato 6. Ranulph Twisleton ato Wykeham Fiennes O pihiratengan ci Amundsen ato Scott South ato Pole Station i 1958 miheca Kalokitakit cikiw wuli mihecaan patireng, mida’ocay ko pikingkiw ato matayalay to kadamadamaan. Samatelangay cokah no cikiw 地球上最古老的冰芯 Dipong Notimolan ’Apocok mikacaway a cefang i 2006 miheca 1/6 romi’ad i Dipong pikacawan “Fuji Dome” i ngata matama, midotoc to no Dipong a ’Apocok a pala pikingkiwan a kakeridan ci Yoshiyuki Fujii a pasowal, o nano midapongan no Notimolan ’Apocok so^eda lalinik to 9994 ingce matama; Dipong kiwyiko kakakpo a komoying ci Umezaki pasowal, lalinikay no cokah a folang adihay ko kasafolang, onini laloma’ay masafolangay, latek i ’ayaway no masamihacaay ’ofad no mihecaan a iraay to,ano pakayni i pikingkiw, o kafana’an ko itiyaay a pala no cikiw, manga’ay sapili’ayaw to ikoray a romi’ami’ad. Pipasa^esa, samatelangay cokah no cikiw, o halafin nira latek ira ko 1 iyok no mihecaan. Paterep to waco. 禁犬令 Sarakat o waco ko sapikingkiwv ato sapisolap i Notimolan ’Apocok, mikotay to no tamdawan a mitaroh, o waco ko sakanga’ay dademak i Notimolan ’Apocok. Nikawrira macakat to ko no kikay, maserer ko no waco, ikor mala o daipoten to. Nikawrira o sakadademak no tamdaw ato pipacomod to waco malasakalasawad no roma a ’a’adopen, o saka^caaw ka matiya o ’ayam a malasawad. Orasaka “Notimolan ’Apocok katatelek a faco” o sapidama to pala no Notimolan ’Apocok ko pihirateng, 1991 miheca i Mateliya no Sepaniya mihapiw “Notimolan ’Apocok tatelek palapala sadipot tilidan” (''Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty''), pakapi to 2 tatelek: “Caay to pacomod to Waco i Notimolan ’Apocok pala ato so^daan; i Notimolan ’Apocok kanatal a polong no Waco kai 1994 miheca 4 folad maemin miliyas.” [9]. Mido’edo tina sapaterep a rikec, nanoya micomoday i Notimolan ’Apocok a kalokitakit a mikingkiway a kasacefang o caay to pihawikid to waco, Notimolan ’Apocok pala o ciawaayay to waco a hekal.Nikawrira o sakadademak no tamdaw ato pipacomod to waco malasakalasawad no roma a ’a’adopen, o saka^caaw ka matiya o ’ayam a malasawad. Orasaka “Notimolan ’Apocok katatelek a faco” o sapidama to pala no Notimolan ’Apocok ko pihirateng, 1991 miheca i Mateliya no Sepaniya mihapiw “Notimolan ’Apocok tatelek palapala sadipot tilidan” (''Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty''), pakapi to 2 tatelek: “Caay to pacomod to Waco i Notimolan ’Apocok pala ato so^daan; i Notimolan ’Apocok kanatal a polong no Waco kai 1994 miheca 4 folad maemin miliyas.” [9]. Mido’edo tina sapaterep a rikec, nanoya micomoday i Notimolan ’Apocok a kalokitakit a mikingkiway a kasacefang o caay to pihawikid to waco, Notimolan ’Apocok pala o ciawaayay to waco a hekal. 9wnlxhkeed8jknmdzdhubo4wvn89oqz 0 1612 34296 30963 2023-02-11T21:45:52Z 80.192.31.53 頁面已重新導向至[[Aparaham Linken]] 34296 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Aparaham Linken]] g4xgphgmdi2ubo9z18vgpbim17cqft5 10 1656 31238 31031 2022-05-20T10:50:03Z NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh 191 HTML/CSS improvement 31238 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="margin: auto; border: 2px solid #b32424; width: 80%; background: #fee7e6;" |- | style="padding: 1em 1em 1em 2em;" | [[File:Breezeicons-places-22-folder-important.svg|40px|link=]] | style="padding: 1em 2em 1em 1em;" | <strong style="font-size: large;">This page is a candidate for speedy deletion.</strong> {{#if:{{{1|}}} |<p>The reason given is: ''{{{1}}}''</p> }} <p>If you disagree with its speedy deletion, please explain why on its talk page. If this page obviously does not meet the criteria for speedy deletion, or you intend to fix it, please remove this notice, but please do not remove this notice from articles that you have created yourself.</p> |}<includeonly> [[Category:Deleteme|{{PAGENAME}}]] </includeonly> ts4i08dsirgcubwo1qraewaclv0o3r0 14 1657 31030 2022-04-15T18:58:05Z CX Zoom 655 Create maintenance category 31030 wikitext text/x-wiki This category is used by [[:m:Multilingual speedy deletions]] until local administrators are available. igx7nebsw7z0edzc6i23ws32tu10z7e 10 1678 31121 31120 2022-04-26T18:25:57Z Sdf 668 31121 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#if:{{BD/isYear|{{{1|}}}}} |{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}{{namespace||[[Kasasiwasiw:Masofoc ni {{{1}}}|{{#if:{{{catIdx|{{{5|}}}}}}|{{{catIdx|{{{5}}}}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}]]}} }} saka {{#if:{{Date.isMD|{{{2|}}}}} |{{{2}}} |{{{2|}}} }}{{#if:{{{1|}}} saka {{{2|}}} {{{3|}}} saka {{{4|}}}|{{#if:{{{3|}}}{{{4|}}}| - |{{editintro|Template:BLP editintro|span|－}}}}}}{{#if:{{BD/isYear|{{{3|}}}}} |{{{3}}}{{namespace||[[Kasasiwasiw:Mapatay ni {{{3}}}|{{#if:{{{catIdx|{{{5|}}}}}}|{{{catIdx|{{{5}}}}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}]]}} |{{#if:{{{3|}}}|{{{3}}}{{namespace||[[Kasasiwasiw:Hahakeno mihcaan a mapatay|{{#if:{{{catIdx|{{{5|}}}}}}|{{{catIdx|{{{5}}}}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}]]}}}} }} saka {{#if:{{Date.isMD|{{{4|}}}}} |{{{4}}} |{{{4|}}} }}{{#if:{{{3|}}}||{{#if:{{{4|}}} ||{{namespace||[[Category:Ma’oripay|{{#if:{{{catIdx|{{{5|}}}}}}|{{{catIdx|{{{5}}}}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}]]}}}} }}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> r452trzma7lbzootliizld0miv3zmwk 10 1679 31105 2022-04-26T17:52:39Z Sdf 668 建立內容為「<includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:{{{namespace|{{{1|}}}}}}}}|{{{then|{{{2|}}}}}}|{{{else|{{{3|}}}}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude>」的新頁面 31105 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:{{{namespace|{{{1|}}}}}}}}|{{{then|{{{2|}}}}}}|{{{else|{{{3|}}}}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude> 8muabifqdaub8gwgc4881vzf3ri9fh6 10 1680 31106 2022-04-26T17:53:36Z Sdf 668 建立內容為「<{{{2|div}}} class="useeditintro" title="{{{1|}}}">{{{3|}}}</{{{2|div}}}><noinclude>{{doc}}</noinclude>」的新頁面 31106 wikitext text/x-wiki <{{{2|div}}} class="useeditintro" title="{{{1|}}}">{{{3|}}}</{{{2|div}}}><noinclude>{{doc}}</noinclude> lfslg3arolpdtrk439cf0mc0nsfm12v 10 1681 31107 2022-04-26T17:54:22Z Sdf 668 頁面已重新導向至[[Masalipa:Documentation]] 31107 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT[[Masalipa:Documentation]] nbpunwjhs1tjgsxzj6o866qhya79gu8 10 1682 31118 31109 2022-04-26T18:21:35Z Sdf 668 31118 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#switch:{{{1|}}} |? a miheca|Hahakeno mihcaan a masofoc |#default={{#ifexist:{{{1|}}} |1 }} }}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> m66bx51oas61z4yq1l82clx3jh5q6o1 10 1683 31119 31110 2022-04-26T18:22:05Z Sdf 668 31119 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#switch:{{{2|}}} |{{padleft:{{MONTHNAME|{{{3|{{{month}}}}}}}}|2|0}}|{{padleft:{{MONTHNAME|{{{3|{{{month}}} saka {{padleft:{{{2|{{{day}}}}}}|2|0}}}}}}}|2|0}}=1 |#default=}}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 35lyh8ho087r4rl247ik46hupcvp7uz 10 1684 31111 2022-04-26T18:06:13Z Sdf 668 建立內容為「<includeonly>{{#if:{{{2|}}}|{{#switch:{{MONTHNUMBER|{{{2}}}}}|1=1 a folad|2=2 a folad|3=3 a folad|4=4a folad|5=5 a folad|6=6 a folad|7=7 a folad|8=8 a folad|9=9 a folad|10=10 a folad|11=11 a folad|12=12 a folad|Incorrect required parameter 1=''month''!}}|Missing required parameter 1=''month''!}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude>」的新頁面 31111 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#if:{{{2|}}}|{{#switch:{{MONTHNUMBER|{{{2}}}}}|1=1 a folad|2=2 a folad|3=3 a folad|4=4a folad|5=5 a folad|6=6 a folad|7=7 a folad|8=8 a folad|9=9 a folad|10=10 a folad|11=11 a folad|12=12 a folad|Incorrect required parameter 1=''month''!}}|Missing required parameter 1=''month''!}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> squzjqwz3mqwlu63tf9lesxc7qeop0g 0 1685 31112 2022-04-26T18:16:22Z Sdf 668 建立內容為「{{Infobox person | name = Li I-siw | image = File:歷史哥.jpg | caption = | native_name = {{nobold|李易修}} | native_name_lang = Holam | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1988|6|10}} | birth_place = [[Takaw]] | nationality = | education = | alma_mater = | occupation = | years_active = | known_for = | relatives…」的新頁面 31112 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Li I-siw | image = File:歷史哥.jpg | caption = | native_name = {{nobold|李易修}} | native_name_lang = Holam | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1988|6|10}} | birth_place = [[Takaw]] | nationality = | education = | alma_mater = | occupation = | years_active = | known_for = | relatives = | website = }} O '''Li I-siw''' (Holam: 李易修; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Lí E̍k-siu; {{Bd|1988 a miheca|6 a folad saka 10 a romi’ad||}}) cecay [[YouTuber]] i [[Taywan]]. [[Kwoli Taywan Sihan Daigak]](國立臺灣師範大學) a mico^yap. [[Kasasiwasiw:Taywan]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Takaw]] [[Kasasiwasiw:YouTuber]] 3f7cp2h8u02ehujfireieor37ub5vur 14 1686 31114 2022-04-26T18:17:01Z Sdf 668 建立內容為「[[Kasasiwasiw:Asia]]」的新頁面 31114 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kasasiwasiw:Asia]] hglf0vq7xb3ourj3oc84ik824ccu9yf 14 1687 31115 2022-04-26T18:17:48Z Sdf 668 建立內容為「[[Kasasiwasiw:Taywan]]」的新頁面 31115 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kasasiwasiw:Taywan]] n88wtwars3um65uiqx3mvn3pj3fbg8h 14 1688 31116 2022-04-26T18:18:16Z Sdf 668 建立內容為「[[Kasasiwasiw:YouTube]]」的新頁面 31116 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kasasiwasiw:YouTube]] 07r5w8elr2tnkofbjvhxul2lubo2h7m 14 1689 31117 2022-04-26T18:20:11Z Sdf 668 建立內容為「[[Kasasiwasiw:Mihcaan]]」的新頁面 31117 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kasasiwasiw:Mihcaan]] h304e2yf4t7aeo9fakbz84x9jhtsa6w 0 1690 34682 34505 2023-02-19T05:58:28Z Mtarch11 659 取消[[Special:Contributions/69.193.69.245|69.193.69.245]]（[[User talk:69.193.69.245|留言]]）的編輯，改回[[User:Kwamikagami|Kwamikagami]]的先前版本 31948 wikitext text/x-wiki Romi’adan no cikiw i hekal (ikilis: Earth Day) pasetek to mihecahecaan 4 folad 22 romi’ad, o kalonohekalan to pidipot to pala a demak. Sa’ayaway demak romi’ad no cikiw i 1970 miheca i Amilika a pitilidan mapalowad kina pidipot to pala a onto, 1990 miheca onini a demak nai Amilika pasayra i hekal, malakapolongan no midipotay to pala no hekal a romi’adan ato pisintingan pidipot to pala a romi’ad, toni a romi’ad kasasiromaroma no kitakit a tamdaw kasasiroma a pisinting ato sapilaheciaw to pidipot to pala a nihiratengan. === Nipitekaan ato pitomadawan 起源與發展 === Sarakatay a romi’ad no cikiw misimsim itiya i pisatapangan no kacanglahan, onini a romi’ad o kasofocan no cikiw, itiya mapatedi no likat ko Notimolan ’Apocok ato No’amisan ’Apocok, tatodong a kalalenan no hekal, nanoya pahapinang to tamdamdaw wa’ecikaw ho ko kalaliyaliyangan ato caay kalecad, masasinga’ay ma’orip. Noto’asan adihay ko kitakit malipahak i pisatapangan no kacanglahan mipafilong. ‘Ayaway no [[Linhoko]] itira i satapangan no canglahan pasaopo to romi’ad no cikiw demak. 1969 miheca fafa'eday pikaikian Mincotang Kaylote Nilson no Amilika i kakoTaykako no Amilika mipapelo, milingato i roma miheca saka 4 folad 22 romi’ad mipasaopo miliyang to kalalood i Yinan ko patosokan pitilidan a onto, nakawrira i 1969 miheca i Siato pasaopo lomaoc, mikihatiyaay tina saopo a tamdaw, o sito no Hafo Taykako ci Tanis Hais paini tonini a onto kao kapolongan no Amilika, o sapidipot to pala ko patosokan ninaonto saan. 1970 miheca saka 4 folad 22 romi’ad i kasaniyaro’ no Amilika mata’elif ko 2000 ’ofad no tamdaw ko mikihatiyaay to ni a sapidipot to pala a onto, itini to na onto malaheci i mihecahecaan to saka 4 folad 22 romi’ad o sapidipot to pala a mileko, i Amilika a romi’ad no cikiw sanay a ngangan midotoc i pisatapangan no kacanglahan malalinah tayra to i saka 4 folad 22 romi’ad, romi’ad no cikiw patosok i sapidipot to pala a onto. Aniniay tamdaw kai 1970 miheca 4 folad 22 romi’ad nai Amilika saka 1 liyad to romi’ad no cikiw a demak o sarakatay no hekal masaopo no ’alomanay to sakipidipot to pala a onto, toni a onto malengat ko tamdaw to sakianiniay sapitomadaw midipot to pala, palowad to macakatay kitakit to sapidipot to pala patireng to rikec, orasaka mapalowad i 1972 miheca Linhoko saka cecay natamdawan a pala kalomaoc. Itiya 1970 miheca a demak pasakapotay ci Tanis Hais mapangangan no tamdaw o romi’ad no cikiw a mama ahan. Nawhani mapalowad i salaloma’an no hekal ko pidipot to pala a onto, 1990 miheca saka 20 liyad romi’ad no cikiw a citodongay to nidemak a pasakapotay nanay mapalowaday i laloma’ no Amilika pasipapotal macowat i hekal, itiya cangra patilid to Cungko, Amilika, inkilis toloay a kakeridan tamdaw ato Linhoko a Mipadangay to kakomodan, paini cangraan to dademaken, kasasiket to pakayniay to pidipot to pala a kasasitatelak, masasidama to sakacaaw kalatiih ko palapala; itiya o romi’ad no cikiw a pasakapotay paini to i hekalay mihayda misa’icel palowad to midipotay to pala a sifo i 1990 miheca 4 folad 22 romi’ad makerih to finawlan to midipotay to pala a onto. Midipotay to pala a demak palowaday malayapto no Asiya karopaw, Afelika karopaw, Amilika karopaw, Yolop karopaw adihayay kitakit ato kalokitakit a cefang mikihatiya, ikor i 1990 miheca 4 folad 22 romi’ad polong no hekal to 140 kitakit mata’elifay ko 2 Yoko ko tamdaw to mikihatiyaay tini demak. Nai romi’adan no cikiw i hekal malakapolongan no hekal to midipotay to pala a onto. === Fayafay no cikiw 地球之旗 === Fayafay no cikiw a tilid o Apolo 17 haw nisyasingan “Langdaway a odo’” a saying mateli i talolongay langdaway ko faku, o nai ni Yohani Maykenil i 1969 miheca sarakatay liyad a romi’adan no cikiw i hekal a demak nisafacoan, anini onini a fayafay o no midipotay to pala onto a salong. === Romi’adan no cikiw a pinangan 地球日標誌 === Romi’adan no cikiw a pinangan o fohecalay ko faku a kangdaway no Koris a tilid Θ: Θ === Kining 紀念 === 2016 miheca 4 folad 22 romi’ad, i Google a saka cecay felih ira ko lima masasiromaay pinangan, pihiratengan to romi’adan no cikiw. [1] 2020 miheca 4 folad 22 romi’ad, i Google a saka cecay felih no ’odal kasasilamo a salama, pihiratengan to romi’adan no cikiw to 50 mihecaan.. ==== pikafitan tahapinangan 相關連結 ==== 2016年4月22日，Google首頁有五種不同版本標誌，以慶祝地球日。[1] 2020年4月22日，Google首頁推出蜜蜂授粉遊戲，以慶祝地球日屆滿50週年紀念。 ==== Pinengnengan 參見 ==== 1.Fayafay no Linhoko. 2.Fayafay no lamal. 1.聯合國旗 2.火星旗 === Pinengnengan a tilid 參考文獻 === 1.2016 romi’adan no cikiw i hekal, i Google a saka cecay felih kinaira no pala faco pinaay ko malitemohay a salifet no palapalaan? PanSci 2016-04-22 [2017-03-09] (Taywan) 1.2016世界地球日，google首頁的那些生態系面臨了哪些環境挑戰呢？. PanSci 泛科學. 2016-04-22 [2017-03-09] （中文（臺灣）） e9qup5qgwg8nz6qyzeyx59eoqn4ai75 0 1691 31177 31171 2022-05-02T06:43:51Z Sdf 668 31177 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | bgcolour = | show_name = Ai de Lifangti | eng_name = {{lang|zh|愛的立方體}}<br>The Cube | image = | caption = | show_name_2 = 虎虎生風 | genre = | format = | creator = | developer = | writer = 王瑋 | general_director = | director = 陳佳鍵 | assistance_director = | creative_director = | presenter = | starring = | judges = | voices = | narrated = | country = | language = [[Sowal no Pangcah|Pangcah]]<br/>[[Holam]] | subtitle = | slogan = | num_seasons = | runtime = 90 efon | theme_music_composer = | theme_song = | opentheme = | composer = | endtheme = | produce_year = | producer = 賴建廷 | co-producer = | program_presenter = | senior_producer = | supervising_producer = | executive_producer = | co_exec = <!-- | asst_producer = --> | story = | editor = | location = | cinematography = | camera = | company = | network = [[Pipahosoan to tilifi no Yen-cu-min]] | picture_format = | audio_format = | first_run = | num_episodes_0 = 1 | runtime_0 = | first_aired = | last_aired = | preceded_by = | followed_by = | related = | show_name_zh-cn = | show_name_zh-tw = | show_name_zh-hk = | show_name_zh-sg = | show_name_zh-my = | website = https://www.ipcf.org.tw/zh-TW/Program/Program_Detail?programID=22022417135414104&categoryID=21080616355616168 | production_website = | imdb_id = | tv_com_id = }} O '''''Aidelifangti'''''([[Holam]]: '''愛的立方體''', ira ko ''Lifangti no Olah'', [[sowal no Ikilis|Ikilis]]: '''''The Cube''''') cecay [[tilifi dorama]] i [[Taywan]]. Misanga’ [[Pipahosoan to tilifi no Yen-cu-min]] ci ina to tilifi dorama. Mipasadak to 2022 a miheca saka 4 a folad saka 17 a romi’ad 9:00~10:30 dadaya. <!-- ==(劇情簡介)== 講述一個被歧見驅趕到生命角落的原住民族表演藝術家，透過拳擊、省思自己的生活與情感。找回自信，不再逃避，以虎虎生風的姿態，排除阻礙，重新站回主位！虎哥(盧學叡 飾)，雖然有著原住民族的樂觀與開朗，卻因為生活中的點點滴滴而到挫折，尤其是被一起表演的搭擋欺負，讓他帶著躲避的心態，和母親一起蝸居在地下室。當他遇上對生活充滿熱情的拳擊女孩守文(李友珩 飾)後，在守文的「攻勢」下，他逐漸改變自己的「閃躲」，有了面對一切的勇氣。 --原視 --> ==Mianingaya a patingso^(演員名單)== *Huge(虎哥):[[Afalian Lufic]](盧學叡) *Lahok: {{link-tay|Fu Sien-haw|Hakaw Acyang}}(傅顯皓) *Sewwen(守文): (李友珩) *Sewyi(守義): {{link-zh|Yang Cen (aning a tamdaw)|楊鎮 (藝人)|Yang Cen}}(楊鎮) *{{link-zh|Twan Cun-haw|段鈞豪}}(段鈞豪) *Unsan(雲珊): {{link-tay|Low Mey-ling|Yokuy Utaw}}(羅美玲) *{{link-zh|Sye Yi-hung|謝毅宏}}(謝毅宏) == Pi'arawan to lakaw == {{Reflist}} == No papotalay a kakafit == *[https://www.ipcf.org.tw/zh-TW/Program/Program_Detail?programID=22022417135414104&categoryID=21080616355616168 Pipahosoan to tilifi no Yen-cu-min - 愛的立方體] *[https://www.facebook.com/Fightofatiger Facebook - 愛的立方體] [[Kasasiwasiw:Siwkulang 'Amis]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Taywan]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Tilifi]] kiveixo3idxniw6ln4wc8b50ppm0orp 10 1692 31158 31151 2022-04-29T09:41:25Z Sdf 668 31158 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{ill|{{{1}}}|lt={{{3|}}}|tay|{{{2|{{{1}}}}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation|content= {{subst only|auto=yes}} <templatedata> { "params": { "article title in the English Wikipedia": {}, "article title in the Tayal Wikipedia": {}, "display text (in English)": {} }, "description": "Helper template to create a link to an article which exists in the Chinese Wikipedia but not yet on the English Wikipedia, using {{Interlanguage link}} instead of the deleted {{Internal link helper}}", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> }} </noinclude> efj7gq1e2mvxq7vkw8bxtcqh8srdg64 10 1693 31152 2022-04-29T09:36:00Z Sdf 668 頁面已重新導向至[[Masalipa:Internal link helper/tay]] 31152 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT[[Masalipa:Internal link helper/tay]] 1tmuth6f0l9be1fqre0t0mox3lodfsr 10 1694 31153 2022-04-29T09:36:56Z Sdf 668 建立內容為「<includeonly>[[{{{1}}}{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#if:{{{lt|}}}|{{{{{|safesubst:}}}!}}{{{lt}}}}}]]{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#ifeq:{{subst:Substcheck}}|SUBST||{{#if:{{#ifexist:{{{1|}}}|{{#invoke:redirect|isRedirect|{{{1|}}}}}|1}}{{{preserve|{{{display|}}}}}} |<{{#switch:{{{vertical-align|}}}|sup|super=sup|sub=sub|span}} class="noprint" style="{{#switch:{{{vertical-align|}}}|sup|super|sub=|font-size:85%;}} font-style: normal; {{#if:{{{nobold|}}}|font-weight: normal;}}">&nbsp…」的新頁面 31153 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>[[{{{1}}}{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#if:{{{lt|}}}|{{{{{|safesubst:}}}!}}{{{lt}}}}}]]{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#ifeq:{{subst:Substcheck}}|SUBST||{{#if:{{#ifexist:{{{1|}}}|{{#invoke:redirect|isRedirect|{{{1|}}}}}|1}}{{{preserve|{{{display|}}}}}} |<{{#switch:{{{vertical-align|}}}|sup|super=sup|sub=sub|span}} class="noprint" style="{{#switch:{{{vertical-align|}}}|sup|super|sub=|font-size:85%;}} font-style: normal; {{#if:{{{nobold|}}}|font-weight: normal;}}">&nbsp;&#91;{{#if:{{{WD|{{{wd|}}}}}} | [[d:{{{WD|{{{wd}}}}}}#sitelinks-wikipedia|<span title="&quot;{{{1}}}&quot; in other languages">Wikidata</span>]]<!-- -->{{main other||{{#if:{{{reasonator|}}}|<nowiki />; [//tools.wmflabs.org/reasonator/?q={{urlencode:{{{WD|{{{wd}}}}}}}} Reasonator]}}}} | {{Separated entries|separator=;&#32; | {{#if:{{{2|}}}|[[:{{{2}}}:{{#if:{{{3|}}}|{{{3}}}|{{{1}}}}}|{{{2}}}]]}} | {{#if:{{{4|}}}|[[:{{{4}}}:{{#if:{{{5|}}}|{{{5}}}|{{{1}}}}}|{{{4}}}]]}} | {{#if:{{{6|}}}|[[:{{{6}}}:{{#if:{{{7|}}}|{{{7}}}|{{{1}}}}}|{{{6}}}]]}} | {{#if:{{{8|}}}{{{10|}}}{{{12|}}}|{{Separated entries|separator=;&#32; | {{#if:{{{8|}}}|[[:{{{8}}}:{{#if:{{{9|}}}|{{{9}}}|{{{1}}}}}|{{{8}}}]]}} | {{#if:{{{10|}}}|[[:{{{10}}}:{{#if:{{{11|}}}|{{{11}}}|{{{1}}}}}|{{{10}}}]]}} | {{#if:{{{12|}}}|[[:{{{12}}}:{{#if:{{{13|}}}|{{{13}}}|{{{1}}}}}|{{{12}}}]]}} | {{#if:{{{14|}}}|[[:{{{14}}}:{{#if:{{{15|}}}|{{{15}}}|{{{1}}}}}|{{{14}}}]]}} | {{#if:{{{16|}}}|[[:{{{16}}}:{{#if:{{{17|}}}|{{{17}}}|{{{1}}}}}|{{{16}}}]]}} | {{#if:{{{18|}}}|[[:{{{18}}}:{{#if:{{{19|}}}|{{{19}}}|{{{1}}}}}|{{{18}}}]]}} | {{#if:{{{20|}}}|[[:{{{20}}}:{{#if:{{{21|}}}|{{{21}}}|{{{1}}}}}|{{{20}}}]]}} | {{#if:{{{22|}}}|[[:{{{22}}}:{{#if:{{{23|}}}|{{{23}}}|{{{1}}}}}|{{{22}}}]]}} | {{#if:{{{24|}}}|[[:{{{24}}}:{{#if:{{{25|}}}|{{{25}}}|{{{1}}}}}|{{{24}}}]]}} }}}} | {{#if:{{{reasonator|}}}|[//tools.wmflabs.org/reasonator/test/?find={{urlencode:{{{1}}}}} Reasonator search]}} }}}}&#93;</{{#switch:{{{vertical-align|}}}|sup|super=sup|sub=sub|span}}> | <nowiki /> }}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> j226fl8tees5uk6esyraqmr2l8dqtbk 10 1695 31154 2022-04-29T09:38:05Z Sdf 668 頁面已重新導向至[[Masalipa:Interlanguage link]] 31154 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT[[Masalipa:Interlanguage link]] ohhlulv5y99dgx717s7ttbcekj20d7b 10 1696 31155 2022-04-29T09:38:33Z Sdf 668 建立內容為「{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#invoke:Separated entries|main}}<noinclude> {{Documentation|Module:Separated entries/doc}} </noinclude>」的新頁面 31155 wikitext text/x-wiki {{{{{|safesubst:}}}#invoke:Separated entries|main}}<noinclude> {{Documentation|Module:Separated entries/doc}} </noinclude> sfikcojxuyv57vbug2pm3azhx0keatt 828 1697 31156 2022-04-29T09:39:10Z Sdf 668 建立內容為「-- This module takes positional parameters as input and concatenates them with -- an optional separator. The final separator (the "conjunction") can be -- specified independently, enabling natural-language lists like -- "foo, bar, baz and qux". local compressSparseArray = require('Module:TableTools').compressSparseArray local p = {} function p._main(args) local separator = args.separator -- Decode (convert to Unicode) HTML escape sequences, such as "&#3…」的新頁面 31156 Scribunto text/plain -- This module takes positional parameters as input and concatenates them with -- an optional separator. The final separator (the "conjunction") can be -- specified independently, enabling natural-language lists like -- "foo, bar, baz and qux". local compressSparseArray = require('Module:TableTools').compressSparseArray local p = {} function p._main(args) local separator = args.separator -- Decode (convert to Unicode) HTML escape sequences, such as "&#32;" for space. and mw.text.decode(args.separator) or '' local conjunction = args.conjunction and mw.text.decode(args.conjunction) or separator -- Discard named parameters. local values = compressSparseArray(args) return mw.text.listToText(values, separator, conjunction) end local function makeInvokeFunction(separator, conjunction) return function (frame) local args = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs(frame) args.separator = separator or args.separator args.conjunction = conjunction or args.conjunction return p._main(args) end end p.main = makeInvokeFunction() p.br = makeInvokeFunction('<br />') p.comma = makeInvokeFunction(mw.message.new('comma-separator'):plain()) return p llc3d3c78nhgnxk4nekr2o428a8k5qt 828 1698 31157 2022-04-29T09:40:34Z Sdf 668 建立內容為「--[[ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- TableTools -- -- -- -- This module includes a number of functions for dealing with Lua tables. -- -- It is a meta-module, meant to be called from other Lua modules, and should -- -- not be called directly from #…」的新頁面 31157 Scribunto text/plain --[[ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- TableTools -- -- -- -- This module includes a number of functions for dealing with Lua tables. -- -- It is a meta-module, meant to be called from other Lua modules, and should -- -- not be called directly from #invoke. -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --]] local libraryUtil = require('libraryUtil') local p = {} -- Define often-used variables and functions. local floor = math.floor local infinity = math.huge local checkType = libraryUtil.checkType local checkTypeMulti = libraryUtil.checkTypeMulti --[[ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- isPositiveInteger -- -- This function returns true if the given value is a positive integer, and false -- if not. Although it doesn't operate on tables, it is included here as it is -- useful for determining whether a given table key is in the array part or the -- hash part of a table. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --]] function p.isPositiveInteger(v) if type(v) == 'number' and v >= 1 and floor(v) == v and v < infinity then return true else return false end end --[[ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- isNan -- -- This function returns true if the given number is a NaN value, and false -- if not. Although it doesn't operate on tables, it is included here as it is -- useful for determining whether a value can be a valid table key. Lua will -- generate an error if a NaN is used as a table key. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --]] function p.isNan(v) if type(v) == 'number' and tostring(v) == '-nan' then return true else return false end end --[[ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- shallowClone -- -- This returns a clone of a table. The value returned is a new table, but all -- subtables and functions are shared. Metamethods are respected, but the returned -- table will have no metatable of its own. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --]] function p.shallowClone(t) local ret = {} for k, v in pairs(t) do ret[k] = v end return ret end --[[ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- removeDuplicates -- -- This removes duplicate values from an array. Non-positive-integer keys are -- ignored. The earliest value is kept, and all subsequent duplicate values are -- removed, but otherwise the array order is unchanged. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --]] function p.removeDuplicates(t) checkType('removeDuplicates', 1, t, 'table') local isNan = p.isNan local ret, exists = {}, {} for i, v in ipairs(t) do if isNan(v) then -- NaNs can't be table keys, and they are also unique, so we don't need to check existence. ret[#ret + 1] = v else if not exists[v] then ret[#ret + 1] = v exists[v] = true end end end return ret end --[[ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- numKeys -- -- This takes a table and returns an array containing the numbers of any numerical -- keys that have non-nil values, sorted in numerical order. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --]] function p.numKeys(t) checkType('numKeys', 1, t, 'table') local isPositiveInteger = p.isPositiveInteger local nums = {} for k, v in pairs(t) do if isPositiveInteger(k) then nums[#nums + 1] = k end end table.sort(nums) return nums end --[[ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- affixNums -- -- This takes a table and returns an array containing the numbers of keys with the -- specified prefix and suffix. For example, for the table -- {a1 = 'foo', a3 = 'bar', a6 = 'baz'} and the prefix "a", affixNums will -- return {1, 3, 6}. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --]] function p.affixNums(t, prefix, suffix) checkType('affixNums', 1, t, 'table') checkType('affixNums', 2, prefix, 'string', true) checkType('affixNums', 3, suffix, 'string', true) local function cleanPattern(s) -- Cleans a pattern so that the magic characters ()%.[]*+-?^$ are interpreted literally. s = s:gsub('([%(%)%%%.%[%]%*%+%-%?%^%$])', '%%%1') return s end prefix = prefix or '' suffix = suffix or '' prefix = cleanPattern(prefix) suffix = cleanPattern(suffix) local pattern = '^' .. prefix .. '([1-9]%d*)' .. suffix .. '$' local nums = {} for k, v in pairs(t) do if type(k) == 'string' then local num = mw.ustring.match(k, pattern) if num then nums[#nums + 1] = tonumber(num) end end end table.sort(nums) return nums end --[[ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- numData -- -- Given a table with keys like ("foo1", "bar1", "foo2", "baz2"), returns a table -- of subtables in the format -- { [1] = {foo = 'text', bar = 'text'}, [2] = {foo = 'text', baz = 'text'} } -- Keys that don't end with an integer are stored in a subtable named "other". -- The compress option compresses the table so that it can be iterated over with -- ipairs. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --]] function p.numData(t, compress) checkType('numData', 1, t, 'table') checkType('numData', 2, compress, 'boolean', true) local ret = {} for k, v in pairs(t) do local prefix, num = mw.ustring.match(tostring(k), '^([^0-9]*)([1-9][0-9]*)$') if num then num = tonumber(num) local subtable = ret[num] or {} if prefix == '' then -- Positional parameters match the blank string; put them at the start of the subtable instead. prefix = 1 end subtable[prefix] = v ret[num] = subtable else local subtable = ret.other or {} subtable[k] = v ret.other = subtable end end if compress then local other = ret.other ret = p.compressSparseArray(ret) ret.other = other end return ret end --[[ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- compressSparseArray -- -- This takes an array with one or more nil values, and removes the nil values -- while preserving the order, so that the array can be safely traversed with -- ipairs. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --]] function p.compressSparseArray(t) checkType('compressSparseArray', 1, t, 'table') local ret = {} local nums = p.numKeys(t) for _, num in ipairs(nums) do ret[#ret + 1] = t[num] end return ret end --[[ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- sparseIpairs -- -- This is an iterator for sparse arrays. It can be used like ipairs, but can -- handle nil values. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --]] function p.sparseIpairs(t) checkType('sparseIpairs', 1, t, 'table') local nums = p.numKeys(t) local i = 0 local lim = #nums return function () i = i + 1 if i <= lim then local key = nums[i] return key, t[key] else return nil, nil end end end --[[ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- size -- -- This returns the size of a key/value pair table. It will also work on arrays, -- but for arrays it is more efficient to use the # operator. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --]] function p.size(t) checkType('size', 1, t, 'table') local i = 0 for k in pairs(t) do i = i + 1 end return i end local function defaultKeySort(item1, item2) -- "number" < "string", so numbers will be sorted before strings. local type1, type2 = type(item1), type(item2) if type1 ~= type2 then return type1 < type2 else -- This will fail with table, boolean, function. return item1 < item2 end end --[[ Returns a list of the keys in a table, sorted using either a default comparison function or a custom keySort function. ]] function p.keysToList(t, keySort, checked) if not checked then checkType('keysToList', 1, t, 'table') checkTypeMulti('keysToList', 2, keySort, { 'function', 'boolean', 'nil' }) end local list = {} local index = 1 for key, value in pairs(t) do list[index] = key index = index + 1 end if keySort ~= false then keySort = type(keySort) == 'function' and keySort or defaultKeySort table.sort(list, keySort) end return list end --[[ Iterates through a table, with the keys sorted using the keysToList function. If there are only numerical keys, sparseIpairs is probably more efficient. ]] function p.sortedPairs(t, keySort) checkType('sortedPairs', 1, t, 'table') checkType('sortedPairs', 2, keySort, 'function', true) local list = p.keysToList(t, keySort, true) local i = 0 return function() i = i + 1 local key = list[i] if key ~= nil then return key, t[key] else return nil, nil end end end --[[ Returns true if all keys in the table are consecutive integers starting at 1. --]] function p.isArray(t) checkType("isArray", 1, t, "table") local i = 0 for k, v in pairs(t) do i = i + 1 if t[i] == nil then return false end end return true end -- { "a", "b", "c" } -> { a = 1, b = 2, c = 3 } function p.invert(array) checkType("invert", 1, array, "table") local map = {} for i, v in ipairs(array) do map[v] = i end return map end --[[ { "a", "b", "c" } -> { ["a"] = true, ["b"] = true, ["c"] = true } --]] function p.listToSet(t) checkType("listToSet", 1, t, "table") local set = {} for _, item in ipairs(t) do set[item] = true end return set end --[[ Recursive deep copy function. Preserves identities of subtables. ]] local function _deepCopy(orig, includeMetatable, already_seen) -- Stores copies of tables indexed by the original table. already_seen = already_seen or {} local copy = already_seen[orig] if copy ~= nil then return copy end if type(orig) == 'table' then copy = {} for orig_key, orig_value in pairs(orig) do copy[deepcopy(orig_key, includeMetatable, already_seen)] = deepcopy(orig_value, includeMetatable, already_seen) end already_seen[orig] = copy if includeMetatable then local mt = getmetatable(orig) if mt ~= nil then local mt_copy = deepcopy(mt, includeMetatable, already_seen) setmetatable(copy, mt_copy) already_seen[mt] = mt_copy end end else -- number, string, boolean, etc copy = orig end return copy end function p.deepCopy(orig, noMetatable, already_seen) checkType("deepCopy", 3, already_seen, "table", true) return _deepCopy(orig, not noMetatable, already_seen) end --[[ Concatenates all values in the table that are indexed by a number, in order. sparseConcat{ a, nil, c, d } => "acd" sparseConcat{ nil, b, c, d } => "bcd" ]] function p.sparseConcat(t, sep, i, j) local list = {} local list_i = 0 for _, v in p.sparseIpairs(t) do list_i = list_i + 1 list[list_i] = v end return table.concat(list, sep, i, j) end --[[ -- This returns the length of a table, or the first integer key n counting from -- 1 such that t[n + 1] is nil. It is similar to the operator #, but may return -- a different value when there are gaps in the array portion of the table. -- Intended to be used on data loaded with mw.loadData. For other tables, use #. -- Note: #frame.args in frame object always be set to 0, regardless of -- the number of unnamed template parameters, so use this function for -- frame.args. --]] function p.length(t) local i = 1 while t[i] ~= nil do i = i + 1 end return i - 1 end function p.inArray(arr, valueToFind) checkType("inArray", 1, arr, "table") -- if valueToFind is nil, error? for _, v in ipairs(arr) do if v == valueToFind then return true end end return false end return p tqif0qe0lu98pj8cuq70kgi6evye5t3 10 1699 31159 2022-04-29T09:42:06Z Sdf 668 建立內容為「<includeonly>{{ill|{{{1}}}|lt={{{3|}}}|zh|{{{2|{{{1}}}}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation|content= {{subst only|auto=yes}} <templatedata> { "params": { "article title in the English Wikipedia": {}, "article title in the Chinese Wikipedia": {}, "display text (in English)": {} }, "description": "Helper template to create a link to an article which exists in the Chinese Wikipedia but not yet on the English Wikipedia, using {{Interlanguage li…」的新頁面 31159 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{ill|{{{1}}}|lt={{{3|}}}|zh|{{{2|{{{1}}}}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation|content= {{subst only|auto=yes}} <templatedata> { "params": { "article title in the English Wikipedia": {}, "article title in the Chinese Wikipedia": {}, "display text (in English)": {} }, "description": "Helper template to create a link to an article which exists in the Chinese Wikipedia but not yet on the English Wikipedia, using {{Interlanguage link}} instead of the deleted {{Internal link helper}}", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> }} </noinclude> pgd5cd7qmyux0bnd4bbo1gwqei4ounu 10 1700 31160 2022-04-29T09:43:39Z Sdf 668 建立內容為「<div class="reflist <!-- -->{{#if: {{{1|}}} {{{colwidth|}}} | columns references-column-width }}" style="<!-- -->{{#if: {{{1|}}} | {{#iferror: {{#ifexpr: {{{1|1}}} > 1 }} | {{Column-width|1={{{1}}}}} | {{#switch:{{{1|}}}|1=|2={{Column-width|1=30em}}|#default={{Column-width|1=25em}}}} }} | {{#if: {{{colwidth|}}} | {{Column-width|1={{{colwidth}}}}} }} }} list-style-type: <!-- -->{{{liststyle|{{#switch: {{{group|}}} | upper…」的新頁面 31160 wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="reflist <!-- -->{{#if: {{{1|}}} {{{colwidth|}}} | columns references-column-width }}" style="<!-- -->{{#if: {{{1|}}} | {{#iferror: {{#ifexpr: {{{1|1}}} > 1 }} | {{Column-width|1={{{1}}}}} | {{#switch:{{{1|}}}|1=|2={{Column-width|1=30em}}|#default={{Column-width|1=25em}}}} }} | {{#if: {{{colwidth|}}} | {{Column-width|1={{{colwidth}}}}} }} }} list-style-type: <!-- -->{{{liststyle|{{#switch: {{{group|}}} | upper-alpha | upper-roman | lower-alpha | lower-greek | lower-roman = {{{group}}} | #default = decimal}}}}};"> {{#tag:references|{{{refs|}}}|group={{{group|}}}|responsive={{#if:{{{1|}}}{{{colwidth|}}}|0|1}}}}</div>{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{Main other|[[zyuwaw na:Pages using reflist with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview=Page using [[panmwo:Reflist]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | colwidth | group | liststyle | refs }}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> bt2e19lm6cl8mfgsvie9hdy5bfb20k0 828 1701 31161 2022-04-29T09:44:22Z Sdf 668 建立內容為「-- This module may be used to compare the arguments passed to the parent -- with a list of arguments, returning a specified result if an argument is -- not on the list local p = {} local function trim(s) return s:match('^%s*(.-)%s*$') end local function isnotempty(s) return s and s:match('%S') end local function clean(text) -- Return text cleaned for display and truncated if too long. -- Strip markers are replaced with dummy text representing the orig…」的新頁面 31161 Scribunto text/plain -- This module may be used to compare the arguments passed to the parent -- with a list of arguments, returning a specified result if an argument is -- not on the list local p = {} local function trim(s) return s:match('^%s*(.-)%s*$') end local function isnotempty(s) return s and s:match('%S') end local function clean(text) -- Return text cleaned for display and truncated if too long. -- Strip markers are replaced with dummy text representing the original wikitext. local pos, truncated local function truncate(text) if truncated then return '' end if mw.ustring.len(text) > 25 then truncated = true text = mw.ustring.sub(text, 1, 25) .. '...' end return mw.text.nowiki(text) end local parts = {} for before, tag, remainder in text:gmatch('([^\127]*)\127[^\127]*%-(%l+)%-[^\127]*\127()') do pos = remainder table.insert(parts, truncate(before) .. '&lt;' .. tag .. '&gt;...&lt;/' .. tag .. '&gt;') end table.insert(parts, truncate(text:sub(pos or 1))) return table.concat(parts) end function p.check (frame) local args = frame.args local pargs = frame:getParent().args local ignoreblank = isnotempty(args['ignoreblank']) local showblankpos = isnotempty(args['showblankpositional']) local knownargs = {} local unknown = args['unknown'] or 'Found _VALUE_, ' local preview = args['preview'] local values = {} local res = {} local regexps = {} -- create the list of known args, regular expressions, and the return string for k, v in pairs(args) do if type(k) == 'number' then v = trim(v) knownargs[v] = 1 elseif k:find('^regexp[1-9][0-9]*$') then table.insert(regexps, '^' .. v .. '$') end end if isnotempty(preview) then preview = '<div class="hatnote" style="color:red"><strong>Warning:</strong> ' .. preview .. ' (this message is shown only in preview).</div>' elseif preview == nil then preview = unknown end -- loop over the parent args, and make sure they are on the list for k, v in pairs(pargs) do if type(k) == 'string' and knownargs[k] == nil then local knownflag = false for _, regexp in ipairs(regexps) do if mw.ustring.match(k, regexp) then knownflag = true break end end if not knownflag and ( not ignoreblank or isnotempty(v) ) then table.insert(values, clean(k)) end elseif type(k) == 'number' and knownargs[tostring(k)] == nil and ( showblankpos or isnotempty(v) ) then table.insert(values, k .. ' = ' .. clean(v)) end end -- add results to the output tables if #values > 0 then if frame:preprocess( "{{REVISIONID}}" ) == "" then unknown = preview end for _, v in pairs(values) do if v == '' then -- Fix odd bug for | = which gets stripped to the empty string and -- breaks category links v = ' ' end -- avoid error with v = 'example%2' ("invalid capture index") local r = unknown:gsub('_VALUE_', {_VALUE_ = v}) table.insert(res, r) end end return table.concat(res) end return p cm62fmife30rc1md40xrcrun13q5k1e 0 1702 31178 31169 2022-05-02T06:44:18Z Sdf 668 31178 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Afalian Lufic | image = File:AFALEAN LU 20071104.jpg | caption = | native_name = {{nobold|盧學叡}} | native_name_lang = Holam | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1988|2|15}} | birth_place = [[Takaw]] | nationality = | education = | alma_mater = | occupation = | years_active = | known_for = | relatives = | website = https://www.facebook.com/afalianlufic }} O '''Afalian Lufic''' ([[Holam]]: '''盧學叡''';[[sowal no Ikilis|Ikilis]]: '''Afalean Lu'''; {{Bd|1988 a miheca|2 a folad saka 15 a romi’ad||}}) cecay [[mianingaya]] ato [[romadiw a tamdaw]] i [[Taywan]]. {{link-zh|Taypak suli Nan'gang Kawcung|臺北市立南港高級中學}}(臺北市立南港高級中學) a mico^yap, ca {{link-zh|Ciyukok Unhwa Daigak|中國文化大學}}(中國文化大學) sowal no France Bungak hi' ato {{link-zh|Taypak suli Ondo Gaku'in|台北市立體育學院}}(台北市立體育學院) 動態藝術學系模特兒組 a mico^yap. Na u micamol to malalifet ''{{link-zh|Cawcisingkwangtataw|超級星光大道}}''(超級星光大道) i {{link-zh|Pipahosoan to tilifi no Ciyukok|中視}}(中視). [[Kasasiwasiw:Amis]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Mianingaya]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Romadiw a tamdaw]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Siwkulang 'Amis]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Taywan]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Taypak]] 6tk61j5ecph6yxza4kgpmrp9ox6ea7b 0 1703 31180 31179 2022-05-02T09:02:59Z Sdf 668 31180 wikitext text/x-wiki O '''''Sow'hu Sra''''' ([[Holam]]: '''守護Sra''', ira ko ''Midipot to Sra'') cacey kamoko'ay a [[tilifi ega]] i [[Taywan]]. Misanga’ [[Pipahosoan to tilifi no Yen-cu-min]] ci ina to tilifi ega. Mipasadak to [[2015 a miheca]] saka [[12 a folad saka 26 a romi’ad]] 9:00 dadaya. <!-- ==(劇情簡介)== 奇美部落青年 Sra因為家中經濟的關係，不顧族人的異議，堅決離開部落到漢人的泛舟公司工作，Sra 在漢人的泛舟公司工作非常順利，受到老闆賞識卻也因此遭到同事的妒忌，同事在 Sra 的大訂單上動手腳，企圖要毀掉 Sra 在公司裡努力經營的一切，讓 Sra 陷入深的絕望之中。 最後還是好友Mayaw和部落族人的幫助下，以及一句「只要願意回來，都是奇美的家人！」Sra心中的不安、愧疚等疑問頓時煙消雲散，辭掉泛舟公司的工作，回到原本的家。 --原視 十年有成微電影系列《守護Sra》 --> ==Mianingaya a patingso^(演員名單)== *Sra: [[Ciyang Cen-kai]](江振愷) *Mayaw: [[Liyang Ci-woy]](梁志瑋) *Nayaw: {{link-pwn|Cian Yi-tung|Vais Yakarivuwan}}(千苡桐) == Pi'arawan to lakaw == {{Reflist}} == No papotalay a kakafit == *[https://www.ipcf.org.tw/zh-TW/Program/Program_Detail?programID=21092501494131743&categoryID=21080616355616168 Pipahosoan to tilifi no Yen-cu-min - 十年有成微電影系列《守護Sra》] *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ZcHqQLRwr4 Pipahosoan to tilifi no Yen-cu-min YouTube - 十年有成微電影系列《守護Sra》] [[Kasasiwasiw:Siwkulang 'Amis]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Taywan]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Tilifi]] cqwxnnbbawrs3yat5q2g929s05khyhp 10 1704 31175 2022-05-02T06:20:02Z Sdf 668 建立內容為「<includeonly>{{ill|{{{1}}}|lt={{{3|}}}|pwn|{{{2|{{{1}}}}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation|content= {{subst only|auto=yes}} <templatedata> { "params": { "article title in the English Wikipedia": {}, "article title in the Pinayuanan Wikipedia": {}, "display text (in English)": {} }, "description": "Helper template to create a link to an article which exists in the Chinese Wikipedia but not yet on the English Wikipedia, using {{Interlanguag…」的新頁面 31175 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{ill|{{{1}}}|lt={{{3|}}}|pwn|{{{2|{{{1}}}}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation|content= {{subst only|auto=yes}} <templatedata> { "params": { "article title in the English Wikipedia": {}, "article title in the Pinayuanan Wikipedia": {}, "display text (in English)": {} }, "description": "Helper template to create a link to an article which exists in the Chinese Wikipedia but not yet on the English Wikipedia, using {{Interlanguage link}} instead of the deleted {{Internal link helper}}", "format": "inline" } </templatedata> }} </noinclude> h7xdldn7kb6m3nkbku3jzrz8sgmu3qj 10 1705 31176 2022-05-02T06:21:15Z Sdf 668 頁面已重新導向至[[Masalipa:Internal link helper/pwn]] 31176 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT[[Masalipa:Internal link helper/pwn]] g43k6274ad83dlyqagysp34jmpz7bh3 0 1706 31181 2022-05-02T09:36:36Z Sdf 668 建立內容為「O '''''Ci'i Pintu''''' ([[Holam]]: '''記憶拼圖''', ira ko ''Pintu no ca'emotan'') cacey kamoko'ay a [[tilifi ega]] i [[Taywan]]. Misanga’ [[Pipahosoan to tilifi no Yen-cu-min]] ci ina to tilifi ega. Mipasadak to [[2015 a miheca]] saka [[12 a folad saka 26 a romi’ad]] 9:00 dadaya. <!-- ==(劇情簡介)== 18歲的巴奈回鄉參加表哥的婚禮，很少回鄉的巴奈在部落裡顯得格格不入， 甚至與家人一言不和、任性地離開…」的新頁面 31181 wikitext text/x-wiki O '''''Ci'i Pintu''''' ([[Holam]]: '''記憶拼圖''', ira ko ''Pintu no ca'emotan'') cacey kamoko'ay a [[tilifi ega]] i [[Taywan]]. Misanga’ [[Pipahosoan to tilifi no Yen-cu-min]] ci ina to tilifi ega. Mipasadak to [[2015 a miheca]] saka [[12 a folad saka 26 a romi’ad]] 9:00 dadaya. <!-- ==(劇情簡介)== 18歲的巴奈回鄉參加表哥的婚禮，很少回鄉的巴奈在部落裡顯得格格不入， 甚至與家人一言不和、任性地離開家人在森林中迷了路，巴奈怎麼也找不到回家的路，但眼前景色卻似曾相似，她想起兒時與爸爸部落時的記憶。 在飢寒交迫之際，一位獵人模樣的少年出手相救，巴奈看見少年，彷彿拾起了自己記憶中對爸爸失落的記憶拼圖，一片一片，拼奏起父親的模樣，也拼奏出族人與部落的印象。 --原視 十年有成微電影系列《記憶拼圖》 --> ==Mianingaya a patingso^(演員名單)== *Panai(巴奈): [[Low Fu-mey]](羅富美) *Inaan no Panai(巴奈媽): [[Ye Hung]](葉虹) *Nayaw: [[Low Ca-un]](羅嘉雯) == Pi'arawan to lakaw == {{Reflist}} == No papotalay a kakafit == *[https://www.ipcf.org.tw/zh-TW/Program/Program_Detail?programID=21092501494131743&categoryID=21080616355616168 Pipahosoan to tilifi no Yen-cu-min - 十年有成微電影系列《記憶拼圖》] *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i4s2CBH5puk Pipahosoan to tilifi no Yen-cu-min YouTube - 十年有成微電影系列《記憶拼圖》] [[Kasasiwasiw:Siwkulang 'Amis]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Taywan]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Tilifi]] d3e9odzu4ruv4yqm1jllbwnymhx1ho0 0 1707 31183 2022-05-02T11:21:03Z Sdf 668 Sdf malinah to ko felih nani [[Hualien]] tangasa i [[Kalingko]]：​原住民族語言線上辭典：https://e-dictionary.ilrdf.org.tw/ami/search/list.htm 31183 wikitext text/x-wiki #重新導向 [[Kalingko]] 1e65itt6ace9grvqyya6phnvgktp8rn 0 1708 31186 2022-05-06T17:40:00Z Sdf 668 建立內容為「O '''''Sin'gedelutu''''' ([[Holam]]: '''新各的旅途''', ira ko '' '') cacey kamoko'ay a [[tilifi ega]] i [[Taywan]]. Misanga’ [[Pipahosoan to tilifi no Yen-cu-min]] ci ina to tilifi ega. Mipasadak to [[2013 a miheca]]. <!-- ==(劇情簡介)== 一段大時代的歷史悲歌，真人真事改編 我跟巴奈說，等兩三年後，我賺了大錢回來，就蓋大房子，買田產，讓妳和弟弟、母親，和我們的孩子過好日子；但我…」的新頁面 31186 wikitext text/x-wiki O '''''Sin'gedelutu''''' ([[Holam]]: '''新各的旅途''', ira ko '' '') cacey kamoko'ay a [[tilifi ega]] i [[Taywan]]. Misanga’ [[Pipahosoan to tilifi no Yen-cu-min]] ci ina to tilifi ega. Mipasadak to [[2013 a miheca]]. <!-- ==(劇情簡介)== 一段大時代的歷史悲歌，真人真事改編 我跟巴奈說，等兩三年後，我賺了大錢回來，就蓋大房子，買田產，讓妳和弟弟、母親，和我們的孩子過好日子；但我萬萬沒有想到，我這一走，竟然走了六十年...... --> ==Mianingaya a patingso^(演員名單)== *[[Lalao Layis]](李明德) *[[Pai Ping-ping]](白冰冰) == Pi'arawan to lakaw == {{Reflist}} == No papotalay a kakafit == *[https://www.ipcf.org.tw/zh-TW/Program/Program_Detail?programID=21092316010166178&categoryID=21080616355616168 Pipahosoan to tilifi no Yen-cu-min - 新各的旅途] [[Kasasiwasiw:Siwkulang 'Amis]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Taywan]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Tilifi]] o2r0nkcd55g607473cyuwh4bng2q8xx 0 1709 31187 2022-05-06T17:42:52Z Sdf 668 建立內容為「O '''''Takangkodesiatin''''' ([[Holam]]: '''大港口的夏天''', ira ko '' '') cacey kamoko'ay a [[tilifi ega]] i [[Taywan]]. Misanga’ [[Pipahosoan to tilifi no Yen-cu-min]] ci ina to tilifi ega. Mipasadak to [[2016 a miheca]]. <!-- ==(劇情簡介)== --> ==Mianingaya a patingso^(演員名單)== == Pi'arawan to lakaw == {{Reflist}} == No papotalay a kakafit == *[https://www.ipcf.org.tw/zh-TW/Program/Program_Detail?programID=21091522393655113&categ…」的新頁面 31187 wikitext text/x-wiki O '''''Takangkodesiatin''''' ([[Holam]]: '''大港口的夏天''', ira ko '' '') cacey kamoko'ay a [[tilifi ega]] i [[Taywan]]. Misanga’ [[Pipahosoan to tilifi no Yen-cu-min]] ci ina to tilifi ega. Mipasadak to [[2016 a miheca]]. <!-- ==(劇情簡介)== --> ==Mianingaya a patingso^(演員名單)== == Pi'arawan to lakaw == {{Reflist}} == No papotalay a kakafit == *[https://www.ipcf.org.tw/zh-TW/Program/Program_Detail?programID=21091522393655113&categoryID=21080616355616168 Pipahosoan to tilifi no Yen-cu-min - 大港口的夏天] [[Kasasiwasiw:Siwkulang 'Amis]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Taywan]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Tilifi]] 3ucxhv0r1fnb89owo5efopoznrguiwa 0 1710 31188 2022-05-06T18:02:08Z Sdf 668 建立內容為「O '''''Pakeriran''''' ([[Holam]]: '''巴克力藍的夏天''') cacey kamoko'ay a [[tilifi ega]] i [[Taywan]]. Misanga’ [[Pipahosoan to tilifi no Yen-cu-min]] ci ina to tilifi ega. Mipasadak to [[2017 a miheca]]. <!-- ==(劇情簡介)== 在勒嘎導演心裡醞釀已久的故事。 那是關於一個年輕人回到部落、回到海洋的故事。 而片中的另一個重點，就是美食。 其實在日常生活的「吃」裏面，有許多的故事…」的新頁面 31188 wikitext text/x-wiki O '''''Pakeriran''''' ([[Holam]]: '''巴克力藍的夏天''') cacey kamoko'ay a [[tilifi ega]] i [[Taywan]]. Misanga’ [[Pipahosoan to tilifi no Yen-cu-min]] ci ina to tilifi ega. Mipasadak to [[2017 a miheca]]. <!-- ==(劇情簡介)== 在勒嘎導演心裡醞釀已久的故事。 那是關於一個年輕人回到部落、回到海洋的故事。 而片中的另一個重點，就是美食。 其實在日常生活的「吃」裏面，有許多的故事。 從種植、漁獵、採集、烹煮……關於吃的一切，其實就是活生生的文化。 或許很多年輕人會覺得：文化、部落，似乎離自己好遠，因此而卻步。 而越久沒回去，就更難回去。 但勒嘎導演想要透過這部片告訴大家，只要你想接近，海洋其實沒有離你那麼遠； 只要你開始認同，一步一步地，從生活中就已經和文化融為一體了。 勒嘎導演繼《太陽的孩子》後最新力作！ 這是關於青春、關於海洋、關於戀愛的輕喜劇。 --> ==Mianingaya a patingso^(演員名單)== *Matam Hidaw(林孫煜豪) == Pi'arawan to lakaw == {{Reflist}} == No papotalay a kakafit == *[https://www.ipcf.org.tw/zh-TW/Program/Program_Detail?programID=21082706012014511&categoryID=21080616355616168 Pipahosoan to tilifi no Yen-cu-min - 巴克力藍的夏天 Pakeriran] [[Kasasiwasiw:Siwkulang 'Amis]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Taywan]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Tilifi]] 1lnj4wsnxjgzchwd24ltwj3260vvygk 0 1711 31189 2022-05-06T18:09:41Z Sdf 668 建立內容為「O '''''Sankulidekeseng''''' ([[Holam]]: '''山谷裏的歌聲''', ira ko '' '') cacey kamoko'ay a [[tilifi ega]] i [[Taywan]]. Misanga’ [[Pipahosoan to tilifi no Yen-cu-min]] ci ina to tilifi ega. Mipasadak to [[2019 a miheca]]. <!-- ==(劇情簡介)== 汀故(女主角)，阿美族，自小離開家鄉，希望脫離貧窮，歌聲如天籟卻命運坎坷，堅強的阿美族女性性格，寧願犧牲性命來保護所愛的人。 阿度(男主角)…」的新頁面 31189 wikitext text/x-wiki O '''''Sankulidekeseng''''' ([[Holam]]: '''山谷裏的歌聲''', ira ko '' '') cacey kamoko'ay a [[tilifi ega]] i [[Taywan]]. Misanga’ [[Pipahosoan to tilifi no Yen-cu-min]] ci ina to tilifi ega. Mipasadak to [[2019 a miheca]]. <!-- ==(劇情簡介)== 汀故(女主角)，阿美族，自小離開家鄉，希望脫離貧窮，歌聲如天籟卻命運坎坷，堅強的阿美族女性性格，寧願犧牲性命來保護所愛的人。 阿度(男主角)，阿美族，來自台東的青年，有才華而癡情，高職畢業即北上工作，樂觀勤奮讓他深獲老闆賞識。卻因為汀故招惹是非，以致為情所困而消沉喪志，最後母親不忍帶阿度回家鄉直到回到家鄉，那將是阿度重生的契機。 --> ==Mianingaya a patingso^(演員名單)== == Pi'arawan to lakaw == {{Reflist}} == No papotalay a kakafit == *[https://www.ipcf.org.tw/zh-TW/Program/Program_Detail?programID=21081617114444712&categoryID=21080616355616168 Pipahosoan to tilifi no Yen-cu-min - 山谷裏的歌聲] [[Kasasiwasiw:Siwkulang 'Amis]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Taywan]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Tilifi]] m01h2nrci8qpx31irbuy8yoe5j8kcnp 0 1712 31190 2022-05-06T18:37:19Z Sdf 668 建立內容為「{{Infobox television | bgcolour = | show_name = Haitun Aisang Maw | eng_name = {{lang|zh|海豚愛上貓}}<br>The Cube | image = | caption = | show_name_2 = | genre = | format = | creator = | developer = | writer = | general_director = | director = | assistance_director = | creative_director = | presenter = | starring = | judges = | voices = | narrated…」的新頁面 31190 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | bgcolour = | show_name = Haitun Aisang Maw | eng_name = {{lang|zh|海豚愛上貓}}<br>The Cube | image = | caption = | show_name_2 = | genre = | format = | creator = | developer = | writer = | general_director = | director = | assistance_director = | creative_director = | presenter = | starring = | judges = | voices = | narrated = | country = | language = [[Holam]] | subtitle = | slogan = | num_seasons = | runtime = 90 efon | theme_music_composer = | theme_song = | opentheme = | composer = | endtheme = | produce_year = | producer = | co-producer = | program_presenter = | senior_producer = | supervising_producer = | executive_producer = | co_exec = <!-- | asst_producer = --> | story = | editor = | location = | cinematography = | camera = | company = | network = [[Pipahosoan to tilifi no Cung'hwa]] | picture_format = | audio_format = | first_run = | num_episodes_0 = 14 | runtime_0 = | first_aired = | last_aired = | preceded_by = | followed_by = | related = | show_name_zh-cn = | show_name_zh-tw = | show_name_zh-hk = | show_name_zh-sg = | show_name_zh-my = | website = | production_website = | imdb_id = | tv_com_id = }} O '''''Haitun'aisangmaw'''''([[Holam]]: '''海豚愛上貓''', ira ko '' '', [[sowal no Ikilis|Ikilis]]: '''''When dolphin met cat ''''') cecay [[tilifi dorama]] i [[Taywan]]. Misanga’ [[Pipahosoan to tilifi no Cung'hwa]] ci ina to tilifi dorama. Mipasadak to 2005 a miheca saka 7 a folad saka 3 a romi’ad 9:30~11:00 dadaya. <!-- ==(劇情簡介)== --> ==Mianingaya a patingso^(演員名單)== == Pi'arawan to lakaw == {{Reflist}} == No papotalay a kakafit == [[Kasasiwasiw:Siwkulang 'Amis]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Taywan]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Tilifi]] nkhuch2re6bq1nmwxt09pv7rcj62lk0 0 1713 31191 2022-05-06T18:40:53Z Sdf 668 建立內容為「O '''''Wawa no Cidal''''' ([[Holam]]: '''太陽的孩子''', ira ko '' '') cacey kamoko'ay a [[tilifi ega]] i [[Taywan]]. Misanga’ 一期一會影像製作 ci ina to tilifi ega. Mipasadak to [[2015 a miheca]]. <!-- ==(劇情簡介)== --> ==Mianingaya a patingso^(演員名單)== == Pi'arawan to lakaw == {{Reflist}} == No papotalay a kakafit == *[https://m.facebook.com/wawanocidalmovie Facebook - 太陽的孩子] [[Kasasiwasiw:Siwkulang 'Amis]] Kas…」的新頁面 31191 wikitext text/x-wiki O '''''Wawa no Cidal''''' ([[Holam]]: '''太陽的孩子''', ira ko '' '') cacey kamoko'ay a [[tilifi ega]] i [[Taywan]]. Misanga’ 一期一會影像製作 ci ina to tilifi ega. Mipasadak to [[2015 a miheca]]. <!-- ==(劇情簡介)== --> ==Mianingaya a patingso^(演員名單)== == Pi'arawan to lakaw == {{Reflist}} == No papotalay a kakafit == *[https://m.facebook.com/wawanocidalmovie Facebook - 太陽的孩子] [[Kasasiwasiw:Siwkulang 'Amis]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Taywan]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Ega]] sjo0hnqkfje3hqlhpbwsy0ljz6qlppq 0 1714 38569 38568 2023-06-27T20:32:21Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38569 wikitext text/x-wiki == Takaray Sowal(概要) == '''Costa Rica''' Kosta Rika Kapolongan Kitakit ([[Sipanya a sowal]]:República de Costa Rica; [[Kuwaping a sowal]]: 哥斯大黎加共和國), Kosta Rika hananay a mitahidang to kaloromi’ad, o「kinatahtahay a salawacan no riyar」sanay ko imi nona [[Faylo:Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg|縮圖|Flag of Costa Rica]] no kitakit. Itiraay i Sifoay [[Amirika]], ka’amis o [[Nicaragua|Nikarakuwa]], katimol malala’edan ato [[Panama]], o tatapangan a tokay o [[Siehosi]]. O Kosta Rika hananay a kitakit ’i,o sarakatay a palasawad to sofita a kitakit i hekal, o sarihadayay ko ‘orip itini i Sifoay Amirika, o sakaay a kamaro’an no misawday to tayal a tamdaw hananay no《Fupisi》i 2020 miheca. o patirengay to rikec kalomaocan mahinapec mifoot to sakapidoedo no congtong to pirarid mato miliyangay to kimpo. 2003 miheca 4 folad, pakayni i kalaliyaliyangan, ikor mirikec kalomaocan niketonan a losid, mihayda to caay kanga’ay ko cecay a congtong to nisamaamaanan ko nirikecan to sapipadoedoaw masadak. == '''Kaitiraan'''(地理) == O Kosta Rika a kitakit itiraay i sifo no Sifoan Amirika, saka’amis misi’ayaway to [[Kalopi Riyar]](Sipangya a sowal:''Mar Caribe;'' Kuwaping a sowal:加勒比海), i saka’etip miingiday to Tasiyang([[Ikiris a sowal]]:''Pacific Ocean;''Kuwaping a sowal:太平洋), i lilis no Kalopi Riyar ira ko 212 kiko, i lilis no Tasiyang ira ko 1016 kiko, polongen ira ko 1290 kilo.Malalal’eday ato Nikalakuwa, o kalala’edanira ira ko 309 kilo, katimol no sakawali malala’eday ato Panama, o kalala’edanira ira ko 639 kilo, polongen ira ko 51100 km²,ilaloma’ nonini ’i,o sera ira ko 50660 km², o riyar ira ko 440 km². Ka’amis no Costa Rica matatongod to Nicaragua (raraya’ no lilis 309 kongli), kawali katimolan matatongod to Panama (raraya’ no lilis 639 kongli). Polong ira ko 51100 pinfang kongli, no sera 50660 pinfang kongli, pingata to nanom 440 pinfang kongli, i safa no kaetip a Virginia no Amilika, palecalecadan to Ireland. Costa Rica kasakowat: masadafdaf ko hekal no riyar, tatenokan o masatifatifacay takaraway lotolotok a palaed. O kitakit mihapiw to niya kicay a riyar to 200 hayli. O karayan fa’edetay ato no Asiya fa’edetay, ira ko salongan a fa^elohay fa’edetay. == '''Sici''' (政治) == Costa Rica ira ko masongila’ay patirengan kimpo a Nikapolongan Kitakit. O sakidademaken o congtong ko citodongay, o citodongay to’icel no kitakit ko congtong. Tosaay ko micokeray congtong ato cecay citodongay to sakilaloma’an no 15 cefang. Congtong ato nisingkiwan 57 a patirengay to rikec kalomaocan, 4 miheca ko liyad. 1969 miheca mahayda ko nifalican kimpo kinacecay aca lekad ko congtong ato patirengay to rikec kalomaocan. Matiratira aca, oya a patirengay to rikec kalomaocan milaed to lekad ta manga’ay misingkiw. Imatinib, ira ko sapipalowadan to sapifalican to kimpo, sakapidoedo no congtong saka tosa liyad, sakinian, o patirengay to rikec kalomaocan mahinapec mifoot to sakapidoedo no congtong to pirarid mato miliyangay to kimpo. 2003 miheca 4 folad, pakayni i kalaliyaliyangan, ikor mirikec kalomaocan niketonan a losid, mihayda to caay kanga’ay ko cecay a congtong to nisamaamaanan ko nirikecan to sapipadoedoaw masadak. midotoc tonini a nihaydaan, ci Oscar Arias mihayda i kasacefang ko pifalic to kimpo, i 2006 miheca maleko maala to sakinatosa a congtong, i 2010 miheca malepon ko lekad. 2010 miheca o micokeray congtong ci Laura maala congtong, o lekad tangasa 2014 miheca. Mipalowad ci Arias to mapakoniraay kalali’aca a tatonekan, nia tatonekan a kasatelek ira kota’akay kalaliyangan, o nia kalaliyangan o saka rarawraw no kitakit. O pisingkiw no Costa Rica to lifayin a lomaocan nisilsilan to sakacitodong. O nitekedan no kitakit a hoking ato sakitingwa, i 2009 mihecaan mapatodong to ko paitemekan lalifet citodong (’ayaw no nian, sakira no wikidtingwa mitala to cecay a foladan). Aloman ko kasakitakit citodong to niya pidemak ato kacitodong niya pikowan, halo dingki, kitakit a kingko (misi’ayaw to finawlan a kingko kalalifet) ato syakay sapaka’orip, onian citodongay sakicomahad no Costa Rica ’akawangay a saki’orip. Pitoay kanatal o congtong ko miocoray to kakeridan no kanatal, nikawrira caay kata’ak ko sakowan naira. Laloma’an no kanatal away ko siikeday mirikecay citodongay. Midotoc to kimpo, Costa Rica awaay ko sfitay, dengan o kincac ato pa’oripay sakapot ko papa’ading sakarihaday. == '''Rikisi'''(歷史) == Itiyaho i mihecahecaan ni Kolompo, iraay to ko Intian a tamdaw maro’ i Kosta Rika, ora saka o kacacefelisan no Sifo’ay Amirika a Ponka itini. [[Faylo:Costa_Rica_(orthographic_projection).svg|縮圖|Costa Rica (orthographic projection)]] I saka 16 sici oya maro’ay itini a Maya Tamdaw(Ikiris a sowal:''Maya peoples;'' Kuwapinga sowal:'''馬雅人'''）ato Acitiko Tamdaw(Ikiris a sowal:''Aztec;'' Kuwaping a sowal:阿茲特克) makowan no Sipanya, malasakowan no Sipanya. I 1824 miheca, macowat no Kosta Rika ko Niko Pecihan Kanatal no Nikalakowa,itiya sato i saka 19 sici saka 40 a mihecahecaan, misiiked to a tomireng ko Kosta Rika. I 1889 miheca, midemak ko Kosta Rika to sarakatay a sinkiw no congtong, tona sinkiw malowid ko kakeridan no sofitay oya Nisatekedan a Mikowanay ci Pirnato'''·'''Soto'''·'''Arfalo sawad sato to kakeridan, tona pisawadan ningra a romi’ad to saka 11 folad saka 7 romi’ad mala Kalotamdawan Romi’ad no Kosta Rika a kitakit.     1914 miheca, o sarakatay a pisinkiw no kalotamdaw, ci Arfoloyto Konsaloys Fololoys(Sipanya a sowal:''Alfredo González Flores;'' Kuwaping a sowal:'''阿爾弗雷多·岡薩雷斯·弗洛雷斯'''). Na malacongtong to ’i,makalah ta to ko pidemak to sapifalicaw to tayal no kitakit,oninian ko lalengatan no Tapang no Safitay ci Fitiriko Tinoko Korannatos (Sipangya a sowal:''Federico Tinoco Granados;'' Kuwaping a sowal:費德里科·蒂諾科·格拉納多斯) keriden ningra ko safotay a mifelih ko congtong.[[Costa Rica#%20ftn1|[1]]] Itiya sato i 1948 miheca, ira ko rawraw no sinkiw to congtong, ’aloman ko mikangiay a finawlan, tona miheca o tada ciomahay a tamdaw ci Hosi Mariya HipalitoFikoloys Filoyr( Sipangya a asowal:''José María Hipólito Figueres Ferrer''; Kuwaping a sowal:何塞·馬利亞·伊波利托·菲格雷斯·費雷爾) mikomod to finawlan i sakatimolan no Kosta Rika matatoker ato sofitay, malowid no finawlan ko sofitay, yo malacongtong sato ci Filoyr palasawaden ningra ko sofitay, palaheci han to a mitilid i kimpo no Kosta Rika ko kaawa no sofitay, o dengan i hekal konini a kitakit ko awaay ko sofitay.[[Costa Rica#%20ftn2|[2]]] == '''Tamdaw'''(人口) == O tamdaw no Kosta Rika o cilamlamay to ‘irang no yincumin ato Yoropa a tamdaw ato sahetoay o ‘ireng a Yoropa a tamdaw, polongen konini i,mahaop ko 94%, o sakakaay ko ka’aloman a [[Faylo:DíaDelIndígena.JPG|縮圖|Malawla ko Intian tamdaw i romi'ad no yincumin]] mafolaway o Sipanya a tamdaw, ira ho ko Toic tamdaw, Polan a tamdaw, Italiya a tamdaw ato Yotaya a tamdaw.[[Costa Rica#%20ftn1|[3]]] O yincumin no Kosta Rika Intian mahadefek no Yoropa a mipatay, ora saka caay to ka papina ko ma’oripay,cifaloco’ ko sifo no Kosta Rika a mipa’ading to Intian a tamdaw, saka matongal to 114,000 ko tamdaw,mapecoh ko 2.4% no polong tamdaw nona kitakit, itiraay i katimol no sakawali a maro’.[[Costa Rica#%20ftn2|[4]]] I saka 19 sici ira ko nani Ciyamayka a mafolaway a tayni o teloc no kohetingay tamdaw, kahaop ko 3%, o Conko a tamdaw mahaop ko 1%.[[Costa Rica#%20ftn3|[5]]] Ira heca ko nani Nikarakuwa a mafolaway a tayni to 10 % a Nikarakuwa tamdaw.[[Costa Rica#%20ftn4|[6]]] O ’orip no itiniay a tamdaw i,pasasotiri’en ato fiyaw a kitakit Kuwatimala, Sarwato, Hontoras ato Nikarakuwa, rihadayay, awa ko kalacemceman, takaraw ko pitilidan no itiniay,[[Costa Rica#%20ftn5|[7]]] onini ko sakaolah no Kolonpiya, Panama ato Piro a tamdaw tayni a paloma’. == '''Sowal'''(語言) == Ono sifoan a sowal i,o Sipanya a sowal,itira saka 16 sici micomod ko Sipanya a tamdaw a tayni micowat to pala no yuincumin malanikowanan no Sipanya. O sakacaciyaw no kaloromi’ad a Sipanya a sowal i,o Kosta Rika a Sipanya sowal hananay a mitahidang, o faco no sowal o Mikinkiway to Sowal a Pikinkiwan no Sipanya ko mitomadaway.[8] [9] o roma ira ho ko Limomkoriyo(''Mekatelyu'') o itiraay i sawalian a lilis no riyar a niyaro’ no kohetingay tamdaw a sowal ko nini, cowa ka sa’osi i rikec kona sowal. O pitilidan no tamdaw no Kosta Rika takraway, orasaka, o sowal no Ikiris ko malosowal to romi’ami’ad. == '''Ponka'''(文化) == Patahtahay to masasiromaromaay ponka ko Kosta Rika,nawhani, o kacacefelisan no ponka no Sifo’ay Amirika ato Timalay Amirika itini. Nani 16 sici micomod a micowat ko Sipanya, isaka’amisan no Kosta Rika a etal o kalala’edan ato Maya Payrayrangan(Sipanya a sowal:''Cultura maya''; Kuwaping a sowal:'''馬雅文明''') itini, ikatimo ato sasifo’an o pala no Cipoca Finacadan, o sa’etipay a lilis no riyar o kamaro’an no kahetingay tamdaw, o mipaliwalan nani Afrika i 17 sici tahira i 18 sici, mapatokeled tona mihecahecaan ira ko maomahay a tamdaw no Congko a tayni misakoli misanga’ to lalan no cinamalay. O cinganganay a radiw no Kosta Rika i,o Tambito ato Punto, tada masasiromaay itini i hekal kona radiw, patinako han o「''punto guanacasteco''」ato 「''punto sancarleno''」, adihay itini ko Maya ato riyariyaran a radiw ato kimad.   == Tahapinangan Tilid(參考文獻) == [[Costa Rica#%20ftnref1|[1]]] 楊志敏; 方旭飛. 列国志·洪都拉斯 哥斯达黎加. 社會科學文獻出版社. 2011-01-01: 175. <nowiki>ISBN 9787509717394</nowiki>. [[Costa Rica#%20ftnref2|[2]]] Junta Fundadora de la Segunda República. 1948-1953 (PDF). Archivo Nacional de Costa Rica. [30 July 2010]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2014-09-11） [[Costa Rica#%20ftnref1|[3]]] Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censo (INEC). X Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda - Extranjeros. [2017-01-07]. （原始內容存檔於2020-12-14）. [[Costa Rica#%20ftnref2|[4]]] "Indigenous peoples in Costa Rica." （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） ''International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs.'' Retrieved 2 Dec 2013. [[Costa Rica#%20ftnref3|[5]]] Book: ''Costa Rica: a global studies handbook'', Author: Margaret Tyler Mitchell, Scott Pentzer （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） 書: 《哥斯大黎加：總體研究手冊》, 作者: 瑪格麗特·泰勒·米切爾, 斯科特·彭策爾 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） '''（英文）''' [[Costa Rica#%20ftnref4|[6]]] 尼加拉瓜难民涌入哥斯达黎加等邻国 难民署呼吁国际社会提供支持. 聯合國. [2022-02-11]. （原始內容存檔於2022-03-18）. [[Costa Rica#%20ftnref5|[7]]] The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency. www.cia.gov. [2022-02-12]. （原始內容存檔於2022-01-10）. [8] Canfield (1981:39頁) [9] Lipski (1994:222頁) == 參考文獻[編輯] == # 另日本有實質上的軍隊，很多國家獨立時就沒設立過軍隊。列支敦斯登在1868年因為經費開銷過大而廢除了本國軍隊。冰島於1869年裁撤了軍。 # "Indigenous peoples in Costa Rica." （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） ''International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs.'' Retrieved 2 Dec 2013. # Book: ''Costa Rica: a global studies handbook'', Author: Margaret Tyler Mitchell, Scott Pentzer （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） 書: 《哥斯大黎加：總體研究手冊》, 作者: 瑪格麗特·泰勒·米切爾, 斯科特·彭策爾 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） （英文） # Canfield (1981:39頁) # Lipski (1994:222頁) # Abolición del Ejército en Costa Rica （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Ministerio de Cultura, Juventud y Deportes, San José, Costa Rica. 2004. <nowiki>ISBN 9968-856-21-5</nowiki> # '''^''' 聯合國大會 第35屆 ''Resolution'' ''55''. ''Charter of the University for Peace'' '''A/RES/35/55''' page 2. 1980-12-05. [2008-05-03]. # '''^''' "Costa Rica Weather". Costa Rica Guides # == 外部連結[編輯原始碼] == * （英文） 完整哥斯大黎加資訊網站（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） * （法文） 哥斯大黎加 * （英文） BBC國家專欄：哥斯大黎加（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） * （英文） （西班牙文） 哥斯大黎加科朗 - 美元（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） * （英文） 哥斯大黎加（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） * 維基媒體的哥斯大黎加地圖集 * 維基導遊上有關哥斯大黎加的旅行指南 * OpenStreetMap上有關哥斯大黎加的地理資訊 =Costa riga（哥斯大黎加）= [[Faylo:Flag of Costa Rica.svg|thumb|Flag of Costa Rica|alt=Flag of Costa Rica.svg]] [[Faylo:Costa Rica (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Costa Rica (orthographic projection)]] Itini i 10 00 N, 84 00 W, noNotimolan Amilika ko [[Costa riga]]. Polong no sekalay i 51,100 sq km “saka 130 ko rayray no ngangan. ” “O sekalay no sera i, 51,060 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 40 sq km ” Polong i 4,872,543 ko tamdaw. sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 37.10%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 51.50%, malo no roma to a sera 11.40%. siyoto(首都) O [[San Jose]](聖荷西) ko Siyoto. katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日) Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakasiwa 15 a romi’ad. O Sawara’an no kitakit(國家) anini i ci [[Luis Guillermo Solís]](路易斯·吉列爾莫·索利斯·里維拉,全名：Luis Guillermo Solís Rivera), patirengan a romi’ad i 2014 a miheca saka 5 folad saka 8 a romi’ad. Pi’arawan to lakaw * [http://www.cia.gov/ CIA] * [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government List of current heads of state and government] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Costa Rica]] o1wo2i18m3a1uw76c8nwib22x30qnpl 0 1715 31232 31231 2022-05-18T09:22:31Z Masaonikar 570 31232 wikitext text/x-wiki == No’amisan ’Apocok kaitiraan 北極點 == No’amisan ’Apocok kaitiraan, roma a sowal No’amisan ’Apocok (ikilis: North Pole), o pipangangan to fafa’eday no cikiw palapalaan a No’amisan ’Apocok, saka’amisay kaitiraan horac no cikiw, o karomakat maliyon ko cikiw no ka’amisay ato horac a kalalitemohan. O milonokay maliyol a No’amisan ’Apocok kaitiraan etal o No’amisan ’Apocok liyol. I palapalaan no No’amisan ’Apocok (o No’amisan ’Apocok ahan) a pisaheci matodongay: o milonokay maliyol no cikiw ato horac no No’amisan ’Apocok masapeno (roma a peno Notimolan ’Apocok, inian ko No’amisan ’Apocok ko sowal), itini tina cikiw a No’amisan ’Apoco o ka’amis no 90°, o ka’amis to todong, o katimol to nitoro’an. Notimolan ’Apocok o notimolan ’apocok karopaw a pala, No’amisan ’Apocok no ka’amisay i laloma’ay no ki^etecay a riyar. Awaay ko sera no No’amisan ’Apocok, dengan o ki^etecay a riyar a mararid a dademakay kifetolay a so^eda, orasaka caay ka lecad matiya o Notimolan ’Apocok, mida’oc mapatireng i No’amisan ’Apocok kaitiraan. Nika o Sulien ato aniniay Erose nai 1937 mihecaan patireng to mapawpaway a pikacawan, ira ko midataay to No’amisan ’Apocok. Nai 2002 mihecaan Erose mingata to No’amisan ’Apoco a pala patireng to cecay pikacawan a Barne, o sakicanglahan to mihecahecaan to dademaken. I 2000 miheca ira ko pakayniay i No’amisan ’Apocok a pikingkiw, makingkiw to kafafalifalic no romi’ad no No’amisan ’Apocok, o mamalaso’or ko so^eda no No’amisan ’Apocok, latek itira toya romi’ad i 2016 miheca[1][2] tangasa rikor no 21 sici halo mataloc. Erose 2007 miheca a Arktika 2007 a demak pakayni i He-pin-haw mico’enepay tamina malalat ko talolong no No’amisan ’Apocok riyar, 4,261 mi (13,980 inci) [3], i 1958 mihecaan no Amilika a Ingwulo haw a heneng-pakalalinikay cifar milalatay to, o talolong 4,087 mi (13,410 ft)[4][5]. Mingataay to No’amisan ’Apocok a sekal i o ka’amis no Kelinlan a Kafikepen a kanatal, kararaay to No’amisan ’Apoco 700 km(430 mi). Mingataay to No’amisan ’Apocok, ira ko maro’ay a tamdaw no Kanata a Nonate Kicikotalo pala a Alete, Mingataay to No’amisan ’Apoco 817 km(508 mi). == Tadasowal a pasetek 精確定義 == Halafinay, paso’elin ko tamdaw o milonokay maliyol dadecdec no cikiw ato caay kafalic kaitiraan no No’amisan ’Apocok, tangasa i 18 sici ira ko misa’osi mafanay ci Layanghate Ola kakenaan onini a dadecdec o mamangoyangoy to amahay. Latek i 20 sici, mikingkiway to kakarayan misa’imeray to, ano nai cikiw paketingan a misa’imer to da’ocay fo’is, masapinang masiyol ko konis no cikiw. Matiniay a kasiyol latek o malinahay no ’Apocok, nikawrira o cecayay a laya’, o pinapina a lipay ato o caayay kasarikec a kasiyol. Latek 435 romi’adan ko ko kasiyol to nidadecdecan ni Ola 8 folad, anini pakaci Cintele siyol ahan. Matiniay a kasiyol papipasetek to 1 ” a patiri’, midotoc to milonokay maliyol a dadecdec pasetek i No’amisan ’Apocok caay ka tatodong. O kamaro’an no cikiw (no wali ka’etip toris, no timol ka’amis toris ato tongroh no riyar) ato makowatay a mapaketing sera, atalimay, malanah ko pala ato macelal ato kaperax, pasifa’ed maserer ko sera, o polong no palapala awaay ko maketingay a faco. Anini, kalokitakit a cikiw to milonokay maliyol ato piarawan ato kalokitakit kakarayan misa’imeray malalikowatay malakapot misetek to kasakitakit a no sera a piarawan faco malosakanga’ay a cacekeran, mido’edo misetek to makidefetay a sapilalat tonini faco no palapala i No’amisan ’Apocok, mihapiw to milonokay maliyol a dadecdecan ko kasiyol. == Misahinahinamay i No’amisan ’Apocok 北極探險史 == === ’Ayaw no 1900 mihecaan === ’Ayaw i 16 sici, aloman ko tadamaanay tamdaw nasa, o dadahalay riyar ko No’amisan ’Apocok, i 19 sici o sowal no tamdaw nano ki’etecay fanaw ato macelakay a ’Apocok a riyar. Orasaka nanay mata’elif i cecay miheca matama ko mapawpaway so^eda a romi’ad kinapinapina a malikid matama kodemak, milepelay to ’iso a cifar kai sa’amisan si’enaway a kanatal. === 1900-1940 miheca === Misahinahinamay no Amilika ci Foritelike Koke sacisowal sa i 1908 miheca tangasa i No’amisan ’Apocok [7]. Ropote Pili pasowal i 1909 miheca tangasa i No’amisan ’Apocok[8], nikawrira nawhani sapilalat tomolacay, caay ka sapinang o tahiraay cangra hanima i No’amisan ’Apocok. Saka cecay a masapinangay, i kakak a paso’elinen a mihinamay i No’amisan ’Apocok nai 1926 miheca 5 folad 12 romi’ad, nai Nowiy a mihinamay ci Rolte Amonsen ato Amilika micokeray tamdaw ci Linken Aielswos ko midemakay, itiya o ma’eferay cifar Norge ko sakadademak[9], ma’eferay a tamina o no Nowiy sifo, nikawrira o Italiya a patolocay ci Umberto Nobile ko misafacoay ato parakatay. O rakat nai Nowiy a Sewapa kanatal milacal to No’amisan ’Apocok tangasa i Alaska, itiya aloman ko kakak fana’ay ato matayalay tamdaw, ikor i 1928 miheca parakat to ma’eferay cifar sakinatosa pa’olid to No’amisan ’Apocok, nika i pipatikoan matefad, mapatay ko malitosaay tamdaw. === 1940 miheca – 21 sici === Pakacifar ko tamdaw a milifet tayra i No’amisan ’Apocok kaitiraan a matilid, nai 20 sici misatapang, nikawrira kinapinapina milifet macenon, itiya no Sulien a mi’ariay to so^eda cifar nawhani matayo ko rakat madapong no so^eda, maleneng, pinapina romi’ad matama no parakatay to hikoki mapa’orip ko icifaray. Naikoran no saka 2 lalood alamidemak sa to heneng, adihay to ko pisanga’ to tadamaanay cifar madado’edo a tayra, milifet to sapilaheciaw to nidemaka i No’amisan ’Apocok kaitiraan, onini malasakalalifelifetan no Amilika ato Elose, i 1958 miheca, o Amilika pakayni i Ingwulo haw a heneng-pakalalinikay milakec to No’amisan ’Apocok kaitiraan, ikor Syipanhaw a heneng-pakalalinikay o sarakatay talahekal i No’amisan ’Apocok kaitiraan a ifar. O so’elinay pakafaleday romakat a cifar a tangasa i No’amisan ’Apocok kaitiraan, ono Sulien a heneng-mi’ariay to so^eda cifar milaheciay, nanoya malowiday to no tamdaw ko No’amisan ’Apocok kaitiraan. == Romi’ad ato dadaya 白天和黑夜 == O No’amisan ’Apocok i kaciherangan i, salalad sa i fafa’ed kacacofelisan no calay no sera, o ’Apocok no romi’ad ahan, felihen i, i kasi’enawan salalad sa i la’eno no kacacofelisan no calay no sera, o Apocok no dadaya ahan. O kasadak no cidal i No’amisan ’Apocok i canglahan (i 3 falad 20 romi’ad), ikor 3 folad ko romi’ad, i kaciherangan (i 6 folad 21 romi’ad) ko satakaraway, tali’angay 23½°, ikor miteka to a patefo, katefoan i falawfawan (i 9 folad 23 romi’ad). Tona pakanengneng ko No’amisan ’Apocok to cidal i, o lilu no cidal matiya o cecay ato miladacay to saseraan a ’arawraway. ’arawraway satapang miingir to calay no sera, rara: sa a macakat, tangasa i kaciherangan i takaraway, itiya rara: sa a malikelon, ikor no kafarawfawan awaay to manengneng. ’ayaw no kasadak no cidal ato picelem to no cidal, nano fali a mapiked ko tedi no likat i sera o makakeremay a likat ahan. Makakeremay a likat i No’amisan ’Apocok i ’ayaw no kasadak no cidal ato ikor no picelem no cidal to 7 a lipay. Oni a nisowalan nawhani o kaliyol no cikiw a maselic ato mitaliyok to cidal maliyol. O kaselic no cikiw maliyol miming ko kafalic. i ’amisay a kaciherangan No’amisan ’Apocok misi’ayaw to cidal. Itiya rara: sa a misorikor to cidal, tangasa i kasi’enawan miliyas to cidal a miraay. Notimolan ’Apocok malecadayto, dengan 6 folad ko kalala’ed. == Romi’ad 時間 == Kasaetal no cikiw, o Cinto ko miketonay to romi’ad no kasaetal ato romi’adan, nawhani o romi’ad ato kamaro’an no cidal malalenay (matiya kalahokan a cidal o satakaraway kamaro’an). Naka No’amisan ’Apocok to cecay mihaca kinacecay masadak ko cidal, kinacecay micelem ko cidal, nika polong no malocalay i No’amisan ’Apocok malalitemoh, caay kacitodong to no’ayaway a sarike. Awaay ko maketingay a maro’ay tamdaw i No’amisan ’Apocok, awaay ko maketingay a romi’ad no pala. Mihinamay manga’ay i kaicowa no etal dademak, tinako Kelinwiyce salingan a romi’ad ato kalomowadan a pala a kadademakan. == Kasafalifalic no romi’ad 氣候 == Nawhani o fafa’ed no riyar i No’amisan ’Apocok, o maliyokay no riyar, caay ka matiya o Notimolan ’Apocok ko takaraway a palapala, orasaka No’amisan ’Apocok a hemhem ikaka to no Notimolan ’Apocok ko takaraw. No’amisan ’Apocok a kasi’enawan (saka 1 folad) a hemhem −43 °C (−45°F) tangasa −26 °C (−15°F). kaciherangan (saka 6 tangasa 8 folad) a hemhem malalen ko ki^etec, matilid satakaraway a hemhem 5 °C (41°F), ikaka no Notimolan ’Apocok ko takaraw no hemhem to −12.3 °C (9.9°F) [10]. Notimolan ’Apocok a so^eda no riyar ira ko 2-3 mi (6 ft 7 in tangasa 9 ft 10 in ) kakifetol[11], nika o kifetol, kaingala’ kasayra, ato macelak ko rakat no nanom mafecak mido’edo to romi’ami’ad ato romi’ad a kafafalifalic[12]. O pikingkiw paini to pinapina miheca mapawpaway so^eda makakerekerem tokihepic[13], letek mapakangiro ko cikiw, nika anini mahapinang mangalef sa ko ki^etecay a kihepic, caayto patepi’ ahan mapakangiro ko No’amisan ’Apocok[14]. O pikingkiw to pinapina a mo^etep ko mihacaan i kaciherangan ko No’amisan ’Apocok o aawa to ko so^eda[15]. Malowan ko No’amisan ’Apocok a ki^etec no riyar, nika’eceng no cidal a so^eda o mamalowan, mangalef ranikay to a ciherangan ko cikiw, ranikay a masa’ariyotay ko ’Apocokay a sera, caay to kanga’ay ko kafafalifalic no romi’ad[16]. == O ’a’adopen pinalengaw 動植物 == O tomay no No’amisan ’Apocok awaay a mirakarak i takaraway a wiyto i peiwiy 82° a pala, sakaawaay ko kaka’enen, nika i ngata no No’amisan ’Apocok matama ko naripa’an No’amisan ’Apocok a tomay, 2006 miheca o misahinahinamay kapot pakanengneng ira ko No’amisan ’Apocok a tomay masadak i ngata no No’amisan ’Apocok to 1 in (1.6 kongli) a kaitiraan[17][18]. I No’amisan ’Apocok ira masadak ko cifolatakay a lokedaw no riyar, nai la’ed no 89°40’ N caay ka tangasa 60 kongli (37 in) ko ray manengneng ko ngarap no No’amisan ’Apocok[19][20]. Ira i No’amisan ’Apocok ato i ngata matama ko ma’eferay ’ayam itira, halo syiwu, pawsyihu ato sacewu, nika ma’eferay ’ayam mikotod to cifar ato misahinahinamay kapot, mahinamay latek caay ko no ma’eferay ’ayam a kadademakan itira[21]. I No’amisan ’Apocok a nanom mtama ko fotifoting, nika caay ka adihay[21]. O cecay a mihinamay no Erose i 2007 miheca 8 folad maepod i dahetal no No’amisan ’Apocok, sacisowal sa awaay ko ma’oripay kahirahira saan[22][23]. Nika ikor mihinamay no Erose matama ko damay i dahetal, micelem a misyasing matama ko romaroma a ’afar ato ma’oripay[24]. == Manengnengay a kaoratan 常見誤解 == I No’amisan ’Apocok ato Notimolan ’Apocok karopaw saheto o ’Apocok a pala, nika o No’amisan ’Apocok dengan o ka’amis no Kanata ato Erose, saheto to so^eda ki’etecay, awaay ko tadapala, nika no Notimolan ’Apocok karopaw laenoay no so^eda saheto o palapalaanko iraay. == Pienengan a tilid 參考文獻 == 1.Richard Black (2001-04-08). New warning on Arctic sea ice melt （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. BBC 2.David Ljunggren (2009-03-05). Arctic summer ice could vanish by 2013: expert （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Reuters 3.Russian sub plants flag at North Pole （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, Reuters, Aug 2, 2007 4.Андерсон, Уильям Роберт. "Наутилус" у Северного полюса. Воениздат. 1965 [2012-01-12]. （原始內容存檔於2013-05-02）. 5.Mouton, M.W. The International Regime of the Polar Regions. Hague Academy of International Law. 1968: 202 (34) [2012-01-12]. （原始內容存檔於2013-06-03）. 6.John K. Wright Geographical Review, Vol. 43, No. 3. (Jul., 1953), pp. 338–365 "The Open Polar Sea" 7.Robert Bryce Cook and Peary: the Polar Controversy Resolved Stackpole 1997; Henderson, B. (2005) True North W W Norton & Company <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-393-32738-0</nowiki> 78.1909年4月6日 人类首次徒步到达北极. [2014年11月5日]. （原始內容存檔於2016年3月4日）. 9.Tierney, John. (2009-09-07) Who Was First at the North Pole? （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Tierneylab.blogs.nytimes.com. Retrieved on 2012-07-04. 10."Antarctic Sun: Heat Wave" Archived 2013-06-16 at WebCite, US Antarctic Program Beyond "Polar Express": Fast Facts on the Real North Pole Archived 2012-02-03 at WebCite, National Geographic News 11.Sea Ice. Sate of the Cryosphere. NSIDC. [6 March 2012]. （原始內容存檔於2014-11-05）. 12."Arctic ice thickness drops by up to 19 per cent" （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, Daily Telegraph (2008-10-28). 13.Model-Based Estimates of Change. IPCC. [6 March 2012]. （原始內容存檔於2012-01-13）. 14.Jonathan Amos (2006-12-12). Arctic sea ice "faces rapid melt" （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, BBC. 15.Future of Arctic Climate and Global Impacts. NOAA. [6 March 2012]. （原始內容存檔於2013-09-09）. 16.Polar Bear – Population & Distribution （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, WWF, January 2007 17.Explorers' Blog （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, Greenpeace Project Thin Ice (2006-07-01). 18.Antti Halkka (February 2003). Ringed seal makes its home on the ice. suomenluonto.fi The Arctic Fox （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, Magnus Tannerfeldt 19.FARTHEST NORTH POLAR BEAR (Ursus maritimus) (PDF). [2011-02-16]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2012-02-03）. 20.Russia plants flag under N Pole （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, BBC News (2007-08-02). 21.（俄文） News video of the Russian descent at the North Pole （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） 22."North Pole sea anemone named most northerly species" （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, Observer, 2 August 2009 2cshmhir93zwtyqu25mzu2dtr1xr591 0 1895 41255 31943 2024-02-02T19:23:54Z Kwamikagami 348 41255 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Linhoko Yincuminco salongoc a wacay''' (ikilis: United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, sakamoke’ a tilid UNDRIP) nai [[Linhoko]] sa’opo i 2007 miheca 9 folad 13 romi’ad mahayda kinian pakayniay to salongoc no Yincuminco niketonan. Talacowa o ni a wacay caay ka citodong i sapalit i rikec no kasakitakit, manga’ay pido’edoan misalof to skidemak no Yincumin, sapipalasawad to sapiforaw, miepecay ato milawacay to salongoc no Yincuminco. Salaloma’an no wacay halo niya ato kapolongan salongoc no Yincuminco, ato sakipunka, kacingangan, sowal, katayalan, someletay, kiyiku a salongoc. Paini to iraay ko sakararid ato pahapinang to sakirocek no yincumin, punka ato lekakawa, misafaloco’ to kacitodong no finacadan kacilongocan ato misafaloco’an sakacomahad. Paini o Yincuminco ira ko kacitodong mikihatiya to malacalayay demak, ato pa’orip to noniya a faco’ ato sapikilim to niya a kicay, pafaloco’an no sakacomahad no syakay a salongoc. Paterepen ko misawacoay to Yincuminco. Patosokan no wacay o sakanga’ay no kasakitakit ato Yincuminco a malalilid sanga’ay misaomah, kasasiromaroma a punka, ato sakiniyaro’ kasasiiked a ’icel. Amilika, Autaliya, Kanata ato Niwsilan sakiniaan a nihaydaan miliyangay. [3] o Autaliya(2009), Kanata(2010), Niwsilan(2010) mihaydaayto tina wacay. == Pasetek 表決 == === O mihaydaay kitakit:(itiya a kitakit ato fayfay ato mikowanay latek caay kalecad aniniay.) 以下的國家投了贊成票 === {| class="wikitable" |Afohan |Alpaniya |Alciliya |Antaer |Ankela |- |Antika & Papota |Akentin |Aminiya |Autili |Pahama |- |Palin |Papito |Payerose |Pilise |Peylisi |- |Peinan |Poliwiya |Posniya & Hosaykowina |Pocana |Pasi |- |Wenlay |Pokaliya |Pokinafaso |Kampotiya |Kemaylong |- |Witeciw |Cungfiy |Celi |Cungko |Kemo |- |Kestaliko |Keloaysiya |Kupa |Saypolos |Cyike |- |Peihan |Kangko mincukonghoko |Tanmay |Pociti |Tominike |- |Tominika |Erkato |Icip |Salwato |Aysaniya |- |Fenlan |Felans |Kapen |Kana |Keris |- |Kuatimala |Ciniya |Kayana |Hayti |Hongtolase |- |Syongyali |Pingtaw |Intiya |Intonisiya |Ilang |- |Irake |Ayerlan |Itali |Yamaycya |Dipong |- |Yortan |Hasake |Kewite |Liawko |Latowiya |- |Lipanon |Laisoto |Laipiloya |Licitonseten |Litawan |- |Losenpaw |Mataskaska |Malawi |Malaysiya |Maltifo |- |Mali |Marta |Molisis |Mosike |Mikeronisiya nipatatekoan a kitakit |- |Morwato |Monako |Moko |Mosanpike |Mintin |- |Namipiya |Nipoer |Holan |Nikalakoa |Nire |- |Nowiy |Aman |Pakistan |Panama |Palakoy |- |Piro |Filipin |Polan |Potawya |Kata |- |Nanhan |Senlosiya |Senwensen & Keroynatin |Senmalino |Saoti Alapiya |- |Saynekal |Saynewiya |Secesan |Singkapo |Selofake |- |Selowiniya |Nanfay |Sepaniya |Selilanka |Sotan |- |Sutan |Sewatini |Roytien |Roysi |Siliya |- |Tayko |Makitoniya |Tongtiwen |Cinlita & Topako |Tonisiya |- |Torki |Alien |Inkilis |Tansaniya |Ulakoy |- |Wineroyla |Yinan |Yimen |Sanpiya |Sinpapwi |} === Miliyangay kitakit. 以下的國家投了反對票 === {| class="wikitable" |Autaliya |Kanata |Niwsilan |Amilika |} === Masawaday kitakit. 以下國家棄權： === {| class="wikitable" |Yasaypaylan |Moncala |Potan |Polongti |- |Kolonpiya |Ciawciya |Kenya |Nayciliya |- |Erose |Samowa |Ukelan | |} === Awaayay kitakit. 缺席： === {| class="wikitable" |Cate |Siangyahayan |Cetawciniya |Elicoya |Yisopiya |- |Fici |Kanpiya |Keroynata |Ciniyapiso |Israil |- |Cilipas |Circis |Masao kantal |Mawlitaniya |Motenikolo |- |Moloko |Palau |Papoaniwkini |Lomaniya |Loanta |- |Sankelistofo & Niwis |Santomipolinsipi |Saysil |Solomon kanatal |Somaliya |- |Tacik |Toko |Tongka |Tokoman |Towalo |- |Ukanta |Ucepike |Manato | | |- | | | | | |} == 參考 == 1.《Linhoko Yincuminco salongoc a wacay联合国土著人民权利宣言》. www.ohchr.org. [2022-01-06]. 2.Frequently Asked Questions: Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples United Nations     Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues. 3.UN adopts Declaration on Rights of Indigenous Peoples United Nations News Centre, 13 September   2007.. 4xllluw7vhpqxosn7mwg94cnfdyv547 0 1896 31483 31482 2022-06-08T16:12:57Z Safulo 35 31483 wikitext text/x-wiki == Fololonsi Nantingkel 佛蘿倫絲‧南丁格爾 == [[Faylo:Florence Nightingale (H Hering NPG x82368).jpg|縮圖|Fololonsi Nantingkel 佛蘿倫絲.南丁格爾]] Fololonsi Nantingkel, OM, RRC (Inkilis: Florence Nightingale；1820 miheca 5folad 12romi’ad－1910 miheca 8folad 13romi’ad), o kangkofo no Inkilis ato mipolongay to sa'osi a fana’ a tamdaw, masofoc i Italiya nai Inkilis a cihafayay laloma’an,o Wina no Kankofo(護理師之母)hananay ko pikangodo a pangangan. Nantingkel i Toic minanam to sakalakangkofo, minokay i Lonton a paisingan matayal. I 1853 miheca malakakeridan no kangkofo i Lonton paisingan. I Kelimiya kalaloodan i, misa’icel cingra to sofitay no Inkilis to sapipatirengaw to kalaloodan a ising, sakanga’ay no midoka’ay madama a hitay. Mihapinang cingra to mataringay a demak no hitay, pasadak to malalooday i Kelimiya, mapatayay a hitay no Inkilis o madadengadengaay, ato nano madoka’ay i kalalood awaay ko inanengay to sapidipot miadah saka ’aloman ko mapatayay, so’elinay mapatayay i kalalood caayka ’aloman. Saka pakaynien ningra i masa’arawraway ko pahapinang pakafana’ to nian. Nantingkel i 1854 miheca 10 folad 21 romi’ad ato 28 a kangkofo makahiay tayra i Kelimiya i kalaloodan ising matayal. Malakakeridan noya ising, masowal “O coyoh no Kelimiya” ahan; Nantingkel to dadayadaya mitatoy to dadaw mihelap to adadaay, masowal to “Mitatoyay to dawdaw a fafahiyan” ahan (The Lady with the Lamp). Nano sakatadamaan ni Nantingkel, oya caayay katadamaan no malakangkofoay, mapacakat i syakay ato i harateng no alomanay, mlao kalata’angan to. “Nantingkel” malangangan no malakangkofoay. == ’Ayaway ’orip 早期生涯 == Fololonsi Nantingkel i 1820 miheca 5 folad 12 romi’ad masofoc i Italiya Fololonsi a nga’ayay ’orip a Inkilis laloma’an, matiya o kaka to fafahiyan, misacemoday ci Paertenopo Nantingkel i Italiya Paertenopo (Parthenope, telangay ngangan no Napoles) masofoc, nawhani oni a ngangan no niyaro’ ko pipangangan; ni Fololonsi a ngangan o nai kasofocan ko pialaan: Fololonsi. O mama ato in ani Nantingkel ci Wiliam Etwalt Nantingkel (Inkilis: William Nightingale) (William Edward Nightingale, 1794-1875) ato ci Falansis Fenni Nantingkel Semis, 1789-1880). O in ani William ci Mali (Mary née Evans, o ama: ni Fololonsi) o sona: ni Pitilo Nantingkel (Peter Nightingale), nai cingraan midotoc to ni Nantingkel kacingangan ato silosi. O mama ni Fenni (Akong ni Fololonsi) o mipalasawaday to palafadesay to tamdaw ci Wiliam Semis. Kalakapahan ni Nantingkel, o nga’ayay ko ’orip, ira ko mipatadoay, marariday i kakeroan, salong ko ’orip, ato i liyokay no cidafongay. Talacowa kainalan nengnengen no tamdaw, nikawrira i faloco’ ni Nantingkel masahoracay, awaay ko hakanga’ay no ’orip. Nawhani na o madoka’ay makalat no ’a’adopen cingra, itaiya miketon ko faloco’ to midamaay a kangkofo; malo nipafelian no kakarayan a demak to sakida’oc no ’orip, nanoya sakaci’icel no ciepocay a ’orip. O sasowalen na o pakatengilay to sowal no Kawas saan, palakangkofo i cingraan, mipili’ to nia lalan. So’elinay, i ’ayaw no 1837 miheca i Aypoli a koying (Inkilis: Embley Park) misatapang, na o malakangkofoayto cingra. Itiya a mihecaan, o malakangkofoay a tayal caay ko nga’ayay a demak, dengan o pakoyocay milifonay fafahiyan, mangalay dademak to ka’acekan tayal, ira ko kalaloodan, tayra mikotod ko malakangkofoay i kalaloodan, maroray ci katalawan. Itiya pinengneng no tamdaw: o malakangkofoay ato satofangay, misafelay malecaday ko tayal. 1844 miheca, tona ci Nantingkel mihapiw cingra to matayalay a kangkofo, sakisalaloma’an ningra i, mangalef ko pacekok, keter ato rarom no ina. Nika, o nidemakan ni Nantingkel i ikor, mafakic to ko nipinengneng no syakay to tayal no malakangkofoay, mapalasawad ko itiyaay “malafafahiyanay i loma’ay midipotay a ina” sanay i hirateng no syakay, kafana’en no alomanay, ira ko nga’ayay siromaay i syakay nidemakan no fafahiyan. Wata: ko pidama ningra to pakoyocay tamdaw. I 1844 miheca 12 folad, ira ko cecay pakoyocay tamdaw na o matayalay mapatay i ising no kaysiya i Lonton, rarawraw ko alomanay tamdaw to keter to ising, itiya, ci Nantingkel micekeroh to sakacakat no pipaising no isingan demak. 1851 miheca, mafana’ ci Nantingkel i Toic sarakatay no kalocalay no isingan ci Kaysawite (Kaiserswerth), nai Toic Lotehuy a foksi ci Sauto Folitena (Inkilis: Theodor Fliedner) (Theodor Fliedner, 1800-1864) patireng, patorod to midamaay mikowan to demak no paisingan. Nanoya ci Nantingkel mapacekil to pidama ato nidemakan itiya. Ikor ci Nantingkel pakalayap to tahidang siciya ato mi’olicay ci Lica Monketon Milnis (Inkilis: Richard Monckton Milnes) to pitapi’. 1847 miheca, i Loma malalitemoh siciya ci Siteni Hepote (Inkilis: Sidney Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Lea). O ciramoday to ci Hepote, nakawrira tona masaso’araw cangra i, masasi^nep cangra a tatosa, nanoya o masasinga’ayay a widang cangra. Madama ni Hepote ko kangkofo tayal ningra i Kelimiya, o pitengilan ningra ci Hepote to sakisici a demak. Tangasa i 1851 miheca, kana’ayen ningra ko pitapi’ ni Milnis i cingraan, nawhani paso’elin cingra o kararamod sakasa’et to tayal, nikawrira hatiniay a hirateng mi’odangay to malainaay a nisafaloco’an. Nantingkel ato ci Pancimin Ciowite (Inkilis: Benjamin Jowett) na iraay ko kasasinga’ay nangra, itiya cifaloco’ cingra sakaitiraan i Niwcin Daykako mipasifana’ to mipolongay fana’ tiya. [2] O kalakangkofo ni Nantingkel i 1851 miheca misatapang, itiya, tayra cingra i Toic Kaysawite, o hicoci ko todong mikihatiya mihatatanam to sasimawan[3], 4 folad. Miliyang ko salaloma’an ningra mihatatanam, nawhani o katalawan ko nian, o sasafaay ko malakangkofoay, sa o no Tinsokiw kira no paisingan. Talacowa caay cokeren no laloma’an cingra, naka mico’ay ko pinangan ningra, paci’ci sa a tayra i Kaysawite. Itira, sowal sa cingra, pakalayap to tadamaanay tayal “satadamaanay nitanengan”. Nantingkel i 1860 miheca i Lonton Santomas isingan, patireng to saka cecay caayay ko misarocoday a pitilidan no malakangkofoay[4], anini o Lonton hongti kakyin, mapatireng ko pisarocodan minanam to sasimawan. Kasofocan ningra i saka 5 folad 12 romi’ad maketon romi’ad no kangkofo i kasakitakit. == Kelimiya kalalood 克里米亞戰爭 == Sakatadamaan ni Nantingkel nai Kelimiya kalaloodan itiya. 1854 miheca 10 folad 21 romi’ad, cingra ato 38 a fafahiya mihayda malakangkofoay ko tayal, tayra i kaitiraan no sofitay no Inkilis, i Kelimiya a kanatal no Elose. Ci Nantingkel ato cefang a kangkofo i 1854 miheca 11 folad tangasa. Manengneng nangra ko roray: sa misacikacikayay a misasimaway, caay ka sarocod ko sadipot to madoka’ay a sofitay, pakonira o sanay ko pinangan no sifo. Sapaiyo caay ka’edeng, kapolonganisi mapakoniya, madadengadengay ko iraay, adihay ko madengaay mapatay. Awaay ko sakacitodong patala to kakaenen no adadaay. I saka cecay kasi’enawan, i Sekotari (Scutari) ira ko 4,077 mapatayay a sofitay. O sakapatay no sofitay naik odic, so’enaw, kadadengadenga no lifong, i kaka no kalaloodan mapatay to mo^etep kaaloman. I pacarcaran ising no sofitay i katatiih no kapolonganisi ko sakapatay, nawhani aloman masafeleng ko adadaay, isingan a tata’ian caay ka fangcal, caay kaedeng ko pafalian. Sifo no Inkilis miocor to nisiwiyinhuy i 1855 miheca 3 folad tayra i Sekotari, mifalic to kamolaliwan no kaacekan pinafalah ato pafalian a demak, nanoya malowan to ko cimapatayay. I kalaloodan itiya, ci Nantingkel mahapinang to o kapolonganisi ko kasongila’, ta malowan ko cimapatayay. Midotoc ko painiay kisya to demak i kalaloodan, ci Nantingkel ato cefang a kangkofo kadadamadama ko mikeroday to sakacaaw kadadengadenga, masongila’ ko kaen ato kapolonganisi, masowal no madoka’ay sofitay “o niocoran no Kawas a coyoh” ahan, ca Nantingkel ato cefang o dadayadaya mitatoy to dadaw mihelap to adadaay, o adadaay madoka’ay kako caay ka saan maepod kafoti’an, mihinokop i sra micopcop to ’adingo. Patiko ci Nantingkel i Inkilis, misitapang mikilim to patinakoan, sapiparatoh i hongti wiyinhuy to pakayniay sakitatirengan no sofitay, itiya paso’elin cingra, o mapatayay i isingan a sofitay, o nai latiihay kamaro’an ko sakapatay. Pakayni tina matanengay ningra malopido’edoan no ikor tayal no ’orip, paini cingra o nga’ayay a nisi ko sakafangcal no ka’oripan. Orasaka, i caay kai kalaloodan, misitapang to sakanga’ay no nisi no isingan, miserer to sakapatay no sofitay. I 1859 miheca pasadak ci Nantingkel to cecay 136 ko felih a nitilidan malopifana’an ‘Notes on Nursing (Inkilis: Notes on Nursing)’, i Nantingkel pitilidan ato roma sasimawen pitilidan malopido’edoan. O roma a nitilidan ira ‘Notes on Hospitals’, ‘Notes on Matters Affecting the Health, Efficiency and Hospital Administration of the British Army’. I 1870 mihecaan, ci Nantingkel mi’eses ci Linta Ricars (Inkilis: Linda Richards), “ I Amilika saka cecay makongling matanengay a kangkofo”, pinokay ningra i Amilika marocek ko pikongling ato pakafana’, malatadamaanay to sakisasimawfana’, ikor ci Linta Ricars i Amilika ato i Dipong o satadamaanay to saki sasimawen. == Mipolongay ato kapolonganisi a pifalic 統計和衛生改革 == Nai kaemangan ni Nantingkel mahapinang ko fana’ to pisa’osian a coka tilid, ikor, ci Nantingkel o sakinengneng no mata ato mipolongay a pa’ayaway. [5] o sapidemak ningra o limoloay a coka, talacowa i 1801 miheca nai ci Wiliam polayfil a nisanga’an, itiya na o safa^elohay kacipinangan a pitodongan. Ci Nantingkel masowal o “pisa’osian coka a tilid kacipinangan, o so’elinay pa’ayaway”, pacomahaden ningra ko pakamaro’an a limoloay tilid[6], sacisowal sa “ni Nantingkel a tarangit coka”, matiya no aniniay a limolo mo’ecelay tilid, pahapinang to pikowan ningra to i kalaloodan no isingan, o kapatay no adadaay i kasasifalifalic no romi’ad a mafalic. Pakaynien ningra i kamaro’an a limoloay tilid, sapahapinang misa’osian a paratoh to kitakit a kiing, paratoh to kalaloodan i Kelimiya a isingan. Ikor, ci Nantingkel pasayra i ’orip no maomahay i Itiya, misa’osi to polong no nisi pikingkiw, sakasongila’aw to isingan ato kapolongannisi a demak i Intiya. I 1858 ato 1859 mihecaan, malaheci to kasasowal ningra to pipatireng to hongti wiyinhuy, sapikingkiw to ni Intiya a demak. I 1873 miheca, pasimpon ci Nantingkel, “ikor no 10 mihecaan a nisi, i Intiy a sofitay mapatayay nai 69 no patekan, malowan i 18 ko tamdaw.” I 1859 miheca Nantingkel mapatoro’ i Inkilis hongti polonganisi pisinikan sa’ayaway fafahiyan a iing, ikor mala iing no polonganisi no Amilika. == Pihiratengan 紀念 == 1867 miheca patireng, itira i Lonton Watolo pala (Ferans: Waterloo Place) a Kelimiya pihiratengan ‘otoc (Inkilis: Crimean War Memorial), mapatireng mitatoyay to dawdaw a marar ci Nantingkel. 1907 miheca, hongti no Inkilis ci Aytehua saka pito patodongen to kadang ci Nantingkel, sa’ayaway pakaolahan fafahiyan. 1912 miheca, kasakitakit kangkofo licikay i mihecahecaan 5 folad 12 romi’ad kasofocan ni Nantingkel patodong o romi’ad no kangkofo i kasakitakit. 1912 miheca, Kahengangay ciwcika kasakitakit iingkay miketon, tosa miheca kinacecay pakadang ato pakompay to Nantingkel sapakaolah. 1912 Ci Makos nai Toic ‘Sinaote simpon’ ato i Amilika ‘Niwyok kalalicay simpon’ pangoyos to pahemek ci Nantingkel an, saka i papotal no Inkilis mayakyak ko ngangan ningra. 1989 miheca, Fololonsi Nantingkel pinengnengan (Florence Nightingale museum) mapatireng i Inkilis Lonton Santomas isingan. 2008 miheca 10 folad, Syangkang Ilisapay ising a lalan, pakayraan i cisipolongan mihapiw pangangan Nantingkel lalan (Nightingale Road) [7]. Tangasa anini “Nantingkel” kacingangan no malakongkofoay, i Inkilis ato Ferans a pala, mipatireng to “Nantingkel sasimawen pitilidan” patodong mikongling to malakangkofoay. I Taywan, o sasimawen pitilidan, patireng to Nantingkel a kaimahan, matilid ko “kangkofo a sarikec”. O misawaday to a “kangkofo” i ka’ayaw ni Nantingkel a kaimahan misa’osi to “kangkofo a sarikec” ta manga’ay miliyas to pitilidan a matayal. Helan a hongti hikoki a Maytaw MD-11 (toki PH-KCD) o ningra ko pipangangan, o nia hikoki i 2014 miheca 11 folad 11 romi’ad misawad to. [8][9] == Pinengnengan tilid. 參考文獻 == 1.Florence Nightingale. King's College London. [2015-11-30]. （原始內容存檔於2015-12-08）. 2.Bibby, John. (1986) Notes towards a history of teaching statistics 3.南丁格爾環境理論 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2007-09-28. - 《大理學院學報：綜合版》——第3卷第3期大理學院學報JOURNAL OF DALI COLLEGE，2004年5月 4.陳炳聖. 《萬物簡史》. 源樺. 2007. <nowiki>ISBN 986828421X</nowiki>. 5.Lewi, Paul J. Speaking of Graphics. 2006 [2012-02-12]. （原始內容存檔於2009-03-11）. 6.Cohen, I. Bernard (1984), p.107. 7.香港有條南丁格爾路. 蘋果日報. 2008-10-13 [2011-05-06]. 8.Photos: McDonnell Douglas MD-11 Aircraft Pictures. Airliners.net. 14 August 2010 [17 May 2012]. （原始內容存檔於29 October 2013）. 9."Win two last tickets for KLM's MD-11 Farewell Flights on 11 November". KLM.com 「第五特異点 北米神話大戦 イ・プルーリバス・ウナム」開幕！. Fate/Grand 10.Order 公式サイト. 2016-03-30 [2017-12-11]. （原始內容存檔於2017-12-13） （日語）. r9jfw1pgisvrinjut74wshijbz24o7x 0 1905 31523 2022-06-21T10:57:11Z Jfblanc 355 Jfblanc malinah to ko felih nani [[Ostorariya]] tangasa i [[Awto]] 31523 wikitext text/x-wiki #重新導向 [[Awto]] iyudvszpak8yfifgs3ewgkvoa3b98p2 0 1906 46226 31525 2025-03-19T06:40:46Z EmausBot 234 Fixing double redirect from [[Papuwa Niw Kiniya]] to [[Papua New Guinea]] 46226 wikitext text/x-wiki #重新導向 [[Papua New Guinea]] s3pta2ilzqxsa0sew7xt3tu03glfc5n 0 1907 31536 2022-06-21T11:11:21Z Jfblanc 355 Jfblanc malinah to ko felih nani [[Antigua and barbuda]] tangasa i [[Antikuwa ato Papota]] 31536 wikitext text/x-wiki #重新導向 [[Antikuwa ato Papota]] 4728e7sdgxgr6081ics2bfnrwpo0eov 0 1908 31538 2022-06-21T11:22:13Z Jfblanc 355 Jfblanc malinah to ko felih nani [[Canada]] tangasa i [[Kanata]] 31538 wikitext text/x-wiki #重新導向 [[Kanata]] q4xoy431l8thoyy6flc383s7eq0dbxj 0 2259 36845 32338 2023-05-09T02:41:49Z EmausBot 234 Fixing double redirect to [[Congo, republic of the]] 36845 wikitext text/x-wiki #重新導向 [[Congo, republic of the]] 8rdbpw2brvouk0kp457uwkf72cp9tnm 0 2260 36844 32341 2023-05-09T02:41:39Z EmausBot 234 Fixing double redirect to [[Congo, republic of the]] 36844 wikitext text/x-wiki #重新導向 [[Congo, republic of the]] 8rdbpw2brvouk0kp457uwkf72cp9tnm 0 2261 36843 32342 2023-05-09T02:41:29Z EmausBot 234 Fixing double redirect to [[Congo, democratic republic of the]] 36843 wikitext text/x-wiki #重新導向 [[Congo, democratic republic of the]] 36xf3v4722hq1u1c96u6qvm27qdxa20 4 2262 32172 32013 2022-08-16T14:27:04Z Sdf 668 32172 wikitext text/x-wiki O '''Kaoratang a codad''' misoped kaoratang a codad. Pi'arawan kiso to micidekan a codad. ==Kaitiraan(地理)== *[[Ada (Alabama)]]: *[[Ada (Croatia)]]: *[[Ada (Oklahoma)]]: *[[Ada (Serbia)]]: *[[Adal (Iran)]]: *[[Adal Island]]: *[[Amen]]: *[[Amid (West Azerbaijan)]]: *[[Xiamen|Amoy]]: *[[Åmøy]]: *[[Anga]]: *[[Arang]]: *[[Asolo]]: [[’asolo^]](杵)? *[[Baru (Hunedoara)]], [[Baru (Iran)]], [[Baru (Sichuan)]]: [[baru]](花朵)? *[[Cascas (Gran Chimú)]]: [[cascas]](瀑布)? *[[Cepo]]: *[[Kako District]]: *[[Kako (Bihar)]]: *[[Kako River]]: *[[Kamo (Armenia)]]: *[[Kamo (Azerbaijan)]]: *[[Kamo (New Zealand)]]: *[[Kamo (Niigata)]]: *[[Kamo (Kyoto)]]: *[[Kamo (Okayama)]]: *[[Kamo (Shimane)]]: *[[Kamo (Shizuoka)]]: *[[Kamō (Kagoshima)]]: *[[Kamo District (Gifu)]]: *[[Kamo District (Hiroshima)]]: *[[Kamo District (Shizuoka)]]: *[[Kanas Lake]]: [[kanas]](簍子)? *[[Karkar (Selseleh)]]: [[karkar]](挖掘)? *[[Korkor (Borujerd)]]: [[korkor]](挖掘)? *[[Kawas (Pakistan)]]: *[[Kowang]]: *[[Lalan (Isfahan)]]: [[lalan]](路)? *[[Lalan (Tehran)]]: *[[Lalan-e Olya]]: *[[Lalan-e Sofla]]: *[[Lima (Buenos Aires)]]: *[[Lima (Illinois)]]: *[[Lima (Iran)]]: *[[Lima (Montana)]]: *[[Lima (Ohio)]]: *[[Lima (Oklahoma)]]: *[[Lima (Paraguay)]]: *[[Lima (Pennsylvania)]]: *[[Lima Chal]]: *[[Lima Gavabar]]: *[[Loma (Colorado)]]: *[[Loma (Montana)]]: *[[Loma (Nebraska)]]: *[[Loma (North Dakota)]]: *[[Loma Mountains]]: *[[Okay (Arkansas)]]: *[[Okay (Oklahoma)]]: *[[Oros (Sindhudurg)]]: *[[Padang]]: *[[Padang Island]]: *[[Påläng]]: [[palang]](老鷹)? *[[Paloma (California)]]: *[[Paloma (Illinois)]]: *[[Polo (Dominican Republic)]]: *[[Polo (Illinois)]]: *[[Polo (Missouri)]]: *[[Polo (Ohio)]]: *[[Polo Township (Carroll County, Arkansas)]]: *[[Poyo]]: *[[Saw Township]]: *[[Saw, Myanmar]]: *[[Say (Niger)]]: *[[Sedi]]: [[sedi^]](笑)? *[[Sera (Hiroshima)]]: *[[Suda (Nepal)]]: *[[Tanjung Sepat (Pahang)]]: *[[Tanjung Sepat (Selangor)]]: *[[Takaw]]: [[takaw]](偷竊)? *[[Tawa (New Zealand)]]: [[tawa^]](笑)? *[[Tawa River]]: tawa^? *[[Tepic]]: [[tepik]] *[[Tiyo]]: *[[Tosa (Kōchi)]]: *[[Tolo (Greece)]]: *[[Tolo (Guinea)]]: ==Serangawan(人文)== *[[Ado (singer)]]: *[[Amoy Brown]]: *[[Edo]]: *[[Fali languages]]: [[fali]](風)? *[[James while John had had had had had had had had had had had a better effect on the teacher]]: James while John [[hadhad]](旱田) hadhad hadhad hadhad had a better effect on the teacher? *[[Jorida Tabaku]]: [[tabaku]](菸草)? *[[Kako (musician)]]: *[[Kako language]]: *[[Mamang Dai]]: *[[Maraaya|Raay]]: *[[Suda]]: *[[Suzy Amis Cameron]]: [[Amis]]? *[[Tomato (musician)]]: ==Lekakawa no ’orip(科學)== *[[Baru]]: [[baru]](花朵)? ==Kalopiholol(娛樂)== *[[Adada]]: *[[Amen (2011 ega)]]: *[[Arang (ega)]]: *[[Lot Lot]]: [[lotlot]](揉搓)? *[[Saw (2004 ega)]]: *[[Sing (2016 Amirika ega)]]: ==Syokuzyo(技術)== *[[Eco (currency)]]: [[eco]](象)? *[[NacNac]]: [[nacnac]](舔)? *[[Polo shirt]]: *[[Ricoh]]: ==Roma^(其他)== *[[Malasang]]: [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Palidaw 'Amis]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Siwkulang 'Amis]] [[Kasasiwasiw:U suwal nu i amisay a Pangcah]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Wikipedia]] e9w4lmqq9rd4x1fpsdisrcxecm1r2fp 0 2264 32318 32317 2022-09-05T09:52:41Z Akamycoco 27 Akamycoco malinah to ko felih nani [[Cameroon]] tangasa i [[Kamiron]] 32317 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Flag_of_Cameroon.svg|縮圖|Flag of Cameroon]] ==Takaray Sowal(概要)== Kamiron Kapolongan Kitakit (喀麥隆共和國; Faransu a sowal: République du Cameroun；Ikiris a sowal: Republic of Cameroon), itiraay i saka’etip no sasifo’an no Afrika, o Cecaay Faco no Sieci a kitakit(單一制; Ikiris a sowal: unitary state. Isaka’etipan malafiyway ato Nayciliya, i saka’amis no sakawalian ato kawali malafiyaw ato Cate ato Sifo’ay-Afrika Kapolongan kitakit, Ii saktimol malafiyaw ato Sifo’ay-Konis-Cikiw Cineya, Kapon ato Konko Kapolongan kitakit. O lilis no riyar mingataay to Pangni-Kihaw(邦尼灣;Ikiris a sowal: Bight of Bonny anoca 比亞法拉灣; Ikiris a sowal:Bight of Biafra), onini a kihaw i,o cecay a pecih no Cineiya-Kihaw ato malaliting ato Tasiyang-Riyar. O Kamiron masasiromaay ko sera atop pala, orasaka, adihay ko kasasiromaroma no ponka, pacimir han to to”mamangay Afrika”, o pitapalan ira ko kihaw a lilisa no riyar,tafotafokan, lotolotokan, kilakilangan ato Fa’edetay-rengorengoasan. [[Faylo:Location_Cameroon_AU_Africa.svg|縮圖|Location Cameroon AU Africa]] O sa’akawangay tokos i katimo no saka’etip o Kamiron Cilamalay-pocok, o tokay ira ko Toala,Yaente ato Karuwa,. I laloma’ nona kitakit ira ko cisafaw to 200 ko finacadan ato sowal. O Ikiris ato Frasu a sowal koni sifo a sowal. swn6wt2iryccaukw8nqw4nylmul88o1 0 2265 31939 2022-07-13T13:06:26Z Sdf 668 Sdf malinah to ko felih nani [[United states]] tangasa i [[Amilika]]：​原住民族語言線上辭典 https://e-dictionary.ilrdf.org.tw/ami/search/list.htm 31939 wikitext text/x-wiki #重新導向 [[Amilika]] b2iztj863rhhcew0ti5x73x13l2d2d0 0 2266 36582 32788 2023-05-04T15:04:31Z Ameisenigel 200 [[Kasasiwasiw:O matastasay a felih to pipatatongodan]] 36582 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Unification-Church-of-the-World-Peace-Seto.jpg|縮圖]] 安倍晋三Apiesinco(Dipon a sowal:安倍 晋三／あべ しんぞう), == Takaray sowal (概括) == I 1954 miheca saka 9 folad saka 21 romi’ad sofocen, o mikapotay to Ciyuminsiyuto(Dipon a sowal:自由民主党／じゆうみ [[Faylo:Shinzō Abe 20200101.jpg|縮圖|Abe Shinzo 20200101]] んしゅとう Jiyū minshu tō), o Sosiyan no Dipon. O tada no sieci a loma’ ko laloma’an ni Apiesinco,o winaay a faki ira ci Kisinoposki(Dipon a sowal:岸 信介／きし のぶすけ) aci Satoisaku(Dipon a sowal:佐藤榮作／さとう えいさく), sa ira ko sowal cecay a laloma’an tatolo ko malatapangay. o akong ningra malakiingay,wama ningra malatapangay no sifo. I 1982 miheca satapang misinkiw,28 ho ko mihecaan ningra, i 1993 miheca pakaala to sinkiw nani Yamakuci kowan a lipoiing, i 2006 miheca tahira i 2007 miheca miceror ci Koicumi Ciyuiciro (Dipon a sowal:小泉 純一郎／こいずみ じゅんいちろう) mala solitaycin, cecay miheca ciadada to tinai’ sawad sa malatapang. I 2012 miheca saka9 folad, miliyaw heca maala mala solitaycin, tahira i 2020 miheca saka8 folad saka 28 romi’ad malaliyaw koya tinai’ a adada, laheci sato a misawad mala solitaycin. == Ono ka'emangan ho a 'orip ato pitilid(早年生活及教育) == I 1954 miheca saka 9 folad saka 21 romi’ad i Tokyu a sofocen, o tatapangan a niyaro’ itiraay i Yamakuci kowan, o aniniay a Ciyomon-si.o wama ningra i na malatapangay no sifo yo mala solitaycin ci Nakasoni-Yasuhiro(Dipon a sowal:中曽根 康弘／なかそね やすひろ), o wina ci Kisi-yoko o dengan wawa ni Kisi-noposuki,[[安倍晋三#%20ftn1|[4]]] tatoloay malikaka, nano mamangan minengneng to kala tapang no wama ato faki. Mitilid ho i kaocong, o kakaolahan a kamok o cili(palapalaan)[[安倍晋三#%20ftn2|[5]]], yo misawad to nani kaocong micomod i Sikitaykaku i Tokyo('''成蹊大學''';せいけいだいがく，''Seikei University''）mihatatanam to sieci, 1977 miheca malepon to ko pitilid i taykaku, tayra i Amirika mikinkiw to sieci,mafatad ko mihecaan sawad sa a mitilid minokay i Dipon. 1979 miheca matayal i Kopi-Misamaraday. To cila a mihecaan satapang to a misinkiw to sieci, mararid a matayal tono sifo a demak.[[安倍晋三#%20ftn3|[6]]] [[Faylo:The_Abe_family_in_1956.jpg|縮圖|The Abe family in 1956]] == '''O lalengatan a makuwang mipatay(刺殺原因)''' == Ira ko sinkiw no Dipon I 2022miheca saka 7 folad saka 10 romi’ad to Fafa’eday-Pikaykian a iing,mipadang i Apie to niyahan a kasafelaw i Nara mikimod i lawac no lalan,makuwang matama i li’er ato falohang i faloco’, tangsolan pakahikoki patayra i paisingan a micaloh paising, toya romi’ad herek no lahok 17:03 ko toki mila’eto to sera’ 67 ko mihecaan ningra. Oya mikuwangay a tamdaw o sofitay no riyar ci Yamakami ticiya (山上徹也; Dipon a sowal:やまがみ てつや)macepet itira to toya pikuwangan ningra.ona Yamakami hananay a fainayan a kapah to wawa ho mapatayay to ko wama ningra,[4] 1980 miheca a sofocen, anini 41 ko mihecaan,2002 miheca saka 12 folad mitilid i Nakasaki kowan, misawad i, misikan malasofitay no riyaran,nani 2003 miheca tahira i 2005 miheca ko kalasofitayan i riyar.[5] O sowal ni Yamakami to tayhin, micokeray ci Apie to Malacecayay-Pitooran, orira ko sakaci’inter ako ci Apiean sanay. Ona pitooran i,o nani Hankoay matenak tayni i Dipon, o ngangan nona pitooran “世界和平統一家庭聯合會; Hanko a sowal:세계평화통일가정연합),[6]o ‘aiaway a ngangan o 統一教hananay. == Mapinko ko loma’ to sapakifo(教會捐款導致家財破產) == o wina ni Yamakami o salikaka nona kiwkay, na micomod ko wina ningra tona pitooran mapaci’ci no kiwkay a papipakifo to adihayay a payso,mapaliwalay to tosa a loma’ to sapakifo aca, i 2002 miheca patalahekal to kapinko no loma no tireng.[7] O kaka sa ningra halafin ko kaciadada cato ka pakahadidi to mikiyamay a ‘orip kinapatay sanay to, ona sa ci Yamakami yo itira ho i kalasofitayan ciharateng to sakapatayaw.[8] O roma a sowal no salikaka, mipatangicay ho ko kiwkay a papi’aca to masamaamaanay dafong ni paliwalan no kiwaky, ano adihay ko pi’aca adihay ko ka hepol no raraw sanay ko sowal no kiwkay, maholac to ko mina’angan a payso, o sak’orip to awa to, orasaka liyas sanay to to kiwkay. I 2021 miheca i karafawfawan,ira ko demak nona kiwkay to “kasatateko no rihaday a kakarayan” sanay a demak, manengneng ningra i wangro(cacalayan) mikimad ci Apie to salikaka nona pitooran,[9] o malasalikakaay a widang nona kiwkay ci Apie han sa ko piharateng tongal sa ko ka rokrok no faloco, ni Yamakami. 2022 miheca saka 7 folad saka 11 romi’ad o kakeridan no Malacecayay-Pitooran ci Tanaka Tomihiro mipasowal to simpon kisiya:[11] [12] 1.    Oya mikuwangay mipatay ci Apiean a tamdaw ci YamakamiTacuya cowa ko salikaka no kiwkay, awaay ko kafana’an to kaira ningra a tayni mikapot to saopo no salikakak. 2.    O win ani Yamakami-Ticuya i 1998 miheca micomod to kiwkay, inanengay a tayni i kiwkay, mikapot heca to kalosaopo no kiwkay tahira i 2009 miheca. Toikor awa sanay a papising, nikawrira, pisatapangan no aniniay a miheca cecay folad kinacecay a ira tayni mikapot to demak no kiwkay. 3.    O pipakifo no salikaka to kiwkay ira ko “kalofolad a pakifo”, “pakifo to pilipayan”, “cawa ka pangangan a pakifo” ko kasasiiked, itiya ho iraay ko tata’akay a pakifo a salikaka, nikawrira, cowa ka paci’eci ko kiwkay. 4.    Mafana’ay ko kiwkay to kapinko no laloma’an no wina ni Yamakami-Ticuya, nikawrira, caay ka laheci ko kafana’ no kiwkay to hakowaay ko pakifo, mamanay mapinko ko loma. O pakayniay to pakifo a demak misolapay to ko tayhin, o tayhin sao ko mamafana’ tonini ca to ka somowal kako itini.   == pacefafay a tilid(註腳) == [[安倍晋三#%20ftnref1|[1]]] 1957 miheca mala solitaycin. [[安倍晋三#%20ftnref2|[2]]] 学校法人 成蹊学園 成蹊ニュース(2006)年度）. （原始內容存檔於30 August 2010） '''（日語）'''. [[安倍晋三#%20ftnref3|[3]]] Profile. Shinzo Abe. （原始內容存檔於9 October 2008）. [4] 山上徹也背景曝光！「奈良知名高校畢業」喪父後家道中落. 三立新聞網. [5] 【速報】X容疑者、任期付きの自衛官　2005年に退職. 富士新聞網. [2022-07-08]. （原始內容存檔於2022-07-08） '''（日語）'''. [6]  文鮮明 (基督教, 1920-. 熱愛和平的世界公民. Zhi ku chu ban <nowiki>http://worldcat.org/oclc/754607725</nowiki>. 2011.02. <nowiki>ISBN 978-986-7264-68-8</nowiki>. OCLC 754607725. 缺少或|title=為空 (幫助) [7] 旧統一教会「山上容疑者の母は正会員」…会長会見、０２年頃に経済的破綻「事実」（読売新聞オンライン）. Yahoo!ニュース. 2022-07-11 [2022-07-11] '''（日語）'''. [8] 《安倍元首相銃殺》「母親が宗教に傾倒し、大病を患う兄が自殺」山上徹也容疑者が自殺未遂に至った“不遇な家庭環境”と事件直前の“悪質レビュートラブル”, 文春オンライン, 2022-07-10 [2022-07-11] '''（日語）''' [9] 山上容疑者が恨みを募らせた「統一教会」 安倍氏は関連団体のイベントにビデオメッセージ（NEWSポストセブン）. Yahoo!ニュース. [2022-07-11] '''（日語）''' [10] 【速報】「安倍元総理は当団体の顧問になったことはない」安倍元総理が銃撃され死亡 容疑者の母親が信者の宗教団体「世界平和統一家庭連合」が会見「献金問題は捜査中で言及は避ける」（MBSニュース）. Yahoo!ニュース. [2022-07-11] '''（日語）'''. [11] 宗教団体が会見「団体への恨みから殺害に至るまで距離があって困惑」 信者の容疑者母親の献金について「たどり切れていない」（TBS NEWS DIG Powered by JNN）. Yahoo!ニュース. [2022-07-11] '''（日語）'''. h3yyy75gdao7ktkzvqhk2dpp0cy59dd 0 2268 39021 39020 2023-06-30T09:22:08Z 陳鷹馬 1604 39021 wikitext text/x-wiki == COVID-19 == [[Faylo:新冠狀病毒-阿美族語009圖2.jpg|替代文字|縮圖|260x260圖元|Adada no KOFIT-19 a lifong.]] == Nangan no lifong(名稱) == Cikemi ko Fala’ a Midengaay Adada ([[kuwaping a sowal]]: 嚴重特殊傳染性肺炎; [[Ikiris a sowal]]:''Coronavirus disease 2019'';縮寫:[[COVID-19]]),[[新冠肺炎#%20ftn1|[1]]] [[新冠肺炎#%20ftn2|[2]]] o miladesay to pasasela’an a midengaay a adada,ona lifong caay ka tomerep na kairaan tahanini, o saadihayay ko mapatayay a lifong nona to’asan. O sa’ayaway a ciadadaay tonini i,o itiraay i Uhan-Si Fupie- Kowan no Congko i 2019 miheca.[[新冠肺炎#%20ftn3|[3]]] Tahira i 2022 miheca saka 7 folad saka 22 romi’ad ira ko 5 fois ira ko 670 ofad ko madengaay, 638 ofad ko mapatayay,[[新冠肺炎#%20ftn4|[4]]] tahanini matenakay ho kona lifong. == kacipinangan no adada(症狀) == Ano ciadada tona lifong i,cifa’edetay, mako’ec, awa ko ‘angil, macahacah, caay to ka pakasanek.[[新冠肺炎#%20ftn5|[5]]] [[新冠肺炎#%20ftn6|[6]]] Na madenga’ tahira i kacipinangan no tiring i,1~14 ko romi’ad, cecay no kalitolo caay ka cipinang.[[新冠肺炎#%20ftn7|[7]]] O ciadaday tonini a tamdaw i,cikemiaay ko fala’(81%), nahaop ko 14% maroraay pasasela’ away ko sanso, nengnengen i lintokin mahapinang ko kaawa no ‘icel no fala’ a pasasela’.oroma i,cecay cecayay to sela’, maseka’ ato masetay to ko lalosidan no tatirengan.[[新冠肺炎#%20ftn8|[8]]] Mangalefay ko pikali’ang to malitengay, oroma a tamdaw ano maadaadah ira to ikor a pikali’ang to tiring, mangalefay ko kasamo’ no lalosidan no tatirengan.[[新冠肺炎#%20ftn9|[9]]] Mikakinkiway ano hatini to parecep i tatireng to pisiwar to wakawak no tamdaw.[[新冠肺炎#%20ftn10|[10]]] [[Faylo:Sneeze.JPG|縮圖|ma'esing(Sneeze)]] == Pidenga' no adada(傳播途徑) == O pidenga nona [[lifong]] i, nani ngoso’ay a dinget ato nani ngoyosay a sopa’, patina han nano mako’ec, ma’esing, caciyaw ira a ma’efer ko dinget to sopa’ to micomod tayra i coscos no pasasela’an, matenak to i tatirengan.[11] [12] [13] ona miterocay a sopa’ talacowa caay ka ray ko piteroc i falifalian.[14] [15] nikawrira,ano i ingiday a tamdaw mapadengaay to nona sopa’. O roma sa i,mikapa ko tamdaw to ciadadaay a maamaan tangsol sa a mikapa to niyah a pising, ngoyos midengaay ko matiniay tona lifong,[16] [17] itira i pala’edef hananay a laloma oya pawpaw sanay a ma’efer a adada ano pasasela’ kita mihakelong to fali micomod i tatirengan.[18] == Cowa kacipinang ko kaadada(無症狀感染者) == Ano ciadada to tona lifong i sarakatay a tolo ko romi’ad i kakaay ko pidenga nona lifong, I’ayaw no kacipinangan ato cowa ka cipinang to adada a tamdaw madenga nona lifong,[19] [20] o kafana’an no mikinkiway i, mahaop ko 40%~45% a ciadadaay o cowa ka cipinang to adada a tamdaw.[21] [22] == Sapitaker a demak(預防措施) == [[Faylo:COVID_Vaccine_(50745583447).jpg|縮圖|Sapitaker a sacocok(COVID Vaccine (50745583447))]] O sapitakeraw tona lifong a demak, kainaneng a misawsaw to kamay, aka ka piingid to tamdaw, lofoen ko ciadadaay to a tamdaw, pafalien ko lalomaan, ano mako’ec pitahepo to ngoyos ato ngoso’, aka ka pikapa to pising ano ca ho ka pisawsaw to kamay.[1] [2] itira i kapolongan a kitiraan aka ca ka citamokis, malowanay ko kadenga’ no lifong.[3] [4] Tala’ayaway ho ko sapisang’aw to sapitaker a sapaiyo iro mitini,adihayay to ko mapasadakay a sapitaker a sapaiyo,miocor ko sifo no kalokitakit a papicocok(paciwsiya) to matiniay a sapitaker sapaiyo, malowanay to ko cilifongay a tamdaw. O Sapisanga’ay to Tatirengan a Lekatep (世界衛生組織;''World Health Organization, WHO'') mipatalahekal a milekal i 2020 miheca saka 1 folad saka 30 romi’ad “ o kaletengay a misaikeday a patenak to kacikemi no fala’ a lifong” o sasa’imeren a demak no kapolongan i hekal(''PHEIC'')[5] tona miheca saka 3 folad saka 11 romi’ad mahapinang to ko katenak i hekal.[6] O tapang no Linheko ci Kutolisu(安東尼歐•曼努埃爾•德奧利維拉•古特瑞斯 GCL GCC;Portokar a sowal: ''António Manuel de Oliveira Guterres'') sowal saan: ona lifong nani kaherekan no Sakatosa Lalood no Hekal o sakakaay ko kakaleteng a si’ayawen no tamdaw sanay.[7] == Pacefaday a Tilid(註解) == [[新冠肺炎#%20ftnref1|[1]]] Coronavirus disease named Covid-19. BBC News. 2020-02-11 [2021-01-15]. （原始內容存檔於2020-02-15） '''（英國英語）'''. [[新冠肺炎#%20ftnref2|[2]]] Novel Coronavirus(2019-nCoV) Situation Report – 22 (PDF). 世界衛生組織. 2020-02-11 [2020-02-26]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2020-02-26）. [[新冠肺炎#%20ftnref3|[3]]] Hui, David S.; I Azhar, Esam; Madani, Tariq A.; Ntoumi, Francine; Kock, Richard; Dar, Osman; Ippolito, Giuseppe; Mchugh, Timothy D.; Memish, Ziad A. The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health - The latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China. International journal of infectious diseases: IJID: official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases. 02 2020, '''91''': 264–266 [2021-01-15]. ISSN 1878-3511. PMC 7128332 . <nowiki>PMID 31953166</nowiki>. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.01.009. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-23）. [[新冠肺炎#%20ftnref4|[4]]] COVID-19 Dashboard by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University (JHU). ArcGIS. Johns Hopkins University. [2022-07-22] '''（英語）'''. [[新冠肺炎#%20ftnref5|[5]]] 冠狀病毒症狀. 美國疾病控制與預防中心（CDC）. 2020-05-13 [2020-08-26]. （原始內容存檔於2020-06-17） '''（中文（簡體））'''. [[新冠肺炎#%20ftnref6|[6]]] Hopkins, Claire. Loss of sense of smell as marker of COVID-19 infection. Ear, Nose and Throat surgery body of United Kingdom. [2020-08-26]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2020-05-27） '''（英語）'''. [[新冠肺炎#%20ftnref7|[7]]] Oran DP, Topol EJ. The Proportion of SARS-CoV-2 Infections That Are Asymptomatic : A Systematic Review. Annals of Internal Medicine. January 2021, '''174''' (5): M20–6976. PMC 7839426 . <nowiki>PMID 33481642</nowiki>. doi:10.7326/M20-6976. [[新冠肺炎#%20ftnref8|[8]]] Interim Clinical Guidance for Management of Patients with Confirmed Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). 美國疾病控制與預防中心（CDC）. 2020-09-10 [2020-09-13]. （原始內容存檔於2020-03-02） '''（美國英語）'''. [[新冠肺炎#%20ftnref9|[9]]] Post-COVID Conditions. 美國疾病控制與預防中心. 2021-04-08 [2021-06-27]. （原始內容存檔於2020-12-03） '''（英語）'''.（中文翻譯 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）） [[新冠肺炎#%20ftnref10|[10]]] Post-COVID Conditions. 美國疾病控制與預防中心. 2021-04-08 [2021-06-27]. （原始內容存檔於2020-12-03） '''（英語）'''.（中文翻譯 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）） [11] 2019冠狀病毒病（COVID-19）專題問答. 世界衛生組織. 2020-04-17 [2020-08-26]. （原始內容存檔於2020-05-14） '''（中文（簡體））'''. [12] COVID-19如何傳播. 美國疾病控制與預防中心（CDC）. 2020-06-16 [2020-08-26]. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-23）. [13] Q & A on COVID-19: Basic facts. 歐洲疾病預防控制中心. [2020-09-23]. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-23） '''（英語）'''. [14] 2019冠狀病毒病（COVID-19）專題問答. 世界衛生組織. 2020-04-17 [2020-08-26]. （原始內容存檔於2020-05-14） '''（中文（簡體））'''. [15] Stadnytskyi, Valentyn; Bax, Christina E.; Bax, Adriaan; Anfinrud, Philip. The airborne lifetime of small speech droplets and their potential importance in SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2020-06-02, '''117''' (22): 11875–11877. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 7275719 . <nowiki>PMID 32404416</nowiki>. doi:10.1073/pnas.2006874117 '''（英語）'''.^{[失效連結]} [16] 2019冠狀病毒病（COVID-19）專題問答. 世界衛生組織. 2020-04-17 [2020-08-26]. （原始內容存檔於2020-05-14） '''（中文（簡體））'''. [17] COVID-19如何傳播. 美國疾病控制與預防中心（CDC）. 2020-06-16 [2020-08-26]. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-23）. [18] 問答：2019冠狀病毒病（COVID-19）是如何傳播的？. 世界衛生組織. 2020-07-09 [2020-08-26]. （原始內容存檔於2020-10-23） '''（中文（簡體））'''. [19] 2019冠狀病毒病（COVID-19）專題問答. 世界衛生組織. 2020-04-17 [2020-08-26]. （原始內容存檔於2020-05-14） '''（中文（簡體））'''. [20] COVID-19如何傳播. 美國疾病控制與預防中心（CDC）. 2020-06-16 [2020-08-26]. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-23）. [21] Oran, Daniel P.; Topol, Eric J. Prevalence of Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2020-06-03, '''173''' (5): 362–367 [2020-12-30]. ISSN 0003-4819. PMC 7281624 . <nowiki>PMID 32491919</nowiki>. doi:10.7326/M20-3012. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-21）. [22] Fauci Calls for Americans to Pull Together to Fight COVID-19. 美國微生物學會（ASM）. [2020-12-30]. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-19） '''（英語）'''. [23] Nussbaumer-Streit, Barbara; Mayr, Verena; Dobrescu, Andreea Iulia; Chapman, Andrea; Persad, Emma; Klerings, Irma; Wagner, Gernot; Siebert, Uwe; Christof, Claudia. Quarantine alone or in combination with other public health measures to control COVID-19: a rapid review. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 04 08, 2020, '''4''': CD013574 [2021-01-15]. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 7141753 . <nowiki>PMID 32267544</nowiki>. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD013574. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-21）. [24] Guidance on social distancing for everyone in the UK. GOV.UK. [2020-03-25]. （原始內容存檔於2020-03-24）. [25] 佩戴口罩的注意事項. 美國疾病控制與預防中心（CDC）. 2020-08-07 [2020-08-26]. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-23） '''（中文（簡體））''' [26] Feng, Shuo; Shen, Chen; Xia, Nan; Song, Wei; Fan, Mengzhen; Cowling, Benjamin J. Rational use of face masks in the COVID-19 pandemic. The Lancet. Respiratory Medicine. 05 2020, '''8''' (5): 434–436 [2021-01-15]. ISSN 2213-2619. PMC 7118603 . <nowiki>PMID 32203710</nowiki>. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30134-X. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-23）. [27] 關於2019新型冠狀病毒疫情的《國際衛生條例（2005）》突發事件委員會第二次會議的聲明. 世界衛生組織. [2020-08-26]. （原始內容存檔於2021-03-30）. [28] 世衛組織總幹事2020年3月11日在2019冠狀病毒病（COVID-19）疫情媒體通報會上的講話. 世界衛生組織. 2020-03-11 [2020-08-26]. （原始內容存檔於2020-03-12） '''（中文（簡體））'''. 因此我們評估認為COVID-19已具有大流行特徵。 [29] 古特雷斯：全球面對二戰以來最嚴峻危機 世衛：新冠疫情在亞太地區“遠未結束”. 法國國際廣播電台. 2020-03-31 [2020-04-03]. （原始內容存檔於2020-04-04） '''（中文（繁體））''' n6m3sgkg36jhv56zy5rc6hl4p0m34ox 0 2270 43240 32063 2024-05-10T13:38:05Z 嚴美鳳 41 43240 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Tayalin.ogg|縮圖|Anenger kaenen ko tayalin.]] O dateng no [[Amis.Pangach|Pangcah]], 'arengelay a kaenen. ld70igp3vt9ilf0f00gvubl1y2bvuu5 0 2271 32062 32056 2022-07-28T11:59:19Z 撒央 884 32062 wikitext text/x-wiki === u lisin no [[cikawasay]] === matangasa i ralikur o mihecaan, o cikawasay katala i romaan. === sapakaen o tu'as i lumaan === 71lyw5gki1iwz7hesnqwlwmw7rwsmvh 0 2272 38720 32078 2023-06-29T12:10:50Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38720 wikitext text/x-wiki == Sakacacay == === U likisi nu Cikasuan（[[kuwaping a sowal]]：七腳川歷史） === == Sakatusa == == Sakatulu == [[Kasasiwasiw:U suwal nu i amisay a Pangcah]] 6ke6ibkbhyjcpfw2i2tvbrrzv6f8wpr 0 2277 32211 2022-08-24T20:05:09Z Jfblanc 355 Jfblanc malinah to ko felih nani [[Cote d'ivoirie]] tangasa i [[Cote d'ivoire]] 32211 wikitext text/x-wiki #重新導向 [[Cote d'ivoire]] c2s64siqf3b89f8fpstfnhnd9yukxfn 0 2278 32216 2022-08-24T20:08:19Z Jfblanc 355 Jfblanc malinah to ko felih nani [[Guatemala]] tangasa i [[Kuatimala]] 32216 wikitext text/x-wiki #重新導向 [[Kuatimala]] jmmokx2ou8vi4w1ogby71vu4so2c34s 0 2279 32299 32298 2022-08-31T13:15:33Z Masaonikar 570 /* Sakaira no tilid 資料來源 */ #ALCD 32299 wikitext text/x-wiki == Maori tamdaw毛利人 == Maori (Māori) a finacadan, o Yincumin no Niwsilan, o nano Polinisiyan tamdaw to Notimolan kalokanatal a finacadan. Na o awaayay ko tilid no sowal, 1840 mihecaan miteka nai Latin a tilid ko malo tilid no sowal no finacadan, o pakayraan to pitoor o adihayay kawakawas. “Maori” sanay sowal i o “tada” ato “tada tamdaw” o sanay, itiya iropiya a tamdaw micomod i Niwsilan, mahaenay to o Maori tamdaw sanay. Roma a finacadan pipangangan “Masamo’ay (Pakeha) tamdaw” o sanay. ’alomanay a mikadkaday ato mikingkiway to likisi o Maori a fanacadan o nai Koke a kanatal ato Polinisiya a tayniay. Roma a mikingkiway Maori a finacadan ato Notimolan kalokanatal a finacadan a lalowadan nai saka’amis nga’ay doedoen saetip no Taypinyang a Taywan[5], no Maori a sowal, ponka ato lecok no to’as a pisaloma’ ato ’Amisi finacadan a yincumin no Taywan malecaday, sakiponka ’adihay malalenay[6]. Anini Maori a tamdaw ira ko 70 ’ofad ko tamdaw, i Niwsilan 62 ’ofad[7], Autaliya 12.6 ’ofad[1], Inkilis 8 cicing tamdaw[2]., Amilika ato Kanata ira ko 4 cicing ko tamdaw. O Maori a sowal ko sasowal no Niwsilan kitakit. == Ponka 文化 == Maori tamdaw I ’ayaw no 18 sici ’aloman ko mafolaway nai Inkilis, o Maori a tamdaw o maomahay, mifotingay, mi’adopay, mipitpitay. Ponka no Maori o ponka no Niwsilan, pahapinang i citiliday tireng, sapilalood a kero, piitemek no pinasanga’, mafana’ mito’to’, mitenooy, pito’to halo kilang, fokeloh, o masado’esay ko Maori to sakiarawan. == Rikec no niyaro’: saopo no Maori ko parana’an. == O lekakawa no Maori, ano pataloma’ayto, kalalood, pakayraanto, o laloma’an ko pidoedoan no demak. Kasa niyaro’ ira ko nipatirengan a “Pa” hananay, todongay pakacawan a polol, lotok to, taporo to, tanektek ko katomirengan. Nawhani, caay pitolas ka ira no kalalood, adihay ko “Pa” hananay pikacawan, piki’adingan a polol, saka rihaday madama ko niyaro’. Mahaenay a ’imeceday a pisimawan, iraay to i to’asan no Maori i Polinisiya a ’orip itiya, masiroma to “Pa” no Niwsilan a nipatirengan a kalifotan, tata’ang a dadahal. Lekakawa no Maori ira ko kasaselal no rikec, masiiked o fodawan ngasaw, finawlan ato palakolongan. Samulay ato kakeridan o fadawan a tamdaw, ci sakowan cangra, mikowan to kalodemak no niyaro’. Pakayni i kacilosid, matiliday a pising ko kasasiroma no selal. Fadawan a ngasaw tomeli’ay ko kacilosid, citodong to sakangayaw. No malakolongay tamdaw ikalaloodan a marofoay tamdaw, midemak ciira to malakolongay tayal, ira sa ko lisin a lekakawa malosapacakat. Masowalay i, o kacitilid no Maori tamdaw. Misakilangay ato tanokamayay ko demak saheto o tadamaanay ko kasofocan a ’orip, o finacadan ko pahafayay to saka’orip. Sakipitoor, adihayay ko kawakawas no Maori tamdaw, nika paso’elin cangra ira ko cecay a Kawas (Io Matua Kore), onini caay ka lecad to roma a finawlan no kanatal iTaypingyan, orasaka ikor nangra rahodayto milayap to cecayay Kawas no Kiristokiw. Onian ko nai 19 sici tangasa anini, saka adihay ko Maori a tamdaw mipaso’elinay to Keristokiw. Maori a tamdaw i ’ayaw no kalaloodan makero to sapilifet patalaw a kero to “Haka”. Oni a haka pahapinang to ’icel to sapisi’ayaw patalaw ato pilaplap to ’ada. I notimolan kaetip no hekal ira ko cecay a fafahiyan pakanengneng to kangdaway odo’, o sowal nangra “damihemih” (Pounamu). Onian o nengneng no Maori tamdaw o tadamaanay hasa pisanga’ to no tamdawan a kido, mimingay losidan, sapilood , onian damihemih ko sapisanga’. == Kakaenen 食物 == O kakaenen nangra nai kanatalay a konga, tali, kisiyafa a dateg. Maoli tamdaw miala to fafoy, Waco, korafaw. Ikor kolafaw komaen to ’ayam no Niwsilan. Maori tamdaw o nikaenan nangra o kalang, ’afar, toda no riyar kakaenen (nika nialaan naira a kaciherangan a sapaloma caay kalengaw, nanoya komaen to cangra to kong a ’ayam.) == O taitiya:ay a kimad 神話 == Away ko tilid no Maori tamdaw, iti:ya ho o nai sowal ko pirayray, halo radiw, tinako a kimad ato angki a radiw. 19 sici micomod ko patenakay no Keristokiw misanga’ to tilid no Maori, orasaka adihayay a kimad no itiya:ay, rocok a kimad matiliday mahopeday. O sakidemak no Maori tamdaw i niyaro’ a todong mi’edaw, pipaso’elin ato no hekalan pinengneng mapatirengay i salaloma’an no itiya:yaay a kimad, oni a kimad pirocok nai Polinisiya ko sakaira, i fa^elohay a liyok mafalicay ato mapacomahad[8]. Maori tamdaw o niyaro’ ko todong no pakayraan, saki to’as no niyaro’ tadakangodoen, mararid mipasadak to itiya:ay a kimad nai pinasanga’ay, tinako karayan, fali ato riyar[9]. O kimad no Maori a tamdaw caay ko mahoracay a kimad, itini i pinasanga’ manengneng ko salo’afang nangra, orasaka kimad no Maori malecaday i pinasanga’an. O kimad no Maori kafangafangan romi’ad masiked i misanga’ay to hakal a kimad,Mawyi a kimad, Tafoki kimad toloay, saki tamdaw o kawas malakawasay tamdaw, mafalic malatamdaw, o nikafana’ no tamdaw nai kimad kafafalifalican a mapahapinang, malahad. pisanga’ to hakal a kimad o nano hekal a fitaol (inkilis: world egg). [10] == Pisanga’ to hakal a kimad 創世神話 == Caayho kafohat ko kakarayan ato hekal, to’emanay ho, o sowal no Maori o sarakatay a sici: o horac. Ira ko cecau romi’ad, kakarayan a wama ci Rangi (inkilis: Rangi and Papa) ato sra a ina ci Papa (Rangi and Papa) tapielal to, sarakatay mararamoday no pinasanga’. Mapatakecay cangra tatosa, milenak to sakaci’icel no pinasanga’ a ’orip, papitoay ko wawa nangra: 1. Lolotokan kawas ci Tani Mahota (inkilis: Tāne Mahuta). 2. Fali kawas ci Tawhirimatia (inkilis: Tāwhirimātea). 3. Riyar kawas ci Tangaroa (inkilis: Tangaroa). 4. Kalalood kawas ci Tomataoenga (inkilis: Tūmatauenga). 5. Halinga’ay kawas ci Rongo (inkilis: Rongo). 6. Pinalengaw kawas ci Haomia Tiketike (inkilis: Haumia-tiketike). 7. Macelal kawas ci Roaomoko (inkilis: Rūaumoko). Mato’as to koya papitoay wawa na kakarayan a wama ato sra a ina i, nawhani halafin ko piingir i pi’afofo no mama ato ina, ira ko kalangiwngiwan nangra a wawa. Oya Kalalood kawas, Lolotokan kawas, Riyar kawas mipalaliyas to mama ato ina, Fali a kawas miliyang mi’odangay a demak, oya Halinga’ay kawas, Pinalengaw kawas, Macelal kawas awaay ko sowal. Palaliyasen ko mama ato ina sanay toloay kawas mipasadak to kalo’icel naira, manengneng no ko pi’odang to mama ato ina a Fali a kawas samatiya sa o marofirofay a foteli’,talifahal sa ci ta’angay fali ato ’orad, mapeleng mapeci’ to kakarayan ato sra, nanoya ranikay sato malaliyas ko mama ato ina. Mataelif ko romi’ad mapidah to ko Fali a kawas, nakay sato a tayra i ci mamaan kakarayan. Nanoyaan mama kakarayan ato ina sra sasiiked sato, mararaay ko sasitapal, mararom caira tamangic to kacilosa’ mala ta’angay riyar. == Kalokawas a teloc 諸神的後裔 == Lolotok kawas palaliyas to mama kakarayan ato ina sra, pakayni ’icel nira o kilang rengos losay ato fafaoan mapaini to nga’ay ’orip, malengaw ko maamaan a pinalengaw i pinasanga’, manga’ay i ’afofo no ina a sra Papa miala to sota’, mimi’mi’ palatamdaw to fafahiyan, pangangan ihan ci Hineahuone han. Mararamod ci Lolotok kawas ato cingra, ci wawa to fafahiya, panganganen nangra ci Hinetitama I han, o Kanikaran a wawa to fafahiyan (Dawnmaid). Mato’as to ci Kanikaran, Lolotok kawas patelac ko faloco’ nira to wawa to fafahiyan, papikotayen nira ko ina. Na mafana’ tonini a demak ci Kanikaran wawa a fafahiyan tonian tadakakangodoen cingra, limok sato i lalinik to’emanay sra, mifalic to ngangan ci Hini-noi-te-po’ (inkilis: Hine-nui-te-pō) , mala mapatayay kawas a fafahiyan (Godess of Death), nanoya kanikaran nai wali masadak, piliyawan matefo i kaetip. Riyar kawas mikowan to i lalinikay no riyar a foting, ’afar, kalang, kafos a ma’oripay. Halinga’ay kawas cimikowanay to polong no pipaloma, tadamaan o konga (o kakaenen no Maori koni), mapangangan to kanga a kawas. Pinalengaw kawas citodong mikowanay to kalopinalengaw. Fali kawas mikowan to pinasanga’ a fali ato foteli’, nawhani sakidemak no Kalalood kawas to ecaay kangodo to mato’asay maketeray cira, ocoren nira ko wawawawa palesifo’ to fali ato ’orad papisi’ayaw to Kalalood kawas milifet. Macelal kawas malamikowanay to lonen a cikawasay, o sowal milimekay ’orip a kanikaran a wawa to fafahiyan malafafahi no Macelalay kawas, cangra mararamod mipatihi to sra a ina, o ’icel no macelal ko sapadiheko to sra a ina, to’emanay a fafahiyan ko sapakafoti’ to sra ina. == Lalengawan no tamdaw 人類起源 == Pakanengneng ko Kalalood kawas malamikowanay to ko salikaka i, ci teloc to, dengan to o niya ko awaayay. Ira ko cecay romi’ad, itira i lotokan malitemoh ko nano saran fafahiya ci Niyafoanni, mafana’ to nifahekolan no Lolotok a kawas, mapakasowal a malafafahi to nira. Maka’intelan no saran fafahiya ko Lolotok a kawas nao kakapah no nikaran fafahiyan makinafahekol, cifaloco’ay to saco’ay, mihayda to pitapi’ no Kalalood kawas, ciwawa caira to pinapina a wawa, oya tamdaw anini. Paso’elin ko Maori a tamdaw to wawa ni kakarayan a wama ato sra a ina, dengan o wawa ni Kalalood kawas ko saki^emelay ato tadamafana’ay, nahani caira ko mafana’ay mifoting mi’adop, maomah paloma, ci’icel to saka’orip, nikaorira midotoc to halilalooday pinangan, sakacaay pitolas ko fangafang no tamdamdaw. Ira ko cecay romi’ad, mafahekaay a malitosaay tamdaw kawas ci Mawyi pasipatay a kawas a fafahiyan milengat to lalood, itiya miteka milaliw to sakapatayaw. [11] == Likisi 歷史 == === Itiya:ayho a kimad 傳說 === O itiya:ayho a kimad no Maori tamdaw i, ci Kopi ko sarakatay a miletepay i Niwsilan. === Masawalay a demak. 記事 === Sa’ayaway, dengan o tamdaw no kanatal ko tayraay i Auteyalowa ko mi’adopay to kong a ’ayam, matodoh caira to loloyokan a mi’adop, nanoya ikor no 100 mihecaan, na pakanengneng ko Iropiya tamdaw i, malahedaway to koya kong a ’ayam. Salongan 1280 mihecaan, ira ko 7ay a teptep a tamina, nai timolay kanatal no Taypinyang, lahecadsa tayni i Auteyalowa. Onini o sa’ayaway mihalakaan a kafolaw, naitira to 200 mihecaan, matatooray ko kafolaw, o Maori tamdaw misitapang i na’amisan ato notimolan kasapala a kanatal a paloma’. Pinapina to a semo’ot no mihacaan, comahad ko marikecay a niyaro’ no Maori tamdaw, kasaselal rikec, ato takaraway sakiarawan. ’Ayaw no nika tayni no ^etipay a sakacakat i, o no naira o Maori tamdaw ko nilecokan lekakawa ko ni’oripan. Roma caay ka lecad to pinapina a kitakit ko pipenec, ato saka pisaroma to caayay ka ’aloman finacadan, saka adihay ko pasadak to sowal no Maori tamdaw i Nisilan, masongila’ ko pihoped to ponka, o sowal no Maori mihayda ko rikec no kitakit no Niwsilan. Ano matirati:ra aca, aniniay sowal no Maori malitemoh ko katalawan a pipakalawac (paklatawa) no kohecalay tamdaw i Niwsilan, nawhani caay ka litosa ko Maori tamdaw somowalay to Maori saki’orip to romi’adan, alomanay tamdaw caay to kafana’ to sowal no Maori. === Tadamaanay demak 重大事件 === ==== 1835 “Pacecay sowa to misiiked no Niwsilan”. 1835《紐西蘭獨立宣言》 ==== Ikor no 18 sici, o Inkilis nai Sinnanwils kafolawan miocor to mi’isoay a mifotingay pasayra i Niwsilan a mifoting to lokedaw no riyar ato ’iso, kalosapili’aca. 1791 miheca ci Wilian aci Ann (William and Ann, I wanglo) tangasa i Niwsilan, misitapang madadoedo tayni ko mifotingay ngata a riyar mifotingay. Matiniay talahekal ko mifotingay midemak to sasimalen ato ’okak no ’iso, masasi’aca caira to Maori tamdaw, paherek i miliyas to. Ikor tadamaanay no Niwsilan a dangka ato kilang manengneng no miliwalay tamdaw, macakat talahekal a papisanga’ to fafahiyan noo Maori to saso’ot, mimingay ko pa^etan pakatayal o malatakaraway ko pali’aca no dafong. Kadadoedo to katalahekal no tamdaw ira ko tintosi, singsi, tapatapng, ato misahinamay, palonanay, ato molataw. Sasifosifod sako katayni no nga’ayay tatiihay a taniay kalo  sakaforifor no Maori, micomodto ko sakadenga a malifong ato sakangayaw a kowang. Mapadenga to lifong ko Maoro sakalowan no tamdaw, tayniay ko papotalay tamdaw miliyad to ’aca no sra saka ciloma’ a maro’. Nano caay ko no Inkilis a micingcingan ko Niwsilan, nikawrira papakoniranira sa ko ka’a’isa’is tatoso, paocoren no Inkilis kitakit ci Camis Paspi (James Busby) malamikowanay i Niwsilan. 1833 miheca 5 folad 5 romi’ad tangasa i Niwsilan ci Paspi. [12] ==== 1840 “Waitangi tatoneken”. 1840《懷唐伊條約》 ==== Ona“Waitangi tatoneken” roma sowal o “Watangi” han i 1840 miheca 2 folad 6 romi’ad, o Maori tamdaw ato Inkilis taypiaw, i no ’amisan kanatal no Niwsilan saka wali ’amis sa’akong pala (Bay of Islands) a Waitangi a masasitelek. O katatelek toloay ko toliken, no Inkilis mamoko’ay a sepat tolik. Saka cecay, Citodongay mikowan paliyasen ko hongti no Inkilis. Saka tosa, Tatakosan o cacisra, loma’, lolotok, pifotingan ato payso a pikowan. Saka tolo, I ’ayaw ko hongti no Inkilis mi’aca to sra a sakowan. Saka sepat, Yincumin ato Inkilis a finawlan malalen miraoy to salongoc. O Waitangi tatoneken hadoc no tilid o Inkilis ko misilsilay, ikor pala no Maori a tilid. Laloma’an hadoc no tilid to Inkilis ato Maori a tilid masasiromaay. Tinako saka cecay no Inkilis a “sovereignty”(todong mikowan) a tilid, i Maori a tilidan “kawanatanga”(sapikowan) sa a maceror ko tadongan. Orasaka i tatakosan no Maori tonian a sitatelek o “papikowan to riwang hongti no Inkilis” sanay caay ko ro’it paliyas pafeli to sakowan. Onian a tatelek adihay ko matiniay a milinikay a pihongyako, saka caay to ko malalenay ko kasasitelek tatosa. [13] ==== 1850 mihecaan “hongti a onto” 1850年代「國王運動」 ==== 1846 miheca tangasa 1853 mihecaan, Inkilis a tamdaw pakayni i “Waitangi tatoneken” mili’ayaw mi’aca to sra a salongoc,miliyad to ’aca misadadahal to sra no Niwsilan. 1853 mihecaan, miliyang pa’aca to Inkilis tamdaw (anti-land selling) a tatakosan no Maori, o sapidipotaw to sra miparakomod ci Potatao Te Weroheroan (Inkilis: Pōtatau Te Wherowhero) palasa’ayaway hongti no Maori. Oni a hongti i Waikato a mapatireng. Ikor no tosa miheca mapatay, o wawa ko mirocokay mala hongti. ’Arawhani kamatini no Maori tamdaw a marikec mala kalongocan no Inkilis tamdaw, misahalaka ko Inkilis to sakalalood no Waikato (Inkilis: Invasion of the Waikato) sapisekong to hongti a onto. [14] == Tadamaanay tamdaw 知名人物 == 1. Nanaia Mahuta: aniniay kakeridan a saipotay po. 2. Wenston Pitiro (Winston Peters): ’ayaway kakeridan a saipotay po. 3. Wali Penitito (Wally Penetito): singsi no kiwyiko i Wyilinton Witoliya daykak no Niwsilan. 4. Tuheitia Potatau Te Wherowhero saka pito: hongti no kitakit no Maori tamdaw. 5. Calum Hood: limaayto ko temik tangasa kaciherangan (5 seconds of summer) pays, nao Maori ato Sokelan a camel. 6. Yohani Tamihere: ono sici tamdaw no Niwsilan, 2019 miheca 10 folad mikihatiya to Aukelan a ciciw. 7. Cili Te Kanawa: tadamaanay maradiway fafahiya i karomadiwan. 8. Maisey Rika: maradiway fafahiyan. == Sakaira no tilid 資料來源 == 1.Hamer, Paul. One in Six? The Rapid Growth of the Māori Population in Australia (PDF). New Zealand Population Review. 2008, 33/34: 153–176 [19 May 2012]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2013-11-12）. 2.Walrond, Carl. Māori overseas. Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. 4 March 2009 [7 December 2010]. （原始內容存檔於2010-12-06）. 3.New Zealand-born figures from the 2000 U.S. Census; maximum figure represents sum of "Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander" and people of mixed race. United States Census Bureau (2003).Census 2000 Foreign-Born Profiles (STP-159): Country of Birth: New ZealandPDF (103 KB). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Census Bureau. 4.Statistics Canada (2003).(232), Sex (3) and Single and Multiple Responses (3) for Population, for Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2001 Census – 20% Sample Data （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Ottawa: Statistics Canada, Cat. No. 97F0010XCB2001001. 5.從毛利人來自台灣的新聞談南島民族的遷徙史. [2019-10-18]. （原始內容存檔於2019-10-18）. 6.踩到花蓮海水落淚 毛利人領袖：來台有如靈魂之旅. [2019-10-18]. （原始內容存檔於2019-10-18）. 7.Statistics New Zealand. QuickStats About Māori. [7 August 2010]. （原始內容存檔於2013-09-21）. 8.Biggs, Bruce. The Complete English-Maori Dictionary. Auckland University Press. 2012: 447–448. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1869400576</nowiki>. 9.張, 瀞文; 繆, 靜芬; 李, 根芳. 紐西蘭. 台北: 台英雜誌. 2003: 31. <nowiki>ISBN 9576321948</nowiki>. 10.Porselvi, P. Mary Vidya. Nature, Culture and Gender: Re-reading the folktale. Routledge India. 2016: 69. 11.林, 爽. 紐西蘭的原住民. 台北市: 世界華文作家出版社. 1998: 26~34. <nowiki>ISBN 957-98538-2-7</nowiki>. 12.蔡芬芬. 紐西蘭毛利人的主權. 台灣原住民族研究學報. 2012, 第2卷 (第4期): 65–86. 13.Ian Hugh Kawharu. Waitangi: Māori & Pākehā Perspectives of the Treaty of Waitangi. Auckland: Oxford University Press. 1989. <nowiki>ISBN 9780195581751</nowiki>. 14.李龍華. 紐西蘭史：白雲仙境.世外桃源. 台北市: 三民. 2005. <nowiki>ISBN 9571441643</nowiki>. == hapinangan (參考文獻) == [https://zh.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%BA 毛利人] 8edb7puu3shqtxc4he077o8i7ylpu1a 0 2280 40858 34117 2024-01-15T22:26:33Z InternetArchiveBot 33 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 40858 wikitext text/x-wiki O romi’ad no kalokitakit sowal no ina 國際母語日 To mihecahecaan saka 2 folad 21 romi’ad niketonan o romi’ad no kalokitakit sowal no ina, o Linhoko kiwiko, kakak ato punka a lekatep i 1999 miheca mapasadak maketong, nai 2000 miheca, mihecahecaan saka 2 folad 21 romi’ad niketonan o romi’ad no kalokitakit sowal no ina. Patosokan sakiliyok no hekal misinting midama to katadamaan no sowal, micekeroh palosiyang to sowal no ina a onto, saka ecaaw kalasawad ko sowal i hekal. == Likisi 歷史 == === Calay: Pangkalatis sowal a onto 主條目：孟加拉語言運動 === 1948 miheca, o Pakistan a sifo pala no kitakit a sowal ko Orto a sowal, sakapico’a’ang no sakawali a Pakistan a finawlan. I Pangkalatis sowal a onto i, ira ko 5 tamdaw i 1952 miheca 2 falad 21 romi’ad makowangay mapatay no sofitay[1]. 1956 miheca, no Pangkalatis a kinpo matelek o Pangkalatis sowal ato Orto sowal malosowal no kitakit. 1971 miheca, Pangkalatis kitakit micidek to Pakistan a misiked, i Taka misafa’eloh patireng to “Pa’ading to sowal no ina a pihiratengan ’otoc” [2]. 1999 miheca 11 folad, Linhoko kiwiko, kakak, punka a lekatep saka 30 lekad a kalomaoc [https://web.archive.org/web/20230130214627/http://www.guvenlikhaber.org/ miketon] kai mihecahecaan saka 2 folad 21 romi’adan o “o romi’ad no kalokitakit sowal no ina” [3]. O romi’ad no kalokitakit sowal no ina nai 2000 mihecaan kalomihecaan mitiway, o sapicekeroh to sakalacecay rihaday hekal ato kasahirahira no sowal, a mapadama ko polong a sowal no ina[4][5]. Kayki no Linhoko i saka 61 lekad i 2007 miheca 5 folad 17 romi’ad mihayda to cecay niketonan, mihapiw 2008 miheca o “Miheca no sowal i kasakitakit”, pahapinang to kasasiromaroma no sowal o picekeroh to kasasiromaroma no punka ato kasaspsap no kasakitakit a tadamaan, onini a niketonan o maro’ay i Kanata [https://telegra.ph/Private-Security-01-31 Wenkofa] a Pangkalatis a tamdaw ci Rafikul Islam ko pasadakay. I 1998 miheca 1 folad 9 romi’ad patilid to tilid ci Kofi Annanan, milongoc cingraan to pihayda mihapiw to romi’ad no kalokitakit sowal no ina sapipa’orip to sowal no hekal a caay kalasawad. Ci Rafikul paini yana romi’ad kai 2 folad 21 romi’adan, o sapihirateng to nano onto a sowal i Pangkalatis[6]. cr96qnq5702l2e8da4jlpuurdsfuj62 0 2281 32732 32728 2022-10-21T03:44:31Z Safulo 35 32732 wikitext text/x-wiki ==safulo== Taiwan's population of 23 million, there are 590,000 indigenous peoples in Taiwan (2021), divided into 16 ethnic groups, whose language and culture are all endangered. After working hard to make Ami available in October 2021, I am the leader and main editor of the Ami Wikipedia,I specifically applied to be an administrator because we are just beginning to translate and edit Amis Wikipitiya who could meet the editorial requirements of the wiki.[[Midemakay:Safulo|Safulo]] ([[Kasasowal no midemakay:Safulo| kalalicay]]) 2022年10月4日 (tinosa) 10:55 (CST) ===support (支持)=== O tadafangcalay koni Wikipitiya, ano ira ko mikeliday tamiyanan midemakay mikowanay tonini i, o tadamanga'ayay kona demak, ci Safulo singsi ko safangcalay a malakowanliyen nona Wiki no Pangcah aray. ci Amoy ko ngangan nomako. O Wikipitiya mikowanay tonini i ci Safulo singsi ko safangcalay a malamikowannanay nona Wiki no 'Amis. ci '''Masao Nika'''r ko ngangan no mako. Aray. Ira to ko matiniay a mamilosimet a tamdaw o sakacat no laheci no qikipitya no 'Amis,makapah a matilid ko maamaan no 'Amis a tamdaw pakayni i rikisi, punka ato pinangan, o nanengnengen no ikor a tamdamdaw, nanay mapa'icel no cimacima a tamdaw kona tadamaanay demak. ci '''Safulo kako.''' Minanamay ho kako to caciyaw no Pangcah/'Amis, mafana' to kaira no Wiki, ira ko tahapinangan, nikaorira ano ira ko malamamikowan i, ci Safulo singsi ko matatodongay a mikelid toni a demak.ci '''Afuko''' ko ngangan no mako, Aray. Tadamahemek ko faloco' ira ko hatiniay pasadakay to tilid no mita Pangcah, nanay ira ko mikowanay tona Wikipitiya, ci Safulo singsi ko matatodongay a mikelid kitanan. ci '''Hana''' ko ngangan ako. aray. Tada mahemek ko faloco’ a mikapot toni a saopo no mitiliday to Wiki. Ci Safulo singsi ko matatodongay a mikelid kitanan. mapainiini to taneng. Itini tona cefang a mika’ered to Wiki, ira ko paini ako to pira’oy to kinairaira i malacalayay a paratohay, to kacangalan ako tono ’Amis a sowal. ci '''Mayaw''' ko ngangan ako. aray! Tadamahemek ko faloco' mikapot toni wikipitiya, ira ci Safulo singsi a mikerid tamiyanan a mitilid tonini Wiki.Nanay o matatodongay ci Safulo singsi a mikowan tona wiki.ci Safulo singsi ko safangcalay a malakowanliyen nona wiki. ci '''Alofay''' ko ngangan no mako. Aray！ Tadamahemak ko faloco' a mikapot tona wikipitiya,ci Safulo singsi koni keriday tamiyanan a mitilid tona wikipitiya, ano ira ko mamikowan tona wiki i, ci Safulo singsi ko matatodongay a malakowanliyen nona wiki,ci '''Panay''' ko ngangan no mako. Aray! Ci '''Iyus''' kako, malipahak ko faloco' no mako to picoker tonini a halaka, sa'icelen no mita o Pangcah. Ci '''Fayan''' kako, malipahak ko faloco' no mako to picoker tonini a halaka, sa'icel no mita. Ci '''Halo''' kako, malipahak ko faloco' no mako to picoker to matiniay a halaka, minanay kako ci Safuloan a mala管理員. === against (反對) === ===abstaining (中立)=== 40ujzxp7xfy3gs9xmm6l9j6g834hjvt 0 2282 32319 2022-09-05T09:52:41Z Akamycoco 27 Akamycoco malinah to ko felih nani [[Cameroon]] tangasa i [[Kamiron]] 32319 wikitext text/x-wiki #重新導向 [[Kamiron]] dqs9ejtw2ajqacf8lnugcewbhv67tcm 0 2283 32334 2022-09-07T21:33:51Z WikiEditor50 43 WikiEditor50 malinah to ko felih nani [[United kingdom]] tangasa i [[United Kingdom]] 32334 wikitext text/x-wiki #重新導向 [[United Kingdom]] 08k48hp7uiltkpyk6zcf6t6bw974wdy 0 2284 32336 2022-09-07T21:36:07Z WikiEditor50 43 WikiEditor50 malinah to ko felih nani [[Hong kong]] tangasa i [[Hong Kong]] 32336 wikitext text/x-wiki #重新導向 [[Hong Kong]] 2j6xe4cdyqhw3fmjgdu6djodg7s00ox 0 2285 32345 2022-09-07T22:10:56Z WikiEditor50 43 WikiEditor50 malinah to ko felih nani [[Congo, domocratic republic of the]] tangasa i [[Congo, democratic republic of the]] 32345 wikitext text/x-wiki #重新導向 [[Congo, democratic republic of the]] 36xf3v4722hq1u1c96u6qvm27qdxa20 0 2286 32347 2022-09-07T22:14:10Z WikiEditor50 43 WikiEditor50 malinah to ko felih nani [[Congo, the republic of the]] tangasa i [[Congo, republic of the]] 32347 wikitext text/x-wiki #重新導向 [[Congo, republic of the]] 8rdbpw2brvouk0kp457uwkf72cp9tnm 0 2291 32869 32386 2022-11-08T01:25:30Z Emic5826 567 #ALCD 32869 wikitext text/x-wiki == Takaray a sowal (概要) == O takora’ hananay, maedeng ira ko sepat patek falo so’ot a kasasiromaroma’ no mira. sakaka’ay o takora’ ato takodicay ko tahapinangan no mita. O takodicay itini’ay i sotasota’an a ma’orip calekahay aca ko fanges no mira. O tokora’ i, mafana’ay a midangoy, manga’ay aca a miliyas i nanonanoman a ma’orip. Nikaorira ano mamahofoc ko tatora’ to fita’ol i, caayay ka nga’ay a miliyas to nanom, ano awaay ko nanom caay ka nga’ay a malahad malafanani’ol ko tireng no mira,caho ka malatakora’ ko fanani’ol i, caay ka ngaay a miliyas i nanonanoman. Ona takora’ ato takodicay mahecaday ko tatirengan nangra, caay ka hapinang ko iloc, awaay ko fadowac nangra.roma i, o opopay han ko ngangan no takora'. tada’adetay ko kohaw, kaen han marecaday to koko’ ko titi’ nira. == Kasasiromaroma (種類) == == Tahapinangan (特徵) == == kakarayan ( 氣候) == == Mafolaw (遷移) == == Kakaenen (食物) == 7vn2sd6d1y5zz8pheknjau0m0gwrvz1 0 2293 38675 32482 2023-06-29T04:39:55Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38675 wikitext text/x-wiki Lifok 'Oteng (Huang koy-caw, 1932 – 2019 miheca 4 folad 7 romi’ad), no [[Taywan]] [[Posong]] Singko Sa’aniwan niyaro’ ’[[Amis]] a tamdaw, tilid no romi’ad, misiyasing, mihoped to nalacolan, nikingkiwan tilid, likodo.., mihoped to nalacolan no tirengan ’orip a tilid, misa’icel mihoped ato mikingkiw to ponka no ’Amis. {| class="wikitable" |+ ! colspan="2" |'''Lifok 'Oteng''' |- |kasofocan |1932 miheca Pikowan no Dipong to Taywan Posong Singko citodongay |- |kapatayan |2019 miheca 4 folad 7 romi’ad (86-87 miheca) Taywan Posong Makay paisingan |- |kitakit |Dipong kitakit (1932-1945 miheca) Cunghuaminko (1945-2019 miheca) |- |tayal |Misacemoday, Ladiway, kingkiw to finacadan |- |Pacihofi |Yincumin tilidan a tadamaanay (2001 miheca) Patoloan yincuminco tadamaanay (2019 miheca) |- |pitooran |Lu sen-paw |} == Ka’emangan 幼年 == 1932 miheca, i Sa’aniwan niyaro’ ko kasofocan ni Lifok. I pikowan no Dipong misawad ko laloma’an to kacitodong to sikawasay lekakawa, mipalafoay to laloma’an o cacilafo ko loma’ han no sikawasay, itiya mapangangan to Lifok, tatodong o “nipodpodan” sanay, o pisakahemow to pilafo no tato’asan. Ci Doing kina lima ciramod, saheto mapalimangta’ay ko kaciwawa, tatosa ko ma’oripay mato’as. Ka’emangan mitilid i pitilidan (Folalacay) misawad, nanoya tayra i Madawdaw i loma’ no Dipong masatofang, 1944 miheca 4 folad, nai lotok mikasoy minokay i pitofangan a malalisan, malifawa ko kawanan a cepi’, saka tosa romi’ad mapanokay i loma’, tahira i loma’, mangalef ko kaciadada a masafena’ ko olat no cepi’, o saka ’ifecang no wa’ay, o tokos masokedet ato mado^eng ko kawanan a tangila. Papi’edawen ko sikawasay o nano lafo to no kawasan adada saan, pado’edoan a misair, caay ko mamanga’ayto, nanoya o sangasaw pangangan to roma a ngangan i cingraan to “Oteng” ahan, todong o mapatayay tireng. O misakacaway ko finawlan no ’Amis, caay ka nga’ay ningra mikihatiya, saka o sasafa:ay masararemay i niyaro’ a tamdaw, o misa’alingayay no ina ko ’Amis, o kararamod mikadafoay ko fainayan, o mapi’erasay ko tireng ningra, o makatawaen ko caay ka cifafahi. Sacisowal sa cingra do’edoen to no ’Amis a pinengneng, o tadancaay a tamdaw, caay ko fainayan. == Adada 生病 == Itiya masararemay ko isingan no niyaro’, saki adadaay no ’Amis tamdaw ira ko ka’odangan a lisin, tinako caay ka nga’ay miceno’ to nanom mingingoy, caay ka nga’ay mileceng to fokes ato milikanoos, caay ka nga’ay no kafokilan tamdaw a miosa ato wawa. Mata’elif ko saka 3 mihecaan to kawakang ni Lifok, mico’ay ko ina to lisin no to’as, pangingoyen cingra ato yatyaten no ina ko tatirengan[3]. Itiya mitilid i Kaliko to sakalasingsi ko kaka ci Lay ko-syang, ka Dipongan malamikantokay a mama no niyaro’ ci Si tin-co, milonok cangra malasingsi ni Lifok. O saka tosa a kaka ningra, yo 21 ko mihecaan mapatay i Cungko Santong Cingsiangsen. 7 mihecaan ko tadanca ni Lifok, 1951 miheca 3 folad 5 romi’ad, no Dipong, no kowaping palamlam ko pitilid minanam to Loma a tilid, sa citilid to “40 miheca 3 folad 5 romi’ad, mato’em ma’oraday romi’ad. Maherek maranam, mafecol ko tiyad, mikonga ko ina, milingato kako a misanga’ to ica’ic a honi, tangasa i herek no lahok 4 ko toki…”, o nian ko sa’ayaway a tilid no ’orip. Kaadadaan i, o fai ato faki macacorok to dadayadaya mihinom to rarom no ina, i kafoti’an ci Lifok o nian ko saka pakatengil mafana’ to no to’as a kimad ato radiw sahacecay han mitilid[4]. I kafoti’an, minanam to tilid pakayniay to sici, yiso, likisi, kiwiko, radiw ato masamaamaany a tilid, mihirateng dengan o fana’, kacipono’ ato sakafana’ pasowal ko saka’orip saan to. == Piadahan to adada 養病 == 1953 miheca, manga’ay to ni Lifok ci cokor talapapotal[3]. Itiya nao nai Hilongcyang ko kahiceraan no Paylenwayfang patenakay tayni i Posong mikihatiya to Yincumin patenakay[6]. == Patenakay 傳教 == 1964 miheca, mikihatiya ci Lifok to mitilidan no Sen Nohan to nano Paylenwayfang patenakay pitilidan, itira cingra a minanam to sakisalalan ato pakayraan, saka sakiikoray ningra manga’ay ko pilosimet to rayray no ’Amis finacadan. Itiya mapatoror ni Tawasi (Yaw pinyi) o Holan tamdaw, malapatenakay no Tingsokaw, minanam to sifana’, misatapang midemak ato misoped to likisi no niyaro’, sowal, radiw, lekakawa no niyaro’ ato pinangan. Itiya tayni ko romaay kitakit a simpo saki todong a kiwkay a pikihatiya tiliden, ci Lifok mafana’ a misasing, misasingan nira mata’elif ko 500 a milomo nihopedan[1]. Mapadang haca ci Ka’otoan (S Taynan) simpoan to palaLoma a tilid to Fangcalay Cudad no ’Amis a sowal. O roma, i ’ayaw i kaciadada ni Lifok i kafoti’an, masafaloco’ ko fana’ to sapihopedaw to pasadakan, tikami, sata, sapina’ang to payso, mipalayapay, kamok, ato sapikihatiya to masamaamaanay sapilifet, saheto o nihopedan ningra, tinako ira ko cecay 1958 mihecaan a pafilongan a kamok, laloma’ ira ko “ano hakowa ko piliyaw ni kaka minokay”, no ’Amis a radiw, no Italiya a ongkak, pahapinang to itiya:ay ho a picomod no punka, o kamok nia mifayolingay ci Lifok, kowaping ngangan “Huang koycaw” . == Finacadan kingkiw 民族所 == 1974 miheca, na mapatay ko ina ni Lifok ci Doing, sacecay sato cingra tayra i Taypi malingad[1]. Itira i mipata’isay kaysya matayal, nikawrira sakifana’aw, mararid cingra tayra i Sakakaay yinciwyin mikilim to kakotilid. 1982 miheca, itiya no Dipong a hakasi ci Ma yinwu a pipakayakay, ci Lifok mala o Sakakaay yinciwyin no finacadan mikingkiw a mipadangay, o dam ani Lio pinsiong, roma milihedak to saki no tamdawan nilosimat to nisolapan, nanoya pahapinang to nitilidan no tireng mihapiw. O malawamaay ci Ma yinwu aci Ma yintong, mikingkiw to no ’Amis finacadan. Niyaro’ no Sa’aniwan ira ci Ka’ongto (S Taynan) ko midamaay, o kero, radiw, ca’edong no ’Amis no Kalinko an Posong i pasawali a niyaro’ samarocokay kanga’ayan[8]. 1988 miheca, pakayni ci Lifokan mapadama, 1986 miheca i niyaro’ ni Sa’aniwan o pialaan to no ilisin no ’Amis i Sakakaay yinciwyin no finacadan mikingkiw nipasadakan, mapacomod 20 ko nihopedan[10]. == Tongkowanco 東管處 == 1990 miheca, 7 miheca ci Lifok i Congyinyin, ikor tayra cingra i Pasawalian kitakit pisolapan to pala a citodongay, parocok to no ’Amis finacadan saki punka a pasadakan. 1995 -1998 miheca, mapatoro’ cingra to tongse no caytanghocing kitakit punka yiso kikingkay. Kai [https://admin.taiwan.net.tw/eastcoast-nsa/ Tongkoancoan] i, malaheci ko “No to’as punka no ’Amis finacadan”, “Radiw no kaemangay no ’Amis finacadan”, “Ka’eso’ay kakaenen no ’Amis”, “O fangcalay ilisin no ’Amis”, nitilidan. 1995 miheca, ci Lifok ato ci Panay Kosoy makomod cangra, o Soycin likoto ko pasadakay to 5 falod to radiw no Sa’aniwan niyaro’, o cecay i “o radiw no ina”, tosa ko “radiw no ilisin”, cecay ko “radiw sapimisa”, cecay ko “misadatok ci Lifok”, cecay i o Sonyi yincumin pi’arawan ko micokeray a pasadak. 1995 miheca 12 folad 26 romi’ad pihapiwan, sowal sa cingra “wata: ko halafin no mihecaan ko pisafaloco’ nanay onini a sakipunka a dafongan, o saka lacecay no Payrang ato yincumin, caay ko kalatakecan, o saka lacecay mira’oy a miki’araw. Todong nonini pakapi to “Fangcalay Sa’aniwan”, i laloma’ ira ko 70 a sasin to nihopedan ni Lifok, i 1960 mihecaan a ilisin, 1965 mihecaan pisacepo’ ato 1975 mihecaan paka’oraday, ato nicokaan pasowal ni Lifok, pahapinang to naitiya:ay a kafafalifalic no Sa’aniwan a niyaro’ . == Kalitengan miheca 晚年 == 1998 miheca 7 folad, misawad ko tayal i Tongkowanco ni Lifok, caay ka ciramod, awa ko wawa, ya o nitahidangan ko tayal ningra, awaay ko sapadafoh to pisawadan[3]. I ’ayaw sapilaheciaw mitilid to rayray no ’Amis finacadan, o sapipanengnengaw to tokayay ato niyaro’ay a kapakapah, kalimelaaen to nipainian a sowal to nano nitayalan ningra to saki no ’Amis, mangalay kasafinacadan ira ko matiyaay to no ningra a matayalay, I kasafinacadan ira ko kasasipaini, masasiladaay, itiya awaay ko kakangodoan minengneng to rayray likisi no Yincuminco. Micaliw cingra to i co’eday loma’ i Posong to kadademakan “Koycaw punka kadademakan” , tona romi’adan misanga’ cingra to rayray no ina “Ina – o cidal ako: ni Doing a ’orip”. 2001 miheca 8 folad 4 romi’ad, mapakaolah to saka 2 lekad no Conghua tosiya yincumin wensi satadamaan wenyi a kompay ci Lifok[7]. Nikaliteng to ni Lifok sacecay sa cingra maro’ i Tonghay loma’ i Posong, misi’ayaw to riyar ko sasingaran no loma’, manengneng ko dadahalay riyar, o saka tango’or ma’ilol to Sa’aniwan niyaro’. 2014 miheca 6 folad 14 romi’ad, Koli Taytong daykako 103 lekad a misawaday, patamohongan ci Lifok to kacingangan no hakasi to nano painian no Taytong daykako, o Puyomaniyan a finacadan ci Son ta-coan hakelongen ko 100 mihecaan no ina ci Son koyhua mikihatiya, mapatamohong to hana no Puyomaniyan ci Lifok. == Mapatay 去世 == I satelocan no 2018 miheca, ci adada to no ’alotidan kang micomod i isingan ci Lifok, milalad tayra i roma a adada, 2019 miheca 4 folad 7 romi’ad mapatay i Makay isngan i Posong[14]. Oya folad 13 romi’ad, itira i Posong pitademan toya i, o tapang no Posong ci Raw cinlin mipatahepo to fayfay no Posongan, o yinminhuy ko patodongay to saka tolo a yincuminco tadamaanay a kompay[15]. == Niwikwikan 作品 == Malatosaay ko niwikwikan ni Lifok faki, midotoc to “ ’Amis punka painian palongan tilid” masiiked. === Tilidan 書籍 === 1. “Toloay tilid nidemakan a lekakawa no ’Amis i Sa’aniwan”. 2. “Ina – o cidal ako: ni Doing a ’orip”. 3. “Toloay tilid nidemakan a lekakawa no ’Amis i Sa’aniwan”, ci Hoang sienwuy ko miwikwikay. 4. “Matalocay kako to 10 miheca”. === Kasalekad a tilid 期刊 === 1. “Pasifana’ to kero no ’Amis finacadan”, Taywan ’arawan, 40:1 min 79.03 felih 79-90 2. “Aniniay radiw no ’Amis finacadan”, Sanhay punka tosa foladan 21/22 min 89.03 felih 71-80 == Pinangnangan 參考資料 == 1. Ciang congmin. “Nipodpodan”, masofocay i lawac niyaro’ no Sa’aniwan, paitilidan ko pihapelaw to pilafo no adada…. Lienhepow. 2001-09-09 (kowaping-Taywan). 2. Se Mayhuy. Lifok Mirayrayay to punka no ’Amis finacadan. Lienhopaw. 2000-06-21 (kowaping-Taywan). 3. Cuang Cecien. Ma’oripay no Sa’aniwan a rayray ci Lifok. Cungkosepow. 1998-08-02 (kowaping-Taywan). 4. Ciang congmin. Midotocay to kimad no ’Amis. Lifok o mikomoay to faloco’ no to’as radiw ato lisin ci Lifok. Lienhopaw. 1988-06-10 (kowaping-Taywan) 5. Tien Cinsiong. Matalocay kako to 10 miheca ciadadaan miwacay to kafadesan ’orip no ’Amis mitiliday ci Lifok ’Oteng romi’adan tilid marina’ ciadada ka’emangan no Dipong kowaping Loma nitilidan to no ’Amis a ’orip kafafalifalic a rayray no Sa’aniwan niyaro’. Lienhopaw. 2000-06-08 (kowaping-Taywan). 6.Wangcokoy. Saikoray no Notimolan kalokanatal a finacadan a kafana’an-roma kitakit a Simpo. Lienhopaw. 1995-09-30-10-02 (kowaping-Taywan). 7. Se Mayhuy. Conghua tosiya yincumin wensi satadamaan mincen a kompay marariday mitilid ci Lifok satadamaanay to ’orip no ’Amis finacadan. Lienhopaw. 2001-08-03 (kowaping-Taywan). 8. Hung Cenko. Ka’ongto (S Taynan) Simpo patireng ko kociwsiya i niyaro’. Cungkosepow. 2002-03-04 (kowaping-Taywan). 9. Song Tacoan. Tilid no Talowan lahengangay a padongipong. Lienhopaw. 2000-08-31 (kowaping- Taywan). 10. ’Amis a finacadan Miliyaway a radiw i kailisinan. Lienhopaw. 1988-07-06 (kowaping-Taywan). 11. Lay Cianin. “misafa^elohan a matelangay radiw” o radiw no ’Amis finacadan i Sa’aniwan matilid. Lienhopaw. 1996-01-06 (kowaping-Taywan). 12. Pan Kang. Soycin pasadakay radiw no ’Amis finacadan i Sa’aniwan. Cungkosepow. 1995-12-27 (kowaping-Taywan). 13. Se Hongci. 103 lekad a pisawadan Patamohongan ci Lifok (Huan Koycaw) to kacingangan no hakasi Yi cungkoang pakatawaay papelo. Lienhopaw. 2014-06-15 (kowaping-Taywan). 14. Bunkiatr Katatrepan. Mi’oripay to punka ci Lifok (Huan Koycaw) mapatay to mihirateng to mato’asay satadamaan no nifana’ay. Yinsesingpon. 2019-04-09 [2020-04-28] (kowaping-Taywan). 15. Huan Mintang. Patono to mi’oripay to punka ci Lifok (Huan Koycaw) mapatay yinminhuy patodong to saka tolo a yincuminco tadamaanay a kompay. (kowaping-Taywan). 16. Cen Silin. Miwacay to kafafalifalic no ’Amis a niyaro’ ci Lifok (Huan Koycaw) Matalocay kako to 10 miheca mapadang no wencifa mirina’. Cungkosepow. 2000-05-14 (kowaping-Taywan). 17. Yo Congkong. Mi’oripay to sowal no ’Amis finacadan ci Lifok (Huan Koycaw) mapatay mipatahepo to fayfay no Posong Mipodongos to wensikak no yincumin. Lienhopaw. 2019-04-14 (kowaping-Taywan). fawi6jn2feizfmo9zdgkku2etst5pil 0 2296 32827 32826 2022-11-01T07:38:25Z Akamycoco 27 32827 wikitext text/x-wiki == kincac 警察 == Adihay ko kasasiroma no Kincac a sowal, o Tayhing, Tayring, Imeng ato kincal han no roma. Nikaorira, o misafangcalay tonini a sekal, micepetay to maliangay a tamdaw, I Dipongan ho o kincac ko mikowanay to [[Niyaro'|niyaro’]] no ’Amis, cowa ko kofa, orasaka, tadamatalaway ko cimacima to kincac, away ko caay ka ngodo to kincac, tadamarorayay to kiso sanay mipangiha ano ma’araw i cowa. O misimaway to niyaro’ ko tayal nangra, sa ka adihay ko masamaamaanay a tayal, matiya to o misatofangay ko pinengneng no tamdaw, patinako han, ira ko makaratay no waco tahidangen ko kincac, ira ko malapoi’ay a kararamoday mitahidang to kincac, tadamisafaay to to kincac ko kalotamdaw haratengen. Ano awaay ko kincac i cima a sato ko mamisimaw mamipa’ading to niyaro’, onini ko haharateng a mingodo a mipalata’ang to tayal nangra.   === tatodong 身份[misinanot | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot] === O milifetan konini a tayal, caay ka kangtan, ira kono pilifet to tireng, pilifet to tanek ato o roma a kitakit a sowal, pilicay aca to tireng no niyah, masamaanay ko harateng no miso a malakincac, tadamaroray ko tayal. 1736relaosy7120pb86357ehicu16ry 0 2297 32504 32503 2022-10-02T15:14:06Z Safulo 35 32504 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg|縮圖|O hata no kitakit]] == Tominika Kapolonga Kitakit(Kuwaoing a sowal:多米尼加共和国; Sipanya a sowal:República Dominicana). == [[Faylo:Dominican Republic (orthographic projection).svg|縮圖|kaitiraan no Tominika]] O kalopitahidang o Tominika hananay, itiraay ko Karipi Riyar a kanatalan kitakit, malapecihay to Sipanya Kanatal ato Hayti kitakit. O kakahad no sera ira ko 48.670km², o tatapangan a tokay o Sie Tominko, ono sifoan a sowal i,o Sipanya a sowal, o payso i,o Tominika Piso. Ano do’edo’en ko nisa’osi no Sepay no Amirika, o li’etan no kalotamdaw to cecay a miheca ira ko 9700 a Payso no Amirika. O aniniay a congtong ci Lois Apinatir(Kuwaping a sowal:路易士·羅道爾夫·阿比納迪爾·柯洛納; Sipanya a sowal: Luis Rodolfo Abinader Corona) . O na kanatal o kamaro’an no Tayno Finacadan ato roma Arawa Finacadan(Kuwaping a sowal: 阿拉瓦克人; Ikiris a sowal:Arawak）,i 1492 miheca macakat ci Kolompo pangangan han nira to Sipanya Kanatal, sanoyanan makowan no Sipanya to 300 so’ot a mihecaan, i 1795 ato 1801 miheca o Fransu ko mikowanany orasaka, o sakakaay a finacadan itini o teloc no ciramramay to ‘ilang no Sipanya a yincumin. 1821 miheca saka11 folad saka 30 romia’ad,miliyas ko Tominika to pikowan no Sipanya misiiked patirenga to niyak a kitakit,nikawrira, 9 a lipay mapateko no iska’etipay nikowanan no Fransu a Hayti kitakit. Ona tosaay a kitakit tata’ang tato ko kasasiroma no ‘orip, cowa ko mamalacecay, onini ko sapiliyas no Tominika i 1844 miheca to Hayti, milekal to pisiiked,ona romi’ad o malapiharatengan to pipatireng to kitakit a romi’ad. 1865 miheca malowid no Tominika ko Sipanya malaheci sato ko so’elinay a misiikeday kitakit. == '''Rikisi'''(歷史) == === '''Yincumin a mihecahecaan(原住時期)''' === O itinitiniay a maro’ a tamdaw ’i, o cecay a ngasaw no Alawako a Tayno Finacadan ato roma a maro’ay I KaropiRiyar a tamdaw. O pipangangan nangra to ni’aroan a pala o ''Kiskeya'' anoca ''Quisqueya,'' o imi nonini ‘i, o “wina no pala” sanay,sa mapasadak i radiw no kitakit. [[Faylo:Arowak woman by John Gabriel Stedman.jpg|縮圖|o fafahiyan no Aeowak a tamdaw]] Itiya ho o ‘orip no Tayno tamdaw o maomahay, mifotingay ato mikipalapalaay miala to kakaenen. I 1492 miheca o takalay a sa’osi to tamdaw no Tayno Finacadan, ira ko 10 ‘ofad latek 200 ‘ofad ko tamdaw. Itiya ho iraay ko lalima a sakowan no kakita’an, rayray han: Marién、Maguá、Maguana、Jaragua、Higüey. Ila’eno nonini a sokowan no kakita’an ira ho ko mamangay a kakita’an a sakowan,oya faco no kitakit o mipafeliay to dafong i kakita’an,ona nipafelian a dafong ira ko nipaloma’an a losay. === '''Nikowan ko Fransu'''(西班牙統治1492-1795) === O nihakelongan ni Kolompo a mikalic i tamina a tamdaw cisafaw ko 90 tamdaw, macakat i sa’amisan no Sipanya Kanatal,oya sa maro’ay itini a Tayno tamdaw pakanengneng tona kohecalay tamdaw, palakawas han nangra a mih amham a misalafang. Nawhani, matatifacay tato ko kasasiroma no ‘orip,faheka ko itiniay a yincumin to ca’edong nona Yoropa a tamdaw,pangangan to “''guamikena”'' o nipahepoan sanay ko imi nona sowal. Oya kakita’an no Marién ci Kuwakanakalikos(''Guacanagarix'') wata ko pataheka a mihamham tona Yoropa a tamdaw, pafelien ho to dafong,onini ko ka’enep no Sipanya a tamdaw, kaloparanaan han to nangra itini ta nani itini to matenak ko picowat to i KaropiRiyar ato Amirika Karopaw. Na macakat ci Korompo ato nihakerongan ningra atamdaw tona kanatal, palakolien nangra ko yincumin, ano ira ko caay ka pitengil to sowal no Sipanya,makal’ang a patayen, ira ko milaliway tayra i Kupa. Tayno a Finacadan awaay ko saptaker to nihakelongan no Sipanya a lifong,misapades ho ko Sipanya a tamdaw, yo pikowanan no Sipanya to 30 mihecaan, o tandaw no Tayno nani 40 ‘ofad lahedaw sa 3000 aca ko ma’osaway. Anini sato awa awa to ko mitilidan pakayni to Tayno Finacadan, mahadefekay to a malahedaw. O ma’osaway edeng no nikonisan no Tayno tamdaw i dihidihian. Orasaka awa to ko mamaomah, itira to a mipacomod to Afrika a tamdaw palakoli, I 1568 miheca a sa’osi o nopacomodan a tamdaw nani Afrika iraay to ko 2 ‘ofad, tayra to 19sici, iraay to ko 50 ‘ofad ko malakoliay a kohetingay tamdaw. === '''Frasu a pikowan'''(法國統治1795-1801) === Yo ma’eco tono Sipanya ko Sipanya Kanatal Malomicowatan a Sakowan, palowid heca a mitekop to Acitiko Hontian Kitakit ato Inka Hontian Kitakit ko Sipanya, pasitira to Amirika Karopaw ko pisakakahad a micowat to pala, ca sato kalingwaen ko Sipanya Kanatal. Itira to ko Fransu a papiforaw a tayni ko maomahay ato mipatiyamay, i 1677 miheca latek ira to ko 4000 ko tamdaw no Fransu itini. I 1697 miheca matatilid ko Fransu ato Sipanya to kakaketonan, mihay ko Sipanya to pikowan no Fransu tona pala. === '''Misiiked'''(獨立1844) === Oya itiraay i TatapanganTokay(syoto:Sietominko)ko sofoc ci Foan Papolo Towato misafaloco’ to sapisiikedaw no Sietominko, i 1838 miheca patireng to Malacecayay ko Tatoloay''(La Trinitaria;'' 三位一體會) hananay a Rekad, ona Malacecayay ko Tatoloay sanay ‘i, malotahapinangan a sowal no Tominika kitakit tora「Wama I kakarayan」(上帝),「kasofocan niyaro’」(故鄉),「paifaloco’ay a ‘orip」(自由). O kimpo no Tominika nipasasotiri’an tono Amirika a kimpo a misanga’, i 1844 miheca saka 11 folad saka 6 folad malaheci ta milekal to pisatapang nona kimpo. Yo misiiked to ko Tominika, colacila mafolaw no fiyaw a kitakit Hayti, o malacongtongay ci Pico Sangtana mikitira i Sipanya nga’ caka fodfod no Hayti saan, yo malacongtong ci Payce pasitira a Fransu mikicocom, toikor matateko ato Amirika saan, caka hayen no finawlan, caka laheci ko nisafaloco’an ningra. === '''Mitaker mi’eco ko Amirika'''('''美國的干預和佔領''') === [[Faylo:Playa Bibijagua, Punta Cana 23000, Dominican Republic - panoramio (1).jpg|縮圖|280x280像素|Salawacan no riyar]] O congtong no Amirika ci Siawto Rosofo calemcem to sapitekeraw no Yoropa to demak no Amirika, hatiyatiyaay ‘i, o sapipa’adingaw to tala’ayaway ko pisanga’ to Panama Cilis, nilekal ci Rosofo congtong to MonroSiyuki ('''門羅主義;''' Ikiris a sowal:Monroe Doctrine), milalang to Yoropa matokitok a micowat to pala itini i Amirika Karopaw, ano ira heca ko micomoday a Yoropa, misa’icel ko Amirika a mifelih amilaplap. == '''Palapalaan(地理)''' == Itiraay i KaropiRiyar a Sipanya Kanatal ko kamaro’an no Tominika Kapolongan Kitakit,makilatolo no sepat nona kanatal, o dadahal i,48,670km², ikaka no Taywan to 1.33 km²(Taywa 3,3000 km²). Naniwali tara’etip latek ira ko 390 km², nanitimol tara’amis ira ko 265 km². Isaka’etip malafiyaway ato Hayti kitakit, o kalala’ed nona tosa a kitakit ira ko 360kilo, isakawali malala’ed ato Potoriko to Momna Riyaran a Ta'eman, isakamis o Tasiyang Riyar. O tamdaw ato dadahal no sera no Tominika mido’edo’ay to Kupa.ora kamaro’an a Sipanya Kanatal tosaay ko kitakit o Tominika ato Hayti ko maro’ay. === '''Kanatal ato tafotafokan a faniyot(島嶼和沙洲)''' === I riyar no Tominika adihay ko mamangay a kanatal ato tafotafokan a faniyot, ilaloma’ nonini ‘i, o itiraay I kawali no sakatimol, o cinganganay a pihololan a Sawna kanatal(Kuwaping a sowal:紹納島; Sipanya a sowal: ''Isla Saona'') ato i kawaliay no saka’etip Piata kanatal(Kuwaping a sowal:'''貝阿塔島'''; Sipanya a sowal: ''Isla Beata''). Isaka’amisan a pala nani Tatapangan Tokay o syoto 100kilo tahira i 200 kilo ira ko tolo a tafotafokan a faniyot, oninian o madado’edoay nani Pahama katakitatan, o Kerismas Tafotafokan a Faniyot, Masa’ekimay Tafotafokan a Faniyot ato Mociyoir ''(Mouchoir沙洲),'' o I’ayaway tosa a faniypot cisakowanay ko Tominika kitakit. === '''Tokotokosan ato dafdaf''' (山脈和平原) === I Tominika ira ko sepat a masado'edoay lotok,o Saka’amisay a Masado'edoay Lotok ''(Cordillera Septentrional);'' Sifo’ay a Masado'edoay Lotok (''Cordillera Central''); isakatimol ira ko ''Neiba'' Masado'edoay Lotok ato ''Bahoruco'' Masado'edoay Lotok. O itiraay i ka’amis ato sifo’ay a lotok, o ci’afoay a sera, o SioKasasaowac hananay konini a pangangan. O sahetoay maomahay ko tamdaw no itiniay. Nani tatapangan tokay a syoto Sietominko pasi’amis ko kasado'edo no kakahaday dafdaf,o Lalawacan no Karopi Riyar konini,itini adihay ko misatefosay. === '''’Alo'''(河川) === Patahtahay to ‘alo ko Tominika kitakit, ira ko sepat a rayray no ’alo, nani sasifo’an a lotolotokan a masadak o Piyako ’Alo(''Yaque del Norte''), o sakakaay a ’alo no Tominika konini, o hananom no SioTa’eman, masadak i kihaw no Citosan tarariyar. Nani skawali no sasifo’an a lotolotokan a masadakay o Yina ’Alo(''Yaque del Sur'') marakt ko i sa’etipay a hontian rengorengosa a dafdaf (''Vega Real''), nani tini pasiwali no saka’amisay a Samana (''Samaná'')kihaw. I kakitmol no Sifo’an lotolotokan ira ko Satimolan Yako ’Alo (''Yaque del Sur''), o hananom no Siean Ta’eman, nani tini tayra to i Karipi Riyar ko rakat no nanom.Artifonito ’Alo (320 kilo ko kakaya’) o nani Sifo’an Lotolotokan a masadak ko nanom pasi’etip. O sakakaay a fanaw no Tominika i, o Inrikuulo Fanaw (300 km²), itiraay i ka’etip no sakatimol, i la’enoay no tongroh no riyar ko aro’ nona fanaw to 40 laya’, ma’icangay ko romi’ad itini, ona fanaw matiyaay to riyar hahecid ko nanom,isalawacan no riyar adihay ko masafaniyotay a fanaw. == '''Tamdaw''' (人口) == [[Faylo:Carnival 002 4412.JPG|縮圖|293x293像素|o fafahiya i tata'angay lisin]] I 2021 miheca saka2 folad a sa’osi no tamdaw no Tominika, ira ko 19091 ofad ko tamdaw (I 2002 miheca 856 ofad ko tamdaw), o katongalan to mihecaan 1.01%, o matafesiway ko 65 ko mihecaan a tamdaw kahaop ko 5.8% no polong a tamdaw no kitakit. o nikalecad no sofoc 22.65 no cecay a patek, o nikalecad no patay 5.3 no cecay a patek, o lalen no mihecaan 24.7 miheca, o lalen no fainayan 24.6 miheca, fafahiyan 24.8 miheca. O lalen mihecaan no patay 73.39 miheca. Mahaop ko 11% a tamdaw no Tominika o telloc no Arika, i laloma’ no nini ’i, 16% ono Sipanya a teloc, 73% o taloc no Yoropa, Amirika ato Afrika. Ira ho ko papinapina teloc no Aciya, o Kuwaping ato Dipon a teloc, 1 %aca no polong a tamdaw no Tominika. O itinitiniay aca a tamdaw o yincumin no Tominika o Tayno finacadan malahedaway to, halokirok no sifo awaay to. ono Hayti a tamdaw maforaway a tayni ira ko 150 ofad ko tamdaw, ilaloma’ nonini ‘i, 50 ofad o mitakaway a maro’ itini. O maforaway tayra i roma a kitakit a tamdaw no Tominika latek ira ko 100 ofad, haoto cecay loma’ ira ko salawinawina i roma a kitakit, o sakakaay kamaro’an nangra itiraay i Potoriko, isakawali no Amirika, ‘aloman i Sikako ato Niwyok a tokay. == '''Sowal'''(語言) == [[Faylo:Guaricano-Ambulatorio del dispensario.jpg|縮圖|276x276像素|paliwalay to sapaiyo a patiyamay]] O sowal no Tominika a kitakit ono Sipangya a kasarayray sowal, nikawrira, marecep no maforaway nani Afrika a tamdaw, KaropiRiyar ato Amirika a punka, orasaka, o malasowalay to no itiniay a Sowal no Sipanya ato i Sipanyaay a sowal ira ko kasatongasod. O maforaway nani Hayti a tamdaw o Korior ko sowal, mangalefay i kasala’edan no kitakita. O itiraay i kawali no saka’amisan a Samana a pala nani 19 sici ira ko nani Amirikaay a teloc no Kohetingay tamdaw maro’ itini,o masasiromaay a sowal no Ikiris ko hasowal nangra. Itira i pilafinan no lafang i tokay ono Ikiris ko hasasowal, nikawrira, ano tayra i niyaro’ ono Sipanya to a sowal ko hasasowal. O maro’ay itini a Kuwaping a tamdaw, sahetoay misakuwapingay cowa ka fana’ somowal to Sipanya a sowal, ano irairaay cowa ka hakowa ko mafana’ay tamdaw. == '''Punka'''(文化) == I saka 2 folad, o sakakaay a lisin no Tominika ira ko ''La Vega'' (鬼節), o kakahemekan no tamtamdaw konini a lisin, nani saka 2 folad tahira i saka 3 folad a saka enem no pilipayan, ira ko lawla kasaniyaniyaro’. I tata’angay a tokay ira ko Palalifetan to Koko’, i kalo sakatolo ato sakaenem no pilipayan ira ko Palalifetan to koko’ a palalifet,mihayan no rikec ko pipakiyaw itini, tata’ang ko midemakan a payso, itaihi no Palalifetan to Koko’ ira ko pili’epahan, onini ’i,mato mala no tato’asan a kalawlaan no Tominika a tamdaw. 12u75bpqvs5nts7lg5uv6wmmve3yie5 0 2298 32538 32533 2022-10-04T02:32:27Z Safulo 35 32538 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Flag of Dominica.svg|縮圖|Hata no kitakit]] == Dominica(多米尼克國，Ikiris a sowal: Commonwealth of Dominica) == o itiraay I Sifo’ay-Amirika Karopy-Riyar a kanatalan kitakit, o cecay a kanatal no Sa’etipay-Kanatanalan, I sasifo’an no ipapotalay kowan (Matiniko ato Kuatoropo)no Fransu.o tatapangan a tokay o syoto o Roso(Roseau). == Ngangan no kitakit(國名) == [[Faylo:Dominica on the globe (Americas centered).svg|縮圖|kaitiraan no Tominika kitakit]] O pihongyaku no Sakakaay Midemakay to Kalokitakit no Conghuwaminko o Tominiko hananay. Ono Congko a pihongyaku I, o katelangay ho a pangangan o Matatekoay-Kitakit no Tominiciya hananay.nikawrira, marawraw ko tamdaw to roma a kitakit itira to I Karopi-Riyar a Tominiko Kapolongan-kitakit, onini ko pifalic no Congko I 1994 miheca saka1 folad saka 14 romi’ad o Tominiko Kitakit<ref>《多米尼克概況》，新華網。</ref>, decdecan pangangano Tominiko<ref>《多米尼克國家概況 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）》，中華人民共和國外交部。</ref>. == Rikisi (歷史) == O salikolay malami’ecoan kowan no Yoropa ko Tominiko itini I Karopi-Riyar, nawhanni, tada o ci’icelay a mitoker to kahecalay tomdaw ko Tominiko.i 1763 mihecaan pafelien no Fransu I Ikiris ko Tominiko. Tahira to I 1978 miheca nga’ malaheci ko pisiiked patireng to niyah a kitakit.i 1980 miheca mafelih no finawlan ko Mitekeday-Skowan a sifo, misingkiw to fa’elohay a kakeridan no sifo I 1980 miheca ci Mali-Yukiniya-Carso (瑪麗·尤金妮亞·查爾斯，Dame Mary Eugenia Charles ) ko malacongliay, satapang sa kona kitakit a macomahad, o sa’ayaway a fafahiyan malacongliay itini I Karopy-Riyar cinira,15 ko mihecaan ko katayalan ningra. == Kaitiraan (地理) == [[Faylo:Morne Diablotins.jpg|縮圖|261x261像素|Tiyapolotin cinamalay lotok (Morne Diablotins)]] O Dominika a kitakit itiraay I ka’amisay no sawalian no Mamangay Antilis-Kanatanatal no sawalian a Karopi-Riyar, isakawali misi’ayaway to Saka’amisay-Riyar, isaka’etip o Karopi-Riyar, o polong sera dengan 751 km². o sa’akawangay a tokos I, o itiraay I ka’amis a Tiyapolotin-Cinamalay Lotok, o takaraw ira ko 1,447 laya’ ,masa’efo’efong kano lotok mademet ko kilakilang. I sasifo’an ira ko mamangay a dafdaf. Tadaadihay ko ‘alo madacidas ko rakat no nanom, orasaka, cowa ka nga’ay romakat ko tamina. Isaka’eti no dafdaf ira ko Laiyie’alo, isakawali no dafdaf ira ko Kaserporoso ‘alo. adihay ko fa’edetay nanom itini, o cinganganay I, o itiraay I katimol a Fo-Fanaw Fa’edetay nanom. O lilis no riyar ira ko 148 kilo, masa’ako’akong, adihay heca ko sapatih sanay a kasangapad tono’. O fa’edetay a riyariyaran ko kakarayan itini, nani saka 6 folad tahira I saka 10 folad o kala’oraday, nani 11 folad tahira I saka5 folad o kakedalan a romi’ad, I saka7 folad tahira I saka 9 folad adihay ko faliyos. O lalen no fa’edet ira ko 27℃. O omah ira ko 1.7 ‘ofad kofo ko sera, o kilakilangan matahepo ko polong no kitakit to 41%, adihay ko tadama’anay aa kahengangay kilang(紅木) ato  Yu-kilang(柚木)itini. [[Faylo:Carib Territory.svg|縮圖|245x245像素|Hlyuci no Karopi tamdaw (Carib Territory)]] == O Holyuci no karopi tamdaw ('''加勒比人領地''') == Ona Holyuci no karopi tamdaw(加勒比人領地:Ikiris a sowal: ''Carib Territory'')，也被稱作加勒比人保留地''Carib Reserve'').o cecay a pala no Tominiko, itiraay i tadasalawacan a tokotokosan no Tominiko, misi’ayaway to Tata'angay Sa'etipay Riyaran (Ikiris a sowal:''Atlantic Ocean''), o kakahad non apala ira ko 15 kofo.o nipatirengan no maro’ay i Tominiko ko yuencumin no Karopi-Riyar.onini ko sapawacay to i’ayaway no Yoropa ato ikoray maforaw a tayni. Orasaka,oya mi’ecoay mikowan a Ikiris tamdaw mihayi ta patireng sako Karopi tamdaw tona Holyuci I 1903 miheca. Itini tona pala ira ko pito a niyaro’ onini i, Pataka niyaro’, ’Orang niyaro’, Mawo ’Alo niyaro’, Siesir niyaro’, Ngawliti ’Alo niyaro’, Siniko niyaro’, ato Tona-Aoti niyaro’. O mikowanay a iingkay ato paimengan itiraay I sasifo’an a Salipiya niyaro. O maro’ay itini a tamdaw anini ira ko 3000 a Karopi tamdaw, o iingay ona pala cisalongocay to sakowan, o tapang nona pala o Karopi Tomok. == Pacefaday a Tilid (注腳) == 8fxar0d5zelxekxnovdm5d7m56xq7ih 0 2299 32574 32573 2022-10-06T16:32:09Z 123.194.203.84 32574 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg|縮圖|188x188px|O hata no kitakit]] == Congo, Republic Kangko Kapolongan Kitakit(剛果共和國) == Fransu a sowal:République du Congo；Citopa a sowal:Repubilika ya Kongo; Linkala a sowal:Republiki ya Kongó; 簡稱剛果). [[Faylo:Republic of the Congo (orthographic projection).svg|縮圖|167x167px|kaitiraan no Kongko]] O itiraay I sasifo’an no Afrika a kitakit,o syoto i o Polasa-Tokay. Malafiyaway ato Kangko Finawlan Kapolongan Kitakit, Komaylong, Sifo’ay-Kapolongan Kitakit, Kapong ato Ankola, mingataay to Cinoyia-Kihaw. Nano kairaan no tamdaw maro’ itini o Panto tamdaw ko mikowanay, to ikor malamikowanan no Franso, ono Franso to a sowal ko kalosowal, i 1960 miheca misiiked a patireng to kitakit. Nani 1970 miheca tahira i 1991 miheca o Kangko Finawlan Kapolongan Kitakit ko ngangan nona kitakit, o mido’edoay to Makosu-Linin a Cecayay-Faco no Sieci a tang, I 1992 miheca mafalic to Adihayay-Lekatep no Sieci a kitakit, nikawrira, i 1997 miheca ira ko Laloma’an no kitakit a lalood matekop kona sifo. == Rikisi(歷史) == [[Faylo:Afrikakonferenz.jpg|縮圖|Polin-Kayki]] O sa’ayaway a patirengay to Kongko Hontian-Kitakit I, o Panto-tamdaw I teloc no saka13 sici ato satapangan no saka 14 sici, o nikowanan a sera mahaop ko Ankora, Kapong, ato Kongko Finawlan-Kapolongan kitakit. Itira I kaleponan no saka15 sici tayni ko Yoropa a tamdaw misatapang a miliwal to koli(大西洋奴隸貿易), tahira to I saka 19 sici itira toya Polin-Kayki (柏林會議; Toic a sowal:''Berliner Konferenz''；Ikiris a sowal:''Berlin Conference. O kongko-Kayki:'' 剛果會議; Toic a sowal:''Kongokonferenz''; anoca o Sa’etipay Afrika Kayki西非會議; Toic a sowal:Westafrika-Konferenz) hananay ho pangangan. Itini tona kayki a miketon to sowal pakayni to i Konko-’Alo ko kalalaedan no Fransu-Nikowanan ato Mikotoday-Piliso a Kongko. 1910 miheca mipatireng to Mikotoday-Franso a Sifo’ay-konis no Cikiw a Afrika, mahaop ko Kongko-Kapolongan kitakit, Kapong.Cate ato Sifo’ay-Afrika Kapolongan kitakit,o Polasa-Tokay ko Syoto. I Sakatosa-Lalood, o sifo no Mikotoday-Franso a Sifo’ay-konis no Cikiw a Afrika kitakit micoker to congtong no Fransu ci Taykawlo Tapang no Sofitay, 1940-1943 matoro’ ko Polasa-Tokay matiya o tanengnengan to naifaloco’ay a Franso. [[Faylo:Sunrise near Mossaka (Congo).JPG|縮圖|Kongko-'alo]] 1958 miheca saka 9 folad, ira ko pitopa no polong tamdaw no Franso to pihayi to fa’elohay Tatapangan Rikec no Kitakit to pipalasawad to Mikotoday-Franso a Sifo’ay-konis no Cikiw a Afrika kitakit, oya mikapotay i Franso a sepatay kitakit alamisiied sa patireng to niyah a kitakit. Itira to i 1960 miheca saka 8 folad saka 15 romi’ad laheci sato ko pisiiked no Kongko kitakit tahanini.yo misiiked to cilacila mafalic ko sifo, 1960 miheca malasa’ayaway congtong ci Folpi-yuru, caka halafin i 1963 miheca mafodfod to ’’Sakafalo- folad a pilolol” (「八月革命」) mapalasawad ko kalacongtong, ci Arfangs-Masangpa-Taypa ko malacongtongay, I 1968 miheca saka 7 folad saka31 romi’ad mafelih ni Malian-Enkowapi. Tocila a mihecaan falicen ko ngangan no kitakit to “Kongko Finawlan-Kapolongan Kitakit”. 1977 miheca mapatay no cima a tamdaw ci Malian-Enkowapi, ci Noacimo-Yongpi-Awpangko ko malacongtongay, tosa miheca mapalasawad no mikowanay a Matayalay-Tang no Kongko ko kalacongtong ni Noacimo, caka halafin malakakeridan no Matayalay-Tang no Kongko ci Toni-Saso-Enkuiso, patokeled ha a malacongtong. 1990 miheca saka7 folad, mifalah to Makos-Linin Ca’enot, nikawrira, mihadidi to Syakaysyuki, mihayi to “Adihayay ko Kasafelaw no Centang” mifalah to mitekeday a mikowan. To cila a mihecaan masasowal ko Polong-Lisaot to pihayi to Pacarcaray-Kinpo, milolol toya pisiikedan ho a ngangan no kitakit, hata ato radiw no kitakit. 1992 miheca,midemak to nakairaan no “Adihayay ko Kasafelaw no Centang” a sinkiw to congtong, o nihaopay to kalotamdaw a kakeridan ci Poskar-Lisopa ko maalaay malacongtong. 1997 miheca saka 6 folad, malengat ko lalood I laloma’ no kitakit, laliw sato to kitakit ci Lisopa, ci Saso to ko malacongtongay. To ikor to nonini a sinkiw, i 2002 miheca ato 2009 miheca kinatosa a maladid maala to sinkiw malacongtong tahanini. == Sieci(政治) == [[Faylo:Marien Ngouabi, 1972 (cropped).jpg|縮圖|Malian-Enkowapi ]] O sieci no Kongko o Congtong-Nikapolongan Kitakit(總統制又稱為總統共和制), o polong no fanawlan ko misingkiway to congtong, pito muheca ko katayalan, kinacecay aca manga’ay a pararid malacongtong. o Tapang no kitakit, o kakeridan no sifo ato sarikec no sofitay ko congtong. Ira ho sakowan to mitoro’ to sakakaay matayalay no sifo, deng o congtong ko patosokan nona sakakaay matayalay. O pilisaotan no kitakit o Tosaay-Pikaykian-Faco, o Finawlan-Pikaykian ato Fafa’eday-Pikaykian, ona tosa a pikaykian malecad ira ko sakowan to misanga’ to rikec no kitakit. O Fafa’eday-Pokaykian ira ko 66 ko kiing, ilaloma’ nonini to 60 a kiing o mitopaay-saopo ko misinkiway, o ‘osaw to 6 a kiing i,o Por-Etal a misinkiwan, 6 miheca ko katayalan, kalotolo mihecaan miritos to cecay no kalitolo falicen a misinkiw; o Finawlan-Pikaykian ira ko 153 ko kiing, o finawlan ko mitopaay, 5 miheca ko katayalan, manga’ay pararid a masadak malakiing. O congtong ato pikaykian malalen ira ko sakowan a pasadak to sasanga’en a rikec, nikawrira, cowa ka ira ko sakowan no congtong to sapipalasawad to pikaykian, orama sa i,o pikaykian away ko sakowan to sapipalasawad to tayal no congtong ato tapang no sifo. Ano awa ko congtong o kakeridan no Fafa’eday-Pikaykian ko mamipacarcar malacongtong. o aniniay a congtong ci Teni-Saso-Enkuyso. O aniniay a Tatapangan-Rikec no Kitakit i 2002 miheca saka 1 folad saka 20 romi’ad o finawlan ko mitopaay a mihayi, sa’osien o sakafalo a Tatapangan-Rikec no Kitakit itini I rikisi no Kongko. Namisiiked halafin ko Matayalay-Tang no Kongko ko maro’ay I sifo, ona Matayalay-Tang ci Malian-Enkowapi ('''馬里安·恩古瓦比;Fransu a sowal:'''''Marien Ngouab)'' ‘ayaway congtong ko mipatirengay i 1969 miheca saka 12 folad saka 31 romi’ad, milekal o Kyosanto-Ca’enot a kasafelaw sanay. Nikawrira, 1990 miheca mifalah to Makoso-Linin Ca’enot, mihayi to roma a kasafelaw no ssieci. Ona kasafelaw no sieci nani 1992 miheca tahira i 1997 miheca saka 10 folad na malaheci ko lalood I laloma’ no kitakit caay ka maro’ to tayal no sifo. sbxzt2213zprz7shzdue988qru3f3cd 0 2300 47684 38589 2025-10-11T10:46:05Z Ziv 3016 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[File:Congolese lady.jpg]] → [[File:Young Congolese lady from Brazzaville, 2006.jpg]] [[c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] · plus location and year 47684 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg|縮圖|Hata no Kongko Kapolongan Kitakit]] == Kangko Kapolongan Kitakit( [[kuwaping a sowal]]: 剛果共和國; [[Fransu a sowal]]:République du Congo；[[Citopa a sowal]]:Repubilika ya Kongo; [[Linkala a sowal]]:Republiki ya Kongó; 簡稱剛果) == [[Faylo:Republic of the Congo (orthographic projection).svg|縮圖|kaitiraan no Kongko]] O itiraay I sasifo’an no [[Afrika]] a [[kitakit]],o syoto i o [[Polasa-Tokay]]. Malafiyaway ato Kangko Finawlan Kapolongan Kitakit, Komaylong, Sifo’ay-Kapolongan Kitakit, Kapong ato Ankola, mingataay to Cinoyia-Kihaw. Nano kairaan no tamdaw maro’ itini o Panto tamdaw ko mikowanay, to ikor malamikowanan no Franso, ono Franso to a sowal ko kalosowal, i 1960 miheca misiiked a patireng to kitakit. Nani 1970 miheca tahira i 1991 miheca o Kangko Finawlan Kapolongan Kitakit ko ngangan nona kitakit, o mido’edoay to Makosu-Linin a Cecayay-Faco no Sieci a tang, I 1992 miheca mafalic to Adihayay-Lekatep no Sieci a kitakit, nikawrira, i 1997 miheca ira ko Laloma’an no kitakit a lalood matekop kona sifo. == Rikisi(歷史) == O sa’ayaway a patirengay to Kongko Hontian-Kitakit I, o Panto-tamdaw I teloc no saka13 sici ato satapangan no saka 14 sici, o nikowanan a sera mahaop ko Ankora, Kapong, ato Kongko Finawlan-Kapolongan kitakit. Itira I kaleponan no saka15 sici tayni ko Yoropa a tamdaw misatapang a miliwal to koli(大西洋奴隸貿易), tahira to I saka 19 sici itira toya [[Polin-Kayki]] (柏林會議; Toic a sowal:Berliner Konferenz；Ikiris a sowal:Berlin Conference. O kongko-Kayki: 剛果會議; Toic a sowal:Kongokonferenz; anoca o Sa’etipay Afrika Kayki西非會議; Toic a sowal:Westafrika-Konferenz) hananay ho pangangan. Itini tona kayki a miketon to sowal pakayni to i Konko-’Alo ko kalalaedan no Fransu-Nikowanan ato Mikotoday-Piliso a Kongko. 1910 miheca mipatireng to Mikotoday-Franso a Sifo’ay-konis no Cikiw a Afrika, mahaop ko Kongko-Kapolongan kitakit, Kapong.Cate ato Sifo’ay-Afrika Kapolongan kitakit,o Polasa-Tokay ko Syoto. I Sakatosa-Lalood, o sifo no Mikotoday-Franso a Sifo’ay-konis no Cikiw a Afrika kitakit micoker to congtong no Fransu ci Taykawlo Tapang no Sofitay, 1940-1943 matoro’ ko Polasa-Tokay matiya o tanengnengan to naifaloco’ay a Franso. [[Faylo:Afrikakonferenz.jpg|縮圖|Polin-Kayki (柏林會議;)]] 1958 miheca saka 9 folad, ira ko pitopa no polong tamdaw no Franso to pihayi to fa’elohay Tatapangan Rikec no Kitakit to pipalasawad to Mikotoday-Franso a Sifo’ay-konis no Cikiw a Afrika kitakit, oya mikapotay i Franso a sepatay kitakit alamisiied sa patireng to niyah a kitakit. Itira to i 1960 miheca saka 8 folad saka 15 romi’ad laheci sato ko pisiiked no Kongko kitakit tahanini.yo misiiked to cilacila mafalic ko sifo, 1960 miheca malasa’ayaway congtong ci Folpi-yuru, caka halafin i 1963 miheca mafodfod to ’’Sakafalo- folad a pilolol” (「八月革命」) mapalasawad ko kalacongtong, ci Arfangs-Masangpa-Taypa ko malacongtongay, I 1968 miheca saka 7 folad saka31 romi’ad mafelih ni Malian-Enkowapi. Tocila a mihecaan falicen ko ngangan no kitakit to “Kongko Finawlan-Kapolongan Kitakit”. 1977 miheca mapatay no cima a tamdaw ci Malian-Enkowapi, ci Noacimo-Yongpi-Awpangko ko malacongtongay, tosa miheca mapalasawad no mikowanay a Matayalay-Tang no Kongko ko kalacongtong ni Noacimo, caka halafin malakakeridan no Matayalay-Tang no Kongko ci Toni-Saso-Enkuiso, patokeled ha a malacongtong. 1990 miheca saka7 folad, mifalah to Makos-Linin Ca’enot, nikawrira, mihadidi to Syakaysyuki, mihayi to “Adihayay ko Kasafelaw no Centang” mifalah to mitekeday a mikowan. To cila a mihecaan masasowal ko Polong-Lisaot to pihayi to Pacarcaray-Kinpo, milolol toya pisiikedan ho a ngangan no kitakit, hata ato radiw no kitakit. 1992 miheca,midemak to nakairaan no “Adihayay ko Kasafelaw no Centang” a sinkiw to congtong, o nihaopay to kalotamdaw a kakeridan ci Poskar-Lisopa ko maalaay malacongtong. 1997 miheca saka 6 folad, malengat ko lalood I laloma’ no kitakit, laliw sato to kitakit ci Lisopa, ci Saso to ko malacongtongay. To ikor to nonini a sinkiw, i 2002 miheca ato 2009 miheca kinatosa a maladid maala to sinkiw malacongtong tahanini. == Sieci(政治) == [[Faylo:Fulbert Youlou 1963.jpg|縮圖|Sa'ayaway congton ci Fupir-Yuro]] O sieci no Kongko o Congtong-Nikapolongan Kitakit(總統制又稱為總統共和制), o polong no fanawlan ko misingkiway to congtong, pito muheca ko katayalan, kinacecay aca manga’ay a pararid malacongtong. o Tapang no kitakit, o kakeridan no sifo ato sarikec no sofitay ko congtong. Ira ho sakowan to mitoro’ to sakakaay matayalay no sifo, deng o congtong ko patosokan nona sakakaay matayalay. O pilisaotan no kitakit o Tosaay-Pikaykian-Faco, o Finawlan-Pikaykian ato Fafa’eday-Pikaykian, ona tosa a pikaykian malecad ira ko sakowan to misanga’ to rikec no kitakit. O Fafa’eday-Pokaykian ira ko 66 ko kiing, ilaloma’ nonini to 60 a kiing o mitopaay-saopo ko misinkiway, o ‘osaw to 6 a kiing i,o Por-Etal a misinkiwan, 6 miheca ko katayalan, kalotolo mihecaan miritos to cecay no kalitolo falicen a misinkiw; o Finawlan-Pikaykian ira ko 153 ko kiing, o finawlan ko mitopaay, 5 miheca ko katayalan, manga’ay pararid a masadak malakiing. O congtong ato pikaykian malalen ira ko sakowan a pasadak to sasanga’en a rikec, nikawrira, cowa ka ira ko sakowan no congtong to sapipalasawad to pikaykian, orama sa i,o pikaykian away ko sakowan to sapipalasawad to tayal no congtong ato tapang no sifo. Ano awa ko congtong o kakeridan no Fafa’eday-Pikaykian ko mamipacarcar malacongtong. o aniniay a congtong ci Teni-Saso-Enkuyso. O aniniay a Tatapangan-Rikec no Kitakit i 2002 miheca saka 1 folad saka 20 romi’ad o finawlan ko mitopaay a mihayi, sa’osien o sakafalo a Tatapangan-Rikec no Kitakit itini I rikisi no Kongko. Namisiiked halafin ko Matayalay-Tang no Kongko ko maro’ay I sifo, ona Matayalay-Tang ci Malian-Enkowapi ‘ayaway congtong ko mipatirengay i 1959 miheca saka 12 folad saka 31 romi’ad, milekal o Kyosanto-Ca’enot a kasafelaw sanay. Nikawrira, 1990 miheca mifalah to Makoso-Linin Ca’enot, mihayi to roma a kasafelaw no ssieci. Ona kasafelaw no sieci nani 1992 miheca tahira i 1997 miheca saka 10 folad na malaheci ko lalood I laloma’ no kitakit caay ka maro’ to tayal no sifo. == Tamdaw (人口) == [[Faylo:Young Congolese lady from Brazzaville, 2006.jpg|縮圖|fafahiyan no Kongko]] Tona mihecahecaan narikay ko ka tongal no tamdaw no Kongko,nani pisiikedan patireng to kitakit i 1962 miheca ira ko 82 ‘ofad,<ref>^ ^'''''a''''' ^'''''b''''' 「各国別　世界の現勢Ⅰ」（岩波講座　現代　別巻Ⅰ）p359　1964年9月14日第1刷　岩波書店</ref> tahira to i 1986 miheca tahiraay to i 179 ‘ofad<ref>『アフリカを知る事典』、平凡社、ISBN 4-582-12623-5 1989年2月6日 初版第1刷 p.156</ref> ko katongal no tamdaw, 2017 miheca matongal ira ko 526 ‘ofad ko tamdaw.<ref>「データブック　オブ・ザ・ワールド　2018年版　世界各国要覧と最新統計」p273　二宮書店　平成30年1月10日発行</ref> I laloma’ nonini i o Kongko''(Bakongo)'' a tamdaw mahaop ko 48%, Sangka tamdaw mahaop ko 20%, Mupoci tamdaw mahaop ko 12%,Tiki tamdaw 17%, o Yoropa ato roma a finacadan 2% ano ira ko 3%. Itini i Kongko tadamadafdaf ko kala’intel kala’edes no finacadan,mangaleday ko i saka’amisay a Kongko tamdaw ato ikatimolay a Muooci ko kalatatoker. Ona kala’edes no finacadan nani 1993 miheca tahira I 1997 miheca o lalengatan no Laloma’ay Lalood no Kongko kitakit. == Sowal (語言) == Ono kapolongan a sowal o Fransu a sowal. O roma o malasowalan itini i o Panto sowal. Ono sifoan a sowal tosaay:o Kitopa''(Kituba)'' sowal ato Linkara ''(Lingála)'' a sowal, do’edo sa i,o Muposi sowal ato Pantiki sowal. Caay ko nini aca ira ho ko roma to cisafaw to 40 a sowal o Pikumi ''(Pygmy)'' a sowal. O maro’ay I Kongko a tamdaw ira ko 30% <ref>Délégation générale à la langue française et aux langues de France, référence 2006.</ref>o Fransu a sowal ko hasowal to romi’ami’ad. O picyosa ni ''Omar Massoumou'' i'',''ikaka no 15 ko mihecaan a tamdaw nahaop ko 88% o Frabsu a sowal ko kalosowal to romi’ad,mafana’ a mitilid tono Fransu tilid. [[Faylo:SAINTE RITA CONG-BR2.jpg|縮圖|mitiliday a ka'emangay]] O Kitopa a sowal o misalofan misarihaday nani Kongko a sowal,orasaka i katimol no Kongko a niyaro’ isalawacan no lalan no cilamalay a tamdaw ira ko 50/35% oninian ko sowal to romi’ami’ad. O Panti sowal ira ko 18% tamdaw ko somowalay. O congton ci Toni-Sannukinso (''Denis Sassou-Nguesso'') o Linkara a sowal kokafana’an ningra, ona sowal o masowalay i ka’amis ato katimol no kitakit.O Patiki a sowal irako 18% ko somowalay,itiraay i Porato-Etal (''Plateaux Department'') ato Sa’etipay a Kyuputo-Etal (''Cuvette-Ouest Department'') a kalasowalen. Raly sowal o maramramay to Kongko sowal ato Kiti sowal , itiraay I Poro-Etal (''Pool Department'') a kalasowalen. O saadihayay a kalasowalen tona kitakit i,Kapalay-sowal (手語) o nani Nayciliya a kapalay-sowal,nikawrira, mirecepay i oinangan ato wayway no Kongko a tamdaw. == Saka’orip a dafong(經濟) == [[Faylo:Jeunes filles apprenant la couture - Ecole Spéciale de Brazzaville.jpg|縮圖|matayalay a fafahiyan]] O saka’orip a tayal no Kongko i,ira ko Liomah ato Nakamayan-Dafong, o Misanga’ay-to-Dafong o kasolin-simal a dafong ko sakakaay, maceroray to itiyaay ho a kilakilangan a pisanga’ to dafong. 1980 miheca macakat ko ‘aca no kasolin-simal, mapafahal ko kacakat no polongan-‘etan no Kongko, malasakalikiay a macakat ko kicay i Afrika. Nikawrira, 1994 miheca matefad ko ‘epoc no payso no Kongko tora Falang hananay to 50%, itira to ko kacakat no ‘aca no kalodafong to 61%. Ikor to i,ira ko ko padang no Hekalay-Kinko ''(World Bank，縮寫WB)'' ato Hekalay-Kiking no Payso a Lekatep ''(International Monetary Fund，縮寫：IMF)'' misahalaka sapisongila’aw to sapili’etan a demak. Caka halafin malengat ko Laloma’ay-Lalood no Kongko, mapalasawad koya sapisongla’aw a demak. Macakat to ko aniniay a congtong, patokitok a micoroh to sapisongila’aw demak, nikawrira, cowa ka sacecay ko ‘aca no kasolin-simal, ira ho rawraw i laloma’ no kitakit, onini ko sakacaay a nga’ay to katayalan no tamdaw. I 2018 miheca saka 6 folad saka 22 romi’ad mikapot to Paliwalay to kalolin-simal kitakit a lekatep (''Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries，<abbr>OPEC</abbr>;'' Kuwaping a sowal:石油輸出國組織)<ref><nowiki>https://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/gaiko/energy/opec/opec.html</nowiki>　「石油輸出国機構（OPEC：Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries）の概要」日本国外務省　平成31年1月4日　2020年4月14日閲覧</ref> == Pacefaday a tilid(註腳) == sh6jtnrls0p2e7bj51t1vq5om0fi0er 0 2303 32601 2022-10-11T04:02:45Z Sdf 668 建立內容為「{{Infobox person | name = Siaw Can-haw | image = | caption = | native_name = {{nobold|蕭傳顥}} | native_name_lang = Holam | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|||}} | birth_place = | nationality = | education = | alma_mater = | occupation = | years_active = | known_for = | relatives = | website…」的新頁面 32601 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Siaw Can-haw | image = | caption = | native_name = {{nobold|蕭傳顥}} | native_name_lang = Holam | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|||}} | birth_place = | nationality = | education = | alma_mater = | occupation = | years_active = | known_for = | relatives = | website = https://www.facebook.com/100063646102472/ }} O '''Amis Sinsin''' ([[Holam]]: '''阿美老師'''; '''Siaw Can-haw'''(蕭傳顥); {{Bd|a miheca| a folad saka a romi’ad||}}) cecay mi'edaw a tamdaw to [[Ciweytusu]](紫微斗數) i [[Taywan]]. Na u micamol to malalifet ''{{link-zh|Minunhawhawwan|命運好好玩 (電視節目)}}''(命運好好玩) i [[JET綜合台]]. [[Kasasiwasiw:Amis]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Mi'edaw a tamdaw]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Siwkulang 'Amis]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Taywan]] hyztk9foqsagctyxqwl62ylntt4j0y4 0 2305 36730 32617 2023-05-07T15:25:18Z Sdf 668 /* No papotalay a kakafit */ 36730 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Television | bgcolour = #003D79 | colour text = white | show_name = 無神之地不下雨 | original_name = {{lang|en|''Rainless Love in a Godless Land''}} | image = 檔案:Rainless Love in a Godless Land.jpg | caption = | genre = {{hlist | [[科幻]] | [[愛情]]}} | based_on = | format = [[電視劇]] | creator = | developer = | director = [[洪子鵬]] | creative_director = | writer = {{ubl | 簡奇峯 | 程雲佳 | 蘇冠禎}} | starring = {{ubl | [[曾之喬]] | [[傅孟柏]] | [[顏毓麟]]| [[柯佳嬿]]| [[鄭元暢]]}} | theme_music_composer = | opentheme = [[九澤CP]]《最後一秒鐘》 | endtheme = [[孫盛希]] 《雨不停。流》 | composer = | country = {{ROC}} | language = [[Sowal no Pangcah|Pangcah]]<br/>[[Holam]]<br/>[[日語]]<br/>[[韓語]] | num_seasons = 1 | num_episodes = 13集 | list_episodes = | slogan = | executive_producer = | supervising_producer = | producer = {{ubl | 陳芷涵 | 麻怡婷}} | editor = | location = {{ROC}} | cinematography = | camera = | runtime = | company = [[友松娛樂|三鳳製作]]<br/>[[爱奇艺国际版|愛奇藝國際版]] | distributor = [[友松娛樂|三鳳製作]]<br/>[[爱奇艺国际版|愛奇藝國際版]] | channel = {{Plainlist}} * [[愛奇藝國際版]] * [[華視主頻]] | picture_format = [[高畫質電視|-{zh-tw:高畫質電視;zh-hant:高清電視;zh-hans:高清电视}-]] | audio_format = [[立體聲]] | first_run = {{ROC}} | aired = 2021年10月17日－2022年1月9日 | preceded_by = | followed_by = | related = | website = | production_website = | imdb_id = 15750112 }} O '''''Wusincicibuhsiayu'''''([[Holam]]: '''無神之地不下雨''', ira ko '' '', [[sowal no Ikilis|Ikilis]]: '''''Rainless Love in a Godless Land''''') cecay [[tilifi dorama]] i [[Taywan]]. Misanga’ [[Pipahosoan to tilifi no Chunghwa]] ci ina to tilifi dorama. Mipasadak to 2017 a miheca saka 10 a folad saka 17 a romi’ad 9:00~10:30 dadaya. <!-- ==(劇情簡介)== 因環境問題而使眾神選擇不再祝福這片土地為開端，隨著最後一場雨的到來，眾神紛紛離開祂們所眷戀的人間，展開一段在末日倒數前的人神愛情故事。 --原視 --> ==Mianingaya a patingso^(演員名單)== *Sye Ten-ti(謝天娣)/[[Tiyamacan]]:{{link-zh|Cen Ci-chiaw|曾之喬}}(曾之喬) *'Orad/Kakarayan: {{link-zh|Fu Men-po|傅孟柏}}(傅孟柏) *Li Pu-hey(李溥輝)/Salipatsip sapatrok: {{link-zh|Fu Men-po|顏毓麟}}(顏毓麟) == Pi'arawan to lakaw == {{Reflist}} == No papotalay a kakafit == *[https://shows.cts.com.tw/shows_prog/drama/211.html Pipahosoan to tilifi no Yen-cu-min - 無神之地不下雨] *[https://www.facebook.com/RainlessLove2021 Facebook - 無神之地不下雨] [[Kasasiwasiw:Siwkulang 'Amis]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Taywan]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Tilifi]] q2rchp8yv2x2bjnl21crzz22yyk3fyl 0 2306 40111 32666 2023-11-12T22:50:51Z CommonsDelinker 39 Removing [[:c:File:A._Ouattara.jpg|A._Ouattara.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Yann|Yann]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:A. Ouattara.jpg|]]. 40111 wikitext text/x-wiki == Pacekis no Co Kapolongan kitakit(象牙海岸共和国) == Pacekis no Co Kapolongan kitakit(象牙海岸共和国; Fransu a sowal :République de Côte d'Ivoire) kalopangangan o Pacekis no Co(通称象牙海岸) hananay.<ref>Forvo網站上Côte d'Ivoire的法語發音. [2014-06-19]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-23）.</ref> o itiniay I sa’etipan no Afrika a kitakit, isakawali malafiyaw ato Kana kitakit, sakatimol misi’ayaw to Ciniya-Kihaw, i ka’etip tahiraay i Lipiliya-Kapolongan kitakit ato Ciniya, ika’amis malafiyaw ato Mali ato Pokinafaso.[[Faylo:Flag of Côte d'Ivoire.svg|縮圖|Fayfay no Pacekis no Co kapolongan kitakit]] == O ngangan no kitaakit (國名) == [[Faylo:Location Côte d'Ivoire AU Africa.svg|縮圖|kaitiraan nona kitakit]] O sowal no Fransu tona ” ''Côte d'Ivoire''” hananay I, o “pacekis no co a lilis no riyar ” sanay ko imi ningra, onini ko pi’arawan a pangangan Pacekis no Co a Lilis no Riyar. Nikawrira, I 1985 miheca saka 10 folad saka 14 romi’ad, o sa’ayaway a congtong ci Filikos-Ofoay-Powani('''费利克斯·乌弗埃-博瓦尼''';Fransu a sowal:''Félix Houphouët-Boigny'') do’edo han ningra ko telangay a ngangan to ”''Côte d'Ivoire''” cowa ko imi ko pialaan a pangangan,<ref>Jessup, John E. (1998), ''An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Conflict and Conflict Resolution, 1945–1996'', Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group, p.351.</ref> <ref>Grinker, Roy Richard; Steiner, Christopher Burghard（1997）,''Perspectives on Africa: a reader in culture, history, and representation'', Oxford and Cambridge, Massachusetts: Blackwell, p.671.</ref>matiya o “''Costa Rica”'' o imi nonini i o “cihanekay sera” sanay, nikawrira, o ngiha ko nialaan a pangangan to Kosta-Rika. O panangan no kalokitakit a mitilid i,isifo’ no tosaay tilid mipatongalan to” '''–''' “ a konis, nikawrira, ona kitakit a pinangan i, cowa ka patongalen to ” '''–''' “. Onini ko pisa’eli to Congko o ngiha ko nialalan a pangangan to “Kototiwa”<ref>中国地名委员会出版的《外国地名译名手册》1983年版中，国名为象牙海岸，1993年版改为科特迪瓦。</ref> mido’edo ko Awmen ato Syangkang.<ref>領館及官方認可機構. 香港特别行政区政府政府总部礼宾处. [2018-11-23]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-06） （中文（繁体））.</ref> <ref>2017 澳門年鑑 (PDF). [2018-11-23]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-04-23） （中文（繁体））.</ref>o Linheko nano 1985 miheca saka 12 folad saka 31 romi’ad oninian ko pangangan.9 o Dipon i o katakana to “コートジボワール” ko pangangan. Hatini to ko kafalic ko pipangangan tahanini, oyanan to o Pacekis no Co Kapolongan kitakit ko pipangangan no Conghuwaminko(''Republic of China'').<ref>象牙海岸共和國. 中华民国外交部. [2022-08-29].</ref> O cowa ko Fransu ko sowal a kitakit ano no sifoan ko pitahidang do’edo hananay ko ngiha nona kitakit patinako han o Sipangya o “''Costa de Marfil''”, o Potawya o “''Costa do Marfim''” hananay. O Toic ko sowal i,o “''Elfenbeinküste”,'' nikawrira,ano mitahidang to tamdaw nona kitakit i, mialaay to nani Fransu a sowal toya Pacekis sanay a tilid(''Ivorer'' anoca ''Ivorerin).'' == '''Rikisi (歷史)''' == [[Faylo:TrachycarpusFortunei.jpg|縮圖|240x240像素|o nanges a kilang]] === '''O pikowanan ho no Fransu (法國統治時代)''' === O tamina no Yoropa latek i 1460 a mihecahecan tahini i Pacekis no Co Kapolongan kitakit, o i’ayaway nonini a mihecahecaan a rikisi cowa ka hakowa ko kafana’an no tamdaw. O aniniay a maro’ay finacadan iikoray to a tahini tona pala :o Kru finacadan itiyaay i 1600 miheca nani Lipiliya maforaw tayni, o Sinofo(''Senoufo'') finacadan ato Lobi finacadan nani tiraay i Pokinafaso ato Mali pasitimol maforaw a tayni. Tahira to i saka 18 sici, saka 19 sici o Akan finacadan ato o cecay a roma no Akan fanacadan tora Paoli(''Baoulé'') finacadan nani Kana micomod tayni i sakawalian no Pacekis no Co Kapolongan kitakit, oya sa Malinke(''Malinké'') finacadan o nani Ciniya micomod a tayni i ka’amis no ka’etipan no Pacekis no Co Kapolongan kitakit. I pikowanan no Fransu mipacemahad to sapaliwal to dafong tayra i papotal, kalikki a malaheci ko patosokan, orasaka, maopoh a paloma to kafi, koko ato nanges. Itiya ho iroma a pala no Ka’etipay-Afrika ira ko kacacofelis no komuing no Fransu ato Ikiris, orasaka, ‘aloman mahahicera ko Fa’elihay-Maforaway tamdaw itini i Pacekis no Co Kapolongan kitakit. Onini ko saka o tamdaw no Fransu ko mirepetay to palosayan no kafi, koko ato pawli, o kakatelii’an i o Mipaciciay-Papisakuli Demak to sakacemahad no sapili’etan. [[Faylo:Ferkéssédougou1990.jpg|縮圖|240x240像素|o patiyamay i lawac no lalan i saka90a mihecahecaan.]] === '''Patireng to misiikeday kitakit ato kacemahad(獨立建國與經濟繁榮)''' === Ira ko cecay a wawa no kakita’an no Paoli(''Baoulé'') finacadan ci Filikos-Ofoay-Powani(菲力克斯·烏弗埃-博瓦尼 ; Fransu a sowla :''Félix Houphouët-Boigny'') ko mikeriday to sakapisiikedaw, malamama no pisiiked no kitakit. 1944 miheca sa’ayaway a patireng to masacefangay no mipalomaay to kafi. Saopoen ningra ko tamtamdaw matayal i omah ningra mitoker to pipa’ekel no mikowanay a Fransu. Onini ko kaliki a mapalowad ko tireng Powani, caka sacecay mihecaan masinkiw malakiing no Misanga’ay-to-Rikes a pakaykian no Fransu. Ikor to cecay a miheca, mapalasawad no Fransu ko Mipaciciay-Papisakuli Demak. To ikor to i, sawad han to ni Powani koya no kapahan ho a micacoker a harateng, o sifo sa no Fransu papipakatayalen cingra to tapang no katayalan i sifo to pacofay to harateng ningra. Yo misiiked to kona kitakit i 1960 miheca, tahira to i 1979 miheca mala o sakakaay mipasadakay paliwal to koko kona Pacekis no Co Kapolongan kitakit ihekal. Ona kitakit malasakakaay a pasadakay paliwal to talacay ato nanges a kitakit.o micorohay tonini a ‘’kakafahekaan demak no Pacekis no Co Kapolongan kitakit ‘’ o citanengay a tamdaw no Fransu. Itini i Afrika malaheci ko kapisiikedan no kitakit i, palaplapay to ko Yoropa a tamdaw, nikawrira, itini i Pacekis no Co Kapolongan kitakit i, matongalay ko tamdaw no Yoropa. O kamaro’an no Fransu a tamdaw isa’ayaw ho i, cecaay ‘ofad matongal tahira i 5 ‘ofad ko tamdaw, ilaloma’ nonini i, o citanengay-matayalay ato komong ko tayal nangra.o kacomahad no sapili’etan macakat to 10% to lalen no mihecahecan to 20 ko miheca, o cikaso-simalay a kitakit itini i Afrika o skakakaay. === '''2000 mihecahecaan (2000年代)''' === I 2000 miheca saka 10 folad a sinkiw to congtong ci Lolang-Papo ato Kayi ko malalifetay. Nikawrira, adihay ko fangafang tona sinkiw. O lalengatan i, sapiliyocaw tona sinkiw ci Kayi, mapacekil ko keter no finawlan a marawraw, 180 ko tamdaw to mapatayay, tangsolsol sa ci Kayi misawad, ci Lolang-Papo to ko maalaay malacongtong.oroma sa misinkiway ci Watala orma akitakit ko kika ningra orasak mapalasawad no Sakakaay-Pisawkitan,o mitopaay ci Watalan a finawlan, sahetoay isaka’amis no kitakit malaodot ato tayhing i syoto tatapangan niyaro’. 2002 miheca saka 9 folad saka 19 romi’ad ira ko pifelih no sofitay to sifo, maaro’ nangra ko saka’amisay nona kitakit. O ‘ayaway a congtong mapatay no sofitay i loma’ no tireng.ci Watala congtong milimek tayra i Loma’ no Tarokos no Fransu, sa madipot ko tiring.o maan ko lalengatan nona rawraw tahanini away ho ko so’elinay a kafana’an.Ikor to i,maocor ko sofitay no Fransu mipalasasowal to sapipalasawad tona kasalala’is, o sofitay, kakeridan no sofitay ato nani Lipiliya ato Saylaliang a cikowangay a saopo mipatokeled a mi’afas to ika’etipay a sera nona kitakit. 2005 miheca saka 12 folad saka 28 romi’ad mapatireng ko pacarcaray a sifo no Pacekis no Co Kapolongan kitakit, ci Syar-Konan-Panni(夏爾·科南·班尼; Fransu a mdawsowal:''Charles Konan Banny'''''）'''ko matoro’an malacongli, mamo’etepay ko kasasiromaroma a kasafelaw no sieci ko mitayalay to sifo.<ref>李明，[1]，新华网</ref> 2007 miheca saka 3 folad saka 29 romi’ad toro’en no congtong ci Ciyawmo-Soro(紀堯姆·索羅; Fransu a sowal:''Guillaume Soro'') malacongli.<ref>黄伟，[2]，新华网</ref> O fa’elohay a sinkiw itiraay i 2010 miheca a midemak, o sa’ayaway o polong no kitakit a sinkiw konini,wataay ko pihamham no isowacowaay to a kitakit ato tamdaw, nanay masaysay to ko rawraw rihaday to ko ‘orip no kalotamdaw, cato ka cilacila mafelih ko sifo. 2010 miheca saka 12 folad saka 4 romi’ad, matatoker ci Alasani-Tolamana-Watala(阿拉萨内·德拉马纳·瓦塔拉;''Alassane Dramane Ouattara)'' aci Lolong-Papo(洛朗·巴博; Fransu a sowal:''Laurent Gbagbo'') o niyah ko maalaay tona sinkiw sanay, paitemek sa a milekal to kaala to singkiw malacongtong, wa miliyaw heca a mafodfod ko kitakit, nikawrira, o Amirika, Afrika-Lekatep ato Linheko ato Sa’etipay-Kitakit a Lekatep sahetoay mihayiay to kalacongtong ni Alasani-Watala. 2011 miheca saka 4 folad saka 11 romi’ad mapalit ci Lolong-Papo. == Kaitiraan(地理) == [[Faylo:Jineiya wan-zh.png|縮圖|Ciniya-Kihaw]] Pacekis no Co Kapolongan kitakit(象牙海岸共和国) itiraay I sa’etipay-lilis no riyar no Afrika, isakawali malafiyaw ato Kana kitakit, sakatimol misi’ayaw to Ciniya-Kihaw, i ka’etip tahiraay i Lipiliya-Kapolongan kitakit ato Ciniya, ika’amis malafiyaw ato Mali ato Pokinafaso, isakawali miingid to Kana kitakit. O kakahad no sera ira ko 322,463 km²<ref>中央情報局世界概況--國家面積. [2022-03-01]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-02）.</ref> o to’edaw no lilis no riyar ira ko 550 km. O pala i nani ka’amisan no sa’etip pasi katimol no sawalian a masa’apilis, cowa ka tata’ang ko kasakefoh no sera, i ka’amisan no saka’etip a pala nani tongroh no riyar ira ko 500~1000 laya’ ko ka’akawang, ika’amis i nani tongroh no riyar ira ko 200~500 laya’ a mamangay a lotolotokan, o katimol no sakawalian dengan 50 laya’ a masafanaway a lilis no riyar. O sakakaay ko takaraw a tokos i o Linpa-Poco’(甯巴峰),ira ko 1752 laya’ ko ka’akawang. O rakat no ‘alo I, nani katimol pasi’amis ko rakat no nanom, ira ko Pangtama-‘Alo('''邦達馬河''''';Bandama'') 950 km, Komoay-‘alo(科莫埃河'';Comoé)'' 759km,Sasangtola-‘alo(薩桑德拉河'';Sassandra)'' 650 km,ato Kawali-‘Alo, 600km, o polog no ta’edaw no ‘alo cisafaw to 3100km, o nirakatan a pala ira ko 232,700 km². O romi’ad i Fa’etay-Kakarayan, ikatimol o Fa’edetay-Kilakilangan Kakarayan, i saka’amis o Fa’edetay-Rengorengosan Kakarayan,i saka 2 ~4 folad sa’akawangay ko fa’edet, o lalen no fa’edet i 24~32'''℃''' ; saka 8 folad o sapa’eneray ko fa’edet, lalen i, 22~28'''℃ .''' == '''Palapalaan(地形)''' == Kaheciday fanaw a etal nani Folisko tahira i kalala’ed ato Kana kitakit, 297 km ko kato’edaw ; ona etal i, ira ko maipocay a tafotafokan-kanatal malitosa han Tasiyang, ato lilis no riyar tahira i Lipiya, sahetoay o takaraway a ‘ongcoy. Ona kaheciday-fanaw a etal ono konisan no cikiw a kakarayan, o lalen a fa’edet i, 24.4~28.3 ℃. O kilakilangan-Eatal .tiraay i kaikor no kilakilangan, o lalen no takaraw no kilang i, 24 laya’. Adihay ho ko mamangay a kilang sasifod saan. O tata’angay a kilang matafesiway ko 45 laya’ ko ka’akawang. [[Faylo:Culture attelee Ferke.JPG|縮圖|235x235像素|mikangkanay i omah]] O rengorengosan-Etal itiraay i saka’misan no kalala’edan to roma a kitakit,itini i, ono Fa’edatay-Kakarayan, mahapinangay ko kalitosa to kakeladan ato ka’oradan, i saka’amis no sa’etipa ira ko cinganganay a Sahara-Tafotafokan, o nani tiraay a fali o ma’icangay a Yarmatan-Fali hananay. == '''Sapili’etan a tayal(經濟)''' == Nani pisiikedan-Tpmireng ko kitakit i 1960 miheca, malawidangay to ato Fransu. O kasasiromaroma a nipasadakan a nipalomaan ato mihamham to roma a kitakit mipatireng ko katayalan itini, tada o sakacomahad no Pacekis no Co Kapolongan kitakit i Afrika, nikawrira, tona pinapina a mihecaan matefad ko ‘aca no nipalomaan losay, orasaka, matefad ko ‘aca no sakakaay a koko ato kofi, ira ho ko mikakaenay to payso a matayalay a komuing tongal sa ko kalapakoyoc no kitakit, o maomahay ato mipaliwalay a tamdaw matongal ko nikaawa. === '''Pasadakan pili’eta(出口貿易)''' === O nipasadakan dafong a ‘etan i 2009 miheca ira ko 87.49 ok ko payso no Amirika.<ref>中央情報局世界概況--出口總值. [2022-03-01]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-02）.</ref>o akakakaay nipasadakan a dafong o koko, kofi, simal no nanges, parok, komo, talacay,pawli, kilang, pacekis no co, takdafokeloh ato nakayaman-dafong, o sakakaay pipasadakan a paliwal a kitakit o Toic, Amirika, Olanta, Niriliya, Fransu, Itali ato Pokinafaso.<ref>中央情報局世界概況--出口貿易國. [2010-08-02]. （原始内容存档于2010-04-26）.</ref> === '''Mi’acaan dafong'''(進口貿易) === O ni’acaan nani roma a kitakit polong ira 64.7520 ok ko payso no Amirika,<ref>中央情報局世界概況--進口總值. [2022-03-01]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-02）.</ref>o sakakaay a ni’acaan dafong ira ko kakaenen, nananomen, hikoki, tamina, tosiya, tata’akay-tamina, ociya, foting tamako, mising, kikay, dingki, kirarom ; ira ho ko amoto, tasalamaan no wawa, sikitang,simal, sapatireng to loma a dafong, sapaiyo,kikay no paisingan, dingwa, sakatayal kalas, cowa ko So’elinay fokes ato kalodafong to romi’ami’ad, o sakakaay pi’acaan a kitakit o iiriliya, Fransu, Congko ato Tayko.<ref>中央情報局世界概況--出口貿易國. [2010-08-02]. （原始内容存档于2010-04-26）.</ref> == '''Tamdaw ato sowal(人口及語言)''' == [[Faylo:Clinique Chinoise Ferke.JPG|縮圖|248x248像素|paisingan]] I 2012 miheca a sa’osi ira ko 2195 ‘ofad ko tamdaw. Polong no kitakit ira ko 69 ko kasasiromaroma no finacadan, o sakakaay a sepat finacadan :Aken-Finacadan(latek 42%), Manti-Finacadan(latek 27%), Koro-Finacadan(15%), ato Worto-Finacadan(latek16%). O polong a sowal ira ko 65 sowal, ilaloma’ nonini o Muslin o Tiwula-Sowal(Dyula), ona Tiwula-Sowal matatokeled o sowal no mipaliwal to dafong a sowal. O sowal no sifo no Pacekis no Co Kapolongan kitakit o Fransu-Sowal, i pitilidan sahetoay o sowal no Fransu ko hasowal. Ira ko 20% a tamdaw no Pacekis no Co Kapolongan kitakit o nani fiyaway a Lipiliya kitakit, Pokinafaso ato Ciniya a matayalay, ilaloma’ nonini i sahetoay o Muslin, anini matongalay ho ko ka’aloman. O itinitiniay aca a maro’ a tamdaw sahetoay Tinsikiw ato Fa’elohay-Misakristoay, ira ho ko mamang pakaso’elinay to To’asan-Kawas. Onini ko lalengatan no fodfod no kitakit to kacacoli no itinitiniay a tamdaw ato nani papotalay a Muslin. Ira ko 4% o nani Yoropaay a tamdaw, Saka’amisay-Amirika a Karopaw ato Lipanen a mitooray to Kristo. == Pacefaday a Tilid (註腳) == 78nv6u28c5vlicvf23u5vnwyw1pykr9 0 2307 39761 32683 2023-10-11T06:31:35Z PizzaKing13 1883 /* Rikisi(歷史) */ 39761 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Flag of El Salvador.svg|縮圖|Hata no Sarwato Kapolongan-Kitakit]] == Sarwato Kapolongan-Kitakit(薩爾瓦多共和國;Sipanya a sowal:República de El Salvador; o kalopitahidang 薩爾瓦多). == O itiraay i sala’amis no Sifo’ay-Amirika, dengan o caay ka pingata to Tasiyang(大西洋; Atlantic Ocean), o kakahad no pala ira ko 21,393km².I saka’amisan madado’edoay ato Kuwatimala, i ka’amis no sakawali malafiyaw ato Hongtors, i saka’etp misi’ayaw to Taypinyang(太平洋;Pacific Ocean),katimol no sakawalian mingataay to Fongsayka-Kihaw(豐塞卡灣;''Golfo de Fonseca).'' [[Faylo:LocationElSalvador.svg|縮圖|Kaitiraan i Sifo'ay-Amirika]] O syoto tatapangan niyaro’ o Sie-Sarwato(聖薩爾瓦多;''San Salvador)''. 1821 miheca saka 9 folad saka 15 romi’ad miliyas to Sipanya misiiked patireng to kitakit.nani ska 19 sici kaleponan tahira i sasifo’an no saka 20 sici, kinapinapina to marawraw to sieci ato saka’orip, awa ko tolas no nipifelih no no sofitay to sifo ato paitekeday pikowan, saso’eli’elin sa to ko lalood i laloma’ nona kitakit i 1979 miheca tahira i 1992 miheca, ona lalood i o sofitay no sifo ato Pacarcaray-Sofitay ko malalooday, i 1992 miheca matatilid kona tosa a kapot no sofitay to “ Caportopiko-Sakarihaday Kakaketonan” ta malasawad kona lalood. Ono kakaketonan mikapotay ko kasasiromaroma a kasafelaw no tamdaw, orasak, manga’ay ko pipatireng to pairikecay a kapolongan kitakit tahanini. O Sarwato a kitakit i,o sa’ayaway a mihayi ko sifo to Pito-Payso(比特幣<ref>字面意義為"位元硬幣"，bit為位元，為數位的最小單位，此名稱有數位貨幣的含義，採用音譯的"比特幣"一詞已普遍在各地採用，本條目從而沿用之</ref>; ''Bitcoin'') ato Tekedan-Fangko Payso(加密貨幣<ref>密码货币大亨财富知多少《福布斯》出榜公布. BBC. 2018年2月17日 [2018年8月21日]. （原始內容存檔於2018年8月20日）.</ref>;''Cryptocurrency'').<ref>Kollmeyer, Barbara. 萨尔瓦多成为首个批准比特币为法币的国家. 華爾街日報中文網. [2021-06-09]. （原始內容存檔於2021-06-09） （中文（中國大陸））</ref><ref>薩爾瓦多今日正式將比特幣列為法定貨幣. [2021-09-07]. （原始內容存檔於2021-10-10）.</ref> == Nangan no kitakit(國名) == Itini I sowal no Sipanya o “Sarwato” hahanay a sowal “''El Salvador''” a imi i,o “mipa’oripay” sanay. 1524 miheca, o micowatay a tamdaw no Sipanya ci Pitoro-Ro-Arwalato(佩德羅·德·阿爾瓦拉多; Sipanya a sowal:''Pedro de Alvarado''), latek itiraay i 1485~1541 miheca saka 7 folad saka 4 romi’ad micowat to pala no tao malaconto no Kuwatimala. Mikapot cingra to picowat to Kupa, Kuwatimala, Mosiko, ato Miro. Yo micowat a mi’eco to Mosiko i,tada ma’edes ko pipatay to yincumin.1 pacimil han to a pangangan to cidal anoca o kahengangay cidal. Ira ko roma a sowal kahengangay ko fokes ningra ko kacicimil ningra. O so’elinay a sowal i,adihayay tato ko nipatayan ningra to tamdaw ko kacicimil sanay. == Rikisi(歷史) == [[Faylo:Salvadoran Civil War image collage.jpg|縮圖|Pacarcaray sofitay]] I 1524 miheca malonikowanan no Sipanya kona kitakit, 1821 miheca saka 9 folad saka15 romi’ad milekal to pisiiked a patireng to kitakit, to ikor malanikowana pala no Mosiko Hontia-Kitakit ko pecih nona kitakit, 1822 miheca katekop kona Hontian-Kitakit, mikapot ko Sarwato i Sifo’ay-Amirika a Nipatekoan-Kitakit. 1838 miheca matekop ko Sifo’ay-Amirika a Nipatekoan-Kitakit, ikor to nonini i,1841 miheca saka 2 folad saka18 romi’ad milekal to patireng to Kapolongan Kitakit. Yo malengat ko Lalomaan-Lalood no Kitakit i 1980~1992 miheca, o sofitay no sifpo ato Pacarcaray-Sofitay a lalood konini, ira ko 7.5 ’ofad<ref>Historia de El Salvador. tierra.free-people.net. [2018-08-21]. （原始內容存檔於2021-03-18） （西班牙語）.</ref> ko mapatayay ato malahedaway tamdaw.9 I 2004 miheca matatilid ko kasafelaw no sieci to sakarihaday a kakaketonan. == Kaitiraan(地理) == Tona kitakit sahetoay o tapolo no ’ongcoy ato tokos, lalen a ‘akawang nani tongroh no riyar 610 laya’. Dengan i katimol a lilis no riyar ko masafadfaday, o roma i,sahetoay o masatapoloay a dafdaf,adihay ko Cinamalay-Tokos, orasaka, pacimil ha to “Cinamalay-Tokos Kitakit” hananay. O sakakaay ko katakaraw ira ko 2381 laya’ a Sie-Anna Cinamalay-Tokos. O lilis no riyar ato dasdas o mado’etay-kakarayan. i tokotokosan sa’emelay, lalen a fa’edet i 17~25°C. Itini i Sifo’an-Amirika o samamangay a kitakit, tadaadihay ko kinairaira no palapalaan, masiikeday ko faco no tokos, ilaloma’ noni i,ira ko cinganganay a Kandaway-Tokos(''Cerro Verde''), Isako-Tokos(''Izalco'') ato Sie-Anna Cinamalay-Tokos, masrayray ko Cinamalay-Tokos. O lilis nona kitakit i,o so’elinay a Fa’detay-Kakarayan,,.adihay ko tadamaanay a pisalamaan no lafang. I akawangay a tokotokasan tadasa’emelay, o lalen a fa’edet i, 10°C. Cecay a mihecaan ira ko sepat a kasasiromaroma a kakarayan. Adihay ho ko kilakilangan,’a’adopen, ira ko Lan a hana, ira ho ko tada’ekim, ’ekim, simal. O syoto no Sarwato Kapolongan-Kitakit o Sie- Sarwato o cinganganay to cinamalay-tokos, cecay a miheca i 2014 miheca ira ko 7.4 a rayray.<ref>Mundo, Redacción BBC. Sismo de magnitud 7,4 sacude El Salvador. BBC News Mundo. [2018-08-21]. （原始內容存檔於2014-11-11） （西班牙語）.</ref> == '''Sieci (政治)''' == [[Faylo:Presidente Bukele.jpg|縮圖|Pokoloy congtong]] Oya 1983 mihecaan a kinpo o sakakaay rikec no Sarwato Kapolongan-Kitakit, do’edoen konini a kinpo o misnga’ay to rikec a kiing ko mikowanay to kitakit,o sifo i,toloay ko kasasiroma no matayalay: 1.    Matayalay:o matayalay no sifo o congtong ko mikreiday, o congtong i,o finawlan ko misinkiway, 5 miheca ko katayalan, cowa ka nga’ay pararid a misinkiw. O congtong i,o tatapang no sofitay, o kakeridan no kasasiikeiked no malatapangay no sifo o congtong ko mito’ay pakatayal. O aniniay a congtong ci Nayipo-Pokoloy(納伊布·阿曼多·布格磊·歐德斯'';Nayib Armando Bukele Ortez''）tahira i 2024 miheca ko kalacongtongan ningra. 2.    Misanga’ay to rikec:o misanga’ay to rikec no Sarwato o misanga’ay to rikec a pikaykian hananay, cecayay aca ko misanga’ay to rikec a pikaykian, ira ko 84 ko kiing, o polong no finawlan ko misinkiway, tolo miheca ko kalakiingan. 3.    Misawkitay:o misawkitay a tayal i, o sakakaay a pisawkitan ko mikowanay, onini kakaay a pisawkitan a misawkitay ira 15 ko tamdaw, ilaloma’ no nini to cecay i,o kakeridan no Pisawkitan. == Sapili’etan Demak(經濟) == [[Faylo:Coffee Processing in Ahuachapan, El Salvador.jpg|縮圖|misongila'ay to kafi]] O sakakaay a demak o maomahay, sakakaay a nipalomaan o kafi ato parok a kilang. O tadafakeloh ira ko tada’ekim, fodawan ato simal.ira ho misanga’ay to kiradom, misongila’ay to simal, tamako, misanga’ay to piro ‘epah a kofa, oninian i,sahetoay itiraay i Sie-Sarwato tokay ato ingataay a niyaro’. Roma sato i,o sapipa’icelaw no sifo to roma a kitakit tamdaw to papisanga’ tokatayalan itini, milowanan no sifo ko 13% a sata to misafa’elohay a patireng to katayalan itini. I’ayaw no 2001 miheca, Sarwato sifo o payso to Sarwato-Kolang aca ko nihayian no sifo. Tona miheca saka 1 folad saka 1 romi’ad ono Amirika a payso ko niketonan malalali’aca a payso, cowa to ka pisanga’ to Sarwato-Kolang ko Sakakaay-Kinko no Sarwato, nikawrira, manga’ay to a mila’oy to Sarwato-Kolang. Ano mifalic to payso cowa ka pi’ala to pakapiay a sata.<ref>Main Aspects of the Law. （原始內容存檔於8 July 2007） （英語）.</ref> O sa’ayaway mihayi a pangangan to “Sifo’ay-Amirika Paitekeday Malali’aca a Kakaketonan Tilid” a kitakit, ona kakaketonan o pacomahaday to nipasadak to dafong a paliwal i roma a kitakit to masanga’an kakaenen, ‘odax ato ’ardahay, misanga’ to kiladom. I 2027 miheca saka 4 folad, o sakaca ka pikali’ang to taliyok no pala o sa’ayaway kitakit to milalangay mikarkar to tadafokeloh a kitakit ko Saewato. Nawhai, o mikarkaray to tada’ekim a kofa ira ko cisapiyoay a nanom mikali’angay to pala ato ‘alo no Sarwato.<ref>El Salvador mining ban a victory for democracy over corporate greed. War On Want. 2017-03-30 [2018-08-21]. （原始內容存檔於2020-10-01） （英語）.</ref><ref>Pacific Rim Ruling Threatens El Salvador’s National Sovereignty. NACLA. [2018-08-21]. （原始內容存檔於2018-01-04） （英語）.</ref> I 2021 miheca saka 6 folad saka 9 romi’ad. Mihayi ko pikaykian no kitakit to Pitopi-payso malonihayian no rikec a payso,o sa’ayaway itini i hekal ko Sarwato to pihayi to Pitopi-payso malonihayian no rikec a payso no kitakit. <ref>Kollmeyer, Barbara. 萨尔瓦多成为首个批准比特币为法币的国家. 華爾街日報中文網. [2021-06-09]. （原始內容存檔於2021-06-09） （中文（中國大陸））.</ref>laheci sato ko Pitopi-payso o nairikecay-payso no Sarwato.<ref>薩爾瓦多今日正式將比特幣列為法定貨幣. [2021-09-07]. （原始內容存檔於2021-10-10）.</ref> [[Faylo:Masakro-ĉe-Suchitoto-Salvadoro.jpg|縮圖|304x304像素|o nihadefekan nipatayan no Yoropa tamdaw a Intian tamdaw]] == Tamdaw(人口) == I 2021 miheca a sa’osi to tamdaw polong ira ko 682 ‘ofad ko tamdaw, ilaloma’ nonini i,o ciramramay to ‘ilang no Yoropa a Intian a teloc mahaop ko 90%. Roma i,kohecalay tamdaw 9%, o yincumin deng to 1% ko osaw. O sa’alomanay ko tamdaw a maro’ i syoto Sie-Sarwato, ira ko 210 ‘ofad. O maro’ay I niyaro’ i,dengan 42%. Do’edoen ko sa’osi no Linheko o lalen a ‘orip no Sarwato o fainayan 68 ko mihecaan, fafahiya 74 ko mihecaan. == Pitooran (宗教) == O sakakaay a pitooran o Tinsikiw, I polong no tamdaw mahaop ko 83%, o Fa’elohay-Misakristoay ira ko 15%. Tona pinapina mihecaan matongalay ko mitooray to  Fa’elohay-Misakristoay. == Punka(文化) == Na ma’eco makowan no Yoropa tamdaw to pinapina a so’ot ko mihecaan oya maro’ay itini a yincumin mapahinom no pinangan no kohecalay tamdaw. cowa ko hakowa ko ma’osaway a punka ato sowal no Intian, mangalefay ko pirecep no pinangan no Tinsikiw, orasaka,o maamaan a lisin sahetoay tono Tinsikiw. == Pacefaday a Tilid(註腳) == 194gua4nkkmgupqmvbc71yjtu6fm0ul 0 2308 32672 2022-10-17T23:23:08Z WikiEditor50 43 WikiEditor50 malinah to ko felih nani [[Central african republic]] tangasa i [[Central African Republic]] 32672 wikitext text/x-wiki #重新導向 [[Central African Republic]] b7f2n8pkbfjyx34op234pbevv0zveca 0 2309 32777 32714 2022-10-26T10:36:38Z 春去無蹤 1095 32777 wikitext text/x-wiki == Tahiti 大溪地 == Tahiti (Ferans:Tahiti, ngiha: [ta.iti]), no Ferans a Polinisiya a misi’ayaway to fali a palapala (syakay palapalaan) a ta’akay kanatal, i sasifo’ay notimolan i Taypinyang. Ono Ferans a Polinisiya a kicay, punka ato sici a todong. Nano macelal nidemakan sakatakaraw, adihay no lotolotok palapala tataparan, o maliyokay no raka. Kanatalay ira ko 192,760 (2017 miheca) a tamdaw, o Ferans a Polinisiyaan sa’alomanay tamdaw i kanatal, miki’aloman to misi’ayaway to fali a pala 68.6% ko tamdaw. Ferans a Polinisiya a maci o Papoti sakaetipan hekal, Faa kasakitakit a hikokiciw o dengan a kahitefoan, raraay no maci 5 kongli (3.11 Inli). Tahiti i 300 -800 miheca ira to ko maro’ay a Polinisiya tamdaw, mahenekay sera ato pifoting ko sakaira no kakaenen, itini 70% a tamdaw cangra tona kanatal. Oroma tamdaw nai Ilopiya, Congko ato kararamod a teloc. Toni pala i 1880 miheca mihapiwan no Ferans a micingcingan kanatal, nikawrira tangasa 1946 miheca oya maro’ay itira a tamdaw itiya cikika to no Ferans. O Ferans a sowal ko kasasowal no Tahiti, nikawrira o sowal no Tahiti o malenakay itira. I satimolan a Taypinyang a Tahiti o sa’alomanay ko Congko tamdaw maro’ itira, o ngayngay ko sa’alomanay. Tonini a pala kinapinapina pakaala to tadamaanay no fangcalay fafahiyan. O Tahiti o nga’ayay pirakarakan a nga’ayay pisalamaan, macidalay, citafokay tataparan. == Likisi 歷史 == Salongan i ’ayaw 2000 muhecaan, sa’ayaway Tahiti a tamdaw wata ko pilakecan, nai kawali timol a Asiya ano eca i nai Intonisiya lomowad, pakayni Fici, Samoa ato Tongka, ta tahini i Tahiti. 1788 miheca, o tatakosan no Tahiti Pomari tapang mikomoday to Tahiti, patireng to Tahiti kitakit. 1842 miheca macalap no Ferans midipot. 1880 miheca makapi no Ferans, ono Ferans Polinisiya tangasa anini. == Palapala 地理 == O Tahiti no Ferans Polinisiya sa’akawangay tata’akay kanatal. I saka timolan no Hawai to 4400 kongli, sakaetipan no Cili to 7900 kongli, sakawalian no Austaliya to 5700 kongli ko ray. O dadahal nonini a kanatal 1045 pinfang kongli, sa’akawangay o ’Orahena lotok (Mou'a 'Orohena) ira ko 2241m. == Romi’ad 氣候 == To mihecaan 11 folad tangas aroma miheca 4 folad o ka’oradan, o so’emetay i 1 folad, Papitilot 340mm ko ’orar, ka’icangan i 8 folad, dengan 48mm ko ka’orad. Salongan a hemhem mihakelong to kafafalifalic no romi’ad i 21˚-31˚ ko kola’ed[1]. == Tamdaw 人口 == O sowal no kowapin to “Tahiti”, o malitoloay a kalalitemotemohan no kacakat no ’orip. O Farans a sowal ko sakasasowal no Tahiti, nika o itinian a sowal no Tahiti (Reo Tahiti) malasakasasowalenanay. I Tahiti ira ko 35,000 ko tamdaw no holam, salongan 12% ko tamdaw, no holam a kicay i kaka to 85 %. == Kicay 經濟 == O kicay o maomahay, o afinang, tefos, kosoy, ’apol, losay, cinco ’a’olec. Toni a sici malingato micowat to mirarakatay a liaca ato mimingay kaysya. Itini i Tahiti o cinco ko tadamaanay, mapasadak pa’aca tayra i Dipong, Ilopiya ato Amilika[3]. == Kiwiko 教育 == Kanatal no Tahiti ira ko Ferans Polinisiya Daykako, oni a Daykako i 1987 miheca mapatireng, salongan ira ko 3,000 ko tamdaw mitiliday. Iraho citodongay to kiwiko a congsi Lamenais kakoyin (Collège La Mennais). Ci Samoil Walis (Samuel Wallis), o masafadilarn no Inkilis, i 1767 miheca 6 folad 18 romi’ad macakat tina pala, malasarakatay talahekalay tina Tahiti a Ilopiya a tamdaw. Ikoray no Ferans a mipasatorisay ci Kawken (1848—1903) mato’as to tayni i Tahiti ma’orip, itini adihay ko mipasatorisan nira. Itiya satadamaan ko Tahiti a masowal o kananaman. == Pinengnengan tilid 參考文獻 == 1. Papeete, French Polynesia (nano nina’angan tilid, i calay mana’ang). Weatherbase.com. Last retrieved 2007-09-26. 2. French Polynesia - The World Factbook. www.cia.gov. [2021-03-20]. (nano nina’angan tilid i 2021-04-15). 3. Tahitian Wine. Wine-Searcher. [2014-08-31]. (nano nina’angan tilid i 2015-01-14). [[Category:Tahiti]] jjrlgu0xflhmxqj9qkoixixcq2qrn84 0 2310 39602 38552 2023-10-02T06:14:28Z LiouShowShya 36 39602 wikitext text/x-wiki == Diana, Princess of Wales 威爾士王妃戴安娜 == [[Faylo:PRINCESS DIANA longing © copyright 2010 (5113084540).jpg|縮圖|229x229像素|Diana, Princess of Wales]] I 1961 a miheca saka pito folad saka 1 a romi’ad masofoc ci Diana, polong a ngangan ni Diana(''ikelis：Lady Diana Frances Spencer''), malamikomoday a tamdaw, O sawara’an no kitakit no [[England]], O saka cecay a fafahi ni Wales Hongti ci Diana, tatosa ko wawa nangra, ci Wilien ato ci Hali. O ciharatengay cifaloco’ay to pakayni to demak i hekal, kaolahan no tamdamdaw cingra. Kasofocan ni Diana itini i England a lalomaan, ‘aloman ko mikeriday a palatamdaw cingraan, I 1981 a mihecaan malasingsi ho no Yociing cingra i, patikong to cingra to sakakaay a wawa ni ''[[Elizabeth II]] '' ci Wiese, I Sen-Paw-lo tata’akay a kiwkay ko pitikong nangra, malakakeridan no England a kitakit, o tadakahemekan to tamdamdaw. Nikaorira, caay ka fangcal ko kalaramod ni Diana aci Wiese, iraay ko roma a fafahiyan mirawraw to kalaramod nangra, saka itini to i 1992 mihecaan satapang to malacinowas a mafoti’, caay ka halafin, malacinowas to cangra i 1996 a mihecaan. Malakakeridan no kitakit ci Diana i, ciinorongay cingra to finawlan, maolah ci Diana to mato’asay ato kaemangay, o roma i, pakayni to demak no ciadadaay to no (愛滋病), ‘alomanay to ko mafana’ay to mitayalan ningra, sa’aya’ayaw i, mangodo ho cingra a mikihatiya to ciadadaay tonian a tamdaw, mananam mananam to ko ‘alomanay a tamdaw cingraan i, safangcal sato ko faloco’ ningra to kalacinowas no kalalamod. == kasafocan a loma' 出生家庭 == Itini i 1961 a mihecaan saka pito folad saka cecay a romi'ad a hofocen ci Dayana(no Ikilis a nganga：''Diana Frances Spencer''), i ''Park House, Sandringham, Norfolk'' ko kahofocan ningra. == lalamod 配偶 == == salikaka 兄弟姐妹 == == natayalan 事蹟 == === kapatayan 逝世 === 1997 mihacaan falo folad 31 a romi’ad to kanikaran, itini tona laloma’ay no pongkang tahasotol to paliding ko kapatay ni Diana. Oya parakatay to paliding ningra ci ''Hengli Polo'' hananay i, tangsol a mapatay, midipangay ci Dianaan a tamdaw, ci ''Telefo Lise CiyongSe'' kareteng ko doka’, ladaka’ay ko tireng ningra. ira to ko roma a sowal masadak i tilifi, o mirepelan no sapilicayaw to demak ni ''Diana,'' malarepel cangara i caay ka pina’on parakat to paliding, masasontol to, onini ko kapatay ni ''Diana.'' I 1999 a maheca, ira to a makera nangra ko kacirawraw noya parakatay to paliding, koma’enay to ‘epah ci ''Polo'' toya romi’ad saka malasang parakat haca to paliding, tata’akay karetengay ko raraw ningra. koma’enay ci ''Polo'' to sapitelep to katatiih no tireng ningra, latek o sapaiyo ato ’epah ko mili’angay to fongoh ningra, kali’ki sato a malasang ko fongoh ningra. I 2008 a miheca, ira to ko pisetekan no citodongay to pakayni tonian a demak, tata’akay ko raraw ni Pulo ato yamireperay cangranan a tamdaw, oya ci ''Telefo Lise CiyongSe'' midipangay ci ''Dianaan'' i, == pitooran 宗教 == == tahapinangan a tilid 參考文獻 == == pikafitan i papotal 外部連結 == q5t7qy8scnzw9xd5n8ycvd3cqd8yp4w 8 2312 32778 2022-10-26T13:13:21Z MediaWiki default 459 Migrate wikitext mentor list to a structured form ([[:phab:T264343]]) 32778 json application/json { "Mentors": [] } dn46w1g5znu799elq35nkxlad6w2krp 0 2313 39568 32792 2023-09-26T20:51:23Z InternetArchiveBot 33 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 39568 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Viktoria Viktorovna Romanova-Gok''' (na fanau ia Iuni 15, 1994, Pyt-Yakh, [[Russia]]) o se tagata fai ata, blogger, ma le stylist<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://www.buro247.ru/columnist/vika-gokh |access-date=2022-10-29 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225080622/https://www.buro247.ru/columnist/vika-gokh |dead-url=yes }}</ref>. == No papotalay a kakafit == l42lr719ocln6cep5aabkase3ta69ji 0 2314 35036 32922 2023-03-14T10:59:36Z 嚴美鳳 41 fadas 35036 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Fadas.jpg|縮圖|fadas]] O tadakaolahan no Pangcah a komaen ko fadas, <gallery> </gallery> == Fadas 翼豆 == [[Faylo:Psophocarpus tetragonolobus Blanco2.293.png|縮圖|Fadas(翼豆、四角豆、羊角豆)]] I ayaw no Ikor ni kiristo 1910 a mihaca, mapacomod no tato’asan no Taywan koni fadas, na i Tonnanya a kitakit mipacamod, anini i, ’aloman mipalomaay i pasawali no Taywan, awa:ay ma’araw ko mipalomaay i saetip no Taywan, nikaora awaay ma’araw i taheka, ona fadas a dateng komaenay ko Malaysiya a kitkit. 翼豆 O fadas han no ’Amis pangangan, o nipalomaan no Yancomin kakaenen a dateng, awa:ay ma’araw i Taywan, matatodong itira i Kalingko ato i Posong ko pipalomaa nira,nawhan matatodong ko kamolahan no fadas toni a pala, awa:ay ko fao, sanaw caay nipaiyo, o safangcalay no aniniay a tamdaw konini a dateng. Ipasawali a niyaro’ no Taywan a Yancomin, mahapingan ma’araw i niyaro’ no ‘Amis, o paro no loma’ maemin mipaloma to fadas i padatengan,o pipaloman no fadas itini i mo^etep a folad tangasa itini i romamiheca no sepat a folad, ma’araw to ko kangdaway ato maloloay a fadas,paytemek sa ko paro no loma’ paloma i lawac no loma’, caay ko ‘aloman ko mipa’acaay a patiyamay, ira ma’araw i padetengay pa’acay to dateng ato i misinafel a patiyamay, awa:ay ma’araw I roma a pa’acaay to dateng. == Tahapinangan形態 == Tahapinangan ko heci no fadas, mahapingan ira ko sepat ma’atonglay a manengneng, makofel a nengnengen tadasasiroma a nengnengen, matiya o latak a nengnengen,orasaka ira ko pangangan nira o latak a rara’ han. O milalahay ko papah nira, sangaen ko pilalahan nira a ‘awol. Pipalomaan a folad i falo folad tangsa i siwa a folad, i safaw cecay folad ko kacihecian no fadas, safaw lima a romi’ad cihana,kor to i manga’ay to mipitpit to heci nira, sasiroma sa tata’ang ko heci nawhan, o rama a sapal caay ka lecad ko heci nira ko kakaya,sepat polo’ kongfen tangasa lima polo’ kongfen ko kakaya no heci nira, ira ko safaw lima tangasa i tosa polo’ ko kakaya nira,ilaloma no heci ira ko sapaloma, cecay hecian pina ko sapalom caay ka lecad kaadihay, o hana, o heci,o koengelay a papah, maeming manga’ay makaen, manga’ay malohiliw ko tapangangan nira, tadafangcal nengnengen ko hana,o kangdaway maloloay ko cengel no hana, manga’ay o malopinengnengan no lafang ko hana nira, palama to caay ka lecad a sapal,ira ko cikongaay to konga, manga’ay a makaen, matiya o konga a kaenen takaraw ko Tanpayce nira. == Tatodong用途 == O milaladay ko tapangan no fadas, sanga’ayay a dateng, o Kayce nira makikaka to rara’, mitena’ay to takaraw no remes ato malasaka nga’ay no fitoka^ ato tinayi’.O co’ong a papah nira matiya o Pocay a dateng kaenen, ciyan han ko hana nira, matiya o faniw a kaenen, oya koengelay a rara’, matiya o kangdaway a naniwac a kaenen,oya lengaw sanay ho a konga nira, matiya o Wanto^ a rara’ a kaenen, o Tanpayce nira mikikaka to ’alida ato zakaimo. I 2008 a mihacaan I tini i Tayko a kitakit, ira ko mikiwkiway a tamdaw, pakaenen nangra ko tanetekay a tatiring a kaying to miloko ato fadas, ma^emin safaw siwa ko mihecaan nangra, ikor to mahapingan to noya mikiwkiway, o fadas hananay, o kayse no nira, mikikaka to kayce no miloko, itini to mahepingan to, na i fadasay ko safangcalay a sakatanetek no tatirenga mo mita. == Mitangtang料理 == Itya ho, ano mitangtang to fadas ko Yancomin, awa ko mipacamolan to manmaan, o cilah aca ko mipacamolan a misakohaw, anini sato i, adihay to ko pisafel, ano misakohaw sai, pacamol to to okak no titi no fafoy, ano miciyan sa, pacamol ho to titi, to afar, to sorita, ira ko mitangtangan i namon, maecak to i, kahot han miteli i sala pacamol han to masamaanay a tenas, adihay to ko sasiroma a misafel. Ira ko mipalamaan no mako a fadas, kacihecian a foladan, malofic ko heci nira, ano mapitpit to, tangsol han telien i pinsing, aka taelifen ko cecay lipay, nawhani, koheting to koya fadas, caay to kaeso kaenen. Ceno’ hanca i fadisaw, ta pacamolen to miming a simal ato cilah, kaen han micedem, manga’ay misapoener to remes. ieb7ptw6ondb950ig6jtw8qq4bkbd8v 0 2320 33087 33086 2022-12-06T03:36:00Z Safulo 35 33087 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Flag of Greenland.svg|縮圖|Hata no Kolinlan]] == Kolinlan格陵蘭 == [[Faylo:Greenland (orthographic projection).svg|縮圖|Kaitiraan no Kolinlan]] Kolinlan(Kolinla a sowal:Kalaallit Nunaat; Tanmay a sowal:Grønland）o [[:zh:岛屿面积列表|sakakay a kanatal itini i hekal]], o kakahad i, ira2,166,086 km², mahaop a matahepo no so’eda ko 80% a sera. O sowal no Tanmay to “Kolinlan” hananay i, o “[[:zh:绿地|kandaway pala]]” anoca o “langsaway sera” , o ilaloma’ay no [[:zh:丹麥王國|Tanmay Hontian-Kitakit]] a Niyah-pikowan a Etal. nikawrira, i 2008 mihecaan a Kapolongan-Pitopa malaheci i 2009 mihecaan a mafalic ko faco no kitakit malamisiieday to niyah-pikowan i lalomaan a demak, o kacacefelisan-demak ato roma a kitakti, o sofitay ato paysoan a demak o Tanmay sifo ko citodongay. O tatapangan a kitakit no Kolinla o Tanmay i 1973 miheca mikapot to kasasiromaroma a saopo no Yoropa, nikawrira, i 1982 mihecan a Kapolongan-Pitopa mihayi ko ‘alomanay i 1985 miheca a “Kakaketon no Kolinlan” to piliyas to Yoropa-Lekatep,orasaka tahanini cowa ko cefang no Yoropa-Lekatep, nikawrira, o siikeda sanay a kapot no Yoropa-Patekoan Lekatep. O tamdaw no Kolinlan o tamdaw no Tanmay hananay ko pisa’osi, patokeled sa ira ko solongoc no Tamdaw no Yoropa-Lekatep. O Kolinlan matiya o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%B3%95%E7%BD%97%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B Falo-kanatanatal], manga’ay a miocor to tosa a tamdaw mikapot to [[:zh:丹麥議會|Kalomaocan no Tanmay kitakit.]] O sera no kolinlan sahetoay itiraay i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8C%97%E6%A5%B5%E5%9C%88 Saka’amisay-Poco]’ no cikiw, ikakaay ko kasi’enaw. Malalaeday to riyar makakecor ato [[:zh:冰岛|So’eda-Kanatal kitakit]] ato Kanata. Kolinlan-Kanatal(Kalaallit Nunaat；Grønland) ira2,166,086 km², mahaop a matahepo no so’eda ko 80% a sera, itiraay i saka’amisan no sakawali no Ka'amisay-Amirika, ila’eday no Ka’amisay So’edaan-Riyar ato Tasiyang. O sa’osi i 2019 mihecaan ira ko 55,992 ko tamdaw, o kaditek no tamdaw 0.028 km².Mapangangan to Sakatosa-Karopaw ko Kolinlan, sakakaay ko kakahad no So’edaan-‘Alo a karopaw,dengan i ka’amisay ato kawali ato ka’etipay-poco’ ko cowa ka tahepo no so’eda, nawhani, fa’edetay ko romi’ad itini, orasaka, ira a masadak ko sera a manengneng. Ano waniken no mitahepoay a so’eda i sasifo’an wa ila’eno to ko sera. I sakawaliwalian no sasifo’an ko takaraway nani tongroh no riyar ira ko 3300 laya’, i salawacan nani tongroh no riyar ira ko 1000~2000 laya’. Ano ha’eminen a mikarkar ko so’eda no Kolinlan, masakanatanatal ko namangicngicay no So’eda-‘Alo,macakar to tongroh no riya to 7 laya’. dshox76bs293ru6bsmir8dwpne55rlk 14 2322 33265 2022-12-18T05:38:22Z Mashkawat.ahsan 875 Kasasiwasiw 33265 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] hfdwwfmc0iao0qdnjfmr5706k7tvgv3 0 2324 33451 33450 2023-01-09T06:01:01Z Safulo 35 33451 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Flag of Monaco.svg|縮圖|Hata no Monako]] == Manako Sawara’an-kitakit(摩納哥侯國; Fransu a sowal:Principauté de Monaco;Monako a swoal:Principatu de Múnegu) == O itiraay i Saka’etipan-Yoropa ano ca i Sakatimolan-Yoropa a Niyaro’an-kitakit. o kaitiraan i sakatimolan no Fransu, o ‘edengani i katimol no Sifo’ay-Riyar ko kasadakan, o saka’amisan, saka’etipan ato sakawalian sahetoay malikotay no Fransu, oninian o nipatirengan a katelangay niyaro’ ato ikor nipatirengan a niyaro’ ko Monako. O cecay no sakakodefetay a kitakit i hekal, o cipinangay a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%BE%AE%E5%9E%8B%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6 mamangay-faco a kitakit](微型國家; Ikiris a sowal:Microstate）; 超小國家:Ministate) ano ca o niyaro’an-kitakit hananay ko pipangan. O saka’orip a tayal oya itiraay i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%92%99%E7%89%B9%E5%8D%A1%E6%B4%9B%E8%B3%AD%E5%A0%B4 Montikaro-Pakiyawan](蒙地卡羅賭場;Monte Carlo Casino) ato mihamhamay-tayal ko sapili’etan no kitakit. O faco no sieci i, o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E7%AB%8B%E5%AE%AA%E5%88%B6 Sawara’an-Rikec a faco]<ref>'''君主立憲制'''（英語：Constitutional monarchy）或'''有限君主制'''、'''共和式君主制'''、'''虛君共和制'''或'''民主式君主制'''，是相對於君主專制的一種國家體制。</ref>, o tatapangan no kitakit o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A4%A7%E8%A6%AA%E7%8E%8B Tata’angay-Sawara’an](大親王或大王爵; Latin a sowal:''magnus princeps''; Kirisiya a sowal:''megas archon''; Ikiris a sowal: ''Grand Duke'').itiya ho o cinganganay to cowa ka pilisata ko Manako, o pipalimekay to sata a loma I kakarayan(避稅港; Ikiris a sowal''':'''''tax haven)'' hananay a pangangan. '''Rikisi(歷史)''' [[Faylo:Monaco003.jpg|縮圖|Pisitalaan-raka no Monako]] O ngangan no Monako iraay to i ‘ayaw niYisoan to saka 6 sici, o nani tiraay i nipatirengan no maro’ay i Focis-etal no Kirisiya a Focis-tamdaw a nicowatan-kowan no Kirisiya o “''Monoikos''”. Ano do’edoen kono [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D Kawasan-sowal no Kirisiya](希臘神話;Kirisiya a sowal:''ἡ Ἑλληνικὴ Μυθολογία'') , itiya ho iraay ko ci’icelay-tamdaw ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%B5%AB%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF Haykolis](海克力斯; Katelangay sowal no Kirisiya:''Ἡρακλῆς)'', tayniay ton apala, orasaka patireng to pita’onganci Haykolis o “Monaikos”( Ikirisiya a sowal: ''Μόνοικος,''o misiikeday a loma’ ano ca o pita’ongan sanay ko imi), nirnir sato malangangan nona itiniay pala. I 1215 miheca malanicowatan-kowan haca no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%83%AD%E9%82%A3%E4%BA%9A Riniya](熱那亞;''Genova)'' ko Monako. Nani 1297 miheca, yo mitatawih ci Folangsowa-Kolimaerti to mihatananamay mamalasinpo no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%96%B9%E6%B5%8E%E5%90%84%E4%BC%9A Fangciko-Hwi](方濟各會; Itali a sowal:''Ordine francescano''),ona [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%BF%AE%E5%A3%AB mihatananamay mamalasinpo](修士; Ikiris a sowal:''friar''，ano ca ''fray'') o “''monaco”'' hananay no Italiya, ikor to nipi’eco ningra a mipa’ading toya tadacinganganay a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%91%A9%E7%B4%8D%E5%93%A5%E5%B2%A9 Pisitalaan-Raka no Monako] (摩納哥岩; Fransu a sowal:''Rocher de Monaco)'' parariday a makowan no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%A0%BC%E9%87%8C%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%BF%AA%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D Kolimaerti-hontian laloma'an](格里馬爾迪家族;''House of Grimaldi'') laloma’an, odengan micidekay i, itira i 1793 miheca tahira i 1814 miheca ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%8B%BF%E7%A0%B4%E4%BB%91%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96 Napoliyon](拿破崙·波拿巴;Fransu a sowal:''Napoléon Bonaparte'') no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD Fransu Sakacecay-Hontian kitakit] ko mikowanay. 1815 miheca tahira 1860 miheca, [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%9F%E7%BA%B3%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE Wiyiena-Kayki](維也納會議; Fransu a sowal:''Le congrès de Vienne'') toro’en ko Manoko o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%BF%9D%E6%8A%A4%E5%9B%BD papa’adingen kitakit] ( 保護國; Ikiris a sowal:''Protectorate'') no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%96%A9%E4%B8%81%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B Satiniya Hontian-kitakit](薩丁尼亞王國;Italiya a sowal:''Regno di Sardegna'') ko Manoko, tahira to i 1861 miheca, i Kakaketonan-Tilid no Monako ato Frasu a malaheci matatoy no Monako. [[Faylo:Prince Rainier III.jpg|縮圖|Sakatolo-Laniay]] I’ayaw no pipasadakan to Sakacecay-Kinpo, awaay to ko ikakaay no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%91%A9%E7%BA%B3%E5%93%A5%E7%BB%9F%E6%B2%BB%E8%80%85%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8 Sawara’an a mikowanay to monako]. 1918 miheca saka 7 folad, matalitlid to cecay a kakaketonan-tilid, o mamipa’ading to Monako ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD Fransu Sakatolo-Kapolongan kitakit]. Ona kakaketonan-tilid matiliday i « [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%87%A1%E5%B0%94%E8%B5%9B%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6 Fanersay Sakarihaday-Kakaketonan] »<ref>《'''凡爾賽條約'''》或《'''凡爾賽和約'''》（法語：''Traité de Versailles''；英語：''Treaty of Versailles''），全稱《'''協約國及聯繫國與德國之間的和平條約'''》（法語：''Traité de paix entre les Alliés et les Puissances associées et l'Allemagne''，英語：''Treaty of Peace between the Allied and Associated Powers and Germany''）</ref>,roma sato i, mido’edo ko sowal no Fransu a mifalic ko sieci,sofitay ato saka’orip. 1919 miheca matatilid to kakaketonan ko Fransu ato Monako, ano mapatay ko Tapang no Monako, awa ko wawa to mamirocok malahonti i, pateko han to ko Monako i Fransu.O Fransu ato Monako i 2002 miheca misiiked a matatilid to roma a Kakaketonan, ano awaawa ko mamirocok malahonti no Monako, o misiikeday a kitakit ko Monako. Pararid a paini to sapipa’ading ko Fransu. I Sakatosa Lalood-nohekal a miheahecaan, i 1940 miheca saka 6 folad [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%B4%A1%E6%AF%94%E6%B6%85%E5%81%9C%E6%88%98%E5%8D%8F%E5%AE%9A malowid ko Fransu]<ref>'''第二次康比涅停戰協定'''（法語：Armistice du 22 juin 1940；德語：Waffenstillstand von Compiègne (1940)），又譯'''第二次康白尼停戰協定'''、'''第二次康邊停戰協定'''，由法蘭西第三共和國與納粹德國在1940年6月22日18點50分簽訂，簽訂的地點是法國康比涅附近的一節火車車廂。</ref>, orasaka o Italiya to ko mi’ecoay a maro’ i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B0%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E4%BD%94%E9%A0%98%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B kakala’edan no Italiya ato Fransu], madado’edo ko sera no Monako ato Italiya. 1942 miheca saka 11 folad, [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%81%AB%E7%82%AC%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95 macakat i Saka’amisan-Afrika] ko Nisakapotay-Kitakit(同盟國 ;Ikiris a sowal :''Allies of World War II''；Rosiya a sowal '':Антигитлеровская коалиция''), maaro’ no safitay no Italiya ko Monako, 1943 miheca mikosang ko Italiya liyas sato to Monako. 1944 miheca malolol no Nisakapotay-Kitakit ko Monako. [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%85%B0%E5%B0%BC%E5%9F%83%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96 Sakatolo Laniay]( 蘭尼埃三世; Fransu a sowal:''Rainier III'') i 1949 miheca ikor no kapatayan ni mama no mama ci Roy-Sakatolo mirocok a malahonti. 1962 miheca pasadawk to ga’elohay a kinpo,palasawaden ko pipatay to cilofoay to mipatayay to tamdaw lafo, pa’ading to pisinkiw no fafahiyan, mipatireng heca to Sakakaay-Pisawkitan to sapipa’ading to paifaloco’ay a demak no kalotamdaw. 1993 miheca, malacefang no Linheko, malaheci ko kaci salongoc a mitopa i pikaykian no Linheko. 2005 miheca saka 3 folad saka 31 romi’ad. Malaca’an ca to pakatomireng ko tatireng ni Sakatolo Laniay,o wawa to ningra ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%94%9D%E6%94%BF miceroray matayal]( 攝政;Ikiris a sowal :''Regent''). 2005 miheca saka 4 folad saka 6 romi’ad mapatay ko honti ci Laniay, malahonti to ko wawa ci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E8%B4%9D%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E6%91%A9%E7%BA%B3%E5%93%A5) Arpi Sakatosa]. I 2995 niheca saka 7 folad saka 12 romi’ad laheci sato mamamikowanay no Monako, o pisikian to kalahonti itiraay i pisikian to patay no wama ci Laniay-sakatolo a kyokai. Kinatosay ko siki to kamaro’ malahonti, oroma i, itiraay i 2005 miheca saka 11 folad saka 9 romi’ad. [[Faylo:Port Hercules, Monaco.jpg|縮圖|Hekulo-minato ]] == '''Kaitiraan''' (地理) == Itiraay i saka’amisan lilis no Sifo’an-Riyar ko Monako, o ma’icangay a sa’emer ko kakarayan, parariday cicidal to mihecaan, ono Sifo’an-R iyar a Kakarayan. O polong no kitakit mataliyokay no katimolan no sakawalian a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%BB%A8%E6%B5%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%8D%91%E6%96%AF%E7%9C%81 Salawacan-Riyar Aerpis-kowan] ( 濱海阿爾卑斯省;Fransu a sowal:''Alpes-Maritimes'') no Fransu, o pala i, nani sawalian pasi’etip ira ko 3,500 laya’, o sakihecoday a pala odengan 200 laya’. O kakahad no sera 208 kofo(2.08km, isafa ho no Sifo’ay-pisalamaan koyin no Niwyok), o sakatosa a mamangay kitakti i hekal, o sasafaay ko kakahad no sera a mikapotay i Linheko. Ilaloma’ no polong a sera, ira ko cecay no kalilima o niparoan i riyar to sera a pala, tona piparo to sera mapatireng ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%B0%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%83%E8%80%B6 Fonwiayie-minato]( 豐維埃耶; Fransu a sowal:''Fontvieille'') [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%B5%AB%E5%BA%AB%E5%8B%92%E6%B8%AF Hekulo-minato]( 赫庫勒港; Fransu a sowal:''Port Hercule'') o kahiceraan no sapipalafang a tamina. I’edef ko Monako awaay ko ’alo ato fanaw, i tongroh no riyar ira ko 164.4 laya’ ko ka’akawang, itiraay i masa’apilisay ko kaitiraan no Monako. == '''Kakarayan'''(氣候) == [[Faylo:Monaco-LaCondamine-MonteCarlo.jpg|縮圖|Montikaro Pakiyawan]] Ono [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7%E5%BC%8F%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99 Sifo’ay-Riyaran a kakarayan] ko Monako, masiwar no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E6%80%A7%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99 Riyaran-Kakarayan] ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%89%AF%E7%83%AD%E5%B8%A6%E6%B9%BF%E6%B6%A6%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99 Lafafaay-So’emetay a kakarayan], ikacifrangan ma’icang a diheko, ilasi’enawan ki’etec a kala’orad.<ref>Monaco weather, climate and geography. web.archive.org. 2012-08-21 [2020-03-11]. 原始內容存檔於2012-08-21.</ref> iherek no lahok a romi’ad cowa ka pakaka ko fa’edet( cowa ka pita’elif to 30°C). Tada matatodongay ko kafa’edet no romi’ad. Roma sato i,takaraway ko fa’edet no riyar i kaciferangan, orasaka, sa’emeray ko dadaya. To hatiniay to i, o fa ‘edet i kaciferangan cowa ka isafa no 20°C. Cowa ko mama’araw ko so’eda i kasi’edawan, ano latek mo’etep miheca ira ko kinacecay ano ca kinatosa ira ko so’eda.<ref>Jilly. Snow in Casino Square!. [2020-03-11]. （原始內容存檔於2013-01-16）.</ref><ref>Climate. www.visitmonaco.com. [2020-03-11]. （原始內容存檔於2021-03-23）.</ref> 2018 miheca saka 2 folad saka 27 romi’ad,ciso’edaay i Monako ato Montikaro.<ref>"In Pictures: French Riviera hit by snowfall". www.thelocal.fr. [2020-03-11]. （原始內容存檔於2018-08-12）.</ref> == '''Saka’orip'''(經濟) == O sakakaay a nili’etanan no Monako o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%97%85%E6%B8%B8 Mihamhamay-tayal], masorot no fangacalay romi’ad ato pipakiway ko ’alomanay a lafang to mihecahecaan. I 2001 miheca misafa’eloh a misakakahad to minato, ta manga’angay ko kahiceraan no Palafangay-Tamina. O sakakaay a tayal ira pakiyaw, misalama ato kinko-tayal, o mihamhamay-tayal, mamangay ikakakaay ko’epoc ato cowa ka kadet akatayaln ko malaheciay a macemahad. Cowa ka pilisata ko sifo to kalotamdaw. Nawhani, cowa ka ‘adihay ko tamdaw nona kitakit, o sifo sa i, mitekedan ko katayalan a payofingan, dingwa a tayal, tinako han o kafo no Monako-Dingwa o Tatong-Dingwa ci kafo to 49%, o sifo 45% ko kafo, oroma sato i, o Monoko-kinko( ''Compagnie Monégasque de Banque'') cikafo to 6% ko sifo. Ikakakaay ko karihadayan no ‘orip no tamdaw no Monako, milalenay ato i ngataay a tokay no Fransu. Cowa ka pilisata tono kalotamdaw, onini ko kasafeleng no sapisimedaw to sata a cipaysoay a tamdaw a tayni maforaw, o sakakaay nani Yoropa a kitakit, o mili’etanay i roma a kitakit cangra ; o cinganganay a tamdaw o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%80%E7%BA%A7%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F%E8%B5%9B%E8%BD%A6 F1 milidetay-pacikay to tosiya] a parakatay, nikawrira, o ‘alomanay i, o cipaysoay a mali’acaay-tamdaw. I 1865 miheca patireng to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%92%99%E7%89%B9%E5%8D%A1%E6%B4%9B%E8%B3%AD%E5%A0%B4 Montikaro-Pipakiyawan], onini saka cemohad no Monako nani pakoyoc a kitakit. Cowa ko mikapotay to Yoropa-Lekatep ko Monako, nikawrira, malakapot ato Fransu to sata-lekatep, oninian ko sakanga’ay no Monako mira’oy to Yoropa-Payso. Kodefetay ko kacacofelis no Monako ato Yoropa, maala no Momako ko salongoc to sapisanga’ to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%91%A9%E7%B4%8D%E5%93%A5%E7%9A%84%E6%AD%90%E5%85%83%E7%A1%AC%E5%B9%A3 payci no Yoropa-Lekatep], oninian i, todongay manga’ay ko Monako paifaloco’ han a misafaco to sasanga’aen a payci. O skakaay ko ka tekes a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%B1%AA%E5%AE%85 Tata’angay-loma’] itiniay i ’apilisan no Aler-tokos a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%88%AB%E5%A2%85 Pahanhanan-loma’](''La Villa''), ono ’apilisan talacowa caay ka kakahad ko paloma’an odengan158 cofo, nikawrira, mikecoray to edef no Sakatimolan no Fransu a kihaw a pitaparan,ikakaka ko ka’akawang no nipatirengan loma’ ano pasasotili’en to romaay loma, sa pangangan han to o sakakaay ko fangacal i hekal a loma’ oya loma, mapa’ca i 2017 miheca to 2.56 ‘ok no Amirika-Payso, cecay a laya’ tahiraay to i 162 ‘ofad ko Amirika-Payso(falicen tono Taywan a payso ira ko latek 5 patek ko ’ofad). [[Faylo:Monaco BW 2011-06-07 16-07-20.jpg|縮圖|Monako Tinsikiw-Tatapangan-Etal]] == '''Tamdaw ato sowal''' (人口與語言) == O sakakaay ko kadadi’ec ko kamaro’an no tamdaw itini i hekal ko Monako, o maro’ay to romi’ami’ad ira ko 32,020 ko tamdaw, ilaloma’ nonini o Monako 6,089 ko tamdaw. Masafa’ay ko Monako tamdaw i niyahan to a kitakit, awaay a ma’araw itini i kasakitakit ko matiniay a demak. O sakakaay a maro’ay tamdaw o Fransu-tamdaw, mahaop ko 32%, do’edo sa to Italiya 20% ko tamdaw, o itinitiniay aca a maro’ay a Monako-tamdaw dengan 19%, o ‘osaw to 29% o nani 125 kirakit a maforaway a tayni, malakasakitakitan a tamdaw konini. Mido’edoay to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%A2%B5%E8%92%82%E5%86%88 Fantikan](梵蒂岡城國 ;Latin a sowal :Status Civitatis Vaticanae ; Italiya a sowal '':Stato della Città del Vaticano'') ko kamamang no Monako. O farasu a sowal kono sifo a kalosowal, kalasowalan ko Ikiris-sowal, Italiya-sowal ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%91%A9%E7%BA%B3%E5%93%A5%E8%AF%AD Monako-sowal](o matenakay nani [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%88%A9%E5%8F%A4%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD Likoliya-sowal]). O [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%AD%98%E5%AD%97%E7%8E%87 mafana’ay to tilid] mahaop ko 99% no polong a tamdaw. O miketonan no rikec ko Tinsikiw [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%9C%8B%E6%95%99 malopitoora no kitakit,] mahaop ko 90% a tamdaw mitooray to Tinsikiw, o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E6%91%A9%E7%B4%8D%E5%93%A5%E7%B8%BD%E6%95%99%E5%8D%80 Monako Tinsikiw-Tatapangan Etal] ko mikowanay, nikawrira, mipa’adingay ko kinpo no Monako to paifaloco’ay a pitoor. == Pacefaday a tilid (註腳) == bpo15hjxk6dyrs11cnwub6ia9ols5wr 0 2326 33453 2023-01-09T14:50:08Z Sera Icyang 1182 建立內容為「U nisimsiman nu tamdaw tu kanasaw/’a’owang, matiya caay ku ma'uripay, anu eca caay kavana' a dademak. Nika, dademak cangra a mikilim tu kakaenen, anu awaay ku kakaenen i, maka muketep a li-mi(厘米) ku rakat tu cacay a remi'ad; anu adihay ku kakaenen i, a milawit tu cacay a kong-ci(公尺) ku rakat nangra. Adihay ku mamakaen nu kanasaw/’a’owang i riyar, ira ku kemaenay tu humung a kanasaw/’a’owang, uya caay kakemaen tu humung(海藻) a kanasaw/…」的新頁面 33453 wikitext text/x-wiki U nisimsiman nu tamdaw tu kanasaw/’a’owang, matiya caay ku ma'uripay, anu eca caay kavana' a dademak. Nika, dademak cangra a mikilim tu kakaenen, anu awaay ku kakaenen i, maka muketep a li-mi(厘米) ku rakat tu cacay a remi'ad; anu adihay ku kakaenen i, a milawit tu cacay a kong-ci(公尺) ku rakat nangra. Adihay ku mamakaen nu kanasaw/’a’owang i riyar, ira ku kemaenay tu humung a kanasaw/’a’owang, uya caay kakemaen tu humung(海藻) a kanasaw/’a’owang i, u maraemeday a vau(蠕蟲) i riyar atu ci-pi-tung-u(棘皮動物) ku nikaenan nu nangra. Ruma satu, ira hu ku kemaenay tu kudih nu vutivuting. 51gooydfmqd9eu76umnrfdb34ib7d6q 0 2327 38718 33454 2023-06-29T12:07:44Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38718 wikitext text/x-wiki O 'afar（[[kuwaping a sowal]]:蝦） hananay i, ira ko kakaya'ay a tiyad. O sasera no tiyad no mira i, ira ko sapidangoy a oo'. Manga'ay a malakakaenen ko 'afar i cowacowa a finacadan. Manga'ay a malosapacedam ko 'afar, manga'ay ho a malosinafel cecay. Manga'ay a pakaenen i karase ko 'afar a malotanengnengan. Caay ka edeng o tanengnengan ko 'afar, manga'ay ho cangra a milowan to damay ato misolac to kadit no karase. aqjx35z9x766le1389uwv5rcbcmix4o 0 2328 33455 2023-01-09T14:59:42Z Siceko 886 新增全新內容 33455 wikitext text/x-wiki O solita hananay, o ma'oripay i riyar, o tadangangan(學名) no solita pakayni i sowal no Amilika i, o "Octopoda". Ira ko cecay a fongoh, falo a kamay no solita, manga'ay a kaenen no tamdaw. O roma i, repeten no tamdaw a mipacakay. Awaay ko 'okak no solita, nikaorira mafilo nangra a mipatay ko fafoy no riyar ato roma tata'angay a foting malokakaenen nangra. Fangcal ko pono' no solita, o tadafangcalay i 'emin no caay kaci'okak a pina'orip i riyar. Caay katakaya' ko 'orip no solita, harakat a mato'as, malamo, tiya mapatay to. id84ygbhc8s505nf5hv84n2yvrjluws 0 2329 34013 34004 2023-01-31T14:09:11Z Halo0913 937 #ALCD 34013 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Cadiway no Pangcah.jpg|縮圖|cadiway]] == <big>cadiway (三角網)</big> == O tadacifenekay ko finawlan no ’Amis, mafana’ a misanga to sapifoting, onini a cadiway manga’ay a malanokamayan a cadiway, o sapiala sapipodaw sapifoting a losid, caay ka koesit a pisanga toni cadiway, o sowal no pasifana’ay a mato’asay i, hatosaen ko pifaloden to 'aol, i tenok noya tosa 'aol i, paketingen to kamokoay a 'aol, foloden to i kawanan ato kawili a misahongila, selak han matiya tono Amilika a tilid A , ikor to faloden ho to ’eric anoca o 'oway ko sapifalod a mikedec, saikoray, itini laeno noya A 'aol, sowoten paketingen to salil, ngoyos noya salil, patatodongen ko kakahad no 'aol, mahapinang to manga’ay a sapitatoy no nakamayan a sakatayal. Ano misanga' to cadiway, patatodongen to no niyah a takaraw, miming to, tata’ang to, caay kafilo a mikakoy. Itini i Fata’an ira ko cecay a tamdaw, ci Lalan hananay, O pisanga ningra to cadiway i, malecaday tono tao a pisanga, nikaorira, ira ko pifalic ningra to roma, kotayen no ’elic ko tapang nora 'aol, todohen cedeten ko si(鍚)a mipaketing, toya ’elic, misakodaitan to ’elic, ikaka to no 'aol ko kahalafin. == kalomaan (用途) == O sapicadiway to mamangay foting i cilis ato ci'eci, itiya ho tadatingalaway ko nanom no 'alo to, silis to si'esi to, orasaka adihay ko mitaka hananay a mamangay foting, itira ko ma'emangay micadiway tofoting,. ano paka'en to kolong maparesap ko kolong, sa ira ko romi'ad a micadiway, matiya o tasalaman ko ma'emangay a mifoting, nikawrira o pihatatanam konini to picadiway. malakapah to i, itira to i riyariyaran a micadiway to podaw , poter no kedacay(烏魚苗) , ato hicay no toda. oninian sahetoay i lawac no riyar misi'ayaway to tapelik, ira ko tapelik itiyaay a micadiway, o roma tamdaw misi'ac ko tapelik itiyaay a micadiway. talahekal ko tapelik mahakelongay ko fakeloh ato tafok, wataay ko pisekong nona fakeloh to o'o' no micadiwaya, itira ko pihadidi to adada no 'o'o. salafii sa tomireng i tapelipelikan kinapinapina a mikakoy to cadihay, ano caka pakahadidi to roray caay to pakakaoy to cadiway, orasaka, tadamaanay to ko micadiwayay a tamdaw. Nikawrira,ano koma'en kita to podaw orama a tamdaw misa'osi'osiay ho, oya kahacecacecay no podaw iraay itira ko olah, harateng to sapaini ako to laloma'an ato widang sanay a faloco' sa adihay koni setikan masalafii. O podaw sahetoay misasimian a koma'en, o cilah,o damdam teli han i tawyu ha pitenasan, oroma i, mifasfasan i fafa'ed no podaw, ono niyah a nikaolah ko kakomaen, ano kama'en to podaw ca kaca citakid to 'epah ta caay ka fanglih ko ngoyos patahtah a koma'en. == kaitiraan (地點) == Malecad to sapifoting ko cadiway, manga'ay i riyar, i alo' a mifoting, i pala anoca i fanaw a micadiway. 1.i alo', ano sapiala to foting ko cadiway i, cicafay cikapot a tala alo' ko sanga'ayay, cecay tamdaw i mirepet to cadiway, tomireng i nanom no alo', pasi'ayawen to kafafaw no nanom ko ngoyos no cadiway, o cecay a tamdaw miala to papah no kilang, tepatepa han ko nanom no alo', o pilaplap to foting a misa'opo, pasayla toya cadiway a milaplap, masa'opo to a maala. 2.i riyar, I riyar, tona fafalic no romi’ad no kakarayan, kacanglahan ato kaciherangan, saka tosa polo ira ko tolo a romi’ad tangasa to roma a folad to falo a romi’ad, o sa’adihayay no podaw itini i lawacay no Siwkolan a ’alo, mafana’ ko Pangcah/’Amis a finawlan mitala to ka’adihay kasaopo no podaw, itiya to a misanga to cadiway sapipodaw, lafii to i, makelih a talariyar ko mipodaway a tamdaw, roma i milepet to cadiway, roma i, misawsaw anca mihongila to mapodaway a pitelian, cidawdaw ko mifotingay a tamdaw, matedi i lawac no riyar, makapah a nengnengen. 3. Ano i pala i fanaw a mifoting cicadiway i, matiya to sapicada to marakaray i fanaw, itini i, fanaw ’adihay ko kasaromaroma a kakaenen, ira ko toda, cicic, afar, dadam, kahahirahira ko sasetiken. Caay ka nikaw to kakaenen ko mararokay a tamdaw, todongen no kasadakan no foting a mi’eten, ta caay kapilaliw ko matarakaray a matamaay, micomod to i tarakar, cadiwayen haca koya caayay ho pilaliw a foting. == tahapinangan a tilid (參考資料) == [https://zh.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%8E%9F%E4%BD%8F%E6%B0%91%EF%BC%8C%E6%89%8B%E5%B7%A5%EF%BC%8C%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92%E7%B6%B2.jpg 台灣原住民，手工，三角網] == pikafitan i papotal (外部連結) == 541k2d7nprexqeve0fqmjscslj7z7no 0 2330 33727 33726 2023-01-21T03:35:17Z Safulo 35 33727 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Flag of East Timor.svg|縮圖|Hata no Sawalian-Tiwen]] == Timor東帝汶 == == Sawalian-Tiwen Finawlan-kitakit(東帝汶民主共和國;Toron a sowal:Repúblika Demokrátika Timor-Leste) == [[Faylo:LocationEastTimor.svg|縮圖|kaitiraan ]] Potawya a sowal:República Democrática de Timor-Leste;通稱東帝汶; [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%BE%B7%E9%A1%BF%E8%AF%AD Toton a sowa]l:Timor Lorosa'e; Potawya a sowal:Timor-Leste). O ititraay i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%9C%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A Katimol-Sakawalian Etal] isakawalian no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B8%9D%E6%B1%B6 Tiwen-kanatal] a kitakit, o dengan a Micowatan-kowan no Potawya itiya ho (oroma a cecay o Awmen).1999 miheca saka 8 folad midemak to Kapolongan-Pitopa no finawlan to sapisiikedaw, 2002 miheca saka 5 folad saka 20 romi’ad lafii milekel to kalaheci no pisiiked, 2002 miheca saka 9 folad saka 27 romi’ad malaheci ko pikapot i Linheko, o saka 191 a cefang no Linheka.<ref>东帝汶总统开始访华之旅. Macauhub. Macauhub. 2015-09-01 [2017-07-03]. （原始內容存檔於2017-10-28）.</ref> == Tatapangan no ngangan(詞源) == O pipangangan no Kawaliay-Tiwen sifo o “ Timor-Leste”, patokeled sa o malongangan no kitaktit tono Potawya a sowal. “ leste” sanay a sowal no Potawya, o “ sawalian” sanay ko imi nona tilid;ora sa “Timor” o nano sowal no Inni to “timur” o sawalian ko imi no nini a tilid,orasaka, [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%90%8C%E7%BE%A9%E5%8F%8D%E8%A6%86%E5%90%8D%E7%A8%B1%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8 nipatata’edipan] ko sawalian sanay a tilid ko ngangan nona kitakit, ala hananay to ko “ Timor Timur” malongangan no pala, pangangan hato to “Tim-tim” Sawalian-Tiwen. Ora sato o “Lorosa’e” o sowal tono Toton to sawalian sanay, o kasadakan no cidal sanay ko imi. == Rikisi(歷史) == [[Faylo:INTERFET 12 Feb 2000.jpg|縮圖|Sofitay no Awco]] O [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99 Potawya] ato Sawalian-Tiwen misatang malali’aca to dafong i satapangan no saka 16 sici, patokeleday a mipaheci a micowatay-pikowan, tahira to i sasifo’an no saka 20 sici. 1859 miheca mararawraw ato Holan ta ira ko katatilid to kakaketonan, kelit han no Potawya ko isaka’etipay nona kanatal([https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%A5%BF%E5%B8%9D%E6%B1%B6 Sa’etipay-Tiwen]) pafeli ko Holan. I sakatosa-Laloodan, i ikor no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B8%9D%E6%B1%B6%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9 Tiwen-Lalood] ma’eco no Dipon i 1942-1945 mihecaan ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%91%A1%E5%B1%AC%E5%B8%9D%E6%B1%B6 Micongacongay to Potawya a Tiwen], nikawrira, yo malowid sato ko Dipon milolol heca ko Potawya a mikowan tona Tiwen. [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8E%BB%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%8C%96 Misawad to Micowatay-Pikowan] <ref>去殖民化。'''去殖民化'''（英語：decolonization，又稱'''非殖民化'''），是指一個地方因外國殖民統治，造成政治與經濟上的不平等關係，轉而進行獨立及自治。</ref>a demak ko sifo no Potawya i 1974 miheca, sawaden ko i papotalay a Micowatan-kowan, orasaka tatootoor sa a misiiked ko nikowan no Potawya i papotal. Oni sa Sawalian-Tiwen itiraay i 1975 miheca saka 11 folad saka 28 romi’ad midiiked, oatireng to Sawalian-Tiwen Finawlan-kitakit, nikawrira, ikor to 9 romi’ad ma’eco no Inni, <ref>Jardine, pp. 50–51.</ref>patirengen no Inni ko Sawalian-kowan(Timor Timur) i 1976 miheca saka 7 folad.<ref>Official Web Gateway to the Government of Timor-Leste – Districts. Government of the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste. [16 July 2011]. （原始內容存檔於21 March 2012）.</ref> sanoyanan sa to 20 mihecaan cilacila ira ko mikangyiay a rawraw, oniniay o parariday to 20 mihecaan ko pilongoc to sapisiikedaw a lalood , ira ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%9C%E5%B8%9D%E6%B1%B6%E5%A4%A7%E5%B1%A0%E6%9D%80 10-20 ‘ofad ko mihadekan mipatayay tamdaw].<ref>Benetech Human Rights Data Analysis Group. The Profile of Human Rights Violations in Timor-Leste, 1974–1999. A Report to the Commission on Reception, Truth and Reconciliation of Timor-Leste. Human Rights Data Analysis Group (HRDAG): 2–4. 9 February 2006. （原始內容存檔於22 February 2012）.</ref> [[Faylo:East Timor Demo.jpg|縮圖|Pilaliw ko Indonisiya, patireng to misiikeday kitakit]] 1999 miheca saka 8 folad saka 30 romi’ad, kantoken no Linheko ko [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/1999%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%9C%E5%B8%9D%E6%B1%B6%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%95 Kapolongan-Pitopa]no finawlan, sahetoay mihayiay to sapisiikedaw nani pikowan no Inni. O sofitay no Inni ato mifelihay to pisiiked a tamdaw malakapot a midemak to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/1999%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%9C%E5%B8%9D%E6%B1%B6%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA ‘edef no kitakit to pipenec a paco’ay.] Latek ira ko 1,400 ko tamdaw no Sawalian-Tiwen ko mapatayay, mapaci’eci ho pafolaw tayra i Sa’etipay-Tiwen. O dafong no kitakit to loma’, pananoman, nananomen, pitilidan ato dinki sahetoay to mapeleng to 100%. 1999 miheca saka 9 folad saka 20 romi’ad, o sofitay no Awco ko sarakatay do’edo sa ko roma a kitakit micomod a mihedefong, orasaka mapaterep kona mipadesay a pipenec. Pacarcar han no “[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%9C%E5%B8%9D%E6%B1%B6%E8%BF%87%E6%B8%A1%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%BD%93%E5%B1%80 Pacarcaray mikowan to Sawalian-Tiwen no Linheko]” (''United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor'') to tosa ira ko pangkiw mihecaan, ta laheci sato ko pisiiked i 2002 miheca saka 5 folad saka 20 romi’ad, o ngangan no kitakit o Sawalian-Tiwen Finawlan-kitakit, malamihayian no kasakitakit a misiikeday-kitakit. I kaleponan no 2006 miheca saka 4 folad, yo tomireng ko fa’elohay a Tapang no kitakit, makakaforawan ko kitakit mamalahedaw sato ko pakirikecay pikowan. Ira ko pilongoc no sifo no Sawalian-Tiwen, o sofitay no Awco ko sa’ayaway a micomod ko Kasakitakit-sofitay(ISF) i Sawalian-Tiwen i saka 5 folad. Saka 8 folad, patireng ko Linheko Sakarihaday-Iinkay to “[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%9C%E5%B8%9D%E6%B1%B6%E7%BB%BC%E5%90%88%E7%89%B9%E6%B4%BE%E5%9B%A2 Pacarcaray mikowan to Sawalian-Tiwen a Mapolongay Kasafelaw]”(UNMIT),ilaloma’ noni ira ko 1,600 a tayhin. Tangsol sato a mahinaker ko karawraw no Sawalian-Tiwen, 2007 miheca saka 4 folad ato saka 6 folad misinkiw ko congtong ato Kalomaocan, awa ko masamaamaanay fangafang. 2008 miheca saka 2 folad, cakalaheci ko sapipatayaw no mifelihay to sifo a masakapotay, o tomok to nona masakapotay ko mapatayay, mipasitira ko ‘alomanay a mifelihay a sofitay. Sanoyanan sato ko kahinaker no Sawalian-Tiwen. == Kaitiraan(地理) == O ititraay i Katimol-Sakawalian Etal isakawalian no Tiwen-kanatal a kitakit,I sakawaliay [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B0%8F%E5%B7%BD%E4%BB%96%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B Mamangay-Sin kanatanatalan] no Indonisiya-kanatanatalan, isakatimolan no sakawali o Awco(Awstoraiya). O sera mahaop ko sakawalian ato saka’etipay lilis no riyar no Tiwen-kanatal, o malikotay no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A Inni] a Wokusi-etal ato ingataay a Atawro-kanatal. Isaka’etipan madado’edo ato nikowanan no Inni a Sa’etipay-Tiwen. Tona kitakit adihay ko tokos, i dafdaf ato la’ed no tokos o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%86%B1%E5%B8%B6%E4%B9%BE%E6%BF%95%E5%AD%A3%E6%B0%A3%E5%80%99 Fa’edetay-rengorengosan kakarayan], tadafa’edetay to polong no mihecaan, tadamahapinangay ko ma’icangay ato macepa’ay a kakarayan; oroma a etal o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%86%B1%E5%B8%B6%E9%9B%A8%E6%9E%97%E6%B0%A3%E5%80%99 Fa’edetay-kilakilangan kakarayan], o ‘emin no mihecaan takaraw ko fa’edet kali’orad. O sa’adihayay a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3 koleng] o lenlen ato seli’ no tokos, ira heca ko ‘atoray [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%B5%B7%E5%95%B8 cenami] ato faliyos. O [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90 kinaira no pala] ira ko ’ekim, simal-kasolin, kaso ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A4%A7%E7%90%86%E7%9F%B3 ’adicaw.] O liomah sa i,oya no to’asan ho a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%88%80%E8%80%95%E7%81%AB%E7%A8%AE miilohan a mifaliw] ko tokos a misamatang, orasak cilacila mailoh ko tokos maseli’ ko sera. Ilawacay no Sa’etipan-Tiwen a riyariyaran, o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B8%9D%E6%B1%B6%E6%B5%B7 Tiwen-riyar], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%90%A8%E6%AD%A6%E6%B5%B7 Sawu-riyar] ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%8F%AD%E8%BE%BE%E6%B5%B7 Panta-riyar], ono [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%8F%8A%E7%91%9A%E7%A4%81 ’Atol no riyar] a [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%8F%8A%E7%91%9A%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92 tata’angay toloay-coco’ a faniyot],<ref>國立臺灣大學理學院：演化生物學及印度－西太平洋區海洋生物多樣性暨生物地理學之研究.</ref> ira ko ikakaay a kasasiromaroma a kina’orip a ka’oripan. [[Faylo:Dili warehouse.jpg|縮圖|237x237像素|Sapadang a felac no roma kitakit]] == '''Saka’orip'''(經濟) == I kaleponan no 1999 mihecaan, mapeleng ko 70% no saka’orip a dafong no mifelihay to sapisiikedaw ato sofitay no Inni. 30 ’ofad ko mafolaway a tamdaw malapakoyoc. To ikor to tolo mihecaan, ira ko 5,000 mipahinakeray-sofitay ato 1,300 a tayhin mipadang a miliyaw patireng to dafong no tokay ato iyaro’. Tahira to i kaleponan no 200 mihecaan minokay patikor koya mafolaway ano ca itira i Inni a maro’. Wataay ko sasi’ayawen a salifet to sapiliyaw a patireng to saka’orip no Sawalian-Tiwen, tinako o paranaan a nipatirenganm o pikowan to matayalay i sifo, misahalaka to sakacitayal no ‘alomanay a away ko tayal a kapah. Malemeday to kaira no ‘etan no pikarkar to salawacan no riyar a simal, o kaso mapaliwal i Awco. I 2005 miheca saka 6 folad mihayi ko Kalomaocan no kitakit to Nosimalan-pisopedan to payso, to sapina’ang to polong a ’etan no simal, sapipaini to ikor a tamdaw no Tiwen to sapipa’ading to sakakadofah no dafong no simal.tahira i 2010 miheca saka 10 folad, ona misopedan-payso ira to ko 6.6 ’ok payso no Amirika.ona kitakit awaay ko citanengay to nikipaysoay-demak, orasak o sarihadayay a pipatelian to payso o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E5%82%B5 Kitakitan-Kiyam no Amirika], caka tahafikod toya [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/2007%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%8D2008%E5%B9%B4%E7%92%B0%E7%90%83%E9%87%91%E8%9E%8D%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F karawraw no kasakitakit a pakipaysoay demak i 2007-2008 mihecaan], toyanan a mihecahecaan o Salongocan-Kiking ko sakakaay ko kaci’etan. O kasafaco no saka’orip no Sawalian-Tiwen(2001miheca) o mihamhamay-tayal 57%, liomah 25%, misanga’ay to dafong 17%, ira ho kinaira no simal ato kaso, onini a taya i,mapenec no Awco. 2001 miheca o nipacomodan a dafong a li’aca ira ko 2’ok 3,700 ’ofad ko Amirika payso. O sakakaay nipacomodan a dafong o kikay. O sakakaay nipasadakan paliwal a dafong ira ko kafi, komo, kilang, simal,kaso. Ona kitakit o samanikaway a kitakit itini i kasakitakit, sahetoay o paini no roma a kitakit ko saka’orip, misafilofiloay a sakanga’ayaw no saka’orip, nikawrira, tahanini awaay ho malaheciay to sakarihaday. [[Faylo:Klein-g20-V1 Ermera.jpg|縮圖|yincumin no Sawalian-Tiwen kitakit]] == '''Tamdaw ato Pitooran'''(人口與宗教) == I 2011 miheca saka 7 folad ira ko 117 ’ofad ko polong a tamdaw. o syoto tatapangan tokay o Tili, ira ko 16 ’ofad ko maro’ay tamdaw. ilaloma’ nonini o yincumin no Sawalian-Tiwen(maramramay to ‘ilang no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%B7%B4%E5%B8%83%E4%BA%9A%E4%BA%BA Papoya-tamdaw] ato Malaysiya ano ca [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%8E%BB%E9%87%8C%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E Polinisiya]) mahaop ko 78%, Inni-tamdaw 20%, Conko-tamdaw 2%. Ira ko 91% no polong tamdaw nona kitakit o mitooray to [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83 Roma-Tinsikiw], o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%96%B0%E6%95%99 Fa’elohay-Misakristoay] ira ko 2.6%, 1.7% o Muslain.0.3% o Indo-pitooran, 0.1% o Fcociyaw. Yo misiiked ko Sawalian-Tiwen i 1975 miheca, o sowal no Potawya kono sifoan sowal, yo mihidegong ko Inni milalang to sowal no Potawya. 2002 misiiked a patireng to kitakit i,milaheci ko sifo o Potawya-sowal ato Toton-sowal ko halosowal no sifo,i kalo’orip ira ho ko 16 a kasasiromaroma a sowal no tamtamdaw, o tamdaw no itiniay mafana’ay sowal to safaw 10 a masasiromaromaay sowal. O roma sato i,o kalasowalan to romi’ami’ad o Inni-sowal ato Ikiris-sowal. Mingataay to sifo’ay-konis no cikiw itini, orasak tadafa’edetay a so’emaet, ‘adihay ko adada. O sakakaay a lifong o [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%85%B9%E7%80%89 piyas],[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%94%B2%E5%9E%8B%E8%82%9D%E7%82%8E A-’atay],[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%BC%A4%E5%AF%92 malalisan,]cifa’edet, [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%AA%A8%E7%97%9B%E7%86%B1%E7%97%87 tenkero] ato [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%96%9F%E7%96%BE malaliya]. == '''Ponka'''(文化) == Macacorok ko Potawya, Holan Dipon ato Inni a mikowan to Sawalian-Tiwen, masasiroma ko mikowanay masasiroma ko nipainian a ponka, ora ko pirecep i ‘orip no tamdaw nona kitakit, macacamol heca ato ponka no itiniay a yincumin. Ira ko  micidekay a makayamay-dafong ato sakero.<ref>People & Culture. Ministry of Tourism Timor Leste. [2020-09-24]. （原始內容存檔於2020-06-23）.</ref> o kiwiku cowa ho katenak, nawhani cowa ka nga’ay ko ‘orip, i 2010 mihecaan a pisa’osi o mafana’ay to tilid dengan 58.3% no polong tamdaw. == Pacefaday tilid(註腳) == 20oltroas0y10pgisp3aaqzrg0cr1np 0 2331 33923 2023-01-24T05:39:59Z Kwamikagami 348 Kwamikagami malinah to ko felih nani [[O sowal no dipon]] tangasa i [[Sowal no dipong]] 33923 wikitext text/x-wiki #重新導向 [[Sowal no dipong]] n9rusjmp80ijjo3ey0efctts7k02fu2 0 2332 33925 2023-01-24T05:40:41Z Kwamikagami 348 Kwamikagami malinah to ko felih nani [[O cohcoh]] tangasa i [[Cohcoh]] 33925 wikitext text/x-wiki #重新導向 [[Cohcoh]] 0wtizzgh0wnbx6s4kt616uff9fuh9ow 0 2333 33927 2023-01-24T05:40:53Z Kwamikagami 348 Kwamikagami malinah to ko felih nani [[O kayki no niyaro]] tangasa i [[Kayki no niyaro]] 33927 wikitext text/x-wiki #重新導向 [[Kayki no niyaro]] 0gdavk2y11jkw4m0t9wa3p43a7dywba 0 2334 33932 2023-01-24T05:43:52Z Kwamikagami 348 Kwamikagami malinah to ko felih nani [[O teloc no riyar ato lotok---Pangcah]] tangasa i [[O teloc no riyar ato lotok—Pangcah]] 33932 wikitext text/x-wiki #重新導向 [[O teloc no riyar ato lotok—Pangcah]] 3lss28dgfmv82spt3op5ls5yodc3wfs 0 2337 38791 38790 2023-06-30T00:54:00Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38791 wikitext text/x-wiki == Guam ([[kuwaping a sowal]]: 關島) == Sa^etipan no Taypinyang a paslapalaan, caay ko nikomodan no [[Amilika]] a mapatirengay [[kitakit]]. Guam (Inkiris: Guam; Camolo sowal: Guåhån), caay ko nikomodan no Amilika a mapatirengay kitakit, i sa^etipan no [[Taypinyang]] a paslapalaan, caay ko nikomodan no Amilika a mapatirengay kitakit a cecay, sofoc sa ko Guam a tamdaw o Amilika a finawlan[3][4]. O hitay no Amilika i tini 4/1. Akaniya ko tokay no Guam, i Titi a niyaro’ ko alomanay a tamdaw. I 2015 miheca o tamdaw no Guam 161,785 aloman, o dadahal no Guam 544 kongli, kadadi’ec no tamdaw 297 pinfang kongli, o Malianna pala ko satata’angay ato sakatimolay no pala, o satataangay pala no taliyok i Mikelonisiya. Monmon-Toto-Maite madadiecay ko tamdaw a kadademakan no sifo, ira ko 1,425 pinfang kongli ko tamdaw; Ilnalacan ato Omatak ko caayay kadadi’ec no tamdaw a kadademakan no sifo, 47 ko pinfang kongli ko tamdaw. Satakaraway a lotok no Guam o Kalapiyatay lotok, takaraw 406 ko laya’ (1,332 Ince). O Camolo a tamdaw o no Guam a yincumin, nai ’ayaw no 4,000 miheca maro’ay to tina palapalaan, o Potokis misolapay ci Fitinan Maycelon ko sa’ayaway tayni i Guam a Ilopiya tamdaw, I 1521 miheca 3 folad 6 romi’ad macakat i Guam. Nai 1668 miheca micingcingan no micingcingay, tinako o Tingsokiw a tintosi Tiyako Lois Te son Wiktoris (Inkilis: Diego Luis de San Vitores), I 16 sici tangasa 18 sici itiya, o picomodan no Sepaniya Manila misasalamaay tamina. Amilika ato Sepaniya a kalaloodan itiya, i kalaloodan no Amilika ato Sepaniya itiya, Amilika i 1898 miheca 6 folad 21 romi’ad macalap ko Guam (Inkilis: Capture of Guam), sakiParis katatelek, Sepaniya i 1898 miheca 12 folad 10 romi’ad o Guam mapaisal ko Amilika. Aniniay a Guam o nano Linhoko saka 7 caayay ko niya ko mikowanan a kanatal[5]. I ’ayaw no saka 2 kalaloodan, o Guam ato 4 a kanatal – no Amilika a Samowa, Hawai, Wike pala ato Filipin – o no Amilika a kanatal i Taypinyang. 1941 miheca 12 folad 10 romi’ad, ikor romi’ad no Cencukang a lalood, o Guam macalap no Dipong, falican ko pangangan “Oomiyasima (おおみやじま)” hananay[6]. Micalap ko Dipong to 2 miheca iro 6 folad, oci mapatayay, mapamapacofcof maomah, ma’alip ato masamsam ko tamdaw[7][8][9]. Amilika a hitay i 1944 miheca 7 folad 21 romi’ad macefis ko Guam, toya romi’ad o pipakoniraan pihiratengan to miki’aotay kalalood[10]. Nai 1960 mihecaan, mirarakatay ato hitay no Amilika pikaliaca ko saka ira no kicay no Guam (Inkilis: Economy of Guam)tasaay sapicoker[11]. == Likisi (歷史) == Guam ato ka’amisay Malianna palapalaan a yincumin sa’ayaway ato ’ayaw 2000 miheca o waliay katimol Asiya timolay a finacadan[12]:16. Malaikoray to a Camolo tamdaw. No to’as no Camolo a lekakawa malasepatay ko selal o Tapang (chamorri), i fafa’eday selal (matua), sasifo’ay selal (achaot) ato la’enoay (mana'chang) [12]:21. === Spain picingcingan romi’ad (西班牙殖民時期) === Ci Ferdinand Magellan midotocay to hongti no Spain mitaliyok to na hekal i, i 1521 miheca 3 folad 6 romi’ad manengneng ko Guam[12]:41–42. Nikawrira tangasa 1565 miheca 1 folad 26 romi’ad ci Miguel Lopez de Legazpi a kakeridan itiya to sakacitodong to Guam mikowan[12]:46. 1565 miheca tangasa 1815 mihecaan, o Guam ato ka’amis Mariana palapalaan o no Spain i Philippines sakawali ko pacarcaran, o Guam no Manila a mirarakatay tamina kahiceraan pacarcar, oni a tamina Acapulco tangasa Minila ko karakat a calay[12]:51. Nai 1670 miheca 7 folad 23 romi’ad tangasa 1695 miheca 7 folad o kalaloodan pahanhanay, ato 1671 miheca ato 1693 miheca malefek no faliyos, 1688 miheca ira ko katalawan a salifong, saka o Chamorro tamdaw na o 50,000 malowan to tangasa 5,000 ko tamdaw[12]:86. Ci Dorn Mariano Tobias i 1771 miheca 9 folad 15 romi’ad mapatireng citodongay mikowan i Guam itiya, misitapang misaomah, milongoc to pafeli no yincumin to sera, micoker pacomahad, nai Manila pacomod to Malonem ato kolong, nai Acapulco pacomod to tada lofa ato lofa, patireng to pisaparokan ato pisacilahan[12]:107–109. Paherek ko kalalood ni Napoleon, aloman ko nicalapan no Spain misiiked patireng to kitakit, o sakaira no kicay no Guam o nai Mexico palaliyoc pasayra Philippines[12]: 144. 1856 miheca malenak ko katalawan salifong, mapatay ko 3,644 tamdaw no Guam, naitiya mapacomod ko Caroline tamdaw ato Dipong tamdaw i Mariana palapalaan a maro’ [12]:157. === O Amilika ato Spain malalood tangasa saka 2 kalalood no hekal. (美西戰爭至第二次世界大戰) === I 1898 mihecaan a kalalood no Amilika ato S Spain a kasasicalap to Guam (Inkiris: Capture of Guam), o Spain saki Paris katatelakan, i 1898 miheca 12 folad 23 romi’ad, midotoc to aocoren kadadefongan 108-A patorod to hitay no Amilika to Guam, o Guam malakaromakatan mita’elif to sakatayra i Philippines, o ka’amis Marianna kanatal mapa’aca i Germany, ka’amis Marianna kanatal i 1919 miheca kalokitakit a lakatep miketon patorod to Dipong ko mikowanay[11]. Hitay no Amilika i 1899 miheca i Piti (Inkiris: Piti, Guam) patireng to minato, i 1901 miheca i Sumay mipatireng to minato no hitay[13]:13. Kalaloodan no Amilika ato Philippines, Emilio Aguinaldo, Apollinario Mabini i 1901 miheca mapalafel i Guam [14]:vi. Mido’edo to Versailles katatelek, kalokitakit a lakatep i 1919 miheca miketon to ka’amis Marianna kanatal patored to Dipong a mikowan. Nai ka’amis Marianna kanatal a Chamorro tamdaw mapatayra i Guam malamifalicay/hongyako ano eca malamatayalay no Dipong, kalo’adaen no Dipong ko pinengneng to Chamorro tamdaw no Guam. Ikor no kalalood, Guam ato i ka’amis Marianna kanatal a Chamorro tamdaw masasicangal, no Guam a Chamorro tamdaw ko sini’adaay ko ka’amis Marianna kanatal a Chamorro tamdaw o sasaan, o ka’amis Marianna kanatal a Chamorro tamdaw o nano mikowanan no Dipong to 30 mihecaan, o mipasayraay i Dipong. I saka 2 kalaloodan no hekal itiya, o Guam i lalood no Pearl minato itiya macalap no Dipong. Picalap no Dipong to Guam ira ko 31 a folad, mafalic ko ngangan “O Omiyasima” han[6]. Itiya, o yincumin no Guam mapalalingad, malaliyas ko laloma’an, marofo, mipatay, pasaopoen mirofo, patangic pala’a’alipan, ira ko 1,000 ko tamdaw ko nipatayan, oroma ira ko 10% kalaloodan mapatayay Guam a tamdaw, itiya o tamdaw no kanatal ira ko 20,000 tamdaw[15]. Amilika i 1944 miheca 8 folad 10 romi’ad maala ko Guam, o hitay no Dipong to mapatayay mata’elif k 18,000 tamdaw, makatapi’an dengan 485 ko tamdaw, ci Shoichi Yokoi kakeridan i 1972 miheca 1 folad to a makatapi’, o saikoray i Guam sofitay no Dipong[16]. Itiya macalap to no Amilika ko ka’amis Marianna kanatal a mikowan. Romakatay i nanom a hikoki nai 1921 tangasa 1930 miheca micomod i Guam, o sa’ayaway kahiceraan no romakatay i nanom a hikoki i Taypinyang[13]:13. Ledef no Amilika a hikoki parakat nai San Francisco – Manila – Hongkong a calay, Taypinyang calay no tingki a kosi (Inkilis: Commercial Pacific Cable Company) i 1903 miheca mapatireng ko tingwa, tingpo a kamaro’an[13]:15. Ka’amis a hikociw (North Field) i 1944 miheca mapatireng, o pihiratengan ci James Roy Anderson (Inkiris: James Roy Andersen) a mafalic ko ngangan to Andersen hikociw no hitay. === Ikor no kalalood. (戰後) === Ikor no saka 2 kalalood, pakayni i 1950 miheca no Guam a kasakapot a rikec (Inkiris: Guam Organic Act of 1950) o Guam mala no Amilika a caayay kapolong a sera, mapatodong i laloma’ay no kanatal sifo a finawlan, mapafeli to no Amilika finawlan a salongc, Kuam a sifo i ’ayaw no 1968 miheca o katatelekan a sifo ko miocoray, Kuam kakeridan a pipili’ a rikec (Inkilis: Guam Elective Governor Act) ikoran o nipili’an no finawlan[17]:242. Nawhan o Kuam caay ko no Amilika a cecay kanatal, mipili’ to congtong caay ka nga’ay, o pikaykian no lomaocay awaay ko todong mitaypiw mipili’ [11]. Nikawrira manga’ay sakicefang to picoker to mamalacongtong a mipili’ [18]. === Ikor no lalood i Vietnam tangasa anini. (越戰後至今) === Antesen a hikokiciw no sofitay ti saki lalood i Vietnam, ikor mafalic to o saka 36 a kosacefang (Inkiris: 36th Wing# Pacific Air Forces) (36 WG), masa’isal to i Amilika Taypinyang hikoki hitay (PACAF) ato Amilika saka 13 hikoki cefang (13AF). 2012 miheca 9 folad, 13 AF paherek to ko demak mapapolong to tayra i hikoki hitay no Amilika i Taypinyang. Cecay miheca cecay ko kasaso’ayaw to no’amisay hitay a milalingsiw (Inkiris: Cope North) a ta’angay demak[19]. I 1997 miheca 8 folad 6 romi’ad no Korea hikoki 801 haw matefad i Kuam, oya 747 hikoki mamatefo i masetol i Nimitz a lotok, saka i laloma’ay no hikoki 254 ko tamdaw i 228 ko mapatayay a tamdaw. I rayray a likisi no Kuam a tilid (Inkiris: National Register of Historic Places listings in Guam) nai 1974 miheca mapacomod i rayray a likisi no Amilika. I 1975 miheca mapacarcar ko 100,000 a malafelay tamdaw no Vietnam, 1996 miheca mapakamaro’ ko 6,600 a malafelay tamdaw no Kurd[13]:17. == Palapalaan (地理) == Kaitiraan no Guam a pala i laed no sa’amisan 13.2˚ tangasa 13.7˚, sakawali 144.6˚ tangasa 145.0˚, o dadahal 212 pinfang ingli (549 pinfang kongli), o sata’angay saka 32 pala no Amilika, o satata’angay i Mariana a katimolay palapalaan, noroma o satata’angay no Micronesia a palapalaan, o nano Taypinyang a padiyac ato no Philippines a padiyac masasisetolay a mala’ongcoy, o Guam mingata to Mariana kasakengkeng no riyar a sera, onini a kasa’efong i saka’etip. Ka’etip katimol no Guam milifetay a mipalitaay a kakak to talolong no riyar, talolong 35,797 ingce (10,911 kongce). Satakaraway lotok o Lingtning a lotok, takaraw 1,334 ingce (407 kongce) [20]. O pala no Guam kakaya’ 30 ingli (50 kongce); kakahad 4 tangasa 12 ingli (6 tangasa 19 kongli), o 4 no 3 no Singapore ko dadahal. Nawhani i ka’etip lawacay no Taypinyang a padiyac ato mingata to padiyac no Philippinse, noroma ira ko lonen, kalonenan ngata no Guam ira ko 5.0 tangasa 8.7. caay to lecad to no Miriana palapala a Anatahan pala ko kacimacelal, away ko macelal no Guam, nikawrira ngataay a Anatahan, ira ko pacefas no kasadak ko namal lotok a macelal a ’alafoh tayra i Guam[21]. Saheto o raka ko taliyok no riyar no Guam, maropayay a ’alafoh i panahalay sera i malopisopedan to nanom, ka’amisay a lawac no riyar masatono’ay, katimolay masa’apoloay tangasa i lawac no riyar[1]. == O kasasiromaroma no romi’ad (氣候) == O romi’ad no Guam o nano riyar a fa’edetay, o nai waliay ko fali, falawfaw ko romi’ad, matatodong i 30˚C ko takaraw 24˚C ko laenoay, ’orad to mihecaan 2,180mm. polong no sasowalen, o kafalawfaw caay pakata’elif to 32˚C anoca 21˚C. o dadaya kasoemet ikaka to 84%, nakawrira safoladan a soemet 66%. Kakedalan 12 folad laed to mihaca 6 folad; kaoradan 7 folad tangasa 11 folad. Saka 1, 2 folad o saemelay romi’ad, dadaya a falawfaw 21-24˚C, caay ka soemet. Satakaraway a falawfaw no Kuam tangasa i 96˚F (36˚C), i 1971 miheca 4 folad 18 romi’ad, 1990 miheca 4 folad 1 romi’ad a maditekay; poeneray falawfaw 65˚F (18˚C), 1973 miheca 1 folad 8 romi’ad a maditek[23]. O kaitiraan a maro’ no Guam o “pangpangan no faliyos” [24]. I kasoemetan romi’ad mararid ira ko faliyos, 8 folad tangasa 10 folad o kacifaliyosan a foladan, nikawrira masamihecaan ira ko faliyos. Satakaraway picalap no faliyos to Guam itiya o takolil han ko ngangan, o rakat no fali ira ko 180 ingli to cecay toki (290 kongli); kasaliyad no fali ira ko 220 ingli to cecay toki (350 kongli), i 2018 miheca 10 fola 24 romi’ad macalap ko Saipan kanatal, katimolay a Guam malecad ko kakari’ang. Nai 1976 miheca Pomila faliyos (Inkiris: Typhoon Pamela (1976)) ikor a micalap, no kilang a lomaloma’ falican to no amoto ko pipatireng[25][26]. Sapiliyas mitena’ to faliyos, i 1980 miheca o fasila no dinsing nao kilang falican to amoto. Pinapina a loma’ ato kosi mapakafit ko sapitena’ to faliyos (Inkilis: typhoon shutters). {| class="wikitable" | colspan="14" |Guam (Antoniaw Wangt kasakitakit hikokiciw)（1991–2020 mihecatodong, 1945mihecatadanca ’osi） |- |Folad |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 |6 |7 |8 |9 |10 |11 |12 |miheca |- |Rayray takaraw fala’fa °F (°C) |94 (34) |93 (34) |93 (34) |96 (36) |94 (34) |95 (35) |95 (35) |94 (34) |93 (34) |93 (34) |92 (33) |91 (33) |96 (36) |- |La’isal fala’fa takaraw °F (°C) |88.4 (31.3) |88.5 (31.4) |89.2 (31.8) |90.2 (32.3) |91.1 (32.7) |90.8 (32.8) |90.6 (32.7) |90.4 (32.6) |90.4 (32.4) |89.9 (32.4) |89.9 (32.2) |88.8 (31.6) |92.0 (33.3) |- |La’isal takaraw °F（°C） |85.7 (29.8) |85.7 (29.8) |86.7 (30.4) |87.9 (31.1) |88.5 (31.4) |87.7 (31.4) |87.0 (30.9) |87.0 (30.6) |87.2 (30.6) |87.2 (30.7) |87.4 (30.8) |86.6 (30.3) |87.2 (30.7) |- |Romi’a fala’fa °F（°C） |80.3 (26.8) |80.1 (26.7 |81.0 (27.2) |82.3 (27.9) |83.0 (28.3) |83.1 (28.4) |82.2 (27.9) |81.5 (27.5) |81.5 (27.5) |81.7 (27.6) |82.2 (27.9) |81.6 (27.6) |81.7 (27.6) |- |La’isal la’eno fala’fa °F (°C) |75.0 (23.9) |74.6 (23.7) |75.4 (24.1) |76.7 (24.8) |77.5 (25.3) |77.7 (25.4) |76.8 (24.9) |76.1 (24.5) |76.0 (24.4) |76.3 (24.6) |77.0 (25.0) |76.5 (24.7) |76.3 (24.6) |- |La’isal la’eno fala’fa °F (°C) |71.6 (22.0) |71.4 (21.9) |71.9 (22.2) |73.3 (22.9) |74.1 (23.4) |74.6 (23.7) |73.8 (23.2) |73.4 (23.0) |73.3 (22.9) |73.4 (23.0) |73.9 (23.3) |73.3 (22.9) |70.2 (21.2) |- |Rayray la’eno fala’fa °F (°C) |66 (19) |65 (18) |66 (19) |68 (20) |70 (21) |70 (21) |70 (21) |70 (21) |70 (21) |67 (19) |68 (20) |68 (20) |56 (18) |- |La’isal ’ner romi’ad (≥ 0.01 in） |19.6 |17.2 |17.7 |18.7 |19.2 |22.9 |25.7 |25.8 |25.0 |25.0 |23.4 |22.2 |262.4 |- |Folad romi’ad ’osi |176.7 |186.0 |217.0 |213.0 |220.1 |195.0 |155.0 |142.6 |132.0 |133.3 |135.0 |142.6 |,048.3 |- | colspan="14" |Todong sa’osi 1：NOAA (normals)[27] |- | colspan="14" |Todong sa’osi 2：Hongkong karayan kan. (sun only 1961–1990)[28] |} == Tamdaw (人口) == === Likisi a rayray no tamdaw (歷史人口) === {| class="wikitable" |Mihecaan |Tamdaw |±% |- |1910 |11,806 |— |- |1920 |13,275 |<nowiki>+12.4%</nowiki> |- |1930 |18,509 |<nowiki>+39.4%</nowiki> |- |1940 |22,290 |<nowiki>+20.4%</nowiki> |- |1950 |59,498 |<nowiki>+166.9%</nowiki> |- |1960 |67,044 |<nowiki>+12.7%</nowiki> |- |1970 |84,996 |<nowiki>+26.8%</nowiki> |- |1980 |105,979 |<nowiki>+24.7%</nowiki> |- |1990 |133,152 |<nowiki>+25.6%</nowiki> |- |2000 |154,805 |<nowiki>+16.3%</nowiki> |- |2010 |159,358 |<nowiki>+2.9%</nowiki> |- |2016 |162,742 |<nowiki>+2.1%</nowiki> |} Midotoc 2010 miheca pisaosi, yincumin Chamorro tamdaw saalomanay no finacadan i Guam, makialoma no tamdaw to 37.3%, roma finacadan o nano Philippines tamdaw (29.3%), Amilika fohecalay (7.1%) ato Chuck tamdaw (7%), roma o no Taypinyang a kanatal ato Asia tamdaw. Tingsokiw ko pakayraan, ira ko 85% tamdaw no mitooray to Tingsokiw[1]. Roma, ira ko caay kapapina o Yatayakiw (Inkiris: History of the Jews in Guam). O Inkiris ato Chamorro a sowal ko no kitakit a sowal. == Sofitay (軍事) == ’Ayaw o Sepaniya ko micalapay to Guam, i 1898 miheca Amilika Spain a laloodan, itiya macalap to no Amilika, marepet ko sakowan to polong no Guam. I 1941 miheca, maocor no Dipong ko ta’angay a sofitay milood to Guam, ira ko 500 tamdaw no kanatal mipatap’ to hitay no Dipong, nanoya macalap no Dipong. I 1944 miheca, ocoran no Amilika ko ki’emelay a tamina hitay ato karayan hitay sapilood to hitay no Dipong i Guam, itiya i kanatalay hitay no Dipong 18,000 tamdaw ko mapatayay, 1,200 tamdaw ko marofoay, mapatayay a hitay no Amilika 3,000 tamdaw, madoka’ay 7,100 tamdaw, citodong mikowan ko Amilika to Guam[29][13]:87. Aniniay a Guam o mapatirengay ko kamaro’an hitay no Amilika, o sowal i “o caayay kaleneng a Aircraft Carrier". 2010 miheca, pasadak ko Amilika to 126 walwalan no Amilika payso sapisanga’ misadadahal to kamaro’an no sofitay, patodong saki kaetipay no Taypinyang satadamaanay pala no sofitay, pakini toni a demak: patireng to minato no Aircraft Carrier, sapitena’ to ma’eferay timera ato kasasilinsiwan; oroma i saki kanatal a hitay o sadama to liyok, o ariri no hikoki, ariri pasimalan, ariri no patimeraan, sapitena’ to pilood no timera. O dadahal no kamaro’an sofitay no Amilika i Guam kanatal 39,000 Inmo (16,000 kongcin), o dadahal 29%. == O kasa’etal no sofitay (主要軍事區) == 1.Pala no riyar a hitay no Amilika i Guam (Inkiris: Naval Base Guam) – Sumay 2.Amilika mililisay i riyar a cefang 14 ’etal, - Sumay 3.Anderson pala no hikoki – Yiko maci 4.Apra minato – Orote litosa no pala 5.Ariri no afet riyar a hitay – sasifo’ pakatimol ’akawangay sera 6.Kamaro’an kalalicay a tingnaw no riyar a hitay – Barringada maci ato Finengayan == Sici (政治) == Ikor no saka 2 kalaloodan, Amilika pikaykian no finawlan i 1950 miheca mahayda to kasacefang a rikec no Guam (Inkilis: Guam Organic Act of 1950), mapatireng no Amilikaay a sakadademak, pirikecan, mawacayay toloay salongoc a sifo, sapaini to yincumin no Guam ato ikoray masofoc a finawlan no Amilka. O tapang no Guam i ’ayaw no 20 miheca o congtong no Amilika ko miocoray, tangasa i 1970 miheca o finawlan ko mipili’ay, 4 miheca ko cecay lekad, manga’ay padoedo to kanacecay. O pikayki no mirikecay no Guam cecayay lekad, 2 miheca, ’ayaw 21 ko iing, i 1999 miheca mafalic 15 ko iing, polong no kanatal ko mipili’ay. O kasacefang no Guam ira ko Micotang ato Konghetang, milekoay to i Amilika a Micotang ato Konghetang. Nai 1973 miheca, mihayda ko fanawlan pikaykian no Amilika patireng to caay singkiwen to malo kalomaocan i fanawlan pikaykian no Amilika. Malataypiaw no Guam a finawlan mikaykiay ato caay kalecad ko i 50 no kasa’etal a iing, i wiyyinhuy ko pikihatiya a pakamay, caay ka citodong to pihayda no finawlan a pikaykian, malecad no kasa’etal a wiyyin ko salongoc, halo pipalowad to pitelek, oni a taypiaw i niyaro’ no Guam mamipili’ [11]. == Kicay (經濟) == O sakaira no micomoday no Guam miti’er to mirarakatay ato patodong kamaro’ no sofitay no Amilika i palaan[30]. Mihecahecaan no mirarakatay o Dipong a tamdaw ko ’alomanay, tayniay ira ko 75%, icowacowa ira ko no Dipong a tilid to kacipinangan ato pihapiw, roma to, ira ko nai Korea, Amilika, Philippines, Taywan a mirarakatay[31]. O sakimirakatay a micomoday ira ko 1590 ’ofad payso no Amilika. I 2003 miheca, awaayay ko katayalan 14% ko tamdaw no Guam, mataloc to 3.14 yok payso no Amilika[32]. I 2008 miheca, Mikelonisiya a hikoki satata’angay a kaysya i Guam, 1,400 ko tamdaw to matayalay, mala no Amilika a saka tosa kaysya[33]; anini o cecay to kapolongan hikoki, no Cikako kapolongan mikafoay kaysya (Inkilis: United Continental Holdings) [34]. Nia kaysya patodong to kinaira no matayalay to mihecaan i 9,000 ’ofad Amilika payso. == Sakalacalay no tingwa (通訊) == Imatini, o wikidtingwa maledofay to i palaoalaan no Guam, malaheci ko saki wiki ato tilifi nai calay pipatirang. ’alomanay finawlan sahetoay o wikidtingwa, i ’ayaw no 1990 miheca rarid sa a maketon, anini hakanga’ayan. O Guam nai 1997 miheca micomod i ’amisay Amilika ko fangko (no kitakit 671 mafalic to no ’amisay Amilika patongal 1 fangko 671), palasawad ato pikapot tono Amilioka ’atekak ko ’aca i kasakitakit[36]. Imatini, o wikidtingwa maledofay to i palaoalaan no Guam, malaheci ko saki wiki ato tilifi nai calay pipatirang. ’alomanay finawlan sahetoay o wikidtingwa, i ’ayaw no 1990 miheca rarid sa a maketon, anini hakanga’ayan. O Guam nai 1997 miheca micomod i ’amisay Amilika ko fangko (no kitakit 671 mafalic to no ’amisay Amilika patongal 1 fangko 671), palasawad ato pikapot tono Amilioka ’atekak ko ’aca i kasakitakit[36]. == O sakaromakat (交通) == O Antonio Wangpot kasakitakit a katefoan no hikoki i Guam. Awaay ko pafesotay nai Guam ato Amilika a hikoki, pafesotay tayra i Hawaii Tangsiansan (rakat 7 ko toki). Oroma, Guam ira to romi’ami’ad masaso’aliway i ’amis Maliyana palapalan, Philippines Manila (rakat 3 ko toki) ato mirarakatay nai Dipongay (rakat 3-4 ko toki) ato Korea, roma a rakat no hikoki caay ka rarid to romi’ami’ad. O papacalay ko Taywan. Kapolongan hikoki o paparakat to nai Sanghai Potong kasakitakit hikoki a to Hongkong sakakitakit hikoki to paromi’aday a rakat, ato nai Beijing to kafalifalican romi’ad. Kasaso’aliw nai Guam ato Amilika, manga’ay mikalic to no Amilika hikoki i Dipong, Korea, Congko a pakotay to pikalic, nika mipatodong to paspoto a calay tilid. Caay kaadihay ko faso no Guam, awaay ko mikalicay tamdaw, saheto ono niya ko sakaromakat. == Sapaising a isi (醫療衛生) == I Tamuning a pihiratengan ising i Guam (Inkiris: Guam Memorial Hospital) o sifo no Guam ko citodongay[37]. O wiyyinhuy no Amilika ko patodongay to ising ato wadis ising ko milosiyangay, i Akanakaw niyaro’ (Inkiris: Agana Heights, Guam) no Amilika a riyar hitay ising ko cacitodong ato laloma’an ko matayalay midama[38]. I palaay o CareJet i fafaeday pa’oripay mamidama, patayra i Guam ato liyok no palapalaan ko adadaay tamdaw[39]. Itiya i 2016 miheca misatapang i kasapala ko no niya patirengan ising[40]. == Malikakaay maci (姊妹城市) == 1.Dipong Toyma maci: Nai 1977 miheca masasi malikakaay fafahiyan pala. 2.Taywan Taypi maci: I 1973 miheca 1 folad 12 romi’ad malakayat. 3.Taywan Tawyin maci: I 2021 miheca 12 folad 15 romi’ad malakayat. 4.Taywan Taycong maci: I 2022 miheca 2 folad 23 romi’ad malakayat. == Pinengnengan tilid. (參考文獻) == 1. Australia-Oceania :: Guam (Territory of the US). The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. [2015-08-26]. (nina’angan tilid, 2013-12-03). 2. Filling Gaps in the Human Development Index mana’ang kalocalay, na’angan romi’ad 2011-10-05., United Nations ESCAP, February 2009 3. U.S. Territories. [2007-02-09]. (nina’angan tilid, 2007-02-09).." DOI Office of Insular Affairs. February 9, 2007. 4. DEFINITIONS OF INSULAR AREA POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS.. [2007-11-14]. (nina’angan tilid, 2011-07-21). Office of Insular Affairs (Inkilis: Office of Insular Affairs). Retrieved October 31, 2008. 5. The United Nations and Decolonization. www.un.org. [2017-07-04]. (nina’angan tilid, 2014-02-27). 6.Pirarakatan citodongay, グアムの歴史. グアム sifo pihalamaan citodongay. [2020-10-06]. (nina’angan tilid, 2021-05-22). 7. War Restitution Act : hearing before the Subcommittee on Insular and International Affairs of the Co... |National Library of Australia (felih mana’ang kapi tilid, mana’ang kalocalay). Catalogue.nla.gov.au (September 20, 1994). Retrieved June 13, 2012. 8. "Statement of David B. Cohen Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Interior for Insular Affairs Before the House Committee on Resources Regarding the Report of the Guam War Claims Review Commission |July 21, 2004 mana’ang kalocalay pina’angan romi’ad 2013-01-20.." Office of Insular Affairs (Inkilis: Office of Insular Affairs). Retrieved September 19, 2012. 9. Higuchi, Wakako. The Japanisation Policy for the Chamorros of Guam, 1941–1944 (PDF). The Journal of Pacific History. 2001, 36 (1): 19–35. doi:10.1080/00223340120049424. (Nano nina’angan (PDF) mana’ang i 2013-01-20). 10. Guam police arrest suspect in memorial theft. Marine Corps Times (Inkilis: Marine Corps Times). Associated Press. 2007-07-07 [2010-04-05]. (nano nina’angan i 2011-05-15). 11. Carano, Paul; Sanchez, Pedro C. A Complete History of Guam. Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle Company. 1964. OCLC 414965. 12. Carano, Paul; Sanchez, Pedro C. A Complete History of Guam. Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle Company. 1964. OCLC 414965. 13.Rottman, G. (2004) Guam 1941 & 1944: Loss and Reconquest. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-84176-811-3</nowiki> 14.Mabini, A., 1969, The Philippine Revolution, Republic of the Philippines, Dept. of Education, National Historical Commission. 15. Werner Gruhl, Imperial Japan's World War Two, 1931–1945 (mana’ang ko kapi tilid, mana’ang i kalocalay), Transaction Publishers, 2007 <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7658-0352-8</nowiki> 16. Kristof, Nicholas D. Shoichi Yokoi, 82, Is Dead; Japan Soldier Hid 27 Years. The New York Times. 1997-09-26 [2017-07-04]. (Mana’ang ko tilid 2009-02-01). 17. Rogers, Robert F. Destiny's Landfall: A History of Guam. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. 1995. Curry, Tom. Nominating, but not voting for president: Clinton-Obama struggle spotlights Guam, American Samoa, Puerto Rico. NBC sinpon. 2008-05-28 [2016-08-19]. (nano nina’angan tilid 2016-08-15). 18. US, Japan, Australia to hold Cope North 2017 February 9, 2017 (nano kapi nina’angan, mana’ang i kalocalay) Guam Post Retrieved March 27, 2017. 19. "Geography of Guam". Official site of Guam, April 19, 2014. Retrieved April 19, 2014 from Archived copy. [2016-05-02]. (nano nina’angan tilid 1996-10-27). 20. "Home page of the Anahatan volcano". USGS-CNMI, November 8, 2007. Retrieved November 8, 2007 from <nowiki>http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/cnmi/</nowiki> (nina’angan kapi tilid, mana’ang i kalocalay). 21.2010 Guam Summary File - Total Population. US Census Bureau. US Census Bureau. [2019-09-24]. (nano nina’angan tili i 2021-05-10). 22. Climatological Report. National Weather Service. 2014-02-26 [2014-02-26]. (nano nina’angan tilid I 2014-03-07). 23. National Weather Service Dedicated Forecast Office in Typhoon Alley. US NOAA NWS. 2000-04-27 [2012-08-19]. (nano nina’angan tilid i 2013-01-07). 24. Guam Catastrophe Model. Risk Management Solutions. [2007-06-16]. (nano nina’angan tilid i 2011-02-07). 25. Winds. PacificWorlds.com. [2007-06-16]. (nano nina’angan tilid i 2007-08-27). 26. NOWData–NOAA Online Weather Data. Amilika kitakit no riyar ato hekalan citodongay. [2012-11-17]. (nano nina’angan tilid i 2012-10-31). 27. Climatological Information for Guam, Pacific Islands, United States. Hong Kong Observatory. [2012-11-17]. (nano nina’angan tilid i 2013-01-20). 28. Casualty List - U.S. Armed Forces - 1944. National Park Service, War in the Pacific National Historical Park, Guam. [2017-03-08]. (nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-07-01). 29.Pihomongan no hitay, Guam Visitors Bureau. [2017-07-05]. (nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-11-13). 30. Visitor Arrival Statistics. Guam Visitors Bureau. [2016-08-27]. (nano nina’angan tilid i 2018-07-07). 31. 2004 Guam Yearbook (PDF). [2007-07-19]. (nano nina’angan (PDF) tilid i 2005-10-29). 32. Kerrigan, Kevin. Guam Will Be The Pacific Hub for Merged Airlines. [2016-08-20]. (nano nina’angan tilid i 2010-05-11）.. Pacific News Center (May 5, 2010). Retrieved October 5, 2010. "Continental Micronesia is Guam's single largest employer. About 1400 jobs here on dependent on the airline." 33. "Company Information." (Archive) United Continental Holdings (Inkilis: United Continental Holdings）. Retrieved November 16, 2012. 34. Blair, Chad ( 2008-05-30). "'Air Mike' a rare bright spot in local aviation (nano kapi nina’angan, i kalocalay mana’ang). " Pacific Business News (Inkilis: Pacific Business News). 35. J. N. Deak. PL-NANP-004 (PDF). North American Numbering Plan Administration. 1996-08-05 [2010-10-12]. (nano tilid (PDF) mana’ang i 2010-11-26). 36. Welcome to the official Guam Memorial Hospital Authority Website! – Tonyt (nano kapi a tilid, mana’ang i kalocalay). Gmha.org. Retrieved June 13, 2012. 37. U.S Naval Hospital Guam (nano kapi nina’angan, mana’angan i kalocalay). United States Navy   Guam's CareJet Program Resumes Service. Air Medical Net. 2012-09-10 [2016-04-21]. (nano nina’angan i 2016-04-05). 38. Sablan, Jerick. No. 5: Guam Regional Medical City opens. Pacific Daily News. 2016-01-04 [2016-04-21]. [[Category:Guam]] 0o22x3wmk9ycn60mye6f6yasep5bvpm 0 2338 34028 2023-02-01T13:46:34Z Siceko 886 新增全新內容 34028 wikitext text/x-wiki O 'adiyoc hanany i, o masataliyokay a fali, satakaraw sa, tefod saan a tomireng i tarawadaw. Ano tata'ak ko cidal a faedet ko romi'ad i, makowad no faedet ko fali a masa'adiyoc. Manengneng i tarawadaw ano ma'adiyoc ko tahefod. Ano ta'angay ko fali no 'adiyoc i, mapaefer ko maamaan a tahira i kafaed, o katalawan to. O kakahad no 'adiyoc i, o mimingay i, cecay a kong-ce(公尺), ta'angayay i, manga'ay tahira i moetep a kong-ce ko kakahad. 6kxpe816dex16bvmck7hweqbm4hfh5p 0 2339 34032 34030 2023-02-02T00:14:02Z Masaonikar 570 34032 wikitext text/x-wiki Mato’em Ano mato’em i, saheto o kohetingay ato kifetolay a ’o’ol ko kakarayan. Manga’ay a halafin ko kato’em no romi’ad , maala ko pina a tatokian ano eca pina a romi’ad. O roma sato i, ma’orad i ikor no to’em. Ano saromi’ad sa a mato’em i, hinararom ko faloco’ no tamdaw. cxkhjilwq50tfg7pnnp4wjgjs7fmeby 0 2341 43021 43020 2024-04-19T02:53:55Z Safulo 35 43021 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:僅存口述歷史者.jpg|左|縮圖|271x271像素|pakimaday to likisi no 'Amis a finacadan ci Lekal Makor]] == Lalood i Cepo' ( 大港口戰役) == Itiya ho ono Kuwapingen o " 大港口事件 ) hananay a pangangan, o matiyaay o cowa ka saan i laloma no Taywan a kalofodfod konian sanay ko totodong no ninian , matiya o misafaay to pilood no to'as no 'Amis a tamdaw, orasak i 2022 miheca a pitahidang no kofa no Fakong malisaot ko polong kakitaan no Fakong a masasowal, malacecay ko nisafaloco'an no mikaykiay to pifalic a pangangan sano Kuwapingen o " 大港口戰役 " hananay to a miketon no 'alomanay a pangangan, onian matatodongay tono 'Amis a sowal tora lalood sanay cowa ko fodfod.No 'Amis a pinengengen tona lalood(大港口戰役阿美族觀點)<ref>蔡中涵編著:「Ono 'Amis a pinengneng to " Lalood i Cepo' "---大港口戢役的阿美族觀點」。 財團法人台灣原民文教基金會，2022.08,27</ref> konini. Oya 1878 a mihcaan a tata’angay a kalalood no sawaliay a niyaro’ no ’Amis ato sofitay no kuwaping no Mancing i, o “Lalood i Cepo’ ” hananay konini. Tahanini ira to ko 146 mihcaan.Tangasa i tatenokan no 1700 a mihecahecaan i, matatootoor ko Holan ato Sipanya a tamdaw a tayni i Taywang mali’aca to maamaan a dafong. Tona mihecahecaan i,matatodong to pikowan no Kaping no Mancing i tiya, ira ko pipa’ading no cikowangay a sofitay no Mancing, orasaka,sa’aloman sa ko Payrang a mi’afas a mi’eco to sera no ’Amis to hakamaro’an nangra a misatata’ang to niyah a tayal. [[Faylo:港口事件部落座談會.jpg|縮圖|niyaroay a kasasowal]] [[Faylo:O pakimaday a singsi no tata'angay pitilidan.jpg|縮圖|解說 大港口戰役]] [[Faylo:O sa'ayaway nipatirengan sapiharatengaw to Cipatelaway no 'Amis.jpg|縮圖|Sapiharatengaw to Cipatelaway no 'Amis ]] Nikawrira, yo misatapang kono papotalay a finacadan a micomod i, itiyaay ko pisatapang no ’Amis a tamdaw a mipa’ading to sapidipotaw to ka’oripan a pala ato niyaro’. Talacowa adihay ko nikalalood ato papotalay a finacadan ko tamdaw no Taywan, o sakakaay ko kararimaan nona kalalood i Cepo’, wataay to ko pikinalefoh no ’Amis a mitaker to ’ada a midipot to ka’oripan nangra a pala. Oninian how i, ona tadamaanay a “Lalood i Cpo’ ” lafinay tato a caka lingwaen, pakayni toninian a lalood ko kahapinangan no tamdamdaw to i’ayaw no cimacima iraayto i sa’ayaw aca ko ’Amis a tamdaw a maro’ itini. Orasaka, i rayray no nitilidan a rikisi no Kuwaping i, caay ka samaan ko pinengneng no Kuwaping toninian a lalood. Mangaref taynien to i rikisi no Kuwaping tona 5000 komihcaan i, awaayto ko cecacecay aca a nitilidan pakaniay to demak no i Taywangay a ’Amis Tamdaw.<ref>蔡中涵編著前揭書，貢2。</ref> O mitiliday to rakat no rikisi no Yincumin i, sahetoay o tao a finacadan, o nangra aca a tilid ko sapitilid. Pakaynien nangraay a harateng ko pinengneng a mitilid toninian a kalalood no ’Amis. Tinako sa, mitilid sa ko payrang matiniay,o saka pi’afas to sera no ’Amis i, o mamisanga’ to ha lalan nangra, ta mafalic to ko kanga’ay no niyaro’ nangra saan. Painien to hapitilidan ato paisingan, ta macakat to ko ’orip no itiniay saan cangra o Kuwaping. ’Arawhan aca, ano o saka nga’aya no ’Amis ko nidemakan ngara i, nawiro mi’a’afas to omah, mi’afas to fafahiyan no niyaro’,palakulien ho ko tamdaw no niyaro’ no ’Amis, adihay haca ko karawrawan ato nikacacoli. Saikorayto i, mala tata’angay to ko kalalood no nikacacu’ay. O hatiniay i, o tao a finacadan ko patadoay a mitilid to no roma a finacadan a rikisi, ta toor hanto no awaay kono tireng a tilid ha sapitilid to no tireng a rikisi a finacadan i, tada o kasemelanto ko matiniay a demak. [[Faylo:Pakimad ci Safulo to singsi no kaocong.jpg|縮圖|Pakimad ci Safulo ]] Anini sato, ano tikolen ta a minengneng kono i ’ayawayho a marakatay a demak i ’orip no ’Amis i, mahapinangto no mita konini, o tata’angay a ’icel no kitakit ko milengatay a mifolaw to miningay a niyaro’ no ’Amis. ’Aloman ko sofitay, tadamaan ko sapirood nangra a ’idoc, sasiroma saan ko nika masafa ko ’Amis, orasaka, o micu’ayay kamo, o mali’angay a finacadan ko ’Amis, saan ko pifelih nangra a mitilid to rikisi no Taywan.<ref>蔡中涵編著前揭書，頁3。</ref> Iraay ko matiniay a pifelih to sowal saka, tanamen ta a mikilim koya masidayayto ato matawalayto itira i nalacolan koya itiyaayho a demak. Loficen ta a patatongotongod koya mapicpicayto a facu ato marakatay no tato’asan no ’Amis a demak. Hasapipalal toya ikmoday a caayto ka songira’ ato matawalayto a harateng. Ta mahapinang koya so^elinayto a demak to o fonos ko sapisi’ayaw to kowang a kalalood, o pikinafalah no tamdaw to ’orip a midipot to niyaro’ ya sanay a nika fana’. Saka 22 a romi’ad no saka 4 a folad i 1995 a mihcaan i, itira i potal no loma’ ni Asoy i Cpo’ ko pipatireng to ’eri’ a ngayangay. Ira ko piharateng a mita’ong toya i’ayaw to semo’ot ira ko pinapina a mihcaan a “Lalood i Cpo’ ” hananay a demak. Miharateng toya mihadidi ko pilood a misi’ayaw to nika’aloman ta to no fofitay no Mancing, kinapinapina a malowid ko ’ada, ci’icel ko tamdaw to sapitakeraw to ’ada a midipot to niyaro’. Nikawrira, kaikorto i, ira ko pitarakar a misa’efit no fofitay no Mancing to kapah no ’Amis, oya 165 a tamdaw ma^emin a pala’edef han a mipatay. Karteng ko faloco’ no tamdamdaw itiya, a mipatireng to ’otoc a fakeroh a mikining. Itiya awaay ko cecacecay aca a tilid tona ’otoc a fakeloh. O sapipahapinangaw konini to i hekalay a tamdamdaw, ano awaaway aca ko tilid no ’Amis i, ’adihay ko tadamaanay a demak i rikisi no to’as ita.<ref>蔡中涵編著前揭書，頁4。</ref> Saka 4 a folad no 2008 a mihcaan i, o “ Saopo no Singsingsi no Ta’angayay Pitilidan” itira i Kohkoh ko sa’opo no midemakay to pikingkiw a malalicalicay pakayni i ikor to 130 a mihecaan no “ Lalood i Cepo’ ” hananay.Matahidangg aca ko finawlan a maainini to niharatengan.Oninian a mipadetengan a mitawal a rikisi no mita i,nanay matalahekal to ko so’elinay a demak ta mapalata’ang ko to’as, mahapinang to no tamtamdaw a mafana’ to nikatadamaan ko materekay no ’Amis a rikisi i Taywanan, ta mahinom to ko salo’afang no to’as ita. Osaka saan ta talolong to ko kafana’ no tamtamdaw cowa kaawa ko rikisi no mita.Hatiniay ko pades ato kacodaah no ’Amis a tamdaw a kinafalah to ’orip a midipot tona pala i Taywan.<ref>蔡中涵編著前揭書，,頁5。</ref>  Oya demak a masa’opo a mikining i 1995 a mihcaan, ato milsapay i niyaro’ a miloloday ko pikingkiw i 2001 a mihcaan, ato pisadak to nikingkiwan a tata’angay Kapolongan-Nitilidan i 2008 a mihcaan. Malaheci to no “ Saopo no Singsingsi no Ta’angayay Pitilidan” konini a mainsac. Masacecayto i cecayay a nitilidan a mapasadak i saka 4 a folad no 2008 a mihcaan. Anini a mihecan o sakakinatosa to a pasadak to matiniay a Nitilidan ta mafana’ ko cimacima to katadamaan nona “Lalood i Cepo’”. O sakakaay a kasasiromano ’ayaway ato aniniay a nipasadak i, adihay ko nipacomadan a harateng no ’Amis a tamdaw no aniniay.<ref>蔡中涵編著前揭書，頁5。</ref> O mamisatata’ang to piharateng tona saka145 miheca no “Lalood i Cepo” tonini a mihcaan, orasaka, ira ko piliyaw a pirina’ tonini mikingkiwan a nitilidan. Nanay ’aloma’aloman ko mafana’ay toninian a rikisi, caay ko mamasawad konini i rayray no rikisi no Taywang. Yo misatapang to karetengay a pisafaco a misanga’ to rayray no rikisi no Taywang i, o mamangay aca konini a pihawang pasi’ayaw, nanay pakayni pisatalolong ko pikingkiw to kahacecacecay no demak, matatongotongod koninian i, malahci ko masongira’ay to a rikisi no polong no Yincuminco no Taywan. Matongal ko nikafana’ a mikinkiw to pirecep i kapolongan a harateng, ato pisiwar to kacomahad no niyaro’.Pakayni tonini “ Lalood i Cpo’ ” a demak i, omaan ko nikafalic no ’Amis a tamdaw ano saan i,pakaynien ita i kafalic no ’orip no cecay a finacadan mahapinang konini. Ano kitinien i “piliyaw a misanga’ to rikisi ato ponka no niyaro’ ko demak” i, caka ^eca mahapinang ita o kakalimlaan ko materekay no to’as ita a ’orip, ato papasitira to fa^elohay a rakat no finacadan ita.<ref>蔡中涵編著前揭書，頁。</ref>I 2016 miheca saka 8 folad sakacecay romi’ad, mili’ay ko congtong ci Caiyinwen to polong a Yincumincu no Taywan, sowal saan,itini i Taywan deng o payrang aca ko iraay ko rikis away kona Yincumin a rikisi.Nikawrira,i’ayaw no pinapina a patek ko mihecaan, iraayto a maro’ itini tona Taywan, makadofah ko kaciponka ato kacitaneng,mararocorock tahanini. Nikawrira,dengan o ci’icelay a finacadan ko pi’arawan a mitilid to rikis,itini ko pili’ay no mako to polong no Yincumin no Taywan.Ona pasadak tona ohong todongay o pipatalahekal to kapalal no faloco’ ono niyah a rikis oniyah ko mamitilid ato mamipakimad.Tada miaray to pipacafay a midama tona pipasadak to nitilidan ko Sakakay Citatodongay to Yincuminco Sakowan ato kokosyo no Fakong, ato polong finawlan.<ref>蔡中涵編著前揭書，頁6。</ref> == Lalengatan nona lalood(這場戰役的起因) == O lalegatan nona lalood ira ko sepat: === sakacecay(1):mi’odang to fafahiyan no niyaro’(調戲部落婦女) === O Tatolotolo ko fafahi ni Tangahay i niyaro’, cisowal sa ci Tangayhay:kako o tapang mikowanay to hitay no kaping, iray ko faloco’ nomako a mitahitdang to hitay nomako a tayni i cepo’. Ano tahini ko hitay no mako i cepo’, o ngohah sato ato fafahi no kapah no cepo’ a caay ka’eca ka ’afas no hitay no mako. Misapades ci Tangayhay to finawlan no niyaro’, tayra i Kohkoh mikayki liliden no kapah,mikuli ho to kapah no niyaro’, mi’odang to fafahiyan no niyaro’, ano so’elin ira ko hitay a tayni,alacecay ko fafahi han i ma’emin to awa ko fafahiyan no niyaro’ halowawa caka ’osaw no kaping.)<ref>蔡中涵編著前揭書，頁53。</ref> === Sakatosa(2):palakoli to malitengay ato kapah no niyaro'(勞役部落老人及年青人) === Mipapisakoli sato to finawlan, rakat sa a tayra i folalacay a micolo’ to dafong no kaping,o tomok to, o mama no kapah to, ato kapah,palalen hananay a papisakoli, awa sato ko kalita’angan no tomok, mama sato no kapah cato ka pakasowal to karalemay a selal,oya fangcalay a kasaselal no niyaro’ caayto ka sa’osi’osi ko tayal.<ref>蔡中涵編著前揭書，頁53-54。</ref> === Sakatolo(3):mapalahedaw ko kailisinan(破壞歲時祭儀) === O kailisinan a romi’ad caka saan ko kaping,sa’opoen ho nangra ko kapah no niyaro’ a misakoli papisanga’ to polol no hitay, na onian ko kasasifod no ilisin,mapalahedaw to ko pingodo to to’as,to kawas no pala ato riyar. === Sakasepat(4):mi'afas to sera no 'Amis(搶佔阿美族的土地) === Ya tahayni saho ko kaping i cepo’ i, tado han nangra ko misamatangan no finawlan a pala a mipatireng to polol no hitay, sa pangangan han no ’Amis to napololan,ma’eco ko sera,mapalahedaw ko maamaan a kinaira no liomah,itirato ko kanikaw no ’orip no niyaro’. == Mipaci'eci a papikapot to Tangafolan finacadan: (強迫馬卡道族參戰，以番制番) == I kalaloodan a mihecaan, ira heca ko sapiliyaw a mafodfod namo o Cepo’,irray to ko sowal nira ta miyanan a mikapot kamo tamiyanan. Ano caay pikapot, patayen niyam saan tamiyanan, ora ko saka “ Hay ”han niyam. Ano matira aca ha salikaka i ’Amisay a faki na’onen kami haw, nengneng ko tireng niyam aka pipatay tamiyanan o salikaka a mafa’ to kami kira. Na matira ira to “Lomowad to kami saan koya hitay no Kaping. Ano tayra kami i niyaro’ namo haw, caferen niyam kamo, malalatihi niyam a mifolaw to kapah no Cepo’” saan ko kaping.<ref>林江義碩論。「台灣東海岸馬卡道族在抗清事件的角色」。收錄在蔡中涵編著《Ono 'Amis a pinengneng to " Lalood i Cepo'》--大港口戰役的阿美族觀點。頁79-82。</ref> == Pacefaday a tilid(註腳) == os14mfhm5h29n93ay5z56gdtmqb5f03 0 2342 34208 2023-02-08T14:12:08Z Siceko 886 建立內容為「O kaacangan no Taywan koni Piwansyawan hananay a romi'ad, marecaday to Pisyongacan, Cing-ming(Pipoyfongan), Twan^o(Pipak-cangan), Cong-yin(中元), ato Cong-ciw(中秋) a romi'ad, saheto o tadamaanay a romi'ad no misaTaywanay, misaNgayngayay ato misaHolamay. O Piwansyawan a romi'ad i, itiraay i saka safaw lima a romi'ad no saka cecay a folad no mihecahecaan(o katelangay a koyomi ko pinengnengan). Minengneng to masamaamaanay, makapahay a nisanga'an a malikata…」的新頁面 34208 wikitext text/x-wiki O kaacangan no Taywan koni Piwansyawan hananay a romi'ad, marecaday to Pisyongacan, Cing-ming(Pipoyfongan), Twan^o(Pipak-cangan), Cong-yin(中元), ato Cong-ciw(中秋) a romi'ad, saheto o tadamaanay a romi'ad no misaTaywanay, misaNgayngayay ato misaHolamay. O Piwansyawan a romi'ad i, itiraay i saka safaw lima a romi'ad no saka cecay a folad no mihecahecaan(o katelangay a koyomi ko pinengnengan). Minengneng to masamaamaanay, makapahay a nisanga'an a malikatay a tingkitingki i Piwansyawan, ato mitatamatama to montay a misalama(猜燈謎). ou8tweaz10c2hu9r4v9wz6sb3fqhwfy 0 2343 38689 38687 2023-06-29T04:52:11Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38689 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Gm-rojdestvo2012-elka-5502.jpg|250px|thumb]] '''Korismas''' ([[kuwaping a sowal]]: 聖誕) O kasofocan ni Yis ko Korismas, i saka 25 a romi'ad no saka 12 a folad to mihecahecaan. O pihifangan ko Korismas i kasakanatal, o tadamaanay a romi'ad i saetipay a kanatal. Caay kaedeng ca i kiwkay, o kaacangan to no 'alomanay ko Korismas imatini. Parecad a maacang ko 'alomanay to Korismas ato faelohay a mihecaan, pinapina to a lipay ko kaacangan a romi'ad. I Korismas a micacakay to maamaan ko tamdamdaw, o sapafeli to idang, ano eca i o sapakapah to loma'. [[Kasasiwasiw:Korismas]] fnb1d9579m1sby25uigg38od9kvqwgp 0 2344 42652 34238 2024-04-01T18:41:33Z CommonsDelinker 39 Removing [[:c:File:Mo-Gilligan-5_(cropped).jpg|Mo-Gilligan-5_(cropped).jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Abzeronow|Abzeronow]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Mo-Gilligan-5.jpg|]]. 42652 wikitext text/x-wiki Ni '''Mo Gilligan''' ket maysa nga Ingles a komedyante. shytj6uqu3csy8yytpoiu4pjik7r0o9 0 2345 44874 34239 2024-09-23T12:18:28Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 Jules Alexander idi 1966年 44874 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Jules Alexander.png|縮圖|Jules Alexander idi 1966年]] Ni '''Jules Gary Alexander''' (nayanak idi 25 Septiembre 1943 idiay Chattanooga, Tennessee, [[Estados Unidos]]) ket maysa nga Amerikano a musikero, a naamammuan a kas kameng ti banda ti Estados Unidos a "Ti Asosiasion"Ti Asosiasion). d8qpm2xcwk7jpkq67qz2h3dodvvq0k1 0 2350 34416 34265 2023-02-14T05:38:26Z Akamycoco 27 已移除至[[Amilika]]的重新導向 34416 wikitext text/x-wiki Arkansas 5jibip3dm8m5igu3wjaxndppef36qo1 0 2351 34417 34246 2023-02-14T05:39:21Z Akamycoco 27 #ALCD 34417 wikitext text/x-wiki California o7ej6s9ofh1xdv08b1s85twqfummthc 0 2357 34423 34252 2023-02-14T05:45:40Z Akamycoco 27 #ALCD 34423 wikitext text/x-wiki Hawaii iw61t8u3w4g8c6k9gxytid5gkj8aq94 0 2358 34424 34253 2023-02-14T05:45:52Z Akamycoco 27 已移除至[[Amilika]]的重新導向 34424 wikitext text/x-wiki Illinois 5t3v3gof3mxebznly3jihscnel5hr68 0 2359 34425 34254 2023-02-14T05:46:08Z Akamycoco 27 已移除至[[Amilika]]的重新導向 34425 wikitext text/x-wiki Indiana av3gchjy2181lhndpybjdnpx2uc4la4 0 2360 46623 46622 2025-05-19T01:34:35Z Sakura emad 563 Restored revision 34426 by [[Special:Contributions/Akamycoco|Akamycoco]] ([[en:w:User:BrandonXLF/Restorer|Restorer]]) 46623 wikitext text/x-wiki Iowa 10ceimlmbpxl634xjd7not53lkploup 0 2361 34427 34256 2023-02-14T05:46:33Z Akamycoco 27 已移除至[[Amilika]]的重新導向 34427 wikitext text/x-wiki Kansas 8fkey94htuyp3exbyttic42ks8h92fo 0 2362 34428 34257 2023-02-14T05:46:45Z Akamycoco 27 已移除至[[Amilika]]的重新導向 34428 wikitext text/x-wiki Kentucky qlkrp3hi61dtsp8bahwdsz3jtgtq3ot 0 2363 34429 34258 2023-02-14T05:46:59Z Akamycoco 27 已移除至[[Amilika]]的重新導向 34429 wikitext text/x-wiki Louisiana kps3nldqxx0jvskh7xc8qsh9e14lhfd 0 2364 34430 34259 2023-02-14T05:47:11Z Akamycoco 27 已移除至[[Amilika]]的重新導向 34430 wikitext text/x-wiki Maine gk386sa3j8t82k5rk8b54ruit0qgwtq 0 2365 34431 34260 2023-02-14T05:47:22Z Akamycoco 27 已移除至[[Amilika]]的重新導向 34431 wikitext text/x-wiki Maryland 34i7tuggfjmv39l06rzr8nagiiglrjw 0 2366 34432 34262 2023-02-14T05:47:48Z Akamycoco 27 已移除至[[Amilika]]的重新導向 34432 wikitext text/x-wiki Idaho 2trmpe22b6fuxkohvlko97ovuecaam6 0 2367 34433 34263 2023-02-14T05:48:00Z Akamycoco 27 已移除至[[Amilika]]的重新導向 34433 wikitext text/x-wiki Michigan 9gw8rvuxway4365jb3mej19qc20abq0 0 2368 34434 34264 2023-02-14T05:48:11Z Akamycoco 27 已移除至[[Amilika]]的重新導向 34434 wikitext text/x-wiki Minnesota b95ucq3m2jppqkb6td9wdl8ot18msv9 0 2369 44925 38955 2024-09-28T18:51:46Z Wcamp9 2611 44925 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:The Beatles arrive at JFK Airport.jpg|縮圖]] O '''Beatles'''（[[kuwaping a sowal]]：披頭四樂團）<!---ket maysa idi nga Ingles a banda ti rock, a nabukel idiay Liverpool idi 1960, a buklen da John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison ken Ringo Starr. Dagitoy ket naibilang a kas ti kaaduan nga impluensial a banda iti amin a panawen[1] ken isuda ket napateg idi iti panagrang-ay ti 1960 a kontrakultura ken ti pannakabigbig ti nalatak a musika a kas maysa a porma ti arte.[2] Naramut iti skiffle, beat ken 1950s rock 'n' roll, ti uni dagitoy ket nangiraman kadagiti elemento ti klasikal a musika ken tradisional a pop kadagiti makabaro a wagas; ti banda ket nagsukisok pay kadagiti estilo ti musika manipud iti folk ken Indian a musika aginggana iti psychedelia ken hard rock. Kas dagiti pionero iti panagrekord, panagsurat ti kanta ken artistiko a presentasion, dagiti Beatles ket nangrebolusion kadagiti adu nga aspeto ti industria ti musika ken masansan a naipakaammo a kas dagiti lider dagiti agtutubo ken sosiokultural a tignay ti panawen.[3] Indauluan babaen dagiti kangrunaan a mannurat ti kanta a da Lennon ken McCartney, ti Beatles ket nagbalbaliw manipud iti immun-una a grupo ni Lennon, dagiti Quarrymen, ken nangibangonda ti reputasionda nga agtokar kadagiti klub idiay Liverpool ken Hamburg iti las-ud ti tallo a tawen manipud idi 1960, idi damo a ni Stuart Sutcliffe ket nagtokar iti bass. Ti kangrunaan a trio da Lennon, McCartney ken Harrison, a sangsangkamaysa manipud idi 1958, ket nagdalan kadagiti agsasaruno a drummer, a mairaman ni Pete Best, sakbay a kiniddawda kenni Starr a makikadua kadakuada idi 1962. Ti manager a ni Brian Epstein ket nangmolde kadakuada iti maysa a propesional nga aramid, ken ti prodyuser a ni George Martin ket nangiwanwan ken pinarang-ayda dagiti rekordingda, a dakkel a nangpalawa ti domestiko a balligida kalpasan ti panagpirmada iti EMI Records ken nakagun-od ti immuna a nagun-odda, "Love Me Do", idi arinunos ti 1962. Bayat a ti kinalatakda ket dimmakkel iti nakaro a kinaranggas dagiti managayat a naawagan iti "Beatlemania", ti banda ket nakagun-od ti palayaw a " ti Fab Four", a kaduana da Epstein, Martin wenno sabali pay a kameng ti entourage ti banda a sagpaminsan nga impormal a naibagbaga a kas ti "maikalima a Beatle". Idi rugrugi ti 1964, ti Beatles ket internasional a bituen ken nakagun-odda kadagiti awan kapadana a tukad ti kritikal ken komersial a balligi. Nagbalinda a mangidadaulo a puersa iti panagsubli ti kultura ti Britania, a nangirugi ti Britaniko a Panagraut iti merkado ti pop ti Estados Unidos, ken di nagbayag ket nagdebutda iti pelikula babaen ti A Hard Day's Night (1964). Ti dumakdakkel a tarigagay a mangpapintas kadagiti panagreggetda iti estudio, a naikuyog ti saan a mataginayon a kinaadda dagiti panagpasiarda iti konsierto, ket nangiturong iti panagretiro ti banda manipud kadagiti sibibiag a panagpabuya idi 1966. Iti daytoy a panawen, nakapataudda kadagiti rekord ti dakdakkel a kinasopistikado, a mairaman dagiti album a Rubber Soul (1965), . Rebolber (1966) ken ni Sgt. Ti Lonely Hearts Club Band ni Pepper (1967), ken tinagiragsakna ti ad-adu pay a komersial a balligi iti The Beatles (ammo pay a kas "ti Puraw nga Album", 1968) ken Abbey Road (1969). Ti balligi dagitoy a rekord ket nangipakaammo ti panawen ti album, bayat a dagiti album ket nagbalinda a dominante a porma ti panagusar ti rekord ngem dagiti single; pinaaduda pay ti interes ti publiko kadagiti psychedelic a droga ken ti Daya nga espiritualidad, ken ad-adda pay a nangparang-ay iti elektroniko a musika, album art ken music video. Idi 1968, nangipasdekda iti Apple Corps, maysa a multi-armed multimedia corporation nga agtultuloy a mangimatmaton kadagiti proyekto a mainaig iti tawid ti banda. Kalpasan ti panagsina ti grupo idi 1970, amin a kangrunaan a dati a kameng ket tinagiragsakda ti balligi bayat a dagiti solo nga artista ken sumagmamano a paset a panagtitipon manen ket napasamak. Napapatay ni Lennon idi 1980 ken natay ni Harrison gapu iti kanser ti bara idi 2001. Agtaltalinaed nga aktibo iti musika da McCartney ken Starr. Ti Beatles ket isu ti kalatakan a mailaklako nga aramid ti musika iti amin a panawen, nga addaan iti nakarkulo a panaglako iti 600 a riwriw a yunit iti sangalubongan.[4][5] Isuda ti mangiggem ti rekord para kadagiti kaaduan a numero-uno nga album iti UK Albums Chart (15), kaaduan a numero-uno a hits iti US Billboard Hot 100 chart (20), ken kaaduan a singles a nailako idiay UK (21.9 a riwriw). Ti banda ket nakaawat kadagiti adu a pammadayaw, a mairaman ti pito a Gunguna ti Grammy, uppat a Gunguna ti Brit, ti maysa a Gunguna ti Akademia (para iti Kasayaatan nga Orihinal nga Iskor ti Kanta para iti 1970 a dokumentario a pelikula a Let It Be) ken sangapulo ket lima a Gunguna ti Ivor Novello. Dagitoy ket naikabilda iti Rock and Roll Hall of Fame idi 1988, ken tunggal maysa a kangrunaan a kameng ket naikabil a saggaysa iti nagbaetan ti 1994 ken 2015. Idi 2004 ken 2011, ti grupo ket nangruna kadagiti listaan ​​ti Rolling Stone kadagiti kadakkelan nga artista iti pakasaritaan. Innaganan ida ti magasin a Time a karaman kadagiti 100 a kapatgan a tattao idi maika-20 a siglo.!---> 5wosfy092la2y0kkay288vxk7a8mn9n 0 2370 38953 38952 2023-06-30T08:15:00Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38953 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Paul McCartney NY 1964.png|縮圖|Paul McCartney in 1964]] O '''Sir James Paul McCartney'''（[[kuwaping a sowal]]：保羅·麥卡尼） <!---CH MBE (nayanak idi 18 Hunio 1942) ket maysa nga [[Ingles]] a kumakanta, mannurat ti kanta ken musikero a nakagun-od ti sangalubongan a kinalatak iti [[Beatles]], a para kenkuana ket nagtokar ti bass a gitara ken nakibinglay kadagiti kangrunaan a panagsurat ti kanta ken dagiti mangidaulo a bokal a pagrebbengan kenni [[John Lennon]]. Maysa kadagiti kababalligian a kompositor ken agpabuya iti amin a panawen, ni McCartney ket naamammuan para iti melodiko a wagasna iti panagtokar ti bass, adu ti pakausaranna ken nalawa a tenor a bokal a sakop, ken musikal nga eklektisismo, a mangsuksukisok kadagiti estilo manipud iti pre–rock ken roll pop aginggana iti klasikal ken elektroniko. Ti panagkaduana iti panagsurat ti kanta kenni Lennon ket agtaltalinaed a kababalligian iti pakasaritaan.[4] Naipasngay idiay [[Liverpool]], ni McCartney ket nangisuro ti bagina iti piano, gitara ken panagsurat ti kanta idi tin-edyer, gapu ta naimpluensiaan babaen ti amana, maysa a managtokar ti jazz, ken dagiti rock and roll a managpabuya a kas ni Little Richard ken Buddy Holly. Isu ket nangrugi ti karerana idi isu ket nakikadua iti grupo ti skiffle ni Lennon, dagiti Quarrymen, idi 1957, a nagbalbaliw a nagbalin a Beatles idi 1960. Sagpaminsan a naawagan iti "ti napipintas a Beatle", ni McCartney idi agangay ket nairaman ti bagina iti London avant-garde ken nangidaulo ti pannakaikabil ti eksperimental nga estetika kadagiti produksion ti studio ti Beatles. Nangrugi iti 1967 nga album ni Sgt. Ti Lonely Hearts Club Band ni Pepper, isu ket in-inut a nagbalin a de facto a lider ti banda, a nangited ti panagparnuay a panagtignay para iti kaaduan kadagiti proyektoda iti musika ken pelikula. Adu kadagiti kantana ti Beatles, a mairaman ti "Ket Ay-ayatek Isuna", "Idi kalman", "Eleanor Rigby", ken "Blackbird", ket mairaman kadagiti kaaduan a nasaklaw a kanta iti pakasaritaan.[5][6] Bayat a kangrunaan a maysa a bassist iti Beatles, kadagiti nadumaduma a kanta isu ket nagtokar kadagiti sumagmamano a dadduma pay nga instrumento, a mairaman dagiti teklado, gitara, ken tambol. Kalpasan ti pannakawaswas ti Beatles, isu ket nagdebut a kas maysa a solo nga artista babaen ti 1970 nga album a McCartney ken nangporma ti banda a Wings a kaduana ti immuna nga asawana, da Linda, ken Denny Laine. Indauluan babaen ni McCartney, ti Wings ket maysa idi kadagiti kababalligian a banda idi tawtawen ti 1970, ken isu ket nagsurat wenno kaduana a nagsurat kadagiti numero uno a hitsda iti US wenno UK a "My Love", "Band on the Run", "Listen to What the Man Said." ", "Dagiti Maag a Kanta ti Ayat", ken "Mull of Kintyre". Isu ket nagsubli ti solo a karerana idi 1980 ken nagturong a kas maysa a solo nga artista manipud idi 1989. No awan ti Wings, dagiti numero-uno a nagun-odna iti UK wenno E.U. ket mairaman ti "Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey" (a kaduana ni Linda), "Coming Up", "Pipes of Kappia", "Ebony ken Ivory" (kaduana ni Stevie Wonder), ken "Say Say Say" (kaduana ni Michael Jackson). Iti labes ti musika, nakipaset kadagiti proyekto a mangitandudo kadagiti internasional a karidad a mainaig kadagiti suheto a kas iti kalintegan dagiti animal, panaganup iti seal, bomba iti daga, vegetarianismo, kinapanglaw, ken edukasion iti musika. Ni McCartney ket nagsurat wenno kaduana a nagsurat ti rekord a 32 a kanta a nangpuntiria iti Billboard Hot 100 ken, manipud idi 2009, addaan iti panaglako iti 25.5 a riwriw a RIAA-a sertipikado a yunit idiay E.U.. Dagiti pammadayawna ket mairaman ti dua nga induksionda iti Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (kas kameng ti Beatles idi 1988 ken kas maysa a solo nga artista idi 1999), maysa a Gunguna ti Akademia, maysa a Gunguna ti Primetime Emmy, 18 a Gunguna ti Grammy, ti pannakadutok a kas maysa a Kameng ti ti Order of the British Empire idi 1965 ken ti kinakabalyero idi 1997 para kadagiti serbisio iti musika. Manipud idi 2020, isu ket maysa kadagiti kabaknangan a musikero iti lubong, nga addaan iti nakarkulo a kinabaknang iti £800 a riwriw.[7]!---> 0abvysb51xbyifxmfl5q7deqntkzlsq 0 2371 44876 34268 2024-09-23T12:19:22Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 George Harrison idi 1964 44876 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:George Harrison NY 1964.png|縮圖|George Harrison idi 1964]] Ni '''George Harrison'''[nb 1] MBE (25 Pebrero 1943 – 29 Nobiembre 2001)[nb 2] ket maysa idi nga Ingles a musikero ken kumakanta-mannurat ti kanta a nakagun-od ti internasional a kinalatak a kas ti mangidaulo a gitarista ti Beatles. No dadduma naawagan iti "ti naulimek a Beatle", ni Harrison ket inabrasa na ti kultura ti India ken timmulong a nangpalawa ti sakop ti nalatak a musika babaen ti panangikabilna ti instrumentasion ti India ken ti Hindu-a naitunos nga espiritualidad iti obra ti Beatles.[2] Urayno ti kaaduan kadagiti kanta ti banda ket insurat babaen da John Lennon ken Paul McCartney, kaaduan kadagiti album ti Beatles manipud idi 1965 ken agtultuloy ket naglaon ti saan a basbassit ngem dua a komposision ni Harrison. Dagiti kantana para iti grupo ket mairaman ti "Taxman", "Within You Without You", "Bayat a Siaannad nga Agsangsangit ti Gitarak", "Here Comes the Sun" ken "Something". Dagiti immuna nga impluensia ti musika ni Harrison ket mairaman da George Formby ken Django Reinhardt; Da Carl Perkins, Chet Atkins ken Chuck Berry ti simmaruno nga impluensia. Idi 1965, isu ket nangrugin a nangidaulo kadagiti Beatles iti folk rock babaen ti interesna kenni Bob Dylan ken dagiti Byrds, ken agturong iti Indiano a klasiko a musika babaen ti panagusar kadagiti instrumento ti India, a kas ti sitar, nga isu ket nagbalin a naam-ammo iti set ti pelikula Tulong![3] Isu ket nagtokar ti sitar kadagiti adu a kanta ti Beatles, a nangrugi iti "Norwegian Wood (Daytoy a Tumatayab ket Nagtayab)". Gapu ta inrugina ti panangabrasa ti banda iti Transcendental Meditation idi 1967, kalpasanna ket nakapataud ti pannakaikameng iti movimiento ti Hare Krishna. Kalpasan ti panagsina ti banda idi 1970, ni Harrison ket nangiruar ti triple nga album nga All Things Must Pass, ti kritikal a nadayaw nga obra a nangpataud ti kababalligian a napadayawan a single na, "My Sweet Lord", ken nangiyam-ammo ti pirmana nga uni a kas maysa a solo nga artista, ti slide a gitara . Isu ket nangorganisar pay ti 1971 a Konsierto para iti Banglades a kaduana ti Indiano a musikero a ni Ravi Shankar, ti maysa a prekursor kadagiti naud-udi a makagunggona a konsierto a kas ti Live Aid. Iti papelna a kas maysa a prodyuser ti musika ken pelikula, ni Harrison ket nangpataud kadagiti aramid a napirmaan iti label ti rekord ti Apple ti Beatles sakbay a nangibangon ti Dark Horse Records idi 1974; isu ket kaduana a nangibangon ti HandMade Films idi 1978, idi damo tapno mangpataud ti komedia a pelikula ti troupe ti Monty Python a Ti Biag ni Brian (1979). Ni Harrison ket nangiruar kadagiti sumagmamano a nalatak a single ken album a kas maysa a solo a managpabuya. Idi 1988, isu ket kaduana a nangibangon ti platinum-selling a supergrupo a ti Traveling Wilburys. Maysa a nabunga nga artista ti panagrekord, isu ket naiparang a kas maysa a sangaili a gitarista kadagiti track babaen da Badfinger, Ronnie Wood ken Billy Preston, ken nakitinnulong kadagiti kanta ken musika a kaduana da Dylan, Eric Clapton, Ringo Starr ken Tom Petty, ken dagiti dadduma pay. Ti magasin a Rolling Stone ket nangiranggo kaniana a numero 11 iti listaan ​​da kadagiti "100 a Kadakkelan a Gitarrista iti Amin a Panawen". Isu ket dua a daras a Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductee – a kas kameng ti Beatles idi 1988, ken kalpasan ti ipapatayna para iti solo a karerana idi 2004.[4] Ti immuna a panagasawa ni Harrison, kenni modelo a ni Pattie Boyd idi 1966, ket nagpatingga iti diborsio idi 1977. Iti simmaruno a tawen isu ket nakiasawa kenni Olivia Arias, a kaduana ket addaan iti anak a lalaki, ni Dhani. Natay ni Harrison gapu iti kanser ti bara idi 2001 iti edad a 58, dua a tawen kalpasan a nakalasat iti panangraut ti maysa a nangraut babaen ti kutsilio iti pagtaenganna, ti Friar Park. Napuoran dagiti bangkayna, ket naiwaras dagiti dapo sigun iti tradision dagiti Hindu iti pribado a seremonia iti karayan Ganges ken Yamuna idiay India. Isu ket nangibati ti estate a dandani £100 a riwriw. obbn1cvlbf84t3v3do9algsgg860co0 0 2372 44877 44283 2024-09-23T12:19:48Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 Ringo Starr idi 1964 44877 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Ringo Starr NY 1964.png|縮圖|Ringo Starr idi 1964]] Ni '''Sir Richard Starkey'''[2] MBE[3] (nayanak idi 7 Hulio 1940), ammo a propesional a kas ni Ringo Starr, ket maysa nga Ingles a musikero, kumakanta, mannurat ti kanta ken aktor a nakagun-od ti internasional a kinalatak a kas ti drummer para iti Beatles. Ni Starr ket sagpaminsan a nagkanta kadagiti lead vocals a kadua ti grupo, kadawyan para iti maysa a kanta iti tunggal maysa nga album, a mairaman ti "Yellow Submarine" ken "With a Little Help from My Friends". Isu ket nagsurat ken nagkanta pay kadagiti kanta ti Beatles a "Don't Pass Me By" ken "Octopus's Garden", ken naipadayaw a kas maysa a kadua a mannurat kadagiti uppat pay. Ni Starr ket naparparigat kadagiti makapapatay a sakit bayat ti kinaubingna, nga addaan kadagiti panawen ti napaut a pannakayospital. Isu ket apagbiit a nagtagtaginayon ti maysa a puesto iti British Rail sakbay a nakagun-od ti maysa nga aprentis a kas maysa a makinista iti maysa a managaramid ti alikamen ti pagadalan ti Liverpool. Di nagbayag kalpasanna, ni Starr ket nagbalin nga interesado iti UK skiffle craze ken nakapataud ti napasnek a panagdayaw para iti genre. Idi 1957, isu ket kaduana a nangibangon ti immuna a bandana, ti Eddie Clayton Skiffle Group, a nakagun-od kadagiti sumagmamano a natan-ok a lokal a panag-book sakbay a ti uso ket nagpatulong iti Amerikano a rock and roll idi agarup a nasapa a 1958. Idi nabukel ti Beatles idi 1960, ni Starr ket kameng idi ti sabali a Liverpool grupo, ni Rory Storm ken dagiti Bagyo. Kalpasan a nakagun-od ti kalalainganna a balligi idiay UK ken Hamburg, isu ket nagikkat iti Hurricanes idi isu ket nadawat a makikadua iti Beatles idi Agosto 1962, a nangsukat kenni Pete Best. Malaksid kadagiti pelikula ti Beatles, ni Starr ket nagtignay kadagiti adu a dadduma pay. Kalpasan ti panagsina ti banda idi 1970, isu ket nangiruar kadagiti sumagmamano a naballigi a singles a mairaman ti US top-ten hit a "It Don't Come Easy", ken numero uno a "Photograph" ken "You're Sixteen". Ti kababalligian a single-na iti UK ket ti "Back Off Boogaloo", a nagpuntiria iti numero dua. Isu ket nakagun-od ti komersial ken kritikal a balligi babaen ti 1973 nga albumna a Ringo, a daytoy ket maysa idi a top-ten a nairuar nga agpada idiay UK ken E.U. Ni Starr ket naitampok kadagiti adu a dokumentario, nangisangaili kadagiti pabuya ti telebision, nangisalaysay kadagiti immuna a dua a serye ti programa ti telebision dagiti ubbing a Thomas & Friends ken nangiladawan ti "Mr. Conductor" bayat ti umuna a panawen ti serye ti telebision dagiti ubbing ti PBS a Shining Time Station. Manipud idi 1989, isu ket nagturong kadagiti sangapulo ket tallo a panagduduma ti Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band. Ti estilo ti panagtokar ni Starr, a nangipaganetget ti rikna ngem ti teknikal a birtuosidad, ket nakaimpluensia kadagiti adu a drummer a mangpanunot manen ti panagtokarda manipud iti panirigan ti komposision. Isu ket nakaimpluensia pay kadagiti nadumaduma a moderno a tekniko ti panagtambor, a kas ti naipada a panagiggem, panag-tuno kadagiti tambol iti nababbaba, ken panagusar kadagiti alikamen ti panag-muffling kadagiti singsing ti tono.[4] Iti panagkunana, ti kasayaatan a nairekord a panagpabuyana ket iti "Rain" ti Beatles.[5] Idi 1999, isu ket naikabil iti Modern Drummer Hall of Fame.[6] Idi 2011, dagiti agbasbasa iti Rolling Stone ket nanginagan kenkuana a kas maikalima a kalaingan a drummer iti amin a panawen. Isu ket namindua a naikabil iti Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, a kas maysa a Beatle idi 1988 ken kas maysa a solo nga artista idi 2015,[7] ken nadutokan ti maysa a Knight Bachelor iti 2018 a Baro a Tawen a Pammadayaw para kadagiti serbisio iti musika.[8] Idi 2020, isu ket nadakamat a kas ti kabaknangan a drummer iti lubong, nga addaan iti neto a kinabaknang iti $350 a riwriw.[9] as911fyodvtd3nijy111erfu5z09cna 0 2373 44880 34270 2024-09-23T12:21:08Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 John Lennon idi 1964 44880 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:John Lennon NY 1964.png|縮圖|John Lennon idi 1964]] Ni '''John Winston Ono Lennon'''[nb 1] (nayanak a ni John Winston Lennon; 9 Oktubre 1940 – 8 Disiembre 1980) ket maysa idi nga Ingles a kumakanta, mannurat ti kanta, musikero ken aktibista ti kappia a nakagun-od ti sangalubongan a kinalatak a kas ti nangibangon, kaduana a mannurat ti kanta, kaduana a mangidaulo a bokalista ken ritmo gitarista ti Beatles. Ti obra ni Lennon ket nailasin babaen ti rebelioso a kinatao ken acerbic a kinasaririt ti musikana, panagsurat ken panagdrowing, iti pelikula, ken kadagiti interbiu. Ti panagkaduana iti panagsurat ti kanta kenni Paul McCartney ket agtaltalinaed a kababalligian iti pakasaritaan.[2] Naipasngay idiay Liverpool, nairaman ni Lennon iti skiffle craze idi tin-edyer pay laeng. Idi 1956, isu ket nangporma ti The Quarrymen, a nagbalbaliw a nagbalin a Beatles idi 1960. No dadduma ket naawagan iti "ti masirib a Beatle", isu ket immuna idi a de facto a lider ti grupo, ti papel nga in-inut a naited kenni McCartney. Babaen ti panagsuratna iti kanta iti Beatles, ni Lennon ket nangabrasa kadagiti nakaad-adu a musikal nga impluensia, idi damo ket nagsurat ken kaduana a nagsurat kadagiti rock ken pop-a naipangpangruna a hit a kanta kadagiti immuna a tawtawen ti banda, kalpasanna idi agangay ket nangikabil kadagiti eksperimental nga elemento kadagiti komposisionna iti naud-udi a kagudua ti Beatles'. karera bayat a nagbalin a pagaammo dagiti kantana gapu iti umad-adu a panagbalbaliwda. Di nagbayag, pinalawa ni Lennon ti obrana kadagiti sabali a media babaen ti pannakipasetna kadagiti adu a pelikula, a mairaman ti Kasano a Nangabak iti Gubat, ken panagsurat iti In His Own Write ken A Spaniard in the Works, agpada a koleksion dagiti awan serserbina a sinurat ken linia a drowing. Nangrugi iti "All You Need Is Love", dagiti kantana ket inampon a kas kanta babaen ti kontra-gubat a tignay ken ti dakdakkel a kontrakultura idi 1960s. Idi 1969, isu ket nangrugi ti Plastic Ono Band a kaduana ti maikadua nga asawana, ti multimedia nga artista a ni Yoko Ono, ket nangangay ti dua a lawas a kontra-gubat a demonstrasion a Bed-ins para iti Kappia, ken pimmanaw iti Beatles tapno mangrugi iti solo a karera. Iti nagbaetan ti 1968 ken 1972, da Lennon ken Ono ket nagtitinnulongda kadagiti adu nga obra, a mairaman ti trilogia dagiti avant-garde nga album, sumagmamano pay a pelikula, ti solo a debutna a John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band, ken dagiti internasional a top-10 a singles a "Give Peace a Chance", . "Instant Karma!", "Imagine" ken "Naragsak a Paskua (Nalpasen ti Gubat)". Idi immakar idiay Siudad ti Nueva York idi 1971, ti panangbabalawna iti Gubat ti Bietnam ket nagresulta iti tallo a tawen a panangpadas ti administrasion ni Nixon a mangideporta. Nagsina da Lennon ken Ono manipud idi 1973 aginggana idi 1975, a bayat daytoy ket nangpataud ti album ni Harry Nilsson a Pussy Cats. Isu ket addaan pay idi kadagiti chart-topping a panagtitinnulong kenni Elton John ("Aniaman a Magun-odka babaen ti Rabii") ken David Bowie ("Fame"). Kalpasan ti lima a tawen a panagsardengna, nagsubli ni Lennon iti musika idi 1980 babaen ti panagtitinnulong ni Ono a Double Fantasy. Isu ket pinatay babaen ti maysa a managayat ti Beatles, ni Mark David Chapman, tallo a lawas kalpasan ti pannakairuar ti album. Kas maysa a performer, mannurat wenno kaduana a mannurat, ni Lennon ket addaan idi kadagiti 25 a numero-uno a singles iti Billboard Hot 100 a tsart. Ti Double Fantasy, ti nalatak nga albumna, ket nangabak ti 1981 a Gunguna ti Grammy para iti Album ti Tawen. Idi 1982, nangabak ni Lennon iti Brit Award para iti Naisangsangayan a Kontribusion iti Musika. Idi 2002, ni Lennon ket nabutos a maikawalo iti maysa a surbey ti pakasaritaan ti BBC kadagiti 100 a Kadakkelan a Briton. Ti Rolling Stone ket nangiranggo kaniana a kas maikalima a kadakkelan a kumakanta ken maika-38 a kadakkelan nga artista iti amin a panawen. Isu ket naikabil iti Songwriters Hall of Fame (idi 1997) ken ti Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (namindua, a kas kameng ti Beatles idi 1988 ken kas maysa a solo nga artista idi 1994). 2zf2zdwgedo8ilpmgwjpld0q5sjqjxy 0 2375 34272 2023-02-11T21:31:06Z 80.192.31.53 頁面已重新導向至[[The Beatles]] 34272 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[The Beatles]] mhdgk4h95qqet5xqhj5cylshy9e1g86 0 2376 34273 2023-02-11T21:31:07Z 80.192.31.53 頁面已重新導向至[[The Beatles]] 34273 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[The Beatles]] mhdgk4h95qqet5xqhj5cylshy9e1g86 0 2377 34274 2023-02-11T21:34:31Z 80.192.31.53 頁面已重新導向至[[John Lennon]] 34274 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[John Lennon]] 40v6r0m6sd3hkqoz830docq09jq9ysv 0 2378 34275 2023-02-11T21:34:31Z 80.192.31.53 頁面已重新導向至[[Paul McCartney]] 34275 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Paul McCartney]] qfy99q9dh0tgku7cr6lcudy6usxvaro 0 2379 34276 2023-02-11T21:34:31Z 80.192.31.53 頁面已重新導向至[[Paul McCartney]] 34276 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Paul McCartney]] qfy99q9dh0tgku7cr6lcudy6usxvaro 0 2380 34277 2023-02-11T21:34:32Z 80.192.31.53 頁面已重新導向至[[George Harrison]] 34277 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[George Harrison]] e84cujhxrez6b5xyh7knkw11fv7ge84 0 2381 34278 2023-02-11T21:40:36Z 80.192.31.53 頁面已重新導向至[[Amilika]] 34278 wikitext text/x-wiki #重新導向 [[Amilika]] b2iztj863rhhcew0ti5x73x13l2d2d0 0 2382 34279 2023-02-11T21:40:36Z 80.192.31.53 頁面已重新導向至[[Amilika]] 34279 wikitext text/x-wiki #重新導向 [[Amilika]] b2iztj863rhhcew0ti5x73x13l2d2d0 0 2383 34280 2023-02-11T21:40:36Z 80.192.31.53 頁面已重新導向至[[Amilika]] 34280 wikitext text/x-wiki #重新導向 [[Amilika]] b2iztj863rhhcew0ti5x73x13l2d2d0 0 2384 34281 2023-02-11T21:40:37Z 80.192.31.53 頁面已重新導向至[[Amilika]] 34281 wikitext text/x-wiki #重新導向 [[Amilika]] b2iztj863rhhcew0ti5x73x13l2d2d0 0 2385 34282 2023-02-11T21:40:37Z 80.192.31.53 頁面已重新導向至[[Amilika]] 34282 wikitext text/x-wiki #重新導向 [[Amilika]] b2iztj863rhhcew0ti5x73x13l2d2d0 0 2386 34283 2023-02-11T21:40:37Z 80.192.31.53 頁面已重新導向至[[Amilika]] 34283 wikitext text/x-wiki #重新導向 [[Amilika]] b2iztj863rhhcew0ti5x73x13l2d2d0 0 2387 34284 2023-02-11T21:40:38Z 80.192.31.53 頁面已重新導向至[[Amilika]] 34284 wikitext text/x-wiki #重新導向 [[Amilika]] b2iztj863rhhcew0ti5x73x13l2d2d0 0 2388 34285 2023-02-11T21:40:38Z 80.192.31.53 頁面已重新導向至[[Amilika]] 34285 wikitext text/x-wiki #重新導向 [[Amilika]] b2iztj863rhhcew0ti5x73x13l2d2d0 0 2389 34286 2023-02-11T21:42:33Z 80.192.31.53 頁面已重新導向至[[Amilika]] 34286 wikitext text/x-wiki #重新導向 [[Amilika]] b2iztj863rhhcew0ti5x73x13l2d2d0 0 2390 34287 2023-02-11T21:42:33Z 80.192.31.53 頁面已重新導向至[[Amilika]] 34287 wikitext text/x-wiki #重新導向 [[Amilika]] b2iztj863rhhcew0ti5x73x13l2d2d0 0 2391 34288 2023-02-11T21:42:33Z 80.192.31.53 頁面已重新導向至[[Amilika]] 34288 wikitext text/x-wiki #重新導向 [[Amilika]] b2iztj863rhhcew0ti5x73x13l2d2d0 0 2392 34289 2023-02-11T21:42:33Z 80.192.31.53 頁面已重新導向至[[Amilika]] 34289 wikitext text/x-wiki #重新導向 [[Amilika]] b2iztj863rhhcew0ti5x73x13l2d2d0 0 2393 34290 2023-02-11T21:43:35Z 80.192.31.53 頁面已重新導向至[[Amilika]] 34290 wikitext text/x-wiki #重新導向 [[Amilika]] b2iztj863rhhcew0ti5x73x13l2d2d0 0 2394 34291 2023-02-11T21:43:35Z 80.192.31.53 頁面已重新導向至[[Amilika]] 34291 wikitext text/x-wiki #重新導向 [[Amilika]] b2iztj863rhhcew0ti5x73x13l2d2d0 0 2395 34292 2023-02-11T21:43:36Z 80.192.31.53 頁面已重新導向至[[Amilika]] 34292 wikitext text/x-wiki #重新導向 [[Amilika]] b2iztj863rhhcew0ti5x73x13l2d2d0 0 2396 34293 2023-02-11T21:43:36Z 80.192.31.53 頁面已重新導向至[[Amilika]] 34293 wikitext text/x-wiki #重新導向 [[Amilika]] b2iztj863rhhcew0ti5x73x13l2d2d0 0 2397 34294 2023-02-11T21:44:19Z 80.192.31.53 頁面已重新導向至[[Aparaham Linken]] 34294 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Aparaham Linken]] g4xgphgmdi2ubo9z18vgpbim17cqft5 0 2398 44284 42571 2024-08-26T19:39:13Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 ''' 44284 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Gilbert Stuart Williamstown Portrait of George Washington.jpg|縮圖|George Washington]] Ni '''George Washington''' (Pebrero 22, 1732[b] – Disiembre 14, 1799) ket maysa idi nga [[Amilika|Amerikano]] nga opisial ti militar, estadista, ken Nangbangon nga Ama a nagserbi a kas ti immuna a presidente ti Estados Unidos manipud idi 1789 aginggana idi 1797. Nadutokan babaen ti Kontinental a Kongreso a kas komander ti ti Buyot ti Kontinental, ti Washington ket nangidaulo kadagiti puersa ti Patriota iti balligi iti Rebolusionario a Gubat ti Amerika ken nagserbi a kas presidente ti Konstitusional a Kumbension idi 1787, a nangpartuat ken nangratipikar ti Batay-linteg ti Estados Unidos ken ti pederal a gobierno ti Amerika. Ti Washington ket naawagan a kas ti "Ama ti Pagilianna" para iti nadumaduma a panangidaulona iti pannakabangon ti pagilian.[10] Ti immuna nga opisina publiko ti Washington, manipud idi 1749 aginggana idi 1750, ket kas surbeyor ti Kondado ti Culpeper, Virginia. Isu ket kalpasanna ket nakaawat ti immuna a panagsanayna iti militar ken naituding a kas komander ti Rehimen ti Virginia idi las-ud ti Gubat ti Pranses ken Indiano. Isu ket napili idi agangay iti Virginia House of Burgesses ken nainaganan a kas maysa a delegado iti Kontinental a Kongreso, nga isu ket nadutokan a kas ti Komandante a Heneral ti Kontinental a Buyot ken nangidaulo kadagiti puersa ti Amerika a nakikadua iti Pransia iti panagballigi kadagiti Britaniko iti Panaglakub ti Yorktown idi 1781 idi las-ud ti ti Rebolusionario a Gubat, a nanglukat iti dalan para iti wayawaya ti America. Isu ket nagikkat ti komisionna idi 1783 kalpasan a napirmaan ti Tulag ti Paris. Ti Washington ket addaan idi ti nasken a papel iti panangampon ken panangratipikar ti Batay-linteg ti Estados Unidos, a nangsukat kadagiti Artikulo ti Konpederasion idi 1789 ken agtaltalinaed a ti kapaut ti lubong a naisurat ken nakodipika a nailian a batay-linteg aginggana ita nga aldaw.[11][c] Isu ket namindua idin nabutos a presidente babaen ti Electoral College a sangsangkamaysa. Kas ti immuna a presidente ti E.U., nangipatungpal ti Washington iti napigsa, nasayaat ti pannakapondona a nasional a gobierno bayat a nagtalinaed a di mangidumduma iti nakaro a panagriri a rimsua iti nagbaetan dagiti kameng ti gabinete a da Thomas Jefferson ken Alexander Hamilton. Bayat ti Rebolusion Pranses, inwaragawagna ti patakaran ti neutralidad bayat a pinalubosanna ti Tulag ti Jay. Isu ket nangikeddeng kadagiti manayon a pagulidanan para iti opisina ti presidente, a mairaman ti panagusar ti titulo a "Mr. Presidente" ken panagsapata ti Opisina babaen ti imana iti Biblia. Ti Farewell Address-na idi Setiembre 19, 1796, ket nasaknap a maibilang a kas maysa a kangrunaan a sasao maipapan iti republikanismo. Ni Washington ket maysa a makinkukua iti adipen nga addaan iti narikut a relasion iti panangadipen. Bayat ti panagbiagna, isu ket nagtagikua ti naurnong a dagup a nasurok a 577 nga adipen, a napilitan nga agtrabaho kadagiti talonna ken sadinoman ti pagnanaedanna, a mairaman ti Balay ti Presidente idiay Philadelphia. Kaskasdi, kas presidente, nagpirma met kadagiti linteg nga impasa ti Kongreso nga agpadpada a mangsalaknib ken mangkissay iti pannakaadipen. Ti testamentona ket nangibagbaga a ti maysa kadagiti adipenna, ni William Lee, ket rumbeng a mawayawayaan inton matay ken dagiti dadduma pay a 123 nga adipen ket rumbeng a mawayawayaan iti ipapatay ti asawana, urayno isu ket nasapsapa a nangwayawaya kadakuada bayat ti panagbiagna.[12][13] Inkagumaan ni Washington nga asimilar dagiti Katutubo nga Americano iti kultura ti Anglo-Amerikano. Isu ket nangisayangkat pay kadagiti kampania militar a maibusor kadagiti Katutubo nga Amerikano a nasion idi las-ud ti Rebolusionario a Gubat ken ti Gubat ti Amianan a Laud nga Indiano. Isu ket kameng ti Iglesia Anglikano ken dagiti Freemason ken sinuportaranna ti nalawa a narelihiosuan a wayawaya a kas ti Kontinental a Buyot a mangidadaulo a heneral ken ti immuna a presidente ti nasion. Idi pimmusay, ni Washington ket indaydayaw babaen ni Henry "Light-Horse Harry" Lee a kas "umuna iti gubat, immuna iti kappia, ken immuna kadagiti puso dagiti kailianna".[14] Ti Washington ket nalagip babaen dagiti monumento, ti pederal a piesta, dagiti nadumaduma a panangiladawan ti media, dagiti heograpiko a lokasion a mairaman ti nailian a kapitolio, ti Estado ti Washington, dagiti selio, ken ti kuarta. Adu nga eskolar ken ordinario nga Americano ti agpada a mangiranggo kenkuana kadagiti kadakkelan a presidente ti E.U. Idi 1976, ni Washington ket naipangato kalpasan ti ipapatayna iti ranggo a Heneral dagiti Buyot, ti kangatuan a ranggo iti Buyot ti E.U. o92xlso7fbp3sxyqinzs76c13my7pqv 0 2399 34298 2023-02-11T21:47:07Z 80.192.31.53 頁面已重新導向至[[Amilika]] 34298 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Amilika]] odci7sivyz5stcvjq3py1i2nvw0n9yp 0 2400 34299 2023-02-11T21:47:08Z 80.192.31.53 頁面已重新導向至[[Amilika]] 34299 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Amilika]] odci7sivyz5stcvjq3py1i2nvw0n9yp 0 2401 34300 2023-02-11T21:47:08Z 80.192.31.53 頁面已重新導向至[[Amilika]] 34300 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Amilika]] odci7sivyz5stcvjq3py1i2nvw0n9yp 0 2402 34301 2023-02-11T21:47:08Z 80.192.31.53 頁面已重新導向至[[Amilika]] 34301 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Amilika]] odci7sivyz5stcvjq3py1i2nvw0n9yp 0 2403 34302 2023-02-11T21:48:09Z 80.192.31.53 頁面已重新導向至[[Amilika]] 34302 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Amilika]] odci7sivyz5stcvjq3py1i2nvw0n9yp 0 2404 34303 2023-02-11T21:48:09Z 80.192.31.53 頁面已重新導向至[[Amilika]] 34303 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Amilika]] odci7sivyz5stcvjq3py1i2nvw0n9yp 0 2405 34304 2023-02-11T21:48:10Z 80.192.31.53 頁面已重新導向至[[Amilika]] 34304 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Amilika]] odci7sivyz5stcvjq3py1i2nvw0n9yp 0 2406 34305 2023-02-11T21:49:02Z 80.192.31.53 頁面已重新導向至[[Amilika]] 34305 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Amilika]] odci7sivyz5stcvjq3py1i2nvw0n9yp 0 2407 34306 2023-02-11T21:49:03Z 80.192.31.53 頁面已重新導向至[[Amilika]] 34306 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Amilika]] odci7sivyz5stcvjq3py1i2nvw0n9yp 0 2408 34307 2023-02-11T21:49:03Z 80.192.31.53 頁面已重新導向至[[Amilika]] 34307 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Amilika]] odci7sivyz5stcvjq3py1i2nvw0n9yp 0 2409 34308 2023-02-11T21:49:33Z 80.192.31.53 頁面已重新導向至[[Amilika]] 34308 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Amilika]] odci7sivyz5stcvjq3py1i2nvw0n9yp 0 2410 34309 2023-02-11T21:49:33Z 80.192.31.53 頁面已重新導向至[[Amilika]] 34309 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Amilika]] odci7sivyz5stcvjq3py1i2nvw0n9yp 0 2411 34310 2023-02-11T21:49:33Z 80.192.31.53 頁面已重新導向至[[Amilika]] 34310 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Amilika]] odci7sivyz5stcvjq3py1i2nvw0n9yp 0 2412 44881 44654 2024-09-23T12:21:26Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 Grover Cleveland idi 1910 44881 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Grover-cleveland-1910.jpg|縮圖|Grover Cleveland idi 1910]] Ni Stephen Grover Cleveland (Marso 18, 1837 – Hunio 24, 1908) ket maysa idi nga Amerikano nga abogado ken politiko a nagserbi a kas ti maika-22 ken maika-24 a presidente ti Estados Unidos manipud idi 1885 aginggana idi 1889 ken manipud idi 1893 aginggana idi 1897. Ni Cleveland ket isu laeng ti presidente iti pakasaritaan ti Amerika tapno agserbi kadagiti dua a saan nga agsasaruno a termino iti opisina.[b] Isu ket nangabak ti popular a butos para kadagiti tallo nga eleksion ti presidente —idi 1884, 1888, ken 1892—ken maysa idi kadagiti dua a Demokrata (a sinaruno babaen ni Woodrow Wilson idi 1912) a nabutos a presidente bayat ti ti panawen ti dominasion ti presidente ti Republikano a napetsaan manipud 1861 aginggana idi 1933. Idi 1881, ni Cleveland ket napili a mayor ti Buffalo, ken idi 1882, isu ket napili a gobernador ti New York. Isu ti lider dagiti pro-business a Bourbon Democrats a bumusbusor kadagiti nangato a taripa, libre a pirak, implasion, imperyalismo, ken subsidio kadagiti negosio, mannalon, wenno beterano. Ti krusada para iti politikal a reporma ken piskal a konserbatismo ket nagaramid kaniana nga ikono para kadagiti konserbatibo nga Amerikano iti dayta a panawen.[1] Ni Cleveland ket nangabak ti pammadayaw para iti kinamapagpiaran, panagpannuray iti bagina, kinatarnaw, ken panagkumitna kadagiti prinsipio ti klasiko a liberalismo.[2] Nakilaban iti napolitikaan a panagkunniber, patronahe, ken bossismo. Kas maysa a repormador, ni Cleveland ket addaan idi ti kasta a dayaw a dagiti kapada ti panagpampanunotda a Republikano, a tinawtawagan iti "Mugwumps", ket kaaduan a nangibolta ti tiket ti presidente ti Partido Republikano ken nag-swing iti suportana idi eleksion idi 1884.[3] Bayat a nangrugi ti maikadua nga administrasionna, dimteng ti didigra iti nasion idi a ti Panic of 1893 ket nangpataud iti nakaro a nasional a panagleddaang. Daytoy ket nangdadael ti Demokratiko a Partidona, a nanglukat ti dalan para iti panagreggaay ti daga ti Republikano idi 1894 ken para iti agrario ken silverite a panagagaw ti Demokratiko a Partido idi 1896. Ti resulta ket ti napolitikaan a panagtunos manen a nagpatingga ti Sistema ti Maikatlo a Partido ken nangirugi ti Sistema ti Maikapat a Partido ken ti Progresibo Era. Ni Cleveland ket maysa idi a nakabutbuteng a managaramid ti patakaran, ken isu ket nakagun-od pay kadagiti katupag a kritisismo. Ti panagibiangna iti Pullman Strike idi 1894 tapno agtultuloy nga aggaraw dagiti riles ti tren ket nakapungtot kadagiti union ti trabahador iti intero a pagilian malaksid iti partido idiay Illinois; ti suportana iti balitok a pagalagadan ken panagsuppiat iti nawaya a pirak ket nangiyadayo ti agrario a payak ti Demokratiko a Partido.[5] Nagreklamo dagiti kritiko a ni Cleveland ket bassit ti imahinasionna ken kasla naabbungotan babaen dagiti didigra ti ekonomia ti pagilian —dagiti panagleddaang ken dagiti welga —iti maikadua a terminona.[5] Uray pay kasta, nakalasat ti reputasionna gapu iti kinamatalek ken nasayaat a kababalinna kadagiti riribuk ti maikadua a terminona. Insurat ti biograpo a ni Allan Nevins, "[I]n Grover Cleveland, ti kinatan-ok ket adda kadagiti gagangay imbes a dagiti naisangsangayan a galad. Isu ket awan idi kadagiti endowment nga awan kadagiti rinibu a lallaki. Isu ket nagtagikua ti kinamapagpiaran, tured, kinatibker, panagwaywayas, ken sentido komon. Ngem." isu ket nagtagikua kadagitoy aginggana ti maysa a tukad a saan a tagikua dagiti dadduma a lallaki."[6] Idi panagpatingga ti maikadua a terminona, ti pannakaawat ti publiko ket nangipakita kaniana a maysa kadagiti saan unay a nalatak a presidente ti E.U., ken isu ket idin ket nailaksid urayno babaen dagiti kaaduan a Demokrata.[7 ] Ita, ni Cleveland ket ibilang babaen dagiti kaaduan a historiador a kas maysa a naballigi a lider, ken nadayaw para iti kinamapagpiaran, kinatarnaw, panagtungpal kadagiti moralidadna, panagsuppiat kadagiti beddeng ti partido, ken epektibo a panangidaulo. sz1xr91rxquddbq8libfbfytmnj8e5w 0 2413 34312 2023-02-11T21:52:03Z 80.192.31.53 頁面已重新導向至[[Amilika]] 34312 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Amilika]] odci7sivyz5stcvjq3py1i2nvw0n9yp 0 2414 34313 2023-02-11T21:52:03Z 80.192.31.53 頁面已重新導向至[[Amilika]] 34313 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Amilika]] odci7sivyz5stcvjq3py1i2nvw0n9yp 0 2415 34314 2023-02-11T21:52:04Z 80.192.31.53 頁面已重新導向至[[Amilika]] 34314 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Amilika]] odci7sivyz5stcvjq3py1i2nvw0n9yp 0 2416 34315 2023-02-11T21:52:04Z 80.192.31.53 頁面已重新導向至[[Amilika]] 34315 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Amilika]] odci7sivyz5stcvjq3py1i2nvw0n9yp 0 2417 34316 2023-02-11T21:53:09Z 80.192.31.53 頁面已重新導向至[[Amilika]] 34316 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Amilika]] odci7sivyz5stcvjq3py1i2nvw0n9yp 0 2418 34317 2023-02-11T21:53:09Z 80.192.31.53 頁面已重新導向至[[Amilika]] 34317 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Amilika]] odci7sivyz5stcvjq3py1i2nvw0n9yp 0 2419 34318 2023-02-11T21:53:10Z 80.192.31.53 頁面已重新導向至[[Amilika]] 34318 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Amilika]] odci7sivyz5stcvjq3py1i2nvw0n9yp 0 2420 34319 2023-02-11T21:53:10Z 80.192.31.53 頁面已重新導向至[[Amilika]] 34319 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Amilika]] odci7sivyz5stcvjq3py1i2nvw0n9yp 0 2421 34320 2023-02-11T21:53:10Z 80.192.31.53 頁面已重新導向至[[Amilika]] 34320 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Amilika]] odci7sivyz5stcvjq3py1i2nvw0n9yp 0 2422 34321 2023-02-11T21:54:18Z 80.192.31.53 頁面已重新導向至[[Amilika]] 34321 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Amilika]] odci7sivyz5stcvjq3py1i2nvw0n9yp 0 2423 34322 2023-02-11T21:54:19Z 80.192.31.53 頁面已重新導向至[[Amilika]] 34322 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Amilika]] odci7sivyz5stcvjq3py1i2nvw0n9yp 0 2424 34323 2023-02-11T21:54:19Z 80.192.31.53 頁面已重新導向至[[Amilika]] 34323 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Amilika]] odci7sivyz5stcvjq3py1i2nvw0n9yp 0 2425 34324 2023-02-11T21:54:19Z 80.192.31.53 頁面已重新導向至[[Amilika]] 34324 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Amilika]] odci7sivyz5stcvjq3py1i2nvw0n9yp 0 2426 34325 2023-02-11T21:54:20Z 80.192.31.53 頁面已重新導向至[[Amilika]] 34325 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Amilika]] odci7sivyz5stcvjq3py1i2nvw0n9yp 0 2427 34326 2023-02-11T21:54:51Z 80.192.31.53 頁面已重新導向至[[Amilika]] 34326 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Amilika]] odci7sivyz5stcvjq3py1i2nvw0n9yp 0 2428 34327 2023-02-11T21:54:51Z 80.192.31.53 頁面已重新導向至[[Amilika]] 34327 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Amilika]] odci7sivyz5stcvjq3py1i2nvw0n9yp 0 2429 34328 2023-02-11T21:54:52Z 80.192.31.53 頁面已重新導向至[[Amilika]] 34328 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Amilika]] odci7sivyz5stcvjq3py1i2nvw0n9yp 0 2430 34329 2023-02-11T21:55:21Z 80.192.31.53 頁面已重新導向至[[Amilika]] 34329 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Amilika]] odci7sivyz5stcvjq3py1i2nvw0n9yp 0 2431 34330 2023-02-11T21:55:21Z 80.192.31.53 頁面已重新導向至[[Amilika]] 34330 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Amilika]] odci7sivyz5stcvjq3py1i2nvw0n9yp 0 2432 34331 2023-02-11T21:55:21Z 80.192.31.53 頁面已重新導向至[[Amilika]] 34331 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Amilika]] odci7sivyz5stcvjq3py1i2nvw0n9yp 0 2433 44879 43686 2024-09-23T12:20:48Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 John F. Kennedy idi 1963 44879 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:John F. Kennedy, White House color photo portrait.jpg|縮圖|John F. Kennedy idi 1963]] Ni John Fitzgerald Kennedy (Mayo 29, 1917 – Nobiembre 22, 1963), masansan a tinukoy babaen dagiti inisialna a JFK, ket maysa idi nga Amerikano a politiko a nagserbi a kas ti maika-35 a presidente ti Estados Unidos manipud idi 1961 aginggana idi napapatay idi 1963. Isu ti kaubingan a tao tapno mangala ti kinapresidente babaen ti eleksion ken ti kaubingan a presidente iti ngudo ti panagturayna.[2] Nagserbi ni Kennedy idi kangitingitan ti Nalamiis a Gubat, ken ti kaaduan a ganggannaet a pagalagadanna ket maipanggep kadagiti komunista nga estado a kas ti Kappon ti Sobiet ken Kuba. Maysa a Demokrata, ni Kennedy ket nangibagi ti Massachusetts kadagiti agpada a balay ti Kongreso ti E.U. sakbay ti panagpresidentena. Naipasngay iti nalatak a pamilia Kennedy idiay Brookline, Massachusetts, ni Kennedy ket nagturpos idiay Unibersidad ti Harvard idi 1940 sakbay a nakikadua iti U.S. Naval Reserve iti simmaruno a tawen. Bayat ti Gubat Sangalubongan II, isu ket nangibilin kadagiti agsasaruno a bilog ti PT iti teatro ti Pasipiko. Ti pannakaisalakan ni Kennedy kalpasan ti pannakalned ti PT-109 ken ti panangispalna kadagiti padana a marino ket nagaramid kaniana a bannuar ti gubat ken nakagun-od ti Medalia ti Armada ken Marine Corps, ngem nangibati kaniana kadagiti nakaro a pannakadangran. Kalpasan ti apagbiit a panagserbina iti periodismo, ni Kennedy ket nangibagi ti maysa a klase ti mangmangged a distrito ti Boston idiay Kamara dagiti Pannakabagi ti E.U. manipud idi 1947 aginggana idi 1953. Isu ket kalpasanna ket napili iti Senado ti E.U. ken nagserbi a kas ti junior a senador para iti Massachusetts manipud idi 1953 aginggana idi 1960. Bayat nga adda iti Senado, impablaak ni Kennedy ti librona, Profiles in Courage, a nangabak iti Premio Pulitzer. Ni Kennedy ket nagtaray idi 1960 nga eleksion ti presidente. Ti kampaniana ket nakagun-od ti pigsa kalpasan dagiti immuna a naipabuya iti telebision a debate ti presidente iti pakasaritaan ti Amerika, ken isu ket nabutos a kas presidente, nga akikid a nangabak ti Republikano a kalaban a ni Richard Nixon, nga isu idi ti agdama a bise presidente. Isu ti immuna a Katoliko a nabutos a presidente. Ti administrasion ni Kennedy ket nangiraman kadagiti nangato a tension kadagiti komunista nga estado idi Nalamiis a Gubat. Pinaaduna ti bilang dagiti mamalbalakad iti militar nga Americano idiay South Vietnam. Isu ket nangipalubos kadagiti adu nga operasion tapno mangparmek ti gobierno ti Kuba ni Fidel Castro, a mairaman ti napaay a Panagraut ti Bay of Pigs idi Abril 1961. Iti simmaruno nga Oktubre, dagiti eroplano ti espia ti E.U. ket nakaduktal kadagiti base ti missile ti Sobiet idiay Cuba; ti nagbanagan a panawen dagiti tension, a naawagan iti Krisis ti Misil ti Cuba, ket gistay nagbanag iti panagbettak ti sangalubongan a termnuklear a panagdadangadang. Isu ket nagpirma pay ti immuna a katulagan ti nuklear nga armas idi Oktubre 1963. Ni Kennedy ket nangidaulo ti pannakaipasdek ti Kuerpo ti Kappia, Alyansa para iti Panagrang-ay iti Latin Amerika, ken ti panagtultuloy ti programa ti Apollo nga addaan ti panggep a mangidisso ti maysa a tao iti Bulan. Isu ket sinuportaranna pay ti movimiento ti karbengan sibil ngem medyo naballigi laeng a nangipasa kadagiti domestiko a pagalagadanna iti Baro a Pagbeddengan. Idi Nobiembre 22, 1963, ni Kennedy ket napapatay idiay Dallas. Ti bise presidentena, ni Lyndon B. Johnson, ket nangala ti kinapresidente idi pimmusay ni Kennedy. Ni Lee Harvey Oswald, dati nga U.S. Marine, ket naaresto gapu iti pannakapapatayna, ngem isu ket pinaltogan ken pinatay ni Jack Ruby dua nga aldaw kalpasanna. Agpada a nagkonklusion ti FBI ken ti Warren Commission a nagmaymaysa ni Oswald a nagtignay, ngem adda dagiti teoria ti panagkukumplot maipapan iti panangpapatay. Kalpasan ti ipapatay ni Kennedy, ti Kongreso ket nangipaulog kadagiti adu a singasingna, a mairaman ti Tignay ti Sibil a Karbengan ti 1964 ken ti Tignay ti Apit idi 1964. Ni Kennedy ket nangato ti ranggona kadagiti panagbutos dagiti presidente ti E.U. kadagiti historiador ken ti sapasap a publiko. Ti personal a biagna ket isu pay idi ti pokus ti dakkel a natalged nga interes kalpasan dagiti paltiing ti publiko idi tawtawen ti 1970 kadagiti napaut a sakitna iti salun-at ken dagiti ekstramarital nga affairs. Ni Kennedy ti kaudian a presidente ti E.U. a natay iti opisinana. gjurnabq6k18ro9opfhrfczlypzd1oe 0 2434 34333 2023-02-11T21:57:12Z 80.192.31.53 頁面已重新導向至[[John F. Kennedy]] 34333 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[John F. Kennedy]] iev4l1xi1mbz8ek3kr8vzgzbpaj5uu2 0 2435 34334 2023-02-11T21:57:13Z 80.192.31.53 頁面已重新導向至[[John F. Kennedy]] 34334 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[John F. Kennedy]] iev4l1xi1mbz8ek3kr8vzgzbpaj5uu2 0 2436 34335 2023-02-11T21:57:13Z 80.192.31.53 頁面已重新導向至[[John F. Kennedy]] 34335 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[John F. Kennedy]] iev4l1xi1mbz8ek3kr8vzgzbpaj5uu2 0 2437 34336 2023-02-11T21:57:13Z 80.192.31.53 頁面已重新導向至[[John F. Kennedy]] 34336 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[John F. 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(Yes we can.) 2008/11/5 === I 2008 miheca 11 folad 5 romi’ad, no niyah [[Amilika]], saki fa^elohay tilid no likisi i hekal. Saka 56 rekad congtong no Amilika a singkiw, nai 232 mihecaan na mapatireng ko kitakit no Amilika masofoc ko cecay fohetingay tamdaw congtong ci Barack Obama. Tona milicay ko sinpon palosiyangay no tilifi to cecay a finawlan i, paca’of cingra to o Africa a dotoc Amilika tamdaw o kalita’angan, nikawrira o sakafalicaw no aniniay Amilika tamdaw, o nian ko sakalita’angaen ako saan. Mahapinang to oni Amilika a finacadan a kasaparod, ma’awasay to ko kasa’epec no finacadan, tayra to i fa^elohay a tato’asan. Anini 47 ko mihecaan ni Barack Obama, o nano Kenya kitakit tayni i Amilika mitilid, o mikingkiway to no tamdawan ko ina, itira i Hawaii ko sofoc ni Obama, o Africa dotoc Amilika tamdaw, anini, o saka sepat a masakapahay no Amilika congtong cingra. Tona misi’ayaw cingra to ’alomanay finawlan a ma’acang, ci Obama i 11 folad 5 romi’ad a dadaya mihapiw cingra a papelo: Yes, We can. (Hai, maedeng ita.) sanay a pisalemed no Amilika. === Halo, Chicago! (哈囉，芝加哥) === Tada: kakahemekan ako masa’icel a pakaki’aotay a fafa’eday lomaocay i New Hampshire ci Bill Clinton. I ’ayaw no pinapina a lipay, awaay ko pakahiratengay a tamdaw to mamalaheci ko nademak anini a dadaya lalahecien a demak. Itini to nia karomakatan a milafo, tararikoray ho kita, matiya o romakatay i tonotono’an a sacokacok. Nikawrira mapahapinangay matilid i nisa’osian i, o kasadak iso a mihapiw to sasowalen o “sakafalicaw” no demak. Itini to nia tatokian, pakaynien i ngiha iso ato sapifalicaw no pitopa iso a paya. Itini to nia pitopaan, o a ira ko cecay a demak i Amilika masapinang. Ira ko cecay a demak to mamasapinang, tona o fainayan ato fafahiyan cangra itira i kaso’edaan a folad, I Dimont ato i Davenport, i Lebanon ato Concord a masatisil marayaray ko mipacelcelay, nawhani paso’elin cangra, o mamafalic ko nakitakit saan. O a ira ko cecay a demak a mamasapinang, o kapah tamdaw ato cifaloco’ay a kapah tamdaw, nao caayay ho pikihatiya to sici, na o caayay ho pakanengneng to paya sapisingkiw, nawhani i faloco’ nangra,  mafana’ cangra anini o mamafalic koni. O a ira ko cecay a demak a mamasapinang, tona o ’alomanay tamdaw caay ko dengan no niyah a sician a kasarekad ko nicokeran, o sakalacecayaw no pafaloc’an, ano cidafongay to ato pakoyocay to tamdaw; o kohetingay tamdaw ato fohecalay tamdaw, o Latin ato Asia a tamdaw; ano nai Iowa sa’etal a mimokal ato New Hampshire sa’etal ato Nevada sa’etal ato South California sa’etal to, sahetoay o mipatalaay kita to mamikerid to fa^elohay pasayraay no kitakit a rarakat. Oraan koya mamasapinang a demak i Amilika. O “kafalic” sanay a demak masapinangay a demak i Amilika. Manga’ay iso a mikihatiya to roma a fa^elohay a sici a kasarekad, malomikeriday to halafinay to’emanay a sici nina kitakit, o fa^elohay ’alomanay kasarekad o pakoniraay sarekad (Mincutang), o caay pikapot to sarekad a tamdaw ato nipapolongan sarekad (Kunghetang), ano cimaay to ko mafana’ay manga’ayay paini to masasiromaay a mala o miliyangay a tamdaw; o kafana’an to no fa^elohay a sakapot, ano mapalosingang ita ko sasowalen, o tatamorongen ita ko ’icel no micalapay to karomakatan a lalan, mapalowad ita ko sakanga'ay tahira toya hekal. awaay ko caayay ka salof a demak ita, awaay ko caayay ka felih a ’oripen. O fa^elohay a sarekad no Amilika manga’ay misalof to caayay ka kararimaan, caayay ka o nga’ayay pidemak to sakadamaay notireng a telek. Manga’ay ita mikerid ko ising ato adadaay; mitahidangan ato mitahidangay; o pakoniraay sarekad ato nipapolongan sarekad a malacecay, maedeng pasifana’en ita ko mali’acaay to sapaiyo ato mipahokingay, tona maro’ cangra a masasowal i, aka to kalalikel mi’aca to ’anengan. Caay kai matini. Caay kai aniniay. O fa^elohay alomaay sici a sarekad kita a maedeng mipaterep toya mikoliniway a malinah patayra i roma a kitakit a pakatayalay kosi to matayalay o sakaserer no sata, pala o malosakanga’ay a maserer ko sata no malalokay a matayal, nawhani o sakanga’ay i cangraan koni. Maedeng paterepen ita ko kangodoen no kaemangay ita i pangpangan no pitilidan, patayraen cangra i nga’ayay sakacakat rakaten a lalan. Manga’ay ita paterep to palata’angay to singsi, o pipatodong to pipacakat to lifon ko nga’ay malosapakaolah to satadamaan nangra. Kita o fa^elohay alomaay sici a sarekad ko mamilaheci toni a demak. Maedeng pakaynien ita i maomahay ato kakako tamdaw a taneng; o ’icel no finawlan ato malatawkiay kosi, na itini kitakit pakayni i mitodisay to simal masadak a mipa’orip, mapa’orip ko dohaw no mita, nawhani caay ko mamiliyaw ma’orip caira. Ano maala kako a malacungtong, paterepen ita ko kalalood i Iraq, keriden ita ko sofotay a panokayen. Pahereken ita ko kalaliyang a lalood to Qaeda in Afghanistan sakapot. O dadipoten ita ko misawadayto a sohitay; palowaden ita ko tadancaay a pinangan ko nengneng no kasakitalit titaanan. O roma sato, o ecacaay to ka o 911 demakan ko sapiala to singkiw sakaira no nipitopa, nawhani caayko sakaala a halaka ko raan, o sapipalowadaw to polong no Amilika ato polong hekal malacecay ko pilifet to  21 sici a katalawan no hekal: masakakoki’an, sakalatiih a sakari’ang, malatiihay kafalifalic no romi’ad, sakalapakoyoc, kapapatapatay no finacadan ato adada. O polong no patosokan sakimilafoay konini. Ira ko nga’ayay pakayraan a milaheci. Saheto o cifaloco’ay to hakanga’ay no kitakit kita, so’elinay foloco’ ko sapipatadoaw to nia kitakit. Nikawrira masasiromaay ko pakayraan to sapilafo ita, nawhani caay ko nika lacungtong to ako a o maan ko dademaken, halo ita mapolong ko dademakay, o miolahay ho tonini a kitakit a tamdaw i, o mamifalic to nian. Nawiro o nomisoay koni a dadaya a han. O no kasawasilay, o no milonokay, o polong no paso’elinay to kafahekaan masaopoay kamo ko nianan. Kafana’en ita, o raraya’ ho ko kalaloodan. nikawrira hiratengaw, ano masamaamaan ko kaira no misa’etay to rarakaten a lalan, awaayko pakatena’ay to sapatekay masa’ofaday a ngiha to sapifalicaw nanay. Aka piti’er kita a milecad to radiw no milokesay, tata’ata’ang ko ngiha a radiw nangra o malosakacaay ka sasinga’ay. O sapihapinang a paso’elin, mapapipaterep kita tonini a demak, mapatalaw kita to sowal, o moraraway ko pafaloco’ to finawlan no kitakit ko nian saan. Nikawrira caayko mahaenay konini a demak, caayko tao ko nian, o Amilika, o caay kamoraraw ko pafaloco’an itini. I ’ayaw, tona misi’ayaw kita to caayay kalaheci a demak i, tona matoro’ kita caay ho ka songila’ ko demak, ano eca tona mimaan a mitanam, caay pakalaheci ko demak saan toya i, o finawlan no Amilika ko cecay rahodayay sapasifana’ a saca’of: kalacecayaw ko hirateng ato salo’afang no finawlan. Hai, maedeng ita. Onini a sifana’ matiliday to i pipatirengan to kitakit a tilid, mahapiw to pakafana’ to cihaw no kitakit. Hai, maedeng ita. Kalosasowalen no mafadesay ato mapalasawaday to malafadesay a mayakyak ko nian, i to’emanay a dadaya, mapalalan no likat mapatedi ko sapakoniraan. Hai, maedeng ita. Kalosasowalenanay ko nian, itini i kasakapot a malinagay, o sakacipaya a misa’icel to no fafahiyan ko nian. O masafoladay ko pipili’ mamalacongtong no kitakit, ano eca o mamikerid titaanay a patayra i tokos, ta pasowal a mitoro’ to sakatayra i kitakit no kakarayan a lalan a hongti matiya. Hai, maedeng ita. Nai maraayay hekal marepetay a mafolaway kasasowalan, palaplap a tayra i noetipan a hekal ko mimatangay a miraradiway. Hai, maedeng ita. Manga’ay ita pasayra i mo^ecelay ato malalenay. Manga’ay kita pasayra i cito’ekay ato kacemahadana a tala’ayaw. Manga’ay ita miadah ko nia kitakit. Manga’ay ita misalof konini a hekal. “Yes, We Can.” Hai, maedeng ita. Orasaka, ano dafak, tona tayra kita i katimol ato ka’etip a mirakat i, kafana’an ita itiraay i Spartanburg matayalay to tinooy karorayan ato itiraay i Las Vegas marorayay mifanaw to kaysing; tona mafana’ kita to cecay i Dillon a wawa to fafahiyan sacifaloco’ saan sakatayraan toya makadadacay to a pitilidan ato itiraay i lalalan no LA i lalanay minanam a wawa to fainayan malecaday I; aka to kao kasasiroma no sici a hareteng a masasiketed masapitao, o malacecayay kita, o cecayay a kitakit kita. Ka lakayat kita, o toloay a tilid ko sakafa^eloh a kimad no Amilika, rayrayen ita konini, “Yes, We Can.” Hai, maedeng ita. [[Faylo:President Barack Obama.jpg|縮圖|Malacongtong ci Barack Obama.]] Ni Barack Hussein Obama II (/bəˈrɑːk huːˈseɪn oʊˈbɑːmə/ (dumngeg) bə-RAHK hoo-SAYN oh-BAH-mə;[1] naipasngay idi Agosto 4, 1961) ket maysa nga Amerikano a retirado a politiko a nagserbi a kas ti maika-44 a presidente ti Estados Unidos manipud 2009 aginggana idi 2017. Ni Obama, a kameng ti Demokratiko a Partido, ket isu idi ti immuna nga Aprikano-Amerikano a presidente ti Estados Unidos.[2] Isu ket dati a nagserbi a kas maysa a senador ti E.U. manipud idiay Illinois manipud idi 2005 aginggana idi 2008 ken kas maysa a senador ti estado ti Illinois manipud idi 1997 aginggana idi 2004, ken dati a nagtrabaho a kas maysa nga abogado ti karbengan sibil sakbay a simrek iti politika. Naipasngay ni Obama idiay Honolulu, Hawaii. Kalpasan ti panagturposna iti Columbia University idi 1983, nagtrabaho a kas maysa nga organisador ti komunidad idiay Chicago. Idi 1988, isu ket nagpalista idiay Harvard Law School, nga isu ket isu idi ti immuna a nangisit a presidente ti Harvard Law Review. Kalpasan ti panagturposna, isu ket nagbalin nga abogado ti karbengan sibil ken akademiko, a nangisursuro ti konstitusional a linteg idiay Unibersidad ti Chicago Law School manipud idi 1992 aginggana idi 2004. Nagturong iti elektibo a politika, isu ket nangibagi ti maika-13 a distrito iti Senado ti Illinois manipud idi 1997 aginggana idi 2004, idi isu ket nagtaray para iti Senado ti E.U. Ni Obama ket nakaawat ti nailian nga atension idi 2004 babaen ti Marso a panagballigina iti primaria iti Senado, ti nasayaat a naawat a kangrunaan a panagbitlana iti Hulio a Demokratiko a Nailian a Kumbension, ken ti landslide a panagbutosna iti Nobiembre iti Senado. Idi 2008, kalpasan ti nasinged a primaria a kampania a maibusor kenni Hillary Clinton, isu ket innominar babaen ti Demokratiko a Partido para iti presidente ken pinili ni Joe Biden a kas ti kaduana a tumataray. Ni Obama ket nabutos ngem ti Republikano a nominado a ni John McCain idi eleksion ti presidente ken nainaguraran idi Enero 20, 2009. Siam a bulan kalpasanna, isu ket nainaganan a kas ti 2009 a Premio Nobel ti Kappia a premio, ti desision a nakagun-od ti naglaok a pammadayaw ken kritisismo. Dagiti tignay ni Obama iti umuna a termino ket tinamingna ti sangalubongan a krisis pinansial ken karaman ti maysa a kangrunaan a pakete ti stimulus, ti paset a panangpalawa iti pannakakissay ti buis ni George W. Bush, lehislasion a mangreporma iti panangtaripato iti salun-at, maysa a kangrunaan a bill ti reporma iti pinansial a regulasion, ken ti panagpatingga ti maysa a kangrunaan a presensia ti militar ti E.U idiay Iraq. Dinutokan pay ni Obama dagiti hues ti Korte Suprema a da Sonia Sotomayor ken Elena Kagan, ti dati ket isu ti immuna nga Hispanic American iti Korte Suprema. Isu ket nangibilin ti panagraut ti kontraterorismo a nangpapatay kenni Osama bin Laden ken nangibaba ti modelo ni Bush a kontra-insurhensia, a nangpalawa kadagiti panagraut ti eroplano ken nagaramid ti nasaknap a panagusar kadagiti naisangayan a puersa bayat a nangiparegta ti dakdakkel a panagpannuray kadagiti militar ti mangsangaili-gobierno. Kalpasan ti panangabakna iti eleksion manen babaen ti panangabakna iti kalaban a Republikano a ni Mitt Romney, nagsapata ni Obama iti maikadua a termino idi Enero 20, 2013. Iti maikadua a terminona, nangaramid ni Obama kadagiti addang a manglaban iti panagbalbaliw ti klima, a nagpirma iti kangrunaan nga internasional a katulagan iti klima ken ehekutibo a bilin a... limitaran ti carbon emissions. Indauluan pay ni Obama ti pannakaipatungpal ti Affordable Care Act ken dadduma pay a lehislasion a naipasa iti umuna a terminona, ken nakinegosio iti nuklear a katulagan iti Iran ken na-normalize ti relasionna iti Cuba. Dakkel ti bimmaba ti bilang dagiti soldado nga Americano idiay Afghanistan bayat ti maikadua a termino ni Obama, nupay nagtalinaed dagiti soldado ti U.S. idiay Afghanistan iti intero a panagpresidente ni Obama. Bayat ti termino ni Obama kas presidente, dakkel ti simmayaatan ti reputasion ti Estados Unidos iti ballasiw-taaw ken ti ekonomia ti Amerika, nupay nakapadas ti pagilian iti nangato a lebel ti partisan divide. Pimmanaw ni Obama iti opisinana idi Enero 20, 2017, ken agtultuloy nga agnanaed idiay Washington, D.C. Nangrugi a naibangon ti presidential library-na idiay Chicago idi 2021. Manipud idi pimmanaw iti opisinana, nagtalinaed nga aktibo ni Obama iti Demokratiko a politika, agraman ti panagkampania kadagiti kandidato iti nadumaduma nga eleksion ti Amerika. Iti ruar ti politika, ni Obama ket nangipablaak kadagiti tallo a nalatak a libro: Dagiti Arapaap manipud iti Amak (1995), Ti Tured ti Namnama (2006) ken Ti Naikari a Daga (2020). Dagiti ranggo babaen dagiti eskolar ken historiador, nga isu ket naiparang manipud idi 2010, ket mangmatmat ti kinapresidentena a paborable ken mangikabil kaniana kadagiti akinngato a tukad dagiti presidente ti Amerika. == Mifalicay to tilid (文字翻譯) == Ci Masao Nikar - 'Amis/Pangcah. [[Category:Amilika]] jint9m3smsr4n3fftcxuh4j24emltfh 0 2454 34353 2023-02-11T22:02:15Z 80.192.31.53 頁面已重新導向至[[Barack Obama]] 34353 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Barack Obama]] blwoow0ei72xropnp9st34boj4a2gmg 0 2455 44878 44282 2024-09-23T12:20:13Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 Joe Biden idi 2021 44878 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Joe Biden presidential portrait.jpg|縮圖|Joe Biden idi 2021]] Ni '''Joseph Robinette Biden Jr.''' (/ˈbaɪdən/ (dumngeg) BY-dən; naipasngay idi Nobiembre 20, 1942) ket maysa nga Amerikano a politiko nga isu ti maika-46 ken agdama a presidente ti Estados Unidos. Maysa a kameng ti Demokratiko a Partido, isu ket dati a nagserbi a kas ti maika-47 a bise presidente manipud idi 2009 aginggana idi 2017 babaen ni Presidente Barack Obama, ken nangibagi ti Delaware iti Senado ti Estados Unidos manipud idi 1973 aginggana idi 2009. Naipasngay idiay Scranton, Pennsylvania, immakar ni Biden a kaduana ti pamiliana idiay Delaware idi 1953. Isu ket nagadal idiay Unibersidad ti Delaware sakbay a nakagun-od ti degree-na iti linteg manipud iti Unibersidad ti Syracuse. Isu ket napili iti Konseho ti Kondado ti Baro a Kastilio idi 1970 ken nagbalin a maikanem nga ub-ubing a senador iti pakasaritaan ti E.U. kalpasan a nabutos iti Senado ti Estados Unidos manipud idiay Delaware idi 1972, idi agtawen iti 29. Ni Biden ket isu idi ti tserman wenno ranggo a kameng ti Senado a Ganggannaet Relations Committee iti 12 a tawen. Isu ket nangidaulo ti Komite ti Hudisial ti Senado manipud idi 1987 aginggana idi 1995; indauluanna ti panagregget a mangipasa iti Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act ken ti Violence Against Women Act; ken nangimaton iti innem a pannakadengngeg ti pammatalged iti Korte Suprema ti E.U., agraman dagiti nasuppiatan a pannakadengngeg da Robert Bork ken Clarence Thomas. Ni Biden ket saan a naballigi a nagtaray para iti Demokratiko a nominasion ti presidente idi 1988 ken 2008. Pinili ni Barack Obama ni Biden a kas ti running matena idi 2008 ken 2012 nga eleksion ti presidente. Bayat ti dua a terminona kas bise presidente ni Obama, masansan a nangibagi ni Biden iti administrasion kadagiti negosasion kadagiti kongressional a Republikano ken nasinged a mamalbalakad ken ni Obama. Inabak da Biden ken ti running matena a ni Kamala Harris dagiti agdama a da Donald Trump ken Mike Pence iti 2020 presidential election. Idi Enero 20, 2021, isu ket nagbalin a ti kalakayan a presidente iti pakasaritaan ti E.U., ti immuna nga addaan iti babai a bise presidente ken ti immuna a presidente manipud idiay Delaware. Kas presidente, tinaming ni Biden ti COVID-19 pandemic ken ti simmaruno a recession. Isu ket nagpirma ti American Rescue Plan Act, ti bipartisan nga Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, ti Inflation Reduction Act, ti CHIPS ken Science Act ken ti Respect for Marriage Act, a nangkodipika kadagiti proteksion para iti panagasawa ti agpada a sekso ken nangikkat ti DOMA. Isu ket nangidutok kenni Ketanji Brown Jackson iti Korte Suprema. Iti foreign policy, insubli ni Biden ti pannakaikameng ti America iti Paris Agreement maipapan iti panagbalbaliw ti klima. Isu ket nakompletona ti panagikkat dagiti tropa ti E.U. manipud idiay Afganistan, a nagpatingga ti gubat idiay Afganistan, a bayat daytoy ket narba ti gobierno ti Afganistan ken dagiti Taliban ket nangagaw ti kontrol. Isu ket simmungbat iti 2022 a panangraut ti Russia iti Ukraine babaen ti panangipakatna kadagiti sansion iti Russia ken panangipalubosna kadagiti ganggannaet a tulong ken panagipatulod kadagiti armas idiay Ukraine. 0mqtvvq6uis3dz5yd0mlsxohzsxymns 0 2456 34382 2023-02-12T12:14:47Z 80.192.31.53 頁面已重新導向至[[Elizabeth II]] 34382 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Elizabeth II]] 16slb2qu1eohfdfifr3ytcld9xftoxx 0 2457 34383 2023-02-12T12:15:32Z 80.192.31.53 頁面已重新導向至[[Elizabeth II]] 34383 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Elizabeth II]] 16slb2qu1eohfdfifr3ytcld9xftoxx 0 2459 34385 2023-02-12T12:18:25Z 80.192.31.53 建立內容為「[[Faylo:Charles, Prince of Wales in 2021 (cropped) (3).jpg|縮圖|Charles kas Prinsipe ti Wales idi 2021]] Ni Charles III (Charles Philip Arthur George; naipasngay idi 14 Nobiembre 1948) ket Ari ti Nagkaykaysa a Pagarian ken dagiti 14 a dadduma pay a pagarian ti Mankomunidad.[fn 1] Isu ket isu idi ti kapaut ti panagserbina nga agtawid a nabatad ken Prinsipe ti Gales ken, idi agtawen iti 73, ket nagbalin a ti kalakayan a tao a simrek iti trono ti Britania, id…」的新頁面 34385 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Charles, Prince of Wales in 2021 (cropped) (3).jpg|縮圖|Charles kas Prinsipe ti Wales idi 2021]] Ni Charles III (Charles Philip Arthur George; naipasngay idi 14 Nobiembre 1948) ket Ari ti Nagkaykaysa a Pagarian ken dagiti 14 a dadduma pay a pagarian ti Mankomunidad.[fn 1] Isu ket isu idi ti kapaut ti panagserbina nga agtawid a nabatad ken Prinsipe ti Gales ken, idi agtawen iti 73, ket nagbalin a ti kalakayan a tao a simrek iti trono ti Britania, idi pimmusay ti inana, ni Elizabeth II, idi 8 Septiembre 2022. Ni Charles ket naipasngay idiay Palasio ti Buckingham idi las-ud ti panagturay ti apongna iti ina, ni Ari George VI, ken agtawen idi iti tallo idi ni nanangna ket simmang-at iti trono idi 1952, a namagbalin kenkuana nga agtawid a nabatad. Isu ket naaramid a Prinsipe ti Wales idi 1958 ken ti investiturena ket naangay idi 1969. Isu ket nasursuruan kadagiti pagadalan ti Cheam ken Gordonstoun, a kas ti amana, ni Prinsipe Felipe, Duke ti Edinburgh. Idi agangay, nangbusbos ni Charles iti innem a bulan iti kampus ti Timbertop ti Geelong Grammar School idiay Victoria, Australia. Kalpasan ti pananggun-odna iti Bachelor of Arts degree manipud iti Unibersidad ti Cambridge, ni Charles ket nagserbi iti Air Force ken Navy manipud idi 1971 aginggana idi 1976. Idi 1981, isu ket nakiasawa kenni Lady Diana Spencer, a kaduana ket addaan kadagiti dua nga annak a lallaki, da William ken Harry. Idi 1996, nagdiborsio ti agassawa kalpasan a nakipaset ti tunggal maysa kadagiti nasayaat ti pannakaipakaammona nga extramarital affairs. Natay ni Diana iti pannakadungpar ti lugan iti simmaganad a tawen. Idi 2005, nakiasawa ni Charles iti nabayagen a kaduana, ni Camilla Parker Bowles. Kas Prinsipe ti Wales, ni Charles ket nangaramid kadagiti opisial nga annong ken dagiti panagkallaysa iti pannakabagi ti Reyna. Isu ket nangibangon ti youth charity ti Prince's Trust idi 1976, isponsorna ti Prince's Charities, ken maysa a patron, presidente, wenno kameng ti nasurok nga 400 a dadduma pay a charities ken organisasion. Isu ket nangitantandudo para iti konserbasion dagiti naipakasaritaan a pasdek ken ti kinapateg ti arkitektura iti kagimongan.[2] Maysa a kritiko ti modernista nga arkitektura, ni Charles ket nagtrabaho iti pannakapartuat ti Poundbury, ti maysa nga eksperimental a baro nga ili a naibatay kadagiti panagramanna iti arkitektura. Maysa pay nga autor wenno kaduana nga autor ti nasurok a 20 a libro. Maysa nga environmentalista, ni Charles ket sinuportaranna ti organiko a panagtalon ken panagtignay tapno malapdan ti panagbalbaliw ti klima bayat ti panawenna a kas ti manager dagiti estate ti Dukado ti Cornwall, a nakagun-od kaniana kadagiti premio ken pannakabigbig manipud kadagiti grupo ti aglawlaw;[3] isu ket maysa pay a nalatak a kritiko ti panangampon kadagiti genetiko a nabaliwan taraon, bayat a nababalaw ti suportana iti homeopathy ken dadduma pay nga alternatibo a medisina. 80o1xludu13wttn4deq875h0ra1fn2s 0 2460 34386 2023-02-12T12:18:38Z 80.192.31.53 頁面已重新導向至[[Charles III]] 34386 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Charles III]] r9n9o8d0qxs7jp640g63alpa6rzu5s9 0 2461 44873 44872 2024-09-23T12:16:26Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 /* O 'orip to pakainiay i sici 政治生涯 */新當選的阿肯色州州長比爾克林頓會見總統吉米卡特, 1978 44873 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Bill Clinton official.jpg|縮圖|比爾·柯林頓, 1993]] Ci '''Wiliyem Cyefoson Kelinton'''(威廉·傑佛遜·柯林頓) ''(Ikiris a sowal：Willian Jefferson Clinton)'', Itini i 1946 a mihecaan, saka falo a folad, saka safaw falo a romi’ad ko kahofocan ningra. manga’ay a panganganen to Piel Kelinton ''(Ikiris a sowal：Bill Clinton),'' O fing-kosi(pinkosi) ato sipikowan to sici no Amilika cingra, mararid cingra a malasakowan no tapang no Arkansas a kanatal, nai 1979 a mihecaan tangasa to1981 a mihecaan, nani 1983 a mihecaan tangasa to 1992 a mihecaan, malatapang sawaraan no [[Amilika]], o saka sepat polo’ ira ko tosa a rayray, nai 1993 tangasa to 2001 a mihecaan. Itini i 1975 a mihecaan, mararamod aci ''Hillary Kelinton'', cecay ko wawa nangra to fafahiyan, ci ''Chelsea'' ko ngangan ningra. O tadakapah ho ci Kelinton, o safa ho ni ''Theodore Roosevelt Jr''. aci [[John F. Kennedy|''John F. Kennedy'']], kaemang ho malatapang to cingra. == kahofocan 出生 == [[Faylo:President William Jefferson Clinton Birthplace Home National Historic Site May 2018 3 (Bill Clinton Birthplace).jpg|縮圖|克林頓的出生地位於阿肯色州霍普市]] I 1946 a mihecaan saka falo a folad safaw siwa a romi’ad ko kahofocan ni Bill Kelinton, i pipaisingan a hofocen cingra, so^linay a ngangan i ci ''William Jefferson Blythe III'', o mipacakayay ko mama ningra, i ’ayaw no kahofoc to saka tolo a folad i, masongtol no paliding a mapatay ko mama ningra. hofoc han ho ci ''Bill Kelinton'' i, sacecay sa ko ina ningra a midipot a mipalatamdaw cingraan, mafana’ a minanam to samaanen a midipot sanay a tayal, hiday han no ina ningra a papidipot to akong aci amaan, o mipacakayay to maamaan cangra, itiya ho, adihayay ko mali'angay to caay ka lecad ko fanges a tamdaw, oya akong aci ama: ni ''Bill Kelinton'' i, makakanga’ay to roma a finacadan, damsay ko pinangan nangra. I 1950 a mihecaan, misawad to ko ina ni ''Bill Kelinton'' naipitilidan no kangkofo i, caay ka halafing, mararamod to aci ''[[:en:Roger_Clinton_Jr.|Roger Clinton]]'', o ina aci ''Roger Clinton'' to ko midipotay ci Bill Kelinton, safaw lima to ko mihecaan ningra i, mafalic to ko ngangan, o tadangangan ningra to ci ''Kelinton'' hananay. O kato’as ni ''Bill Kelinton'', caay ka fangcal, o mali’angay ko padek a mama ningra, ano komaen to 'epah a malasang ko mama ningra i, miseti’ay milokesay to ina ningra, masafaya’ no padek a mama ca ''Bill Kelinton'' a malakaka, safa ni ''Bill Kelinton'' ci [[:en:Roger_Clinton_Jr.|''Roger Clinton Jr'']]. awaay ko karariting nangra a tatosa, caay kalecad ko mama nangra. == palatamdaw 教育 == Itini i Wonsing hananay a tokay, iraay ko Sen-ye-han Tinsokiw a kwo-syaw, Lan-po kwo-syaw ato takaraway a pitilidan, itini ci ''Bill Kelinton'' a mitilid, O cifenekay, ci tanengay mafana’ cingra a mikerid to kapot, maolah cingra to kakeng ano eca, o radiw. Mikapot cingra to yofayof no pitilidan, mafana’ cingra a miiyof to sa-ke-se-fong hananay a lalosidan, o saidahiay no kanatal no kakeng cingra, ciharateng cingra, manga’ay kako a malatapang nonini a yofayof saan cingra, nikaorira patiri saan cingra to niyah a tireng, sowal sa: Ya safaw enem ho ko mihecaan no mako i, ciharateng kako a mamikapot to ho-ko-ing a ’orip. Maolah kako to kakeng, fangcal ko pinangan no mako, nika, mafana’ kako, caay ka lecad ci ''John William Coltrane'' anca ci ''Stanley Getz,''a tahada’oc. Cifaloco’ kako a malaising, manga’ay kako a malasafangcalay a ising, nika, mafana’ kako, caay ka lecad ci ''[[:en:Michael_DeBakey|Michael Debakey]]'' kako a tahada’oc. Nikaorira, mafana’ kako, manga’ay kako a midama mikapot matayal to saki’alomanay a finacadan no mako. Itiya to 1963 a mihecaan, safaw pito ho ko mihecaan ni ''Bill Kelinton'', iraay ko tosa tata'akay tadamaanay a demak, cifaloco’ to cingra a mikapot to mamatayal to demak no finawlan. Saka cecay i, makaka’araway to tapang ci  ''Johh F.Kennedy,'' O tay-pyaw no kapah cingra a mami’araw to loma’ no tapang. Saka tosa a demak, o pakatengil ningra to kimad ni ''[[:en:Martin_Luther_King_Jr.|Martin Luther King Jr.]]'' ira sa ko paratoh ko kimad no mira to ”iraay ko lemed no mako”. Ona tosa a demak, cifaloco’ to cingra a mamidemak to demak no finawlan. Pakalayap to ci ''Bill Kelinton'' to takaraway a saway no picodadan i 1968 a mihecaan, itini ho i pitilidan, malamatayalay ni hon-ko-ing ci ''[[:zh:J·威廉·傅爾布萊特|James William Fulbright]],'' mafanafa’ a midemak mipadang to tapang ningra. I 1969 saka moetep a folad mikapot to sapipalasawad to a mala’ada, itiya to a mihedot to mowa, nikaorira, caay ka pihedot kako sanay ko sowal ningra. Marepon to ko pitilid i ta’akayay a pitilidan i, micomod to i ''Yale Law'' a pitilidan a minanam to tadamaanay a tatiliden, 1973 a mihecaan pakalayap to cingra to sarikec to Pwo-se no saway to picodad. == raramod 配偶 == Itini ho i ''Yale Law'' a pitilidan, mangangohah ato ci ''[[:en:Hillary_Clinton|Hillary Diane Rodham]],'' caay ka halafin mataloma mararamod cangra toya 1975 a mihecaan, cecayay to fafahiyan a wawa nangra, ci ''Chelsea Victoria Clinton'' ko ngangan no wawa nangra, itini i 1980 a mihecaan a hofocen. == O 'orip to pakainiay i sici 政治生涯 == [[Faylo:Bill Clinton 1978.jpg|縮圖|新當選的阿肯色州州長比爾克林頓會見總統吉米卡特, 1978|250像素]] Itini to i [[:zh:阿肯色大学|A-ken-se tata'akay a pitilidan]], pasifana’ ci Bill Kelinton to no rikec a rayray i, 1976 a mihecaan malatapang no A-ken-se no kitakit, o kapolongan no kicacan hananay cingra, i 1978 a mihecaan malatapang tono A-ken-se cingra, itiya yo kaemang ho o kapah ho cingra, tolo polo’ ira ko tosa ko mihecaan ni Bill Kelinton itiya. Sa'ayaw ningra a malatapang no A-ken-se i, matikeda ningra ko adihayay a demak, misetek to koesitay caay ka filo ningra a kayki, nikaorira, cifaloco’ cingra to nika aka ka i A-ken-se a mipatireng to nan-ming-ing hananay, caay ka kahi kaya Cong-tong ci ''Jimmy Carter,'' sanaw 'aloman ko tamdaw caay kaolah to min-cu-tang. Oya to fafahi ni Bill Clinton i, misaharaterateng, ano caay paketingen ningra ko ngangan no fa'inay ningra ci Kelinton, ’alomanay ko mapili'ay cingraan, o tada malokesay to a fafahiyan a han nangra a mapo'i ci ''Hillary Diane Rodhaman.'' == tahapinangan 參考資料 == == O no papotalay a kalocalay外部連結 == 680bzapfamfm31faakxrneyz77owe8y 0 2464 40212 40211 2023-11-29T22:13:31Z CommonsDelinker 39 Removing [[:c:File:Patiyamay_i_minato_no_Cap_Town.png|Patiyamay_i_minato_no_Cap_Town.png]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Jameslwoodward|Jameslwoodward]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/Files by Masaonikar|]]. 40212 wikitext text/x-wiki == Cape Town (開普敦) == Cape Town (Inkiris: Cape Town, South Africa sowal: Kaapstad [ˈkɑːpstat], Xhosa sowal: IKapa), manga’ay sowalen o Cape Point maci[6], Corner maci[7]ano eca Cape niyaro’, saka tosa ’alomanay tamdaw a maci i South Africa, o niyah pikowan a sakapot ta’akay tokay a Cape Town maci, no kaetipay Cape kanatal a tada ta’akay a maci. Cape Town o ta’akay niyaro’ a pitelekan to rikec no South Africa, orasaka kalomaocan ato adihayay kasasiromaroma no sifo citodongay ira itini. Oni a niyaro’ oci makapahay a tataparan a nengnengen ato cinganganay a minato, katengilan a ngangan a sowal to lalekoan “o pitahekaan no Kawas” a parar a lotok, no Inyoyang ato Tasiyang a a kacacofelisan no riyar a Cape point. O Cape Town tona makapah ko tataparan ato liyok no palapala a kasasowalen o samakapahay a paniyaro’an i hekal, o cecay a pirarakatan i South Africa. Sa’ayaw noni a maci o mitaliyokay to minato ko sakacomahad, nawhani nai Netherland pasayra i Kawaliay Afroa, Into ato Asia a kalali’acaan no tamina o mamita’elif itini a miceroh to dafong, hala:fin ito mala o pipacararan no Europe tamdaw kona katimolay no Sahara Afria faniyot a niyaro itini. Ikor Europe a tamdaw patireng to cangra to saka cecay parana’an no sofitay a Castle of Good Hope (Nga’ayay pikecoran a niyaro’), ’ayaw no kaitira i Johannesburg patireng ato Transva manengneng ko adihayay tada^ekim ato mali^emiay fokeloh tiraan i, katimolay no Africa faniyot o Cape town ko sata’akay a maci. [[Faylo:Cape-town-port-boats.jpg|縮圖|Minato no Cape Town|270x270像素]] I South Africa ko saka tosa a katayalan a hikokiciw i o Capa town - Capa town kasakitakit hikokiciw, o pakayraan no icowacowaay mirarakatay a tayni i South Africa. Midotoc i 2007 mihecaan i polong no kitakit no South Africa micalap to tamdaw a tilid, i Cape Town ira ko 350 ’ofad ko tamdaw. O dadahal no pala a sera ira ko 2,499 pinfang kongli[8], patinako to roma a maci no South Africa a ikaka ko dadahal, matakal ko kasacekcek no tamdaw (1,158/pinfang kongli) [8]. == Likisi (歷史) == === I ’ayaw no kacitilidan a ta’asan (史前) === I 1486 mihecaan, o Portugal a pakataminaay a tamdaw ci Bartholomew Diaz sa’ayaway a rakat a tilid nira to Cape Town a niyaro’ [9]. Nikawrira i ’ayaw noni, awaay ho ko nitiliday to likisi no Cape Town. Nikawrira, karkar i han ko malafokeloh a ma’oripay a losid ato nipikingkiwan a mapahapinang i ’ayaw itini iraay to ko ma’oripay tamdaw itini tina sera[10]. Sa’ayaway maro’ay itini tina sera a tamdaw salongan manengneng i ’ayaw ni Yis to 10 ’ofad mihecaan o fokeloh ko sakadademak a to’asan. Milakec cangra to kaki^etecan a to’as romi’ad, nikawrira itiya i kacinanom i sararem no aniniay to 120cm ko po^ener, nawhani matongal ko kaso^emet, ikor o dafdaf no Capa rara: sato maledef to ko kilakilng, sakangedaw sato ko rengorengos. Roma i, i nano ka’ayaw ni Tis to 8000 mihecaan kaciseraan i malafokeloh a ma’oripay a losidan, pahapinang to itiniay finawlan itiya to mafana’ misanga’ to pana’ ato ’idoc sapi’adop. Ikor no 6000 mihecaan, pinapina maro’ay i laloma’ay niyaro’ a tamdaw malinah a tayni maro’, saka mapacomod ko sakamaomah a fana’, patoror to itiniay tamdaw miteka maomahay ito ko saka’orip[11]. === Patireng to niyaro’ (建城) === Sarakatay tahini a Europe tamdaw i 1486 mihecaan ci Dias ko mikeriday a tangasa. Ikor, o Portugal pakataminaay ci Vasco da Gama i 1497 miheca micowat to nai Europe tangasa i Asia a rakat calay fatad micafer pacarcar itini. Roma, o parar a lotok o cecay a Portugal pakataminaay ci António de Saldanha ko mipanganganay, o sasowalen “Masangoso’ay a parar (Taboa da caba)”. I ’ayaw noni, o nia lotok a nano ngangan o itiniay a Khoi finacadam tamdaw panganganay o lotok no riyar (Sea Mountain，Hoeri 'kwaggo) [12]. O Cape Town ato Europe masasiketay i 1652 mihecaan. O sinciw (kakeridan no tamina) no Netherland ci Jan van Riebeeck ato roma niocoran no Netherland kawaliay Into a kosi (East India company) matayalay a tayni, patireng to maraayay rakat i Asia a picaferan picerohan no tamina. Toloay tamina nangra i 1652 miheca 4 folad 6 romi’ad tangasa itini[13], ranikay patireng to kamaro’an, pisadatengan ato pisalosayan, onini a pisadatengan a liyok ira ho taha matini anini a kosi pahanaan (Company Gardens). Roma i, o nai parar a lotok malikelonay a tingalaway ’alo a nanom (Fresh River) mapalalan a lokiyolan to nanom malo sapipananom to nipalomaan, o nipalomaan a kinaira saka fafalifalic to no itiniay a Khoi finacadam tamdaw to siri ato kolong, itira haca i kawali katimol no parar a lotok ato Hout a kasangoso’ a kilakilangan ko pipatireng to loma’ ato tamina padamso to ma’edengay sapatorod a kilang. Matiniay, kawaliay Into a kosi (East India company) misadefak to polong no kalali’acaan a demak, milalang to kalali’aca no tekedan. O Netherland a tamdaw mipangangan to no finacadan cangra, tinako itiniay a milafelay pakaen to ’a’adopen a finacadan o Hottentots a tamdaw a han, oya maro’ay i lilis no riyar ’etal mitokoay ko saka’orip finacadan o Strandlopers tamdaw ihan, ato mi’a’adopay ko saka’orip a finacadan i o Bushmen tamdaw (o sasowalen to maro’ay i mademetay pala a tamdaw.) Sa’ayaway manengneng ko Asia tamdaw malinah tayni i pasatimol i 1654 mihecaan, oni mafolaway saheto o mapalafacay itini Africa kasafaniyot no Neherland Dutch Batavian High Court (hoying) [14]. O nia Asia tamdaw malekapot to macengelay tamdaw no Cape (Cape Coloured) sanay a finacadan, pataynien naira ko Islam itini. O sa’ayaway misadadahal to ’a’ecocen a sera nai 1657 miheca, itiyaay a kawaliay Into a kosi (East India company) pakayra toya Liesbeeck ’alo mililisay iriyar a omah palalikelen ko satofangan a maomah, mipatongal paloma to sakaira no omah, nikawrira oyaan to miterek to kinaira a payso ko kacitodong mikowan. Oya mihecaan, sa’ayaway nai Java ato Madagascar a mapacomod a mafadesay miteka pakatayal i cngraan. I 1658 miheca, o Europe tamdaw miteka ato itiniay yincumin masasiwtoc to saki’a’ecoen a sera, macefis nangra ko sera no Xhosa finacadan tamdaw. Ikor, i 1666 mihecaan o Europe tamdaw miteka i Van Riebeeck patireng to no kilang miliyaw patireng to kamaro’an no sofitay a Castle of Good Hope (Nga’ayay pikecoran a niyaro’), oni pikecoran i 1679 miheca mipasarayan, o samatelangay a nipatirengan  i South Africa a loma’[15]. I 1679 miheca, o sa’ayaway niocoran no Netherland a congto ci Simon van der Stel tangasa i Cae Town, mikotay ci Van Riebeeck mala kakeridan no itiniay[16]. Misa’icel cingra mipaloma to pisafadiso’so’an ato pisa’epahan, onian a kinaira mapatireng ko tadamaanay tatenaan. Oroma i, misa’icel cingra misadadahal to nicingcingan sera no kalangangan ato ’a’ecocen. I 1688 miheca, sa’ayaway caayay ko no Netherland a mafolaway tayni i Cape Town, cangra i o nai France miliyangay to fa^elohay Kristokiw a mitooray (Protestant) a onto makari’angay a Huguenots mitooray. Kawaliay Into a kosi (East India company) padamso i cangraan t kamaro’an atokamaomahan a sera, cangraay ko misatadamaanay to kacowat no piso’epahan i ikor[17]. Nanoya kadadoedo no mafolaway nai papotal, tangasa i 1754 mihecaan nai papotalay tamdaw i Cape Town ira ko 5,510 tamdaw a Europe tamdaw ato 6,729 tamdaw no malafadesay[18]. Nikawrira i 1780 miheca, o Inkiris ato France miteka cangra malalood, o mikapiay a France to Netherland mikapot tina lalood, saka mipaocor ko France to cecay a sofitay tayni i Cape Town mipadang to mamisimaw[18]. Nikawrira ikor a sofitay i 1784 miheca mapapihawat, o France i 1795 miheca micalap to Netherland, mala sakatalawan no Netherland kawaliay Into kosi (East India company) to paysoan. Itiya, patireng to no Netherland Batavia nipatatekoan kitakit a wawa no hongti no Netherland ci Prins van Oranje (William 5) milaliw tayra i Inkiris mikilim to sadipot. Onini a demak malo sakaira no pakayraan no Inkiris a sakanga’ay. Itiya i, caay kakimeto no sapiparatoh a sinpon, o sinpon no Europe kakaya’ay ko romi’ad ta mayakyak tangasa i Africa a faniyot. Onini sai, kakeridan no Cape Town caay kafana’ to saki Europe a demakan, o kafana’an dengan o picefis no France to sera no Netherland, orasaka alatek i kalaloodan mafalic mocirid ko no Netherland. Itiyaan, o sofitay no Inkiris mihawikid to nano nitilidan no wawa no hongti no Netherland ci Prins van Oranje (William saka 5) patorodan tilid salongoc to i Cape Town a sofitay to sapidipot. Itiya macacolicoli ko malatapangan no Cape Town o papaso’elinen cangra hakiya saan, o Inkiris talifahal sa milood to “Battle of Muizenberg” a malaheci ko picalap to Cape Town, nanoyaan mihapiw to Cape Town a mala o pakoniraan to ko minato[19]. === I ngataay to’asan (近代) === Midotoc to France ato Inkiris a kasasinga’ay katatelekan, o Cape Town i 1802 miheca patatikolen i kamay no Netherland. Nikawrira, ikor no 3 miheca o nia tosaay kitakit miliyaw malalood, o sofitay no Inkiris maocor a patayra i Cape Town. Nikawrira, toni a romi’adan malo sakacowat malamaci ko Cape Town itiya (o ngangan no Cape Town to Inkiris “Cape Town” a “Town” niyaro’ sanay), ta’akay mamangay lalan miteka maselen ko cicir no nanom, miteka macowat mapatureng ko maci. Roma, mitelek cangra to sakimalafelay a rikec, mapatangic ko itiniay a yincumin niyaro’ mido’edo to telek sapaliyas to sera a pakamaro’an, i caay ka pihaydaan tatiih milonok milinah. O Inkiris ato France a kalalood i 1814 miheca o Inkiris ko pakalowiday a paherek. mitelek ko Inkiris to cecay a tatonekan saka’ga'ay naira papayso mi’aca to romaroma a kitakit sakacisera. O nihaenan no Inkiris ta’akay payso mida’oc ma’aca ko Cape Town. Itiya, o nengneng no Inkiris to Cape Town sakidemak a mikowan o sapi’emetay nangra to Into a parana’an. Itiyaay a Netherland a sifo pakayni i kalalood a macara, tadanca to ko sakipayso, samaanen sa hayda sato to tatonekan, nikawrira mahayda cangra to kanga’ay i Cape Town mipacarcar mipasanga’ to tamina ato miceroh to dafong. Roma i, I 1809 miheca a mitelekan nangra to sapakamaro’ to malafelay a rikec miliyaw tina rikec i 1829 mihecaan mapalasawad. Naniya, nanoya malafelay kopakaenay finacadan a Huttudo finacadan amdaw itiya malecaday to o Europe tamdaw ko todong. I 1834 miheca, pipakonira to nisafadesan, salongan ira ko 39,000 tamdaw to nia mapalasawad ko lafades a ngangan. pipakonira to mafadesay mapalowad to ko itiniay nano Malay muslim a niyaro i maci kaysing i Cape Towm (City Bowl) mapatireng ko Malay Bo-Kaap. Oya miheca, mapatireng ko pirikecan kalomaocan i Cape Town[20]. I likisi no South Africa ira ko cecay a tadamaanay a demak i 1836 mihecaan a kalafelan (Great Trek), itiya salongan ira ko 10,000 a laloma’an no Netherland kasasiroma no harateng pasa’amis mikilim to fa^elohay kamaro’an a sera, nanoya macowat to ko i kasa’etalay no kitakit. Ikor i 1840 miheca mapatireng ko niyah pikowan no Cape Town, itiya polong no maci ira ko 20,016 a tamdaw, ira ko 10,560 fohecalay tamdaw[21]. Misiiked to ko South Africa itiya, o Cape Town malakaolahan a pirarakatan, nikawrira itiya to a ira ko sakalatiih no syakay. I polong no hekal o sakasaay ko sasipatayay a demak i Cape Town, oroma sato o AIDS adada, miladesay adada ato ciraraway to sawarak a iyo demak kararimaan no Cape Town. == Palapala (地理) == === Kasakowan to sera ato kasasiroma no romi’ad (地形與氣候) === O kasa’etal no Cape Town i paka’amis a latosa a kasangoso’. O lotok no pala ’akawang po^ener, maliyok no tomirengay a tono’, matiya o kaysing, o reping ira ko Kawasan look (Devil's Peak) ato tangal no laon lotok (Lion's Head). I latosa a kasangoso’ ira pasayra to Tasiyang a tokos, o nga’ayay sakecor (Cape Point) ko patolasan. Latosa a kasangoso’ ira ko masatenokay riyar (the mediterranean) a kasasiroma no romi’ad, masapinang ko lasepat. Kasi^enawan i saka 5 folad tangasa 8 folad no miheca, o’ol a fali ato nai took ’adiyoc nai Tasiyang a kadefahay a nanom, salongan a hemhem dengan 7°C. kaciherangan nai 11 folad tangasa roma miheca 2 folad, mahemhem ko romi’ad a fo’edas, salongan a falawfaw i 26°C. roma o kasasiroma no lotok, kasasi’etal masasiroma ko ka’orad[22]. Itini latosa a kasangoso’ nano kaetipay no Cape Town o katimolay Tasiyang o nai faleday a nipi’enecan, masapinang kokaetip katimolay a kiemelay fali, o makaditay a fali maiyof to, o itiniay a tamdaw to na kiemelay fali o “ising no sangoso’” (Cape Doctor). {| class="wikitable" | colspan="14" |Cape Town（1961–1990） |- |Folad |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 |6 |7 |8 |9 |10 |11 |12 |miheca |- |Likisi safa’edet °C (°F) |39.3 (102.7) |38.3 (100.9) |42.4 (108.3) |38.6 (101.5) |33.5 (92.3) |29.8 (85.6) |29.02 (84.24) |32.0 (89.6) |33.1 (91.6) |37.2 (99.0) |39.9 (103.8) |41.4 (106.5) |42.4 (108.3) |- |Salongan fa’edet °C (°F) |26.1 (79.0) |26.5 (79.7) |25.4 (77.7) |23.0 (73.4) |20.3 (68.5) |18.1 (64.6) |17.5 (63.5) |17.8 (64.0) |19.2 (66.6) |21.3 (70.3) |23.5 (74.3) |24.9 (76.8) |22.0 (71.6) |- |Romi’ad fa’edet °C（°F） |20.4 (68.7) |20.4 (68.7) |19.2 (66.6) |16.9 (62.4) |14.4 (57.9) |12.5 (54.5) |11.9 (53.4) |12.4 (54.3) |13.7 (56.7) |15.6 (60.1) |17.9 (64.2) |19.5 (67.1) |16.2 (61.2) |- |Salongan ki’etec °C（°F） |15.7 (60.3) |15.6 (60.1) |14.2 (57.6) |11.9 (53.4) |9.4 (48.9) |7.8 (46.0) |7.0 (44.6) |7.5 (45.5) |8.7 (47.7) |10.6 (51.1) |13.2 (55.8) |14.9 (58.8) |11.4 (52.5) |- |Likesi ki’etec °C (°F) |7.4 (45.3) |6.4 (43.5) |4.6 (40.3) |2.4 (36.3) |0.9 (33.6) |−1.2 (29.8) |−4.3 (24.3) |−0.4 (31.3) |0.2 (32.4) |1.0 (33.8) |3.9 (39.0) |6.2 (43.2) |−4.3 (24.3) |- |Salingan ’orad mm |15 (0.6) |17 (0.7) |20 (0.8) |41 (1.6) |69 (2.7) |93 (3.7) |82 (3.2) |77 (3.0) |40 (1.6) |30 (1.2) |14 (0.6) |17 (0.7) |515 (20.3) |- |Salongan ’orad romi’ad (≥ 0.1 mm) |5.5 |4.6 |4.8 |8.3 |11.4 |13.3 |11.8 |13.7 |10.4 |8.7 |4.9 |6.3 |103.7 |- |Salongan sa’emet (%) |71 |72 |74 |78 |81 |81 |81 |80 |77 |74 |71 |71 |76 |- |Folad/ romi’ad pitedi a toki |337.9 |297.4 |292.9 |233.5 |205.3 |175.4 |193.1 |212.1 |224.7 |277.7 |309.8 |334.2 |3.094 |- | colspan="14" |Pakayraan sa’osi: World Meteorological Organization,[23] NOAA,[24] South African weather service,[25] eNCA[26] |} === Kinaira no paraparatan (自然資源) === Masowal no hekal ko south Africa o citada^ekim ato cimali^emiay fokeloh, nikawrira o kasadakan no kinaira i ka’amisay a sa’etal i Noord-Kaap kanatal. O nililisay to riyar i kaetip Wes-Kaap kanatal no Cape Town awaay kinaira. Nikawrira, o kaliomah, pifotingan ato pisasimalan a misang’ay to lalosidan ko sakacowat no Cape Town. Sa’ayaw, nawhani o co’eco’ed no lotok no Cape Town malakaliomahan a kadofah kolosalosayan, tinako o lingko, fadiso’so, mami’, tada kacinganganan ko fadiso’so itini. O nai Netherland tamdaw misitapang maro’ itini miteka micowat to pisaepahan ko Cape Town, sakitini to fadiso’so a pipaloma mikantok ma’imeray ko kicic tadamaanay. Nanoya, itini o kahiceraan no ’a’adopen ko Cape Town, ira ko macekelay ’ayam, mawatawatay howak, riyar a waco, riyar a lokedaw, ’iso ato fafoy no riyar, mapatireng ko pidipotan to mawatawatay howak ato i Duiker Island a riyar a lokedaw. Kadofahay ko fotifoting i Cape Town, o lilis no sa’etal masowal no hekal o kadofahay ko fotifoting saan. Katimol Tasiyang a Benguela a ki’etecay a fali mita’elif itini, o sakaadihay kaeso’ay fotifotingan. Imatini, itiniay i Tasiyang a pifotingan mapadamso ko polong no South Africa salongan 75% a nifotingan, malosakaira no itiniay Wes-Kaap kanatal 28 ’ofad ko katayalan. Itiniay adihay ko kinaira a fotingan, ira ko ’afar, setek ato dadesi. Roma i, itini i Cape Town a tatodong lalinik no Tasiyang manengneng ko sasimalen, parapatan a lahod to nano kinairaira no pala, orasaka misanga’ay to sasimalen o kacowatan, o kacitodongan micowat to sakacikinaira no South Africa ko Cape Town. O roma sato, latosa a kasangoso’ no sangoso’an a pinalengaw pidipotan nai 2004 miheca o rocek no hekalan saan ko Linhoko kiwiko ponka sakapot. == Sici (政治) == O Cape Town o nano ta’akay tokay a niyah kowan a sa’wtal. O ci kalomaocan ira ko 210 ko lomaocay sakapot, ira ko 28 a tamdaw masakopot to cacitodong a wuyyinhuy. O sasowalen, o Cape Town o cecayay kapolongan a citongay ato cecay a kakeridan no mikowanay. Polong no niyaro’ masaliyad to 105 a ’etal, kasa’etal manga’ay misingkiw to cecay a mikapot to lomaocan. o rama no 105 tamdaw o patodong to faco no pisingkiw. Kakeridan a todong o nai lomaocay a singkiwan. Aniniay a kakeridan o no pakoniraay a lekatep ci Helen Belle. I ngataay i 2006 mihecaan no niyroan sifo a singkiw, o pakoniraay a lekatep ko sata’akay no Sician a kasarekad a lomaocay[27]. == No maci a nanengnengan (城市景觀) == == O kasasikiked a sakowan (行政區劃) == I Cape Town maci sifo i ’ayaw a caay ho kakomod malacecay ko pidemakan (Unicity) i, oni a maci misiikeday to 6 a sa’etal no pidemakan, talacowa malacecayay ko sakowan, nikawrira roma a sa’etal midotocay ho to telangay a siiked. 6 sa’etal a kadademakan: {| class="wikitable" |Sa’etal |kadademakan |- |1. Cape Town |1.City Bowl |- | |2.Tasiyang lilisan no riyar |- | |3.katimalay niyaro |- | |4.Pinelands |- | |5.Langa |- | |6.Mitchell's Plain |- |2. South Peninsula |1. Hout Bay |- | |2. Wynberg |- | |3. Constantia |- | |4. Fish Hoek |- | |5. Kommetjie |- | |6. Noordhoek |- | |7. Simon's Town |- |3. Blaauwberg |1. Milnerton |- | |2. Tableview |- | |3. Bloubergstrand |- | |4. Tygerberg |- |4. Tygerberg |1. Durbanville |- | |2. Bellville |- | |3. Khayelitsha |- |5. Oostenberg |1. Kraaifontein |- | |2. Brackenfell |- | |3. Kuilsrivier |- | |4. Blue Downs |- | |5. Eerste Rivier |- |6. Helderberg |1. Somerset |- | |2. Strand |- | |3. Gordon's Bay |} == Polong no nisa’osian a tamdaw (人口統計) == Midotoc to i 2001 mihecaan South Africa polong no kitakit misaopoan to tamdaw[28] a tilid, no Cape Town polong no tamdaw 2,893,251 tamdaw, milesap i 759,767 a laloma’an, ira ko 87.4% loma cirocekay to taino’an, ira ko 94.4% loma’ cecay lipay ira ko cecay papisorot to pinafalah. Roma, ira ko 80.1% loma’ o cidingkiay, ira ko 16.1% nai saka^efo ano eca cimapatayay, o ina a cecay ko tatoka’an no loma’. Ta’akaay Cape Towa a finawlan ira ko 48.13% ko macengelay tamdaw, Africa fohetingay ira ko 31% ko tamdaw, fohecalay ira ko 18.75% ko tamdaw, roma o Asia faniyot ira ko 1.43% tamdaw, o itiniay i laloma’ay no Cape Town maci nawhani ’akawangay ko ’aca no loma’ orasaka o fohecalay tamdaw ato cicengelay tamdaw macakatay micalap to 80%, o kohetingay tamdaw itiraay lawacay a sapakoyocay ko aro’. O 46.6% a finawlan sasafaay no 24 ko mihecaan a kapah, o 5% a finawlan kakaay no 65 mihecaan mato’asay. Tenokay 26 ko mihecaan, malikelonay o kaira no kohetingay tamdaw, o fainayan fafahiyan ko palahecad, o 100 fafahiya to 92.4 ko fainayan. 19.4% ko finawlan ko awaayay ko katayalan, o 58.3% ko awaayay ko katayalan o kohetingay tamdaw, 38.1% o camel tamdaw, 3.1% o fohecalay tamdaw, roma 0.5% o Asia tamdaw. Sakisowalan, 41.4% a finawlan o no South Africa Netherland a sowal to romi’ami’ad, 27.9% o Inkiris sowal, 28.7% Xhosa sowal, ira o 0.3% a tamdaw o Zulu sowal, 0.7% o Sesoto a sowal, 0.1% o Setswana sowal, 0.7% caay ko todong a kasasowalan to romi’ad. Pakayraan, 76.6% a finawlan o Kristokiw, 10.7% awaayay ko pakayraan, 9.7% o Muslim, 0.5% o Yotayakiw, ira ko 0.2% Intokiw, 2.3% o roma pakayraan. Sakikiwiko, fafaeday a 20 mihecaan 4.2% finawlan caay pitilid, 11.8% ko caayay pakalaheci to mimingay a pitilid, 7.1% ko misawaday to mimingay pitilidan, 38.9% ko caayay pakalaheci to kakay a pitilid, 25.4% ko milaheciay to kakaay pitilid ato 12.6% misawaday to daykako. 15 miheca tangasa 65 mihecaan a matayalay a tamdaw mihecaan a nicomoday 25.774 South Africa Rand. (1 rand falic to 0.164179 Amilaka payso). == Kicay (經濟) == Kicay no Wes-Kaap kanatal nai Cape Town tenokan, orasaka o polong no pisanga’ay to kalodafong a niyaro’, mala no kanatal kasadakan no laloma’ay dafong a minato. Nawhani to mihecaan ira ko ’alomanay masa’ofaday mirarakatay a tayni, orasaka o sakaira no kicay o nano pirarakatananay. O no Wes-Kaap kanatal a kalomaocan itiniay to nano South Africa kalomaocan kaitiraan, Cape Town mitamorongay to no kitakit a sakaira no kitakit. Cape Town to mihecaan midemak to adihayay kalomaocan, todong no lomaocan i 2003 mihecaan patireng i Cape Town to fa^elohay kasakitakit kalomaocan pinengnengan. No maci a kinaira ato nipipatireng a karanikayan a macowatan. Kasasilecad to roma a maci no South Africa, o Cape Town macakat ko picomod no mitiliday to kaucong ato sakacidafoh no pikiwiko, o sakacakat i kasakitakit ko kalalifetan ko Cape Town[29]. I Wes-Kaap kanatal a liomahan a kinaira malisepatay a cecay (4/1), o sakipapotal a masadakay micalap to malitosaay no kitakit. O yaan to i Wes-Kaap kanatal pirarakatan o samacowatay niyaro’ i South Africa, mirarakatay calap polong no Wes-Kaap kanatal a o finawlan ko pi’arawan a sa’osi 9.8%, no laloma’an no kanatal 9.6% a finawlan padamso to katayalan. I 2002 miheca, ira ko 100 ’ofad nai roma kitakit mirarakatay tayni i Cape Town. Oni kanatal o kacitodongan no kitakit to kacowatan a tatenokan, nawhani i lilis no riyar lalinikay no Tasiyang kadofah ko simal ato parapatan a rahod[30]. O misanga’ay totamina a kosi ira i Cape Town ko kadademakan kosi ato pisanga’an to tamina,misanga’ to sapatayra roma kitakit. Sakiseraan ato patirengay to loma’ macowatay, nawhaniira ko alomanay tamdaw itini ma’aca to sakipa’aliwacan a lalosidan[31]. == Pirarakatan (旅遊) == O Cape Town o falawfaway ko romi’ad, makapahay ko talapalaen, kasasiromaroma no i papotal sapikihatiya ato manga’ayay ponka malo no South Africa a pihamhaman no pirarakatan, mangalef i saka 10 folad tangasa 3 folad o kaciherangan (kasi^enawan no ka’amisay cikiw) o ka’alomanan no pirarakatan no Europe Amilika a mirarakatay tamdaw[32]. Laeno o pirarakatan a katayraan i Cape town[33][34][35]: 1.Parar a lotok. 2.Cape Point, teloc litosaan no ngoso’an. 3.O Victoria & Alfred Waterfront, ira ko tadamaanay a hotilo, ira ko kasahirahira no patiyamay, pisanga’an to tamina atopinengnengan to foting a kali’acaan. 4.Robben Island (pala), kaitiraan no Mandela marofo to 27 mihecaan a pirofoan. 5.O Kirstenbosch Botanical Gardens (pinalengaw). 6.Chapman's Peak Drive a lalan. 7.Signal Hill (mikarong ngiha), pinengnengan to kasinian. 8.Tafotafokan no Cape town 9.Pacacekeroh to “the Cape Town Pass” (sapipasonol i Cape Town) sapirarakat a paya, sakacaay pa’aca mikalic to karomakatan, pirarakatan a faso ato pasamo to kakomaenan mi’aca to dafong. == Talapapotalay sapikihatiya (戶外活動) == Litosaan no ngoso’an o adihayay lotolotokan a parapatan matodong tomakapahay fohecalay tafok no Cape Town, i Blouberg a taftafokan a pisisiran totapelik ato fayang a tamina a piontoan, to mihecaan saka 9 folad tangas aroma miheca saka 2 foladan ira ko mirarakatay tamdaw tayni misisir to tapelic. I Boulders Beach o katadamaanan no howak no South Africa. I Victoria & Alfred Waterfront a riyar, Hout hefong ato Simon niyaro’ o pirarakatan mikalic to tamina. Roma i Robben Island (pala) o pita’elifan no mirarakatay, roma a tamina tayra i Seal Island (pala) miki’araw to adihayan Waco no riyar i South Africa. Litosaan no ngoso’an ’aloman ko romakatay atomikalicay to lotok a lalan, tinako i parad a lotok, laion tokos ato kawas tokos. O Cape Town, pakananomay ato papotalay pikihatiyaan halo misisiray to tapelic, micelemay, mi’eseray to tapelike a fali kopang, patikeday, parakat to faso, mi’eseray maefer, minengnengay to ’ayam ato minengnengay to ’iso. Minengnengay to ’iso o kaolahan a kamok konian, to mihecaan saka 8 folad tangasa 11 folad opinengnengan to Southern Right Whale (patokosay ’iso) a kasafalic, oya Brinell ’iso to mihecaan manengnengay to. Hymarius a lilis no riyar to 100m ato False Bay (lilis no riyar) manengneng ko ’iso. Saki ka’amisay hekal no riyar no Cape Town manengneng ko Hector’s dolphin (fafoy noriyar) ato cifolisay a dolphin (fafoy noriyar) [36]. Saka 8 folad tangsa 9 foladan tayra i kaetipay hekal noriyar no South Africa a Namaqualand i, nawhani i kasi’enawan a ’oradan mapaloso’, ya tafotafokan masafa^elohay, molengaw macelak ko kalohanahanaan. == Tadamaanay ponka (文化特色) == Jazz, pitanam mi’owak to fadisoso a ’epah, o nano Netherland likisi patirengan loma’ no Cape Town, saheto o saka ci ponkaay no maci pirakatan no mirarakatay[37][38][39][40]. Nawhani masiikeday no Nitherland ato Inkiris a pikowang, o lomaloma’ no Cape Town masiday ko nai Europe a losid. Dengan pinapina a loma’ no Nitherland nai 1685 mihecaan nipatirengan a fadisoso ’epah a pinengnengan, ato no Baroque a losid patirengan a kadademakan no cisifo a loma’, itira i Long Street (karaya’ay lalan) a mapatirengay a Victoria loma’. Ira ho i Malay a saniyaro’ Pokap a Mosque (cin-cen-se), malo kacacoelielis no ponka ko Cape Town. Roma i, i St.Georges Street a Green Market Square (kangdaway a potal) o tadamaanay no ’atimela a cifa, mipa’aca to no niyaro’ay ato nai romaroma Africa faniyot kitakit tinako Zimbabwe, Kenya a pinasanga’ a lalosidan. Cecay miheca kina cecay ko ilisin no Cape Town (Cape Town Minstrel Carnival, South Africa Netherland sowal: Kaapse Klopse) to mihecaan saka 1 folad 2 romi’ad mipa’oric ko mi’oricay. Mikihatiyaay a kasaselal ciriko’ to kasasiromaan a sanengsengay, mitatoy to saong ano ca o misoni kasadatok, mirakat to lalan. == Mirocokan ponka no hekal (世界文化遺產) == O nano pirofoan a Robben kanatal i 1999 miheca 12 folad pala no hekalan ponka a mirocokan itilid i kiwiko kakak ponka sakapot no Linhoko. O nian o nano pirofoan to ’ayaway congtong ci Mandelaan a kanatal sata’akay mililisay to South Africa, nai 1615 miheca miteka o pirofoan ato pipalafacan to ciraraway tamdaw a pala, ’ayaw o nano pipalacidekan to midengay a fidas adada ato misakosemetay tamdaw, ato kaitiraan no riyar sofiyay. Oni pirofoan nai 1996 miheca mapaterep, i 1997 miheca 1 folad 1 romi’ad itiya mala pinengnengan no tamdamdaw[41]. == Calay no karong pitiya (通訊媒體) == Nawhani o Cape Town o satadamaanay a karomakatan no kaetip katimol no South Africa, saka ira ko pinapina a pasinponay ato cassisya itini ko katayalan. Tinako mirina’ to Inkiris sinpon a Cape Argus ato Cape Times a Independent News and Media. Ira ho ko mirina’ay to no South Africa sowal a Die Burger sata’akay mitiya a kakerikeridan Naspers i South Africa[42]. Roma, o Cape Town daykako mirina’ to nangra mitiliday a daykako sinpon (Varsity). I Cape Town ira ko masatisilan niyaro’ a sinpon, i kasaniyaro’ ira ko no niyah a demak sinpon no niyaro’. Ta’akay a niyaro’ a sinpon: Inkiris mimingay sinpon Athlone a Athlone Sinpon (News) Atlantic Sun (Tasiyang cidal sinpon) Constantiaberg a Constantiaberg Bulletin (macikayay sinpon) False Bay a False Bay Echo (wadihang sinpon) Helderberg a Helderberg Sun (cidal) Plainsman Bellville a City Vision (ngiha no niyaro’) Sentinel News Southern Suburbs Tatler Table Talk Tygertalk South Africa Netherland sowal a sinpon Landbou-Burger Tygerburger Xhosa sowal sinpon Cape Flats a Vukani[43] O tatenokan no paratohay mitiya ko Cape Town, ira ko pinapina itini a paratohay a laciw. Roma, o kadademakan no paratohay kakerikeridan no South Africa itini. Liciw a calay halo[44]: Good Hope FM KFM 94.5 fm Voice of the Cape 95.8 fm Cape Talk 567 mw UCT Radio 104.5 fm, o calay saki daykako no Cape Town == Onto (體育) == O satadamaanay a onto no Cape Town i o katop mali, soedaay mali ato wa’ay mali[45]. I Cape Town ira ko tatosaay nano South Africa a kalalifetan a sakapot, siiked o Santos ato i 1999 miheca nai Seven Star (pitoay fo’is) ato Cape Town Spurs (ceka) makakomoday a Ajax Cape Town kapot. Nai Cape Town a saniyaro’ Newlands o katop mali lekatep katop mali kapot i Wes-Kaap (Western Province) sa’etal a pidotocan, aniniay a kakeridan ci Schalk Burger. O Newlands o katimolay cikiw satadamaanay 14 katop mali a lekatep (Super 14) a kapot Stormers a pidotocan, onini a kalalifelifetan iini i South Africa, New Zealand ato Australia a sakapot malalifet. Roma, i Newlands ira ko cecay a soedaay mali a Cape Cobras i Cape Town, kapot mimali nai Wes-Kaap a soedaay mali ato Paulante soedaay mali makakomoday. O nga’ayay a kafafalifalic a romi’ad saka nga’ay no miontoay awaayay hanhan. Dengan no sakapot a onto, no paitemekan a onto to kalofo ato Tennis o kakerihan to, manga’ay ko pipatireng to kaitiraan. Ira mapatireng ko 50,900 ko tamdaw i Newlands katop mali kalalifetan (onofa) ato 25,000 kamaro’an Newlands soedaay mali a kalalifetan (ontofa), no Santos a Avalon kalalifetan (ontofa) misatatasay misanga’ to saki 2010 mihecaan no hekalan pinanaman (ontofa). Roma, mipatireng ho maedengay to 70,000 tamdaw ko miki’araway mafohatay ko fadahong a Greenpoint Stadium a kalalifetan. == Karomakatan lalan (交通) == === Kasasiiked marar lalan (鐵路系統) === I Cape Town ira ko tosaay halafinay ko rakat tayra i romaroma a niyaro’, nai Shosholoza Meyl a citodongay mikowan. Capa Town syataw no cinamalay to romi’ami’ad ira ko rakat tayra i Pretoria, Kimberly ato Johannesburg. Roma mapatodong ko cecay lipay cecay a rakat tayra i Durban, Bloemfontein ato Pieter Maritzburg. Oroma, o Cape Town o kasatikotikan to Pretoria a Blue Train (langdaway paliding) a syataw. Roma, ta’akay a calay to i maciay no marar lalan (Metrorail) sakalakiting to kasaniyaro’ ato Cape Town, halo lawacay niyaro’ ira ko 96 a syataw. === Hikokiciw (機場) === O kasakitakit hikokiciw no Cape Town sapipadamso to sakifinawlan ato mirarakatay i kasaniyaro’ ato kasakitakit a hikoki, o matamoray ko tayal to sakihikoki i South Africa, midoedoay to Oliver Tambo kasakitakit hikokiciw no Johannesburg[46]. === Kapolongan faso (公共汽車) === Golden Arrow Bus Services ko citodongay romakat to kasamaci a Kapolongan faso kasapadang, roma ira ko pinapina a tayraay i Cape Town ano eca maraayay ko raka tayra roma a niyaro’. === Kasasiiked no narikayay kapolongan sakaromakat (快速公交系統) === I Cape Town ira ko MyCiTi hananay a narikayay a kapolongan sakaromakat a calay (BRT), i 2010 miheca, o saki 2010 miheca hekalan waay mali a kalalifetan mapatireng misitapan dademak, padamso to i tenokay, i ontofa micada ato hikokiciw a faso. Itiya MyCiTi kapolongan sakaromakat a calay masakakahaday i polong i maci no Cape Town. === Takosi (計程車) === Tasaay ko takosi i Cape Town, siiked to pakatokiay takosi ato mimingay faso (kohetingay) takosi. Masasiromaay to no roma a niyaro’, pakatokiay takosi o caayay ka nga’ay mirakarak mikilim to mihololay, mitala to patingwa ta manga’ay militemoh mamicada. Orasaka, pakatokiay takosi caay ka adihay. Oya mimingay faso takosi polong no finawlan a nipili’an sakaromakat[47]. Talacowa maedefay, nikawrira o kikay no faso ato parakatay a losid caay ka fangcal, o parakatay caay pidotoc to sakaromakat to lalan rikec. Nawhani o matayalay no South Africa to sakikapolongan a picolo’ a salongoc, matiniay a takosi maparafas ko pakalic, o sakacikatalawan ko parakat i lalan[48][49]. === Hacikayay lalan (高速公路) === [[Faylo:Strand Western Cape and Golf Club.jpg|縮圖|Hacikayay lalan i Cape Town]] Ira ko toloay lalowadan hacikayay lalan no Cape Town, malacalay to Cape Town ato Bloemfontein, Johannesburg, Pretoria ato Zimbabwe a N1 lalan, malacalay to Port Elizabeth, East London ato Durban N2 lalan, ato malacalay to Noord-Kaap ato Namibia N7 lalan. N1 ato N2 lalan saheto nai ka’amisay no Buitengracht Street malingad, tangasa i Central Business District sakawali malitosa ko lalan, N1 pasayra i maci a pakawali tala’amis, o N2 mitaelif to kasakitakit hikokiciw no Cape Town pasayra kawali talitimol romakat. N7 lalan pakayra i Michelle dafdaf miteka, tedac pasi’amis ko rakat, miliyas to Cape Town malalitemoh to N1, N2 lalan macacoaliw. O Cape Town o malacalayay to kasasiromaroma a maci ko dotoc no lalan, kasacecay hacikayay lalan ira ko kasacapa’ M-lalan (M-roads) mitedac tayra i maci a tayra roma a lalan. Tinako N2 a lalan masacapa’ tayra M3 capa’ pasayra kawali no parar lotok ato Fort Mason, o N1 lalan masacapa’ to M5 lalan micalay to Cape dafdaf, ira ho R300 lalan mitongod to Michelle dafdaf ato Belleville. === Riyaran a lalan (海路交通) === Nai parar hefong ira ko ta’akay minato, o picaferan no romakatay tamina no katimolay cikiw. I 2004 miheca oni a minato ira ko 3,161 micolo’ay to dafong tamina ato 920 ’ofad ton no dafong[50]. Roma, i katimolay no mici Simon's Town a minato, o kaitiraan no riyar sofitay no South Africa. == Sakakaay kiwiko no Cape Town (開普敦的高等教育) == I Cape Town ira ko sepatay daykako ato pinapina takaraway yin pitilidan. I satenokan maci no Cape Town sakaira no katadamaan no Cape Tpwn daykako, Wes-Kaap daykako ato Cape Peninsula University of Technology, ona daykako pakompay to kasahakasi to hakasi(degree, master, PhD). Ira ko 9 pitilidan milesap i kasasiroma a Wiysin maci no Cape Town[51]. Ira ho mingataay to maci 50 kongli ko ray a Stellenbosch daykako. O Cape Town daykako i South Africa o satadamaana a daykako, i ’ayaw oya miliyangay to pala’eday to finacadan a tenokan. Oni pitilidan nai 1829 mihecaan mapatireng, i South Africa nikapolongan kitakit a sakacecay daykako. I pipatirengan itiya i, o ngangan no daykako o South Africa kakoyin (South African College), o sakipatenakay (palosiyangay) padamso to pikiwiko a sadama. Ato ikor to mihecaan a kacowat i, o Cape Town a daykako malasatadamaanay i hekal a akawangay pitilidan. I hekal sa’ayaway no tamdaw milinah to faloco’ a tokad itiniay i Cape Town daykako patirengan a ising ci Chris Bennett hakasi (Prof. Chris Barnard) milahecian. Roma, i Cape Town daykako ira ko tatosaay naitini miliyasay misawad pakaala to Nobel Prize (kompay), siiked nai 1979 miheca Nobel Prize senli ato isingan kompay ci Allan Cormack, ato 1982 miheca Nobel Prize tayhi kompay ci Aron Klug. == Tadamaanay tamdaw (著名人物) == Allan Cormack, 1979 miheca Nobel Prize senli ato isingan kompay. Aron Klug, 1982 miheca Nobel Prize tayhi kompay. John Maxwell Coetze, 2003 miheca Nobel Prize nanolitengan kompay. Mark Shuttleworth, nai South Africa IT o walwalan cidafongay laloma’an i Cape Town, midakaw to TM-33 kakarayan tamina a mirarakat i kakarayan. Nelson Mandela, nai o marofoay i Robben kanatal to 27 mihecaan ko halafin a South Africa congtong. == Malikakaay maci (姊妹城市) == Laloma’ay no kitakit South Africa Durban[52] Papotalay no kitakit France Nice Amilika Texas sa’etal Galveston[53] Belgium Antwerp == Mifalicay to tilid (文字翻譯) == Ci Masao Nikar - 'Amis/Pangcah == Pihapinangan (參見) == Pretoria Bloemfontein Cape Town niyaro’ masatisil == Pacefaday tilid (注釋) == == Pinengnengan tilid. (參考文獻) == 1. Pollack, Martin. Achmat Ebrahim is the new city manager of Cape Town. City of Cape Town Metropolitan Municipality. 2006-05-31 [2007-03-25]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2007-04-16）. 2. City of Cape Town. Municipal Demarcation Board. [2008-03-23]. 3. Community Survey, 2007: Basic Results Municipalities (PDF). Statistics South Africa. [2008-03-23]. （nano tilid (PDF) nana’angan i 2013-08-25）. 4. Community Survey 2007 interactive data. Statistics South Africa. [2009-10-19]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2012-08-05）. 5. Census 2001 interactive data. Statistics South Africa. [2009-10-19]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2007-08-14）. 6.Cen kong ce. Hongkong patoroan. Kalali’aca mirina. 1983 [2020-03-29]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2021-05-16） （holam-hongkong）. 7.Tingyiho. Congko roma kitakit kalongangan no niyaro’ citing. Conghua liohongan. 1924 [2020-04-23]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2021-05-16） （holam-hongkong）. 8. Cape Town palapalaan (Inkiris). Cape Town sifo citodongay. 2003-8-19 [2007-3-16].[malasawad ko calay] 9. Cape Point kalocalay pina’angan, pina’angan romi’ad 2007-09-30. Conghua pirarakatan kaitiraan sapatoro’. 10. Review Essay: From Cape Town to Cairo: Africans Making Cities in British Colonial Africa，Journal of Urban History 11. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies kalocalay nina’angan, pina’angan romi’ad 2007-06-11.，Jared Diamond. 12. Cape Town region of South Africa: An Overview kalocalay nina’angan, pina’angan romi’ad 2007-05-25.，CapeInfo.Com 13. pakayni Cape Town（felih nina’angan, mana’angan i kalocalay），World Newspaper Congress / Cape Town 2007 14. Cape Town History mana’angan i kalocalay, pina’angan romi’ad 2007-06-14.，Book Cape Town 15. “mirarakat to hekal patoroan 10:South Africa”, Senminhe, Liawnin kiwiko mirinaay,1998-1, ISBN 7-5382-4995-8 16. European Settlement （felih nina’angan, mana’angan i kalocalay），Cape Connected 17.「Encounter at the Cape: French Huguenots, the Khoi and Other People of Color」，《Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History》，2004, saka lima rekad. 18. Cape Town's history mana’angan i kalocalay, pina’angan romi’ad 2007-02-03.，CapeInfo.Com 19. The History of Cape Town （felih nina’angan, mana’angan i kalocalay），Cape Town South Africa Information 20. Cape Coloureds - Cape Malays - Coon Carnival （felih nina’angan, mana’angan i kalocalay），About South Africa 21. History of SOUTH AFRICA （felih nina’angan, mana’angan i kalocalay），HistoryWorld.net 22. Cape Town kafafalic no romi’ad, mana’angan i kalocalay, pina’angan romi’ad 2007-05-31. South Africa romi’ad citodongay. 23. World Weather Information Service- Cape Town. [2010-05-04]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2010-04-26）. 24. Cape Town/DF Malan Climate Normals 1961–1990. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. [8 April 2013]. 25. Climate data: Cape Town. Old.weathersa.co.za. 28 October 2003 [17 March 2011]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2011-03-14）. 26. Hottest temperature. enca.com. [6 March 2015]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2015-07-20）. 27. Cape Town kalomaocan (PDF). Misiiked singkiw wuyyimhuy(South Africa). 2006. （nano nitilidan (PDF)mana’ang i 2006-03-18）. 28.Nina’angan kapi. [2005-06-09]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2005-04-11）. 29. City of Cape Town: Economic Statistics mana’angan i kalocalay, pina’angan romi’ad 2007-05-20. 30. South African Department of Minerals and Energy mana’angan i kalocalay, pina’angan romi’ad 2009-01-03. 31. South African Boatbuilders Business Council mana’angan i kalocalay, pina’angan romi’ad 2017-01-06. 32. Official Western Cape and Cape Town tourism guide mana’angan i kalocalay, pina’angan romi’ad 2007-11-26. 33. Table Mountain Aerial Cableway. [2007-05-24]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2006-12-21）. 34. Cape Point, South Africa. [2007-05-24]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2011-09-28）. 35. Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden mana’angan i kalocalay, pina’angan romi’ad 2006-08-11. 36. Cape Town Whale Watching mana’angan i kalocalay, pina’angan romi’ad 2006-04-22.，Afton Grove 37. Cape Winelands. [2007-05-24]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2004-09-24）. 38. The Western Cape wine lands. [2016-03-31]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2014-02-14）. 39. Cape Dutch Architecture （felih nina’angan, mana’angan i kalocalay），Encounter South Africa 40.《A Comparative Evaluation of Urbanism in Cape Town》，University of Cape Town Press，1977, saka 20-98 felih, <nowiki>ISBN 0-620-02535-2</nowiki> 41. UNESCO World Heritage Centre （felih nina’angan, mana’angan i kalocalay）, Linhoko hekal ponka nirocokan 42. South Africa Newspapers （felih nina’angan, mana’angan i kalocalay），ABYZ News Links 43. South Africa Newspapers （felih nina’angan, mana’angan i kalocalay），Daily Earth 44. Radio companies （felih nina’angan, mana’angan i kalocalay），BizCommunity.Com 45. 《Time Out: Cape Town》，Time Out Publishing, 2006, saka 127–130 felih：onto, <nowiki>ISBN 1-904978-12-6</nowiki> 46. Cape Town International Airport mana’angan i kalocalay, pina’angan romi’ad 2006-06-25. SouthAfrica.info 47. Transport mana’angan i kalocalay, pina’angan romi’ad 2011-11-28. CapeTown.org 48. South Africa's minibus wars: uncontrollable law-defying minibuses oust buses and trains from transit （felih nina’angan, mana’angan i kalocalay）, LookSmart 49. Transportation in Developing Countries: Greenhouse Gas Scenarios for South Africa mana’angan i kalocalay, pina’angan romi’ad 2007-06-21. Pew Centre 50. Introducing SAPO mana’angan i kalocalay, pina’angan romi’ad 2011-08-01.，South African Port Operations 51. History mana’angan i kalocalay, pina’angan romi’ad 2007-06-09. Cape Peninsula University of Technology 52. Media Release: Street Renaming mana’angan i kalocalay, pina’angan romi’ad 2007-09-27. City of Cape Town 53. Online Directory: Texas, USA mana’angan i kalocalay, pina’angan romi’ad 2008-02-10. Sister Cities International == Papotalay calay (外部連結) == [https://www.capetown.gov.za/ Cape Town no sifo calay] (mana’angan i kalocalay, pina’angan romi’ad) OpenStreetMap ira i 32675806 Cape Town palapalaan kacipinangan 5m5mlmsc9wnqvn6btyh9drecerg1047 0 2468 34515 34514 2023-02-17T02:04:51Z Emic5826 567 #ALCD 34515 wikitext text/x-wiki George Herbert Walker Bush '''喬治·赫伯特·華克·布希''' igeqw5v9xbdkas64cxz44j5oi18izli 0 2470 40108 39169 2023-11-12T00:16:09Z InternetArchiveBot 33 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 40108 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ma Ying-ciw(馬英九 1950miheca saka 7 folad saka 13 romi'ad -) == [[Faylo:Ma Ying-jeou in one year old.gif|縮圖|caho ka pakacecay mihecaan]] == '''O Sofoc ato kaka'mangan ningra(出生和孩童時期)''' == I 1950 a miheca saka pito folad safaw tolo a romi’ad ko kahofocan ni Ma Ying-ciw, o sieci ato sarikec ko tayal ningra, o mikapotay to[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E9%BB%A8 Cong-kwo-kwo-min-tang]. o tato’asan nira itini i Ciyangso-sen Yongsing- siyen,Ciyangso-sen [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%B0%B8%E6%96%B0%E5%8E%BF Yungsing siyen]<ref>马英九祖籍江西永新之考证- 中华马氏网. [2019-01-27]. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-04）.</ref>,o pikafitan o ’orip nira itini i Funan-sen Siyangtanang siyen, o wawa ni [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%A6%AC%E9%B6%B4%E5%87%8C Ma he-ling] aci [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%A7%A6%E5%8E%9A%E4%BF%AE Cin hou-siyu], itiraay i Siyangkang[https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%B2%B9%E9%BA%BB%E5%9C%B0 Ciolongyumati]<ref>臺灣政治明星馬英九家譜考 - 台灣網. [2019-01-27]. （原始內容存檔於2020-08-21）.</ref> a sofocen, o nikowanan ho no Ikiris. == '''Satapangan ningra Matayal tono sici(從政初期)''' == I 1952 miheca mihakelong to mama ato ina ningra maforaw tayra i Taypak.<ref>馬英九總統傳略. 總統府網站. [2013-06-29]. （原始內容存檔於2011-08-05）.</ref> <ref>李榮剛. 四姐妹：他在“女生宿舍”長大. 人民網《環球人物》 ( 2008-05-16 第10期 ). [2014-12-21]. （原始內容存檔於2015-04-09）.</ref>Aniniay a tayal nira i, malasingsi no rikec a kasakapotan no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%9D%B1%E5%90%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%A2 Tongwo-Tasiye] mipasifana’pakayniay to holic. O saka tosa safaw ato tolo safaw riyad mala [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1 Congtong no Cong-hwa-Min-kwo],mala [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E9%BB%A8%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD sa’ayaway kamaro’an no Cong-kwo-kwo-min-tang], mala [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%87%BA%E5%8C%97%E5%B8%82%E5%B8%82%E9%95%B7 tapang no Taypak-kowan] ato tapang no [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E6%B3%95%E5%8B%99%E9%83%A8 Rikec-sakowan]. Namala micoyakay ni Ciyang Cing-kwo Congtong to sowal no Ikiris, ikoro to mala midamaay a kakeridan no Congtong-fu. Mala [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E9%99%A2%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E8%80%83%E6%A0%B8%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83 kakeridan no Mikinkiway ato mipahapinangay iingkay no Mada’ecoay Midipot a sakowan], ato mala Taypiyaw no Sakakaay-kalomaocan no kitakit. 1993 a mihecaan maocor ni Lin Can o tapang no Mada’ecoay Midipot a sakowan mala mikomoday tayal no Mada’ecoay Midipot a sakowan. == '''Misgikiw to Tapang no Taypak(競選台北市長)''' == I 1998 a miheca misinkiw cingra to tapang no Taypak cowa ka hakowa ko tiwtiw nosatopa malowid ningra ko tapang no Taypak ci Cen Sui-pien.c 2002 miheca pararid heca a masadak misingkiw mahaop ko 64% kaadihay no satopa pararid a maala mala tapang no Taypak,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://db.cec.gov.tw/histQuery.jsp?voteCode=20021201C1B1&qryType=ctks |access-date=2023-02-28 |archive-date=2020-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126161105/https://db.cec.gov.tw/histQuery.jsp?voteCode=20021201C1B1&qryType=ctks |dead-url=yes }}</ref> ona ka adihay no nialaan a satopa tahanii away ho ko pakafiloay. 2005 miheca misingkiw mala kakeridan no Kwo-min-tan rahoday a mala.Nikawrira, i 2007 miheca makokot to misiikeday-payso cingra, toya romi’ad milekal to sapisinkiwan i 2008 to congton.Tona sinkiw no congtong maala ni Ma Ying-cio ko 700 ’ofad a satopa mahaop ko 60%, malaheci ningra ko pifalic to mikowanay a kasafelaw no sieci no Taywan, orasaka, pararid heca pakalowid to sinkiw malacongtong. I 2015 miheca saka 11 folad saka 7 romi’ad mipalafang ci Ma Yin-ciw tayra i Singkapor masaso’araw ato sakakaay tapang no Congko ci Si Cin-pin mapalaheci ko kasaso’araw no tapang no malala’eday to riyar, yo malaliyas ko Congko ato Conghuwa-Minko ira to 66 ko mihecaan, ona kasaso’araw o sa’ayaway ho konini.<ref>第12~13任 馬總統英九先生. 中華民國總統府. [2020-10-17]. （原始內容存檔於2019-04-11）.</ref><ref>https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E9%A2%86%E5%AF%BC%E4%BA%BA</ref> == M'''isaakoako sieci(政治主張)''' == '''兩岸關係 o demak no malafiyaway a kanatal''' I 2005 a mihecaan saka falo folad lima romi’ad, masasomowal cangra, cokeren ita to「manga’ay mifeli to mikari’angay caay kanga’ay miliyang to kitakit, caay kanga’ay masacecay」,「aka pifalic to 六四 demak, aka kasasomowal to malacacay」, ona malafiyaway a kanatal「o cecayay ko kitakat tosa ko masatikelo」. ona malafiyaway a kanatal「alacecay ko aro’ cecay aca ko kitakit」no tatosa no niyaro’ saan.「Caay ko makolawacay, caayay katosa ko kitakit」,「o cecayay a kitakat tosa ko masatikelo」. Caay ka nga’ay「mikowan to tiring, misanga to sakamoecel a likec, micirek mipatireng to Taywan」. saan ko kapihapingan to somowal. I 2008 a mihecaan saka lima folad tosa polo’ romi’ad, miliyaw ho pilosiyang「caay kanga’ay toloay a halaka」─「aka pisacecay, aka piciker, aka kafolaw」o demak no tosaay a niyaro’, itini sakamoecel a likec no Cong-hwa-Min-kwo, ikor tono九二gong shi matiyaen to ko Taywan haysiya, ta「cecay aca ko Jhong guo a kitakit, paytemek a pakimad」, pacici mifelih ya mingilosan no Jhong kong to「cecay aca ko kitakit tosa ko halak」sanay a sowal. I 2009 a mihecaan saka enem folad mo^etep romi’ad, oni no tosaay a riyaro’ 「aka pisacecay, aka piciker, aka kafolaw」misaakoako, 'eked han pasadak a somowal「caay pisacecay」,「caay pisacecay nikaorira manga’ay mifelih mihacecay sa」. Sowal sa ko sapalosiyang a kakimadan, itiya ci Ma Ying-ciw caay pipaniha pahapingan a somowal「aka piciker, aka kafolaw」sanay a caciyaw, ira ko matiniay nira a harateng, onini misaakoako misatapang to pasayra to i manga’ay kita malacecay masiyor. [[Faylo:Ma Ying-jeou official cropped.jpg|縮圖|Saka 12,13 riyad a Congton no Cong-hwa-Min-kwo ]] == '''Malacongton no Cong-hwa-min-kwo(擔任中華民國總統)''' == I 2011 a mihecaan saka safaw tosa folad tolo romi’ad, I 2012 a miheca ya misinkiw ho to Congtong, saayaw pahapingan cingra i tilifi a somowal, o Taywan o kitakit no Conhuwa-Minko ato no roma a kitakit a pangangan, ona tosaay a ngangan saheto o kitakit, tinako o Ying guo a kitakit「o kapolongan a kitakit」anca「Da bu lie dian ato Bei ai er lan kapolongan ko pangangan a kitakit」to pangangan, saayaway ni Ma Ying-ciw matalahekal a somowal「o kitakit no mako i Taywan」. I 2016 a mihecaan saka safaw cecay folad safaw tosa romi’ad, itini i150 a mihecaan pikininan kahofocan ni Sun jhong-shan, oya mikeriray to Jhong guo gong chan dang ci Si jin-ping sowal sa, ci Sun jhong-shan o tadamaanay a dotoc no Cong kwo kong can tang a tamdaw saan a pasowal. Saka safaw tosa folad falo romi’ad, ’a’ayaway Congtong ci Ma Ying-ciw patodong ho somowal, ano so^elin malaheci ko demak, masatamdaw, no fangcalay midodoay tono tamdawan, pikapot kamo toni midodoay tono tamdawan. I 2018 a mihecaan saka safaw cecay folad pito romi’ad, mingilos ci Ma Ying-ciw「mataelif to ko tolo a mihecaan to halaka toni yen taw fey ci Ma aci Si misaakoako a somowal「tolo ko faelohay caay kanga’ay」,「caay pilalang malacecay, cakapicoker miciker ko Taywan, tati’ih mafafolaw」. somowal heca cingra, anini o Taywan ato o Talo safalifalic sa, to’oren to ko aniniay a rakat, caay ka lecad to itiya:ay ho demak. Nikaorira, kasomowalan a naromi'adan, nawhani, i ayaw no safaw pito romi’ad o pisinkiwan no Taywan to 九合一, orasaka, tangsol malengat caciyaw ko ’alomanay a tamdaw. I 2021 a mihecaan saka tolo folad safaw tosa romi’ad, malicay itiya ci Ma Ying-ciw sowal sa, mingilosay toni「cecay aca ko kitakit tosa ko lekakawa」, o mikeriray to Cong kong ci Deng siao-ping, mapatayay to, nikaorira, oni misafaco’an nira malalikisiay to, mapakafana’ mapatay to, tadamakesem ko faloco’ nira. Nasomowal ci Ma Ying-ciw, itini i pihecad to kitakit, o loma’ no mita ko Taywan, o kitakit no mita ko Taywan, o Jhong hua min guo ko safacoan ko ngangan no kitakit, manga’ay oyanan o Taywan han a pangangan. == Pacefaday a tilid(註腳) == <references /> lpimntjehs4s7pcjyk7qzyn1s7j0tw8 0 2471 44656 44655 2024-09-10T03:14:40Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 ''' 44656 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:駐美代表蕭美琴肖像.jpg|縮圖|Hsiao Bi-khim, 2022|250x250像素]] == Hsiao Bi-khim( [[kuwaping a sowal]]: 蕭美琴) == '''Hsiao Bi-khim''' ([[inkiris a sowal]] : Hsiao Bi-khim[1], Payrang sowal: Siyao Mei Cin, 1971 miheca 8 folad 7 romi’ad-), anni no [[Taywan]](ROC) kai [[Amilika]] taypiaw (niocoran no tapang a citodongay), Taywan(ROC) Mincocinpotang (DPP) a sician tamdaw, nao Amilika Colombia daykako a Master compay, nano kitakit rihaday lomaoc salilic wuyyin, saka 4 rekad Lifawuyyin[2], nao Mincintang (DPP) i Hualien dengan pakalatosaay ko paya. == kahofocan(出生) == Masofoc i Dipong Kobe, mama o Taywan tamdaw, ina o Amilika tamdaw. Nao kasakitakit pakoniraay nipapolongan a nicokeray to kakeridan, dengan o citodongay to no malafelay finawlan ato rekad a Lifawuyyin (’ayaw ni Centangsan kacacofelan a demak). 2008 miheca miteka citodong 2049 halaka mikingkiw a komong, o citodongay to saki kasakitakit, matanang saki no Amilika a kacacofelan a demakan. o’sa'ayaway no Taywan (ROC) fafahiyan to i Amilika a taypiaw[3]. == Kaemangan(早年) == O mama ni Hsiao Bi-khim nao ’ayaway yinciw no Taynan sinkakoyin ci Hsiao cingfen, Taynan tamdaw, o ina nao Europe-Teloc a Amilika tamdaw. O sofoc ni Hsiao Bi-khim i Dipong Kobe maci, mato’as, mitilid to mamangay, kacakatan congsi i Taywan (Taynan maci), misawad to Kaocong tayra i Amilika mitilid. Amilika Oberlin kakoyin kawali Asia kingkiwsi, Amilika Colombia daykako Master compay[4]. == Sici a ’orip(政治生涯) == === Lifawuyyin(立法委員) === I 2006 miheca tangasa 2007 miheca, no DPP masadak ko 11 a tatihay demak, ci Siyao Mei Cin, ci Lulu Fan ato 11 tatiihay malecad mikiromotan no tada DPP tamfaw, polongan “13 tatihay”. Ci Siyao Mei Cin mapakaditay to CD “tadasinpon 2007 miheca saka cecay” malokes a sowal ro “Congkuo khim” sanay. I 2007 miheca 5 folad 17 romi’ad, o DPP a Lifawuyyin a pisingkiw mihapiw, yo mihapiw sato, o pitopa no kapot a saserer saki ni Siyao Mei Cin to 41.03% masapinang mapidah to ni Wang Shijian to 46.22%, a caay ko taypiaw no DPP saka 2 sa’etal Taypise masasak to Lifawuyyin, nika saikor ci Wang Shijian mapidah to 1 ’ofad ci Zhou Shouxunan, 2010 miheca patatikor malakiing no Taypiyse lomaocan. I 2010 miheca DPP mikilm to no Kalinko Lifawuyyin to mamiceror misingkiw, ci Siyao Mei Cin 33,249 a paya mapidah to ni Wang Tingsheng to 39,379 a paya, mapidah to 6 a cicing to paya, kapolongan paya macakat to 40%, nanoya langdaway kangdaway pahecad 7:3 no Kalingko, DPP macakat to 4 lowadan, o Kalingko caay to ko no KMT a ’atekakay paya. Ikoran, talacowa mapidah to saki’oripan a singkiw, padoedo i 2008 miheca no DPP a Lifawuyyin singkiw caay kasadak a matinako, nikawrira, sakipay mapahapinang to ni Siyao Mei Cin a nidemakan i Kalingko, patireng to kadademakan sakafinawlan. I 2012 mihecaan no Taywan (ROC) Lifawuyyin singkiw a taypiaw no DPP mapangangan to saka 7 a awaayay ko sa’etal a ngangan, Kalinko a singkiw nai Taytong a singkiw matidahay pitoro’ ci Lay Koncen mikotay to sakirekad, tararikor ci Hsiao Bi-khim a midama to singkiw, taikor no DPP a awaayay a sa’etal a Lifawuyyin maparocek to 13 ngangan, talacowa caay kaala ci Lay Koncen, nika maala ci Hsiao Bi-khim, mipadoedo midemak to Kalingko. I 2015 miheca, DPP mitahidan ci Hsiao Bi-khiman tono Kalingko a owang to Lifawuyyin singkiw, cingra i Kalingko a singkiw ira ko 53.77% a paya mapidah ci Wang Tingsheng, no DPP i cecayay a sa’etal tasaay payaan marapot ko Kalingko sa’etal a Lifawuyyin a ngangan, maalaay paya malitosaay i Kalinko to no DPP mapatodong to nia sa’etal a singkiw satakaraway. I 2020 mheca 1 folad, ci Hsiao Bi-khiman mapidah ci mimingay ici “hongti no Kalingko” ’ayaway Sincang ci Fu Kunchian[5]. Paherek sa to Lifawuyyin a demak, 2 folad mipatihi to micokeray to Congtong maalaay ci Lai Qingdean tayra i Amilika, nai maketong ko kalali’ay to Amilika 41 miheca maocor satakaraway a miliso’ay[6]; oya folad, mi’edef to fawahan no kadademakan. 6 folad 21 romi’ad, ikor no 5 folad no singkiw mapaherek ko 10 miheca kai Kalingko a demak, mipatalah to sakatayra i Amilika Fa^elohay a dademaken. [[Faylo:Hsiao Bi-khim.jpg|縮圖|2008年聲緩圖博人權]] === Kiemel a mikihar to saki tamdawan no Sicang( 關注西藏人權) === I 2012 miheca 6 folad, sacisowal sa ci Siyao Mei Cin i kasakitakit no hekal a kalomaocan ira ko pipatireng to Tube a sawidang, mi’ang’ang cingra to polong no Lipoing lekapot to sapipatirengaw “LipoingTube a sawidang”, caayay pisiiked to kasasiroma no sician a kasarekad midotoc mipamotek to no Tube a kalodemak, patorod to fa^elohay misingkiwan Tube sifo ato saka 1 citodongay a congli ci Lobsang Sangay adihayay picoker. Paini ci Siyao Mei Cin, tadancaay ko pipi’enec no Congko to Tibet, orasaka o laloma’an no Tube caay to pakahadidi to pipi’enec a mikowan no Congko to Tibet tamdaw pakinali ko pikinatodoh to matiniay demak, mangalay cingra to inawlan no Taywan mipamotek to no Tibet a sakapakoniraaw ato no tamdawan a salongoc. === Inaneng mafana' to no Inkiris a sowal i kalomaocan (國會英文質詢能力) === I 2012 miheca 12 folad 26 romi’ad, saki Amilika a taypiaw ci Jin Pucong sarakat tayra i Lipoing malicay no Lifawuyyin, DPP a Lipoing ci Siyao Mei Cin o Inkiris a sowal ko sakacaca’of, nikawrira ci Jin sa'imer sa i kalomaocan o kowaping ko sowal, masamatira o Kowaping Inkiris ko licay paca’of a demak[7]. O mikihatiyaay i kalomaocan ira to ko kasacaco’elisan no sowal, halo ci Feng Guangyuan micoker ci Siyao Mei Cinan mitoreso’ ci Cin Pocongan dengan o no kocong ko nifana’an to Inkiris, caay katatodong malataypiaw i Amilika; miliyangay mipatado mirokic ci cin Pocongan a sanay. === Misaliway miliyang tomangahay to sakipadama a kalaliacaan, micoker to no finawlan a onto (絕食抗議黑箱服貿、支持公民運動) === I 2014 miheca 3 folad 18 romi’ad cadalan hana no mitiliday, ci Hsiao Bi-khiman ato lekapot ci Wu Bingrui aci Wu Yizhen, malacecay miliyang to KMT pacomod to tosaay lilis padama kalaliaca katatelekan patayni i Kipoyin a mitomadaw, itiya 70 ko toki kamaro’ misaliway a miliyang[8]. === Sakalalen no salongoc no kararamod(婚姻平權) === ci Siyao Mei Cin halafin to ko coker to malecaday ko rangi a solongoc no raramod, nai 2006 miheca micikeroh to “malecaday ko rangi kararamod”, nikawrira nawhan itiya tata’ak ko kalaliyangan no syakay, ma’emet no KMT ko Lipoing mapatiko ko aca (ira ko pinapina a no DPP a Lipoing caayay kakahi). Cingra micoker micikeroh to “Malalenay ko salongoc a kararamod”, o ningra harateng to saki raramod caay ko no tatosaay a todong, ano eca o lisin aca, mamaparapot to kararamodan no tamdaw masamaan ko nengneng no syakay. Ano saan o tatosa malecad ko rangi no tireng, ira ko kalalecadan no kaciepocan, o malalenay ko sakaira no tari’ang, salongoc ato pakoniraay. Paso’elin cingra, ano micelakay, koda’itay, mi’aodoay ko harateng misi’ayaw to malalenay ko salongoc a kararamod a malisaot, mihayda ato milayap ko syakay no Taywan to no rangi a solongoc, onini a syakay o sakasasiromaroma, kadofahay, maledefay ko nikacengel. === Masasitilid to masongila’ay sapihepol a rikec matatodongay a tosaay koyak a satelek(連署完善赦免法以符合兩公約之條款) === I 2014 miheca, sakinian tosaay koyak sapidemak i 2009 mihecaan mahayda, itini i “fanawlan ato sici salongoc no kasakitakit a koyak” a matelek: “o mahapiway to papatayen, ira ko salongoc to sapipalasawad ano eca milowan to sakirofo a salongoc. Polong no sapipatay a demak kairaen ko mahepol, sapipalasawad ato pilowanan.” O sapihepol a rikec caay aca ka salof, ira ko pifelih to koyak no satelek sanay, itiya o DPP a Lifawuyyin ci Yumini pasadakay to sapisalof to sapihepol a rikec, laloma’an o sapipa’orip pasayra milongoc to congtong to sapipalasawad, mahepol ato pilowanan a salongoc, papisapinangaw no congtong a mitahidang to sahepol a citodongay, hakasi, matanengay ato finawlan a taypiaw padamso to kanga’ayan paini to sapilicay, mitongal to citodongay mihepol to sapiketon a tatenaan, nai masongila’ay to pi’emet no congtong a ’icel, nai masngila’ay i rikec ato matatodongay i kimpo a salongoc masasiisal, ci Hsiao Bi-khim ko masasitiliday toni[9]. === O aocoran no koka a malatayhiyo i Amilika(駐美代表) === Ci Siyao Mei Cin i 2020 miheca pipadoedoaw to ta’akay pisingkiw, mapidah to ci’icelay i niyaro’ ’ayaway siencang ci Fo Konci, ci Siyao Mei Cin mapaocor to kitakit a sakarihaday salicay a wuyyin. I 2020 miheca 6 folad, congtongfo mihapiw ci Siyao Mei Cin mala no Taywan (ROC) i Amilika a taypiaw, malasa’ayaway fafahiyan ai Amilika a taypiaw, mahayda no Amilika[10]. I 2020 miheca 9 folad 20 romi’ad, ci Hsiao Bi-khim i Twitter, micomod i “Ai Amilika a taypiaw no Taywan”(Taiwan Ambassador to the US) a tekedan no pakafana’. Congtong ci Tsai Ingwen paini, ano o maan ko kacitodong ni Siyao Mei Cin,, kai Amilika a taypiaw o manga’ayay ko kacitodong[11]. Kacitodongan i 2021 miheca mapaini no Amilika to “Kalomaocan malalikowat wuyyinhuy i pipatirengan” (JCCIC) a tahidang, mitaypiaw to Taywan (ROC) a sifo mikihatiya to Fa^elohay congtong ci Joseph Robinette Biden Jr. ato micokeray to congtong ci Kamala Devi Harris to pipatirengan a saopo. Itira i Bloomberg mapili’ to 2021 satadamaanay fafaloay tamdaw[12], oya mihecaan mai AIT kakeridan ci Sandra Springer Oudkirk mapahemek palanga’ayay to sakafangcal no Taywan Amilika[3]. Mapahemak no New York a sipon o satadamaanay i Washington a niocoran no tapang a citodongay [13] I 2021 miheca 3 folad, i Twin Osks masasi’araw to ’ayaway a citodongay to sakipapotalay kakeridan ci Mike Pompeo[14][15][16]. I 2023 miheca 2 folad 2 romi’ad, Taywan a Lipoyin a Yinciw ci You Xikun mihomong to Amilika, ci Hsiao Bi-khim masyasing to picomod to kadademakan no Amilika fafa'eday pikaykian a kakeridan (yiciw) ci Kevin Owen McCarthy a miliso’ [17]. === No sician a sapatefad 政治獻金 === Lipoyin kicay wuyyinhuy matomadaw to “koan-yi-fa” pisalof a rikec, cikiw finawlan kikingkay pasaopo to sinpon pasadak to milayapay to “amoto ato fokeloh kinaira” sician a sapatefad to kicay wuyyinhuy 44 ko Lifawuyyin a ngangan, ci Hsiao Bi-khim miliyap to 100 ’ofad payso a ngangan[18]. === Taywan marar a sakaromakat 台鐵列車運用 === I 2016 miheca Taywan marar tona kasasitiwtiw no pafeli cirafas to ’osaw pasayra i Dipong patongal to tasa a satisil to Poyoma paliding, itiya citodongay Lifawuyyin no Kalingko ci Hsiao Bi-khim milongoc to Taywan marar fa^elohay paliding pali’ayawen ko pasawaliay midemak mipi’enec, Taywan marar mapatodong a satisil o ai pasaetip a Poyoma caay ka nga’ay to TEMU2035+2036 ato TEMU2037+2038 pakapot, tangasa paherekan no mihecaan mapalasawad ko pi’emet[19]. === Mapatodong no Congkong pacomod i kohetingay (ka’acekan) ngangan 被中共當局列入黑名單 === I 2022 miheca, o kakeridan no kalomaocan no fafa'eday pikaykian no Amilika ci Nancy Patricia Pelosi mipalafang to Taywan, o sakapipalafang i Taywan a micokeray, ci Hsiao Bi-khim mapangangan no Congko kooyin Taywan kadademakan, ko-tay-pan miketer cingraan to demak i Amilika “mikilimay to sakinotireng no sici, kinafalah to sapiselic to holan saan, makari’ang ko Conghuaminco a sakinaira, mipasayra to finawlan no Taywan i katalawan”, o sowal i cingraan “o mamasa’osi no likisi” saan[20]. 8 folad 16 romi’ad, sinhuase mihapiw fa^elohay misiikeday no Taywan a mayoyangay tamdaw, patongal ci Hsiao Bi-khim[21]. I saka 8 folad 19 romi’ad paca’of ci Hsiao Bi-khim, caay ko pisa’et a ma’apaay terep saan[22]. === Pisingkiw (選舉) === 2004 miheca Lifawuyyin singkiw 2004 miheca Taypise saka 1 singkiw sa’etal (Beitou, Shilin, Xinyi, Xongsan, Neihu,Nangang) Lifawuyyin singkiw a paheci 2010 miheca Lifawuyyin mitiyap singkiw 2010 miheca Kalingko Lifawuyyin singkiw heci {| class="wikitable" |fangko |Pataroday |Sician kasarekad |Kinaira paya |Nialaan |Maalaay |- |1 |Shi Shenglang |Away ko sarekad |8,863 |10.88% | |- |2 |Hsiao Bi-khim |DPP |33,249 |40.80% | |- |3 |Wang Tingshen |KMT |39,379 |48.32% |Vote1.svg |} Ci Siyao Mei Cini 2010 miheca mitiyap Lifawuyyin mapidah, dengan i Kiko ato Kohkoh malowiday, nikawrira mapacakat ko paya no DPP i Kalingko. 2016 miheca Lifawuyyin singkiw 2016 miheca 1 folad, ci Siyao Mei Cin malaheci maala to Lipoing no Kalingko, mipalamit to 6 miheca ikor malowid ci Wang Tingshen, maki’ayaw to 1 ’ofad paya, dengan i Zhuoxi ato Fuli mimingay ko tararikor, roma a sa’etal ato no KMT a niyaro’ ma’awid. {| class="wikitable" | colspan="6" |2016 miheca Kalingko sa’etal Lifawuyyin pisingkiw laheci |- |Fangko |Pataroday |Sician kasarekad |Mitopaay |Nitapaan |Maalaay |- |1 |Huang Shipeng |Away ko sarekad |1,803 |1.53% | |- |2 |Hsiao Bi-khim |DPP |63,231 |53.77% |Vote1.svg |- |3 |Yang Wukong |Lekapot sarakad |1,312 |1.11% | |- |4 |Wang Tingshen |KMT |51,248 |43.58% | |- | colspan="3" |Misingkiway tamdaw | colspan="3" |　198,169 |- | colspan="3" |Mamitopaay | colspan="3" |　120,122 |- | colspan="3" |Masaheciay | colspan="3" |　117,594 |- | colspan="3" |Caay kasaheci | colspan="3" |　2,528 |- | colspan="3" |Mitopaay | colspan="3" |　60.63% |} === 2020 miheca Lifawuyyin singkiw 2020年立法委員選舉 === {| class="wikitable" | colspan="6" |2020 miheca Kalingko sa’etal Lifawuyyin pisingkiw laheci |- |Fangko |Sasingkiwen |Sician kasarekad |Mitopaay |Nitapaan |Maalaay |- |1 |Xiao Jiahao |Finalan kanga’ay |417 |0.2992% | |- |2 |Hsiao Bi-khim |DPP |56,485 |40.5335% | |- |3 |Huang Qijia |KMT |17,507 |12.5630% | |- |4 |Shu Yinshen |Away ko sarekad |795 |0.5705% | |- |5 |Cao Chuming |UP Conghua polong cekeroh sarakad |90 |0.0646% | |- |6 |Fu Kunqu |Away ko sarekad |64,060 |45.9693% |Vote1.svg |- | colspan="2" |Pitopaan romi’ad |2020 miheca 1 folad 11 romi’ad |Mamisingkiw | colspan="2" |197,162 tamdaw |- | colspan="2" |Mitapaan |71.39% |Matopaay tamdaw | colspan="2" |Saheciay：139,354 tamdaw Caay kasaheci：1,397 tamdaw |} I 2020 miheca 1 folad, ci Siyao Mei Cin o 7 cicing ko sakapidah to nisowalan no tamdaw “hongti no Kalingko” ci Fu Kunqu, 10 miheca ko pidema hato caay pakalowid ci Fu Kunquan to kataneknek no sakiniyar’' ato kacinganganan, o kacipaya tararikor i ’ayaway to 4 miheca, dengan i caayay ka’aloman a Fakong ko calowayay a paya, o nano ni kowangan no DPP i Kalinkosi ato Gian maserer to, saikoray caay to pakadoedo. == Katengilan(逸聞) == I 2012 miheca 8 folad, ci Siyao Mei Cin paki Sura faliyos tayra cingra i Xiulin no Kalingko minengneng to naikoran no faliyos, i Hepin a syataw manengneng ko cecay a cifolatakay a posi. Metalaw to karipa’an no sapipa’orip to makari’angay a ta’akay kikay koya posi, panokay han ningra. Saka tosa romi’ad, ci Siyao Mei Cin ato DPP a kakeridan ci Tsai Ing wen masasicada to tingwa i, onini a posi pakatengil to soni no tingwa, tangsol sa a pangiha, caay sa pitolas mipangiha. Ci Siyao Mei Cin pakalawla to sowal: “Kakeridan, matama ako i Kalingko ko posi iso” han ningra, nanoya malaposi to ni Tsai Ingwen, mapangangan to Tsai siangsiang[23]. == Kacacofelan no kitakit a demak (外交職務) == Taywan (ROC) Kacacofelanpo no kitakit ’Ayaway: Gao Shuotai, no Taywan to malataypiaway i Amilika Saka 15 pirekoan 2020 miheca 7 folad 24 romi’ad – midotoc: Anini == Pinengnengan a tilid(參考資料) == 1.Sa’ayaway a fafahiyan no Taywan to malataypiaway i Amilika, ci Hsiao Bi-khim “Inkiris a ngangan” no Taywan ko fangiit. FTV. 2020-06-20. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2022-03-02） （Holam（Taywan））. 2. 2020 Lifawuyyin, Kalingko, Pakoniraay sinpon. [2020-01-23]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2020-06-16）. 3. No “mihecaan tadamaanay tamdaw” saka 2 mihecaan ni Siyao Mei Cin i Amilika “mapafeli to sapapeno, ci Nancy Patricia Pelosi mipalafang to Taywan” matoro’ pangangan no Congkong mi’emec caay katalaw, Cin lipayan cassi. 2022-12-29. 4. Saki ni Siyao Mei Cin a kimad, （nano nina’angan tilid, i calay mana’ang）, Taymi likisi patiri’an ciwsing, 2016-01-16 5. “hongti no Kalingko” ci Fu Kunqu miliyaw maala to Lifawuyyin, ci Siyao Mei Cin caay pakafelin. Pakoniraay sinpon. [2020-05-04]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2020-12-05）. 6. Mamitala to sapipatireng to micokeray to congtong ci Lai Qingde mipalafang to Amilika: “no finawlang tamdaw” malamipalafangay to Washington satakaraway tapang no Taywan. BBC. 2020-02-04. 7. No Inkiris ko sapaliclic ci Chin Fucongan, matokitok ko tingwa kadademakan ni Hsiao Bi-khim. ETtoday sinpon o’ol. 2012-12-27. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2014-02-19）. 8. Misaliway, misaheci to kimpo, DPP pasadak to pifelih to Fu-maw, Taywan tapi’elal sinpon. 2014-03-18. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2014-03-23）. 9. Lipoyin saka 8 rekad saka 5 kalomaocan saka 6 a laoc a tilid: sapidemak no sifo to pipalasawad topihapiw to papatayen, sakakasakitakit tamdawan salongoc a minengneng mifelihay to “fanawlan ato sici salongoc no kasakitakit a koyak” a matelek saka 6. O sapi “sapihepol a rikec” matatodongay tina tosaay a lekakawa, sakatatodong no congtong mihepol, songila’, pasadak to “pihepol a rikec” patongal i saka 6 tosir no cecay, saka 6 tosir no tosa ato saka 6 tosir no tolo a sapisalof. (PDF). [2016-01-07]. （nano nitilidan (PDF) mana’angan i 2015-05-28）. 10. Chen Yunyu, Hsiao Bi-khim no Taywan to malataypiaway i Amilika, matenengay: matatodong ko paratoh i Tay-Mi. Tenokansya. 2020-06-16 [2020-06-16]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2020-06-16） （Holam（Taywan））. 11. Qiu Caiwei. Siyao Mei Cin i Twitter pasowal “no Taywan to malataypiaway i Amilika” Tsai Ing-wen: o manga’ayay ko kacitodong ningra. Linhosinpon. 2020-09-20 [2020-09-20]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2021-01-21）. 12. Chris Horton. Eight of the Most Important People to Watch in 2021. bloomberg. 2021-01-21 [2021-01-22]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2021-02-19）. More recently, the former legislator, 49, has spoken by phone with incoming Secretary of State nominee Antony Blinken in a bid to boost relations with Joe Biden’s camp. As China seeks to drive a wedge between Biden and President Tsai Ing-wen, Hsiao will play a key role in Taiwan’s attempt to maintain robust White House support for the democracy of 23 million, which Beijing threatens with invasion. 13.New York sinpon mi’eses ci Siyao Mei Cin: Awaay ko patodong, nika satadamaanay a no Taywan to malataypiaway i Amilika. Tenokaysya. 2023-01-22. 14. Xu Weiting. Ci Siyao Mei Cin i Twin Osks masasi’araw to ’ayaway a citodongay to sakipapotalay kakeridan ci Mike Pompeoan, manga’ay ko kakomaen to no Taywan kakaenen. Washington. Tenokaysya. 2021-04-02 [2021-04-02]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2021-04-09） （Holam（Taywan））. 15. Ci Siyao Mei Cin [@bikhim]. I was honored to meet Secretary @mikepompeo. (Twitter a tilid). 2021-04-01 [2021-04-02]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2021-04-20）pakayni Twitter （Amilika Inkiris sowal）. 16. Ci Mike Pompeo [@mikepompeo]. Great to see Taiwan Rep. @bikhim yesterday. (Twitter a tilid). 2021-04-01 [2021-04-02]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2021-05-09）pakayni Twitter （Amilika Inkiris sowal）. 17. Ci Siyao Mei Cin miliso’ to Amilika fafa'eday pikaykian a kakeridan (yiciw) ci Kevin Owen McCarthy a miliso’, Taywan a Lipoyin a Yinciw ci You Xikun mihomong to Amilika manga’ay ko kaaini. LInho sinpon calay. 2023-02-02. 18. “O tadawidang no misaamotoay” Lifawuyyin 44 tamdaw, ci Jiang Wanan cingangan. Pinko sinpon. 2017-12-25 [2017-12-25]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2020-04-30） （Holam（Taywan））. 19. I YouTube ci Hsiao Bi-khim: “Minokay” o todong no salongoc, palalanaypo o mamipa’orip to Kalingko Posong a finawlan a solongoc. (20160307 o piliclic to palalanaypo). 20. Kotaypan: Ci Hsiao Bi-khim misa’icel micekeroh ci ci Nancy Patricia Pelosi miliso’ to Taywan, o sasa’osien no likisi. KoTaypan. 2022-08-04 [2022-08-04]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2022-08-04） （Holam（Taywan））. 21. Cao Yufan. ci Hsiao Bi-khim, Gu Lixiong, Lin Feifan a 7 tamdaw mapatodong no Congko a misiikeday to Taywan tamdaw, polong no laloma’an matena’ micomod i Congko, Honh Kong, Macao. Tenokaysya. 2022-08-16 [2022-08-16]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2022-08-18）. 22. Hsiao Bi-khim: O caay ka terep saan to pisa’et, no Beijing a demak o sakapicoker no kasakitakit toTaywan. Tenokaysya. [2022-08-19]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2022-09-25）（Holam（Taywan））. 23. You Wanqi. O cecayfaliyos, mapacomod i faloco’ ni Tsai Ing-wen ci Tsai siangsiang. Linho sinpon. 2016-01-20 [2020-01-31]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2016-01-24）. == Papotalay kalocalay(外部連結) == Lipoing Siyao Mei Cin calay patadoan (Felih a pina’angan a kapi, i kalocalay mana’ang). Siyao Mei Cin no Inkiris a calay (Felih a pina’angan a kapi, i kalocalay mana’ang). Hsiao Bi-khim a Facebook patodongan felih. Bi-khim Hsiao i Twitter a ngangan. YouTube ni Siyao Mei Cin Lipoyin kadademakan a salalan. Siyao Mei Cin a Instagram a ngangan mamipacomod mitoki. Siyao Mei Cin i Taywan yakiw Wikilama’ a kalotilid (no kolam tilid). kas6a1d51s04hjxoq23rgvd8mrcjrrt 0 2472 37504 34909 2023-05-23T05:40:21Z Supaplex 330 頁面已重新導向至[[Vietnam]] 37504 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Vietnam]] s00ufs180ssbhe0o9ufz5uim2vsxkax 0 2473 34937 34919 2023-03-01T00:56:59Z CommonsDelinker 39 Removing [[:c:File:電影(鐵達尼號)發行海報.jpg|電影(鐵達尼號)發行海報.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Mdaniels5757|Mdaniels5757]] because: [[:c:COM:L|Copyright violation]]: movie poster https://www.amazon.co.jp/Titanic-DVD-Leonardo-DiCaprio/dp/B00004CZDS. 34937 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:RMS Titanic 3 (cropped).jpg|縮圖|408x408像素|Titani-Lonan]] == O saka teneng no [[:zh:泰坦尼克号|Titani]]-[[:zh:泰坦尼克号|Lonan]] == O saka teneng no Titani-Lonan i, itira i lafii no 1912 miheca saka sepat folad ira ko safaw sepat romi’ad tangasa i safaw lima a romi’ad a mateneng kora lonan. Ona Titani-Lonan a tamina i, o skakaay ko kata’ang itini i kasakitakit a falohay tamina, o nani Satimolan-Anpoton Minato no Ikiris kitakit tayra i Niwyok Minato no Amilika. O sarakatay ho a rakat nona lonan i saka 5 romi’ad ta teneng i riyar. [[Faylo:Launching of Titanic 2.jpg|縮圖|243x243px|1911年，下水儀式中的鐵達尼號]] I lafii no 1912 a miheca sakasepat folad ira ko safaw sepat a romi’ad, o paaliwacay no mitiliday toya romi’ad, mamasongtol to masatokosay a so’eda,I’ayaw no nini iraay to ko kinaenem a pipasifana’ to kaira no so’eda.nikawrira yo na’araw no mikacaway a mikecor a tamdaw ko so’eda , caay to ka takop a mikeror to cikay no lonan.Naw han cowa to ka nga’ay a tangsol a miliyoc ko tamina, masasongtol ko kawanan a fati’ian no tamina, mapitek koya tata’angay pacek, orasaka, mangela’ tona lonan, oya enem safaw a maditekay cila’eday rawang ira ko lima ko micomod to ko nanom. O faco no pisanga’ tona lonan deng sepat aca ko cila’eday rawang, anini sato lima rawang ko micomoday ko nanom, saka teneng sato. [[Faylo:Titanic lifeboat.jpg|縮圖|saka’orip cifar|241x241像素]] Yo mapalinah ko lafang tayra i [[:zh:救生艇|saka’orip cifar]] i, o taha kalacemceman laco ato tingpo ko sapipasifana’ to roma a tamina tayni mipa’orip to paro nona lonan a tamdaw. Ano tooren ko itiyaay ho a pinangan no parakatay to tamina i, ona sapa’orip cifar i, o sapicolo’ aca to lafang tayra i roma a tamina, caay ko polong no mikalicay tona lona a tamdaw pakalic tayra i rahodayay a tamina, saka caay ko mama’edeng pakalic to hatiniay to ko ka’aloman a tamdaw.Cowa ka pahoda ko toki mateneng kona lonan, o tatayni a mipadang a pa’orip a tamina caho ko maamaan ko toki ko katahaynian, wata ho ko ka’aloman no lafang caka pakakalic to pa’oripay cifar. O tatiihay a demak i, mafokil a palicinowas to tamdaw a pakalic i cifar, saka caho ka eming ko tamdaw a mikalic to tamina i mipacefong to i riyar.O dengan tosa ko toki ira ko sepat polo’ a fon teneng sato kona lonan. [[Faylo:TTNYLB.jpg|縮圖|227x227px|鐵達尼號的右舷外觀（繪圖軟體模擬）。]] Yo mateneng sato ko [[:zh:泰坦尼克号|Titani-Lonan,]] ira ko 1500 ko mikalicay a lafang ato palonanay. Caka pahoda oya mikefo’ay i riyar ato mapolingay i riyar tangsol sa a mafori’ak a mapatay. O micolo’ay to lafang a Koerpacin-Lonan i ikor tono kateneng no Titani-Lonan to cecay ira ko pangkiw ko toki, ikor to siwa ira ko pangkiw ko toki naka tenengan(saka 4 folad siwa ko toki ira ko 15 fon) makera ko saikoray to a ma’oripay lafang, o mapa’oripay a tamdaw ira ko 710 tamdaw,tonini a kapadesan o polong a mapatayay ira ko 1,514 ko tamdaw, o sakakaay ko ka ’aloman no mapatayay i laday a romi’ad, macekok ko cimacima itini I hekal. Mapahapinang ko cowa ka ’edeng ko sapa’orip cifar,cowa ka songila’ ko pisilsil to tatayalen ato pisakakinih to mikalicay i sakatolo kasasa’er a tamdaw, na onian to ko kasasowasowal no polong a kitakit. O pinengneng to tona kateneng no Titani-Lonan a misanga’ to “o sakarihaday no ’orip a kakaketonan i riyariyan no kasakitakit”, tahanini ko pitomadaw to sakarihaday no i riyaray. == Titani-Lonan(1997mihecaan a eyka) == [[:zh:泰坦尼克号_(1997年电影)|Titani-Lanan]] rgp17m2hh29vnzxcn42zplvpxz7has0 0 2474 35032 35031 2023-03-13T13:55:36Z Niauah 882 35032 wikitext text/x-wiki O 'ayam ko aa, saheto o mafana'ay a midangoy. Aka to a pisiyor manga'ay to a manengneng no aa ko ikor. Halipahafayay ko tamdaw to aa. Manga'ay a kaenen ko fita'ol ato titi no aa. Kamelengay ko podac no fita'ol no aa. Manga'ay a malasapisanga' to dihekoay a riko' ko opih no aa. 4h0a7vlmv3yve1nopd71ewhtfvsjnj7 0 2475 40194 40193 2023-11-29T22:11:00Z CommonsDelinker 39 Removing [[:c:File:'Alolil.png|'Alolil.png]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Jameslwoodward|Jameslwoodward]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/Files by Masaonikar|]]. 40194 wikitext text/x-wiki == ’Alolil (燕子) == === No ’Amis/Pangcah a sowal: ’Alolil; ’Arorir. (Kowaping: 燕子，毛腳燕，家燕). === Sacisowal sa ko maolahay to matiniay ’ayam a ’alolil i, “Mihawikiday to sakalemed a ’ayam”. Saan. Itini i Taywan, ano maraod to ko kacanglahan romi’ad no mihecaan, ira to tayni ko palafangay a mararamoday miliso’ to niyaro’aro’, tangasa i karaodan to kafalawfawan no romi’ad miliyas ito caira, to mihecahecaan misatikotiko a tayni ato miliyas, caira to nian haw i, matiya o “Palemeday” a pasalongan caira, matiya o mihiratengay to matelangay ano eca mihawikiday to salo’afangan. Sakapolongen ita mifana to ni sowalan no tamdaw a ’ayam - ’Alolil. === Mifana’ to ’alolil (認識家燕) === Matiniay a ’ayam – “no loma’ay a ’alolil”, mikidipongay i wisawisan no loma’, sa cingangan to “no loma’ay a ’alolil” (Barn Swallow) , matiyaay o ’alic a ’ayaayaman, o kakaya’ no tatirengan 15 tangasa 17 cm, kahapinangan nira o papotalay ka cipinangan, oya matiyaay V tilid ko teloc no opih nira, pasafangcalan a nengnengen ko calay no tilid a o “wikolan ’alolil a riko’” ko kasenengan nira. Mimingay ko tangal, nai tangal tangasa i li’el mahapinang ko kahengangay, mamoko’ay dadahal ko satekek, sakanga’ay i kaefer misiyop milepel to mamakaen a fao. O koror sa nira o malanosay kohetingay ko opih, ira ko langdaway a ma’onacay (dihemihay) . o ka’ayaw fafaeday a falohang ato ka’ayaway li’el ira ko cecay kohetingay mafolatakay nira, o kalaenoay falohang tangasa i tiyad o kohecalay. Loma’ay a ’alolil o madana’ay maefer a ’ayaman, tariktikay ko tatirengan, hacikay ko kaefer. Songila’en han a misa’imer a nengnengen mahapinang ko ’alolil kararadan misiyop ko kaeferan ato palaliyoc micilis ano eca o piliyas to mitena’ay a maamaan, mafana’ a pasifaed pasilaeno ko kaefer nira. Ira ko sowal “pasilaeno ko kaefer no ’alolil” o mama’orad ko romi’ad”, nawhani o ’alolil manga’ay ko kaefer, halo pilepel han to fao a komaen, tona mama’orad to ano sa, cinanom to ko fali, macepa’ ko fao caay ka nga’ay a maefer, dengan mingataay to sera ko kadademakan, o pikilim to kakaenen no loma’ay a ’alolil, saka pakayra i masalaenoay ko kaefer. === Malalinahay (遷徙習性) === O kaitraan a pala no Taywan, o lalan calay no malalinah a adihayay ’ayam, maraod ko kaciherangan kasafalatan to no romi’ad, kasi’enawan malifes to ko romi’ad, itiya o pacarcaray malalinahay a ’ayam mitado to kafafalifalic to no romi’ad, micowat to i masamaamaanay a kasairaira ko kalalinahan. O itiniay i Taywan a loma’ay a ’alolil saheto o “kaciherangan a pacarcaray ’ayam”, to mihecaan saka 2 folad tayni i Taywan misofoc milenak, tangasa saka 9 folad lomowad to pasitimol milaliw to kasi’enawan; nikawrira ira ko pinapina a loma’ay a ’alolil o no “kasi’enawan a pacarcaray ’ayam”, caay ko pisofocan milenak a kasi’enawan renok sa i Taywan. Oni a loma’ay a ’alolil pasitimol pasi’amis ko kalalinahan a romakat tahiraay i maedefay i polong no cikiw, orama a sowal o “micaferay a ’ayam” dengan itini i Taywan pacena’ay pacarcar itini, kalokalinahan pahanhanan, o raraya’ ko romi’ad ma’efar o pipatongalan to sakaciicel a rarakaten.    O no to’asan a nitilidan, ira to ko saki’alolil a sowalen to kalalinahan a sowal: “Satikotiko sa tayra tayni a malifot, canglahan kasi’enawan milakec to mi’efid a misalafii. Pasilaeno ko ka’efer to kangdaw no hekal ato ka’oradan, patedo sa micomod to i wisawisan no niyaro’.” Anini a sasowalen o nai Tangcaw a miolicay ci Cenko a niolican to saki ’alolil, pasowal to i ki’etecay ho a kacanglahan, o ’alolil ma’efer to niyaro’, to mihecaan tayni tayra misatikotiko a matayal to saka’orip. Tang a to’as (Tangtay) ci Ou yangxie a pitoay a ni’olican “Mi’olic to i faleday ’alolil ci Cenyu ko tapang” to saki’alolil a nipitilid: “I laloma’ay a coka ma’eferay tosaay ’alolil, nai to’asan tangasa anini o kinapinapinaay misatikotiko. Makalahay ko katayni katayra itiniay i kacanglahan kafarawfawan, o cimaay ko sakatayni sakatayra iso saw?” masowal ko pisatikotiko no ’alolil to mihecaan a mirayray milenak o kailolan. === O pisadipong (築巢特色) === Loma’ay a ’alolil nai wisawisan a misadipong pawawa, matiniay mililisay to lalan a lomaloma’an no Taywan o kananaman to. Nikawrira midotoc to ’ayaway a ’alolil itiraay i dihif no ’ongcoy a misadipong, midoedo to kacowat no tamdaw to maomahay ’orip, mafalicay to ko parapatan no liyok a kinaira, itiraay to i omaomahan ko fao, sapilaopan to fao, kalo kakaenen, o ’alolil itiya a mananam mikihatiya to tamdaw ma’orip. Ano roma i, itini i nipatirengan no tamdaw a loma’ a misadipong, ira ko pidipot to ciwciw a wawa caay ka lipalawen no roma kanga’ayan.   O pasifafaeday ko dipong no loma’ay a ’alolil a matiya o kaysing, o nano dita’ a nisanga’an, palamlamen to rengos, ’akaway no semot, mikilim caira to masengeray a dita’, ngetef han i ngoyos a misakimo’od, o loma’ay a ’alolil pisanga’ to cecay a dipong ira ko 200 tangasa 300 a kimooday dita’, o laloma’ o opih ko kalosaksak, komaingay a hana a lalosidan. Itini ira ko sasowalen, o Congko a tamdaw limelaen to “Yinwo (燕窩)” a kakaenen, oya nano ngalay mikafitay i dipong no ’alolil, nanoya awaay ko todong to nano dipong no ’alolil. Cecayay ko fainay fafahi no loma’ay a ’alolil, o tawinaan tamangawan malitihi misanga’ to dipong, misofoc to fita’ol, mipalahad to wawa a tatodong, o cecay a dipong ira ko 4 – 5 ko fita’ol, cecay miheca kina 2 padipong. Ikor no pisofoc, to romi’adan pakatengil to kiso to soni no wawa “cici cici” saan miai to kakaenen. === Pasalongan a tinako (象徵寓意) === Nano to’as o “sakalemed” ko ’alolil a salongan, paso’elinen no Congko a tamdaw ko ’alolil o ci saloafangay a ’a’adopen, oya mapatodongay no ’alolil koya a loma’ misadipong, mihawikid ko ’alolil patayni i loma’ to sakalemedan ato sakadofah. Saki maomahay i, o ’alolil milepel to fao a komaen to mikari’angay to pinaloma a fao, o roma i ma’osi ko tamdaw to fao, matiniay a sowal, so’elin ko ’alolil mipadangay to tamdaw ko nga’ayay a ’ayam. O roma a sasowalen, o ’alolil dengan i nga’ayay a laloma’an mikilim to pisadipongan, onini a sowal mato iraay ko kanga’an a sowal. Nawhani i kalaeno no dipong no ’alolil adihay ko tayi’, rariden mikorac miasik to kanga’ay no isi, ano awaay ko kodaitay damsayay a falohang, alato caay pakahadidi to kaacekan to kaira no loma’ay a ’alolil, haenen ko pinengneng to ’alolil o fafanaay minengneng to tamdaw. Mafana to pakayniay i ’alolil, miliyaw misarakarakat i lalan, pica’a ko nengneng to kakarayan, alatek o cecay a ’alolil tomirengay to calay no dingki, pamotek sa a minengneng tisowanan. ==== “Nengnengan” cassi mirinaay.《看》雜誌歡迎出版社 ==== Mimingay ko tireng no 'alolil, caay katata'ak ko sakofad(sapikpik), caay katadaadihay ko opih, ira ko langdaway ato kangdaway a cengel a nengnengen. O 'alolil i, mafana' a milepel to tatiihay fao, o tadatariktikay a 'ayam, O likes ato lalangaw ko nikaenan no 'alolil, o kafana'an no 'alomanay a fangcalay a 'ayam. Mipadipong ko 'alolil i tepong no kilang, ano i ningri, pakipaten nangra ko sota' i fadahong a mipadipong. Manga'ay a cifitaol ko 'alolil to tolo tangasa pito a fitaol i cecay a mihecaan. mxqmvrdnnauv8o6labn0o8qzxe43bz4 0 2476 36415 36414 2023-05-01T14:38:49Z 嚴美鳳 41 /* Pacefaday a tilid(註釋 ) */ 36415 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Ipomoea batatasL ja01.jpg|縮圖|o konga]] == konga 地瓜 == Adihay ko pangangan no Kuwapin to konga, o 番薯 hananay (no Ikiris a sowal: ''Sweet potato'') , ira ho ko masasiromaromaay a pangangan.<ref>'''另外又稱山芋'''、'''紅薯、甜薯、紅苕、紅芋、番芋。 中國食品工業名稱，《中華人民共和國國家標準 GB/T 23587-2009 粉條》 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）3.1 「粉條 粉絲 以紅薯澱粉或馬鈴薯澱粉或豆類澱粉為主要原料...」'''</ref>:Samihecaan sa ko lengaw no konga i Taywan, nikaorira, itini i saka tolo a folad tangasa i safaw cecay a folad, ano fangcal ko romi’ad harakat ko kamolahad nira, itini I kasienawan kietec ko romi’ad, mafadi'ay ko papah ato lamit nira, liyasen ko nai waliay a fali a mipaloma. Ano i padatengan a mipalama i, o malohakay a sota a mipaloma ta fangcal ko lengaw no konga, i lawac pipalomaan no konga, korkoren ko kengkeng kalolalan no nanon caay kaponi’ ko konga, ano i koreng mipaloama i, i laeno no koreng paepongen ko kasadakan no nanom, caay kafadi' ko papah,. Paafoen to tamatongal ko kaira ko papah ato konga. O tatapangan a lwngaw no konga itiniraay Sifoan-Karopaw a Amirika ano ca itirray i Sakatimolan-Karopaw a Amirika,<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=QU3qxpHf4S4C&q=Sweet+Potato+Peru+domesticated&pg=PA21</ref> o sapawacay a tilid i'ayaway ho no 5000 mihecaan. o to'as no Taywan a Yincumin toya Satimolan-Kanatanatalan Finacadan i'ayawan ho no Yoropa a tamdaw ko kakomaen tono pala-konga<ref>Batatas, Not Potatoes. Botgard.ucla.edu. [2010-09-12]. （原始內容存檔於2008-05-19）.</ref> sanay.I saka 16 sici nani Filipin mapatenak tayra i Congko ko konga, i 1824 miheca yo tayni ko Holan a tamdaw iraay to kono palapalaan a konga makaen no Yincumin sanay ko nitilidan no Holan. yo tayni to ko Dipon nengneng han kono Kuwaping a tilid tora "番" sanay i, o kina'orip ho kamo o misapadesay ko tatodong konini, orasaka falicen no Dipon to"蕃" sanay a tilid, ora to o konga tora "番薯" han to to "蕃薯". == Tahapinangan形態 == Co'enak sanay ko pipaloma to konga, tosa polo’ konfen ko kakaya no akaway ko sapipaloma, i teloc no akaway osawen ko pinapina a papah, hidefong han ko akaway i nanom ta cilamit to i, paconak han to i sota mipalama, lima konfen ko talolong a mipalama i sota ko akaway. Saayaw ho aka kaadihay ko pipananom, amaponi’aw ko akaway no konga, cilamit to i, tamangaay to mitongal to nanom a micefos, caay kangaay macepa’ tato ko sota nira, maponi’aw ko akaway nira, ano macepa’ tato i, adihay ko kacomoli a komaen to papah no konga,. Ano sacikongaan i, itini i kapokapokohan no akaway, oya ngisngis a limait nira, fotfoten miliyas to sota, tatayra i lamit no tatapangan ko afo, tata’ang ko heci no konga. == Cihareday營養 == Ira ko ratoh (patenak) kamaen to konga halo podac han a komaen sanay, nawhani kadofah ko konga to padeco no ’okak ato sakacidama no tatirengan sakaecaaw kasamo’. Koracen ko pisasaw i ’ayaw no pirahekad, halopodac ko pirahekad a makaen malahered no tatirengan; o roma sato caay kacisapaiyo ko konga, manga’ay ma’aca ko nga’ayay a konga, halo podac han ko pirahekad, masacefang ko hered a kaenen. O kahengangay ko laloma a heci no konga adihay ko canot a kaenen, caay ka sacefang no fitoka tina’i, malasakaci’icel no fitoka tina’I a dademak, oroma sato ira ko sakadema sakaeca kalatiih no fitoka tina’i (holam: yang-hua-mi, Inkiris: Cytochrome c oxidase) a dawmih ko katoma’i, matiniay a sadama a rahoday mapalowad ko adihayay fali no fitoka tina’i no tamdaw, matiya adihay ko nikaenen a kahengangay a konga, o sakafitero (ma'ax'ax), telook, ma’etot no tamdaw. == Pacefaday a tilid(註釋 ) == bn4nat92yavfwn7w11ia0iyef5er975 0 2477 35315 35310 2023-03-30T09:04:32Z Safulo 35 35315 wikitext text/x-wiki Onini ''San Andreas(加州大地震 )'' hananay a ika i, ono pikari’ang tono palapalaan a demak, pasadaken no misaikaay, ci ''Brad Peyton('' '''布萊德·派頓''') aci ''Carlton Cuse,'' camira a tatosa ko miparatohay tona demak, palaheci nangra a mitilid tonini a demak i, ci ''Dwayne Johnson, Carla Gugino'' ato alomanay a matayalay itini tona ika a demakan, tatapangan noni a demak i, pakayni to atol hananay a demak, miri’ang to maamaan tona hekal. Onini a ika, nai 2014 a mihecan saka sepat a folad tosa polo’ ira ko tosa a romi’ad a misatapang a matayal, itini i  Australia ko pisatapangan, toya mihecaan to saka pito a folad tosa polo’ ira ko pito ko kalahecian noni a demak, itini to San Francisco ko pisetekan a pahanhan toni a tayal, Saka tolo to ni ''Dwayne Douglas Johnson'' aci ''Brad Peyton'' a malacafay midemak a matayal to ika. ez5xzs80onmpgptdaypibdekodb6j37 0 2478 44653 40196 2024-09-10T03:09:44Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 ''' 44653 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sint Maarten''' (Netherland sowal: Sint Maarten), o sowal Netherland a Sint Maarten, anini o Netherland hongti kitakit a saka 4 a kitakit, o dadahal ira ko 34 pinfang kongli, tamdaw ira ko 41,486 tamdaw, maci o Philipsburg. Oni a kanatal o no Netherland a Antilles saka lima a kanatal (Eilandgebieden), I 2010 miheca 10 flad 10 eomi’ad mapacakat a malakitakit. O sakowan o katimol kalitosaay no Sint Maarten, o ka’amis kalitosa o no France Sint Maarten. == O lalengawan no sowal (詞源) == O nia kanatal nai ni Columbus ni panganganan, o pihiratengan ci Martin of Toursan, nawhani i 1493 miheca 11 folad 11 romi’ad o kasofocan ni Martin of Tours itiniay mahapinang kina kanatal. == Likisi (歷史) == Ci Christopher Columbus i 1493 miheca saki na 2 mifatel to Tasiyang sa’ayaw pakanengneng tonini a kanatal, itiya romai’ad 11 folad 11 romi’ad a palemedan no Kawas tadamaanay tamdaw ci Martin pangangan to nia kanatal, pao “Isla de San Martín” han. Talacowa ci Columbus mihapiw o no Spain a nicalapan kina sera, nika caay ho ka talahekal itini, o Spain caay ka kalah patireng to nicingcingan a sera. Masa o France ato Netherland mangalay toni a kanatal: o France sapi cingcingan to Bermuda tangasa Trini a kasakanatal, o Netherland manengneng ko Sint Maarten manga’ay pala o Brazil ato New Amsterdam (aniniay New York) tosaay micingcingan malacalay o pacarcaran. O Netherland a tamdaw rahoday i 1631 mihecaan patireng to pahiceraan itini, patireng to Amsterdamburg sapitena’ tomicalapay, o Netherland East India Company misitapang itini palali’aca to cilah. O France ato Inkiris tamdaw sapipatirangan itini to pahiceraan, mala sakacacefis no Spain ko Sint Maarten. O Spain paki 80 miheca kalaloodan i 1633 miheca micalap to nia kanatal, laplap han ko roma kitakit a micingcingay. O Netherland tamdaw ikor kinapinapina a milood sapialaan to nia kanatal caay ka laheci, tangasa i 1648 miheca 80 miheca kalalood paherekan, o Spain mihayda to Netherland a misiiked, itiya awaay ko sakinairaan saka ecaay to patireng itini i Caribbean Sea patireng to kamaro’an no hitay a mina’ay to Sint Maarten kanatal, o France Netherland tosa kitakit a micingcingay masasiiked nai St. Kitts kanatal ato St. Eustatius kanatal patiko i kanatal. Kinapinapina masiwtoc kina tatosaay, itiya caay to pakafilo a mifahfah itini tona kanatal, orasaka i 1648 miheca itini tina kanatal masasitilid to sakalali’ay satelek, palalitosa to Sint Maarten kanatal, o France itini tina kanatal patireng to no riyar a sofitay, sapipatalaw to Netherland tamdaw saka adihay no sera. Nikawrira naikora no katatelek i 1816 miheca, o France Netherland tosa kitakit caay pitolas ko kalasiwtoc, kina 16 misalof to salawacan, o France Netherland tosa kitakit kinapinapina malalood to Inkiris, nanoya o Inkiris to ko micalapay. O kasasitolas i 1816 mihecaan masongila’, no France a sa’etal 54 pinfang kongli, ono Netherland sa’etal 41 pinfang kongli. O Spain tamdaw sa’ayaw mipatayni to kohetingay a fades itini i Sint Maarten, nikawrira o tamdaw itiya ira ko takomod, tamako ato tefos a nipalomaan, o nisafadesan tamdaw matongal to, maki’aloman ko mifadesay tawki. Nawhani ma^edesay ko miparoray, itiya o mifadesan tamdaw mico’ay a mirawraw, o nika’aloman no tamdaw sakamifadesay a tawki caay ko asimanayen, o France Sint Maarten i 1848 miheca 7 folad 12 romi’ad mapalasawad ko mifadesay a telek, o Netherland a sa’etal i ikor no 15 miheca mapalasawaday to. Tangasa 20 sici, o pirarakatan misitapang comahaday, orasaka o mafolaway ranikay matongal ko tamdaw, o Juliana fafahiyan kaskitakit a hikokiciw mala o katayalan a hikokiciw, itiya o Inkiris a malenak. I 1983 miheca, o Netherland Sint Maarten mapacomoday i no Antilles, nikawrira nao pipalasawad to nipicingcing no polong no cikiw, nanoya misalongoc to sapisiiked, o Netherland a sifo i 2010 miheca 10 folad 10 romi’ad mihapiw to pitedal no Netherland a Antilles, o Netherland Sint Maarten mapacakat to no tekedan (niyah) patirengan kitakit, Netherland hongti kitakit materek ko satena’ to kitakit, kacacofelan a demak, patodong to paspoto a salongoc. O Emma faliyos i 2017 miheca 9 folad mafiyok no fali ko kanatal, makari’ang ko lomaloma’, nipatirengan ato kicay. O kakeridan no kitakit milongoc to Netherland sifo ato no hongti a sofitay a midama patireng, toya folad o hongti ci William Alexander miliso’ tina kanatal, sapipalowad a todong midemak tangasa anini, o kahinatalaan ko sapipatirengaw to nia kanatal. == Kicay (經濟) == O Netherland Sint Maarten a kicay o pirarakatan ko tadatayal. Talacowa o no Netherland a sera, nikawrira Netherland Sint Maarten caay ko no Europe nipatatekoan, caay ko Europe payso sa’etal, no kitakit a payso o no Netherland Antilles ton, nai Curacao ato Netherland Sint Maarten tatapangan kingko ko patodongay. Nakawrira nawhani o miingiray to ka’amisay sa’etal a France Sint Maarten, itini ira ko Amilika mirarakatay, o Europe payso ato Amilika payso manga’ay macaco’elis. == Ponka (文化) == Netherland Sint Maarten a kasasowalan o Netherland sowal ato Inkiris sowal, nikawrira o Netherland sowal itini i Netherland a sera rara: sato a malasawa[1]. Itiniay kasasowalen o malamlamay to Inkiris a sowal. == Saromakat lalan (交通) == Itini i sa’etal o Juliana fafahiyan kaskitakit a hikokiciw, ira ko no mirarakatay tamina a minato ato sakatayra i Anquila kanatal calay no tamina (so’elinay o sakaranikay a tayra i no Inkiris ato no Netherland a sera), orasaka pakonira saan ano eca rakat sa a tayra i no France Sint Maarten hanen to ko sapitiri’an (kanga’ayan, talacowa France ato Netherland tosaay kitakit o citoongay itira i Europe, nikawrira saheto o Europe nipatatekoan kitakit, nikawrira itini o kacitodong aca to kasala’edan, o todong nano Europe a nipatatekoan). == Sapakimad (注釋) == 1. Art. 1 para 2. Constitution of Sint Maarten (PDF). （o nano tilid (PDF) mateli i 2011-07-08. cg1tpxlibiggsul1m7kvh6l8qoyzp7t 0 2479 37736 37735 2023-06-05T03:16:13Z Safulo 35 37736 wikitext text/x-wiki == Lalood no Madawdaw(麻荖漏戰役) == Itiyaay i 1911 miheca a lalood no Sawali'an 'Amis a tamdaw ato tayhin no Dipon. itini i [[:zh:臺東廳|Posongay kowan no Dipong]] o sakakaay konini a kalalood. Itiraay i Paimengan no Dipon i Folalacay orasaka, o "Cenkuwangaw fodfod" hananay no Dipon a pangangan,nikawrira o " Lalood no Madawdaw" hananay no 'Amis a pangangan, nawhanni, o kakita'an no Torik a niyaro' ato kakita'an no Madawdaw niyaro' ko milengatay a mitoker to Dipong to sapipaco'ay to pilokes no tayhing no Dipong to 'Amis a finacadan. Matiya toya i 1878 miheca pilood no itiraay i Cepo' a 'Amis to Kuwaping o polong no sawali'an a 'Aimis a tamdaw a mipaco'ay to nanipapotalay a mikowanay to sapipa'adingaw to finawlan ato sapidipotaw to niyaro' ato sera. == O kaloladay a 'orip no 'Amis(阿美族祥和的生活): == [[Faylo:TRA R155 with Chu-kuang Express into Zhixue Station 20060708.jpg|縮圖|Cilamalay sawalian no Taywan]] Do’edoen ko sowal no malitengay ato nitilidan, o na pala itini i Madawdaw o liomahan no Torik a niyaro’ itiya ho sanay, i ’ayaw no 300 ko mihecaan ira ko tata’angay a cunami(langod) ma’emin a malenlen no nanom kalo pala, o maamaan to sahetoay a mafadi’ cowa to ka nga’ay a kalaliomahen ko itiniay a maforaway. Toloay ko kasasiroma a kasafelaw a mafolaway a tayni o cecay i, i ’ayaw no 145 ko mihecaan ira ko lalood i Cepo’ no ’Amis ato Kuwaping, namalowid to ko ’Amis a tamdaw maforaway a tayni nai Tingalaw, Cepo’ ko Cikatopay, Ciwidian, Cilangasan, Ciokakay ato Sapiyat a ngasaw a tayni mipamatang. O sakatimolan no sawaliaan itini sanay ko tamtamdaw a miharateng, o saka’amisan no Falangaway ’Amis a kalala’edan. Yo kaDipongan ira ko nani ’Etolan a mafolaway a tayni, to ikor to i, mada’edo a mafolaw ko nani Torikay ato Pa’anifong a tamdaw, orasaka, o nani ’Amisay a ’Amis, nani ’Etolan ato nani Torikay ato Pa’anifongay a mafolaway a matatekoay itini mapatireng to ko sakakaay a niyaro’ itini i pasawalian. O kaloladay a 'orip no 'Amis a tamdaw o maomahay, malaheci ko liomah [[:zh:狩獵|mi'adopay]], mifotingay, malaheci ko pitiposan ira ko tata'angay a ilisinan no niyaro', cowa ka matiya to roma a finacadan a milalitangal no tamdaw. o fa'inayan no 'Amis sahetoay mikadafoay mipalata'ang to parod no pikadafoan, ano manaay a mikadafo o matokaay a tamdaw sa a malikafay no cimacima. Ano mikadafo ko fa'inayan dengan o fonos ato takoyodan koni tatoyan a mikadafo, cowa ka mililam to dafong no loma'. O fafahiyan o maro'ay i loma' o mirocokay to dafong no loma'. Ano 'aloman to ko paro no laloma'an ciloma' to ko safa a fafahiyan, mitahidangan ko faki a mipakilac to dafong no laloma'an, icowaay a omah, hakowa ko papafelien a kolong, hatiraay ko 'orip no misa'Amisay a tamdaw tadarihadayay. yo tayni to ko Dipon 'afasen nangra ko sapi'adop kowang, anana: mafalic ko pinangan no 'orip sato ko 'Amis a tamdaw a matalaw. [[Faylo:新港港口.jpg|縮圖|o minato no Singko]] == Papisakoli a misanga' to sawali'an lalan ato minato( 勞役阿美族人開拓道路建設漁港) == Yo tayni i sawalaian no Taywan ko Dipon a mikowan, nengneng han nangra ko 'Amis a tamdaw masinanot ko pinangan, manga’ay a ocoren lihaday a kowanaen a papisakoli, itira to a milaplap to finawlan a mipalalan, misanga’ to lalan, [[:zh:臺東線|lalan no cinamalay]], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%88%90%E5%8A%9F%E6%BC%81%E6%B8%AF mikarkar to minato]. misanga' to kayakay, mlahecu ko nani Singko tahira i [https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%95%B7%E6%BF%B1%E9%84%89 Kakacawan] a lalan, ato tahira i Koladot a lalan<ref>王河盛. 〈菅宮勝太郎<small>（1883－1943）</small>〉. 陳建年、顏志光、施添福、詹素娟、王河盛、李玉芬、林志興、林建成、林韻梅、姜祝山、孫民英、張金生、張堯城、陳孫華、陳清正、黃天來、黃學堂、廖中勳、趙川明、鄭玉妹、鄭國正、羅福慶 (編). 《臺東縣史：人物篇》. 臺東縣政府. 2001-11. <nowiki>ISBN 957-02-9591-0</nowiki>:446</ref>.Orasaka matahidang ko i Folalacay tahira i Torik a polong 'Amis a tamdaw misakoli. == Mi'afas to sapi'adop kowang ko Dipon(日本没收獵槍): == I 1900 miheca(Mieci 43 miheca) oya mikowanay to Taywan a Sotok no Dipon ci Sakuma Masata(佐久間左馬太<small>／</small>さくま さまた) misatapang a midemak to "limaay mihecaan halaka to sapikowan to Yincumin), matalawen to pitoker no Yincumin, orasaka misatapang a mi'afas to kowang no Yincumin, o mamangay a kamaro'an no 'Amis a niyaro' no Posong ko pilingatoan, mi'afas to polong a sapi'adop a kowang. I Mieci(明治1911) miheca saka 3 folad, milekal ko mikowanay a Dipong to o payci ko sapi’aca to kina’orip a payso saan, miha’emin a pacici a mi'afas to sapi’adop a kowang no ’Amis, orasaka, falic sato ko mi’adopay ko ladayay 'orip no 'Amis a tamdaw, palawina sato to liomah. Toya miheca ma’eminay to ko kowang a ma’aca yosanany no [[:zh:總督府|Sotok-Fu]](總督府) sakakaay mikowanany no Dipon to Taywan, orasaka, tona mihecaan saka 6 folad satapang eca ka pafeli to nikarorayan no kakita’an a payso saan. Tona miheca saka 5 folad, tayra i Folalacay a Mipadangay-Kowan no Dipon a mililifon, onini i, o saikoray to a [[:zh:頭目|lifon no kakita’an]] saan, minokay sato alasangaliwngiw sato ko kakita’an, ma'afas ko sapi’adop a kowang, mapalasawad heca ko palifon to katayalan, cifaloco’ sato ko 'alomanay laplapen ita kona Dipon nga’ sato. Saka 7 foald saka 25 romi’ad saopoen no kakeridan no tayhin ci Fukuma Hitasilo(福間彥四郎) ko kakita'an no kakoniyaro' tayni i Folalacay mikayki, kapoi'en ningra ko kakita'an naw ca ka laheci ko nipatorodan a palalan a tayal? mipelesay ta to ko kapoi' saka macacoli ato mipadangay kakita'an no Torik niyaro' ci Ra'olong, mitepi' laway ni Ra'olong koya tayhin, mapacikel to ko kakita'an no Torik ci Asan ato roma a kakita'an ato niocoran, taroh han to ci Fukoma tayra i papotal a mikilomot mipalo, oni to ko lalengatan no kalalood no Madawdaw. Oya tayhin namiocor heca papisanga’ to lalan, ano ira ko eca ka pakalaheci ko nipatorodan a tatodong no niyah a sasanga'en a lalan, o tata'ang ko poi’ no tayhin no Dipon, tepi’ han no tayhin no Dipon ko mipadangay kakita’an no Torik, ira to ko kakilomot han to no 'Amis a tamdaw a mipalo ko tayhin no Dipon. == Miseti' to kakita'an orasak malalood (摑打頭目耳光引起戰爭) == [[Faylo:'otoc.jpg|縮圖|289x289像素|piharatengan 'otoc]] Pakatengil to ko kakita’an no Madawdaw a niyaro’ ci Lekal, keriden to no kakita’an ko finawlan a mipadang, halo Torik niyaro’, Paongaongan niyaro’ tayra i Mipadangay-Kowan no Dipon i Folalacay a milood to kamaro’an no tayhin no Dipon, eca ka hakowa ko romi’ad maaro’ to no 'Amis koya Mipadangay-Kowan a loma’ no Dipon, ha’emin han to a miala ko polong a dafong no Dipon pasitira i satimolan no Kinafuki- 'alo a pahanhan. Opoh sato ko Dipon a mitahidang to i Taypakay, Yilanay,Taycongay ato Taynanay a tayhin a mipadang milood, talacowa 'aloman ko tayniay a tayhin milood, o 'Amis sa i, cowaka hakowa ko ka'aloman no tamdaw, i saka’amisan no [[:zh:富家溪|Kinafuki- 'alo]] ko tayhin no Dipon, i satimolan no ’alo no Pisirian ko ’Amis a tamdaw a motoker. Safolafolad sako kalaloodan eca ka pakafilo ko tayhin no Dipong a milowid to 'Amis a tamdaw, orasaka tahidang han ko kakita’an no [[:zh:馬蘭部落|Falangaw]] ci [[:zh:谷拉斯·馬亨亨|Kolas Mahengheng]] a tayni ni Madawdaw papiliyo to faloco’ milalang to pilood to Dipon, pasowal saan cowa ko kakari’angen no Dipon kamo saan, kalikelon to kamo nani tokos 'adihay ko sapaini no Dipon to macahiway. Hayi haw sa koya milimekay i tokas a 'Amis a tamdaw, likelon sato. Malikelon to cangra mitala ko tayhin, oya kakeridan a tamdaw lalima, ira ko kakita’an no Madawdaw ci Lekal, ira ko kakita'an no Torik ci Asan pasila’enoen ko fongoh no Dipon i teloc no mipatirengan a 'akawangay 'aol, pasemsemen ho ko pica'it ta keton han koya sapifalod a towaso a mipaseta’ mipatay, ma’emin a todohen ko niyaro’ no Madawdaw ato Torik, oni pakaenan a kina’orip o koko’ to, o diyong to, o kolong to ma’emin a ma'afas no tayhin no Dipon. == Patireng to piharatengan a 'otoc (設立紀念碑) == I 2008 miheca o sapiharatengaw to to'as no 'Amis, itira i ka'etip no niyaro' patirengen ko "O ci'icelay milood to Dipon a 'Amis tamdaw no Madawdaw i 1911 miheca". == Pacefaday a tilid (註腳) == <references /> [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian ’Amis]] 47clyi5a8nsc2q0ay23djq5y1agwj36 0 2480 35296 35293 2023-03-29T14:57:45Z SimoyYoing 1157 35296 wikitext text/x-wiki O kikay no loma' konian, o sapiserer to nanom no fali. O sakanga'ayaw to tireng a miiyong to sapi'icang to fali. Ano soemet ko fali, matapokaw ko lalosidan no loma', caay kafangcal to tireng. Ano soemet tato ko fali i, caay ka'icang ko riko', caay kanga'ay ko foti' no tamdaw. en8bc815so4hrq5fe422rnee2ta8uzj 0 2481 35297 35295 2023-03-29T14:57:56Z 2001:B011:C00D:F1C7:3D83:DE65:CFBD:D9D8 35297 wikitext text/x-wiki Ira aca ko sapifaca' to riko' a kikay i loma' no tamdamdaw. Ano mifaca' to riko' i, patelien ho ko riko' ato safon. Misatapang a mifaca' to riko' koni kikay i, masadak ko nanom i pipatelian to riko', maliyon ko mo-ta. Ano maherek to a mifaca', dadawa a maliyon ko pipatelian a mi'icang to riko'. Ira ko tingnaw no sapifaca' to riko' a kikay imatini, mafana' a misa'osi to kareteng no riko' ato cikang no pifaca'an. 35m47e42v2bbw05qddlilwf80wbjqz7 0 2482 47015 42653 2025-07-18T09:17:42Z Mirusausiliq 1365 Misafaelohay to kimad no mira. 47015 wikitext text/x-wiki O Collage hananay i, o tatosaay a romadiway a cefang i Taywan, Nani 2019 a mihecaan 1 folad 31 romi'ad a misatapang. Ira sa ci Natsuko Lariyod aci Ông Ka-koân itira i Collage. O niharatengan no ngangan nomira i, nani cecayay a nakamayan o "Collage" hananay ko ngangan nomira i sowal no Française. O kasateked nomira i, ira ko masamaamaanay a laleko no radiw nomira. O roma sato i, miala komira to kasasiromaromaay a sowal a misanga' to radiw, ira ko sanoHolam, sanoTaywan, sanoAmirika, sanoRipon, sanoAmis/Pangcah, ato romaroma, misaloma' to faelohay to nanitirengay a niharatengan nomira. Namalaheci komira to kaolahan no Saka33 a Faelohay no Ekimay a Radiway (第33屆金曲獎新人獎), napasasowal ci Natsuko a mala to kaolahan, "Nanay o sakapafelien no radiw nomira to sa'icel ko kasasiromaay a tamdaw, sowal, gender, ato radiw" sowal sa ci Natsuko. O nikaharateng no Collage a misaradiw i, pakarakarakat no tireng a sasowal to kimad no romaroma a nalimawan, nikaorira i, caayay pidoedo kamo to niharateng no sera no Taywan, nanay ira ho ko ngala' a pasacefang to imi no raradiwan. O "haliCollage" hananay ko cimil no maolahay no Collage. == O Histori (Kongko) == I 2018 a mihecaan, namidemak ciira to "Seikai Sakacecay - Ma'orip to fa'elohay a Shiken" no Band no 'Adingo(閃靈) ato The Bell. I 2019 a mihecaan, o ngangan no tatosa a romadiway ci "Collage" ciira a misatapang i Soni no Lalan (StreetVoice) ato Lalan no Simal (Youtube) I 2019 a mihecaan, saka3 a folad ira ko saka27 a romi'ad, misatapang a misanga' to radiw i "N1 Party - O Raradiw no Tamdaw no Nanguaq" ko Nanguaq, Payleday Records... == O Romadiway (Member of Collage) == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%" ! colspan="6" |Romadiway |- ! rowspan="2" |Holam ! rowspan="2" |Amerika ! rowspan="2" |Sowal no Pangcah/Amis ! colspan="3" |Tatayalen |- !Misaradiw !Romadiw !Micoka' |- |夏子 |Natsuko |Natsuko Lariyod |Iraay |Iraay |Iraay |- |王家權 |Hunter Wang |Ông Ka-koân |Iraay |Iraay |Awaay |} == O Radiw (Songs/Raradiw) == === O Albums (Taradiwan) === {| class="wikitable" |- ! rowspan="1" | ! rowspan="1" |O Romi'ad ! rowspan="1" |O Ngangan no Taradiwan ! rowspan="1" |O Radiw |- !Sakacecay |2021/12/22 2021/12/23 |MEmento·MORI | # [https://streetvoice.com/collage7275/songs/581182/ 這該死的拘執佮愛]（Album ver.） # [https://streetvoice.com/collage7275/songs/602466/ 葬予規路火烌猶在]（Album ver.） # [https://streetvoice.com/collage7275/songs/622036/ 萬千花蕊慈母悲哀]（Album ver.） # [https://streetvoice.com/collage7275/songs/667876/ 傷心地獄芳花引魂] # [https://streetvoice.com/collage7275/songs/609546/ MALIYANG]（Album ver.） # [https://streetvoice.com/collage7275/songs/667870/ TALACOWA] # [https://streetvoice.com/collage7275/songs/667878/ 'ADINGO] # [https://streetvoice.com/collage7275/songs/667879/ TORATORAW] # [https://streetvoice.com/collage7275/songs/667880/ outro] |} === O Singles (Radiw) === {| class="wikitable" !# !O Ngangan no Radiw !O Romi'ad !O Sorit |- |1 |〈閃靈／合掌 Arranged Cover〉 |2019/02/13 2019/08/14 |... |- |2 |〈這該死的拘執佮愛〉 |2019/05/03 2020/08/30 |... |- |3 |〈TIC〉 |2019/07/27 |Iraay aca i StreetVoice |- |4 |〈Radical Love〉 |2019/10/25 |Iraay aca i StreetVoice |- |5 |〈葬予規路火烌猶在〉 |2020/01/03 2020/08/30 |... |- |6 |〈MALIYANG〉 |2020/03/27 |Nga'ayen to radiw "MALIYANG" ci ama ni Natsuko, Pitiro Lariyod. |- |7 |〈萬千花蕊慈母悲哀〉 |2020/08/29 |... |- |8 |〈紅弁慶（ベニベンケイ）〉 |2020/11/09 |... |- |9 |〈蓮花空行身染愛〉 |2021/03/08 |... |} == O Awards ato Accolades == {| class="wikitable" style="width:95%; text-align:center;" |+ ! width="5%" |O Mihecaan ! width="16%" |O Saka... ! width="15%" |O Awards ! width="16%" |O Radiw ! width="5%" |O Heci |- |2021 |Saka-safaw-sepat (14th.) Freshmusic Awards |O Sakapolo' a Radiw no MIheca |〈萬千花蕊慈母悲哀〉 |Pafelien |- | rowspan="7" |2022 | rowspan="2" |Saka-safaw-lima (15th.) Freshmusic Awards |O Safangcalay a Romadiway | rowspan="5" |《MEmento·MORI》 |Pafelien |- |O Safangcalay a Mitayalay |Panganganen |- |Saka-tolo-polo'-ira-ko-tolo (33th.) Ekim Radiw Awards |O Safangcalay a Faelohay a Romadiway |Pafelien |- | rowspan="3" |Saka-safaw-tolo (13th.) Ekim Radiw Awards a Micoka'ay |O Safangcalay a Faelohay a Romadiway |Panganganen |- |O Pasipafeliay |Pafelien |- |O Safangcalay a Radiw no Rock |〈傷心地獄芳花引魂〉 |Panganganen |- |Saka-tosa-polo'-ira-ko-lima (25th.) Romadiway no Chinese |O Sakapolo' a Radiw no Miheca |〈萬千花蕊慈母悲哀〉 |Pafelien |} == O References == <references responsive=""></references> == O Links == * [https://streetvoice.com/collage7275/ StreetVoice] * [https://open.spotify.com/artist/1YtYHaWLV0IU7SwhvG6Luk Spotify] * [https://www.youtube.com/@collage7275 O Channel no Collage] * [https://www.facebook.com/Collage7275/ O Facebook Page no Collage] * [https://www.instagram.com/natsuko_lariyod/ O Instagram no Natsuko Lariyod] * [https://www.instagram.com/hunter_egt/ O Instagram no Ông Ka-koân] [[Kasasiwasiw:Taywan]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Amis]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Pangcah]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Music]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Band]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Radiw]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Romadiw]] rdag2sl60pfipybpfwmc6w0ebrgqu5m 0 2483 39228 39227 2023-08-01T13:11:10Z 123.194.200.188 39228 wikitext text/x-wiki == Kinki pisikitangan niyaro'(建基煤礦部落) == === O kasafelaw no 'Amis a tamdaw a tayra i tokay misyakay(都市原住民的形成) === I 1950 mihecahecaan a satapang a kasafelaw ko katayra i tokay a misyakay ko 'Amis a tamdaw,naw hanni ira ko taloay a mapacekelay:sakacecay o payso to kosapipasata. ano nipasata tono omah to, no dingki to, o maamaan o payso ko sapipa'aca, miliwalan ko panay ta ira ko payso, orasaka mikilim to pilipaysoan; sakatosa, o 'etan no mifotingay itini i sawalian riyar cowa ka ka 'adihay orasaka mikalic no nawasin anoca minininkokay; sakatolo, misatapang ko sifo mipatireng to mo'etepay-papatirengen, minanay to 'alomanay a mamatayal, nawhani cowa ho ka pacomod to iromaay a tamdaw matayal tora waylaw i Taywan. Orasaka, o fainayan i, mininin kokay mikalic to tamina i Takaw ano ca i Kilong,orama i, misamokongay misikitangay, misalinkaay, o maan to a tayal iraay ko 'Amis a tamdaw.o fafahiyan itiraay i Silin a mililecay a tayal, misanga' to riko'. o misikitangay itiraay i Royfang-cen no Taypak kowan(台北縣瑞芳鎮) ono aniniay a Royfang-etal no Fa'elohay Taypak-kowan a Kinki-pisikitanan, i 1966 satapang a mikarkar to i la'enoay no riyar a pikarkaran, itiya malasakasepat no hekal ko Taywan to i la'enoay no riyar ko pikarkar to sikitang. O sikitang itiya ho i, o sapiparakat to cinamalay, o hakasoy no misanga'ay to dinki, 'edeng o simal ato sikitang ko saparakat to kikay ato hakalakasoyan. == Kinki pisikitangan(建基煤礦) == Itiraay i Senaw capa' a lalan no cinamalay ko Kinki-pisikitangan, o mikarkaran a sikitanga itini i, nipatayraan i ngataay a Senaw misanga'ay to dingki, o namal ko sapisanga' to dingki itini, o sifo ko cikikaay itiya ho, ma'aca no cipaysoay a payrang patireng sato to Kinki pisikitangan kosi Minko 46 miheca saka 7 folad, ci Li Cien-ho(李建和) ko tawki nona kosi. Yo misatapang sato a mikarkar to sikitang manikaw to mamatayal a tamdaw, orasaka tayra i Kalinko mikilim to mamatayal.O 'Amis a tamdaw ko 'alomanay a mitahidangan,tata'angay ko lifon itiya, ma'edengay paka'aca to tosa pawti a panay ko cecay a naromi'adan a lifon, cecay ano ca tosa folad ko kaenen to nini, orasaka ma'edengay ho a misoped to payso, oninian to ko kasafelaw no tamdaw a tayno matayal.Yo sa'ayaway a tayni iraay ko tolo a laloma'an a Ponong finacadan a tamdaw(布農族), o 'Amis ira ko 89 ko parod, orasaka sanga' sato to kamaro'an itini mingata to katayalan, ikor to o 'Amis aca a tamdaw ira ko 170 ko parod, ano cecay parod ira ko sepat ko tamdaw han i, polongen ira ko 680 ko tamdaw,samasanga' ko cecay a niyaro' pangangan han to Kinki niyaro'(建基部落). == O kakatalawan ko tayal no misikitangay(煤礦工作危險性高) == I Minko 55 miheca saka 2 folad malaheci to a mikarkar ko i la'enoay no riyar a hefong(pongkang), malapicomodan no fali koninian, i Minko 55 miheca saka 8 folad malaheci ko masa'apilisay a i la'enoay no riyar a pikarkaran matatongod ato ya i'ayaway a pongkang, itini to ko pisatapangan a mikarkar to sikitang. O mikarkaray a tamdaw misakilacan to 61 a cefang, cecay a cefang ira ko 50 ko tamdaw, kinacecay a micomod i pikarkaran pongkang 16 ko toki ko katayalan, oya micoro'ay to sikitanf a tosiya taliyok sanay, micomod i, paloen ko sikitang kalicen no micoro'ay tara papotal miliyaw heca a micomod haen sa masaromi'ad, O kakahad no pala no kaitiraan no Kinki pisikitangan ira ko 766 kofo(公頃) 人o sikitang i o itiraay i kemod no fokeloh, o kakifetol ira ko 50~120 cm<ref>建基煤礦-文化部國家文化記憶庫 (culture.tw)</ref>, lalen a kakifetol ira ko 80 cm, o i sifo'ay a kakifetol ira ko 25 cm o tatihiihay a sikitang koninian cowa ka karkaren. Ona pisikitangan o itiraay i sakawalian no Senaw sikitang, o i la'enoay no riyar a sikitang, orasaka i 'ayaw no pikarkar miso'elinan a misolap a mihapinang ko nanom no riyar iraay micomod han? ano ira ko malesaay tangasol a so'oten pahanhan a matayal, o sakatosa a pikarkaran a pongkang miliyasay to to hekal mocomod i la'eno no riyar to 500 laya' ko kalaay.<ref>建基煤礦-文化部國家文化記憶庫 (culture.tw)</ref> == O 'orip no matayay(煤礦工的生活) == O nipatirengan a kamaro'an a solafo no matayalay itini sahwtoay ira ko cengel no hata no Conghuwa Minko toya kandaway, kohecalay ato kahengangay, onini i, latek o tahapinangan nona nipatirengay a Li laloma'an to Kokominto. ona solafo a loma' tosaay ko etal ko kasarayray, isaka'etipan a la'eno ira ko cecaay anoca toloay kasatongroh a solafo sahetoay o payrang ko itiniay a maro',<ref>放羊的狼: 991101瑞芳-建基煤礦、深澳(番子澳) (ivynimay.blogspot.com)</ref>anini sato sahetoay o malitengay ko maro'ay, awaay maengeng ko kaemangay. o isakawaliay i 'akawangay a pala a rayray no solafo misi'ayaway to riyar a rayray ato pasilotokay a rayray, tosaay ko solafo itini, matelangay makaditay a solafo ono 'Amis a loma'<ref>放羊的狼: 991101瑞芳-建基煤礦、深澳(番子澳) (ivynimay.blogspot.com)</ref>.ono ka'ayaway rayray a loma' alacilikelay to kofaw, ono i'aikoray a rayray a loma' o kapolongan ko pisacacakan.orasaka, misacacak sa ko fafahiyan mihapinang ko nisacacakan, o foting han o titi han tano lateng sanay han, nikawria mapapainiay ko fiyafiyaw. == Mapakohac ko pisikitangan pongkan(煤礦災變) == Toloay ko tata’angay a pisikitangan o [[:zh:海山煤礦|Haysan-pisikitangan i Tocen]](土城海山煤礦),Haysan-sakacecay pongkoan i Sansiya(三峽海山一坑煤礦) ato [[:zh:煤山煤礦礦災|Miesan-pisikitangan i Royfang]](瑞芳煤山煤礦). I 1984 miheca saka 6 folad saka 20 romi’ad, mafetas ko Haysan-pisikitangan ira ko 74 tamdaw ko mapatayay, sahetoay o ‘Amis a tamdaw.Yo mapakohac kona pisikitangan cowa ka tangsol han no tawki a nipasifa’ ko Citatodongay kowan no Taywan-sen(臺灣省礦務局)tolo ko toki ko pipanayat to romi’ad,toyanan a tatokian mifalic to naikoran no kafetasan cifaloco’ to sapipalahedawaw to hapawacay to kacitodong no tawki. Tona mihecaan saka 7 folad saka 10 romi’ad o itiraay to i Royfan a Misan-Pisikitangan ko mapakohacay,ira ko 103 ko mapatayay tamdaw<ref>一月內第二宗 慘情震動全島 台灣昨又發生煤礦火災 一百三十礦工被困生死難卜 蔣經國不得不下令全島逾百煤礦停產. 大公報第一版. 1984年7月11日.</ref>.Tona miheca saka 12 folad saka 5 romi’ad o itiraay to i Sansiya a Haysan-sakacecay pongkang ko mafetasay, ira ko 93 ko mapatayay tamdaw.Ano ca a caayay ka patay toya kafetasan no pisikitangan, mapolongay ciadada tono fala’ adada,caay ka pina ko mihecaan mapatayay to. I 2000 miheca pala’idef hananay to ko polong a pisikitangan.Oya misikitangay a tamdaw paloma’ sato i Ami-ciyain(阿美家園), oroma itiraay i Karihadayan niyaro’(快樂山) kaloniyaro' han to no niyah. == Pacefaday a tilid(參考文獻) == <references /> [[Kasasiwasiw:Sawali'an 'Amis]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Pasawalia'an 'Amis}} pg239gvt21l7j6wpknjxdvq6yo7k475 0 2484 41322 40037 2024-02-05T00:46:00Z Minorax 57 41322 wikitext text/x-wiki <span style="font-size:x-large;"> '''“Mipalasawad to polong masafacoay pisakakinih to fafahiyan a kakaketonan”''' </span> === '''''《''消除對婦女一切形式歧視公約''》''[https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E9%99%A4%E5%B0%8D%E5%A9%A6%E5%A5%B3%E4%B8%80%E5%88%87%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E6%AD%A7%E8%A6%96%E5%85%AC%E7%B4%84]''' === === '''''（''英語：The Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women，CEDAW''）''''' === <span style="font-size:large;">'''Sakacecay:Tatodong no Pisakakinih (歧視的定義)'''</span>''' [[Faylo:歧視的定義.wav|左|縮圖]] [[Faylo:Cedaw.jpg|縮圖|“Mipalasawad to polong masafacoay pisakakinih to fafahiyan a kakaketonan”'''《''消除對婦女一切形式歧視公約''》''（''英語：The '''C'''onvention on the '''E'''limination of all Forms of '''D'''iscrimination '''A'''gainst '''W'''omen，'''CEDAW'''）'']]O “pisakakinih to fafahiyan” sanay a sowal tona kakaketonan o masamaamaanay a pisasiroma, piwanik ato pitolas koni toro’an, o pisiwar ato pipatosokan nonini i, ma’edengay a mitena’ ano ca mihakeno to sakafana’aw, sapi’isalaw ano ca sapidemakaw to sieci, kicay, syakay, ponka,finawlan ato roma a Salongoc no kalatamdaw ato katomiregan no paifaloco’ay no ciramoday ato ano caay ho kaciramod a fafahiyan to nilalen no fainayan ato fafahiyan. <span style="font-size:large;">'''Sakatosa:Palasawad to pisakakinih (消除歧視)'''</span> O matatiliday tona kakaketonan a kasakitakit,masacecay ko pilanang to masamaanay to pisakakinih to fafahiyan, tangsolen a midemak ko matatodongay halaka, micikeroh to hadademaken, palahedaw to pisakakinih to fafahiyan. O sapilaheciaw toni a patosokan, alamidemak to: '''<span style="color:red;">a.</span>''' Ano caay ho ka paro i “Tatapangan Rikec no Kitakit” ko kalalen no fa’inayan ato fafahiyan, karamkamen a pacomod, o rikec ato roma a matatodongay tayal ko sapilaheci tonini a lekakawa; '''<span style="color:red;">b.</span>''' Misanga’ to rikec ato roma a demak, mahaop ko pisa’et toya romi’ad, mitaker to ’emin a pisakakinih to fafahiyan; '''<span style="color:red;">c.</span>''' Patireng to malalenay salongoc no fa’inayan ato fafahiyan a sapa’ading rikec, o citodongay to pisawkit ato roma a kapolongan kowanno sifo ko mamidemak tonini, midopo/ mitared(''保證'')to so’elinay pipa’ading to fafahiyan saka ca ka cipades to masamaanaanay a sakakinih; '''<span style="color:red;">d.</span>''' Cowa to ka pidemak to masamaamaanay a pisakakinih to fafahiyan a tayal ato demak, o demak no sifo ato kapolongan kowan midopo to caay ka pifelih tona demak; '''<span style="color:red;">e.</span>''' Lahecien a mitayal ko matatodongay a kalodemak to sapipalasawadaw to pisakakinih to fahahiyan no kalotamdaw, saopo ato tata’angay katayalan. '''<span style="color:red;">f.</span>''' Lahecien a mitayal ko matatodongay a kalodemak mahaop ko pisanga’ to rikec, misalof ano ca mipalsawad to aniniay a misakakinihay rikec, lekakawa, pinangan ato tinakoan; '''<span style="color:red;">g.</span>''' Palasawaden ko i nisefelay-rikec(''刑法'') no kitakit to nisakakinihay to fafahiyan a ’emin nisetekan. <span style="font-size:large;">'''Sakatolo:Tatapangan Salongoc ato Tatapangan Naifaloco’an(基本權利和基本自由)'''</span> Lahecien no makaketonay kitakit ko picapopo to polong a kasaetal, pacideken itini i sieci, syakay, sak’orip, ponka, demaken ko ’emin a matatodongay a hadademaken mahaop ko misanga’ to rikec, mitared to sakapatahtah a cemahad ato macakat ko fafahiyan, o patosokan nonini i,o sapipalaheciaw to katomirengan i kasalalen ato fa’inayan midemak,mikilac to salongoca no kalatamdaw ato tatapangan naifaloco’an. <span style="font-size:large;">'''sakasepat:Mitayal to cidekay a dadademaken(採取特別措施)'''</span> '''1.''' Lahecien no makaketonay kitakit ko pidemak a micaloh a palaheci ko pacarcaray a lekakawa to kalalen no fafahiyan ato fa’inayan. Ona lekakawa cow akoya nitoro’an tonian kakaketonan a pisakakinih, aka ka malaparariday a kakinih ato kasasirom a patosokan; yo malaheci to ko kalalen no talikeda ato pidipot no fa’inayan ato fafahiyan, palasawaden konini a lekakawa. '''2.''' O sapipa’adingaw to winaay a pinangan a nitayalan a cidekay lekakawa no makaketonay kitakit, cowa ko misakakinihay. <span style="font-size:large;">'''Sakalima:Oya makakafitay i tiring a kasasirom sanay a masa’alitaday harateng ato makakinihay pinengneng(有關性別角色的陳規定型觀念和偏見)'''</span> Lahecien no makaketonay kitakit midemak ko polong a matatodongay lekakawa: '''<span style="color:red;">a.</span>''' falicen kono syakay ato ponka a pinangan no fafahiyan ato fa’inayan, ta mafalic ko misakakaay ato misafayay a harateng ano ca oya masalalekoay tayal no fa’inayan ato fafahiyan sanay a sakkinih, pinangan ato roma a ’emin a demak; '''<span style="color:red;">b.</span>''' mitared to pipasifana’ no loma’ mihaop to mi’ecelay ko kafana’ to kasasitekelokelo no wina ato kapolongan a tayal no mama ato wina ko pipa’orip ato pipasifana’ to wawa, ano ira to ko masamaanay a demak i’ayawen ko hahor no wawa. <span style="font-size:large;">'''Sakaenem:O makakafitay ato mipa’acaay to fafahiyan ato misakemotay a mikali’angay to rikec a lafo(與販賣婦女和賣淫有關的違法犯罪)'''</span> Lahecien no makaketonay kitakit midemak ko polong a matatodongay lekakawa, mahaop ko pisanga’ to rikec to sapitakeraw to ’emin a faco no mali’acaay ato papisakemotay to fafahiyan to sakaci’epoc a demak. <span style="font-size:large;">'''Sakapito:Cisalongoc no sinkiw i kalosinkiw, mikapot ato sifo a misanga’ to dademaken lekakawa ato mikapot to caay kono sifoay a kasawasil ko fafahiyan(婦女在所有選舉中擁有選舉權以及參與政府的政策制訂和參加非政府組織)'''</span> Lahecien no makaketonay kitakit midemak ko polong matatodongay tayal, mipalahedaw to pisakakinih to fafahiyan i sieci ato kapolongan ’orip mitared to kalalen no fa’inayan ato fafahiyan: '''<span style="color:red;">a.</span>''' ira ko salongoc no fafahiyan masinkiw i kapolongan sinkiw ato pitopa no finawlan, '''<span style="color:red;">b.</span>''' mikapot ato sifo a misanga’ mitayal to dademaken lekakawa, matayal heca to polong a kasasa’eran tayal no sifo, '''<span style="color:red;">c.</span>''' Mikapot to makakafitay i kapolongan ato no sieciay a ’orip no caay kono sifoay a saopo ato kasawasil. <span style="font-size:large;">'''Sakafalo:Niocoran salongoc i kasakitakit(國際上的代表權)'''</span> Lahecien no makaketonay kitakit midemak ko polong matatodongay tayal, mitared to kalalen no fa’inayan ato fafahiyan caay ka sakakinih,ira ko talikeda malaniocoran no sifo mikapot to tayal no kasakitakit a saopo. <span style="font-size:large;">'''Sakasiwa:Kika no Kitakita(國籍權)'''</span> '''1.''' Lahecien no makaketonay kitakit midemak ko malalenay salongoc to piala,pifalic ano ca miosaw to kika no kitakit ko fa’inayan ato fafahiyan. Lahecien no makaketonay kitakit ko pitared,ano mararamod ato roma a kitakit a tamdaw ano ca i kararamodan mifalic ko fa’inay cowa ko mamafalic kono fafahi a kika no kitakit,mapalahedaw ano ca mapaci’eci a pakafit to kika no kitkit no fa’inay. '''2.''' Laheciaen no makaketonay kitakit a pafeli ko malalenay salongoc to fa’inayan ato fafahiyan to pakayniay i kika no kitakit a demak. Sakamo’etep  Salongoc no pasifana’ ato pikonlin, mahaop ko sapikapot to onto ato misahalaka to sakaciwawa a fana’ a salongoc(''教育和培訓權利，包括參加體育和獲取計畫生育知識的權利'') Lahecien no makaketonay kitakit midemak ko polong matatodongay tayal to sapipalahedaw to pisakakinih to fafahiyan, patared to fafahiyan cikilac to malalenay a salongoc i pipasifana’an, mipatared to fa’inayan ato fafahiyan i : '''<span style="color:red;">a.</span>''' I kasasiromaroma a sakowan no kiwiku,i misatokayay to i niyaro’ to malalen ko kacitodong i cidekay-taneng,pidama to sakatayal, minananam ato ato piala to kompay. I’ayaway no pitilidan,kalopitilidan, kacitatodong,cidekay-taneng ato ikakaay kacitaneng a kiwiku ato masasiromaromay a pikonlinangan to sakatayal malaheci a mapatared ko matiniay a kalalen; '''<span style="color:red;">b.</span>''' o patosokan no sapasifana’,salifet, kacitodongan no singsi,pitlidan ato kakoc ato hacowa no dafong malalen a malecad; '''<span style="color:red;">c.</span>''' o sapipalasawadaw to masamaanay a masalalekoay harateng i kasasa’er ato kasasiromaroma a pipasifana’an to tayal no fa’inayan ato fafahiyan,lahecien ko pipa’icel to palacafay no fa’inayan ato fafahiyan mitilid,ato mipadangay milaheci tonini patosokan no pasifan’,sacideken a milaheci ko pisanga’ to sapasifana’ tilid ato matatodongay sapasifana’; '''<span style="color:red;">d.</span>''' malecad ko pilayap to sap’icel a payso no sifo ato roma a padahof no sifo to sapikinkiw payso; '''<span style="color:red;">e.</span>''' ono malitengay kiwiku marapot kono sakafana’ to tilid ato mi’asipay ato mitiliday taneng malecad ko kacitalikeda, mapacidek ko nikacaloh a misakamoko’ to kalala’edan no fa’inayan ato fafahiyan i kiwiku. '''<span style="color:red;">f.</span>''' milowan to (misatociway) ifataday ko pisawad no fafahiyan a mitiliday, patalaen ko kasasiromaroma a dademaken to sapaini to pali’ayaway ko pisawad a mitilid a kaying ato fafahiyan; '''<span style="color:red;">g.</span>''' malecad ko talikeda a misarocod mikapot to ma’aiseday ato miyatayat; '''<font color=red>h.</span>''' ira ko talikeda a milayap to mitomadaway a milayap to sakacicidekay a fana’,ta mapalaheci ko pipa’ading to katanektek ato rihaday no loma’, mahaop ko pali’ayaway misahalaka to maciwawa a fana’ ato tomadaw. <span style="font-size:large;">'''Sakacecay safaw:Cikilac to salongoc no katayalan, sadipot no syakay ato mipadangay a midama mahaop ko sapidipot a dafong(享有工作、社會保障和輔助性社會服務包括保育設施的權利)'''</span> '''1.''' Lahecien no makaketonay kitakit midemak ko ’emin a dadademaken to sapipalahedaw to pisakakinih to fafahiyan i katayalan, ta matared to ko kacikilac to malecaday salongoc, macidekay ko: <span style="color:red;">a.</span> cimacima to a tamdaw ira ko cowa mama’afas a sakatayal salongoc; <span style="color:red;">b.</span> cikilac to malecaday a salongoc to sakatayal a talikedaan, mahaop ko kalalen no nipiri’ a miala a lalekoan; <span style="color:red;">c.</span> cikilac to naifaloco’ay a pisimsim to cidekay tayal ato demak, mipacakat ato pi’ading to katayalan, o ’emin a pidemak to sakarihaday ato sakatayal, milayap to pitomadaw ato sapacakataw to tayal, mahaop ko salongoc to mihatatanam pakonlin,ikakaay tayal a pihatatanam ato kaloladay a pikonlin; <span style="color:red;">d.</span> masananawiray ko ’epoc a tayal cikilac to mananawiray a lifon, mahaop ko salongoc no sakarihaday ato malalenay demak, yo mamisawkit to nitayalan mananawir to ko kacisalongoc to malalenay demak; <span style="color:red;">e.</span> cikilac to sapa’ading no syakay a salongoc, masateked i pisawadan matayal, kaawaan no tayal, adada,masamo’ ko tireng ato maliteng ato ca malahedaw ko ’icel a matayal, cikilac heca to cilifonay a pahanhan; <span style="color:red;">f.</span> itini i katayalan cikilac to sakatanektek ato sapa’ading no syakay, mahaop ko salongoc to sapa’ading to sakaciwawa. '''2.''' O sakacaayaw ka sakakinih ko fafahiyan yo mararamod ano ca ciwawa, mipa’ading to kaciheci no katayalan salongoc, o makaketonay kitakit lahecien ko pidemak to matatodongay demak: <span style="color:red;">a.</span> milalang to papisawad to nika citiyad ano ca pahanhan i kaciwawaan, ato o nika raramodan ko pi’arawan a miskakinih a papisawad to tayal, o misakemotay toni a makaketonay kitakit patefocen; <span style="color:red;">b.</span> midemak to cilifonay a nikasofocan pahanhan ano ca o mananawiray a sakrihaday no syakay a nika, sofocan pahanhan, cowa ko mamalahedaw ko tayal,kanawan ato sapakaolah; <span style="color:red;">c.</span> pa’icel to mipafeliay to sapadang a tayal, masateked i mipatireng ato mipacemahad to yociin a kadado’edoan no tayal,ta manga’ay ko ciwawaay patokeled tono loma’ ato katayalan mikapot to kapolongan demak; <span style="color:red;">d.</span> o matayalay i midoka’ay to tireng a cipoyapoyay fafahiyan, pafelien to micidekay a pipa’ading. '''3.''' Lahecien ko pido’edo to sakakaay taneng a fana’, i nipatonekan a romi'ad mihapinangan to mamakafitay tona rikec to pipa’adingan, ano ira ko mifelihay tona rikec lahecien ko pisalof,palasawad ato pipatenak. <span style="font-size:large;">'''Sakatosa safaw:Salongoc no Cinpaoka(保健的權利)'''</span> '''1.''' Lahecien no makaketonay kitakit midemak ko matatodongay demak to pipalahedaw to fafahiyan i kapolongan-paising to cinpaoka, patareden canira to pakaala to masamaanay a sakaciwawa a halaka to cinpaoka sakatayal. '''2.''' Talacowa ira ko pirikec i sakacecay tosir nona Satoko, lahecien no makaketonay kitakit mipatared paini to citiyaday, masofocay ato pahanhanay nikasofoean to matatodongay a tayal, ca ko papaysoen, patared heca i kacitiyadan ato pipacocoan midipot mapafeli to patahtahay a tadamaanay kaen. <span style="font-size:large;">'''Sakatolo safaw:Salongoc no laloma’an milayap to sapatiyap payso,salongoc no mikiyam ato salongoc to mikihatiya to lawla ato laday ’orip a ponka(領取家屬津貼的權利、獲得信貸的權利和參與娛樂活動和文化生活的權利)'''</span> Lahecien no makaketonay kitakit midemak ko matatodongay tayal to sapipalhedaw to pisakakinih to fafahiyan i pili’etan ato ladayyay ’orip no syakay, patareden canira to kalalen no fa’inayan ato fafahiyan a malecaday salongoc, mangalefay i : '''<span style="color:red;">a.</span>''' salongoc no laloma’an milayap to sapatiyap a payso; '''<span style="color:red;">b.</span>''' salongoc no laloma,an micaliw to payso i kinko,patanpo ato romaroma a picaliw; '''<span style="color:red;">c.</span>''' salongoc no pikapot to lawla,onto ato kasasiromaroma no ladayay ’orip no ponka. <span style="font-size:large;">'''Sakasepat safaw:Salongoc no i niyaro’ay a maomahay fafahiyan(農村婦女的權利)'''</span> '''1.''' Lahecien no makaketonay kitakit ko piharaten to i niyaro’ay a maomahay fafahiyan to pisi’ayaw to micidekay a karorayan demak ato saka’orip, mangalefay i cowa kono misanga’ay to dafong a tayal ko kaci’icel nangra, orasaka lahecien ko pidemak to matatodongay a tayal to pipa’ading toni setekan tona kakaketonan a kalosarikec. '''2.''' Lahecien no makaketonay kitakit ko pidemak to matatodongay a tayal to sapipalsawadaw to pisakakinih to i niyaro’ay maomahay fafahiyan, patareden ko kalalen no fa’inayan ato fafahiyan mikapot to sakacemahad no niyaro’ a tayal mikilac heca to kaci’epocan, patosi’aya patared to sakacisalongoc to : <span style="color:red;">a.</span> mikihatiya to misanga’ ato midemak to kasasiromaroma sa’er a halaka no sakacemahad; <span style="color:red;">b.</span> mira’oy to patahtahay a dafong no cinpaoka, mahaop ko fana’, mitomadaw ato tayal no misahalaka to sakaciwawaw; <span style="color:red;">c.</span> tangsol sa milayap to kaci’epocan nani sapa’ading no syakay; <span style="color:red;">d.</span> milayap to masasiromaromaay a so’elinay ato cowa ko so’elinay a pikonlin ato pasifana’, mahaop ko malaheciay ko kafana’ miasip ato mitilid a pikonlin ato pasifana’, cikilac to ’emin a maci’epoc no katayal sakisyaku ato patenakay tayal, a mipacakat to tadakaysa a taneng no tayal; <span style="color:red;">e.</span> mikomod a patireng to niyah kasawasil ato patomaliway saopo, matayal ato niyah a katayalan mipecoh to malalenay a sakacakat a talikeda; <span style="color:red;">f.</span> mikihatiya to ’emin a demak no syaku; <span style="color:red;">g.</span> ira ko talikeda a pakaala to picaliw to payso sakiliomah,ra’oyen ko dafong no pipaliwalan ta maala ko tatodongay a sakatayal taneng, milolol to sera ato pipamatang to sera a halaka cikilac to malalenay sapaini; <span style="color:red;">h.</span> cikilac to matatodongay a saka’orip, mangalef i kamaro’an, sak’orip,nanom ato dingki, micolo’ay ato paratohan. <span style="font-size:large;">'''Sakalima safaw：Cikilac ko fafahiyan to malalenay salongoc i ka’ayaw no rikec ato demak no finawlan ato paifaloco’ay(在法律面前和公民事務中以及行動自由方面婦女享有平等的權利)'''</span> '''1.'''Lahecien no makaketonay kitakit ko paini to fa’inayan ato fafahiyan to kalalen no tireng i ka’ayaw no rikec. '''2.'''Lahecien no makaketonay kitakit to malalenay sakirikec a ’icel ato ira ko malecaday talikeda midemak tonini a sakirikec a ’icel i demak no finawlan.micidek a milaheci paini to fafahiyan to malalenay salongoc imatatilid to katatelekan ato mitomadaw to dafong, i pisawkitan ato pakokotan i kasasa’eran mapaini to malalenay demak. '''3.'''Mihayda ko makaketonay kitakit toya mitolasay to sakirikec a ’icel no fafahiyan a ’emin katatelekan ato ci’icelay tono rikec no kalotamdaw a nitilidan, lahecien palacecay a pakafayo’. '''4.'''O makaketonay kitakit itini i rikec ko kalinah ato paifalo’ay a misimsim to kamaro’an, lahecien ko paini to malalenay salongoc. <span style="font-size:large;">'''Sakaenem safaw O laloma’an rikec, raramod ato misowac to wawa do’edoen ko “ finawlan rikec” matatelek to kararamod(家庭法、婚姻和對子女的監護權根據《民法》締結婚姻)'''</span> '''1.''' Lahecien no makaketonay kitakit midemak ko matatodongay tayal, mipalasawad ko pisakakinih to fafahiyan i makakafitay to ramod ato loma’ a ’emin demak, cideken heca ko pilaheci a patared to fafahiyan i kalalen no fa’inayan ato fafahiyan i : '''a.'''ira ko malecaday salongoc matatelek to ramod; '''b.'''ira ko malecaday a paifaloco’ a misimsim to hararamod, ato salongoc to pina’ay matatelek to hararamod ano caay kono niyah a paifaloco’ay harateng, cowa ka pihayi a mararamod; '''c.'''yo kararamodan ato kalacinowasan malecad ira ko malalenay salongoc ato hatayal; '''d.'''ano masamaan to ko kararamod, pakayni to demak no wawa, malecad ira ko malalenay salongoc ato hatayal. Nikawria ano masamaaman to o kaci’epocan no wawa ko sakakaay demak; '''e.'''ira ko malecaday a salongoc a paifaloco’ citatodong mipasetek to hacowa ko wawa ato kalala’ed no sofoc, ira heca ko sakatayal tonini salongoc a fana’ kiwiku ato sakatayal telek; '''f.'''itira i misowac, misimow,patorod ato misawawaan ano ca mirini’ay a faco no demak,ano ira ko matini’ay a harateng a rikec no kitakit todongay iraay ko malecaday a salongoc ato hatayal. Ano masamaaman to o kaci’epocan no wawa ko sakakaay demak; '''g.'''ira ko malecaday a salongoc no tiring ko mararamoday, mahaop ko pipili’ to ngangan, cidekay tayal ato kalotayal a salongoc; '''h.'''ano cima to no raramod ira ko malecaday a salongoc to pitatoy, piala, pidemak, pikomod,pikilac, piraoy, ano macowa to o cowa ko nipapaysoan ano ca mialaay to li’etan. '''2.'''O ka’emangay ho a patapag to sakararamod ato mararamod cowa ka laheci i rikec, lahecien a midemak ko masamaanay tayal ga’ mahaop ko pisanga’ to rikec,tatelek to sasafaay a mihecaan to kararamodan, tatelek heca mararamod caay ka ca mitoki i so’elinay sakowan. juonl8t164tr4vr94eee1bzejcinste 0 2485 43612 35892 2024-06-30T12:51:26Z LiouShowShya 36 43612 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Kakacawan - Tiôngpin - (Changbin, Taitung County).svg|縮圖|Kakacawan Etal]] == Kakacawan(長濱鄉: Payrang a sowal: ''Tiông-pin-hiong'') == O itiraay i saka’amis no sawalian no [[:zh:臺東縣Posong-kowan|Posong-kowan]], o [[:zh:長濱文化|lalengawan no Kakacawan-ponka]] konini. I saka’amis madado’edo ato [[:zh:豐濱鄉|Fakong]], misi’ayaway to kawali to [[:zh:太平洋|Tayping-yang riyar]], i sa’etipan o [[:zh:玉里鎮|Posko]] ato Kongpo([[:zh:富里鄉|Foli)]], i sakatimol o [[:zh:成功鎮|Madawdaw]], micingray to lotok a misi’ayaw to riyar. O faco no sera masahefohefongay, kakaya’ ko [[:zh:海岸線|lilis no riyar]], o [[:zh:热带季风气候|Fa’edetay-kakarayan]]. O maro’ay tamdaw o [[:zh:阿美族|’Amis]] ko sakakaay ira ho ko [[:zh:布農族|Ponong Finacadan]](Iwatan), ira ho kona [[:zh:噶瑪蘭族|Kaliyawan a finacadan]]('''平埔族群:''' ''Pepohoan)'' [[:zh:馬卡道族|Makataw finacadan]] ato [[:zh:大武壠族|Tawlong finacadan]]('''大武壠族''':''Taivoan''）ano ca o 大滿族 hananay a mitahidang),ira ho ko Payrang. O saka’orip o [[:zh:農業|maomahay]] ato mifotingay, o niyaro’ay sowal ono ’Amis a sowal.<ref>55公所 原民「地方通行語」公告了[1] （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）,自由時報 2017-10-12.</ref> == Rikisi(歷史) == O katelangay ho a pipangangan o “Kakacawan”(加走灣), ira ho ko toloay roma a pangangan: [[Faylo:Bashian Caves 01.jpg|縮圖|Roham (八仙洞)]] Sakacecay: o nani sowal no 'Amis to "Pikacawan" a ngiha' koni alaan, o "pikecoran a minengneng" sanay ko tatodong no nini sowal, itini a mahapinang i kakaleponan no pikowan no Mancing(清朝), nika 'aloman ta to ko mafolaway a tayni no roma a finacadan(o Silaya, Kafalan...) masamacekil ko fodfod ato itinitiniay ko kahalafing ko aro' a 'Amis tamdaw,i 1877 miheca malalood ko 'Amis a tamdaw ato sofitay no Mancin i Cepo'(大港口戰役)<ref>蔡中涵編著 O no 'Amis a pinengneng to "Lalood i Cepo' "---大港口戰役的阿美族觀點. 2022.8 財團法人台灣原住民文教基會 出版。</ref>, orasaka, patireng ko 'Amis a tamdaw to pikacawan, miocor to kapah a mitapal a mikacaw. Sakatosa: o sowal no [[:zh:平埔族群|Kaliyawan a finacadan]], o pi'adopan no 'Amis a tamdaw kona itiniay pala, adihay ko mitatingay a ni'adopan, sa adihay ko [[:zh:跳蚤|'atimela]] miketing saan, sano Payrangen ko 'atimela a ngiha' "kacaw" sanay, orasaka niala to ngiha' no Payrang tira "kacaw" (加走) ko ao ngangan, i [[:zh:光绪|Kuwangsi-honti no Mancin]] a mihecahecaan(1875年—1908) sa'aloman sanay to ko Payrang a tayni. Sakatolo: itiya ho o mafolaway a tayni i, sahetoay o nani tiraay i Pintong a Makataw-finacadan, o kamaro'an nangra i iraay ko cinganganay to " kakacawan-lotok" ira heca ko "kakacawan-niyaro' " o mafolaway a tayni a tamdaw o sa'ayaway cangra tayni a maomah, latek itiraay ho i 1859 mihecaan, ma'ilolen cangra to kasofocan a niyaro' toya kakacawan, orasaka pangangan han "kakacawan", onini a pangangan ko hato so'elinay saan ko sowal.<ref>〈長濱介紹－歷史沿革〉. 臺東縣長濱鄉全球資訊網. [2019-08-27]. （原始內容存檔於2017-11-02） '''（中文（臺灣））'''.</ref> I kadiponan to i, ono Posong-kowan konini, nipatirengay to "kakacawan-niyaro' ", i syowa 12 miheca(昭和12年, 1937 年) o kaleponan tono pikowan no Dipon, o Sakakaay mikowanay [[:zh:臺灣總督府|Taywan-Sotokfo]](臺灣總督府たいわんそうとくふ) micikeroh to "maladipon-tamdaw sanay a demak"(皇民化運動)<ref>〈長濱介紹－歷史沿革〉. 臺東縣長濱鄉全球資訊網. [2019-08-27]. （原始內容存檔於2017-11-02） '''（中文（臺灣））'''.</ref>。 O lislis no riyar no Kakacawan ira ko 28 km ko kakaya', falic han no Dipon to "Cangpin"(長濱,ながはま), patireng heca to "[[:zh:長濱庄|Kakacawan-etal]]", mipecihan patayra i [[:zh:新港郡|Singko-kowan]], itini tona kowan a niyaro' ira ko Kakacawan, Salinpo, Censan, Sifo'ay, Sankinya, Makerahay ato Koladot pito ko Tata'angay-tilid, ikor tono Sakatosa-Lalood mapatireng to Kakacawan-etal no Posong-kowan tahanini, ira ko Ciwkangan, Tapowaray, Kinanoka, Pasongan, Cidatayay, Ta'eman, Carapongay, Koladot, Polot, Sadipongan, Makerahay/Saranawan, Cikadaan, Nadan, Morenos, Pakara'ac ko niyaro'. == Kaitiraan(地理位置) == [[Faylo:螢幕擷取畫面 2023-04-12 232335.png|縮圖|kayakay no Koradot]] O Kakacawan itiraay i sifo'an no lislis no riyar no sawalian no Kalinko ato Posong, o isaka'amisan a etal no Posong kowan, isaka'amisan malafiyaway ato [[:zh:豐濱鄉|Fakong]] etal no Kalinko, isakatimolan madado'edoay ato Madawdaw, misi'ayaway to Taypin-yang riyar, isak'etipan malala'ed to [[:zh:海岸山脈|Lilisay no Riyar Lotok]] ato [[:zh:玉里鎮|Posko]] ato [[:zh:富里鄉|Kongpo]] etal no Kalinko. O kakahad no sera ira 155.1868 km2, mahaop ko 4.41% a sera no polong no Posong, o nikowanan a pala nani'amis tala timol masaco'ecoay a to'edaw, ira ko 28 km, o kakahad nani kawali tayra i ka'etip latek ira ko 8 km.<ref>尹章義等編纂. 第一篇·地理. 《長濱鄉志》. 臺東縣: 臺東縣長濱鄉公所. 2015 '''（中文（臺灣））'''.</ref> O kayakay no Koradot itiraay i Cifotingan-'Alo, ono kadipongan a misanga'an (1937 miheca ) ato misanga'an i 1986 miheca ato 1998 miheca matata'edipay nengengen. == Tamdaw(o人口) == 'Arawen ko pisa'osi no kosika no Singko, i 2022 mihecaan a parod no Kakacawan ira k 2 ofad 9 patek, o masa'osiay tamdaw i ira ko 6 'ofad 7 patek ko tamdaw no Kakacawan,o sakakaay ko kaadihay no tamdaw o Kakacawan niyaro', o sasafaay ko tamdaw o Dita'an niyaro' , i 2022 mihecaan a sa'osi notamdaw o Kakacawan ira ko 2,141 tamdaw, o Dita'an ira ko 573 ko tamdaw.<ref>人口統計. 臺東縣成功戶政事務所. [2022-10-26] '''（中文（臺灣））'''.</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Itiyaay ho ato aniniay a sa'osi no tamdaw: !mihecaan !tamdaw !kafalic % |- |1981 |15,134 | --- |- |1986 |14,007 | -7,4% |- |1991 |12,368 | -11.7% |- |1996 |11,726 | -5.2% |- |2001 |10,228 | -12.8% |- |2006 |8,987 | -12.1% |- |2011 |8,031 | -10.6% |- |2016 |7,399 | -7.9% |- |2021 |6,791 | -8.2% |} == Sieci(政治) == [[Faylo:Changbin Township Office, Taitung County 20160802.jpg|縮圖|238x238像素|Kofa no Kakacawan]] === Faco no sieci (鄉政組織) === O kofa no Kakacawan ko sakakaay a citodongay to demak no polong no Kakacawan, pakitinien i faco no Conghuwa-minko ono etal a niyah pikowan a citodongay sakowan, patokeded han o matayal to nipatorodan no Poson-kowan ato no Sakakaay -Sifo, o mitomadaway a skowan o Kinsifo no Posong. O tapang no kofa o nisinkiwan no polong a finawlan no Kakacawan, sepat miheca ko katayalan, manga'ay to a paradid ano pakaala to sinkiw to kinacecay.o kofa mipatireng to sakadademak a kayki, o sakakaay misetekay to hadademaken a sakowan, i la'eno no tapang no kofa ira ko sepat a ka ato si, polongen pito ko cotodongay to hatayal.<ref>關於公所-公所組織. 臺東縣長濱鄉公所. [2021-10-01] '''（中文（臺灣））'''.</ref>O kalomaocan no taypiyaw no Kakacaw o sakakaay nisafaloco'ay-sakowan no finawlan,mapaocor ko taypiyaw misanga' to rikec ato mitomadaw to tayal no kofa. Sepat miheca ko katayalan no taypiyaw, manga'ay a pararid ano pakaala to sinkiw. Opolong no taypiyaw patipoay ko tamdaw, o sakilac i, itiraay i sakatolo a etal pisinkiwan tatolo ko taypiyaw, i sakatosa etal a pisinkiwan sasepat ko taypiyaw,i sakatosa etal a pisinkiwan a Dafdafay Yincumin ira ko sasepat, o kakeridan ato sadama kakeridan no pikaykian no taypiyaw ona patitoay taypiyaw ko alamitopaay misinkiw.<ref>代表會-代表會簡介. 臺東縣長濱鄉公所. [2021-10-01] '''（中文（臺灣））'''.</ref> === '''o tapang no kofa(歷屆鄉長)''' === {| class="wikitable" !sakapina !ngangan !pacefaday !pacefaday |- |1 |Cen Kuwang-fo (陳光復) |1951.2.14 |1953.3.31 |- |2 |Cen Kuwang-fo (陳光復) |1953.4.1 |1956.3.31 |- |3 |Cen Kuwang-fo (陳光復) |1956.4.1 |1960.1.4 |- |4 |Cen Sien-sin (陳仙勳) |1960.1.5 |1964.2.28 |- |5 |Cen Sien-sin (陳仙勳) |1964.3.1 |1968.2.28 |- |6 |Cen Kuwang-fo (陳光復) |1968.3.1 |1972.2.28 |- |7 |Huwang Lin-fa (黃連發) |1972.3.1 |1976.2.28 |- |8 |Huwang Lin-fa (黃連發) |1976.12.30 |1982.2.28 |- |9 |Lin Yin-liw (林元流) |1982.3.1 |1986.2.28 |- |10 |Lin Yin-liw (林元流) |1986.3.1 |1990.2.28 |- |11 |Ciang Si-cong (江世崇) |1990.3.1 |1994.2.28 |- |12 |Pan Long-con (潘榮宗) |1994.3.1 |1998.2.28 |- |13 |Pan Long-con (潘榮宗) |1998.3.1 |2002.2.28 |- |14 |Cen Cin-ci (陳進吉) |2002.3.1 |mapalasawad |- |14 |Tien Cang (田璋) | |patarod |- |15 |Cen Te-ceng (陳德成) |2006.12.25 |2010.12.24 |- |16 |Cen Te-ceng (陳德成) |2010.12.25 |2014.12.24 |- |17 |Pan Su-fang (潘淑芳) |2014.12.25 |2018.12.24 |- |18 |Pan Su-fang (潘淑芳) |2018.12.25 |2022.12.24 |- |19 |Li Kuang-lan (李光蘭) |2022~12.25 |aniniay |} == Sakilac no Etal(行政區劃): == === 1.Koradot niyaro'(樟原村): itiraay i lawac no Cifotingay 'alo === <math>\bullet</math> Tahonghong niyaro'(大峰峰部落) <math>\bullet</math> Koladot niyaro' (樟原部落) <math>\bullet</math> Ka'asimsan -'alo (北溪) <math>\bullet</math> Mamangay Ciyai (小嘉義) [[Faylo:螢幕擷取畫面 2023-04-12 225151.png|縮圖|502x502像素|sakilac no etal ]] === 2.Sadipongan(三間村): itiraay i lawac no Sadipongan 'alo === <math>\bullet</math> Cifotingay /Roham (八仙洞)) <math>\bullet</math> Tapowaray niyaro' (大俱來部落) <math>\bullet</math> Cikadaan/Nadan (南溪) <math>\bullet</math> Sadipongan niyaro' (三間部落) <math>\bullet</math> Makerahay niyaro' (真柄部落/馬稼海) === 3. Kakacawac niyaro' (長濱村): o kaitiraan no kofa,i cepo' no Kakacawan-'alo === <math>\bullet</math> Cencipo(城子埔) <math>\bullet</math> Ciwkangan(石坑) <math>\bullet</math> Kakacawan(尾莊部落/加走灣) <math>\bullet</math> Takumi(下田組) === 4.Dita'an niyaro'(忠勇村): itiraay i fafaw no Kakacawan-'alo === <math>\bullet</math> Congcoang(中莊) <math>\bullet</math> Ditaan(頭莊/忠勇) <math>\bullet</math> Fafa'eday Takumi(頂寮子) === 5.Pakala'ac(竹湖村/中濱):itiraay i lawac no Pakala'ac-'alo === <math>\bullet</math> Mornos(永福部落/大掃別) <math>\bullet</math> Pakara'ac(大竹湖部落) <math>\bullet</math> Satimolan Pakara'ac(南竹湖) === 6.Salinpo niyaro'(寧埔村):itiraay i salawacan no Salinpo-'alo === <math>\bullet</math> Censan (彭子存) <math>\bullet</math> Pasongan niyaro' (八桑安) <math>\bullet</math> Salinpo (石寧埔) <math>\bullet</math> Kinanoka (僅那鹿角) <math>\bullet</math> Ta'eman (胆曼) <math>\bullet</math> Calapongay (堺橋) == Pitilidan (教育) == [[Faylo:螢幕擷取畫面 2023-04-12 231213.png|縮圖|'Ariri no Tilid (圖書館)]] === Kocong : Posong kowan nipatirengan a Kocong no Kakacawan( 臺東縣立長濱國民中學 === === Maemangay pitilidan: === Posong kowan nipatirengan a Koradot Pitilidan Posong kowan nipatirengan a Sadipongan Pitilidan Posong kowan nipatirengan a Kakacawan Pitilidan Posong kowan nipatirengan a Dita'an Pitilidan (mapalasawad i 2013 miheca ) Posong kowan nipatirengan a Pakara'ac Pitilidan Posong kowan nipatirengan a Salinpo Pitilidan === 'Ariri no tilid (圖書館) === Posong kowan Kakacawan Etal 'Ariri no tilid. === kakacawan (瞭望台) === ira ko roma a sowal, o kakacawan ko pinengnengan to milo'oday a tamdaw. == Pacefaday a tilid(註腳) == [[Kasasiwasiw:Sawali'an 'Amis]] ly5kz8vonj8oqoudozij4rufdxdjfqq 0 2486 38374 36178 2023-06-23T11:32:59Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38374 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Saipan kanatal''' ([[Inkiris]]: Saipan), no [[Amilika]] tekedan kanatal ’amis Maliana palapalaan, sa’alomanay tamdaw itini. Nia pala saheto o raka, kaetip ira ko kasafanaw, lotok manayat nai timol tala’amis. Satakaraway Tapoca lotok ira ko 479 laya’ takaraw. Ka’amis Maliana palapalaan mapakoniraay kadademakan no Saipan kanatal a Kapitorsir, nikawrira polong no Saipan kanatal o masacecayay maci, polong no mitiliday o tadamaanay a Saipan kanatal ko ’amis Maliana palapalaan. == Palaan (地理) == Saipan kanatal i no’amisan 15.25˚, nawalian 145.75˚ ko aro’, sa’amisan no Kuam 200 kongli. Katimol no Saipan kanatal (laed no Kuam) ira ko ’amis Maliana a Lota pala ato Tinning palapala, nikawrira ka’amisay no Saipan kanatal adihayay ka’etal awaay tamdaw. Saipan kanatal ira ko 120 pinfang kongli, 2000 miheca pisa’osi 62,392 ko tamdaw, oya 10,000 ko tamdaw o no Asiya. O kasalaya’ no Saipan kanatal 20 kongli, o kakahad ira ko 9 kongli, o taporo ko adihayay. O tafok ko Ka’etip, papotal adihay ko raka, kawali o karakaratan, 474 laya’ ko takaraw, mido’edo to ka’etip o kasafanaw. == Likisi (歷史) == I 16 tangasa 19 sici o Sepaniya ko mikowanay to Saipan kanatal, i Maliyana palapalaan a yincumin tamdaw nao makowanay no Sepaniya ko micingcingay patangican mapatayra i Kuam. Ikor i Camolo tamdaw mapalafac nai Kuam patala’amis, itiya o Kalolin palapalaan ko maro’ay i Saipan kanatal, orasaka Kalolin a sowal tahanini ka’amis Maliyana palapala ato Calomo sowal ato Inkilis ko sakasasowal no kitakit. I 1899 miheca naikoran kalalood no Amilika ato Sepaniya a mapidah ko Sepaniya, macalap no Amilika nai Sepaniya, ma’aca ko Kuam, nikawrira awaay ko harateng to saki Mikelonisiya a ’etal a romaroma pala. O Sepaniya mamiliyas kawaliay no Asiya a Saipan kanatal mapa’aca i Toic. Nika saka 1 kalalood malowid ko Toic, o Dipong ko micadaay mikowan to nikowanan no Toic a pala, itiya mapatorod no kasakitakit mikowan, i laloma’ay no katimolay Taypinyang (Nanyo) pikowan. Itiya, panganganen no Dipong ko Saipan kanatal “Macengelay kopang kanatal”. O sakapatireng no Saipan kanatal nai pikowan no Dipong itiya, macowat ko pisatefos ato pifotingan. O sakapihaen o sakanga’ayaw no Dipong ato Saipan kanatal to pipacomahad konian. Nai 1930 mihecaan misatapang, ira ko kacalemceman no Taypinyang, mipali’ayaw patireng ko Dipong to sapihadimel demak, i 1941 miheca mipacomod ko Dipong to hitay 3 ’ofad ko tamdaw, o sapisapilipalaw to Kuam i 12 folad 8 romi’ad (malecad ko romi’ad i Cencokang a demak). I 1944 miheca 6 folad 15 romi’ad sofitay no Amilika nai katimol no kanatal micakat, masaso’ayaw malalood to Dipong 3 a lipay, ikor malowid ko Dipong, o sowal i rayray “Kalalood i Saipan kanatal” (Battle of Saipan). O holiwot “milepelay to fali a demak” (Windtalkers) a ika mapasadak. I 1947 miheca, Linhoko patorod patireng to pikowan to Taypinyang, o Amilika ko mamikowan, o Saipan kanatal kacitodong. 1962 miheca, nipatorodan a nikowanan a Maliyana ’etalay finawlan midemak to sapihayda, mahayda ato Kuam mapapolong ko pacakat, nikawrira o no Kuam a Camolo tamdaw maingtel ho to no Saipan kanatal a Camolo tamdaw I kalaloodan mipadang to Dipong ko demak saan, o pipacakatan a sapihayda caay ka kahi ko Kuam. 1970 mihecaan, Amilika ato Linhoko milayap to salongoc no Maliyana ’etal finawlan, miliyas to romaroma pala to nipatorod a makowan misacecay to Amilika malaliclic masasowal. 1975 miheca, masasi tilid to “Malalitelek” (covenant). 1978 miheca 1 folad, “ ka’amis Maliyana kanatal” mapatireng, patireng to niya pikowan a sifo, 1986 miheca 11 folad satapang mala no Amilika a sera,yincumin ato ikoray laloma’ay ko sakowan a masofocay malafinawlan no Amilika. == Syakay ato kicay (社會與經濟) == Nao “Malalitelek” a dotoc no ’amis Malianaa ci todongay to sapicomod no riyar ato kasadak ato poeneray kinaira a sapikowan a longoc, pasadak to dafong caay ka cisata ato mapatilid to “no Amilika nisanga’an” sanay tilid, kaloriko nisanga’an i 1980 miheca ranikay comahad i Saipan kanatal, kacomahadan (2000 mihecaan ’ayaw ikor) mipacomod to romaay kitakit a mataualay (o fafahiyan no congko ko ’alomanay) 1 ’ofad ko tamdaw. Roma a kalingadan mitadi’ec to roma kitakit matayalay, tinako  Filipin ko iloma’ay mipadang to timolay Asiya misimaway. Saipan kanatal roma a sakaci’icel no kicay. Matiya o Kuam, Saipan kanatal i 1970 miheca mapalwad ko pirakarakatan. Nawhani Saipan kanatalmingata to Dipong, mitongal to rayray, o lafang nai Dipongay (halo mapatayay no hitay i Kuwan, anoeca o tato’asan mapatay ko salawina mitaong), ano o kacatan no hihecan ira to 10 ’ofad no hecaan. Tona malokelon ko pisanga’ to riko’ ato malowan ko mirarakatay tamdaw, halafinay to eca ko nga’ay no kicay no Saipan kanatal, nanoya i 2014 miheca palasawaday to ko pipakiyaw. Nanoya, kali’aca’acaan mapatireng ko pipakiyawan. 2015 miheca, Saipan kanatal mafohat ko pipakiyawan micomod to ko nai Congko a tamdaw micomod to ko payso; nanoya, o pocay a kosi pasayra i romaroma Taypinyang kasapalapala patireng to adihayay pisalamaan a hotilo[1]. I 2009 miheca, o sifo mapalasawad ko sapitoki a sacomod to 45 romi’ad, saka no Saipan kanatal a ka’amisay Maliana pala dengan caayay pitoki a sacomod to sera no Amilika, itiya o citiyaday no Congko masolot tayni misofoc saka cingangan to Amilika. midotoc ka’amis Maliana palapala saosi no sifo, citiyaday a fafahiyan no Congko masofocay matongal ko Amilika wawa, nai 2009 miheca 8 macakat tangasa 2016 miheca a 472 ko wawa. 2016 miheca, i Saipan kanatal masofocay a citiyaday no Congko makikaka to no Amilika ko ’aloman[2]. O lalingaden no Saipan kanatal, cowa to ka’awid to no pirarakatan ato katayni no roma tamdaw no kitakit a tayal ko sakaira no kicay, nikawrira mapalowad macakat, nilingadan to ’afinong, tefos, panay, pawli, kiyasafa. == Ngataay miheca no kacowat (近年發展) == Midoedo to kaserer a kicay no Dipong, mahaop ko sakirarakat a tayal, mangaleh i 2005 miheca pahater ko Kaefer hikoki no Dipong i Saipan kanatal a hikokiciw itiya. Pasayraay i Taywan, Koriya, Congko, ngalef i Elose (sawalian) ko lafang, nika caayto pakalolol to kalasawad to no Dipong ko kacango’ot. Pisanga’ to riko’, nai 2005 miheca mafalic to ko sakisata no kalali’aca kasacefang no hekal, i kalalifelifet maserer ko Saipan kanatal, malalinah tayra romo kitakit ato malaedef, tangasa 2007 miheca dengan to o kalitosa. I 2007 miheca Amilika a Mincotang ma’awid ko pikaykian no finawlan ko tamdaw, malaheci ko patireng to kacakat to kinaira no malingaday, 2007 miheca to kalitosa misatapang 1 toki to 3.05 Amilika payso mapacakat to 0.05 Amilika payso (mapatodongay ko kahecad). Tangasa to i 2009 miheca 2 folad, oya dengan a 30 ko misarikoay kaysya laheci sato a maedef. 2008 miheca, o pikaykian no finawlan kitakit no Amilika masowal “kapolongan” (federalization) a rikec, i 2009 miheca 6 folad 1 romi’ad mapolong mirepet to sakowan to picomodan sa’amisay Maliana palapalaan. O malingaday a roma kitakit tamdaw miliyaw a misetek to kasatelek a romi’ad o Amilika sifo ko pafeliay to sapicomod, nanoya malowan to ko tamdaw no roma kitakit. Oromasato, o “kapolongan” malakomod to no Kuam ato ka’amisay Maliana palapala caay pitoki a mirarakat i sakowan no Amilika. Midotoc to saki Sera a rihadaypo no Amilika i 2009 miheca 1 folad a mihapiw, o Congko ato Elose kitakit caay ka citodong tonini a hakanga’ay. 3 folad, o Sera a rihadaypo no Amilika mihapiw to sa’amis Maliana palapala a pikowan to sapicomod a pikowan manayar tangasa 11 folad 28 romi’ad. Tangasa saka 10 folad, mihapiw haca to pararonoray demak, i pikowan pala “sawad” sanay to Kaefer no hikoki no Congko ato Elose micomod i sa’amis Maliana palapala to mamoko’ay romi’ad mirarakat, caay to pisingsi to Amilika pitoki. === Fa’edetay picomod a payso no Congko (中國大陸熱錢湧入) === Nai Saipan kanatal ato Congko 4 ko toki Kaefer no hikoki. I 2015 mihecaan, Saipan kanatal misatapang to ko tamdaw no Congko tayni mipakiyaw, nanoya macakat ko “nitengilan sowal” ma’awid to ko no Makaw ta’angay pakiyawan. Toni a miheca, o kalolalan papakafit ko tilid no Congko a kacipinangan, ira to manengneng ko kali’acaan no kowaping, kakomaenan ato KTV kalihololan. Nikawrira, o micomoday no kinaira no sifo to enemay no cecay (6/1) to pipakiyawan, picomod no pipakiyaw a demak awaay ko saka falic no punka ato tataparan a nanengnengan[3][4][5][6][7]. == Sakitingwa kalocalay (電信通訊) == sa’amis Maliana palapala a tingwa o no ka’amis no Amilika +1, ’etal 670. === Paratohay a raciw pifetiran (廣播電台發射站) === Saipan kanatal ira ko mamoko’ay pafitiran, nao Super Rock KYOI raciw (oni a pipafetir o radiw aca), “Keristokiw kakak taneng singpong” patirengay a taneng kasakitakit paratohay pifetiran saki Asiya a mamoko’ay pifitiran (oroma i Tingning pala). Tona mapaterep kona tosaay a pifetiran, makotay no licikay saki Congko, ’Amis Koriya, Yinan, Minting, Laos, Campotiya kitakit paratoh to pakoniya Asiya raciw a kamok, ikor o Kanata kasakitakit paratoh pifetir micaliw to pifetiran, paratoh to caay kasamaan sowal no Congko kamok. Tahamatini mapafetiray a ’icel tahira i 250 kilowat aca, ano awaay ko kalananganaw, o piparatoh manga’ay ko katengil no nia faeday a kitakit. == Pinengnengan tilid.(參考資料) == 1. Amilika Saipan kanatal: picomod to fa’edetay pakiyawan, o Congko ko tadalafang. Singcoanmi tilifi 8 calay singpon. [2016-12-12]. (nano nina’angan tilid i 2019-01-17) (Congko sowal (Singkapo)). 2. Jon Emont. Itini tona mamangay pala i Taypinyang, masacicingay ina no Congko masofoc ko wawa i Amilika. Walce sinpong Congko calay. 2017 mheca 12 folad 28 romi’ad [2017-12-28]. (nano nina’angan tilid I 2017-12-28). 3.Liwoypin. nipisolot to lafang no Congko mipakiyaw i Saipan kanatal, paca’of ko papotalaypo. Congko calay. 2016-12-05 [2016-12-12]. (nano nina’angan tilid i 2020-10-22), (Congko tilid (Congko)). 4. Overseas casinos clean up despite China's cash curbs. Reuters. 2016-12-11 [2016-12-12]. (nano nina’angan tilid i 2021-02-23) (Inkilis). 5. HK-listed Imperial Pacific to invest $7 bln in Saipan casino complex. Reuters. 2016-09-25 [2016-12-12]. (nano nina’angan tilid i 2021-02-23) (Inkilis). 6. Macau junket investor to build $3 billion Saipan casino. Reuters. 2016-08-13 [2016-12-12]. (nano nina’angan tilid i 2021-02-23) (Inkilis). 7. Pakefet to payso ko Campotiya kitakit i Saipan kanatal micefis to pipakiyaw no Congko a lafang. Congse calay sinpong. [2016-12-12]. (nano nina’angan tilid i 2021-02-23) (Congko tilid Taywan). [[Category:Palaan]] [[Category:Amilika]] mc06wuzfk3l6ihybtuuzttyljyi014m 0 2488 36307 2023-04-28T09:47:41Z Caro de Segeda 323 建立內容為「[[Faylo:Edgar von Wahl (cropped).jpg|197px|右]] '''Edgar de Wahl''' (23 August 1867 – 9 March 1948) pa to liu an serep lo hal ngakap apay tatsupan Baltik Jerman i tehyang, matematis mi luy, lixang mi inulakan. Pi malisan ya, mi tupa ay manunutun sa iye ki, la dehaka si [[Interlingue]] ya inutulul ni iye, ya tupa sa ngaki nga Occidental pa tems iti.」的新頁面 36307 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Edgar von Wahl (cropped).jpg|197px|右]] '''Edgar de Wahl''' (23 August 1867 – 9 March 1948) pa to liu an serep lo hal ngakap apay tatsupan Baltik Jerman i tehyang, matematis mi luy, lixang mi inulakan. Pi malisan ya, mi tupa ay manunutun sa iye ki, la dehaka si [[Interlingue]] ya inutulul ni iye, ya tupa sa ngaki nga Occidental pa tems iti. jqe3voyjnu72gt7b5y1zgyw75u0trv3 0 2489 40011 40010 2023-10-29T08:19:19Z Safulo 35 40011 wikitext text/x-wiki == O pangangan to " Lalood i Cepo' " ( 大港口戰役的名稱) == [[Faylo:僅存口述歷史者.jpg|縮圖|Ci Lekal Makor kakittan aci Safulo hakasi]] Itiya ho ono Kuwaping a pinengneng tona lalood o matiyaay o rawraw aca no niyaro’ hato saan, orasak pangangan han no Kuwaping to " 大港口事件 ) hananay a pangangan, o matiyaay o cowa ka i laloma no Taywan a kalofodfod konian sanay ko totodong no ninian , matiya o misafaay to pilood no to'as no 'Amis a tamdaw to sofitay no Kuwapin, orasak i 2022 miheca saka 8 folad a pitahidang ko kofa no Fakong malisaot ko polong kakitaan ato kakeridan no niyaro' no Fakong a masasowal, malacecay ko nisafaloco'an no mikaykiay to pifalic a pangangan sano Kuwapingen o " 大港口戰役 " hananay to a miketon no 'alomanay a pangangan, onian matatodongay tono 'Amis a sowal tora lalood sanay cowa ko fodfod.no 'Amis a pinengengen tona lalood(大港口戰役阿美族觀點)<ref>蔡中涵編著:「Ono 'Amis a pinengneng to " Lalood i Cepo' "---大港口戢役的阿美族觀點」。 財團法人台灣原民文教基金會，2022.08,27</ref> konini a lalood . == I'yaway no saka 19 sici no Taywan ( 19 世紀初的台灣) == [[Faylo:許金木頭目在第一次紀念大會上口述歷史(1995年4月21日).jpg|縮圖|Pakimad ci Lekal Makor i 1995 miheca piharatengan a saopo]] Oya 1878 a mihcaan a tata’angay a kalalood no sawaliay a niyaro’ no ’Amis ato sofitay no kuwaping no Mancing i, o “Lalood i Cepo’ ” hananay konini. Tahanini ira to ko 146 mihcaan.Tangasa i tatenokan no 1700 a mihecahecaan i, matatootoor ko Holan ato Sipanya a tamdaw a tayni i Taywang mali’aca to maamaan a dafong. Tona mihecahecaan i,matatodong to pikowan no Kaping no Mancing i tiya, ira ko pipa’ading no cikowangay a sofitay no Mancing, orasaka,sa’aloman sa ko Payrang a mi’afas a mi’eco to sera no ’Amis to hakamaro’an nangra a misatata’ang to niyah a tayal. Nikawrira, yo misatapang kono papotalay a finacadan a micomod i, itiyaay ko pisatapang no ’Amis a tamdaw a mipa’ading to sapidipotaw to ka’oripan a pala ato niyaro’. Talacowa adihay ko nikalalood ato papotalay a finacadan ko tamdaw no Taywan, o sakakaay ko kararimaan nona kalalood i Cepo’, wataay to ko pikinalefoh no ’Amis a mitaker to ’ada a midipot to ka’oripan nangra a pala. Oninian how i, ona tadamaanay a “Lalood i Cpo’ ” lafinay tato a caka lingwaen, pakayni toninian a lalood ko kahapinangan no tamdamdaw to i’ayaw no cimacima iraayto i sa’ayaw aca ko ’Amis a tamdaw a maro’ itini. Orasaka, i rayray no nitilidan a rikisi no Kuwaping i, caay ka samaan ko pinengneng no Kuwaping toninian a lalood. Mangaref taynien to i rikisi no Kuwaping tona 5000 komihcaan i, awaayto ko cecacecay aca a nitilidan pakaniay to demak no i Taywangay a ’Amis Tamdaw.<ref>蔡中涵編著前揭書，第2頁。</ref> O mitiliday to rakat no rikisi no Yincumin i, sahetoay o tao a finacadan, o nangra aca a tilid ko sapitilid. Pakaynien nangraay a harateng ko pinengneng a mitilid toninian a kalalood no ’Amis. Tinako sa, mitilid sa ko payrang matiniay,o saka pi’afas to sera no ’Amis i, o mamisanga’ to ha lalan nangra, ta mafalic to ko kanga’ay no niyaro’ nangra saan. Painien to hapitilidan ato paisingan, ta macakat to ko ’orip no itiniay saan cangra o Kuwaping. ’Arawhan aca, ano o saka nga’aya no ’Amis ko nidemakan ngara i, nawiro mi’a’afas to omah, mi’afas to fafahiyan no niyaro’,palakulien ho ko tamdaw no niyaro’ no ’Amis, adihay haca ko karawrawan ato nikacacoli. Saikorayto i, mala tata’angay to ko kalalood no nikacacu’ay. O hatiniay i, o tao a finacadan ko patadoay a mitilid to no roma a finacadan a rikisi, ta toor hanto no awaay kono tireng a tilid ha sapitilid to no tireng a rikisi a finacadan i, tada o kasemelanto ko matiniay a demak.Oya awaay ko maamaan a laday 'orip no 'Amis a tamdaw tangsol sato macawcaw no Kuwaping. [[Faylo:Sinpon no Sawalian no Taywan.jpg|縮圖|1995 miheca sakacecay a piharatengan saopo ]] == Ono 'Amis a pinengneng to " Lalood i Cepo' " (阿美族史觀的大港口戰役) == Anini sato, ano tikolen ta a minengneng kono i ’ayawayho a marakatay a demak i ’orip no ’Amis i, mahapinangto no mita konini, o tata’angay a ’icel no kitakit ko milengatay a mifolaw to miningay a niyaro’ no ’Amis. ’Aloman ko sofitay, tadamaan ko sapirood nangra a ’idoc, sasiroma saan ko nika masafa ko ’Amis, orasaka, o micu’ayay kamo, o mali’angay a finacadan ko ’Amis, saan ko pifelih nangra a mitilid to rikisi no Taywan.<ref>蔡中涵編著前揭書，第3 頁。</ref> Iraay ko matiniay a pifelih to sowal saka, tanamen ta a mikilim koya masidayayto ato matawalayto itira i nalacolan koya itiyaayho a demak. Loficen ta a patatongotongod koya mapicpicayto a facu ato marakatay no tato’asan no ’Amis a demak. Hasapipalal toya ikmoday a caayto ka songira’ ato matawalayto a harateng. Ta mahapinang koya so^elinayto a demak to o fonos ko sapisi’ayaw to kowang a kalalood, o pikinafalah no tamdaw to ’orip a midipot to niyaro’ ya sanay a nika fana’. [[Faylo:1995立石碑.jpg|縮圖|1995 miheca a nipatirengan piharatengan fakeloh]] Saka 22 a romi’ad no saka 4 a folad i 1995 a mihcaan i, itira i potal no loma’ ni Asoy i Cpo’ ko pipatireng to ’eri’ a ngayangay. Ira ko piharateng a mita’ong toya i’ayaw to semo’ot ira ko pinapina a mihcaan a “Lalood i Cpo’ ” hananay a demak. Miharateng toya mihadidi ko pilood a misi’ayaw to nika’aloman ta to no fofitay no Mancing, kinapinapina a malowid ko ’ada, ci’icel ko tamdaw to sapitakeraw to ’ada a midipot to niyaro’. Nikawrira, kaikorto i, ira ko pitarakar a misa’efit no fofitay no Mancing to kapah no ’Amis, oya 165 a tamdaw ma^emin a pala’edef han a mipatay. Karteng ko faloco’ no tamdamdaw itiya, a mipatireng to ’otoc a fakeroh a mikining. Itiya awaay ko cecacecay aca a tilid tona ’otoc a fakeloh. O sapipahapinangaw konini to i hekalay a tamdamdaw, ano awaaway aca ko tilid no ’Amis i, ’adihay ko tadamaanay a demak i rikisi no to’as ita.<ref>蔡中涵編著前揭書，第4頁。</ref> [[Faylo:Nipatirengan nisafa'eloh i 2023 miheca.jpg|縮圖|"Cipatelaway no Cepo' "( Cepo' 民族英雄) 2023,04,30 nipatirengan nisafa'eloh ]] Saka 4 a folad no 2008 a mihcaan i, o “ Saopo no Singsingsi no Ta’angayay Pitilidan”<ref><台灣原住民教授學會></ref> itira i Kohkoh ko sa’opo no midemakay to pikingkiw a malalicalicay pakayni i ikor to 130 a mihecaan no “ Lalood i Cepo’ ” hananay.Matahidangg aca ko finawlan a maainini to niharatengan.Oninian a mipadetengan a mitawal a rikisi no mita i,nanay matalahekal to ko so’elinay a demak ta mapalata’ang ko to’as, mahapinang to no tamtamdaw a mafana’ to nikatadamaan ko materekay no ’Amis a rikisi i Taywanan, ta mahinom to ko salo’afang no to’as ita. Osaka saan ta talolong to ko kafana’ no tamtamdaw cowa kaawa ko rikisi no mita.Hatiniay ko pades ato kacodaah no ’Amis a tamdaw a kinafalah to ’orip a midipot tona pala i Taywan.  Oya demak a masa’opo a mikining i 1995 a mihcaan, ato milsapay i niyaro’ a miloloday ko pikingkiw i 2001 a mihcaan, ato pisadak to nikingkiwan a tata’angay Kapolongan-Nitilidan i 2008 a mihcaan. Malaheci to no “ Saopo no Singsingsi no Ta’angayay Pitilidan” konini a mainsac. Masacecayto i cecayay a nitilidan a mapasadak i saka 4 a folad no 2008 a mihcaan. Anini a mihecan o sakakinatosa to a pasadak to matiniay a Nitilidan ta mafana’ ko cimacima to katadamaan nona “Lalood i Cepo’”. O sakakaay a kasasiromano ’ayaway ato aniniay a nipasadak i, adihay ko nipacomadan a harateng no ’Amis a tamdaw no aniniay.<ref>蔡中涵編著前揭書，第4-5頁。</ref> O mamisatata’ang to piharateng tona saka145 miheca no “Lalood i Cepo” tonini a mihcaan, orasaka, ira ko piliyaw a pirina’ tonini mikingkiwan a nitilidan. Nanay ’aloma’aloman ko mafana’ay toninian a rikisi, caay ko mamasawad konini i rayray no rikisi no Taywang. Yo misatapang to karetengay a pisafaco a misanga’ to rayray no rikisi no Taywang i, o mamangay aca konini a pihawang pasi’ayaw, nanay pakayni pisatalolong ko pikingkiw to kahacecacecay no demak, matatongotongod koninian i, malahci ko masongira’ay to a rikisi no polong no Yincuminco no Taywan. Matongal ko nikafana’ a mikinkiw to pirecep i kapolongan a harateng, ato pisiwar to kacomahad no niyaro’.Pakayni tonini “ Lalood i Cpo’ ” a demak i, omaan ko nikafalic no ’Amis a tamdaw ano saan i,pakaynien ita i kafalic no ’orip no cecay a finacadan mahapinang konini. Ano kitinien i “piliyaw a misanga’ to rikisi ato ponka no niyaro’ ko demak” i, caka ^eca mahapinang ita o kakalimlaan ko materekay no to’as ita a ’orip, ato papasitira to fa^elohay a rakat no finacadan ita.<ref>蔡中涵編著前揭書，第5頁。</ref> I 2016 miheca saka 8 folad sakacecay romi’ad, mili’ay ko congtong ci Caiyinwen to polong a Yincumincu no Taywan, sowal saan,itini i Taywan deng o payrang aca ko iraay ko rikis away kona Yincumin a rikisi.Nikawrira,i’ayaw no pinapina a patek ko mihecaan, iraayto a maro’ itini tona Taywan, makadofah ko kaciponka ato kacitaneng,mararocorock tahanini. Nikawrira,dengan o ci’icelay a finacadan ko pi’arawan a mitilid to rikis,itini ko pili’ay no mako to polong no Yincumin no Taywan.Ona pasadak tona ohong todongay o pipatalahekal to kapalal no faloco’ ono niyah a rikis oniyah ko mamitilid ato mamipakimad.Tada miaray to pipacafay a midama tona pipasadak to nitilidan ko Sakakay Citatodongay to Yincuminco Sakowan ato kokosyo no Fakong, ato polong finawlan.<ref>蔡中涵編著前揭書，第6頁。</ref> == Lalengatan nona lalood(戰役的起因) == Do'edoen ko paratoh no maliteng o lalengatan nona lalood ira ko sepat a demak ko pacikelay saan, ona sepat: === '''sakacecay(1):mi’odang to fafahiyan no niyaro’(調戲部落婦女)''' === O masowalay o pinangan ni Tangayhay, O Tatolotolo ko fafahi ni Tangahay i niyaro’<ref>o pakimad no malitengay no Makotaay ci Tangay,《O no 'Amis a tamdaw a kimad》4, 1990 miheca 55 felih.</ref>, cisowal sa ci Tangayhay:kako o tapang mikowanay to hitay no kaping, iray ko faloco’ nomako a mitahitdang to hitay nomako a tayni i cepo’. Ano tahini ko hitay no mako i cepo’, o ngohah sato ato fafahi no kapah no cepo’ a caay ka’eca ka ’afas no hitay no mako. Misapades ci Tangayhay to finawlan no niyaro’, tayra i Kohkoh mikayki liliden no kapah,mikuli ho to kapah no niyaro’, mi’odang to fafahiyan no niyaro’, ano so’elin ira ko hitay a tayni,alacecay ko fafahi han i ma’emin to awa ko fafahiyan no niyaro’ halowawa caka ’osaw no kaping.)<ref>《O no 'Amis a tamdaw a kimad》4, 1990 miheca ,saka 38 felih, o pakimad no kakitaan no Makotaay ci Lekar Makor.i 1915 sofocen.</ref> === '''Sakatosa(2):palakoli to malitengay ato kapah no niyaro'(勞役部落老人及年青人)''' === Mipapisakoli sato to finawlan, rakat sa a tayra i folalacay a micolo’ to dafong no kaping,o tomok to, o mama no kapah to, ato kapah,palalen hananay a papisakoli, awa sato ko kalita’angan no tomok, mama sato no kapah cato ka pakasowal to karalemay a selal,oya fangcalay a kasaselal no niyaro’ caayto ka sa’osi’osi ko tayal. === '''Sakatolo(3):mapalahedaw ko kailisinan(破壞歲時祭儀)''' === O kailisinan a romi’ad caka saan ko kaping,sa’opoen ho nangra ko kapah no niyaro’ a misakoli papisanga’ to polol no hitay, na onian ko kasasifod no ilisin,mapalahedaw to ko pingodo to to’as,to kawas no pala ato riyar.i 1877 miheca saka 7 folad ira ko tata’angay a faliyos micomod itini i cepo’, maha’emin mapeleng ko polol no Kuwaping, o niyaro’ ato liomah no ‘Amis malikowat no fali madowdow no nanom ko omah. Matatanga to kailisinan no ‘Amis, pacici sa papisakoli miliyaw a patireng to polol no sofitay, awa sato ko molingwaay to no niyah a niyaro’ ato omah, mapalasawad ko ilisin.<ref>潘繼道論文<光緒初年臺灣後山中路阿美族抗清事件之研究> 蔡中涵編著:「Ono 'Amis a pinengneng to " Lalood i Cepo' "---大港口戢役的阿美族觀點」。第92-93 頁。 財團法人台灣原民文教基金會，2022.08,27</ref> === '''Sakasepat(4):mi'afas to sera no 'Amis(搶佔阿美族的土地)''' === Ya tahayni saho ko kaping i cepo’ i, tado han nangra ko misamatangan no finawlan no 'Amis tamdaw a pala a mipatireng to polol no sofitay, sa pangangan han no ’Amis to " napololan" han kora kaitiraan no sofitay a polol,ma’eco to ko sera,mapalahedaw to ko maamaan a kinaira no liomah,itirato ko kanikaw no ’orip no niyaro’. itiya ho ano mipamatang to pala, o kamay sanay ko sapipamatang, o maamaan to a tayal sahetoay ko nakamayan no 'Amis a tadaw, mamangay a nimaan ko nikarolay a maomah msalafiifii a maomah, cowa ka piharateng ko Kuwaping to karorayan no 'Amis tado sa a mi'eco to pala no 'Amis.<ref>蔡中涵編著前揭書，頁53-54。</ref> == Paci'eci a papikapot to Tangafolan finacadan: (強迫馬卡道族參戰，以番制番) == I kalaloodan a mihecaan, ira heca ko sapiliyaw a mafodfod namo o Cepo’,irray to ko sowal nira ta miyanan a mikapot kamo tamiyanan. Ano caay pikapot, patayen niyam saan tamiyanan, ora ko saka “ Hay ”han niyam. Ano matira aca ha salikaka i ’Amisay a faki na’onen kami haw, nengneng ko tireng niyam aka pipatay tamiyanan o salikaka a mafa’ to kami kira. Na matira ira to “Lomowad to kami saan koya hitay no Kaping. Ano tayra kami i niyaro’ namo haw, caferen niyam kamo, malalatihi niyam a mifolaw to kapah no Cepo’” saan ko kaping.<ref>林江義碩論。「台灣東海岸馬卡道族在抗清事件的角色」。收錄在蔡中涵編著《Ono 'Amis a pinengneng to " Lalood i Cepo'》--大港口戰役的阿美族觀點。頁79-82。 </ref> == O kalaloodan (戰爭的經過) == [[Faylo:1978 miheca a Lalood i Cepo'.jpg|縮圖|O cicu no Lalood i Cepo i 1878 mihecaan]] === Sakakinacecay a lalood(第一次戰役) === I 1877 miheca saka 7 folad looden no Kuwapin ko Olaw a niyaro' i Kohkoh, caka pakacecay romi'ad malowid to no Kuwaping ko 'Amis a tamdaw.orasaka pasitira to Cepo' a milood ko Kuwaping a sofitay.oya itiraay i Folalacay a sofitay no Kuwaping pasi'amis a malalitemoh a midama milood to 'Amisan niyaro' ato Dafdaf niyaro'. Masaopo ko sofitay i ka'amis no Rokot(獅子嶼 ) i Lidaw Dihif, kaherek ci Mayaw Aping a misalisin fahekoren to no kapah ko datong pasitira i sofitay no Kuwaping,sanokicakic sato ko sofitay i riyariyaran.tahira i ngata' no Folalacay ko reper no kapah no Cepo'. O ninian ko pangangan han no 'Amis a tamdaw kona pala to " '''kakakowangan''' "(交戰的地方). === Sakakinatosa a lalood (第二次戰役) === Yo malowid no 'Amis ko Kuwaping, ciharateng sato ko kakeridan no Kuwaping wa caay kafilo ita sato, 'aloman to ko matahidangay a sofitay, cisalifong to sapilood, pasi'amis tahira i cepo'. ca Kafo'ok sato alacecay lolong to nicimeman a folo' pasitimol lalitemoh sa Dihif no Posilan (普西蘭山洞), 'araw han ko sofitay no Kuwaping mitamako ko mitamakoay to 'apiyan, midatok ko midatokay, cocococok han no kapah no Cepo' ca ka pakatakop ko sofitay no Kuwaping a millood teloteloc sa i riyar, o kapah no 'Amis ko ikakaay ko kafana' a midangoy, malowid heca no 'Amis ko Kuwaping. Ci sowal sato ko kakita'an ci Mayaw Aping: manengneng to namo o finawlan, icowa konika pidah niyam o kapah no niyyaro'. Reperen na Kafo'ok ko Kuwaping pasitimol, malalood i Odos, caay ka pahoda malowid to no kapah no 'Amis, itiya sato ira ko cecay mikalicay i 'efa a kakeridan no Kuwaping raperen ni Kafo'of koya ci'efaay, misorikor a mikowang matama ci kafo'ak mapatay,oya sato selal ni Kafo'ok ci Koic,ci Kacaw aci Foyan mareper koya ci'efay patayen nangra i kawali no Karodot.<ref>André Bareights,『o no ’Amis a tamdaw a kimad』4,Hualien,Fengpin,1990. 68 felih.</ref> === Sakakinatolo a lalood (第三次戰役) === Yo kinatosa to a malowid ko Kuwaping a sofitay ,i 1877 miheca saka 12 folad saka12 romi'ad, ira to ko nani Kilongay nani Takaway a sofitay no Kuwaping malalitemoh i sawalian, itiraay i Cifotingan a malalood, latek ira ko tolo patek ko ka'aloman no sofitay, ci salifong heca, cato ka pakafilo ko 'Amis a milood to salifong no Kuwaping, orasak pasi'amis milimok pacalcal i Cilangasan. Sowalen to no kakita'an ci Mayaw Aping ko kapah: caka ca ka pitoor ko ada, kapatireng kamo o kapah to pikacawan minengneng to demak no Kuwaping. oya sasafaay a selal kaitira kamo i salawacan no Tarawadaw a mingayaw mi'eteng to ada;ikakaay selal nonini ano maeneng namo ko sofitay no Kuwaping i semosemotan, pakaaikor kamo a micodah a mipatay to ada; o romaroma a selal mitaling to fokeloh i tongroh no lotok,ano ingata to ko sofitay no Kuwaping molien kora fokeloh han no kakitaan a palimoot ko kasaselal to tayal.o awaay ko tayal a selal i, midipot to malitemgay ato wawa. Eneng han no Kuwaping ko pisafaloco' no 'Amis a tamdaw, caay ko mamalowid saan, orasaka cowa to ka cifaloco' to sakacakataw i lotok. == Mahadefek ko kapah no Cepo'( 清兵閉門屠殺阿美族人) == Ira ko pinapina mihecaan i Cilangasan, ira ko Tangfolan a tamdaw hakerongen ningra ko mamimasasowal a Kuwaping tayra i kasasowalan ato 'Amis a tamdaw,cisowal sa ko Kuwaping lawidang sato kita cowa to kapilood kami saan. Hayi haw sa ko 'Amis a tamdaw a pakaso'elin to sowal no tao.I 'ayaw no nini i, padangen ho kami tayra i Folalacay a micoro' to felac ato dafong no sofitay, pakilacen to kamo to felac han no Kuwaping. Naikooran no kapah no Cepo' tayra i Folalacay, taktaken no Kuwaping ko simal ato 'afet i polol.yo patatikor sato ko kapah nani Folalacay a micoro' to kaletengay a felac, o cahiw ato so'aw tangsol sa a mihayda micomod i polol, nawosaw cisimal kona polol saan maemin, itiiya to pala'edf (閉門)han no Kuwaping koya polol a micodah(火燒營房), pasalaloma'en ho no Kuwaping a mikowang(往內開槍), i 'a'ayaw o lamal ato kowang edengan pasiikor no polol a milaliw, nikawrira mapali'ayaw to a masanga' no Kuwaping ko talolongay kengken(營房後是事先挖掘的深溝), ila'eno nona kengkeng pafolo'en to macidemay(削尖的箭竹), macocok ko mihitefoay a polong a kapah no Cepo'. itiya sato i kamoniharan dengan to cecay ci Mayaw Tomom ko milaiway tayra i Cilangsan pasifana' to finawlan. [[Faylo:蔡中涵講述歷史經過.jpg|縮圖|Saka 138 mihecaan piharatengan pakimad ci Safulo hakasi]] == Awaay ko fokeloh a tadem no Cipatelaway( 没有墓碑的英雄) == Yo mahadefek a maselen a mapatay koya 165 ko tamdaw no 'Amis i napololan no Kuwaping i 1878 miheca saka 1 folad saka 23 romi'ad,sanoyanan han a pateli awaay ko milingwaay a misolimet, awa ko pateli to fokeloh i 'a'ayaw tona kahadefekan. Tahira to i ikor nona lalood to 117 ko kahalafin no mihecaan cowa ka ta'ongen a mingodo ko nikinafalah to tireng a midipot to niyaro' mipa'ading to finawlan. itiya toi 1995 miheca saka 4 folad satapangen ni Safulo hakasi mitahidang ko finawlan a miharateng toni demakan no Maya 'Eping i aikor no loma' ni Asui, patireng to tata'angay a fokeloh malapikiloma'an nona Cipatelaway a kapah. To ikor to paifaloco' sato ko 'Amis a tamdaw midemak to sapiharatengaw tona lalood, matenak to koni demak mafana' to ko cimacima itira to ko kafana' no tamtamdaw toninian a demak, o Kuwaping ko micekilay tona lalood cowa ko 'Amis a tamdaw, o sakasaan no Kuwaping o sapi'afasaw to sera no 'Amis to sapipolongaw a mikowan to Taywan, orasaka, o " kakakowangan " han a pangangan koya sa'ayaway kacakatan no Kuwaping a milood to niyaro' no 'Amis i saka'amisan no Rokot, ta caay to katawal no taloc yo sanay no malitengay a pangangan tonini. Oya nipatirengan a sapiharateng a fakoloh mapolin no faliyos, ano haen han cowa ka tatodong sato to finawlan, ira to kosowal to sapilinahaw a miliyaw a misongila' a patireng. Matahidang ko cikawasay no Tafalong a milicay tona to'as, ira sa ko pacawi nganra cowa ko mamalinah kami tona isa'ayawy nipatirengan namo a fokeloh saan,orasak, i 2023 miheca saka 4 folad saka 25 a romi'ad hakelongen ni Safulo ko papinapina a tamdaw misi'ayaw toya fokeloh a pasowal to sapilinahaw, Mihayi kona to'as, o nian to kosapilinah i 2023 miheca saka 5 folad saka 30 romi'ad patayra i ngata no kamaro'an nangra. Ira ko tapang no Citodongay to ponka no Kalinko kowan, o tomok ato kakita'an, ira ho ko kapah no Cawi' niyaro' ato Makotaay niyaro', 'aloman ko tayniay a mikapot tona tadamaanay a demak.Misafafoy kona tosa a niyaro' to sapakaen to to'as, o Tomok ko sa'ayaway a mi'ang'ang a pakaen,do'edo sa ci Safulo hakasi ko mi'ang'angay a pakaenay to to'as, o sowal to to'as matiniay''':''' Oy ! tadamaanay a to’as niyam ci Mayaw ‘epin kakitaan no niyaro’ , o mama no kapah ci Kafo’ok ato polong Cipatelaway no Cepo’ ,tayni kami a mita’ong, a mingodo i tamowanan, mita’ong kami to kaci’icel no namo a midipot to niyaro’, mipa’ading to finawlan, nikawrira mangodo maki to caka pakatoor to tayal namo. Orasaka, I’ayaw no 27 miheca satapang sa kami a miharateng i tamowanan, patireng to cecay a ‘ongcoy malokaitiraan namo. Anini sato mipalemed a pasifana’ kamo itini to kami tona fokeloh kalaloma’ han to niyam saan kamo. Orasaka, rinahen niyam kona nikiloma’an namo a fakeloh tayra I ngata no kaitiraan nano, ta fangcal to ko foti’ rihaday to ko pahanhan nano. Ikor to no nini a demak, haenen to kami a midipot a mipa’ading ta awa ko masamaanay no miyam, awa ko malitiihay no tiring niyam, fangacal ko kacemahad no niyaro’ niyam, fangcal ko tayal no polong o teloc namo. Oy ! o tadamaanay a to’as ato Cipatelawaya a kapah no ‘Amis a tamdaw, kakomaen to toni painian niyam a ‘epah, kakomaen to kina sapato’aya niyam a titi, o ‘osaw haniyam sato. Aray!! == Maforaw ko finawlan no lalood(民族大移動) == Yo malepon sato kona lalood, sa'aloman sato ko Payrang a tayni a mi'eco to omah ato sera no 'Amis, == Misanga' to sapiharateng a ika(拍攝紀錄片) == == Pacefaday a tilid (註腳) == <references /> [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian ’Amis]] 1yu3zmre9e3u0w0b23w4y2gr1l6z343 0 2490 38412 36835 2023-06-24T00:20:46Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38412 wikitext text/x-wiki == Fata'an(樹豆) == [[Faylo:Cajanus cajan.jpg|縮圖|Fata'an]] == Ngangan no fata'an(樹豆名稱) == Adihay ko pangangan no kasasiromaroma a finacadan to fata'an, ono Kuwaping a pangangan ira ko 蒲姜豆、木豆、米豆、樹荳、柳豆、白樹豆、花螺樹豆、觀音豆、番仔豆、山豆根; Tayal finacadan o "singut ", hananay, ono Taivoan finacadan (大武壠) " taluvawvaw " hananay, ono Iwatan finacadan o " qalidang" hananay. O fata’an, nano to’as a nipalomaan no kasafinacadan i [[Taywan]], itini i [[Pintong]] ato i [[Posong]] a niyaro’, ma’araw ko nipalomaan saheto o fata’an, itini i karakaratan, hadhadan a sera, fangcal ko lengaw no fata’an malofic ko kacihana, ciheci. O kacihecian no fata’an i saka safaw cecay (11) folad tangasa i roma mihecaan to saka tosa (2) a folad, kakaya ko kacihecian no fata’an, orasaka o kaolahan no Yincumin a mipaloma ko fata’an. I 'aya'ayaw pakoyoc ko ’orip awaay ko maamaan, o saka'orip ko fata’an itiya, o tasalamaen han kakaenen no wawa no Amis, yo pakaen to kolong, misimed to fata’an i sofok, hirateng han anini katawaan kona demak, tangasa anini maolah ho kako a komaen to fata’an, marenac a caay kasengaen. I mihecamiheca to saka safaw tosa (12) a folad, tangasa i roma miheca to saka tolo (3) a folad ko pipitpitan to heci no fata’an, tatodong a dateng i pi’anipan to pasafaan, ano mianip mapapaliw to kako ato fiyaw i, caay ka eca milicay o fata’an haw ko sakalahok, roma i, ano ira ko cecay kaysing aca ko fata’an i takar, maedengay to ko saka'oripen itiyaay. Anini caay ho ka adihay ko nipalomaay to fata’an, o so’elinay a tayal konini, rahoday a palomaen ko fata’an, folesak han i omah ko sapaloma ko fata’an malengaway to, maedeng ira ko sepat a folad ko pipaloma cifalo to a ciheci, na mipaloma tangasa to pifata’anan maedeng enem ko folad, o pipalomaan a romi’ad i saka falo (8) folad tangsa i roma miheca sakacecay (1) a foladan, i hadhad ko samakapahay a pipalomaan. == O tatodong no fata'an (樹豆的文化意義) == Itini i Taywan o tadamaanay a losay no Yincuminco konini, o palomaay komaenay a finacadan ira ko 'Amis finacadan, Paywan finacadan, Iwatan finacadan, Atayal finacadan ato Rukay finacadan, Pakitinien i 'orip a pinangan no Yincuminco, o tatodong no karihaday ko fata'an, ira ko cecay a kimad no malitengay, iti:ya ira koya masakeroay a fata'an, hakelongen nira ko cecay a makapahay a kaying tayra i fiyaw a niyaro', fangcal ko ciramod nona kaying, ikor to i, mipaloma to ko tamtamdaw no niyaro' to pi'aray to pipatayni ningra to rihaday, miharateng to ko tamtamdaw, o pinangan no 'Amis a tamdaw mikinganganay to pala, losay ano eca oroma a dafong, orasaka, cingangan sa to " Fata'an " kona niyaro'. O pinengnengen no Yincuminco to fata'an o mipatanektekay to tireng, mifahfahay to palafoay, miadah haca to adada, todongay o mararocorock ko ka'aloman to wawa sanay ko tatodong nona sowal, orasaka, itini taliyok no loma', i omaomahan awaay ko caay ka pipaloma to fata'an, ano malofic ko heci todongay 'aloman'aloman ko tamdaw no laloman adihay ko kacihafay. Pika’arawan no mita to ponka no fata’an i ’Amis, Atayal, Paiwan Iwatan ato Rukai a finacadan a niyaro’, o cecay no sakatolo a kakaenen no Yincuminco konini, oya mangta’ay ato mi’icangan a rara’ ko malotaheka a dating. O sapal ato papah no fata’an, takaraway ko kaci tanpayce(蛋白質) nira, o tadapialaan no tatirengan to tanpayce. O tadamaamay no Yincumico ko fata’an a deteng, ano komaen to i, ci’icel to ko tamdaw, ira ko pangangan nira “o weierkang no Yincumico” hananay. Itiya ho ano talalotok mi’adop ko kapah, caay ka eca mitangtang to fata’an pacamol han to wa’ay no fafoy a mitenger, o ci’icelay a kohaw han ko pangangan to ninan. Itiya ho ira ko lisin no kasafinacadan, ano komaen to fata’an kalawawa saan, mahofoc aca to fa’inayan a wawa saan ko sowal. == Tahapinangan形態 == O fata’an hananay a kilang, yo misatapang pipaloma a miheca, tangasa i nikapatay nira, maedeng tolo tangasa lima a mihecaan ko ’orip nira, cecay a tapangan maedeng cecay kongce ano eca tosa kongce ko takaraw nira, roma i, tahira i sepat kongce ano eca lima kongce ko takaraw, o papah, o tapangan, o heci nira maemin cifanoh, caay kalecad to roma a ra'ra’. makodefetay ko kaciheci no fata’an, mihecahecaan caay ka lasawad ko kacihana nira, tahira sa i kapatayan nira ko kacihana, nikaorira, laklak sa ko kacihana nira, masadak ko hana caay kalecad, hahalafin ko kacihanaan no fata’an, sa ciheci sa caayay kalecad a ciheci to romi’ad, orasaka, mipitpit sato heci nira i, kalifotan to, kakaya to ko tatokian a mipitpti. == Mitangtang 料理 == O pitangtang to fata’an, pacamol han to fadowac no fafoy a misafel, i'ayaw mitangtang, tosa tatokian ko pilaloan to fata’an, esaen ho ko fadowac no fafoy, ta pacamol han to koya fata’an a mitangtang, tosa ko tatokian a mitenger, pacamol han ko cilah, kaesoay a kaenen, itiya ho, ono 'Amis/Pangcah a pitangtang to fata’an, pacamol han ko simal no fofoy, ta mahelot no fata’an koya kahaway a simal, itiya kaenen han to caay ka senga a kaenen. tnyz2khnzhiyept70mbqtfiyuhz0swg 14 2491 36487 2023-05-03T13:42:13Z Ameisenigel 200 建立內容為「__HIDDENCAT__」的新頁面 36487 wikitext text/x-wiki __HIDDENCAT__ 2twjmejn56ditxo46hqinfh52nh6flb 0 2492 38546 37738 2023-06-27T20:06:02Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38546 wikitext text/x-wiki == Mi'adop == === O mi'adopay a demak no 'Amis(阿美族的狩獵文化) === I no to'asan ho a 'orip no '[[Amis]] a tamdaw o saka'orip ko mi'adopay ato mifotingay a demak, ano ira ko tadamaanay a demak niyaro' ato lalomaan mi'adopay mifotingay ko tamdaw no lalomaan ano ca o kapah no niyaro',o nisetikan ko pi'arawan ko tadamaan no fainayan, o masetikay a kapah i, o kala'afasan no iraay ko kaying a loma' malokadafo. nikawrira, anini sato dengan to o maloilisinay a demak, ano ca o piphanhanay no faloco' a mi'adop. Nikawrira, o mi'adopay a demak caay ka ca ira ko masamaamaanay a [[lisin]], itini to a mahapinang ko kakafit ato 'orip no 'Amis a tamdaw, o tadamaanay a saka'orip no 'Amis a tamdaw konini.<ref>《臺灣省通志》卷八 同冑志第八冊。臺灣省文獻委員會 出版。民國61 年6月30 。第7 頁。</ref> == Tosaay ko mi'adopay demak: (狩獵方式) : == [[Faylo:Leghold trap.JPG|縮圖|Talakal]] === 一. Sapifolaw a kowang ( 武器獵 ) : o masakapotay ko pi'adop tonini, o kasasiroma a kilac nonini a pi'adopan:<ref>《臺灣省通志》卷八 同冑志第八冊。臺灣省文獻委員會 出版。民國61 年6月30 。第7 頁。</ref> === # Mitaliyokay a mitala ( 圍獵):o masakapotay no niyaro' ano ca o kapot no isefiay ko mi'adopay.itiraay i kakedalan i'ayaw no pipalomaan to hafay a mi'adop.ona masacefangay a mi'adopay ciwacoay,alamitatoyay to pana', kotang, kowang,fonos. isarakat no pi'adop paresapan ko waco i taliyok no pi'adopan pala mipasadak to 'a'adopen, o mi'adopay itira i kasapi'ec a mitala to 'a'adopen a mokowang.o matiniay a pi'adop o malonem ato mangcel ko 'a'adopen. # Niilohay ( 焚獵 ) : o masakapotay a cefang koninian, pali'ayawen ho a mikilim ko kaitiraan no 'a'adopen, ta likoten , ilohen i taliyok, matalaw ko 'a'adopen to lamal a masadak, oya mitalaay i kasapi'ec a mi'adopay pana'en anoca kowangen ko 'a'adopen.o fafoy, mangcel ato malonem koni'adopan, nikawrira, o mapasadakay no namal a 'a'adopen sahetoay a 'adopen. # Misefengay (伏獵) :karkaren ko kengkeng to pilimekan itira i lawac no lalan no 'a'adopen,limed sa itira tora kengkeng a mitala to 'a'asopen, ano ira to 'a'adopen a mita'ekif, itira a oana'en ano ca kowangen, o faoy ko tatamen tonini a pi'adop. # [[Faylo:台灣山豬.png|縮圖|fafoy no Taywan]]Misolongay (犬獵) ; papilepelen ko waco to mamangay a 'a'adopen, matiyaay o mangcel, takoril, siri, makarato to waco tado han to a micepet panokay. === 二.Talakal a pi'adop ( 陷阱獵) : sahetoay o tekedan a cecay ko tamdaw a pi'adop konini,o kasasiroma a kilac nonini a pi'adopan :<ref>《臺灣省通志》卷八 同冑志第八冊。臺灣省文獻委員會 出版。民國61 年6月30 。第7 頁。</ref> === 1. Talakalay ( 縛足陷獵) : o misefetay to oo' no 'a'adpen koninian a pitalakal, i lalan no 'a'adopen kilimen ko pakatowicay a kilang, pakafit han ko ka'ered i teloc nona kilang a midoic,o teloc noya ka'ered paketingen i pali'ayawan a misanga' a talakal, ano maripa' no 'a'adopen kora talakal i, mafetir koya talakal, itira to a maca'it ko 'a'adopen. o matiniay a pitalakal ko maalaay no mi'adopay, o siri, mangcel ato malonem ko tatalakalen tonini. 2.Milikotan a talakal ( 圍籬陷阱) :ano ira ko 'a'adopen i omahomahan i lotok, mikali'ang to losay ko fafoy i, itliyok no omah sanga'en ko 'adipel, ilalan no 'a'adopen sanga'en ko picomodan no 'a'adopen, i kafekang no saicomod tatingen ko sa'idef, paketingen to ka'ered pakakafit i talakal, ano micomod ko 'a'a'dopen matefing ko talakal a mapala'iedef ko 'a'adopen, iroma a pasitiraan nona 'adipel sanga'en ko malokasadakan no 'a'adopen, ipapotal nonini saicomod korkoren ko toloay laya' ko talolong a kengkeng, tosa laya' ko kakahad, ikafekang nona kengkeng patakaren to 'alal ikafekang pasaksaken to rakaw ato sera samatiyaen o kalosera a nengnengen. i patihi nona kengkeng milimek a mitala ko mi'adopay a tamdaw, ira to ko faoy tahakefeng i kengkeng rahoday to ko pipacok no mi'adopay. o matiniay a talakal o tekedan sapitalakal to fafoy. == Masakapotay a pi'adop ato pisakilac to titi ( 獵團與獵肉的分配): == O 'Amis a finacadan awaay kono niyaro' a pi'adopan pala,orasaka, ano sapi'adopaw itiraay i ngata' no Sawalian-lotok a mi'adop. I kasi'enawan a romi'ad mapolongay ko fainayan no niyaro' a talalotok a mi'adop, kaloloma' paotemek a a milosi to hahawikiden no fainayan a kaka'enen, i'ayaw no kalomowadan a mi'adop a dadaya itiraay i sefi a masaopo, to cila a dafak pacelem o kapah ko 'iayaway malingad. Tahira to i pi'asopan a pala ko kapah tangsolay a misangayangay ato talo'an malopilafinan no mato'asay, miladom heca ko kapah to nananomen no mato'asay, ta lingad sa a mi'adop, ano ira ko tama' a mi'adop,o fongoh ato tolak no 'a'adopen o hano pakatama'ay a mi'adopay, o tinai' ato fitoka tangsol ha a mitangtang i lotok halokakaenen no 'alomanay.o titi tono ni'adopan saheto han to a mitapay misasiraw panokayen tayra i sefi ta pakilac ha kona masakaoptay a mi'adopay. O pi'arawan a pakilac:<ref>《臺灣省通志》卷八 同冑志第八冊。臺灣省文獻委員會 出版。民國61 年6月30 。第7 頁。</ref> # o kasakapot ko pi'arawan a pakilac, isa'ayaway o ka'ayaway ato rarikoray cepi'(emin no waay) no 'a'adopen ko sapakilac to malitemgay, ona malitengay a kapot cowa to kapapina ko tamdaw, nikawrira o sa'adihayay ko nipakilacan a titi.o 'osawato i o hano raremay to a kapot. # do'edo' sa i o kapah a kapot ko nipakilacan, onini a kasakapot i,o tamdaw no kapot ko pi'arawan a pakilac. # o pakalongay to i, o okak ato maforforay a heci ko halilam nangra; # o fafahiyan ato ka'emangay o nipatalaan a 'epah ko pi'arawan a pakilac to titi.<ref>蔡中涵 原住民族文化概論 原住民狩獵文化 講義。</ref> == Pacefaday a tilid ( 註腳) == [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian ’Amis]] <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:pasawalian 'Amis}} mfo2nc748rl83g34pnjgrelpx2it16b 0 2494 37009 37008 2023-05-14T03:32:02Z Masaonikar 570 37009 wikitext text/x-wiki Saint Lucia (Inkiris sowal: Saint Lucia) o i kawaliay no Caribbean riyar mingataay to Tasiyang a pala kitakit. Itiraay i ka’amis ato katimolay no France a Martinique pala ko Saint Vincen and the Grenadines kitakit, nao mimingay Antilles a palapalaan. O tadamaci o Caetri. == Nano pakayraan a sowal (詞源) == O Saint Lucia nai Lucia (ikor ni Yis 283-304 miheca) ko pipanganganan. Saint Lucia ato Ireland o dengan tosaay ko no fafahiyan ngangan ko pipangangan to salongoc sakowan to kitakit (no Ireland ci Celtic misofocay fafahiyan a kawas AI pangangan). Nikawrira, Saint Lucia o dengan cecay so’elinay fafahiyan o no likisi a tamdaw a ngangan. o’asan a sowal no France a pakataminaay i 12 filad 13 romai’ad (Saint Luci romi’ad) i palaan ma’alol, nanoya o nia ngangan ko pangangan tonia pala. == Likisi (歷史) == ．1963 miheca, Inkiris tamdaw micingcing to nia pala. ．1651 miheca, France tamdaw micalap. ．1814 miheca, midotoc “1814 miheca Paris tatoneken” misaheci o nia pala mala no Inkiris a micingcingan a sera. ．1979 miheca 2 folad 22 romi’ad, mihapiw to sapisiiked, o tata'akay Inkiris a lekatep a kitakit. == Sici (政治) == Saint Lucia o nano tata'akay Inkiris a lekatep hongtian kitakit a misiikeday, midemakay to hontian rikec. Saint Lucia a kakeridan no kitakit o tapang no Saint Lucia, malecad to no Inkiris a sawara'an, no Saint Lucia a congto o todong no kitakit a taypiaw. Ci Compton na patireng cingra to polong misakoliay no sici a kasarekad mikerid to Saint Lucia a pasayra i misiiked. Saint Lucia kalomaocan malitosaay faco a selal a kitakit, o fafa'eday kalomaocan ato kararemay kalomaocan, o citodongay mirikecay to nia kitakit. Fafa'eday kalomaocan 11 ko tamdaw sakapot, kararemay kalomaocan o 17 ko tamdaw sakapot, 5 miheca ko liyad no halafin, milaheciay to nisingkiwan[4]. O kakeridan congli no Saint Lucia kitakit o tatapangan no sifo, o no kararemay kalomaocan ’alomanay a kasarekad a kakeridan[5], o kalomaocan ko misikiway. Saint Lucia misotiri’ to England ato Quebec, o macacamolay to Inkiris, Amilika, France faco ato Europe France faco ko rikecan. == Kacacofelan a demak (外交) == Saint Lucia ato tariktikay i Caribbean riyar a Amilika, Inkiris, Canada ato France ta’akay kitakit ko kasasicofel lali’ayan. I matini awaay ko kararawrawan i kasakitakit ko Saint Lucia. O Saint Lucia o no Taywan (ROC) a kacacofelan a kitakit, i Taypi mapatireng ko kadademakan[6]. Saint Lucia o kapolongan lekapot, kawaliay Caribbean kitakit sakapot ato France sowal kitakit ato sa’etal kasakitakit a sakapot. O Saint Lucia tata'akay Inkiris a lekatep hongtian kitakit. Saint Lucia i 1979 miheca 12 folad 9 romi’ad mala no Linhoko saka 152 a sakapot. Tangasa 2018 miheca 1 folad, i 2017 miheca 2 folad 22 romi’ad mipatireng ci Persia Richardson o no Saint Lucia i Linhoko a taypiaw. == Sofitay (軍事) == == O kasasiiked a sakowan (行政區劃) == Palong no pala mala 10 ko sa’etal (全島分10區)。 Anse Raleigh sa’etal Canaris sa’etal Cadtri sa’etal Choiseul sa’etal Dennery sa’etalGroelette sa’etal Labory sa’etal Miku sa’etal Soufriere sa’etal Vieux Fort sa’etal Roma ira ko cecay 78.3 pinfang koli a lotoklan midipotan sa’etal. == Palapalaan (地理) == Saint Lucia a namalan lotok pala adihay ko roma a Caribbean riyar pala a lotokan, satakaraway a tono’an lotok o Gimie lotok (Mount Gimie), nai riyaran 950 kongce. O ci mineral nanom ato fa’edatay sera a kinaira. Fa’edetay romi’ad, o salawacan a nanom to mihecaan 1400mm, salaloma’an no hekal a takaraway sera 3500mm. == Kafafalic no romi’ad (氣候) == Fa’edetay kafafalic romi’ad, Cobain romi’ad masilsil a fa’edetay kala’oraday romi’ad, macangil no kawali ka’amisay fali, kakedalan nai 12 folad 1 romi’ad tangasa 5 filad 31 romi’ad, ka’oradan i 6 folad 1 romi’ad tangasa 11 folad 30 romi’ad (o sasowalen no itiniay to kafaliyosan romi’ad). O romi’ad salongan kahemhem 30˚C (86.0˚F), dadaya salongan kahemhem 24˚C (75.2˚F). Nawhani milingataay to sasifo’ay sakonis, orasaka kasi’enawan kaciherangan tosaay ko hemhem. Mihecaan katefad no ’orad salongan nai salawacan no riyar 1,300mm (51.2 inch) tangasa lotokay a ’orad 3,810mm (150 inch). == Kicay (經濟) == Linhoko pala macowatay cemahaday a kitakit ko Saint Lucia, o nia pangangan o mamala cemahaday a kitakit, nika nahan o Saint Lucia a palapalaan iraay ko kasasiromaan. Padamaay lingad micalap to GDP a 82.8%, roma a kikayan ato omahan, masisil calap 14.2% ato 2.9%. Kicay a kadademak o misasimalay ato misa’epahay ko tayal. Latin Amilika safaniyot a pawli i Europe pacomoday a demak mafalic ato roma a kalalifetan mapatongal i Saint Lucia a kicay kasairaira macowat a tadamanay demak. O Saint Lucia malamisolotay to roma a kitakit malali’acaay ato mipacefongay, mangalef o kingko ato mirarakatay ko sakacikinaira. Misanga’ay a citodongay i kawakiay no Caribbean riyar a kasa’etal ko sasiromaan, o sifo mitanam mipalowad pacomahad. O kacakat no kalali’aca (infalarion) oya to a maserarem, i 2006 miheca tangasa 2008 mihecaan salongan 5.5%. Saint Lucia a dafongan a payso o nano kawaliay Caribbean payso. == Tadamaanay tamdaw (名人) == Arthur Lewis, 1979 mihecaan Nobel prize kicay a cikompayay. Derek Walcott, 1992 mihecaan Nobel prize no tilidan a cikompayay. == Mirarakatay (旅遊) == == Pawa’ayan (腳註) == 1. CIA Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). [2018-11-13]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2020-11-05）. 2. St. Lucia. World Economic Outlook Database. International Monetary Fund (IMF). April 2022 [2022-07- 23]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2022-09-20） （Inkiris sowal）. 3. Human Development Report 2019 (PDF). UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME. [2019-12-21]. （nano nina’angan tilid (PDF) i 2019-12-09）. 4. St. Lucia. cs.mfa.gov.cn. [2021-02-24]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2020-08-17）. 5. Saint Lucia - Office of the Prime Minister. Saint Lucia - Office of the Prime Minister. [2021-02-24]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2021-02-24）. 6. St. Lucia opens embassy in Taiwan; first in Asia - Focus Taiwan. focustaiwan.tw. [2021-02-24]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2020-11-08） （Taywan）. == Pinengnengan tilid. (參考文獻) == 1.Taywan kacacofelan a demak- kitakit ato sa’etal- Saint Lucia. 2. WORLD lANGUAGE RESOURCES 3.Fa’elohay Holam calay, Saint Lucia a pakayraan（Papisingan mana’ang kapi, mana’ang i calay pina’angan） 4.No hekal a tilid, pakayraan. 5. Minengneng to Hekal, Saint Lucia. 6. "The Saint Lucia Constitution" (1978-December-20 effective 1979-February-22), Government of St. Lucia, 2008, stlucia.gov.lc, webpage: The Saint Lucia Constitution Order 1978. "Members of the House of Assembly" (and Prime Minister), Government of St. Lucia, 2008, stlucia.gov.lc, webpage: stlucia.gov.lc/govfolks-members. == Papotalay kasasiket (外部連結) == qh91f14ufkr7ytk9b8mh690k1sj6xm2 0 2495 45427 37434 2025-01-16T08:07:38Z 2A02:8308:210:5D00:3951:133A:D904:7289 45427 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Bamboo Forest, Arashiyama, Kyoto, Japan.jpg|縮圖|'aol]] == O katenakan no ’aol(竹子的分布) == [[Faylo:Bambusoideae World map.png|縮圖|o katenakan no 'aol ]] O kalenakan no ’aol itini i kalala’edan no Ka’amisay-sakonis(北緯) 46˚ tangasa i Katimolay-sakonis(南緯) 47˚ a fa’edatay, ciherangay ato farawfaway a saetal. Itini i hekal dengan o Katimolay-’apocok(南極) ato Yoropa-karopaw (歐洲大陸), roma a ta’akay karopaw manengneng i saka 4 sici nao kaciso^daan miheca ira to ko no katelangay ’aol a lengaw. Itini i Aciya-karopaw(亞洲大陸) o sakakaay malenak a kadofah, roma i Afrika-karopaw(非洲大陸) ato Latin-Amirika karopaw (拉丁美洲), o Ka’amisay-Amirika ato Ta’akay-riyar a karopaw (大洋洲) cowa ka hakowa a manengneng. Itini i Congko Guangtong, Zhejiang, Fujian, Hunan, Yunnan ato Sichuan a tata’angay kowan ira ko kasasiromaroma a kahirahira no ’aol itira, nawhani malalaed ko kasalotok ato riyar. I liyok no hekal a kinaira no ’aol makilatolo ko kaitiraan no a etal: == '''Sakacecay: Yatay ’Aolaolan Etal( 亞太竹區)''' == I tini i Yatay ’Aolaolan Etal i, o sakakaay i tini i hekal. Nanitini Katimolay-sakonis(南緯) 42˚ a Niwsilan, tangasa i Ka’amisay-sakonis(北緯) 51˚ no sasifo’an no Koyietaw(Sahalin kanatal 庫頁島), I sakawalian tahira i kanatanatalan no Taylinyang-riyar(太平洋諸島), I sa’etipan tangasa i satimolan no sa’etip no Indo kitakit, O itiniaiy a ’aol latek cisafaw to 50 ko tatapangan (屬) cisafaw to 900 a kahirahira(種類) ko ka’adihay no ’aol.Iraay ko mademetay a rengaw no ’aol, iraay ko matakalay ko lengaw a ’aol, ora ikaayaway nisowalan a madematay ’aol mahaop ko tolo no kalilima( 3/5), ora ikoray nisowalan a matakalay ’aol mahaop ko tosa no kalilima（2/5, oninian a ’aolaolan o ci’epocay a ’aol latek cisafaw to 100 ko kahirahiraan. == '''Sakatosa: Amirika-karopaw Etal(美洲竹區)''' == Tahiraay i Katimolay-sakonis(南緯) 47˚ no satomolan no Akentina, i saka’amisan tangasa i Ka’amisay-sakonis(北緯) 40˚ no sawaliwan no Amirika, itini ira ko 18 ko tatapangan(屬),cisafaw to 270 ko kahirahira no ’aol. == '''Sakatolo: Afrika-karopaw ’Aolaolan Etal''' '''(非洲竹區)''' == Ona Afrika-karopaw ’Aolaolan Etal i, cowa ka kakahad ko katenakan, nai Katimolay-sakonis(南緯) 22˚ no satimolan no Mosanpiko, tagasa i Ka’amisay-sakonis(北緯) 16˚   no sawalian no Sotan kitakit. === '''Kasatekedan(特徵)''' === O halafinay ko kalengawan no ’aol, nika caay ka cimihecaan ko todong, orasaka masasiroma ko nikafana’an no tamdaw, o ta’angay a “ rengosan ” ko ’aol saan ko piharateng, sahetoay ira ko talalinikay no sera ko masapokohay lamit nira.  Mimokmokay a milalad i sera a masapokohay lamit ko kacilamit a malengaw ko saka adihay a malengaw. Cowa ko ninian aca manga’ay pakayra i kacifalo ko katenak. Masapinang ko fatac, kakofatac cicengo’, oya cengo’ no masapokohay a lamit malahad mala’aol, oya i pokohay a cengo’ malaca’ang malatefo’,oninian a papah cihareday, matiya o rinom, mamoko’ ko kawil. Ira ko manga’ayay makaen ko tefo’ nira. [[Faylo:Bamboo Rhizome.jpg|縮圖|'''Masasaseti'ay a lamit no ’aol a lamit no ’aol''']] === '''Masasaseti'ay a lamit no ’aol a lamit no ’aol(竹鞭)''' === I roma a etal, ira ko mademetay a ’aol, kacilamit adihay ko fatac masawikolay, o fatac awaay ko kacicengo’ awa aca ko lamit, o teloc masadak nai sera mala’afat, polong no lengaw mademat ko kalomahad, o masapinangay o masawikolay no tenga’an ’aol(fongwicu), ka’emiday ’aol(cecu), sanaysay(fitonay) ’aol(macu) ato calay ’aol(fonglaycu). O kalo’aol i fa’edetay nanom ko kanga’ayan kalengaw pala. O saranikayay a malengaway ko kalengaw no ’aol i hekal, ira ko mafedohay ko laloma a tapangan romi’ami’ad malengaw to 40mm, maleko ko lengaw nira tangasa 35-40 laya’(m). Malaliyas ko pokoh ato fatac no ’aol orasaka ranikay a malahed,o lamit ato kasasiiked no kasafacoan ira ko isal a kasafacoan malahad, to roma a pinalengaw dengan o teloc ko misiikeday maisal a malahad, o ’aol sa i kasafatac nira ko patokelekeled sanay a lomahad; kasaisal a masiiked ko kalomahad ko lengaw, sacisowal sa “ no fatacan a kalomahad ” hananay. Nikawrira, midotoc to kalomahad no ’aol, oya papotalay no fatac mitafoay a podac a palo’ matefad to, itiya to paherek ko kalomahad no kakifetol  no ’aol, nika o laloma’an a kasafacoan cowa ka tomerep ko kalahad ningra. [[Faylo:PICT0079 bambus-i-blomst 13apr2007 1200-81.jpg|縮圖|o falo no 'aol]] === '''Pipaloma ato pipalahad(栽培與繁殖)''' === Saheto o miisalan ko tapangan, miselen ko fatac, milinah to wikol lamit, paloma a oatenak. O wikol lamit no ’aol ci’icelay ko kacicengo’ ato kacilamit, i ka’ayaw no canglahan misa’it to wikol a lamit no ’aol, halo fatac no ’aol a siikeden paloma, toya mihecaan i kaciherangan molengaw ko fa’elohay a tefo’ nira. Ikor no kacifaloan no ’aol manga’ay mipaloma. Ano mipaloma to ’aol o misiikoray to fali, misi’ayaway to cidal, so’emetay ko liyok a pala ko sasimsimaen. Ranikay lomahad ko ’aol, tada adihay ko kalomahad, mangalay to cinanomay, marenec to maloso’ay a so’emetay pala, nika manga’ay ko pilaliwan no nanom. Mangalay to cifenekay a sera, o cikaropoyay ato cikoyasiay a sera. Manengneng i ka’ayaw no loma a mapaloma ko cifanohay ’aol (mawcu), masawikolay ’aol(fangwicu), afelaway ’aol(tancu), makedalay ’aol(hanyincu), ciekengay ’aol(kangcu). == Pacefaday a tilid(註腳) == <ref>O nitengilan ni Suman pokosi i niyaro a tiliden konini.</ref> <references /> agnw7kv74bflzzd40ecls2utcrvlc14 0 2496 37105 37104 2023-05-15T03:01:28Z Masaonikar 570 37105 wikitext text/x-wiki Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (Inkiris a sowal: Saint Vincent and the Grenadines), decdec a tilid Saint Vincent, ano eca Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, o Latin Amilika safaniyot a kitakit, itiraay i katimolay no mimingay Antilles kasakanatal i Caribbean riyar, laedan no Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, o tata'akay Inkiris a lekatep a sakapot. O finawlan saheto o kohetingay tamdaw ato kohetingay kohecalay a camel a tamdaw. == Likisi (歷史) == O nano niyaro’ kamaro’an no Indian Caribbean ko Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. I 1492 miheca, tangasa i Saint Vincent ci Columbus itiya i, irato: maro’ itini ko Caribbean finacadan ko Indian tamdaw. 1627 miheca, macalap no Inkiris ko napala. Ikor o France mihapiw o noniyah citodongay salongoc mikowan to nia pala, ona tosaay a kitakit macacefis tina pala a kinapinapina malalood. 1783 miheca, i “Paris kalatelek” so’elin o Inkiris ko mikowanay tina pala. 1833 miheca miteka, o nano pasifaliay a palapalaan a sera ko Saint Vincent. 1958 miheca 1 folad, o Saint Vincent ato Grenadines a palapalaan malacecay mikapot to “kaetip Intu nipatatekoan a kitakit”, tangasa 1962 miheca 5 folad kaetip Intu nipatatekoan a kitakit malicinowas. 1969 miheca 10 folad, o Saint Vincent and the Grenadines midemak to “no niyah laloma’an a pikowan”, o no Inkiris a kasacofelan a nipatatekoan a kitakit, nika saki kacacofelan a demak, sapitena’ a demak o Inkiris ko mikowanay. 1979 miheca 10 folad 27 romi’ad, o Saint Vincent and the Grenadines mihapiw to pisiiked, nika oya a Tata'akay Inkiris a Lekatep ato sakakaay a micowatay no Inkiris hontian kitakit sakapot. == Palapalaan (地理) == O Saint Vincent and the Grenadines kitakit o nano Saint Vincent a pala ato kasapalapala no Grenadines a masakapot, o dadahal ira ko 389 pinfang kongli, o ta’akay maci o Kingston. No Saint Vincent a palaan dadahal ira ko 346 pinfang kongli, kakaya’ 26 kongli, kakahad 15 kongli, Grenadines palapalaan halo 32 a mimingay pala, o dadahal 45 pinfang kongli. O Grenadines palapalaan ira ko Bequia pala, Mastic pala, Canouan pala, Union pala, Myro pala, mimingay Saint Vincent pala ato Pam pala ira ko tamdaw maro’ay. Saint Vincent a pala ira ko namal lotok a pala, makofakofay ko lotok, awaay ko dafdaf. Satakaraway tokos o Soufriere namal lotok, nai riyar 1234m ko takaraw, mararid mafowak, tinako 1970 miheca kina 20 ko kafowak. O nai kitakit ira ko toloay no sekal a tataparan pinalengaw: pasifaliay a palapalaan o paso’emet ko kilakilang ato pasifaliay a palapalaan makedal ko kilakilang. I 2019 mheca o kilakilangan salongan 6.95/10, itini i polong no cikiw 172 ko kitakit o saka 61 ko kanga’ayan no kilang. Talacowa o fa’edetay, nika o fali nai riyaray ko mipatatodongay, to sakadamsay no kafafalicfalic no romi’ad, ’oradan 2540mm to mihecaan, kaciherangan kafarawfawan adihay o kafaliyosan. == O kasasiiked a sakowan (行政區劃) == Saint Vincent and the Grenadines kitakit masilsil to 6 a niyaro’ kadademakan a ’etal: Charlotte Parish Grenadines Parish Saint Andrew Parish Saint David Parish Saint George Parish Saint Patrick Parish == Kicay (經濟) == O sakinaira no Saint Vincent and the Grenadines kitakit o kaliomah ato kasakitakit a paysoan, o pinaloma o pawli. Kasakitakit a paysoan o Saint Vincent and the Grenadines ko sakinaira no kicay. Pirarakatan o sakaira no kicay no Saint Vincent and the Grenadines kitakit. == Sofatay (軍事) == Saint Vincent and the Grenadines kitakit o nano tata'akay Inkiris a lekatep, nika o nia kitakit awaay ko sofitay, itini Saint Vincent and the Grenadines kitakit ira ko Royal Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Police Force ato Coast Guard. O saka rihaday mapa’orip ko kitakit, o Regional Security System o pikapot to lekatep. == Kacacofelan a demak (外交) == == Tamdaw (人口) == I Saint Vincent and the Grenadines kitakit salongan ira ko 12 ’ofad tamdaw, o nano Africa teloc kohetingay tamdaw ira ko 75%. == Pinengnengan tilid. (參考文獻) == 1. CIA Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. [2018-11-13]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2020-11-05）. 2. CIA Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. [2018-11-13]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2020-11-05）. 3. St. Vincent and the Grenadines. World Economic Outlook Database. International Monetary Fund (IMF). April 2022 [2022-07-23]. （nano nina’angan tilid i 2022-09-20） （Inkiris swal）. 4. Human Development Report 2019 (PDF). UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME. [2019-12-22]. （nano nina’angan tilid (PDF) i 2019-12-09）. == Papotalay kasacalay. (外部連結) == g1qp9ibf4o0th53opkrimaltl0yuydh 0 2497 38534 38036 2023-06-27T19:53:42Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38534 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Angulas-2009.jpg|縮圖|Podaw ( 吻仔魚)]] == Mifoting(阿美族的捕魚文化) == === Pipodawan (吻仔魚) === O pifonting no ‘[[Amis]] a tamdaw iraay ko tosa a kasasirom, o cecay I o riyar a pifoting, o cecay I ono ‘alo a pifoting.O itiniay I pasawalian a niyaro’ ono riyar a pifonting ko sakakaay,do’edo’ sa I ono ‘alo a pifoting;o itiniay I sa’etipay a niyaro’ mala’ayay ko riyar orasaka ono ‘alo a pifoting ko sakakaay.O kasasiroma no riyaran a foting ira ko iso,sanglingling,ngitiwang,sapnon,matatosay,lahakakay,timo(kakahong),potadenas,olangnoriyar,nasnguce, solita ato ‘aowang. Itini I ngata no cepo’ a niyaro’ ora [[Cawi’]] (靜埔村)ato [[Makotaay]] (大港口部落) i saka 4 folad tahira I saka 5 folad to mihecahecaan o pipodawan.cowa ka difak a koma'en to podaw ko itiniay a tamdaw, ano ira ko 'osaw nipaliwalan tayni i misatokayay, pacaycipin hananay rahidayay ko pipaliwal. [[Faylo:Cypselurus poecilopterus Day.png|縮圖|kakahong]] === Mikakahong (飛魚祭) === Itini to i lilis no riyar a kasaniyaro’ i saka 3 folad tahira i saka 5 folad to mihecahecaan, nikakahongay, marorayay ko tayal no mikakahongay,herek no lafi pacomod to tamina i riyar misalafii a misalil,makamanihar ko romi’ad minokay.tahira to I lawac no riyar pacakat han ko tamina I lawac no riyar,militemoh ko fafahiyan midama a mitengteng to salil,mipadang a pasadak to foting.Tangsolan a misalilam ko nikakahongan no mifotingay.Ora mifotingan a kakahong tangsolen a mitokad a miala ko tinai’, sakapahen a misawsaw ta teli han I pitapayan masaromi’ad misalafii a mitapay (mihodhod). O pitapay to kakahong masasiromaromaay ko kaloloma’ a pitayal, o roma a loma’ o tolak no tefos ko sapitapay,o matiniay a nitapayan tadafangsisay, tadaka’eso’ a kaenen. O heci no kakahong no pasawalian ko’epeday,ko’engelay a kaenen, cowa ka hitira tono Fotod a kakahong ko’sit awa ko ka’eso’ a ka’enen. == O kasasiromaroma no pifoting (捕魚的種類) == O kasasiromaroma a pifoting no 'Amis a tamdaw tosaay ko kasirom, o cecay i ono riyaran a pifoting, oroma i, ono 'aloan a pifoting: === Riyaran a pifoting (海上捕魚) === O itiniay i pasawalian a niyaro’ a tamdaw sahetoay o riyar ato ‘alo ko pifotingan. Ano iriyar a mifoting mikarilicay to ’aol a tamina itiya ho,anini sato ono soko ko sapisanga’ to tamina’. Cowa ka tata’ang koninian a tamina, orasak, cecay ano ca tosa ko mikalicay a tamdaw, itini i ngataay a riyar ko pifotingan no matiniay, papacem a ratal a palowad dadaya minokay.<ref>臺灣省通志 卷 八 第八冊, 第8頁。 </ref> Ona sapifoting a tamina o ‘aol ko sapisanga’ o tipay ano ca o dadangoyan hananay ko nini. O pakadadangoyananay a pifoting hananay konini. Ona tipay o ’aol ira ko 15cm ko ka tata’ang 3 laya’ ko kakaya’ a ’aol madeng ira ko 8 ko ’aol ko sapisanga’, hifalaten a misilsil ko 4 a ’aol, i fafa’ed nonini telien koya 8 a kakaya’ay a ’aol, o oway ko sapifalod a mikedec pakaketing, isifo’ no ifafa’ed nona tipay paketingen ko tanektekay a kamaro’an, halokamaro’an no mifotingay,i kawanan ato I kawili ira ko sa’iwas, paifaloco’ay sa a pacikay, talorikor, pasikawanan, pasikawili a mi’iwas,o cafay a mifoting itira I ka’ayaw no tipay a tomireng a mifolesak to salil. Ira ko pinapina a pifotingan. === 1. Misalil (曳網法、拉網魚法) === Itiraay I sakasepat folad tahira I saka 7,8 folad ko pifotingan.toninian folad away ko fali maradacay ko riyar, naikoran no faliyos ko ‘adihayay ko foting.Malacefangay ko pifoting nonini, mamo’etep ko tamdaw ko cecay a cefang, tengtengen no ‘alomanay a tamdaw ko salil a midefong talariyar, ma’osaw ko papinapina a tamdaw i lawac no riyar mitatoy to salil, cifoting sato i,tengtengen to talahekal.<ref>臺灣省通志 卷 八 第八冊, 第8頁。</ref> === 2.Mitenengay (立網法) === I ngata no lawac no riyar o fakeloh ko sapipatomenek to salil,maherek to i,terengen ko salil talalawac no riyar a mipasiket I fokeloh,macelak to ko salil I riyariyaran,maleno sato i, mahawikid no riyar ko ko foting alakafikafit sa I salil,makerah sato I, tado han to a miala koni a foting.O pinangang no matiniay a pifoting I, kalafian mitengen to salil to cika a papacem miala to mikafitay a foting.<ref>臺灣省通志 卷 八 第八冊, 第8頁。</ref> == pacefaday tilid(註腳) == [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian ’Amis]] 1uix6825upuk1w6duq7ko9bx163x6zi 0 2502 38601 38600 2023-06-28T13:14:13Z 123.192.190.54 38601 wikitext text/x-wiki Saka 1 a cfang: O pa’ayaway a sowal Yo sapikitohaw to ’orip no itiniay i Taywan a Yan-cu-min a finacadan i, maroray a mikakilim to nikaawa no tilid tono to:’as a dmek. Saka, awa ko mapalitaay ato masongira’ay a rayray no ’orip no to’as no Yan-cu-min a finacadan. '''1.''' Yo ira ko pita^lif no tamina no Potoriko i 1543 a mihcaan i, ma’araw nangra ko nika kapah no pala no Taywang. sowalsa cangra toniniy a pala i, “Ilha Formosa”, “Wata o makapahay a pala” saan. Saka nanoya a pangangan cangra to Taywan i, o “Formosa” hanto no sa^tipay a kitakit ko pipangangan. Saka, o sa’ayaway cangra a misolap to pala no Taywan. Nikawrira caayka pikowan cangra to pala no Taywan.    O kasa finacadan itini i Taywan i, ira aca ko sasilomaloma nocaciyaw ato pinangan no ’orip a masasicidek ko nikamaro’ nangra. Iraay ko nikasasiloma no caciyaw ato kasasiloma no pinangan no ’orip, caay karcad aca ko mihcaan to pipatirengan to niyaro’ nangra to hakamaro’an a pala. Saka, awaay ko nikalaccay nangra a patireng to mikomoday a kitakit a mikowanto Taywan.    Yo taynito a mikowan ko Oranta i, sakilacen nangra ko pikowan. taliyok no Tai-ciw a kasafaniyot i, pangangan han to Ta-tu a kitakit. Itini Ping-tong tangasa i Tay-nan i, Ma-cya a kitakit han nangra. I Palidaw a kowan ira ko Ta-kwi-wen a kitakit a mapatireng. '''2.''' 1636 a mihcaan i, o pikowan no Oranta i Ce-kan hananay a niyaro’, caayto ka ’aloman ko malonem to ’a’adopen itira. Saka,mahayda ko Payrang a tamdaw ami’adop to malonem i ka’ami:say a pala, o Fu-wey-long hananay; O kasadakan no sipnoay a malonem itira. Itini aca ko pipacakayan no Yan-cu-min to kator no malonem. Yo sa’aloman sato ko loma a Payrang a tayni i, ma’arang koya sa’ayaway a Payrang. Saka, 1637 ato 1638 a mihcaan i, papikapoten no Payrang ko Yan-cu-min a pacoli to Oranta a tamdaw. Oya rawraw itiya i, mapatay ko 3 a tamdaw no Oranta. Saka, ocoren no Oranta ko sofitay amilo’od to niyaro’ no Fu-wey-long. Nanoya, rarangento no citodongay ko Payrang a micomod i niyaro’ no Yan-cu-min. Nanoya makowan no Oranta ko sakatimol no Tay-nan; sa’amisan no Taywan i, o Spanis ko mikowanay. Nikawrira, 1637 a mihcaan i, lowanen no Spanis ko sofitay a miliyas to Tam-swy. Saka, mafana’ ci Antoni Fan Timen i, tangsor saan cingra a miocor to sofitay. ta ma’afas nangra ko Ki-lung, malaplapto ko Spanis i 1642 a mihcaan.   Nanoya ha^min hanto no Oranta a mikowan ko Taywan. 1644 a micaan i, loodwn no Oranta koya maliyaliyangay a niyaro’ no Yan-cu-min. Haloya Ta-tu hananay a kitakit a malfo nangra. Saka, nani sa’amis no Taywan tangasa i katimol, nga’ay to a tomdac ko rakat a malaccayto. 1645 sakaccay a folad lfoen aca nangra koya lomaloma a niyaro’ no Ta-tu. Saka ha^min hanto nangra a mikowan ko polong no sa^tipan no Taywan a pala. Fong-cyin hananay a pikownay：    Mapacomod no Oranta ko mipikceng a pikowan, a malasakakay a mikowanay. Saka, halo i-hwiy(議會) a sa’opo a makowan. O satakalaway ko siy-fo no Oranta a mikowananay, o kamaro’an no Yan-cu-min a pala i, o nililaman i siy-fo saparocek to Yan-cu-min konini. Orasaka, ano micumod ko Oranta ato Payrang a tamdaw i pala no Yan-cu-min, a mifotingto, mikilangto ato nipi’adop i, caka^ca a patli to payso sapadahof to todongto no miaraan i pala no Yan-cu-min. Ano ira ko pisawkit a dmak no Yan-cu-min i, do^do^ han ko pinangan no kasa finacadan a midmak. Ano o papatayen ko raraw nira i, ato o lalaplapen nai Taywan a ciraraway i, o sakakaay no Taywan a i-hoy(議會) ko mistekay a midmak. O sata tono mihcaan:     1642 a mihcaan ko pisatapang a misata ko mikowanay, 10 a lolong ko panay to sapasata i Oranta. Awaay ko pinang tonika hakowaen ko tatodong no lolong. Saka, ikorto i, ccay a laloma’an 20 ko tingting no panay, ato 4 ko kator no malonem to sapasata to ccay a mihcaan sato ko sa’osi. Nikawrira, o mipatirengan a mala kakitaan a laloma’an i, caay ka patri to sata.    Nikawrira, caay ka lcad a malalen ko pipasata. O tiniay i Kilang ato i sawalian no Taywn a Yan-cu-min i, caay ka kahi a pasata. Lomasato, o itiniay i Tam-suy a Yan-cu-min i, rekenan no sofitay no Oranta cangra, saka pasata sato.    Taracowa, caay ko sakakaay micumuday no siy-fo kona pisata, o loma a niyaro’ cango’otay to kakaenen. Saka, 1648 a misatapang, mapalasawad to ko pipatli no kasa niyaro’ to sata tono mihcaan. Saka, 1650 a mihcaan, o citodongay a tapang ci Patawiya, palasawaden ningra ko polong no pisolot to sata. O lifon no singsi i, o ko-si no Oranta ko cirocekay a palifon. '''3.''' 1895~1945 o pikowan no Dipong to Taywan：    Pakayni i pikowan no Dipong ato Yoropa a kitakit, caay ka lcad, O fa^lohay cangra a mikowan to Taywan. O Taywan Sotokufu ko cirocekay a miharaka to masamaamaanay a rikec, a mikowan to polong no hadmak i Taywan. O pialaan han no Dipong a miala ko kalimlaan a dafong ato pipalakuli to tamdaw no Taywan, a saka ci’icel no kitakit no Dipong. Lomasato i, kalapasalipa’an han no Dipong, a nga’ay pasitimol a micuwat to Nan-yo a kasakitakit ko Taywan. O pikowan no Dipong to Tawyan i, o kingcac (imeng) ko tatapangan nangra a mikowan, awaay kono Taywan a tamdaw a mala kaklidan. Pakayni i pitilidi kongkoan, ira ko pisakakinih no Dipong. Masasiloma ko pakafana’ ato pitilid no Taywan a tamdaw.         Misatapang ko pikowan ni Taisiyo a hongti no Dipong to Taywan i, mangalef konika pireken nangra to Taywan a tamdaw. Saka, misatapang to ko piculi no tamdawdaw to dmak no Dipong. O sakanga’ayaw nangra a mikowan to Taywan i, cidmak cangra to "hwang-ming-hwa" hananay a pala o Dipong hanto nangra ko Taywan a tamdaw. Ono Dipong to ko caciyaw, ono Dipong to kaciriko’. Saka, o tayraay i piloodan, o kapah to no Taywan ko maocolay. Saka, mangalef mangalef ko pireken no Dipong to Taywan a tamdaw. '''4.''' 1603 amicaan ira a matilid ni Chen-ti hanana a ci tanengay a tamdaw, "Tong-fan-ci" sanay a tilid. i laloma’ nira ira ko "Tong-fan" hananay a tilid, o tatodong no niniy a sowal i, onini i sawaliay a tamdaw i, awaay konika fana’ to maaman aca a misapangcahay a tamdaw sanay a milukesay a pangangan.   1800 amicaan i, o "Cing-caw" to ko mikowanay to Taywan. Mafalic ko pangangan nangra to Yan-cu-min, o "Sen-fan"(生蕃) han nangra ko pipangangan. O tatodong nonini i, oya caayho ka kowan no aping a pala, pakoniyaniyah sanay a mikowan to niyaro’ no tireng. O loma aca ko pinangan no ’orip nangra, caay ka ngaay a pacicien cangra a pala aping ko ’orip. Oyana "Sow-fan"(熟藩) hananay a tamdaw i, mihaklongay to pikowan no Cing-caw a cen-fo; patliay aca to sata no cen-fo o sanay ko sa’osi to hatiniay a finacadan. Nga’ay aca a macnger no pinangan no aping a mala apingto ko ’orip.    Nikawrira, ano mala apingto ko pinangan no ’orip, oyananto ko kacingangan toya "Sen-fan", "Sow-fan" hananay. Ta caay ka tatko to so^linay a aping saan ko picidek nangra. Hatiniay ko nipisakakinih no itiya:ayho mikowanay to Taywan. . Saka 2 a cfang: O rayray no kakawa no niyaro’ ato ’orip no ’Amis '''1. O rayray no kakawa no niyaro’:''' O ’Amis a finacadan itini i Taywan i, o sa’alomanay i sa’opo no Yan-cu-min. I Paposongan, i Kalingko ato i palidaw no Pington a kowan ko nikatnak no ’Amis. Ano ’arawen ta ko nika tnak no ’Amis i, i sa’amisan, i sasifu’an (nai Siwkorang ato sawalian i lilis no riyar), ato timulay (paposongan ato i palidaway a ’Amis), a masakilac ko nikamaro’.Ano loloden ko kalalitmoh no ’Amis ato loma a cisakowanay a kitakit i, i ’ayaw to 400 a mihcaan matilid i tilid no Oranta a kitakit. Nikawrira, tahirato i pikowan no aping to saikolayto to 20 ko mihcaan, a ma’araw konika matokitokto ko nikacacamor no ’Amis ato loma a mikowanay a finnacadan. Pakayni i no ’ayaway a tilid a ma’araw ita ko pidimokos no kakitaan to niyaro’, ato sa’opo no kapot a marikec ko pikowan to niyaro’, ato o ina ko citodongay a mikowan to parod no laloma’an, a makakiting ko sarawinawina. '''1''' 、O ’Amis hananay a finacadan, o kakitaan ato kapot no fa’inayan ko citodongay to dmak no niyaro’. Nikawrira, pakayni i rayray no lamod i, o fafahiyan a ina ko tatapangan no raray no lamod. Mikadafo ko fa’inayan; saka pakayniay i dafong i, o ina ato fafahiyan a wawa ko citodongay. Saka, o ina ko citodongy a pakilac to dafong. Nani 1960 a mihcaan, irato ko nikacacamur no kalalamod to loma a finacadan, mafalicto ko kakawa no loma’. Mikadafoto ko fafahiyan no ’Amis i fa’inayan. Saka, o fa’inayan to ko citodongay to dafong no loma’. '''2''' 、O sakakaay a kakridan no niyaro’ ko kakitaan hananay. Pakayni i kapot no fa’inayan ato laloma’an no citodongay to ta’ong a mipili’ to hakakitaan a midipot to niyaro’. Tinako to nika mapatireng ci Kolas Mahengheng a mala kakitaan no Farangaw a niyaro’. Tonika ta’angay no tireng nafekfek, ci’icel a mikerid to ro’od a midipot to niyaro’ a mala kakitaan. '''3、'''O kapot hananay, o ccay a tadamaanay likakawa no niyaro’, pakayni i kasasiloma no mihcaan a mapakilac to dmak, a midimokos to kahilahila a dmak no niyaro’. Nani 13~14 ko mihcaan no pakalongay micumodto i sefi, minanam to kahilahila no taneng, sapilood a dmak no fa’inayan. 3 no mihcaan, ira ko pipangan to mamalakapah a pakalongay to ngangan no kapot. itini i sfi ko fa’inayan a minanam to hadmak to sapidipot to niyaro’. Ono Farangaw a pangangan to kapot i, o iraay a malitmoh ta’angayay a dmak ko sapangangan toya kapot. Tinako, Laminkok sanay a ngangan no kapot, o katayni no minkok i Taywan, saka malongangan no kapot toya kalakapahan a mihcaan. Ta mahalateng tamdaw. '''2.''' O rayray no ’orip no ’Amis: 1. O paniyaro’ no ’Amis a tamdaw:    O ka’aloman no tamdaw no ’Amis a finacadan i, paka 213,958 ko tamdaw (i 2020 a mihcaan no saka 4 a folad a sa’osi konini). Mato sowal i ’ayaw, tonika kakahad ko pala to nikatnak no ’Amis, ira ko i’amisay, ira ko itimolay, ira ko isifo’ay a pala ko kasasiloma no aro’ no niyaro’ no ’Amis. Ira aca ko nika sasiloma no pinangan no rayray no ’orip.    Pakayni i kaciriko’, ato caciyaw, ato pangangan to ngangan no kapot, caay ka lcad. Ato kasasikilac no isfiay to tayal no kapot i, caay ka lcad. Pakayni pikrid no isfiay, mama no kapah i, caay ka nga’ay a mipaculi, odeng o pido^do a ccay to sowal no kafafaw. Ikor nonini a tilid pasowal kako to lisin no ’Amis. 2. pakayniay i lisin no ’Amis:    Pakayni i pidmak to lisin caay ka lcad ko rayray no kasa niyaro’. Ira ko kiloma’an, ilisin, mitiwas, mifuting, miksi’, mitato’as, misalifong, pakacidal ato paka’orad. Ira aca ko kasasiloma no rayray no dmak ato paysin. O loma saca, caay ka nga’ay ko fafahiyan a mikihatiya a mikapot. O loma mapatayto ko malitengay citodongay to lisin i, caay to ka mapasifana’ ko rarem. (1) Ono Kiloma’an a ilisin: O kiloma’an no ’Amis a tamdaw i, o tadamanay a dmak. Ano palalimlimen to pipafilongaan no payrang, malcad ko nika o tadamaanay a romi’ad. Itini i kiloma’an, o kalalitmohan to riteriten a kasa’opo. O pinanaman to sakacakat no ’orip, o kafana’an topinangan no ’Amis, mafana’ a mangodo to mitapalay, o mikonglingay to hadmak sakakapah no niyaro’ ato pinanam to picu’ay to ’ada a dmak. Yo kadiponganho, ira to ko misatokiway a pitoolan a micomod i niyaro’. Milalang tono kiloma’an a dmak a mikapot. Sato caayto kakrih ko niyaro’ a malaccay ko dmak. I saka 7 a fulad tangasa i saka 9 fulad ko dmak to kiloma’an, onini a kiloma’an i, o ccay no piahowid to nikanga’ay a kadofah no panay, ato malahci to ko pipanay. Onini a romi’ad do^do hananay ko kton no itokalay. Mihamham to ’adingo no riteng, a mipakaen to ’adingo no riteng. Mifuting ato mi’adop ko kapah a pawsa to maritengay. Makro ko kapah ato kaying, ato mirikec to kasakapot a malaccay ko dmak. O dmak no kasa niyaro’ caay ka lcad ko pidmak, ira ko toloay a romi’ad, ira ko pitoay a romi’ad.      Itini pipipan a romi’ad i, ira aca ko kalalifet to radiw ato kakro no masakapotay a kapah ato kaying. Ono pakaifan (pakatimay) a romi’ad a adiw ato kro no salawina a mihmek a maacang i, itini i  kiloma’an caay ka nga’ay a konini a radiwen a kroen. Ikaloromi’ad i, caay kanga’ay a radiwen ato nikakro tono kiloma’an a radiw ato kro. (2) Mikesi’: Oloma a pangangan i, o pifutingan a lisin hananay. O dmak i, o naliti’ to mi’opiran patsek han i sra, oya tloc a dongec ko mama’osaw, oya papah ’opirhan. O tatodong nonini i, patiri’ tonika ci’icer a ma’orip sanay. Mita’ongay ko ’Amis a tamdaw to kawas no riyaer, caay ka olah ko kawas no riyar to kandaway a papah. O niniya ko sakacaloway no ’Amis to dongec. O dongec i, oya salo^englay a troc no kilang ato talod. Saka, caloway ko ’Amis a tamdaw to kalo dongec no kilang ano o tarodto. (3) O lisin no pilamloan：    Ano pilamloan to a romi’ad, o papah no sangrad ko sapilolong. Nawhani, o tada dateng koninian i pilamloan. O saka fcol a kakaenen no ritenganho ko lamlo. Nawhani, o lamlo hananay a pinaloma i, mato sitangilaay, simataay a pinaloma. Ano caay kapalita to dmak i, iraay ko piledek no lamlo to tamdaw, saka ano militod to lamlo caay ka nga’ay patlas sa acaciyaw. Ano pasla’to, ano malahcito ko dmak i, caay kanga’ay a misti’ to tamdaw ato ma^etot. (4) O lisin no pipalomaan： Ano maraod ko pipalomaan to lamlo, mitangtang to kohaw no tatokem a mita’ong to kawas, ta nga’ay ko rengaw no lamlo. Lomowad to papacem, nga’ayto a malingad a paloma. (5) Pi’adopan a lisin:    Onini a lisin i, o saikorto a lisin to mihcaan. O sapakaen to palo no loma’ ato salawina ato kapot a matayal, a komaen tonini mi’adopan. o calowayay i, o ’ayam ato hci no kilang ko sapalamlam a mitangtang. (6) Patireng to loma’ a lisin:    Salakat nomihcaan a lisin ko nini, onini a lisin i, o lisin to midipotay to pinaloma, ato pi’adop a Malataw a kawas. O lisin nofai’nayan a macakat ko kapot, anini onini a lisin i, i kiloma’an a midmak. Caay ka nga’ay ko fafahiyan a tamdaw a mikapot. O kaka^nen a dating, o tawsiw, mitodohan a koko’, o dongec ato papah no laput ato tali; Caay ka nga’ay a komaen to papah no kalodatng. (7) O pita’ong to ritng a lisin:    O citodonga aci dmak tonini a lisin i, o fafahiyan a masayray, micamol ko palo no loma’ a m^min. O saka tayal i, o kacipa’ay, o ’icep, o ^pah ato faes. (8) Pakelang:    O tatapangan nonini a dmak, mahrek ko pina’eng to mapatayay a tamdaw i, ci dmak to paklang hananay. To ccay nikalahcito no dmak a mitadem. Nikawrira, ano malahcito a patileng to loma’, ano patono to malasofitayay, ato ikor to pakaif, cidmak to paklang a tayni i ’aro a mifuting ko kapah, pakaen to salawina a milahci to dmak no loma’.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         Saka '''3''' a cefang: O rayray no ’orip no Farangaw '''O pa’ayaway a sowal:''' Ano litosen ko ’orip no Taywan i, ma’araw ita ko pikowan no lomaloma a kitakit. Itini tono yan-cu-min a ’orip, ma’araw ita ko nano mitinakoan nangra a ’orip to pipades no mikowanay, a palawacu to tamdaw no kasa niyaro’. Pakayni i rakat no Farangaw a tamdaw a mafolaw i, awaay ko ma’osaway a tilid. Saka, away ko kafana’ no wawawawa. Pikakilim no citanengay a mitiliday to kongko no niyaro’ i, adihay ko kasasilumaluma no kongko to mapasadakay a tilid. Mato sowal ako i ka’ayaw a tilid; 2018 a mihcaan ma’araw ko pimali no “Kano”(嘉農) i Dipong a malalifet. Maharateng ako koya pasifana’ay a singsi ci Isikawa ko ngangan nira. Kilimhan ako i tin-naw koya mimaliay no Kano i, a^nemay kono Farangaw a kapah i laloma’ nonini a Kano.  Mitayhyo cangra to Taywan a milifet to Dipong. Ma’osaw nangra ko nga’ayay a ngangan no Taywan. Hatiraay ko nikaci’icer nonini mimaliay a kapah no Farangaw. Nanoya ci faloco’ kako to sapitilidaw to kongko no Farangaw a niyaro’. Ma’araw ako ko mitilidan ni Cang-i-fen hananay a singsi, to pakayniay to nika lasawad no niyaro’ no Farangaw sanay a tilid. Sowal sa konini a singsi, manga’ay kamo o wawa no Farangaw ko mitiliday to kongko no tiringto a niyaro’ sanay a sowal ningra. Saka, mapalowad i faloco’ no mako konini a sowal. Sakimukimur sato a mikilim to malitengay ato kapah no Farangaw, a misa’opo to kongko no niyaro’. Pakayni i taneng no kapah ato iraayho a ma’orip a malitengay no Farabgaw, to saka ’osaw no kongko no niyaro’, to saka nga’ay no wawawawa a mafana tono liteng a kongko no niyaro’. Mangaref ko miliyasay to niyaro’ a kapah ato kaying, awaayto ko nikafana’ to dmak no liteng ato rayray no ’orip no Farangaw. Pakayni tonini a tilid a mafana’ cangra to tadamaanay a ’orip no Farangaw a niyaro’. '''1'''. O rayray no kafolaw no Falangaw a tamdaw '''Saka 1 a kongko: O kamaro’ i "Sa-ken"''' O niniya Sa-ken hananay a pala i,o kamaro’an no liteng no ’Amis. Halafin ko nikamaro’ nangra itini, ’aloman’alo:manto ko tamdaw. Saka, ma’osi ko payrang, misamsam to ’Amis. Ma’araw no liteng ko nika malapayrangay ko ’orip no Ping-pu a finacadanno i, cifalo’ sato cangra to saka piliyasaw to Sa-ken a niyaro’. I "Cya-cing a mihcaan", masowal ko nikamro’ no ’Amis a tamdaw i Tay-nang a kowan. Masamsam no loma a finacadan ko nikamaro’ nangra, ira ko 300 no tamdaw i tiya. Itini tonini a Sa-ken hananay a niyaro’, iraay ko palidaw (ping-pu) hananay a finacadan, malaliday cangra a mafafalic to kakaenen to payrang, saka paka’aca cangra to frac, o hmay ko mika^nan nangra. Saka, pacimir han no ’Amis cangra to komaenay to hemay a tamdaw hananay. I laloma’ nonini a palidaw a tamdaw i, ’aloman ko ci nganganay to "May" hananay a ngangan. O nanitiniay to pacimir no ’Amis toya komaenay to "hmay" a palidaw sanay a sowal. Ira ko ccay a fafahiyan a singsi, o ngagan ningra ci Cen-i-miy. o tatapangan no laloma’an ningra i,  "May" hananay, o nano palidaw a tamdaw cingra. Mato sowal a masamsam no payrang ko ’Amis itini, ci faloco’ to sapiliyasaw to niniya Sa-ken hananay a pala. Onini a Sa-ken a niyaro’ i, o kasadakan no ’Amis a pala. Anini pangangan hanto konini a pala, o Sa-ken han no aping a pangangan. '''Saka 2 a kongko: O kongko no Palidaw''' Oya mafolaway nai Sa-ken no Taynan a ’Amis, milakowit to niyaro’ no Takaw ato Pingtong, patefu i Palidaw a macakat cangra. I ngata no Ken-ting toya hacitinsyo(核能發電廠) hananay anini a pala a macakat. Yo tahira itini cangra i, ccay a fulad cangra mikakilim to dangah, caay ka hera nangra ko dangah. Saka, mitodoh to sara a misanga to sapitatang to kaka^nen a kapuwa, halo kaysing ato pipaloan a kapuwa. Saka itini pipalita no Kaw-ku-syi(考古學家) a mafana’ to to’as no ’Amis a tamdaw. Onini a mitodohan nani sera a kapuwa ato kaysing i, o no ’Amis a masanga’ay a lalosidan saan a mitilid. Halafin ko mihcaan i, ’aloman’aloman ko tamdaw no ’Amis. Mikilim cangra to kakahaday a pala, saka malinah cangra a tayni i Palidaw(Man-siw-syang). Yo itini ko nikamaro’ to niniya pala i, ira ko Paliwan a finacadan, caay ka olah ko Paliwan a tamdaw to nika paniyaro’ no ’Amis. Halafin ko kamaro’ itini i, mipatireng to ^eri’ a loma’. Saka, nga’ayto ko nika laccay no kamaro’ itini. Ira ko ccay a tamdaw ci "Chen-ta"(陳達) hananay. Mafana’ay cingra a paladiw, o sowal ningra i, o ’Amis ko fufu ako saan ko sowal nonini a tamdaw. Ira aca ko ccay a tamdaw malo’ay i Kwi-san(龜山) no To-wing, ci Pan-te-kwi ko ngangan. Nano tumuk no To-wing a kowan cingra. O sowal ningra i, o ’Amis ko liteng niyam, maro’ay i Palidaw saan. '''Saka 3 a kongko: O kongko no Mu-tan a pala''' Oya malo’ay i Palidaw a ’Amis ’aloman’alomanto ko tamdaw. Saka, mafolaw a tayni i ngata no Mu-tan a niyaro’. O Paliwan a tamdaw ko itiraay, ma’osi to nikafolaw no ’Amis a tayra. Pahmot pahmot han no Paliwan ko ’Amis a milokes. Saka, pacimir hanto no ’Amis " o mipapahmotay a tamdaw". Saka, ikor nonini panganga sato ko tamdaw tonini a niyaro’ i, "Mu-tan" han ko ngangan. Onini a ngangn i, o pacimir no ’Amis toya pahmotay a Paliwan. Ci ngangan sato konini a pala o Mu-tan hanto. O nai tiniay i pacimir no ’Amis konini a ngangan. Yo miliyas to Mu-tan tara’amis ko folaw a tayni i "Si-hay"(旭海) hananay a pala. Ikorto tono aniniay i, mapatireng ko pitpongan to nanom, Mu-tan a fanaw. Yo tangasa i Si-hay a pala, ta’angayay ko taprik no riyar, caay ka nga’ay a pakatamina. Saka, halafin itini ko aro’ no ’Amis. ’Aloman’alomanto ko tamdaw i, sowal sato ko kakridan no niyaro’, mafolaw a tara ’amis ko rakat. Kamo o adadaayto ko tireng i, nga’ayto masiday tonini a pala, han no kakridan. ’Aloman ko masidayay itini i Si-hay hananay a pala. pangangan sato ko tamdaw tonini a pala i, o "Si-hay" hanto. O sowal no ’Amis i ’alomanay ko masidayay a tamdaw tonini a pala. Onini koya saka ira no ’Amis i Palidaw a niyaro’. Nanitini i Si-hay a mafolaw tara ’amis ko rakat, mido^do to lilis no riyar. Ira Ko nolitengho a lalan, anini pangangan han i, "A-lang-i-ku-taw" hananay a lalan. Saka 4 a O kongko no” An-soh”     Yo tahila cangra i An-so hananay pala, itira ko hanhan no finawlan. O nanom nonini a pala ancohay ko hanek, saka pangangan han nangra ko nini a pala to “An-coh”. Anini sato , o ngangan no nini a pala i, “An-soh ” han no aping, o nano pacimir no ‘Amis to nika an-coh no nanom itira.    Nanitini i An-coh, tara ‘amis aca ko rakat no finawlan. Yo tangasa i Tafadi ira itira ko Paliwan a finacadan. Caay ka ri’ang ko itiraay a paliwan a tamdaw. Sowalsa ko paliwan taracuwa ko rakat namo ? saan a milicay. O Tatara’amis ko rakat niyam, han no finawlan a pacako. Saka,pangangan sato ko paliwan tonini a finacadan i, O ‘Amis a finacadan saan a pangangan.   Nani tira i Tafadi, mikalto to Sicalamayan ‘Anasolay ato sa’amisan no Kasafakan,Ta pahicra i sawalian no Tipod, o Masadsaday hananay a pala Itini a halafin ko nikamaro’ no ‘Amis. Sa’loman sa’aloman sato ko tamdaw itira. O pangangan toniniya a pala i, o Alapanay. O ‘alomanay To citodongay ami tiliday to kongko no finacadan, O ccay no palowadan a pala no kasa finacadan ko niniy a pala saan. Yo tayla ami liso’ toniniya pala i, ila a mapatileng ko no ‘Amis a hecek, ilakono Paliwan a hecek ato no Piwma a hecek to niniya pala. O sowal no kongko , ila a palmed to kakitaan ci Tafutafu ato fafahi ci Talunaton ko kawas, keriden ko finawlan a tala’amis a mafolaw ami kilim ko matatodongay a kamalo’an a pala. Mahalek a mi^edaw ko masaylay, keton sato to lomi’ad a palowad nani Palidaw ami kalto to Sihay ato Tafadi ato Sicalamayan ta tofo sato i satimolan no Anasolay, itini a halafin a paniyaro’ ko ritng. Ccay a lomi’ad fiyok sako ta’angayay a fali ato ‘olad, a kahngan ko to^em i kakalayan, halo calafong ami tahpo to paniyaro’an. Ala sato ko kakitaan to cokor a pasikakalayan a pacara’ ami tolon, Kamo o Cipalaay！tengiren ko longec ato tolon niyam. Pafelien ko wawa ato fofo niyam to haka malo’an a pala！ Nanoya pahcek han noya kakitaan ko cokor i sera, itiya tansor sakoya calafong amiliyas a makapah ko lomi’ad, Sowalsa koya kakitaan: finawlan a mapolong palowad a tala’amis akaka taraw, akaka patatikor han nira pakimad ko finawlan. Palowad to a tayni i Salesen atayni i Funonfunon, Nanoya ilato ko miliyasay a palowad a tayni i Sikano ato Kancang a pala. Ikol no nini a mafulaw tayni i Liyafu a pala a paniyaro’ ko finawlan. '''Saka 5 a kongko: O''' '''kongko no liyafo''' （i ’ayaw no 1840 a mihcaan） 1. Pakayni i tilid ni Nakamura, tonika pikowan no Olanta. O  matiliday ko niyaro’ no Piwma, awaay a matilid ko Farangaw sanay a ngangan. Nikawrira, o matiliday i 1655 a mihcaan i, ira a mapakapi i tilid nira ko facu no paniyaro’an. Ira a matilid ko ganga no Farangaw-siya sanay. Saka, sowal sa ko sitodongay a mitilid, i’ayaw no 350 no mihcaan i, caayho ka paniyaro’ ko Farangaw i paposongan a pala. 2. Opitilid ni Tyin-tay-an-ting i tilid nira i, sowal sa ono Cin-tay  a matilid a likisi no Taywan i, itiniay aca i Tay-tong-cow a tilid ('''台東州采訪冊''') a ma’araw ko nganga no Farangaw-siya. Sowal sa, ira ko 450 a fa’inayan ato fafahiyan a tamdaw, ma’or i kalala’ed no Fukid ato Li-i-san a tokos koya tamdaw. Taracuwa iraay a matilid i tilid ni Ce-ing i Tay-tong-cow-ci ('''台東州誌'''). Masowal nira ko nika marari’ang a malalood ko Farangaw ato Piw-ma. Saka, oya ’Amis hananay a tamdaw i, o Farangaw koriraan. O maroroday a matilid ni Tyin-tay-an-tin i 1900 a mihcaan i, o kowan no Piwma hananay ko Paposongan a pala. Toya tilid to micukaan nira a kamaro’an no niyaro’ i, Mahapinang a ma’araw itira ko Farangaw-siya sanay a paniyaro’an no ’Amis.    Itiya i, o kasapaan ko nika ’aloman ko tamdaw no Farangaw a niyaro’ itini i sa’opo no Yan-cu-min. Misatapang ko pikowan no Dipong a misa’osi to tamdaw no kasaniyaro’ i, O Piwma 692 ko tamdaw, ono Tipud 987 ko tamdaw, o Farangaw 1,299 ko tamdaw. Paniyaro’ ko Farangaw i Paposongan, o "Piwma ’Amis" han ko pangangan to i Farangaway a ’Amis. Ma’osi ko Farangaw a hatini ko nika pangangan no mitatiliday to likisi a tamdaw. Tangasa i pitilid no Taywan-sen-un-siyn-hwiy  (省文獻會) to tilid no Yan-cu-min a ngangan i, irato a matilid ko "Farangaw a ’Amis" sanay a matilid. Saka, i ikolto a mitatiliday to likisi a tamdaw i, mafalicto ko pitilid nangra toya piw-ma ’Amis sanay a mala "Farangaw ’Amis" sato ko pitatilid. O pikakingkiw na Ma-yin-tung-i i ’a:yaw no 100 a mihcaan (1830) i, irato a matnak i limaay a kasafaniyot  no kamaro’an a pala. 1850 tangasa 1860 a mihcaan, Yo misatapang ko ’Amis a mafolaw nai Palidaw a pala, tangasa nika maro’ i Liyafu, sacumod no ’aro no Palimereng. Oloma i, tahira i kakawasan, i nalaculan ato kanaFarangaw a pala. Ano pakaynien i rayray no ngangan no kasakapoy a mihapinang to mata’lifay a mihcaan i, irato ko 189 ko mihcaan. Nai sa 1 tangasa i saka 9 no kapot, itiniayho i Liyafu a pala ko paniyaro’. Nai sa 10 no kapot satapang a talawalito ko nika salinalinah a paniyaro’, ta tangasa to i Farangaw. Ano hatira ko sa’osi i, 24 ko mihcan ka itira i Liyafu a pala. Itini haca a mahapinang ko nika halafinay ko mihcaan to nika safolafolaw no ’Amis itini tona pala. O ngangan no kapot（大馬蘭部落年齡階層名稱） {| class="wikitable" |代數 |年 代 |年齡階層名稱 |代數 |年 代 |年齡階層名稱 |- |1 |1819 |La Kahil |36 |1924 |La Padiyaw |- |2 |1822 |La kuyu |37 |1927 |La Toing |- |3 |1825 |La Tolos |38 |1929 |La Kongkang |- |4 |1828 |La Caraw |39 |1932 |La Songtok |- |5 |1831 |La Cifal |40 |1935 |La Taypak |- |6 |1834 |La Takor |41 |1938 |La Kton |- |7 |1837 |La Angfor |42 |1941 |La Tihmok |- |8 |1840 |La Kafol |43 |1944 |La Tifo |- |9 |1843 |La Tufur |44 |1947 |La Mingkok |- |10 |1846 |La Fanaw |45 |1950 |La Tangko |- |11 |1849 |La Payak |46 |1953 |La Kongling |- |12 |1852 |La Kring |47 |1956 |La Kimmong |- |13 |1855 |La Dingo |48 |1959 |La Tayciw |- |14 |1858 |La Tiyam |49 |1962 |La Tingko |- |15 |1861 |La Fodo’ |50 |1965 |La Coyacoy |- |16 |1864 |La Raka |51 |1968 |La Congtong |- |17 |1867 |La Kiyaw |52 |1971 |La Funsyaki |- |18 |1870 |La Tomay |53 |1974 |La Cdas |- |19 |1873 |La Fafoy |54 |1977 |La Taytosi |- |20 |1876 |La Sakam |55 |1980 |La Tonnir |- |21 |1879 |La Congya |56 |1983 |La Kolaonto |- |22 |1882 |La Singsing |57 |1986 |La Tpong |- |23 |1885 |La Okos |58 |1989 |La Conghwacyaw |- |24 |1888 |La Aping |59 |1992 |La Sincan |- |25 |1891 |La Tongso |60 |1995 |La Yincuming |- |26 |1894 |La Cker |61 |1998 |La Fayfay |- |27 |1897 |La Dipong |62 |2001 |La ahengheng |- |28 |1900 |La Koli |63 |2004 |La Sfi LaTongta |- |29 |1903 |La Cinping |64 |2007 |La Yakkiw |- |30 |1906 |La Samay |65 |2010 |La Cyinko |- |31 |1909 |La Sonting |66 |2013 |La Tingki |- |32 |1912 |La Hongti |67 |2016 |La Faliyos |- |33 |1915 |La Impay |68 |2019 |La Sakapah |- |34 |1918 |La Cking | | | |}                       年齡階層名稱資料陳藍姆洛整理提供 Ano ’arawen ko makorkoray no mikorkoray toya nalaculan no "piy-na-un-hwa" i 1980 a mihcaan itini i pala no Liyafu i, ira makorkor ko nano lalodisan no malo’ay a tamdaw i ti:yaho. Ano ’arawwen ko makorkorlay a taknip ato kahilahila no lalodisan i, ono liteng no ’Amis konini a lalodisan saan ko sowal no mato’asay a mama no niyaro’. 30 kong-cin (公頃) ko nika kakahad no makorkoray, saka ono ’alomanay finawlan a kamaro’an a masaniyaro’ay konini a pala. Iraay ko pipengpengan to lamlo, tipos a panay, pitapayan to mi’adopan, tifkan, fakloh a caklis, fakloh a pitayaw, ato kahirahira no saka’orip a lalodisan no iti:yaayho. '''Saka 6 a kongko:''' Ikol no 1840 mihcaan a kongko 1. 1840〜1852 a mihcaan： Tonini a mihcaan masalaloma’ayho no pikowan no piw-ma a tamdaw ko kaitiraan a pala no Farangaw. 1815 a mihcaan maliyang ko piwma to nikamaro’ no ’Amis a tamdaw; Mararid cangra a mifret to ta’i no kolong ato no diyong i tatapangan no nanom. 1855 a mihcaan ira ko pilisata no tomok no piwma. I saikoikol no "Cing-caw" iraay a matilid kinini, tonika ri’ang no piwma. Saka malalid a masasilood ko ’Amis ato piwm. Yo itiniho ko nika maro’ i Liyafu, ira ko sowal no malitengay to pi’afas no piwma to ckiw ato foting no mifotinay; O panay aca ko loma. Nanoya palocek sako piwma to mimingay a paniyaro’an, caay kakahiyen no Farangaw. Saka toro’ sato ko piwma to taliyok no Li-yu-san a tokos. Saka itini i 1840 a mihcaan miliyas to Liyafu, tayni i sawalian no palimeleng i Sifulosay, Kakawasan, nalaculan ato KanaFalangaw a paniyaro’. 2. 1852 ~1868 amihcaan： O kalinah no Farangaw a ’Amis nani Liyafu tangasa i Nalaculan a pala. Ira ko 12 no mihcaan ko kalalinah a pacarcar i Sifulosay, i Simpaykiok, ta paniyaro’ sa i Nalaculan. 1852 a mihcaan i, o kahofocan ci Kulas Mahenghengan i niyaro’ no Nalaculan. Yo 16 ko mihcaan ni Kulas i, irato ko kalalood to Likafong a tamdaw. Saka itini i kararood, ira ko mapatayay a kaklidan no Farangaw. 1868 a mihcaan, kriden ni Kulas Mahengheng ko kapah no Farangaw, malalood to Likafong a tamdaw i Matang a pala, "Ciroan" hananay a lood konini. 16 ko mihcaan ni Kuoas Mahengheng i tiya. Malowid no Farangaw ko Likafong. Saka, halafin a awato ko kalalood. Itini i nalaculan ko paniyaro’ no Farangaw, maedng 30~40 ko mihcaan itira. Ano ira ko ta’angayay a fodo’ i, mararid a marakat no cedas. Manawnaw ko paniyaro’an i nalaculan, ira aca ko ta’angayay a lifong. Siharateng sato to sakalinah, a tayra i kanaFalangaw a pala. 1887,1892 a mihcaan i, palalinah i KanaFarangaw ko niyaro’ no Farangaw. Onini i, ma’araw i tilid no "Cing-caw" saikoikolto; Tangasa i satapangan no Dipong a mikowan to Taywan. Saka, i tiya o sata’angayay a niyaro’ ko nika’aloman no tamdaw no Farangaw. 3. 1887〜1892 a mihcaan： Yo 1875 a mihcaan i, 24 ko mihcaan ni Kulas Mahengheng, mapili’ mala kakitaan no Farangaw; Taracuwa marowidto no Farangaw ko Likafong a milood. Kawrira, caay kapisawad ko pisasolap no Likafong to niyaro’ no Farangaw, ato pi’afas to panay. Ira ko kapah no Likafong nani ^etip, nani timor a milikot to Farangaw. marowid ni Kulas Mahengheng a milo’od ko Likafong a tamdaw.      1887 ~1802 a mihcaan a paniyaro’ i kanaFarangaw i, Nga’ayto ha pitapalan no kapah koya tukos no nalaculan ato pitna’ to ’ada. Misanga’ ko kapah to ’adiper a kali to sapitna’ to picumod no Likafong, ato pinapina a tatkasan sapitapar no kapah to niyaro’ no Farangaw. Nanoya awayto ko pirawraw no Likagong a tmdaw. Saka nga’ay to ko pisaomah no maomahay to omah. Ikor no 3 a mihcaan i 1884 i, tahidangen ni Mahengheng ko kakitaan no piwman a masa’opo i Takatay (班鳩) hananay, a malalicay to saka lali’ay no noyaro’. masasingodoto a masasifiyaw no niyaro’. Saka nanoya Nga’ayto ko ’Amis a misaomah i kakahaday, i matang ato i ining a pala. 1897 a mihcaan, patadoen ni Mahengheng ko mikowanay to Posong a tapang no Dipong, a mipatireng to pinanaman to tilid a kokoan i Farangaw. Oya Sin-sen kwo-siw hananayto anini. 1899 a mihcaan 12 a fulad i, kriden ni Kulas Mahengheng ko kapah no Farangaw to 202 a tamdaw a misanga’ to kali a  pacumud to nanom nani Likafung a ’alo. Oya kali no ma-tang hananay, to hasapananom to omah no Matang. 1904 a mihcaan malakapot ci Kulas Mahengheng to tapang no Posong ci Nakamoli Maucu ato kakitaan no piwma ci Kucay-law a tatolo, mipacakat to tilid i So-tok-fu, milongoc to sapisanga’aw toya piy-nan-ta-cun(卑南大圳) hananay a kali, to saka nga’ay a pananom to omah no Posong, no piwma ato no Matang, ma^deng 800 a kofo a omah. Sakakapahto no saomahan no Alapanay, Matang ato Ining a kowan. O saomahan no Farangaw konini. Nanoya nga’ayto ko pisolimet ni Kulas Mahengheng to dmak no niyaro’ no Farangaw, ato kasaniyaro’ to icuwacuwaay. Saka pakayni ci Kuoas Mahenghengan, masalof to ko rawraw no kasa niyaro’ a ma^min. Ikor no ccay a folad, o roray to no tireng ni Mahengheng, ta saka patay hanto nira a miliyas tonini a hkal. O mihcaan nira i tiya i, 56 ko mihcaan nira a mapatay. I o’rip no mira i, away to ko notekdan a nika’orip nira, sahto o saki no kitakitan a dmak ko nitayalan nira to saka nga’ay no kasa niyaro’ a malali’ay a malafinaw. O hatiniay a olah no damk ni Kulas Mahengheng i, caay ko tatawalen ita, o nananamen ita ko hatiniay a ma’osaway nira a dmak. '''2'''. O konko no fasiyaw i niyaro’ no Farangaw '''Pa’ayaway a sowal：'''   Tada miahowid ko faloco’ to pitilid no ’alomanay a nitiliday to kongko no liteng no Farangaw. Mato sowal, awaay ko tilid no riteng saka adihay ko nika sasiloma no matngilay a kongko. Saka adihay ko matawalayto a kongko no riteng. Nikawrira pakaynien i iraay a tilid no wawa ni Kulas Mahengheng ci Kwo-kwang-yi(郭光也) ci Falonga, to mao’saway nira a tilid, ato nano matilidayto no papinapina a kongko no Farangaw i, So^linay a malalingiayto to kongko no liteng no Farangaw.    O sowal ni Parac na ’Anga o Pawtawan (1889 a mihcaan a hofocen, 1992 a mihcaan ko patay). Nano masairay ko o’rip nira i Farangaw. O wama no mako cingra): "Yo pakalongayho ko ’orip niyam i, na paino’ay to kami a mihopac to koror no fofo ci Kulas Mahenghengan" saan. o adihayay ko nikafana’ nira a mikitoh to kongko no ritenganho. '''Saka 1 a kongko: Matakaw ko wacu'''     Ira ko ccay malalamoday ci Malaca ato ci Lipay, o Lalangesan  a laloma’an. Itira i Samraday ko loma’; O mafana’ay a misamarad cingra. Misanga’ to pitaw, to fonos, ato kowang ko niniya malalamoday. Ccay a romi’ad, misafaes (tolon) a mitangtang to kahilahila no sapatafang nangra. Pasitira i Malataw ko pita’ong to sipalaay to nikaira nangra. "Paka lemeden kami a malalamod to sakacaaw ka adada, a malofic ko maomahan no wawawawa, paflien kami to ’icer to sacacaaw ka rarima a ma’orip. Oninian a sapatafang a ma^min layapen, o citodongay a midipot to ’otip niyam a malalamod" han nangra a pacakat.    Nanoya mahofoc ko wacu nangra to makapahay ko cnger a totoy. Ccay a lomi’ad ira ko piwma a pasanga’ to kowang. Ma’araw nira koya totoy a wacu noya malalamoday. Cifaloco’ to koya piwma to sapiaraaw tonini a totoy. Saka, minokayto koya piwma i, misanga’ to sapakaen toya totoy; Salafi’ sato a mitakaw toya totoy. '''Saka 2 a kongko: Katrangay fanaw：'''    Nanoya matakaw na Alayang aci Tukupis ko wacu ni Malaca. Makungling koya tatosa a wacu a malamafana’ay a mi’adop. Yo mi’adop ca Alayang aci Tukupis i Alukan a pala i, marper noya wacu ko malunem, milaliw koya malunem tayra i sa^tipan no tokus. Saka reperen noya wacu koya malunem, miclem i fanaw koya a’adopen, saka tooren noy ccay a wacu a micfong i fanaw. Halafin caay ka pawpaw koya malunem ato ya wacu, haloya ccay a wacu a mikorkor to sapasadakaw to nanom, caka fanaen mapowak koya tifu, masadak ko nanom noya fanaw, matalaw ka ’alolan koya mi’adopay saka milaliw cangra. '''Saka 3 a kongko: Sapipa’odisan ca Malaca a malalamod''' To ccay a romi’ad, ira ko piwma a tamdaw a pasanga’ to kowang. Sifaloco’ ci Malaca ato ci Lipay a malalamod, to sapipa’odisan toya mitakaway to wacu a piwma. Saka patay hanto nangra a malalamod koya piwma a tamdaw. Tapayen nangra ko tireng noya piwma i hacaca no parod. Ikor no 10 a romi’ad, mikilim ko wama noya piwma a milicay, sowal sa ci Malaca caay kafana kami han nangra ko wama noya piwma. Nikawrira ma’araw noya wama ko mitapayan nangra a u’o noya kapaha a wawa nira. Saka marengat ko faloco’ noya wama to sapipa’odisan. "Mana patayen namo ko wawa ako" saan ko faloco’ nira a ci’ifor. O malo’ay itira i Samaraday a niyaro’ i, 15 aca ko laloma’an. Caay ka ’aloman ko tamdaw. Saka mataraw to ci Malaca ato ci Lipay to sapa ’odisaw noya piwma. '''Saka 4 a kongko: Misatapang ko rawraw no ’Amis ato Piwma.''' O kakridan no Piwma ci Pikay kriden nira ko kapah no piwma a tayra i Samaraday a niyaro’. Malowid ko ’Amis. Saka milaliw tayra i Kalahay a pala, tangasa i kanafarang a milaliw, tara ’amis a milaliw cangra. Matalaw ko piwma a milakec to ’aro, sa tahidang sato loma a niyaro’ a micu’ay to piwma. Ikalalood nangra i malowid ko piwma, tata’ang ko doka’ ni Pikay saka，mitahidang to Cilafusay a widang ci Alifu a mi dama。Ci Alifu a tamdaw ko pa’oripay ci Pikayan, saka mapakaolah no piwma ci Alifu a tamdaw. '''Saka 5 a kongko: Ci wadisay ko kamaysi’an a fafahiyan'''    Ira ko ccay a fafahiyan a maro i satimolan no ta’angay a kali no piwma i piyakong hananay a pala. Yo cifa’inay cingra caay ka halafin mapatayay koya fa’inay nira, miliyaw aci fa’inay hatira ko nika patay no fa’nay. Ccay a romi’ad licayen noya Ina nira amipalita, sowal sa koya wawa nira, inaaw ciwadisay ko kamaysi’an ako han nira a pasowal ko ina, safahka saan ko ina nira a mitinger. Saka malalicay cangra nalalamod ta sanga’sato koya malalaloday to lipa (hakok) to sapa’alolan i palimaleng toya fafahiyan a wawa, to taraw nangra to niyaro’ay a tamdaw.    Yo ma’alol to tara riyar koya lipa i, patfo i riyar no Tipod, saka sadak hanto no kapah no Tipod a mifuhat i, ma’araw nangra ko fafahiyan a tamdaw, saka malosiyang tangasa i kakitaan no Tipod. O maka pahay a fafahiyan manga’ay a malafafahi ako sato ko kakitaan no Tipod. Sowal sa koya fafahiyan to kaciwadis no kamaysi’an nira，sowal sa ko kakitaan, cadien kapah koya wawadis tangasa caay to ka piktem. Saka kalafafahi hanto no kakitaan no Tipod koya fafahiyan. Ikor no kalalamod noya fafahiyan ci wawa cangra to tatosa ko fa’inayan ci Lalifayang ato ci Yawnayang ccay ko fafahiyan a wawa. Ta’angay to koya wawa, sowal hanto noya ina ko wawa nira, manga’ay kamo a miliso’ to fofo namo. Yo mahera nangra koya fofo i, wata: ko lipahak noya fofo, iraayho a ma’orip koya a pa’alolan i palimereng a wawa saan a paka’araw totloc no tiring. '''Saka 6 a kongko: Patayen noya tatosaay malikaka ko ‘oner''' Ccay a romi’ad mifaca’ koya fafahiyan a safa ningra, awaay a minokay saka tayra koya tatosaay a malikaka i pifaca’an, awaay mahera nangra ko safa, nikawrira ira a ma’osaw ko riko’ i pifacaay, nengneng han nangra ko naikoran no lakat no ’oner, ma^dengay makaenay to no ’oner ko safa sato cangra, a mido^do to naikolan noya ’oner, tangasa i tokos ma’araw nangra ko ofang noya ’oner, miara koya safa to kilang a mifahfah toya ’oner, o kaka sato i, mitara i katihi noya ofang to sapitpocaw nira toya ’oner. Yo sdak sato koya ’oner i, tangsor han noya kaka a mitpoc koya ’oner.  Saka ira a masadak ko ka dang noya safa. Mapatay to nangra koya ’oner, minokay to cangra i nayaro’. Nikawrira o naikolan nangra mafadi’ ko kilang ato rengos. mafana’ ko i niyaro’ay caay ka pacumoden nangra koya tatosaay a malikakaay. paitik han to no niyaro’ay i papotar no niyaro’. Pawsa han to ko kakaenen nangr. Mitakaw cangra to tfos no piwma saka marpetay koya safa, paliten no piwma, pakaen han no piwma to rarikah ato ’arikak koya safa, saka sifaloco’ to koya kaka to sapa’oripaw. '''Saka 7 a kongko: Pa’oripen no kaka koya safa a mifasiyaw''' Nanoya a malofo koya safa, takawen noya kaka a miliso’, safaaw misanga’ kako to ta’angayay a fasiyaw, ano misiyop koya fasiyaw i, halikien a mirpet koya wikor no fasiyaw, ta tengteng hanto kiso a pa’orip han nira a pasowal koya safa.      Oya kaka pakitingen nira ko fasiyaw nira i ’ongcoy i Fudafudak, tangasa anini iraayho koya ’ongcoy. Nanoya pa^fer han to no kaka ko fasiyaw a tangasa i kapalitan noya safa. Safahka sato a matalaw ko piwma a paka’araw toya fasiyaw. Sowal sa koya safa, pasadaken kako, cuwa ko mamarpet namo kora fasiyaw, saka pasadak hanto no piwma koya safa a mitatoy to siwtu. Yo marpet nira koya wikor no fasiyaw i, tengteng han to noya kaka ko fasiyaw a talafekang. Itiya matfad koya siwtu toya mitatoyan noya safa. Saka tatodong sa koya sitiyaday a fafahiya a mapowak ko tiyad nira a mapatay. Nanoya mapa’orip to koya safa a tangasa i tatapangan no tokos, cuyacuy okaok han to noya safa ko mikaenan nira. Tangasa 30 no nihcaan caay ka lengaw ko pinaloma toya pala saan ko sowal.   '''3'''. Samaanay ko pikamusas no Dipong tangasa i kamingkokan to niyaro’ no Farangaw Ano songira’en ita a misa’osi ko midfongay aca to niyaro’ no Taywan i, 1624〜1662 a mihcaan, o pidfong no Olanta paka 38 ko mihcaan. 1626〜1642 a mihcaan, o Sipanya 16 ko mihcaan. 1662〜1683 a mihcaan ci Ceng-cen-kong paka 21 a mihcaan ko pikowan. 1884〜1895 a mihcaan i, o Cing-ti-kwo ko mikowanay paka 211 ko mihcaan. 1895〜1945 a mihcaan, o Dipongto, 50 a mihcaan. 1945 a mihcaan, a misatapang o aping to ko mikowanay to Taywan, tangasa anini. Itini i pikowan nangra i, a dihay ko misakakinihay a dmak, a midoka’ to ’orip no Taywan a damdaw. o hatini ay a dmak i, caay ka ^emin no sasowalen a pahapinang. O sasowalen ako tonini a tilid haw i, i ikor no lood ira koya "Ma-kwan-tyaw-yi"(馬關條約) hananay a mapafli ko Dipong a mikowan to Taywan, tonini 50 a mihcaan samaanay ko pikowan no Dipong to Farangaw a niyaro’. '''1. Pala Dipongen ko pinangan no Taywan;''' Yo misatapang ko katomireng ni Tiyn-cyin-c-lang a mikowan to Taywan, do^do han nira ko pinangan no Dipong a mifalic ko pikowan to Taywan. (1) hwang-min-hwa(皇民化)：Mala finawlanto no hongti no Dipong; 1937 a mihcaan tangasa i 1945 a mihcaan, papifalic tono Dipong a ngangan, ono Dipong to ko caciyaw, ono Dipongto ko pinangan no ’orip, ato misi’ayaw to lo’od a dmak tangasa 1945 a mihcaan. Saka ccay a liyad i 1936〜1940 a mihcaan i, "Palowad to polong no finawlan a mido^do to sa’osi no kitakit" hananay a dmak. Saka tosa a liyad i 1941〜1945 i, oya "hwang-min-hwa" a pala finawlanto no hongti no Dipong hasnanay a dmak. Papido^doen nangra ko Taywan a tamdaw to pinangan no Dipong, o caciyaw, o kaciriko’, o kaciloma’, o pita’ong to to’as ato pitoolan i, ono Dipongto ko tata’ongen a kawas. (2) Pisorot to sofitay; 1937 a mihcaan a misatapang a miara to kapah, to mamalo mi’olongay to kaka’enen no sofitay i pilo’odan. Irato ko piara no Dipong to "kaw-sa-i-yong tuy"(高砂義民隊) a tayni i Nan-yang a milo’od. Nai 1942〜1943 a mihcaan, kani 7 ko piocor to sofitay no taywan. Kina ccay ira ko 100〜600 ko tamdaw to mapalingaday. O polong i, ma^deng 4,000 ko malingaday a tayni i piloodan. I saka 3 no folad 1942 a mihcaan, 500 ko kapah palingaden a milood taira i Filiping. I saka 5 a folad malowid nangra ko padaka a sofitay i Pa-tan-taw hasnanay a pala. Saka tosa a lingad i saka 6 a folad, ira ko 1,000 a tamdaw. Saka tolo a lingad i saka 11 a fulad, 414 ko tamdaw. Saka spat, i saka 6 a folad no 1943 a mihcaan, 200 ko tamdaw. Saka 5 a lowsad 500 ko tamdaw, saka 6 a lowad 800 ko tamdaw, saka 7 a lowad 800 ko tamdaw. Saka mapolong i, 3000 ko mapatayay a sofitay no Taywan i Filiping. Saka 10〜11 a folad no 1943 a mihcaan, malingad aca ko 500 a tamdaw a tayra i Li-song-taw no Filiping. Mapatay a ma^min koya sofitay no Taywan, awaay ko ma’oripay a minokay. Ira ko ccay a kapah no Farangaw, ci Ngayaw na Tafakuan. Maocor a tayra i San-ta-ken no Broniyo a niyaro’ a milood. Awaayto ko kakaenen, awaayto ko timra no kowang to sapilood. Saka ’aloman ko mapatayay i piloodan. Ma’orip aca konini ci Ngayaw hananay a minokay i Taywan. '''2. Pakayni i pakatayar a pisakoli no Farangaw;''' 1936 a mihcaan o matiliday i tilid i, o ’Amis a tamdaw ko ’alomanay a misakoliay no Dipong, ma^deng 84 ko ca’or ko misakoliay a ’Amis a tamdaw. O Farangaw aca i, 6.9 a ca’or ko misakoriasy. O tayar a misanga’ to lalan no ci’acflay, o lalan no tosiya, o kayakay. Misanga’ aca to tifo ato ka^feran. Misakali aca to kali no omah. Ano ira ko tahidang to pisakoli, caay ka ngaay a culien. Ira ko cima to paculiay i, seti’en no kincac (tayring), saka matalaw ko tamdamdaw. To sakacaaw pacuri no niyaro’, oya miming no lifon, nga’ay sapatri to sata. Ano kaliomahanto matayar tono omah a tayal. Pahanhanan no omah a tayar i, misakoli tono kakomodan. Ira ko sowal no maritengay, o caciyaw to pakayniay to Dipong i, ano marpetto a malofo, patayraan i Nasayasay. Saka matalaw ko tamdamdaw. Mangaref yo 1941 a mihcaan a malalood to Padaka. O harateng sa no Dipong a miara to kakaenen, o frac ato kolong to hakakaenen no sofitay. Halo o malad no palatawan, araen no Dipong. Ira ko ccay a malitengay ci Parac na ’Anga, "misakoliay kami a matayal, matating i tonotono’an a misanga’ to lalan. Ano malafot koya saso’ot, o patayto a matfad i tono’tono’an" saan ko sowal nira. '''3. Sakalasawad no sra ato omah no Farangaw''' (1) I ka Dipongan a dmak： I ka Dipongan i, awaayho konika ’aloman no tamdaw i Paosongan a pala, saka ci faloco’ ko Dipong a patayni a pakafolaw to tamdaw. 1917〜1919 a mihcaan misastapang a misilsil to sra no Posong. I to’to’, i piwma, i Likafong, i Tipod, i ’Anasolay. I  liomah aca no Farangaw, i si’asiloay, i Fokid, i Matang a pala. Ono Farangaw itiyaho a liomah konini. Misatapangto ko Dipong a mifakciw to sakino mafolaway no Dipong a kaitiraan a sra. Saka ma’afasto ko liomah no Farangaw. Itiyaay a malitengay, o pikaomah aca, caay ka fana’ to sapifakciwaw to omah. Saka mifakciw to i, ma’afas no Dipong ko liomah no ’Amis a tamdaw. Caay ka fana’ to tilid ko maritengay, saka masakaniw a mafalic ko ngangan no omah.      Oloma sato, paloma to tfos tosapisanga’ to ’odah. Paci^ci sa ko Dipong papipaloma to tfos. Oloma i, ma’afas ko liomah mala no kitakitto a palomaan to tefos. Olama sato, o liomah no Farangaw papipaloma to pawli. O kalitosa no omah paci^ci sa ko Dipong a papipaloma to tfos ato pawli. Hatiniay ko pireken no Dipong to liomah no Farangaw, caay ka nga’ay a paculien. (2) Ikor no lood nika falic no ’orip no Farangaw: Pakayni i matiliday a pirorod to nika falic no ’orip no Frlangaw. Tosa ko masadakasy a sowal, pakayni i kafolaw no tamdaw a pasayni i kamawmahan a pidmak to liomah. Ato kafolaw no tamdaw a tayni i ta’angyay a niyaro’, toya caay ko omah ko katayalan a pala. itiya i, caay ka ’aloman ko tamdaw tonini a pala no Posong i matano ’alomanay a tamdaw. Nikawrira caay ka haydaen no Dipong ko payrang a tamdaw a pacumod i niyaro’ no Yan-cu-min. Saka ikor nonini, misatapangto ko payrang a sapicumodaw i paniyaro’an no Farangaw. Misatapang aca ko kapah no niyaro’ a matayal tayni i to-kay. Olomasato misatapang to ko papotaray a payrang to sapi’acaaw to sra no paniyaro’an no Farangaw. Ira a matilid ni Cang-i-fen(張玉芬) a singsi, koya malahdawayto a niyaro’ hananay a tilid nira. Matilid nira ko paniyaro’an no Farangaw, yo masa’osi konini a tilidi i, macucuk ko faloco’. Ano hatiniay ko ’orip i Farangaw, mangaref ko tangic no faloco’. Ano caay ka ha’enen no citongay a mirayray toya tu-se-ci-hwa hatiniay a dmak i niyaro no Farangaw, wa caay ko hahatini a mapalasawad ko paniyaro’an no Farangaw. Caay ko paculiay to dmak no cen-fu. Nikawrira yo misatapang tonini a dmak i, manga’ay a misaharaterareng to kasongila’ no paniyaro’an no Farangaw itiini. Iraho ko kakahaday a sra i satimol no tokos a Matang ato Ining. Ma^edng itira ko pipatirengan to fa^lohay a ci-hwa itini tonini a pala saan ko faloco’; Ta caay ka mapalasawad ko paniyaro’an no Farangaw tahanini. Saka 1: Pakayni i palamitan a niyaro’ ato rayray no ’orip no Farangaw a mihalatng： Sowal sa ci Can-i-fen singsi to pakayniay to dmak no sfi, masowal nira ko pakayniay "niyaro’" hananay a ngangan. Ano tosilen ita ko kamalo’an no misa’Amisay, o paniyaro’an ko mahapinangay. Sowal sa ci Li-i-yin (李亦園教授) a singsi to pakayniay i "niyaro’" i, masalaloma’ay no ’adipel a tamdaw saan ko pahapinag nira. Saka itini mahapinang ita konika kadadipot a mitna’ to ’ada a paniyaro’. Sowal sa ci Fong-ciyn-cang (馮建彰教授) a singsi, yo mitosil cira to paniyaro’an no Farangaw i, o ccay no marayrayay a matinakoay no ’orip no Farangaw tonini a "pala", saka laccay sa ko kamalo’ i Farangaw a pala. Ano nengnengen ita ko nika paniyaro’ no ’Amis a tamdaw, itira ko ’aro itra ko nika ci omah itira ko paloma’ a masasidipot to sakacaaw ka samsam no loma a finacadan. O sowal no litengen "caay ka ccay aca a rami’ad a mapatireng ko niyaro’ no Roma" sanay a sowal i, ano han ita ko pi’araw to niyaro’ no Farangaw i, o halafinayto a pakayni i lo’od, pakayniay i ’icer ato taneng ato losa’ no malitengay konika tomireng ko paniyaro’an no Farangaw tonini a pala. Ano han ita ko nika fana’ to nika tomireng no niyaro’ i, caay ka kahmaw ko piharateng ita to paniyaro’ a pala no kalo finacadan. O niyaro’ no Farangaw ato loma a niyaro’ ira ko nika caay ka lecad a pinangan. Pakayniay i sa’opo no kapot, itiniay i sfi ko fa’inayan a misirsir to dmak no niyaro’. Saka o kasa’opoan no fa’inayan ko sfi, a minanam to dmak no niyaro’ ato sapilo’od a dmak. O sfi hananay i, o palowadan to ’orip no fa’inayan a tamdaw. Saka o niyaro’ hananay no ’Amis i, o sasifo’an no ka’oripan no tamdamdaw, caay ka nga’ay ko tamdamdaw a mi’afas a mipreng to paniyaro’an. Saka 2: Naitini i Palidaw ko nikafolraw: Yo nanitini i Palidaw ko nikafolraw a tayni i paniyaro’an no Farangaw. O ccayay a laloma’an kita, o ccayay ko kasadakan a pona sanay. Payni i pisafolafolaw no ’Aamis a tamdaw, adihay to ko matinakoay nangra a dmak, to saka fana’ no malitengay a misi’ayaw to sasiloma no finacadan. Saka tangasa to nika ira ni Kulas Mahengheng a ma’orip, mafana’ a malali’ay to loma a finacadan, a misaysay to rawraw no kasa niyaro’. 1884 a mihcaan sa’opoen nira ko kakitaan no piwma, to saka lali’ay a malo’ i paposongan a pala.      1887〜1892 a mihcaan i, to sakanga’ayaw no finawlan a paniyaro’. Misanga’ to kali ha’adipel no niyaro’ to sakanga’ay a mitena’ to ‘ada. Mapatireng ko 7 a sfi to saka nga’ay a misa’opo to pakah a midipot to niyaro’. To saka nga’ayto no malingaday a maomah. Hatiraay ko nika rikec no Farangaw.      O paniyaro’ no Farangaw i paposongan, mangata ko panyaro’an no payrang. Adihay ko pinanam no kapah ato kaying to fa^lohay a pinangan to ’orip no payrang.      Ano ’arawen ita ko mihcaan no kapot, i 1819 a mihcaan a misatapang. Saka 176 to ko mihcaan to nika mapatireng ko kasakapot no Farangaw. O pangangan to ngangan no kapot i, o iraay a masadak admak toya mihcaan, saka kalanganganen no kapot. I sfi ko kapah a minanam to kalodmak no niyaro’, pakayni i dmak no kiloma’an ato kahilahila a dadmaken no fa’inayan, ato mafana’ a mangodo a midipot to malitengay, a mapatireng ko masongila’ay a pinangan no fa’inayan a tamdaw.      O pakayniay to riko’ no fa’inayan ato fafahiyan ira aca ko nika sasiloma no teser no riko’, ato dmak no kiloma’an ato lisin no niyaro’ i kiloma’an, tangasa anini caay ka falic. Ano sakero to i kiloma’an ira aca ko no Farangaw a pinangan.      Pakayni i paniyaro’an no Farangaw i paposongan i, o sata’angayay a niyaro’, o tamdaw sa i, o sa’alomanay. Saka yo patireng ko Tay-tong-su to masalaloma’ay no tu-su-ci-hwa ko paniyaro’an no Farangaw, caay paka harateng hakiya to nika halafinto ko paniyaro’ no Farangaw toniniya pala? Ma^deng cangra a mi’osaw to paniyaro’an no Farangaw a mikilim to loma  kakahaday hapicowatan sapatireng to fa^lohay paniyaro’an. I satimol no tokus i Matang, ato Ining. Itiyaho away ko loma’, o omahho. Ano ha^enen ko piharateng no citodongay to tu-su- ci-hwa, wa ma’osawto ko paniyaro’an no Farangaw, to saka caaw ka liwasak no niyaro’. Ano nengnengen ko paniyaro’an no Farangaw i, sahto o paloma’an aca ko pisa’osi, awaay ko pisao’si to sang-yi-ci hananay a ma’araw. O malitengay i tiyaho caay ka fana’cangra to tilid. Itini to kali’aca, oloma masakaniway no payrang ko malitengay i tiyaho. So^linto i ikor no lo’od ’aloman ko malingady tayra i Tay-pak a matayal. Nikawrira o Falangaw a tamdaw i, o ciomahay ma^min, Ira ko pipahanhanan to tayal i omah i, tayra i Tay-pak a matayal. Ano kamaomahanto minokayay ko ’alomanay i niyaro’ a maomah. O wawa ato malitengay i masiday i niyaro’, i loma’ saan.      Nanoya mala tu-su-ci-hwa-cito ko paniyaro’an no Farangaw.  cifaloco’ ko ’alomanay a payrang to sapi’acaaw to paloma’an a sra  no Farangaw. Mato sowal ako, ano caay ka mapalalan to To-su-ci- hwa-ci ko paniyaro’an no Falangaw i, mimaan hatini ‘alomanto ko payrang a mi’aca, ta ca’ay ka hatini a mapalasawad ko niyaro’ no Farangaw. <references /> q9vgds1e8amdhrjoslx3ecu98ozcuuc 0 2503 37713 37639 2023-05-31T12:23:45Z Masaonikar 570 37713 wikitext text/x-wiki U Demak nu Cikasuan i 'a:yaw yo itin i Taywan ko Ripon, o Ripon ko mikowanay to malakoliay a Cikasu'an finawlan. Nay 1898 miheca tangasa 1904 miheca, i aniniay a kalingko (Hwalien ciansyang) o malakoliay no Ripon a Cikasoan finawlan, samsamen no Ripon cangra, pinapi:na to a folad caay palipida'en no Ripon, sisa malocong ko faloco' nangra a mapacefa' a masamsam no no Ripon. U demak nangra itiya o mikaliay a pisabokugo(防空壕) han no Ripon misefengay(看守)  misanga' to rangat ('adiper) matalaw a comodan no Taloko. eca kahacuwa ko nipalipida' i cangra'a, ano eca pidodo tosoeal no tayrin, o matoka'ay han no Ripon cangra. Nikaorira o caay pirara cangra o malalokay madopohay ko Pangcah hananay, sowal sa ko Ripon o matokaay saan, o patelacy ko sowal nangra moraraway ko nipimelaw no Ripon, misanga' to sakasaan(理由) ko Ripon to saka ecaaw palipida' to matayalay no Cikasoan finawlan. Alo'uday simeden no Ripon ko lipida' nangra, pasoson itiraen i tomok a pateli, o tomok ko pasilsilay a pafeli to lipida' nangra. Mince (明治) 41 miheca (1908 miiheca) 12 folad mikoliay i Ripon a pangcah mingata' to kakoli'an koloma' nangra o kakeridan nangra ci Cilo'using (芝魯霧甸) safaw to walo (18) kotamdaw no heni. Linahen a patayra i miraaay to loma' ko kadademaken nangra, nawhan mararomay hen ko faloco' nangra a maoron to to'as nangra mamaanay to ko loma' hakiya saan kofaloco' nangra. rkm6yr88vfktlfx60yrvbrnbvx2b6vf 0 2504 38561 37743 2023-06-27T20:24:42Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38561 wikitext text/x-wiki O kalo'aol no [[Taywan]](台灣竹子的種類) Mafana’ kiso to kalo'aol itini i Taiwan haw? Pinaay ko kolo'aol itini i Taywan saan kiso a miharateng? Ano pakaynien i kafana’ no mita o Pangcah/’Amis to kalo’aol i, alatek caay kapapina, alatek limaay ^nemay aca. O [[fitonay]], o [[tekes]], o [[folo’]], o [[kintol]], o [[mowa]] (麻竹), nikaorira ano pakaynien i pitilid no mafanaay a tamdaw itini i Taywan i, pakaaraay to 25 oroma 89 ko kaadihay no kasasiloma nira, o loma sato adihay to ko naipapotalay romaay kitakit a mipacomodan itini i Taywan. Ano kantang haan a somowal i, o lengaw no kalo’aol, tosa aca ko sasowalan. Sakacicay i, o masa'opoay ko tapangan a lengaw. Sakatosa i, o malopisakay ko lengaw. O masa'opoay ko tapangan a lengaw: Mahapinangay to ko masa'poay ko lengaw a 'aol, matoya kangdaway a 'aol, o fitonay, o folo’, o kintol, o mowa(麻竹). oya malopisakay ko lengaw i: O kafana'an no mita i, oya tekes hananay, alatek, iraho ko romaroma a 'aolan. Pakani i pitilid no Salinka(林務局) a pasawal, pasasilimlim han to masa’opoay ato malopisakay a lengaw a 'aol i, o masa’opoay a lengaw a 'aol, mikikaka to malopisakay a 'aol ko kakahad nira to tosa ira ko cecay (2/1) hananay. O fitonay a 'aol: O hatiniay a 'aol i, o cicekaay, tataang ko tapangan nira, 'atekay ko fatac nira, ma'edeng a malohahecek no patih ato 'adipel, oromasato, malo sapisanga' to 'onoc a midimata' to lalosidan, ato miradom to nanom, to capox, o itiyaay ho manga'ay malo’adipel ko ceka nira, o malo'adipel no niyaro to 'ada, o romasato manga'ay a sasangaen to masamaamaanay a tipolok. O tekes a 'aol: O tada fangalay a sasangaen to kalomaanmaan a sakatayal, ano o sapicaki to, ano o sasa'anengan to, ano o fasolan to ato tapila’, o kalo saasik, saheto o tekes ko sapisanga’, o roma sato, o malopitangtangan to hemmay ato hakhak (竹筒飯), oya kakahaday a paro’ no tekes i o sasangaen to saong, i'ayaw o sasanga'en to sapifolaw a pana' ato 'idoc, o tatodong mifolaw a sakaalalood, o tefo’ no tekes manga'ay a kaladatengen. O folo’ a 'aol: O folo’ a 'aol, manga'ay sapisanga' to patih no loma’, talocowa caay ka hacowa ko kanga'ay nira a malosasangaen to maamaan, nikaorira mara'od ko kacitefo'an nira, oya daheci hananay, kalodatengen no aniniay tamdaw, tangtangen ciira pacamol han to 'okak no fafoy (siraw), fangcal a kaenen, o romasato ano cirafas adihay ko daheci manga'ay kalali'acaen, Malenak itini i sakowan no Kalinko, itini i Holin, Fata'an, Kohkoh, Posko, Kompo a kasakowan, araod ko saka 4 folad no mihecaan, ka'oradan masadak malenak ko tefo' (daheci) nira, itiya to ko Pangcah/'Amis a tamdaw talalotok a midaheci, ano o cipalaay a Pangcah/'Amis to nipalomaan, mifotfot a midaheci malokakaenen ato kalali'acaen, o nian a daheci ko kalali'aca o todong saka'orip no i niyaro'ay a tamdaw. O ma'ikesay a folo' nira, kalosasanga'en to saksak no kafoti'an, sapi'emel to elip no patih, takan, fasolan ato maamaanan no sakiloma'an. Ono mowa (麻竹) a 'aol, ano misatolo to, msa'ariri to, alaen ko mowa (麻竹) a 'aol malo'anongnongan, matakop no faliyos, caay kapiloh no fali a tanektek. O roma sato manga'ay alaen ko 'aol nira malosasanga'en to dadangoyan no mifotingay tamdaw, i 'ayaw no pisanga' todadangoyan, o matatodongay ko 'imeced no 'aol ko sapisanga', ano 7, 9 ko 'aol, misanga' to takar nira to sapateleng ato sapili'akong, matatodong ko kali'akong nira 'aol, itiya midohdoh to sakaeca ko patiko a mafiyac, maherek to rira, kelacen to po'ot ko papotalay a podac noya 'aol, masakahemaw ciira a papawpaw i nanom, maherek to rira, teleken to a mikedec mifalod to nawa, sakaeca a lohak, maherek to a misanga', itiya a manga'ay patayraen i nanom, mitanam, mikilim to malesa'ay to picomod no nanom, itiya miliyaw mipoot to 'epong no malesa'ay, ano awaay to ko sasalofen, itiya to a mipafetir mitahidang to cisikawasay mita'ong to awaayay a ma'araw (Kawas), mipalemed to nia dadangoyan, mifoting tarariyar, caay ka hinac, kadofah ko kacifoting, oroma manga'ay ko kasadak, rihaday ko pinakay, o sanay no mifotingay a tamdaw, saka cidadangoyan o todong o dafong saka'orip ko nian. O papah nira, pitpiten a miala, manga’ay kalosasanga'en to sapitafo to hemmay. 'Aloman ko mitafoay to hemay, pacamolen to titi, mato sowal no payrang o pakcang (肉粽) hanan naira, pa'acaen i mangalayay tamdaw, malotafo a talacowacowa. Itini i kalo’aol, o mowa (麻竹) a 'aol, tada takaraw ko lengaw, ko'edaw ko fatac nira, manga'ay alaen malo sapisaloma. O tefo’ nira, fangcal a kara datengen, ano maraod ko kacitefo'an, miala to tefo' kalo deteng, pacamol to maamaan sapasikaen. O lengaw no kalo’aol, ira ko takaraway 30-40 a fakciw, ira ko po'eneray 1-2 a fakciw, iraay ko tata’kay mato kilang, ira ko ki'emingay matiya o talodo', ira ko cihannaay, ira ko caayay ka cihanna, nikaorira awaay ko heci no 'aol, o tefo’ no kalo’aol, sahto manga’ayay a kaladatengen a makaen, o saka lengaw no 'aol, pakayni i pilalad no rami a citefo’ a malenak a adihay, o sowal no mikinkiway, o lengaw no mihecaan nira tangasa i 10 miheca ano eca 60 a mihecaan. olha761bstvj8h2vc364twvkiknx8z4 0 2505 37714 37646 2023-05-31T12:26:25Z Masaonikar 570 37714 wikitext text/x-wiki O kalo‘aol no Taiwan(台灣竹子的種類). Mafana’ kiso to kalo'aol i tini i Taywan haw? Pinaay ko kolo 'aol itini i Taywan saan kiso a miharateng? Ano pakaynien i kafana’ nomita o Pangcah/’Amis to kalo’aol i , aratek caay ka pi:na, ano lima ^nem aca, O fitonay, o tekkis, o folo’, o kintor, o mowa, …….nikaorira ano pakaynien i pitilid no mafanaay a tamdaw itini i Taiwan i, pakaaraay to 25 loma 89 ko ka adihai no kasasiloma niengra, lomasato adihaito ko naipapotalay lomaay kanatal ami comod itini i Taiwan. Ano kantang haan a somowal i, o rengaw no kalo’aol, tosa aca kosasowalan. Sakacicay i, o masa^opoay ko tapangan a rengaw. Saktosa i, o malopisakay ko rengaw. O masa^opoay ko tapangan a rengaw: Mahapinang to yamasa^poay ko rengaw a ‘aol i, matoya kangdaway a ^aol, o fitonay, o folo’, o kintor, o mowa. Yama lopisakay ko rengaw i: O kafana^an no mita i, ora tekkis hananay, aratek i, iraho ko romaroma a ‘aolan. Pakani i pitilid no Linwoji(林務局) apasawal i, pasasilimlim han to masa’opoay ato malopisakay a rengaw a ‘aol i, o masa’opoay a rengaw a ‘aol, mikikaka to malopisakay a ‘aol ko kakahad nira to 2:1 hananay. O fitonay a ‘aol :O hatiniay a ‘aol i, o kara cicekaay, tataang ko tapangan ningera, ‘atekay ko fatac nira, ma^deng a maro hecek no patih ato ‘adiper, oromasato maro ‘onoc ami ‘orong to rarodisan, to nanom, to capo^eh, o itiya:ayho mangaay a kala’adiperen ko piparoma toka ciceka nira, o maro ‘adiper no niyaro to ‘ada, romasato mangaay a sasangangen to kami.O tekis a ‘aol :O tada fangalay a sasangaen to kalo maanmaan a sakatayal, ano o pongki to, ano o pa^dangan to, ano o fasolan to ato tapira’ , o kalo saasik, saheto o tekis ko sapisanga’, lomasato i omara pitangtangan to hemmay ato hakhak, oranan toya cotong fan(竹筒飯), oya kakahaday a paro’ no tekis i osasangaen to saong, iti:yaho o sakapifolaw ami pana^ ato ‘idoc. Sanaw maolah ko Ripon(日本) ami ara tono Taiwanay a tekis a ‘aol, o todongay o sapifolaw nanga, o tefo’ nira mangaay to a mara dateng. O folo’ a ‘aol: O folo’ a ‘aol i, ma^edeng to a malo padih na roma’, sa hawi caay kahacowa koka ngaay nira a maro sasanga^n to kalo maamaan, nikaolira o tefo’ nira i, oya da^hci hananay, fangcalay a kara datengen, mitangtang hawi ano pacamorhan to ‘oka no fafoy, tadafancal a ka^nen, lomasa magaay a pacakayen, adihai ko mipacakayay i niyaro no Kalinko(花蓮). O kintor a ‘aol: Manga'ay a sasanga^en to sapisaloma’, maro patih no loma’, ato fakeral, moro ‘adiper no rikot ato omah, o tefo’ nira facal maro dadeng a kangenen. O mowa a ‘aol: manga'ay a sapisaloma' ko tileng nira, o papah nira i, manga'ay a sapitafo to hemay. Itini i kalo’aol haw i, o mowa hananay a ‘aol, tada takalaw ko^edaw tatangan ko fadac nira, o sasaloma’en ato sapi saloma’ aca. O tefo’ nira i, facal a kara datengen, o papah nira i, manga’ay a sapitafo to hemmay, deng sahawi maolah ko kolo fawo ami ‘it’it a komaeng. Masamaanay ko rengaw no kalo’aol. O rengaw no kalo’aol i, iraay ko takaraway 30-40 a fakciu, iraay ko po^neray 1-2 a fakciu, iraay ko tata’kay mato kirang, iraay ko ki^mingay mato tadod, iray ko cihannaay, iraay ko caay ka cihanna, nikaorira awaay ko heci no ‘aol, o tefo’ no kalo’aol i, sahto sanay nga’ayay a karadatengen a koma^en, o saka romahad no ‘aol i, pakayraay to pi rarad no rami aci tefo’ ko saka rennak nira a adihay, o sowal nomi kinkiway i, o rengaw no mihecaan nira tangasa i 10 aca 60 a mihcaan. O karnga:wan no ‘aol i, tiraay i kacihelangan roma i kasi^nawan, romasa i ralid sannay to mihcahca:an a ci tefo’, ano i rotok to ano i ^enar to manga’ay to a romengaw, romasahaw i maolahay a marengaw i rawac no kolo ‘aro. O sapalikor a sowal to kalo’aol Marawod koka ci tefo’an no kalo’aol i, sahto sanay a manga’iay ka^nen a malo dateng, ira ko nga’aiay a pacakaien, ira ko caay kangaay a pacakaien, ma^den i kacihela^ngan tagasa i forad to 11, nikaorira osowal no pasowalay awaay ko iofong no tefo’, sahaw i pacacamolen to romaroma a dateng ami tangtang, aca o kalo titi ato ‘okak ami safer, ano caay ka ka^nen ko tefo’ nira i, ano ma’ikis soto ko kalo’aol i, o sasanga’en to kalo ma^anma:an, caay ka ^dengan saan aca a sapisaloma’ a cacaay, loma sato to tadamaanay a sakatayal, o pongki, o pa^dangaan, o caina, o fakar, o ‘onoc, o saong, o saasik,…….adi:hai ko sasangaen to kalo’aol hananay. fmzf29r0lvp51czra709h91dzzi7b3w 0 2506 37715 2023-06-01T13:53:35Z Jsu2848 1557 satapang 37715 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mafana’ay kiso tono mita o Pangcah/’Amis to masamaanay kopi saroma’ to kalo’aol haw? (你知道我們阿美族如何用竹子蓋房子嗎?)''' Mafana’ay kiso haw hakowaay to koka kaharafin no ‘aol a sasaroma’en no mita o Pangcah/’Amis itini i Taywan? Ara:tek nanotoa’s tahanini i pakaaraay to topinapi:na a mihecaan. Nawhani o ‘aol hananay, caay ka re:cad to kalofak^loh ato malad a ngaay harafing a sasaroma’en, sanaw caay kangaay a hapinangen to kalo mih^caan no nira. nikaorira tadamaan to ko pisanga’ ami saloma’ ato kalomaanmaan sakatayar ko ‘aol hananay. Romasato, iraay ko pinanama no mita o Pangcah i tini i roma a finacadan to sakafana’ amisanga to kalomaamaan, nikaorira iraay kono mita o Pangcah to sakafana’ to ‘aol ami sasanga to roma’ ato kalomaamaan a sakatayar, ano o pongki to, ano o pa^dangan to, ano o tapira’ to, ano o caina to, ano o halac to, ano o cadiway to, ano saasik to, to kalo maanmaan to saka ‘olip i, awaay ko ma’osaway. Arate^k caayho pakatoor ko roma a finacadan. Samaanen no Pangcah/’Amis ami saroma’ ko ‘aol ? Ano omaanto a ‘aolan i, nga’ayay to a sapisaroma’ , ano o hecek to, ano o patih to, ano fadahong to, ano kafoti’an to fakelar, haro pa’ayama, pakoloan, pafafoyan, romasa o ‘adiber no rikot ato omah, awaay ko caay ka o ‘aol ko sapisanga. Anoya tatangaay a tapangan a fitonay ato te^kis i, mangaay a maro hecek no roma’ ato ‘adiber, mangay a paroma to ‘aol a maro ‘adiber no omah ato niyaro’, aca o sapi’ading to fali, yaki^minay a ‘aol toya foro’ ato kintor hananay i, ma^deng a maro patih no roma’. Ano o ‘aol ko sapisaroma’ no mita o Pangcah/’Amis i, caay karecad tono Payrang apisanga, o mipera’an a ‘aol pacamor han to ‘eli’ kopisanga to patih, ono Payrang hawi o ‘aol ato sota’ kosapisanga to patih, ano o Tayar(泰雅族) ato Paywan(排灣 族) a finacadan to pisanga to roma’ hawi iraay to ko nganra apisaroma’ to ‘aol. Masamanay ko pinaang no Pangcah/‘Amis to ‘aol. Nawhani ano o ‘aol ko sapisaroma’ ato sapisanga to kalo maamaan a lalodisan i, ranikayay a cifawo a mapohed, ano o padih to, ano o ‘adiper to, ano karaheciken to, caay ka pina amihecaan i, mapoheday to, sanaw miharateng to cangra to sakahalafinaw no ‘aol a caay ka ranikay a mapohed. Sakacicay : Sasawen to nanom tiya pacolemem i fanaw to pinapina a romia^d,tiya hadaken pawali tosa pipatay tona fawo, ami sa’ateka tora ‘aol. Sakatosa : Hodhoden to ‘acefer no namar, tosapipatayaw tora fawo no ‘aol, romasahaw, maherek ami saroma miroroh to namar i raroma’ no roma’ topinapina a romia’d, tiya caay kacifawo ko roma’ osanay. omisangaan tora pongki, p^dangan, caina,….hatiraay toko tayal. Oranan apisaroma’ ato pisanga’ no mita o mato’asay Pangcah/’Amis i, o fana’ nangra to tayal to pakayraay tora ‘aol, romasato i mafanaay haca ko mato’asay ami todis to podac no ‘aol, ato mitolik to fakelar, ato mipatadipi to ‘aol misanga to patih ato fadahong aca o’adiper.(Suman2023/06/01) naqov2ghdwbarowt4guhi7n4pvv2tfw 0 2508 37730 37729 2023-06-04T10:40:56Z Jsu2848 1557 patongal 37730 wikitext text/x-wiki Naitini i 1871 amihecaan, iraay ko naitiniay i Kanata(加拿大)hananay a kanatar, to matayaray mipat’enakay tosowal no Kawas ci Makay(馬偕) ami rakowi to riyaar atainy i Taywan(台灣), marawod ko pangkiw no mihecaan mafana’ to ami sano payrang(河洛/台語) a somowal, ami patenak to sowal no Kawas, malawod ko cecay a mihecaan i, mirakowi to kalolotok ato kalo’alo a taira i Towcen(頭城) no Yilan(宜蘭) hananay a niyalo’ , saworakat sanay ko tayal nira ami rahci mitilid to likisi(歷史) no Taywan itini tora 19~20 mihecaan, tadamaan ko pitilid nira to kalomaamaan no rengos ato kilang, ato sota', ato kolotamtamdaw no Taywan hananay. Itini i kalolomia’mia’d nira ami sarakarakat a tayra icowaco:wa i, micomod to kasanialo’ ami patenak to sowal no Kawas, ato amiadah to ciadadaay, ato mipatireng topicodadan, iraay amatidi nira ko kalo’orip no Yincoming(原住民), aca topipatileng nira to sa’ayaway a pina’angan to kalomaamaan a Powokan(博物館) hananay, adihay ko pihamham nira to i Taywanay a damdaw, aca ma’osaw ira ama tilid ko kafahekaan a demak a kimmad. Itini i rolay ni Makay(馬偕) a matayal i, caay to komamasa’osi ko hakowaay toko miadahan nira to adada no tileng ato mihinoman nira to faloco’ no kolotamtamdaw, tagasa i ka’ayaw no paday nira a ciadada to tata^akay to aycen(癌症) no takoraw nira, a tangasa to a caay kaga’ay ninga a caciyaw, nikaorira paci^ci sacingra a pakaynien nira i tilid a nipasifana’ to minanamay a damdaw, tangasa i 1901.06.02 a mihcaan ato folad ato romi’ad i, itira cingra i Tangsoy(淡水) a mapatay, ami rahci toya misowalan nira to「ngaay a matodoh, mikikaka toka pohed 」(寧願燒盡、不願銹壞). Itini tora pikiningan toka kapatayan aromia’d ni Makay foksi(馬偕博士) i, matiyatona sano pairangay a misangaan nira a ‘olic kosapa rikor ami pahapinang to polong no ‘olip nira : 「Toninian polong toka olahan no mako a Taywan. Polongen ako ami pafeli itini tisowanan. Toninian polong toka olahan no mako a Taywan. Polong kaolahan ako masahetoay to itini. Itini i ‘owu’owulan ama’alaw ako ko karoloto. Pakayni i ’owu’owulan amanengneng ako ko enar. Mitapar to tapelik no riyal pasayla ira:ay to niaro’ . Tadamaan ko olah nomako ami tatapal. Caayko mamiliyas ko faloco ako to Taywan. O polong no ‘orip no mako saheto saan on miso. Caaiko mamiliyas ko faloco’ ako to Taywan. O lipahak no faloco’ nomako saheto saan ono miso. Nanay itini i tolas no ‘rip no mako. Naitini i pisariyariyaw no tapelik no riyar ama soni. Naitini i pingiyangi no ‘adingo no ‘aol ato kilang. Pakakera to katangasaan no ‘orip ako aminokay. Tadakaolahan polong no faloco’ ako Taywan. Ya ! 」 Naitini tora ‘olic mahapinang toko faloco’ nira to olah tonian sota noniyaro’ , matiyato o ninian mitiridan ni Makay Hakasi(馬偺博士) a ‘olic, polong no ‘olip nira a mapatorod i tini i Taywan, tangasa itolas no sasela’an ningra. 6 Folad 2 lomi’ad, mapolong kita ami kansa to naitiniay i Kanata(加拿大) a tada Taywan a damdaw ci Makay Foksi(馬階博士) ! O mitiridan naitini i 《Kaolahan Taywan》a Facebook to wangye(網頁) b8k4uhkbat3g3y66oxhllfap3nfn239 0 2509 38767 38766 2023-06-29T23:44:52Z Jsu2848 1557 38767 wikitext text/x-wiki === Makay Foksi (馬偕博士) === Naitini i 1871 amihecaan, iraay ko naitiniay i Kanata(加拿大)hananay a kanatar, to matayaray mipat’enakay tosowal no Kawas ci Makay(馬偕) ami rakowi to riyaar atainy i Taywan(台灣), marawod ko pangkiw no mihecaan mafana’ to ami sano payrang(河洛/台語) a somowal, ami patenak to sowal no Kawas, malawod ko cecay a mihecaan i, mirakowi to kalolotok ato kalo’alo a taira i Towcen(頭城) no Yilan(宜蘭) hananay a niyalo’ , saworakat sanay ko tayal nira ami rahci mitilid to likisi(歷史) no Taywan itini tora 19~20 mihecaan, tadamaan ko pitilid nira to kalomaamaan no rengos ato kilang, ato sota', ato kolotamtamdaw no Taywan hananay. Itini i kalolomia’mia’d nira ami sarakarakat a tayra icowaco:wa i, micomod to kasanialo’ ami patenak to sowal no Kawas, ato amiadah to ciadadaay, ato mipatireng topicodadan, iraay amatidi nira ko kalo’orip no Yincoming(原住民), aca topipatileng nira to sa’ayaway a pina’angan to kalomaamaan a Powokan(博物館) hananay, adihay ko pihamham nira to i Taywanay a damdaw, aca ma’osaw ira ama tilid ko kafahekaan a demak a kimmad. Itini i rolay ni Makay(馬偕) a matayal i, caay to komamasa’osi ko hakowaay toko miadahan nira to adada no tileng ato mihinoman nira to faloco’ no kolotamtamdaw, tagasa i ka’ayaw no paday nira a ciadada to tata^akay to aycen(癌症) no takoraw nira, a tangasa to a caay kaga’ay ninga a caciyaw, nikaorira paci^ci sacingra a pakaynien nira i tilid a nipasifana’ to minanamay a damdaw, tangasa i 1901.06.02 a mihcaan ato folad ato romi’ad i, itira cingra i Tangsoy(淡水) a mapatay, ami rahci toya misowalan nira to「ngaay a matodoh, mikikaka toka pohed 」(寧願燒盡、不願銹壞). Itini tora pikiningan toka kapatayan aromia’d ni Makay foksi(馬偕博士) i, matiyatona sano pairangay a misangaan nira a ‘olic kosapa rikor ami pahapinang to polong no ‘olip nira : 「Toninian polong toka olahan no mako a Taywan. Polongen ako ami pafeli itini tisowanan. Toninian polong toka olahan no mako a Taywan. Polong kaolahan ako masahetoay to itini. Itini i ‘owu’owulan ama’alaw ako ko karoloto. Pakayni i ’owu’owulan amanengneng ako ko enar. Mitapar to tapelik no riyal pasayla ira:ay to niaro’ . Tadamaan ko olah nomako ami tatapal. Caayko mamiliyas ko faloco ako to Taywan. O polong no ‘orip no mako saheto saan on miso. Caaiko mamiliyas ko faloco’ ako to Taywan. O lipahak no faloco’ nomako saheto saan ono miso. Nanay itini i tolas no ‘rip no mako. Naitini i pisariyariyaw no tapelik no riyar ama soni. Naitini i pingiyangi no ‘adingo no ‘aol ato kilang. Pakakera to katangasaan no ‘orip ako aminokay. Tadakaolahan polong no faloco’ ako Taywan. Ya ! 」 Naitini tora ‘olic mahapinang toko faloco’ nira to olah tonian sota noniyaro’ , matiyato o ninian mitiridan ni Makay Hakasi(馬偺博士) a ‘olic, polong no ‘olip nira a mapatorod i tini i Taywan, tangasa itolas no sasela’an ningra. 6 Folad 2 lomi’ad, mapolong kita ami kansa to naitiniay i Kanata(加拿大) a tada Taywan a damdaw ci Makay Foksi(馬階博士) ! O mitiridan naitini i 《Kaolahan Taywan》a Facebook to wangye(網頁) ==== '''O ’orip ni Makay Foksi(馬偕博士的一生)''' ==== Ci Makay foksi hanany o so’linay a ngangan ningar i Caoce.Kelayseli.Makay('''喬治·萊斯里·馬偕'''), o hofoc ningra a mihcaan i nai 1844.03.21-1901.06.02, itiniay Antaria no Kanata(加拿大.安大略) ko hofoc ningra, o nano Kanata(加拿大) a ciwrokiwkay(長老教會) ami ocolan a foksi, nano cayka so’linay a ising cingra, nikaolira nano minanamay to cingra tono ising afana’ ami tokad ato miadah to ciadadaay atamdaw. Naitini i ikol no 19seci(19世紀) hananay i, na tayniay to cingra i Taywan(台灣) ami patenak to sowal no Kawas ato mi adah to ciadadaay, mikihatiya aci Mayako(馬雅各) an kokaci ngangan ningra. Itini i Taywan i, ci Makay Hakasi(馬偕博士) roma ci Kay Foksi(偕牧師) hananay kopi pangangan i cingraan,  itini i cecay no ‘orip ningra i ma’deng a “ mikikakaay toka todoh, koka pohed ama rasawad”「 寧願燒盡，不願朽壞」(Rather burn out, than rust out), o tata’akay to saka ci’icer ningra a sowal i “O polong no ‘orip sahtoay ici Kiristoan”(攏是爲基督). '''Sa’ayaway a ‘orip ni Makay(早期生活)''' O laroma’an ni Makay haw i, naitiniay to mawmahay i Saselan a lotok no Sokelan(蘇格蘭高地薩瑟蘭) hananay, nawhani tonia misatapang toko kikay kokaro sakatayal i, ilaay ko kala’afas nangra to sela, sanaw ilakoka pilaliw ato kolaloma’an nangra a tayra i Kanata(加拿大), naitini 1830 amihcaan, ami salingato a mafolaw ko mato’asay nangra. Marawod ko 1844.03.21 mihecaan, itini cingra i Cola no Niwcin a Antaria no Kanata(加拿大安大略省牛津郡佐拉村) ama sofoc, tolo ko kaka ningra to fa’inayan, tosa ko kaka ningra to fafahian, o satelo:cay a wawa cingra i raloma’an, o wama sa ni Makay tora ci Caoce(喬治)(1799-1884) hananay i, nano itiraay i niyaro’ no cola(佐拉) hananay omi patilengay to “Lawmocaw kiwkay”「老木造教堂」(Old log Church) hananay kotayal ningra anca a mara ciwro no Ciwro kiwkay(長老教會). O ina ningra i, ci Helen(賀仁)(1801-1885), ora “Lawmocaw kiwkay”「老木造教堂」(Old log Church) hananay a kiwkay i, o nano malinahay nai 1832 mihcaan, na i rotok no Sokelan(蘇格蘭), o sa’ayaway a foksi nangra ci Macince(馬堅志) o naitiniay i Soklan(蘇格蘭), o nano itiraay a singkakoying(神學院) toya “ Tanektekay maritengay a Carwen(加爾文主義)” kopitoolan nangra, mafana’ay amatalaw to Kawas, ci’icelay ami pakafana’ ami asip to sowal no Kawas, omi pas’olinay to Tapang, o mafana’ay ami tengil to fangcalay a ngiha no faloco, omi dodoay topi ta’ongan to Kawas a lomi’ad, ato o maolahay ami patenak to sawal no Kawas. ==== '''O pitilid ni Makay(求學過程)''' ==== Toya masofoc ci Makay i 1844 amihcaan, caay ho karacecay ko cewlokiwkay no Kanata, ya ci Macince(馬堅志) a foksi ko mala tapangay no cola(佐拉), cinngra komi kiw’ikay, mipa’icer cingra to niyalo’ ami seking tosakara singsi no nialo’ , o sayfo(政府) toko cacitodong apa lifong, itiyasato pakaara to 38 a siningay ko mara singsiay to sapipatenak to sowal no Kawas, itiya sato ami salingato ci Makay a romowad a tayra i Taywan. Itini i 1850 amihcaan, 7 kotosi ni Makay i micomod i Foseto(胡士托) tono ka^mangay a picodadan, 1855 amihcaan i 11 kotosi mahrek to ko pitilid ningra, dodosato micomod to i Tolonto(多倫多) ami tilid tosakara singsi, 1858 amihcaan 14 kotosi ningra maherek to ko pitilid ningra tosakara singsi, 1859 amihcaan 15 kotosi misalingato to amara singsi i Maplewood ato Maitland hananay a picodadan no ka^mangay to 5-6 a mihcaan. 1866.9 amihcaan 21 kotosi ni Makay micomod haca i takalaway a pitilidan no Tolonto a Nose a singkakoing(多倫多大學諾士神學院), 1867.9 folad a mihcaan, tayra a mitilid i Amirika(美國) to Porinseton a Singkakoing(普林斯頓神學院), 1870.04.26 alomi’ad to mihcaan, maherek to ko pitilid ningra tora Singkakoing, patikor ami nokay tayra i Kanata(加拿大). 1870.8 toya folad a mihcaan, maocor ci Makay a tayra i Tolonto a New Market hananay a Kiwkay ama tayal, itini i 9 forad to 19 romi’ad misingsi cingra i Kanata a ciwrokiwkay(長老教會) tosakahadak a tayra i roma a kanatal ami patenak to sowal no Kawas, onianhaw i onira:saan a faloco kosaka pisingsi, itiya sato o harafinay to koya patireng no Kanataay a cowrokiwkay to pinapi:na amihcaan a palowad tosaka tayra iroma a kanatar amipatenak to sowal no Kawas sanay, nikaolira caay kadademak kora tayal nagra, awaay ho komi demakan nangra to matiraay apisingsi ni Makay ama tayal, o harateng nangra amapolong i, o karacalohay ci Makay a kapah saan, sanaw caay ka ringwaen nangra kopisingsi ningra, toya mitatara ci Makay, tangasa i 11 afolad tayra cingra i takaraway a pitilidan no Aytingpaw no Ingkilis(英國愛丁堡) ami tilid, minanam a mara sito no tadaci’icelay a mipatengnakay to sowal no Kawas ci Tafo(達福) hananay a hakasi. 1871.04 a folad no mahcaan, marayap ni Makay ko tikami to naitiniay i ciwrokiwkay no Kanataay a tapang no patenakay to sowal no Kawas i loma a kanataran ci Rev. Professor William MacLaren, D.D. hananay, toya misingsian ningra to saka tara iroma a kanatar a patenak to sowar no Kawas, mipaca’ofay to ko tapang no kiwkay, tangasa i sifo’ no 6 afolad, itini i Koypeke(魁北克) ama sa’opo ko tatapangan no Kanata a ciwrokiwkay(長老教會), so’lin to ami ocor i cingraan a patayra i Ciwkok(中國), sanaw sakaramkam sa cingra a patiko aminokay i Kanata. ==== '''O lowad ami patennak.(宣教旅程)''' ==== 1871.09.19 aromi’ad to mihcaan, o tapang no ciwrokiwkay i Kanata, longocen ningra ko i Tolonto(多倫多) a kiwkayan a patileng ci Makayian a para Foksi. Yasa ci Makay caay kafa:na’ to Ciwkok(中國) ano masamaanay, sanaw misafaroco cingra ami cakay to kalo codad no Ciwkok(中國), oya mitiridan ni Halese(華勒士) itira i Malaysiya(馬來西亞) tora pakaylaay to ma’oripay to kalomaamaan ihekal hananay a tilid i, maolah cingra amineneng, sanaw sowal sa “Pakayniay i tariyak no Tayliok(大陸) a kalokanatal tora marengaway ato ma’oripay to karomaama:an mahadak aca ko kasasiroma no rengaw nira, caay ka^ca o nano kalalias no kanatal a masasiloma saan haw ? ” onian ko ifalocoay ningra amararid.(suman. siwkolan 'amis) k7c0987fvp500ij08mhuko44xl26fof 0 2510 37742 37741 2023-06-05T14:04:02Z Jsuman2848 1517 37742 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mafana’ay kiso tono mita o Pangcah/’Amis to masamaanay kopi saroma’ to kalo’aol haw?''' Mafana’ay kiso haw hakowaay to koka kaharafin no ‘aol a sasaroma’en no mita o Pangcah/’Amis itini i Taywan? Ara:tek nanotoa’s tahanini i pakaaraay to topinapi:na a mihecaan. Nawhani o ‘aol hananay, caay ka re:cad to kalofak^loh ato malad a ngaay harafing a sasaroma’en, sanaw caay kangaay a hapinangen to kalo mih^caan no nira. nikaorira tadamaan to ko pisanga’ ami saloma’ ato kalomaanmaan sakatayar ko ‘aol hananay. Romasato, iraay ko pinanama no mita o Pangcah i tini i roma a finacadan to sakafana’ amisanga to kalomaamaan, nikaorira iraay kono mita o Pangcah to sakafana’ to ‘aol ami sasanga to roma’ ato kalomaamaan a sakatayar, ano o pongki to, ano o pa^dangan to, ano o tapira’ to, ano o caina to, ano o halac to, ano o cadiway to, ano saasik to, to kalo maanmaan to saka ‘olip i, awaay ko ma’osaway. Arate^k caayho pakatoor ko roma a finacadan. Samaanen no Pangcah/’Amis ami saroma’ ko ‘aol ? Ano omaanto a ‘aolan i, nga’ayay to a sapisaroma’ , ano o hecek to, ano o patih to, ano fadahong to, ano kafoti’an to fakelar, haro pa’ayama, pakoloan, pafafoyan, romasa o ‘adiber no rikot ato omah, awaay ko caay ka o ‘aol ko sapisanga. Anoya tatangaay a tapangan a fitonay ato te^kis i, mangaay a maro hecek no roma’ ato ‘adiber, mangay a paroma to ‘aol a maro ‘adiber no omah ato niyaro’, aca o sapi’ading to fali, yaki^minay a ‘aol toya foro’ ato kintor hananay i, ma^deng a maro patih no roma’. Ano o ‘aol ko sapisaroma’ no mita o Pangcah/’Amis i, caay karecad tono Payrang apisanga, o mipera’an a ‘aol pacamor han to ‘eli’ kopisanga to patih, ono Payrang hawi o ‘aol ato sota’ kosapisanga to patih, ano o Tayar(泰雅族) ato Paywan(排灣 族) a finacadan to pisanga to roma’ hawi iraay to ko nganra apisaroma’ to ‘aol. Masamanay ko pinaang no Pangcah/‘Amis to ‘aol. Nawhani ano o ‘aol ko sapisaroma’ ato sapisanga to kalo maamaan a lalodisan i, ranikayay a cifawo a mapohed, ano o padih to, ano o ‘adiper to, ano karaheciken to, caay ka pina amihecaan i, mapoheday to, sanaw miharateng to cangra to sakahalafinaw no ‘aol a caay ka ranikay a mapohed. Sakacicay : Sasawen to nanom tiya pacolemem i fanaw to pinapina a romia^d,tiya hadaken pawali tosa pipatay tona fawo, ami sa’ateka tora ‘aol. Sakatosa : Hodhoden to ‘acefer no namar, tosapipatayaw tora fawo no ‘aol, romasahaw, maherek ami saroma miroroh to namar i raroma’ no roma’ topinapina a romia’d, tiya caay kacifawo ko roma’ osanay. omisangaan tora pongki, p^dangan, caina,….hatiraay toko tayal. Oranan apisaroma’ ato pisanga’ no mita o mato’asay Pangcah/’Amis i, o fana’ nangra to tayal to pakayraay tora ‘aol, romasato i mafanaay haca ko mato’asay ami todis to podac no ‘aol, ato mitolik to fakelar, ato mipatadipi to ‘aol misanga to patih ato fadahong aca o’adiper.(Suman2023/06/01) jmc1m18dsskkafvwuxhcve2x67pqy33 0 2511 38076 38075 2023-06-08T16:40:54Z Jsu2848 1557 38076 wikitext text/x-wiki == Tayal no 'aol i Taywan(台灣竹產業的發展) == * Samaan^en no tamaw ko ‘aol amala saka 'orip ? * Masamaanay ko pinanam no tamdaw to tayal to ‘aol ? Ano ‘arawen ko likisi(歷史) no Taywan a tamaw a matayal pakayra toya ‘aol hananay i, alatek pakaalaay to topinapina a mihecaan, o ‘aol to ‘orip no tamdaw haw i, caay pakaliyas to kalo’aol hananay, ano do’edoen no mita ko fana’ no mikingkiway(研究), ma’edeng sepat ko ka ralaylay nira. '''Sakacecay :''' I’ayaw no 1946 mihcaan, o pipasifana’ to ninanamay to tayal to ‘aol. '''Sakatosa :''' naitini i 1947~1969 a mihcaan, ma’edeng to pakano kamay a misanga’ to kalomaanmaan to ralodisan no ‘aol. '''Sakatolo :''' naitini i 1970~1986 mihcaan, kalokikay to ko sapisanga’ to kalomaanmaan no tamdaw to ‘aol. '''Sakasepat :''' naitini i ikol no 1987 a mihcaan, tangasasa imatini caayto pakaliyas to ‘aol a ma ‘orip ko tamdaw.            === '''Pasifana’ to dafong no ’aol.''' === Omaan ko misangaan no tamdaw ato icowaay ko tamdaw a misatapang ato cimako mipasifana’ay to tamdaw to tayal no kalo’aol, onian haw i, o haharatengen no mita, ano solinga’en a somowal i, o ‘aol hananay, adi:hay ko kanga’ayan nira a misanga’ to kalomaanmaan to saka ‘orip no tamdaw, ano o ‘arapi to, ano o pongki to, ano o pa^dangan to, ano o hatapes to … to kalomaanmaan i, saheto saan o sakanga’ay no tamdaw a ma’orip, itini i kadipongan ho(日本時期) a misatipang, ato itini i Cusaan(竹山)no Nanto(南投) hananay misalingato a mipasifana’ to tayal to samaanen a misanga’, iraay kopinanaman a picodadan, ato iraay ko mipasifana’ay a singsi, tiya a itini a macakat kofana’ no tamdaw to pakayraay to ‘aol ko saka’orip. === '''Nano Dipongan a ‘aol''' === Nai’ayaw no 1929 amihecaan, yao Dipongho(日本時期) komikowanay to Taywan(台灣) i, iraay to Itini i Nanto(南投) arotokan a mara’afas topi sa’aolan, o todongay to tadamaanay ko ‘aol itini i kalo’orip no tamdaw, aca mara’afa’afas ami pakafan’ag to sakafana’aw ami sanga to kalomaamaan tosaka ‘orip, itiyasato amarenak kofana’ no kalocimaci:ma ami sanga to masamaanay a ralodisan to ‘aol hananay, romasa mikilim to matatodongay a singsi ami nanam. === '''Rikor no Dipong a ‘aol''' === Likorsato itini i 1947 amihcaan, toniya milaliw toko Dipong(日本), oyama ’osaway sangra a ‘aol’aolan oya kaholaman(華人) to a Conghamingo(中華民國) hananay , cangra toko citodongay toya para, yaitiraay a tamdaw i napinapi:na cangra ami salongoc toya ‘aol’aolan a omah. Itiyasato a adihay a masadak ko masamaamaa:nay a missanga’an to ‘aol a sakatayal, aca ami pacakay to saka cakataw no ‘orip, nano o kamayay hoko sapisanga’, dodo sato o kikay to komisanga’ay, sahawi saadihay sato a masanga’ kokalo maama:an, tangasangasa sato i romaroma a finacadan, ano i Taynan(台南)，ano i Taycong(台中) to icowacowa:ay a niyaro’ ama pacakay. === '''O kikay sakatayal.''' === Itini i 1970 – 1986 amihcaan, o kikay to komatayalay amisanga’, naitini i ka Diponan(日本) ami salingato nao tamdawan ho o kamay kosaka tayal ami sanga, tangasa to imatini o kikay toko sakatayal, sanaw kalamkam to amasanga’ ko sasanga’en, tata’ak toko e^tan, adihay toko pida, satata’ak sa adihay to ko katayalan, aca iraho ko pipadang no safo(政府), ano o ‘alapi to, ano o ‘anengang to, to polong no ralodisan to lomaloma’an, iraay ami pacakay, naitini i Nanto Kanmiaw(南投關廟) tangasangasa sato i loma a kanatalan. === '''O tayal no ‘aol.''' === Masamaannay ko tayal tosapi pakafanga’ to ralodisan a ‘aol tangsa i matini ? Ano’arawen ko tayal to pakayniay pisanga’ to ‘aol a rarodisan, nanitini i 1987 a mihcaan tahatini i, maaraay to pinapina a mihcaan, sa’ayaw yomangaay to a tayra i Tayriok(中國大陸) amipatireng to kofa(工廠) i adihay ko mipacomodan i Tayriok(中國大陸) to ‘aol, sanaw itini i Taywanay(台灣的) a misa’aolay i, adihay to ko marasawaday a kofa(工廠), dodosato itini i 1999. 9 a folad to mihcaan, iraay ko ta^kayai a ‘atoray no Taywan itini i Nanto(南投) tora 921 hananay a ‘atoray, sa itiyahaca a makali’ang ko misa’aolay, sanawhaw i kelor sato komisa’aolay, saywayni iraay ko pipadang ami padama no Sayfo(政府), tora Kongyanyan(工研院), ato Linwoci(林務局), ato Lawiyhay(勞委會), miriyaw aca amapalowad kora tayar pakayraay i ‘aol hananay, tongar haca amisanga’ to tadamaanay sasanga’en tora misa’aferay to ‘aol(竹炭), ato misasimaray tora ‘aol(竹醋液). === '''O aikol no tayal to ‘aol''' === Saikolay to a sowal, o sasatapangan no kapisanga’ to kalo’aol ami samaamaan i naitiniay i Nantocosan(南投竹山) ato Taynankanmio(台南關廟) hananay a lingato, ato itira i 1987 amihcaan amisatapang a ira ko pitilidan ami pasifana’ , tiya caay karasawad koka fana’ topisanga’ to kalomaama:an, tangasa imatini a iraay hoko minanamay ato mipasifana’ay, romasato tangasa imatini, caay kanga’ay a pacefa sato amiparoma ato miretek to ‘aol, nawhani o koka(國家) toko cidodongay ami sinanot amatayal to ‘aol a tayal, matalaw to kafaliyosan ama ranar ko rotok ato ‘aro, misanga satora’aol i, o Sayfo(政府) to kamipalalanay toka lacecay no tayal topa kayraay i ‘aol atayar. (suman2023/06/08) Ø   Naitini amiara : ‘AOL NO TAYWAN(TAIWAN BAMBOO SOCIETY) it5vggn7riddy64fgqcfd2hbj12rudd 0 2512 38373 38327 2023-06-23T10:50:35Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38373 wikitext text/x-wiki == Rikec no ’[[Amis.Pangach|Amis]] ( 阿美族的法律與刑法) == === O harateng to rikec ato pinangan(法律觀念與習慣) === O ’[[Amis.Pangach|Amis]] a tamdaw away ko nitilidan a rikec,o pinangan no niyaro’ ko dado’edoen a mipotosek ko pisawkit to raraw no tamdaw. o harateng to rikec ira ko : ==== 1.  Niyaro’an a haraten (部落主義) ==== O raraw ato patefoc sahetoay ono niyahan a niyaro’ cowa ka kakafit ato roma aniyaro’.Ano cifangafang ato roma a niyaro’ ono niyaro’ to a demak konini, o kapolongan no niyaro’ a mico’ay. ==== 2. So’elinay a harateng (具體行為之觀念) ==== O pisawkit to maamaan a raraw i, o kaherekan no kaciraraw ato so’elina ( maheciay ) a demak ko pi’arawan.O cowa ko so’elinay ano ca cowa ka nengneng a kaciraw i,paikawasen to ko pipatefoc. ==== 3. Kapolongan a demak (集體責任) ==== O pipatefoc to ciraraway cowa koya mararaway aca a tamdaw ko matefocay,malapotay ko laloma’an ano ca o kapot a mapolong.Orasaka oya lofo no cecay a tamdaw malapotay ko polong a cilafo,mapolong a mi’orong tonini a lafo, mapolong a patefoc ta malasawad ko kacitiihan. ==== 4. Kapolongan ato niyah a raraw (公罪私罪) ==== O mikari’ang to dafong ato demak no niyaro’ ono kapolongan a raraw konini;o mikari’angay to kalotamdaw ato laloma’an a dafong ato demak ono niyahan a raraw konini.Ono kapolongan a raraw o kakita’an no niyaro’ ko mitefocay,ono niyahan a raraw o laloma’an ano ca o ngasaw ko citodongay a misawkit,manga’ay to ko salawinawina a tangsol han a mitefoc a paco’ay koya ciraraway, ano ca manga’ay a masasowal. == Raraw ato tefoc (犯罪與刑罰) == O patelacay a demak no tamdaw o raraw ano ca o mikari’ang hananay,pakitinien i pinangan no ’Ami a finacadan ira tosa kasasiroma: === 1. Kapolongan a raraw (公罪): === (1).mitakaw: mi’afas,mi’afas tono kapolongan dafong;(2).mipalo:milengat;(3).misakako:mico’a’ang, mirokes;(4).mikari’ang to niyaro’:micorah, pacefa;(5).mikihatiya to ’ada;(6).misamsam.<ref>臺灣省通志，第八冊,第31頁。</ref> === 2.Kalotamdaw a raraw (私罪) : === (1). Mipacokay to tamdaw a raraw: mipatay to tamdaw, mararaw ko pipatay,midoka’, mipalo.(2). Ma’odang: misafola,’amelas,pafocod, mitakaw.(3).’alafo: o pakayniay i ’alafo a raraw ano o kapolongan a raraw a pipatefoc o poi’ ato lokes,o sakaretengay a raraw nonini miplaplapan nani niyaro’. Ano o kalotamdawan a raraw mipaco’ay ato patafoc, o sakaretengay a raraw nilaplapan nani niyaro’,cowa ka pataen. === 3.Kasasiroma no ’alafo (刑罰的分類): === Pakayniay i ’alafo a raraw ira ko sepat kasasiroma: ==== (1). Paifaloco’ay a ’alafo(自由刑): ==== mapafolaw(放逐):o mipatayay, miilohahay, ato misimeday to ada a raraw i,o tada karetengay a raraw koninian,nipafolawan ko ciraraway to ninian.yo patelacay ko kaciraraw a tamdaw o niyah sananay ko miliyasay to niyaro’.O kafolawan a mihecaan ira ko pinapina a miheca ano ca tahira to halafinay ko mihecaan,ikor to i,mipatefoc to dafaong i nidoka’an a tamdaw ato niyaro’ ta manga’ay a patatikor minokay i niyaro’. ==== (2). Itatirengay a ’alafo (身體刑) : ==== ①.mipaloay: o midoka’ay,mipaloay ato mitakaway to dafong no tao, ma’odangay a tamdaw, mihayan ko laloma’an a mipacoay,ta patefoac han to karetengay a ’alafo.②. keriteng ko tangila: o ma’odangay a fainayan ato fafahiyan a tatosa,keriten ko tangila nangara,o tahapinangan to ma’odangay.③.padamdam:o ma’odangay a fafahiyan sisipen ko damdam i poki nigra. ==== (3). Pakangodo (恥刑): ==== o ma’odangay a fainayan ato fafahiyan pawacayen a papitaliyok to niyaro’ a romakat a pakangodo. ==== (4).Mipatefoc (贖刑) : ==== oninian ko sa’adihayay a pipatefoc,o cilafoay a tamdaw pasadak to dafong,misakolong, pa’epah, padateng to makari’angay a tamdaw, ano ca o polong no niyaro’. Ira ko malidiyongay, malikolongay, malikoko’ay,maliomahay,mangalef maala ko polong dafong no loma’ ato payso,o lafo sa ningra ko pi’arawan a patefoc.O mipatayay,midoka’ay ato ‘ecoay a lafo sahwtoay o dafong ko sapipatefoc, oninian a pipatefoc ko ’adihayay a demakaen.<ref>臺灣省通志，第八冊,第31-32頁。</ref> == Pakokot ato pisawkit (控訴與判決) == O pidemak no ’Amis a tamdaw to pakokot ato pisawkit ira ko tosa kasasirom a demak.O pakayniay to no kalotamdaw a raraw (私罪) a pakokot caay o ka’eca ngasaw ko citatodongay a mipasadak to sapikokot.ono raramod a fangafang ato dafong a rawraw,ma’odangay ato mitakaway a fangafang,o makari’angay a tamdaw ko sa’ayaway a pasowal to sakakaay a faki no laloma'an,ta pahidang han to no faki ko malininaay mikayki,mitiri’ to demak no mikokotay,malaheci kona kayki ocoren ko cecay a tamdaw nona laloma’an a tayra i palafoay a ngasaw masasowal.Tangsol han to no palafoay a tatapangan faki misaopo ko salawinawina a mikayki,mipolita to so’elinay a demak ta masasowal to sapacaof, mitahidang to cowa ka pisakakinih a tamdaw a masasowal.Ano mihayi kona tosa a ngasaw, itiya to a patefoc ano ca do’edoen ko nikasasowalan no salawinawina a kayki,cowa ka longocen ko kakita’an no niyaro’. Ano caka laheci ko nikasasowal nona tosa a ngasaw, oya makari’ang a laloma’an pasitira to i kakita’an a pakokot,milayap ko kakita’an tona kokot,tangsolen no daysang no niyaro’ a mipolita kona tosa a ngasaw kona fangafang, itira i pakokotay a loma’ a mikayki. O laheci nona kayki ano no kapolongan no niyaro’ a raraw,o cefang no kapot ko mamipasowal to kakeridan nona kapot,ona kakeridan no kapot ko citatodongay pasowal to isefiay a misa’eli to pikayki no isefiay midemak to pisawkitan. Ano pakayraay tono cikawasay a demak,licayen ho ko kapot no cikawasay a misalof,ano ca ho ka ciheci ko kasasowal, pasitiraen to i lofang a kayki no niyaro’ a misalof. O pisawkitan a kayki tono kalotamdaway a raraw,itiraay i loma’ no makari’angay a mikakayki,ano no kapolongan a fangafang itiraay i sefi a midemak to sapisawkit a tayal. O tayal no pisawkitan, sa’ayaway o mamipa’ading a demak.Ano o kakita’an ko misaopoay tona kayki, sa’ayaway o faki no pakokotay ko papasowal to lalengatan a mipakokot ato tayal, do’edo sa i, o faki no mapakokotay ko papasowal a pacaof,misilsil to pakaynian nona pikokotan demak.Maherek i,pahanhan to mamang a widi,masasolwal ko kakita’an no niyaro’ mapolong a misalof ano ca masasowal to sapipatefoc. Sakatosa, o sapwacay a demak,o maamaan to a pipakokot caka ca pasadak to sapawacay a losid ano ca o pawacaay a tamdaw ta manga’ay a miketon to raraw.O tata’angay a raraw ira ko pawacaay a tamdaw ato losid ta manga’ay a miketon to raraw; Sakatol, o paikawasay a pisawkit.o mapakokotay a tamdaw tangsol a cowa ka pihayi to kaciraraw no tiring, cowa ko pawacay a cecay ko sapipa’ading to tiring,tangsol a paloko to cowa ka ciraraw ko niyah.Ano o mitakaway ko mapakokotay, o paloko ko sapina’ay,sowal saan: “ano mitakaway kako,ano mi’adop sato kako o mamatefad i tonotonoan”. Ano ca ho ka kaketon ko raraw,saikoray to a demak i,ono Kawasan to ko mamisawkit,tahidangen ko kakeridan no cikawasay, palokoen no cikawasay ko kawas tona fangafang ta ira ko pisawkit no kawas, mi’edaw to ’aol a ’edaw ano ca o ’eli a ’edaw, ano ca miala to tiwas ato potok to mapi’edaw, o cikawasay ko mamiketon to cima ko ciraraway. Ano sapikilimaw to mitakaway a tamdaw, mitahidang ko cikawasay to Malataw mipasifana’ to cim akoya mitakaway a tamdaw. Away ko mingayaway a pisawkit.<ref>臺灣省通志，第八冊,第32頁。</ref> == Kafalic no ngangan no dafong (財產權的轉讓與繼承) == O sefi ko sakakaay a kaitiraan no niyaro’, o maamaan to a demak ato tayal itiniay i sefi masasowal ko kakitaan ato komong no niyaro’ a misetek to tatayalen, itini a midemak to kayki no niyaro' o masakapotay ko misetekay to polong a demak no niyaro' itini i sefi.<ref>蔡中涵、陳俊男 著 原住民族傳統習慣之調查、整理及評估納入現行法制 第七期委託研究--- 阿美族、噶瑪蘭族、撒奇萊雅族。民國100年。臺北市。第74頁。</ref> Ano mikiharay to sapaka’orad a lisin,o cikawasay ko citatodongay matayal to nini.<ref>蔡中涵、陳俊男 著 原住民族傳統習慣之調查、整理及評估納入現行法制 第七期委託研究--- 阿美族、噶瑪蘭族、撒奇萊雅族。民國100年。臺北市。第74頁。</ref> I tini to a mahapinagan ko faco no niyaro’ no ’Amis a finacadan: o kakita'an, o masakapotay ato cikawasay, ona tolo a faco ko tadahecek no faco no 'Amis a niyaro'.<ref>蔡中涵、陳俊男 前揭書, 第74頁。</ref> onini a tolo a hecek ko midemakay to polong a tayal no niyaro'. O dafong no niyaro’ samaanen ko kacidafong, masaanen a miraoy ato pikilac sahetoay itini i sefi ko kasasowalan ato pisetekan.o kapolongan a dafong no niyaro’ halokapolongan koninian dafong, cowa ka nga'ay ko kakita’an no niyaro’ a miteked tonini a dafong no niyaro’ . orasaka, away ko pirocok to dafong sanay a demak. Ono laloma’an dafong a pirocok ato kafalic no ngangan no dafong, pakayniay i salawinawina ko pido’edoan: 1.Mikadafo ko fa’inayan tayra i loma’ no fafahi a maro’, o wawa ningra sahetoay mikiwinaay ko kamaro’ nano ka’emangan,o sakakaay a fafahiyan a wawa ko mirocokay to dafong no loma’<ref>蔡中涵、陳俊男 前揭書, 第74頁。</ref> malahad malatamdaw to i,miala to kadafo cowa ka pilaliw to loma’.Nikawrira, o fa’inayan a wawa malatamdaw to i,mikadafo itira i loma’ no fafahi ningra a maro’.Ano mikadafo ko fa’inayan cowa ka pirocok to maamaan a dofong no tatapangan a loma’,cowa ka pitatoy to adihayay a dafong mikadafo, o i tirengay aca a fonos ato takoyodan ko nihawikidan a mikadafo. 2. O sakakaay a wawa to fafahiyan ko mirocokay to dafong no loma’,ano mapatay kona sakakaay a wawa to fafahiyan, o sakatosa a wawa to fafahiyan ko mirocokay.<ref>蔡中涵、陳俊男 前揭書, 第75頁。</ref> O rarocokaen a dafong no laloma’an ira ko sera (liomah,hadhad,padatengan), loma’ ato taliyok no paloma’an a sera. 3.O sakatosa ato safa a wawa to fafahiyan ano ciramod to i,itiniay to i laloma’an a maro’ cowa ka piliyas.nikawrira, ano ciwawa sato ‘aloman to ko palo no loma’ cowa to ka’edeng ko kamaro’an ano saan i,manga’ay ciloma’ misiiked a maro’.Ano ciloma’ kami sako safa a fafahiyan, mitahidangan ko faki no laloma’an minokay mipakilac toya caciloma’ a fafahiyan a wawa.ano away ko faki a loma’ i, o malitengay no salawinawina ko masasowal a miketon to pipakilac to dafong, ano away ko maliteng a laloma’an, o malitengay no ngasaw ko mamikayki to piketon to pipakilac to dafong.<ref>蔡中涵、陳俊男 前揭書, 第75頁。</ref> == O tayal no faki (舅舅的角色) == O faki hananay i, i’ayaw no pikadafoan ningra inanengay a matayal to sakacidafoh no loma’,misamatang, mipakaen to safa ato malitengay ato polong no palo no loma’.Malakapah to i,misakapot maroray a matayal to tayal no niyaro’. Ano mikadafo sato i, o fonos ato takoyodan cecay ko nihawikidan,cowa ka pirocok to maamaan a dafong no loma’, orasaka, ikaka ko pinengneng to faki no laloma’an,o kakangodoan ko faki.tata’ang ko ngiha’ a pasowal to tatapangan a loma’ (pito’asan),cecay ko sowal no faki malaheciay to ko demak away ko away ko mifelihay to sowal no faki a miliyangay. Saira ko sowal no hakasi no Dipon ci Suienali Micio: Pakaso’elin ko tamtamdaw to kaci’ecil no faki a mipa’ading a midipot to loma’, matiya o ci’ecilay tono kawasan a ’icel. Tadaci’icelay ko faki a misiwar to sakarihaday no laloma’an, nawhanni,oninian i,malacecayay ko faloco’ no faki ato to’as sanay. O palo no laloma’an tadamingodoay to faki, tadamatalaway to ‘icel no faki, ano ca ka pitengil ko cima no laloma’an to sowal no faki ono kawasan a ‘icel ko sapitefoc to maliyangay a palo no loma’,orasaka, o kakatalawan ko faki. Ano minokay ko faki i pito’asan a miliso’ to laloma’an, i ‘ayaw no pinapina a romi’ad misakimokimolay to ko laloma’an a mipatala,ano minengneng to padiyongan ko faki, ala hahawhawasa, ala hahawhawsa ko laloma’an mamanay to saan.Maopoh to a masasowal ko laloma’an to sapisadiyong sapakaen to faki.<ref>末成道男著 台灣阿美族之社會組織及其變化--- 從招贅婚到嫁娶婚。第203~204頁。</ref> == Pacefaday tilid ( 註腳) == [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian ’Amis]] 98mssg581cqnhqc0c7sgn8zqwwrl97x 0 2513 43242 39214 2024-05-10T13:41:32Z 嚴美鳳 41 43242 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Tamorak.ogg|縮圖|O tamorak ko sakalafi nira.]] == Tamorak == ==== '''O tamorak/o ciyak.(南瓜)''' ==== O '''tamolak''' hananay i todongay tadafongcalay a maro dateng, itini i posong haw i, o ciyak hanangra a pangangan, ano hapinangen ko tomolak i, adihay koka sasiloma nira, irako tata’akay ko heci, irako ki^mingay ko heci, irako mato rifer no paliding a heci, irako mato to’to’ a heci, halo ya ko^ngelay a teloc papah nira tada fangca:lay a kala datengen, sanaw  nano ‘ayaw o tamolak i otada da:teng no mita o Pangcah, ano i rotok to, ano i enal to, manga’ay to paloma to kolotamolak. '''Naicowaay ama lengn’ak ko tamorak/ciyak.(南瓜的發展)''' Ano dodoen ko fana’ nomi kingkiway i, o sowal nangra to pakayraay to lalengn’atan no tamorak i, naitiniay i [[Amirika]](美國) ami salingato sanay, itiraay ko tatapangan nira saan, Nanqua(南瓜)( Crookneck Squash, Pumpkin) hananay sanaw adi:hay itini i Amirika komatilaay, o sasanga’en nangra to Nanqua pay(南瓜派), lomasato malawod ko [[wansenchiy]](萬聖節) nangra o tamorak to ko sasang’aen nagnra to maama:an, sanaw i Amirika ko saadihaiy to tamorak/ciyak. Dodosato a tayni tini ino holaman(華人) a kanatal niyaro amarenak halo Taywan amapolong, aca ataynito iromaroma a finacadan. ==== '''O pinangan no tamorak/ciyak.(南瓜的特色)''' ==== O pinangan no tamorak i, o milaladay ko rengaw nira matiya o masay, ano i ‘enal a sotad, roma i kilang ami kalic, sanaw ira ko mipalangraay ami paloma to tamorak, nikaolira a ciheciay to tata’akay ko heci i, caay kaga’ay palangraen, matiyahan to sinal ami paloma i sera a papi dapdap ami lalad, tia cihci sato cingra i fangcalay a arang amiritod, ya kimingay ko heci i mipalanglaan amaca’it ko heci nira, o tomolak hawi caay ka ‘dengan o heci nira kamaka’enay, ya koengelay a teroc ato hana nira i, tada fangcalay a marodateng, romasato yapapah nira nawhani kakahaday ngaay sapitafo to felac ami tangtang to hemay ato hakhak, hanaw irako mipanganganay to fankoa(飯瓜) sanay，lomasa mato ‘ekim ko kamaroro nira sanaw i o chinkoa(金爪) han nangra a pangangan, oromasato nawhani adi:hay itini i inaka, sanaw ira ko panganganay to fangkoa(番瓜) sanay. O karengawan to cecay a mihecaan i itiraay to kacihrangan ato karawfawan, marawod toko roma a mihecaan i madeng to ko to’as nira a ciheci to, matafesiw to toro a mihecaan i, mariteng to mafadi’ ma’icang mapatay cingra. ==== '''O heci no tamorak/ciyak.(南瓜的果實)''' ==== O heci no tamorak/ciyak hawi, sahto maloloay ko adihaiay, caay ka^dengan aca a karadatengen, adihaiay ko iofong nira, fangcalay pacamolen i hemay a komaen, iraay ko β-foloposo(胡蘿蔔素), ato fitamin(維他命)to C/E nira, o saka ci’icel a tanektek no tileng a caay kaci adada tora ‘ekan(癌症) hananay, ano mitangtang to heci nira i, mang’aay halo podac han ami tangtang, oya kakoc nira fangcalay temoen a komaen, iraay koya sin(鋅) hananay to saka ramakat no remes, sanaw o sowal no ihekkalay to kalocimacimahawiy “komaen to tamorak to sapatongal to remes saan”(南瓜補血). Mang’aay sano Padakaen(西式) ami tangtang tora nangkapay(南瓜泒) ato tankaw(蛋糕), mang’aay a saholoen to hemay, nikaorila ono nomita o pangcah i sakohaw hanaca halopapah ato hana nira ato o kalomaanmaan ami pacacamol. Dengansa caay kangaay a pacefasa apacacamol to roma a datengan, kafan’ato ami na’on to sapipacamol, olomasato caay kang’aay a misa adihay ta:to a koma^en, nawhani takalaw kora tinfen(澱粉) nira, ano matafesiw ko kakomaen i, tosaka tatiih aca no tileng. ==== '''Masamaanay kopi satamorak/ciyak no pangcah/’Amis.(阿美族如何種植南瓜)''' ==== Nanoto’as tahanini halafinaiy to kopi satamorak/ciyak no mita o pangcah, awaay to kopinang to mihcaan, nikaolira mananamay to ami satamorak/ciyak ko to’as no mita o pangcah/’Amis, ano itini to irikot, ano itini to iomah aca irotok ami sarafal, mangaay to ami paloma to tamorak/ciyak, roma palilis itini i rawac taliyok no omah, ano malarok ami pananom ami patayhi i, fangcal ko rengaw adihay koheci nira, dengansa caay kang’aay a matiya o saitaw a mipawali ami na’ang ami sahalafin, o sapipaloma to tamorak i, pakaylaay toya kakoc nira, yacaho kapi tangtang to heci no tamorak/ciyak i, miri’ayaw ami ara to kakoc nira ami pawali ami ‘icang, dodosato marawod kopipalomaan i, araen kora kakoc ami rafong i sera to sota’, ta romengaw kora tamorak/ciyak, maara ko pangkiw no mihcaan i, ma^deng to ko to’as nira ami lalad i, yacaho kaciheci i nga’aiay to a datengen, yaheci nira i yacahoka’ikes i, nga’ay to ri’ayawen amiara, roma i ano matatodong ko ‘ikes nira i, fangcalay halo podach han ami tantaneng, e^dengsa ano ‘atekak tato ko podach nira i podachenho tiya dangdangen. ==== '''Omaan ko nana’ongen a komaen to tamorak/ciyak.(食用南瓜應注意事項)''' ==== Haiy fangcal toko tamorak/ciyak akaradatengen a komaen sakita, nikaolira, ano caay kapina’on i, o sakatati’ih no tileng, o maan kora nana’onen, ora tamorak/ciyak hawi tatiih apacamolen to karang a komaen, ano ka^nen hawi, o mara sakawarak ko tamdaw, romasato ano o foting tora liyi(鯉魚) hananay ato o hala ato o titi no sili tatiihay to ama cacamol, tangtang hanaca ami sakohaw, akato pacamolen to tomato ato damdam, oya takalaway ko wesenso/C(維生素/C) tora pocay(菠菜), yocay(油菜) hananay i, caay ka fangcal a macacamol. Sanaw kapina’on to amitangtang a koma^en, hapinangen to ko sapacacamol tiya caay ka kali’ang ko tileng. (Siwkolan 'Amis Suman2023/06/18) Tahapinangan參考文獻: Ø  南瓜的營養成分. Ø   南瓜營養好處多：6大驚人健康好處報你知. Ø  吃南瓜好處多但注意千萬不能和它一起搭配. naupj41ncd7jm1pspqmy01puih10ex7 0 2514 38372 38370 2023-06-23T10:49:26Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38372 wikitext text/x-wiki == Mi'edaw竹占 == Itiya ho, o ’[[Amis.Pangach|Amis]] finacadan a tamdaw o kalomaamaan saheto iraay ko salo’afang saan, o nia caayay ko ’araw no tamdaw a kawakawas, pakayni i nipili’an ano eca citodongay malalicay a tamdaw, ko mamipalalan a pa’olid ano eca paratohay to nafaloco’an, pakaynien i pi’edaw ano eca pakayni i kasairaira a pipa’edap. O maan ko pi’edaw, alatek aniniay a kapahay tamdaw mafokil ito o maan ko pi’edaw? anini sato awa:ay to maaraw to mita ko matiniay a demak i niyaro’. O pi’edaw hananay, o ’aol ko kahapinangan pasetek, mafan’ to ikoray a fangcalay ato mari'angay a demak. Tinako, o adadaay a tamdaw, o ngasawan, omalinaay ato maemin a demakan no niyaro’, matiya o kailisinan to, masayir to, ma’emin manga’ay pakayni to pi’edaw hananay mareko ko demak. O aniniay a siyakay i, ira haca ko ’Amis a tamdaw miterekay midemak ato sapirocokaw to pi’edaw., talacowa mafalifalic ko kasolek no siyakay ato kasasiroma to no saki’orip, alatek ira ko sakangilayaw to ponka no Yencomin, nikaorira, o ’alomanay a ’Amis finacadan ’Amis a tamdaw i, matoor midodo’ ho ko nato’asan a serangawan, saka anini midemak to pi’edaw. == Pahecian no pi’edaw竹占功能 == Tahamitini i niyaro’ no ’Amis, o sapi’edaw malopinengnengan tadamaanay a pinangan no ponka ato tadamaanay a sakadademak. itini i pipa'edawan, patalomaan, kalipahakan ato masamaanay a demakan i, ira ho ko mi’edaway ato Paseneng toni ’edaw, patalahekal tona to’asan ato parayray koni a demak. == Parafas a sowal補充 == Ira ko sowal nomato’asay to pakayniay to kaciwawa no mararamoday. Patinako, o ’Amis finacadan a tamdaw, saheto o kalawawaay, ci wawa saan, ira ko 8, 10, 12 ko ka’aloman ko kaciwawa, o milenakay to teloc no finacadan ahan ko sowal. Nikawrira ira ko mararamoday sa ciwawa saan i, cecay aca, samaamaanen noya mararamoday a micorek i kalahokan, misalafii, cecay sa a cecay ko kaciwawa, ira ko sowal no mato’asay to matiniay a kaciwawa “Mato tingas no ’edaw”. Saan ko pipalasafa, mi’epec to matiniay. Mi’edaw sa ko mi’edaway misotasot mitaroh itiya, malafot koya sapi’edaw, ira ko cecay o dengan macekakay a macidemay (masatingas), o nian ko patinako no mato’asay to cecayay ko kaciwawa no mararamoday. == Tadamaanay ko pipangangabn命名重要性 == Itiya ho o tengil no mako ci faian no mako to mi’edaw hananay a demak, ano mahofon ko fafahiyan to wawa i, mipangangan to wawa, paytemek sa to kaolahan a ngangan mipangangan, roma mipangangan to no fakiay a ngangan, o roma anoi kahacowaan ko kahofocan no wawa i, tinako i kacanglahan, kalahokan mahofoc, pangangan han ci Canglah anca ci Lahak han ko ngangan, nikaorira, ano caay ka tama ko pipangangan haw i, kalaadada kora wawa. Sowal sa ko fai no mako, mitiya o ali nira, iayaw yamahofoc to wawa cingra, mapangangan to nira koya wawa, paka ci Tomay han nira a pangangan, nika mahofoc sato koya wawa, kalaadda ci Tomay, tahira to tosa a mihecaan ko kaadada ni Tomay, tona tosa a mihecaan honi honi panengneng to ising, talacowacowa mipaising caay kanga’ay, roma i, miniwing aca i paisingan, nikaorira, caay kanga’ay ko tatirengan nira, panokay han to nangra kora wawa. Tahaloma’ sato i, sowal han ni fai ko ali nira, amatira aca manga’ay padangen ako kiso midipot ci Tomayan, samaanen ni fai midipot ci Tomay, tanotangic sa ci Tomay, to romi’ad to dadaya tomangic, macahiw i, mafecal i, saromi’ami’ad sa tomangic, masamanay kona wawa sa kako i tiyaho, nanoyanan sato pakonira han to no mama ato no ina nira, siday han nira itini i tamiyanan. == Pa’edaw竹占算命 == Saka sowal sakoya wina ni fai, i niyaro’ no mita ira ko cecay a tamdaw ci Sera ko ngangan nira, mafana’ cingra mi’edaw, manga’ay paarawen ita, tatayra to ko ina ni fai milicay toya mi’edaway a tamdaw ci Sera, sowal sa ci Sera manga’ay to, tatayra ho kako i lotok mikilim to ’aol saan, tolo ko romi’ad mikilim kako, ano ira to ko mialaan no mako to sapi 'edaw haw, tahidang han to ako kiso. Nawhan o tatayra ho kako i mararaa:ay a lotok caayay ho karakat no tamdaw, caayay ho katefing no tamdaw a 'aol, mamiala ho kako hanaw tolo a romi'ad. Toloay to a romi’ad mitahidang to ci faian, ta patayra han to nafai ci Tomay i loma’ na Sera mipa'edaw, tangasa ca fai i loma’ na Sera, ta misi 'oway kora a mama mi 'oway tora 'aol, misakohepic tora 'aol, tatodong ko saka tayal nira kora 'aol, masa kohepic masanga' nira kora 'aol mi'edaw to cingra, pakafit han i tini i wa'ay ningra, satikotiko han ningra pakawali, pakawanan i wa’ay nira, ta caciyaw to cingra, alatek o lisin no mato'asay koni, ya mi'edaw cingra manengneng nira, aya: kona wawa moraraw ko pangangan tona wawa, caay ka tama falicen ko ngangan nona wawa, ma'epongay kona wawa saan, ano caay ka falicen ko ngangan nona wawa, alatek mapatay kona wawa saan, nano yanan cima hanen pangangan sa cangra? paka ci Namoh hannen saan cangra, sa dafadafak sato fangcal soeso sato masoeso, tanetek to ko tireg ni Namoh matini. fsjlz5l64whzhut8bse9b31q1ng9ovr 14 2515 46992 46984 2025-07-13T10:18:59Z Quinlan83 1494 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/45.74.57.11|45.74.57.11]] ([[User talk:45.74.57.11|talk]]): Rb (TwinkleGlobal) 46992 wikitext text/x-wiki 分類:國家 68kvqboguxdsv310qwiywez3krykx4z 14 2516 38379 2023-06-23T11:41:13Z 陳鷹馬 1604 建立內容為「分類:巴布亞紐幾內亞」的新頁面 38379 wikitext text/x-wiki 分類:巴布亞紐幾內亞 su9640l5ms1aojgenttf92pfu5tq7q2 0 2517 38386 38381 2023-06-23T12:01:42Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38386 wikitext text/x-wiki '''O Amilika a Lemed 美國夢''' '''American Dream''' ('''O Amilika a Lemed'''), o nipipaso’elin kaitini i [[Amilika]] ko pisa’icel o malosaka ci nga’ayay ko ’oripan, orasaka o tamdaw pakayni i niyah a misa’icelan, codahan, kaiharetengan ato safaloco’an ko kacemahad, o caayay pilitado to patodong no syakay a selal ato padama no tao. No roma matiniay a niheratengan no tamdaw o sakikicay a malowad ano eca malatawkiay a harateng koni. ’alomanay a Europe mafolaway tamdaw o cifaloco’ay a o American a Dream(lemed) ko satayra i Amilika. Nika o caayay kapapina a tamdaw mi’epesay to American a Dream(lemed) o misangalefay to dafongan to sakakadofahaw milita’ang ato lipahakan pahapinang. Nawhani kao ’alomasnay kitakit a tamdaw caay ka matira, itini i Amilika o pakoniraay a kicay adihayay, awaay ko tatodong no sifo, saka o syakay no Amilika ranikay ko kadademakan. Nai pisiiked no Amilika tangasa i 19 sician, dadahalay a sera awaay ko maro’ay ato ciseraay, manan cifaloco’ay a tamdaw manga’ay micelap misafaloco’ mimatang. Tangasa i falicen to kikay ko sakatayal, ta’akay a parapatan a kinaira ato fa’elohay kakayan a fana’ ranikay ramakat i syakay no Amilika. ==Pikafitan i papotal(外部連接)== *[https://www.thenewslens.com/article/163090 《螺絲愈來愈鬆》推薦序：消逝的美國夢與還沒醒的美國人] [[Category:Amilika]] dw487nlkn7dafow5pl5tkl1trap92n7 10 2518 38382 2023-06-23T11:52:21Z 陳鷹馬 1604 模板:Cite web 38382 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{pp-template|small=yes}}</noinclude><includeonly>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</includeonly> ewnfve6qgjgnwadx91dx50ygctq5p4x 10 2519 38383 2023-06-23T11:54:14Z 陳鷹馬 1604 模板:Pp-template 38383 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{pp-meta |type={{#switch:{{{demolevel|{{#ifeq:{{PROTECTIONLEVEL:edit}}-{{PROTECTIONLEVEL:move}}|-sysop|move|{{PROTECTIONLEVEL:edit}}}}}}} |semi |autoconfirmed=semi |templateeditor=indef |administrator |full |sysop=full |move=move |#default=full<!--fallback value-->}} |small={{{small|no}}} |demospace={{{demospace|}}} |demolevel={{#ifeq:{{PAGENAME}}/{{NAMESPACE}}|{{SUBPAGENAME}}/{{ns:Template}}|{{{demolevel|undefined}}}|{{#ifeq:{{lc:{{SUBPAGENAME}}}}|sandbox|sysop|{{{demolevel|undefined}}}}}}} |expiry=<!--not applicable--> |dispute=no |icon-text=本{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:6}}|-{zh-hant:檔案;zh-hans:檔}-由於已使用於高風險範本或系統消息故|高風險範本}}已獲永久{{#switch:{{{demolevel|{{#ifeq:{{PROTECTIONLEVEL:edit}}-{{PROTECTIONLEVEL:move}}|-sysop|move|{{PROTECTIONLEVEL:edit}}}}}}} |semi |autoconfirmed=半保護 |templateeditor=範本保護 |move=移動保護 |administrator |full |sysop |#default=<!--fallback value-->保護}}以免遭到破壞 |reason-text=本{{#switch:{{NAMESPACE}} |{{ns:image}}=檔案由於已使用於高風險範本{{#switch:{{{demolevel|{{PROTECTIONLEVEL:edit}}}}} |semi |autoconfirmed= |administrator |full |sysop=或[[Special:Allmessages|系統訊息]] |#default=<!--fallback value-->}}故 |#default=[[Wikipedia:HRT|高風險範本]] }}已獲得[[Wikipedia:獲保護頁面|{{#switch:{{{demolevel|{{#ifeq:{{PROTECTIONLEVEL:edit}}-{{PROTECTIONLEVEL:move}}|-sysop|move|{{PROTECTIONLEVEL:edit}}}}}}} |semi |autoconfirmed=半 |templateeditor=範本 |move=移動 |administrator |full |sysop<!--uses default--> |#default=<!--fallback value-->}}保護]]{{#ifeq:{{PROTECTIONLEVEL:edit}}-{{PROTECTIONLEVEL:move}}|-sysop||}}以免受到破壞。{{#switch:{{{demolevel|{{PROTECTIONLEVEL:edit}}}}} |semi |autoconfirmed= |administrator |full |sysop<!--uses default--> |#default={{#switch:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:image}}=<br /><small>'''請勿移動此檔案'''到[[commons:|維基共用]]。</small>}}}} |categories={{{categories|{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:10}}|{{#switch:{{{demolevel|{{#ifeq:{{PROTECTIONLEVEL:edit}}-{{PROTECTIONLEVEL:move}}|-sysop|move|{{PROTECTIONLEVEL:edit}}}}}}} |semi |autoconfirmed=[[Category:被保護的範本|{{PAGENAME}}]]{{#ifeq:{{PROTECTIONLEVEL:move}}|sysop|[[Category:被保護的範本|{{PAGENAME}}]]}} |move=[[Category:被保護的範本|{{PAGENAME}}]] |administrator |full |sysop<!--uses default--> |#default=[[Category:被保護的範本|{{PAGENAME}}]]<!--fallback value-->}}}}{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:6}}|[[Category:{{#switch:{{{demolevel|{{PROTECTIONLEVEL:edit}}}}} |semi |autoconfirmed=被保護的 |administrator |full |sysop<!--uses default--> |#default=被保護的<!--fallback value-->}}頁面|{{PAGENAME}}]]}}}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{pp-template|categories=no}} <!-- Show the large version --> <!-- Show the small version --> <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> m6kl7zbi5fq1foy3lx23u3im6e89nqx 828 2520 38384 2023-06-23T11:56:51Z 陳鷹馬 1604 模組:Citation/CS1 38384 Scribunto text/plain --[[--------------------------< I M P O R T E D _ F U N C T I O N S _ A N D _ V A R I B L E S >----------------- ]] local cfg = {}; -- table of configuration tables that are defined in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration local whitelist = {}; -- table of tables listing valid template parameter names; defined in Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist local dates, year_date_check; -- functions in Module:Citation/CS1/Date_validation local add_maint_cat, append_error, make_error_tail, reset_error, set_error, select_one, throw_error; -- error-related functions in Module:Citation/CS1/Error local first_set, hyphen_to_dash, is_set, in_array, substitute; -- simple functions in Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities local has_invisible_chars, kern_quotes, pend_separator, safe_join, wrap_style, wrap_msg; -- style-related functions in Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities local check_for_external_link, make_external_link, make_internal_link; -- link-related functions in Module:Citation/CS1/Links local extract_ids, build_id_list, is_embargoed, extract_id_access_levels; -- functions in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers local get_people, format_people; -- functions in Module:Citation/CS1/People local COinS; -- functions in Module:Citation/CS1/COinS local script_concatenate, language_parameter; -- functions in Module:Citation/CS1/Language local function load_modules (module_path, module_suffix) cfg = mw.loadData (module_path .. 'Configuration' .. module_suffix); whitelist = mw.loadData (module_path .. 'Whitelist' .. module_suffix); local validation = require (module_path .. 'Date_validation' .. module_suffix); local identifiers = require (module_path .. 'Identifiers' .. module_suffix); local utilities = require (module_path .. 'Utilities' .. module_suffix); local people = require (module_path .. 'People' .. module_suffix); local links = require (module_path .. 'Links' .. module_suffix); local errors = require (module_path .. 'Error' .. module_suffix); local coins = require (module_path .. 'COinS' .. module_suffix); local languages = require (module_path .. 'Language' .. module_suffix); utilities.set_selected_modules (cfg); links.set_selected_modules (utilities, errors); errors.set_selected_modules (cfg, utilities, links); identifiers.set_selected_modules (cfg, utilities, errors, links, validation); people.set_selected_modules (cfg, utilities, errors, links); coins.set_selected_modules (cfg, utilities, links); languages.set_selected_modules (utilities, errors); dates = validation.dates; -- imported functions year_date_check = validation.year_date_check; first_set = utilities.first_set; hyphen_to_dash = utilities.hyphen_to_dash; is_set = utilities.is_set; in_array = utilities.in_array; substitute = utilities.substitute; has_invisible_chars = utilities.has_invisible_chars; kern_quotes = utilities.kern_quotes; pend_separator = utilities.pend_separator; safe_join = utilities.safe_join; wrap_style = utilities.wrap_style; wrap_msg = utilities.wrap_msg; make_external_link = links.make_external_link; make_internal_link = links.make_internal_link; check_for_external_link = links.check_for_external_link; add_maint_cat = errors.add_maint_cat; append_error = errors.append_error; make_error_tail = errors.make_error_tail; reset_error = errors.reset_error; set_error = errors.set_error; select_one = errors.select_one; throw_error = errors.throw_error; extract_ids = identifiers.extract_ids; build_id_list = identifiers.build_id_list; is_embargoed = identifiers.is_embargoed; extract_id_access_levels = identifiers.extract_id_access_levels; get_people = people.get_people; format_people = people.format_people; COinS = coins.COinS; script_concatenate = languages.script_concatenate; language_parameter = languages.language_parameter; end --[[--------------------------< D E P R E C A T E D _ P A R A M E T E R >-------------------------------------- Categorize and emit an error message when the citation contains one or more deprecated parameters. The function includes the offending parameter name to the error message. ]] local function deprecated_parameter (name) append_error ('deprecated_params', {name}); end --[[--------------------------< D I S C A R D _ P A R A M E T E R >-------------------------------------------- ]] local function discard_parameter (name, label, new_value) if is_set (name) then append_error ('parameter_discarded', label); end return new_value; end --[[--------------------------< S A N I T I Z E D _ P A R A M E T E R _ V A L U E >------------------------ This function is used to validate a parameter's assigned value for those parameters that have only a limited number of allowable values (e.g. yes, y, true, no, etc). If the parameter value is empty or is in the list of allowed values, the function returns the value; else, it emits an error message and returns the default value. ]] local function sanitized_parameter_value (value, name, key, default) if not is_set (value) then return value; -- an empty parameter is ok elseif in_array (value:lower(), cfg.keywords[key]) then return value; else append_error ('invalid_param_val', {name, value}); -- not an allowed value so add error message return default; end end --[[--------------------------< E X T R A _ T E X T _ I N _ P A R A M E T E R _ C H E C K >------------------------------ ]] local function extra_text_in_parameter_check (value, type) local good_patterns = cfg.extra_text_pattern[type]['good']; local bad_patterns = cfg.extra_text_pattern[type]['bad']; for _, pattern in pairs (good_patterns) do if value:match (pattern) then return; end end for _, pattern in pairs (bad_patterns) do if value:match (pattern) then add_maint_cat ('extra_text', type); return; end end end --[[--------------------------< V A L I D A T E _ D A T E >------------------------------------------------------- Go test all of the date-holding parameters for valid MOS:DATE format and make sure that dates are real dates. This must be done before we do COinS because here is where we get the date used in the metadata. Date validation supporting code is in Module:Citation/CS1/Date_validation ]] local function validate_date (AccessDate, ArchiveDate, Date, DoiBroken, Embargo, LayDate, PublicationDate, Year, COinS_date, origin) local error_message = ''; -- AirDate has been promoted to Date so not necessary to check it anchor_year, error_message = dates ({['access-date']=AccessDate, ['archive-date']=ArchiveDate, ['date']=Date, ['doi-broken-date']=DoiBroken, ['embargo']=Embargo, ['lay-date']=LayDate, ['publication-date']=PublicationDate, ['year']=Year}, COinS_date); if is_set (Year) then if is_set (Date) then -- both |date= and |year= not normally needed; local mismatch = year_date_check (Year, Date) if 0 == mismatch then -- |year= does not match a year-value in |date= append_error ('date_year_mismatch', {origin}); elseif 1 == mismatch then -- |year= matches year-value in |date= add_maint_cat ('date_year'); end end anchor_year = Year; -- Year first for legacy citations and for YMD dates that require disambiguation end if is_set (error_message) then append_error ('bad_date', {error_message}); -- add this error message end return anchor_year; end --[[--------------------------< D I S C A R D _ C H A P T E R >------------------------------------------------------- 僅為保持相容性而設置。理論上可以直接調用discard_parameter()丟棄相關參數。 ]] local function discard_chapter (args) local chap_param; if is_set (args['Chapter']) then -- get a parameter name from one of these chapter related meta-parameters chap_param = args:ORIGIN ('Chapter'); elseif is_set (args['TransChapter']) then chap_param = args:ORIGIN ('TransChapter'); elseif is_set (args['ChapterURL']) then chap_param = args:ORIGIN ('ChapterURL'); elseif is_set (args['ScriptChapter']) then chap_param = args:ORIGIN ('ScriptChapter') elseif is_set (args['ChapterFormat']) then chap_param = args:ORIGIN ('ChapterFormat') elseif is_set (args['ChapterUrlAccess']) then chap_param = args:ORIGIN ('ChapterUrlAccess') end if is_set (chap_param) then -- if we found one append_error ('chapter_ignored', {chap_param}); -- add error message end end --[[--------------------------< C R E A T E _ U R L _ O B J E C T >------------------------------------------ ]] local function create_url_object (url, source, fmt, fmt_source, access, access_source) return { ['url'] = is_set (url) and url or '', ['origin'] = is_set (source) and source or '', ['access'] = is_set (access) and sanitized_parameter_value (access, access_source, 'url-access', '') or '', ['access-origin'] = is_set (access_source) and access_source or '', ['format'] = is_set (fmt) and fmt or '', ['format-origin'] = is_set (fmt_source) and fmt_source or '', ['access-text'] = '' } end --[[--------------------------< S E T _ T I T L E T Y P E >---------------------------------------------------- This function sets default title types (equivalent to the citation including |type=<default value>) for those templates that have defaults. Also handles the special case where it is desirable to omit the title type from the rendered citation (|type=none). ]] local function set_titletype (cite_class, title_type) if is_set (title_type) then if 'none' == title_type then title_type = ''; -- if |type=none then type parameter not displayed end return title_type; -- if |type= has been set to any other value use that value end return cfg.title_types[cite_class] or ''; -- set template's default title type; else empty string for concatenation end --[[--------------------------< S E T _ N O _ T R A C K I N G _ C A T S >----------------------------------------- check this page to see if it is in one of the namespaces that cs1 is not supposed to add to the error categories ]] local function set_no_tracking_cats (no_tracking, no_tracking_source, this_page) local no_tracking_cats = sanitized_parameter_value (no_tracking, no_tracking_source, 'yes_true_y', nil); if not is_set (no_tracking_cats) then -- ignore if we are already not going to categorize this page if in_array (this_page.nsText, cfg.uncategorized_namespaces) then return true; -- set no_tracking_cats end for _,v in ipairs (cfg.uncategorized_subpages) do -- cycle through page name patterns if this_page.text:match (v) then -- test page name against each pattern return true; -- set no_tracking_cats; bail out if one is found end end return false; else return true; end end --[[--------------------------< S E T _ C S 1 _ S T Y L E >---------------------------------------------------- Set style settings for CS1 citation templates. Returns separator and postscript settings ]] local function set_cs1_style (ps) if not is_set (ps) then -- unless explicitely set to something ps = '.'; -- terminate the rendered citation with a period end return '.', ps; -- separator is a full stop end --[[--------------------------< S E T _ C S 2 _ S T Y L E >---------------------------------------------------- Set style settings for CS2 citation templates. Returns separator, postscript, ref settings ]] local function set_cs2_style (ps, ref) if not is_set (ps) then -- if |postscript= has not been set, set cs2 default ps = ''; -- make sure it isn't nil end if not is_set (ref) then -- if |ref= is not set ref = 'harv'; -- set default |ref=harv end return ',', ps, ref; -- separator is a comma end --[[--------------------------< G E T _ S E T T I N G S _ F R O M _ C I T E _ C L A S S >---------------------- When |mode= is not set or when its value is invalid, use config.CitationClass and parameter values to establish rendered style. ]] local function get_settings_from_cite_class (ps, ref, cite_class) local sep; if (cite_class == 'citation') then -- for citation templates (CS2) sep, ps, ref = set_cs2_style (ps, ref); else -- not a citation template so CS1 sep, ps = set_cs1_style (ps); end return sep, ps, ref -- return them all end --[[--------------------------< S E T _ S T Y L E >------------------------------------------------------------ Establish basic style settings to be used when rendering the citation. Uses |mode= if set and valid or uses config.CitationClass from the template's #invoke: to establish style. ]] local function set_style (mode, mode_source, ps, ref, quote, cite_class) local sep; mode = sanitized_parameter_value (mode, mode_source, 'mode', ''):lower(); if 'cs2' == mode then -- if this template is to be rendered in CS2 (citation) style sep, ps, ref = set_cs2_style (ps, ref); elseif 'cs1' == mode then -- if this template is to be rendered in CS1 (cite xxx) style sep, ps = set_cs1_style (ps); else -- anything but cs1 or cs2 sep, ps, ref = get_settings_from_cite_class (ps, ref, cite_class); -- get settings based on the template's CitationClass end if 'none' == ps:lower() or is_set (quote) then -- if assigned value is 'none' then set it to empty string ps = ''; -- also cs1|2 does not supply terminal punctuation when |quote= is set end return sep, ps, ref end --[[--------------------------< S W A P _ U R L S >-------------------------------------------------------------- ]] local function swap_urls (url_object, chapter_url_object, archive_url_object, dead_url) local original_url_object = create_url_object (); local is_dead = in_array (dead_url, cfg.keywords['deadurl-live']); -- used later when assembling archived text if is_set (archive_url_object['url']) then if is_set (url_object['url']) then original_url_object = url_object; if not is_dead then url_object = archive_url_object; end elseif is_set (chapter_url_object['url']) then -- URL not set so if chapter-url is set apply archive url to it original_url_object = chapter_url_object; if not is_dead then chapter_url_object = archive_url_object; end end end return original_url_object, url_object, chapter_url_object; end --[[--------------------------< F O R M A T _ U R L _ A C C E S S _ T E X T >--------------------------------------- 從x-url-access系列參數生成相應的圖示；相容既有registration, subscription參數，優先順序x-url-access > subscription > registration。 ]] local function format_url_access_text (url_object, subscription_required, registration_required) local access_text = ''; local redundant = false; local access = url_object['access']; local reg = false; local sub = false; if is_set (access) then if (access == 'limited') then access_text = cfg.presentation['limited']; -- 有限度免費訪問 elseif (access == 'registration') then access_text = cfg.presentation['registration']; -- 需要免費註冊 reg = true; elseif (access == 'subscription') then access_text = cfg.presentation['subscription']; -- 需要付費訂閱 sub = true; else access_text = ''; end if is_set (subscription_required) or is_set (registration_required) then redundant = true; end else if is_set (subscription_required) then access_text = cfg.presentation['subscription']; -- 需要免費註冊 sub = true; if is_set (registration_required) then redundant = true; end elseif is_set (registration_required) then access_text = cfg.presentation['registration']; -- 需要付費訂閱 reg = true else access_text = ''; end end if is_set (url_object ['url']) then url_object['access-text'] = access_text; if sub then add_maint_cat ('subscription'); elseif reg then add_maint_cat ('registration'); end else -- 預留報錯 end return redundant; end --[[-------------------------< F O R M A T _ V O L U M E _ I S S U E >---------------------------------------- returns the concatenation of the formatted volume and issue parameters as a single string; or formatted volume or formatted issue, or an empty string if neither are set. ]] local function format_volume_issue (volume, issue, cite_class, origin, sepc, lower) if not is_set (volume) and not is_set (issue) then return ''; end if 'magazine' == cite_class or (cite_class =='map' and 'magazine' == origin) then if is_set (volume) and is_set (issue) then return wrap_msg ('vol-no', {sepc, volume, issue}, lower); elseif is_set (volume) then return wrap_msg ('vol', {sepc, volume}, lower); else return wrap_msg ('issue', {sepc, issue}, lower); end end local vol = ''; if is_set (volume) then if (6 < mw.ustring.len (volume)) then vol = wrap_msg ('j-vol', {sepc, volume}, lower); else vol = wrap_style ('vol-bold', hyphen_to_dash (volume)); end end if is_set (issue) then return vol .. wrap_msg ('j-issue', issue, lower); end return vol; end --[[-------------------------< F O R M A T _ I N S O U R C E _ L O C A T I O N >---------------------------------- Build insource_location meta-parameter from |page(s)= , |sheet(s)= , |at= and other relevant parameters. ]] local function format_insource_location (page, pages, sheet, sheets, at, minutes, time, time_caption, section, sections, inset, cite_class, origin, sepc, nopp, lower) local text = ''; if is_set (sheet) then if 'journal' == origin then text = wrap_msg ('j-sheet', sheet, lower); else text = wrap_msg ('sheet', {sepc, sheet}, lower); end elseif is_set (sheets) then if 'journal' == origin then text = wrap_msg ('j-sheets', sheets, lower); else text = wrap_msg ('sheets', {sepc, sheets}, lower); end end local is_journal = 'journal' == cite_class or (cite_class == 'map' and 'journal' == origin); if is_set (page) then if is_journal then text = wrap_msg ('j-page(s)', page, lower); elseif not is_set (nopp) then text = wrap_msg ('p-prefix', {sepc, page}, lower); else text = wrap_msg ('nopp', {sepc, page}, lower); end elseif is_set (pages) then if is_journal then text = wrap_msg ('j-page(s)', pages, lower); elseif tonumber (pages) ~= nil and not is_set (nopp) then -- if pages is only digits, assume a single page number text = wrap_msg ('p-prefix', {sepc, pages}, lower); elseif not is_set (nopp) then text = wrap_msg ('pp-prefix', {sepc, pages}, lower); else text = wrap_msg ('nopp', {sepc, pages}, lower); end end if is_set (minutes) then text = pend_separator (wrap_msg ('minutes', minutes, lower), sepc, true) .. text; else if is_set (time) then if not is_set (time_caption) then text = pend_separator (wrap_msg ('event', time, lower), sepc, true) .. text; else text = pend_separator (time_caption .. ' ' .. time .. text, sepc, true); end end end text = text .. pend_separator (at, sepc, true); text = text .. pend_separator (wrap_msg ('inset', inset, lower), sepc, true); if is_set (sections) then text = text .. pend_separator (wrap_msg ('sections', sections, lower), sepc, true); elseif is_set (section) then text = text .. pend_separator (wrap_msg ('section', section, lower), sepc, true); end return text; end --[[-------------------------< F O R M A T _ P U B L I S H E R >------------------------------------------ ]] local function format_publisher (publisher_name, publication_place, periodical, cite_class, sepc) local publisher = ''; if is_set (publisher_name) then if is_set (publication_place) then publisher = publication_place .. ': ' .. publisher_name; else publisher = publisher_name; end elseif is_set (publication_place) then publisher = publication_place; end if is_set (publisher) then if is_set (periodical) and not in_array (cite_class, {'encyclopaedia', 'web', 'pressrelease', 'podcast'}) then publisher = ' (' .. publisher .. ')'; else publisher = pend_separator (publisher, sepc, true); end end return publisher; end --[[-------------------------< F O R M A T _ L I N K >------------------------------------------------- Format an external link that may or may not be raw. ]] local function format_external_link (text, url_object, sepc) if is_set (text) then if is_set (url_object['url']) then text = make_external_link (url_object['url'], text, url_object['origin']); end text = pend_separator (text .. url_object['format'], sepc, true); elseif is_set (url_object['url']) then text = make_external_link (url_object['url'], nil, url_object['origin']); end return text; end --[[-------------------------< F O R M A T _ C O N F E R E N C E >---------------------------------------- ]] local function format_conference (conference, conference_url_object, periodical, cite_class, sepc) local conf_text = format_external_link (conference, conference_url_object, sepc); if 'speech' == cite_class and is_set (periodical) then -- if cite speech, periodical (perhaps because of an included |website= or |journal= parameter) is set; conf_text = pend_separator (conf_text, sepc, false); -- then add appropriate punctuation to the end of the conference variable if set. end return conf_text; end --[[--------------------------< F O R M A T _ C H A P T E R _ T I T L E >-------------------------------------- Format the four chapter parameters: |script-chapter=, |chapter=, |trans-chapter=, and |chapter-url= into a single Chapter meta- parameter (chapter_url_source used for error messages). ]] local function format_chapter_title (scriptchapter, chapter, transchapter, chapter_url_object, no_quotes, cite_class, title_type, sepc) local chapter_error = ''; if not is_set (chapter) then chapter = ''; -- to be safe for concatenation else if false == no_quotes then chapter = kern_quotes (chapter); -- if necessary, separate chapter title's leading and trailing quote marks from Module provided quote marks chapter = wrap_style ('quoted-title', chapter); end end chapter = script_concatenate (chapter, scriptchapter) -- <bdi> tags, lang atribute, categorization, etc; must be done after title is wrapped if is_set (transchapter) then transchapter = wrap_style ('trans-quoted-title', transchapter); if is_set (chapter) then chapter = chapter .. ' ' .. transchapter; else -- here when transchapter without chapter or script-chapter chapter = transchapter; chapter_error = ' ' .. set_error ('trans_missing_title', {'chapter'}); end end if is_set (chapter_url_object['url']) then chapter = make_external_link (chapter_url_object['url'], chapter, chapter_url_object['origin']) .. chapter_url_object['access-text']; -- adds bare_url_missing_title error if appropriate end chapter = chapter .. chapter_error; if is_set (chapter) then if 'map' == cite_class and is_set (title_type) then chapter = chapter .. ' ' .. title_type; end chapter = pend_separator (chapter .. chapter_url_object['format'], sepc, false); else -- |chapter= not set but |chapter-format= is so ... chapter = pend_separator (chapter_url_object['format'], sepc, false); -- ... ChapterFormat has error message, we want to see it end return chapter; end --[[--------------------------< F O R M A T _ M A I N _ T I T L E >------------------------------------------ Format the five title parameters: |script-title=, |title=, |trans-title=, |title-link=, and |url= into a single Title meta- parameter (url_origin and title_link_origin used for error messages). ]] local function format_main_title (title, title_link, title_link_origin, script_title, trans_title, url_object, no_chapter_format, cite_class, periodical) if is_set (title_link) and is_set (title) then title = make_internal_link (title_link, title, title_link_origin); end if no_chapter_format or ('map' == cite_class and is_set (periodical)) then -- special case for cite map when the map is in a periodical treat as an article title = kern_quotes (title); -- if necessary, separate title's leading and trailing quote marks from Module provided quote marks title = wrap_style ('quoted-title', title); title = script_concatenate (title, script_title); -- <bdi> tags, lang atribute, categorization, etc; must be done after title is wrapped trans_title= wrap_style ('trans-quoted-title', trans_title ); elseif 'report' == cite_class then -- no styling for cite report title = script_concatenate (title, script_title); -- <bdi> tags, lang atribute, categorization, etc; must be done after title is wrapped trans_title= wrap_style ('trans-quoted-title', trans_title ); -- for cite report, use this form for trans-title else title = wrap_style ('italic-title', title); title = script_concatenate (title, script_title); -- <bdi> tags, lang atribute, categorization, etc; must be done after title is wrapped trans_title = wrap_style ('trans-italic-title', trans_title); end local trans_error = ''; if is_set (trans_title) then if is_set (title) then trans_title = ' ' .. trans_title; else trans_error = ' ' .. set_error ('trans_missing_title', {'title'}); end end title = title .. trans_title; if is_set (title) then if not is_set (title_link) and is_set (url_object['url']) then title = make_external_link (url_object['url'], title, url_object['origin']) .. url_object['access-text'] .. trans_error .. url_object['format']; url_object = create_url_object (); else title = title .. trans_error; end end return title, url_object; end --[[--------------------------< F O R M A T _ F O R M A T >-------------------------------------------------------- Applies css style to |format=, |chapter-format=, etc. Also emits an error message if the format parameter does not have a matching url parameter. If the format parameter is not set and the url contains a file extension that is recognized as a pdf document by MediaWiki's commons.css, this code will set the format parameter to (PDF) with the appropriate styling. ]] local function format_format (args) for _, url_object in pairs (args) do if is_set (url_object['format']) then url_object['format'] = wrap_style ('format', url_object['format']); -- add leading space, parenthases, resize if not is_set (url_object['url']) then url_object['format'] = url_object['format'] .. set_error ('format_missing_url', {url_object['format-origin'], url_object['origin']}); -- add an error message end elseif is_set (url_object['url']) then if url_object['url']:match ('%.pdf[%?#]?') or url_object['url']:match ('%.PDF[%?#]?') then -- format is not set so if url is a pdf file then url_object['format'] = wrap_style ('format', 'PDF'); -- set format to pdf end end end end --[[--------------------------< F O R M A T _ A C C E S S D A T E >---------------------------------------------- ]] local function format_accessdate (accessdate, sepc, lower) if is_set (accessdate) then -- first, wrap in nowrap span if date in appropriate format if accessdate:match ('^%d%d%d%d%-%d%d%-%d%d$') then accessdate = wrap_style ('nowrap1', accessdate); -- when accessdate is YYYY-MM-DD format wrap in nowrap span: <span ...>YYYY-MM-DD</span>. elseif accessdate:match('^%a+%s*%d%d?,%s+%d%d%d%d$') or accessdate:match ('^%d%d?%s*%a+%s+%d%d%d%d$') then local cap, cap2 = string.match (accessdate, '^(.*)%s+(%d%d%d%d)$'); accessdate = wrap_style ('nowrap2', {cap, cap2}); -- when accessdate is DD MMMM YYYY or is MMMM DD, YYYY then wrap in nowrap span: <span ...>DD MMMM</span> YYYY or <span ...>MMMM DD,</span> YYYY end accessdate = ' ' .. wrap_msg ('retrieved', accessdate, lower); -- add retrieved text accessdate = wrap_style ('accessdate', {sepc, accessdate}); -- allow editors to hide accessdates end return accessdate; end --[[--------------------------< F O R M A T _ I D >---------------------------------------------------- ]] local function format_id (id, docket, sepc, lower) id = pend_separator (id, sepc, true); return pend_separator (wrap_msg ('docket', docket, lower), sepc, true) .. id; end --[[--------------------------< F O R M A T _ Q U O T E >---------------------------------------------- ]] local function format_quote (quote, sepc) if is_set (quote) then if quote:sub (1, 1) == '"' and quote:sub (-1, -1) == '"' then -- if first and last characters of quote are quote marks quote = quote:sub (2, -2); -- strip them off end return pend_separator (wrap_style ('quoted-text', quote), sepc, true); -- wrap in <q>...</q> tags end return ''; end --[[--------------------------< F O R M A T _ A R C H I V E >------------------------------------------ ]] local function format_archive (archive_url_object, original_url_object, archive_date, dead_url, sepc, lower) local archived = ''; if is_set (archive_url_object['url']) then if not is_set (archive_date) then archive_date = set_error ('archive_missing_date'); end if in_array (dead_url, cfg.keywords['deadurl-live']) then local arch_text = cfg.messages['archived']; if (lower) then arch_text = arch_text:lower(); end; archived = pend_separator (wrap_msg ('archived-not-dead', {make_external_link (archive_url_object['url'], arch_text, archive_url_object['origin']) .. archive_url_object['format'], archive_date }, lower), sepc, true); if not is_set (original_url_object['url']) then archived = archived .. ' ' .. set_error ('archive_missing_url'); end elseif is_set (original_url_object['url']) then -- dead_url is not live, so it should be empty, dead or unfit if in_array (dead_url, cfg.keywords['deadurl-unfit']) then archived = pend_separator (wrap_msg('archived-unfit', archive_date, lower), sepc, true); -- format already styled else -- dead_url is empty or dead archived = pend_separator (wrap_msg ('archived-dead', {make_external_link (original_url_object['url'], cfg.messages['original'], original_url_object['origin']) .. original_url_object['access-text'] .. original_url_object['format'], archive_date }, lower), sepc, true); -- format already styled end else archived = pend_separator (wrap_msg ('archived-missing', {set_error ('archive_missing_url'), archive_date }, lower), sepc, true); end elseif is_set (original_url_object['format']) then archived = original_url_object['format']; -- if set and archive_url not set archive_format has error message end return archived; end --[[--------------------------< F O R M A T _ L A Y >--------------------------------------------------- ]] local function format_lay (lay_url_object, lay_date, lay_source, sepc, lower) local lay = ''; if is_set (lay_url_object['url']) then if is_set (lay_date) then lay_date = ' (' .. lay_date .. ')' end if is_set (lay_source) then lay_source = wrap_msg ('lay source', lay_source, lower); else lay_source = ''; end local lay_sum = cfg.messages['lay summary']; if lower then lay_sum = lay_sum:lower(); end lay = pend_separator (make_external_link (lay_url_object['url'], lay_sum, lay_url_object['origin']) .. lay_url_object['format'] .. lay_source .. lay_date, sepc, true); else -- Test if |lay-format= is given without giving a |lay-url= lay = pend_separator (lay_url_object['format'], sepc, true); -- if set and LayURL not set, then LayFormat has error message end return lay; end --[[--------------------------< F O R M A T _ P E R I O D I C A L >------------------------------------ ]] local function format_periodical (periodical, title, title_note, sepc) if is_set (periodical) then if is_set (title) or is_set (title_note) then return pend_separator (wrap_style ('italic-title', periodical), sepc, true); else return wrap_style ('italic-title', periodical); end end return ''; end --[[--------------------------< A N C H O R _ I D >------------------------------------------------------------ Generates a CITEREF anchor ID if we have at least one name or a date. Otherwise returns an empty string. namelist is one of the contributor-, author-, or editor-name lists chosen in that order. year is Year or anchor_year. ]] local function anchor_id (namelist, year) local names={}; -- a table for the one to four names and year for i,v in ipairs (namelist) do -- loop through the list and take up to the first four last names names[i] = v.last if i == 4 then break end -- if four then done end table.insert (names, year); -- add the year at the end local id = table.concat (names); -- concatenate names and year for CITEREF id if is_set (id) then -- if concatenation is not an empty string return 'CITEREF' .. id; -- add the CITEREF portion else return ''; -- return an empty string; no reason to include CITEREF id in this citation end end --[[--------------------------< F O R M A T _ C I T A T I O N >-------------------------------------------- ]] local function format_citation (body, cite_class, ref, namelist, year, ocins_output, no_tracking_cats) local options = {}; if is_set (cite_class) and cite_class ~= 'citation' then options.class = 'citation ' .. cite_class; -- class=citation required for blue highlight when used with |ref= else options.class = 'citation'; end if is_set (ref) and ref:lower() ~= 'none' then -- set reference anchor if appropriate local id = ref if ('harv' == ref ) then id = anchor_id (namelist, year); -- go make the CITEREF anchor end options.id = id; end if string.len (body:gsub ('<span[^>/]*>.-</span>', ''):gsub ('%b<>','')) <= 2 then reset_error ({'err_cats'}); body = set_error ('empty_citation'); reset_error ({'msg_tail'}); end local text; if is_set (options.id) then text = wrap_style ('citation-with-id', {mw.uri.anchorEncode (options.id), mw.text.nowiki (options.class), body}); else text = wrap_style ('citation-no-id', {mw.text.nowiki (options.class), body}); end text = text .. wrap_style ('OCinS', ocins_output); text = text .. make_error_tail (no_tracking_cats); -- append error/maintenance messages/categories to the citation return text; end --[[--------------------------< D E D U C E _ C I T A T I O N _ C L A S S >-------------------------------------- 如果citation_class為citation（{{citation}}），根據periodical系列參數的設置情況推斷實際的參考類型。 ]] local function deduce_citation_class (A, naive_class) local deduced_class; local periodical = A['Periodical']; local origin = A:ORIGIN ('Periodical'); for cite_class, aliases in pairs (cfg.periodical.parameters) do if cite_class ~= '_general' then for _, aliase in pairs (aliases) do if origin == aliase then deduced_class = cite_class; end end end end if (naive_class == 'citation') then if is_set (deduced_class) then return deduced_class, true; end elseif (naive_class ~= deduced_class) then local check_list = cfg.periodical.compatibility[naive_class]; if is_set (check_list) then if is_set (check_list['drop']) and in_array (deduced_class, check_list['drop']) then A['Periodical'] = discard_parameter (periodical, origin, nil); elseif is_set (check_list['warn']) and in_array (deduced_class, check_list['warn']) then append_error ('periodical', {origin, naive_class, deduced_class, check_list['suggest']}); end end end return naive_class, false; end --[[--------------------------< A R G U M E N T _ W R A P P E R >---------------------------------------------- Argument wrapper. This function provides support for argument mapping defined in the configuration file so that multiple names can be transparently aliased to single internal variable. ]] local function argument_wrapper (args) local origin = {}; return setmetatable ({ ORIGIN = function (self, k) local dummy = self[k]; --force the variable to be loaded. return origin[k]; end }, { __index = function (tbl, k) if origin[k] ~= nil then return nil; end local args, list, v = args, cfg.aliases[k]; if type (list) == 'table' then v, origin[k] = select_one (args, list, 'redundant_parameters'); if origin[k] == nil then origin[k] = ''; -- Empty string, not nil end elseif list ~= nil then v, origin[k] = args[list], list; else -- maybe let through instead of raising an error? -- v, origin[k] = args[k], k; throw_error ('unknown_argument_map'); end -- Empty strings, not nil; if v == nil then v = cfg.defaults[k] or ''; origin[k] = ''; end tbl = rawset (tbl, k, v); return v; end, }); end --[[--------------------------< D O _ C I T A T I O N >--------------------------------------------------------- This is the main function doing the majority of the citation formatting. ]] local function do_citation (config, args) --local variables that are not cs1 parameters local this_page = mw.title.getCurrentTitle(); -- also used for COinS and for language --[[ Load Input Parameters The argument_wrapper facilitates the mapping of multiple aliases to single internal variable. ]] local A = argument_wrapper (args); local citation_class, did_duduction = deduce_citation_class (A, config.CitationClass); -- Pick out the relevant fields from the arguments. Different citation templates -- define different field names for the same underlying things. ------------------------------------------------- Get dates local Year = A['Year']; local PublicationDate = A['PublicationDate']; local OrigYear = A['OrigYear']; local Date = A['Date']; local Dateorigin = A:ORIGIN ('Date'); local LayDate = A['LayDate']; ------------------------------------------------- Get title data local Title = A['Title']; local ScriptTitle = A['ScriptTitle']; local Conference = A['Conference']; local TransTitle = A['TransTitle']; local TitleNote = A['TitleNote']; local TitleLink = A['TitleLink']; local TitleLinkorigin = A:ORIGIN ('TitleLink'); local Periodical = A['Periodical']; local Periodical_origin = A:ORIGIN ('Periodical'); -- get the name of the periodical parameter local Series = A['Series']; local ConferenceURLobject = create_url_object (A['ConferenceURL'], A:ORIGIN ('ConferenceURL'), A['ConferenceFormat'], A:ORIGIN ('ConferenceFormat')); local ArchiveURLobject = create_url_object (A['ArchiveURL'], A:ORIGIN ('ArchiveURL'), A['ArchiveFormat'], A:ORIGIN ('ArchiveFormat')); local URLobject = create_url_object (A['URL'], A:ORIGIN ('URL'), A['Format'], A:ORIGIN ('Format'),A['UrlAccess'], A:ORIGIN ('UrlAccess')); local TranscriptURLobject = create_url_object (A['TranscriptURL'], A:ORIGIN ('TranscriptURL'), A['TranscriptFormat'], A:ORIGIN ('TranscriptFormat')); local LayURLobject = create_url_object (A['LayURL'], A:ORIGIN ('LayURL'), A['LayFormat'], A:ORIGIN ('LayFormat')); local Volume = A['Volume']; local Issue = A['Issue']; local Page = A['Page']; local Pages = hyphen_to_dash (A['Pages']); local At = A['At']; if not in_array (citation_class, cfg.args_support['templates_using_volume']) then Volume = discard_parameter (Volume, A:ORIGIN ('Volume'), nil); end if not in_array (citation_class, cfg.args_support['templates_using_issue']) then if (A:ORIGIN ('Issue') ~= 'number') then Issue = discard_parameter (Issue, A:ORIGIN ('Issue'), nil); else Issue = nil; end end if in_array (citation_class, cfg.args_support['templates_not_using_page']) then Page = discard_parameter (Page, A:ORIGIN ('Page'), nil); Pages = discard_parameter (Pages, A:ORIGIN ('Pages'), nil); At = discard_parameter (At, A:ORIGIN ('At'), nil); end local Minutes = A['Minutes']; local Time = A['Time']; local TimeCaption = A['TimeCaption']; if not in_array (citation_class, cfg.args_support['templates_involving_time']) then Minutes = discard_parameter (Minutes, A:ORIGIN ('Minutes'), nil); Time = discard_parameter (Time, A:ORIGIN ('Time'), nil); TimeCaption = discard_parameter (TimeCaption, A:ORIGIN ('TimeCaption'), nil); end local Sheet = A['Sheet']; local Sheets = A['Sheets']; local Section = A['Section']; local Sections = A['Sections']; local Inset = A['Inset']; if not ('map' == citation_class) then Sheet = discard_parameter (Sheet, A:ORIGIN ('Sheet'), nil); Sheets = discard_parameter (Sheets, A:ORIGIN ('Sheets'), nil); Sections = discard_parameter (Sections, A:ORIGIN ('Sections'), nil); Inset = discard_parameter (Inset, A:ORIGIN ('Inset'), nil); end --[[ 不知道哪個“天才”想出來的點子，現行引用範本裡，section一個參數多個涵義。 在書籍類引用中，section是章節名稱，在地圖引用中，section是地圖的區域編號。 所以一旦知道citation_class不是地圖，就可以丟棄上述幾乎全部參數， 唯獨section參數需要留到檢查章節相關參數時一併進行檢查。 ]] local Chapter = ''; local ScriptChapter = ''; local TransChapter = ''; local ChapterURLobject; local no_chapter_format = in_array (citation_class, cfg.args_support['templates_not_using_chapter_format']); if in_array (citation_class, cfg.args_support['templates_not_using_chapter']) then ChapterURLobject = create_url_object (); discard_chapter (A); if not ('map' == citation_class) then Section = discard_parameter (Section, A:ORIGIN ('Section'), nil); end else Chapter = A['Chapter']; ScriptChapter = A['ScriptChapter']; TransChapter = A['TransChapter']; ChapterURLobject = create_url_object (A['ChapterURL'], A:ORIGIN ('ChapterURL'), A['ChapterFormat'], A:ORIGIN ('ChapterFormat'), A['ChapterUrlAccess'], A:ORIGIN ('ChapterUrlAccess')); if is_set (Chapter) then if is_set (Section) then select_one (args, {'chapter', 'contribution', 'section'}, 'redundant_parameters'); end else Chapter = Section; Section = nil; end end local Edition = A['Edition']; local PublicationPlace = A['PublicationPlace'] local Place = A['Place']; local PublisherName = A['PublisherName']; local RegistrationRequired = sanitized_parameter_value (A['RegistrationRequired'], A:ORIGIN ('RegistrationRequired'), 'yes_true_y', nil); local SubscriptionRequired = sanitized_parameter_value (A['SubscriptionRequired'], A:ORIGIN ('SubscriptionRequired'), 'yes_true_y', nil); local Via = A['Via']; local AccessDate = A['AccessDate']; local ArchiveDate = A['ArchiveDate']; local Agency = A['Agency']; local DeadURL = sanitized_parameter_value (A['DeadURL'], A:ORIGIN ('DeadURL'), 'deadurl', ''); local Language = A['Language']; local DoiBroken = A['DoiBroken']; local ID = A['ID']; local ASINTLD = A['ASINTLD']; local IgnoreISBN = sanitized_parameter_value (A['IgnoreISBN'], A:ORIGIN ('IgnoreISBN'), 'yes_true_y', nil); local Embargo = A['Embargo']; local Class = A['Class']; -- arxiv class identifier local ID_list = extract_ids (args); local ID_access_levels = extract_id_access_levels (args, ID_list); local LaySource = A['LaySource']; local Transcript = A['Transcript']; local no_tracking_cats = set_no_tracking_cats (A['NoTracking'], A:ORIGIN ('NoTracking'), this_page); local Quote = A['Quote']; local sepc, PostScript, Ref = set_style (A['Mode'], A:ORIGIN ('Mode'), A['PostScript'], A['Ref'], Quote, config.CitationClass); if is_set (Quote) and is_set (A['PostScript']) then select_one (args, {'postscript', 'quote', 'quotation'}, 'redundant_parameters'); end local use_lowercase = ( sepc == ',' ); -- used to control capitalization for certain static text -- check for insource-location-related parameters like |page=, |pages= or |at=. 請注意section參數有歧義，如果section跟書有關係，上面已經被清空了，這裡不納入檢查。 select_one (args, {'at', 'time', 'minutes'}, 'redundant_parameters'); select_one (args, {'page', 'p', 'pp', 'pages', 'at', 'time', 'minutes', 'sheet', 'sheets'}, 'redundant_parameters'); if is_set (Section) then select_one (args, {'at', 'section', 'sections'}, 'redundant_parameters'); else select_one (args, {'at', 'sections'}, 'redundant_parameters'); end -- Dummy calls simply to get the error messages and categories local NoPP = sanitized_parameter_value (A['NoPP'], A:ORIGIN ('NoPP'), 'yes_true_y', nil); if is_set (Page) then if is_set (Pages) or is_set (At) then Pages = ''; -- unset the others At = ''; end extra_text_in_parameter_check (Page, 'page'); -- add this page to maint cat if |page= value begins with what looks like p. or pp. elseif is_set (Pages) then if is_set (At) then At = ''; -- unset end extra_text_in_parameter_check (Pages, 'page'); -- add this page to maint cat if |pages= value begins with what looks like p. or pp. end -- both |publication-place= and |place= (|location=) allowed if different if not is_set (PublicationPlace) and is_set (Place) then PublicationPlace = Place; -- promote |place= (|location=) to |publication-place end if PublicationPlace == Place then Place = ''; end -- don't need both if they are the same if is_set (Edition) then extra_text_in_parameter_check (Edition, 'edition'); end ------------------------------------------------- Get people local NameListFormat = sanitized_parameter_value (A['NameListFormat'], A:ORIGIN ('NameListFormat'), 'name-list-format', ''); local LastAuthorAmp = sanitized_parameter_value (A['LastAuthorAmp'], A:ORIGIN ('LastAuthorAmp'), 'yes_true_y', nil); local contributors_valid = in_array (citation_class, cfg.args_support['templates_using_contributor']); local Authors, Contributors, Editors, Translators, Contribution, NameList, multiple_editors, has_contributors = get_people ( { vauthors = A['Vauthors'], authors = A['Authors'], veditors = A['Veditors'], editors = A['Editors'], contribution = A['Contribution'], coauthors = A['Coauthors'] }, { displayauthors = A['DisplayAuthors'], displayeditors = A['DisplayEditors'], contributorsvalid = contributors_valid, namelistformat = NameListFormat, lastauthoramp = LastAuthorAmp }, args, this_page.name ); -- (co-)authors, contributors, editors and translators local TitleType = set_titletype (citation_class, A['TitleType']); -- handle type parameter for those CS1 citations that have default values -- special case for cite thesis local Degree = A['Degree']; if 'thesis' == citation_class then if (is_set (Degree)) then TitleType = wrap_msg ('thesis with type', Degree, use_lowercase); else TitleType = wrap_msg ('thesis no type', 'placeholder', use_lowercase); end else Degree = discard_parameter (Degree, A:ORIGIN ('Degree'), nil); end local Others = A['Others']; --[[ Parameter remapping for cite encyclopedia: When the citation has these parameters: |encyclopedia and |title then map |title to |article and |encyclopedia to |title |encyclopedia and |article then map |encyclopedia to |title |encyclopedia then map |encyclopedia to |title |trans_title maps to |trans_chapter when |title is re-mapped |url maps to |chapterurl when |title is remapped All other combinations of |encyclopedia, |title, and |article are not modified ]] local Encyclopedia; local Entry = A['Entry']; if (citation_class == 'encyclopaedia') then -- test code for citation local entry_redundant = false Encyclopedia = Periodical; if is_set (Periodical) then if is_set (Title) or is_set (ScriptTitle) then Chapter = Title; ScriptChapter = ScriptTitle; ScriptTitle = ''; TransChapter = TransTitle; TransTitle = ''; ChapterURLobject = URLobject; URLobject = create_url_object (); if not is_set (ChapterURLobject['url']) and is_set (TitleLink) then Chapter = make_internal_link (TitleLink, Chapter, TitleLinkorigin); end TitleLink = ''; entry_redundant = is_set (Entry); elseif is_set (Entry) then Chapter = Entry; ChapterURLobject = URLobject; URLobject = create_url_object (); end Title = Periodical; -- |encyclopedia set and |article set or not set so map |encyclopedia to |title Periodical = ''; -- redundant so unset else if is_set (Title) or is_set (ScriptTitle) then entry_redundant = is_set (Entry); else Title = Entry; end end if entry_redundant then select_one (args, {'title', 'script-title', 'article', 'entry'}, 'redundant_parameters'); end else Entry = discard_parameter (Entry, A:ORIGIN ('Entry'), nil); end -- Special case for cite report. local Docket = A['Docket']; if citation_class == 'report' then if is_set (Docket) then if is_set (ID) then select_one (args, {'id', 'docket'}, 'redundant_parameters'); end ID = Docket; -- for cite report when |docket= is set, overwrite ID even if |id= is set Docket = ''; end elseif citation_class ~= 'thesis' then discard_parameter (Docket, A:ORIGIN ('Docket'), ''); end -- Special case for cite techreport. local Num = A['Number']; if citation_class == 'techreport' then -- special case for cite techreport if is_set (Num) then -- cite techreport uses 'number', which other citations alias to 'issue' if not is_set (ID) then -- can we use ID for the "number"? ID = Num; -- yes, use it else -- ID has a value so emit error message select_one (args, {'id', 'number'}, 'redundant_parameters'); end end elseif not is_set (Issue) then Num = discard_parameter (Num, A:ORIGIN ('Number'), nil); end -- special case for cite interview local Callsign = A['Callsign']; local City = A['City']; local Program = A['Program']; if (citation_class == 'interview') then if is_set (Program) then ID = ' ' .. Program; end if is_set (Callsign) then if is_set (ID) then ID = ID .. pend_separator (Callsign, sepc, true); else ID = ' ' .. Callsign; end end if is_set (City) then if is_set (ID) then ID = ID .. pend_separator (City, sepc, true); else ID = ' ' .. City; end end if is_set (Others) then Others = wrap_msg ('interview', {TitleType, Others}, use_lowercase); TitleType = ''; end else Callsign = discard_parameter (Callsign, A:ORIGIN ('Callsign'), nil ); City = discard_parameter (City, A:ORIGIN ('City'), nil ); Program = discard_parameter (Program, A:ORIGIN ('Program'), nil); end if is_set (TitleType) then -- if type parameter is specified TitleType = wrap_msg ('type', TitleType, use_lowercase); -- display it in parentheses end -- Account for the oddity that is {{cite conference}} or {{cite speech}}. local BookTitle = A['BookTitle']; if 'conference' == citation_class then if is_set (BookTitle) then ChapterURLobject = URLobject; URLobject = create_url_object (); TransChapter = TransTitle; TransTitle = ''; Chapter = Title; Title = BookTitle; end else BookTitle = discard_parameter (BookTitle, A:ORIGIN ('BookTitle'), nil); if 'speech' == citation_class then TitleNote = discard_parameter (TitleNote, A:ORIGIN ('TitleNote'), TitleType); -- override whatever may be the value assigned to TitleNote (through |department=) and forces it to be " (Speech)" so that the annotation directly follows the |title= parameter value in the citation rather than the |event= parameter value (if provided). TitleType = ''; -- annotate the citation else Conference = discard_parameter (Conference, A:ORIGIN ('Conference'), ''); -- not cite conference or cite speech so make sure this is empty string end end -- cite map oddities local Cartography = A['Cartography']; local Scale = A['Scale']; if citation_class == 'map' then Chapter = A['Map']; TransChapter = A['TransMap']; ChapterURLobject = create_url_object (A['MapURL'], A:ORIGIN ('MapURL'), A['MapFormat'], A:ORIGIN ('MapFormat'), A['MapUrlAccess'], A:ORIGIN ('MapUrlAccess')); Cartography = pend_separator (wrap_msg ('cartography', Cartography, use_lowercase), sepc, true); Scale = pend_separator (Scale, sepc, true); else Cartography = discard_parameter (Cartography, A:ORIGIN ('Cartography'), ''); Scale = discard_parameter (Scale, A:ORIGIN ('Scale'), ''); discard_parameter (A['Map'], A:ORIGIN ('Map'), nil); discard_parameter (A['MapURL'], A:ORIGIN ('MapURL'), nil); discard_parameter (A['TransMap'], A:ORIGIN ('TransMap'), nil); discard_parameter (A['MapFormat'], A:ORIGIN ('MapFormat'), nil); discard_parameter (A['MapUrlAccess'], A:ORIGIN ('MapUrlAccess'), nil); end -- Account for the oddities that are {{cite episode}} and {{cite serial}}, before generation of COinS data. if 'episode' == citation_class or 'serial' == citation_class then local AirDate = A['AirDate']; local SeriesLink = A['SeriesLink']; local Network = A['Network']; local Station = A['Station']; local s, n = {}, {}; -- do common parameters first if is_set (Network) then table.insert (n, Network); end if is_set (Station) then table.insert (n, Station); end ID = table.concat (n, sepc .. ' '); if is_set (AirDate) then if not is_set (Date) then -- promote airdate to date Date = AirDate; Dateorigin = A:ORIGIN ('AirDate'); else select_one (args, {'date', 'air-date', 'airdate'}, 'redundant_parameters'); end end if 'episode' == citation_class then -- handle the oddities that are strictly {{cite episode}} local Season = A['Season']; local SeriesNumber = A['SeriesNumber']; if is_set (Season) and is_set (SeriesNumber) then -- these are mutually exclusive so if both are set select_one (args, {'season', 'series-number', 'series-no', 'seriesnumber', 'seriesno'}, 'redundant_parameters'); -- add error message SeriesNumber = ''; -- unset; prefer |season= over |seriesno= end -- assemble a table of parts concatenated later into Series if is_set (Season) then table.insert (s, wrap_msg ('season', Season, use_lowercase)); end if is_set (SeriesNumber) then table.insert (s, wrap_msg ('series', SeriesNumber, use_lowercase)); end if is_set (Issue) then table.insert (s, wrap_msg ('episode', Issue, use_lowercase)); end Issue = ''; -- unset because this is not a unique parameter Chapter = Title; -- promote title parameters to chapter ScriptChapter = ScriptTitle; local ChapterLink = TitleLink; -- alias episodelink local ChapterLinkorigin = TitleLinkorigin; TransChapter = TransTitle; ChapterURLobject = URLobject; Title = Series; -- promote series to title TitleLink = SeriesLink; TitleLinkorigin = A:ORIGIN ('SeriesLink'); Series = table.concat (s, sepc .. ' '); -- this is concatenation of season, seriesno, episode number if is_set (ChapterLink) and not is_set (ChapterURL) then -- link but not URL Chapter = make_internal_link (ChapterLink, Chapter, ChapterLinkorigin); -- ok to wikilink elseif is_set (ChapterLink) and is_set (ChapterURL) then -- if both are set, URL links episode; Series = make_internal_link (ChapterLink, Series, ChapterLinkorigin); -- series links with ChapterLink (episodelink -> TitleLink -> ChapterLink) ugly end URLobject = create_url_object (); -- unset TransTitle = ''; ScriptTitle = ''; else -- now oddities that are cite serial Chapter = A['Episode']; -- TODO: make |episode= available to cite episode someday? if is_set (Series) and is_set (SeriesLink) then Series = make_internal_link (SeriesLink, Series, A:ORIGIN ('SeriesLink')); end Series = wrap_style ('italic-title', Series); -- series is italicized end end -- end of {{cite episode}} stuff -- Account for the oddities that are {{cite arxiv}}, before generation of COinS data. if 'arxiv' == citation_class then if not is_set (ID_list['ARXIV']) then -- |arxiv= or |eprint= required for cite arxiv append_error ('arxiv_missing', {}); -- add error message elseif is_set (Series) then -- series is an alias of version ID_list['ARXIV'] = ID_list['ARXIV'] .. Series; -- concatenate version onto the end of the arxiv identifier Series = ''; -- unset deprecated_parameter ('version'); -- deprecated parameter but only for cite arxiv end if first_set ({AccessDate, At, URLobject['format'], Page, Pages, PublisherName, URLobject['url'], -- a crude list of parameters that are not supported by cite arxiv ID_list['ASIN'], ID_list['BIBCODE'], ID_list['DOI'], ID_list['ISBN'], ID_list['ISSN'], ID_list['JFM'], ID_list['JSTOR'], ID_list['LCCN'], ID_list['MR'], ID_list['OCLC'], ID_list['OL'], ID_list['OSTI'], ID_list['PMC'], ID_list['PMID'], ID_list['RFC'], ID_list['SSRN'], ID_list['USENETID'], ID_list['ZBL']},27) then append_error ('arxiv_params_not_supported', {}); -- add error message AccessDate= ''; -- set these to empty string; not supported in cite arXiv PublisherName = ''; -- (if the article has been published, use cite journal, or other) URLobject = create_url_object (); Page = ''; Pages = ''; At = ''; end Periodical = 'arXiv'; -- periodical not allowed in cite arxiv; if article has been published, use cite journal -- set to arXiv for COinS; after that, must be set to empty string end -- legacy: promote concatenation of |month=, and |year= to Date if Date not set; or, promote PublicationDate to Date if neither Date nor Year are set. if not is_set (Date) then if is_set (Year) then Date = Year; Dateorigin = A:ORIGIN ('Year'); -- promote Year to Date Year = nil; -- make nil so Year as empty string isn't used for CITEREF elseif is_set (PublicationDate) then -- use PublicationDate when |date= and |year= are not set Date = PublicationDate; Dateorigin = A:ORIGIN ('PublicationDate'); -- promote PublicationDate to Date PublicationDate = ''; end else if is_set (PublicationDate) and PublicationDate ~= Date then PublicationDate = wrap_msg ('publication-date', PublicationDate, use_lowercase); else PublicationDate = ''; -- if PublicationDate is same as Date, don't display in rendered citation end end local COinS_date = {}; -- holds date info extracted from |date= for the COinS metadata by Module:Date verification local anchor_year = validate_date (AccessDate, ArchiveDate, Date, DoiBroken, Embargo, LayDate, PublicationDate, Year, COinS_date, Dateorigin); -- used in the CITEREF identifier -- Account for the oddity that is {{cite journal}} with |pmc= set and |url= not set. Do this after date check but before COInS. -- Here we unset Embargo if PMC not embargoed (|embargo= not set in the citation) or if the embargo time has expired. Otherwise, holds embargo date Embargo = is_embargoed (Embargo); -- if citation_class == 'journal' and not is_set (URLobject['url']) and is_set (ID_list['PMC']) then if not is_set (Embargo) then -- if not embargoed or embargo has expired URLobject['url'] =cfg.id_handlers['PMC'].prefix .. ID_list['PMC']; -- set url to be the same as the PMC external link if not embargoed URLobject['origin'] = cfg.id_handlers['PMC'].parameters[1]; -- set URLorigin to parameter name for use in error message if citation is missing a |title= end end if not is_set (URLobject['url']) then if in_array (citation_class, cfg.args_support['templates_requiring_url']) then append_error ('cite_web_url', {}); end -- Test if accessdate is given without giving a URL if is_set (AccessDate) and not is_set (ChapterURLobject['url']) then -- ChapterURL may be set when the others are not set; TODO: move this to a separate test? append_error ('accessdate_missing_url', {}); AccessDate = ''; end end -- At this point fields may be nil if they weren't specified in the template use. We can use that fact. -- Test if citation has no title if not is_set (Title) and not is_set (TransTitle) and not is_set (ScriptTitle) then if 'episode' == citation_class then -- special case for cite episode; TODO: is there a better way to do this? append_error ('citation_missing_title', {'series'}); else append_error ('citation_missing_title', {'title'}); end end if 'none' == Title and citation_class == 'journal' then -- special case for journal cites Title = ''; -- set title to empty string add_maint_cat ('untitled'); end check_for_external_link ({ -- add error message when any of these parameters contains a URL ['title'] = Title, [A:ORIGIN ('Chapter')] = Chapter, [A:ORIGIN ('Periodical')] = Periodical, [A:ORIGIN ('PublisherName')] = PublisherName, }); -- COinS metadata (see <http://ocoins.info/>) for automated parsing of citation information. -- handle the oddity that is cite encyclopedia and {{citation |encyclopedia=something}}. Here we presume that -- when Periodical, Title, and Chapter are all set, then Periodical is the book (encyclopedia) title, Title -- is the article title, and Chapter is a section within the article. So, we remap local coins_chapter = Chapter; -- default assuming that remapping not required local coins_title = Title; -- et tu if 'encyclopaedia' == citation_class then if is_set (Chapter) and is_set (Title) and is_set (Periodical) then -- if all are used then coins_chapter = Title; -- remap coins_title = Periodical; end end -- this is the function call to COinS() local OCinSoutput = COinS ({ ['Periodical'] = Periodical, ['Encyclopedia'] = Encyclopedia, ['Chapter'] = coins_chapter, ['ScriptChapter'] = ScriptChapter, ['Map'] = Map, ['Degree'] = Degree; -- cite thesis only ['Title'] = coins_title, ['ScriptTitle'] = ScriptTitle, ['PublicationPlace'] = PublicationPlace, ['Date'] = COinS_date.rftdate, -- COinS_date has correctly formatted date if Date is valid; ['Season'] = COinS_date.rftssn, ['Chron'] = COinS_date.rftchron or (not COinS_date.rftdate and Date) or '', -- chron but if not set and invalid date format use Date; keep this last bit? ['Series'] = Series, ['Volume'] = Volume, ['Issue'] = Issue, ['Pages'] = first_set ({Sheet, Sheets, Page, Pages, At}, 5), ['Edition'] = Edition, ['PublisherName'] = PublisherName, ['URL'] = first_set ({ChapterURLobject['url'], URLobject['url']}, 2), ['Authors'] = NameList, ['ID_list'] = ID_list, ['RawPage'] = this_page.prefixedText, }, config.CitationClass); -- Account for the oddities that are {{cite arxiv}}, AFTER generation of COinS data. if 'arxiv' == citation_class then -- we have set rft.jtitle in COinS to arXiv, now unset so it isn't displayed Periodical = ''; end -- special case for cite newsgroup. Do this after COinS because we are modifying Publishername to include some static text if 'newsgroup' == citation_class then if is_set (PublisherName) then PublisherName = wrap_msg ('newsgroup', make_external_link ('news:' .. PublisherName, PublisherName, A:ORIGIN ('PublisherName')), use_lowercase); end end -- Now perform various field substitutions. -- We also add leading spaces and surrounding markup and punctuation to the -- various parts of the citation, but only when they are non-nil. -- apply |[xx-]format= styling; at the end, these parameters hold correctly styled format annotation, -- an error message if the associated url is not set, or an empty string for concatenation format_format ({ArchiveURLobject, ConferenceURLobject, URLobject, LayURLobject, TranscriptURLobject, ChapterURLobject}); -- special case for chapter format so no error message or cat when chapter not supported if format_url_access_text (URLobject, SubscriptionRequired, RegistrationRequired) then select_one (args, {'url-access', 'urlaccess', 'registration', 'subscription'}, 'redundant_parameters'); end -- 只需其一 format_url_access_text (ChapterURLobject, nil, nil); local OriginalURLobject; -- TODO: swap chapter and title here so that archive applies to most specific if both are set? OriginalURLobject, URLobject, ChapterURLobject = swap_urls (URLobject, ChapterURLobject, ArchiveURLobject, DeadURL); local chapter_no_quotes = false; -- default assume that we will be quoting the chapter parameter value if is_set (Contribution) and has_contributors then -- if this is a contribution with contributor(s) if in_array (Contribution:lower(), cfg.keywords['contribution']) then -- and a generic contribution title chapter_no_quotes = true; -- then render it unquoted end end Chapter = format_chapter_title (ScriptChapter, Chapter, TransChapter, ChapterURLobject, chapter_no_quotes, citation_class, TitleType, sepc); -- Contribution is also in Chapter -- Format main title. Title, URLobject = format_main_title (Title, TitleLink, TitleLinkorigin, ScriptTitle, TransTitle, URLobject, no_chapter_format, citation_class, Periodical); Place = pend_separator (wrap_msg ('written', Place, use_lowercase), sepc, false); Conference = format_conference (Conference, ConferenceURLobject, Periodical, citation_class, sepc); local Insource_location = format_insource_location (Page, Pages, Sheet, Sheets, At, Minutes, Time, TimeCaption, Section, Sections, Inset, citation_class, Periodical_origin, sepc, NoPP, use_lowercase); Language = language_parameter (Language); -- format, categories, name from ISO639-1, etc Others = pend_separator (Others, sepc, true); Others = pend_separator (wrap_msg ('translated', Translators, use_lowercase), sepc, true) .. Others; if 'speech' ~= citation_class then TitleNote = pend_separator (TitleNote, sepc, true); end Edition = wrap_msg ('edition', Edition, use_lowercase); Series = pend_separator (Series, sepc, true); OrigYear = wrap_msg ('orig year', OrigYear, use_lowercase); Agency = pend_separator (Agency, sepc, true); Volume = format_volume_issue (Volume, Issue, citation_class, Periodical_origin, sepc, use_lowercase); ------------------------------------ totally unrelated data Via = wrap_msg ('via', Via, use_lowercase); AccessDate = format_accessdate (AccessDate, sepc, use_lowercase); ID = format_id (ID, Docket, sepc, use_lowercase); ID_list = build_id_list (ID_list, {IdAccessLevels=ID_access_levels, DoiBroken = DoiBroken, ASINTLD = ASINTLD, IgnoreISBN = IgnoreISBN, Embargo=Embargo, Class = Class}); local URL = ''; if is_set (URLobject['url']) then URL = ' ' .. make_external_link (URLobject['url'], nil, URLobject['origin']) .. URLobject['access-text']; end local Format = URLobject['format']; Quote = format_quote (Quote, sepc); local Archived = format_archive (ArchiveURLobject, OriginalURLobject, ArchiveDate, DeadURL, sepc, use_lowercase); local Lay = format_lay (LayURLobject, LayDate, LaySource, sepc, use_lowercase); Transcript = format_external_link (Transcript, TranscriptURLobject, sepc); local Publisher = format_publisher (PublisherName, PublicationPlace, Periodical, citation_class, sepc); local use_in = is_set (Chapter) and (not has_contributors); Authors, Editors, Contributors = format_people (Authors, Editors, Contributors, multiple_editors, use_in, sepc); -- Several of the above rely upon detecting this as nil, so do it last. Periodical = format_periodical (Periodical, Title, TitleNote, sepc); -- Piece all bits together at last. Here, all should be non-nil. -- We build things this way because it is more efficient in LUA -- not to keep reassigning to the same string variable over and over. local tcommon; local tcommon2; -- used for book cite when |contributor= is set if citation_class == 'journal' and is_set (Periodical) then Others = pend_separator (Others, sepc, false); tcommon = safe_join ({Others, Title, TitleNote, Conference, Periodical, Format, TitleType, Series, Edition, Publisher, Agency}, sepc); elseif contributors_valid then -- special cases for book cites where contributors are allowed if is_set (Contributors) then -- when we are citing foreword, preface, introduction, etc tcommon = safe_join ({Title, TitleNote}, sepc); -- author and other stuff will come after this and before tcommon2 tcommon2 = safe_join ({Conference, Periodical, Format, TitleType, Series, Volume, Others, Edition, Publisher, Agency}, sepc); else tcommon = safe_join ({Title, TitleNote, Conference, Periodical, Format, TitleType, Series, Volume, Others, Edition, Publisher, Agency}, sepc); end elseif 'map' == citation_class then -- special cases for cite map if is_set (Chapter) then -- map in a book; TitleType is part of Chapter tcommon = safe_join ({Title, Format, Edition, Scale, Series, Cartography, Others, Publisher, Volume}, sepc); elseif is_set (Periodical) then -- map in a periodical tcommon = safe_join ({Title, TitleType, Format, Periodical, Scale, Series, Cartography, Others, Publisher, Volume}, sepc); else -- a sheet or stand-alone map tcommon = safe_join ({Title, TitleType, Format, Edition, Scale, Series, Cartography, Others, Publisher}, sepc); end elseif 'episode' == citation_class then -- special case for cite episode tcommon = safe_join ({Title, TitleNote, TitleType, Series, Transcript, Edition, Publisher}, sepc); else -- all other CS1 templates tcommon = safe_join ({Title, TitleNote, Conference, Periodical, Format, TitleType, Series, Volume, Others, Edition, Publisher, Agency}, sepc); end if #ID_list > 0 then ID_list = safe_join ({sepc .. ' ', table.concat (ID_list, sepc .. ' '), ID}, sepc); else ID_list = ID; end -- LOCAL local xDate; if (is_set (Periodical) and is_set (Date) and not in_array (citation_class, {'encyclopaedia', 'web'})) or (in_array (citation_class, {'book', 'news'})) then if in_array (citation_class, {'journal', 'citation'}) and is_set (Volume) then xDate = safe_join ({Date .. ',' .. Volume, Insource_location, PublicationDate, OrigYear, AccessDate}, sepc); else xDate = safe_join ({Date, Insource_location, PublicationDate, OrigYear, AccessDate}, sepc); end Insource_location = '' else xDate = safe_join ({Date, PublicationDate, OrigYear, AccessDate}, sepc); end xDate = pend_separator (xDate, sepc, true); -- END LOCAL local idcommon = safe_join ({URL, xDate, ID_list, Archived, Via, Lay, Language, Quote}, sepc); local text; if is_set (Authors) then if is_set (Contributors) then text = safe_join ({Contributors, Chapter, tcommon, Authors, Place, Editors, tcommon2, Insource_location, idcommon }, sepc); else text = safe_join ({Authors, Chapter, Place, Editors, tcommon, Insource_location, idcommon }, sepc); end else text = safe_join ({Editors, Chapter, Place, tcommon, Insource_location, idcommon}, sepc); end if is_set (PostScript) and PostScript ~= sepc then text = safe_join ({text, sepc}, sepc); --Deals with italics, spaces, etc. text = text:sub (1, -sepc:len()-1); end text = safe_join ({text, PostScript}, sepc); -- Now enclose the whole thing in a <cite/> element return format_citation (text, config.CitationClass, Ref, NameList, anchor_year, OCinSoutput, no_tracking_cats); end --[[--------------------------< V A L I D A T E >-------------------------------------------------------------- Looks for a parameter's name in the whitelist. Parameters in the whitelist can have three values: true - active, supported parameters false - deprecated, supported parameters nil - unsupported parameters ]] local function validate (name) local name = tostring (name); local state = whitelist.basic_arguments[name]; -- Normal arguments if true == state then return true; end -- valid actively supported parameter if false == state then deprecated_parameter (name); -- parameter is deprecated but still supported return true; end -- Arguments with numbers in them name = name:gsub ('%d+', '#'); -- replace digit(s) with # (last25 becomes last# state = whitelist.numbered_arguments[name]; if true == state then return true; end -- valid actively supported parameter if false == state then deprecated_parameter (name); -- parameter is deprecated but still supported return true; end return false; -- Not supported because not found or name is set to nil end --[[--------------------------< C I T A T I O N >-------------------------------------------------------------- This is used by templates such as {{cite book}} to create the actual citation text. ]] function citation (frame) local pframe = frame:getParent(); local module_path = 'Module:Citation/CS1/' local module_suffix = frame:getTitle():gsub ('^Module:Citation/CS1', ''); load_modules (module_path, module_suffix); local args = {}; local suggestions = {}; local error_reported = false; local config = {}; for k, v in pairs (frame.args) do config[k] = v; args[k] = v; end local capture; -- the single supported capture when matching unknown parameters using patterns for k, v in pairs (pframe.args) do if v ~= '' then if not validate (k) then error_reported = false; if type (k) ~= 'string' then -- Exclude empty numbered parameters if v:match ('%S+') ~= nil then append_error ('text_ignored', {v}); error_reported = true; end elseif validate (k:lower()) then append_error ('parameter_ignored_suggest', {k, k:lower()}); error_reported = true; else if nil == suggestions.suggestions then -- if this table is nil then we need to load it suggestions = mw.loadData (module_path .. 'Suggestions' .. module_suffix); end for pattern, param in pairs (suggestions.patterns) do -- loop through the patterns to see if we can suggest a proper parameter capture = k:match (pattern); -- the whole match if no caputre in pattern else the capture if a match if capture then -- if the pattern matches param = substitute (param, capture); -- add the capture to the suggested parameter (typically the enumerator) append_error ('parameter_ignored_suggest', {k, param}); -- set the error message error_reported = true; break; end end if not error_reported then -- couldn't match with a pattern, is there an expicit suggestion? if suggestions.suggestions[k:lower()] ~= nil then append_error ('parameter_ignored_suggest', {k, suggestions.suggestions[k:lower()]}); error_reported = true; else append_error ('parameter_ignored', {k}); error_reported = true; end end end end args[k] = v; elseif args[k] ~= nil or (k == 'postscript') then args[k] = v; end end local error_msg; for k, v in pairs (args) do if 'string' == type (k) then -- don't evaluate positional parameters error_msg = has_invisible_chars (k, v); if is_set (error_msg) then append_error ('invisible_char', error_msg); end end end return do_citation (config, args) end --[[--------------------------< E X P O R T E D F U N C T I O N S >------------------------------------------ ]] return {citation = citation}; t6ui3dy5cfculgir83jdue8937ufx4c 828 2521 38385 2023-06-23T11:59:34Z 陳鷹馬 1604 模組:Citation/CS1/Configuration 38385 Scribunto text/plain local citation_config = {}; -- override <code>...</code> styling to remove color, border, and padding. <code> css is specified here: -- https://git.wikimedia.org/blob/mediawiki%2Fcore.git/69cd73811f7aadd093050dbf20ed70ef0b42a713/skins%2Fcommon%2FcommonElements.css#L199 local code_style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;"; --[[--------------------------< U N C A T E G O R I Z E D _ N A M E S P A C E S >------------------------------ List of namespaces that should not be included in citation error categories. Same as setting notracking = true by default Note: Namespace names should use underscores instead of spaces. ]] local uncategorized_namespaces = { 'User', 'Talk', 'User_talk', 'Wikipedia_talk', 'File_talk', 'Template_talk', 'Help_talk', 'Category_talk', 'Portal_talk', 'Book_talk', 'Draft', 'Draft_talk', 'Education_Program_talk', 'Module_talk', 'MediaWiki_talk' }; local uncategorized_subpages = {'/[Ss]andbox', '/[Tt]estcases'}; -- list of Lua patterns found in page names of pages we should not categorize --[[--------------------------< M E S S A G E S >-------------------------------------------------------------- Translation table The following contains fixed text that may be output as part of a citation. This is separated from the main body to aid in future translations of this module. ]] local messages = { ['_safe_for_italics'] = {'lay source'}, ['archived-dead'] = '（$1存檔於$2）', ['archived-not-dead'] = '（原始內容$1於$2）', ['archived-missing'] = '（原始內容$1存檔於$2）', ['archived-unfit'] = '原始內容存檔於$1', ['archived'] = '存檔', ['by'] = 'By', -- contributions to authored works: introduction, foreword, afterword ['cartography'] = 'Cartography by $1', ['docket'] = 'Docket $1', ['editor'] = '編', ['editors'] = '編', ['edition'] = ' $1', ['episode'] = '第$1集', ['et al'] = 'et al', ['in'] = '(編)', -- edited works ['inactive'] = '不活躍', ['interview'] = ' $1 with $2', ['inset'] = '$1 inset', ['lay summary'] = '簡明摘要', ['lay source'] = " &ndash; ''$1''", ['newsgroup'] = '[[Usenet newsgroup|Newsgroup]]:&nbsp;$1', ['original'] = '原始內容', ['orig year'] = ' [$1]', ['published'] = '$1', ['retrieved'] = '&#91;$1&#93;', ['season'] = '第$1季', ['section'] = '§ $1', ['sections'] = '§§ $1', ['series'] = '第$1系列', ['thesis with type'] = '$1論文', ['thesis no type'] = '學位論文', ['translated'] = '由$1翻譯', ['type'] = ' ($1)', -- for titletype ['written'] = ' 寫於$1', ['vol'] = '$1 Vol.&nbsp;$2', -- $1 is sepc; bold journal style volume is in presentation{} ['vol-no'] = '$1 Vol.&nbsp;$2 no.&nbsp;$3', -- sepc, volume, issue ['issue'] = '$1 No.&nbsp;$2', -- $1 is sepc ['j-vol'] = '$1 $2', -- sepc, volume; bold journal volume is in presentation{} ['j-issue'] = ' ($1)', ['nopp'] = '$1 $2'; -- page(s) without prefix; $1 is sepc ['p-prefix'] = ": $2", -- $1 is sepc ['pp-prefix'] = ": $2", -- $1 is sepc ['j-page(s)'] = ': $1', -- same for page and pages ['sheet'] = '$1 Sheet&nbsp;$2', -- $1 is sepc ['sheets'] = '$1 Sheets&nbsp;$2', -- $1 is sepc ['j-sheet'] = ': Sheet&nbsp;$1', ['j-sheets'] = ': Sheets&nbsp;$1', ['language'] = '<span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:#555; font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="連接到$1網頁">（$1）</span>', ['via'] = " &ndash;通過$1", ['event'] = ' 事件發生在 $1', ['minutes'] = ' $1 記錄於', ['parameter-separator'] = '、', ['parameter-final-separator'] = '和', ['parameter-pair-separator'] = '和', ['publication-date'] = ' ($1)', -- Determines the location of the help page ['help page link'] = 'Help:引文格式1錯誤', ['help page label'] = '幫助', ['maintenance-link'] = 'link', ['maintenance-item'] = ' $1 ($2)' } --[[--------------------------< I N T E R N A L _ E R R O R S >------------------------------------------- Internal errors (should only occur if configuration is bad) ]] local internal_errors = { ['undefined_error'] = '調用了一個未定義的錯誤條件', ['unknown_manual_ID'] = '無法識別的手動ID模式', ['unknown_ID_mode'] = '無法識別的ID模式', ['unknown_argument_map'] = '檢測到參數別名與參數名之間的映射丟失', ['bad_link_no_origin'] = '檢測到格式錯誤但源頭不明的內部連結', ['bad_url_no_origin'] = '檢測到格式錯誤但源頭不明的網址', ['bare_url_no_origin'] = '檢測到源頭不明的裸網址', } --[[--------------------------< P R E S E N T A T I O N >------------------------------------------------------ Fixed presentation markup. Originally part of citation_config.messages it has been moved into its own, more semantically correct place. ]] local presentation = { ['_safe_for_italics'] = {'italic-title', 'trans-italic-title'}, -- Error output -- .error class is specified at https://git.wikimedia.org/blob/mediawiki%2Fcore.git/9553bd02a5595da05c184f7521721fb1b79b3935/skins%2Fcommon%2Fshared.css#L538 -- .citation-comment class is specified at Help:CS1_errors#Controlling_error_message_display ['hidden-error'] = '<span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">$1</span>', ['visible-error'] = '<span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">$1</span>', ['accessdate'] = ' <span class="reference-accessdate">$2</span>', -- to allow editors to hide accessdate using personal css ['bdi'] = '<bdi$1>$2</bdi>', -- bidirectional isolation used with |script-title= and the like ['format'] = ' <span style="font-size:85%;">($1)</span>', -- for |format=, |chapter-format=, etc ['access-signal'] = '<span class="plainlinks">$1&#8239;$2</span>', -- external link with appropriate lock icon ['free'] = '[[File:Lock-green.svg|9px|link=|alt=可免費查閱|可免費查閱]]', ['registration'] = '[[File:Lock-blue-alt-2.svg|9px|link=|alt=需要免費註冊|需要免費註冊]]', ['limited'] = '[[File:Lock-blue-alt-2.svg|9px|link=|alt=有限度免費查閱，超限則需付費訂閱|有限度免費查閱，超限則需付費訂閱]]', ['subscription'] = '[[File:Lock-red-alt.svg|9px|link=|alt=需要付費訂閱|需要付費訂閱]]', ['italic-title'] = "$1", ['kern-left'] = '<span style="padding-left:0.2em;">$1</span>$2', -- spacing to use when title contains leading single or double quote mark ['kern-right'] = '$1<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">$2</span>', -- spacing to use when title contains trailing single or double quote mark ['nowrap1'] = '<span class="nowrap">$1</span>', -- for nowrapping an item: <span ...>yyyy-mm-dd</span> ['nowrap2'] = '<span class="nowrap">$1</span> $2', -- for nowrapping portions of an item: <span ...>dd mmmm</span> yyyy (note white space) ['OCinS'] = '<span title="$1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span>', -- Note: Using display: none on the COinS span breaks some clients. ['parameter'] = '<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;$1=</code>', ['quoted-text'] = '<q>$1</q>', -- for wrapping |quote= content ['quoted-title'] = '$1', ['trans-italic-title'] = "&#91;$1&#93;", ['trans-quoted-title'] = "&#91;$1&#93;", ['vol-bold'] = ' <b>$1</b>', -- for journal cites; for other cites ['vol'] in messages{} ['maintenance'] = '<span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33">$1</span>', ['citation-with-id'] = '<cite id="$1" class="$2">$3</cite>', ['citation-no-id'] = '<cite class="$1">$2</cite>' } --[[--------------------------< P E R I O D I C A L _ P A R A M E T E R S >----------------------------------- 用於整理periodical系列參數的別名，key為對應的citation class。在主模組中推斷{{citation}}的參考類型時會用到。 ]] local periodical_parameters = { ['journal'] = {'journal'}, ['news'] = {'newspaper'}, ['magazine'] = {'magazine'}, ['web'] = {'website'}, ['encyclopaedia'] = {'encyclopedia', 'encyclopaedia', 'dictionary'}, ['mailinglist'] = {'mailinglist', 'mailing-list'}, ['_general'] = {'work', 'periodical'} } -- 注意參數排列順序，_general一定要放最後。 local periodical_compatibility = { ['journal'] = { ['drop'] = {'news', 'encyclopaedia', 'mailinglist'}, ['warn'] = {'magazine'}, ['suggest'] = 'journal' }, ['news'] = { ['drop'] = {'encyclopaedia', 'mailinglist', 'journal'}, ['warn'] = {'magazine'}, ['suggest'] = 'newspaper' }, ['magazine'] = { ['drop'] = {'encyclopaedia', 'mailinglist'}, ['warn'] = {'journal', 'news'}, ['suggest'] = 'magazine' }, ['web'] = { ['drop'] = {'encyclopaedia', 'mailinglist'}, ['warn'] = {'news', 'journal', 'magazine'}, ['suggest'] = 'website' }, ['encyclopaedia'] = { ['drop'] = {'mailinglist', 'news', 'journal', 'magazine'}, }, ['mailinglist'] = { ['drop'] = {'encyclopaedia', 'news', 'journal', 'magazine', 'web'}, }, ['book'] = { ['drop'] = {'news', 'journal', 'mailinglist'}, ['warn'] = {'encyclopaedia', 'magazine'}, ['suggest'] = 'work' }, ['conference'] = { ['drop'] = {'news', 'magazine', 'mailinglist', 'encyclopaedia'}, ['warn'] = {'journal'}, ['suggest'] = 'book-title' }, ['map'] = { ['drop'] = {'mailinglist', 'encyclopaedia'}, }, ['interview'] = { ['drop'] = {'mailinglist', 'encyclopaedia', 'journal'}, }, ['AV media'] = { ['drop'] = {'mailinglist', 'encyclopaedia', 'journal', 'magazine'}, }, ['podcast'] = { ['drop'] = {'mailinglist', 'encyclopaedia', 'journal', 'magazine', 'news'}, }, ['serial'] = { ['drop'] = {'mailinglist', 'encyclopaedia', 'journal', 'magazine', 'news'}, }, ['speech'] = { ['drop'] = {'mailinglist', 'encyclopaedia', 'journal', 'magazine'}, }, ['episode'] = { ['drop'] = {'mailinglist', 'encyclopaedia', 'journal', 'magazine', 'news'}, }, ['thesis'] = { ['drop'] = {'mailinglist', 'encyclopaedia', 'magazine', 'news'}, }, ['pressrelease'] = { ['drop'] = {'mailinglist', 'encyclopaedia', 'magazine', 'journal'}, }, ['arxiv'] = { ['drop'] = {'mailinglist', 'encyclopaedia', 'magazine', 'journal', 'web'} } } local function build_periodical () local periodical_items = {}; for _, aliases in pairs (periodical_parameters) do for _, aliase in pairs (aliases) do table.insert (periodical_items, aliase); end end return periodical_items; end local periodical = { parameters = periodical_parameters, compatibility = periodical_compatibility } --[[--------------------------< A L I A S E S >---------------------------------------------------------------- Aliases table for commonly passed parameters ]] local aliases = { ['AccessDate'] = {'access-date', 'accessdate'}, ['Agency'] = 'agency', ['AirDate'] = {'air-date', 'airdate'}, ['ArchiveDate'] = {'archive-date', 'archivedate'}, ['ArchiveFormat'] = 'archive-format', ['ArchiveURL'] = {'archive-url', 'archiveurl'}, ['ASINTLD'] = {'ASIN-TLD', 'asin-tld'}, ['At'] = 'at', ['Authors'] = {'authors', 'people', 'host', 'credits'}, ['BookTitle'] = {'book-title', 'booktitle'}, ['Callsign'] = {'call-sign', 'callsign'}, -- cite interview ['Cartography'] = 'cartography', ['Chapter'] = {'chapter', 'contribution'}, ['ChapterFormat'] = {'chapter-format', 'contribution-format', 'section-format'}; ['ChapterURL'] = {'chapter-url', 'chapterurl', 'contribution-url', 'contributionurl', 'section-url', 'sectionurl'}, ['ChapterUrlAccess'] = {'chapter-url-access', 'section-url-access'}; ['City'] = 'city', -- cite interview ['Class'] = 'class', -- cite arxiv and arxiv identifiers ['Coauthors'] = {'coauthors', 'coauthor'}, -- coauthor and coauthors are deprecated; remove after 1 January 2015? ['Conference'] = {'conference', 'event'}, ['ConferenceFormat'] = {'conference-format', 'event-format'}, ['ConferenceURL'] = {'conference-url', 'conferenceurl', 'event-url', 'eventurl'}, ['Contribution'] = 'contribution', -- introduction, foreword, afterword, etc; required when |contributor= set ['Date'] = 'date', ['DeadURL'] = {'dead-url', 'deadurl','url-status','urlstatus'}, ['Degree'] = 'degree', ['DF'] = 'df', ['DisplayAuthors'] = {'display-authors', 'displayauthors'}, ['DisplayEditors'] = {'display-editors', 'displayeditors'}, ['Docket'] = 'docket', ['DoiBroken'] = {'doi-broken', 'doi-broken-date', 'doi-inactive-date', 'doi_brokendate', 'doi_inactivedate'}, ['Edition'] = 'edition', ['Editors'] = 'editors', ['Embargo'] = 'embargo', ['Entry'] = {'entry', 'article'}, -- cite encyclopedia only ['Episode'] = 'episode', -- cite serial only TODO: make available to cite episode? ['Format'] = 'format', ['ID'] = {'id', 'ID'}, ['IgnoreISBN'] = {'ignore-isbn-error', 'ignoreisbnerror'}, ['Inset'] = 'inset', ['Issue'] = {'issue', 'number'}, ['Language'] = {'language', 'in'}, ['LastAuthorAmp'] = {'last-author-amp', 'lastauthoramp'}, ['LayDate'] = {'lay-date', 'laydate'}, ['LayFormat'] = 'lay-format', ['LaySource'] = {'lay-source', 'laysource'}, ['LayURL'] = {'lay-url', 'lay-summary', 'layurl', 'laysummary'}, ['Map'] = 'map', -- cite map only ['MapFormat'] = 'map-format', -- cite map only ['MapURL'] = {'mapurl', 'map-url'}, -- cite map only ['MapUrlAccess'] = {'map-url-access'}, -- cite map only ['MessageID'] = 'message-id', ['Minutes'] = 'minutes', ['Mode'] = 'mode', ['NameListFormat'] = {'name-list-format','name-list-style'}, ['Network'] = 'network', ['NoPP'] = {'no-pp', 'nopp'}, ['NoTracking'] = {'template-doc-demo', 'template doc demo', 'no-cat', 'nocat', 'no-tracking', 'notracking'}, ['Number'] = 'number', -- this case only for cite techreport ['OrigYear'] = {'orig-year', 'origyear'}, ['Others'] = {'others', 'interviewer', 'interviewers'}, ['Page'] = {'p', 'page'}, ['Pages'] = {'pp', 'pages'}, ['Periodical'] = build_periodical (), ['Place'] = {'place', 'location'}, ['Program'] = 'program', -- cite interview ['PostScript'] = 'postscript', ['PublicationDate'] = {'publicationdate', 'publication-date'}, ['PublicationPlace'] = {'publication-place', 'publicationplace'}, ['PublisherName'] = {'publisher', 'distributor', 'institution', 'newsgroup'}, ['Quote'] = {'quote', 'quotation'}, ['Ref'] = 'ref', ['RegistrationRequired'] = 'registration', ['Scale'] = 'scale', ['ScriptChapter'] = 'script-chapter', ['ScriptTitle'] = 'script-title', ['Section'] = 'section', ['Sections'] = 'sections', -- cite map only ['Season'] = 'season', ['Series'] = {'series', 'version'}, ['SeriesSeparator'] = 'series-separator', ['SeriesLink'] = {'series-link', 'serieslink'}, ['SeriesNumber'] = {'series-number', 'series-no', 'seriesnumber', 'seriesno'}, ['Sheet'] = 'sheet', -- cite map only ['Sheets'] = 'sheets', -- cite map only ['Station'] = 'station', ['SubscriptionRequired'] = 'subscription', ['Time'] = 'time', ['TimeCaption'] = {'time-caption', 'timecaption'}, ['Title'] = 'title', ['TitleLink'] = {'title-link', 'episode-link', 'titlelink', 'episodelink'}, ['TitleNote'] = 'department', ['TitleType'] = {'type', 'medium'}, ['TransChapter'] = {'trans-chapter', 'trans_chapter'}, ['TransMap'] = 'trans-map', -- cite map only ['Transcript'] = 'transcript', ['TranscriptFormat'] = 'transcript-format', ['TranscriptURL'] = {'transcript-url', 'transcripturl'}, ['TransTitle'] = {'trans-title', 'trans_title', 'title_zh'}, ['URL'] = {'url', 'URL'}, ['UrlAccess']={'url-access','urlaccess'}, ['Vauthors'] = 'vauthors', ['Veditors'] = 'veditors', ['Via'] = 'via', ['Volume'] = 'volume', ['Year'] = 'year', ['AuthorList-First'] = {"first#", "given#", "author-first#", "author#-first"}, ['AuthorList-Last'] = {"last#", "author#", "surname#", "author-last#", "author#-last", "subject#"}, ['AuthorList-Link'] = {"authorlink#", "author-link#", "author#-link", "subjectlink#", "author#link", "subject-link#", "subject#-link", "subject#link"}, ['AuthorList-Mask'] = {"author-mask#", "authormask#", "author#mask", "author#-mask"}, ['ContributorList-First'] = {'contributor-first#','contributor#-first'}, ['ContributorList-Last'] = {'contributor#', 'contributor-last#', 'contributor#-last'}, ['ContributorList-Link'] = {'contributor-link#', 'contributor#-link'}, ['ContributorList-Mask'] = {'contributor-mask#', 'contributor#-mask'}, ['EditorList-First'] = {"editor-first#", "editor#-first", "editor-given#", "editor#-given"}, ['EditorList-Last'] = {"editor#", "editor-last#", "editor#-last", "editor-surname#", "editor#-surname"}, ['EditorList-Link'] = {"editor-link#", "editor#-link", "editorlink#", "editor#link"}, ['EditorList-Mask'] = {"editor-mask#", "editor#-mask", "editormask#", "editor#mask"}, ['TranslatorList-First'] = {'translator-first#','translator#-first'}, ['TranslatorList-Last'] = {'translator#', 'translator-last#', 'translator#-last'}, ['TranslatorList-Link'] = {'translator-link#', 'translator#-link'}, ['TranslatorList-Mask'] = {'translator-mask#', 'translator#-mask'}, } --[[--------------------------< D E F A U L T S >-------------------------------------------------------------- Default parameter values TODO: keep this? Only one default? ]] local defaults = { ['DeadURL'] = 'yes', } --[[--------------------------< A R G S _ S U P P O R T >----------------------------------------------------- These tables hold cite class values (from the template invocation) and identify those templates that support or require certain parameters. ]] local args_support = { ['templates_using_volume'] = {'citation', 'AV media', 'book', 'conference', 'encyclopaedia', 'interview', 'journal', 'magazine', 'map', 'news', 'report', 'techreport', 'thesis'}, ['templates_using_issue'] = {'citation', 'conference', 'episode', 'interview', 'journal', 'magazine', 'map', 'news'}, ['templates_not_using_page'] = {'AV media', 'episode', 'mailinglist', 'newsgroup', 'podcast', 'serial', 'sign', 'speech'}, ['templates_involving_time'] = {'AV media', 'episode', 'speech', 'podcast', 'serial'}, ['templates_not_using_chapter'] = {'encyclopaedia', 'web', 'news', 'journal', 'magazine', 'pressrelease','podcast', 'newsgroup', 'mailinglist', 'map', 'conference', 'episode', 'serial', 'arxiv', 'biorxiv', 'citeseerx', 'ssrn'}, ['templates_not_using_chapter_format'] = {'web', 'news', 'journal', 'magazine', 'pressrelease','podcast', 'newsgroup', 'mailinglist', 'arxiv', 'biorxiv', 'citeseerx', 'ssrn'}, ['templates_using_contributor'] = {'book', 'citation'}, -- |contributor= and |contribution= only supported in book cites ['templates_requiring_url'] = {'web', 'podcast', 'mailinglist'} } --[[--------------------------< K E Y W O R D S >-------------------------------------------------------------- This table holds keywords for those parameters that have defined sets of acceptible keywords. ]] local keywords = { ['yes_true_y'] = {'yes', 'true', 'y'}, -- ignore-isbn-error, last-author-amp, no-tracking, nopp, registration, subscription ['deadurl'] = {'yes', 'true', 'y', 'dead', 'no', 'live', 'unfit', 'usurped'}, ['deadurl-live'] = {'no', 'live'}, ['deadurl-unfit'] = {'unfit', 'usurped'}, ['mode'] = {'cs1', 'cs2'}, ['name-list-format'] = {'vanc', 'amp', '&'}, ['contribution'] = {'afterword', 'foreword', 'introduction', 'preface'}, -- generic contribution titles that are rendered unquoted in the 'chapter' position ['date-format'] = {'dmy', 'dmy-all', 'mdy', 'mdy-all', 'ymd', 'ymd-all'}, ['id-access'] = {'free'}, ['url-access'] = {'free', 'limited', 'subscription', 'registration'}, } --[[--------------------------< I N V I S I B L E _ C H A R A C T E R S >-------------------------------------- This table holds non-printing or invisible characters indexed either by name or by Unicode group. Values are decimal representations of UTF-8 codes. The table is organized as a table of tables because the lua pairs keyword returns table data in an arbitrary order. Here, we want to process the table from top to bottom because the entries at the top of the table are also found in the ranges specified by the entries at the bottom of the table. This list contains patterns for templates like {{'}} which isn't an error but transcludes characters that are invisible. These kinds of patterns must be recognized by the functions that use this list. Also here is a pattern that recognizes stripmarkers that begin and end with the delete characters. The nowiki stripmarker is not an error but some others are because the parameter values that include them become part of the template's metadata before stripmarker replacement. ]] local invisible_chars = { {'replacement', '\239\191\189', '替換字元'}, -- U+FFFD, EF BF BD {'apostrophe', '&zwj;\226\128\138\039\226\128\139', '撇號'}, -- apostrophe template: &zwj; hair space ' zero-width space; not an error {'apostrophe', '\226\128\138\039\226\128\139', '撇號'}, -- apostrophe template: hair space ' zero-width space; (as of 2015-12-11) not an error {'zero width joiner', '\226\128\141', '零寬連字'}, -- U+200D, E2 80 8D {'zero width space', '\226\128\139', '零寬空格'}, -- U+200B, E2 80 8B {'hair space', '\226\128\138', '字間最小間隔'}, -- U+200A, E2 80 8A {'soft hyphen', '\194\173', '軟連字號'}, -- U+00AD, C2 AD {'horizontal tab', '\009', '水準製錶'}, -- U+0009 (HT), 09 {'line feed', '\010', '換行符'}, -- U+0010 (LF), 0A {'carriage return', '\013', '回車符'}, -- U+0013 (CR), 0D -- {'nowiki stripmarker', '\127UNIQ%-%-nowiki%-[%a%d]+%-QINU\127'}, -- nowiki stripmarker; not an error {'stripmarker', '\127[^\127]*UNIQ%-%-(%a+)%-[%a%d]+%-QINU[^\127]*\127', 'mediawiki預留位置'}, -- stripmarker; may or may not be an error; capture returns the stripmaker type {'delete', '\127', '刪除符'}, -- U+007F (DEL), 7F; must be done after stripmarker test {'C0 control', '[\000-\008\011\012\014-\031]', 'C0控制符'}, -- U+0000–U+001F (NULL–US), 00–1F (except HT, LF, CR (09, 0A, 0D)) {'C1 control', '[\194\128-\194\159]', 'C1控制符'}, -- U+0080–U+009F (XXX–APC), C2 80 – C2 9F {'Specials', '[\239\191\185-\239\191\191]', '特殊字元'}, -- U+FFF9-U+FFFF, EF BF B9 – EF BF BF {'Private use area', '[\238\128\128-\239\163\191]', '私用空間'}, -- U+E000–U+F8FF, EE 80 80 – EF A3 BF {'Supplementary Private Use Area-A', '[\243\176\128\128-\243\191\191\189]', '補充私用空間A'}, -- U+F0000–U+FFFFD, F3 B0 80 80 – F3 BF BF BD {'Supplementary Private Use Area-B', '[\244\128\128\128-\244\143\191\189]', '補充私用空間B'}, -- U+100000–U+10FFFD, F4 80 80 80 – F4 8F BF BD } --[[--------------------------< E X T R A _ T E X T _ P A T T E R N >-------------------------------------- ]] local extra_text_pattern = { ['edition'] = { ['good'] = { }, ['bad'] = { '%f[%a][Ee]d%.?$', '%f[%a][Ee]dition$' } }, ['page'] = { ['good'] = { '^P[^%.Pp]' -- ok to begin with uppercase P: P7 (pg 7 of section P) but not p123 (page 123) TODO: add Gg for PG or Pg? }, ['bad'] = { '^[Pp]?[Pp]%.?[ %d]', '^[Pp]ages?' } } } --[[---------------------< S T R I P M A R K E R S >---------------------------- Common pattern definition location for stripmarkers so that we don't have to go hunting for them if (when) MediaWiki changes their form. ]] local stripmarkers = { ['any'] = '\127[^\127]*UNIQ%-%-(%a+)%-[%a%d]+%-QINU[^\127]*\127', -- capture returns name of stripmarker ['math'] = '\127[^\127]*UNIQ%-%-math%-[%a%d]+%-QINU[^\127]*\127' -- math stripmarkers used in coins_cleanup() and coins_replace_math_stripmarker() } local indic_script = '[\224\164\128-\224\181\191\224\163\160-\224\183\191\225\128\128-\225\130\159\234\167\160-\234\167\191\234\169\160-\234\169\191]'; --[[--------------------------< M A I N T E N A N C E _ C A T E G O R I E S >---------------------------------- Here we name maintenance categories to be used in maintenance messages. ]] local maint_cats = { ['ASIN'] = '引文格式1維護：ASIN使用ISBN', ['date_year'] = '引文格式1維護：日期與年', ['disp_auth_ed'] = '引文格式1維護：顯示－作者', -- $1 is authors or editors ['embargo'] = '引文格式1維護：PMC封鎖過期', ['english'] = 'CS1 maint: English language specified', ['etal'] = '引文格式1維護：顯式使用等標籤', ['extra_text'] = '引文格式1維護：冗余文本', ['ignore_isbn_err'] = '引文格式1維護：ISBN錯誤被忽略', ['jfm_format'] = '引文格式1維護：jfm格式', ['mr_format'] = '引文格式1維護：MR格式', ['pmc_format'] = '引文格式1維護：PMC格式', ['unknown_lang'] = '引文格式1維護：未識別語文類型', ['untitled'] = '引文格式1維護：無標題期刊', ['zbl_format'] = '引文格式1維護：zbl格式', ['registration'] = '含有內容需登入查看的頁面', ['subscription'] = '含有連結內容需訂閱查看的頁面' } --[[--------------------------< P R O P E R T I E S _ C A T E G O R I E S >------------------------------------ Here we name properties categories ]] local prop_cats = { ['foreign_lang_source'] = 'CS1$1來源 ($2)', -- |language= categories; $1 is language name, $2 is ISO639-1 code ['script'] = 'CS1含有外文文本', -- when language specified by |script-title=xx: doesn't have its own category ['script_with_name'] = 'CS1含有$1文本 ($2)', -- |script-title=xx: has matching category; $1 is language name, $2 is ISO639-1 code } --[[--------------------------< T I T L E _ T Y P E S >-------------------------------------------------------- Here we map a template's CitationClass to TitleType (default values for |type= parameter) ]] local title_types = { ['AV media notes'] = 'Media notes', ['interview'] = 'Interview', ['mailinglist'] = '郵寄清單', ['map'] = 'Map', ['podcast'] = 'Podcast', ['pressrelease'] = '新聞稿', ['report'] = 'Report', ['speech'] = 'Speech', ['techreport'] = 'Technical report', ['thesis'] = 'Thesis' } --[[--------------------------< E R R O R _ C O N D I T I O N S >---------------------------------------------- Error condition table The following contains a list of IDs for various error conditions defined in the code. For each ID, we specify a text message to display, an error category to include, and whether the error message should be wrapped as a hidden comment. Anchor changes require identical changes to matching anchor in Help:CS1 errors ]] local error_conditions = { accessdate_missing_url = { message = '使用<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;accessdate=</code>需要含有<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;url=</code>', anchor = 'accessdate_missing_url', category = '含有訪問日期但無網址的引用的頁面', hidden = true }, archive_missing_date = { message = '使用<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;archiveurl=</code>需要含有<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;archivedate=</code>', anchor = 'archive_missing_date', category = '含有存檔網址錯誤的引用的頁面', hidden = false }, archive_missing_url = { message = '使用<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;archiveurl=</code>需要含有<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;url=</code>', anchor = 'archive_missing_url', category = '含有存檔網址錯誤的引用的頁面', hidden = false }, arxiv_missing = { message = '需要使用<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;arxiv=</code>', anchor = 'arxiv_missing', category = '引文格式1錯誤：arXiv', -- same as bad arxiv hidden = false }, arxiv_params_not_supported = { message = 'cite arXiv範本填寫了不支援的參數', anchor = 'arxiv_params_not_supported', category = '引文格式1錯誤：arXiv', -- same as bad arxiv hidden = false }, bad_arxiv = { message = '請檢查<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;arxiv=</code>值', anchor = 'bad_arxiv', category = '引文格式1錯誤：arXiv', hidden = false }, bad_asin = { message = '請檢查<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;asin=</code>值', anchor = 'bad_asin', category ='引文格式1錯誤：ASIN', hidden = false }, bad_bibcode = { message = '請檢查<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;bibcode=</code>值', anchor = 'bad_bibcode', category = '引文格式1錯誤：bibcode', hidden = false }, bad_biorxiv = { message = '請檢查<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;biorxiv=</code>值', anchor = 'bad_biorxiv', category = '引文格式1錯誤：bioRxiv', hidden = false }, bad_citeseerx = { message = '請檢查<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;citeseerx=</code>的值', anchor = 'bad_citeseerx', category = '引文格式1錯誤：citeseerx', hidden = false }, bad_cnid = { message = '請檢查<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;cn=</code>的值', anchor = 'bad_cnid', category = '引文格式1錯誤：CN', hidden = false }, bad_date = { message = '請檢查<code style="'..code_style..'">$1</code>中的日期值', anchor = 'bad_date', category = '引文格式1錯誤：日期', hidden = true }, bad_doi = { message = '請檢查<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;doi=</code>值', anchor = 'bad_doi', category = '引文格式1錯誤：DOI', hidden = false }, bad_hdl = { message = '請檢查<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;hdl=</code>值', anchor = 'bad_hdl', category = '引文格式1錯誤：HDL', hidden = false }, bad_isbn = { message = '請檢查<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;isbn=</code>值', anchor = 'bad_isbn', category = '含有ISBN錯誤的引用的頁面', hidden = false }, bad_ismn = { message = '請檢查<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;ismn=</code>值', anchor = 'bad_ismn', category = '引文格式1錯誤：ISMN', hidden = false }, bad_issn = { message = '請檢查<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;issn=</code>值', anchor = 'bad_issn', category = '引文格式1錯誤：ISSN', hidden = false }, bad_jfm = { message = '請檢查<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;jfm=</code>值', anchor = 'bad_jfm', category = '引文格式1錯誤：JFM', hidden = false }, bad_lccn = { message = '請檢查<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;lccn=</code>值', anchor = 'bad_lccn', category = '引文格式1錯誤：LCCN', hidden = false }, bad_message_id = { message = '請檢查<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;message-id=</code>值', anchor = 'bad_message_id', category = '引文格式1錯誤：message-id', hidden = false }, bad_mr = { message = '請檢查<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;mr=</code>值', anchor = 'bad_mr', category = '引文格式1錯誤：MR', hidden = false }, bad_oclc = { message = '請檢查<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;oclc=</code>值', anchor = 'bad_oclc', category = '引文格式1錯誤：OCLC', hidden = false }, bad_ol = { message = '請檢查<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;ol=</code>值', anchor = 'bad_ol', category = '引文格式1錯誤：OL', hidden = false }, bad_paramlink = { -- for |title-link=, |author/editor/translator-link=, |series-link=, |episode-link= message = '請檢查<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;$1=</code>值', anchor = 'bad_paramlink', category = '引文格式1錯誤：參數連結', hidden = false }, bad_pmc = { message = '請檢查<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;pmc=</code>值', anchor = 'bad_pmc', category = '引文格式1錯誤：PMC', hidden = false }, bad_pmid = { message = '請檢查<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;pmid=</code>值', anchor = 'bad_pmid', category = '引文格式1錯誤：PMID', hidden = false }, bad_s2cid = { message = '請檢查<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;s2cid=</code>的值', anchor = 'bad_s2cid', category = '引文格式1錯誤：S2CID', hidden = false }, bad_ssrn = { message = '請檢查<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;ssrn=</code>的值', anchor = 'bad_ssrn', category = '引文格式1錯誤：SSRN', hidden = false }, bad_url = { message = '請檢查<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;$1=</code>值', anchor = 'bad_url', category = '含有網址格式錯誤的引用的頁面', hidden = false }, bare_url_missing_title = { message = '<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;$1=</code>缺少標題', anchor = 'bare_url_missing_title', category = '含有裸露網址的引用的頁面', hidden = false }, bad_zbl = { message = '請檢查<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;zbl=</code>的值', anchor = 'bad_zbl', category = '引文格式1錯誤：ZBL', hidden = false }, bad_csbn = { message = '請檢查<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;csbn=</code>或<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;unified=</code>的值', anchor = 'bad_csbn', category = '引文格式1錯誤：CSBN', hidden = false }, class_ignored = { message = '<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;class=</code>被忽略', anchor = 'class_ignored', category = '引文格式1錯誤：class參數被忽略', hidden = false }, chapter_ignored = { message = '<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;$1=</code>被忽略', anchor = 'chapter_ignored', category = '引文格式1錯誤：章節參數被忽略', hidden = false }, citation_missing_title = { message = '缺少或<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;title=</code>為空', anchor = 'citation_missing_title', category = '含有缺少標題的引用的頁面', hidden = false }, cite_web_url = { -- this error applies to cite web and to cite podcast message = '缺少或<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;url=</code>為空', anchor = 'cite_web_url', category = '含有缺少網址的網站引用的頁面', hidden = true }, coauthors_missing_author = { message = '使用<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;coauthors=</code>需要含有<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;author=</code>', anchor = 'coauthors_missing_author', category = '引文格式1錯誤：無主作者的合作者', hidden = false }, contributor_ignored = { message = '<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;contributor=</code>被忽略</code>', anchor = 'contributor_ignored', category = '引文格式1錯誤：合作者', hidden = false }, contributor_missing_required_param = { message = '使用<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;contributor=</code>需要含有<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;$1=</code>', anchor = 'contributor_missing_required_param', category = '引文格式1錯誤：合作者', hidden = false }, date_year_mismatch = { message = '<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;year=</code>與<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;$1=</code>不匹配', anchor = 'date_year_mismatch', category = '引文格式1錯誤：日期與年不匹配', hidden = false }, deprecated_params = { message = '引文使用過時參數<code style="'..code_style..'">$1</code>', anchor = 'deprecated_params', category = '含有過時參數的引用的頁面', hidden = true }, doi_inactive_dated = { message = '自$1年含有不活躍DOI的頁面', anchor = 'doi_inactive_dated', category = '自$1年含有不活躍DOI的頁面', hidden = true}, doi_inactive = { message = '含有不活躍DOI的頁面', anchor = 'doi_inactive_dated', category = '含有不活躍DOI的頁面', hidden = true}, empty_citation = { message = '空引用', anchor = 'empty_citation', category = '含有空引用的頁面', hidden = false }, first_missing_last = { message = '$1列表中的<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;first$2=</code>缺少<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;last$2=</code>', anchor = 'first_missing_last', category = '引文格式1錯誤：缺少作者或編者', hidden = false }, format_missing_url = { message = '使用<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;format=</code>需要含有<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;url=</code>', anchor = 'format_missing_url', category = '含有格式卻不含網址的引用的頁面', hidden = true }, implict_etal_editor = { message = '建議使用<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;displayeditors=</code>', anchor = 'displayeditors', category = '含有舊式縮略標籤的引用的頁面 in editors', hidden = true }, invalid_param_val = { message = '無效<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;$1=$2</code>', anchor = 'invalid_param_val', category = '引文格式1錯誤：無效參數值', hidden = false }, invisible_char = { message = '參數$2值左起第$3位存在$1', anchor = 'invisible_char', category = '引文格式1錯誤：不可見字元', hidden = false }, missing_name = { message = '$1列表缺少<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;last$2=</code>', anchor = 'missing_name', category = '引文格式1錯誤：缺少作者或編者', hidden = false }, param_access_requires_param = { message = '使用<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;$1-access=</code>需要含有<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;$1=</code>', anchor = 'param_access_requires_param', category = '含有-access參數但無主參數的引用的頁面', hidden = true }, param_has_ext_link = { message = '外部連結存在於<code style="'..code_style..'">$1</code>', anchor = 'param_has_ext_link', category = '引文格式1錯誤：外部連結', hidden = false }, parameter_discarded = { message = '<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;$1=</code>被忽略', anchor = 'parameter_discarded', category = '引文格式1錯誤：已知參數被忽略', hidden = false }, parameter_ignored = { message = '已忽略未知參數<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;$1=</code>', anchor = 'parameter_ignored', category = '含有未知參數的引用的頁面', hidden = false }, parameter_ignored_suggest = { message = '已忽略未知參數<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;$1=</code>（建議使用<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;$2=</code>）', anchor = 'parameter_ignored_suggest', category = '含有未知參數的引用的頁面', hidden = false }, periodical = { message = '參數<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;$1=</code>與範本<code style="'..code_style..'">{{cite $2}}</code>不匹配（建議改用<code style="'..code_style..'">{{cite $3}}</code>或<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;$4=</code>）', anchor = 'periodical', category = '引文格式1錯誤：periodical系列參數與範本類型不匹配', hidden = false }, redundant_parameters = { message = '$1只需其一', anchor = 'redundant_parameters', category = '含有冗餘參數的引用的頁面', hidden = false }, text_ignored = { message = '已忽略文本“$1”', anchor = 'text_ignored', category = '含有未具名引數的引用的頁面', hidden = false }, trans_missing_title = { message = '使用<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;trans-title=</code>需要含有<code style="'..code_style..'">&#124;title=</code>', anchor = 'trans_missing_title', category = '引文格式1錯誤：翻譯標題', hidden = false }, vancouver = { message = '溫哥華格式錯誤', anchor = 'vancouver', category = '引文格式1錯誤：溫哥華格式', hidden = false }, wikilink_in_url = { message = '網址－維琪內鏈衝突', anchor = 'wikilink_in_url', category = '引文格式1錯誤：網址－維琪內鏈衝突', hidden = false }, } --[[--------------------------< I D _ H A N D L E R S >-------------------------------------------------------- The following contains a list of values for various defined identifiers. For each identifier we specify a variety of information necessary to properly render the identifier in the citation. parameters: a list of parameter aliases for this identifier link: Wikipedia article name label: the alternate name to apply to link mode: 'manual' when there is a specific function in the code to handle the identifier; 'external' for identifiers that link outside of Wikipedia; prefix: the first part of a url that will be concatenated with a second part which usually contains the identifier encode: true if uri should be percent encoded; otherwise false COinS: identifier link or keyword for use in COinS: for identifiers registered at info-uri.info use: info:.... for identifiers that have COinS keywords, use the keyword: rft.isbn, rft.issn, rft.eissn for others make a url using the value in prefix, use the keyword: pre (not checked; any text other than 'info' or 'rft' works here) set to nil to leave the identifier out of the COinS separator: character or text between label and the identifier in the rendered citation ]] local id_handlers = { ['ARXIV'] = { parameters = {'arxiv', 'ARXIV', 'eprint'}, link = 'arXiv', label = 'arXiv', mode = 'manual', prefix = '//arxiv.org/abs/', -- protocol relative tested 2013-09-04 encode = false, COinS = 'info:arxiv', separator = ':', access = 'free', }, ['ASIN'] = { parameters = { 'asin', 'ASIN' }, link = '亞馬遜標準識別碼', label = 'ASIN', mode = 'manual', prefix = '//www.amazon.', COinS = nil, -- no COinS for this id (needs thinking on implementation because |asin-tld=) separator = '&nbsp;', encode = false; }, ['BIBCODE'] = { parameters = {'bibcode', 'BIBCODE'}, link = 'Bibcode', label = 'Bibcode', mode = 'manual', prefix = 'https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/', encode = false, COinS = 'info:bibcode', custom_access = 'bibcode-access', separator = ':', }, ['BIORXIV'] = { parameters = {'biorxiv'}, link = 'bioRxiv', label = 'bioRxiv', mode = 'manual', prefix = '//doi.org/', encode = true, COinS = 'pre', separator = '&nbsp;', access = 'free', }, ['CITESEERX'] = { parameters = {'citeseerx'}, link = 'CiteSeerX', q = 'Q2715061', label = 'CiteSeerX', mode = 'manual', prefix = '//citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value access = 'free', -- free to read encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['CNID'] = { parameters = {'cn', 'CN'}, link = '國內統一刊號', label = "CN", mode = 'manual', prefix = 'http://www.nppa.gov.cn/nppa/publishing/view.shtml?&pubCode=', encode = true, separator = ' ', }, ['DOI'] = { parameters = { 'doi', 'DOI' }, link = '數位物件識別號', q = 'Q25670', label = 'doi', mode = 'manual', prefix = '//dx.doi.org/', COinS = 'info:doi', custom_access = 'doi-access', separator = ':', encode = true, }, ['EISSN'] = { parameters = {'eissn', 'EISSN'}, link = 'International_Standard_Serial_Number#Electronic_ISSN', label = 'eISSN', mode = 'manual', prefix = '//www.worldcat.org/issn/', COinS = 'rft.eissn', encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['HDL'] = { parameters = { 'hdl', 'HDL' }, link = 'Handle System', q = 'Q3126718', label = 'hdl', mode = 'manual', prefix = '//hdl.handle.net/', COinS = 'info:hdl', custom_access = 'hdl-access', separator = ':', encode = true, }, ['ISBN'] = { parameters = {'isbn', 'ISBN', 'isbn13', 'ISBN13'}, link = '國際標準書號', label = 'ISBN', mode = 'manual', prefix = 'Special:BookSources/', COinS = 'rft.isbn', separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['ISMN'] = { parameters = {'ismn', 'ISMN'}, link = 'International Standard Music Number', label = 'ISMN', mode = 'manual', prefix = '', -- not currently used; COinS = 'nil', -- nil because we can't use pre or rft or info: separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['ISSN'] = { parameters = {'issn', 'ISSN'}, link = '國際標準連續出版物號', label = 'ISSN', mode = 'manual', prefix = '//www.worldcat.org/issn/', COinS = 'rft.issn', encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['JFM'] = { parameters = {'jfm', 'JFM'}, link = 'Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik', label = 'JFM', mode = 'manual', prefix = '//zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['JSTOR'] = { parameters = {'jstor', 'JSTOR'}, link = 'JSTOR', label = 'JSTOR', mode = 'external', prefix = '//www.jstor.org/stable/', -- protocol relative tested 2013-09-04 COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value custom_access = 'jstor-access', encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['LCCN'] = { parameters = {'LCCN', 'lccn'}, link = '美國國會圖書館控制碼', label = 'LCCN', mode = 'manual', prefix = 'http://lccn.loc.gov/', COinS = 'info:lccn', -- use prefix value encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['MR'] = { parameters = {'MR', 'mr'}, link = '數學評論', label = 'MR', mode = 'manual', prefix = '//www.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=', -- protocol relative tested 2013-09-04 COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['OCLC'] = { parameters = {'OCLC', 'oclc'}, link = 'OCLC', label = 'OCLC', mode = 'manual', prefix = '//www.worldcat.org/oclc/', COinS = 'info:oclcnum', encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['OL'] = { parameters = { 'ol', 'OL' }, link = '開放圖書館', label = 'OL', mode = 'manual', prefix = '//openlibrary.org/', COinS = nil, -- no COinS for this id (needs thinking on implementation because /authors/books/works/OL) custom_access = 'ol-access', separator = '&nbsp;', endode = true, }, ['OSTI'] = { parameters = {'OSTI', 'osti'}, link = '科學和技術資訊辦公室', label = 'OSTI', mode = 'external', prefix = '//www.osti.gov/energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=', -- protocol relative tested 2013-09-04 COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value custom_access = 'osti-access', encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['PMC'] = { parameters = {'PMC', 'pmc'}, link = '公共醫學中心', label = 'PMC', mode = 'manual', prefix = '//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC', suffix = " ", COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', access = 'free', }, ['PMID'] = { parameters = {'PMID', 'pmid'}, link = '公共醫學識別碼', label = 'PMID', mode = 'manual', prefix = '//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/', COinS = 'info:pmid', encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['RFC'] = { parameters = {'RFC', 'rfc'}, link = '徵求修正意見書', label = 'RFC', mode = 'external', prefix = '//tools.ietf.org/html/rfc', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', access = 'free', }, ['S2CID'] = { parameters = {'s2cid', 'S2CID'}, link = 'Semantic Scholar', -- l10n: Not created yet label = 'S2CID', mode = 'manual', prefix = 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value custom_access = 's2cid-access', encode = false, separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['SSRN'] = { parameters = {'SSRN', 'ssrn'}, link = '社會科學研究網路', label = 'SSRN', mode = 'manual', prefix = '//ssrn.com/abstract=', -- protocol relative tested 2013-09-04 COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', access = 'free', }, ['USENETID'] = { parameters = {'message-id'}, link = 'Usenet', label = 'Usenet:', mode = 'manual', prefix = 'news:', encode = false, COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value separator = '&nbsp;', }, ['ZBL'] = { parameters = {'ZBL', 'zbl'}, link = 'Zentralblatt MATH', label = 'Zbl', mode = 'manual', prefix = '//zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:', COinS = 'pre', -- use prefix value encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', }, -- LOCAL ['CSBN'] = { parameters = {'unified', 'csbn', 'CSBN'}, link = '統一書號', label = 'CSBN', mode = 'manual', prefix = 'http://book.douban.com/subject_search?search_text=SH', COinS = 'rft.csbn', encode = true, separator = '&nbsp;', }, -- END LOCAL } return { aliases = aliases, args_support = args_support, defaults = defaults, error_conditions = error_conditions, indic_script = indic_script, internal_errors = internal_errors, id_handlers = id_handlers, keywords = keywords, invisible_chars = invisible_chars, extra_text_pattern = extra_text_pattern, maint_cats = maint_cats, messages = messages, periodical = periodical, presentation = presentation, prop_cats = prop_cats, stripmarkers = stripmarkers, title_types = title_types, uncategorized_namespaces = uncategorized_namespaces, uncategorized_subpages = uncategorized_subpages, } hrwt11elygmbztkf8nt276hwffldm7y 14 2522 38389 38388 2023-06-23T12:04:47Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38389 wikitext text/x-wiki 分類:美國 [[Kasasiwasiw:Kitakit]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Palaan]] nzjcgayohvyeyc4ixq73a6wat2cyzhl 14 2523 38391 2023-06-23T12:10:53Z 陳鷹馬 1604 建立內容為「分類:北美洲」的新頁面 38391 wikitext text/x-wiki 分類:北美洲 2axgvmhq5vvps3uj7tisiv5hmy6xwea 14 2524 38394 38393 2023-06-23T12:13:54Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38394 wikitext text/x-wiki 分類:加拿大 [[Category:Kitakit]] [[Category:Sa’amisay Amilika]] kqby1utt2ouguk3wzw5njr623ibcp48 14 2525 38397 38396 2023-06-23T12:25:23Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38397 wikitext text/x-wiki 分類:墨西哥 [[Kasasiwasiw:Sa’amisay Amilika]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Kitakit]] pgueoly73eenhojwaqqk59ws2fer3yp 14 2526 38399 2023-06-23T23:28:38Z 陳鷹馬 1604 建立內容為「分類:亞洲」的新頁面 38399 wikitext text/x-wiki 分類:亞洲 gustz2p8udir9ouoexyldhmsvbbndpz 14 2527 38405 2023-06-24T00:09:38Z 陳鷹馬 1604 建立內容為「分類:歐洲」的新頁面 38405 wikitext text/x-wiki 分類:歐洲 dq5djrmu3m7w7jalvnnjh81ofoh2kmz 14 2528 38407 2023-06-24T00:11:36Z 陳鷹馬 1604 建立內容為「分類:非洲」的新頁面 38407 wikitext text/x-wiki 分類:非洲 c83fdi73nxivbudaqx9s6gows66mtpq 14 2529 38409 2023-06-24T00:14:28Z 陳鷹馬 1604 建立內容為「分類:埃及」的新頁面 38409 wikitext text/x-wiki 分類:埃及 pu4adzt2cpp9htqrsc5s439m44vc39s 14 2530 38414 2023-06-24T00:22:05Z 陳鷹馬 1604 建立內容為「分類:日本」的新頁面 38414 wikitext text/x-wiki 分類:日本 qvy7vra4xxu250czphcvu6tfxe94rbk 14 2531 38416 2023-06-24T00:26:10Z 陳鷹馬 1604 建立內容為「分類:南韓」的新頁面 38416 wikitext text/x-wiki 分類:南韓 b97xxginkmq9ejadbp7j4ikwlm2lr7t 0 2532 45979 39566 2025-02-20T15:07:03Z InternetArchiveBot 33 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 45979 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:London_from_a_hot_air_balloon.jpg|350px|thumb|]] [[File:Ojo_de_Londres,_Londres,_Inglaterra,_2014-08-11,_DD_203.JPG|350px|thumb|]] [[File:Palace_of_Westminster,_London_-_Feb_2007.jpg|350px|thumb|]] [[File:London_Tower_Bridge_(11623986483).jpg|350px|thumb|]] ==London （倫敦）== O [[siyoto]](首都) no [[United Kingdom]] ko '''London'''. Itini i 51°30′26″N 0°07′39″W noYoropa ko London. Polong no sekalay i 1,572 sq km. “O sekalay no sera i, 1,572 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 0 sq km ” Polong i 8,908,081 ko tamdaw. ==Rikisi(歷史)== ==Falaw Rarikah-Hont(人口)== ==Pitooran(宗教)== ==Sowal(語言)== ==Saka’orip(經濟)== ==Ponka(文化)== ==Mihamhamay-tayal(旅遊)== ==Pacefaday a tilid(註腳)== ==Pi’arawan to lakaw== * [http://www.london.gov.uk/ 倫敦市政府]- 官方網站 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070323101659/http://www.tfl.gov.uk/ 倫敦交通]（TfL）- 城市的交通部門 ** ** [https://web.archive.org/web/20081211150128/http://xn--jpq555c.tv/ 倫敦] 倫敦.Tv * [http://www.london2012.org/en/ 2012年倫敦奧運] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070106154319/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/focuson/london/ 官方國家數據：2003年關注倫敦] - 關於倫敦的官方調查數據 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220225030930/http://london.cn/ 歡迎來到倫敦] [[Category:United Kingdom]] ihu7fm5sgizp4324zpifahkz3mqcow7 14 2533 38420 2023-06-24T00:48:46Z 陳鷹馬 1604 建立內容為「分類:越南」的新頁面 38420 wikitext text/x-wiki 分類:越南 cy1ya1xabmfcgont5vjav38twa07wnc 14 2534 38423 2023-06-24T02:55:36Z 陳鷹馬 1604 建立內容為「分類:南美洲」的新頁面 38423 wikitext text/x-wiki 分類:南美洲 4gzxz1gid2wdqk7kw0ya5ifj9jh6ykh 14 2535 38424 2023-06-24T02:56:27Z 陳鷹馬 1604 建立內容為「分類:巴西」的新頁面 38424 wikitext text/x-wiki 分類:巴西 ta3kwss6dfg6sc87x6iy6ayhy7u8lq7 14 2536 38426 2023-06-24T02:59:59Z 陳鷹馬 1604 建立內容為「分類:阿根廷」的新頁面 38426 wikitext text/x-wiki 分類:阿根廷 gt1onopjrxr7uzn5ot1vmbwkfy5eimo 14 2537 38430 2023-06-24T03:10:34Z 陳鷹馬 1604 建立內容為「分類:紐西蘭」的新頁面 38430 wikitext text/x-wiki 分類:紐西蘭 mzguz48eqix0gdstxzdrjvk2ibh2fvy 14 2538 38431 2023-06-24T03:12:06Z 陳鷹馬 1604 建立內容為「分類:大洋洲」的新頁面 38431 wikitext text/x-wiki 分類:大洋洲 ogtevljhpf77wghg74jyogwabfpvg0c 14 2539 38433 2023-06-24T03:13:28Z 陳鷹馬 1604 建立內容為「分類:澳洲」的新頁面 38433 wikitext text/x-wiki 分類:澳洲 nov3005duz65yy8vep8ep96som3f95u 14 2540 38436 2023-06-24T03:16:23Z 陳鷹馬 1604 建立內容為「分類:緬甸」的新頁面 38436 wikitext text/x-wiki 分類:緬甸 btvipier3hfuowcq2m23d9docl0dbb5 14 2541 38438 2023-06-24T03:26:56Z 陳鷹馬 1604 建立內容為「分類:柬埔寨」的新頁面 38438 wikitext text/x-wiki 分類:柬埔寨 830ivtnp21wnyz46yapr9wtr7j008cl 14 2542 38440 2023-06-24T03:28:22Z 陳鷹馬 1604 建立內容為「分類:寮國」的新頁面 38440 wikitext text/x-wiki 分類:寮國 ekdq0sy9wiyp293pp8hd5iz716b05kk 14 2543 38443 38442 2023-06-24T03:33:33Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38443 wikitext text/x-wiki 分類:泰國 [[Kasasiwasiw:Asiya]] qzou4roxt97z0vgggdgd017vp3ftcl6 14 2544 38447 38446 2023-06-24T03:38:19Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38447 wikitext text/x-wiki 分類:南亞 [[Kasasiwasiw:Asiya]] pyy0me0e1otq830483ndobbkdl7oo8m 14 2545 38452 38449 2023-06-24T03:43:15Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38452 wikitext text/x-wiki 分類:東亞 [[Kasasiwasiw:Asiya]] 92rhj1s57k8bp0tariwlzbj8159amku 14 2546 38454 2023-06-24T03:44:49Z 陳鷹馬 1604 建立內容為「分類:北韓」的新頁面 38454 wikitext text/x-wiki 分類:北韓 5txqgvlta7u7jocdv4b1xuf48hzte7f 14 2547 38458 2023-06-24T03:47:29Z 陳鷹馬 1604 建立內容為「分類:蒙古」的新頁面 38458 wikitext text/x-wiki 分類:蒙古 c2fe0czue2khwwet913dcqxladixywg 14 2548 38461 2023-06-24T03:50:22Z 陳鷹馬 1604 建立內容為「分類:斯里蘭卡」的新頁面 38461 wikitext text/x-wiki 分類:斯里蘭卡 5w71z2n7dox9mc8g6s2oke44dkvd24o 14 2549 38464 2023-06-24T03:53:13Z 陳鷹馬 1604 建立內容為「分類:巴基斯坦」的新頁面 38464 wikitext text/x-wiki 分類:巴基斯坦 pdz8focsq7qw4f6evr2iddbihjbyzq5 14 2550 38467 2023-06-24T04:05:15Z 陳鷹馬 1604 建立內容為「分類:菲律賓」的新頁面 38467 wikitext text/x-wiki 分類:菲律賓 1dsaywzckc13c4nd0qvwmbd3yeu3j54 14 2551 38469 2023-06-24T04:07:17Z 陳鷹馬 1604 建立內容為「分類:法國」的新頁面 38469 wikitext text/x-wiki 分類:法國 sau42ew5agy02grs4stt8gdeaxlq3ux 14 2552 38472 2023-06-24T04:08:58Z 陳鷹馬 1604 建立內容為「分類:葡萄牙」的新頁面 38472 wikitext text/x-wiki 分類:葡萄牙 jofh2uythf53wo5vd42sfy5kj6l8jvw 14 2553 38474 2023-06-24T04:13:03Z 陳鷹馬 1604 建立內容為「分類:阿富汗」的新頁面 38474 wikitext text/x-wiki 分類:阿富汗 bnl6bcwap27p2w0gji9ajh0pfbg5t1o 14 2554 38481 2023-06-24T04:21:41Z 陳鷹馬 1604 建立內容為「分類:匈牙利」的新頁面 38481 wikitext text/x-wiki 分類:匈牙利 3ijkhtjyv49d9ka2b5gpvehhbt21rqq 0 2555 38511 2023-06-27T19:30:44Z 陳鷹馬 1604 Kuwaping a sowal 漢語 38511 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:New-Map-Sinophone_World.svg|frameless|350px|right]] O '''Sowal no Kuwaping''' (''漢族的語言'', ''漢語'') hananay i, o [[Kuwaping a sowal]]. Ira ko ’alomanay to tamdaw a [[Kuwaping]] i [[China|Congko]]. Tangasa to i 2015 a mihcaan i, ira to ko 13.4 ’ok a tamdaw somowalay to Kuwaping a sowal i hkal ma^min. {{stub}} [[Kasasiwasiw:Kuwaping a sowal]] 8amqwpq99k6zimavg5zdhly0pnz5bsg 14 2556 38513 38512 2023-06-27T19:31:58Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38513 wikitext text/x-wiki 分類:漢語 [[Kasasiwasiw:Sowal]] cpo74ge5ljy9v8p63khxivinlgb9aml 0 2557 38528 2023-06-27T19:45:57Z 陳鷹馬 1604 陳鷹馬 malinah to ko felih nani [[COVID-19]] tangasa i [[Lifong no kemi]] 38528 wikitext text/x-wiki #重新導向 [[Lifong no kemi]] gydkg6hn892rb3axy8sj0yih8dgx4na 14 2558 38530 2023-06-27T19:47:58Z 陳鷹馬 1604 建立內容為「分類:嚴重特殊傳染性肺炎」的新頁面 38530 wikitext text/x-wiki 分類:嚴重特殊傳染性肺炎 bgusrm13jmnomwr4c2dt6l41umq8fcw 14 2559 38538 2023-06-27T19:56:01Z 陳鷹馬 1604 建立內容為「分類:學校」的新頁面 38538 wikitext text/x-wiki 分類:學校 q88b9gia7h88ll3nej4og61wga4nvs0 14 2560 38544 38543 2023-06-27T20:02:35Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38544 wikitext text/x-wiki 分類:蟹 [[Kasasiwasiw:'a'adopen]] b7h2b2yzhsntibvi9siqkeuasrjkz6i 14 2561 38545 2023-06-27T20:04:33Z 陳鷹馬 1604 建立內容為「分類:動物」的新頁面 38545 wikitext text/x-wiki 分類:動物 qyaarhfsuu5zb0u0wacw8ugyr2j1fdo 14 2562 38571 38570 2023-06-27T20:33:59Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38571 wikitext text/x-wiki 分類:哥斯達黎加 [[Kasasiwasiw:Sa’amisay Amilika]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Kitakit]] t4yd9y1u4tziyy41cx8ildmawryugme 14 2563 38595 38594 2023-06-27T20:54:26Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38595 wikitext text/x-wiki 分類:賴比瑞亞 [[Kasasiwasiw:Afrika]] 452y54ow5i78z6fno1tkd9qlhjtr7a0 0 2564 40192 40191 2023-11-29T22:10:44Z CommonsDelinker 39 Removing [[:c:File:'Alic_(towid)_a_'ayam..png|'Alic_(towid)_a_'ayam..png]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Jameslwoodward|Jameslwoodward]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/Files by Masaonikar|]]. 40192 wikitext text/x-wiki == ’Alic (麻雀) == ’Alic[1] (tilid a ngangan: Passer montanus), o nano ’alic a ’ayaman. (no ’Amis sowal: o ’alic, to’id, facacili, cilepa han a sowal ko matiniay a ’ayam). ’Alic paledef i Europe Asia a sahetal, Europe, tanokay Asia, kawali katimol Asia, kawali Asia manengneng itira ko matiniay ’ayam. Saheto i kilakilangan a misadipong, mikisafaay no romaroma a ’ayaman ko ka’eming nira, tatirengan saheto o lo’etimay ato kohecalay, kasasiroma to roma ’ayaman i, o kalalinah no ’alic i sekal o nicakadan. == katadamaanan (特徵) == Ira ko cecay sasowalen: patinako mimingay a demak, hakairaira saan. Pakayni i ’alic “miminf ko ’alic, kahirahira saan ko tina’i”. sako patinako. Tatirengan no ’alic mimingay, o kakaya’ 12.5 tangasa 14cm[2], mamoko’ kimolo ko tiring, o pinalomaan ko nikaenan nira. O fanges no tawinaay tamangawan malecaday ko cengel, o tangal ato ’ailocan o mameliay, pising o kohecalay, papisingan ira ko kohetingay cengel, matiniay a cengel o kacipinangan to ’alic katadamaan, sacisowal sa ko mikingkiway, itini i sakapot naira o sakoheting sanay ko tali’elan tata’ang ko tiring, masapinang ko kakoheting; lo’etim ko fafaeday tireng, ci sapeno to kohetingay, i sapikpikan[3], mimingay a opihan, sa’ayaw opih o lo’etimay ko kakoheting; parafas to kohecalay i sapikpik; wikol o lo’etimay; kalaeno kohecalay; lo’etim ko tamataan; sakalat no ngoyos kimoloay, tata’ak , sakoheting, masalo’etim ko saripa’ masalo’etimay. (nengnengen i syasing) O matinay a ’ayam masasifoday ko palalecad to no loma’ay a ’alic. Nika matiniay a ’alic malo’etimay, o tangal masa no fodawan, kohecalay ko pising patilid to kohetingay. == O kakaenen (食物) == Macacamolay ko kakaenen no ’alic ’ayam, midotoc to kasasiroma no romi’ad kasasiroma no kakaenen, o kacangalahan kaciherangan malenak ko fao, kaawaayan no kaciheci no pinalengaw, o kalofao konikaenan, maraod ko kafalawfawan kasi’enawan no romi’ad, kasapinalengaw halo nipalomaan no tamdaw a kilang a heci, malowan ko kasadak no fao, o kakaenen no ’alic o masamaanay a falo, heci, kasapinaloma ko makaenay; o nia mihecaan i maciay ma’oripa ’alic mananamay to i tokay ko pi’oripan, mafana’ay mikilim to tamdaw to pifolesak to kakaenen, itira sa i kasasiroma no romi’ad a cisakanga’ay ira no kakaenen. == Kalenakan ato pidipot (繁殖與保護) == kalenakan no ’alic satapang i mihecaan saka 3 – 4 foladan, itiya misadipong cangra o rengos ko sapisanga’, ma’icangay ca’ang ko sapisadipong patireng, o kaitiraan misadipong i parapatan ano eca i notamdawan nisanga’an to sihif, roma i papotal manga’ayay i kasaco’ed no kikay, pa’acefelan, pifa’edetan to nanom a dohdoh, misanga’ to kalifotan. O kacifita’olan i saka 5 – 6 folad, o fita’ol kohecalay ira ko kasatopa, kafitelakan 12 ko romi’ad ta ciwawa itiya mikkilim to fao sapakaen. O kalasofocan ko ’alic, kasafeleng tata’ang, caay ko maomalasawad. Nika o Congko milepel ko kitakit mipatay 57 walwalan ko kaadhay, o nia mihecaan a sa’etal a ’alic mato masereray malowan, mangalef o katimolay no Congko a maci malasawaday to. Aniniay i Congko a ’alic o sakadama no kitakit ano eca saka ira no kicay, pikingkiwan to ’a’adopen a todong. O manan caayay haydaen tatiih milepel, pa’aca, malokakaenen, o mamilifet to telek a rikec. == Tataparan no liyok (生態環境) == O miiriray ko ’alic to tamdaw, dademak sa itira i liyok no ’alomanay kadademakan no tamdaw, kahiceraan naira ato pikiliman naira to kaka’enen Iitira i niyaro’, nika itiraay i dafdaf, itira i takaraway lotok awaaay manengneng caira. Nawhani miingiray to tamdaw ko ’alic, itira sa i kadademakan no tamdaw ko kaitiraan naira, orasaka sacisowal sa ko tamdaw i cairaan o “mafana’ay ma’efer a ’edo”. Orama manengneng caira i kasakilangan misadipong, nika o ’alic i kafafalic nomihecaansaheto o masafelengay, itiraay i ’adihayay ko dihif a kilangan. Caay ka fangcal ko pisadipong naira, o sapisadipong a sakatayal adihay, halo rengos, ma’icangay semot, fanoh no siri, opih. Oroma itira caira i dihif no ’ongcoy, tapangan no kilakilangan, ano eca itira i sa’aliwal no loma’ misadipong. Kinacecay misofoc to 4 – 6 a fitaol, kasapinangan 5 fitaol. == Pinengnengan tilid. (參考文獻) == 1. Passer montanus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017. [1 October 2016]. 資料庫資料包含說明此物種被編入無危級別的原因 2. Mullarney et al. 1999，第342頁 3. 王瑞芳. 浅析“三有动物”的法律保护. 中國網. 2014-09-15 [2020-04-28]. （原始內容存檔於2020-08-21）. == Naicowaay (來源) == 1.Mullarney, Killian; Svensson, Lars; Zetterstrom, Dan; Grant, Peter. Collins Bird Guide. London: HarperCollins. 1999. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-00-219728-1</nowiki>. == Papotalay calay (外部連結) == [[麻雀(Passer montanus (saturatus))鳴聲]] [http://libproject.hkbu.edu.hk/was40/detail?channelid=44273&searchword=herb_id=D00265] [[圖片]] 4ys6cxjxkv232viyulpuxggo9tv43a5 0 2565 45028 38703 2024-10-22T20:48:29Z 臺灣語言繼承者 2320 45028 wikitext text/x-wiki {{multiple image|perrow = 3|total_width=440 | image1 = Katsura Imperial Villa in Spring.jpg|width10=300|height10= | image2 = 16, Calea Dorobanților, Bucharest (Romania) 1.jpg | image3 = 8A, Bulevardul Aviatorilor , Bucharest (Romania).jpg | image4 = 248 Ashley Ave - 2017.jpg|thumb|Wooden house, [[Charleston, South Carolina]], United States | image5 = Casa Assan 1.jpg | image6 = Cam0492 Habitation de Pouss.jpg|thumb|Cam0492 Habitation de Pouss. Cameroon? | image7 = Bamboo House in Sambava Madagascar.JPG|thumb|Bamboo House in Sambava Madagascar | image8 = Yasaka-dori early morning with street lanterns and the Tower of Yasaka (Hokan-ji Temple), Kyoto, Japan.jpg | image9 = 14 Strada Vasile Conta, Bucharest (02).jpg | image10 = 103 Hanover.jpg|thumb|Brick house, [[Charleston, South Carolina]], United States | image11 = 9, Strada Mitropolit Nifon, Bucharest (Romania).jpg | image12 = Deras-TreeHouse.JPG|thumb|Deras-TreeHouse | footer = Loma' }} O pisanga’ no ’[[Amis]] to loma’ i,misi’ayaw to kasadakan no cidal. O pipawalian to panay ko sakapihaen nawhani, i i’ayaw no loma’ ko potal ta caay ka ’ading ko pipawalian to panay. O satapangan no pisaloma’ i, misongila’ to sera to malopipatirengan to loma’. Lopayenho nangara ko sota’. O sapisaloma’ to loma’ no ’Amis o kilang,o ’aol,o penen, o folo’. Pili’en ko rakes a kilang to malo hecek no loma’.Onini a rakes a kilang i,caay ka kaen no ’aayad.Karkaren nangra ko sera a misatalolong to saka tanektek no katomireng no hecek.Mapateli i sepatay a toko ko safalat a ’alinonong(’anonong) a kilang. ==misaloma’ a serangawan no ’Amis== Ma’oripay itini i Taiwan a Yin-cu-min, Masasiroma koni patireng to loma’, Tinako o ’Amis a finacadan itira i dahetal a patireng to loma’, o i ngata’ay a lotok a kilang ato ’a’ol fulo’ fitunay ’eli’ ato ’oway ko sapi saloma’; ono Manowan a finacadan itini i lotolotokan a patireng to loma’, o masa sapaday a fokeloh ato kilang ato ’oway ko sapi saloma’; ono Fotod a finacadan itira i kasa ’apilis a mi korkor to paloma’an o fokeloh sapi taring malo patih, o kilang ko hecek o ’eli’ ko sapi fadahong, ta: da mahapinang ko taneng no Yin-cu-min a mafana’ mikitado to mata todongay sapi saloma’ a kalomaan a losay. O sefi, loma’, pikacawan, pakolongan, cukep, demi’ no ’Amis, saheto o kilang o ’a’ol o ’eli’ ato ’oway ko sapi patireng, o na sapi simsim mi kilim ato mi pili', o taneng no to’as no ’Amis konini, o maan a kilang ko a lohecek? O maan a ’a’olan ko malo dayna? Maanen ko pifalod ta makedec tanektek? Ma ’emin mateli mana’ang i fongoh no mato’asay, onini saheto o papalifeten no mita a minanam a mifana’, Aka tawalen no mita, mala sawadaw ko fenek no to’as a patireng to loma’. O kapah o pakarongay no ’Amis pakayni i pisaloma’ mifuting ato mitilo ko saka lafainayan, mifuting ato mitilo o sapa ka’en to paro no loma’, fainayan a tamdaw mafana’ misanga’ to kalomaan a sakatayal, mafana’ misacaki, mafana’ misakanas, mafana’ misatapila’, kasaloma’an mafana’ a mipalimaw misanga’ to paliding, ’epip no wawa, o saka tayal no ina i demi’ a kaliling, tepi, ’alapit, sakahir, todong no malakadafuay a misa ’icel patireng to parod. Misaloma’, misa’ariri’, misanga’ topikacawan ato misasefi sahto no finawlan malacecay amipatireng, todongay o malacecayay ko ’orip sanay a serangawan, o polong fainayan a tamdaw nani pakarongay tangasa i mato’asay ma’emin a mikihatiya matayal, itini inipisakilang a pasifana’ komato’asay to kapah maanen ko nipisimsim to kilang, maanen ko nipi’oway, Adihay ko limo’ot a papina’on to kapah to tayal, yo malepon ko tayal to no romi’adan. Isa sifoan no lafi’ pacecay heca a pakimad ko mato’asay amipa ’icel to kasaselal ato palimo’ot to rayray no tayal ano dafak, itini i limo’ot ato kimad no mato’asay malahad cicefad ko taneng no fainayan a tamdaw, mangalef mangalef koka aredet no kimad no kapah no finawlan. 3frkbdxu2fd54j5wzjd9ptv0vfbq9l2 14 2566 38688 2023-06-29T04:51:24Z 陳鷹馬 1604 建立內容為「分類:聖誕節」的新頁面 38688 wikitext text/x-wiki 分類:聖誕節 e4c1bozanil771doj6q1hf7rup0dcuh 14 2567 38728 38727 2023-06-29T12:16:11Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38728 wikitext text/x-wiki 分類:突尼西亞 [[Kasasiwasiw:Afrika]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Kitakit]] jpn6so8getpiqxdmshzq3wq7bu55wpf 0 2568 38742 38741 2023-06-29T12:32:55Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38742 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Top_of_Atmosphere.jpg|250px|thumb|Kasata’edi’edip no lahod no [[cikiw]]]] '''Kasata’edi’edip no lahod''' （[[kuwaping a sowal]]：大氣層） no [[hekal]] lima ko kasasiiked, mido’edo to katakaraw no lotok a mafali ko hemhem to takaraw ato kalowan. Nai ’akawangay tangasa po^eneray: *[[Papotalay a lahod to’edip]]（[[kuwaping a sowal]]：外氣層） *[[Mirakarakay lahod to’edip]]（[[kuwaping a sowal]]：游離層） *[[Sasifoay to’edip]]（[[kuwaping a sowal]]：中間層） *[[Maladacay to’edip]]（[[kuwaping a sowal]]：平流層） *[[Kasacoelisan to’edip]]（[[kuwaping a sowal]]：對流層） {{stub}} 9567sxtic3ebofmrt1oecdtzd1cu4h4 0 2569 41059 38746 2024-01-25T00:39:54Z InternetArchiveBot 33 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 41059 wikitext text/x-wiki {| align="right" |+'''Kasata’edi’edip no lahod no cikiw''' | align="center" bgcolor="#ff8888" height="200" |[[Papotalay a lahod to’edip]](外氣層)<br>（600 km～2000 km） |- | align="center" bgcolor="#8888ff" height="100" |[[Mirakarakay lahod to’edip]](游離層)<br>（80 km～600 km） |- | align="center" bgcolor="#9999ff" height="50" |[[Sasifoay to’edip]](中間層)<br>（50 km～80 km） |- | align="center" bgcolor="#aaaaff" height="60" |[[Maladacay to’edip]](平流層)<br>（11 km～50 km） |- | align="center" bgcolor="#ccccff" |[[Kasacoelisan to’edip]](對流層)<br>（0 km～11 km） |} '''Papotalay a lahod to’edip'''（[[kuwaping a sowal]]：外氣層） Papotalay no kasata’edi’edip no [[lahod]], oya cingci ato hayci sakapot. ==Pinengnengan<ref>[http://dept.pjhs.tyc.edu.tw/DEPT/NB_files/NB_5879_922.pdf 大氣的結構與變動 tyc.edu.tw]</ref>== *[[Mirakarakay lahod to’edip]]（[[kuwaping a sowal]]：游離層） *[[Sasifoay to’edip]]（[[kuwaping a sowal]]：中間層） *[[Maladacay to’edip]]（[[kuwaping a sowal]]：平流層） *[[Kasacoelisan to’edip]]（[[kuwaping a sowal]]：對流層） ==Tatiri'an a tilid== {{reflist}} ==No papotalay a kakafit== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20230629144336/https://www.cwb.gov.tw/V8/C/K/Encyclopedia/nous/overview_all.html 大氣概述全書下載| 交通部中央氣象局] {{stub}} j3f6yxpch21tg97wg92kpzedaq1xnom 0 2570 41058 38750 2024-01-25T00:24:41Z InternetArchiveBot 33 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 41058 wikitext text/x-wiki {| align="right" |+'''Kasata’edi’edip no lahod no cikiw''' | align="center" bgcolor="#ff8888" height="200" |[[Papotalay a lahod to’edip]](外氣層)<br>（600 km～2000 km） |- | align="center" bgcolor="#8888ff" height="100" |[[Mirakarakay lahod to’edip]](游離層)<br>（80 km～600 km） |- | align="center" bgcolor="#9999ff" height="50" |[[Sasifoay to’edip]](中間層)<br>（50 km～80 km） |- | align="center" bgcolor="#aaaaff" height="60" |[[Maladacay to’edip]](平流層)<br>（11 km～50 km） |- | align="center" bgcolor="#ccccff" |[[Kasacoelisan to’edip]](對流層)<br>（0 km～11 km） |} '''Mitongalay to’edip''', '''miliyasay to’edip''', tingrohay no '''mirakarakay lahod to’edip'''（[[kuwaping a sowal]]：游離層） laenoay no papotalay a lahod to’edip, la’ed to sera 800 kongli, Taykongcan no kasakitakit itiraay toni a kato’edip no lahod to’edip. ==Pinengnengan<ref>[http://dept.pjhs.tyc.edu.tw/DEPT/NB_files/NB_5879_922.pdf 大氣的結構與變動 tyc.edu.tw]</ref>== *[[Papotalay a lahod to’edip]]（[[kuwaping a sowal]]：外氣層） *[[Sasifoay to’edip]]（[[kuwaping a sowal]]：中間層） *[[Maladacay to’edip]]（[[kuwaping a sowal]]：平流層） *[[Kasacoelisan to’edip]]（[[kuwaping a sowal]]：對流層） ==Tatiri'an a tilid== {{reflist}} ==No papotalay a kakafit== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20230629144336/https://www.cwb.gov.tw/V8/C/K/Encyclopedia/nous/overview_all.html 大氣概述全書下載| 交通部中央氣象局] {{stub}} 4m90jjmvulx50jay35ujvtc4ltzy4rx 0 2571 40950 38754 2024-01-22T00:29:50Z InternetArchiveBot 33 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 40950 wikitext text/x-wiki {| align="right" |+'''Kasata’edi’edip no lahod no cikiw''' | align="center" bgcolor="#ff8888" height="200" |[[Papotalay a lahod to’edip]](外氣層)<br>（600 km～2000 km） |- | align="center" bgcolor="#8888ff" height="100" |[[Mirakarakay lahod to’edip]](游離層)<br>（80 km～600 km） |- | align="center" bgcolor="#9999ff" height="50" |[[Sasifoay to’edip]](中間層)<br>（50 km～80 km） |- | align="center" bgcolor="#aaaaff" height="60" |[[Maladacay to’edip]](平流層)<br>（11 km～50 km） |- | align="center" bgcolor="#ccccff" |[[Kasacoelisan to’edip]](對流層)<br>（0 km～11 km） |} '''Tenokay lahod a to’edip'''、'''Sasifoay to’edip'''（[[kuwaping a sowal]]：中間層）, itira i 50 tangasa 85 kongli ko [[takaraw]], o kacakat katefad no falawfaw. ==Pinengnengan<ref>[http://dept.pjhs.tyc.edu.tw/DEPT/NB_files/NB_5879_922.pdf 大氣的結構與變動 tyc.edu.tw]</ref>== *[[Mirakarakay lahod to’edip]]（[[kuwaping a sowal]]：游離層） *[[Maladacay to’edip]]（[[kuwaping a sowal]]：平流層） *[[Kasacoelisan to’edip]]（[[kuwaping a sowal]]：對流層） ==Tatiri'an a tilid== {{reflist}} ==No papotalay a kakafit== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20230629144336/https://www.cwb.gov.tw/V8/C/K/Encyclopedia/nous/overview_all.html 大氣概述全書下載| 交通部中央氣象局] {{stub}} c11vyiazqknyz4cbaeu4y6mlmvg0nd7 0 2572 41057 38759 2024-01-25T00:18:32Z InternetArchiveBot 33 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 41057 wikitext text/x-wiki {| align="right" |+'''Kasata’edi’edip no lahod no cikiw''' | align="center" bgcolor="#ff8888" height="200" |[[Papotalay a lahod to’edip]](外氣層)<br>（600 km～2000 km） |- | align="center" bgcolor="#8888ff" height="100" |[[Mirakarakay lahod to’edip]](游離層)<br>（80 km～600 km） |- | align="center" bgcolor="#9999ff" height="50" |[[Sasifoay to’edip]](中間層)<br>（50 km～80 km） |- | align="center" bgcolor="#aaaaff" height="60" |[[Maladacay to’edip]](平流層)<br>（11 km～50 km） |- | align="center" bgcolor="#ccccff" |[[Kasacoelisan to’edip]](對流層)<br>（0 km～11 km） |} '''Maladacay to’edip'''（[[kuwaping a sowal]]：平流層）, 50 kongli ko raraay to sera, laeno 10 kongli, nonini a to’edip awaay ko lalitemoh, kasopedan no adihayay no cuoyang, o cuoyangcen han. ==Pinengnengan<ref>[http://dept.pjhs.tyc.edu.tw/DEPT/NB_files/NB_5879_922.pdf 大氣的結構與變動 tyc.edu.tw]</ref>== *[[Papotalay a lahod to’edip]]（[[kuwaping a sowal]]：外氣層） *[[Mirakarakay lahod to’edip]]（[[kuwaping a sowal]]：游離層） *[[Sasifoay to’edip]]（[[kuwaping a sowal]]：中間層） *[[Kasacoelisan to’edip]]（[[kuwaping a sowal]]：對流層） ==Tatiri'an a tilid== {{reflist}} ==No papotalay a kakafit== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20230629144336/https://www.cwb.gov.tw/V8/C/K/Encyclopedia/nous/overview_all.html 大氣概述全書下載| 交通部中央氣象局] {{stub}} 9jtpfgi6a1qqaq3l138kzk8bls6uzma 0 2573 41056 38763 2024-01-25T00:07:28Z InternetArchiveBot 33 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 41056 wikitext text/x-wiki {| align="right" |+'''Kasata’edi’edip no lahod no cikiw''' | align="center" bgcolor="#ff8888" height="200" |[[Papotalay a lahod to’edip]](外氣層)<br>（600 km～2000 km） |- | align="center" bgcolor="#8888ff" height="100" |[[Mirakarakay lahod to’edip]](游離層)<br>（80 km～600 km） |- | align="center" bgcolor="#9999ff" height="50" |[[Sasifoay to’edip]](中間層)<br>（50 km～80 km） |- | align="center" bgcolor="#aaaaff" height="60" |[[Maladacay to’edip]](平流層)<br>（11 km～50 km） |- | align="center" bgcolor="#ccccff" |[[Kasacoelisan to’edip]](對流層)<br>（0 km～11 km） |} '''Kasacoelisan to’edip'''（[[kuwaping a sowal]]：對流層） Mingataay to sera a kasato’edip no lahod, mayamayam ko kasaco’elis, o nian a to’edip ko kadademakan no romi’ad, o kasaco’elis no to’edip o kacakat katefad no falawfaw, kacakatan 100 kongce, 0.6°. ==Pinengnengan<ref>[http://dept.pjhs.tyc.edu.tw/DEPT/NB_files/NB_5879_922.pdf 大氣的結構與變動 tyc.edu.tw]</ref>== *[[Papotalay a lahod to’edip]]（[[kuwaping a sowal]]：外氣層） *[[Mirakarakay lahod to’edip]]（[[kuwaping a sowal]]：游離層） *[[Sasifoay to’edip]]（[[kuwaping a sowal]]：中間層） *[[Maladacay to’edip]]（[[kuwaping a sowal]]：平流層） ==Tatiri'an a tilid== {{reflist}} ==No papotalay a kakafit== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20230629144336/https://www.cwb.gov.tw/V8/C/K/Encyclopedia/nous/overview_all.html 大氣概述全書下載| 交通部中央氣象局] {{stub}} szwaj5yn6rdqip2hxhwccoe2z5wh60c 0 2574 38778 38777 2023-06-30T00:38:51Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38778 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rikisi no Awto'''（[[kuwaping a sowal]]: 澳大利亞歷史） == '''I ka’ayaway no kairaan no tamdaw a rikisi (史前史)''' == Ma’edeng i’ayaw no 5 ofad komiheca, ila’enoay ho no sera to cecay a so’ot ko raya’ ko riyar, sa malalitingay ho ato Niukiniya, Sumatora ato Tasmaniya a kanatal, o kalala’ed ato Aciya a ta’eman riyar madihocay ho, sa lahodayay ho ko rakat no tamina. O Yincumin''(indigenous people)'' no i lawacay a pala ma’edengay ho a milakec a tayni i [[Awto]]. I 2014 miheca mahera ko samatelangay a malafokelohay to a ’okak, hinamen ’i, i’ayaway no 4 ofad ira ko tosa apatek ko kaliteng nona ci Munkoman hananay ko pangangan a fainayan a tamdaw sanany ko piketon to sowal no mikakinkiway. [[Faylo:Mungo_Man.jpg|thumb|I'ayaw no 4 ofad a miheca malafokelohay to okak no Mungo tamdaw]] Onini to ko hawacay o rikisi no Ostorariya ’i, o dengan ono Yincumin a rikisi sanay to ko kaketon no sowal. O hawacay tonini ’i, o naikoran no paloma’an, okak no tamdaw, o mikunisan a maamaan, sa adihay ko kitod pakayni to ‘orip no Ostotatiya Yincumin. O sowal no samato’asay no [[Yincumin no Awto]] o Kukaprak''(Kukabrak)''[1]finacadan o pana’ ato micideman ko ka’ayaw a tamina ko sapilood I ‘ayaw no 11,000 miheca tahiniay to pahicera I Ostorariya ato satimalan Amirika, mataliyokay to [[cikiw]](地球) sanay ko sowal.[2] To ikor to sa’aloman sato ko tayniay a mihahinahinamay to maamaan a tamdaw no Yoropa, ma’eco to ko kaitiraan no kina’orip, o tata’angay a a’adopen,tata’angay ma’eferay ‘ayam, o komaenay to a’adopen a kangkaro(kangaroo袋鼠), o limaay laya’ ko kato’edaw a kaloda’ay,matiya o mamangay a tosya a rarokoh, ano sa’osien ma’edeng ira ko 60 ko kasasiromaroma no kina’orip ko malahedaway.[3] O pakimad no Yincumin no Awto’i, i’ayaw no 13,000 miheca fahal sanay a malahedaw ko ciso’edaay a sera ato palapalaan sanay, oya malakitingay ho Ostorariya ato [[Tasmaniya]] kanatal madawdaw to no riyar, sa ira to koya Pasu riyaran ta’eman. O pakongko no Yincumin ya malahedaw ko so’eda, fa’edet to ko romi’ad ta macakat ko riyar matahepo ko pala o foting nani kafekang a matefad, ira ho ko [[cunami]](海嘯) ko midawdaway to sera, orasaka, masa’iked ko Tasmaniya a kanatal, o maro’ay itini a Yincumin ma’osaw to a masi’iked, oni ko kalahedaw no maro’ay i saowac no Pasu riyaran ta’eman ato i Kankarruay kanatl a Yincumin i’ayaw no 9,000 miheca. == '''Tayni ko [[Yoropa]] a tamdaw(歐洲白人到來)''' == [[Faylo:Australian_states_history.gif|thumb|Australian states history]] Naka awaan no so’eda ’i, macakat ko riyar sa tata’ang ko tapelik, i 16sici a cicu no nitahepoan no kakarayan pangangan sa to Ostorariya o ''Terra Australis Incognita'' hananay,「awaay ho ko kafanafana’an a pala i satimolan」sanay ko tatodong nona sowal. 1606 miheca, sa’ayaway a macakat tona pala a Yoropa tamdaw o Olanta a tamdaw ci Oiliyam Yancyon ''(Willem Janszoon).''1770 miheca o Sokolan a tamdaw ci Cimos Kuku itira i Sitoni a macakat, nengneng han nira o tada makapahay a pala itini, sa namacakat tangsol sa a pakido a milekal to ono niyam a pala konini saan, itini to ko pisatapang no kohecalay tamdaw a tayni mafolaw a paloma’ misaoamah, ona pala ’i, pangangan han tono Ikiris a ngangan to 「Niw Saos Oyrusu」(ona ngangan ’i,o fa’elohay a satimolan Oyrusu, nawhani, itira i Ikiris iraay ko Oyrusu hananay a sakowan). 1788 miheca, satapang ko pikowan no Ikiris ton apala, i sa’aya’ayaw ho ’i, o pirofoan to maparitay no Ikiris, oya sa’ayaway a nipataynian a maparitay ’i, 1030 ko tamdaw, i laloma’ nonini 736 ko maparitay(586 ko fainayan, 242 ko fafahiyan),o osaw ’i,sahetoay o pakoyoc a tamdaw, o pifalah to a taynien. 10791 miheca 1017 ko maparitay a taynien, caho ka pahicera itini tona pala 281 tamdaw ko mapatayay i fatad no riyar, nikawrira, cango’oten to kakaenen tona sakowan, hai han to no Ikiris sifo ko kalotamdaw a tayni mafolaw a maomah. Naka taynian no kohecalay tamdaw ton apala, o tasaraman han ko Yincumin a mi’adop a mipatay, corcoren ho sifo a mipapatay ko Yincumin, sa itira i Tasmaniya a kanatal lowan sanay to ko Yincumin.Tahira to i 1830 miheca, awaay to ko ’osaw no caay ka ciramram to remes no Yincumin no Tasmaniya kanatal. O pilood to kohetingay tamdaw hananay a pangangan ko nini. 1851 miheca satapang ko nani Yoropaay ato nani Ciwkoku a tamdaw a mafolaw tayni a mamatayal nona kitakit, i 1950miheca sa’osien ko polong to nani cowacowaay a  tamdaw itini ’i,200 ofad, ’odeng ko Holam aca ko sa’osien ’i, toloay ofad, wa sa’adihay ‘adihay a sa matongal ko Holan tamdaw sa a lacemcem ko kohecalay tamdaw, satapang to a milaplap, o kohecalay tamdaw ko kakakaenen saan.[4] == '''Ikor no Pisiiked-Niyahpikowan(獨立後)''' == I 1901 miheca mapalasawad ko pikowan no Ikiris siiked sato Niyahpikowan, nikawrira, sahetoay o teloc no Ikiris ko tatapangan a mafolaw a tayni, caay ka pisawad to o Honti niyam ko Ikiris a honti saan, oraka, i sakacecay a lalood no nitahepoan no kakarayan malakapot ko Ostorariya ato Niwcila(ANZAC), cacamol sa to sofitay no Ikiris ato Fransu milood to Osman hontian kitakit. [[Faylo:French_people_-_mosaic.PNG|thumb|Ankuro Sakusong tamdaw (French people - mosaic)]] Ikor to no lalood ’i, mala’afaw ko Sitoni niyaro’ ato Mirporon to saka malatatpangan a niyaro’ no kitakit, cakafilo kona tosa a niyaro’ awaway ko misododay, ora to ko sanga’ han i sifo’ nona taos a niyaro’ ko fa’elohay a halatatapangan niyaro’ no kitakit oya Kiyanpira a niyaro’.[5]   Na malaheci ko sakatosa a lalood no nitahepoan no kakarayan, wataay ko kalowan no tamdaw, o kohecalay sa tamdaw ’i, mana’ay to a maro’ itini, malowan to ko malinahay a tayni nani Yoropa. Orasaka, i 1980 miheca sawaden to koya o ikakaay ko kohecalay tamdaw sanay a demak, mitahidang to icowacowaay a tamdaw a tayni mafolaw, oya「kasasiromaroma a punka a demak」hananay.(多元文化) Nikawrira, ano masamaamaan to ko nika raay ato Yoropa ato Amirika, ano masamaamaan to ko nika ’aloman no roma a finacadan a mafolaw a tayni,cowa ka tawal ko cecaay ko keton no pona sanay a harateng, malecaday ko remes o Ankuro Sakusong Finacadan''(Anglo-Saxons,onini 'i, o Ikiris,Amirika, Kanata, Ostorariya ato Niwcila a kohecalay tamdaw koni toro'an)[6]'' kita sanay afaloco’ nangra a misakakinih to roma a finacadan. Nikawria, caay ka matiya o saka’amis pecih no cikiw aYoropa ko wayway nangra ano roma, patinako han yo mihapinang to ‘icel no kinsipakotan(核試)ko Frasu i satimolan no Taypinyang i ngata no Ostorariya ato Niwcilan ’i, caay to kafilo ko kaci’icel nona tosa a kitakit a mihantay tona mihapinang to ‘icel no kinsipakotan saany a demak no Fransu,o kalotamdaw ’i,mana’ay a micakay to dafong no Fransu, i tata’angay a niyaro’ ’i, mapala’idef ko patiyamay no Fransu. == Tahapinangan Tilid (註腳) == [1] Berndt, Berndt & Stanton 1993, p. 21. [2] “オーストラリアで発見された象形文字は歴史を書き換えることができます”. Afrikhepri (2019年). 2019年6月8日閲覧。Gosford Glyphs 1.m4v. [3] Encyclopedia of Australian Wildlife, Steve Parish Publishing, p.120-123, <nowiki>ISBN 9781740212441</nowiki>。Australian Museum. “Megafauna extinction theories - patterns of extinction”. 2010年4月23日閲覧。 [4] 鈴木 清史 (2010年). “オーストラリアの戸惑い : 2つの巨大貿易国のはざまで (日本とアジアの相互の照射   (PDF)”. 静岡大学人文学部アジア研究センター. 2020年12月17日閲覧。 [5] “オーストラリアの首都機能移転”. 国土交通省. 2020年6月11日閲覧。 ''[6]'' アングロサクソン人とは？歴史・年表まとめ【特徴から名前の由来、文明、文化まで紹介】o [[Category:Awto]] [[Category:Rikisi]] iepi1z8pzid7by7ht67legwg2hzasvu 14 2575 38779 2023-06-30T00:39:25Z 陳鷹馬 1604 建立內容為「分類:歷史」的新頁面 38779 wikitext text/x-wiki 分類:歷史 77rxcdev1jbga527v5djj9yojspwnta 0 2576 38784 38783 2023-06-30T00:43:48Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38784 wikitext text/x-wiki O kapolongan sowal ’i, o [[Ikiris]], nikawrira, caay ka lalen sa malecad to no Ikiris sowal, sa pangangan han to '''Awto Ikiris a Sowal'''（[[kuwaping a sowal]]：澳大利亞英語；[[Ikiris a Sowal]]：Aussie English）. Aloman ko nai cowacoway mafolaway a tayni tona [[kitakit]], oya teloc to nona mafolaway ’i, i loma no niyah o kasofocan kitakit a sowal ko kahasasowal, patinako han, o somowalay to congko a sowal nahaop ko 2.1%,Itariya sowal 1.6%, ira ho ko romaroma o caay ka hakowa ko tamdaw asowal. {{stub}} gskg1q28x2pk35s71fu52s6etqjnqty 14 2577 38789 38788 2023-06-30T00:47:06Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38789 wikitext text/x-wiki 分類:烏拉圭 [[Kasasiwasiw:Satimolan Amirika]] i8od74cdshq9mkyje8fwxzqbvi9yqrl 14 2578 38793 38792 2023-06-30T00:55:22Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38793 wikitext text/x-wiki 分類:關島 [[Kasasiwasiw:Amilika]] hb5qxe7io8hnuimgtvnl8vomypg8rmw 14 2579 38833 38832 2023-06-30T02:24:57Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38833 wikitext text/x-wiki 分類:俄羅斯 [[Kasasiwasiw:Asiya]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Kitakit]] tf0lgmbianw7ezhfyn98caiaon0e56f 0 2580 38837 38836 2023-06-30T02:40:04Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38837 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Federal_subjects_of_Russia_(by_number).svg|350px|thumb|]] Kasasilsil no Sakowan no [[Russia|Rosiya]]（[[kuwaping a sowal]]：俄羅斯行政區劃） Ira ko 85 ko kasasiromaroma no sakowan no Rosiya: 3 ko mipatosokan no sakakaay sifo a mikowan a taokay(''города федерального значения／federal cities''）o Mosko Si, Senpitopaw Si ato Sayfanpaw Si. 46 ko etal  sakowan（области／oblasts, "provinces"） 9 ko salawacan sakowan（края／krais, "territories"） 22 ko niyahpikowan a kitakit（республики／republics） 1 ko niyahpikowan（автономная область／autonomous oblast, "autonomous province"） 4 ko niyahpikowan a niyaro’ （автономные округа／autonomous okrugs, "autonomous districts"） [[Category:Rosiya]] 3fhawr2o1t6xxiro7isbyjcftnkjioo 0 2581 38842 38841 2023-06-30T02:46:39Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38842 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Detailed_SVG_map_of_the_Russophone_world.svg|350px|thumb|Rosiya a Sowal]] O '''Sowal no Rosiya''' ato '''Rosiya a Sowal'''（[[kuwaping a sowal]]：俄羅斯語；[[Rosiya a Sowal]]：русский язык） O ’edengan a no sifoan sowal ko [[Russia|Rosiya]] a sowal. O sowal no Rosiya o saadihayay a kalasowalen no [[Selafu Finacadan]], o capa’ no Selafu Finacadan a Sakawaliay Selafu a sowal ko nini, sahetoay i Rosiya, oya i’ayaway kapot no Solin a kalasowalen, itini tona mikapotay i Solin a kitakit o mitoro’an a sakacecay hatatanamen a sowal, itiya ho i Solin mihecahecaan o kalita’angan a mihatatanam to sowal no Rosiya. Anini sato i,misiiked to kona mikapotay kitakit, nikawrira, matenakay ho ko sowal no Rosiya, mangalefay ano masasowal ato roma a kitakit. {{stub}} [[Category:Sowal]] [[Category:Rosiya]] rgsgonq08sx46vv6szc8e530d75yb2e 0 2582 38879 38878 2023-06-30T06:42:55Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38879 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Flag of Russia.svg|thumb|]] O '''Rikisi no Rosiya'''（[[kuwaping a sowal]]：俄羅斯歷史） I 1917 miheca mapalolol ko [[Russia|Rosiya]], patireng to sa’ayaway a o kiwsanto komitekeday a mikowan a kitakit to [[Rosiya Siyakaysiwki Patatekoan Kitakit]] ([[Rosiya a sowal]]: Российская Советская Федеративная Социалистическая Республика;Roma tilid: Rossiyskáya Sovetskáya Federatívnaya Socialistícheskaya Respublika;Kuwaping sowal: 俄羅斯蘇維埃聯邦社會主義共和國),o sarakatay pahapinang i kinpo to Siyakaysiwki kitakit. [5] Isakatosa kalaloodan no polong kitakit, wataay ko ’icel no Rosiya sakapakalowid to sakalala’is. Malepong ko lalood o kafana’an i hekal ko sakakaay a kitakit ko Rosiya, o sakalalifet no Amirika i Li’etecayLalood. Itini i 20 sici ira ko tadamaanay a kaci’epocan dafong, ilaloma’ nonini i,o sarakatay pakasanga’ to nakamayan a fo’is, o sarakatay pakacolo’ to tamdaw tayra i dohaw no kakarayan. I 1990 miheca o sakatosa ko katata’ang a cidafongay kitakit.[6] O sakakaay ko kaadihay no sofitay i hekal, o saadihayay ko sapipatay to tamdaw a dafong. 1991 miheca matekop to ko Patateko’an Kitakitno Rosiya, oya mikapotay a 15 kitakit misiiked a tomireng,nifalic to kinpo ta mala Rosiya Patatekoan Kitakit , itira to a mangay a mirocok to ’icel no kitakit. Tahini to i 2020 miheca, do’edoen ko Kapolongan a Nitayalan a Kaci'epoc (Gross National Product, GNP;國民生產總值) o saka 11 ko kacidafong ko Rosiya,ano pakiraen to pi’aca to dafong i,o saka 6 ko kacidafong ko Rosiya. O sakakaay cisopeday to tadamaanay fokelohato ato ira ko maamaan a kinairaira no pala.[7] O sakakaay a paliwalay to kasolin simal ato palapalaan kaso.[8],[9] O cipakotangay to henen(核子武器). O cecay no lici no Sakarihaday Iinkay no [[Linheko]], o kapot no [[G20]], [[Sakakay Licikay no Yoropa]] (European Council), Sakadadama Kayki no Asiya-Taypingyang ([[Ikiris a sowal]]: Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation，Decdecan: APEC; Kuwaping sowal:亞太經濟合作會議), [[Mapapadangay Kapot no Sanghay]] (Ikiris sowal:Shanghai Cooperation Organization; Kuwaping sowal:上海合作組織), [[Sakarihaday ato Sakadadama Lekatep no Yoropa]] ([[Ikiris a sowal]]: Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe，Decdecan:OSCE; Kuwaping sowal: 歐洲安全與合作組織,簡稱歐安組織), [[Hekalay a malali’acaay Lekatep]](Ikiris sowal:World Trade Organization, WTO; Kuwaping sowal:世界貿易組織), ato [[’Ekim a Linka kitakit]](Ikiris sowal: BRIC; Kuwaping sowal:金磚國家). O kakeridan heca no Madadamaay Kitakit a Lekatep(Rosiya sowal:Содружество Независимых Государств;Kuwaping sowal:獨立國協),ato mipatirengay to Евразийский Экономический Союз, ЕАЭС(Kuwaping sowal:歐亞經濟聯盟). {{stub}} [[Category:Rosiya]] [[Category:Rikisi]] fmbq0mk9aohr865afdbzew7y4nsxjah 0 2583 38912 38911 2023-06-30T07:15:43Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38912 wikitext text/x-wiki '''O Rikisi no Afohan'''（[[kuwaping a sowal]]：阿富汗歷史） Do’edoen ko tilid no mikakinkiway,nani anini i’ayaw no 5ofad miheca,iraay to ko tamdaw a maro’ itini, o ciko no lalan no isifo’ay acia ko kaitinian nona kitakit,nengengen ko rikisi nona kitakit, cila malalood cila marawraw ko kasaniyaro’, nawhani, nano to’asan malafiyaway to romaroma a hontian kitakit, patinakohan: [[Posi hontian kitakit]], [[Koncie hontian sifo]], [[Kuisan hontian kitakit]], [[Tang Caw]], [[Mutor hontian kitakit]]（[[Urto a sowal]]：مغلیہ سلطنت‎， falicen to：Mughliyah Saltanat‎，Posi sowal ：مغلیہ سلطنت‎，Roma tilid：mug͟hliyah saltanat，意為「蒙兀兒蘇丹國」, [[Cin Caw]](清朝), Hontian Ikiris ato Rosya itinitay tona kitakit a malala’is. Ira ho ko katelang a Hontian Kirisiya Kitakit ato ci [[Cinkisuhan]][3](成吉思汗sowal no Monko：ᠴᠢᠩᠭᠢᠰ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ，鮑培轉寫：Činggis qaγan，tilid no Sirir：Чингис хаан). == '''O Nikowan no Roma a Finacadan(異族統治)''' == Ano nengnengen ko rikis no Afohan, [[Faylo:Portrait_miniature_of_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani.jpg|thumb|Ayhamaytosa Tolani''(Portrait miniature of Ahmad Shah Durrani)'']] kinapinapina to malengat a mapalo ato malowid no roma a finacadan, o roma ’i, o kakitaan no niyaro’ sanga’ saton niyah teked a sofitay milood to fiyaw a niyaro’ malakitakit sato a malahad, patinako han i sasfo’an no 18sici, mapatireng ko Ayhamaytosa Tolani a hontian kitakit''（Shāh Durr-i-Durrān, 1724~1772）,''o sa’ayaway a kitakit itini. Ona honti tonini ’i, so’emetay ko faloco’ orasaka pecihen ningra ko sera no kitakit a palilam to fiyafiyaw. Hakowaay ko kasasiromaroma finacadan ko mikowanay,silsil han i la’eno: [[Faylo:Shuja_Shah_Durrani_of_Afghanistan_in_1839.jpg|thumb|Toranni Honti (Shuja Shah Durrani of Afghanistan in 1839)]] [[Posi Hontian a Pikowan]]（’ayaw no 6 sici－’ayaw 330 miheca） [[Konci Hontian a Pikowan]]（’ayaw 324miheca－’yaw187miheca） [[Pakotoriya Hontian Pikowan]]（latek ’ayaw no 250 miheca－latek ’ayaw no 135 miheca） [[Kusan Hontian Kitakit]]''(Kushan)''（sili 1sici－3sici） [[Tang ho]]（659 miheca－751 miheca） [[Arapiya Hontian Kitakit]]（751年－820年） [[Kacini Hontian Kitakit]]（962 miheca－1151 miheca） [[Posi Kol Hontian Kitakit]]（1151 miheca－1215 miheca） [[Posi Kalti Hontian Kitakit]]（1245 miheca－1389 miheca） [[Timol Hontian Kitakit]]（1389 miheca－1507 miheca） [[Monor Hontian Kitakit]]''(Mughliyah Saltanat‎)''（16 sici－1747 miheca） == '''Afohan Hontian Kitakit(阿富汗王朝)''' == [[Toranni Hontian Kitakit]]（1747 miheca－1826 miheca） [[Palakocayi Hontian Kitakit]]（1836 miheca－1973 miheca） == '''Ingataay Miheca(近代)''' == No aniniay a [[Afohan]] Kitakit namapatireng itiyaay ho 1746 miheca Toranni Hotian miheca, ono aniniay to a Afohan kitakit ’i, 1747 miheca a [[Faylo:King_Amanullah_Khan.jpg|thumb|Amanula Honti (King Amanullah Khan)]] , o ikor tono 19sici malikelong to ko ’icel nona kitakit, sa itira a mala’afas ko Ikiris ato Rosiya to sapi’ecoaw a maro’. Ya malahonti ci Amanula(''Amanullah Khan，'' أمان الله خان ，) ta misiiked a mapatireng ko aniniay a kitakit i 1919 miheca ,itira ko pisa’eli to Ikiris to malalenay a kakaketonan a tilid, manaay ko Ikiris orasaka misatapang to sakakinatolo a pilood to Ikiris,yo malowid to ko Ikiris i, matatilid to malalenay a kakaketonan i 1921miheca 11 folad 22 romi’ad,caay to ko kakowanan no Ikiris. Nikawrira, nani 1900 miheca taha 2001 miheca 11 ko malatapangay a mikowan tona kitakit awaay ko pakalaheciay to kalatapang i kamaro’an. O samahinakeray a mihecaan no Afohan ’i, itiray i kalahontian ni [[Mohanmot Casirsa]](（Posi sowal：محمد ظاهرشاه‎）nani 1933 miheca tahira i 1973 miheca. Itiya i 1973 miheca mafelih no cecaay ko pona a salikaka ningra ci [[Mohanmot Tautehan]] （Posinto sowal：سردار محمد داود خان‎）, mapalasawad ko hontian a faco no kitakit. 1978 miheca ira ko picoker no [[Russia|Rosiya]] to Afohan Kalotamdawan Tang a mifelih to sifo, ci Mohanmot Tautehan ato laloma’an ’aloman ko mipatayan. Tomireng to kona Afohan Kalotamdawan Tang mitatoy to sakowan no kitakit, nikawrira palili’en no [[Amirika]] to payso ko [[Islam Sofitay]] (Arapiya sowal：مجاهد‎，Latin sowal：muǧāhid，Ikiris sowal：Mujahid，意為聖戰者）)mamifelih to aniniay a sifo, sapidipotaw to aniniay a sifo ko Rosiya i 1979 miheca 12 folad 24 romi’ad ocor han to ko sofitay a mitoker to nicokeran no Amirika a komi,na onini to ko sakala’aised no Rosiya ato Akirika, satapang sato ko lalood to mo’etep ko mihecan, ’aloman ko mahikedaay a kalotamdaw tona lalood, 1989 miheca sawad sato ko Rosiya a malalood nokay sanay to ko polong no sofitay. == '''Nikapolongan Kitakit(共和國時期)''' == Nani ikor tono 1970 miheca, wataay to ko nikapadesan nona kitakit to lalood ato rawraw,ano irairaay ko pipasasinga’ay no roma a kitakit, caay ka tangsol sa a malali’ay ko malalooday, itiya sato i 2001 miheca warawar han to palasawad koya ci’icelay a mikowan nani 1996 miheca a [[Talipan Sifo]] (Posinto ato Posi sowal：طالبان‎，o imi nonini ’i,o 「Mitiliday no Islam a Pitooran」，Roma tilid：''Taliban''，o Mitooray a tamdaw) Itini tona Nikapolongan Kitakit a pikowanan a mihwca i,masasiromaroma ho 6 a sifo: [[Faylo:Osama_bin_Laden_portrait.jpg|thumb|Kakeridan no Talipan Sifo ci pin Laten(Osama bin Laden portrait)]] [[Afohan Nikapolongan kitakit]] (1973 miheca -1978 miheca) [[Afohan Finawlan Kitakit]] (1978 miheca -1992 miheca) [[Afohan Islam Kitakit]] (1992-1996) [[Afohan Islam Kakitaan Kitakit]] (1996-2001) [[Afohan Islam Kitakit]] (pacarcaran sifo 2001-2004) [[Afohan Islam Nikapolongan Kitakit]] (2004-) == '''Ikor no 2000 miheca(2000年以後)''' == Ikaleponan no 2001 miheca, masaopo ko kakeridan no masacefacefangay i Toic masasowal, mihai patireng to fa’elohay a faco no sifo, matoro’ ci Hamito Karcayi（Posinto sowal：حامد کرزۍ‎， Posi tilid：حامد کرزی‎；Latin：Hāmid Karzai）mala’ayaway kamaro’an tamdaw no pacarcaray sifo, tona kasasowal ’i, malaheci a miketon to sapisanga’aw to fa’elohay a kinpo ato misaharaka to sinkiw no congtong, 2004 miheca 10 folad 9 romi’ad sa’ayaway ho a pisinkiw to congtong i Afohan, o sakcecay namisinnkiwan a congtong ci Hamito Karcayi, nikawrira niaro’an ho no sofitay no Amirika ko Afohan. 2009 miheca saka 8 folad sakakinatosa a pisinkiw to congton ci Hamito Karcayi ko maalaay tona sinkiw, toya miheca saka11 folad maro’ i katayalan. 2014 miheca pasaliyad heca a misinkiw to congtong,ci Kani ko maalay malacongton, saka 9 folad saka 29 romi’ad maro’ i kamaro’an no congtong, toroen nigra ci Apotola malakakeridan no sifo. Itiya i 2009 miheca yo maala malacongtong no [[Amilika]] ci [[Opama]] mahapinang ningra ko caay ko mamalowid kona lalood, sa milekal miliyas ko sofitay no Amirika i 2014 miheca,i 2015 miheca tolo a ofad ko miliyasay sofitay no Amirika. 2020 miheca saka 2 folad saka 29 romi’ad masasowal ko Amirika ato [[Talipan]] i tatapangay niyaro’ Toha no Kata, makakaketon to sowal:ikor no 14 a folad ha’emin sato a miliyas to Afohan ko sofitay no Amirika, palaheci han to kona 18 a miheca ko kakaya’ a kalalood.[4] 2021 miheca namalacongtong no Amirika ci Payten, tangsol sa amilekal tona aniniay miheca saka 9 folad lahecien no sofitay a miliyas ko Afohan.   == Pihapinangan Tilid (註腳) == [1] 布魯塞爾舉行阿富汗國際捐助峰會. 法廣. 2016-10-05 [2016-10-11]. [2] Vogelsang, Willem. The Afghans. Wiley Blackwell. 2002: 18 [6 July 2019]. ISBN 0-631-19841- 5. （原始內容存檔於9 July 2019）. [3] 見《新元史》卷一百零三（列傳第七）。除《新元史》本紀無「成吉思可汗」這個稱呼。但在蒙兀兒史記常見。 [4] 美軍14個月內撤出阿富汗. 中國時報. 2020-03-01. [[Category:Rikisi]] [[Category:Afghanistan]] 0v3imauz5yan1kehxvmvfh7uwpbjjxm 0 2584 38928 38927 2023-06-30T07:33:46Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38928 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Afghan-Soviet_war.png|thumb|Lood no Rosiya-Afohan]] '''Lood no Rosiya-Afohan'''（[[kuwaping a sowal]]：蘇阿戰爭） Tomireng to kona [[Afohan Kalotamdawan Tang]] mitatoy to sakowan no kitakit, nikawrira palili’en no [[Amilika]] to payso ko [[Islam Sofitay]] ([[Arapiya a sowal]]：مجاهد‎) mamifelih to aniniay a sifo, sapidipotaw to aniniay a sifo ko [[Rosiya]] i 1979 miheca 12 folad 24 romi’ad ocor han to ko sofitay a mitoker to nicokeran no Amirika a komi,na onini to ko sakala’aised no Rosiya ato Akirika, satapang sato ko lalood to mo’etep ko mihecan, ’aloman ko mahikedaay a kalotamdaw tona lalood, 1989 miheca sawad sato ko Rosiya a malalood nokay sanay to ko polong no sofitay. {{stub}} [[Category:Rosiya]] [[Category:Afghanistan]] 7exomdkzuxyrn85j6pevpqy1b2gcgjg 0 2585 38932 38931 2023-06-30T07:39:26Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38932 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Afohan a congtong'''（[[kuwaping a sowal]]：阿富汗總統） {| class="wikitable" |'''領導人姓名ngangan no kakeridan''' |'''Katayalan miheca''' |- |'''برهان الدين رباني''' Porhanotin Rapani''([[Burhanuddin Rabbani]])'' |'''1'''992miheca saka4folad saka16romi’ad－2001miheca saka11folad saka13romi’ad |- |'''برهان الدين رباني''' Porhanotin Rapani([[Burhanuddin Rabbani]]) |2001miheca saka11folad saka13romi’ad－2001miheca saka12folad saka22romi’ad（saka kinatosa） |- |'''حامد کرزی''' Hamito Karcayi''([[Hamid Karzai]])'' |'''2'''004miheca saka12folad saka7romi’ad－2014miheca saka9folad saka29romi’ad (2001miheca saka11folad saka13romi’ad satapng a malapatodongay) |- |'''شرف غني حمدزی''' Asinlaf Kani Ahemacay ''([[Ashraf Ghani Ahmadzai]])'' |2014miheca saka9folad saka29romi’ad-tahanini |} {{stub}} [[Category:Congtong]] [[Category:Afghanistan]] ost611ot4a1h4bdeyezat0wr8hsw4wu 14 2586 38933 2023-06-30T07:39:42Z 陳鷹馬 1604 建立內容為「分類:總統」的新頁面 38933 wikitext text/x-wiki 分類:總統 pzo51cpq1b0lb9ddvopgo4qh34jcr75 0 2587 38945 2023-06-30T07:54:40Z 陳鷹馬 1604 頁面已重新導向至[[Rosiya a Sowal]] 38945 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT[[Rosiya a Sowal]] fev102012pbiy7dzum73j7fmamas1g4 0 2588 38970 38969 2023-06-30T08:40:28Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38970 wikitext text/x-wiki [[India|Indo]] pitooran ato [[Fociyaw]] tosa a pitooran, nawhani, oninian tamtamdaw mikihamonay to '''Kasasa'er no 'orip'''（[[kuwaping a sowal]]：種姓制度；[[Ikiris a sowal]]:Caste; 卡斯特） no Indo, orasaka mirecep itini tona kasasa’er-no’orip, saikoray to i,layap sato tona faco no kasasa’er-no’orip, nikawrira, ona tosaay a pitooran sahetoay to macacamolay. [[Faylo:From left to right- A Gurkha, a Brahmin and a Sood.jpg|縮圖|sakawananay o Sotolo fainayan]] Kasasa'er no 'orip: itini i siyakay no Indo iraay ho ko makedecay kasasa’er no orip’ a faco. Do’edoen no Indo a tamdaw ko [[Fito-Cin]]（[[kuwaping a sowal]]：吠陀） i,kalisepaten a misiiked ko kasasa’er no ’orip no tamdaw: 1.[[Polomen]] o Cikawasay（[[kuwaping a sowal]]：婆羅門） 2.[[Satili]] o Tadamaanay tamdaw ato cipo’otay（[[kuwaping a sowal]]：剎帝利） 3.[[Fise]] o kalotamdaw（[[kuwaping a sowal]]：吠舍） 4.[[Sotolo]] o koli（[[kuwaping a sowal]]：首陀羅） Ona sepatay a kasasa’er mafalic to tolo a kasasa’er, onini i, o Plomon, Satili ato Fise a ikakaay-kasasa’er, ato itiyaay ho a Sotolo isafaay-kasasa’er. Ona sakasepat a Sotolo awaay ko ngangan no tireng a makaditay-tamdaw, o sasafaay ko ‘orip itini i siyakay no Indo, o cowa ko a ingiden a tamdaw hananay konini, latek ira ko 1 ’ok tamdaw, mahaop ko 1/14 no polong tamdaw no Indo. Ona kasasa’eran cilacila mala’odot nawhani tadamasasiromaay ko tireng itini i siyakay,siwci ato saka’orip.Iro matini i misatokayay ato macemahaday niyaro’ cowa to ka pakafet ko pisakakinih, nikawrira itini i maomahay niyaro’ tata’angay ho ko pirecep no matiniya harateng. {{stub}} [[Category:Indo]] j58fldg7sb915j40aemzne1z575aysw 14 2589 38967 38966 2023-06-30T08:38:26Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38967 wikitext text/x-wiki 分類:印度 [[Kasasiwasiw:Kitakit]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Asiya]] enti47oh9mbua8s28k8t1rvz3v8l0sp 0 2590 38977 38976 2023-06-30T08:47:07Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38977 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Polomen''' o '''Cikawasay'''（[[kuwaping a sowal]]：婆羅門；[[Fan a sowal]]：ब्राह्मण；Romaan tilid：brāhmaṇa；[[Ikiris a tilid]]：Brahmin）: o cikawasay a [[tamdaw]] itini i kasasa’er-no’orip a faco no [[Indo]], o cisakowanay to ’icel no kawas, mi’edaw, misatekeday to ponka ato kiwiku, mipahapinangay to kamaomahan romi’ad, mikemed to ilisin no honti, o sakakaay ko tireng i siyakay no Indo. ==Pinengnengan<ref>[https://www.ehanlin.com.tw/app/keyword/%E5%9C%8B%E4%B8%AD/%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2/%E7%A8%AE%E5%A7%93%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6.html 種姓制度- 翰林雲端學院]</ref>== *'''[[Kasasa'er no 'orip]]''' **[[Satili]]（[[kuwaping a sowal]]：剎帝利） **[[Fise]]（[[kuwaping a sowal]]：吠舍） **[[Sotolo]]（[[kuwaping a sowal]]：首陀羅） ==Tatiri'an a tilid== {{reflist}} ==No papotalay a kakafit== *[https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%AC%BD%E5%AE%9A%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%8A%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E9%9B%86%E6%88%90/%E6%98%8E%E5%80%AB%E5%BD%99%E7%B7%A8/%E6%B0%8F%E6%97%8F%E5%85%B8/%E7%A7%8D%E5%A7%93%E9%83%A8#%E7%A7%8D%E5%A7%93%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6 《欽定古今圖書集成·明倫彙編·氏族典·種姓部》，出自陳夢雷《古今圖書集成》] {{stub}} s9vcf1eboumf0yyvqzy65zju9sl4ej1 0 2591 38996 38995 2023-06-30T09:02:14Z 陳鷹馬 1604 38996 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Satili''' o '''Tadamaanay tamdaw ato cipo’otay'''（[[kuwaping a sowal]]：剎帝利；[[Fan a sowal]]；क्षत्रिय kṣatriya；[[Pafali a sowal]]：khattiyā） o tadamaanay [[tamdaw]] ilaloma’ no sofitay a tamdaw itini i kasasa’er-no’orip a faco no [[India|Indo]]. Mahaop ko honti a kasasiromaroma a malatapangay no sifo, cisakowanay to polong a ‘icel-sakowan ‘edeng no kawasan’icel ko awaay. ==Pinengnengan<ref>[https://www.ehanlin.com.tw/app/keyword/%E5%9C%8B%E4%B8%AD/%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2/%E7%A8%AE%E5%A7%93%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6.html 種姓制度- 翰林雲端學院]</ref>== *'''[[Kasasa'er no 'orip]]''' **[[Polomen]]（[[kuwaping a sowal]]：婆羅門） **[[Fise]]（[[kuwaping a sowal]]：吠舍） **[[Sotolo]]（[[kuwaping a sowal]]：首陀羅） ==Tatiri'an a tilid== {{reflist}} ==No papotalay a kakafit== *[https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%AC%BD%E5%AE%9A%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%8A%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E9%9B%86%E6%88%90/%E6%98%8E%E5%80%AB%E5%BD%99%E7%B7%A8/%E6%B0%8F%E6%97%8F%E5%85%B8/%E7%A7%8D%E5%A7%93%E9%83%A8#%E7%A7%8D%E5%A7%93%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6 《欽定古今圖書集成·明倫彙編·氏族典·種姓部》，出自陳夢雷《古今圖書集成》] {{stub}} 8pgf4tmahfcpv0bijpcxzwci3rqiqe1 0 2592 39003 39002 2023-06-30T09:05:34Z 陳鷹馬 1604 39003 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Banian.jpg|thumb|Fise]] '''Fise''' o '''kalotamdaw'''（[[kuwaping a sowal]]：吠舍；[[Fan a tilid]]：वैश्य；[[Romaan tilid]]：Vaiśya）: o kalotamdaw a matayalay ilaloma’ no sofitay a [[tamdaw]] itini i kasasa’er-no’orip a faco no [[India|Indo]].o sasafaay ko tireng itini Ylian-tamdaw. o maomahay ato paka’enay to ‘a’adopen, ira ko inanengay matayal mahoped ko payso ato dafong malacipaysoay paliwalay-tamdaw, ciseraay, ato mipapacaliway to payso. ==Pinengnengan<ref>[https://www.ehanlin.com.tw/app/keyword/%E5%9C%8B%E4%B8%AD/%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2/%E7%A8%AE%E5%A7%93%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6.html 種姓制度- 翰林雲端學院]</ref>== *'''[[Kasasa'er no 'orip]]''' **[[Polomen]]（[[kuwaping a sowal]]：婆羅門） **[[Satili]]（[[kuwaping a sowal]]：剎帝利） **[[Sotolo]]（[[kuwaping a sowal]]：首陀羅） ==Tatiri'an a tilid== {{reflist}} ==No papotalay a kakafit== *[https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%AC%BD%E5%AE%9A%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%8A%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E9%9B%86%E6%88%90/%E6%98%8E%E5%80%AB%E5%BD%99%E7%B7%A8/%E6%B0%8F%E6%97%8F%E5%85%B8/%E7%A7%8D%E5%A7%93%E9%83%A8#%E7%A7%8D%E5%A7%93%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6 《欽定古今圖書集成·明倫彙編·氏族典·種姓部》，出自陳夢雷《古今圖書集成》] {{stub}} g07nyqcef9mkic7fqupfr8o658bhjj9 0 2593 39011 39010 2023-06-30T09:10:09Z 陳鷹馬 1604 39011 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sotolo''' o '''koli'''（[[kuwaping a sowal]]：首陀羅；[[Fan a sowal]]：शूद्र；[[Romaan tilid]]：Śūdra）: o sakasepat kasasa’er ko ’orip ilaloma’ no kasasa’er-no’orip a faco no [[India|Indo]], o maomahay, ikakaay a misatofangay ato misamoraday konini.itiya ho o matayalay to ma’acekan tayal tora mipacokay to ‘a’adopen ato mipatayay to tamdaw a tayal ato mifalahay to tai’ ko tayal, orasaka, cowako tatefingen koninian tamadaw (不可接觸者; untouchables) hananay. ==Pinengnengan<ref>[https://www.ehanlin.com.tw/app/keyword/%E5%9C%8B%E4%B8%AD/%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2/%E7%A8%AE%E5%A7%93%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6.html 種姓制度- 翰林雲端學院]</ref>== *'''[[Kasasa'er no 'orip]]'''（種姓制度） **[[Polomen]]（[[kuwaping a sowal]]：婆羅門） **[[Satili]]（[[kuwaping a sowal]]：剎帝利） **[[Fise]]（[[kuwaping a sowal]]：吠舍） ==Tatiri'an a tilid== {{reflist}} ==No papotalay a kakafit== *[https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%AC%BD%E5%AE%9A%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%8A%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E9%9B%86%E6%88%90/%E6%98%8E%E5%80%AB%E5%BD%99%E7%B7%A8/%E6%B0%8F%E6%97%8F%E5%85%B8/%E7%A7%8D%E5%A7%93%E9%83%A8#%E7%A7%8D%E5%A7%93%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6 《欽定古今圖書集成·明倫彙編·氏族典·種姓部》，出自陳夢雷《古今圖書集成》] {{stub}} ttrvzw8ddaqghzx2kujkfdiq24pzvin 0 2594 39025 39024 2023-06-30T09:26:45Z 陳鷹馬 1604 39025 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cowa kacipinang ko kaadada'''（[[kuwaping a sowal]]：無症狀感染者）Ano ciadada to tona [[lifong]] i sarakatay a tolo ko romi’ad i kakaay ko pidenga nona lifong, I’ayaw no kacipinangan ato cowa ka cipinang to adada a tamdaw madenga nona lifong, o kafana’an no mikinkiway i, mahaop ko 40%~45% a ciadadaay o cowa ka cipinang to adada a tamdaw. {{stub}} [[Category:COVID-19]] o22cmv9t41rii9js5bjbpu16dijnxxh 0 2595 39067 39065 2023-06-30T09:53:42Z 陳鷹馬 1604 39067 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Language_region_maps_of_India.svg|thumb|Sowal no Indo]] O sakakaay a '''Sowal no Indo'''（[[kuwaping a sowal]]：印度語言） o [[Indo-Yalian capa’ a sowal]]（印度-雅利安語支；Ikiris a sowal:Indo-Aryan languages）ato [[Talopito Nikadado’edoan-sowal]]（達羅毗語系；Dravida） , alamihaop i polong a tamdaw no Indo to 74% ato 24%, o roma a sowal ira ho kono [[Cang-Miyanma Nikadado’edoan-sowal]]（藏緬語族） ,[[Satimolan-Aciya Nikadado’edoan-sowal]]（南亞語系） , cowa ka pisetek tono kitakitan sowal ko Indo. imatini o sakacecay a sowal no sifo o Indi-sowal, latek ira ko 30% ko somowalay, o sa’alomanay ko somowal tonini a sowal; o [[Ikiris a sowal]] mapaterep to i 1965 miheca ko ‘edengan hasowal no sifo, nikawria ma’osaw ho “nipatongalan hasowal no sifo ” sanay, ono kapolongan hasowal i polong no Indo kitakit, sakakaay kalasowalan itini i sieci ato mali’aca to dafong. o sakakaay hasowal ko Ikiris a sowal itini i kiwiku, mangalefay itini i kowcong ato kawcong a pipasifana’an. Roma sato ira ho 21 a sowal mamalahasowal no sifo, onini i, o Malayalamo-sowal, Tanmier-sowal, Tayroko-sowal, Kanata-sowal, Konkani-sowal, Malati-sowal,Werto-sowal, Kokalato-sowal, Awliya-sowal, Pancepo-sowal, Asamo-sowal, Kesinmier-sowal, Sinto-sowal, Nipalo-sowal, Fan-sowal, Manipoer-sowal, ira ho mitokian malafas ko 1,600 ko sowal. O pisa'osi to polong tamdaw no Indo, o somowalay tamdaw to sakakaay sowal a nitokian: {| class="wikitable" |+ !rayray !sowal !somowalay !lalen |- |1 |Indisowal |422,048,642 |41.03 |- |2 |Monciyala |83,369,769 |8.11 |- |3 |Tayroko-sowal |74,002,856 |7.19 |- |4 |Malati |71,936,894 |6.99 |- |5 |Tanmier-sowal |60,793,814 |5.91 |- |6 |Werto-sowal |51,536,111 |5.01 |- |7 |Kokalato-sowal |46,091,617 |4.48 |- |8 |Kanata |37,924,011 |3.69 |- |9 |Malayalamo-sowal |33,066,392 |3.21 |- |10 |Awliya-sowal |33,017,446 |3.21 |- |11 |Pancepo-sowal |29,102,477 |2.83 |- |12 |Asamo-sowal |13,168,484 |1.28 |- |13 |Maytili |12,179,122 |1.18 |} {{stub}} [[Category:Indo]] [[Category:Sowal no Indo]] k2fcqv8f8o03nlgk8ph6k2kasi4xd0j 14 2596 39066 2023-06-30T09:53:31Z 陳鷹馬 1604 建立內容為「分類:語言」的新頁面 39066 wikitext text/x-wiki 分類:語言 fd729ihjpc72liixpk6aqy68cgvrl6u 14 2597 39069 39068 2023-06-30T09:54:03Z 陳鷹馬 1604 39069 wikitext text/x-wiki 分類:印度語言 [[Kasasiwasiw:Sowal]] djjhz2moh2mr79p17fbkl6fniaqjgqc 14 2598 39073 39072 2023-06-30T09:59:14Z 陳鷹馬 1604 39073 wikitext text/x-wiki 分類:巴貝多國 [[Kasasiwasiw:Kitakit]] 93vf4m95c5g4c83mzm55mc3tx8f6nbr 0 2599 46621 40061 2025-05-17T19:14:49Z InternetArchiveBot 33 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 46621 wikitext text/x-wiki O sowal no Pangcah/ O sowal no 'Amis, Pangcah ato 'Amis malecaday to.[[File:Formosan_languages.png|thumb|]] O '''Sowal no Pangcah''' ([[kuwaping a sowal]]：'''阿美語''') hananay i, o '''Pangcah a sowal'''. Ira ko ’alomanay to tamdaw a [[Pangcah]] i [[Taywan]]. Tangasa to i 2015 a mihcaan i, ira to ko 108200 a tamdaw somowalay to Sowal no Pangcah i hkal ma^min. == Finacadan a sowal 族語 ==    Yo hofoc saho kako, o matengilay no mako a ngiha o sowal no ina, aniniay a wawa i, o sowal nangra maemin to o no holam ko sowal, caay to pisano’Amis to sowal no ina, saka, lahedaw lahedaw sato ko caciyaw no ’Amis. O sowal no ’Amis anini matiya o mamalahedaw to, ano caho ka pisano ’Amis ko wawa ita i, o mamalahedaw to ko sowal no ’Amis, nawhani, to’as to’as sato ko mato’asay, o mamisiayaayaw aca tonika mamalahedaw ko sowal no ’Amis. Saka ira ko pinapina ko niharatengan no mako to palowad to sowal no ’Amis. === I kiwkay micikeroh to sowal no finacadan 族語在教會推動 === Matatahic ato kiwkay a palowad to parana’an a pinanaman to sowal iayaw i, tayni i Taywan mipatenakay to sowal no Pangcah a mipatenakay to Yincomin, pakayni toni Roma a tilid, mitilid to tilid no Yincomin, ta coyaken ningra ko fangcalay codad a misano ’Amis, tahamatini, ’aloman ho ko i niyro’ay a kiwkay ira ho ko no ’Amisay a fangcalay codad. Tadalimela ko i niyaro’ay a kiwkay palowad to sowal no kasafinacadan a sowal, anini sato mafalic to ko kasamihecaan, lasawad lasawad sato ko malitengay, o aniniay sato a kaemangay, awa:ay to ko faloco’ nangra a sapinananam to sowal no ’Amis, mahapingan no mita ko anini ko kiwkay, ca:ay to ka caciyaw to no Pangcah a sowal, saka to nanay mipalowad koya mipatenakay a foksi,  kalalok a pasifana’ to sowal, to marayray ko sowal no mita o Pangcah. I kiwkay i, o kasasowalan no ’Amis to sowal no ’Amis a kaitiraan, o sa’opo no kiwkay malo kasasowalan to sowal no ’Amis. i kiwkay i manga’ay a malo pitengilan, kasasowalan a kaitiraan. Matiya o pitengil to kimad, pinanaman no wawa, kasa’opoan no mato’asay, mae^min sa a misano ’Amis, Ano misa’osi to Sesiw, minanam to radiw, sa^heto han misano ’Amis, ano samihecamiheca han a minanam, caka tongal tongal sato ko fana’ a misano ’Amis. Saka, manga’ay a matatahic to kiwkay a minanam to sowal no ’Amis. === i loma’ a misatapang a pasifana’ to sowal 家庭開始做起 === O nanay no faloco’ i, nanay o pinanaman i loma’ ito, caay to ka ipapotal, nawhani, aniniay minanamay tona sowal saheto o ka^mangay a wawa, O pinanam i, deng aca i mitilidan, tahira sato i loma’ ono kawping to ko sowal nangra, ano tayra ko singsi i parod no loma’ pasifana’ to sowal i, polong no paro no loma’ ma^emin minanam to sowal no ’Amis, o akong, o ama, o mama, o ina ato wawa, pakafana’en ko polong no paro no loma’ a tamdaw, kacifaloco’ a palowad miparayray to sowal no ’Amis, o tadamanay a demakan ko nini , kasomowal to no ’Amis i loma’ ko niyah, pa’icelen ko wawa i loma’ ato i niyaro’ a misano ’Amis. === o pinanam to sowal a kaitiraan.語言巢 === Mafana’ kita to nika ratar no Mawlico hananay a tamdaw, misaicel a mipalowad to 「pinanaman」. Ci faloco’ cangra a palowad to pinanam no wawa i ayaw no picomod to pitilid i, misatapang to a pasifana’ to sowal nangra, tada makapah ko heci nangra a pasifana’ to wawa. Pakay ni i loma’ ato yociing a miliayaw to pitilidan ko pasifana’ to wawa i, malaheci to nangra ko makapahay a pinanam. Aniani i Taywan misaicel to a mipatireng to「pinanaman to sowal a kaitiraan」 maaraw no mita malaheci to a mapalawad kona demak. Itini tona pinanaman i, nanay o pasifana’ to wawa manga’ay ko mato’asay a minanam. O aniniay a ina ato mama, caay to kasomowal to no ’Amis, pakaso^lin kita ano malacecay ko pinanam no ina no mama ato wawa i, O wawa wawa to no mita, ano i cowacowa to, i pitilidan to, i kiwkay to, i loma’ manga’ay to macacawi to mato’asay a misano ’Amis. === o singsi ato minanamay 師徒制 === Ono mato’asay a micodad, o singsi aca ato cecay aca ko minanamay, anca o masaopaay minanamay, i laday no ’orip anca o demak no serangawan a minanm to sowal no Pangcah. O matiniay a pinanam, manga’ay patakaraw ko sapinanaman ato ci’icel ko minanamay a mato’asy, manga’ay marayray ko sowal to fana’ ato tangen. === Sakipapotal pinanaman no ka’emangay to sowal 校外的兒童族語課程 === O papotalay no pitilidan ko nihaenan, tinako syako, niyaro’, safelawan, kiwkay, midemak to sakisowal no niyah pinanam ato pikihatiyah, malo sakaira no ka’emangay kasasipiini ato minaman niyah a sowal. Matiniay a pipalalan matongal ko kafana’an no ka’emangay minanam to sowal, macikeroh ko laloma’an ato syakay mikihatiya picokeran. === paherek a sowal 結語 === Palacecayen ko loma’, niyaro, kiwkay ato masamaanay a kasaopoan a malacecay mipalowad to sowal no Amis, patirengen no mita ko pitengilan, kasasowalan, pisaosian, pitilidan a kaitiraan. Minanam to sowal, ira aca kasasowalan to sowal, ano caka somowal caay to kananam a caciyaw to no Pangcah, mangalef caay katanestes ko sowal. {|class=wikitable style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;" ! ||a||ae||b||c||d||dh||dj||dr||e||é||f||g||h||hl||i||ɨ||j||k||l||lh||lj||lr||m||n||ng||o||oe||p||q||R||r||ṟ||S||s||sh||t||th||tj||tr||u||ʉ||v||w||x||y||z||'||^ |- ![[Sowal no Pangcah]] |a|| || ||t͡s||d, ð, ɬ|| || || ||e|| ||b, f, v|| ||ħ|| ||i|| || ||k||ɾ|| || || ||m||n |ŋ||o|| ||p|| || ||r|| || ||s|| ||t|| || || ||u|| || ||w||x||j|| ||ʡ||ʔ |} ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161107152830/http://alcd.nccu.edu.tw/ 政大原民語教文中心(含阿美語認證題庫)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100211153350/http://www.sce.ntnu.edu.tw/ 國立臺灣師範大學-進修推廣學院 NTNU-SCE] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100330020545/http://taiwanlg.web.nhcue.edu.tw/front/bin/home.phtml 葉美利課程網頁-台灣語言之旅] * [http://video.phc.edu.tw/mediadetails.php?key=e89b0e4aabacf14f1b39&title=本土語言課程-阿美語2 澎湖縣教育影音網 - 本土語言課程-阿美語2] {{stub}} [[Kasasiwasiw:Pangcah a sowal]] [[Kasasiwasiw:Sowal]] hh0xkphqil7mzuuxe3n9g8xjesa8yhr 0 2600 41325 41324 2024-02-06T02:03:56Z Kwamikagami 348 41325 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Anglospeak (subnational version).svg|frameless|right|upright=2]] O '''Ikiris a sowal''' （[[kuwaping a sowal]]：'''英語'''）hananay i, o '''Sowal no Ikiris'''. Ira ko ’alomanay to tamdaw a [[Ikiris]] i [[United Kingdom]]. Tangasa to i 2006 a mihcaan i, ira to ko 4 ’ok a tamdaw somowalay to Ikiris a sowal i hkal ma^min.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Crystal |first=David |title=''English as a Global Language'' |author-link=David Crystal |edition=(2nd ed.) |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=69 |date=2003a |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d6jPAKxTHRYC |access-date=42015-02-04 |isbn=978-0-521-53032-3 |lay-url=http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/samples/cam041/2003282119.pdf |lay-source=Library of Congress (sample) |lay-date=2015-02-04 |ref={{harvid|Crystal|2003a}} |archive-date=2021-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511155056/https://books.google.com/books?id=d6jPAKxTHRYC |dead-url=no }}</ref> ==Tilid no Ikiris (英語字母)== {| style="margin:0.2em auto;padding:0;border:1px solid #ced8df;clear:{{{clear|both}}};width:{{{width|36em}}};" ! colspan="30" style="background:#efefef;"|Tilid no Ikiris |- lang="en" |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[A]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[a]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[B]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[b]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[C]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[c]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[D]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[d]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[E]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[e]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[F]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[f]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[G]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[g]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[H]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[h]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[I]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[i]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[J]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[j]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[K]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[k]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[L]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[l]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[M]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[m]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[N]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[n]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[O]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[o]] |- lang="en" |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[P]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[p]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Q]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[q]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[R]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[r]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[S]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[s]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[T]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[t]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[U]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[u]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[V]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[v]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[W]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[w]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[X]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[x]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Y]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[y]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Z]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[z]] |&nbsp; |&nbsp; |&nbsp; |&nbsp; |&nbsp; |&nbsp; |&nbsp; |&nbsp; |} [[Faylo:Origins_of_English_PieChart_2D.svg|thumb|英語詞彙組成]] ==Pilifet to fana' to sowal no Ikiris (英語能力認證)== *[[IELTS]] *TOEFL *TOEIC ==Tatiri'an a tilid== {{reflist}} ==No papotalay a kakafit== *[http://www.soundcomparisons.com/ 世界各地的英語口音（愛丁堡大學）] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110927062910/http://www2.ignatius.edu/faculty/turner/languages.htm 世界上使用最多的語言] * [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ENG 英語的民族語報告] {{stub}} [[Kasasiwasiw:Ikiris a sowal]] 23arsnjwtaznz24csqi7fcpadm47i9l 14 2601 39098 39097 2023-06-30T10:40:32Z 陳鷹馬 1604 39098 wikitext text/x-wiki 分類:英語 [[Kasasiwasiw:sowal]] 6i7u3yvxnwftaa97vwcuc7viuupkg5u 0 2602 39215 39211 2023-07-15T15:22:06Z Jsu2848 1557 39215 wikitext text/x-wiki === Tana’al/Toto’(葫蘆爪/葫瓜) === ==== O likisi no tana’al/toto’葫瓜/葫蘆瓜的由來 ==== Itini i ‘orip no kalotamtamdaw, olanan a tana’al/toto’ hananay a dateng i, ilaay to a kaladatengeng no tamdaw aca no Pangcah/’Amis, lomasato oya ma’ikesay mi’icangan a heci nira i nga’ayay a sapiradom to nanom ^epah ato patelian to maamaan. O sowal no mikingkiway o mafanaay a pasowal a tamdaw i, naitiniay i Aciw(亞洲) amilingato, dodosato to rikol no 4,000 amihecaan malengak to a tayra i Aforika(非洲), dodosato a tayra i cowaco:wa a kanataran, aninisato ano i Mosiko(墨西哥) to, ano i Miro(秘魯) ato Tayko(泰國) to iraay to amahpinang kopi paloma to tana’al/toto’ to pinapi:na a mihecaan. Itini i Icipoto(埃及) hawi, ora tana’al/toto’ hananay o todongay o maro sapipatapi nira to mapatayay a tamdaw. Itinisato i Henan no Ciowkuk(中國河南) to ‘ayaw no pito ano falo so’ot a mihcaan i, ora tana’al/toto’ hananay iraay to ma’alaw amasadak naitadem. Tangasa imatini pakaaraay to ‘enem ato pito so’ot a mihecaan tora Hemo(河姆) ponka(文化) no Koaping(中華). ==== O pinangan no tana’al/toto’葫瓜/葫蘆瓜的特徵 ==== Matiya o masay ami dapdap ko rengaw nira, kakahaday salimolosanay cifanohay hatatosatosa saan ko papah nira, iraay mato fokes ngisngis sapi kalic nira i kilang, malawod ko kacihelangan ato kalafawfawan i ano fa’inayang to ano fafahian to mahecaday to aci hana to tomel’iay hana. Ka’edaw no pirarad nira i pakaaraay to 15 komi, saciheci sa irako rimoroay matomari, irako tosaay koka rimoro, irako ko’edaway pakaaraay to cecay komi, oraloma’ ora heci nira i, sato saan o kangdaway ato tomeli’ay, nikaorila metalaw toka si^enawan ato kafaliyosan. ==== Sama^nen komaen ko heci nira.如何食用葫瓜/葫蘆瓜 ==== Ano ciheci to kola tana’al/toto’ i, yacaho ka ’ikes i, ri’ayawen to ami ridateng ami ara, tada fangcalay ama radateng, ano sakohawen to ano chiyanen to, nga’ayay to ami samaamaan ami tangtang. Nikaorila itini i Dipong(日本) i, oroma pecihanho ami cikcik ami pawari, rikol sato ami tangtang maro dadeng, itini no Amilikaan i, irako mipacamolay to sapafangsi ami tangtang tiya o maro nananomen nangra, romasato oya ‘akaway nira ato papah nira iraay komi sadadengay a komaen. ==== Oya ma’ikesay a heci nira.純熟的葫瓜果/葫蘆瓜果 ==== Ma’ikes to ko heci no tana’al/toto’ i, caay to kaga’ay a kaladatengen ami tangtang, sanaw araen ami ritod ami pawali mi’icang, ano ma^engto koka ‘ateka nira i, ritosa han ami pela’, falahen koya laloma’ay nira, tiya maro papa sapicahok to nanom to felac to poliyaw to kalo- maamaan, romasa ano caay ka pela’en i, kolkol hanca nani fafaled koya iraloma’ay nira, tiya malo sapi radom to nanom, o patelian to ‘epah ato kalomaamaan, irako micongaay i papotal nira tosaka kapah a paca’it i patih ato fadahon no roma’. Sanaw i itini toya mipaypayiay a tamdaw i, maolahay ami ara to heci no tana’al/toto’ tosapi sakawas nangra. Romasato ngaay sasa’angen to sapiparadiw kora ma’ikesay a heci nira. ==== '''Samaanen ami paroma to tana’al/toto’.如何種植葫瓜/葫蘆瓜''' ==== Sapaloma to tana’al/toto’ i, pakayraay toya kakoc nira, sa’ayaw miara to kakoc nira ami pawali ami ‘icang, tiya ami misasapal, ma^engko to’as nira i, palomaen i omah, o lengaw no tana’al/toto’ i matiyato masay ami dapdap ami kalic i kilang, sanaw misanga misarangra topi palomaan to tana’al/toto’, opipalomaan to tana’al/toto’ i, ma^deng itira i saka 3~4 a folad to cecay amihecaan, tangasasato i 9 a folad, ma^deng to aci falo aci hana ci heci. Itini i so^metay a romia’ad a marengaw, maolah a pananomen, ano matatodong kopi pananom, facal koka rengaw nira. Romasato ano matatodong kopipacidal ato fangcal ko ka rengawan nira a sota’para i, kalamkamay aci falo aci hana, tiya adihay fangcal ko heci nira. Ano misanga topi salangraan i, matiyahan opisanga’ to palomaan to foto(葡萄), polong no omaomahan ami salangra, tiya matating kora heci nira, tala’ayaw koka tata’ak no heci nira i, ira komi tafoay to heci nira to sakacaaw kacifao, tiya fangcal makapah koheci nira, ano matatodong koka tata’ak no heci nira i, ma^eng to a araen, tiya mangaay to a kaladatengen, nawhani o heci no tana’al/toto’ i, nanomamang tangasa katata’akan nira i, sahto o kangdaway, ano caay ka tatodong ami siwka i, aratek matafesiw to ko pisiwkakan, caay to kanga’ay a mara dadeng. ==== '''Opisiwkakan to tana’al/toto’葫瓜/葫蘆瓜收成期''' ==== Opisiwkakan to tana’al/toto’ i ma^edeng itira saka 9 folad, sanaw malawod ko 8 a folad i misatapang to ami compi to sakataial, tayni i omah ami hapinang toka ciheci nira, ano kangdawho i ko^engelayho cingra madengay a datengen, ano adihay sato i manga’ay a cikciken ami pawali to sapipa halafin a nga’ay a kaladatengen, ano ma’ikes to koya heci no tana’al/toto’ i, satemeli’ sato ko podac nira, ‘atekakay to caay to kangaay a kaladatengen, ‘ican hato i tapangan tagasa ika’ikesan nira i, sa’ateka sato koya podac nira tiya mirito, miliyaw ami pawali, to sasangaen to papa/toto’ , lomasato to sapiladom o patelian to nanom, aca o sasangaen to sasalamaan. Ano militod to tana’al/toto’ i, mi’osawan ko ‘akaway/wikol nira ami saka ^edaw, tiya manga’ay ami tatoy, ano mi tangtang to tana’al/toto’ i, iraay ko mipodacay iraay ko caay pipodac, nikaorira cifanohay ko podac nira, sanaw solingaen kopi sasaw tiya mitangtang.(Siwkolan 'Amis suman0627/’23 == Tahapinangan 參考文獻 == Ø 又是一年葫蘆種植季，科普一下葫蘆種植管理技術大全。 Ø  扁蒲 ''Lagenaria siceraria'' (Mol.) Standl.. 臺灣物種名錄. 臺灣: 中央研究院生物多樣性研究中心. [2013-01-24] '''（中文（臺灣））。''' jjrrd940wdsn7tzq48f778j2ja2puv6 0 2603 43244 39212 2024-05-10T13:49:19Z 嚴美鳳 41 43244 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Tamana.ogg|縮圖|Micikcik to tamana ci ama.]] === Tamana/mamomoay(高麗菜/包心菜) === ==== O tatapangan no tamana/mamomoay(高麗菜/包心菜的由來) ==== O tatapangan no tamana/mamomoay i, o sowal no mafana’ay a tamdaw, sowal sa ora tamana hananay nano ‘ayaw naitiniay i Tichonghai no Aowcow(歐洲地中海) saan, itiraho Kosila(古希臘) ato Koroma(古羅馬) iraay to amarenak ami sakakahad a mipaloma saan, likor sato tangasa i sasifo’an no kalomihcaan no hekal(中世紀), malenak to a tailaicowaco:wa a finacadan saan. Sanaw itiniay tono Taywanay(台灣的) a tamana/mamomoay i, o nano naitiniay i Holan(荷蘭) a kanatal tora tamdaw no Holan ami pacomod itini i Taywan saan, pangangan sa kola itinia:ay i Taywan a paylang(閔南人) a tamdaw i o Kawlicay(高麗菜)( ko-lê-tshài) ha nangra a pangangan, nawhani ora 「Kool」sanay no Holan(荷蘭) atamdaw i, omasalimoroay sanay ko imi nira, dodosato itini i kaholaman(華人) ira ko panganganay to Fancilan(番介藍)( hoan-kè-nâ) hananay. Lomasato itini i Ciokoku(中國) pangangan sa cangra i Ciensincay(捲心菜) han nangra, itini i Hongkang(香港) pangangan nira o Yiecay(椰菜) hanangra, nawhani nano Kanlan(甘蘭) ko lalengatan nira, nikaorira i tini i cowaco:wa i adi:hay ko kasasiromaroma a pangangaan, caay ka^min a sowalen, dengsa tonomita o taywataywanan(閩南地區) itini i Taywan i, o Kawlicay(高麗菜) aca o Kanlancay(甘蘭菜) han a pangangan, loma irako Pawsincay(包心菜) ato Policay(玻璃菜) sanay a pangangan tora tamana/mamomoay. Masamaanay ko pinangan no tamana/mamomoay.有關高麗菜的特徵 Tosaay a mihecaan ko kalengaw nira, limoloay kotileng kifetoliy ko papah, apoto’ay ko pikafitan nira, sato o kandaway ko polong papotal no tileng nira, nikaorira ano hacecaycecayen ami fetelak ko kahcecaycecay no papah nira i, o laloma’ay no heci nira satomeli’ sanay ito, nowhani mihacecacecay ko papah nira ami tafo a masalimolo, ano tata’ak cingra i matiya o tata’akay a fongoh no tamdaw, o pinangan nira ira ko limoloay mato mali, ira ko matonpi’ay, ira ko macidemay ko hemot, cecay a rengawla cecay a kasa limolo, sanaw i omamomoay haan no mita o Pangcah/’Amis, o takalaw nira i caay pakatafesiw to tosor no o’oe, nikaorira iraay ko caay ka ‘eming saan a limolo, macelak ko papah nira ‘edeng sa osifo’ nira ko limoloay, sanaw ano miarasahaw i, deng yaisifo’ay komi araan. ==== '''Samanen ami paloma to tamana/mamomoay.要如何種植高麗菜''' ==== O mananamay ami paloma to tamana a tamdaw i, mili’ayaw saca ami sasapar i rikot to sapaloma, ano hakowaen ako ko kakahad topipalomaan, ira kopi hapinang ami sa’osi, masolinga madipot ko sapar, caay kacifao fangcal ko lengaw ko to’as nira, marawod ko 18~38 a lomi^ad, m^edeng to a linahen tayra i womawomahan ami hacecacecay amipaloma, olanan a omah i, mahelekay to ami kangkang awaay to ko kalolengos, fangcal ko cepa’ no sota’, ano mipaloma i hacecaycecay han matatodong ko la^ed ami salowilowis, ano mipananom i, tinieng i la^ed nira amipananom, patatodongen kopi cepa’ ato patayhi tiya fangcal ko lengaw nira, malaod to ko 75~88 a romi’ad i, matatodong a siokaken. O tamana/mamomoay i, itini saca i fangcalay sesa matatodongay ko cepa’ nanom ato fangcalay lomi^ad kokalengawan nira, o sowal no mafana’ay paloma a tamdaw i, ano ri’ayawen ami patayhi to ta’i no ‘ayam ato mapoheday rengos ‘asisiw kora omah i tadacangcalay, romasato o sowal nomi kingkioway to sota’ atamdaw, sowalsa itini i PH6~6.8 a sota’an omalaliday koka cepa’ a omah i, oranan ko kaolahan no tamana/mamomoay dateng a malengaw, ano adihay tato ko nanom i, caay ka fangcal, ano matalaw ka’icangan no sota’ i, nga’aiay tahepoen to sapitahepo a calay. O matatodongay a pipalomaan to tamana/mamomoay i, itiraay i ‘ayaw no kacihelangan tora so’emetay alomi’ad, yahelek saho koka si^enawan, misatapang to ami sasapar ma^deng 3~4 ko papah nira i, o takalaw nira ano 10~13 a limian(厘米), misatapang to tosapilinah a patayra i omah, tatiih i tata’akay ko cidar ami linah ama tayal, mahelek to ami paloma i, dodo sato ami patatodong a pananom, malawod ko tolo a lipayan i, ga’ay to ami poliyaw, likorsato malalok ami dipot tora tamana tiya fangcal ko lengaw ko to’as nira, tiya caay to kakali’angen no fawo, nawhani maolah ko kalofawo to tamana, ano mifonsa to sapaiyo i, ira ko sapipatatodong to sapifonsa ami patay tora fawo, tiya caay to kakali’ang halo tamana/mamomoay amapolong. ==== '''O pisiwkakan to tamana/mamomoay高麗菜的收成''' ==== O pisiwkakan to tamana hawi, nano samalata:ray apisiwka i, nani paloma tangasa i pisiwkakan 55 a lomi’ad, o matatodongay a pisiwkakan a lomi’ad i, ma^eng tira i 75~88 alomi’ad, o sahalafinay tangasa ika’ikesan nira i, alatek tangasa i 95~105 alomi’ad, lomasa o ‘alaw ami patatodong to to’as nora tamana/mamomoay, nomiso sa afaloco to fana’ ami hapinang, ano militod ami ara toya tamana i, mihapinag to pilitodan to po’ot, tiya ma’osaw kotapangan nira oya mato fongohay a tamana dateng koma alaay, iraay ko halo tapangan hananay ami fi’enot, rikor sato ami hacecay ami solinga, ano adihay sato i, aniniay tamdaw i, o kikay to ko matayalay ami polong ami siwka, tiya o paliding ko mami onpang a patayra i ichifa(菜市場). Ano mina’ang tora tamana/mamomoay i, itila i 0~4°C an, toka sienaw nira, metalaw to fa^det, tatiih ama ‘icang tato, matatodong koka ce^pa’ nira tiya facalay. ==== '''Sama^neng ami tangtang a koma^en.(要如何煮來吃)''' ==== O tadafangcalay a dateng ko tamana/mamomoay, takalaw ko iyofong(營養) nira, iraay koya wisenso-C(維生素C)、cinwiso(纖維素)、tansoihoahewo(碳水化合物)、ato masama^ama^anay a kongwoce(礦物質) nira, romasato iraho koya wisenso-U(維生素U) nira tosapi adah to doka’ no tina’i, togalhaca ira koya yasiwsoanan(亞硝酸胺) nira tosapi padang ami forfor to kakaenen. Sanaw ci’icelay ami li’ayaw ami sanga’ay to sa^ca ka ciadada to kolo^kang(癌症), sanaw manga’ay a malalid a koma^en to tamana/mamomoay a dateng. Nga’ay a sakohawen, nga’ay a ciyanen, ato misamaamaan ami liawli(料理), adihay komi pasifana’ay to saka fana’ ami tangtang akoma^en, aca to sapacamol ami tangtang, noniyahanto afana’ amatayal to pakaylaay toya tamana/mamomoay hananay a dateng.(suman 0629/’23 Siwkolan ‘Amis) == Tahapinangan參考文獻: == 1.香菇玻璃菜牛肉粥[2019-12-20]存檔 '''2.''' 高麗菜 ko-lê-tshài[2020-08-30]存檔 3.移至：'''^3.0''' '''^3.1''' 你不知道的食物身世 高麗菜是歐洲語言 | 生活 | 重點新聞 | 中央社 CNA[2020-08-30]存檔 oj9uk7ghh4cd6jk1vmxisdwbjma96nj 0 2604 39398 39397 2023-08-25T14:44:24Z Masaonikar 570 39398 wikitext text/x-wiki == ’Orip ni Kafo’ok. (Kafo’ok的事蹟) == == O pipa’olid (簡介) == '''Ngangan:''' Kafo’ok, '''Ngasaw:''' Cilangasan a ngasaw. '''Finacadan:''' ’Amis a tamdaw, '''Niyaro’:''' Cepo’ niyaro’ a kapah. '''Kasofocan:''' mafokil, dengan i kalakapahan i 1877-1878 mihecaan a kapah ko kafana’an. Mama ato ina: Ina ci Mayang, mafokil to mama. O nidipotan ni Mayaw Aping ci Kafo’ok. '''Ngohah ni kafo’ok:''' O ngohah ni Kafo’ok ci Peni, ono Cikatopay a ngasaw. '''Selal:''' O selal ni Kafo’ok o Latafok, tatodong no selal o mi’aw’away ahan, o midipotay to niyaro’. Nai safaay a selal macakat, sakasasepat a selal no kapah. == O demak ni Kafo’ok: (Kafo’ok的事蹟): == I 1877 miheca, itiya tayni ko Mancing a hitay mikowan to sawalian no Taywan. Nanoya ira ko “Lalood i Cepo’” a demak, itini i Cepo’ no Tarawadaw. Kakeridan no Mancing a hitay ci Tangayhay, cecay ko fafahi sasepat ko kapi. O kapah no niyaro’ ci Kafo’ok, mipatayay to kakeridan no Mancing a hitay, inian ko sakalalenak a ira ko  “Lalood i Cepo’” a demak i Cepo’ niyaro. I saka tolo a kalaloodan, na milaop ci Kafo’ok to hitay no Mancing, midakaway i ’efa milaliw, laopen ni Kafo’ok, setekaw ako ko aikoray taker no ’efa ta patayen ako kiya kaping nasa, misiikor minengneng koya kaping a mikowang, mapatama i fafaed no kalaw ni Kafo’ok, nanoya sa a mapatay ci Kafo’ok. == O ’orip ato demak ni Kafo’ok: (Kafo’ok的生平與事蹟) == Ci Kafo’ok, o no Cilangasan a ngasaw cingra, o kapah no niyaro’, o ina nira ci Mayang, kafokilan ko mama. O padek a mama ci Mayaw Eping, o ngohah ni Kafo’ok ci Peni, o no Cikatopay a ngasaw. Itiya, o kapah no niyaro’ ci Kafo’ok ato selal; o Latofok han ko ngangan no selal, o mi’aw’away ahan a selal, misimaway to liyok no niyaro’ no Cepo’, ci Kafo’ok o kakeridan no selal Itiya. Ira ko cecay romi’ad to dadaya, masaopo ko selal a mikacaw, katawatawaan no selal i, ira ko pasowalay: “Tamita, tayra kita mitakaw to fafoy no Fakong tamdaw.” Saan a masasowal, o lalingatoan no demak ni Kafo’ok to kalamkam; padadaya a lomowad cangra, paka tokos a romakat ko ni Kafo’ok a miraod to Fakong; o no selal nira i, paka lalan, pakariyar ko lalan itiya, yo tatahira cangra i Fakong, matatalatala i kasasowalan, ’araw han irato: ci Kafo’ok a matala to kapot, o kasekakan no ’ayam to dafak. Sowal sa ci Kafo’ok: “Kamo ha idang, minengneng kamo to tamdaw, pasa’etip, pasawali ko roma, ano ira ko tamdaw kalamkamen a pasifana’ kako.” han nira. So’elinay, na matira ko demak naira, kafaheka’an no idang nira ko pi’ewa no fafoy to pirepet ni Kafo’ok, o cikay to a milaliw ko selal nira a pakayra i riyar a lalan minokay, o ni Kafo’ok sa to nira i, pakatokos a comikay minokay. Itiya, ’ewa, ’ewa sa ko fafoy i tokos. Nanoyaan, tahira sato ko widang nira i ngayangay no selal, irato: a maro’ ci Kafo’ok itira, mapatay to ko ya fafoy a mateli. Oya selal sato nira, safaheka’ sa a miharateng: “Paka tokos ko ni Kafo’ok mikoyod to fafoy, kita paka hekal ko rakat, tahini: saho kita!” o maherekay to ci Kafo’ok a mipatay to fafoy a mipacok, tahira saho ko selal nira. O pitaneng to demak ni Kafo’ok ato demak no selal nira. Sa’ayaway koni a demak. Itiya, lomaoc ko finawlan i talo’an, mikihatiya ko mi’aw’away a selal, ci fonos to kakaya’ay a polakik. Cecay ko sowal no mato’asay itini i kalomaocan: “Piradom kapah.” saho ko sowal, ci Kafo’ok sa nai tongroh no kilang a mikalic, makatengil ni Kafo’ok, takod sa a ma’epod na i ca’ang no kilang. Miradom awaay ko pakafiloay no selal to tariktik ni Kafo’ok. Caay ka pahoda ira to na miradom, pakasifosifo’ no likowat no mato’asay, na mi’alay to fonos a romakat cira i sifo’ la’ed no mato’asay, ala tekotekong sa ko ngaroy ato fongoh no mato’asay a mahafelot no cofel no fonos ni Kafo’ok. Nanoya, oya mato’asay sato, macacolicoli caira, caay ko ci Kafo’ok ko sasowalan naira, oya to miaiay to nanom a tamdaw ko nika keteran no mato’asay, “No maan ko miso?” “Awaay i tisowanan?” mana’ay mahafelot(mata’elif) ko kapot sato ko nika caciyaw i lalaocan a mato’asay. O saka tosa a demak ni Kafo’ok konini, o pitaneng to demak nira to saka lakapah. Samatira sa ko ’orip no ’Amis i ’ayaw to romi’ami’ad to pilecok no finacadan a to’as i niyaro’, mikadoedoedo to ’orip no to’asan. I 1877 miheca, lalangatan oya Mancing ci Sen paw-cen pasai “misalotok mipalafades a mihwana” to ’Amis sapilefekaw to tamdaw, i citodongay i Taywan ci Wu koang-lian mikerid to hitay tayni i sawalian, mipaci’ci sapipalalanaw nai Kohkoh tangasa i Cepo’ mipalalan, patanic palakoli to Kiwit, Nana, ato ’Amin a ngasaw no ’Amis pakatayal palakoli, patedo miocor, sakapiliyang no Kiwit, Nana, ato ’Amin a ngasaw no ’Amis itiya, o kowang ato po’ot ko sapatalaw no Mancing, patangic a miala to maamaan, misamsam to fafahiya no niyaro’, patangic pakatayal to kapah no niyaro’ mahaenay. I’a:yaw, caay ho ko ’Amis (Yincumin) fanacadan a tamdaw to no kitakit a fana’an, cay kafana’ to papotalay tamdaw o maanan ko tatodong to sakowan no Mancing, dengan kafana’an o kacikowang ato po’ot manga’ay micefis to sera, mikoli to finawlan, misamsam to fafahiyan no niyaro’…, o mahaenay ko ci mikowangay? Ka’osian no finacadan no ’Amis. Cecay romi’ad, kakeridan no kaping ci Tangayhay, pasowal to kakitaan no niyaro’ itiya ci Mayaw Eping aci Idep, sowal sa ci Tangayhay: “Ocoren ko tatosaay a kapah mamililid takowanan patayra i Kohkoh a miala kako to kaping a patayni.” han nira, caayay ka kahi caira tatosa, o mipatangican ci mipatalaway a sowal, itiya i, sakoskoskos sato cangra a paca’of: “Hayda.” Hananay to. Na maomahay itira i Kodic ci Kafo’ok ato kapah a selal, fanal sa ira ko pakarongay a mikarong, pakafana’ to pitahidang no kakitaan a papinokay. Tahira ko kapah i kalomaocan a sefi no niyaro, ira ko kalas a mitala, pasowal ihan no kalas, ira ko sowal ni Tangayhay, “Ocoren ko tatosaay a kapah mamililid takowanan patayra i Kohkoh a miala kako to kaping a patayni.” san a miliyaw pasowal to nano sowal ni Tangayhay to kakitaan no niyaro’ ici Kafo’ok ato kapah. Itiya, oya sato kakitaan alatereterep sato, mato paci’cian kina piocor. Ira ko pasowalay: “O maan miala to hitay han a mangalef ko tamdaw no hitay, ano maala ni Tangayhay koya hitay nira tayni i, o nira a fafahi lalima ko fafahi, mangalef to koya hitay lalikelikel sato to fafahi, maan sato ko no mita o niyaro’ay no kapah?” sato ci Kafo’ok. Yan saka, pato^eto a pasowal: “Tatiih matira, kalimanan kiya hitay, ma’emin naira micefis ko fafahiyan ita o niyaro’.” saan ko ’atekak no faloco’ ni Kafo’ok, orasaka, eca ka kahi. Yan saka paci’eci sato ko sowal ni Tangayhay doedo sato ciraan. Yan saka: “Matira aca, nga’ay to.” saan ko faloco’ ni Kafo’ok. Aro’ sa i lawac no lalan: “Patayen ako.” Sato. Maraor ko romi’ad, patiko ci Kafo’ok tayni niyaro’ nai Kodic. Tayra i la’eno i kamaro’an ni Tangayhay a mitala, pasowal han kafo’ok to lalowaden. “Aka ho, kako ko sapisayo a miparaer a tadisafo, ta ranam, ta lowad sato kita.” han ni Tangayhay ci Kafo’ok. Masamatira, harara: saan ko demak ni Tangayhay, ’osi saan a nengnengen ni Kafo’ok ko pinangan ni Tangayhay, Makalah to ko hareteng nira ’osi ci Tangayhayan: “Dadada to, karatar to, kalamkam.” han ni Kafo’ok. “Aka ho.” han ni Tangayhay. Orasaka, sarakarakat sato i papotal ci Kafo’ok, nengneng sahaca ci Tangayhayan, maranam, maherek maranam, aro’: saho a mitamako to apiyan. “Maherekay to misanga’ to talilidan i tisowanan, caay ho karanam kami.” han ni Kafo’ok. “Aka ho, mitamako ho kako.” han ni Tangayhay ci Kafo’ok, saka aro’ saho. Nanoya, maherek mitamako ci Tangayhay, ya apiyan, ongto mateli i tafolod, ta lowad sato. Masamatira ko demak ni Tangayhay, awaay i mata nira ko finacadan no ’Amis. Midakaw sato to talilidan, maro’ i parar: “Matini ini o kamaro’an ako.” han sa ko sowal ni Tangayhay. Oya parar i, paca’edong han to ni Kafo’ok to ’onoc. Maherek paca’edong to ’onoc ci Kafo’ok, malalilid to cangra ci Kacaw Pokong, o widang ni Kafo’ok. “Mahaen a milaliw kiso na mapi’iway.” han ni Kacaw Pokong. “Tata.” sato, malalilid to cangra midoedo to Tarawadaw pasifafaw, i karomakat milacal to ’alo, masalopikongay a lalan misasiwasiwar, pakerot pakerot han to i fokelokelohan ato i semosemotan a pakikis to piorong naira tangasa. “Anako! Ha:en no han kapah?” han ni Tangayhay ci Kafo’ok. “Sapipatayan to tisowan.” han ni Kafo’ok ci Tangayhay. Tahira i la’eno no ci ’icepay. Hatira ko demak ni Kafo’ok to keter. Tala fafaw ho mi’orong tayra i lacalan no ’etipan i ci Paca’an a pala. Nanoya pateras han to nira itira a patili i sera, oya ci Tangayhay misaakeake’ ho i, itiya midocoh to fonos a micocok i faloco’ ni Tangayhay. Ta, mapatay ci Tangayhay itira i ci Paca’an. Pedoc sato a minokay tayra i kalingadan caira i Kodic. Tayra sato i tatodong no Losineng, pateli han to naira itira, manengneng naira itira, ira ko Kiwit a tamdaw malingaday no ’etipan i Lahengangay, tiko sa ho: “Eca ho.” sa ci Kafo’ok a midemak itira. Itiya sato to na demak, saka tolo romi’ad, matengil to ko sowal to kapatya ni Tangayhay i Paca’an. Itiya a mafana' ko finawlan no niyaro’ a faheka tonini a demak, oya mato’asay sato i: “Aya: kita, samatini ho ko demak, o fodfod to kinian.” sato ko finawlan no Cepo’. Tonini demak i, o salikaka ni Tangayhay ci Coya, ato fafahi ni Tangayhay, ato lalomaan no fafahi lalima caira ko mipanokayay toya tireng ni Tangayhay. == I sakacecay lalood i Cepo’. (Cepo’第一次的戰役記事) == Mata’elif ko tosa a falad, itiya ira ko sowal: “A tayni to ko kaping mifodfod i Cepo’, pina’on kamo.” sato. O kakitaan sato toya: “Mamaan ko matiniay?” tatolo ko kakitaan misanga’ to polol ta pipatalaan nangra to kaping. Misanga’ ko mato’asay to atol, matatodong o no tamdawan ko takaraw kira atol. Itiya sato, ira to ko sowal: “Ira to ko Kaping a tayni i Cepo’.” sato ko karong to nai timolay: “Pina’on kamo o itiniay a salikaka.” Oya sato a finawlan, pasowal ci Mayaw Eping: “Kaitini ko no namo, ano ira a tayni ko kaping, tena’en, i tongroh no atol kako a tomireng a misalisin.” sako sowal ni Mayaw Eping to ’alomanay. Sowal sa ci Mayaw Eping toya selal no Latafok: “Ano caay ho pihai kako, aka ho ka dademak kamo o kapah.” han nira a pasowal. Masa’opo ko selal no Latafok i tongroh noya dihif ni Calaw Dopoh. Nanoya irato ko sarakatay noya kaping nai timol a tayni, malisafon cangra a maro’ i lalinik noya roma a dihif mitala to aikoray. Oya ci Mayaw Eping tomireng i tongroh no atol, ci riko’ to kahengangay a kiros hanamay no mato’asay a kafong, misalisin ci Mayaw Aping, mitatoy to cecay a kahong no ciciw no fafoy, caay ka dademak ko kapah no Cepo’. Ma’araw noya kaping ci Mayaw Eping i tongroh no atol, toresoen nira to teloc no kowang a fonos i, caay ka rawis, kowangen nira caay ka polin, oya a hekakirong nira caay ka maama:an, parengpeng ko kowang no kaping, ha:to caay ka polin, maedeng ko sa’osi no demak ni Mayaw Eping, ya nitatoyan ningra a kahong no ciciw kalosalood han nira toya kaping, alapolipolin to pisalisin ni Mayaw Eping. Itiya sato, tefaden ni Kafo’ok ko datong ta hakelongen no kapah a mitakod toya dihif i sifo’ no kamaro’an noya kaping. Nanoya awaay to ko pinang to nika lalaolaop nangra. Oya a kapah a Latafok, matepoc no kapah ko li’el noya kaping. Oroma sato, i tireng, i wa’ay ko roma, o fonos ko cecay a matatoyay no kapah. Oya sato a kaping caayto pakanornor (makicapos) a palaco to kowang, milaliw to. Pasayra to i riyar midangoy milaliw, ato pasitalacayacayan milaliw a milimek, takopen no kapah a mitapa’, oya i aikoray a finawlan, kinaikoran to a mipatay toya kaping. Itiya, pasitimol ko pilaliw no roma a kaping, laopen no kapah pasitimol. Minokay koya kaping mamo^etep to ko ’osaw sa ko sowal. == I saka tosa kalalood i Cepo’. (Cepo’第二次的戰役記事) == Itiya sato, ira haca ko karong nai Kiwitay a tayni i Cepo’ pasowal: “A ira haca a tayni ko kaping mipatay i tamowanan.” saan ko sowal no mikarongay i cangraan. Itiya mipatalaay to ko kapah, matiya nai timolay pasi’amis koya kaping a tayni, ci Kafo’ok ato kapah ci mipatalaay to. Oya lalomowad cangra a misi’ayaw to ’ada, matiyato o sa’ayaway ko nipilaop nangra to kaping. Itiya sato, o saikoray o midadakaway to ^efa a kaping, laopen to nangra, ma’edeng mitapa’ ci Kafo’ok to ya ^efa nasa, pasiikor koya kaping a mikowang ci Kafo’okan, ta matama no pikowang, polin sato ci kafo’ok. Aya mapolin ci Kafo’ok nasa koya kapot ni Kafo’ok, patoor hanto ningra a mitapa’ koya taker no ^efa, polim sato kiya ^efa, itiya a mipatoor mipatay toya kaping. Oya ci Kafo’ok sato, caay ho kacifafahi. Toya dadaya tayra cingra miliso’ to ngohah ci Penian (Tarepeng), o olah ni Peni ci Kafo’okan mapatiwid to tamako itiya. Mapolin ci kafo’ok, nanoyaan sa a mapatay, itira kapolinan ni kafo’ok, itira sa a matadem. Minokay tayra i Cepo’ ko kapah, pasowal sato kakitaan ato finawlan no niyaro’: “Awaayto ko wadis no rarikah, mapatayto ci Kafo’ok.” saan. So’elinay, mapatay to ci Kafo’ok. Hatira ko nano demak ni Kafo’ok. Oya midoedoay to ni Kafo’ok a demak ci Koic ko ngangan ningra, oya mitapa’ay toya ^efa ato kaping a kapah. Patoor pangangan. Ikor no kapatay ni Kafo’ok, mato awaay to ko sapilifetaw no Cepo’ fanawlan, paitemek sato a milaliw tayra i Cilangasan ato roma a pala. Orasaka caay kahalafin ko pilaliw, taikor caay sapisawadaw no kaping sapitekopaw to finacadan, pakaynien i pataheka, mimangah, misolot to kapah no C’po' niyaro’; pakaenen malasang to epah, caay to kafana’ to no tamdawan, itiya a mikowang micocok mipatay to kapah, nanoyaan a matekop ko kapah no Cepo’ a ’Amis/Pangcah tamdaw. == Pacefad a tilid. (參考資料：) == 1. <nowiki>https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%AF%E5%8F%A3%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6</nowiki> 2.摘錄港口部落耆老Tangay 的口述歷史，Andre’ Bareigts， “O no ’Amis a Tamdaw a Kimad” 4。1990。 3.Tangay 耆老出生於1898年8月11日，日治時期擔任Makota’ay 部落的頭目，1990年Andre’ 神父訪談時他已是87歲高齡，口述的阿美族語深奧難懂，為便於現代人了解，譯者費心思整理譯為較為白話的文章，必要時加註。 整理記錄人：Masao Nikar (馬撒歐．尼卡爾) 阿美族，Pacidal ngasaw. 2h1hriekrykfk5423mgibf98af2u8x7 0 2606 39400 39399 2023-08-26T23:10:02Z WikiEditor50 43 Fixed formatting 39400 wikitext text/x-wiki ==[[Sowal no Pangcah]]== Tadafa’inayan mico’a’angay to [[Japan|Ripon]] no ponon a finacadan ci '''Laho'''. Cifafahi ci Alian ci Laho, ikoray to tamdamdaw pangangan hanto ci '''Laho Ali''' (拉荷·阿雷) han to cingra. Tada makadofah ko kinaira no [[Taywan]], adihay ko rakes ato sikitang. Pakayni tona kinaira ko [[ceng-fo no Ripon]] (日本政府), caay pitolas talalotok a mipamatang, mipenec to ka’oripan no [[Yincomin]]. Itiya i adihay ko painian no Ripon a ceng-fo to sapikowan to Yincomin a lekakawa, onini a lekakawa malasaka falic to ko pinangan to saki’orip no Yincomin, malasaka tongal ko pico’aang no Yincomin to ceng-fo no Ripon. Mi’adop ta ira ko saka’orip no tamdamdaw itiya ho, nika o Ripon han papipasadak to kowang nangra. Wata ko firang no [[Bunun|Ponon]] a tamdaw. [[Wata]] ko keter no sakakaay ni Laho Ali, pakayni tonian aca macacoli ato [[imeng]], rofo han to no imeng. Tangasa kasadakan nira i, ladoka’ay saan ko tatirengan, caho katenes mapatay to. Matenesa to mapenec no Ripon a ceng-fo ko finacadan, ikor to caay to pakahadidi cangra, misafaloco’ to mico’a’ang to ceng-fo no Ripon. Sahonihoni han nangra mirawraw, mikoliniw mikari’ang to imeng no Ripon. Ma’esamen to ko ceng-fo no Ripon, patarod sa to sakalali’ay cangra, mitahidang pasaopo to finacadan no niyaro’. Salipahak sa tayra ko finacadan a mapolong, nika nengneng han ko tamdaw no Ripon awaay ko sakali’ayan a faloco’. Oya tayraay a finacadan haen sato maemin mapatay to no Ripon.Hatiniay to katenes ko kalala’is ato kasasi’ingtel malasaka cifaloco’ ni Laho Ali mico’a’ang to ceng-fo no Ripon. Mikerid to to finacadan malinah tayra to takaraway maraayay a pala ci Daho Ali. Takaraw kacalemceman a pala itira, caayay to kalahoday a mingata ko tamdaw no Ripon. Caayay pakarepet ci Daho Alian ko Ripon, maohot to cangra, o pico’a’ang no finacadan malasaka sa’et to ko pisalalan a tatayalen nangra. Mato pinapinaay to a miheca ko pico’a’ang no Ponon, doedo sato to karakat no lalan, mafana’ to ci Laho Ali, ano tongoden ho ko pico’a’ang, caay ko sakanga’ay no finacadan a parayray. Wata to ko kari’ang no Ripon, misalongoc to ci Laho Alian a mili’ay, minanay mapaherek to ko pinapinaay to a miheca ko kalala’is. 1933 a miheca malali’ay to ko Ripon ato ci Laho Alian, mapaherek to ko pinapinaay kalala’is. Patahekal to cingra to salongoc, to sakanga’ay no finacadan, caay to paco’ay ko Ripon, safangcal sato ko nika’orip. Mapangangan to no finacadan ci Laho Ali o macodahay mico’a’angay to Ripon. Doedo sa to codah no faloco’ ato fenek cingra, mikerid to finacadan a midipang to serangawan no finacadan ato sakingodo. ==[[Kuwaping a sowal]]== 拉荷是布農族的抗日勇士。拉荷取阿雷為妻，後來人們稱他為Laho Ali(拉荷阿雷)。臺灣有許多樟腦、煤礦等豐富資源。日本政府為了這些資源，不斷往深山開發，壓迫原住民的生存空間。當時日本政府提出許多治理原住民的政策，這些政策強制改變了原住民的生存方式，加劇了原住民與日本政府的衝突。以前人們需要打獵才能生活，但日本政府卻要收繳他們的槍枝。這讓布農族人非常憤怒。拉荷阿雷的兄長很生氣，為此跟警察吵架，被警察關入牢中。等到他被放出來的時候，已經身負重傷，沒過多久就過世了。由於族人長期遭受日本政府的欺壓，最後他們再也無法忍受，決定反抗日本政府。他們經常騷擾、襲擊日本警局。日本政府不堪其擾，他們以和解為由，邀請部落的族人相聚。族人們高興的前往，卻發現日本人並沒有要和解。赴約的族人就這麼被日本政府處決了。多年下來的衝突與仇恨最終讓拉荷阿雷決心反抗日本政府。拉荷阿雷帶著族人遷至更高更遠的地方。那裡地勢高又危險，日本人無法輕易靠近。日本政府抓不到荷阿雷，非常傷腦筋，興建道路的工程也因為族人反抗而趨緩。布農族的抗爭持續非常多年，隨著道路開通，拉荷阿雷知道，如果繼續抗爭，只會不利於族群的延續。日本也因為大量的損失，決定向拉荷阿雷提出和解的請求，期盼結束多年的衝突。1933年拉荷阿雷和日本政府和解，結束多年的抗戰。他提出許多要求，確保族人不被日本政府報復，可以繼續生活。拉荷阿雷被族人譽為反抗日本政府的勇士。他憑藉著勇氣與智慧，帶領族人捍衛族群的文化與尊嚴。 ==Pikafitan i papotal== *[https://web.klokah.tw/pbc/book/online/index.php?id=133 布農族的星星]，原住民族語E樂園由財團法人原住民族語言研究發展基金會 製作 87c92eear1jg37fdc450eebzx0r2x6b 0 2607 39312 39311 2023-08-18T19:38:42Z 呵口呵樂 1758 39312 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:RedfernApology2.JPG|250px|thumb|O matakaway a cecay rocok]] ==[[Sowal no Pangcah]]== Nano pinapinaay ko finacadan nisa’opoan ta malakitakitay ko [[Awto]] hananay. Sasafaay ira ko tolo so’ot ko kasasiroma no caciyaw tona kakahaday a pala. ’Adihay ko finacadan no [[yencomin]] itini, ato nai romaay a sofal malinahay tayni a maro’ ko roma a [[kitakit]] a [[tamdaw]]. Itiya ho ko [[ceng-fo no Awco]](澳洲政府) mireko to cecay a lekakawa, onini a lekakawa malasaka maemin ko tamdaw pasayra tono saetipan a caciyaw, milowan to caciyaw no romaroma. O faloco’ nangra, Nanay cecay to ko caciyaw, cecay ko serangawan, cecay ko pitooran saan. O saka kalamkamaw no Yencominco malacecay tona finawlan , hakelongen no Awco ceng-fo ko ’alomanay a wawa no Yencomin. O faloco’ nangra nano kaemangan a misatapang pasifana’ ko [[wawa]] saan cangra, ta caay to kalayincomin ko wawa saan. Makerid to tayra i katakahan a niyaro’ ko wawa no Yincomin , misatapang ho a pasifana’, minanam to caciyaw no saetipan, mitoor to no saetipan a kiwkay. Maherek to patayraen to nangra to loma’ no [[kohcalay a tamdaw]], i kiwkay ato pidipotan to wawa. Itira cangra a minanam to caciyaw no saetipan, mifana’ to serangawan no saetipan. Malalang a somowal tono tireng a caciyaw, malalang a romadiw to radiw no niyaro’. Awa to ko wina, awa to ko ngangan, awa to ko sakalalacal ato i niyaro’ay cangra. Sahonihoni sa canaar ko faloco’ no wawa, matiyatiya awa ko katalawan tora kamaro’an nangra, caay kanikaw to kakaenen, nika wata ko rarom no faloco’ nangra. Wata ko faloco’ sapinokayan tayra i tatihi no wina, nika icowaay a pala kinatireng awa ko fanafana’ nangra.Wata katenes koni a lekakawa tangasa to to enem polo’ ko mihecaan. Mapaekel papitawal to caciyaw ato serangawan no tireng cangra. Caayay ko kohcalay a tamdaw caayay ko Yincomin cangra. Kona ma’afasay minanam tono pito’asan a sifana’ a tamdamdaw, mapangangan to, “'''O matakaway a cecay rocok'''” (失竊的一代) han to. O lekakawa no Awco ceng-fo, awaay ko painian to sakafacal ko ka’orip nangra . Si’ayaw sa to kaca pihamon to kohcalay a tamdaw, matenes to matawal nangra ko pito’asan a serangawan, pakayni to pihamon no faloco’ malasaka ohot to ato caka raheker ko faloco’. Ira ko roma a tamdaw tahada’oc sa a mikilim to kasofocan a laloma’an, ato pikihamon no tireng. Tahira to i tosa patek ira ko falo a miheca, padeteng sa misi’ayaw to Yincominco todongay mili’ay ko faloco’ ko [[Cong-li no Awco]]. Sowal sa cingra, “Ta’ongen no mita anini ko itiniay tona sota’ a Yincomin, o satelangay i rayray no tamdamdaw, tangasa anini ma’orip ho maparayray ko serangawan.” Tikoen ho no mita a miharateng ko itiyaay ho to pisakakinih. Na masamaan ko lekakawa ato rikec no ceng-fo no mita, anini kita a mili’ay to kalasaka pades ato kalahedaw no manmaan nangra.” O Nano i kemoday no faloco’ a mili’ay, mitidos to i’ayaway a ceng-fo ko Cong-li. Mitidos ho cingra to no aniniay a ceng-fo, misatapang a minanay toya caayay ka mo’ecel a demak no itiya ho, hay caayay to paliyaw masadak ko matiniay a demak. Caayay kanga’ay a tangsol mireko misawkit to itiyaay ho a demak, nika ano pakaynien i Yincomin i, ona pili’ay no Cong-li o tada kalimelaan koni a romi’ad to rayray no kanatal. mafana’ to nano rayray, caayay ko saparayrayan to ’intel, o sapinanamaw a mifana’ ato mingodo tona demak. ’Aloman ho ko tamdaw mikilim to rakat no ’orip no tireng anini, ano masamanmaan ira ho ko caayay pakatama to loma’an no tireng, nika misa’icel cangra to sifana’ ato salongoc no Yincomin a finacadan. midipang to wawawawa no Yincomin tahada’oc. ==[[Kuwaping a sowal]]== 澳洲是一個由許多族群所組成的國家。這片大陸至少有三百種以上不同的語言。這裡有很多原住民族群，以及從不同地方移居的外國人。過去的澳洲政府實行一項政策，這個政策讓人民普遍使用西方的語言，減少使用其他語言。他們希望，國家只有一種語言、一種文化、一種信仰。為了讓原住民族可以更快的融入社會，澳洲政府帶走很多原住民的小孩。他們認為從小的時候開始教育小孩，小孩就不會成為原住民。原住民的孩子被帶到完全陌生的環境，重新教育，他們學習西方的語言，信奉西方的宗教。然後他們被送往白人的家庭、教會以及孤兒院。在那裡他們學著西方的語言，認識西方的文化。被禁止說母語、禁止唱家鄉的歌。他們失去母親，失去名字，失去與家鄉的連結。孩子們時常感到不安，雖然他們所在的地方很安全，也有食物可以溫飽，但他們還是很悲傷。他們想回到媽媽身邊，卻又不知道自己在什麼地方。這是一個長達六十多年的政策。他們被迫遺忘自己語言、文化。他們既不是白人也不是原住民。被剝奪原生教育的這群人，被稱作「失竊的一代」。澳洲政府的政策，並沒有為他們帶來更好的生活。面對白人的不認同，早已遺忘原生文化的他們，對自我的認同也感到困惑與不安。有些人一輩子都在找尋原本的家庭，和自我的認同。直到2008年，澳洲的總理正式向原住民族表示歉意。他說道:「今天我們向這塊土地上的原住民,人類歷史上最古老、至今仍存續著的文化致敬。我們反思過去的不公平待遇。我們為過去政府的法律及政策，所造成的各種痛苦和損失致歉 。」總理代替過去的政府，深深致歉。他也代表現在的政府，期許從今以後，過去各種不正義，未來不再發生。過去的問題不會馬上解決，對原住民而言，總理的道歉依然是歷史上重要的時刻。了解歷史，不是為了延續憤怒，而是學習理解與尊重。現在還有許多人在找尋自己的身世，儘管有些人已經找不回自己的家人，他們也致力於原住民族群的教育與權益。守護世世代代的原住民子女。 ==Pikafitan i papotal== *[https://web.klokah.tw/pbc/book/online/index.php?id=130 被偷走的一代]，原住民族語E樂園由財團法人原住民族語言研究發展基金會 製作 qr9zgp2xrq5j3wnl3zb6b202ndw20ie 0 2608 46800 39463 2025-06-17T20:37:49Z InternetArchiveBot 33 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 46800 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ak'ak (烏鴉) == Ak’ak o nano howakan a selal (tilid a ngangan: Corvus, Inkiris: Crow) ’ayam ko pitahidang, nano ’alolil a ak’akan, adihay i kasa ta’akay niyaro’ manengneng matiniay ’ayam. O cifana’ay a ’a’adopen ko ak’ak, o mafana’ay misanga’ pali’ayaw to dademaken a halaka[1]. === No ’Amis/Pangcah ponkaan a ak’ak. === [[Faylo:Corvus corone Bob 20190916 t170115.jpg|縮圖|Ak'ak]] Ak’ak, saki tini a ’Amis/Pangcah a pinengneng to ak’ak o tatiihay, paysin han no sasowalen. Orasaka ano icowacowa to a manengneng ko ak’ak i, tatiih ko finacadan paka’araw, mitatoy to sapilaplap fokeloh, ’acam, celi’ han mi’ang’angen miko’eko. Nawhani o asimaanay a manaholay ka’acekan ko makaenay no ak’ak, ka’osien no ’Amis/Pangcah, caay ka komaen ko tamdaw to ak’ak, Waco, ’oner, lidep ato ’ekong. Ano manengneng ko ak’ak i katalalotok ano eca i lalan ka’osian ko nian, nikawrira, ano mahitefo i fadahong no loma’ ano eca mahitefo i papotal no loma’, o pahapinangay o aira ko tatiihay demak no loma’, orasaka o sapipalasawadaw to tatiihay a demak, pakanengneng ho ko finawlan i lawac no lomaloma’ a mililis i, mi’ang’ang to ano eca milood to lalosidan a milaplap to ak’ak. === Yincumin no ka’amisay Amilika (北美洲的原住民) === Pakanengneng to ak’ak mato iraay ko tatiihay demak, nika pa’orip ciira to tamdaw. Masowal ko kimad no hekal to ak’ak, so’elinay o ma’eferay a ak’ak(howak) ko masowalay. Itini i yincumin no ka’amisay Amilika a safaniyot, masowal nangra ko ma’eferay ak’ak(howak) matiya o tato’asan a masadak saan. Orama ira i pisanga’ to hekal a kimadan masowal. Itini i Tlingit a tamdaw a kimad i, o ma’eferay ak’ak(howak) mipatolon to ’alilis panakay nai kakarayan to lamal, itiya palalikelen to sapilikat i tamdamdaw. O kafafalic no sasowalen i, ira mafohat ko cidal, mapatedi to no kakarayan ko likat i tamdawan, nika ano cima ko pakalayapay to “Pafeliay to likat i tamdaw, pasifana’ay to taneng” o mamalasawad to sakanga’ay saan. I nika awa ho no ’ayam i syakay, alatek o soni a ngiha no ak’ak ko pakafana’ay to ta’engad, patayniay to likat a saanay. Dotocen ko no romaroma niyaro’ a kimad, sa’ayaway no hekal o masimeday i laloma’ no ’a’olec, o to’emanay ko laloma’. Nikawrira itiya toya romi’ad. O ak’ak ko mimowaday toya ’a’olec, pasadadak i hekal ko masamaamaanaya lalosidan a mapalenak, ta masanga’ ko matiniay a hekal. So’elinay, nama fohat kia tosaay a ’a’olec, ano eca o lalosidan macolo’ patayra maparocek masa’isal (mana’ang ko kakaenen), saheto o ak’ak ko midemakay to nian. O roma, ira ho ko roma a niyaro’ pakayniay to nia kimad, sa’ayaway no hekal saheto o malipahakay a rihaday, malofic ko heci no kilakilang, o nanom nai takaraway pasalaeno matefad, nikawrira nawhani matoled to tamdaw, palatiihen no ak’ak ko hekal a caay to kafangcal, o ta,daw maroray to malingad saka ira no nga’ayay ’orip. O matiraay aca, nika tangasa anini mararid mipadang to kalifotan sakatadanca no tamdaw ko ak’ak, o hahatiraen ko pihirateng “Ah ah, o sapapikodosaw no kawas takowanan koni hakiya!” === Siberia tangasa ’Amis Amilika (西伯利亞到北美) === Nai Siberia tangasa ’Amis Amilika ko mi’adopay a finacadan to saki maeferay ak’ak (howak) a nengneng, matiya o nai maraayay takaraway pasilaeno minengneng, maemin mafana’, masapinang ko nengneng a ’ayam. Alatek o nao pakanengneng to maeferay ak’ak (howak) saka manengnengay ko nano demak no tamdamdaw, ira ho ko mapatayay a tireng masapinang to a tangsol sa miraod milingling, o caayay kanga’ay no tamdaw midemok ko kilakilangan pasadak to caayay kafana’en a ngiha miceli’ to pahecian no demak. Maeferay ak’ak (howak) sataliyoliyok sa maefer itira, o ngiha naira ko sakalalicay, i macakatay a kimeto ko syakay, mina’on to mitiniay a demak. O nano sowal to pakayniay i cairaan to matamaay a ’a’adopen misatata’ang to ngiha miceli’, mitahidang to oles a tayni. O roma itini i ciso’edaay a a pala masapinang ko naripa’an no oles, itiya a misolap to sakacifatis; ira ko somowalay a tamdaw, tona pakatengil caira to piceli’ no oles a masaopo. O nian pakasanek to talacowa ko pakinali, nika manga’ay no maeferay ak’ak (howak) masanek ko i lawacay no oles a mi’adopay tamdaw, tinako o tamdaw to, pamotek to a minengneng. So’elinay, talacowa caay ko maeferay ak’ak (howak), nika o ta’akay ko satekek a ak’ak (howak) mikotoday i aikor no mi’adopay. Nano milicay kako to papinaay a mi’adopay tamdaw paca’of cangra i ikor to no pakaala to ’a’adopen itiya saan, ak’ak talifahalan sa ira, pakanengneng to kalinah no ak’ak, mitiya i akoray no Waco a milaop. === Ainu finacadan a kimad (愛奴族的傳說) === Itini i Ainu finacadan a kimad i, tona nipi’adop to tomay i ira ko ak’ak miraod i dihif no tomay a  pasifana’ to mi’adopay tamdaw, saka miahowid ko mi’adopay to ak’ak, saka misiday ko mi’adopay to titi no tomay a pafatis, o saka nga’ay no ak’ak a komaen, patadoen a mica’it i kilang. Nawhani o mi’adopay tamdaw minengneng to oles o satadamaanay mi’adopay saan, mitiya o kapot no oles ko maeferay ak’ak (howak), nanoyaan a mapalatadamaanay caira to nian. === Sa’amis no Europ a kimad (北歐神話) === Sa’amis no Europ a maeferay ak’ak (howak) mitini to ko patadamaan i cairaan. Sa’amis no Europ a kimad satakaraway kawas ci Odin, i tosaay a kahong ira ko masa^kimay a Hugin/taneng ato Munin/hirateng a tasaay ak’ak (howak). Oni tosaay a maeferay ak’ak (howak) i kataengadan no romi’ad maeferay milaliw, mililis to hekal, piliyawan to ko cidal ira to a patiko i tatihi ni Odin, masasiiked i kawanan kawili pasowal ci Odinan to demak no hekal toya romi’ad. == Pinengnengan tilid.(參考文獻) == 1.烏鴉能像四歲兒童那樣提前制定計畫. [2017-08-01]. （原始內容存檔於2020-04-03）. == Papotalay a calay (外部連結) == http://www.birds.cornell.edu/crows/crowfaq.htm https://web.archive.org/web/20201210183259/http://www.birdhouses101.com/crow.asp http://www.crows.net/ kpe08ixgyst87g43wxm78yasj3d8xzd 0 2609 40336 39960 2023-12-24T08:04:32Z Safulo 35 40336 wikitext text/x-wiki == Maori finacadan(Māori 毛利人） == [[Faylo:Te Puni Maori Chief.jpg|縮圖|Honiana Te Puni-kokopu o kakita'an no Maori]] ono Polinisiya tamdaw no Satimolan kanatal, itiraay i Niwsilan a Yincumin. Onian a finacadan nano to’asan awaay ko tilid o sowal aca ko iraay, i 1840 miheca misatapang to tilid no Latin malaniyahay a tilid. O pitooran i, o pakaso’elinay to maamaan a kawas. Ona Maori hananay a sowal no Maori finacadan o「masatamdaway」sanay ko tatodong nina sowal,nawhani, itiya ho tayni i Niwsilan ko kohecalay a tamdaw nani Yoropa, o nian ko sapitahidang to niyah a tireng, o kohecalay a tamdaw o caayay ho kalatamdaway tora 「paka」hananay ko pitahidang to kohecalay tamdaw. O sowal no mikakarkaray to tadem ato mikakingkiway to rikisi a citanengay, o nani Kuko kanatal ato Polinisiya ko nalacolan no Maori finacadan sanay. O roma sa a citanengay o Maori finacadan ato polong a Satimolan-kanatal a tamdaw sahetoay nani sa’etipan no Taypingyang a Taywan(臺灣) <ref>從毛利人來自台灣的新聞談南島民族的遷徙史. [2019-10-18]. （原始內容存檔於2019-10-18）.</ref>ko lalengawan nangra sanay.Orasaka, o sowal, o ponka ato no to’asan a loma’ malalaeday ato no ’Amis a loma’ saan, adihay ko malalecaday itini i ponka nona tosa a finacadan.<ref>踩到花蓮海水落淚 毛利人領袖：來台有如靈魂之旅. [2019-10-18]. （原始內容存檔於2019-10-18）.</ref> O polong a tamdaw no Maori mata’elifay ko 70 ko ’emang, itini i Niwsilan ira ko 62 ko 'emang,<ref>Statistics New Zealand. QuickStats About Māori. [7 August 2010]. （原始內容存檔於2013-09-21）.</ref> i Ostorariya ira ko 12.6 ko ‘emang,<ref>Hamer, Paul. One in Six? The Rapid Growth of the Māori Population in Australia (PDF). New Zealand Population Review. 2008, '''33/34''': 153–176 [19 May 2012]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2013-11-12）.</ref> itini i Ikiris ira ko 8 a cicing ko tamdaw, i Amirika ato i Kanata ira ko 4 cingcing ko tamdaw.<ref>Walrond, Carl. Māori overseas. Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. 4 March 2009 [7 December 2010]. （原始內容存檔於2010-12-06）.</ref> O cecay no sowal no sifo no Niwsilan ko sowal no Maori itini i Niwsilan. [[Faylo:Poumatua2.jpg|縮圖|Poumatua]] == Faco no niyaro’: o paranaan no syakay( 部落制度：毛利社會的基礎) == Itini i syakay no Maori a finacadan, ano o mararamod to, milood to, ono ilisinan to a demak o laloma’an ko sakakaay. Kakoniyaro’ ira a mapatireng ko cecay a Pa hananay a kalisaotan, o pikacawan no niyaro’ konini,ilaloma nona Pa tadanatektekay. Itiya ho cilacila ira ko lalood no niyaro’, orasaka, itiraan i tapolo no tokos ko patireng to Pa, ta manga’ay ko pisimaw to niyaro’. O matiniay Pa no to’asan no no Maori a ficanacan yo maro’ ho i Polinisiya iraay to,o kasasiromaroma no nipatirengan a Pa tada masasifeday, tata’ang heca ko taliyok. O siyakay no Maori iraay ko kasasa’er, o sakakaay o palakakitaan sa’er,do’edosa i,o kalofinawlan ato kuly. O ca’edong,tilid no pising mahapinang to ko kasasiroma a kasasa’er. O palakakitaan sa’er cilosid to masengay, o sapifolaw o tadamaanay.ora sa o kuly onicepetan nani kalaloodan,sahetoay o ka’acekan ko tayal, o malosato’aya i kailisinan.Tada ma’eresay to tilid no kamay. O misakilangay a sayho takaraway ko nira a sofoc,o palakakitaan ko pakaenay cangranan. Itini I pitooran a demak,mita’ongay to masasiromaromaay a kawa ko Maori finacadan,nikawrira, pakaso’elinay cangra to kaira no cecay a Pa’oripay Kawas ci lo Matua Kore,oninian a pakaso’elin to cecaay a kawas cowa ka leced to itiraay i Taypinyang a roma kitakit,nawhani, oninian ko sakarahoday no Maori finacadan mifalic to pitooran misakristo. I’ayaw no kalalood,masakeraay ko Maori finacadan to [[:zh:哈卡舞|Haka]] hananay a sakero, o sapatalaw to ’ada a sakero koninian. Masakero tona Haka i,o todongay palowad to kami a milood sanay a patalaw to lalooden a ’ada.I sakatimolay a kanatal no Niwcilan, mahela no kaying ko dangdaway a fakeloh, o kona’iay a tadamaanay a fokeloh(Pounamu) hananay a pangangan, o Fangcalay Dafong hananay no Maori finacadan koninian,orasaka o nakamayan a nisanga’an a maamaan dafong oningkiw,losid ato sapifolaw sahetoay oninian fakeloh ko sapisanga’. === Kawsan kimad (神話) === Itiya ho awaay ko tilid no Maori finacadan,nano to’asan o kimad n o mato’asay ko sapiterek to nisaharatengan, tinako han o ’olic, nitilidan ato rayray no ngasaw. Tahira to i saka19 sici, o tintosi patenakay to sowal no kawas masanga’ ningra ko tilid no Maori,orasaka, adihay a maosaw k o Kawasan kimad, to’asan a kongko, o ilisin, pitooran ato harateng tono hekal sahetoay nisafaloco’an a nitilid,oninian a Kimad no Kawas o nidotocan nani Polinisiya, mapaheci itini I fa’elohay a kamaro’an a taliyokan.<ref>Biggs, Bruce. The Complete English-Maori Dictionary. Auckland University Press. 2012: 447–448. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1869400576</nowiki>.</ref> O niyaro’ ko sakakaay itini i faloco’ no Maori finacadan,tadaikaka ko pikokabgodo to to’as.<ref>張, 瀞文; 繆, 靜芬; 李, 根芳. 紐西蘭. 台北: 台英雜誌. 2003: 31. <nowiki>ISBN 9576321948</nowiki>.</ref> O tamdaw no kimad no Kawasan no Maori cowa nisanga’an aca a tamdaw, ira heci ko no palapalaan a fali, riyar, kilakilangan kakarayan ato cilamalay tokod a maamaan. O kawas no Maori ira i palapalaan, orasaka o kawas no Maori todongay o palapalaan. O rayray no Kawasan a sowal pakiromi’aden a mirayray sa’ayaway o misanga’ay to hekal,Maoi-kawas,Tafoci-kawasan tona toloay kimad, o sakakaay a tamdaw o malatamdaway a kawas,miliyaw heca malatamdaw, tadamahapinang ko nisaharatengan no tamdaw i kafalicfakic no kimad no kawas, tata’ang.ilaloma’ no nini i,onao fita’ol no hekal sanany a kimad no Kawasan.<ref>Porselvi, P. Mary Vidya. Nature, Culture and Gender: Re-reading the folktale. Routledge India. 2016: 69.</ref> == Pacefaday Tilid (註釋)<ref>ci Safulo ko mitiliday</ref> == 5yy283dutvk9xr45uy2clbg8fggnyev 0 2610 39496 39495 2023-09-13T14:53:41Z Hani lo'oh 1519 39496 wikitext text/x-wiki == Uway 藤 == Naw makayniay i m.wikipedia.org no codad  misahec mifelihi a micoyako . == Tahapinangan 說明 == O maanko uway hananay? O pinalengawan a kasi iked cidek onokilakilangan a tatelek okangdawyko kolit no uway , matilid i codad ngangan:(Calameae)ouwayhan ko nipangangan ciraan .Saiyaway nopalamitan o tatapangan no uway,namakayniay i Fiyeco、yaco、Tayangco afinacadan no pala . ①o lagndaway kolangaw no uway awakocaagn satarayasa anpocien misiuway o kangdaway kokolit kimormor mo’ecel sapoo’poo’sa opapahnira matiya o kapal notamdaw amacici kaypapah, otatapangannir aitekak caaykatalaw tonanom .   ②okolit nira ¹o fohecalay、o kangndawway ²o milaladay ko lanagw nira mato badiso’so’ mikayakay milalahad、anoca matolangaw no tamorak(ciyak) ³nano iti:yaho no mientay a’ tatelek to mihecaan , iraay toko pangangan to ; Ten-wen-ce’ hanany a ngangan. == lalengawan 生長 == Masamaanay kolangawno uway? So'lin masowalto inasani tonika namakacowaay ko langawno uway asaa'ntokita a mapaaw,onikafanan nomita namakayniayi Fiyeco、yaco、Tayangco afinacadan nopala . ① awako milecaday to langawnira : ¹ e'minno kalatoo'dtoo'd ato maamanno pinaloma awayko milicadayto langawnouway ouway acacyko sicekaay nolangaw , ² langaw sananaycira : caayko nipalomaan notamdaw kouway ilotolotokan alemangawcira i masatap'tap'pay caaay kaala no tamdamdaw,olangaw matiya o tefos sapoo'poo' sakolangawnira, oroma i midogndogn to lilis no sauwac anoca i sinanomay i somet’tay a sera no lotok , mikayat kolangawnira , mikihahira a malalad , mikayakay midodo tolangaw no kilakilangan , itira i langaw notao cira amicahe’fak kolangawnira, pakayni i tatapangan tangasa i teloc o a’tekak maemin kolangawnira . ³ Cecay mihecaan kinaca:cay a sihecicira : o hecino uway matohecino badiso'so' cacey nikacacey a pelad caaykahaen o badiso'so' cacalaycay koheci cihecisacira okangdaway kokolitn nohecin temeri'sa amelawen anomarohem tokyaheci mala o kangdawayto kokolitnira , anokaen nomita kyaheci celmien a'nger aredam mikalat tosema' , o kasadakan nohecinira i ikor tonolaloodan ato pitoles no kacahiwan , i limaay ato pitoay no folad kokacihecian i lotolotokan a lemangaw ko uway. Opocino uway tomessa toboan noceka’ maemin haro opapapapahnira oceka’ amaemin olangaw nira masadohepic madicem matiya o wadis a matosarosaros kokatalem amikafit micocok kyaceka,madicem masadohepic matiya owadis a matosarosaros macofed ko nikadicem noteloc nay satapangan nopapah,anomacocok kita maceka kokamay nomita cakasatodong koadada nokamay tonikasadak no remes. ② Macakat macakat toko syakay ! Cemakat tokoorip notamdamdaw , pakayni i nika cemakatcemakat nosyakay atonika remahadremahad notamtamdaw ,masaroma tokonipihareten atonipimelaw noheni o misyobayai sapacaofaw mitomes amifecol to miaca’ay ato paaca’ay no misiyobaayi itini i pisyobayan nagnra . orasaka a’melik ko ponoponoa'n no misyobayai itinien ilotok noheni apaloma ,ta malingato kotamdaw mikali mikorkor .misayar to lotolotokan ‘eminhan miferfer malitek kokilakilangan sakohecar sato Kolotolotokan malaa’nal tokolotolotokan a melawhan(negn negnhan) tonamasayar nomisyobayai atamdaw koyalotok ''.'' == Sapimaan 用途 == O sapimaan ko uway? ①Uwayhananay tadao kalimelaan no tamdamdaw , adihay ko sadademaken amiala micekymas ciraan , pakayni i nakamayan notamdaw masangako masama:anay a kakaolahan notamdaw . tadamaka:pah masato:don fangncalsa konakamayan(手工) okamay notamdaw komimirmir(捏)、misangato kalatoodtood nomaa'maan nouway nisangaan. ②o maanko masanga'ay? oe'lon、opinanoman toociya asapad、osasetie'、oaie'c、otokar、otataker、osaksak、atloma' . ³ Amis/Pagncah oloma' no tomok ! osowal no matoasay i a:yaw kitaomasa Amisay/Pagncah caaypacefasa(隨便) patiregn a siloma' tonouwayan a loma' . hayi ! ancaayko tadamaanay okakangodoan ocinganganay i niyaro ko oripnignra . tinakohan omala tomokay、kakitaan、adi:hay dada:hr ko omaomaahn nignra , sisa melawhan iraayhenkita mafana'tokita tonika onotomok onokakitaan kinaloma' sakotomdaw mimelaw .oloma' no i:tiyaay a finawlan oele'、onalitie'、openen、ufoloe'、opapah nobalidas orotong(mikitodongay to uway marecad misasengi amelawen) haysolin mahaenayko loma' nomasaAmis/Pangcah , irakonika cacidek nosaromaroma noloma' hay mahaenay kosowal okongnko no matoasay iti:ya. a0smb6ag2f6442zfnq65f24u9i279wm 0 2611 40335 39507 2023-12-24T07:57:09Z Safulo 35 40335 wikitext text/x-wiki == Katop(大葉山欖) == O tatapangan a lengaw itiniay i Filipin, Inni ato ka’amisan, Sawalian ato satimolan no Taywan, itini i Fotod iraay a molengaw. Tata’angay ,takaraw a mo’ecel ko tapang no kilang,masasifoday ko lamit i tatapangan,makorahay a koheting ko tolak.o ca’ang ko’engelay kohera a kahengang to mamang,ira ko mahapinangay a konis no papah.masanofita’olay ko a faco no papah a matatamay miketing i ca’ang, cifanohay ko tafedo’ a papah,ma’ikes to i,marasrasay kina fanoh no papah. O ta’edaw no papah ira ko 10~17cm, dadahal no papah ira ko 5~8cm.itiraay i kakiri’an no papah a cifalo, ‘enemay ko pangpang no falo, kakahad no falo ira ko 1cm, fanohongay.o heci matamosolay matiyaay o tamosolay-mali.o kakaya’ no heci ira ko 3.5~4.5cm, o kakahad no heci ira ko 1~2cm, ilaloma’ no heci ira ko 1~3 a masatoriyaday a pa’eno. Konian heci kohetingay ifati’ian koheraay ko cengel. I kacangalahan ko kacifaloan, i karafawfawaan ko kacihecian. == '''Piraoy no Finacadan(民族應用)''' == Malenakay i pa’eneray a tongroh no riyar, cowa kacifao, Tata’angay ,takaraw a mo’ecel, masamihecaan ko kalangdaw orasaka, malopatih I salawacan no riyar mitaker to fali.O tahapinangan no Kbalan a finacadan<ref>塗芝嘉、林有賢老師製作,"大葉山欖",東信植物園地,2012年查閱.</ref><ref>Ohai Paney ,"大葉山欖"[臺灣原住民歷史語言文化大辭典網路版,2012年查閱.</ref>. Adihay heca mapaloma i lawac no lalan, taliyok no loma’, o heci manga’ay a kaenen. Ma’edengan ko kako’esit ko tapang no kilang, orasaka, tada matatodongay sapisanga’ to dafong no loma’, o Tao-finacadan itini i Fotod o sapisanga’ to tamina, o tolak o sapicengel to salil, o heci kahemaway o hasa pawpaw.Ira ko cinganganay tonini a ngasaw no ‘Amis o Cikatopay hananay, yo herek no lalood I Cepo’ I 1878 mihecaan maliposak oasitimol maro’ i Tapowaray,Makerahay,Ciwkangan, Sa’aniwan ato Madawdaw.<ref>蔡中涵 編著 Ono 'Amis a pinengneng to " Lalood i Cepo'",2022:65</ref> == Pacefaday a Tilid(註腳) == imj028shmif7by6pt4l3vl8upwdqhf5 0 2612 40187 39561 2023-11-29T22:10:01Z CommonsDelinker 39 Removing [[:c:File:'Ekong-2.png|'Ekong-2.png]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Jameslwoodward|Jameslwoodward]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/Files by Masaonikar|]]. 40187 wikitext text/x-wiki == ’Ekong (貓頭鷹) == [[Faylo:'Ekong.png|替代文字|縮圖|'Ekong]] Siaw [1], syaw, ’ekong, no siaw pangangan (no tilid ngangan: Strigiformes) ’ayaman. ata’ak ko mata, kamoko’ay kifetol mali’akong ko ngoyos. Tata’ak ko tangal pasi’ayaw pamotek ko mata masasiroma to romaroma a ’ayam, macelakay ko opih no tangal. Siaw a ’ayam dengan i katimolay ’apocok polong no kasafaniyaot iraay to, saheto o dadayaay ko kadademak komaenay to titi a ma’eferay ’ayam. ’Ekong, itini i sa’etipay no hekal a Aegean riyar ato no Kristokiw a ponka o “malemeday, cutanengay” sanay a salongan, itini i Congko a ponka ira ko “palatatiihay (mahinac), katalawan” sanay a todong, mato pedadoki mafafelihay toi ka’etipay hekal ato congko a ponka. == kananaman (習性) == Matiniay a ’ayam itiraay i kilakilangan ko kacidipong, roma itira i dihif no ’ongcoy, i sasaycaran ato talotalodan. Matiniay a ’ayam saheto o dadaya ko sakadademak, madiko to roma’ad masadak to dadaya, romi’ad milimek i dihif no kilang ’ongcoy ano eca itira i wisawisan no loma’ caayay ka nengneng madiko, nika ira ko mafolisay syaw a ’ayam o dadayaay ko kasadak dademak; itiraay i so^edaay syaw o lomi’ad dadaya talapielalay to. Matiniay a ’ayam ko maen to mimingay a ’a’adopen, halo fao, ’atikak, takola’, pisasangay, mimingay ’ayam ato micocoay ’a’adopen. Tata’akay ko tireng a siaw o nicocoan ’a’adopen a ’edo ko nikaenan, mimingay ko tireng o kaemingay a fao ko nikaenan; ira ko mifotingay a siaw a ’ayam, o foting ko nikaenan. Ta’akay a ’ekong milaop komaen to safaay a ’ekong. Matiya o siaw, caay pi’osaw to kakaenen. == Pilenakan (繁殖) == Matiniay a ’ayam o mararamoday ko ka’orip, nika ira ko roma a syaw ’ayam cecay ko tamangawan adihay ko tawinaan ato cecay ko tawinaan ’aloman ko tamangawan. Kalalamoan naira a romi’ad o widian caay ka halafin. Matiniay a ’ayam kalenakan nai 3 folad tangasa 5 - 6 folad, ita ko marataray, saka 1 folad mitekaay to malenak. Kasasiroma masiiked, matiniay a ’ayam caay pisadipong, o pikihadoy to dihif no kilang, dihif no ’ongcoy ano eca pinana’ay no roma a ’ayam litado saan mikidipong misofoc to wawa. Matiniay a ’ayam a kacifitaol caay ka adihay, ta;akay ko tireng manalef ko kaawa, ka’emingay tireng adihay ko kacifitaol. Kafitelakan cecay a folad. O midikoay o tawinaan, pakaenay okang tawinaan ko pakaenay. Matiniay a ’ayam matayoay ko kato’as, nai kafitelakan cifanohay, mafotekay ko mata. Kaawaayan no kakaenen o roma a siaw ’ayam kamaen to ka’emingay a wawa, nika matiniay a demak caay to kararid. == Europe a ’ekong (歐洲貓頭鷹種) == No Europe sa’etal ira ko 13 kasasiroma a ’ekong, nika adihayay ma’orip i Asia sakaniyot ato ka’amisay Amilika safaniyot. Orasaka masasiromaay ko kadademakan naira, malo sakanga’ay i parapatan ko ka’orip. Kafana’en no tamdaw, o itiraay i ’ariri a siaw, nawhani maolah mikihatiya ma’orip i salawacan no tamdaw dademak. I Europe mimingay a ’ekong oya masahanaay ko tangal a Siwliw a ’ekong. == Ponka (文化) == I ponka no Dipong, o ’ekong “ふくろう” (Fukurou) han ko pangiha matiya o “caayay ka roray”, “malemeday” sanay, saka masowal to caayay ka roray, saka cimalemeday” sanay a sasowalen. Itini i Taywan a ponka, o pinangan ato ngiha no ’ekong, no payrang a sowal “Am-keng-ciaw ano eca ko-so-ciaw, saki yincumina Iwatan to ’ekong miseraay to wawa a ’ayam, midipotay to wawa a kawas; i no ’Amis paso’elin o midipotay to kilakilangan a kawas, o dadaya pa’ayaway to ratoh i finacadan o a ira ko cipoyapoyay a fafahiyan sanay, masasiroma ko pangiha nira pahapinang to fainayan to fafahiya; o Poyomayan finacadan paso’elin to piceli’ no ’ekong o patayniay to nga’ayay a ratoh sanay; no Tsaw finacadan o ci salo’afangay a ’ayam ko ’ekong, patodongay to hakanga’ayan sanay; o no Tao finacadan o sakalatiih ko ngiha no ’ekong saan. Koko sa ko ngiha no ’ekong, patongalay to cipatelaway fainayan no ’Amis, cici sa ko ngiha no ’ekong, patongalay to fafahiyan no loma’, i dadayaay a lotok, o cima ko mikikakaay to kataengad no mata iso, midipotay kiso, midamaay a kawas kiso, pangiha o sakalipahak no ’orip. Cipoyapoy ko fafahiyan no ’Amis, hamaan to ko pihapinang (inkiris: Ultrasound), tengil sa cangra to radiw no ’ekong. Koko sa ko ngiha no ’ekong, matongal to ko cipatelaway fainayan no ’Amis, cici sa ko ngiha no ’ekong, matongal to ko fafahiyan no loma’, o tamangawan tawinaan malalen ko pangiha, matongal to mararamoday a kawas. Kiso i o tarokos no fafahiyan a lawas, o midipotay to lotok a kawas, midamaay a kawas kiso, pangiha o sakalipahak no ’orip. Itini i Into a ponka, o sakacidafong a fafahiyan kawas patihiay to sakalemed no kakarayan ko ’ekong, o pakadofahay a paratohay. Itini i Greece a ponka, o sakacitaneng ko ’ekong, o paratohay no fafahiya a kawas ci Athena. Nawhani o ’ekong citodongay to fana’ ato taneng, orasaka i adihayay a kimad no maemangay, o ’ekong o malahakasiay, citanengay ko patinakoan. == Pacefad a tilid (參考資料) == 1.維基文庫-《嶺表錄異》卷2. [2016-02-28]. （原始內容存檔於2020-07-31）. == Papotalay a calay (外部連結) == https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=64LkBbnpvI0 http://e-info.org.tw/topics/46266 == Mifalicay to tilid (文字翻譯) == Masao Nikar nceptbwu8nmsjrz1luihccqnb9a8k44 0 2613 39601 39600 2023-09-30T10:47:09Z Masaonikar 570 39601 wikitext text/x-wiki == Misa’alingayay no ina no ’Amis/Pangcah (阿美族母系社會的神話故事) == Sacisowal sa ko kimad no ’Amis/Pangcah. Iti:ya ho, nao mo^etepay ko cidal i kakarayan, caay pakahadidi ko ’Amis/Pangcah to fa’edet, makedal ko ’alo’alo, awaay ko nananomen, caay ka molengaw ko pinaloma, caay ka nga’ay ko ’orip no finawlan, misahiraterateng ko finawlan, ano samatini saan i caay ko nga’ay, orasaka, o fainayan no finawlan misaco’aco’ay ito, pasowal sa: “Pana’en it akoya cidal, mapana’ ita ko cidal, manga’ay to ko ’orip ita to ikor.” Saan, nanoya, mamilaheci ko fainayan no ’Amis/Pangcah tina demak. Nikawrira, mata’elif to ko romi’ad, ha:to caay ka pakapana’ toya cidal, talacowa:ay to koya fainayan, awaay to patiko a minokay, awaay ko mafana’ay. O i niyaro’ay a fafahiyan caay to ka nga’ay a maomah, away ko pasicowaan, nanoya, ira ko cecay fafahiyan ci Laya, pasowal sa: “Ano matira aca, caay pakaleko ko fainayan to nia demak, kita to o fafahiyan ko mamitefad toya cidal.” Sato. Kasasowalan to na Laya ato romaroma a fafahiyan, pakayni i fana’ i o pitinooy ko sapilepel nangra to cidal, o sakodaitay to cidal ko nitinooyan a ta’akay a salil ko pikawit, sapipatala a sapitilo, mitala to pinokay no cidal a to’eman ko romi’ad, itiya misahacecaycecay ko pilepelan, nanoya malepel nangra ko pitoay a cudal. Kafahekaan dengan to a tolo, tadamaan ko pidemak no fafahiyan. O nia toloay a cidal metalaw to, matalaw ano hakowaay i o mamalahedaw to, itiya tayra i fafahiyan no ’Amis/Pangcah a mingitangit, mihirateng ko fafahiyano ’Amis/Pangcah: “So’elinay o sakaira no kanga’ayan no cidal ko nian.” Saan ko kasasowasowal nangra, itiya ocoran ci Laya masasowal to cidal. Pasowal sa ci Laya: “Saka iraaw namo manga’ay to, nikawrira aka a kalatihi kamo a masadak i kakarayan, ano haenen i o mamapatay kami to fa’edet.” Milicay ko cidal: “Samaanen niyam hakiya? Ano caay to pipatay kamo tamiyanan, samaanen saan kamo manga’ay to.” Pasowal sa to ci Laya: “Malakapot kamo caay pakafilo kami tofa’edet, orasaka, kalaliyas kamo a maro’ i kakarayan, masasiiked to fa’edet; oya tosaay i masasiiked i romi’ad ano eca o dadaya ko kasadak, ano haenen namo caay to patayen niyam kamo. A caay to ka tadaeca ko rarimaen kami.” Nanoya manga’ay matira saan to koya toloay a cidal, hai sato. O cecay a cidal “hong” sa masoni i kakarayan a malafo’is ito; o cecay a cidal malafolad ito; o cecay a cidal o yaan to, nikawrira, dengan i romi’ad ko kasadakan. Naitiya, manga’ay to ko ’orip no ’Amis/Pangcah a tamdaw itiya. Manga’ay nangra a maomah, malingad, ira to ko kakaenen, nga’ayay a ’orip. Nanoya tadamaanay ko fafahiyan saan to ko nengneng no fainayan no niyaro’ cangraan. Orasaka, miketon cangra o fainayan ano o maan ko nisowalan no fafahiyan i tengil ihan to, cangra o fafahiyan ko miketonay to kalodemak saan to, matiraay, o fafahiyan no ’Amis/Pangcah mala o kakeridan to no ’Amis/Pangcah a finacadan. Onini ko nisowalan to “Misa’alingayay no ina” o sanay no to’as a sowal. O nian i pakayniay to Misa’alingayay no ina no ’Amis/Pangcah a kimad koni. O nai Misa’alingayay no ina no ’Amis/Pangcah a kimad koni.(摘自阿美族母系社會的神話故事) Ci Masao Nikar ko mifalicay to tilid. ry7tcn5yt8o7xf71y0za9irkh9vhaen 0 2614 39655 39654 2023-10-06T13:41:57Z Masaonikar 570 39655 wikitext text/x-wiki == O kimad no Kiwit niyaro’ to lalengawan no ’Amis/Pangcah (阿美族奇美部落起源傳說) == O kimad no Kiwit niyaro’ to lalengawan, no Amis/Pangcah o Kiwit a niyaro’ (’Amis/Pangcah: Kiwit, kowan no Kohkoh Kalingko) a kimad no lalengawan, no to’as mafolaw tayni i aniniay niyaro’ ko tatodong no sasowalen. == Ratoh no kawakawasan (神話) == === Lenlen (洪水) === No itiya:ay ho, ira ko mararamoday kawas a tamdaw fainayan ci Sra, fafahiyan ci Nakaw, nai kakarayan malokelon tayni Tawrayan sa’etal a ma’orip (aniniay Tawrayan no Posko), nanoya masofoc to fainayan ci Tapang Masera ato fafahiyan ci Nakaw tatosa, nikawrira tiya cecay romi’ad malenlen ko hekal, malaliw no mama ato ina tayra kakarayan a caay to ka pasifana’ ko maomahay i omah a wawa, o caayay ka lecad ko ’icel no nia malikakaay a matakop no lenlen, itiya litado sa mihadoy to toptip no fafoy a mafadoc, manawnaw tayra i Cilangasan (aniniay lotok no Haciriwan no Fakong), itira i tokos no lotok a paloma’, oya ’osaw noya malikiday i toptop a hafay ko malokakaenen[1]. O roma a sowal to Kiwitay niyaro’ a kasangasaw pitekaan a ’orip o nai lilisay riyar no Posong, nikawrira o nano ta’akay lonen ko saka ca’efis to nanom no riyar, dengan ci Sra ato ci Nakaw milikaka ko mafadocay manawnaw tayra i Cilangasan a lotok[2]; ano eca o ni cekiwan i tangila matefaday a ’asad ko kakaenen nangra[3]. === Mafolaw a mlinah (遷徙) === Nawhani adihay ko ’oner i lotok no Cilangasan, orasaka o nia malikakaay tatosa ato nikasado’edo ranikay mafolaw tayra i Kalala a niyaro’ (aniniay Sapad, Kohkoh no Kalala), nikawrira nawhani awaay ko kaliomahan itira saka, mafolaw aca tayra aniniay a Kiwit a niyaro’ paloma’ [1]. Ira ko ramo a sowal, o wawa no nia malikakaay tatolo mitala to kakerahan no lenlen itiya, malikelon nai lotok milkilim to kaliomahan, nanoya o saka fana’aw no wawawawa ala misanga’ sa to kahapinangan: sakakaay ci Calaw misanga’ to pa’enor, saka tosa ci Kakomalan (tato’asan no Tafalong) misanga’ to kawal, saka tolo ci Komod (Popo, salawacan no Kalingko) mitelek to dadangoyan, o teloc ni Calaw o Kiwi, na malokelon cangra nai lotok pasitimol ko rakat, pacarcar i kawali no Kiwit a dahetal, ikor pasietip mido’edo to Tarawadaw a ’alo tangasa i Kalala a pahicera ko aro’, tangasa i kalitengan no ’orip ni Calaw, nawhani caay ka nga’ay ko sra a makedal patiko aca tayra i dahetal, nikawrira caay ka halafin samsamen looden no Piyoma finacadan mafolaw heca tayra i Cepo’ ka’amis no Tarawadaw a paniyaro’, tangasa malasawad ko pisamsamen no Piyoma finacadan, itiya patiko tayra i kaetip katimol dafdaf no Kiwit a naloma’an patireng to saniyaro’an, nanoya malakapot to nano nisamsamen no Piyoma finacadan a Sadipongan a misaniyaro’; orasaka oya miliyasan nangra palomaan a Sapad malafokelohay to (Sapad fokeloh). O sadipongan a ngasaw o nai timolay a sanayasay, nao i Cepo’ay ko aro’, i:kor mido’edo mililis to riyar a talatimol tahira i Kawasan niyaro’, ikor nawhani ’epecen no Piyoma finacadan mafolaw heca tayra i Kalala, nikawrira eca pakaliyas to pisamsam a patalaw, saikoray mafolaw tayra i dahetal mikapot to kiwit ngasaw a maro’, o kacingangan o nai Cepo’ay ho a sowal itiraay i dipong ko aro’ sa o nian ko kacingangan; o roma a sowal o nano misiikeday to Monali’ ngasaw ko Sadipongan a ngasaw, nai Cepo’ mafolaw tayra i Na’elian, o nian sa ko pipangangan, ikor na omaanan patiko heca tayra i Cepo’ nanoya mikapot to Kiwit a niyaro’ [2][4]. === Roma a sowal (其他說法) === Ira ko roma a sowal misofoc to sepatay wawa ci Sra ato ci Nakaw malikaka, masasiiked Tapang Masra (to’as no Kalala niyaro’), Tomay Masra (to’as no Ciwidian niyaro’), Calaw Pana (to’as no Kiwit niyaro’), Karo Kool (to’as no Tafalong) [5]; ira ko somowalay a tamdaw aniniay maro’ay i Kalala niyaro’ a ’Amis/Pangcah ira ko teloc no Sadipongan saan, ano eca o nai Kiwitay niyaro’ mafolaway tayni Fasay a ngasaw[4]. == Pihiningan (參見) == === ’Amis/Pangcah (阿美族) === Cilangasan: ikor no lenlen manawnaw tayra i Cilangasan. Kahitingay pa’enor: o satadamaanay no Kiwit niyaro’ a kacipinangan. Aling: o ramaay a sowal no to’as mialaay to ’enor a tamdaw. == Pinengnengan to tilid. (參考資料) == 1.臺灣總督府臨時臺灣舊慣調查會. 番族慣習調查報告書第二卷阿美族、卑南族. 中央研究院民族所. 2003-10-01 [2021-02-03]. <nowiki>ISBN 9789576717352</nowiki>. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-28）. 2.Kiwit Niyaro'. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-07）. 3.【快樂慢遊東海岸】奇美部落的起源　阿美族始祖傳說. 2008-06-09. Kalala Niyaro'. 4.回到祖先的地方. 2000-09-11 [2021-02-03]. （原始內容存檔於2020-10-30）. == Mifalicay to tilid. (譯者) == ci Masao Nikar e80xnydu0tmd26qy7iat1bmel4p4hts 0 2615 39736 39735 2023-10-10T11:27:53Z Masaonikar 570 39736 wikitext text/x-wiki == O pisacepo’ no ’Amis/Pangcah. (阿美族海祭的由來) == I’ayaw tato’asan no ’Amis/Pangcah i, O mato’asay no ’Amis/Pangcah, o takaraway Alikakay tamdaw a kimad ko sapipatalaw to ka’emangay wawa: “Ano caay pitengil to sowal i, pina’on repet han no Alikakay kiso.” Ano eca “Caay ka tomerep ko tangic, ta’emod han no Alikaka kiso.” Saan. Da’oc no mihecahecaan, adihay ko nikasasowalan a kimad i kasafinacadan no yincumin i Taywan, oya takaraway tamdaw a Alikakay o kafana’an to no tamdaw. Itini i ’Amis/Pangcah masowalay takaraway tamdaw o nia Alikakay, o kakoki’an a takaraway roma a tamdaw, o komaenay to tamdaw a Alikakay saan ko sowal. === Caay ko no tamdawan a Alikaka. (非我族類的Alikakay人) === Katengilan iti:ya ho, o Alikakay itiniay da’etal no Milon, o dihif no ’ongcoy ko kaitiraan milimek. O fohecalay ko fanges no Alikakay finacadan, matiya no posi ko mata, kakaya’ ko fokes, madapic ko ngisngis, madapong ko falohang, o fanoh no falohang kakaya’ tangasa i pona, no kamay wa’ay tano fanoh saan, takarakaraw ko tatirengan. Limaay ko tamdaw no finacadan, o sowal no ’Amis/Pangcah o Hofhof, Takuy, Alafukes, Doec, Pato'an. O Alikakay mafana’ to maamaanan, comikay sa matiya o fali, mafana’ misaroma to tatirengan, ano konoc han ko fanoh no kamay miiyof, mafalic to ko sasiroma tamdaw, ngalef o masapatekay a sofitay. Ano mangalay caira, manga’ay mala o ’Amis/Pangcah a tamdaw. Ano masamaamaan ci’icelay ko redek no Alikakay, nika caay ko ngaayay ko demak, rarid sa i kasaniyaro no ’Amis/Pangcah masadak mirawraw, misamsam to fafahiyan no niyaro’, saka honihoni ira ko mapadesay no niyaro’ a demak. Rarawraw sa ko tamdaw no ’Amis/Pangcah, o Alikakay mangalay komaen to faloco no ka’emangay wawa, orasaka mikacaw ko ’Amis/Pangcah a tamdaw to pirawraw no Alikakay i niyaro. === Komaenay to tamdaw a Alikakay. (啃噬人體的Alikakay.) === Katengilan a sowal ira ko cecay romi’ad, o cecay fafahiyan mifafa to kahengangay a wawa, mitoor to ina talaomah malingad, itiya tomerep ko rakat nia fafahiyan, mamikitoc to papah no rengos i lawac no lalan, ira malitemoh ko Alikakay tamdaw, colek sa mikonoc to fanoh no kamay, sacaciyaw sa ko ngoyos a mitima, talifahal sa malatireng no ina noya wawa, miraod i tatihi noya fafahiyan. O pimangah to ina nia fafahiyan ko pilicay, itiya mi’afofo toya nifafaan noya fafahiyan toya kahengangay a wawa, misamangah to sapicocoaw. Nikawrira caay ka hirateng, milipowak to falohang nia kahengangay wawa, o mamiowal to faloco a kamaen, maherek sangaay sa ko pateli to pifafa nia fafahiyan, pasowal sa tiya fafahiyan: “mangaay ko fati nia kahengangay wawa, songila’en ko pihahimaw haw.” saheca, nayoya talifahal sa malahedaw kiya mangahay a ina, itiya to patiko nia tada ina, masapinang ko tadaecaan a demak a tomangic. === O picoay no ’Amis/Pangcah to Alikakay. (阿美族人對Alikakay的反擊) === Sa’ayaw, o kaci’ilo a patelacay ko demak sa marketer ko kakarayan saan ko pihirateng no ’Amis/Pangcah, nikawrira honihoni sa cidemak to matiniay, i:kor masapinang to no ’Amis/Pangcah tamdaw oya misatatiihay to demak o Alikaka takaraway tamdaw saan to. Talacowa maedeedes ko Alikakay, malo kararawrawan to no ’Amis/Pangcah tamdaw, nikawrira caay ka safa ko ’Amis/Pangcah, misamawmaw to sapico’ayaw to Alikaka, tinako tina kimad: O hofhof no Alikakay tamdaw takarakaraw, rarid sa tayni i niyaro’ a mirawraw ko demak, kahadangan no finawlan. Ira ko cecay romi’ad tayni heca i niyaro’, tano saripa sa no wa’ay misakasak to fadahong no lomaloma’, ala pilopiloh sato ko fadahong no loma’, misokap to kamay pasilaloma’, papitotong to laloma’ay to lamal. Oya i laloma’ay mato’asay fafahiyan manaira ko matiniay nasa, misamawmaway to sapilipaw to ’ada, o kapah no kasafiyaw i ’ayaw to milimek i laloma’. Mitala to kaira no hofhof a milaya’ to kamay pasilaloma’, oya mato’asay fafahiyan mi’ang’ang to Alikaka, talaaw ta milikat to lamal saan, o nian sapifedfedaw to keliw i kamay noya Alikakay i laloma’. Itiya maherek ko pifedfed no kapah to kamay noya Alikakay, celi’ sato ko mato’asay fafahiyan, oya ’alomanay a kapah lacecay sa ko pitaroh toya keliw, oya hofhof pacekok ranikay sa misodoc to kamay. Misodoc mataroh ko keliw masefet ko kamay noya hofhof a masifet. Nanoya nikapisatarotarohan, oya kamay no hofhof maketon, oya sato a kapah, lakal sato miceli’, malasawad ko cecay kamay no hofhof safirofiro sato a milayiw. Nikawrira o demak no Alikakay mangalef ko pisatatiih, lacecay sato ko kapah no niyaro’ to sapilaplapaw to Alikaka. Halafin ko kasasisetolan masasipatay, ’aloman ko mapatayay madoka’ay tamdaw, saikor caay to pakafilo to karikec no kapah no ’Amis/Pangcah tamdaw, mapidah pasiriyar to ko pilaliw. === O nika eca pipatay no ’Amis/Pangcah to Alikakay (阿美族人對Alikakay的不殺之恩) === Miahowid to nika sakaeca pipatay no ’Amis/Pangcah a tamdaw, milongoc ko Alikakay ano maraod ko romi’ad, mihawikid to toloay ’apelad a toron ato ’icep tayra i lilis no riyar mita’ong pacakat, o pifoting adihay ko maalaay a foting saan. Maherek pasowal ko Alikakay nanoya sa malasawad i kawali no riyar. Nanoyaan, o nia kimad mala o satapangan no pisacepo’ no ’Amis/Pangcah tamdaw. Talacowa takaraway tamdaw mapidah no ’Amis/Pangcah tamdaw a caay to kapa’araw. Nikawrira, katengilan i Cikasoan, Fata’an a niyaro’, ira ko kahecalay fanges ato takaraway tamdaw matiyaay o teloc no Alikakay tamdaw. == Mifalicay to tilid (翻譯者): == Ci Masao Nikar 9vfc9xk4jm01kh7iixxdllnojx53n43 0 2616 39751 39750 2023-10-10T11:41:20Z Masaonikar 570 39751 wikitext text/x-wiki == Pasawali pisacepo’ a kimad – fafahiyan kanatal a kimad.(東海岸原住民的海祭神話—女人島傳說) == Fafahiyan sa’etal a kimad masowal i niyaro no ’Amis/Pangcah, halo ’Amis/Pangcah finacadan ato Sakicaya finacadan, o nian ko satapangan to pisacepo’ no niyaro’. Mifoting ko fainayan, masamaan a tahasiday, tayra i no fafahiyan a kanatal, tora a kanatal saheto o fafahiyan, halafin itira a malepel, tona pakatama to mimingay po’ot mitakaw milaliw, mapanakay no ’iso i niyaro, masasi’araw to niyaro’ay tamdaw, itiya pasadak to kinaira to malosapato’aya sapiahowid. Onini a kimad, manawnaw itira toya sa’etal i riyar, nai riyar mikalic to ta’akay foting a minokay, pasikawas no riyar ato ta’akay ko pipacakat, matiniay a kimadan, pahapinang to yincumin ato riyar a masasiketay. Da’oc no finacadan taira riyar a mifotingay, o sakaira no kadofahay a foting ato rihaday ko pinokay, pakayni to nia fafahiyan a sa’etal a kimad ato pisacepo’ a lisin malecad ko pirocok to sakiriyar a mingodo to sapitari’ang. === Mifalicay to tilid. (翻譯者) === Ci Masao Nikar qu9d32axf0dm2v27nw1rv8jasu84k4o 0 2617 39874 39873 2023-10-11T15:39:10Z Masaonikar 570 39874 wikitext text/x-wiki == Tsai Ing-wen 112 miheca kaacangan no kitakit “polong no pipapelo”. (蔡英文112年國慶「演說全文」) == FTNN calay 2023 miheca 10 folad 10 romi’ad (saka 2) ’ayaw no lahok 10:30 FTNN calay milosoyangay Cen hongce/Taypi sinpon === Tsai Ing-wen congtong papelo i 112 miheca kaacangan no kitakit: “Tanektek ko pipasoelin, tala’ayaw ko kitakit, fangcal ko Taywan a manga’ay ko hekal.” (蔡英文總統112年國慶演說：自信沉穩、國家前進，讓世界因臺灣而更好) === O kakeridan no nia saopo ci You Xikun yinciw, Republic of Nauru ci Quinlos congtong mararamod, Federation of Saint Kitts ato Nevis Leiber citodongay, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Dogan citodongay, o tayniay mikihatiya a tadamaanay lafang, tadawidang, miki’araway to tilifi ato i calayay minengneng a finawlan no kitakit: Nga’ay ho. Anini romiad o kaacangan no Taywan (Conghoa minko) kitakit to 112 miheca. Mata’elif ko 3 miheca, mihelong to kita to tamikis, masaopo kita itini, malipahak to kaacangan no kitakit. Itini kasaopo no mita ’aloman ko nai kasaniyaro no cikiway a finawlan, miliyaw tayni nai kasakitakit a widawidang, itini kako a mitaypiaw to finawlan no Taywan, pai faloco’ay ko piahowid i titaanan mapolong. Mitiko i ’ayaw no tolo miheca karorayan pisahadimal to kalifongan lalan, matiya o halafinay to koya na romi’ad. ’Arawhani ira ko cecay karorayan a lalan, ira to ko 30 no mihecaan a rakaten. Caay katala’ayawen ko rakat talalikoray, caay pisa’icel mapasetekay to ko ’orip. I ’ayaw no cecay folad, “Misanga’ to co’enepay tamina-Ciencien kocaw” sa’ayaway a pinasanga’ mipacefongay to. I kaherek no pisatanatanaman, o nia tamina “Haykon cincien” o ai 2025 miheca misitapang a malahitay. “Misanga’ to co’enepay tamina-Ciencien kocaw” o nano nitanengan to 30 no mihecaan, i kasasiroma no kasarekad a congtong, o sapilaheciaw to nisafaloco’an. Malaheciay to no mita anini. Nao awaayay tangasa iraay to, mikawatay to cecay ’awas o sakalalifet. Mineker to mipenecay, milifet to kasemeran, miemet to tatiihay a salikaf, ano ira ho ko katararikoran, o macenonay to. Nikawrira, malaheciay to ita ko nian. O mikawatay to sa’awas ko nihadimelay to kitaskit, macakatay to ko ’icel no sofitay; mapahapinang ko nian, sapidimokos misipot to Taywan (ROC) a nisafaloco’an. Pakaso’elin kako, mihayda ko polong no kalohekal, Haykon cincien o mamico’a’ang to langod a midipot to sa’etal ato saka rihaday koni. O nian ko parana’an no conghoa minko i Taywan to 74 a mihecaan, o caayay ka ngiyangi a nisafaloco’an. Misi’ayaw to caayay ka nga’ay i kasakitakit ato talifahalay mafalic a salifet, ano caay katala’ayaw o tatararikor kita toni; caay pisa’icel, caay pakarepet to ikoray ’orip no niyah. === Miahowid to finawlan no Taywan, i karorayan malifet ko sapilaheciaw to sapifalic. (感謝臺灣人民，在艱難挑戰中落實改革) === Mangef, to nia 7 mihecaan, o kasakitakit ato sa’etal a sici kicay a maci’iwiay a demak, patongal sa to ta’akay salifong ato kacera’an a kafafalifalic no romi’ad, milifet to nikapolongan kitakit, o pikomodan no sifo to koda’itay pikowan; milifetay to nikapolongan syakay, i kasasipaso’elin no tamdamdaw ko parana’an. Caay ka pawan ko sapifalicaw a niketonan ako, mafana’ kako to a ira ko siwtoc ato kaadadaan. Miahowid kako to finawlan no Taywan, i kalacecay a marikecay ko sapilifet to katalawan, o kodaitay ko sapipalasawad to kasasiintel, o nikapolongan ko sapilifet to sakasinanot. Mahaydaay to 4 miheca ko kalalen no rikec. Miahowid kako to kodaitay no miliyangay, malaheci ma’inal ko i hakalay to Taywan, o masasiolaolahay, miraoy malemed i pisaparodan a kitakit. Miahowid kako to polong no komoying to pisorar. O sakadotocaw no payso no mihecaan, malaheci to ita ko caayay kalaheci i ’ayaw to “Niencin kayke”, cirafas ko payso no sifo, sapido[pot to wawawawa. Miahowid kako to polong no matayalay to pisorar. Talacowa, caay ho kalaheci ko Niencin kayke a rarakaten, nikawrira nai 2020 mihecaan miteka, madotoc ko pisilsil to 2,670 walwalan payso a yosang, sapalolol to sakilawpow kiking. Midahekat kako, ikor no pifalic to payso no sakimamatayalay, manga’ay i macekalay ko parana’an no payso, kasasilicay no syakay, malacecay ko hirateng, tanektek ko rakat. Nanoya, madado’edo to 8 miheca ko pipacakat ita to kinaira, o nikasarad no taneng ko parana’an, pasadak to “Saawaayay kinaira a rikec” tilid, seraen tayra i Lifayin mitomadaw. Caay kapawan ni Tsai Ing-wen ko niketenan sapidipotaw to matayalay. I’ayaw to pina romi’ad, malitemoh ako ko mararamoday i Taoyin, o “citodongay mifaway” to kanga’ayan kacacaliw cangra, syakay kacacaliw, caay ka dengan “cecay rawang”, o sakaciloma’aw no maro’ay lafang. Miahowid kako to i kasaco’ed no Taywan, kadihekoan ko picikeroh to syakay loma’ a widang. 7 mihecaan, nai koesitay ko lalowadan tala’ayaw, mapatanektek ko parana’an; anini sato, syakay kamaro’an onto, masongila’ay ko ’otoc, malosakanga’ay ’icel no syakay; patosokan 8 miheca 20 ’ofad ko loma’, itira salepon no 2024 miheca malepon ko nian. O kakaya’ay rakaten ko “Mo’ecelay kamaro’an”, nikawrira to pinapina mihecaan a nitanengan, pakaso’elin kako, ikor no nian o mo’ecelay lalan ko saka tala’ayaw. Mahirateng ako, nipiteka malacongtong itiya, o patodong ’icel no dingki no Taywan, sasafaay dengan 1.64% aca. Nikawrira toni 7 mihecaan, macakat to ko ’icel no kinairaira sapalonol, mapolong micikeroh mafalic no kinairaira, i ’yaw no miheca ira ko kasapinangan, kandaway a saparakat to maamaan a kinairaira no pala, mataelif to ko no honing dingki. Anini, tata’ak ko cidal, ma’edet ko romi’ad, marawraw to kaeca ka’edeng no dingki to herek nolahok. I piliyawan no cidal o kacakatan a toki, o sapatodong ’icel no dingki, itira i 7% tangasa 10% ko cekal ko kaliyon. Mikihatiya kita to toki a comikay, malifet ko masamaamaanay a pades. Misi’ayaw to sapilaop to no hekalan “2050 kakoracay safalic” a patosokan, micowat ko Taywan to miliyaway a kinairaira, patireng to calay sahoped, ato sakaci’icel no calay, hacikayay, tatiih matayo, caay ko mamisikol patikol. === Tomenek to ko ’icel no kitakit tina 7 miheca, o Taywan ono hekalan to ko Taywan. (七年厚實國力，臺灣已是世界的臺灣) === Dengan o picikeroh to sapifalic, i ’ayaw no 7 miheca, matiya o cialimacedan kita to katatapalan ato kasakitakit a pakayraan, sa’icel sa micowat to kicay, sakatomenek ’icel no kitakit, midipot to finawlan, midama to sakarihaday no kitakit, macekal ko katatapalan no demak, itiya mikilim to sapicoker no kasakitakit. Mata’elif to ko 7 mihecaan to nipisa’icelan no polong finawlan no kitakit, o kicay no Taywan, mahapinang ko tadamaa a ’icel no pitiker, malosapalowad to polong no cikiw makakafit no ’icel, o ci’icelay to ko kitakit no conghoaminko. O dadahal no GDP no mita, nai kacakat ako itiya 17.5 ca’or ko kacakat, anini latek mata’elif to ko 23 ca’or payso. Toni pinapina a mihecaan I polong no cikiw o masapateray ko kicay, ato karorayan kacakat no kali’aca, o Taywan to pinapina miheca malakilacay ko kacakat no kicay, makikaka ko no polong no cikiw, tomenek sakakaay i sepatay a kangican, madotoc ko katomenek no kalali’acaan. Matiya to, tomenek ko sakipayso no sifo no mita, pado’edo to 6 miheca materek ci’osaw ko payso no sifo, masasiraoy ko finawlan, dengan o pakilac to sapi’aca a paya sacoker to kalali’aca, pakilac to payso, TRASS, misadadahal to sapadafoh picaliw to loma’, midama to sakahemaw no karetengay ’orip; misa’icel to sakalalen no tokay niyaro’ ko comahad, matongal ko pacefong ko kasairaay a macakat. Misa’icel kita to picikeroh to “’Enemay tenokay sapilood a kinaira”, misa’icel pacefong to patireng to kanga’ayan, mapalowad malaheci ko kanaira to “kacitodongan milinah”. Tinako to ci’icelay a kakki ato ’icel no pisanga’, mala’a’olec pisafangod i polon no cikiw ko Taywan, malakacangotan no kasahirahira. Orasaka, mafelih to ko sacecay sanay a kalali’acaan ita. O malitosaay to ’aca to nipasadak no mita to Amilika; anini saka 6 folad, malaheci no mita ko kasatelek to Amilika “Taywan Amilika 21 sici kalali’aca nikasasowalan” a katatelekan. Pakayni 7 miheca a pikaomah, pasitimlay kitakit ko pasadak to kali’acaan, tadamaan ko pipalalan no mita; misa’icel to kalacalay to Europ, anini, Europ lekatep o sakacidama pacefong ko Taywan. O ’icel no kicay no mita ko sapahapinang i polong no hekal o caayay ko mamakotay ko Taywan. Nai 2016 mihecaan i, o sifo ni Tsai Ing-wen o nano niketonan, midotoc to kanga’ayan; mi’imer kita to “Sepatay nido’ocan”, caay pilengat, caay pipahatalam, i pipecec caay ka kolomi, mikihatiya to polong no cikiw i nisakapolongan makakomod, malakapot mipa’ading to tomenek rihaday no sa’etal, o pipasadak to nga’ayay ’icel I hekal. O katalafaliyos no kasatatapal, pahapinang kita to no tamdawan a mikasini’ada; o cimalonenay ko Turkey, tala’ayaw sakacecay kita; Russia ato Ukraine kalalood, micoker kita to Ukraine a tomireng. So’elinay to, caay kapawan no mita, toloay miheca a salifong, nisakapolongan a kapot masasidamadama to “koliyol a nga’ayay”. Talacowa caay paterep ko pirawraw, nikawrira caay pahater ko rakat pasayra i hekal. Taywan Dipong kalahakelong caay kaselic, Taywan Amilika a kalali’ay matiya o ’ongcoy tanektek; o kalawidangan a kitakit ato harateng masasiingir to kitakit, o kasakitakit micoker to Taywan; nai romaromaay kitakit a kapah, i kasacefangan makakitikiting to “Viva Taywan”. O kasapolongan ko kalata’angan no Taywan, malopatosokan no hekalay, caay ka ngiyangi ko Taywan, awaay ko kahinapecan i polong no cikiw ko kadadotoc comahad no nikapolongan, ato pahapinang to rihaday a kacemahad. === Paso’elin a tomenek, midotoc to sakacekal a rihaday no sa’etal. (自信沉穩，持續貢獻區域和平穩定) === Aniniay a Taywan, o no hekalan to a Taywan. Mapahapinang to ita, ano o maamaan to a sapilood, polong no nikapolongan a comahad, ano eca kasakitakit a milonolay, o nga’ayay piti’eran kita, o cikalamkamay, o cirihadayay a sakapot; micoker ko kasakitakit to ’icel no mita, ira ko marikecay a ’imeced. Imatiniay mapolong kita, o cipaso’elinay a tanektek, misi’ayaw to hekal; ira ko tanektekay a pipaso’elin, misi’ayaw to Congko, o sakacowat ko sakiikor, patireng to sakatatapal o rihaday ko sakaka’orip. O malacongtongay, o sikining no mako, o sapidipotaw to sakowan to kitakit, midipot to 2300 ’ofad finawlan no Taywan a nikapolongan ma’orip; nanoya, milongoc to sakanga’ay masarihaday a masasitapal, o finawlan, mapakoniraay awaay ko mipalitay, awaay ko karetengay kasasi’aliw; o Taywan to, ano o kasasitalan, o pasadakay to sakatomenek a rihaday ko sa’etal. Miliyaw haca kako paini, “O rihaday ko papili’en a masasitapal, midotocay to kanga’ayan i kasasicowa a ta’akay nifacoan, o sapidamaaw to sakarihaday a safawah ko nihaenan.” Mangalef, mahapinang to no polong no cikiw, kasasitapal no Tawan a riyar o sakatanektek no rihaday, caay ka awa i kasakitakit sakaraoy no syakay ato kacemahad; o cecay no kasatatapal caay ka nga’ay sapifalicaw; o kasacirid no kasatatapal o rihaday ko kasasisalof. Orasaka, dotocaw ko pisa’icel, midama to niyah pikowan ato kasasipolong a mapakonira, masasitari’ang i so’elinay a likisi, midotoc patireng to tomenek a rihaday no kasatatapal. Anini, adihay ko kakeridan no kasarekad ato lafang, maemin itini. O kalalifet no kasarakad o nikapolongan a sici ko nian, nika anini malekapot kita itini, o sanga’ayay nikapolongan a nengnengen i Taywan. Minanay kako, ni kaherek to no singkiw, sawaden ita ko karokirok, mikilim to ta’akay kalacecayan i salaloma’an no Taywan, mapolongay faloco’ patireng to saniyaro’, marikec pasipapotal. Paso’elin kako, o caayay kasasiiked ko kasarekad, mapolong citodong to sikining no kitakit. O kangalayan ita parana’an i kalacecay no finawlan i Taywan, masasitari’angan ko pa’ayaw, o kasasipolong ko sakalalicay no pido’edoan, pidotoc to kanga’ayan ko safaloco’en, o saki Beijing a kasasilayap to sakacowat a miparana’, o rihaday ko so’elinay a sowal. Pakaso’elin kako, o picoker no kasakitakit a syakay micokeray to Taywan, mangalef mangalef ko ki’emel. O pinengneng i polong no cikiw, o pisa’icel to sakarihaday no Taywan haysya, lepetaw ita ko nia nga’ayay, mi’emet mikowan to katalawan, itiya o kasa’etal no kasatatapal o tanektekay rihadayay nipacakatan. O nian no kasarekarekad no Taywan, saki kasatatapal, caay ko laliyasen likisi a sikining ato kalacecayan sikining. === Midotoc tala’ayaw ko kitakit, pakayni i Taywan manga’ay ko hakal. (國家繼續前進，讓世界因臺灣而更好) === Finawlan no kitakit, ano masamaamaan i ’ayaw no 65 miheca a 823 kalaloodan, ano eca anini misi’ayaw to papotalay a pipatalaw a salifet, oyaan to ko pisaimeran, caay kasasiiked, o cecayay ko ’orip itni kanatal kohirateng. Tahanini, Conghoa minko Taywan, o kalacecayan to no 2300 ’ofd finawlan ko nian. Oni kalacecayan, pasaopoay to kasasiroma no finacadan a likisi, ato 74 mihecaan a nga’ayay tatiihay a kasasiketan. O citodongay koni to karikecan, o midipot to kitakit, midama to nikapolongan pakoniraay a ’orip no mita, mangalay masasiingid, misanga’ to ta’akay kasasitelekan. O nikapolongan no Taywan, itiniay i laloma’ay papotalay a nipenecay ko sakasomelet, mapalahad to tanektekay ma’ikes. Midipot to kasapolongan no Taywan, o sakatadamaan no pidipot to kapolongan a nikapolongan. Miahowid to karikec ita mapolong, pasipolong no hekal ko patedi to nikapolongan no Taywan; o cipaso’elinay ko paratoh to i hekalay tamdaw, o citari’angay cimikowanay ko tamdaw no Taywan, miparonoay to nga’ayay. Malipahakay i hekal ko tamdaw no Taywan, mido’oc malanikapolongan tamdaw, pakoniraay tamdaw. Miahowid to finawlan no Taywan pafeli ci Tsai Ing-wen tosaay rekad, sakalacongtong no Conghua minko, mikihatiya to tamdaw no Taywan malakapot, nai faloco’ay ako ko piahowid. Nia pinapina miheca, kanga’ayan ko nidemakan, ira ko caayay ka tatodong i faloco’; o kalacongtong, awaay ko pisorad to dademaken. O nian o kasapolongan no kitakit, citodongay to pikowan caay ko kalata’angan, o maanan a dademakan, o sakaraheked no finawlan ko nihaenan, o pisa’icel no sifo a patosokan ko nian. Polong no finawlan no kitakit, paherekan no rekad ni Tsai Ing-wen i ikor no mihecaan i 520, nikawrira o mamidotoc tatala’ayaw ko kitakit. Paso’elin kako, o masinanotay tomenek ko Taywan, o mamidotoc tatala’ayaw a romakat. Caay ka dengan o pipafeli to hekal ko nga’ayay no Taywan, o sakanga’ay no hekal i o nano nikapolongan no Taywan a fangcal. Sa’icelen Taywan, sa’icelen Conghua minko, ahowiday mapolong. == Mifalicay to tilid. (翻譯者) == Ci Masao Nikar. qe0fqqfrs3d96y35wqnoteemjt0czhg 0 2618 39959 39958 2023-10-20T14:24:02Z Masaonikar 570 39959 wikitext text/x-wiki == Kawakawasan ratoh no ’Amis/Pangcah （阿美族創世始祖神話） == === “Milikatay wawa to fafahiya”-Tiyamacan ato “Wawa no riyar kawas” -Felalakac.(「發光的女孩」Tiyamacan與「海神之子」Felalakac) === Ci Tiyamacan, o cecay fafahiya kawas no ’Amis/Pangcah, nawhani o makapahay fafahiyan kaolahen no wawa no riyar ci Falalakac nicefisan malafafahi, orasaka mala o tato’asan to no laloma’an no ’Amis/Pangcah. Ci Tiyamacan o sasafaay wawa to fafahiyan no tasaay kawas ci Madapidap ato ci Keseng. Matira ko soal o samakapahay nengnengen cingra, nikaitiyad ho no ina caay ho kahofaoc i malikat ci’edil saan, citiyad ho ci Madapidap malikat ko ’edil, ikor no kahofoc malokaolahan no laloma’an kaomi’en. === Kawakawasan ratoh no ’Amis/Pangcah.（阿美族創世始祖神話） === Ira ko cecay romi’ad, tayra i ’alo ci Tiyamacan miradom i, manengneng no wawa no riyar kawas ci Felalakac, kaimahen ni Felalakac kokakapah ningra, nanoya ngitangicen ni Felalakac a malafafahi, o laloma’an ni Tiyamac caay ka sakaala ni Felalakac, tafone to papah no kilang a misimed, palimeken to i laloma’ kongkong no kilang ano eca i tatahengan misimed, nikawrira nika milikatay matedi ko tireng ni Tiyamacan mahapineng manengneng, marketer to ci Felalakac pacefcef han to ningra ko riyar i hekal, masanga’ to ko lenlen maalol tayra i riyar ci Tiyamacan, itiya patanic han malafafahi. Mapawpaw ci Tiyamacan i riyar, o mama ato ina ningra itira i salawacan no riyar mikotod pasariyar tangasa i kawali ka’amis no Takidis, mafana’ o caacaay to pakaliyas ci Felalakasan sato, itiya laliyas sato mama ato ina, nanoya ci Madapidap ato ci Keseng o ka’ilolan to wawa ci Tiyamacan, mala o Dakidakit ato Arongay misimaw i salawacan no riyar. Katengilan no sowal, mapaci’eci kalofafahien ci Tiyamacan i, makakeleng ko kakarayan, o todong pitifekan ningra to felac; ano ci langod ko riyar i, o pifalahan ningra to ’asad ato afih, oy ana ’asad ato afih malapodaw, o kadademakan no kidacay foting i riyar, o todong piwangawang ningra to kamay. === “Milikatay wawa to fafahiya”- no satapangan to’asan Kawakawasan ratoh no ’Amis/Pangcah.（「發光的女孩」太古創世始祖神話） === Iti:ya ho, ina no kawas ci Madapidap ato mama no kawas ci Keseng a tasaay fa’elohay kawas, malikelon cangra itira ’akawangay katimolay kitakit a Arapanapanayan lotok, misofoc to fainayan kawas ci Ladi'afo, Dadakiyolo, Apotok, Lalakan, fafahiyan kawas ci Doc, Tiyamacan a ’enem wawa a kawas. Nikawrira ya cipoyapoy ko ina a kawas ci Tiyamacan i, ira ko malikatay i tiyad, mahapinang manengneng ko laloma’ay, masofoc mahapinang o makapahay nengnengen o fafahiya wawa a kawas. Ira ko cecay romi’ad, o safa fafahiyan masadak a miladom, i fatad no lalan malitemoh ko wawa no riyar kawas ci Felalakacan, nanoya maolah patangic a malofafahien, nanoya paro no loma’ misakimokimor misimed milaliw. Nikawrira manengneng caay pakasimed, marketer a palalenlen to sapicefis to sasafaay a safa to fafahiyan milaliw. O ka’ilol no ina ci Madapidap to sasafaay wawa to fafahiyan, mala molengaway i tonotono’an a Dakidakit, o mama ci Keseng mala Arongay misimaw to salawacan no riyar; o sakakaay ci Tadi'Afo milimek tayra i lotok, ikor mala tato’asan no Atayal finacadan; saka tosa a kaka ci Dadakiyolo milaliw pasi’etip mala o tato’asan no ’etipay yincumin; saka tolo a wawa ci Apotok milaliw pasitimol mala tato’asan no Iwatan(Ponon) finacadan; saka sepat a safa ci Lalakan ato saka lima safa to fafahiyan ci Doci i ta’akay riyar, midakaw to toptop mapawpaw i lenlen, nikawrira caay pakatama to hakal, caay pakatama to loma’, matatangic a tatosa. Talifahal sa ira ko ’arikak, oni ta’ian nira masataporoay masadak i riyar, o nian koya ikoray a Cilangasan. Mata’elif ko romi’ami’ad, mato’as to cangra tatosa, caay pakatama to roma maloramod, nanoyaan o nia malikakaay raramod sato cangra. Sa’ayaw o nisofocan nangra tatosa o kalingsesan pina’orip, tinako o Kangic, Tatakaay, Fafirung, Harokay. Tatodong sa pasilaeno ko nengneng no Cidal kawas, miocor to saka falo a wawa a kawas ci Tatakusan a minengneng, talifahal sa pakanengneng cangra tatosa to nai kakarayan kawas malokelon, nawhani metalaw sapilaliwan a mitefoc, fo’otan no kawas a miliclic to kamatira no demak. Itiya mafana’ to demakan, songila’ han to ni Tatakusan pasifana’ ko ina no kawas, sasini’ada sa ko Cdal, ocoren ho ko wawa kawas malikelon mihinom tina malikakaay, mihayda miocor to midipotay kawas a malikelon. Sanoyaan ci Salalacal ato Saoriyan a kawas mihawikid to cecay aol tayni hekal pasifana’ samaanen ko kadadi’i i naikoran a mafadocay no lenlen a malikakaay, itiya manga’ay ko kaciwawa. Pasifana’ han to ni Tatakusan: “Nawhani o malikakaay kamo tatosa, caay kanga’ay mararamod, orasaka kelongen ko sikal, palaed tamonan tatosa, haenen ta manga’ay madadi’i ko kaciwawa namo.” Nanoyaan ikor ciwawa cangra malikaka to toloay wawa to fafahiya ato cecay fainayan, o nian ko tato’asan no tamdamdaw. === No kawas a rayray.(神普圖) === [[Faylo:Rayray no kawas.(神普圖).png|置中|924x924像素|Rayray no kawas.(神普圖)]] === Pinengnengan tilid.(參考文獻) === <nowiki>https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BF%AA%E9%9B%85%E7%91%AA%E8%B4%8A</nowiki> <nowiki>https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%E6%8B%89%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF</nowiki> <nowiki>https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%BE%8E%E6%97%8F%E6%B3%9B%E9%9D%88%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0</nowiki> <nowiki>https://www.tipga.com/p/5dc2ffbc3286fe267ec98004</nowiki> === Mifalicay to tilid. (文字翻譯): === Ci masao Nikar ppf3f5slq8dgo8zcx0gyr3z1qfvfg8l 0 2619 39964 39963 2023-10-21T19:07:25Z Jsu2848 1557 39964 wikitext text/x-wiki ==== '''O pinangan no kodasing.(落花生的特徵)''' ==== O pinangan no kodasing i, matiya o kalitang ko pi ‘alaw ami ngengeng, o malengaway i sota’ matiya o kalorengos ko pi’alaw, nikaolira adihay ko heci nira mikihatiya to lamit i laloma’ no sela/sota’, matiya o kalitang a satosatosa sa amalacecay, ira ko toloay sepatiy amalacecay, ano fangcal kokalengawan nila a sera i, adihayay koka ciheci nira, o heci nira i manga’ayay a malo kakangenen, manga’ayay a sasimaleng ato kalomaamaan, sanaw maolahay ko tamdaw ami papaloma to kodasing, o kaolahan no kodasing a malengaw i, itiraay i safa^ded sanay ato so’metay a finacadan a sela. O sowal no pasowalay i, ano’ayaw to 1530 a mihecaan misalingato a mapacomod tani i Taywan nano o Potawya(葡萄牙) a tamdaw misalingato a patayni i Into(印度) ato Awmen(澳門), dodo sato i o Sipanya(西班牙) a tamdawan ko patayniay i Filiping(菲律賓), tiya mapacomod tayni i no holamma a niyalo’ tiya a talacowaco:wa a malopisak, nikaolira tono Oco(歐洲) a niyalo’ i, si^enaway sanaw caay kafangcal a mangengaw ko kodasing i tira, tono Amilika(美國) satohaw i, itini i 1800 amihecaan o kodasing i o nano sapaka^en to fafoy ato ‘ayam, dodo sato yamanikaw ko tamdaw to kaka^en i, halo tamdaw sato ami salingato a koma^en, sanaw saadihay sato ami sakakahad ami paloma to kodasing. Tonomita sato o Taywan(台灣) aca o Pangcah/’Amis i, caay kafokil to kodasing hananay, nanomamang tangasa i to’as ko pipapaloma to kodasing, nga’ayay a kaladatengen, nga’ayay a sapacamol i hemay to tolo no kaen, i ‘orip no mita caay to pakalasawad to kodasing a koma^en, lomasato ano irako lafang no loma’ i, aca ano mipalafang sato a taracoacoa i, manga’ayay a sali^pah a koma^en ko kodasing, ngalefeng to konoaniniay a tamdaw, o kodasing i o sasangaen to simal ato kasi ato kalomaamaan a kakaeneng. ==== '''Masamaanay ko rengaw no kodasing.(落花生是如何生長)''' ==== Mipaloma sato kodasing i, yananoheci nira mahelek ami siwka pawalien to ami ‘icang, likol sato mi’osaw to todongay to sapaloma, tiya mipohci to podac nira, ma^deng to ami sa’osi to sapaloma i, misongila’ to omah topi palomaan, tiya misatositosil topi palomaan, hatosatosa haan ami lafong i sota’ cecay lipa’ tosa a heci no kodasing, ola a kodasing i maolahay to so^metay a lomi’ad ama lengaw, awaay ko pipili’ topi palomaan, ano masamaanay to a sela ato sota, nga’ayay to ami paloma, o lengaw nira a takalaw i caay pakatafesiw to tosol no woo’, misalingato a malengaw masadak nani sota’ a lomahad, tangasa ikato’asan nira i, caay ka halafin mato’asay to, alatek tolo folad ma^deng to misalingato aci hana aci heci, sanaw cecay miheca i ma^den natosa ami siwka, sanaw adihay koma olahay a palomaay to kodasing, opipalomaan to kodasing i, itira i saka cecay tangasa i sakatolo a folad, ato i saka ^enem tangasa i siwa a folad, tonia mahelek ami paloma i malawod ko 40 alomi’ad misalingato to aci hana, mahelek to koka cihana nira i, maceker to kaya hana nira a pasayla i sota’, tiya amisalingato tangasa i 45~60 alomi’ad, ano matatodong ko cepa’ no sela i, fangcal koka ciheci nira, dodo sato malawod ko tosa a folad, misatapang to totayal ami satapang mifi^enot to kodasing. Ano caay patatodong to lomi’ad ami siwka i, ano malatar mili’ayaw kopi siwka i, caay ka^deng ko ‘ikis caay kafangcal, ano maosoy talalikol kopi siwka i, caay to kafangcal a fi^enoten, hatilaay ko misakodasingay. ==== '''Samaneng a misaadihay a paloma to kodasing(如何大量生產花生)''' ==== Sa’ayaw hawi cecay miheca nacecay amipaloma nacecay ami kodasing, ano mo^ep pawti ko kodasing i mi’osaw to cecay powti to todongay o sapaloma, ano hakowa ko kakahad no omah i, hatilaay ko pipatatodong ami paloma to kodasing, o kakahad no omah kopi ‘alawan to pipatatodong ami paloma to hakowaay ko kaadihay nomi palomaan, likorsato ira ko tasa miheca natolo ami kodasing, lomasa cecay miheca natosa ami kodasing, aca natolo ami kodasing, itiraay ko saka adihay no kodasing, iraay kono kacihelangan a kodasing, iraay kono kasi^enawan a kodasing, lomasato i iraay ko kakakotaykotay to panay aca o koga ato kalomaamaan ama cacaliw ami paloma to kodasing, ano itini i macacamolay to tafok a sata’ a paloma i tadafongcalay, nawhani i la^enoay no sota’ ko heci no kodasing, ano misiwka sato i fangcalay a fi’enoten, maolahay ko kodasing to hatilaay a sera ato sota’ ano ga’ay i itini i so^metay a lomi’ad, matatodong ko cepa’ no sera o tadafangcalay ko lengaw ato kaciheci no kosasing, lomasato nawhani maolah ko kalofawo ato topi/’ayam ami kali’ang to rengaw no kodasing, sanaw lalideng ami liso’ ami simaw tiya caay ka kali’ang ko rengaw nora kodasing, itilaay sanaw matini ko saka adihay no pisiwka to kosasing. ==== '''O saka tadamaan no kodasing.(落花生的經濟價值)''' ==== O kodasing hananay i, caay ka ^edengay a kalo kaka^enen aca, manga’ayay a sasimalen to simal no sapi tangtang to kalodateng ato kalomama:an, o sadak no simal nira tangasa i 45%-50% koka adihay, mikikaka to kalitang 14%-16%, itini i polong no kakokoka(各國) to misanga’an to simal no kodasing to mihecahecaan i, pakaaraay to 520 a ^mangan no ^tong(噸) a dadoy no simal, aca tora nahetecan tora heci no kodasing i, o sasangaen to sapakaen to fafoy aca to kalo’ayam, lomasato iraay komi sangaay to masamaamaanay a kasikasian, sanaw okodasing hananay itini i ‘orip no tamdamdaw i caay ko mamalasawad, nanoto’as tangasa imatini, ano i ‘orip to nomita o Pangcah/’Amis, aca i polong no Taywan, ngalefen tono Kaholaman a tamdaw, tada maolahay to kodasing. ==== '''Polong tosasowaleng to kodasing.(綜述落花生)''' ==== 1、Adihayay ko kasasilomaloma no kodasing, macakat to kofana’ no tamdaw ami sanga’ to sapaloma, irakoya Yiayo 22, 551(粵油22,551)、sanyo 3(汕油3)、enha 1(恩花1)、canto 2(戰鬥2)、congha 17(中花17) hananay, sanaw soligaen ko pipili’ ami poloma. 2、Anomipaloma i mihapinang to matatodongay a lomi’ad ato omah topipalomaan, nawhani ano caay katatodong kopipaloma, caay kafangcal kolengaw, caay kafangcal koka ciheci nira. 3、Anomahelek ami paloma i, songiraen ami dipo kolengaw nira, nawhani kalamkam a malengaw ko semot/lengos ami kihatiya to kodasing, lomasato, adihay ko kalofawo ato ‘ayam/topi ami kali’ang. 4、Patatongonen kopi poliyaw ato sapayio ami fongsa tiya caay ka kalingan ko lengaw nira. 5、Malaod koka cihecian nira, mafana’ ami patatodong topi siwkakan ami fi’enot, ano matafesiw toko pisiwkakan i, ranikayay a malengaw koya heci nira i sera/sota’, caay to kangaay a siwkaken. 6、Mahelek ami siwka i, mipawali ami ‘icang, ma^deng toko ‘icang nira tiya manga’ay a solimeteng ami pacakay. (Siwkolan Pangchah/‘Amis Suman) 《參考資料》 《科學發展》2016年10月，526期，16 ~ 21頁 t1bxyz4pug17imntsrw2czrfaimvwgm 0 2620 45026 40014 2024-10-22T20:38:16Z 臺灣語言繼承者 2320 45026 wikitext text/x-wiki == Talakal ni Idek(彩虹) / Tilo ni Idek / Teker ni Idek == [[File:Supernumerary-rainbows-jb.jpg|thumb|Talakal ni Idek]] == Pitoay cengel a kiladom ratoh no to’as – ’Amis/[[Pangcah]] (阿美族－七彩布裙的傳說故事) == Iti:ya ho, ira i niyaro’ ko tatosaay cipatelaway a kapah, ci Kolas ato ci Kacaw, o matereday, mafana’ay mi’adop, makeroay ato maradiway cangra a tatosa. Nikawrira, masasiromaay ko pinangan nangra, ni Kolas o kalaforiforay, nikawrira halidamaay to tamdaw cingra, oni Kacaw tomenekay, matemoyay, i nengneng no finawlan no niyaro’ o nga’ayay malakakitaan saan. [[Faylo:LL-Q35132 (ami)-LiouShowShya-tadafangcalay nengnengen ko tilo ni Idek.wav|thumb|'''tadafangcalay nengnengen ko tilo ni Idek''']] Cangra tatosa malecad ko kaolah ci Sawmahan kaying, nikawrira no to’asan a lekakawa caay ka nga’ay tosa ko fainay, samaanen hakini sato. Nanoya paini ci Kolas to saka lalifet to malocima ko matatodongay, itiya, mihayda ci Kacaw to nian, itiya mitahidang to kakitaan no niyaro, mamiliterong to nia demakan, nanoya, kafanaen to no niyaro, o matoasay kaemangay mapolong miki’araw to nia demakan. Misatapang to kinalalifet, ano o cikay to ano eca o pipana to, malecad ko nika tadamaan nangra tatosa, saikoray to, matanengay a kakitaan no niyaro mahirateng ko kalalifetan, o picakod, cima ko pakacakoday miteroc to talolongay to ’alo, oya to ko cacifafahi ci Sawmahan. O mikiaraway sato a finawlan masasowasowal to o cimaay ko pakalifetay, nikawrira caay ko rahodayay ko nia demak, ano caay pakacakod i o cimapatayay ko ’orip, orasaka awaay ko patodongay o cima ko pakalaheciay to nian. Itiya pasilaeno minengneng i talolongay ’alo ko finawlan, makoki’ mamirmir ko tamdaw, ci Kalas pasilaeno minengneng, hirateng saan caay pakacakod kako o sanay ningra, nanoya pasowal sa to kakitaan : “Kaenih ko tiyad toma’i ho kako, ci Kacaw ko ’ayaw micakod.” Saan. Caay ka hinapecen no kakitaan ko demak ningra, haydaen. ’Araw han o pilipalaw ni Kalas ko nian, hirateng sa: “Ano caay pakacakod a miteroc o mamapatay, ka ci Kacaw ko ’ayaw, mapatay to ci Kacaw, o akoay ko cacitodong malo fafahi ni Sawmah.” Nasa. Oya maomoyay a Kacaw ko ’ayaw miala to ’aliwac, itiya pasikakarayan a kawas mitolon cingra: “Pafelien kako to tadamaan micakod to nia ’alo.” Sato, mato matengilay no kakarayan a kawas ko tolon ni Kacaw, oya caayay ko mamalaheci a demak, itiya, matiya iraay ko limaay a cengel a ’edil matedi ko co’ed no lotok, mapatedi ko tireng ni Kacaw, mato ira ko ’icel midamaay micikeroh cingraan, sakahemaw sa ko picaekod ni Kacaw toya co’ed a lotok, safaheka sato ko ’alomanay pakanengneng to nia demakan, o awaayay ko rarawraw, pakanengneng to nia demak itiya rarawraw sato a malipahak, pakanengneng ci Kolas to nianan, samaanen ako ya sato, kalokamaro’an hanto ko fokeloh, o paherek to ko nian sato ko hirateng ningra. Paheci to ko kakitaan no niyaro’, pakacifainay han to ci Sawmah ci Kacawan, pasowal han Kacaw ci Sawmah: “So’elinay o nia kalalifetan, latek matengilay no kawas i kakarayan ko tolon no mako, madamaay kako to nian, saka mafilo ako micaekod kina co’ed a lotok, miahowid kako to pidama no kawas i kakarayan, padangen kako misanga’ to cecay pitoay ko cengel a kiladom, kalo pihiratengan.” Sato, nanoya salafiifii sato ci Sawmah a misanga’, i ’ayaw no kararamodan nangra malaheci ko nian a talakal ni Idek a talip. I:kor to, o kasaniyaro’ to mikawit to malecaday a talip, matiyaay o talakal ni Idek “pitoay ko cengel” malofayfay no niyaro, ci Kacaw o kafana’en to no niyaro’ a kakitaan cingra. == Talakal ni Idek = tilo ni Idek = teker ni Idek (彩虹) == O samakapahay no malaolahay kimad: Itiyaay ho ratoh no to’as no ’Amis/Pangcah, i kakarayan a kawas ci Idek, tayni i hekal, ci fafahi to i hekalay a fafahiyan malo fafahi ningra. Ira ko cecay romi’ad, pasowalen ningra o papatiko kako minokay tayra kakarayan han ningra ko fafahi, o mamalakawal kako, pakayni tina kawal ko saka tayra i kakarayan han ningra ko fafahi, pasowal haca ni Idek ko fafahi ningra ano mikayakay to na kawal i akaa ceda’ah. Ciriko’ ko fafahi to limaay a makapahay kiladom, o mamihakelong ci Idekan tayra i kakarayan, o pikayakay toya kawal, caay pina’on ko fafahi a coda’ah, nanoyaan sa a matefad koya kawal, matefad ko fafahi a mapatay to. Oya malakayakayay tireng ni Idek safelafelat sa matiya o riko no fifihi, matiya o talakal ni Idek, o nian koya nisowalan no ’Amis/Pangcah – “Talakal ni Idek” hananay. == Mifalicay to tilid(文字翻譯): == Ci Masao Nikar 1kqyo55sd3z27qeinpm138ng5hgqd1n 0 2624 40107 40106 2023-11-07T13:24:43Z Masaonikar 570 40107 wikitext text/x-wiki == Kakeridan no Cingaloan niyaro’-- ’Afo Amid (鳳信部落人物--頭目’Afo Amid) == Miahowid to pafeli no Tapang a Kawa to pa’orip i takowanan. O saka saan tonini, o pacecay no mako to wawawawa no mako ato finawlan no Cingaroan a niyaro` a sowal. {| class="wikitable" | colspan="2" |’Afo Amid |- |Kasofocan |O sofoc i 1935 miheca 12 folad 21 romi’ad, kasofocan i Fata’an no Kalinko, o mama ci Amid, ina ci Sra, o maomahay ko ’orip. O sakalalima a sasafaay malakaka. |- |Kapatayan |I 2020 miheca 12 folad 18 romi’ad dadaya 10 ira ko 8 fon no toki, Mapafeli no Kawas cingra i hekal to malemeday ’orip to 85 ko mihecaan. |- |Kararamodan |1959 mihacaan masaso’araw to fafahiyan no Cingaloan niyaro ci Kawlo Kapa’, mikadafo a mararamod cangra tatosa, tangsa i da’oc no ’orip. 2004 miheca 4 folad 23 romi’ad, kaolahan a fafahi ci Kawlo Kapa’, na matolo’ay ko sakapiliyas ningra to hekal. Ciwawa cangra 3 fainayan 2 ko fafahiyan, ciramod to a ciwawa. |- |Tayal |1. 1958 macodah to sakiniyaro’, mikihatiya to I-cin no Fong-lin-cen. 2. O maomahay ko ’orip no kaemangan tangasa i kato’asan. 3. 1982 miheca 47 ko mihecaan no ’orip itiya, maala to (12 lekad) Li-cang no Cingaloan li no Fonglincen. 4.1983 mihecaan, misingkiw maala to nonghuy taypiaw, sa’ayaway no Pangcah malataypiaway. 5. 1984 mihecaan(13 lekad) patoeto haca cingra a malaLi-cang, o kangodoan a palanga’ayay a palawinaan no finawlan, macoker no Fonglincen kongso pakayakayay a iingkay. Mahapinang no niyaro’ nga’ayay kakridan ci ’Afo Amid. 6. 1994 mihecaan, 59 no mihecaan no ’orip itiya, malatomok no Cingaloan, 24 ko halafin no mihecaan malamirotocay to punka no niyaro’ i Cingaloan. Midotoc to limo’ot no ’ayaway mama no niyaro’ ci Angah Hangaw: “Aka ka ’anof to dafong, kao mo^celay ko pidemak, aka pinengneng to tamdaw a midemak.” Sanay. Itiya i, malasicoci ato malaciwlo no Cingaloan kiwkay kako, tangasa 70 ko mihcaan. 2018 mihca, misawanto kako a mama no niyaro’, |- |Pakatamohong |1.  mapatamohong no Cingaloan kiwkay to todong malaciwlo. 2.  miheca, mapatireng no Cingaloan kiwkay to tadamaanay mitooray a mama. 3.  mapatamohong no Fonglincen kongso to Tadamaanay a mama. 4. mapatamohong no Fonglincen kongso to Tadamaanay a malamamaay no niyaro’. |} === O maomahay ko ’orip ako nano kaemangan tangasa i kato’asan ako. (我的出身在務農的家族長大。) === 22 ko mihcaan ako itiya, malahitay kako to 2 a mihcaan 1958-1959 (Min 47-48), minokay kako a malahitay, iroma’ saanho kako to ccay a folad, pasowal ko mato’asay takowanan,“Wawa Afoaw, matini sa, minokayto kiso malahitay, mato’asto kiso, maedengayto a ciramod kiso,” saan. Saka itiya mikadafo kako tayni i Cingaroan. O maomahay ko laloma`an no pikadafoan ako. Tayni kako i Cingaloan a mikadafo, midama kako to lalingaden no loma’, mikihatiya kako to midamaay to tayal no Tayrin a misimaw to niyaro’. Itiya ira ko ccay a tamdaw, o Liciw no Cingaroan cingra, ci Lo lin-ho han ko ngangan ningra, o nian a tamdaw mafokil a misa Taywan ato Pangcah ato Ripon a sowal（o no Ripon ko sakasasowal no mato`asay itiya）, orasaka, caay ka fana’ ko tamdaw a mitngil to sowal ningra, sa:an i, samaanen ako nasa cingra, sawad sato a malaLiciw. Itiya, o piliyawan a misinkiw to Liciw, onini ci Lo lin-ho i, maedeng kiso saan ko picoker ningra itakowanan, mahaento ko paini no salawina a pasowal i takowanan, nanoya, malmed aca kako, maala malaLiciw, 71 ko mihcaan itiya. KalaLiciw no Cingaroan a niyaro’ kako i, nawhani o caayayho ka cilifon ko malaLiciway. Saan i, awaayko no Pangcahay a Tayhiw no Nokay saan i, matoro` haca no niyaro’ kako a malaTayhiw no Nokay. Orasaka, malaLiciw no niyaro’ ato mala Tayhiw no Nokay kako. Nasa:an haw i, matoro’ haca no Cingkosiw kako a palamipakayakayay a Iing, misalof to masamaamaanay a fangafan no finawlan. Saadihay sato ko tayal to saki finawlan. Ano hatiratira i, mafana` kako, caay pisawad to kalodmak no laloma’an kako. Itiya, sahacecacecay sato a masofoc ko wawa, nikawrira paso’elin kako, malmed kako to nipaflian no Tapang a Kawas koni takowanan ato salaloma’an a rihaday. Mara’od sato ko pisinkiwan no Cingaroan kiwkay, mapili` no kiwkay kako a malaHicoci, mahaenay saka, o nipikapot no Tapang a Kawas i takowanan, manga`ay ko nidmakan no mako to sakiniyaro’. Nanoya, maraodto ko pisinkiwan to Liciw（o Liciw itiya, cilifonayto, 15 ko lkad itiya）, lalimaay ko masadakay, pato^eto haca kako to 4 a mihcaan. Maraodto ko 16 ko lkad no pisinkiw to Liciw, caayto kaala kako, sawad hanto ko kalodmak saan kako. Oya mihecaan, maraod ko pifalican to mama no niyaro’, o mama no niyaro’ ci Angah Hangaw i, mikilim i takowanan cingra, sowal saan, “Afoaw, kalaadada to kako, manga’ay kiso o matanengay to kalodmak, maeden a malamama no niyaro’ kiso, kasadak kiso.” Saan cingra itakowanan. Toya 83 ko mihcaan, misinkiw ko niyaro’ to mama no niyaro’, maalaay kako malamama no niyaro’. Mafana’ay kako, adihay ko dmak to sakiniyaro’, o nikadamadamaan koni, saka masongilaay aca ko pirayray to lekakawa no niyaro’. Itiya i, malasicoci ato malaciwlo no Cingaloan kiwkay kako, tangasa 70 ko mihcaan. Tangasato i 2000 ko mihcaan, ira ko sowal ko finawlan no niyaro’, “Falicento ko mama no niyaro’,” saan, misinkiw itiya, ’aloman ko masadakay, saan i, maala haca kako a malamama no niyaro’, pasowal kako to finawlan itiya, “Kita o finawlan, matira aca maalaho kako a malamama no niyaro’ i, o nipipatorodan no ’alomanay a finawlan koni i, samaanen aca, do’edo han ako ko pafaloco’ no finawlan,” han ako. Tangasa anini, halafinto kako a malamama no niyaro’, matoasto kako, kinapinapina a pacecay to sowal ko wawawawa no mako, “Sawadento, o tireng ko a’imeren,” saan ko sowal i takowanan, “Hai.” O han ako. Mata^elif ko 30 ko halafin no mihecaan to kalamama no niyaro’, matoasto kako, sawadento ako, o wawawato ko cacitodong tonian. Anini 2018 mihca, misawanto kako a mama no niyaro’, o mamiliyaw a mipatireng to fa^elohay a mama no niyaro’, nikawrira, o cimaayto ko tatamaen hakini saan ko finawlan, samaanen, o nengnengto no finawlan ko pido’edoan, cimaay ko pakado’edoayto no `ayaway ko nika nga’ay no dmak a mikrid ato midipot ato mirayray to ’orip no Cingaroan a niyaro’, o raan ko sasafaloco’en no ’alomanay. Saikorayto, nai ’a:yaw, o mama no niyaro’ mitoro’ ci Angah Hangaw i takowanan, paccay cingra to sowal i takowanan, “O mama no niyaro’ i, o sakakaay, pina’on to dmak, aka kao payso no niyaro’ ko nisafaloco’an, o sakapaleng no ngangan. Oromasato, aka pinengneng to tatiihay a dmak no finawlan, ano iraira ko ’angreray a tngilen, aka hiratngen korira, `enoc han, hadidien ko faloco’, akaa pipacoli`. O nga`ayay ato mido’edoay ko dmak, o nga’ayay ko nisowalan i tamdaw, o fangcalay a dmak no niyaro’ ko harateng, o mama no niyaro’ mirikec to nirayrayan no to’asay o sakalmed no niyaro’. Mahirateng aca ako ko sowal ni mama Onak, o nano Fataan a mato’say to paccay ningra i takowanan, “O malamamaay no niyaro’ i, aka sawaden ko rayray no to’as a pasifana’ to rarerarem a paratoh, o rayray no Cingaroan” saan ko paccay ningr i takowanan. Orasaka, o hahaenen no aikoikor konini o maalaay a malamama no niyaro’, o hahaenen a mafana’ a pasowal a pali’ayaw to sowal. Oromasato, to ha:tiniayto a mihcaan, o dmak ako to saki finawlan, so’elinay, ano caay ko nipikapot no Tapang a Kawas i takowanan, mimaan a malahci ko nidmakan ako, orasaka, o Wama i kakarayan ko pafliay to taneng ato fana’ i takowan, saka o hatiniayto ko halafin to saki niyaro’ a dmak, paso’elin kako o nikapotan no Tapang a Kawas konini, o mami’ahowid kako to Kawas ako. Nanay mapalmed no Tapang ita ci Yis Kristo ko finawlan no Cingaroan. Way! == Sakaira no tilid (資料來源) == 1.“Tadamaanay tamdaw no Cingaloan niyaro’-- Malamamaay no niyaro’ ci ’Afo Amid”. Pakimad ni Afo   Amid, tomok no Cingaloan niyaro’. Milicayay: ci Rengos Fosay. Romi’ad: 2018/8/10 herekno lahok 4:30, i loma’ ni Afo Amid. == Milosimetay/mitiliday/mihongyako (整理及翻譯) == Masao Nikar. 2022/9/16. === Pakapi a tilid.(附件) === == O rayray no ’orip ni ’Afo Amid.(吳漢勇弟兄生平略歷) == === Ngangan no ’Amis/Pangcah：’Afo, Amid (漢名：吳漢勇) === O sofoc i 1935(24)/12/21 a romi’ad, kasofocan i Fata’an no Kalinko, o mama ci Amid, ina ci Sera, o maomahay ko ’orip. Lalima a malikaka ko laloma’an, o sakalalima a malikaka a sasafaay. 22 (47)no mihecaan ningra itiya, malasofitay, tayra i King-mong 2 a mihecaan, mataneng ko kalaloodan no Taywan, toya 823 hananay i King-mong, Maraod ko romi’ad, minokay to tayni i loma’. Nanoya i 1959 (Min 48) mihacaan masaso’araw to fafahiyan no Cingaloan niyaro ci Kawlo, Kapa’an, mikadafo a mararamod cangra, tangsa i da’oc no ’orip. Da’oc no ’orip ni ’Afo Amid i, o tooray to Kristokiw. Misapo^ner i kiwkay no Cingaloan ciwlo kiwkay a mitooray, matayal i kiwkay malasicoci 4 miheca, malaciwlo 20 mihaca, malakomong no kiwkay 16 mihacaan. O matayala to Tapang ko ’orip ningra, maolah to Tapang maolah to tamdaw mitiya to tireng, o pitahidang no Tapang i cingraan marocokay a tayal i kiwkay ato i finawlan. Na mikadafo ci ’Afo Amid i, o nika codah to sakiniyaro’, mikihatiya to I-cin no Fong-lin-cen. 1982 (Min 71) 47 ko mihecaan itiya, cokeran no widang, mikihatiya a misingkiw to (12 lekad) Li-cang, malemed a maala. kalaLicang ningra i, misingkiw haca to nong-huy-tay-piaw, o sarakatay no Pangcah a nong-huy-tay-piaw, madama ko kowan no Fong-lin-cen a finawlan, mapa’orip ko salongoc no maomahay, masinanotay, macekcekay ko demak ningra, saka mapatireng ko palawina ato nikatadamaan ningra i finawlan. I 1984 mihecaan(13 lekad) patoeto haca cingra a malaLi-cang, o kangodoan a palanga’ayay a palawinaan no finawlan, macoker no Fong-lin-cen yakofa pakayakayay a iingkay. Tangasa i 1990 mihecaan(15 lekad) Li-cang no Cingaloan. Mahapinang no niyaro’ nga’ayay kakridan ci ’Afo Amid a salikaka. I 1994 mihecaan, 59 no mihecaan no ’orip itiya, nai ci Angah Hangaw patoror mirayrayan a malatomok no Cingaloan, naitiya 26 ko halafin no mihecaan malamirotocay to punka no niyaro’ i Cingaloan, i nikalatomok ningrai mido^edo to ni Angah, Hangaw a tomok a patorodan a nga;ayay limo’ot “ Aka ka ’anof to dafong, kao mo^celay ko pidemak, aka pinengneng to tamdaw a midemak.” Sanay. Orasaka kalatomokan ningra i, kinapinapi:na a likafen no tao, madoka’ ko faloco’, nakawrira mo^cel caay ka sakakinih ko demak, ano masamaamaan ko rorayan, hadidi saan, o nian ko nikangodoen no finawlan, o dado^doen no kasararem konini. Masoped i ’orip ningra ko masalaloma’ay no litengan serangawan ato rayray no ’orip no finawlan i niyaro’, mangalayay mikilim milicay to kakingkiwen i, i cingraan ko kahiceraan a milicay, caay ka’idepet cingra pafeli, nawhani cingra ko pakadofahay to rayray no serangawan no niyaro’. Warayan, o kaolahan ningra a fafahi ci Kawlo Kapa’, i 93/4/23, na matolo’ ko sakapiliyas ningra to hekal, kararoman ni ’Afo Amid ko nian, ci awaay to palawinaan no wawa. Ci ’Afo Amid to ko mi’apiday to sakiloma’an, mihadidi to roray, kalatayal misaparod, halipadamaay, pararingi to fiyaw, micokeray to paror, tanetek ko piti’er a nga’ayay mama no loma’. O kakangodoen no wawawawa cingra. Caay ko nikatayal to sakikiwkay ato sakiniyaro’ a caay ka sikol ko loma’, o lalimaay a wawa saheto o nga’ayay ko kadademakan, malingad i hoing, kakeridan no fafahiyan i niyaro’, midotoc to no mama naikoran. O teloc a wawawawa i, malatadamaanay a mimaliay no kitakit, o no akong a nirocokan koni. I 106 mihecaan i, masapinang ni ’Afo, Amid ko latiih no tireng, payra i ta’akay ising a pakinsa, masapinang cikool ko ’atay, itiya misarocod mipaising, kinapinapi:na a misatikotiko a paising ci ’Afo Amid, mataneng ningra ko pikapot ato pi’adah no Tapang i cingraan, macekel ko adada. Anini miheca 8 folad, malaliyaw ko adada, o nikato’as to no tireng, caayto kanga’ay tokaden, o sapaiyo sato ko sapi’emet to adada. Kahodiyaken, i 109/12/18 to dadaya 10pay ira ko 8 toki, o kangodoan ita ci ’Afo Amid a salikaka, i patihi no laloma’an, masawad to ningra ko roray no hekal, miliyas to hekal tayra ci Wamaan, ka’ilolan no tamdamdaw. Mapafeli no Kawas cingra i hekal to malemeday ’orip to 85 ko mihecaan. Cangra mararamod ci ’Afo Amid ato ci Kawlo Kapa’ i, ci wawa cangra to tatoloay fainayan ato tosaay fafahiyan a wawa, ’aloman ko kadafo ato wawawawa, mirayrayay to laloma’an. Sokolen ci ’Afo Amid a salikaka, o nanicokeran ato nipatihian ni Kawlo Kapa’ a salikaka ko sakatadamaan ningra. Manengneng ita ko olah no Tapang a mikerid, mido^do to sowal no Tapang a malalikat ato malacilah no hekal, mipa’edil to ngangan no Tapang. Mapalemad no Tapang cingra ato salaloma’an, kadofahay, musiluyay ’orip, hapido^doan no ikoray tamdaw. Mikansya to Tapang pafeli to Cingaloan niyaro’ to tadamaanay salikaka, nanay rocokenho no Tapang palemed ko Cingaloan niyaro’ ato mikapotay a kasacecay a tayniay salikaka, paedilen ita ko Tapang. Aray. == Sakaira no tilid (資料來源) == 1.Milosimetay: Rengos Fusay, romi’ad: 2021/1/20. hnrnzpn3otnbflwst6eqgcx91mtxjea 0 2625 40124 40123 2023-11-14T10:52:44Z Masaonikar 570 40124 wikitext text/x-wiki === Kawakawasan ratoh no ’Amis/Pangcah-O pipaco’ay no lotong.(阿美族傳說故事-猴子的報恩) === Iti:ya ho, ira ko cecay pakoyocay laloma’an no ’Amis/Pangcah a tamdaw, o damsayay faloco’ a mato’asay akong, ira ko cecay romi’ad nai lotok a omah to pinisnis to rengos a minokay i, talifahalan sa ko ta’akay ’orad, oni mato’asay akong madopoh to comikay tayra i tata’akay a kilang mikilidong to ’orad. Caay pahater koya ’orad, mapades koya mato’asay akong, sowal sa: “Aya! Samaan sato, a to’eman to ko romi’ad, tata’ak ho ko ’orad, pakacowa sato kako hakiya?” saan. Itiya, safana’sa nai semosemotan masadak ko masafelengay a lotong, ira ko cecay a lotong mi’awitay to falako a milicay toya mato’asay akong: “Akongaw, onini a falako pacaliwen ako kiso, ira i loma’ niyam ko sapatala a sakalafi, mihamham tisowan to katayni i loma’ niyam.” Orasaka, hakelong sato ci akong pasilotok palafang i loma’ noya lotong. Tahira i loma’ noya lotong i, to’eman to ko romi’ad, oya ’alomanay a lotong masadak mihamham ci akongan, halamham pakaen to kakaenen nangra. Komaen itiya i, manengneng ni akong koya mato’asay malitengay ina a lotong mata’enang i kafoti’an, itiya licay han koya kakeridan a lotong: “Mamaanay cingra?” paca’of sa: “Halafin to ko adada ningra, o maanan rengosan a sapaiyo, caayto pakanga’ay.” Itiya sadak han ni akong i tafolod ko sapaiyo ato langto no ’afo a pacamol, pafeli han koya kakeridan lotong: “Pakaenen cingra to nia sapaiyo.” Na kaenen noya lotong a ina saka tosa a romi’ad, maadah to ko adada, miahowid koya kakeridan a lotong, sowal sa: “Tada miahowid to piadah iso to adada no mamo, ira ko sapatafo ako i tisowanan.” Kakeridan lotong miala to ’arawraway cinaw sapafeli ci akongan, pasifana’en samaanen ko pidemak. Nanoya, mahawikid ni akong minokay koya ’arawraway cinaw, safaheka sa ko laloma’an to kapinokay ni akong, itiya nao minafoyay ho kiya sona: i manengneng ni akong o mafana’ay to a romakat, pasowal sa ci akong: “Toloay ho romi’ad ko piliyas ako kiya?” saan, paca’of sa koya wawa to fainayan: “Toloay to mihecaan ko kaawa iso i, imatinib to kiso a ira minokay”. Itiya i, pasadak sa toya ’arawraway cinaw ci akong, pateli salongan a felac, itiya saadihay adihay s akoya felac, adihay a adihay sa malifowas marasras, salipahak sato ci akong, sowal sa: “Kafahekaan kina ’arawraway cinaw!” taikor tomes sato i loma’ koya felac. Nanoyaan sa i ikor, o caay to ka talalotok ni akong maroray talalotok minisnis a maomah, itiya o cimafecolay to ko ’orip to romi’ami’ad no laloma’an. 32c8eaa2fxsvwgufh73nj4mx28t9muc 0 2626 43243 41992 2024-05-10T13:42:54Z 嚴美鳳 41 43243 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Tali'.ogg|縮圖|Ira ko maecakay to a tali i parad.]] O tali hananay i omaolahay malengaw i masamaamaanay a sera, ano macepaay a sera, ato hadhad ato ’apilis, manga’ayay a malengaw ko tali hananay, o papah nira kakahaday matiya o papah no lawilaw, o ‘akaway nira mangaay a karadatengen ami sakohaw, o takalaw no tileng nira ma^deng tangasa i hemot no tamdaw, o so^elinay o mamakaen i tora i rara^oay no sota’/sera a tapangan nira tora mato konga a tali hananay, itini i cecay a mihecaan ano kacihelangan to ano kasiengawan to radid sanay a marengaw, sanaw maolah ko kalotamdaw ami paloma, yapapah nira manga’ayay a sapitafuto hemay ato sapiradom to nanom. O sowal no mafan’ay mikingkiw a tamdaw, nano’ayaw no 5,000 a mihecaan iraay to a nai Yinto(印度) a misalingato a ira koya tali hananay, dodosato a tayra i Malaysiya(馬來西亞) hananay a kanatal ato Icippoto(埃及) aca tayrato icowaco:wa amalenak. Romasato anomafokir ami tangtang to tali i, ca^engetay akangenen, sanaw irako kafana’ ami tangtang tiya fangcalay ‘aredetay a ka^engen, nawhani ano mafana’ ami samaamaan ami tangtang to tali i, maolahay ko kalotamaw a koma^eng, tora masamaamaa:nay a epang(餅) ato sasakolieng a kakaengneng, hatilaay kora pinangan no tali hananay. ==== '''O kasasiloma no tali. 芋頭的種類''' ==== Mipaloma kita to tali sa’ayaw i, caay ka pihapinang to masamaanay ko kasasiloma no tali hananay, nikaolira, ano halatengen no mita ko osowal no mafana’ay mikingkiw atamdaw i, iraay ko kasasiloma no kalotali hananay, sanaw iraay ko hongi(紅芋) ato payi(白芋)、ciwtoi(九頭芋)、pingnangi(檳榔芋) hananay to kasasiloma nira, ano ‘alawen ko papotal nira i, hato malecaday a nengnengen, nikaolira ano mitangtang sato tiya iraay ko kasasiloma nira, irako ko^tengay、irako ca^engetay、irako copelasay, ano mafana’ ami tangtang i, saheto o fangcalay akakaenen, o matomesay no sakafangcal no tileng, o sakatanektek no tileng, o saka adah no adada no tileng, manga’ayay a malalid a koma^en to tali, ano ‘akaway no papah nira enga’ayay amarodateng, edengan sa ano iraay ko tangniawping(糖尿病) ato kowmeng(過敏) notileng a tamdaw i, kapina’ong a koma^en. Lomasato i kapinaong iraay kora lawilaw(姑婆芋) hananay, matiyatiya o tali a nengnengen, oya lawilaw hananay, caay ka nga’ay a kaengnen, o cisawalakay komatiraay, sanaw caay ko mamangaay a kaengnen, nikaolira ano songira^en ami hapinang i, iraay to koka sasiloma nira. Nawhani o lawilaw i maolahay a malengaw i cowaco:wa a palapalaan, o papah nira kakahakahaday, mangaay sangaen to sapi ladom to nanom ato ano ma’olad i mangaay a kala saongen, lomasato mangaay a malo saksak ami pawali to dateng ato sapi tafo to dateng kora papah no lawilaw. ==== '''Masamaanay kokalenak no tali i Taywan. 芋頭如何分佈在台灣''' ==== O saadihayay a miparomaay to tali i Taywan i, itiraay i Casian(甲仙) no Takaow(高雄), sanaw itini i fatad no lalan adihay komi paliwalay to yitoping(芋頭冰) hananay, ngalefen itira i sapatiyamay, saheto sanay ami pacakayay to misakolian a tali, dodosato itira i Manasa(那瑪夏) no Takaow, ato Kawso(高樹) no Pingtong(屏東), ato Taca(大甲) no Taycong(台中), ato Kongkan(公館) no Miyawli(苗栗), ato i Kingmong(金門), ato i Lanyi(蘭嶼), sanaw tini i Lanyi nano ‘ayaw tangasa imatini, sahto o tali komipalomaan nangra i omahomahan, deng o tali ko tadamaanay a kakaenen nangra, aca ano i Posong(台東) to ato Kalingko(花蓮) adihayay ko mi palomaay to tali, nano’ayaw tangasa imatini, caay pakalasawad ami paloma to tali, ano i lotokay to a omah, ano i engnalay to a omah, ‘alomanay ho maolahay ami papaloma to tali, sanaw imatini hawi oma refrefay to i Taywan to icowacowa ko tali hananay. ==== '''Samaanen ami saadihay ami paloma. 如何大量生產''' ==== O tali hananay maolahay malengaw i macepaay ato cinanomay a sera/sota’ sanaw ano mipaloma i mili’ayaw ami hapinang to pipalomaan, o sapaloma i ora konga no tali ko sapaloma, ano marengaw cira i halakamkamay aci co’ong, miraraday ko co’ong nira sanaw itilaay ko saka rengnak no tali a sadihay sato ko rengaw nira, ano hakowaay ko kakahad no mipalomaan i ano malawod to ko tolo a folad, mikihatiya a matongal ko lengaw nira, itiyasato ami siwka nai tapangan nira ami repong ami ara to co’ong nira, o co’ong nira ko sapikakahad ami paloma, hatilaay ko saka adihay no tali.   ==== '''Samaanen ami pil’i ato mina’an to tali. 芋頭要如何挑選及保存''' ==== ===== 1、O pipil’i to tali. =====   1) salimood awaay kodoka a tali.     Ano mipil’i to konga no tali mili’ayaw ami hapinang to papotal nira, to makapahay fangcalay caayay kacidoka’、kanahol、kacifao, yamasosoay, salimood sanay, ano caay kakapah ko papotal nira, alatek tatiihay ko laloma’ nira, caay ka fangcal a ka^enen.   2)yakahemoway caay ka kaleteng.     O fa^lohay ho a tali i, ‘atekakay ano tatoyen, yakahemaway i todongay caay kacinanom, ano tangtangen i fangcalay kaenen.   3)ano peci’en i satomeli’ sanay, caay kawiret.     O tata^akay ko heci i, ano peci’ hani ano satomeli’ sanay fangcal ko olat nira, fangcalay a ka^enen.   4)fangcal kono kalawfawan ato kasienawan a tali.     I tini i tono Taywanay tocecay mihecaan lalid san a ira ko lengaw no tali, nikaolira, ano maraod koka ‘oladan i, caay ka fangcal ko heci no tali, ano tangtangen i caay ka kalamkam ama ^eca, sanaw ono kalawfawan ato no kasienawan a tali ko fancalay. ===== 2、O pina’ang to tali. =====   Mahelek ami sawsaw to nanam tora tali i, soli^aen kopi pawali ami na’ang, ano ira kopi Podac i mahadak koya salang nira i, kamelengay, ca^engetay ko kamay, sanaw songila’en kopi sasaw ato pi’icang, lomasato kaci kodoh ami sasaw to sapina’ong to kamay, saadihay han ko nanom to sapi sasaw, tiya caay kakali’ang ko kamay, lomasato ano mitangtang i, iraay ko halo podac han no tali ami tangtang, ma^cak to kola tali tiya mipodac tiya caay ka ca^enget. Ano adihay tato kora tali i, nga’ayay a tafohan tokami amihacecay, tiya na’anghan i Pingsiang(冰箱), ano mahelekay to ami tangtang a tali, ano adihay sato i, nga’ay a cikcik haan ami sacecaycecay tiya palohan ipatafoan, tiya na’angen i pingsiang(冰箱) ami saharafin.(Siwkolan ‘Amis Suman 2023/10/31) Tahapinangan参考文獻： 1. 第六屆荔浦芋文化節開幕創新創業“芋”見未來-新華網. [2023-04-20]. 2. 行政院農委會芋頭. 3.研究：高脂肪早餐可提升晚期肺癌藥療效圖 2023-09-18 4.芋頭達人評鑑出爐 外埔林綉錦榮獲第一圖 2017-09-24 5.吃芋頭好處多 但中醫師建議這些人不要吃’ ac36y743a25uvi8ow127kf2jqo2zhui 0 2627 40185 40184 2023-11-27T11:32:53Z Masaonikar 570 40185 wikitext text/x-wiki ’Amis finacadan pipatenak to ratoh a likisi nai ci Afang (Si nanmin) foksi laloma’an ko pitoor mireka. I salawacan no Kalingko ngataay nohikokiciw a Kaliyawan niyaro’. No ’amisan saopo(Ciwlokiw) i 1928 miheca patireng to kasaopoan itini Kaliyawan. Itiya ci Afang (Si nanmin) milingata to Kaliyawan kiwkay a mifana’ to ratoh nanoya i 1930 mihecaan paino’ a malamitooray. I 1931 miheca 4 folad, mapatorod ni James Ira Dickson (Takop Sun) foksi ci Afang (Si nanmin), itiya pa’aca han ningra ko maamaan, malahakelong to fafahi mafolaw tayra i Tansoy (Taypak) Oxford (niw-cin) pitilidan (’ayaway no Taywan sinkakoyin) nitengilan ko pitilid a mitiliday. Malaheci ko pinanam to sinkako to 3 miheca i 1934 miheca 3 folad maocor tayra i Fata’an patenok to ratoh. Itiya patireng to kasaopoan midotoc mipatenak to ratoh ko tayal ci Afang (Si nanmin). Itiya o Dipong ko mikowanay, mifootay to pipatenak to ratoh. Ci Afang (Si nanmin) milimek to kafana’aw no imeng no Dipong, kalingadan no maomahay to romi’ad mikoliniw mihomong to rarimaay adadaay madoka’ay tamdaw a mipatenak to ratoh. Caay ka halafin oya tatosaay mapohaway ci Say-Potal aci Onak-Cenol, mapi’iway ci Mayaw-Panog ko paso’elinay to Kawas. O safa ni Onak-Cenol to fafahiyan ci Linga mitoor to no kaka a paso’elin ci Kristoan. I 1938 miheca ci Linga nano ni ocoran ni George William Mackay (Makay) hakasi tayra i Tansoy no fafahiyan a pitilidan. Misawad i minokay i niyaro’ midama to pipatenak ni Afang (Si nanmin) foksi to ratoh. I ’ayaw no saka 2 kalaloodan no hekal, itini i Fata’an sa’etal o paso’elinay mitooray tamdfaw mata’elif ko 50 no tamdaw. Itiya pakinali ko pihimaw no imeng no Dipong, masa’et caay to karahoday ko pipatenak, nanoya misalafiian to ko kasaopo i loma’ ni Linga minanam to sifana’ no cudad, nikawrira oya mitooray ’aloman ko marepetay no imeng a marofo. Saka 2 kalaloodan no hekal i, ’aloman ko kapah no ’Amis nipaci’cian no Dipong mitahidang mikihatiya i kalalood. Ira ko caay ka fadoc mipatay i kalaloodan, ira ko mafadocay i katalawan no patay, i masasiromaay ko nikafana’ ci Yisan. Tinako to ni Wu cien-fong foksi, Cen cing-i ciwlo ato ni Yi te-sen foksi saheto o itiniay nikeridan ni Onak foksi i pirofoan i Hongkong a mipaso’elin ci Yisan a Tapang. Ci Asing ciwlo no Takoliaw kiwkay o nano kakeridan ningra ko sakafana’ to Tapang i citodongay to sofitay no Amilika a foksi ko mipasingliay malamitooray itini pirofoan i Manila. Ira ko nano pidama no ising no Amilika pakalayap to nga’ayay ratoh. O tada kalimelaan i tona mapanokay cangra i Taywan, mala o sa’ayaway patenakay to ratoh, i pipatenakan a to’ek cangra ko palamitay to parana’an no ’Amis kiwkay. 1945 miheca 8 folad 4 romi’ad mapidah ko Dipong itiya, o Taywan, manga’ay to ko pipatenak to ratoh. Itiya a madado’edo no ikoray ko pipatenak a demakan. 1. Minokay nai kalaloodan koya mafadocay a kapah. Oya nilayapan i pirofoan to so’elinay ratoh mapanokay nangra tayni i niyaro’. 2. Ci Afang (Si nanmin) ni patirengan i Fata’an a kasaopoan nai ci Lingaan ko misa’icelay a palahad macowatay to, nanoya o nikaledef no ratoh i masa’Amisay mapatireng ko tanektekay parana’an. 3. 1947 miheca liyasan ni Lo sien-con foksi ko kalasingsi i Tan-ciang pitilidan, tayni i Pasong misarocod i no ’Amis pipatenak a tayal. 4. O Yinsan sinkakoyin i 1946 miheca 9 folad 15 romi’ad mapatireng i Kalingko, itiya mapalahad ko matayalay i kiwkay patenak to ratoh. Naikoran no kalalood to 6 miheca, Kalingko Posong tosaay kowan a ’Amis finacadan a kiwkay mapatireng ko kasa’etal a kokay mitamorong to pipatenak ato sakidemak a tayal. Tangasa 1951 miheca 5 folad 6 romi’ad oya Kalingko Posong kowan no ’Amis finacadan kapolongan sa’etal a kokay i Atolan kiwkay mapatireng, o no finacadan a patenakay onto naitiya masacecay ko kacitodong mikerid, mipolong to demak i kasasiroma no sa’etal palenak to nga’ayay ratoh i kasaco’ed syakay no ’Amis finacadan. I 1963 miheca 4 folad 29 romi’ad o ’Amis ciwkay itiya ci Ciw yo-teng foksi ko mikeriday itini i Fata’an kiwkay mapatireng. O nian o saka cakat mi’awas ko kiwkay no misa’Amisay. Nanoya caayto piingid to tao, masarocod to ko kacitodong mipatenak to ratoh, mikiwiko, mikantok ato mikowan a todong. Mapatireng ko ciwkay itiya, mahapinang ko pinapina a macomahaday a nidemakan. 1. Finacadan fangcalay cudad ato radiw mapasadak: Sowal no ’Amis fa’elohay fangcalay cudad i 1972 miheca marina’ a pasadak. 1981 miheca katelangay fa’elohay facalay cudad marina’ a pasadak. I 1985 miheca ㄅㄆㄇㄈa radiw nai ni Lo sien-con foksi nisanga’an mapasadak maceror ko no Dipong a radiw. 1966 miheca mifalic ko ’Amis ciwkay a radiw wiyinhuy pasadak to saka 2 radiw. Mata’elif ko 300 laloma’an radiw. Nikawrira caay kaedeng, i 1981 miheca miliyaw mirina’ to saka 3 a radiw. 2. Misadadahal to pipatenakan a sofal. I 1967 miheca 6 folad 15 romi’ad mapatay ci James Ira Dickson (Takop Sun) foksi i, madakdak ko patenakay no yincumin a pasayra i roma kitakit to Notimolan a kalokanatal finacadan to pipatenak a sapitaka. O Kristo Misakolangan saopo (The Mustard Seed Mission) to hirateng ni ames Ira Dickson (Takop Sun) foksi, nai piocor ci Na,oh Rata (Wu min-i), Parac (Cen long-fo), Hekaw (Kao cin-sien), Lin cin-yin, Li si-sen, Samohoan (Cang tien-cen), aci Namoh (Cen Coan-ho) papito ko no niyah ciwkay a tintosi tayra i Salawat no Malaysiya patenakay. 3. Misadadahal to ka’oripan Nanoya mafalic ko syakay kicay no Taywan, saka mafolaw ko tamdaw no ’Amis finacadan tayra i tokay. Itiya i niyaro’ay mitooray ’orip mapatayra i tokay, nanoya mapatireng ko kiwkay no masa’Amisay i tokay. 4. Misongila’ to niyah finacadan a ponka. Sa’ayaway kakeridan no kiwkay a tamdaw, nawhani saki “todong no ratoh” ato saki “no to’asan ponka” caay ka talolong, orasaka o pihakeno mina’ay to no niyah a ponka. Nikawrira misaheci miherateng, manengneng dengan pilaheci i kasafinacadan i to’asan ponka ta mida’oc ko ratoh na saan. Nanoya misarocod palacecay to sapipatenakaw to ratoh. 5. Mikilim to matatodongay a demak i ciwkay. Mapatireng ko ciwkay no niyah i 1963 miheca, Kalingko Posong sakowan malitoloay sa’etal 6 ko sakilac to sakanga’ay micikeroh to sapikihatiya. Nikawrira nai 1976 miheca tangasa 1980 miheca 4 mihecaan, o ciwkay patireng i Kalingko Posong sakowan, nanoya adihay ko saniyaro’ no tamdaw, sapikihatiya to dademaken caay ka sarocod, naitiya i 1981 miheca patikol to toloay sa’etal, tongal sa to no tokay ato Piyomanian kakoy, 8 ko sa’etal. Sapinangen i, o kalaisal ko nga’ay sato. 6. Patireng to niyah ciwkay sapadafoh to matayalay. I ’ayaw no nika caay ka hayda ko no yincumin a tingtosi mikihatiya to “Sokay tintosi sapadafoh” i, o ciwkay no niyah mihirateng to roray no misawaday matayalay a sapadafoh, sahinom sadama to miliyasay to hekal, nai 1974 miheca miteka patireng to “’Amis ciwkay tingtosi sapadafoh”. 7. Piyomaniyan kokay mikapot i ciwkay, mikapot i pasawali ciwkay (Tongpo ciwkay) patireng to Piyomaniyan kokay to kasakiwkay. Mo’etepay mihecaan midotoc to sarikec no Tongpo ciwkay a todong no yiing, o maanan to a sasowalen caay ka laheci. I 1979 miheca mapalalan no sokay, itiya i saka 18 rekad no Canglahan ciwkay saopo mihayda to nia sa’etal kokay mikapot to ciwkay. O nia tongtosi no sa’etal kokay, midotoc malalen i rikec no kiwkay ato no ciwkay polong no tingtosi, miraoy to salngoc ato patodongan. O nian ko pi’awas to nga’ayay sakalacecay i piparatoh a sa’awas. [1] <nowiki>http://amis.pct.org.tw/</nowiki> === Pakafitay: === Haw an-lon 2009/3/9 ’Amis ciwkay pipatenak to ratoh a likisi. (Taiwan Tribal People Mission History) === Mifalicay to tilid: === ci Masao Nikar dlsexcip84ao8x3lsywuj9i7fl64gyu 0 2629 46770 43607 2025-06-15T00:51:29Z Safulo 35 46770 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Sapahamham to lafang a 'icep.jpg|縮圖|faliling no 'icep]] == '''O ratoh no 'icep''' (檳榔的故事)<ref>李來旺。阿美族神話故事。交通部觀光局東部海岸風景特定區管理處。台東。民國83年。P.21-29。</ref> == === [https://amis.moedict.tw/#:'adop Mi'adop] ko malikakaay兩兄弟去打獵 === Manami’icep ko ’Amis a tamdaw? paratohen ako kamo anini. Itiyaho ira ko malikakaay a fa’inayan,itiray i [https://amis.moedict.tw/#:salawacan salawacan] no ’alo ko loma’ nangra isatimolan a [https://amis.moedict.tw/#:dafdaf dafdaf]. O kaka i,ci Anan ko ngangan, o safa i,ci Sayan ko ngangan ningra, o mi’adopay ko ’orip nanagra. Yo mi’adop cangra i lotolotokan [https://amis.moedict.tw/#:milepel milepel] cangra toya mapana’ay ni Anan a okang a [https://amis.moedict.tw/#:malonem malonem], paceko’ sa a matengil ko miceli’ay a ngiha’ no kaying: "''pa’oripen kako ! Pa’oripen kako !'' " sanay. [https://amis.moedict.tw/#:caroh Caroh] sa cangara malikaka a pasitira toya ngiha’ a comikay, tahyra to ya kaying ca to ka takop koya [https://amis.moedict.tw/#:tomay tomay], oya mataremay a [https://amis.moedict.tw/#:sakopol sakopol](kanoos) micekiw to ’[https://amis.moedict.tw/#:'amamosa amamosa], [https://amis.moedict.tw/#:kiyot mikiyot] to faloco’ ato fala’ noya fafahIyan a komaen, yo [https://amis.moedict.tw/#:cicih mamicicihaw] to oo’ noya kaying i,itiya ci Anan a mipana’ matama ko mata noya tomay, wie wie sa koya tomay a tomangic cato lingwaen koya kaying a maoph a milaliw, lepelen ho noya malikakaay tahira i kemod no lotok ta patatikor a mingengen toya kaying. [https://amis.moedict.tw/#:miceda'ah Miceda’ah] a somowal ci Anan: === Makaen no tomay ci fila' 婓拉被黑熊吃掉 === “Ca to ka’orip kina kaying kiya ! O mata o fala’ makaen to no tomay, samaanen hokiya? alangiwal sa kita to cecay a mata a pafeli cingraan, kiso o fala’ ko papafelien, kako i, o faloco’ ko papafelien, latek ma’orip ho kina kaying.” [[Faylo:'icep.png|縮圖|332x332像素|O 'icep i niyaro']] Tengil sa ci Sayan a mita’ong, tangsolsol sa a sapingiwalaw to mata nira. Akaho ! [https://amis.moedict.tw/#:misaharaterateng Misaharaharateng] ho ci Anan,opoh sa a milalang ci Sayanan. ''“Ano makecoh ko mata no cecay a tamdaw o masamo’ay to konini a tamdaw, hatatosa s akita malikaka a masamo’, o kakicecay to mamasamo’ ko nga’ayay! O kaka kako, mamaliteng to anocila, kiso o safa kakaya’ ho ko ’orip iso, orasaka, kako sa ko mamasamo’.”'' ''“cowa!”'' matemoyay ci Sayan to hatiniay to a romi’ad, nikawrira, anini sa i,pacoli to kaka, cowa ka pihayi to sowal no kaka, yo malaliyang kona malikakaay i, ira ko cecay a ’atapang ’ayam ma’efer a pasowal congranan, sowal sa: ''“ Kamo tatosa o cipatelaway a kapah, ona kaying ci Fila’’ ano mafana’ to kalaliyang namo to sapipa’oripaw cingranan, wata ko kahemek nira! Ona kaying nano ma’emangan away to ko ina ato mama, malapakoyoc ko ’orip itini i lotok kilakilangan, o tadawidang no ’a’adopen itini i kilakilangan, ano hatini o mamapatay to cingra, ano masamaaman sa’icelen nako a mipa’orip, nanay mipadang kako tatosa!” '' === Mipadang ko tata'angay 'ayam pa'orip 大鳥幫忙救婓拉 === Sowal sa ci Anan: ''“ ha! o mama’orip ho kona kaying han! ”'' ''“ngiwalen namo ko losidan no tatirengan cowa ka tatodong, ano sapipa’oripaw ci Fila’an i, rapelen namo koya tomay miala koya makaenay nira a losid no tireng, patatikotiko aca anini a romi’ad, ano ca i,maponi’ to I fitoka noya tomay koya losid no tireng, sanoyanan sa to a mapatay ci Fila’, nikawrira, oya tomay cowa kona itiniay a’a’dopen, o nani tokosay no congaw”  ''Han noya ’ayam. [[Faylo:Sapahamham to lafang a 'icep.jpg|縮圖|sapipatapang a [https://amis.moedict.tw/#:raranapan raranapan] no 'icep|265x265像素]] Yo somowal koya ’atatapang ’ayam, pahadak nani sapikpik to tosaay a matedi’ay a karam pafeli ci Ananan aci Sayanan, sowal sa: ''“o mipa’eferay to tata’angay ’ayam konini a karam, so’em han i ngoyos, mitengilay to to sowal namo kina tata’angay ’ayam”'' Caka pahoda ira koya tata’angay ’ayam ma’efer a tayni,tireng sa ’a’ayaw nona malikakayay. Coracoren to noya ’ayam: ''“ palowad to! keriden nona tata’angay ’ayam kamo a tayra i kaitiraan noya tomay, kapina’on to i lalan.”'' Matengil to noya malikakayay ko sowal noya ’ayam, alakalickalic sato i tata’angay ’ayam a palowad. Caka pahoda tangsa to i fafa’ed no tolos no Congaw, kifetolay ko to’em misakilikilim ho, mahera ko kaitiraan noya tomay i tonotono’an, mafoti’ay koya tomay i dipong ningra, mitatoy ci Anan to pana’ ningra, co’a’ang sa to fali a tomireng i kafekang noya tata’angay ’ayam,pasitira i dihif a mipana’ toya tomay, caka siwir patosok sa matama ko mata noya tomay,cekid a talipa’elal koya tomay,sawaliwalin sa ca ka paka’emet to adada, makonkon i tono’ mapatay, opoh sato koya malikakaay a a miala to losid no tatirengan ni Fila’ nani fitoka noya tomay, tafo han nangra i papah no looh, tangsolsol patatiko tayra i kapatayan ni Fila’, do’edo han na malikakaay ko sowal  no ’atapang ’ayam a pacomod ko losid no tatirengan ni Fila’, cowa ka pahoda, so’elinay talipa’elal ci Fila’. [[Faylo:分豬肉給各年齡階級.jpg|縮圖|278x278像素|o cifar (o palo' no 'icep)]] === Maolah ci Fila toya malikakaay日久生情 === Pakapi ko romi’ad pahanhan ci Fila’, songila’ sato ko kanga’ay no tatirengan ni Fila’ kalasafa han noya malikakaay a midipot, itira sanay to iloma’ nangra a maro’, ona malikakaay samatiya to toya i ’ayaway a romi’ad tara tokos a mi’adop, ci Fila’ sa i,misimaw to loma’ a matayal, mitifek, misa’epah, misangasif, mifaca’ makapah ko pisolimet to loma’. So’emet ko faloco, makapah heca ci Fila’ masolot ko faloco’ ni Anan aci Sayan, ci Fila’ sa i, maolah tona malikakaay a tatosa, anocowacowa ka pasowal to maamaan, mapato’eto’ ko faloco’ nangra tatolo, nawhanni, cecay aca ko malofainay ci Fila’, mararom ko faloco’ ni Fila’ to pihaharatengan aca, kalaadada han to nira, ci Anan aci Sayan sato i,cato ka saromi’ami’ad sa a mpi’adop, cacorok sato a midipot ci Fila’an. Ira ko cecay a romi’ad, yo minokay ci Sayan nani tolos a mi’adop tangasa i fawahan no loma’ matengil ningra ko sowal ni Anan ci Fila’an,sowal sa: ''“Fila’aw! Yo mamapatay ko ina ato mama ako ira ko palimo’ot nangra i takowanan, songila’en ko pidipot to safa iso haw sanay, orasaka, samatiya sa kako o malitengay ni Sayan a midipot paini to rihadayay a ’orip ningra, ora ko pinanay ako i tisowanan, ano manga’ay to ko adada iso kararamod aci Sayanan, kiso to komamidipot, ano hatira i,o sakakaay a lipahak ako konini.”'' === Kinapatay a tatolo macaca'i 兄弟相擁而死 === [[Faylo:Takecen ni Fila ci 'Icep.jpg|縮圖|359x359像素|Takecen ni Fila ci 'Icep]] Pakatengil ci Fila’ mahadaway ko faloco’ nira, ongi’ong sa a tomangic i falohang ni Anan. Matengil ni Sayan ipapotal ko wowal ni Anan,macocok ko faloco’ ningra, lafel sa a milaliw to loma’, palaheci to kaka aci Fila’an a mararamod, tahira i ci’ongcoyay songtol han nira koya ’ongcoy a kinapatay.Pakatengil ci Anan toya masongtolay a ngiha’, pekaw sa a masadak pasitira toya ngiha’, ’engeng han mapatayay to ko safa, painien ako to rihadayay a ’orip sako faloco’ naw iro matini sa mararom, sadak han ningra ko po’ot kinacocok sa i tatihi ni Sayan a kinapatay. Satalatalaen ni Fila’ koya malikakaay awa a minokay,do’edo han nira ko lalan a mikilim ’araw han i, mapatayay to koni malikakaay i ’ayaw no ’ongsoy, harateng sa awa to kona malikakaay a cecay to kako malapakoyoc a ma’orip away ko maamaan aca ko ’epoc kinapatay ko nga’ayay, kisongtol sa isasifo’an nona malikakaay a mapatay. === Mala'icep ci Anan mala'apol ci Sayan malafila' ci fila' matatakec a tatolo 阿南變成一棵檳榔，撒安變成石灰，婓拉改變成荖葉三人永遠抱在一起 === To cila to a romi’ad mala’apol fekoloh ko tatirengan ni Sayan, o kaka ci Anan molengaw ko tipoc sanay a kilang o ’icep hananay, oya sato ci Fila’ milalad i ’icep atoya ’ongcoy. Mahadaway ko faloco’ no ’Amis a tamdaw , miocor ko malitengay a mipaloma to ’icep ato fila’, tafo han to fila’ ko ’icep ato ’apol,sakahengan sa, o todongay kalacecay nona tatoloay a ka[ah at okaying, ano mapatapatayay malacafay to a tatolo yo sanay ko totodong no nini, cowa ka citolas ko ’orip nangra.<ref>ci Safulo ko nitiliday sano 'Amis</ref> === Pacefaday tilid (註釋) === <references /> rpsomu1umer6t4udn82pxpanxn8ygiz 0 2630 40225 40224 2023-12-04T12:06:36Z 123.192.193.213 40225 wikitext text/x-wiki == Kitakit no fafahiyan(女人國) == === '''Mafadil ci Maciwciw馬久久被洪水沖走''' ===  O maro’ay itini a tamdaw sahetoay o fafahiyan, ora ko sakacingangan to Kitakit no fafahiyan hananay a pangangan.   Itiyaho i no to’ato’asan ho a mihecaan, ira ko cecay a fayinayan ci Maciwciw ko ngangan ningra, o masowalay i niyaro’ ko kainaneng ningra a maomah, anini a romi’ad matiya to kaloladay a romi’ad a maomah. Paceko’ sa masiya’ a maorad,macedas to ko ’alo, ca ka pahoda manawnaw to ko pala, malemeday ci Maciwciw macepet ningra ko cecay a datong malodadangoyan, pawpaw sato tayra i kafahalan a kanatal, cowa ka fana’ ci Maciwciw tonini a kanatal, mafadil no nanom o tadaroray to ningra, tangasa i mamangay a kanatal, ’aro sa i tapangan no kilang a pahanhan. ona mamangay a kanatal ’araw han o kolol no ’iso konini, pasiwalipasiwali a midangoy koya ’iso, saikoray to i,sera’ sa itira cowako kafana’fana’an oya fainayan a palal, o maro’ay itini sahetoay o fafahiyan. Yo talipa’elal cingra, paceko’ sa malikot no ’alomanay a fafahiyan, ona fafahiyan i laway away ko ngoyos, mitatoy to salifong, saraawaw sa a misatoro’toro’ ci Maciwciwan. === '''Malofo i Fafahiyan kanatal 在女人國被關''' ===  Ona sa fafahiyan cowa ho paka’araw to matiniay caay ka lecad to fafahiyan a ’a’adopen, mapawacay to nengneng han mana ciwikol i ’a’ayaw saan cangra faheka a malalicalicay o maan a ’a’adopen ko matiniay saan.tomeli a maso’eso cisimal a nengengen, ka’eso’ a kaenen kiya sato ko kasasowal nangra, sowal sato ko kakeridan nona fafahiyan a kanatal, paliten a milofo, pacofcof han a pakaen ta matongal ko ka so’eso ta pacoken a komaen.   Tangitangicen ni Maciwciw a papitedal toya sapalit, cowa to ka pitengil cangra. Pawsa han to romi’ami’ad a pakaen, sano nipa’oripan a diyong ko ’orip ni Maciwaciw itini tona fafahiyan kanatal.  Nanam sato ci Maciwciw ato ya mipawsaay a fafahiyan, misacaciaw tatosa, ano roma i, pakimaden ni Maciwciw tono niyah a ’orip ato niyah a niyaro’, safaheka koya mipapawsaay a fafahiyan, sini’adaen to ci Maciwciwan, mitengel to sa’eli ni Maciwciw a palaliw. Cila to i, takaw han nira a misimed ko po’ot i patafoan a mipawsa, halo sapiketon ni Maciwciw toya sapipalit cingranan a ka’ered. === '''Patatikor i niyaro’ ci Maciwciw 馬久久回到部落''' ===  Sato’emanan sato ci Maciwciw a milaliw, nikawrira, saferengan sato a ra’aw’aw koya fafahiyan a milepelay cingranan i lalikor, hadidi han ni Maciwciw ko cahiw,roray ato adada no doka’ kanapatay sato a comikay a milaliw, tahira i lawac no riyar, away to ko lalan to pilaliwan, aya samaan sato kao sa misaharateng, itiya paceko’ sa ira i ’a’ayaw ni Maciwciw ko cecay a ’iso miraod, mikalic mikalic sa miceli’ ci Maciwciwan, awaay to i faloco’ ko maamaan a maharatengay dengan to o pilaliw a cecay ko maharatengay ni Maciwciw, ano omaan to pa’ayawan to samikalic sa i, o nga’ay konini a kalicen, itira to a teroc sa i kolol noya ’iso. Awa to a manengneng koya fafahiyan a milepel, sowal sa koya ’iso o widang noya mipapawsaay tisowanan kako, mipadang a panokay tisowanan saan. Ano hakowaay to ko romi’ad i riyar cato kafana’ ci Maciwciw, yo tangasa ilawac no niyaro’ ningra faterik han noya ’iso ci Maciwciw patalahekal. Sowal sa ci Maciwciw toya ’iso, wataay to ko pipadang iso ato ya mipawsaay takowanan a kaying, o maan sa ko sapacofay ako i tamowanan hokini?  Pacaof koya ’iso: to mihecahecaan katayni ilawac no riyar patelien ko ’icep, tolon ato ’epah, ta tayni kako a komaen toya nitelian noma han nira. Solikor sato a micerem a milaliw. === '''Away to ko mafana’ay cingranan 没有人認識他''' === Rakat sato ci Maciwciw a minokay, mafalicay to ko pala, o lalan ho masasiromaay to, romakat a firkaay ko faloco’ ni Maciwciw o tatara i niyaro’ ako kina lalan hakini ? tahira to i niyaro’ away to ko mafana’ay cingranan, awa ko kafanafana’an ningra a tamdaw, sowalen ningra ko ngangan no maliteng nira awa ko mafana’ay, oya sa paloma’an oroma to ko tomirengay a loma’, caay ko kafana’an ko maro’ay tona loma’. Itira to a makesem ko faloco’ ni Maciwciw o tadapakoyoc to kako saan ko harateng ningra.  Naw mahaen han i, ya cecay a romi’ad itira i fafahiyan kanatal todongay samo’etep’etep sanay ko romi’ad itini i niyaro’ ni Maciwciw, sowalaw, ano o kapakapah ho ko tireng ni Maciwciw a nengnengen mata’elifay to ko pinapina a so’ot ko mihecaan, cowa ka liteng ko tamdaw itira toya no fafahiyan a kanatal. Orasaka, oya itiraay i niyaro’ ni Maciwciw a tamtamdaw sahetoay to o teloc no teloc no niyaro’, sa awa ko mafana’ay ci Maciwciwan. === '''Lalengatan no misacepo’ 阿美族海祭的起源''' ===   Nikawria, masongila’ a paratohen ni Maciwciw ko tamtamdaw no niyaro’ to nikafalid tayra i cowa ko kafana’an a fafahiyan kanatal, malofo itira, panapina to mihecaan mapa’orip no mipawsaay a fafahiyan, mikalic to widang ningra a ’iso a mapanokay a tayni i niyaro’ no malitengay ako. Tengil sa ko iniyaro’ay a tamdaw, macocok ko faloco’ nangra a miaray to pipa’orip noya kaying ato ’iso. Do’edoen ita ko palimo’ot noya ’iso ta masimaw to ’orip ita, ta ’adihay to ko paini titanan to foting.Onini ko lalengatan no ’Amis a tamdaw to mihecahecaan misacepo’ i riyar pateli to ’icep, tolon ato ’epah, miaray to to’as.  O cinganganay to misacepo’ itini i lislis no sawalian a kakoniyaro’ misacepoay to mihecaheaan. Patinako han o Makotaay niyaro’, itiraay i sakalima folad no miheaheaan a misacepo’ tahinini cowa ka tawal kina lisin. O romi’ad i, o kakita’an ko miketonay to pisacepo’an a romi’ad, i’ayaw no pisacepo’an o sakatosa ato sakatolo a selal tayra to i riyar a mifoting, misil, mipaceng ato mitiked, o mifotingan tono kapah itira i lawac no ’alo ano ca i lidong no kilang a masaopo mitangtang toya foting sakalahok nangra. Toya to pisacepo’an a romi’ad dafak mifoting ho, ma’edeng tangasa to siwa ko widi minokay to tayra i sefi a mitangtang toya foting. Ma’ecak to ko nitangtangan a foting ocoren to no kakita’an ko kapah mihawikid to ’epah, titi, foting ato tolon tayra i pifafotingan no niyaro’ mita’ong to kawas no riyar. Malaheci to i, patiko tayra i sefi mipakilac to foting. O rayray no selal ko pido’edoan a pakilac, o satata’angay o sanga’ay o hano malitengay, tarararem sa ko pipakilac, ano ca ka ’emin no saka a selal a komaen a foting palada’en ko kararemay a selal, haen sa a taharem a selal, cowa ka pisaloya to kakaenen.   ei7bhygwbrelyu0f7lc1tp9cpgbkng4 0 2631 40255 40254 2023-12-15T09:02:08Z Safulo 35 40255 wikitext text/x-wiki == Naw awa ko tilid no ’Amis a tamdaw (阿美族為什麼没有文字) == Itiya ho i hekalay o polong a tamdaw, away ko citiliday, orasaka awaay sapitilid to maamaan a ma’oasaw, masasowal to ko tamtamdaw to sakairaaw no tilid, ocoren ita ko mamikilim to tilid saan to ko sowal no kakita’an no kasasiromaroma a finacadan,o matahidangay ira ko tatoloay a tamdaw, o Padaka, o Kuwaping ato ’Amis a tamdaw to mamikilim to tilid. === Mikilim to tilid ko kasasiromaroma a finacadan (各民族去尋找文字) === Itiya ho i hekalay o polong a tamdaw, away ko citiliday, orasaka awaay sapitilid to maamaan a ma’oasaw, masasowal to ko tamtamdaw to sakairaaw no tilid, ocoren ita ko mamikilim to tilid saan to ko sowal no kakita’an no kasasiromaroma a finacadan,o matahidangay ira ko tatoloay a tamdaw, o Padaka, o Kuwaping ato ’Amis a tamdaw to mamikilim to tilid. Itini i hekal odengan o Indo ko masatelangay a kitakit, ma’edeng ira ko tilid itira saan to ko heci no kasasowalan nangra, ta palowad tayra i Indo a kitakit, tahira sato i,so’elinay ’adihay ko tilid itira, opod sato koya tatoloay a tamdaw miala toya tilid. === Tiliden no Padaka i tolak no 'a'adopen(白人寫在獸皮上) === [[Faylo:Bamboo book - unfolded - UCR.jpg|縮圖|'Aol a tilid|328x328像素]] Oya Padaka a tamdaw o mi’a’adopay ko ‘orip nangra, helong han ningra koya nisariko’an ningra a tolak no ’a’adopen, tiliden ningra i tolak koya papanokayen a tilid, maherek a mitilid i riko’ hariko’ han ningra rahoday to a panokayen sa a miharateng. === Tiliden no Kuwaping i 'aol (漢人寫在竹片上) === Oya sa Kuwaping a tamdaw, mananamay to o ’aol ko sakatayal, orasaka, itiraen ningra i nipela’an a mitonton alacecay laya’ ko kato’edaw ’aol a mitilid koya papanokayen a tilid, ano minokay to i, koyod han to koya ’aol cowa ko mamatefad ma’emin mapanokay sa ko piharateng ningira. ==== Tiliden no 'Amis i fokeloh (阿美族人寫在石版上) ==== Oya sa to niocoran no finawlan a mamiala to tilid a tamdaw no ’Amis, saharaharateng sa a halafin, o tilid hananay i, o tadamaanay sapitilid to ’orip no tamtamdaw, o pinangan no finawlan, o radiw ato sakero, caka’eca ka panokayen ko matiniay a tilid saan ko faloco’ ningra, orasaka, itinien ako i fokeloh a mitilid nga’ caka matira toya tolak no ’a’adopen a maponi’, cowaka motira toya ’aol matodoh sa i, awa to ko maamaan a maosaw, o fokeloh ko matatodongay sato ko piketon no faloco’. == '''Minokay tahafaliyos(回程遇到颱風)''' == Minokay sato tatolo pakatamina, alami’afofo sa toya nitilidan no niyah misalimela.Tihini i kawali no Taywan tahafaliyos mateneng koya nikalicay a tamina. === Salokittekitel saan koya tolak no <nowiki>''</nowiki>adopen (獸皮扭曲變形) === Oya no Padaka a tolak no ’a’adopen pawpaw sa iriyar, mirecep ko nanom toya tolak mafeso, oya sato tilid sawilewilet sato, samatiya tono aniniay a tilid no Ikiris. === Mapawpaw ko 'aol (竹片浮在水面) === Oya sa Kuwaping a nitilidan ’aol mapawpaw iriyar, cowa kapirecep ko nanom, orasaka, mahapinangay ko ko kahacecacecay no tilid. [[Faylo:Chodowiecki Basedow Tafel 21 c Z.jpg|縮圖|317x317像素|石板印刷]] === Malengeng ko fokeloh (石版沈到海底) === Oya sa nitilidan no ’Amis a tamdaw a fakeloh maleneng iriyar, tahira sato i niyaro’ icowaay koya nialaan namo a tilid han no kakita’an, malengengay iriyar han nira.niopohan a micerem a mikilim, sakilikilim awa sanay a mahera noya kalah koya sikipang, maneen ho ko matiniay o pisawad to ko nga’ay sato a masasowal koya kapah, wakawak sato a minokay. O tiraay sato i niyaro’ay hanatatala to a masaopo i saicomod no niyaro’ a ira tokiya a irato kiya sa misaca’enga’engaw. Militolas sato tangsa to i ’adawang no niyaro’, safaheka sa ko finawlan naw ira wakawak a minokay kina kapah, licay han no kakita’an:   icowaay koya nialaan namo a tilid saw? Satootoo sa a paca’of malengengay iriyar koya nitilidan niyam a sikipan han nangra a paca’of. O maan ko matiniay sato ko ’alomanay a mapoi’ congranan, awa kino tadamaanay a tilid maan sato to ikor sa ko malittengay a langiwngiw, saikoray to i, sowal sato ko kakita’an: ano dafak milingato cacorok sa ko kapot(selal) a talariyar micerem a mikilim toya sikipan(dapiyac) tahira i katamaan(kakeraan) noya sikipan sato ko piketon no kakita’an to sowal. === Ｍacacorok ko kapah a micerem mikilim toya sikipang（年齡階級分批潛水找石板) === Orasaka, macorok ko kapah micerem i riyar to romi’ami’ad mikilim toya sikipan,safolafolad, samihecahecaan sa ko picerem taratimol, tara’amis ano roma pasiwali i talolongay ko picerem, awaway matama, nikawrira, caay ka pisawad ko faloco’ no kakita’an to sapikilimaw toya sikipang, o sapaini to teloc no finacadan sa ko faloco’ noya kakita’an, miocor ho to masaselalay a micerem mikilim. Nikawrira, awa sa awa sanay,caka nga’ay a liyangen ko sowal no kakita’an, taraniyar a micerem ko kasaselal a macacorok, mikilim to sikipang santo pifoting han no kapah, cilacila komaen to foting kalopinangan han to no ’Amis a finacadan ko halifoting a komaen. Oya sato nitilidan a sikipang awa sanay to a makera, onini ko ka awa no tilid no ’Amis a finacadan. === Fotifoting sato ko kapah no ’Amis（阿美族成了最喜歡吃魚的民族) === Fotifoting sato ko kapah no ’Amis Itini i Taywan enem ko safaw no kasasiromaroma a finacadan no yincuminco, odengan o ’Amis a tamdaw ko pakakaay ko halifoting, ’adihay heca ko lisin pakayni i mifotingay, to mihecahecan misacepo’ mingodo to kawa no riyar, mitafa’ i ’alo. I’ayaw no ilisinan(kiloma’an) caka’eca ira pali’ayaway a lisin a tarariyar misetik ko kapah to sapakaen to kawas no riyar ato to’as. Ano roma malalifet ko kasaselal (kasakapot) a mifoting, o nifotingan patayraen i sefi a mipolong, silsil to sakakaay a nga’ayay foting, kalofoting ato cowa kasamaan a foting, maherek a mitangtang i, sakilacen no citodongay to tayal a selal(kapot) kora foting, o sakakaay ko kanga’ay a foting o hanomalitengay a kakaenen, o kalofoting o hano misawaday to a malakaph a sesal(kapot), o kapah a kakaenen oya cowa ka samaan a foting, mahaenay ko pinangan no ’Amis a finacadan. [[Faylo:Tuna assortment.png|縮圖|kasasiroma a foting]] === Pakelang caka awa ko foting（婚喪喜慶都少不了魚) === Ano ira ko misa’eletaty to kapal (pataloma’ay/mikikongay/paka’etimay) caka’eca ka pakelang(mali’alac) to herek no lahok. O sakakaay o foting ko sapataheka no ciloma’ay to salawinawina ato lafang, tahanini, ano caacaay ka tarariyar a mifoting, tayraay i fanaw a mi’aca to foting, anini sato cowa ka tatofong kora mapatayay to a foting sa ko sowal tayraay i fanaw a mitafokod ta o ma’oripay ho a foting ko ni panokayan a misatangidaf. Pakelang caka awa ko foting. Roma sa i, ano ira ko cipadesay a loma’ matiyaay to ko tayal. i’ayaw no lahok milaheci a mina’ang to minokayay, minokay to ko nanitademay a matayalay, maherek malahok, minokay to ko lafang o laloma’an to ko ma’osaway malaholol ipotal. O kapah no laloma’an misakimomol to sapipakelang, tayra i riyar mi’aca to foting ano ca tayra i fanaw mitafokod to foting. Tona pitatalan a widi, misyokay to ka’emangay nona loma’. Patireng han i ’a’ayaw no maninaay sacecay han a misyokay. Naw hanni misyakayay to ko ka’emangay anini, caay to ka iloma’,orasaka, ano caka syokayen caka fana’ ko salawinawina. Nani pikiliman to tilid maleng ko sikipang(dapiyac) iriyar, macacorocork ko selal a micerem a mikilim, samihecahecaan a tarariyar awa maker akoya sikipang, fotifoting sato ko kapah no ’Amis a finacadan, malapinangan to no ’orip no ’Amis a finacadan ko kahalifoting a minga’ to riyar ato ’alo, ano demak to no niyaro’, ano demak to no loma’ cowa ka pitawal a tarariyar ato tara’alo a mifoting. == Pacefaday a tilid(注釋) == Ci Hirosi ko pakimaday, Pyoho niyaro'. rccm3phtrl9m5mjjqx6ua8108oif2x4 0 2632 46545 46114 2025-05-02T12:23:59Z Safulo 35 46545 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:17pHolmes 071104 eder vga.jpg|O fo'is|縮圖]] == Malafo’isay a malikakaay變成星星的兄弟<ref>臺北帝國大學言語學研究室調查。《原語による臺灣高砂族伝説集》。台北。昭和十年(1935) </ref> == Yo taralotok ci Caraw mikasoy, maso’aw cingra ocor han ko malikakaay a wawa miradom to ki’etecay a nanom i pala, yo tayra koya malikakaay i cinemnemay a miradom koliyolen ni Caraw ko wawa a tayra i cinemnemay a mingota koya nemnem, tangsolsol sa a patatikor. Yo minokay sato koya malikakaay, licay han ni Caraw koya wawa, “ miradom kamo malikaka, samaanay to?” “ mamaaw! Mangotaay koya nanom sa maosoy kami a patatikor” han no wawa a paca’of. Sowal sa ko mama noya malikakaay ci Caraw: “ ano masamaan to, ranacen ko fonos ato kotang namo, hokhok han miraod koya nemnem, ano ira koya mingotaay a tamdaw itira, cocoken to kotang, tapa’en to fonos, hawikiden panokay ko fongoh noya tamdaw” han ni Caraw. Mafana’ to koya malikakaay, “hayi” sa paca’of a miliyas. === Malitangal ko niyah to a mama( 誤殺自己的父親) === Miliyaw sato koya malikakaay tayra i cinemnemay, so’elinay ira ko cecay a tamdaw micawcaway to nanom a mingota,hokhok han noya malikakaay a miraod, mangata to i, alapakifatii’an noya tamdaw a micocok to kotang,cato pakasolokor tangsol a pati’enang a mapatay. Tangsolsolen noya malikakaay a miketon ko li’el a miala ko fongoh noya tamdaw. Yo tatoy han nangra a minengneng koya fongoh, macekok o fongoh no mama nangra. Tangic sato a minokay a pasifana’ to wina nangra tona demak, sowal sa: “ inaaw, malifongoh niyam ko cecay a tamdaw”. nengneng han no wina o mama nangra, sowal sa: ” kapilifongoh han no mama namo kamo samatiya sa a mahemek kamo a militangal, halo tangal no mama litangalen namo, kapingayaw to no namo ko nga’ayay, parayray han to tosa a sikal ko nilitangalan namo.” han no ina koya malikakaay. Ano hatira i, kapingawyaw to ita ko nga’ay sato koya malikakaay a miketon to faloco’, misaliway to lima a romi’ad, sowal sato: “ kakaaw! ci’icelay to kita” saan, macokacok tayra i tapolo molien nangra ko fakeloh milifet to cikay ato ya mamoliay a fokeloh. Nikawrira, caay ho pakalowid toya mamoliay a fokeloh. Sowal sato:”caayay ho kacitaneng kita malamingayaway”. Masaromi’ad heca a misaliway, milifet heca ato mamoliay a fokoloh nani tapolo, malowid to nangra koya mamoliay a fakeloh i, madengay to kita saan, ta misanga’ to takoyodan alacecay malikaka, o sapitafo to fokeloh, o hasapifenges to ‘ada a fokeloh. Mi’adop heca to malonem, o ’irang noya malonem paroen i cefo noya malonem. Malaheci to koninian a halaka, palowad to a mingayaw i roma a niyaro’. Pasitira han i niyaro’ a mikowang, macekok ko tamdaw no niyaro’, milekal to “ iraay to ko ‘ada, tatiihay to” saan a raawaw, alas’adas’adak sa ko polong tamdaw no niyaro’, nengneng han totosaay aca kona malikakaay, caka samaan kini saw sa ko iniyaro’ay a miharateng. O kapah to nona niyaro’ay mikowang a milepel(miko’eko) tona malikakaay. Itiya sato yo comikay a milaliw koya malikakaay rasrasen nangra koya niparoan i cefo no malonem a ’irang i lalan, tahira to i masataporoay macacorok a mifafa matiya o madoka’ay to. Tahira i masahefongay awa to a manengneng no ’ada, kinapatay sa a comikat a milaliw. Pasitira i pali’ayawan a mica’it koya cifokelohay a takoyodan,madihecoay a lalan itini, tapesi’ han koya ’irang italiyok. Tahira sato ko ada ila’eno no cifokelohay takoyodan a kilang, politaen nangra koya ’irang tahiniay aca ko tolas, songila’en ho ita a misolap itini saan cangra. Tala saan koya malikakaay, yo masaopo to ila’eno noya takoyodan a ma’emin ko ada, tepoc han noya malikakaay koya safalod to takoyodan a masay, folesak a matefad koya fokeloh mapa’ekel mapatay ma’emin ko ada. === Maketer ci ina (媽媽生氣) === Ophen to nangra a miketon ko tangal no ’ada, o patadekan no kaka a piketonan to tangal i,o fokeloh, kanacecay a miketon mangawa’ a matales ko fonos ningra, cowa ka kali’eki ko piketon, ono safa a tatadekan o datong, cowa ka tales ko fonos, orasaka, kali’ekiay ko piketon, malepon to kono safa a ngato mipadang to kaka ta ma’emin a maketon. Miletek to kilang koya malikakaay to sapi’orong toya tangal a ’onoc, ono kaka a mialaan o talopo a kilang ha ’onoc, kahenayay a mapitek. Yo mikilim ko safa to aalaen a kilang, ira matengil ko soni no ’ayam: ta’eciwraw, ta’eciwraw sanay, itira i ca’ang no ta’eciwraw a kilang, oninian konian kilang ko nialaan no safa malo’onoc ningra. Sowal sa ko kaka: “tangsol sa a mapitek ko ’onoc ako, icowaay kiso a miala tona kilang, no caay ka pitek saw?” paca’of sa ko safa: “ tengilen hena! masoni ko ’ayam ta’eciwraw, ta’eciwraw sanay”, katayra kiso a miala toya kilang han no safa. Toya sato ’orongen tona malikakaay koya polong a tangal minokay tayra ciwinaan. === Milaliw tayra iroma a niyaro' a ciloma' koya malikakaay(兄弟離開到別的部成家) === Tahira sa i roma a pala, ira ma’araw nangra ko mami’, sowal sa ko kaka:” oninian marohemay to mami’ o hano mako”, tangsol a mikited to cecay a mami’, podac han nira ira masadak ko malihaway to ko ngiha’ matiya o malitengay a fafahiyan, kalafafahi han no kaka. Ono safa a mikitosan a mami’ cowa ho ka rohem, podac han no safa ira ko makapahay a kaying malofafahi no safa. === Minokay malikaka(兩兄弟回家媽媽不理) === Masasowal kona malikakaay, iro matini cifafai to kita malikaka, minokay kita panengneng ci inaan”, nikawrira, tahloma’ sato kona malikakaay cowa ka hemek ko wina nangra, nawhani, cingohahay to ciwina,sowal sa: ”nimaan kamo itini, kasadak a misatiwatiwar namo ko nga’ayay”, sowal sa koya malikakaay: ” o haliwina niyam sa minokay kami, nengnengen kami tomirengay itini i fawahan”. === Malafo'is koya malikakaay((兩兄弟變成星星) === Caay ka pilingwa ko wina cangranan, saikoray to i, paco’enek han noyamalikakaay ko opih no ‘ayam i tangal, cifonos to citilidan to pito a fo’is a safakec, sadak tarapapotal sowal ciwinaan: ”inaaw, ano matini ko faloco’ iso a ’intel i tamiyanan, ma’edeng a samanen laliw sato kami, to ikor to i, ano ta’engad ko dadaya, tomireng kiso i papotal o deng itiya a ma’araw iso kami” han noya malikakaay paikor ko wina a pasowal. Itira to a perok han lasot sa ko oo’, miliyaw heca miperok malasot taha pakih, saliyaliyaw sa a miperok lahedaw sato a malasot i sera koya malikakaay. Itiya a tomangic koya ina. ikor to lima a romi’ad to dadaya, so’elinay ma’araw noya wina i kakarayan ko Linamay ato Utong a tosa a fo’is,, awa to ko tolas a tangic a koya wina. O ma’araway no mita i kakarayan a Linamay ato Utong a fo’is oya tatosa a malikakaay.<ref>Ci Safulo ko mifalicay.</ref> Pacefaday Tilid(註腳) khbn49x6z3b5yvf950ds805btsliq46 0 2633 42399 40334 2024-03-19T01:51:14Z Safulo 35 42399 wikitext text/x-wiki == Kawakawasan ratoh: malikakaay ato fafahiyan wawa no honti(兄弟和公主) == === Milepel to malonem ko malikakaay (兄弟追逐水鹿) === Yo malingad taraomah a maomah ko malikakaay, manengneng nangra ko cecay a malonem minanom i nemnem, minokay a miala to kotang, patatiko cangra ira ho koya malonem i nemnem a minanom, kotangen nangra koya malonem, cowa ka pakatama. Tocila a dafak, taraomah hac akoya malikakaay maomah, maraod to ko kalahokan miradom cangra, ira haca ma’araw nangra koya malonem minanom i nemnem. Tangsol sa patatikor tayra i talo’an miala to kotang, patatiko cangra ira ho koya malonem i nemnem a minanom, kotangen nangra koya malonem, matama tona riyad, macekok koya malonem pakaw sa a milaliw koya malonem, pakaaikor a milepel toya malonem koya malikakaay,do’edo han nangra ko matesi’ay a ’irang ilalan, nikawrira, away a makera koya malonem. Mipararid cangra a mikilim, ira ma’araw mapalaliw haca, mipararid ho a milepel, ma’araw mapalaliw haca, sahatira sa a misaliyaliyaw taha dadaya. Maroraen to cangra foti’ sato lawaca no lalan tahadafak. Kakafahekaan mafoti’ cangra i, mafoti’ koya malonem, lepelen nangra i, milaliw koya malonem, haen sa ko pilepel nangra tahira i sa’owacan, fahal sa aw akoya malonem. === Malacafay ato mamo mitoker ci Kalocayan(兄弟跟阿嬤一起對付食人鬼) === Manengneng nangra ko misatafa’an no tamdaw i ci’eci, harateng sacangra:”itini i fafa’ed nona ci’eci caka’eca ira ko koma’ no tamdaw”. orasaka, do’edo han nangra kora ci’eci a macakat pasifafaw, so’elinay ira ko cecay a loma’, o malitengay a fafahiyan matayal i laloma’, licay han noya malikakaay: ” mamoaw! Iraay ma’araw iso ko malonem han?” ” o maan saw? ” han noya mamo a milicay ” iraay ma’araw iso ko malonem mita’elif itini haw?” liyawen haca noya malikakaay a milicay ” icowaay saw, away idang!” sa ko ca’of noya mamo a milalang: cowa ko kataynian namo itini, ano caka kalamkam kamo a miliyas, o mamapatay kako” han noya mamo koya malikakaay a palimo’ot. Opoh sa a miliclic koya malikakaay toya mamo: ” naw iro?naw iro? Mapatay kaki?” Paca’of sa koya mamo: ” naw iro? cowa ka nengneng namo ko pisatoron ako han? O sapakaen ako toya kakomaen takowanan a Kalocay tatiihay kawas”, macekok koya malikakaay. Somowal haca koya mamo:” itiya ho makaen ko wawa ako, caka pina ko romi’ad i’ayaw, makaen haca ko fayinay ako, kako to ko ma’osaway”. Sowal sa koya malikakaay: ”ano hatira kalamkamen a misanga’ ko toron, sata’angen ’arawrawen ko pisanga’ to toron” han noya malikakaay koya mamo. Ano masanga’ to iso ko toron telien i ’la’eno no pangpangan. Itya sato, oya malikakaay o tadacahiw nangra calohsa a mitongih to mamang toya toron, ma’osaw ko toris no pitongihan i toron, patikoen haca miteli ila’eno no pangpangan, sowal sa:”mamoaw! kapilimek i aikor niyam" han nangra.I laloma’ a milimek cangra mapolong. === Malowid no malikakay ko Kalocay kawas(兄弟打敗食人鬼) === Cowa ka halafin ira matengil ko milipa’ay to mafadi’ay papah no kilang a soni.Mirmir sa a somowal koya mamo: ” a! iraay to a tayni ko midingolay a kawas” ”wo! So’elinay tayniay to”. ’Aloman ko kalocayay a i ’a’ayaw no fawaha. Caka matiya o tomay, cowa ka matiya o lotong, cowa ka matira o tamdaw a kawas. Manengneng nangra ko natongihan toya toron wata ko kaketer nangra: ” cima komitongihay tona toron? Tada patelacay to konini a demak,ano matini haw i,o heci noya mamo ko ’ayaw a kaenen nako ta o toron ko kakaenen ako” saan, racaden no safa ko ngiha’ no mamo: ”ha dada, picomod micepet takowanan, ini kako” Soso’en no kalocay ko kamay i ngala’ no moco’ sapicepetaw toya mamo, sa’icel han no safa a mirepet ko kamay no kalocay kawas, cefit han nira a mitengteng peto’ s akoya kamay no kalocay kawas, cekok s akoya kalocay kawas a miceli’: oya maro’ay itini a malitengay caay ko mamatini ko kaci’icel, tada maanay to konini, cowa to pakafilo kita kiya”, saan. Patapata sato a milaliw koya kalocay kawas. Tepatepa sato a makarah milaliw koya kalocay. Oya sa malikakaay opoh sa a masadak nani laloma a milepel, nikawrira, awaay to a ma’araw ko cecacecay a kalocay. Songila’ han mipolita ko naikoran no kalocay, pakakilangay a milaliw. Do’edo han noya malikakaay ko matesi’ay a ’irang tahira i salawacan no ’alo, o mifaca’ay a makapahay kaying ko itiraay. Licay han nangra koya kaying: ”nimaanay kiso itini saw?” ”mifaca’ay kako to riko’ no kalocay” han noya kaying a paca’of, ”cowa ko itiniay kako, o nicepetan no kalocay a tayni, minokay nanipi’adopan ko kalocay papifaca’ to riko’ nangra takowanan” Nengneng han noya malikakaay koya riko’ so’elinay ira ho ko ’ireng, licay sa: ”icowaay ko kamaro’an no kalocay saw?” Paca’of koya kaying: ”itiraay tora tonotono’an a loma’, mafoti’ay matini” Sowal sa ko safa: ”tatata! tayra kita a mipatay cangranan” Sowal s akoya kaying:”aka akaa!ano tayra kamo ya patayen nangra kamo a komaen”, Nikawrira, cowa ka pitengil to sowal noya kaying koya safa, ferot sa comikay tayra. Tahira to i tonotono’an a loma’, o tangongoay tata’angay a dihif konini. Nafoy sa a micomod a miraod koya safa, nengneng han mareda’ ko foti’ no kalocay. == Mahadefek no safa ko kalocay kawas(食人鬼被弟弟消滅) == ’Adihay ko samolimoli sanay a tangol no tamdaw ilaloma’ nona dihif,ira ko oo’, ira ko makamay ato fadowac. ”so’elinay to o komaenay to tamdaw kina kalocay kawas” Sodoc sato toya nifekec a a fonos ko safa, o pisodoc aca macikcik to ko tatirengan no kalocay kawas, malaliyas ko tanga lato tatirengan, o kamay, oo’ ato tatirengan laklak sato. O kakafahekaan a demak, cofel han ko fonos patatikor haca ko tatirengan noya kalocay, sodoc han Malala ko tatirengan no kalocay, cofel han patatikor ko tatirengan no kalocay, kinatolo a misaliyaliyaw koya safa a misodoc, micofel, kinatolo ko tatirengan no kalocay a malaklak,patatikor. Sakakinasepat ca to ka cofelen ni safa ko fonos, oya malaklakay a tatirengan no kalocay ca to ka patatikor masongila’, laheci sato a mapatay. Yo patatikor sato koya safa tayra ilawac no ’alo pifaca’an no kaying, awaay to a ma’araw itira ko kaka ato ya makapahay a kaying. Do’edo han noya safa koya ’alo tayra iloma’ noya mamo, licay han nira: ” mamoaw! iraay ma’araw iso ko kaka ako ato ya kaying han ?” Iraay, iraay ihoni ho mikitingan noya fainayan koya kaying” han no mamo a paca’of Sowal sa koya safa ci mamoan: ”mamoaw ! aka to katalaw, ma’eminay to ako a mipatay ko kalocay kawas, awaay to ko kakomaen tisowanan” han noya safa. Hemak sa koya mamo, oya sato safa do’edoen ningra koya kataynian a lalan a minokay. == malahonti ko safa(弟弟成了國王) == Oya i’ayaway a tahaloma’ a kaka ato ya kaying,sowal sa koya kaying: ”O tireng ako cowa ko kalotamdaw, o kaeriden kako tayra i loma’ no honti, minengneng kako to mama ako o honti” Oya sa kaka ma’araw nira ko hongti, lita’ang sa a somowal: ” kako ko mipa’oripay to wawa no honti, oya macepetay no kalocay taralotok malakoli a wawa iso, mapa’orip to ako a panokay” han nira ko honti a pasowal, Hemak sa ko honti, milekal to i finawlan: ”tadacipatelaway kiso a mipa’orip to wawa ako, pararamod han to ako kamo” Ona lihad matenak to taracowacowa a niyaro’, pakatengil ko safa toninian a lihah, tayra sato i loma’ no honti, sowal han ninira ko honti. 99odhk8wlwhfq3pxn8cmstmcdl36bux 0 2634 42369 40376 2024-03-18T09:27:12Z Safulo 35 42369 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ma’eferay Mawilo 飛人馬維魯 == === Miliyas to Takidis ci Mawilo (馬維魯離開達基利) === Itiya ho ino to’asan a mihecahecaan i Takidis<ref>Takidis 是現在太魯閣附近地區，阿美族的神話傳說常會出現的地名。</ref> a pala,ira koya ci Mawilo hananay a tamdaw, o cowa ko mamalamikomoday ko tireng a kalotamdaw, Mafana’ ci Mawilo, ano itini sa i Takidis a maro’ cowa ko mamalakakeridan nona niyaro’, orasaka, maforaw tayra i Tomina hananay a niyaro’, o sakafoaraw ningra i, caay ko mamalakakeridan itini Takidis saan. Oya sa i Takidisay a tamdaw, pakatengil to malama’eferay to a tamdaw ci Mawilo sanany a rihaf, harateng sa cangra: ” ano manga’ay a patatikoren ko faloco’ ni Mawilo patatikor heca minokay tayni i Takidis tadamanga’ay, ma’eferay cingra, manga’ay papisaopoen to kapah no niyaro’ ita.” Saan. Ocoren to no i Takidisay ko mamimasasowal a tamdaw tayra i Tomina masasowal aci Mawiloan. Paca’of sa ci Mawilo: ” na’ay! Cowa ko maminokay kako patatikor tayra i Takidis, nawhani, o mamangay a tamdaw kako italiyokan no sefi, o finawlan no Takidis cowa ko mamihati malamikomoday kako.anini sa i, papinokay takowanan, omaan a demak ko matiniay” Maherek a somowal, papisatoronen ningra ko kapi ningra, cecay aca ko nisanga’an, satata’ang han amisanga’ ko cecay a toron. Sowal sa ci Mawilo: ”tanamen ako a mi’emod kona tata’angay toron, ano matiya ho kako paka’emod, o iraay ho ko kawasa ako a midipot itakowanan” Maoph a mi’emod toya tata’angay toron,so’elinay tangsol sa masadak ilarikor no oo’ ningra koya toron, i’yaw iraay matengil no i Takidisay a tamdaw ko rihaf ni Mawilo, anini sato mahapinang a manengneng ko kacicidi’ ni Mawilo,matalawen pekaw sato a minokay koya Takisiday tamdaw. === Mafana' a parakat to tamina ko Kaliyawan tamdaw (Kaliyawan 人學會操船) === Sowal sa ci Mawilo: ”caka’eca pakatamina a minokay koya nani Takidisay a tamdaw, lepelen ako cangra” Maherek a somowal, faloden ningra pakih ato i oo’ ko sapikpik, pacipaten ningra ko takid i saripa’, ora sapikpik o sapika’efer ningra, oya takid o hapawpaw ningra ano milakec to riyar ato nanom. Maopoh to a milepel toya tamina no Takidisay tamdaw, malepel ningra koya tamina,ofangen ningra koya tamina to sato’eto’, micomod to konano nani ofang no tamina a maleneng,oroma a tamina maopoh sato a malalifelifet mi’iwas a milaliw. Tatatalaw tono i Takidisay a tamdaw co Mawiloan, orasak, malatatapangan a kakita’an no Kaliyawan ci Mawilo. Sowal sa ko malitengay no Kaliyawan: ” anini sato mafana’ ko Kaliyawan a tamdaw miparakat to tamina”. == Ono Pyuma a paratoh tona ci Mawiloan(卑南族對飛人馬維魯的故事) == === Palafang ko Pyuma tayra i Tomina(卑南族人來作客) === Ira matengil no Pyuma koni a ”ma’eferay Mawilo” sanany a ratoh Itiya ho ira ko cecay a romi’ad, matahidang palafang to Tomina niyaro’ ko Pyuma a tamdaw. papisatoronen ni Mawilo ko paki ningra, cecay aca ko nisanga’an, satata’ang han a misanga’ ko cecay a toron. Sowal sa ci Mawilo: ”tanamen ako a mi’emod kona tata’angay toron, ano matiya ho kako paka’emod, o iraay ho ko kawasa ako a midipot itakowanan” Maoph a mi’emod toya tata’angay toron,so’elinay tangsol sa masadak ilarikor no oo’ ningra koya toron. Caka halafing ko romi’ad, masaopo ko Pyuma a ttamdaw i sefi, miingiday to sefi ko lama’ ni Mawilo, pali’ayaw to ci Mawilo a misolimet to sapilood a losid, mitala to pico’ay no Pyuma a tamdaw. o kafong o tolek no tomay ko sapisanga’, o riko’ ato sapipalafang a riko’ o kafer o tolek no tomay ko sapisanga’. Safaheka sa ko Pyuma a tamdaw! Nengneng han ko dafong ilaloma, o riko’ o kafer sahetoay o tolak no tomay ko sapisanga’. Faheka ko ‘alomanay a Pyuma a tamdaw minengneng to loma’ ni Mawilo.kinatolo a mifalic ci Mawilo to ca’edong, nikawrira, sakakinatolo a mifalic o keliw a kolah, tada makamiday. Sowal sato ko Pyuma a tamdaw: ”mafana’ay a mikalona kona ci Mawilo” saan. Alasadasadak satto nani loma’ ni Mawilo. === Malitangal no Pyuma ko kaying no Tomina niyaro'(卑南族人獵殺Tomina 部落的女人) === O kaying no Tomina a niyaro’ taraomah a maomah, minokay sa i, malalitemoh ato Pyuma a tamdaw. oya kaying cicangaway to odo’, manengneng noya Pyuma a tamdaw, litangal han nangra koya kaying mi’afas koya odo’ a cangaw. Irato a tangsa ko rihaf tayra i ci Mawiloan,tadaketer to ni Mawilo sowal sa: ”naw iro litangalen no Pyuma a tamdaw koya kaying no miata” sa maketer ci Mawilo Alaen to ningra ko sapikpik faloden nigra i pakih ato i oo’, ma’efer to tayra i niyaro’ no Pyuma’, litangalen ningra ko kaying no Pyuma, o Pyuma sa to matalaw marawraw to ko niyaro’ no Pyuma, ”mahadefek to kita” saan a malekel. === Ma'efer a mipaco'ay ci Mawilo to Pyuma(馬維魯去卑南族部落報仇) === Metalaw ko cimacima a tamdaw no Pyuma ci Mawiloan, sanoyanan sato ci Mawilo a militangatangal to tamdaw no Pyuma. Misaharaterateng kita to sapico’ay a demak” sato ko Pyuma a tamdaw masaop a masasowal to sapipaco’ay. O maharatengay i,mi’adipel to taliyok no niyaro’, ’akawangen nangra ko pi’alipel. Nikawrira, cowa ka posot i niharatengan no Pyuma a tamdaw, cowa ka pakasera pakakafekang no ’alipel a micomod i niyaro’ no Pyuma, micomod i niyaro’ tangsol han nira a micepet ko kapah no Pyuma. Patayen ni Mawilo ko kapah no Pyuma. ”pakacowaay a micomod i niyaro’ ita, awa ko nasaripa’an ningra, cowa ka pakasera.” sa misakilikilim ko Pyuma a tamdaw to pakayraan ni Mawilo, Mahera no Pyuma a tamdaw i teloc no fitonay a ’adipel ira ko ’irang. ”ow ! pakayniay ci Mawilo a micakod” === Mico'enek to macidemay a 'aol i lalan ni Mawilo ko Pyuma( 卑南族人在馬維魯經過的路上插上削尖的竹子) === Itira to ko Pyuma a tamdaw misaharateng, i karomakatan ni Mawilo a lalan co’eneken nangra ko macidemay a ’aol. Cowa ka pakaherateng ci Mawilo oya karomakatan, oya ka’eferan a lalan ningra iraay to ko mico’enekan no Pyuma a tamdaw to macidemay a ’aol. Ma’efer sato macocok no macidemay ’aol ko tiyad ha’emin sa a masadak ko tinai’ patay sato ci Mawilo. === Maforaw ko finawlan tayra i sa'owac no Cikasoan (阿美族人遷移到七腳川的山腳下) === Yo mapatay to ci Mawilo,Sowal sato ko finawlan no Tomina a niyaro’: ”Matini mapatay to ci Mawilo, maan sato kita to ikor?” Miketon to to sowal ko finawlan ni Mawilo, mafaraw tayra i salawacan no Cikasoan a nalacolan. Metalaw to pipaco’ay no Pyuma a tamdaw, yo ira ho ci Mawilo, caay ko mamaforaw kita a tayni, away ko kakita’an itini i Cikasoan, toro’ han to no finawlan ci Ifan aci Atoto malakakita’an nangra. Anini sato o sowal no malitengay: ”akaa ka pitodong to wayway ni Mawilo,kaliinap, kaliodot,o tada mirawraway to niyaro’, awa ko rihaday no finawlan,cilacila maforaw,kasini’adaan to ko malitengay ato ka’emangay, o tahapinangan ci Mawilo.” O matiniay misodod a falco’ no ’Amis a finacadan ko lalengatan mokowan no Pyuma, o pikowan no Pyuma sawalian,sa’etipan tahiraay i Tafalong ko sakowan no Pyuma, ona itiniay a polong a pala o nito’an no Pyuma a pi’adopan nangra. == Pacefaday tilid (註釋) == klt3z6r3l8rb80lvimm592zqnk34l90 0 2635 40392 40391 2023-12-26T08:48:00Z 123.192.200.197 40392 wikitext text/x-wiki == Mapohaway a masipolo’ay盲目的寡婦 == === '''Rihaday ko ’orip no mapohaway masipolo’ay ato teloc(盲目的寡婦和孫女過著快樂的生活)''' === Iti:yaho ira ko cecay a masipolo’ay ci Awsap ko ngangan nira, tatosaay ato teloc a maro’, i milikotan no kakita’an a pala a paloma to losay ko saka’orip nangra tatosa. Mangata to pinangan a mi’iloh to pala a pi’adopan romi’ad, sowal s akoya kapah: ”anini a mihecaan ’ilohen ita koya pala noya masipolo’ay” saan ko kasasowal no kapah. Tayni i loma’ ko kapah no niyaro’ mingitangit to sapi’ilohaw to pala nona masipolo’ay, caay ka kakahyien ningra, milasosa’ a somowal: ” aka akaa, ano ’ilohen ko pala ako lahedaw a sato ko ’emin a nipalomaan a losay, mafana’ kamo to kanikaw no ’orip niyam malapakoyoc, omaan sato ko kaka’enen niyam” han ningra koya kapah. === '''’Ilohen no kapah ko omah noya masipolo’ay'''(青年燒獵寡婦的田地) === Nikawrira, caka yoyang ko pingitangit noya kapah, ”fa’iaw! hayi han to kami” han noya kapah a misaliyaliyaw a mingitangit,caay ka ka pisodod to mimiming. Saikoray to i,cato kapakafilo koya masipolo’ay, saowal sa: ”paci’eci sa kamo a mingitangit, hayda, katayra to” han noya mapohaway a masipolo’ay a fafahiyan. Hemek sato koya kapah a ma’emin a tayra i pala, talaen kami haw fa’i!” Mi’iloh to kaoya kapah toya pala no masipolo’ay, ’adihay ko ’a’adopen to pala, ira ko malonem, ira ko fafoy, ira ko roma a masamaamaanay a ’a’adopen maala mapanokay nangra.o tangal no ’a’adopen patayraen nangra iloma’ noya cipalaay a masipolo’ay, o pinangan no ’orip ko pafatisay to tangal no ’a’adopen to cipalaay, o nano to’asan a pinangan ko matiniay pafatissay to cipalaay. === '''Pafatis to ’a’adopen to cipalaay'''(送獵物給地主) === sowal s akoya kapah: ”fa’iaw ! patayniay to kami to ni’adopan niyam, taynien ko patelian” Selak han noya mapohaway a fa’i ko sikal i papotal, matengil to ko pipateli no kapah to pinapina a tangal no ’a’adopen i sikal. Tengil sa koya mapohaway a fa’i to ngiha’ no pipateli no kapah i sikal, matomessay to ko sikal to masamaanay a tangal no ’a’adopen kiya saan a miharateng. === '''Samangahen no kapah ko pafatis toya kapah'''(年青人欺騙盲婦) === Sowal sa koya kapah: ”fa’iaw ! minokay to kami.” sa miliyas. Naikoran noya kapah, tahidangen to noya fa’i ko teloc a misa’osi toya nitelian i sikal a tangal no ’a’adopen. Nikawrira, sowal sa koya teloc: ”Mamoaw! ikafekang no sikal cecaay aca ko tangal no ’a’adopen, o tanfal no malonem” Sowal sa koya mapohaway fa’i: “nengengen ako” === '''Kapkap han cecayay aca ko macikcikay tangal no malonem'''(盲婦摸到的只有一隻切碎的鹿頭) === Kapkap han nira to kamay, so’elinay cecayay aca ko makapkapay a macikcikay ropeni’ay a tangal no malonem. Imatini sa a mafana’ koya mapohaway a fa’i, oya matengilay a tepongtepong sanay a ngiha’ o cecayay aca a tangal no malonem saliyaliyaw hananay noya kapah a mipateli i kafemag no sikal. Tada misamangahay to mapohaway a malitengay sa a mararom kina fa’i. Salangongo sa koya mapohaway fa’i: ”naw haenen a misapades ko pakoyoc, caka sini’ada to manikaway a tamdaw? cima hokiya koya mingitangitay mi’iloh to pala ako a tamdaw?” === '''Misaliway a mitolon to to’as ato kawas'''(絕食祈禱乾旱) === Nanoyanan sato a misaliway koya mapohaway a fa’i, mitangic to to’as ato kawas. Caka halafing, mararid to ko kakedal nona niyaro’ to tolo a folad, ma’icang ko ’alo ato tefon, mafadi’ ma’emin ko nipalomaan a losay,odengan to o pananoman a koreng ko mafowakay marakis ko nanom. === '''Makedal to tolo a folad dengan oya mapohaway ko iraay ko nanom'''(乾旱三個月只有盲婦家有水) === Sowal sa ko i niyaro’ay a tamdaw: ”fa’iaw ! nawhani o miso aca a nanom ko caay ka ’icang? Ono niyam sa i,awa ko mamamamang a nanom, sakapatayaw sato kami to so’aw.” Tayni to loma’ noya mapohaway a fa’i kp tamtamdaw no niyaro’ a masasowal. Oya mapohaway a fa’i ato teloc silsilen nangra ko fokeloh italiyok no potal,misilsil to fokeloh somowal a miredek, ta paka’aroen ningra ko kapah: ”kapahaw a ma’emin kapitengil kamo, misa’eli kamo to nananomen a tayni, kapito!kapito! aira ko tata’angay a ’efo itini i niyaro’ ita ” === '''Misa’eli to nanom koya kapah'''(年青人要求給水) === Caka pahoda, na lafiwfiw to ko fali, siya’ sa a ma’orad,sapilaliwaw koya kapah macipat ko hemot i niaro’an a fokeloh caka pakalowad. Taha cila a dada ko kasiya’ no ’orad, aitira sa koya kapah a ma’emin ipotal a maro’ a ma’opic. === '''Siya’ sa a ma’orad ma’opic koya kapah'''(下大雨把年青人淋濕的眼睛翻白) === Sowal sa koya fa’i to teloc: ”nengnengen ho koya ipapotalay a kapah” Sowal sa koya teloc: ”mamoaw! aro’ sanay, cowa ka tatemitemik, fohecalay to ko mata nangra” Masadak tayra ipapotal koya mapohaway fa’i a mitolon: terep sato ko ’orad. Pohpohen to noya fa’i ko kapah pakalowad to a ma’emin. Sowal s akoya fa’i pasitira toya kapah: ”saamanay ko pisaharateng nomo ci’efo to matiniay” Ano caay ka pilokes kamo itakowanan, yo caay ka cilafo kamo to matiniay, caay haw?” === '''Sanoyanan sato awaay to ko misamsamay to matofiday tamdaw，o kapah to ko midipotay to niyaro''''(從此以後就没有人欺負弱者，年齡階級照顧部落) === Sanoyanan sato awaay to ko misamsamay to matofiday tamdaw tona niyaro’. Toikor to i,itini i niyaro’ no ’Amis a tamdaw, o kapah to ko masaselalay(masakapotay) a midipot to niyaro’, milood to mi’ecoay a ada to niyaro’, ira ko tayal no niyaro’ o selal ko midemakay, mipalalan, misanga’ to pialaan to nanom no omah. Itini i kailisinan misetik ko kapah to sapakaen to malitengay no niyaro’, pakaen to malacaanay no niyaro’, mipasifana’ to larem a kapah to tayal no niyaro’. Oninian a kasaselal(kasakapot) ira ko mama no kapah ko mikomoday(o i tokaray han no Falangaw a niyaro’), ona mama no kapah mitengil to sowal no kakita’an ato komong no niyaro’, oninian ko sakalacecay no niyaro madadipodipot awa ko tolas no riharday. Anini adihay ko kasasiromaroma a lisin no niyaro' sahetoay o kapah ko tara'aya'ayaway to polong a tayal. fjcl8rss2lhiatle6abpbwtu4sd5j4r 0 2636 40426 40425 2023-12-26T11:24:52Z Safulo 35 40426 wikitext text/x-wiki == Rihaday ko ’orip no mapohaway masipolo’ay ato teloc(盲目的寡婦和孫女過著快樂的生活) == Iti:yaho ira ko cecay a masipolo’ay ci Awsap ko ngangan nira, tatosaay ato teloc a maro’, i milikotan no kakita’an a pala a paloma to losay ko saka’orip nangra tatosa. Mangata to pinangan a mi’iloh to pala a pi’adopan romi’ad, sowal s akoya kapah: ”anini a mihecaan ’ilohen ita koya pala noya masipolo’ay” saan ko kasasowal no kapah. Tayni i loma’ ko kapah no niyaro’ mingitangit to sapi’ilohaw to pala nona masipolo’ay, caay ka kakahyien ningra, milasosa’ a somowal: ” aka akaa, ano ’ilohen ko pala ako lahedaw a sato ko ’emin a nipalomaan a losay, mafana’ kamo to kanikaw no ’orip niyam malapakoyoc, omaan sato ko kaka’enen niyam” han ningra koya kapah. === '''’Ilohen no kapah ko omah noya masipolo’ay'''(青年要在寡婦的田地上燒獵) === Nikawrira, caka yoyang ko pingitangit noya kapah, ”fa’iaw! hayi han to kami” han noya kapah a misaliyaliyaw a mingitangit,caay ka ka pisodod to mimiming. Saikoray to i,cato kapakafilo koya masipolo’ay, saowal sa: ”paci’eci sa kamo a mingitangit, hayda, katayra to” han noya mapohaway a masipolo’ay a fafahiyan. Hemek sato koya kapah a ma’emin a tayra i pala, talaen kami haw fa’i!” han nangra Mi’iloh to kaoya kapah toya pala no masipolo’ay, ’adihay ko ’a’adopen to pala, ira ko malonem, ira ko fafoy, ira ko roma a masamaamaanay a ’a’adopen maala mapanokay nangra.o tangal no ’a’adopen patayraen nangra iloma’ noya cipalaay a masipolo’ay, o pinangan no ’orip ko pafatisay to tangal no ’a’adopen to cipalaay, o nano to’asan a pinangan ko matiniay pafatissay to cipalaay. === '''Pafatis to ’a’adopen to cipalaay'''(送獵物給地主) === Sowal sa koya kapah: ”fa’iaw ! patayniay to kami to ni’adopan niyam, taynien ko patelian” Selak han noya mapohaway a fa’i ko sikal i papotal, matengil to ko pipateli no kapah to pinapina a tangal no ’a’adopen i sikal. Tengil sa koya mapohaway a fa’i to ngiha’ no pipateli no kapah i sikal, matomessay to ko sikal to masamaanay a tangal no ’a’adopen kiya saan a miharateng. === '''Samangahen no kapah ko pafatis toya Masipolo’ay'''(年青人欺騙盲婦) === Sowal sa koya kapah: ”fa’iaw ! minokay to kami.” sa miliyas. Naikoran noya kapah, tahidangen to noya fa’i ko teloc a misa’osi toya nitelian i sikal a tangal no ’a’adopen. Nikawrira, sowal sa koya teloc: ”Mamoaw! ikafekang no sikal cecaay aca ko tangal no ’a’adopen, o tanfal no malonem” Sowal sa koya mapohaway fa’i: “nengengen ako” === '''Odengan cecayay a macikcikay a tangal no malonem'''(盲婦摸到的只有一隻切碎的鹿頭) === Kapkap han nira to kamay, so’elinay cecayay aca ko makapkapay a macikcikay ropeni’ay a tangal no malonem. Imatini sa a mafana’ koya mapohaway a fa’i, oya matengilay a tepongtepong sanay a ngiha’ o cecayay aca a tangal no malonem saliyaliyaw hananay noya kapah a mipateli i kafemag no sikal. Tada misamangahay to mapohaway a malitengay sa a mararom kina fa’i. Salangongo sa koya mapohaway fa’i: ”naw haenen a misapades ko pakoyoc, caka sini’ada to manikaway a tamdaw? cima hokiya koya mingitangitay mi’iloh to pala ako a tamdaw?” === '''Misaliway a mitolon pakacidal'''(絕食祈太陽) === Nanoyanan sato a misaliway koya mapohaway a fa’i, mitangic to to’as ato kawas pacidal. Caka halafing, mararid to ko kakedal nona niyaro’ to tolo a folad, ma’icang ko ’alo ato tefon, mafadi’ ma’emin ko nipalomaan a losay,odengan to o pananoman a koreng ko mafowakay marakis ko nanom. === '''Makedal to tolo a folad dengan oya mapohaway ko marakisay ko nanom'''(乾旱三個月只有盲婦有水) === Mafadi’ ma’emin ko nipalomaan a losay no niyaro', odengan to o pananoman a koreng ko mafowakay marakis ko nanom. Sowal sa ko i niyaro’ay a tamdaw: ”fa’iaw ! nawhani o miso aca a nanom ko caay ka ’icang? Ono niyam sa i,awa ko mamamamang a nanom, sakapatayaw sato kami to so’aw.” Tayni to loma’ noya mapohaway a fa’i ko tamtamdaw no niyaro’ a masasowal. Oya mapohaway a fa’i ato teloc silsilen nangra ko fokeloh italiyok no potal,misilsil to fokeloh somowal a miredek, ta paka’aroen ningra ko kapah: ”kapahaw a ma’emin kapitengil kamo, misa’eli kamo to nananomen a tayni, kapito! kapito! sa a misalisin,aira ko tata’angay a ’efo itini i niyaro’ ita ” === '''Misa’eli to nanom koya kapah'''(年青人要求給水) === Nami salisin koya masipolo'ay,caka pahoda, na lafiwfiw to ko fali, siya’ sa a ma’orad,sapilaliwaw koya kapah macipat ko hemot i kamaro’an a fokeloh caka pakalowad. Taha cila a dada ko kasiya’ no ’orad, aitira sa koya kapah a ma’emin ipotal a maro’ a ma’opic.kalaadad han to noya kapah a ma'emin ko ka'opic. === '''Siya’ sa a ma’orad ma’opic koya kapah kalaadada han nangra'''(下大雨把年青人淋濕的眼睛翻白) === Sowal sa koya fa’i to teloc: ”nengnengen ho koya ipapotalay a kapah” Sowal sa koya teloc: ”mamoaw! aro’ sanay, cowa ka tatemitemik, fohecalay to ko mata nangra” Masadak tayra ipapotal koya mapohaway fa’i a mitolon: terep sato ko ’orad. Pohpohen to noya fa’i ko kapah pakalowad to a ma’emin. Sowal s akoya fa’i pasitira toya kapah: ”saamanay ko pisaharateng nomo ci’efo to matiniay” Ano caay ka pilokes kamo itakowanan, yo caay ka cilafo kamo to matiniay, caay haw?” han noya masipolo'ay a mapohaway a fa'i koya kapah a mapolong, ci'angi to koya kapah a ma'emin caacaay to ka piliyaw a misapades to cimacima a tamdaw. === '''Sanoyanan sato awaay to ko misamsamay to matofiday tamdaw'''(從此以後就没有人欺負弱者) === Sanoyanan sato awaay to ko misamsamay to matofiday tamdaw tona niyaro’. Toikor to i,itini i niyaro’ no ’Amis a tamdaw, o kapah a masaselalay(masakapotay) a midipot to niyaro’, milood to mi’ecoay a ada to niyaro’, ira ko tayal no niyaro’ o selal ko midemakay, mipalalan, misanga’ to pialaan to nanom no omah. Itini i kailisinan misetik ko kapah to sapakaen to malitengay no niyaro’, pakaen to malacaanay no niyaro’, mipasifana’ to larem a kapah to tayal no niyaro’. === O lalengatan no masaselalay(masakapotay)<ref>阿美族的年齡階級在花蓮地區稱為selal，在台東地區叫kapot 。</ref> konini.(這是年齡階級組織的起源) === Oninian a kasaselal(kasakapot) ira ko mama no kapah ko mikomoday(o i tokaray han no Falangaw a niyaro’), ona mama no kapah mitengil to sowal no kakita’an ato komong no niyaro’, oninian ko sakalacecay no niyaro madadipodipot awa ko tolas no riharday.o kasasiromaroma a lisin no niyaro’ sahetoay o masakapotay ko tara’aya’ayaway a midemak, malotadamaanay a pinangan no ’Amis a Finacadan ko nini a ponka. itini i Kalinko o kakeridan no selal o " mama no kapah"<ref>在花蓮地區的年齡階級的總指揮一般中文都寫成青年之父。</ref> han ko pangangan, itini i Posong o " Itokaray" <ref>在台東的青年之父相當於Itokaray, 是年齡階級的總管，總指揮。</ref>hananay a pangan. == Pacefaday a tilid(註腳) == <references /> qhajhxlwx3fkn4z6eamzwur71k3dzb6 0 2637 40473 40472 2023-12-30T01:53:43Z Safulo 35 40473 wikitext text/x-wiki == Karecrecay ato salil 妖怪和漁網 == === Misanowina koya karecrecay 妖怪變裝成媽媽 === Itiya i no to’asan a mihecaan, maomah kowina i hadhad,papifafa han ko kaka to safa ningra. Oya sa kaka tayra i palapalaan a mikilim to kakaenen a fidaol.misakilikilim ko kaka i semosemotan paceko’ sa a tomangic koya nifafaan a safa. Iromatini, ira matengil no kaka ko mitahidangay to ngangan ningra, eneng han nira ciwina koya mitahidangay. Sowal sa ciina: ”pacocoen ho ako ko safa” Itiya sato hepol han no kaka ko inafa pa’afofo ciinaan,sakahemaow sato ko ’afala,sowal sa ko ina: ”kapikilim to kakaenen a fidaol” han ni ina ko kaka Hemek sa ko kaka a tayra i palapalaan a mikilim to fidaol.caka halafin papifafa ho ciina to safa, mifafa ho miliyaw ko kaka. Nikawrira, ca ka halafin,ira heca ciina a tayni nipacoco to safa.sowal sa ko kaka: ”caay ka ihoniay ho kiso a mipacoco to safa haw?” ”ihakowa a pacoco kako saw?” Malaliyang cangra tonini a demak, sowal sato ko ina: ”Ano masamaanay to, ’epoden ko safa pafelien kako” ’Epod han to no kaka koya mafoti’ay a nifafaan a safa pafeli ciinaan. ’afofo han no ina koya safa, sakahemaw sa: ”yi! Mamanay kina demak, ha kaka” Tapohen ni in akoya safa, awaay ko tiyad, ma’eminay mangiwal ko tinai’. ”mamaanay kina wawa!! Caay ka’eca mangiwal no karecrecay ko tinai’ nina wawa, o karecrecay ka inoniay a malawinaay”, tata’ang to ko tangic nona wina ato wawa a minokay. === Misanofa'inay koya karecrecay mi'odang to fafahiyan 妖怪變裝成丈夫調戲婦女 === Cowa ka halafing ko romi’ad, misacepo’ ko niyaro’. Masaka’ ko tangalawan to sakakinacecay, tarariyar to ko fa’inayan a mifoting, o fafahiyan iloma’ a matayal. Herek no lahok, pcekok sa a to’eman ko kakarayan,o dadaya to sa ko fafahiyan opoh sa a misakalafi, maherek a misakalafi ira to a minokay koya mifotingay a fa’inayan, ala’oro’orong sa to foting, maherek a malafi tangsol a mafoti’ kira fa’inayan,to sapi'odangaw nangra to fafahiyan, malepon ko pi’odang tarapapotal a milaliw, safaheka sa a ta’engad ko kakarayan. safaheka sato ko iniyaro’ay a fafahiyan tona demak.”mana talifahal sa a ta’engad aca ko kakarayan” sa a malalicalicay ko fafahiyan. === Minokay nani riyar ko fa'inay丈夫從海邊回來 === Iromatini, ira to ko fa’inay nagra a minokay, sowal sa ko fafahiyan: ”na’o saw? Ihoni ha kamo a minokay kiya saw?” Paca’of ko fa’inayan: ” mamaanay saw? Nengnengen ko cidal cowa ko patiyamsiman a wiw saw?” Saraawaw sato ko iniyaro’ay a tamtamdaw. ”ya iraay minokay ihoni a tayni misamangah ititaana a tamdaw, cima kiraan?” malaliclic to ko cimacima tona kakafahekaan a demak.Ira to ko laheci no kasasowal: ”o midemakay to matiniay cowa ko cima, ci Karecrecay kiya!” O so’elinay ci Karecrecay ko mihaenay, tatamatamaay cangra a ma’emin. === Ciwawa ko cecay a fafahiyan mi’odangay no Karecrecay 有一個被調戲的婦女生小孩 === Ira ko cecay ma’odangay no Karecrecay a fafahiyan,caka halafin ko romi’ad masofoc to cecay a fa’inayan a wawa,sofoc han mitiya o falo anca siwaay to ko mihecaan a tata’ang ko tireng, i pokoh no tatirengan ningra i,cifanohay a ma’emin. Mapasawkit no ‘alomanay caay ka’eca o wawa ni Karecrecay kinian, ci Tolay han a pangangan, yo lima kosafaw no mihecaan ni Tolay, ira ko falo a laya’ ko ka’akawan, palalini han ko tamdaw no niyaro’ay matiya o ciwciw. Masasowal ko finawlan: ”lahecien ita a milaplap ci Karecrecay.” Saka lomowad to ko kapah no niyaro’ a miala to ’aol, hapipatelian to salil a sapitilo. Tayra to i niyaro a milaplap ci Karecrecayan tarapapotal no niyaro’, masemer ci Karecrecay, alapekapekaw sa a milaliw, nikawrira, ira ko cecay a Karecrecay i salil a sapatilo, ci Tawci hananay ko ngangan nira. Saowal sa ci Tawci: ”aka ka patayen kako, pasifa’en ako koma to ilisin a demak,ta caay ka patay kamo to nika awa no lisin” === '''Lalengatan no lisin a demak 歲時祭儀的開始''' === Orasaka, mapa’orip haca no iniyaro’ay a tamdaw ci Tawci. Sowal sa ci Tawci: ”kapidemak kamo to pisahafayan, paroen i ’ariri ko fahay namo, sakatosa a romi’ad o pi’adopan ato pifotingan a romi’ad, yo mamalingad a dafak, manga’ay to a komaen to titi no fafoy, nikawrira, o pisacepo’an a lisin aka ca ka pisaliway to siwa a romi’ad, mahaen ko pasifa’ ako, mafa’ay to kamo haw?” Nikawrira, o nisowalan ni Tawci pafafelihan ningra to so’elinay a demak,o sapipakadetaw ningra to lisin sa pacefa han ningra ko sowal, maherek a somowal pasiwali a riyar comikay a milaliw, yo milakec to riyar tahiraay aca to tosor ningra ko karecep, macekok ko finawlan no niyaro’. === '''miriniay ratoh i Kalinko在花蓮有類似的傳說''' === Itini ka’ami’amis no Kalinko ira ko mirini’ay a kawakawasan a ratoh.<ref>參考Arikakay 條目。</ref> Itini ka’ami’amis no Kalinko ira ko mirini’ay a kawakawasan a ratoh. Itiyi:ya itiya:ho no to’asan ho mihecaan, ika’amis no kalinko a Parik niyaro’an,ira a maro’ ko alomanay a ’akawangay a tamdaw, cowa ko mamahareng no tamdaw ko ka’akawang nangra, rahoday a marawis nangra ko fo’is, cecay a hawang mahawangay ko tata’angay riyar,caay ka o katata’ang aca no tatirengan, mafana’ ho misakaram.o saferengay no misatatiihay to maamaan a tatiihay karecrecay canira, o Arikakay kami saan pangangan. Ona Arikakay honihoni mirawraw to niyaro’, mitakaw to panay i ariri, misamangah to wawa, kaenen nangra ko tinai’ no ka’emangay, mi’odong to fafahiyan no niyaro’, oya awaay ko kihar a niyaro’ iro matini sato marawraw to romi’ami’ad, matalaw to ko cimacima, ciangi’ masadak. Masasowal to ko iniyaro’ay samaanen ita a mihadefek kina Arikakay, misimaw to niyaro’, midipot to finawlan hokiya? Orasaka saopoen to no kakita’an ko cipatelaway a kapah a papikonling mitongal heca to taneng, ira ko malasong, comikay,mipana’, miraoy to fonos, mihafalfal<ref>摔角。另有相同的單字 kalalefoan, mararokod, marahokod, semo.</ref>,cisadama a miteloc<ref>撐竿跳。</ref>, ira ho ko romaroma kahirahira a pikongling to kapah. Halafin to ko pikonlong, malacipatelaway, cicediay a sofitay no niyaro’ kina kapah. Hemek sa ko kakita’an a misata’ota’ong. Nanay lakamkam to a malowid koya Arikakay. Maraod to ko pilicoan a romi’ad, kaeriden no kakita’an koya kapah a mapolong tayra i lawac no Parik ’alo , cecay ko sowal no kakita’an, safirofiro sa ko kapah a milico to Arikakay, isa’ayaw o lamal ko sapico’a’ang,do’edo sa o fonos,fokeloh sapilico to Arikakayan. Nikawrira, tadata’angay ko ’icel no Arikakay, cowa ka cocok no fonos, orasaka, aloman ko mapatayay a kapah no ’Amis a tamdaw, harateng sa ko kakita'an, ’osawawen ho ko sapiliyaw a sapilood a ’icel, ma’edeng a samanen pasasorikor sa kita han nir ko kapah. Toya dadaya mapalemed no kawas no riyar ko kakita’an, o polong no naliti'<ref>polong no naliti' 是指芒草的一綑。早期就被阿美族人拿來當祭祀的祭品， 巫師祭拜天地祖靈時的法器。</ref> ko sapisalisin namo ta malowid namo ko Arikakay saan koya lemed.To cila a romi’ad manengneng no Arikakay koya polong no naliti', tangsol sa amipitosor koya kakeridan no Arikakaay i ka'ayaw no 'Amis a tamdaw, oya romaroma a Arikakaay mitodong to a mipitosor. tomangic a somowal: ”ano caka pipatay kamo tamiyanan, cowa to piliyaw a mikari’ang kami i tamowanan” saan koya kakeridan no 'Arikakay. Imatini, nengneng han koya katalawan a pising no Arikakay damsay to a nengnengen, caay to ka matiya ta i’ayaway a katalawan a 'Arikakay. Oya kakita’an no niyaro’ sowal sa to ’alomanay, telien to koya polong no naliti', celi’ han nira a pasowal ko Arikakay: ”kapilaliw ito, aka to ka tayni tahada’oc” han nira. Sanoyanan sato rihaday ko paniyaro’an no Parik. == Pacefaday a tilid(註釋) == md7g0dcgfvg0pv1298stk1ubthrypgb 0 2638 40505 40504 2023-12-30T08:10:44Z Safulo 35 40505 wikitext text/x-wiki == Arikakay 阿里卡蓋 == === Mikalona ko Arikakay i lotok no Parik 花蓮美崙山惡作劇的阿里卡蓋 === Itini ka’ami’amisan no Kalinko ira ko mirini’ay a kawakawasan a ratoh. Itiyi:ya itiya:ho no to’asan ho mihecaan, ika’amis no kalinko a Parik niyaro’an,ira a maro’ ko ’alomanay a ’akawangay a tamdaw, cowa ko mamahareng no tamdaw ko ka’akawang nangra, rahoday a marawis nangra ko fo’is, cecay a hawang mahawangay ko tata’angay riyar,caay ko ka katata’ang aca no tatirengan, mafana’ ho misakaram. o saferengay no misatatiihay to maamaan a tatiihay karecrecay ca nira, o "Arikakay" <ref>海岸阿美也有類似的愛惡作劇的鬼叫Karecrecay，saraw.</ref>kami saan pangangan. === Pakongling to kapah to sapico'a'angaw to Arikakay a taneng 訓練部落青年對抗阿里卡蓋 === Ona Arikakay honihoni mirawraw to niyaro’, mitakaw to panay i ’ariri, misamangah to wawa, kaenen nangra ko tinai’ no ka’emangay, mi’odong to fafahiyan no niyaro’, oya awaay ko kihar a niyaro’ iro matini sato marawraw to romi’ami’ad, matalaw to ko cimacima, ciangi’ masadak. Masasowal to ko iniyaro’ay, samaanen ita a mihadefek kina Arikakay, misimaw to niyaro’, midipot to finawlan hokiya? Orasaka saopoen no kakita’an ko cipatelaway a kapah a papikonling mitongal heca to taneng.Pakongling to kapah to sapico'a'angaw to Arikakay a taneng ko malasong, comikay,mipana’, miraoy to fonos, mihafalfal,cisadama a miteloc, ira ho ko romaroma kahirahira a pikongling to kapah. Halafin to ko pikonlong, malacipatelaway, cicediay a sofitay no niyaro’ kina kapah.Hemek sa ko kakita’an a misata’ota’ong. === Caka pakalowid to Arikakay ko kapah 部落青年被打敗 === Halafin to ko pikonlong, malacipatelaway, cicediay a sofitay no niyaro’ kina kapah.Hemek sa ko kakita’an a misata’ota’ong. Nanay lakamkam to a malowid koya Arikakay. Maraod to ko pilicoan a romi’ad, kaeriden no kakita’an koya kapah a mapolong tayra i lawac no Parik ’alo , cecay ko sowal no kakita’an, safirofiro sa ko kapah a milico to Arkakay, isa’ayaw o lamal ko sapico’a’ang,do’edo sa o fonos,fokeloh sapilico to Arikakayan. Nikawrira, tadata’angay ko ’icel no Arikakay, cowa ka cocok no fonos ato kotang,orasaka, aloman ko mapatayay a kapah no ’Amis a tamdaw. harateng sa ko kakita’an, ’osawawen ho ko sapiliyaw a sapilood a ’icel, ma’edeng a samanen pasasorikor sa kita sato. === Palemed ko kawas no riyar papisanga' to polong no nali' 海神託夢做芒草綑 === Mapalemed no kawas no riyar ko kakita’an toya dadaya, o polong no naliti’ ko sapisalisin namo ta malowid namo ko Arikakay saan koya lemed.Ira ko cecay a romi’ad tayra i lawac no riyar misatiwatiway ko kakita’an no niyaro’, saadada sa to ko fongoh to pisahateratengan aca samaanen ta malowid a milood kora Arikakay, sahetoa sa onin aca koni haratengan no kakita’an, maroray a romakat cinglay han nira ko ‘ongcoy a maro’, ihakowaay i,sanga’ay sa to kofoti’ itira, ira manengnengen nira iraay ko kawas no riyar pasowal to kakita’an: ”wawaaw ako! o tadatatihiay a karecrecay ko Arikakay, cowa ko tamdaw, ano samaamaanen namo a milico, cowa ko mamalowid namo ko Arikakay, odengan o polong no naliti’ ko salico namo ta malowid namo ko Arikakay. Tatoy han ko polong no naliti’ pasitira to Arikakay a salisin, ta malowid namo, ano ca ka haenen caacaay ko mamahadefek namo ko Arikakay” alipa’elal ko kakita’an opoh sato a minokay tayra i niyaro’ pasowalen to ningra ko finawlan no niyaro’ to pasifana’ no kawas no riyar. To cila a romi’ad papisamga’en to ningra ko finawlan to polong no naliti’, iraay ko cowa ka pakaso’elin a tamdaw, samaanen, pitanam ko nimanay sa a mikapot misanga’to polong no naliti’. === '''O polong no naliti’ ko sapisalisin用芒草綑祭神''' === Misaromi’ami’ad misalafiifii to finawlan a misanga’ to polong no naliti’, ’adihay to nisanga’an a polong no naliti’, keriden to no kakita’an ko sacicicicing<ref>中文的千, 阿美族語有cicing, patek.</ref> sanay ko kaaloman a kapah no niyaro’ miliyaw haca tayra i Parik ’Alo misi’ayaw to Arikakay, o kakita’an sa i, ano irairaay ho ’angi to kalowid icilaay a pilood to Arikakay, nikawrira, cowa to katalaw ika’ayaw a mikerid to kapah, pasitimol mita’ong to to’as, pasikakarayan mita’ong ko misimaway a kawas, pasiwali mita’ong to kawas no riyar, painien kami to tadamaanay a ’icel ta malowid niyam mahadefek niyam ko Arikakay saan ko pitolon nanagra. Tapal sa a minengneng ko Arikakay, tona liyad o maan to ko niharatengan no ’Amis a tamdaw, o maan kora sa ifalco’ nangra a misafa to 'Amis a tamdaw. === '''Malowid no ‘amis a tamdaw ko Arikakay 阿美族人用芒草綑打敗阿里卡蓋''' === Alakakokakoy sa to polong no naliti’ pasitira i Arikakay, manengneng no Arikakay koya polong no naliti’, tangsol sa a mipitosor koya kakeridan no Arikakaay i ka’ayaw no ’Amis a tamdaw , oya romaroma mihakelongay a Arikakaay alapitosotosor sa ika’ayaw no Amis a tamdaw, itiya to a tomangic koya kakeridan nangra a somowal: ” aka ka patayen kami, kami ko mararaway mirawraw to niyaro’ namo, ano mihepol kamo to katatiih niyam itiya ho,ano caka pipatay kamo tamiyanan, cowa to kapiliyaw a mikari’ang kami i tamowanan” saan koya kakeridan no Arikakay. Iro matini, oya katalawan a pising no Arikakay sadamsay sato a nengnengen, caay to ka matiya i’ayaway a katalawan. Oya kakita’an no niyaro’ sowal sa to alomanay, telien to koya polong no naliti’, celi’ han nira a pasowal ko Arikakay: ”kapilaliw ito kamo, aka to ka piliyaw a tayni tahada’oc” han nira. Pasiikor a pasowal koya kakeridan no Arikakay: ”o sapipanokas to caay ka pipatay tamiyanan, toikor to mihecahecaan to saka lima, saka ’enem folad, katayni i riyar anoca i ’alo awikiden ko ’icep, o ’epah ato tolon, sapisalisin a polong no naliti’ cowa ka ca ka adihay ko maalay namo a foting ato kalang”. Iromatini pasiriyar a malahedaw koya Arikakay. Sanoyanan sato rihaday ko paniyaro’an no Parik. === '''O lalengatan no misacepo’an ko nini. 這是海祭的起源''' === O lalengatan no miscepo’ay koni a ratoh no kawakawasan. To mihecahecaan itini to i pasawalian, itira to i kalingko, maraod ko sakalima anoca saka’enem a folod, o demak sa no niyaro’ ko pitooran to romi’ad, misacepo’ to ko kalaniyaro’, caay kaca pihawikid to ’icep, ’epah ato tolon mita’ong toya palemeday a kawas no riyar, malaheci to ko ta’ong ta manga’ay a midefong tarariyar mifoting, so’elinay to mihecahecaan adihay ko nisetikan no kapah. Misetik ko kapah itiraay iriyar ko lahok, maherek a malahok minokay tongsol sa a pahicera i sefi, nengnengen no mama no kapah ko nisetikan no kasaselal, o adihayay konisetikan pakaolahan, o awaay koni setikan a selal masowalay no mama no kapah. Malahok sato o sanga’ayay a foting o hano malitengay, do’edo sa i,o hano misawaday to mala mama no kapah a selal, o saaway ko haled a foting o hanokapah a kakaenen. Tahanini mahaenay ho kona pinangan tonini i kaloniyaro’. == Pacefaday a tilid(注釋) == <references /> qq4w7ovc15imvn0vso638galr345ow0 0 2639 40511 2024-01-02T09:02:34Z Sdf 668 https://e-dictionary.ilrdf.org.tw/ami/terms/593645.htm 族語e樂園 40511 wikitext text/x-wiki #Redirect[[Taywan]] iok20mr0mqq6fucadylmmgsq0vgd38j 0 2640 40585 40584 2024-01-04T12:02:26Z Masaonikar 570 40585 wikitext text/x-wiki == O paini to sowal no congtong “2024 sakipafilongan a sowal”. (總統發表「2024新年談話」) == I Conghua minko 113/1/1 Cayingwen congtong anini (1) romi’ad i ’ayaw no lahok itini i congtongfo kalomaaocan paini sa to “2024 sakipafilongan a sowal” a sowal, anini itini i saikorayto kalacongtong i conghua minko no ningra, tonini faloay mihecaan, o Taywan misa’icel mi’imer to niketonan, padoedo to imatiniay demak, padoedo midipang to nikapolongan, misimaw to sakarihaday, misa’icel patodal sakaci’icel no kitakit ko sifo, misakahemaw to saki’orip no finawlan, padoedo pasomelet to kitakit, midipot to finawlan, misa’icel paliwasak to katalawan, palalodis i cikiw, padoedo pa’icel to sakakodait, tomenek tomireng i kasakitakit. Sadayen itini i Taywan ko “No hekalan a Taywan”, aniniay a Taywan, o kafana’en no hekal ko Taywan, o misolotay to hakal a Taywan, malokafana’an no hekal ko Taywan. O salaloma’an no congtong a sowal: Itini sakacecay i 2024 mihecaan, mipalemed kako to polong no finawlan kitakit, kalipahak to fa’elohay miheca. Mahireteng itiyaay ’ayaway mihecaan, pasowal kako titaanan, malitemoh no mita ko naikoran no kalifong to kacakat no ’aca no kasakitakit ato kaserer no kicay no cikiw a salifet. Caay ko dengan ko nian aca, tikoen a minengneng ko ’ayaway miheca, caayho paherek ko Russia Ukraine a malalood, caayho paterep ko Israil (Israel) ato Hamas ko kasasiwtoc. O cecayay ho miheca konini, itini toni faloay mihecaan, ono cikiw ira ko kacalemceman no kafalican. Semo’otay miheca a salifong, sakalalifet no hekalay tamdaw a kasasipaso’elin, kalalifet no kasakitakit a dadama; o tadancaay a latiih no romi’ad, misiwtoc to kasakitakit a sifo to sapisi’ayaw a ’icel ato sakakodait. O kapolongan a pakonira tono nisatekedan sakaliyaw masasiwtoc, mapadenga ko katomenek no parana’an no sici, malaliyaw mapasitoc ko kasakitakit to patoroday a coci. Toni faloay mihecaan i, masasiromaay to ko hekal a mafalic. O kapolongan a mapakonira caay ko sakaci’epoc aca, o nai tiniay a sici ko mamidipot to pisitaraan; ato masasi’oret to kasakitakit, o nian koya masakemoday no niaso’elinan. Toni faloay mihecaan i, so’elin mafalicay to ko Taywan. Caay to kamatiya o i ’ayaway, caay to katawalen ko Taywan, 2,350 ’ofad ko finawlan no Taywan mikihatiya to kafalic no hekal, mikihatiya aca mifalic to hekal. Ano licayen kako, toni faloay mihecaan o maan ko sakamitini, pasowal kako “O hekal” ahan ako; ano licayen kako, o maan ko sakamitini no hekal, ira aca ko “Taywan” saan kako. Toni faloay mihecaan i, mi’imeran ita ko niketonan, padoedo to imatiniay demak; mapahapinang no mita ko nisafaloco’an, misa’icel mihadimelto kitakit. Caay ka dengan o “Yonginghaw” 27 ko malaheciay, o “Haykonhaw” masafacoay a lonan mapatalananom to, nai sapitena’ a halaka ko harateng, masafa’eloh to ko sapilood, no finawlan sapitena’ safaco mapatireng to, tangasa i pacakat ’icel kasasinanam no sofitay, mapalongay to maparakat mafalic ko pitena’ no sofitay no mita, matiniay a kafalic o o maparakatay ko nian. Nikawrira, caay pilengat kita, caay kakolomi, o tadamaanay tenektekay ko sapaso’elin, malosapaso’elin no syakay no kasakitakit, talolong ato kapolongan malacafay a malafolod, o sakanga’ay cipaso’elinay tanektek kita misi’ayaw to hekal, o cipaso’elinay tomenekay misi’ayaw to Congko. Anini, “Taiwan Can Help (Manga’ay no Taywan midama)” o nipihayda no kasakitakit a nidemakan. I kangalayan no syahay no kasakitakit i, ira itira ko ’icel no Taywan; I kalitemoh to patalawan no patapalay i, o kalasini’adaay no Taywan ira:ay to. Itini i katongal no kalafolod i kasakitakit i, nanay hakini o kasasitapalan no mita, o malecad ko pitamorong to tatodong. O nanay kasasitapalan ranikay ko palowad ko nga’ayay to kasasico’aliw no mita; nanay ci rihaday, malalenay, cikapolongan, masasowalay, mapolong mikilim to marariday tanetek ko kasasili’ay no kasatapal. Misi’ayaw to cikiw a kapolongan a mapakoniyah ano eca misatekeday ko kasasiwtoc a malaliyaw, ikoray i, saikoray o pipili’ no Taywan dengan pidoedo mi’imer to kapolongan, misimaw to rihadayay. Anini mihecaan a yosang no sadimel no kitakit tangasa i satakaraway i 6,007 ca’or. Mipacecay ho kako to sowal, kacidamsayay ko rihaday, ka iraen ko ’icel, pahapinang to no niyah a sapisimaw a pisafaloco’, oya syakay no kasakitakit malacecay ko pidawa to Taywan, mahadimel to sakarihaday no Taywan haysia a macekal, o satadamaanay a satoker koni. Pahapinangen ko kaki’emel no faloco’, dimawen ko kapolongan pakoniraay a ka’oripan, mahapinang no i hekalay ko nian, caay ko cacango’ot ano eca kacitodongan ko Taywan to kacitodongan no cikiw to kapolongan, a ira to away to manga’ay to caay ko hahaenen. Orasaka, o pihadimel to sakarihaday no Taywan haysia a macekal, caay ko no aniniay a kalacecayan no syakay kasakitakit, o no kasatatapal a kalalecadan a tatodong; dengan o kasasiromaan no kasasiikedan a kalalecadan a tatodong, oya 2,350 a finawlan no Tawan kapolongan a mihalhalan. Toni faloay mihecaan i, calepen no mita ko ’icel no kitakit, lowanen misakahemaw ko mipececay ’icel. Pakaynien no mita picekeroh to “Ciencan cico ciense”, lima patongal to tosa a kinairaan misafa’eloh ato “Enemay makemoday sapilood a kinaira tayal”, sapacakat to micerohan a taliyok, mapa’icel ko todong no kicay, mapalasoked ko raraay no maci niyaro’, mapacakat ko saka’orip no finawlan. O GDP no mita nai ’ayaw no falo miheca a 17.5 walwalan; no Taywan a pacefongan, nai 2016 miheca katomirengan no mako 8,131 a peno, tangasa i nacila saka lima, ’ayaw no pilosimetan no miheca, tangasaay to i 17,930 a peno, mapacakat ko ’ayaway miheca, halo no Hongkong Hengsen a matifac to. O 2,350 ’ofad ko tamdaw no Taywan, o saka 21 sata’akay kicay i cikiw, o kalalifetan ’icel no kitakit, adahi tangasa saka 6 i cikiw. Kirami, mafana’ kako, o salifong, kacakat no dafong maserer ko mi’acaay sakararima ko ’aca, no loma’ ’aca a mapecec, so’elinay to o saka’orip no finawlan ano eca o nia kicay, malo sakararaay to. Orasaka, sa’icelen no mita, o kaciheci no kacakat no kicay patayraen i malalenay mo^ecelay a “kaaisalan no syakay”, sapiserer to karetengay saka’orip no finawlan. Matiya ’aya’ayaway pina a miheca, midemak kita to pipasataan, pacakat to salowan to sato ato nikororan, ira ko 350 ’ofad no laloma’an no Taywan, salongan 47% ko finawlan no kitakit, caayto karapot a mipasata. O yosang no sadipot (cangcaw), nai kacakatan no mako to 54 ca’or, tangasa anini miheca mata’elif to ko 876 ca’or. O nai“0 tangasa 6 miheca o kitakit ko padafohay” sanay a halaka no mita, nai 2016 mihecaan a 150 ca’or ko yosang, anini mata’elif ko 1,100 ca’oran. Padoedo kita to falo miheca pacakat to kinaira no atayalay, nai 20,008 payso pacakat tangasa anini mihecaan to 27,470 payso ko lifon, anini misatapang romakat; “Sasafaay lifon a rikec” nai anini misitapang midemak. Panamor tona pakalitemoh to salifong ko cikiw marara to macakat toyaan miheca i, ikor to, pacekelen no mita ko saka’orip, o sakalalenaw, padoedo to sakicila a patosokan, padoedo alahad ko kitakit, to sapidipot to finawlan. Orasaka, nai anini misitapang, to folafoladan pacakat to sapadang midipot to wawa sadama. Ono kofaan padipot nai 5,500 payso, patongalen tangasa 7,000 payso; o nano patorodan no sifo nai 8,500 payso, matongal tangasa 13,000 payso ko sadama. O mitilid no mitiliday i ta’akay pitilidan, to mihecaan 35,000 payso ko sadama, oni nai anini miheca saka 2 folad misitapang. O kakaya’ ho ko rakat no sakamo^ecal no sakiloma’. Nikawrira, 20 ’ofad loma’ syakay kiloma’an halaka no Cayingwen, itini to nia paherekan no miheca malaheci ko nisahalakaan, “Misaraday to loma’ a sata 2.0” itini miheca misatapang midemak. Paini kako to matayalay a widang to sasikolen. ’Ayaw no pipaherekan ni Cayingwen i, polong no nisilsilan a yosang to 3,000 ca’or i, mapateliay to itini i lawpaw-kiking, caay ka piloh ko sifo, caay ka piloh ko lawpaw. Pasowal kako to sida’itay to sakidafong a widawidang, o pikowan ni Cayingwen, o tadah i, nano kacitongan ako to 32.97%, pakeroden tangasa i cilaay miheca to 11 folad to 27.17%; faloay miheca ko todong ni Cayingwen, polong no nipatikoan a tadah mata’elif ko 9,000 ca’or. O sifo ni Cayingwen, o mafana’ay patiko to tadah a sifo, caay pasiday i wawawawa to tadah, o citodongay kako, tanektek ko payso no kitakit, malo sakaci’icel no ikoray a sifo, padoedo midipot to finawlan. Toni faloay mihecaan i, pala’isal miliyas to katalawan, mapaaro’ i polong i hekal, palecad to 2016 mihecaan, pata’elif to ko pitoay kacakat no mapasadakay no Taywan. To nian, saki Eurupe macakat ko lima a mapasadakay, mata’elif ko enem ko nipasadakan to talatimolay a kitakit, i Dipong mata’elif ko pito, saki Amilika, mata’elif macakat to 120%. Pasihekalan ko rakat no Taywan, pasiTaywan ko rakat no hekal. O “Toloay ko lalan no picefong a halaka to Taywan” no mita, misolot to 2.1 walwalan ko micefongay a payso, nai papotalay mipacefongay i Taywan mata’elif to 2.4 walwalan. Misa’icelan to pinapina mihecaan i, mafelih to ita ko dufak to piti’er to cecay a icifa, malaheci to ko pifalic to ’ayaway sifo, to pipasayraaw to ECFA, sapilecadaw to Hongkong ko Taywan, pakalamkam a palecad to kicay no Congko a lalan. Anini a kasasi’aca to tatapalan (Congko), mato someletay to a masilsil, pasayni to i Taywan a micangray to tadamaanay nisanga’an a dafong ko Congko, makikaka to ko to’asan nisanga’an picangray pacomod no Congko a pinasanga’. Nawhani tadamaan tata’ak to ko ’icel kicay no Taywan, mafalic to ko kasasitado to kicay no Congko, orasaka dadahal to ko sakikasakitakit no mita. “Taywan Korea to saka’eca pilalisata matatelek” i anini misitapang. Taywan ato Amilika masasitelek mili’ayaw to polong no hekal to “Taywan Amilika 21 sici kalali’aca kasasowalan” ’ayaw ko sasitelek; padoedo o mamitelek to Inkiris to “Pacakat to kalali’acaan kalacafay malatelek”; ato Canada malatelek to “Mipaceroh pacefong ato sapa’orip a kalatelek”. O nia kalatelakan no kalali’aca, saheto o kasafa’eloh no pakayraan no polong no hekal, o pi’awas a paripa’ koni, Taywan mawanikay to ko no ’ayaway sifo a nisetekan to “Pasayraay i Congko, itiya pasayra i hekal” ya sanay a katalawan no ’orip. Aniniay a Taywan, manga’ay pafesot pasayra i hakal, o pantawti ato takaraway kakki no Taywan, o nian o caay kaciawa a kalacalay no kapolongan ko sakaromakat. Masasemo’otay no salifong ato kalacaan no romi’ad, sakaira no kasaisal ato palasawad to katalawan no salifet, pacecay titaanan, padotoc ko Taywan a kodait, tanektek i kasakitakit, itini i polong no hekal a kicay mapasadak ko katomirengan. Talacowa mawanik to ko salifong to toloay miheca, nikawrira o nia lifong padoedoay ho milifet to syakay no tamdaw. Malifet to ita ko SARS ato COVID-19, nikawrira o mamiselic kita to lalekoan no cienpaw, palalen to i kararemay a malaisingay a padafoh ato katayalan, pa’icel to sakatomenek no tireng a koda’it. Talacawa maliyas to ko nisidayan no ’ayaway sifo, o sakidinki to kinaira dengan o 1.64% ko mihecaan, talacowa o no cidalan a dinki no mihecaan a pisadingki mata’elif to ko no heneng , nikawrira, kafafalic to sakidinki o kakalamkamen midemak ko nian. Ranikay pacowat to pa’orip to dinky, o sapidama to kinairaan no Taywan to pakayraan malalifet to kasakitakit. Toyaan to, misa’imer miisal to calay no dinky, ranikay misoped to kacowatan ato mipatireng. O mamidoedo misa’icel to kodait no kinaira no Taywan, katatongod to nipatirengan a COP 28, 2030 miheca polong no cikiw macakat to tosa ko kinairaan, palalecad to no kasakitakit a patosokan marafas ko kacakat, itiya pasayra i 2050 miheca ko kafalic a ciro ko kakorac. Padoedo kita micikeroh to sakafalic no kicay, oyaan ko nifana’an mikerid to sakatadamaanaw, polong no cikiw o parana’an no kinaira a parapatan koni, mipa’icel to sakaci’icel no kicay no Taywan a eca ka cacoscosen. Polong no finawlan no kitakit, anini citodong ci Cayingwen malacongtong no Taywa (ROC), o sa’ikoray to a pafilong no falo mihecaan ko nian. Ano micokeray ci Cayingwenan kiso, ano o miliyangay ci Cayingwenan kiso, o mamiahowid kako to kahacecay finawlan no Taywan. Talacowa macakat maserer, nikawrira, malakapot kita i kacifalian ka’oradan, malacafay romakat tahanini, malakapot to kitakit romakat tangasa itini. Ano ira ko milicayay tokowan, o maan ko nisidayan i Taywan, pasowal kako, masiday ako ko “No hekalan a Taywan” han ako. Faloay miheca, aniniay Taywan, o kakafanaen no hekal ko Taywan. Tona malitemoh ko widang to romaay kitakit, pasifana’en cingra, o nai Taywanay kiso i, ’aloman ’aloman ko mafana’ay, o icowaay ko niyaro’/ loma’ no mita. Aniniay Taywan, o misolotay to i hekalay ko Taywan. O nai Ukraine kitakit ci Roysa pakalayap to ngangan no Taywan (ROC). Ci Hoang ren-sin mikerid to Hoyta, Su c-fong mihawikid to caw-wi, minokay i niyaro’, pasayni i Taywan ko nengneng, mipadefong i Taywan. Aniniay Taywan, o nihaydaan no kasahekal ko Taywan. Orasaka iraay ko nikapolongan a kasaira ita, ano o kasasiroma no tamdaw, saheta manga’ayay malacongtong, midamaay congtong; ira ho, o kaolahan iso a tamdaw malekapot misaparod. Kasafinawlan no kitakit, ato 12 to romi’ad, o mamiliyaw heca kita pakayni i pipili’ no kamay a mitopa, malosakacitodong no sakanga’ay no ’orip no kitakit ko niketonan no mita. Ano manan to ko pasayraan a sician a kasarekad, ano Conghoaminko pakayraan, ano Taywan pakayraan, saheto o kitakit ita ko nian. Minanay kako, paso’elinen ita ko niyah, paso’elinen ko kapolongan, paso’elinen ko Taywan. Kao nga’ayay ko piketong to Taywan, o pasayraay i hakal a Taywan, midemak to nga’ayay niketonan. Miliyaw heca kako palemed titaanan kalipahak to fa’elohay miheca. Ahowiday. == Mifalicay to tilid: == Ci Masao Nikar 2024/1/4 pbvso93fjwqzsd58bevb48a3wy7dqm5 0 2641 40600 40599 2024-01-05T07:19:03Z Safulo 35 40600 wikitext text/x-wiki == lalood ato militangal 戰爭和出草 == === Miliyas to niyaro' ci Maawil 馬阿維離開部落 === Ira ko cecay a kapah ci Maawil ko ngangan ningra, itiraay i Takidis ko loma’ ningra. Caayay ka hayien no niyaro’ay a finawlan to sakalakakeridan, maketer samaforaw tayra i Tomiyac a niyaro’. Tayni to tona niyaro’ ira ko kakafahekaan a demak,o pifalod aca ningra i fadanglan ato pakih sano ’ayam sanay to a ma’efer. Mafana’ to ko Takidisay a tamdaw,sapitahidangaw papinokay patikor malakakeridan,cowa ka liwaliwaen ningra ko pisata’ota’ong no tamdaw no Takidis,laplapen ningra a panokay koya Takidisay a tamdaw, takawen ningra a mi’ofang ko tamina no Takidis, yo minokay sato maleneng a ma’alol koya tamdaw no Takidis i riyar. === Mipatay ko Pyuma a tamdaw to kaying no 'Amis卑南族殺阿美族的小姐 === O Pyuma atamdaw halafinay a pakatengil to nika’efer ni Maawil,orasaka, tayra a mipalafang ci Maawilan. Litemohen ni Maawil koya Pyuma a tamdaw, kinatolo a mifalic to riko’, sakakinacecay o tolak no tomay, sakakinatosa o taloak no lokadaw, sakakinatolo o makamiday a kolah. Safaheka sa koya Pyuma a tamdaw, nikawrira, harateng han nangra o pikalona ni Maawil koni saan,laliw sato a ma’emin. Ya minokay koya Pyuma a tamdaw, malitemoh nangra ko kaying no Tomiyac niyaro’,matayen nangra kina kaying. Mafana’ ci Maawil tina demak, tadatata’ang ko keter ningra,orasaka, mipatay to kaying no Pyuma a paco’ay. Nanoyanan tata’ang tata’ang ko sapipaco’ayaw faloco’ ni Maawil, cilacila a ma’efer tayra i niyaro’ no Pyuma a militangal. Ora sato o Pyuma a tamdaw misaharaterateng to sapifarataw to pilitangal ni Maawil. === Paco'ay ci Maawil 馬阿維報仇 === Nengengen nangra i sera awa ko naripa’an ni Maawil, nani kafekangay a ma’efer sato ko piketon no sowal. Ira to ko nga’ayay a maharatengay no Pyuma a tamdaw, co’eneken nangra ko nicideman a ’aol i karomakatan ni Maawil,caka fana’ ci Maawil tahafikod tona macidemay a ’aol macocok ko tiyad sadak sato ko tina’i ora to ko sakapatay ni Maawil. Mafana’ to ko Tomiyac a niyaro’ to kapatay ni Maawil, caka’eca ka tayni ko Pyuma a tamdaw a mipaco’ay, orasaka, o polong no niyaro’ maforaw tayra i Cikasoan. === Lalengatan no militangal出草的開始 === Cisowal sa ko malitengay to wawa, ”akaa ka matira ci Maawilan, maforaw ko niyaro’ kasini’adaan ko finawlan, ci Maawil ko milengatay to matiniay a demak” saan.<ref>ono roma a finacadan masasiroma ko lalengatan nangra.</ref> Ciharateng sato ko ka’emangay, saw iro mafelih ko sowal no malitengay, o Pyuma a tamdaw ko milengatay a mipatay to kaying no Takidis, o mipa’adingay ci Maawil to niyaro’ sa tayra mipaco’ay to Pyuma a tamdaw, ano awaay ko pipa’ading ni Maawil, awa to ko tolas no Pyuma a tamdaw a mikari’ang to niyaro’ no ’Amis kiya. == Pacefaday a tilid 註釋 == 806gsfk5wuxkeu1ubersu4mmi0fkx55 0 2642 45027 41779 2024-10-22T20:44:33Z 臺灣語言繼承者 2320 45027 wikitext text/x-wiki == O ’orip no [[’Amis]] (阿美族文化) == === O pa’ayaw a sowal (前言) === O sakapitilid tonini a cudad i, mangalay kami a mipatalahekal to licay no mita o ’Amis to nika o nanicowaay kita hakiya? Masamaan ko ’orip no tato’asan no mita hakiya ta anini sata i, mafana’ to kita to so’elinay a Kawas yasanay a licay no faloco’ ko sakapitilid niyam. Tona mafana’ kita to Kawas anni saka, o mamafana’ kita to nafaloco’an no Kawas a palacidek a misanga’ to kasasiromarma no finacadan. ona o misanga’an Nira kita a palecad to laleko (faco) Nira saka, mangalay ko Kawas to sapikapotaw to kasafinacadan itini i polong nonini a hekal. Hadidi han Nira ko nika fokil no tamdamdaw i Cingraan tangasa i piocoran to dengan a Wawa Nira ci Yis Kristoan. O satapangan no ’orip no mita o tamdaw i, malecadayto a ma’emin a kasini’adaan. Onini ko sapipatado no Kawas a paca’edong ci Ataman aci Ifaan itiyaho. alacowa matiya ono ’a’adopen ko ’orip ita i sa’ayaw i, ono Kawas to a nipafaloco’an a pakacitaneng i titaanano tamdaw saka, mafalic a mafalic a macakat ko ’orip ita nitini i kasalekalekad no mihecaan. Ano caay pafaloco’en no Kawas kita o tamdamdaw i, matiyaay o ’a’adopen kita a caay ka fana’ to sakafalicaw no ’orip. Ano mafokifokil ko tato’asan ita to so’elinay a Kawas hananay i, ira a mararid ko Kawas a midipot i titaanan to ha:tiniay. Mikansya kako i Kawas to nika ano mafokifokil kita o ’Amis to nika o so’elinay a Kawas Cingra i, caay tekopen no Kawas ko tato’asan ita a matiya o pitekop Nira to Sotom ato Komola. Papitalaen Nira cangra tangasa i picomodan no nga’ayay Ratoh. O kakansyaen ita ko Kawas to pisanga’ Nira to tireng ita ato nika matini no pikerid Nira titaanan tahanini. Nanay, o sakapalal no faloco’ ita a mafana’ a pahemek i Cingraan ko piasip ita tonini a cudad. Ano mafana’ to kita tonini i, o paasifana’en ita ko wawa ita tonini to sakafohat no faloco’ ningra a mafana’ to nano to’as no ’orip tahanini. Masamaan ko pikilim no Kawas titaanan a mifohat to faloco’ ita? O patosokan niyam konini a misanga’ tonini a cudad. O romasato, kita o mafana’ay to Kawas i, itini i piasip tonini a cudad a mahapinang ita k nika ira ko mitiyaay o pidokdok ni satan a micomod to Itin a pala ko pidokdok no palafoay a sapi’afasan to faloco’ ita to saki so’elinay a Kawas. Orasaka, malalood i faloco’ ita nanitiya a tahanini ko sifana’ no Kawas ato pisiwala no palafoay to harateng ita. Talacowa adihay ko pakakawasay a kimad no mato’asay itini i kasaniyaroaro’, nikawrira, caay tiliden niyam konini a pakakawasay a sowal to caayay ko papaso’elinen a kimad. Saka, latek macangal kiso a miharateng to nika eca ka tilid niyam konini. O romasato, talacowa mafalic mafalic ko pinangan no demak ita a ma’orip tahanini halo pitoor ita to Kawas ato demak no kiwkay nikawrira, caay pikihar kami tonini a kadadoedo no demak. Mangalay kami to piliyas no miso to pangtaay a harateng iso to saki Kawas. Mangalay kami to sakapisatalolongaw iso a malalok a mikingkiw to pakayniay i Kawas ta so’elinay o ci’epocay ko faloco’ iso to saki Kawas. Aka kao pitodong tono tao a demak a mitoor to Kawas. Tona o ’Amis a tamdaw kiso, tona o nicidekan Nira kita a pala’Amis a finacadan a misanga’ saka, ira a mapafeli i titaanan o ’Amis ko matatodongay i faloco’ no Kawas a pitoor i cingraan. Saka, kansyaaw ita ko nika o ’Amis kita. ==== O nitilidan ni ’Afo ’Apak (宋正清) ==== ==== Miliyaway mitilid ci Masao Nikar (馬撒歐．尼卡爾) ==== === O pialingato to mipadangay tonini a tayal. (感謝的話) === Pakimaden ni ’Afo ’Apak kako to laloma’ nonini a cudad a sowal a ma’emin. Ta paroen ako i tinaw (kanpiwta) a pisiwasiw ko roma a sakacilalan no pisanga’ tonini a cudad. Adihay ko piala ni ’Afo to harateng no mato’asay o faloay a polo’ ko mihecaan a mama no Pangcah. O romasato, ira ko no maka a niheratengan a maparo i laloma’ nonini a cudad to pakayniay i pitoor ita to Kawas. Masasipadang kami mitilid tonini. O sowal ni ’Afo i, “Alingato han ko mipadangay takowanan a milaheci tonini a cudad ci Akoy no Tomiyac, ci Sra Apong aci Molik no Fata’an ato ci Angah Mayaw no Malimpo ato Tafalong a tamdaw ci Marang Namoh aci Saomah Fono ato ci Mayaw ’Apok no Holin ato ci Kaniw Mayaw no Cihafayan aci Karo Angah no Sintin aci Samohwan no Pa’ongan. Oromasato, ira ko niasipan nira a cudad no Ripon to ni Suzuki Sakotaro ato roma a Suzuki ato ci Kikoci Cilo. Ira heca ko niasipan nira tono Holam a cudad. Ira kono mako a niasipan to Material Culture of the Aboringines o Taiwan. O pialaan niyam konini to romaroma a niparoan niyam itini a sassing to nano pihai no 中央研究院. Mahaen ko tayal niyam a padamaen no tapang no pilaheci tonini a misanga’. O romasato, iraay ko mifalicay a misano Holam tonini a sowal ci Yohani singsi ato miparoay i tinaw a fafaHI NIRA CI Hana ato ci Sao. O mipadangay a misalaleko to sassing to maparoay itini i, ci Siyomi. O mamisalof tono Holam a sowal i, ci Ye lause. ==== Nitilidan ni Afan singsi (方敏英) ==== ==== Miliyaway mitilid ci Masao Nikar. (馬撒歐．尼卡爾) ==== === O satapangan a ’orip no ’Amis i Taywan (阿美族在台灣的起源) === Sowal sa ko Kawas, “Sanga'aw Ita ko milcaday, miringiay Titaanan a tamdaw, ta papikowanen Ita cangra to kahirahira no futing ato kahirahira no ma^feray a 'ayam ato pina'orip a ma^min ato 'a'adopen ato manafoyay a fao,” saan. Saka, palcaden no Kawas to tireng Ningra ko tamdaw a misanga'. Sanga'en Ningra ko fa'inayan ato fafahiyan. Sowal sa ko Kawas a palmed i cangraan, “Kahofoc kamo to 'alomanay a fa'inayan ato fafahiyan a wawa, ta malnak a mildef i polong no hkal ko tloc namo a mikowan to sra. Papikowanen Ako kamo to kahirahira no futing ato kahirahira no 'ayam ato polong no ma'oripay a fao. Cudad: Satapangan 1:26-28 (經文：創世記1:26-28) === '''O kasedakan no ’Amis a tamdaw (阿美族的來源)''' === Tona away ko tilid no ’Amis saka, away ko mitiliday a mina’ang to pakayniay i rayray no ’orip no ’Amis. O tata’angay a sipon no ’Amis konini. Talacowa, ’aloman ko mafana’ay a pakimad a mato’asay i kasaniyaroaro’ to pakayniay i ’orip no tato’asan no ’Amis i, masasiromaroma a ma’emin. Saka, awaay ko pinang no aniniay a tamdaw a milayap to nipakimadan nangra a sowal. Tinako sa i, 1. O naitinitiniay aca kita o ’Amis a tamdaw a masadak sanay a sowal. Ono pakakawasay a ma’emin konini a sowal no mato’asay. 2. O nanitiniay i Holam a Pangcah kita, sanay a sowal. Ono anniay to a harateng no tamdaw konini. 3. O nani’a’adopen a masadak sanay,. Ato naikilangay, ’aolay, fokelohay a masadak sanay a sowal. O pakakawasay a sowal konini. 4. O nanikatimolay a kitakit a masakanatalay a teloc no Intonisiya a tamdaw; nama’alolay a tayni i Taywan sanay a sowal ko matatodongay a hareteng. Adihay ko so’elinay a wacay nonini a sowal. (1) O sowal no citanengay a mikingkiway to pakayniay i kasasiromaroma no tiring no tamdaw, kasasiromaroma no finacadan, kasasiromaroma no ’orip no tamdaw. O tadamaanay a hakasi no Ripon, no Padaka ato romaroma a kitakit. (2) O sowal no na malasofitayay a mapatayraay i Malaysiya ato i Singkapol yo malaloodho ko Ripon ato Padaka i, tangsol saan a mafana’ ko ’Amis a tamdaw to sowal no itiraay a masaPangcahay a tamdaw tona adihay ko malecaday a sowal ato adihay ko malecaday a ngangan no lalosidan ato demak no ’orip nangra. Halo tamdaw nangra a malecad i kitanan o ’Amis saan. Itini a mahapinang ko so’elinay a wacay to nika o naitomolay kita a tamdaw. Caay ko papaso’elinen ko sowal no sakacecay, saka taso ato sakatolo. Nikawrira, ira ko cudad to misaheciay to pakayniay i ma’alolay a malikakaay naitini i Kalolin a kasakanatal. O Mikeronisiya a finacadan ko maro’ay toya kanatal. O mihecaan toya nika ’alol a tayni i Taywan i, ma’edeng i’ayaw no 3000 ano eca i 4000 a patek a miheca ko nika ’alol nonini a malikakaay saan. O demak no nika ’alol noya tatosaay i, o namifotingay cangra i riyar. Nikawrira, tata’ang ko nika kerah no riyar toya romi’ad saka, tayra i riyar a ma’emin ko finawlan a mipodpd to foting i nika kerahan. Caayto ko karihic ato romaroma ko mitatoyan nangra. Tona adihay ko foting saka, o dodang (o pitotopan/fangfang to panay) ko nialaan nangra a miparo itira to foting. Onini a tatosaay a malikakaay i, tona awaay ko mama ato ina nangra saka, caay ka fana’ tonini a demak no finawlan a miala tp foting. Paka’araw koya fafahiyan a kaka to nika pinokayto no finawlan a matomes to ko dodang to foting. Saka, tayra sato cangra a tatosa a malikaka a mifoting. Itiya i, masatato:sa to cangra a malikaka. Saka, yo irato konini a tata’angay a tapelik i, ma’alol cangra a mataroh a talasifo’ no riyar. Tona awaay ko nitatoyan nangra to sa’iwas saka, kamayen nangra ko pi’iwas. Caay ka filo nangra, nawhani tata’angto ko fali a micekeroh a mi’alol i cangraan. Saka, pawpaw sato cangra a ma’alol. Itiya i, malonen, mafaliyos ko kitakit ato riyar a ma’emin. Pasi’amis k nika ’alol nangra. Yo tangasa to cangra i Taywan i, pakapinaay to a romi’ad itiya. Saka, tangasa to cangra i Langasan hananay a lotok. Nikawrira, manaop no nanom ko Taywan itiya. Itiya i, caayho ka tadasakaying, caayho ka tadasakapah ko tireng nangra a malikaka. Itira saho cangra i lotok a maro’. Nanoya, trep sato ko faliyos, makerah to ko riyar. Saka, malikelon cangra a tayra i masadafdafay. Itira to ko pisanga’ nangra to malokamaro’an nangra a talo’an. Cimihecaan, cimihecaan to cangra itira. Saka, sowalen no fafahiyan a kaka ko safa to sakararamodaw nangra. Do’edo sato ko safa to sowal no kaka. Saka, raramod sato cangra. Onini ko saka o ina ko cacitodong a mikowan to demak no loma’. Onini ko saka o fa’inayan ko mamikadado i fafahiyan. O ngangan nonini a malikakaay i, ci Nakaw aci Sra. O kimad no romaroma a ’Amis i, ci Doci aci Rarakan saan. === '''O maan ko saka’orip nangra? (他們靠甚麼生活呢？)''' === Tona o foting ko saka’orip nangra iti:yahoo saka, mifoting cangra to malosaka’orip nangra. O romasato i, ma’araw nangra ko nika molengaw no panay ato hafay ato faliyasan i pela’ no dodang. Saka, cekiwen nangra a mipasadak a paloma konini. Ta pakayni tonini ko sapisakakahad no nipalomaan nangra. Saka, adihay sato ko kakaenen nangra. O roma a tayal nangra i, mi’adop cangra. O pi’adop nangra i, caay ko cilalosidananay to ’idoc ato pana’. Falasiw han nangra to kilang ko ’a’adopen a mipatay; ano eca i, ko’ko’en a mitekol to fokeloh. Adihay ko ’a’adopen itiya ho saka, mi’adop cangra to malo saka’orip nangra. Yo misarakarakat cangra i palapalaan i, ma’araw nangra ko nikaenan no ’a’adopen a semot. Saka, mafana’ cangra to nika o mahaenay a semot ko nikarnan nangra a saan. Saka, tanamen nangra a komaen. Ano manga’ay a kaenen i, o mamakaen no tamdaw konini saan cangra. Ano caay ko kakaenen konini, ano saan cangra i, sawaden nangra a komaen. Tinako sa, ano ma’araw nangra ko naikoran no ’a’adopen a komaen to konga i, tanamen nangra konini. Nga’ayay. Saka, palomaen nangra konini. Yo mato’asto konini a nipalomaan nangra i, kaenen nangra. Ta tanamen nangra a mitodoh to namal. Yo komaen cangra i, mafana’ to cangra to “O nga’ayay a kakaenen konini.” saan cangra. Saka, sakakaheden nangra a misaadihay a mipaloma. Onini koya konga hananay ato tali hananay. O namal nangra to sapitodoh i, o felalac ato mapoheday a ma’icangay a samoro hananay a kilang ko sakaira no namal. Patateki’en konini a felalac ta masadak ko namal a matefo i pohed. Ta malikat. Mahaenay. O namitanaman nangra a mitemtem a komaen i, ira ko mwarakay; sawaden nangra. Ira ko ka’esoay. Saka, sa’opoen nangra ko matiniay a mipaloma. Caay ka sahet cangra ao titi ato fotng ko nikaenan nangra. Yo mafana’ cangra to nika adihay ko mamakaen a talod saka, onini haca ko roma a kakaenen nangra. Onini haca ko roma a kakaenen nangra a ma’orip. Saka, marayray konini a tahanini. Saka, onini ko sakaadihay ko makaenay no ’Amis a masamaamaanay a talod. O sakacicilah nangra i, o nialaan nangra i ma’icangay a ’ongco’ongcoyan to nano kinatapesi’ no tapelok. Ma’icang no cidal konini saka, onini ko cilah nangra. O sakapitangtang nangra i, o podac no ti’aw hananay a kilang. Karkaren nangra ko sra a mipateli toya fadic no ti’aw. Paroen ko nanom ta masokedef koya podac no ti’aw. Ta todohen ko ‘adicaw a fokeloh a miparo i namal, ta marokerok koya nanom. Ta miparo to dating ano eca o titi ato foting, ta matangtang. Ano awaayto ko fa’edet noya fokeloh i, alaen a pasadak. Pakotayen to fa’elohay a fa’edetay a fokeloh. Maedeng kina tolo a mihaen i, maecak to. O romasato, itni i pisarakarakat nangra a mifoting, mi’adop i, matama nangra ko makapahay a dihif. Itira cangra a pacarcar a maro’ a mipaloma’ toya dihif. Ano matamato nangra ko matinraay a makapahay a dihif i, itira cangra a malinah a maro’. Liyasen nangra koya talo’an nangra. Yo matama to nangra ko kakahaday a palapalaan i, itira to angra a misakakahad to omah a matayal. Nanoya, mikilim cangra to nga’ayay a pipatirengan to loma’ a sra. Ta patirengen nangra ko talo’an. Nikawrira, caayho pisatata’ang cangra a misanga’; pasamo ho. Yo ’aloman to ko wawa nangra i, pararamoramoden nangra ko wawa nangra. Ta mangalay ko wawa nangra a micidek a ciloma’. Saka, padangen nangra ko wawa a misanga’ to malo loma’ nangra. I sa’ayaw i, itira saho cangra i fiyaw no mama ato ina a mipaloma’. Yo ciwawa koya wawa i, orirato ko tayraay i raayay a sra nangra a paloma’. Ta itira ko aro’ nangra. ’Aloman ’aloman sato saka, misakilikilim cangra to caayho ka tama nangra a palapalaan. Talatimol ko roma. Talaka’amis ko roma. Pakayni i rakat nangra a mi’adop k sakapakatama cangra to kakahaday a palapalaan. Ta paitemek sato cangra a mikilim to nga’ayay a kamaro’an a patireng to loma’ itira. Cimihecaan cimihecaan i, masaniyaro’ koya kamaro’an nangra. Sa’aloman sato ko tamdaw. Onini ko satapangan no kaciniyaro’ no ’Amis. O ngangan no kasaniyaro’ no ’Amis itiya ho, o nipanganganan no mi’adopay koni. Tona malalok ko ’Amis a matayal saka, maherek ko tayal tono omah i, mifoing i ’alo ato i riyar. Maherek a mifoting i, malingad to a mi’adop. Pasacowacowa to ko rakat nangra a mi’adop. Saka, matama nangra ko makapahay masadafdafay a pala i, misatalo’an cangra tira a mi’id’id to tama’, ta pacena’ cangra a misaomah i taliyok no talo’an nangra a mipalom to kaolahan a kakaenen. Kalanipi’adop han nangra ko pikilim to nga’ayay a kalipalaan, adihay to ko tama’ nangra ato matatodongto ko romi’ad to pinokayan i, minokay to cangra i loma’. Malalitemoh cangra ato widang, saka, itira to cangra a malalicalicay. Onini ko saka masasikafana’ to cangra ato masasiholol to cangra, onini ko sakanga’ay to nangra a pararamod to wawa nangra. Malo sapaomah to i wawa koya misaomahan nira a mi’adop, itira to ko wawa a ciloma’. Mata’elif ko pinapina a miheca i, masaniyaro’ to koya kamaro’an no wawa. Mahaen saka lenak sato ko kamaro’ no ’Amis itini i pasawali no Taywan a masaniyaro’. O romasato, ira heca ko tahiraay i pasa’etip a mifoting ano eca i, mi’adop ko rakat nangra, saka, ira ko niyaro’ no ’Amis itira saan. ==== O sapatoor a sowal (補述) ==== I 1800 a mihecaan i, ira ko pakataminaay nani cecay ko Kalolin a Yapo hananay a kanatal a tayni i Taywan a tahacenger i wali. Ta paka’araw cangra to ’orip no Pangcah. “Aya: ko sakalecad niyam o ’Amis a tamdaw.” saan cangra a lipahak. Ma’edeng pakapito a polo’ a romi’ad cangra itini, saka malalicalicay cangra ato itiniay a ’Amis. Kona onini a tamdaw ko papasifana’ to iniyaro’ay nangra a tamdaw to matiniay a demak, ’arawhani, ranikay a madadoedo a mapatay cangra yo itiniho cangra, saka awaayto ko paparatoh to kakafit nangra ato itiniay. O kacipinangan tonini a demak i, o lisin no Ridaw no Kalingko. To mihecahecaan ira ko pidemak nangra to lisin no tamina to sakacaaw ka pawan to nanitiraay i katimol a ma’alolay a tayni a saan. Sakapolongan to konini a lisin no Ridaw anini, ta itini a mapaheci to kina sowal. === '''O tayal no ’Amis a tamdaw (阿美族的事務)''' === “Pakamaro'en no Tapang a Kawas i Itin a palosayan koya tamdaw, pakamaomahen Ningra cingra a papisimaw toya palosayan. Palmeden no Kawas ci Nowa ato wawa ningra, sowal sa,”… Kahofoc kamo a malnak, pildef ko tloc namo i polong no hkal. O polong no pina'orip i sra ato ma^feray a 'ayam ato manafoyay i sra a fao ato kahirahira no futing i riyar i, o mamatalaw i tamowanan, kamo ko mamisimaw tonini. Satapangan 2:15; 9:1-2 (創世記2:15; 9:1-2) === '''O malalokay a matayal ko ’Amis a tamdaw (勤勞的阿美族人)''' === Tana awaay ko tilid no ’Amis saka, awaay ko picudadan no ka’emangay. Nikawrira, pasifana’en no mama ato ina ko wawa nira to tatayalen no loma’. O ina i, pasifana’en nira ko fafahiyan a wawa to tatayalen no fafahiyan, o mama i, pasifana’en nira ko fa’inayan a wawa to tatayalen no fa’inayan. Saka, nano ka’emangan to a mafana’ a mataneng ko wawa no ’Amis a matayal, ano i riyar ko lingad i, ono saki riyar a lalosidan ko tatoyen a mifoting, ano i ’alo i, ono saki ’alo a lalosidan ko tatoyen a mifoting, ano mi’adop i, caay ka eca mikerid to Waco to malo cafay a mi’adop ta o sapi’adop a lalosidan ko tatoyen a mi’adop, ano mitalakalay to ’adopen ko demak i, ono mitalakalay a lalosidan ko tatatoyen, caay pikerid to Waco ano mitalakal. Ano matayal i loma’ i, mapolong ko paro no loma’ a maomah, o pipalomaan ato pikolasan ato pilitodan to kakaenen ato mipawali, awaay ko tatodong no pipahanhanan to tayal, yo sakato’emanan to ko romi’ad i, miala to kasoy, ci’inorong aca to kasoy a minokay, tangasa i loma’ i, ano awaay ko felac i, mitifek ho to sakalafi ato sakaranem. Adihay ko tayal no ’Amis a tamdaw. Tona kalatayal ko ’Amis saka, caay piharateng to sapihololaw a misalama a talacowacowa, caay kafana’ ko ’Amis to sakaci’etanaw, pa’edeng saan to nitayalan nangra ko saki’orip. Caay ka fana’ to ’anof hananay. Tona adihay ko makaenay no ’Amis a masamaamaanay a talod (dateng) no palapalaan saka, saraheker sa ko nika ’orip no ’Amis. === '''O tayal no ’Amis i omah. (阿美族在田間的工作)''' === O demak no ’Amis a maomah a pamatang to omah i, mifariw to talotalodan ato kilakilangan i lotok ano eca i dafdaf, o rarar ko sakamaomah, mahaenay. Ma’icang ko nifariwan i, ilohen a mitodoh, ta o caay ka todah no namal a kasoy i, saopoen nira, ta oya ‘osaw no namal a kasoy ko sapa’acer to sakacaaw kakeric no ’orad koya sra. Nanoya, folesak sato to hafay ano eca o panay, ta maherek a mifolesak i, rararen a kal sapilafong han toya nifolesakan a hafay ko pirarar nira. Onini a nitodohan to talod ato kilang a ’afo ko todong no sapadamek to omah, saka, manga’ay ko lengaw ato lahad no nifolesakan. Itiya a mipaloma to faliyasan, satorisen konini a pipaloma to faliyasan. I herek no pifolesak to hafay ato panay i, hinaliso’ saan ko mato’asay to omah a minengneng to lengaw. Ano matatodong to k romi’ad to pikolasan i, mikolasto to semot, itini i pikolas a mifinal to adihayay a masafaniyotay a hafay a nifolesakan a mipaloma i awaay ko lengaw a sra a mi’anip, saka kala nipikolas han nira ko nipifanal to malopetay a ’anip i awaayay ko lengaw a sra. Itini i kacidalan cilidong cingra to kiring (karahay) ano eca i o tofil. Kinatosa a mikolas to a sadak to ko widawidan, mipatawataw to sapifahoy to kokaenay a ’ayam. Ma’ecak sato ko hafay i, ira ko lisin no pihafayan, oya miro’it hananay, saka tala’ayaw a mihafay i, paysin a madadi’I ko mararamoday. O demak no mihafayay i, miketos to widawidan, ano matatodong to ko nitatoyan noya tamdaw i, faloden to nira, teli han nira i nangatoan nira, ano hacowa ko tatodong no nitayalan toya romi’ad i, sa’opoen to a ma’emin koya kahacecay a nifalodan, ’orongen nira a pataloma’. Yo mipanay i, manga’ay a milafin tangasa i nika herek a mipanay. O adihayay ko panay i, mitahidang to ’alomanay a paliw papicolo’ a panokay toya panay. Saka, ira itiyaho kono hafay a ’ariri, ira ko no panay a ’ariri. Ono panay i, caay ka lecad ato no hafay ko tayal, malecad ko pipamatang ato pifolesak. Nikawrira, misatadina, mikarkar a miala to sra to saposelen to nifolesakan a panay, paroen nira i caki ko sra.Onini a pisatadina hananay i, o piselen to nifolesakan a panay a miselen, saka, saofaofangen ko pialaan to sra to malo sapiselen to nifolesakan. O pipanay i, caay ka lecad ko pifalod a milo’ec, saceledanen kono panay. Onini a celled i, o ngangan no pifalod konini celedean hananay a panay. Malecad ko picolo’ a panokay, nikawrira, ono panay i, itira i no panay a ’ariri a miparo. I herek no pihafay ato pipanay i, o todong no pahanhanan to sra, saka, mipaloma to masamaamaanay a dating halo konga, o tali ato kodasing, maherek a mipaloma to kodasing i, pala’eden to cecay a laya’ a mipaloma to ’ariray, nawhani, maolah ko ’ariray a mikapot to kodasing malengaw. Caay piliyas ko ’Amis to fokelokelohan a maomah, nawhani itini i ngala’ no fokelokelohan a manga’ay molengaw ko pinaloma. O nipalomaan no ’Amis a kakaenen iti:ya ho i, o konga, o tali, o hafay (tosa ko kasasiroma), o panay, o falisayasan, o ’ariray, o tamorak, o kodasing, o okoy (toto’), o tefi’, o saytaw, ono dateng a tatafik, o fata’an, o kalitang, o kooky (komi’ot, kofi’ot), o roni, o fidaol, o naniwac, o rihom, o kakorot, o komoh (fadas) ato ’edid ato facidol (’apolo). O nipalomaan nangra a losay i, o pawli, o kowa’, o karo, o mami’, o facidol, o kamaya (kafohongay), o kiyafes, o tefos, o ’iceo (safiki), o tatafas (’afinong), o talacay, o ’alopal, o sinar (kacawas), o kowawi, o katop, o latak, o fadisoso’, o linfo, o tokiso, o lopas, kingking (lingking), ato minowad. Ira haca kono Kawas a nisanga’an to tado sanay a malo kakaenen no ’Amis. Tinako sa, o tatokem, o sama’, o fongec, o troc, ato adihayay a romaroma a dateng. Ira ko foting, o kalang, o cekiw, ato ’afar halo ’aos. O romasato, mipaloma ko ’Amis to tamako. Maherek a mikitoc to tamako i, mipaloma to dateng, itira toya pisatamakoan, ta onini a nikitocan a tamako i, alaen a pataloma’, ta solsolen i nisanga’an to ’aol a sasolsol. Ano matatodongto ko ’icang nira i, lidongen konini a patayra i ma’emin, ta o papah to ko ’osaw. Ta sa’opoen konini a misacecay a kamel, ta faloden to ’oway a mifedfed a misafingkes, ca’iten konini i lidong, tatiih a macepa’, taiih a matarang no namal, pahayhay i fali a mi’icangay itini i lidong. O raresresen konini a fingkes a tamako, tafaken i ’ongto ko cecay, lipoten i tipelok ko roma. O romasato, oya mimingay a papah no tamako i, o papawalien i cidal, ta ’eliken konini a milotalot, ta sa’opoen a mihemhem, maherek a mihemhem i, pawali hanto a mi’icang, ta paro hanto i pawti konini, ta ano mitamako ko mato’asay to kaci (rafor) i, alaen konini a misoem. Ano matatodong ko piso’em i, pasadaken konini to malo salipot, oya kaci ko lalipoten, lipoten no tamdaw ko matatodongay i cingraan a lipot. O mato’asay i, tata’ang ko milipotan, o fafahiyan to matatodongay ko miheca a tamdaw i, hatiyatiya o tarodo’ ko tata’ang no nilipotan, mahaenay ko pisatamako no ’Amis. Awaay ho ko mikowanay saka, awaay  ko tatodong no tingki no omah, saka, awaay ko sata. Itiya ho i, o malalokay a loma’ i, kakahad ko nikaomahan nangra a omah, saka, adihay ko kakaenen nangra. Nikawrira, saheto o mi’adopay, o mifotingay a tamdaw i, caay ka kakahad ko nitayalan nangra a omah, saka, caay ka adihay ko kakaenen. Saka, itini i nika tata’ang no ’ariri ato nika adihay no ’ariri ato nika cecay no ’ariri ato mimingay a ’ariri a mahapnang ko nika sasiroma no cidafongay ato awaay ko dafong a loma’, matayal ko fafahiyan a mipakaen to pina’orip. O kolong, o fafoy, o ’ayam, o Waco ato posi ko papakaenen. O lapot ko sapakaen nira to fafoy, tangtangen nira, itiya yo pakaen to fafoy i, itiya a pacamol to afih, o fasaw no hemay ano eca i o felac, ano eca i o safak ko sapakaen nira to ’ayam. ’Aloman ko kolong no ’Amis. Saka, o waa ko cacitodong to papakaen tonini. ==== '''O tayal no mi’adopay. (狩獵人的工作)''' ==== Iti:ya ho i, ano mangalay ko pangcah a mi’adop i, matapal ho cingra to nga’ayay a romi’ad, saka, mi’edaw cingra, ano manga’ay ko ca’of no ’edaw i, itiya cangra a mipatala to lalosidan to sakalingad a mi’adop. O pana’, o ’idoc, o ka’red ato fonos ko nitatoyan no mi’adopay a talalotok. Ano i ra:ay a ma’araw ko ’a’adopen ano eca i o ’ayam i, o pana’ ko sapipatay. Ano i ngata i, o ’idoc ko sapisafi toya ’a’adopen. Ano maala koya tama’ i, o fonos ko sapitokad toya tama’. Na o ko Ripon to ko mikowanay, ci kowang to ko mi’adopay. '''Sepat ko tayal no mi’adopay.''' '''O saka cecay''' i, o midoedoay to naripa’an (nirakatan) no ’a’adopen a midoedo tayra i kadikoan nira, ono ciwacoay a pa’adop konini. Nikawrira, mafana’ ko Waco a misanek to naripa’an no ’a’adopen. '''O saka tosa a pi’adop''' i, o pitalakal (pitilo, piteker). O ka’red ko sapitalakal. '''O saka tolo a pi’adop''' i, o ta’eref. Ano icowa ko pitahepo tora kadikoan ano eca i, i lalan noya ’a’adopen i, ano matefing no ’a’adopen i, mata’eref cira. '''O saka sepat a pi’adop i,''' cira’itay a pana’ a talakal. Cira’itay a pana’ a talakal. Mapara’it ko ’idoc a matiya ono mipana’ay, matefing no ’a’adopen ko tilo (teker) ra’it ta mafaterik ko masapana’ay a ’idoc, matama no ’idoc i, polin sa cira a mapatay. O ni’adopan no ’Amis i, o mangcal, o malonem, o fafoy no lotok, o siri, o kararayan, o tomay, o oles, o lokedaw, o koyo, o fohet, o takolil (kodiwis) ato ma’eferay a lawal, o makaenay konini a ma’emin, o sakapi’adop no ’Amis i, o sakacitama’ o sakakomaenaw to titi. O ramasato, limlaen to fanges nira saka, lifangesen nira a micekef. Pawalien nira ko nicekefan a fanges a misafalako, onini a falako i, mala sikal, mala lidong, mala riko’, mala cokap, mala kafong ato tafolod. ==== '''O tatawih no ka’emangay (孩童的裝飾品)''' ==== O kalatama’ay a mi’adopay a tamdaw i, mangalay cingra a pa’araw i tamdamdaw to karatama nira, saka, patatawihen nira ko wawa nira, tama’araw no tamdamdaw ko nika citatawih ko wawa nira, ta mafana’ ko tadaw to nika o wawa no kalatama’ay a saan. Itini i a’iloc no riko’ a pakafit to wikol no malonem, o romasato, o cecay no pipadenga to karatama’ nira i wawa nira. ==== '''O tayal no mifotingay (漁夫的工作)''' ==== Ano mangalay ko tamdaw a mifoting i, i ’ayaw no pifoting nira i, minengneng ho to ’alo, ano matama nira ko nga’ayay a pifotingan i, itiya to cingra a mihapinang to sakalingad nira. ano o mitafokoday i, ma’edeng cingra a cecay, ano micadiwayay i, cecay, ano eca i tatosa ato wawa ano eca o ramod. Ano mi’etengay (tafa’ay) to ’alo ko demak a mifoting i, caay ka nga’ay a cecay , tatosa, ’aloman cangra a tayra i pifotingan. Ira ko milakelaway to dadaya a pifoting, lakelawen i, ira ko sapitahepo a lalosidan, maolah ko foting toya likat, o tata’angay a foting ko maalaay tonini. O roma a pifoting i, itira i masacascasay a ’alo a mipacaholak. ==== '''Lalosidan no mifotingay (魚荃捕魚法)''' ==== Ono iriyaray a pifoting i, o salil ko tatoyen a mifoting, ira kono romi’ad, ira kono dadaya a pifoting, o picekiw ko roma a demak no mifotingay, ano micekiw i, micelem a mipacing ato mikotang (mi’idoc) to foting. Ano o pifoting to kakahong a foting i, cada cada saan to cadiway, maolah konini a kakahong to likat saka, onini ko sakapicada i cingraan. O romasato, ira ko pakadadangoyananay a pifoting i riyar. O pidakawan no pacemotay a mifoting knini, nengnengen ko cicengelay a sassing no mipacacingay ato pakadadangoyananay a pifoting. === '''O lalosidan no ’Amis (阿美族的傳統工法)''' === ==== O loma’ (房屋) ==== O pisanga’ no ’Amis to loma’ i, misi’ayaw to kasadakan no cidal, o pipawalian to panay ko sakapihaen, nawhani, I’ayaw no loma’ ko potal ta caay ka ’ading ko pipawali to panay. O satapangan no pisaloma’ i, misongila’ tosra to malo pipatirengan to loma’, ropayen ho nangra ko sota’. O sapisaloa’ to loma’ no ’Amis i, o kilang, o ’aol, o penen, o folo’, pili’en ko rakes a kilang to malo hecek no loma’. Onini a rakes a kilang i, caay ka kaen no ’a’ayad, karkaren nangra ko sra a misatalolong to sakatanektek no katomireng no heek, sepat ko satoka’ no loma’, mapateli i sepatay a toka’ ko safalat a ’alinonong (’anonong) a kilang. Ira ko sayho to mamikerid to tayal no misaloma’ay, o ’oway ko sapifakeciw to falat ato codong ta mahapinang ko kakahad no loma’, o romasato, o ’oway ko sapifalod, sapilo’ec, sapitolik, ato sapisatakar. O sapidemak tono kilang a pisaloma’ i, o cakelis, o ’apac, o sasari, o sanom (saliwliw), o paet (sato’eto), o faketaw ato sarosaros. Ta o saki ’aol, o penen, o folo’ ato ’oway i, o fonos ko sapidemak. Ano sepat ko satoko i, ala sepat ko sariri (hecek) to pipadakawan to falat, doedo sa i, o sasafaay a tartar, ala sepat konini. Ta itini i fafa’ed no falat i, o ’aol ko cokis, ta o nitolikan t a dayna, ta ira ko sapasimal a eli’ to nikadatan, onini a sapasimal a eli’ i, o sapipatada to sakaaaw ka cicanot no eli’, ta o fadahong to a eli’, ano mifadahong i, ’atepen to folo’ ano eca i, o penen koya eli’ a milo’ec i dayna. O moco’ no loma’ i, palalitemohen a mi’atem to eli’ to nitolikan to folo’ ato penen, sakifetol sato ko moco’, o sakapihaen tonini i, o sapi’ading to fa’edet ato si’enaw. Ta ma’ading ko safalat ato lifes a fali. O sakoran han nangra ko aikoray (fadal), o cafeng ko ’ayaway, mapasasingaran ko kawali ato kaetip a cafeng. Ta mipatakar to, misanga’ to fawahan, ta o taringoan to ko sanga’en, o sapisanga’ to taringoan i, sahako han, ta paroen ko sra i laloma’, caay pisarawang ko ’Amis to laloma’. Itira i loma’ i, misanga’ to pina’angan to lalosidan a faycil, marareping ato loma’ ko sefi (kofaw, demi’), o popatireng to sefi i, caay ka lecad ato no loma’ ko pisatata’ang, nikawrira, matiya o loma’ ko laleko a misanga’, i laloma’ no sefi i, ira ko cadada, o patelian to lalosidan. Ira a masanga’ i laloma’ no sefi ko ’amanaw i fafa’ed no parod. O pipatelian to ’oway konini ato romaroma sakatayal a ’oway. O romasato, o piroheman to pawli ato piparoan to katol no kolong a mina’ang, ta minokay ko kaemangay naicowacowa i, maharateng nira ko nika ira ko pawli a mana’ang i ’amanaw i, kalic sa cingra a miala a matadek a komaen. Ta mapa’acefel cingra i, maco’af, ta ma’epod to cingra. O pisanga’ to parod i, sahakoen k laleko to masasapaday a kilang ano eca i o folo’, o ’aol, ta paroen k sra i laloma’ noya masahakoay, ta mitifek a misa’atekak, pananomen to miming koya sota’ a misakoeteng, atekak to miming konini i, ofang han ko fafa’ed to pipaaro’an to dangah ato sioy ato mimingay a nafi, ta miofang to pilikatan to kasoy i fari’ingan. Maherek to i, o fafalahen koya masaspaday a kilang ano eca i o folo’, o ’aol, ano xaay ho ka tada ’atekak i, o kakiskisen a maemin ko fati’ian ato fafa’ed a mihadimel to liyok a maemin, ta makapah to. Awaay ko ca’edong no ’Amis itiya ho saka, yo misaloma’ i, caay pisatakaraw to loma a misanga’ patireng, nawhani, mapatodong ko sapi’ading to fali ato sakadihekoaw no loma’ ta caay ka si’enaw i kasi’enawan, saka, sapo’eneren ko pisang’ patireng to loma’ to sakadiheko. O tata’angay a kasoy k sapakasoy to taringoan nano kalafian tahadafak, caay ka cioray ko tamdaw, awaay ko sasingaran to picomodan no fali. Awaay ko pa’acefelan, limela ko ’Amis to ’acefel ko mi’olaway to kilang ato ’aol ato daina ta caay ka kaen no ’a’ayad ato sakacaaw picomod no likes ato sapi’ikes to i laloma’ay a maamaan, matating i fafa’ed no taringoan ko pi’id’idan to titi. Paloma ko ’Amis to eli’ i narikoran no pihafay, songila’en nira a maomah, ta caay ka cicamol to talod, tolo ano eca sapat a folad ta mieri’, taring han no ’Amis konini itira i pieli’an a omah. Ma’edeng cecay a miheca kinacecay a misafa’eloh a mipatisod to fadahong k ’Amis i ’ayaw no kasi’enawan. ==== '''O ’ariri (穀倉)''' ==== O folo’ ko sapisanga’ to ’ariri, awaay ko tatodong no hecek, o pisanga’ to ’ariri i, o tirkod (ta’enngan), onini a ta’enengan i, enem a fokloh ano eca i o kilang, telien i fafa’ed noya ta’enengan ko ’aol, patelien ko nitlikan to malo takar no ’ariri i fafa’ed noya ’aol. Ta padakaw hanto i fafa’ed nonini a nisatakaran ko masahakoay a misacafengan to eli’ ato nitolikan to mimingay a folo’, ta pafadahong han to eli’. Onini a fadahong no ’ariri i, caay ka lecad ato pifadahong tono loma’ ato sefi. ’Atepen ho itini i kala’eno ko eli’ a mipatatodong to kakagad noya ’ariri, ta maherek a misanga’ toya fadahong i, kakoy han to mitahepo konini a ’ariri. O tadimocok i, pademek han to eli’ to sakacaaw ka lesa’ no panay. O pafolilan i, o pacokef (pacokep) han i papotal no moco’ no sefi ano eca i no loma’, o patelian to masamaamaanay a lalosidan ato paliding. ==== '''O riko’ (服飾)''' ==== Itiya ho i, awaay ho ko riko’ ’Amis. Mi’adop ko ’Amis to makapahay ko fanoh a ’a’adopen to malo sasariko’en, tinako sa, o faloko no tomay, no lokedaw, no oles, no koyo, no lotong ato takolil. O roma i, o fadic no rorang hananay a kilang ko ca’edong nangra, cengelen nangra to remes no ’a’adopen. Yo mafana’ to ko ’Amis a mipaloma to keliw i, mipaloma cangra, matatodong to ko lengaw no nipalomaan i alaen to, tofacen a miala ko fadic niya keliw, ta sengeren i nanom koya nitofacan a fadic a keliw, nanoya, ano misikeliw i, o caay ka citalem a po’ot ano eca i miala to ’aol, pela’en masapo’ot malosapikelac to pisikeliw. Maherek a misikeliw i, haihaien a mipawali, ma’icang to konini a keliw, kadaten a misahacecacecay masakeliw, poloden, ta patatodong han ko pipolod to kahacecay a sasanga’en to riko’ ano eca talip, paherek sato ko pinoka, ta tenooyen to konini. Ono mowa i, malecad ko pitofac ato pisikeliw. Nikawrira, kakaya’ kono mowa saka, ’atimen i nipela’an a ’aol ko cecay ka citalem a po’ot, ta itiya a misikeliw. O sasatowasoen kono mowa a keliw, ono keliw a ninokaan i, sasnga’en to riko’ ato talip. Ira ko caay picengel to koleto, ira ko micengelay to koleto a misakahengangan. Onini a tayal i, o korid (korah, ’atrac) ato ’alofo to piparoan to titi no ni’adopan. ==== '''Korah, korid (麻織外衣)''' ==== Caay pita’is, caay pikawit ko ’Amis itiya ho. Yo ira to ko holam i, itiya to ira ko rinom ta mafana’ a mita’is. Yo ira to ko Ripon i, mafana’ to ko fafahiyan a mikawit. Ano iraira ko pi’acaan to riko’ i, cango’ot ko ’Amis, o romasato, ano mitenoonooy ko fafahiyan i, cango’ot ko ’Amis to ca’edong. O pawti ko roma a riko’, momok han nira ko pawti a kala oray. O sakatayal a riko i, o edong. Roma i, tata’ang ko si’enaw, matefad ko so’eda i, oyanan a nitenooyan ko ca’edong. O matiniay a korah i, awaay ko caca’edongen, awaay haca ko ilaloma’ay a riko’, hadidi saan ko ’Amis to nika matini no ’orip. Mimingay ho itira i ’alo, halingigoy i ’alo to kalo romi’ad. Nikawrira, awaay ko safon, ano talacowacowa ko tamdaw, ano mita’elif to ’alo i, micafer mingingoy aca cangra, i kafafaw ko fa’inayan, i rarem ko fafahiyan a mingingoy. Awaay ho ko misafa’edetay to nanom to ngangingoyen. I laloodan i, caay piliyas ko ’Amis to cidal a matayal, wata: ko nika ki’emel to fa’edet ato si’enaw. O pakohkoh saan to fa’edet no cidal ato si’enaw, caay piliyas ko ’Amis to nano limela nira to romi’ad, ira ko radiw no ’Amis to nian. O romasato, ira ko nisanga’an no ’Amis to ’oway a malo kafong a tamohong. ==== '''O pisakoreng (陶用的製作)''' ==== O cecay a tayal no fafahiyan i, o pisakoreng. Pili’en nangra ko fangcalay a dita’ to citafokay to mamang, ko’etengay a sra konini. Misasota’ cangra a mifasfas t nanom, ta tifeken a matiya o pisatoron a misako’eteng, ano matatodong koya dita’, ano awaay to ko si’elac nonini i, o kamay k sapilaleko, citepi to sapisalaleko, o nialaan i lakelal to masatepiay a madihemihay, kohenacay a fokeloh ko tatoyen a misalaleko. O piparoan tora sasanga’en i, o dangah ano eca i o para’ no sioy, o nanom ko sapisamadihemih to nisanga’an a koreng ano eca i o ’atomo. Ano maherek to a misanga’ i, ilidongan miteli to sepat lima a romi’ad, ta todohen i lawac no ’alo. O sakasaan i, o pitadek to ma’alolay a kasoy i ’alo. Telien ko nisanga’an a tatodohen i sifo’ no lalikaten a kasoy, ta salisinen no cikawasay, paysin a madadi’I ko misanga’ay tonini ato ramod nira. nawhani, matalaw a malenga ko nisanga’an. O romasato, yo mitodoh t koreng i, halo sasa’apolen a fokeloh a mitodoh to malo ’apol no mi’icepay, onini a nitodohan a sasa’apolen a fokeloh i, teli han i nanom, felay sato konini, orira koya ’apol hananay. ==== '''O pisanga’ to maamaan a patelian ato sakatayal. (藤編置物器)''' ==== Adihay ko no ’oway a nisanga’an a lalosidan no ’Amis. O fakar, o satapes, o fasolan, o dofata (kacinaw), o faroro, o tapila’, o pilonican to toron, o sikal, o pisa’esa’an to felac (fitay), o kopid, o roto, o talo’eodan a sapikangkang ato no paliding. O fa’inayan ko misanga’ay tonini a maamaan a lalosidan halo romaroma a sasanga’en. Caay ko no fafahiyan a tayal konini. O kakalimelaan no ’Amis ko ’oway saka, patodong saan a talalotok a mi’oway. Midoedo ko tala’ayaway ho a masakapahay a fa’inayan a wawa i mato’asay a mi’oway. Sapaliding han ko ’oway a misalimo’od a milo’ec ko pikakawa a minokay. Tangasa i loma’ i, tedalen ko raan a ma’emin a mifiyac a pateli. Ta cila to a dafak a micadcad, yo mangata’ ho ko ’oway a micadcad a misi’oway. Tala’ayaw a misaloma’ i, mipalosimet a mamararid a mi’oway a misoped, ano ma’edeng to ko nisa’opoan i, itiya a manga’ay a misaloma’. O papili’en ko ’oway to sakatayal a misaloma’ ato fangcalay a ’oway i, o sapifalod, sapisanga’ to lalosidan. Yo ka’emang ho ko wawa i, pasifana’en no mato’asay ko fa’inayan a wawa to samaanen ko tayal a misanga’ to no ’oway a lalosidan. O nisanga’an to tekes a lalosidan i, o cayna, o caki, o kanas, o fakar, o polol, o pirofoan to ciwciw, o rakar, o saong, o sapitahepo to taheka, o ’anengang, o faycil, o sa’edef no loma’, o karihic ato romaroma. '''O nisanga’an to tingting a lalosidan i, o kiring, o saasik.''' '''O paherekan no piwikwik i, o fadihir (nga’enga), mahaenay.''' No lengac a sasanga’en i, o sikal ato tisaki ato tangolan (pariko’an). Malecad to no ’oway ko pisanga’. No kilang a nisanga’an a maamaan i, o dodang, o selic, o tifekan, o ’asolo, o paliding, o pa’etang (fangfang), o tailangan (piliyonan) to panay, o mahod, o tipid, o kaliling, o talo’odan ato sapi’edaw a cihak. O dodang i, o piparparan to panay, o selic hananay i, o saki lotok a sapicolo’ to maamaan. O pa’etang hananay i, o pipacpacan to panay yo mipanay. O mahod i, o pisahakhakan. O tipid i, o patelian to cikohaway a dating. O cihak i, o sapi’edaw, o nisanga’an to datay ano eca i o cihak a kilang. === '''O pitoor to kawas no tato’asan. (阿美族的原始宗教)''' === “O sakasaan ako i, yo romakat kako i lalan a minengneng to pita'ongan namo a ma^min i, ma'araw ako ko ccay a pipacakatan. Ira a matilid ko saki kafokilan a kawas konini sanay. Orasaka, pasifana'en ako kamo imatini tora kafokilan namo a nita'ongan a kawas. O misanga'ay a Kawas Cingra tonini a hkal ato polong no ilaloma'ay nonini a maamaan. O Tapang no kakarayan ato sra Cingra. Orasaka, caay ka maro' Cingra i nisanga'an no tamdaw a pita'ongan.” Demak 17:23-24 ==== '''O demak no sapalengaw (afedo’ay) (頭目)''' ==== Yo eca ho ka fana’ ko tamdamdaw to sakatayal a maomah itiya ho i, patedo saan a matayal a maomah. Nikawrira, caay ka ciheci ko nipalomaan, nikawrira, caay ka fana’ cangra to so’elinay a pipalomaan a romi’ad, saka, awaay ko ’epoc no nipalomaan nangra a maamaan a kakaenen. O nano sini’ada no Malataw saka, mapafaloco’ nira ko cecay a tamdaw o ma’imeray ko faloco’ a tamdaw. Saka, pafaloco’en no Malataw cingra a palikakawa to finawlan a pasifana’ to polong no tayal no maomahay. O sa’ayaway a nitoro’an nira to mamatayal tonini i, o sapalengaw hananay no ’Amis. Mapasifana’ no Malataw cingra to matatodongay a romi’ad to pifolesakan to pipalomaan to kakaenen, saka, cingra to ko palimo’otay to finawlan a misatapang a mipalowad to so’elinay a pipalomaan to kakaenen. Midoedo ko finawlan to sowal nira, saka maraod to ko pilitodan to kakaenen i, saadihay sato ko kinaira no omah no finawlan, salipahak sato ko finawlan to pipasifana’ nira to tayal i finawlan, saka, o lalengawan to no finawlan ko nika matini no demak. O roma sato a ngangan nira i, o afedo’ay. Nawhani, o pasadakay to tafedo’ (cengo’) ko nano sowal ninra. Saka, yo maraod to ko kaliomahan a romi’ad i, palimo’oten to no afedo’ay ko finawlan. itiya i, tahidangen ho nira ko cikawasay a misalisin to sakanga’ayaw no tayal no finawlan a mipaloma to kakaenen. Maherek ko demak no cikawasay i, manga’ay to ko finawlan a malingad. Tahada’oc ko nika laafedo’ay nira. Yo mapatay cingra i, ceroren no wawa nira ano eca i o kalas no niyaro’ ko mipili’ay to mamicero. O kacitoper (kacikafong) to tamohong no afedo’ay i, mahaenay. ==== '''O mitooran no ’Amis a Kawas. (阿美族崇拜的神明)''' ==== Caay ka matiya o roma a finacadan ko ’Amis a misanga’ to samiyay to malo tata’ongen a kawas. O roma sato, caay pisanga’ to malo pita’ongan to kawas a loma’. Ano talacowacowa to i, manga’ay a mitahidang to kawas a mipakaen ato pilongoc to sapipakalemed no kawas a mifetik. Saka, o todong to no pitolon i kaas a pifetik hananay. Malo pinangan to no ’Amis a tahanini ko nian a pifetik. Tala’ayaw a komaen to ’epah i, caay ka eca mifetik to kawas no ’Amis. O roma i, mifoting ato mi’adop i, i ’ayaw no pitaheka i, mifetik aca ko mato’asay no ’Ais i kawas. Ano caacaay ka ’araw i, paso’elin saan ko ’Amis to nika ira k kawas i tatihi ako saan. Saka, ano icowacowa to i, pasayra i kakarayan a mifetik to caayay ka ’araw a kawas. Onini a kawas no ’Amis i, o nga’ayay a kawas, saka, caay ka olah to tatiihay ko demak a tamdaw. Saka, ano mapatay ko matiniay o tatiihay ko demak a tamdaw i, caay alaen nira a patayra i kaitiraan nira a fangcalay a pala. Nikawrira, o fangcalay ko demak, o karasini’adaay to tamdaw, o damsayay ko faloco’ a tamdaw ato citafaday a tamdaw i, o tatayra i Malataw, saka ci Malataw ko ngangan nonini a kawas no Amis. Ira ko kawas no kahacecacecay no kalomaamaan. Tinako sa, ira ko kawas no lotok ci Tefi’ lotok. Ono namal a kawas i, ci Matadidil. Ono fali a kawas i, ci Toi’iraw. Ono nanom a kawas i, ci Laladay. Ono kilang a kawas i, ci ’Edo Karaw. Ono ’oway a kawas i, ci Tomirmir. Ono ’aol a kawas i, ci Harawhaw. Ono ’orad a kawas i, ci Makosem. Adihay ko romaroma, ono nira sa a faloco’ ko sapidemak nira a pa’orad ato pidemak to masamaamaanay a demak, onini a kaas koya tatahidangen no cikawasay a tamdaw. Ira ko tatiihay a kawas, o mari’angay, mipaadadaay a kawas. O kaliyan ato ’Arikaya ato Tofotofo ato ’Alim’imay ato Lalomililang ato Cikiciki a kawas, ira ho ko romaroma a adihayay a tatiihay a kawas, ’aloman ko tatiihay a kawas nikawrira, caay ka papina ko nga’ayay a kawas, ci Malataw aci Dongi a tatosa k so’elinay a midipotay a kawas, saan ko paso’elin to kawas. ==== '''O cikawasay. (巫師)''' ==== O cikawasay hananay i, malecad to ising no aniniay ko tatodongno piharateng no ’Amis. Nawhini, o mamiadah to adadaay ko demak no cikawasay, saka, ano ira ko adadaay a tamdaw i, tangsol tangsol saan a mi’araw (mitahidang) to cikawasay a papisadah. Nikawrira, onini a cikawasay i, caay ka o nani longocan nira ko sakacikawas nira, o kawas ko to’to sanay a miraod i tamdaw a pa’araw, papitodongen nira ko tamdaw a papisakero to kero nira a misatakotakod a romadiw, ano cima ko pakatodongay a tamdaw to kero ato radiw nira i, o raan a tamdaw ko kaolahan nira a pasifana’ to sapitahidang noya tamdaw i cingraan a masakero. Itini i pisakero nangra a pasifana’ ko kawas toya tamdaw tono kawas a sowal, tona ira a misaraoraod kona kawas toya kaolahan nira a tamdaw saka, samatiya sato o malawidangay cangra a manganga’ay. Yo ira sato k adadaay a tamdaw i paro no loma’ nira i, tahidangen nira koya kawas a milongoc to sapiadahaw nira, saka tangsol saan a ira koya kawas a miraod i cingraan ta masakero cangra a romadiw, ta todongen kako a misair to adadaay han noya kawas. saka, doedo han nira ko demak noya kawas i, maadah koya adadaay, saka, salipahak sato koya tamdaw, haloya kawas a lipahak toya tamdaw. saka, itiya a mapatorod no kawas k tamdaw to sapiadah to adadaay a ’icel, nanoya, cingra sato ko ’arawen no finawlan a papiadah to adadaay, cingra ko sa’ayaway a cikawasay no Pangcah. Mahaen k lalengawan no sakaira no cikawasay no ’Amis. Oya kawas i, o ’afang noya cikawasay, saka, ano awaay k ’afang no cikawasay i, awaay ko ’epoc no cikawasay a miadah to adadaay, nikawrira, caay ka lecad ko demak no ’afang, saka masasiroma k odemak no cikawasay a miadah to adadaay. Ira k panapina a kasasiroma no demak no cikawasay a miadah to adadaay, malecad ato demak no ising konini, nawhani, adihay ko kasasiromaroma no adada, saka, mahaen ito ko nika adihay no kasasiromaroma no demak no cikawasay. Ano ira ko adadaay no loma’ i, tayra i cikawasay a mi’araw, ta o cikawasay a tamdaw ko misifedihay, onini a pisifedih i, o pikilim to tatapangan no adada ato samaanen ta maadah sanay, ano mahapinang to ko nipisifedih noya cikawasay i, o cikawasay k pahapinangay to nika sasamaanen ko demak. Saka cecay, sadadoyan. Onini a sadadoyan hananay i, o cifa’edetay a adada, o ci’edoyay a adada konini, tatolo, sasepat ko cikawasay a midemak to ci’edoyay a adada. Saka tosa i, pasakawihan. Mapolong koya cikawasay a misaliway ta midemak tonini. Saka tolo i, mipangangan. O adada no fa’elohay a mihofocan a wawa, o sapifalicaw a pangangan toya adadaay a wawa. Saka sepat i, pakirikiri. Onini i, o saki malacaanay ko adada a tamdaw, mikapot koya adadaay i cikawasay i polong no demak nangra, sairen no cikawasay cingra. Saka lima i, mi’etayay. O todong no pipaino’ no cikawasay ko demak tonini a misair a mifahfah to latiih no ciadadaay a tamdaw. Saka enem i, talakilang. O cecay no pipakalemed to picomod to fa’elohay a loma’. Saka pito i, pasa’orongan. Saka falo i, mifodo’. O mitapalay to mapatayay. Saka siwa i, pamalataw. Adihay ko demak nonini a pipamalataw hananay. O cecay i, napakapatayay to tamdaw, ano o citafaday a tamdaw ato namilooday a tamdaw i, sairen no cikawasay cangra. O roma sato, ano patireng to fa’elohay a kakomodan no niyaro’ i, pamalataw to sakafana’aw nira a papelo ato mafana’ a mikowan to niyaro’. Saka mo’etep i, o pa’aw’aw. Onini a pipa’aw’aw hananay i, o todong no pitahidang to ’adingo no mipalafangay a wawa ato talaomahay a wawa. Saka cecay ko safaw i, pahemay. Onini a pipahemay hananay i, o pina’ang to kinaira no omah, tala’ayaw a mina’ang i, ira ko demak no cikawasay, o todong no pisair no cikawasay to takenawan a mipakalemed to sakacikakaenen no loma’. Saka tosa ko safaw i, pasimanta’. Onini i, ano tatiih ko nintiih i, papisair to cikawasay ta mapalasawad koya tatiihay a nintiih. Saka tolo ko safaw i, misaodo’. Onini i, o pipasadak to faniw. Saka sepat ko safaw i, milengaw. Ano masiday ko maan a kakalimelaan a lalosidan, ano matakaw ko ’ekim ato tda’ekim i, papikilim han ko cikawasay to masidayay a maamaan, ta ma’araw noya cikawasay ko cima ko mitakaway, ta ira icowa konini a lalosidan saan. Saka loma ko safaw i, mifaliheloh. Onini i, mifahfah to latiih no loma’. Tinako sa i, ci’ilo koya loma’, mipadoka’ to cimacimaanan i, saheto o tatiihay a demak ko iraay noya loma’, ta tahidangen ko cikawasay a papifahfah to latiih no loma’. Saka enem ko safaw i, niwatid. Ano ira ko mapatayay i, rarom sa ko faloco’ no loma’, caay ka hinom ko faloco’ tona cimapatayay ko loma’, ta tahidangen ko cikawasay a papifahfah to rarom no paro no loma’. Saka pito ko safaw i, sakap. Onini a sakap hananay i, o halafinay a doka’ ato congras, tahidangen ko cikawasay a papicepcep toya doka’ ano eca i o congras ta mapasadak noya cikawasay koya mitengeday i wa’ay. Saka falo ko safaw i, pakawas. Onini a pakawas hananay i, halafinay a adada, malawaco ko tireng to nika adada, ta papisairen ko cikawasay. Pakawas han konini a demak. Saka siwa ko safaw i, mifahfah. Mapolong ko finawlan a masadak a midemak tonini a papifahfah to tatiihay a kawas hananay. Onini i, o kaliyah o caracaraw, o tofotofo ato romaroma, saka, misoni a ma’emin ko kalo loma’ to dodang ato takingkingan, ta matalaw to soni koya tatiihay a kawas. Saka tosa polo’ i, mitapohay. Onini i, mifahfah to onih (fao) no pinaloa itini i omaomahan, sairen no cikawasay ta mapalasawad ko mikari’angay to pinaloa no omah. Saka tosa polo’ ira ko cecay i, pasa’orongan. Onini i, awaay to angil tona halain ko adada, o papatikoen cingra a aki’emel to tireng to sakatanektek no tireng. Saka tosa polo’ ira ko tosa i, pasawa’eran. O nika eca ka ’imer i pihafayan saka, malifawa ko tiyad, saka mopohpoh tonini a adada nira. O kawas no cikawasay, oya ’afang nangra i, ci Afowakay, ci Cingacingaw ato romaroma. O tatatoyen no cikawasay a misair to adadaay i, o papah no ’adiyam ato papah no looh, o siwalaan ko piparoan to ’epah to sapitoripes. ==== '''Paysin (禁忌)''' ==== O fa’elohay a maponengay a tamdaw i, tatiih a masadak nai loma’ a talaomah, paysin, nawhani, ano masadak cingra i, ma’orad, maciyong saan. o ciyong i, ira ko sakamaan no tatiih no romi’ad saan. ano namacidalay ho ko romi’ad, tona talaomah cingra saka, ma’orad to. Ano kafana’an no tamdamdaw ko nika talaomah nira i, o mmamatefoc nangra cingra. O ceay no pisatatiih nira to finawlan ko demak nira. O roma sato, i ’ayaw no nika lingad no tamdaw i, ano ira ko ma’esingay a tamdaw i, o sakacidoka’ noya malingaday, tinako sa, o nano si’enaw no ka’emangay to nika ki’etec no romi’ad ato nika caay ka ’edeng ko riko’ nira saka, ma’esing cingra, itiya i malitodong ko kalingadan no mato’asay i, sopa’en no mato’asay cingra a mikaketer. O roma i, itini i kasaopo no mato’asay i loma’ no nia, ano ira ko ma’esosay (ma’etotay), ano matengil no mato’asay i, tefocen no mato’asay cingra. “O pisamsam to mato’asay konini.” saan. saka, papi’acaen nira koya tadaw to ’epah. O roma i, yo malingad to kiso, ano ira ko soni no cirot, ano misi’ayaw tisowanan koya ’ayam a masoni i kawanan iso i, o sakanga’ay no rakat no miso saan. nikawrira, ano misiikor i tisowanan a masoni koya cirot i, ira ko maan a sakalatiih no miso saan, ano satiwatiwal saan a ma’efer a talakawanan, talakawili, ano tata’ang ko soni noya ’ayam i, o caci’ilo kiso saan. mahaenay kono kapaysinan a demak. O roma sato, ano ma’awas no mapoyapoyay a fafahiyan ko lalosidan to sapifoting ano eca o sapi’adop i, “Masiyac to.” (Maacek ko kawas no pafotingay ato patama’ay to ma’awasay no cipoyapoyay a fafahiyan a lalosidan.) O demak no niyaro’ no ’Amis, o mahaenay ko masiyacay (mahinacay) saan. ==== '''O redek ato lati’ (魔力和犯沖)''' ==== '''O redek hananay i,''' I redek no cikawasay, o redek no citafaday ato redek no karatama’ay. Ano matefing no nima ko lalosidan no cisaredekay a tamdaw i, o amaredek koya tamdaw a malahol ko kananel no wadis. Itiya i, papipohpohen ko cisaredekay a tamdaw ta maadah. Ano caay ka songila’ noya cisaredekay a tamdaw ko pina’ang to lalosidan nira i, o mamatefing no micomoday a ta,daw konini ta maredek, saka o sasongila’en no cisaredekay a tamdaw ko pina’ang to lalosidan nira i kalico’co’ no loma’ ko nga’ay. O demak a miadah to maredekay a tamdaw i, o papah no karo’ (wirok, kamoraw), tatoyen noya pakaredekay ko papah no karo’ ta sopa’en no maredekay a tamdaw koya papah a pa’ekek i maparedekay cingraan, itiya sairen no cisaredekay koya adadaay, ta maadah to cingra. Ano caay ka tangsol ko pisair nira i, o mamalifawa ko ngoyos nira, ano tefingen ho ko wadis nira i, o mamapeco’ (litod). '''O lati’ hananay i,''' o cecay no saredek noya loma’ a miri’ang to roma a tamdaw. nikawrira, kahemaw ko lati’ hananay, ano micomod i loma’ no cilati’ay ko wawa no fiyafiyaw i, ano tayra i tangolan (parikoriko’an) ko wawa a misalama i, o mamalati’ koya wawa. O mamasakookool ko fanges no tireng nira a ma’emin. O sapiadah to nia lati’ i, o makamiday a riko’ noya loma’, tatoyen ko matiraay a riko noya loma’ a midohdoh i namal ta sairen noya ciloma’ay ko malati’ay a wawa, ta tangsol sa a maadah. Caay ka fana’en ko sakaira no lati’. O atakahay ho a wawa ko mamalati’, ano mananam to konini a wawa a micomod toya loma’ i, caay to ko mamalati’ cingra. ==== '''O tima (巫術)''' ==== O tima hananay i, o tayal no karam a miri’ang to tamdaw a matima. O nitatoyan nira a karam i, o midipotay toya loa’ no cisatimaay. I cecay a niyaro’ i, ma’edeng cecay tosa a loma’ ko iraay, o cilisinay a loma’ ko iraay ko matiniay. Mapateli nira ko karam nira i loma’ nira, latek, telien nira i sefi (kofaw, demi’), i pakolongan nira, i ’ariri nira, i omah nira, i pinaloma nira to sakacaaw pitakaw no mitakaway. Ano mangalay ko ima a miala to maamaan nira i, kari’angen no karam nira a mitima kora tamdaw. saka, tireng sa cingra itira, ano caay ka kalamkam a tayra ko cikaramay a tamdaw i, nahol sa itira koya matimaay a tamdaw, matiya o fafahi ni Loto a mala cilah a hecek ko nika tommireng nira. Ano ma’araw no cisatimaay a tamdaw ko matimaay a tamdaw i, o tatangsol cingra misair toya matimaay, ono cilisinay ko ’icel nira a misair. O roma sato, ira ko sapa’enep a demak no cikaramay. Maparo nira i ’icep ko sapi’enep, ta pafelien nira ko kaolahan nira a tamdaw. tinako sa, ano maolah koya cikaramay a tamdaw to sakaolahaw no cecay a fafahiyan i cingraan i, pa’icepen to cisa’enepay a ’icep, ta ’icepen noya kaolahan nira a fafahiyan ko nipasa’enepan a ’icep i, saciolah sa koya fafahiyan i cingraan a mitoor. Ira ko matiniay a demak no cikaramay. O roma a demak no pitima i, ano ira ko ka’osian no cisatimaay a tamdaw i cimaanan i, fetir han nira toya karam ko ka’osian nira a tamdaw, tangsol sa a matima koya tamdaw. ano matima ko tamdaw i, matiya o masingkiay cingra a mapaaw. ==== '''O demak no mi’edaway (占卜)''' ==== ’Aloman ko mafana’ay a mi’edaw. O cikawasay, o mi’adopay, o cilisinay a tamdaw ato tomok no niyaro’ ko mafana’ay to nia demak, o sakafana’aw to ca’of no kawas to licay no tamdaw. tinako sa, o adadaay, samaanen ko demak hakini? Ta maadah ko adadaay, saanay ko pikilim no faloco’ to sakaadahaw i, itiya a papi’edaw a mitengil to ca’of no ’edaw. Mahaen ko demak no mi’adpay. Mi’edaw a mitengil to ca’of no ’edaw ta ano manga’ay ko ca’of i, milikakawa to sakalingad a mi’adop, ano tatiih ko ca’of i, sawaden ko pi’adop. Ano ira ko masidayay a tamdaw, ano eca i, o kolong, mangalay a mikilim, nikawrira, caay ka fana’ to nika icowa kira kolong. tiya a pa’edaw to sakafana’aw to kaitiraan noya kakakilimen. Itiya a tangsol sa matama. O mahaenay ko tatodong no pi’edaw hananay. ==== '''O pipaka’orad (求雨)''' ==== Tona mararid ko kedal no romi’ad, ma’icang ko sra, mafadi’ a mapatay ko pinaloma ato pina’orip. Mikilim ko tamdaw to piradoman, makedal awaay ko nanom, marawraw ko finawlan no niyaro’ to nika awa ko nanom. Itiya, palimo’ot ko kakomodan no niyaro’ to sapalengaw to sapipaka’orad. Nanoya, o finawlan no niyaro’, dengan o samamaay a awid ko masadakay (o roma, o maponengay no niyaro’ a fafahiyan), miala to koliya nai lotok patayraen i fanaw ano eca i ’alo, mitatoy cangra maemin to koliya a mingitangit, ta milekal maemin a masasilesi’ i cinanomay, matiya o misalamaay a ka’emangay to nanom a parahemed to tireng. Onini i, o sapa’araw i kawas no nanom to longoc nangra to ’orad, nanay samatiyaen o kasasilsil niyam to nanom ko pipafeli iso to ’orad i tamiyanan, o sanay ko tatodong no pihaen nangra. Tona mipaka’orad cangra, ano caay haca ko ’orad i, miliyaw haca a mipaka’orad to sakinatosa, kinatolo. Nanoya ira sato ko ca’of no kawas.. mahaen ko demak no pipaka’orad hananay. ==== '''O pipakacidal (求晴)''' ==== Caay pisakapolongan ko ’Amis a misacidal. Nawhani, o nipafelian no Kawas to kasasiroma no romi’ad to sakanga’ay no ’orip no mita o tamdaw, saka, caay ka nga’ay a paterep to tayal no Kawas ko tamdaw. saka, caay pisakapolongan ko finawlan a mipakacidal, edeng o kasaopo no maponengay ato masipolo’ay a tamdaw ko mamidemak, mitatoy cangra to nisawadan a matelangay to a eli’, likaten a misataliyoliyok to loma’ no kasaopoan nangra. ==== '''O pihafayan a lisin (收栗祭)''' ==== O sapihafay a lisin i, o raro’itan hananay. masaopo ko paro no loma’ ato malininaay a maemin i tata’angay ko loma (tatapangan a loma’) a mipacok to fafoy a pakaen to kawas no sawa’eran hananay. O nian i, o cikawasay ko citodongay, i ’ayaw no pihafay a lisin konini. I pina’angan to hafay a miparo i ’ariri i, ira haca ko demak no lisin, o sapina’ang to hafay ko nian a lisin. Onini a lisin i, o sakacaaw ka kari’ang no ’edo ato ’onih ko hafay i ’ariri. Saka, o ikawasay ko citodongay tonini, matahidang ko Malataw a kawas ato Sawa’eran. O roma sato, i ’ayaw no piparo to panay ano eca a hafay i ’ariri i, papitapalen ko cikawasay to nika cima ko cihafayay ato cima ko matakenaway a tamdaw no paro no loma’, ta oya cihafayay a tamdaw a cecay ko mamiparo i ’ariri to panay ato hafay ato pipasadak to nai ’aririay. Ano asimaanay ano saan a miparo i ’ariri ko matakenaway a tamdaw i, kalamkam a malowan ko pinaro no ’ariri. Saka, caay ka nga’ay ko matakenaway a tamdaw a misacomocomod i ’ariri a mipadang a miparo ato midafo’ to pinaro no ’ariri. === '''O demak i niyaro’ no ’Amis. (阿美族部落事務)''' === “O sakapihaen Ningra i, nga'ay mikilim ko tamdaw Cingraan o Kawas. Ta latek matama nangra Cingra o sanay Ningra. So'linay caay piraay ko Kawas i titaanan o kahaccaccay.” Dmak 17:27 (使徒行傳17:27) Hakitini i pitoor no ’Amis to kawas no tato’asan nangra a misafinawlan cangra a midemak to maamaan. O afedo’ay k opalowaday, palalanay i cangraan. ==== O kakeridan no niyaro’ (部落領袖) ==== O kakomodan ko kakeridan i niyaro’ no ’Amis. O tayal no kakomodan i, mipalowad to finawlan a pakatayal to sakanga’ay no ’orip no finawlan i niniyaro’, o sakarikecaw no finawlan konini. Saka, saheto o saki finawlan ko tayal nira, tinako sa i, misanga’ to pilaocan (pikacawan) no finawlan a sefi ato misanga’ to lalan no niyaro’ ato romaroma a aduhayay a tatayalen. Saka, pili’en nira ko mamipadang i cingraan a matanengay, mafana’ay, malalokay to saki finawlan a tamdaw a citodongay kakeridan, ta onini a kakeridan i, citodong cangra to kasa’etal a mala mikowanay. Ira haca ko romaay mamikerid to tayal no finawlan, o lakeling (fanti). Ano ira ko maan a demak a talacowacowa i, o citodongay cingra a kakeridan to matayalay, citodong cingra a pakaen to matayalay. Ano ira ko maan a tatayalen no niyaro’ i, mikapot haca cangra to kakomodan a lomaoc a misafaloco’ to malo tatayalen i niyaro’. O kacitamohang (toper, kacikafong) no kakomodan i, mahaenay. Ano mapatay ko i ’ayaway a kakomodan i, miliyaw mipili’ to mato’asay a singkiwen to mamiceror cingraan, ano mipili’ to mamala kakomodan i, minengneng to demak no papili’en, o nga’ayay ko demak ato mapapelo ko papatirengen.Ira ko pilifet to fana’ ato taneng nira, pakayni i pipapelo nira ko pi’arawan no mato’asay to matatodongay a pili’en. O roma sato, tatiih ao namiliyasay to fafahi, cecay ko fafahi nira i, caay ka nga’ay a miliyaw a cifafahi ko kakomodan, mahaenay haca kono afedo’ay. Ano ira ko cima a ciraraway a tamdaw i, tangsol tangsol han no sa’etal a kakeridan ato kakomodan no niyaro’ a misawkit ta manga’ay to. Talacowa ira k sowal to mitefoc sanay i, awaay ko patangicay a pitefoc, nawhani awaay ko ciraraway to tata’angay a tatiihay a demak, saka, ma’edengay a tefoc ko pitefoc no mitefocay. Onini i, o pipa’ayaw no kakomodan no niyaro’ to ciraraway a tamdaw, saka, caay pa’orong to karetengay a tefoc. Nikawrira, adihay ko sapasifana’ no kakomodan ato sa’etal a kakeridan ato mama no selal nira i cingraan to sakacaaw piliyaw a ciraraw. Mahaen ko demak to pakayniay i demak no ciraraway a caay piteked ko kakomodan no niyaro’ a misawkit. Ira ko mamidama i cingraan a sa’etal a kakeridan no niyaro’ a masakapotay, onini ko mamiterong to kalo demak no ’ilo no finawlan. ==== '''Kapolongan ko tayal. (集體勞務)''' ==== Misakapolongan ko finawlan no ’Amis a matayal, saka, ano misaloma’ i, ranikay ko loma’ a masanga’. Ano mipalalan i, mahaen to ko demak no ’Amis a misakapolongan a matayal, saka awaay ko matokaay a tamdaw. Nawhani, mangodo to finawlan saan. malosimet ko finawlan no niyaro’ no ’Amis, awaay ko pauliay t sowal no mikowanay ato cingodo k faloco’ i mato’asay, saka, awaay ko mipararaway a tamdaw ato makataray a tamdaw, awaay ko mari’angay to dafong no tao. Karapadang ato patado to saki taowan, matiya o cecayay a paro no loma’ ko harateng to saki niyaro’ no tireng. O Amis i, caay ka citodong to tilid saka, awaay k nina’angan to cudad hananay to malo pi’arawan to sakacilalan no faloco’ no mikowanay. Pakifaloco’, ta pakimad saan to finawlan, ta lowaden no finawlan. Talacowa awaay ko cudad no Pangcah i, mafana’ ko Amis to saprikec to niyaro’ ano eca i o malininaay ato paro no loma’, tona o tamdaw sa ca ko ’Amis, saka ira i kahacecacecay no ’orip nangra ko no Kawas a nipafelian to sakafana’ nangra a mala tamdaw. I ’ayaw ano o maan ko demak itini i niyaro’ i, caay ka eca ira ko palimo’otay to alo dademaken no niyaro’, ta mafana’ ko polong no finawlan to malo dademaken nangra. Talacowa ano caacaay ka citilidko Pangcah, ira i folaco’ nangra ko nika haenen ako, ta manga’ay ko niyaro’, ta lipahak ko finawlan yasanay a harateng. O taneng to ko nian, saka, mapakatayal no mikriday to finawlan , saka, ano o nipipalan to , ano eca i itin i pisanga’ to kayakay, ta manga’ay a romakat a milakec, ano caacaay ka matiya ono aniniay ko pisanga’ toya kayakay i, ano itiyaay ho a ’orip, o fonosay a cecay ko matatoyay to sapisanga’ toya kayakay. O no fonosay a cecay a midemakan ko masanga’ay. Tinako sa, ano o ’oway, ano o ’aol, ano o kilang i, itini i pisanga’ a mafana’ ko Amis. ira ko tatodong no kasaselaselal hananay, o no sasafaay a delal, o no masakapahay a selal, o no kakaay nira o masamamaay to ko ’orip a selal, o no mato’asay o makedalay to a kalas (selal), mahaenay ko kadado’edo, ta masasipalimo’ot ko kasaselal to safa a selal, pasifana’en no kaka a selal ko safa a selal to dademaken. Saka, itira a mafana’ ko safasafa to nipasifana’an saka, malecad to ko fana’ a ma’emin, mafana’ to tayal a ma’emin i, lonok saan, o hahaenen ko mako a demak, kako i, mamisanga’ toninii saan. saka awaay ko matokaay, mafana’ kako a matayal ano saan ko tamdaw i, lonok saan, ano mafokil kako a matayal ano saan i, ano cima k kanga’ayan nira to todong no mamipasifana’ i, “Pasifana’en kako kaka, ano eca o mama,” han. Miai to taneng no kaka ato mato’asay, ta mapasifana’ cingra i, mafana’ to cingra, mafana’ cingra i, lonok sato cingra a matayal. Ano caacaay ka nengnengen no cima ko tayal nira i, lonok saan, awaay ko matokaay, caay pisalimelimek to demak, lipahak ko faloco’ a mihareteng to matiniay a lalok no Amis. O roma sato, itini i pisaloma’an, ano o pakailoh to loma’ i, caay kono niyam a malininaay caay ka saan, ano ira ko cecay no sowal no kakeridan a sa’etal i, “Misaloma’ kita to loma’ ni ira,” ano saan i, o maasadak ko fa’inayan no loma’, ano papina ko fa’inayan i, masadak a ma’emin. Licayen no kakeridan no sa’etal ko malininaay no pakailhay to loma’ a tamdaw, “Ano ira ko aalaen no finawlan a ’aol ato folo’ ano eca i o eli’ i omah namo i, nanay pasowalen. Ta a itira ko finawlan a miala to malo sapipatireng to loma’,” han nira. ta “Ira to ko mako” ano saan ta itira ko piala no finawlan to sapatireng to loma’. ta itini i kasaselaselal a malalikel to demak to aalaen to sakatayal a misanga’ to loma’. Emin, caay ka saan toya cecay a aalaen, o ’oway kno ’oway, o eli’ ko no eli’, o kilang kono kilang, mahaen ko demak, ta ira to a ma’emin ko sakatayal i, sanga’ sato. O kacarohan ko pisanga’ to matiniay a loma’, saka, caay pisatadamaamaan ko pisanga’, o pasamo aca, caay ko mamacangal ko ciloma’ay to nisanga’an no finawlan, I ikor no pinapina a folad a misanga’ cingra to tada loma’ ningra. Ira ko papalomo’ot aca, “Haenen ita, haenen ta.” saan. Do’edo sato ko rarikor, caay pacoli ko rarikor to kasakaka ato mama a tamdaw. Awaay ko mamisawkit i patelacay nangra, lonok saan ko ’Amis a mafana’ to dademaken aca, ano matoka kako i, latek tonganganen no cima kako saan ko faloco’ i, lonok saan. Caay ka ri’ang, caay pipalatatiih, caay pipacoli, ano harateng i, tada o damsayay a malalokay, marikecay, mitengilay to sowal no palimo’otay ko ’Amis hananay. Ano o pi’adop to i, ira ko pisafinawlan to a pi’adop. O pi’edaw ko pi’arawan to nga’ayay a pi’adopan no finawlan, o sakapi’adop no finawlan i, o pipatala to saki lafang no niyaro’, ano eca i, o cecay no lisin a demak ko pisafinawlan a mi’adop. Mapalalikel ko tamdaw to pi’adopan a lotok, malakapot ko romaroma, cecay, tosa ko romaroma. O maalaay nangra a tama’ i, o saki finawlan. Ano i enar ko pi’adop to takolil i, o salil ko tatoyen no papinapina a mali’ayaw a pasalil, ta do’edoen no ’alomanay cangra. Nikawrira, caay ka i salil cangra i raay cangra a milaplap, ano eca i pa’enafen nangra a milaplap ta macekok ko takolil i, cikay sa cingra a milaliw ta ahasiket i salil. Mahaenay ko pi’adop no ’alomanay. O romasato i, o pitilo to ma’eferay a ’ayam. Onini i, ano misakapolongan a mitilo i, ono paytemek ko nialaan nangra, o samafana’ay a mitilo to ’ayam i, o kalingkoay a ’Amis. O mikatangay han ko pitilo no Kalingko a ’Amis to ma’eferay a ’ayam. Makaen no ’Amis a ma’emin ko masamaamaanay a ma’eferay a ’ayam. Ano mitilo cangra i, nano dafak tangasa i kalafian i, o saadihayay a nitatoyan nangra a mitilo i, paka tolo a so’ot ko ’erid, itira i kalingko ko nga’ayay a pinanaman to pitiloan to ’ayam. O kalo tamdaw no Kalingko i, tosa a so’ot ko maalaay, i katimotimol a mitiloay a tamdaw i, tolo polo’ ano eca i lima a polo’ ko nitatoyan. O saawaay i, tolo ano eca i lima, i kalipahakan a romi’ad ko pihaen no ’Amis a mitilo to ’ayam. Saka, i ’ayaway a pikristmas no misakristoay a ’Amis i, haenen nangra ko demak. Ira ko no kapolongan a pifoting. O komoris han ko nian a demak. sakapolongan ko finawlan a mifoting i tata’angay ’alo. I ’ayaw no tafa’ to ’alo i, mapateli ko rakar i cepo’, matayal ma’emin ko kasaselal itiya. Nikawrira, o saadihayay ko tayal itiya i, o sasafaay o pakarongay, o mamiala cangra to talod to malo sapitafa’ a mikerah to tata’angay a ’alo. Orasaka, ano caay ka kalamkam cangra a mitafa’ to ’alo i, caay ka nga’ay, saka, o cacomikay ko pakarongay a ma’emin a miala to talod a mipatorod i mia kapah. Tangasa i ka’emina no nanom a matafa’, tada maroray cangra, o seto’ no tireng nangra, katalawan ko nia tayal no pakarongay, ano eca seti’en no kasakaka to sakakalamkam nangra a mipatorod to talod i mitafa’ay a tamdaw. Tona o no tata’angay a ’alo a pifoting saka, caay ka samisi ko nika adihay no foting, o pakarongay ko mi’orongay to nifotingan a foting panokay, pacideken no mitangtangay ko kasasiroma no tata’angay ato mimingay. itiya ano komaen to i, o fa’inayan a ma’emin ko komaenay, o no tata’angay a foting i, o kalas ato mato’asay ko komaenay, o no mimingay a foting ko nikaenan no kapah ato pakarongay. O kako maen no mato’asay to nira, no sakaherekan to ko nika lahok ato mato’assay i, o papananom ko pakarongay to mato’asay. Itiya i, “Nanomay mama” saan ko pakarongay a pasowal, orasaka, caay pina’ay ko mato’asay a minanom, nanomen nira ko nipipananom no pakarongay, o siwalaan ko nitatoyan no pakarongay a pananom. Maherek a minanom ko mato’asay i, caay ka eca o papahacoma koya mato’asay i pananomay i cingraan a pakarongay to nipatatodongan nira a foting to tata’angay, ano eminen noya mato’asay ko nira a kilac a caay pahacoma to to pakarongay i, o mamapangangan cingra to maco’osay a mato’asay, o hahaenen cingra. Itiya yo mipananom ko pakarongay to mato’asay i, tapalen no kasakaka ko demak noya pakarongay. Ano ira ko caay pacoma tona pananom i, tahidangen noya mitapalay, “Cima a mama ko nipananoman iso, ta caay ka pacomaen nira kiso.” Haenen noya mitapalay a milicay, saka, mangodo ko mato’asay a caay pacoma to mipananomay cingraan. ==== '''O tongod no demak no niyaro’ no ’Amis. (部落勞務)''' ==== Itini i niyaro’ no ’Amis i, ira ko kasaselal no fa’inayan a ma’emin. Masakapokapot a masaselal ko kasalima a mihecaan. O sasafaay a awid/selal i, ma’edeng safaw lima, safaw enem, safaw pito, safaw falo, safaw siwa ko mihecaan. O kaka no nian i, tasa a polo’, tosa polo’ ira ko cecay, tosa, tolo, sepat ko mihecaan. Mapangangan ko kahacecacecay a selal. Saka, mafana’ a ma’emin ko fa’inayan to nika o maan a selal kako sanay. O selal no mama nangra ko mamala mama (mama no kapah) noya sasafaay a selal. Cangra ko pasifana’ay to nga’ayay a demak to sakacingodoaw no safasafa to kasakaka a tamdaw ato sakangodoaw to mato’asay a tamdaw. Saka, matiya o mama nangra ko to’as no papasifana’ i cangraan a mama no selal. Mahaenay ko sakapinanam no wawa a matayal to tayal no niyaro’. Ano cima noya wawa ko caayay katatodong ko demak i, oya mama no kapah ko papasowal to mama noya wawa to sakafana’aw noya mama a palatamdaw to wawa nira, saka, tosa ko singsi no fa’inayan a wawa, o mama no tireng ato mama no kapah. O ina a cecay ko mala singsiay no fafahiyan a wawa. Ano ira ko cara no finawlan i, masadak a maemin ko kasaselal. Itiya i, patedo caay ka saan a micamol i roma a selal a mikapot, ano mihaen kiso i, o mamatefoc kiso no selal no miso, saka, caay ko aasimaanen iso ko demak a misatalifokil to selal iso. Lima a miheca ira a masadak ko fa’elohay a selal, saka, ano pasopwal ko mama ano eca i o faki i wawa to sapisaselal nira i, itiya to cingra a micomod. Ta mapolong cangra a mapatireng a mala sasafaay a fa’elohay a selal a mala pakarongay. O mamatayal a maocor no kasakaka ato mato’asay a selal cangra, saka adihay ko tayal nangra. Itini a minanam cangra to tatayalen a ma’emin. Ano o maan ko niocoran no kasakaka ato mato’asay a tatayalen i, lowaden nangra. Itini a minanam cangra to tatayalen i lowaden nangra a ma’emin a milaheci. Itini a mi’ikes a paki’emel to faloco’ nangra a pakacitaneng. Ano fangcal a mangaay ato malalok konini a pakarongay i, o mamapangangan cangra to fangcalay a ngangan. Nikawrira, ano caay ka tatodong ko demak nangra a tapalen no kasakaka ato mato’asay i, o mamapangangan cangra to kakangodoan a ngangan. Caay ko papacoli to kasakaka ko safasafa a tamdaw. Mangalef ko nika pisangaay to demak i saki matoasay. Ano ira ko cara no fimawlan i, mapahapinang i patakos no patakosay ko sowal, o maan a selal ko masadakay a macara asaan, ano mimingay a tatayalen i, cecay tosa a selalan ko mamacara, ano tata’angay a tatayalen i, mapolong ko kasaselal a masadak a macara. O kakomodan no niyaro’ ato kakeridan no kasaetal mo kasakowan ato mama no kapah ko masasowalay to malo tatayalen no finawlan, saka, maratar cingra to dafak a mipatakos. Onini ko sakafana no finawlan to nika o maan ko tatayalen no niyaro anini. Nikawrira, to romi’ami’ad i, caay ka eca ira ko kacacorocorok no mato’asay a selal a macara a maro’ i sefi. O tatodong no mamisimaw to niyaro’ tona malingad a maemin ko finawlan a matayal i omah, saka, caay ka nga’ay a awa ko mamisimaw to niyaro. Ira ko pikacawan no niyaro, o maminengneng to mikari’angay a ’ada, ano ira ko ’ada i, sinien no mikacaway ko takingkingan a paratoh to finawlan ta masadak ko fa’inayan a milood to ’ada. To sakacaaw picomod no ’ada I niyaro’ saka ma’adipel to cicekaay a ’aol ko taliyok no niyaro’, ta itini i ’adawang i sacomod no niyaro’ ko kasa’opoan no malitengay a misimaw to niyaro’. Ano ira ko tayraay i niyaro’ a mipalafang i, onini a misimaway ko patadoay a mikerid a patangasa i loma’ no pipalafangan nangra. === '''O kalipahakan no ’Amis ko ilisin (阿美族歡欣的豐年祭)''' === Wata: ko nika talolong no mikomi ato taneng ato fana' no Kawas! Cima ko mafana'ay a mitadtad to pikton Ningra? Cima ko mafana'ay a misapsap to lalan Ningra? Nawhani o kasadakan ato pakayraan ato pinokayan no kalomaamaan ko Kawas. Nanay mapahmek ko Kawas a tahira i da'oc. Amin. Loma 11:33, 36 I ’ayaw no lisin i, ira ko sowal no kakomodan i ’alomanay, sowal sa, “Ano ira i tamowanan ko citafaday ato na pakapatayay to tamdaw ato matayalay i katalawan, i kalingsesan a cifalihenaway ko faloco’ a tamdaw i, o papamalatamdawen kamo, saka, kasa’opo kako.” han nira. I ’ayaw no pipamalataw i, misaliway a ma’emin koya sasairen a tamdaw to tolo a romi’ad, halo cikawasay a misaliway to cecay a romi’ad. O demak no pisair itiya i, alaen no cikawasay ko cecay a kohecalay a ’ayam to talangawan, itiya i masikawas i, papisekaken a mipangiha’ ko nia ’ayam ta matapal no Malataw ko pisair. Oya romi’ad to pipamalatawan i, so’oten ko ciciw a fafoy, ta kidkiden ko nia ciciw a fafoy a mipadoka’. Ta’etaen cingra ta masoni cingra masadak ko remes, ta kidkiden cingra a patangsol a patayra i pidohdoan cingraan. O todong no sapato’aya patafang koni i Malataw a kawas. Maherek to konini a demak i, manga’ay to ko nia nipamalatawan a tamdaw a mikapot i selal nira to demak no ilisin. ==== '''O pipatala a demak (預備期)''' ==== O nia ilisin hananay i, o tadamaanay a kalipahakan a demak no niyaro’ no ’Amis. Kinacecay aca to cecay a miheca a midemak to nia ilisin, o todong no satapangan no mihecaan no ’Amis ko nia ilisin hananay ato pina’angan to kinaira no omah a militod to kakaenen. Ano maraod to ko kailisinan i, adihay ko tatayalen no finawlan a mipatala to kalipahakan no niyaro’ a ilisin. O mamiasik to lalan a ma’emin mihadimel , mi’adop ko kala’adopay a tamdaw a mipatala to malo kakaenen i ilisin. O caayay pi’adop i, mitefok (mipacok) to kolong ko malafiyaway, caay sa i, malininaay, ano eca o malaselalay, mipatala a ma’emin to titi. O roma i, mipatala ko fafahian a misa’epah, malapalipaliw ko kaying a mitifek to panay, mipatala a ma’emin ko kalo loma’ to sapalipahak to lafang no loma’, mi’odawis to ’icep ato fila’, ato milipot to tamako. ==== '''O losid a malikoda (豐年祭的服飾)''' ==== Adihay ko tatayalen no finawlan a mipatala to saki ilisin no niyaro’, mipatala a ma’emin to losid a malikoda, o sasanga’en ko no fa’inayan a losid ato fafahian a losid. Lipahak ko ina a mipatala to losid no wawa nira to kapah at okaying, nawhani, itini i kailisinan ko kapah a mihapinang to kaolahan nira a kaying, ano o kaying sato i, mahaen ito. Mihalhal ko ina ato mama to malo kadafo no loma’ ato malo pikadafoan no wawa. ==== '''O kapolongan a demak no niyaro’. (部落的活動)''' ==== Itiya i, masa’opo a ma’emin ko kasaselal, mikapot ko afedo’ay i, samamaay (samato’asay) no kalas no niyaro’ hananay, o cecay a ngangan i, sapalengaw. O cacitodong cingra citodongay to ta’ong a tayal, saka, o sapalengaw ko citodongay a mifetik a paratoh to lipahak no finawlan a militod to nano nip[akalemed no kawas no kakaenen. I taliyok no nia ma’emin ko finawlan, itiya ko sapalengaw a mitosir to rayray no tato’asan. O romasato, papelo ko kakomodan no niyaro’ to sakailisin ato sakarikecaw no finawlan a lipahak a malikoda tangasa i paherekan. Nanoya, satapang sato ko misaradaway a romadiw, taliyok sato ko kapah no nyaro’ a masakero i taliyok no kasa’opo no kalas no niyaro’ ato tapatapang no niyaro’. o cilosiday a ma’emin itiya to sakalikoda, romadiw ko kalas no niyaro’ to sapalipahak to kawas no tato’asan, ta mapolong cangra a mifetik a pakaen to kawas. Itini i safaw lim a romi’ad no ikailisinan no niyaro’ i, ira ko kasasuromaroma no demak i kahacecacecay a romi’ad. Saka cecay romi’ad i, mitelis (pikomodan). O nia pitelis hananay i, midonta o dadaya i, malikoda a makero. Nengnengen ko cicengelay a sassing no milikowatay, mahaenay ko pisariko’ nangra itiya. Makapah ko nisariko’an no fafahian, nengnengen ko a sassing – o riko’ no ka’amis ato katimol ato nica’edongan no mato’asay a saong. I saka tosa a romi’ad i, mifila’. Midongec ko kapah to malo kakaenen nangra a cecay, caay pakaen i mato’asay, toya dadaya i, malikoda. I saka tolo a romi’ad i, mirarar. O nian i, mitatoy ko mato’asay a fafahiyan to rarar a masakero, keriden nangra ko kaying a pakafana’ to kero nangra. O sapa’araw i mato’asay koni. Awaay ko demak no kapah to nia romi’ad, ta toya dadaya i, malikoda. I saka sepat a romi’ad i, mi’afat, o nia pa’afat i, pifoting to dadaya, ta o nialaan nangra a foting i, o sakaranam, ta litemohen no mato’asay ko pinokay no mi’atefay a kapah, o sapakaen no kapah koni i mato’asay, ta o titi ko sapahacocop no ato’asay to foting i kapah, masaromi’ad a malikoda a tahadadaya. I saka lima a rmi’ad i, marengreng. O pihalhalan to iraay a mipalafangay a kakitaan no kasaniyaro’, saka, mapatala to ko taheka to sapakaen to lafang. Itiya toya romi’ad o mamakero k kapah ato kaying halo mato’asay ato lafang a ma’emin. I saka enem a romi’ad i, o pipahafayan. O nian a pipahafay hananay i, o tatodong no pipadang nira to tayal to sapakaen to ina ato mama, saka, nanitiya toya romi’ad i, itira sa cingra i tapang nira a loma’ a matayal, o no itiyaay ho a demak i, pakamihecaan, ano enem a folad, ano tolo a folad saan. o sowal no ina ko pi’arawan to sakahalafin nra i loma’ no tireng. O roma i, hatnien aca ko no miso a pipahafay han no ina, ta panokay han ko wawa nira i pikadafoan. Ta caay pisahalafin a mpahafay. I saka pito a romi’ad i, masasipalafang. O nia romi’ad i, o pipaytemekan no tamdamdaw a mihalhal to lafang no loma’, toya romi’ad a mafana’ ko wawa to malininaay nira to faki ato fai. Toya dadaya i, malikoda. I saka falo a romi’ad i, o pipatorodan to kowang. Nawhani, i ’ayaw no ilisin mapatoroday to no tayring i mikomoday to niyaro’ ko kowang, o nia kowang i, o malo sapi’adop ato malo sapitala to saki ’ada, saka, to nia romi’ad a mapanokay a ma’emin ko kowang. I ikor no ilisin i, manga’ay haca a miliyaw a micaliw to kowang no tayring. I saka siwa a romi’ad i, misakaro’. O pipafa’edetan to nano nipatalaan to saki ilisin a ’osa’osaw no hemay. I saka mo^tep a romi’ad i, pakarong. O nia pipakarong i, o pisairan no cikawasay no pisatapangan no fa’elohay a mihecaan, saka o pikoracan to finawlan atoniyaro’ ko nia romi’ad. I saka safaw cecay a romi’ad i, o pihololan no kasaselal. Macacorocorok ko widang ano eca o selal i loma’ to nangra. Itini ko kapah ato kaying a minanam to nga’ayay a demak a militemoh to lafang a mihadimel. I saka safaw tosa a romi’ad i, mararokod. O kalalifet no kapah a mararakod, ta mapakaolah to nitodohan a katol no kolong. Tasa a romi’ad ko nia kalalifelifet. Saka safaw sepap a romi’ad i, o rarid to a malikoda. Matiya o hatiniay a lafin to dadayadaya ko demak a komaen to ’epah, pakinali, caay ka saan, saka tefocen nangra ko nangra a patelacay a tamdaw. ==== '''O rayray no ’olic no miki’eciway a malikoda. (領唱者歌詞順序和舞蹈)''' ==== O patosokan no kalikoda i, o pipacakat a pahemek to pidipot no Malataw to finawlan, saka, o nia pipa’olic a paradiw no miki’eciway i, ira ko kasarayray a madado’edo ko ’olic a miparadiw. Pakayni to nia pipa’olic no miki’eciway i, o papaca’of ko ’alomanay to olah a madipot no Malataw. Saka, mapolong a mapaca’of pakayni i radiw. O rayray no ’olic i, mahaenay. Saka cecay i, capa’ no wali. Saka tosa i, sidsid no sasadak. Saka tolo i, ’owang no salakec. Saka sepat i, honahon nananoman. Saka lima i, o polik no kapitan. Saka enem i, talacay ciwirokan. Saka pito i, o ’o’ol no ridarid. Saka falo i, fo’is kakedalan. Saka siwa i, lisan no sa’owac. Saka mo^tep i, kowan no ’odacan. Saka safaw cecay i, ’owang ni moyongay. Saka safaw tosa i, moyongay tiro ’owang. Saka safaw tolo i, ’owang to dekatay. Saka safaw sepat i, sangayo no ngafol. Saka safaw lima i, o eli’ to roroh. === O pipili’ no kaying ato kapah to kaolahan nira. (青年男女則喜歡的對象) === Mica’elay a ma’emin ko kapah to tafolod (dofot). O nia tafolod i, o aalaen no cifaloco’ay a maolahay a kaying i tisowanan, saka, ano malecad ko faloco’ is a maolah toya kaying i, ano mitengteng to tafolod iso koya kaying i, tangsol han a mipafeli cingra, ano caay pafelien iso to mitengteng i, latek awaay ko faloco’ ningra i takowanan o sasaan koya kaying a masaemer. Saka, pasayra to i roma a kapah ko faloco’ nira a mitengteng to tafolod. Yo ira ko mitengtengay to tafolod iso i, hapinangen ho a minengneng koya kaying, ano awa ko faloco’ iso toya kaying i, patedo aka ka saan a mipafeli i cingraan, latek mala sakatatiih namo ko pihaen iso. O nga’ayay a pipahapinangan to so’elinay a olah no faloco’ no kapah ato kaying ko pipafeli ato piala to tafolod, saka, cihalamham ko faloco’ no ina ato mama. O mamitengil ko ina to kapah a wawa nira to mialaay to tafolod nira a kaying. Mahaen k pitengil no ina to kaying a wawa ningra to mialaan ningra a tafolod no kapah. Ano mararid koya kaying a miala to tafolod oyananto a kapah i, o so’elinnay ko olah nira toya kapah. O roma a kaying i, safalifalicen nira ko piala to tafolod no kapah, saka cecay a romi’ad i, o nia kapah, saka tosa a romi’ad i, irawan to a kapah, saka tolo a romi’ad i, o romaay to a kapah, ’emin han ko tafolod no kapah a miala, saka, mafana’ to ko kapah to demak nira i, miliyas to ma’emin i cingraan. O matiniay koya marawraway ko faloco’ a ma’otitay a kaying hananay. Ira ko mahaenay a kapah. O roma a demak no kapah ato kaying i, yo malikoda ko kapah ano cima ko kacifaloco’an iso a kapah i, i tatihi nira kiso a mikiting a malikoda, ano ira heca ko roma a cifaloco’ay toya kapah a kaying i, mikiting i tatihi no sa’ayaway a kaying, ano papina ko cifaloco’ay toya kapah i satisil saan a ma’emin i aikor noya kapah. O awaayay ko maolahay a kaying a kapah i, sacecay saan cigar a malikoda, itini a mangodo ko ina ato mama noya kapah, tona awaay ko mikitingay a kaying i wawa nira, saka o loma’ to nira ko mihinomay ato pasifana’ay cingraan. Pakayni i tafolod ko lalengatan no kalaholol nangra. === '''O piicalap no roma a punka to ’orip. (外來文化的侵入)''' === Pakaynien Ningra i pisanga' to ccay a tamdaw ko nipisanga' to polong no kasafinacadacadan no tamdaw a pakamaro' i polong no hkal. Sanga'en Ningra ko kasapokopokoh( 6 “kasapokopokoh” – kasapongopongo (ka'amis).) no mihcaan ato kalangangangangan no kamaro'an no tamdaw a pahapinang. Demak 17:26 ==== '''O ’ayaway a micalapay mikowan to taywan. (先前入侵台灣的統治者)''' ==== Talacowa i ’ayaw no tolo ano eca i sepat a patek (3000-4000) a miheca a tayni i Taywan ko tatapangan no ’Amis a malikakaay nikawrira, masamaanay itiya hakiya? Caay ka fana’ kita, o kafana’an ita i, mahaenay. Malecad ko Tayal, Tuku, Pinuyumayan, Tangafolan, Bunun ato ’Amis a militafad itiya ho, “O sakanga’ay no kakaenen ko pisalisin to tafad” saan, saka, militafad ko nia misa’Pangcahay (Yincumin) a ma’emin. I ’ayaw no pisalisin to kakaenen to mihecahecaan a militafad, samatiya han naira o pi’adop to ’a’adopen ko pilitafad. O mangta’ay a tafad i, o macodahay a fafahiyan ko mamitokad to nia mangta’ay a tafad a milifanges. Caay patedo a mipateli to nia tafad, mi’edaw ho a mitingil to no kawas a ca’of to malo pipatelian, ta itira a misanga’ to patelian, ta itira a mapaso’opo a ma’emin ko tafad. Saka, matalaw a talaraay a ciomah ko tamdaw to na ira ko militafaday, yo ira to ko Holamta ato Holam tangasa i nika iraan no Dipong i, ira ho ko militafaday a demak. O kafana’an to pakayniay i kafafalic no mikowanay to Taywan ato demak nangra i Pangcah i, mahaenay. Saka cecay i, i 1590 a miheca a tayni i Taywan ko Poetakal a finacadan no Europe a maro’, mipahaciway ko demak nangra a micomod itini. Itiya ho i, o kilakilang ho a ma’emin ko Taywan, caay ho ka pamatang ko Taywan itiya. Saka tosa i, o Holanto (Netherlan) ko tayniay itini i saka pito a folad no 1602 mihecaan, tona caay ka ’edeng ko sofitay nangra, saka ira to ko no Holam a sofitay a milaplap i cangraan. Mata’elif k tosa polo’ miheca (1622) i, keriden ni Karl ko sofitay no Holanto a micomod i Pengfu, ta songila’en nangra ko pisitalaan. I 1624 mihecaan micomod cangra to Taywan a maro’ i Taynan a mikowan to polong no Taywan. I 1630 mhecaan patireng cangra i An-ping to pisitalaan no sofiyay a loma’, ta itiya i 1650 mihecaan a mapatireng nangra ko roma a pisatalaan to iraay ho a pikacawan. Mapasifana’ no Holanto ko maro’ay itini i Taywan a masaPangcahay (Yincomin). O tata’angay a demak nangra i, toloay, sakacecay i, o papaising to ’alomanay, mipatenak cangra pakayniay i pitoor to Kawas no misaKristoay, o romasato, pasifana’ cangra to tilid. I ’ayaw no piliyas no Holanta to Taywan i, safaw ’enem a miheca ko pidipot no Sipaniya. Nikawrira, caay ka tangasa itini i tadaPangcah ko tayal nangra. Na mikowan ko Holanta i 1626 miheca i, tayni sato ko Sipaniya (Span) a maro’ itini i ka’amisay a niyaro’ no Taywan tangasa i 1642 miheca itini i Taywan. Mapalowad to no Sipaniya ko sapicomod no itiniay i Taywan to pitooran nangra o Tingsokiw. I Tangafolan cangra a patenak, safaw falo miheca ko Sipaniya a maro’ itini i ka’amisay a niyaro’ itiya ho. O romasato, itiya iraay to ko Dipong ato Holo tamdaw (o aniniay a Payrang) itini a macacamocamol a maro’. O Holanta pasayra itiraay i Singko a niyaro’ no Taynan a Tangafolan patenak to sowal no Kawas itiya, saka ira ko lima a polo’ ko tamdaw a mapaino’ay itiya. Nikawrira, oya i laloma’ay no kiwkay a mitooray facalay ko tayal i pili’en no Dipong a tamdaw patayra i kitakit nangra i Dipong papinanam to no Dipong a pakayraan a kawas, saka, yo minokay ito cangra i, caay to piraod to kiwkaycangra. Yo pikowan ho ko Holanta itini i, madadoedoay to ko Holam (Payrang) micomod i Taywan. Itiya ci Cen cen-kong ko milaplapay to Holanta nai Taywan, nanoya, safeleng sato micomod a tayni ko Holam a tamdaw. O pikowan no Holanta itini i Taywan ira ko 39 ko mihecaan itiya. O saka tolo i, o pikowan no Dipong itini i Taywan, o picingcing no Dipong itiya, nai 1895 mihecaan (Cinkowangsi 21 miheca, Dipong Minci 28 miheca) masasitelak to (Makowan telek) pakelac ko Taywan to Dipong, tangasa i 1945 miheca (Cawhe 20 miheca, Minko 34 miheca) o Conghoaminko ko micadaay, ira ko 50 mihecaan ko picingcingan itiya. O saka sepat i, o Congko a tamdaw (aniniay a Payrang) to ko micingcingay to Taywan, tangasa anini. ==== '''O demak no sa’ayaway a Holam (Payrang) a palafadesay to ’Amis a kiwiko. (漢人對阿美族人的教化)''' ==== Mapasifana’ no Holam ko ’Amis to sakacifonon a omah ato sakacilalosidan to sakatayal to fonon ato kalo lalosidan no loma’, saka, misafonon toya nika laomahan nira itiya ho, saka, kafana’an ko kasasiromaroma no adihayay ko omah ato caay ka hokowa ko omah. O caay ka kara’adop a tamdaw i, sah to i omah ko tayal nira, o kala’adopay a tamdaw i, sah to i pi’adopan nira ko pisaromi’adan, saka awaay ko romi’ad nira a maomah. Yo ira to ko Holam i, iraay to ko kolong, itiya a mapasifana’ no Holam ko ’Amis a pakatayal to kolong a mikangkang ato pikarot to. Itiya ho i, o nitenooyan to keliw ato faloko no ’a’adopen a cecay ko ca’edong no ’Amis. Yo ira to ko Holam a ciriko’ to kiradom ko Pangcah (Yincumin). O romasato, pasifana’ ko Holam to sapisadateng ato lalosidan to sapitangtang to kaka’enen ato sakakomaen a lalosidan, o marad a lalosidan a ma’emin i, o Holam ko patayniay i Taywan. Tinako sa, o fonos, o kangkang, o pana’, o ’idoc, o nai Holamay a ma’emin. ta o Holam ko pasifana’ay i ’Amis to sapikangkang. Awaay ko pipatirengan tono Holam a picodadan to sapasifana’ i ’Amis, o Holam ko minanamay to sowal no ’Amis to sapasifana’ i ’Amis a tamdaw to demak no maomahay ato sakanga’ayaw nangra a pipakafana’ i niyaro’ no ’Amis to kafana’en, itiya maledef i kasaniyaroaro’ ko pikalali’acaan, i ’ayaw no kaDipongan ko nia demak. Nikawrira, caay pisanga’ to lalan to no cinamalay ko Holam itiya ho, awaay ho ko lalan no paliding itiya. ==== '''O pasamsam no Holam (Payrang) to ’Amis. (漢人對阿美族人的壓迫)''' ==== Na o awaayay ho ko mirawraway to ’orip no ’Amis itiya i, yo ira to a tayni ko Holam a micomod itini i Taywan, mafalic to ko demak no ’Amis. Nawhani, mipa’aca cangra to masamaamaanay a lalosidan no loma’ ato saka maomah a lalosidan ato kakimadan a tilid. Mananam to ko Yincumin i, itiya to a misatapang a misafana’ ko Holam, tona awaay ko tilid no Pangcah (yincumin) saka, caay ka fana’ to pakayniay i sa’osi ato sadadoy (satingting), ato saditek (fakeciw). Saka, mala sakanga’ay no Holam a misafana’ a mili’etan ko nian, asimaan han nangra ko piala to ’aca. Itiya i, awaay ho ko payso hananay saka, o felac, o ’ayam, o fafoy, o kolong to kalali’aca, ano safanafana’en no Holam ko Pangcah (yincomin) i, caay ka fana’ ko Pangcah (yincumin) to nika o masafana’ay kako a saan. Mipatongal haca a mipafeli, hatira ko nika nga’ay no faloco’ no ’Amis. Yo ira to ko payso i, caay ka fana’ to tatodong no payso. Ano iraira k nitatoyan a payso’ i, pinaay ko na mitatoyan ako a payso hakini? caay ka fana’ cingra, nawhani, tona awaay ko kafana’ to sa’osi a tilid saka, caay ka fana’ to hakowaay ko riraan. Saka, malecad to mapohaway a cidafongay ko Pangcah (yincomin), saka, itini a kafakilan no mi’acaay a tamdaw ko pisakomot misamangah ko pidemak no Holam (Payrang) ko pili’etan. O micomoday i niyaro’ no Pangcah (yincumin) a mipatiyamay a Payrang (Holam) i, tangsol tangsol saan a macakat ko ’orip nangra to nili’etanan nangra i Pangcah (yincumin). O kananamon no Payrang (Holam) a misafana’ to Pangcah (yincumin) i, pakaynien nangra i pipakaen to ’epah a milasang ta itiya a pafeli to kangalayan nira a maamaan, ta hatiya ko ’aca han nira. Tona o malasangay to cingra saka, patedo sato a pafeli to payso. Caay pisa’osi a minengneng saheto o mihaenan no Payrang (Holam) ko Yincumin (Pangcah) a misafangah ko sakaci’etan. Mangalef ko pisamangah to pipacaliw to payso, o satakaraway ko pipawawa nira to nipacaliw a payso. Yo maraod to ko pipatorodan i, hatiya a mapolong ko kiyam iso han nira i, cekok sato. Tona caay ka ’edeng ko nitatoyan a payso saka, itini a mali kolong, mali omah, mali loma’ ko yincumin (Pangcah). Itiya to a mafana’ to demak no Payrang (Holam) saka, o tatiihay aca a tamdaw sato. Saka, pangangan han to cangra to Payrang (tatiihay tamdaw) sanay. Tona masafana’ to ko yincumin (Pangcah) saka, o nian to ko sakafalic to no ’orip no yincumin (Pangcah) a mitodong to no Payrang (Holam) a demak a misafana’ t no niyah a tamdaw, o Payrang (Holam) ko pasifana’asy to sa’osi no payso ato sadadoy (satingting) ato saditek. O sakaawa to ko omah no yincumin (Pangcah) i, saheto o milihiwan i yincumin (Pangcah). Hatira ko nika tatiih no faloco’ no Payrang (Holam) saka, tahanini caay ka olah ko yincumin (Pangcah) to Payrang (Holam). Ira ko teli’I no yincumin (Pangcah) i Payrang (Holam). O tatiihay ko harateng to pikowan no Payrang (Holam) saka, o tatiihay ko pilihiw to dafong no yincomin (Pangcah), o caayay ka lalen, mo’ecelay ko demak. ==== '''O no Dipong pikowan a demak. (日本人的統治)''' ==== Yo o Dipong ko mikowanay to Taywan itiya i, pa’epodeng no Dipong ko nailotokay ko aro’ a yincumin (misaPangcahay) a ma’emin a paloma’ itini ’enar, oni ko saka mapalasawaday no Dipong ko militafaday a demak, mapalasawad to no Dipong ko lisin no yincumin (masaPangcahay) a ma’emin itiya. Tona mapalasawad to no Dipong ko pisalisin to tafad saka, falicen no Dipong ko ngangan no kalikoda, pangangan sa to lisin no kalikoda i, o pinengneng to folad a lisin han nangra, o pipangangan no Dipong to nian i, cokimisay saan, papitooren no Dipong ko ’Amis to nangra a lisin ato mita’ongan nangra a kawas. O romasato, mapatireng to no Dipong ko pitilidan, itira sa i tatya’angay a niyaro’ ko pipatireng nangra to pitilidan. Tinako sa itira i Kalingko ko cecay, i Tafalong ko cecay, i Posko ko cecay, i Falangaw ko cecay, i Singko ko cecay. O saki ’Amis a cecay ko nian a pitilidan. Tayra ko naniraayay a wawa no ’Amis toya pitilidan, itira toya niyaro’ cangra a milafin, ira to ko Payrangan a picudadan naitiya aca, nawhani, ira to ko tilid nangra. Ira ko pitilidan Dipong a tamdaw, saka, tolo ko kasasiroma no pitilidan. O no Payrang kono Payrang, o no Dipong ko no Dipong, sepat a miheca ko picudad no ’Amis itiya. itiya halo picudadan to no maomahay a mapatireng no Dipong. Itira i Kalingko ato Posong a mapatireng ko matiniay a pitilidan. ’Aloman ko mitiliday a wawa no ’Amis toya pitilidan. Nikawrira, pakoyoc ko romaroma saka, caay pakatangasa a mitilid. O patodong no Dipong to saki no ’Amis a pitilidan, o pipakafana’ to wawa a mafana’ to tilid no Dipong. Nanoya mapatireng to i kasaniyaro’ ko pitilidan no ’Amis, itiya to a ’enem a miheca ko pitilid. Ta mapolong to ko ’Amis ato Payrang. O romasato, ira ko pakatikamiay a pitilid no Dipong, i Dipong to koya pitilidan. Talacowa misakoli ko ’alomanay a ’Amis, nikawrira, ira ko papinapina a mitiliday to pakatikamiay a pitilid, o citangalay no ’Amis ko matiraay a malalokay a wawa no ’Amis. O romasato, mapasifana’ no Dipong ko ’Amis a malasayhoay a misaloma’, ta itiya ko ’Amis a mitodong to no Dipong a loma’ patireng. Itira i Kalingko i ira ko tata’angay a kilakilangan i lotok ko pialaan to sapatireng to no Dipong a laleko a loma’, saka, mitodong ko ’Amis to no Dipong a laleko a loma’ a misanga’. ==== '''Mapalasawad no Dipong ko malariya a lalisan. (日本人消滅瘧疾)''' ==== Naitiya, ira ko katalawan a adada itini i Taywan to malariya hananay a lalisan. ’Aloman ko mapatayay tamdaw to nia adada, kinsaen no ising ko polong no finawlan itini i Taywan, ano adada to malariya i, ira ko piadah to nian a adada, saka, mapafeli no Dipong i adadaay ko caay ka ci’aca a sapaiyo. O romasato, mapacaliw no Dipong i ’Amis ko kowang to sapi’adop. Mahaenay ko pipafeli no Dipong to saka cakat no ’orip no ’Amis. ==== '''Ma’aca no ’Amis ko lalosidan no Dipong. (阿美族人購買日本貨)''' ==== Yo tayni to ko Dipong a mikowan to Taywan i, ira to ko pisanga’an no Dipong to masamaamaanay a sakatayal a lalosidan, caay to ka lecad ato no Payrang (Holam) ko no Dipong. Ano haratengen i, ha to i kakaay no Payrang (Holam) ko no Dipong a pinasanga’ to lalosidan, halo sasariko’en a macakat. ==== '''O piri’ang no Dipong to ’Amis. (日本人對阿美族的壓迫)''' ==== Tona malowid no Dipong ko Mancing (Holam) a milood saka, maala no Dipong ko Taywan kitakit mala no niyah ko pikowan. Tona o hongti ko citatodongay a mikowan saka, ca’edes ko demak no Dipong a mikowan. Caay paseka a mipalo to tamdaw, kalatayal han no imeng (tayring) ko pipalo to tamdaw a matiya ko pipalo to kolong saka, matalaw a ma’emin ko tamdaw a paka’araw to tayring. Talacowa caay ka lecad ato Payrang ko Dipong a misafana’ to yincumin (Pangcah) nikawrira, ira ko no Dipong a romaay a demak a pisamsam. Pakaynien no Dipong i sata, paroceken no Dipong ko kahacecacecay a dafong a cisata saka, mapa’orong to karetengay a sata ko ’orip no yincumin (Pangcah). O roma a demakan no Dipong i, palowaden nangra ko yincumin (Pangcah) a papisakoli, parariden no Dipong to folafolad a pakakotakotay ko kasacefacefang a papisakoli a mipalalan, lalan no cilamalay, ato misanga’ to copo i ’alo, ato mikarkar to pataminaan a minato, ato maomah to tefos no pisawanengan a kaysiya, ato romaroma a tayal. Sacilifon saan i, isafa haca no kalitosa no lifon no Dipong. Tinako sa i, cecay ko pida ko no Dipong i, sepat a payso ko no yincumin (Pangcah) a lifon, hatira ko pisakakinih no Dipong to yincumin (Pangcah). Minokay sato ko masakoliay i, mapakatayal haca no tayring (imeng) a papipadang to tayal nangra a misimaway (mikacaw). Awaay ko tatodong no lifon no nian. Awaay to ko no niyah a romi’ad to sakiliomah, saka, dokdok sa ko ’Amis a miliyas a talaomah ano eca i minokay i loma’ no tireng. O romasato, yo ca’edes to ko kalalood no Dipong ato Congko itiya i, cang’ot to kakaenen ko sofitay no Dipong, saka, o sapaosa to sofitay ita saan ko Dipong i, patangic han no tayring (imeng) ko yincumin (Pangcah) a miala ko panay i ’ariri. Saka, nanoya alasimesimed sato ko finawlan to panay i sera no loma’, ’aloman ko macahiway a ’Amis itiya. Matiya sato, o nia demak no Dipong a miala to kolong no yincumin (Pangcah) to malo kakaenen no sofitay a saan. O caayay ka pa’aca no Dipong a ma’emin ko nia mialaan nangra, saka, o mikokongay to ko nia demak no Dipong a mi’afas to dafong no yincumin (Pangcah). Tada mahapinang ko pisawaco no Dipong to yincumin (Pangcah). O romasato a demak nangra, itini i pidakaw to cinamalay i, mali toloay rawang ko kasasiroma, saka cecay rawang, saka tosa rawang, saka tolo rawang a masiiked ko kadakawan. O no Dipong i, itini i saka cecay rawang, o no yincumin (Pangcah) a kadakawan i, i saka tolo a rawang. O makapahay a kadakawan ko saka cecay, o makaditay a kadakawan ko saka tolo. ’Aloman ko madakaway a yincumin (Pangcah) i saka tolo rawang, hinam han ko no Dipong a madakaway i, tatolo ko tamdaw, caay ka nga’ay a tayra i no Dipong a rawang madakaw ko yincumin (Pangcah). Ano ma’araw ko picomod iso itira i, mapalo kiso ato matefoc. O roma i, o pitilidan no wawa. Mahaen ito ko pasakakinih no Dipong to yincumin (Pangcah), samatiya han no Dipong o Waco ko piharateng nangra to yincumin (Pangcah), saka, tada maacek ko Dipong a minengneng to tamdaw no yincumin (Pangcah). Nao mahaenay ko mikowanay midipotay to ’Amis a mararid a saheto o tatiihay o mari’angay o mikokongay ato misamsam misakakinih, mipalawacoay ko demak nangra i ’ayaw to yincumin (Pangcah), saka mapeleng to a ma’emin ko nga’ayay a pinangan no ’Amis ato mapalapakoyoc ko ’orip ato macengel to nangra to tatiihay a demak ko faloco’ no ’Amis. Saka, misamatiyatiya o Payrang ato misamatiya o Dipong a mitodong to tatiihay a pinangan nangra ko ’Amis. === '''O pinangan ato kananaman a demak. (風俗習慣)''' === O misanga'ay titaanan ko Kawas. Pakaynien no Kawas i nika laccay ita aci Kristo Yis ko nipisafa^loh titaanan to sakanga'ayaw no dmak ita. O nisahalakaanto no Kawas konini naniti:ya aca to dadmaken ita. Ifiso 2:10 ==== '''O pi’orong ato pitatoy to lalosidan. (挑物和提物)''' ==== Ano mikasoy, ano mi’orong to panay i, o ’afala k osapi’orong. Ono cifodataay a pi’orong i, ira ko konoyananay ato pakifongohananay a pi’orong, ano o picolo’ to panay ato kasoy i, i ’afalaen a mi’orong. O no fafahiyan a pi’orong ko nia ma’emin. O no a fa’inayan a pi’orong i, i ’afala, o roma a pi’orong no fa’inayan i, i capa’en a mi’orong. O kakoyodan i, o no fa’inayan, o no fafahiyan a pica’elay. O no i ’ayaway a nisanga’an i, o nitenooyan ato nisanga’an to kiradom. O romasato, ano talacowacowa i, caay ka eca cifonos ko fa’inayan, cicohcoh ko fonos no romaroma, misitala to ’ada. ==== '''O sakolicay no ’Amis.(禮節)''' ==== Ano caacaay ka fana’ ko ’Amis to tilid to sakafana’aw to no tamdawan a ’orip i, mapafaloco’ no Kawas cangra to sakafana’aw to kakangodoan a demak, saka, nano kaemangan no ’Amis i, mapasifana’ no mama ato ina ko wawa to dademaken to sakitini i loma’ ato sakalingad a matayal i omah, orasaka, fana’ caay ka saan a milonok ko tamdaw, nano nipasifana’an to no mama ato ina, ta mitoor ko wawa a midoedo to nano sowal no mama ato ina. Itiya a matongal k fana’. Saka, fahal sa a masatamdaw to ko faloco’ ato demak nira. mato’as to cingra i, fana’ sato ko faloco’ to sakangodoan a demak. Ano haenen ako i, caay ka nga’ay, ano haenen ako i, nga’ay saan, mafana’ a miharateng to nga’ayay a demak, ta miliyas to tatiihay a demak. Pakayni i pipasifana’ no mama ato ina ko sakafana’ a milicay to cimacimaan. Tinako, ano i faki i fai, i malininaay to, sakitini i mato’asay, o akong ato mamo to nira i, caay piasimaan a pasowal. Ira ko sakangodo no ’Amis a tamdaw ta manga’ay a tengilen no mitengilay. Tinako, ano micomod i loma’ no nima i, comocomod caay ka saan, ira ko makapahay a salicay. Micomod i loma’ ano nga’ayay a romi’ad i, “Malahok” saan, oya “malahok” sanay a licay i, o nga’ayay a licay tono kaen. Ira ko no Taywan to matiniay. O pa’ayaw ko nian to “Malahokay to hakini, caay hakini?” ano caayho i, o sanay to no kaen. Saka, micomod i, milicay to “malahok?” saan. Oya a loma’ matakop ko kalahokan no loma’ i, pasowal ko laloma’an: “Atiti i, malahok kita.” saan. Ano o maherekay to koya lafang a malahok i, paca’of sa: “Dadada, maherekay to malahok kako, lahok han namo.” saan, ta pasadak sa to kamaro’an pakamaro’ to micomoday a lafang, o todong no sapilitemoh to lafang no loma’ ko nian. Ano o mato’asay, ano o widang i, o pihamham to tayniay a lafang no loma’, itiya pasadak pataheka ko loma’ to ’icep ato tamako, o satadamaanay ko ’icep ato tamako a sapihamham to tayniay a lafang. Nawhani, o mi’icepay aca ko ’Amis a finacadan, o ’icep ko sapaini. O no Payrang ato Dipong o nanom, ocya ko sapaini. Ano malitemoh ko mato’asay ano eca o widang ko palafangay i, kangodoen cangra, patala mitakid to ’epah, caay to lecad to no aniniay ko sapipatala, kalonanom han ko ’epah a mi’owak. No to’as a pitakid o pi’inip salongan. O kakoma’en to ’epah itiniay i sapilengat to sasowalan, pa’ayaw a salicay. O pihamham to i raayay a lafang mahaenay to, o no ’Amis a finacadan ko nia pinangan to kangodo a sapililafang. O kaemangay a kapah no ’Amis, mafana’ to patado to mato’asay a mi’orong to ’inorong, ano ma’araw no kapah ano eca i o kaying ko nika ci’inorongay i, ano awaay ko no niyah a ’inorong, ano miming ko nitatoyan i, falicen o karetengay ko a’inorongen nira, “Kakoay, mama, ina ko mi’orongay to no miso.” saan, ano caacaay ko no tireng a faki ano eca o fai i, o hahaenen no ’Amis a mipatado to mato’asay a mipadang. Orasaka, ano icowacowa i, karapa’ayaw ko ’Amis a tamdaw to mato’asay. Ma’araw to ko nika adihay no ’inorong no mato’asay i, nengneng caay ka saan, “Kakoay, mama.” saan, ta kotayen nira a mi’orong, o tada makapahay a demak no ’Amis ko nian. O romasato, ano kaicowa iso i, mikilim to kaaro’an, caay ka nga’ay miki’ayaw to mato’asay a maro’, paliyasen ho k mato’asay pakamaro’, ano o kaka iso ko mihecaan nira i, paliyasen pa’ayaw pakamaro’, sowal sa “Ini ko kamaro’an iso, mama.” wahan ko pa’ayaw to sowal. Orasaka, o mafana’ay mingodo to ikakay ko ’orip a mato’asay no ’Amis. Ano haratengen ko nia kakalimelaan mingodoay to mato’asay a pinangan no ’Amis i, mato sasowalen no to’as a somalakaw i, “Cima ko ’ayaw paka’araw to cidal.” O ’ayaway paka’araw to cidal i, ’ayawen ko pingodo o sanay no ’Amis a finacadan. Nikawrira, matiniay a nga’ayay pinangan no ’Amis i, awaay to ma’araw anini, saka, tada kafaheka’an ko nika fokil no aniniay a wawa. Tado o pitilid nira i tata’angay pitilidan, ’araw han i, awaay ko nifanafana’an. Ano o licay to, ano o demak to a ma’emin i, awaay to. Asimanay saan ko harateng nira, “Kako ko kaka hato o sanay saka, tada kararoman a haratengen no mato’asay ko nika fokil no aniniay a wawa. O fana’ noya wawa to tilid ato maamaan ko mimaanay, o pa’ayaway a faloco’ to sakangodo i, palasawad han to anini. Malecad to awaayay ko dafodafong no ’Amis anini to sakalalicay to tamdaw ato sakanga’ayaw a malalitemoh. Saka, hatiraay ko nika falic no ’orip no ’Amis anini, o siponto no ’Amis ko nian han ko piharateng. O romasato, o pilicay to kasakaka no’orip, ano sakitini i mato’asay to, caay palecad ato saki widawidang a sowal, iraen ko sakangodo a sowal no ’Amis, ano o ainaen koya mato’asay a malitemoh i, “Talacowa kiso a ina?” “Mimaan kiso ina?” a o saan ko licay, araw han i, awaay ko sowal to “Talacowa kiso? Mimaan kiso?” caay to ka saan. ira aa ko “Ina” sanay a sowal to cecay no sakangodo a licay, ano o mama i, “Mimaan kiso mama?” sanaya a parikor to licay. Ano o kakakaen i, “Kaka” saan, ira to ko saki ngodo a sowal. O pasifana’ no mama ato ina to wawa i, “Ano talacowacowa kiso i, tengilen ko mafana’ay a milicay a tamdaw, ano nga’ayay a tengilen iso i, o hahaenen iso ko demak.” saan. Orasaka, ano ira a matengil no ina ko “Iraay a tayni i loma’ no nitam ko wawa iso.” ano saan i, tangsol saan a milicay, “Mafana’ koya wawa a milicay saw? Kangodoan ko fokil no wawa niyam.” saan. Ano pasowal koya tamdaw, “Manga’ay kiya saw. Tada masatamdaw ko licay nira a mangodo i tamiyanan.” ano saan ko sowal i, itiya to ko ina a mafana’ to nika citaneng no wawa nira to saki licay. Lipahak cingra a pakatengil to ratoh no tao, itini i pipasifana’ no mama ato ina ano eca faki ato fai ko sakafana’ no wawa to nga’ayay a sakalatamdaw a demak. ==== '''O inanengay to tayal ko ’Amis. (勤奮的民族)''' ==== Tona kalatayalay ko ’Amis saka, caay piharateng to sapihololaw a misalama a talacowacowa. Caay ka fana’ ko ’Amis to sakaci’etanaw, pa’edeng saan to nitayalan nira ko saka’orip, caay ka fana’ to ’anof hananay. Tona adihay ko makaenay no ’Amis a masamaamaanay a nialaan kalokakaenen no palpalaan a kinaira, saka awaay ko cango’otay i saki’orip to romi’ami’adan, saraheker sa ko ’orip no ’Amis. Ano hacowa ko nitayalan no tireng i, pa’edeng saan, caay pi’afas to no tao, caay pitakaw to no tao, oya nitayalan no tireng i, hatira saan, caay ka ’inal ko ’Amis to dafong no tao. Madadamadamaay a finacadan no ’Amis, romakat i lalan malitemoh ko kakaay ko ’orip a tamdaw, miki’ayaw ko safa a tamdaw a milicay to kakaay ko ’orip, ano o ina, ano o mama, ano o kasasafasafa no ’orip, ano itini i maamaanan a demak i, awaay ko podoh no ’Amis. Ano ira ko adadaay no nima, mapatayay tamdaw, makari’angay tamdaw, ano o ma’alolay tamdaw i, caay pipaconoh i cimacimaan. Ano mafana’ h koya tamdaw i, oya tamdaw ko mala sa’ayaway a pa’orip, karasini’ada ko ’Amis to no tirengan to a finacadan. Ano o dateng to i, ano ira kono tireng a dating i, “Ira ko no mako.” saan, caay ka’idi, sasipafeli saan, mahaen ko demak saka, ano o kapah to i, ano masamaan k demak no nima a kapah, “Aya: o kasini’adaen cingra.” saan, ano o cidoka’ay cingra hakiya? Ano o makalatay no ’oner hakiya? Ta caay pakapidemak kora kapah tono loma’ a tayal i, ano cima ko awid nira a selal i, papadapadang saan a pakasoy. Anini sa to tona mafana’ to to Kawas i, tangsol saan k ’Amis a maolah a mitengil to sowal no Kawas, nawhani, ano caacaay ka citilid ko ’Amis, ora panangan no ’Amis to kadadipodipot, kasasiolah, kadadamadama hananay i, ono Kawas ko ranan. Saka, milingataay to no Kawas k faloco’ no ’Amis. Orasaka, mapatenak ko sowal no Kawas i ’Amis i, tangsol saan mara’eked to finawlan a mitoor. Iraay to ko kalecad no faloco’ to nika mitoor kako to Kawas sanay, matatodong i sowal no Kawas to nika o sasafa:ay a finacadan ko kaolahan no Kawas mipili’ to malo mamiti’er itini i cingraan. Masalaloma’ nora sowal ko ’Amishananay, itini i sasafaay ko ’orip a finacadan ko milingataay i Kawas ko ’orip, nawhani, ano awaawaay ko tilid, mapasifana’ to no Kawas ko faloco’ no sasafaay finacadan to sapidoedoaw to nafaloco’an no Kawas, saka, ira ko adayay no Kawas i ’Amis. === O sakikaen a demak no ’Amis. (阿美族的飲食習慣) === Iti:ya ho i, o tapila’ ko patelian to hemay, o cikohaway a dating i, paroen i cifar ano eca i tipid, awaay ho ko ’alapit itiya, kamayen no ’Amis ko kakomaen i taheka. Ira ko kaliling (’iros) to sapikohaw. Ano cima ko i ’ayaway a mafecol i, sowal sa, “mafecil to kako, pafecol han ko no namo.” saan, ta liyas sa to yaheka, paca’of sa ko kadafo i, “Naw maherek to kiso saw mama?” saan, ano o kapah ko sa’ayaway a maherek i, sowal sa, “Kakomaen ho ko namo a ina, mama, kaka. Pafecolen ko namo.” saan. Ano ira ko lafang to papinapina i, sowal sa ko cima noya loma’, ano o ina ano o kaka to fafahiyan, “Pafecolen ko nika komaen, macahiw a mimaan, adihay ko hemay, asimaan ho ko dating ita, aka ka ngodo.” saan. o sasowalen no fafahiyan no loma’ koni to pa’ayaw to lafang. Pasca’of sa ko lafang, “O maan haca a datengan saw iro awaay ko dating a han.” a saan cingra. Ano citama ko cima i, caay pisateked a komaen toya tama’, papitahidangen nira ko ka’emangay to mato’asay no malininaay ano eca o kananaman to a fiyafiyaw. Nikawrira, caay pitahidang to ka’emangay, o mato’asay aca, o lipahak nira citama’ ko nian. Sakohawen nira koya titi a pakaen i ’alomanay, caay eminen nira a pasadak, ’osawen nira ko cepi’ ato fangcalay a titi to sakiparo no loma’. o i laloma’ay no tiyad a ma’emin i, o raan ko tatangtangen a pakaen to ’alomanay. O adihayay ko panay a loma’ i, honihoni misa’epah cangra, saka, ano mafana’ ko cimacima to nika o cidafongay koya loma’ i, matatoy ko tamdaw to sapafalic a milongoc to ’epah itira. O adihayay ko panay a tamdaw i, matalaw to kaporecan to panay, orasaka, sa’epahen nangra. O pisanga’ to ’epah i, tangtangen ko felac, caay ko nisakohecalan a felac, o hefolen a felac ko sapisa’epah, ano malahemay to ko nia hemay i, sadaken i fasolan a hayhayen mifasaw, maherek a mafasaw, itiya a pafolesak to tamod, ta fasfasen ko nanom a mihemhem to enem pito a romi’adan, ano caay ka hakowa i, caay kahakowa, caay ka pina rmi’ad, maherek a mihemhem ta misa’epah ito. O ’Amis a tamdaw mafana’ a misasiraw, mipacok to kolong ano eca o fafoy to i, patodong aca misasiraw, misasirawan no loma’ tadafangsisay kaenen. O kaen to romi’ami’ad i caay pisadak to siraw a komaen, dengan ira ko lafang no loma’ itiya pasadak to siraw sapihamham to lafang. Orasaka, o satadamaanay no ’Amis ko nisirawan. Roma sato, maraod to ko pilitodan a mipanay to, pi’anipan to, pasadak to siraw to sapakaen to malapaliway. Misasiraw sa ko loma’ no ’Amis, sa’esa’en ho ko salang noya titi, itiya molicen to cilah, sakaranikay masadak ko salang noya titi, patelien to o koreng koya nicilahan a titi a mitahaf mikedec, maala ko pito lomai’ad, sadaken a mipasofaw, tangtangen ko nanom mirokrok, fasawen ho, itiya i, sadaken koya nisasirawan a titi i koreng, sasawen koya titi i nifasawan a nanom, itiya hayhayen palasawad to salang noya titi, maedeng to, liyawen ho a micilah to sakinatosa, caay to ka matiya o i ’ayaway ko ka adihay no cilah a patatodongen, nanoya patelien haca i koreng koya titi miliyaw a misasiraw, ano ira ko ’epah, fasfasen to ’epah saka fangsis noya titi, songila’en a mitahap midamek saka eca ka latiih, pateli han to pinapina a folad, ano eca cecay a mihecaan itiya, maraod to ko romi’adan noya nisasirawan a titi, ano mamisadak toya siraw, sa’ayaway a pisadak to siraw o laloma’an ato mitahidang to faki, fai no loma’ a pakaen. Ano mifoting ko cima, ano adihay ko misetikan a foting i, caay ka nga’ay misateked a komaen, ano o titi, o dongec, o foting i, o tadamaanay a kaen ko nian, saka, caay pisateked a komaen, mitahidang aca to mato’asay no malininaay a pataheka. O pipafatis i, itini i malininaay, o fiyaw to, matahidang a mitaheka. Ano eca i, o pipafatis to ko roma, todong sapipaco’ay to nipipafatis ko nian a mihaen. Saka, itini a mahapinang ko nika awa ko podoh (’idi) no ’Amis. Caayay pisakakinih to tamdaw. ==== '''O sakalipahak. (娛樂)''' ==== Ano awaay to ko tatayalen i, tayra i riyar a micekiw, ano ea i ’alo a mifoting, misakapolongan ko malikakaay ano eca o malininaay i loma’ tato’asan a malafi, maherek a malafi misalipahak a masakero a ma’emin, o kalipahakan no ’Amis ko matiniay. O todong no pipalipahak to ’orip no malitengay a mihinom to roray no faloco’, saka, misalipahak i ka’ayaw no malitengay a patengil to radiw ato pa’araw to kero. O nian ko sakafana’ no ’Amis a romadiw ato makero, kala’orip han no ’Amis ko nia demak. So’elinay, o rihadayay ko niyaro’ no ’Amis a finacadan, saka, masanga’ nangra ko sakalipahak nangra to saki niyaro’ a radiw, ano ira ko maan nangra a kalipahakan no loma’ i, mapapadang a malapaliw, malawidangay, mala fiyaway a masa’opo i loma’ noya cilipahakay a mipadang to lipahak noya loma’ a masakero ato paradiw a malipahak. Ano ira ko cimapatayay a loma’ i, mahaen to ko demak a mapapadang. O sapipalasawad to cimararomay ko kapapadapadang, ano eca todong pikihatiya a mararom to cimararomay a loma. o saka fana’ no ’Amis to masasipadangay, o masasida’itay a faloco’ ko nian, awaay ko ma’anofay a misateked micidek ko faloco’, o caay pisatakaraw ko faloco’. ==== '''O pipararamod to wawa. (婚姻)''' ==== Ano mararid ko kalaholol no kapah ato kaying a masasiolaolah i, masasipadang cangra a mala paliw a maomah. Ano lipahak ko faloco’ no ina ato mama no kaying a mitapal to demak nangra a tastosa i, o a ocoren no mato’asay no kaying ko kayakay a patayra i loma’ noya kapah a mipangaay to sapipararamod i cangraan o wawa tatosa, o kayakay sa ko paratohay i tosaay laloma’an ko piketon to sakalaheci nangra to kararamodan a romi’ad. Itini i Posko ato itiniay i pasawali a niyaro’ ira ko pitapi’ hananay, itini i nika lapaliw a pahapinang to sasiolah noya tatosaay. Saka, manga’ay a mitapi’. O demak no mitapi’ay i, o pa’araw to lalok ato so’elinay a kasasiolah nangra i ka’ayaw no mato’asay ko nian. Ta itira i loma’ no kapah a milafin koya kaying, mikihatiya to kaying no loma’ koya kaying a mafoti’, o pikasoy nira ato piradam ko sapatiri’ to lalok nira. Mahapinang to k faloco’ no wawa, ano saan ko ina i, paratoh i salikaka (faki, fai) nira koya ina, ta mafana’ ko salikaka nira to fa’inayan ato fafahiyan, o fai kako ano saan ko salikaka i, lonok sa cingra a pasifana’ toya caciramod a kaying to sakafana’aw to demak ato sakacingodo nira i loma’ no malo fa’inay nira, pasifana’ to sakolicay (limaw) koya fai, “Aka ka matiya o itiyaay ho a faloco’ iso ato demak iso, tona o caciramod to kiso saka, nanay malosimetay to ko faloco’ iso a mafana’ to tayal ato salicay, ano micomod i loma’ no mamalo fa’inay i, ano o kalahokan i, ‘Malahok mama aci ina,’ han a milicay, a paca’of sato koya mama ato ina, ‘Dada’ saan, kaitini a maro’ a saan cangra. Mapafeli to ’anengang kiso, saka, aka ka eca cisinofo (sapaini a ’icep) kiso.” saan. Maolah ko kaying to pipatado no fai a pasifana’ i cingraan, ano maraod tp ko pipararamodan to wawa noya fai i, o ina to noya kaying ko mamipalimo’ot i cangraan. Mahaenay ko fai ato faki a maolah to cacifafahi a wawa no salikaka nangra. Adihay ko fangcalay a pasifana’ no faki i wawa, sowal sa cingra, “Kita o fa’inayan i, caay ka nga’ay a mafokil to sakilicay i, malo sakatatiih no pikadafoan, ano lomowad to dafak i, caay ka nga’ay maki’ayaw no mato’asay ato salikaka noya malo ramod isoa lomowad, saka, pisatengitengil to sekak no ’ayam, ano masekak ko ’ayam i, fafoti’ aka ka saan, katangsol a lomowad a mikasoy, nikawrira, ano ma’orad toya dadafakan i, aka paci’eci a mikasoy, nawhani, o sakacidoka’ ko pihaen, ano paci’eci sa , o mamalikaf no tao. Ano i taheka i, caay ka nga’ay a ci’anengang kiso o kadafo, hakakan han a maro’ a mitaheka, aka pingata to taheka. Ano ira ko tadamaanay a kakaenen i, itiraen i ka’ayaw no mato’asay koya kakaenen, ano mafana’ kiso to ngodo i, miraay kiso to taheka a komaen. Aka kao saikoray kiso a maherek, nawhani, ano i saikoray a maherek i, o halikaenay ko nia kadafo wa han nangra kiso. Adihay ko pipalimo’ot no fakifaki ato faifai i tala’ayaw a ciramod a wawa, o sakitini i, o sakacaaw ka cisowal a malikaf no rao. Maraod to ko romi’ad to nika kaketonan i, mapatala ko loma’ no kaying to sakalafi a taheka. O no itiyaay ho ko nia demak saka, caay ka lecad ato no aniniay, o dadaya ko sakatayra no paro no loma’ noya kaying i loma’ no kapah a miala i cingraan. Malafi ho i loma’ noya kapah. Maherek a malafi i, aro’ saho a malaholol ko mama ato ina noya kaying ato kapah. Ma’edeng ko aro’ nangra i, lomowad to cangra a minokay. Itiya i, tatoyen noya kaying ko lalosidan no malo fa’inay nira a kapah a malahakelong a tayra i loma’ noya kaying. Itiya i, likaten nangra ko rongrong no ’acam to malo dawdaw nangra a minokay tayni i loma’ noya kaying. Tangasa i loma’ i, tangsol saan a pataheka a pakalafi, o hakhak ko hemay, o rara’ no naniwac ko dating ato siraw, hatiraay ko nian. Maherek a malafi i, aro’ saho a malalicalicay, ta ma’edeng ko aro’ miliyas to kako ano saan i, masadak kiso to loma’ no fafahi iso. Dafak sato i, maratar kiso a mikasoy, o sapakasoy to pikadafoan iso. O romi’ad i, mapolong a matayal ato fafahi iso. Nikawrira, maherek a malafi i, samatiyaen iso inacilaay a dadaya ko patatodong iso to aro’ ta asadak haca kiso to loma’ no fafahi iso. I loma’ no tireng ano eca i sefi kiso a mafoti’ a mikapot to widang iso itira a mafoti’. Dafak sato i, maratar haca kiso a mikasoy, ma’edeng tolo sepat a romi’ad ko pihaen iso i, pali’edefen no mama ko loma’ to sakacaaw to ka sadak iso toya dadaya, itira to k foti’ iso a mala tamdaw to no loma’. itini ko satapangan no kararamod. ==== '''O li’alac ato pakelang. (漁撈儀式)''' ==== O li’alac hananay i, paherek no tayal no loma’ a demak ko nian. Tinako sa, maherek a misaloma’ i, mipakaen to mipadangay a matayalay a misaloma’, saka, o lafi ko nia pipakaen. Itiya, lipahak ko fiyafiyaw ato malininaay ato widawidang to nika paherek to loma’, saka, mipadang to sapakalafi to matayalay a misaloma’, saka ala pasadasadak a ma’emin to hemay (hakhak, toron) to sakacaaw ka cicango’ot to sapakalafi to matayalay ato lafang. Pateko han ko niya mipafeliay to hemay, dengan o dateng ko nisaadihayan a mitangtang. Mapaherek ko nian a demak, mali’alac ko malininaay to cila a romi’ad a mifoting i ’alo ano eca i riyar. O sapalipahak to mato’asay no loma’ ato malininaay ato fiyaw ko nian, saka, o cecay haca a kalipahakan ko li’alac. Maherek a mipanay i, mali’alac. Maherek ko pipararamod i, mali’alac. O paherekan no lipahakay a demak no loma’ ko li’alac hananay. O pakelang hananay i, malecad ato li’alac ko tatodong no pakelang. Nikawrira, o saki no mapatayay a li’alac ko pakelang hananay. ano mapaherek ko pitadem, mipakelang to sapalafi to mato’asay no malininaay ato paro no loma’ a mihinom to rarom no faloco’ no malininaay a ma’emin. Orasaka, o herek no pitadem to mapatayay i, caay ka eca o mamipakelang a tala’alo ano eca i riyar a mifoting to sapakalafi to mato’asay no ngangasawan ato iraay a mihayomay a tamdaw. o mahaenay ko tatodong no pakelang hananay. === '''O maradiway a tamdaw ko ’Amis. (好唱的阿美族)''' === Paaro'en a kadofah i faloco' namo ko sowal ni Kristo a palahad. Kao taneng ko sakasasipasifana' namo a mikrid. Kao 'olic ato fangcalay a radiw ato no 'adingoan a radiw ko sapikansiya no faloco' namo to Kawas a romadiw. Kolosay 3:16 O maradiway a tadaw ko ’Amis. Yo matayal itini i omah, ano o maan to a tayal, caay ka eca romadiw, o nia saka romadiw i, malecad ato mipalipahakay to faloco’ itini i nika tayal, saka, ano cecay to, ano papina to, o sakalalok no ’Amis a matayal ko nian a radiw, ano kacidalan to a romi’ad, ira ko no saki cidalan a radiw, ano ka’oradan a romi’ad, ira ko no saki ’oradan a radiw, orasaka, itini i radiw a patalahekal ko ’Amis to i faloco’ay nira masadak a ’olic. Ano o mafana’ay a pa’olic a tamdaw, cingra ko miki’eciway ta tooren no ’alomanay a milecad micawi, orasaka, nao mafokilay a tamdaw to ’olic, mala mafana’ay to, itini i radiw no ’Amis ko sakalalok a matayal, itini ko sakafana’ no ’Amis a romadiw. Yo milidafak a mikasoy ko kapah, romadiw cingra to saki mikasoyay a radiw, oni o malipahakay ko faloo’ nira to nika ratar a tayra i lotok a mikasoy. O nano lipahak nira a romadiw i, o todong to lalowadan a milidafak nira a mikasoy. O sowal no mato’asay, “Ano maomah, ano matayal to, terep aka ka saan, nawhani, itini i nika tomerep a maharateng ko masamaamaanay a tatiihay a demak, saka, ano romadiw ko niyah i, o pipalasawad to roray tatiihay a demak, pasayra i radiw ko faloco’ saka, mala sakalipahak a matayal ko nika romadiw saan, o nga’ayay a misalofay to tatiihay a harateng ko nika romadiw. saka, o nian ko sakalipahak no ’Amis a finacadan. O romasato, ano kailoma’ to, masa’opo ko fiyafiyaw a maro’ i potal a malaholol, mangalef i kacanglalan a dadaya, mali’epah, o sapipalasawad to roray a matayal to romi’ad saka miraradiw to, misanga’ to radiw a mi’olic, saka tosa a dadaya i, liyawen a miradiw koya nisanga’an a radiw i nacila dadaya, satikoiko han malaheciay to ko nga’ayay a radiwen. O romasato i, ano ira to ko malipahakay to loma’ a pakawih, ano eca ira ko pataloma’ay, pakayni aca i radiw ko palipahak to mikihatiyaay a mahemak, itiya sato romadiw masakero ko ’alomanay, tangasa sa i lafii to dadaya palipahak to loma’. O radiw, o matiya o palowaday to rakat no ’orip, o ciradiway a ’orip wa han koni. palipahaken no ka’emangay ko mato’asay to lipahak no faloco’, pakaynien i piraradiw ato kero. O radiw ato kero i, ira ko patodongay a radiw to kero, ira ko awaayay, nikawrira, ano iraira ko radiw, o wa’ay ato kamay ko miperokay ato mipaepaay to kamay, o pilecad to nika fangcal tengilen koya radiw a paca’of. O awaayay ko kero a radiw i, o teked no miki’eciway koni, o nisanga’an a radiw, sapatengil to ’alomanay, itiya paepaen no ’alomanay a milaha’, nanoya todongen no ’alomanay a minanam kina radiw, malo kapolongan a milecad a romadiw. Orasaka, kaloradiwen no ’alomanay, ta adihay adihay sato ko romadiway, malenak to i kasaniyaro’ no ’Amis a finacadan. Yo romadiw ko mato’asay i, mitengil ko ka’emangay a mikapot a maro’, ta ano mafana’ toya radiw i, mikihatiya ko ka’emangay to mato’asay a romadiw, kihatiya sa to mato’asay ko ka’emangay a romadiw, orasaka, nano ka’emangan a mafana’ ko wawa no ’Amis to radiw a maradiw. Ano ira ko lalosidan to no saki radiw i, misoni koya cilalosidananay a tamdaw to sakanga’ay noya radiw. O romasato, ira haca ko no kararoman a radiw, o nian a kararoman a radiw i, o sapatengil i widang nira to rarom no faloco’ nira a miharateng to nika patay no widang nira, o pipa’olic nira to widang ko demak noya mapatayay a tamdaw. Yo mihayom i mapatayay i ’ayaw no pitadem ko ’alomanay, mihayom ko demak no ’Amis a tomangic a paradiw, o nia nika tomangic a romadiw i, o pikihatiya to faloco’ no cimapatayay. Yo mapatay ko cima a tamdaw, ikor no tosa tolo a folad i, masa’opo ko mafana’ay to ya tamdaw a miharateng i cingraan. Itiya o aira ko cima noya masa’opoay a miteka a tomangic a paradiw to ’alomanay, ’olicen nira ko na no demak noya mapatayay a tamdaw, ta maharateng no ’alomanay koya demak noya mapatayay a tamdaw, itiya paitemak sa cangra a ma’emin a romadiw to tangic no faloco’ a miharateng to mapatayay. O romasato, maharateng no tamdaw ko kaolahan noya koya mapatayay a tamdaw a radiw, ta radiwen no miharatengay cingraan koya kaolahan nira a radiw. Hatiraay ko pipakifaloco’ no tamdaw to olah nira i ’ayaway a mapatayay a tamdaw. === '''O ’orip no tamdaw. (生活禮俗)''' === Matiya o cdas ko pistol Iso a miala to 'orip niyam, mamoko' ko 'orip niyam a matiya o lmed. Matiya o molngaway to dafak a cngo' no rngos ko 'orip niyam. Nanay pasifana'en kami a misa'osi to nika kamoko' no mihcaan niyam, ta matongal ko taneng niyam. ’Olic 90:5, 12 ==== '''O kacipoyapoy no fafahiyan. (婦女懷孕)''' ==== O kacipoyapoy no fafahiyan itiya i, latek caay ho kafana’ cingra to kacipoyapoyan a demak. Ma’araw no fai nira ko nika cipoyapoy nira i, milicayen cingra, “Pinaay to a folad kora tiyad iso?” saan i, ano mafokilay ho to nika citiyad no ya fafahiyan i, o papasifana’ koya fai i cingraan to nika i hakowaay a tomerep ko kacilala’ (folad) nira, ta itiya to cingra a mafana’ to nika hakowaay (pinaay) a folad ko kacipoyapoy ako a saan i, o papasifana’en noya fai to pakayraay to nana’onen ko kacipoyapoy, itiya mafana’ masapinang ningra o hakowaay to ko folad a kacitiyadan. Ano o cipoyapoyay mafokil ho to pakayniay i, o papasifana’en no fai to kalodemak no kacipoyapoyan nana’onen a demak ningra. Kacipoyapoyan no ’Amis a fafahiyan i, adihay ko kapaysinan a demak. Ano o kaen to, ano eca o tayal to, adihay ko demak to nana’onen no cipoyapoyay a fafahiyan, itini i pitangtang to kakaenen i, caay ka nga’ay a co’isen o teloc ko kasoy a mipatorod, caay ka nga’ay pateli i parod to kakaenen, paysin ko nian saan. o mala’apiay a ’icep ano eca o pawli tatiih a kaenen, ano komaen i o caci’ilo, o cacipoyapoy to mala’apiay a wawa saan. o romasato, o mami’imer k cipoyapoyay, ano micaliw milada’ ko tao to maan i, aka ka ’idien, nawhani ka’idien iso o maminanam a ma’idi ko i tiyaday wawa a masadak saan. O cipoyapoyay a fafahiyan pakinali ko kaen to kaheciday, ’acicimay, ko’esanay a kakaenen, ira ko tadaolah sanay to fa’inay, ira ko ma’osiay to fa’inay, ira ko sapitamakoananay, mitamako ko fafahiyan naitiya sa a mananam a mitamako. ==== '''O mahofocay. (分娩)''' ==== Pakayni i mahofocay to wawa a fafahiyan, tangsol sa ko ’Amis a finacadan tamdaw pakahirateng to midipotay to finacadan tamdaw ci Dongi hananay a kawas, orasaka, o pitadi’ecan no ’Amis a finacadan cingra. Orasaka, ano masofoc to fa’inayan ano eca o fafahiyan a wawa, salipahak sa a paka’araw to fa’elohay a nisofocan a wawa ko o kaolahan no ciwawaay. Nikawrira, o mamikadafo ko fa’inayan a wawa, orasaka, o fafahiyan a wawa ikaka ko kaolahan no nisofocay a fafahiyan. Ano hatiratira i, limala a caay pisakakinih ko ’Amis a tamdaw to nisofocan a wawa. Yo mahofoc k fafahiyan i, awaay ko midamaay a mipadang to nika sofoc nira, nawhani o kalatayalan ko fafahiyan no ’Amis a tamdaw, o kasofocan a romi’ad ira ho i omah a matayal, orasaka itira sa i kamaomahan nira a masofoc. Ira ko mafokilay ho to kasofocan a romi’ad no niyah anini, tayra sa i omah a milingad, nikawrira o nika tanektek no tatirengan, ano awaawaay ko tamdaw i tatihi a midama, anga’ay o niyah sa ko misofocay to wawa. nawhani i kacipoyapoyan itiya o ina ato fai mapasifana’ay to samaanen ko demak a nisofoc to wawa o saanay. Ano ma’at’at ko cipoyapoyan i, aro’ sa a matiya o toma’iay ko kasofoc, itiya rahoday ko nikasofoc to wawa. maherek a misofoc to wawa, o niyah sa ko midemakay to sakasongila’, mafana’ cingra a miala to folo’ to sapiketon to tawawaan a pona. O katalawan no mahofocay i, o maco’isay ko nika citiyadan, ano o nga’ayay ko kacitiyad, masafoc awaay ko katalawan to nian. Ano militemoh ko katalawan a ma’at’at ko nika sofoc i, mitahidang to cikawasay a misair. Itiya mitahidang ko cikawasay to ngangan no mapatayay to a mato’asay, ta mitahidang to ngangan no Dongi to sakanga’ay a mahofoc. O sakasaan no cikawasay a demak i, o pahapinang ano ira ko latiihan toni a demak, o nano awaayay ma’araw a kawas koni saan a paso’elin, orasaka mitahidang to ngangan no kawakawas ato mapatayay to a ngangan no mato’asay, nawhani o ’Amis a tamdaw paso’elin to mapatayay to a tamdaw o mamalakawas sanay. Tona midemak no cikawasay to nian i, nanoyaan sa a masonol manga’ay ko kasofoc. Nawhani o makowanay no palafoay ko ’orip nangra, orasaka haenen no cikawasay a mifahfah to tatiihay saka paso’elinen no ’Amis a tamdaw ko pisair hananay. Masofoc to koya wawa, pa’ayawen to no mato’asay patodongen to nisanga’an to falako a sapariko’ toya wawa. Oya sawawaan caay pakido sa a mifalah, tafoen to papah no lawilaw, itira i saikoran no loma’ misatalolong mikarkar to sera misongila’ a tademan, i fafaed no pitelian pa’ekelen to fokeloh, o sakaecaaw ka kaen no waco. Maherek ko cipoyapoyay masofoc i, ano caay ka cimaan ko tatirengan, ikor no kasofoc tangsolay to a malingad. O tiring ato tayal ko pi’arawan, ano adihay ko tatayalen i, hadidi saan a milaheci, so’elinay to, adihay ko tatayalen no malafafahiyanay, o fa’inay to ko nifafaay to wawa, pakaenay to kolong, mifotingay. Orasaka, misahiraterateng ko fafahiyan to nian, ano caay katayal kako i o maan ko kakaenen? saan. Awaay ko fa’inayan i omah a malingad, alatek mi’adop cingra, ano eca masadak tayra papotal a misakoli, ano eca pakatayalen no imeng (tayring), ano eca milaoc to no finawlan. Ano caay pi’adop ko fa’inay i, talapapotal a misakoli, o a itira: to i omah a matayal. O kapatay i nika hofoc no fafahiyan i, o mahalodotay, ’aloman ko mahalodotay i nika sofocan no ’Amis, o saka halodot nira i, o nika pakinali no tayal, ka sofocan i maco’isay ko wawa, ano eca ciadada no tatirengan nira. ==== '''O tayal no Dongi. (女神Dongi的職責)''' ==== Talacowa, mafokil ko ’Amis a tamdaw to pakayniay to nihofocan ho a wawa samaanen ko pidipot a picoco ato samaanen ko pidama to masofocay fafahiyan, nikawrira paso’elin cangra to midipotay a kawas, paso’elin ko malainaay to awaayay ma’araw a kawas ko madipotay toya mikowanay to ’orip no tamdaw a Dongi saan ko ’Amis a tamdaw, paso’elin ci Dongian o nidemakan nira o sakanga’ay no tamdamdaw saan. O nia Dongi latek o niocoran no ma’oripay a Kawas o midipotay to tamdaw a coyoh ko tatodong nira, saka o kafokilan no ’Amis a tamdaw, saka panganganan han to Dongi. Ano matayal ko ciwawaay a mifaca’ to riko, telien nira ko nipopotan a wawa i tatihi, pacena’ a miliyas. Ano fangcal ko foti’ noya wawa, caay ka tomangic, caay ka tatiih ko faloco’ to piliyas no ina to wawa, sacisowal sa ko mato’asay, “ira ko Dongi a misimaw saka, masedi ko tawa no wawa, maosos ko faloco’ ningra.” Yo eca ho kafana’ to no tamdawan ko nisofocan a wawa i, manga’ay ko foti’ a masedi, sowal sa ko mato’asay: “O nipaskatawaan no Dongi kina wawa.” saan. Ira ko sowal no ina to niyah a wawa: “Aka a rasrasen i sera ko posak no hemay, manengnengaw no Dongi ko nidemakan iso, ka satamdaw kiso to sowal.” Orasaka, itini i faloco’ no wawa ato mato’asay i, oya awaayay a ’araw a kawas mararid mikihatiya i ’orip nangra saan. ==== '''O pipangangan to wawa. (給孩子的命名)''' ==== O pipangan no ’Amis to wawa i, i ’ayaw no kasofoc no ina to wawa, ira ko ma’araway a manan a demak i o mian ko pipangangan to wawa. Tinako, i kailisinan a masofoc to wawa, pangangan to wawa paka ci Lisin han ko pangangan, pifoting no laloma’an i masofoc, paka ci Foting han ko pangangan to wawa. Ano tatami sa i kalahokan, paka ci Lahok han ko pangangan to wawa, matakop ko kalafina a masofoc ko ina to wawa, paka ci Lafi han ko pangangan. Ano kafaliyosan a romi’ad masofoc ko ina to wawa, pakaci Faliyos han ko pangangan. Ano kalingadan i omah a masofoc ko ina no wawa, paka ci Saomah han ko pangangan to wawa. Ono ka’amisay niyaro’ a ’Amis a pipangangan, tinako Looh, ’Afo, Mayaw. Ono katimolay niyaro’ a ’Amis ira ko Tamih, Kacaw, sanay a ngangan no tamdaw, ira ko mialaay to no faki a ngangan to ’Adop, Komod sanay, adihay ko mialaay to nai mato’asay a ngangan. O roma i, ano ciadada ko wawa to malawacoay ko tireng a malacaan, o mamifalic to nganganan a saka eca to kalacaan, mitahidang to cikawasay a misa’ir, mi’araw ano o pinganganan ko tatiihay nira wawa, itiya a o fafalicen ko pinganganan. Pakayni to matiniay a pipangangan i, o iraay ko salongoc no tato’asan to sapirayray to ngangan no to’as, saka pakayni i lemed a pa’araw to o fafalicen ko ngangan nia wawa. Maolah ko mato’asay pacimil to ngangan no wawa, nawhani ira ko no naira a cimil a ngangan, dengan o salekaka, mato’asay ato malitengay ko mitahidangay to cimil a ngangan no niyah, tatiih ko wawaay ko ’orip miceli’ to cimil ngangan no mato’asay. Ano ira ko wawaay ko ’orip a mitahidang to cimil ngangan no mato’asay i, kiliyolen mina’ong a pasowal to mato’asay, pakatawaen ko pitahidan a pangangan to cimil a ngangan, ano ira ko maolahay pakatawa malawla a mato’asay i, pakalipahakay to mato’asay ko nian. ==== '''O pidipot to ka’emangay. (照顧兒童)''' ==== Tona o kalatayalay ko ’Amis a tamdaw saka, ano manga’ay to ko tireng na mahofoc to wawa i, tangsolay matayal, fafaen nira ko wawa, oni ko sakaciadada no wawa ato sakaciadada nira o ina. Nawhani, caay ho ka tada nga’ay ko tireng i, matayal to cingra, palecad han nira ato itiyaay ho ko nika tayal, saka, pakayni to nian ko saka ciadada nira o ina ato saka ciadada noya wawa. O nika caay ka fana’ a pa’ayaw to fa’edet ato si’enaw noya wawa, caay ka fana’ cingra a pa’ayaw to cahiw ato roray no wawa ato cango’ot no wawa. Paci’ci sa a matayal. Mipacoco i, tala saan to nika tomangic a macahiw ko wawa, caay ka fana’ cingra a pa’ayaw to cahiw ato roray no wawa ato cango’ot no wawa, ano haratengen i, o tada maapaay ko mato’asay itiya ho, o tayal a cecay ko mahiratengay, caay ko wawa ko nisikolan, saka, oni ko sakaciadada ato sakamamoko’ no ’orip noya wawa. Talacowa ko nika ’aloman ko nihofocan nira a wawa i, ’aloman ko mapatayay. Tona caay ka fana’ ko ’Amis to adada no ka’emangay ho a wawa saka, yo ira ko adada ko wawa i, saheto o pipasair i cikawasay. Caay ka filo no cikawasay a miadah koya adada no wawa saka, mapatay. Ma’edeng o latosa nisofocan a wawa ko mapatayay i ’ayaw no enem ko mihecaan a wawa. Mafokil ko ina no ’Amis a patado to cahiw no ka’emangay, saka, palecad han to mato’asay ko nika ranam, o lahok ato o lafi. Caay pakaen to wawa i fatad no kakomaen no mato’asay. Saka, macahiwko ka’emangay, mikilim to kakaenen nira, saka, ano mas’araw ko mamakaen a losay, ano caacaay ho ka rohem ko losay i, kaen han nira. O ramasato, komaen cingra to mangta’ay saka, caay ka fonal no fitaka ko nikaenan nira, saka ci’oresap, cifasal, mapiyas. O kalapinangan han no ’Amis ko matiniay a demak a caay ko salofen, a caay kikiharen ko ka’emangay. Ano caay pina’on ko mato’asay no loma’ i, o mamapatay ko wawa to matiniay a adada, nikawrira ano pacarcaren ko wawa a pakaen i, manga’ay koya wawa a caay ka latiih. Nikawrira, tangasa anini, o fafahiyan no ’Amis awaay ko fana’ to sapidema to ka’emangay. Macahiw ko wawa i lonok sa miala to nipalomaan no tao a losay, matiniay a pinangan mateli i faloco’ no mato’asay. Orasaka, o mafana’ay mihirateng a mato’asay i, mafana’ mitahidang to midipotay to wawa a matayalay, ano eca tayra i omah a matayal i, hawikiden ko ka;emangay a tayra i omah, caay pacecayen ko wawa i loma’, nawhani mafana’ mihirateng to awaay ko papakaen to wawa a macahiwaw, mararaw ko mato’asay to nika sadak no wawa a masidayaw a misalama, caay ka ’edef ko loma’ a micomodaw ko waco komaen to kakaenen, misalamaaw ko wawa to lamal, ano eca makailoh ko loma’. Matiniay a hirateng no mato’asay o sakaecaaw ka pacecay ko wawa i loma’. Orasaka, alaen no mato’asay ko wawa a tayra i omah, itira i omah ira ko kakaenen. Malahok i, maocor ko wawa a papisakalahok, o sakalohok a kakaenen i caay ko nialaan i loma’, polong no kakaenen saheto o nai o mahay a kinaira, fa’elohay nialaan a kakaenen, ano i omahan pinaloma a losay, o sakafecol no tamdaw. ==== '''O demak no ka’emangay i omah. (幼童的活動)''' ==== ===== '''I omah (在田間)''' ===== Talaomah ko ka’emangay i, mikotod ko waco a patihi to wawa, o nga’ayay a widang no wawa ko waco a talaomah, saka, itini i omah i, o aocoren no mato’asay a papiala to marohemay a kakaenen. O romasato, nano ka’emang ho mapasifana’ to no mato’asay to dademaken a tayal, tinako, mitefo’, pasifana’en no mama ko piala to tefo’, o pidoedoan no wawa a mafana’ to nia demak. O roma a tamdaw, misanga’ to tilo, laklaken i taliyok no talakal ko posak no hemay, paketingen ko cecay ’ayam itira, sapisolot to romaroma a ’ayam, paka’araw ko roma a ’ayam to ira itira ko kakaenen asaan i, ala miraoraod sa, itiya tayra komaen ko masafelengay ’ayam a tahatilo to no safang. Ira ko no keliway a terik satilo, miteli i pakayraan no tenga’an, tolok a romakat, pita’elif sa ko tenga’an ato tolok itiya i, maripa’ nira ko satilo, itiya materik masifet to koya tenga’an ato tolok a ’ayam. Roma i, mipateli to talakal to ’a’adopen i liyok no omah a semosemotan, pateli to sa’emic a talakal, patelien ko limaay enemay a sa’emic, mata’elif ko cecay romi’ad i, ciniala koya sa’emic to koyo, malonem, fafoy, saheto o ma’oripay a tama’. Onianan maolah ko ka’emangay mitoor to mato’asay tayra i omah a matayal, nawhani itira i omah ira ko sakafecol a kakaenen. Orasaka, caay kaolah i loma’ ko wawa no ’Amis. ===== '''O mamitanam to ’epah. (嚐酒)''' ===== Yo misa’epah ko ina itiya i, pakiloma’en nira ko wawa, nawhani o nga’ayay a mamitanam to ’epah ko wawa, yo misadak to ’epah naitini i pisa’epahan a dangah i, tangsol sa maparo i koreng. Itiya mangalay ko ina a papitanam i wawa a mi’inip pakaen, ta licayen no ina ko wawa o nga’ay tatiihay koya nisa’epahan nira, itiya komaen mi’inip ko wawa toya ’epah i malasang to, licayen no ina ko wawa to nitanamen o nga’ayay tatiihay, malasang to koya wawa i caay to kafana’ to nga’ayay tatiihay, paca’of sa ko wawa, nga’ay to, nga’ay to saan paca’of, nanoya, mahemek ko ina to nisanga’an nira a ’epah, pakaenen ho nira koya wawa, nanoya sa a malasang to koya wawa. Nawhani, mafana’ cangra to nika nga’ay ko nisanga’an ita a ’epah. Ano caay ka lasang koya wawa to nipakaen to wawa i, o mamafana’ cangra to nika o afesa’ay koya ’epah asaan. Onian ko sakananam no wawa no ’Amis a komaen to ’epah. ===== O sasalamaen no wawa. (遊戲) ===== O sasalamaen no ka’emangay a wawa itiya ho i, ira ko ’acocol, o fasiyaw, o koka’ (toka’), o leto, o werwer ato romaroma. O nisanga’an no wawa ko nian a ma’emin. Itini i kaka a ninanam mafana’ ko safasafa a wawa to pisanga’ to sasalamaen nira. O nisanga’an no mato’asay i, o mamangay a paliding, o ma’edengay a dakawen no wawa a paliding. Ira ko sapisawina no ka’emangay a ningkiw (yangwawa) ato sapisawinaaw. Itini i omah, dadahal ko pisalamaan, mifalod to ’asisiw, taringen sapisanga’ to pongkang, ato misanga’ to tananoyan, tala’aro mingingoy, misanga’ to saselican, picakodan mihitefo to nanom, tayra i riyar a midangoy, minanam micelem, o ka’emangay a wawa maemin mafana’ midangoy. Mangalef maraod to ko pihifangan no pitilid, ocoren no mato’asay pakaen to kolong, tayra i ’alo mikihatiya to kolong a mingingoy, malalifet to kapot i nanom micelem a malalimek. Afa’inayan to, ano fafahiyan to i, ma’emin mafana’ mikalic, to roma i, matalaw ko fafahiyan a wawa mitoor to no fa’inayan a mikalic to takaraway, nikawrira, milecad ko fafahiyan to no fa’inayan a ci’icel to maamaan a demakan. Mitiya piocor no mato’asay a papikoyakoy miala to ’icep, o fa’inayan to, o fafahiyan to i, malecad ko kainaneng naira. Ira ko roma a fa’inayan, misanga’ to mali’akongay a kilang, sapisanga’ to matiyaay a safariri a sasalamaen, manga’ay nangra matama ko ma’eferay a ’ayam ano eca o ’a’adopen, ano eca o heci no losay. Orasaka, ikor mafadi’ to ko malengaway a losay to nifarasiwan to safariri a tasalamaan. ===== I loma’ay a demak no ka’emangay. (孩童在家中的活動) ===== Itira i patiyamay a loma’, o ka’emangay ko misimaway to patiyamay a mipa’aca to dafong. Itiya ho ira ko patiyamay i niyaro’, o iraay ko salikaka no niyaro’, ano o ’ayam, fita’ol, losay, ato maamaan a datengan ko sapa’aca. Saka, ira ko ’Amis a tamdaw mitatoy to dating sapifalic nira to kangalayan nira a maamaan, o kafokil ko ’Amis a mipa’aca, caay ko hahaenen ko kalali’aca, o payso ato dafong ko kafafalifalic itiya manga’ay, o nika fokil no ’Amis to saki matiniay a kalali’acaan to dafong, o payso ko tatodong no nian. Ano maraod to ko mihecaan no ka’emangay, o pitilidan to, nikawrira, ’aloman ko kolong no loma’, awaay ko pakaenay, oya ka’emangay i, fo’oten ko sapitilidaw no wawa, ocoren a mipakaen to kolong. Nikawrira, roma i,mapakiloma’ ko fafahiyan a wawa, midipot to safa, saka, ano ira ko kaka ano eca o mato’asay ko mamidipot i, itiya manga’ay cingra a mitilid. Nikawrira, minengneng to mato’asay no ka’emangay masamaan ko pi’arawan. Ano awaawa ko papakaenen a kolong no loma’, ano awaawa ko dadipoten a safa no loma’, ano mafokilay a mato’asay to saki ikor no wawa, caay piocor to ka’emangay a papitilid. Ano o ranikayay ko ina a miliyas to hekal i, oya sakakaay a fafahiyan ko mamala ina a midipot to safa a ma’emin, o mafana’ay a miharateng a loma’ i, o fai ko mamidipot to wawa no mapatayay a salikaka nira. O romasato, mikihatiya ko wawa to pitifek no kakakaka a kaying, saka, sanga’en no mato’asay ko matatodongay mamangay a tifekan malo no wawa a mitifek, ano mitifetifek ko ka’emangay i loma’ i, ’edeng o hafay ato celedan ko tatifeken nira. ==== '''O demak no kapah ato kaying a tamdaw. (男女青年的活動)''' ==== Yo o Dipong ko mikowanay itiya, ira to ko mitiliday no ’Amis a kapah, o mato’asay no aniniay cangra. Itiya i, sepat a miheca ko pitilid, talacowa o no ka’emangay a pitilidan, nikawrira maraay ko pitilidan itiya, ato sa’ayaway a pisatapang no pitilid itiya, saka, caay ka matiya a aniniay a pito ko mihecaan ko pitilid. Orasaka, sepat miheca ko pitilid i, o mitiliday a ka’emangay o sepatay ko safaw, limaay ko safaw no mihecaan itiya, ma’edengay to micomod i selal no niyaro’ koya fa’inayan a wawa, saka, mikapot ho I selal i, o itiniay to itiniay to i finawlan a kasakakakaka ko pasifanaay cangraan, o no niyaro’ a pikiwiko ko nian. O fafahiya to a wawa i, micomod tono dadayaay pitilidan i niyaro’, saci singsi sa cangra i, oya na no mitiliday toya sepatay a miheca a kapah no ’Amis ko citodongay. O nia singsi o pakaenay to kolong to romi’ad cingra, o fafahiyan sa i masacefacefang cangra malapaliw macacorok mi’anip, mikapkap, mipanay i omah, o omah ko tayal to romi’ad. Nikawrira, caay pikapot to maraayay a cefang, o pikapot to cefang itini sa no sakafiyafiyaw ko sakapotan. Orasaka o noya a sakafiyaw o niyah a salikaka, o raan sa ko kasacefang no kalapaliwan. O pitifek to panay i, o kalapaliwan ko demak, o no wa’ay ko pitifek, o nano fokeloh a nisanga’an a ’asolo ko sapitifek, kareteng ko fokeloh a rekenen, caay ka filo ano cecay ko tamdaw a mitifek, saka, cicafay cingra to sakatatosa a mireken to ’asolo itiya. Ira ko no nanomay ko sapitifek a demak, maparo i tipid ko nanom itiya, pakayni i nikareteng no nanom, matomes i tipid ko nanom, marekaen no nanom koya ’asolo a makowad, malasak ko nanom i tipad toya i, marekaen no kareteng no ’asolo, itiya a matifek koya panay, orasaka, saliyaliyaw han no nanom ato ’asolo ko pitifek, caay ka simawen, nano dafak a miparo tangasa i kalafian a minokay tahaloma’, itiya sato a mitapes malafelac ito. ==== '''O tayal no mararamoday. (夫婦的工作生活)''' ==== O mikadafoay ko fa’inayan i fafahiyan to nika raramod, orasaka mikadafo ko fa’inayan tayra i fafahiyan o royaroy ko nian, o pinangan no misa’alingayay no ina no ’Amis ko nian, o todong o palowaday to loma’ no pikadafoan ko tayal no fa’inayan, mahapinang nira ko tatayalen no loma’, mahapinang nira ko sofal a sa’etal omah no pikadafoan, o a ira ko pisahalaka to omah a pacomahad. Pakayn i fana’ ato lalok a matayal no kadafo ko sakacakat no ’orip noya loma’. ==== O lipak a demak. (娛樂) ==== I ’orip no ’Amis i, awaay ko todong no ka’emangay a kalipahakan, ’edeng i pararamoday ato paherek no pisaloma’ itiya ira ko kalipahakan. O cecay a mafana’ay, malalokay a kadafo i, mafana’ misanga’ to kalipahakan a demak, ano nika ’aloman to no kolong nira, manga’ay mipacok ano saan i, ’ayaw i milicay to mato’asay no loma’, ano ca’of no ina: “Namo han a hareteng.” Ano saan i, o mamitahidang cingra to ’ali ato sa’apet a mipacok to kolong, ta sakapolongan sato cangra a mipacok tora kolong. Ira itiya a ma’emin halo salikaka noya ina nangra. Ta itiya ko malininaay a malipahak, mahemak to pipacok to kolong no kadafo a palipahak to malininaay. Ano o pifoting ito, ano o pi’adop ito i, sa’ali ato sa’apet ito a matatahidahidang, toya dadaya i, malacecay ko lipahak a malifi, miraradiw masakero toya dadaya. Orasaka, itini i nga’ay a demak no kadafo mapalipahak no malininaay. ==== '''Tatiihay ko kararamod. (婚姻不合)''' ==== Ano tatiih ko kararamod i, minokay koya kadafo tayra i tapang nira a ina, parsatoh to demak nangra a mararamod. Sowal sa koya ina a milifet to sowal: “latek kiso ko matokaay, ta masowal no fafahi iso ko katadanca iso.” han nira. Itiya, paca’of han nira: “Ano o matokaay kako ta sowalen no fafahi kako i, mimaan a parastoh kako i tisowanan o ina, o kakangodoen konini.” saan. Itiya, songila’en nira misaheci ko sowal patengil ko ina to kamitira no demak nira. Harayeng sa ko ina i, sasi’ada saan a mitengil to ratoh no wawa nira. Orasaka, “Laliw han.” caay ka saan ko ina pasowal. Mangodo ko ina to nira a harateng, sowal sa: “Miso han harateng.” matiniay a ca’of i, o nian i, o todong to pihayda no ina to pilaliw ako o sasaan koya wawa a mafana’. Nanoya i, pakaynien nira i pisakoli nira ko piliyas, itini i katayalan nira a misapalita to folpco’ no kasakakakakaa selal to sakacilalan a milaliw, ta o nokay nira namisakoli i, pafesoc sa i tapang a loma’ ko pinokayan. Itiya i, tangsol a mafana’ ko ina to nipilaheci no wawa nira a milaliw to ramod nira. Itiya i, caay ka keter ko ina. O sini’ada no ina saka, ira ko sahinom nira a sowal i wawa. Ta itira saho cingra i loma’ a mipadang to tayal no loma’. Nanoya i, mafana’ ko ina no pikadafoan nira to nika itira no kadafo nira i loma’ no ina i, mangodo cingra. Saka, salofen nira ko faloco no wawa nira a miocor a papiala a panokay to fa’inay nira. Itiya i, o mamihakelong ko tatosa a paro no loma’ a fai ano eca o salikaka a tayra, hawikeden nangra ko sakangodo ato sakanga’ay no kalalicay ato ya ina. Itiya i, pasowal ko ina to wawa nira, “Olili, pinokay.” saan, nikawrira, o fai no fa’inay ko mipasowalay i fafahi nira to polong no tatiihay a demak nira. Itiya ano mafokil a paca’of koya fafahi i, o fai nira ano eca i o salikaka ko patadoay i cingraan a pacako a misanga’ to faloco’ no fai no fa’inay, ta o ina no fa’inay ko mifasaway to tatiih no faloco’ no wawa nira. Ano cisahinom to ko sowal no fai no fa’inay i, nga’ay to ko nia fafahi a maanen aca (misorar) a saan i cangraan a ma’emin a patalahekal to caay ka tatodong nira. “Miahowiday kako to paini no miso a patalahekal to kafokilan ako ato caay ka tatodong ako.” saan cingra a paca’of. Itiya sato, “Aka to pitiyol kiso a mahaen ko demak.” sato ko papatoor no salikaka ato fai noya fafahi i cingraan. Tangasa itini ko sowal i, “Aka to. Hatinien aca ko sowal, i tangila to nangra ko nian a sowal saka, malimaan to a adihay ko sowal. Nanay kiso o wawa ako, kafalic to ko faloco’. Ka tayni to kamo a miholol hena, pa’arawen ho kako to nika fangcal to no kararamod namo.” han noya ina. “Olili, pinokay to. Mamafoti’ to kako, tona maroray kako.” saan cingra a patoor to sowal. O todong no piocor nira konini, itiya to cngra a patakid to ina ato fai noya fa’inayan koya fafahiyan, ta o fangcalay a demak ko sakalalicay. Ano ma’emin to koya ’epah i, ala nokanokay sato cangra. Papialaen no ina no fa’inay ko fafahi nira to riko’ ta paoihakelongen nira ko awa i cingraan a minokay. Ano kafana’en no fafahi ko nika ’odang no fa’inay nira ta pakayni to nia demak ko sakapisatatiih no fa’inay i cingraan i, laplap han nira. Ano haenen ningra i, mitahidang to faki ato fai to sapilaheci a milaplap. Talacowa o nika ’odang aca nira, ano halifafahi cingra i, o papatalahekal cingra to patelac nira ato nika awaay ko nika ’osi nira to fafahi nira ato maanen aca to paro no loma’a ma’emin. Itiya adihay ko sowal no paro no loma’ a mipekpek i cingraan, ano mafana’ a miharateng koya fa’inay i, caay pakotatiihay cingra to misepenay i cangraan a somowal. Ano caay pakahadidi cingra to nia sowal i, laheci sa a malaplap, ano ira ko pipacoli ningra, misafana’, ano eca misimed to cingra to raraw ningra i, o sakangalef no keter no fakifaki. Ano kacifaloco’an noya fa’inay ko ni’odangan nira a fafahi i, o awaayay to ko faloco’ nira to fafahi nira, saka, itiya a satatiih han nira ko sowal to nika ’osi to fafahi nira. “Ma’osi kiso i takowanan saka milaplap i takowanan.” ano saan cingra a pakotatiih to fafahi nira i, laheci sa cingra a milaliw to fafahi a tayra toya fafahiyan. Caay ka ala nira ko wawa nira. O mamala wawa no ina koya wawa nangra. Ano so’elinay miliyas ko fa’inay to pikadafoan nira i, o aalaen noya fafahi ko fa’elohay a malo fainay nira. ==== '''O demak no micidekay a ciloma’ a tamdaw. (分家)''' ==== I ’ayaw no kaciloma’ i, mapolong ho ko malikakaay ato kadafo i loma’ no mato’asay a ina, o mamicidek ko wawa to fafahiyan a ciloma’. Sa:an, o ma’adopay ko kadafo, ano o mafana’ay a kadafo cingra i, itira cingra i lotok pi’adopan a misatalo’an, itiya miporong cingra to ko talod, todong pikowat to malopala ningra, nanoya i, maomahen ningra mifariw ko semot ato kilang, paloma to papalomaen maamaan itira. Itiya i, pasowal han to ningra ko fafahi a pasowal: “Caay ka hacowa ko omah no ina to sapalalikel i titaanan o wawa saka, masamaan ano kita ko micidekay a ciloma’ itini to nia matangan ako a sera i, masamaan ko hirateng iso?” han no fa’inay ko fafahi. Tayra sato ko fafahi a minengneng toya nimatangan no fa’inay itiya, salipahak sato, nanoya, kasasowalen no fafahi ko ina to saka ciloma’aw nangra a tatosa. O mangodoay ko harateng no faloco’ a misahaci pa’ayaw to sowal, o harateng ho nangra. Itiya i, milonokay to cangra mararamod a mikilang, ma’aol, mi’oway, mipenen, mieli’ to sapisaloma’ a sakateyal, marocek to ko kahirahira no sakatayal, itiya a pasowal cangra to mato’asay. Polong no laloma’an ato malininaay a masasowasowal. Oya malininaay hananay i, o sadak no malikakaay no ina. Miketong ko mararamaday to saka ci loma’aw i, mipadang a ma’emin ko paro no loma’ i cangraan. O ’icel no tayal ko po’arawan no ina to patodong a patireng to pisaloma’. Amno caay ho ka tatodong a nengnengen no ina ko tayal no kadafo i, caay ho pihai ko ina to nan. Pakayni to mitiniay i. O pisaloma a demak, o no niyaro’ay to a demak koni, o mamihakitaya ko niyaro’ to nian a pisaloma’an; roma i, o malininaay ato fiyaw; o sangasaw. O fa’elohay ho a micidekay i, mangodo a mitahidang to finawlan ato fiyafiyaw, saka pa’edeng o no malininaay a demak ko nian. O sangasaw ato malininaay i, malecad. Nikawrira, o ngangasawan i, tata’ang, mipakapot kono mama a sadak no malininaay. Ano caay ka ’edeng ko matayalay no milininaay a milaheci a patireng toya loma’ i, matahidang ko ngangasawan a ma’emin. O sa’osi no ntamdaw ato nika tata’ang noya sasanga’en ko pi’arawan a misa’opo to mamipadang. O roma a micidekay a ciloma’ a mararamoday i, mafolaw a miliyas to niyaro’ a tayra i fa’elohay a niyaro’ a mingata to nisaomahan nangra. Saka, matahidang noya mamisaloma’ ko fiyaw nira i kafolawan nira, ta mapadang haca no malininaat, ta mapolong cangra a misanga’, itira to a masasikafana’. Nawhani, masasingodo ko malininaay ato itiraay a malafiyaway no nicidekay. Mangodo koya malafiyaway to malininaay noya mafolaway. Saka, pa’araw to olah nangra i cingraan. O nia malininaay i, pa’araw to raheker a lipahak to fiyaw no kafolawan no wawa. Ano maherek to ko nia loma’ i, ira a ma’emin ko malininaay ato fiyaw a masa’opo a lipahak. Ta pasowal to lipahak nangra. Ira ko dayhiw noya tosaay a cefang a pasowal to raheker a lipahak to nika ira a mipadang. Saka adihay ko sakangodo a sowal a masasico’ay. Itira ko ’Amis a finacadan ko’engel a masasidamadama a matiya o malikakaay. ==== '''O tatapangan no loma. (一家之主)''' ==== Talacowa o ina ko citodongay to ngangan no omah ato mikowanay to paro no loma’ i, caay pisatalifokil ko ina to fa’inay nira, caay pisateked to no nira a harateng, mitengil to faloco’ no fa’inay. Ta malecad cangra tatosa a mihapinang to dademaken no paro no loma’. Ano pakayni i pirocok to omah no ina i, caay ko sakakaay a wawa to fafahiyan ko pi’arawan, oya masatamdaway a wawa to malalokay, damsayay ko faloco’, mafana’ay a midipot to mata’asay, o raan ko mamirocok. Mafana’ ko malikakaay a ma’emin, ano manga’anga’ay koya fafahiyan a wawa, nikawrira, ano o karapacoliay ko fa’inay nira, ano hali’epahay, ano caay ka tatodong i faloco’ no mato’asay ko demak nira i, papicidek han cangra a ciloma’. O nangra sato a harateng ko sakapiliyas nangra a ciloma’. Talacowa caay ka somowal ko ina i, lowad saan ko wawa a matayal, mangodo cingra a misalimo’omo’ot i cangraan. Nikawrira, lonok ano caay ka saan ko wawa nira i, itiya a palimo’ot ko ina to matiraay a wawa, ano ’alomanay ko wawa noya loma’, ano ’aloman ko kadafo i, itiya a palalikelen no ina ko tayal no wawa a ma’emin a malingad, o matokaay a tamdaw ko kaketeren a misalof. Itiya a sesepsepen no tamdaw cingra a pasowal. O romasato, o karapacoliay a tamdaw i, mana’ay a masasowal to mato’asay cingra. Nikawrira, ano caay ko matokaay cingra, ano karasowal han no mato’asay cingra a mipapeles i, itira a macacoli ato wawa. Mafana’ to ko mato’asay to kahacecacecay no wawa a ma’emin, ano ira ko maan a sa’opo no malininaay a ma’emin i, itiya a pasowal koya mama ato ina to pakayniay i pipalalikel to omah ato sera. Ano ira ko maan a demak no malininaay i, caay ka eca minokay tayni i tatapangan. ==== O ’orip no mato’asay. (老人生活) ==== O tayal nangra. (他們的工作) Ano mato’ato’as ko tamdaw i, ano somelet ho ko tireng i, ma’edeng ho masadak mikilim to dademaken. Ano i loma’ ano saan i, ’aloman ko wawawawa to dadipotan, o mamidipot to kaemangay a wawa loma, o faloco’ no tamdaw ko pi’arawan, ano o malalokay a mato’asay, ano caay ka tahira ko wawa a midemak i, tayra sa cingra a matayal, pasayra i omah ko faloco’ nira a mikilim to masamaamaanay a dademaken. Tayra cingra i omah mikiilim to pananoman, ano maso’ot no lakaw no semot ko cawing no pananoman, latek o pikiloma’an no kalang a miofang masonol ko nanom a pakayra milaliw, latek, o kolong ano eca o roma a ’a’adopen ko mikari’angay to pananoman, matiniay a demak o laliyawen patiko a misongila’. Nikawrira, o no matokaay a mama a faloco’ i, rekoh sa i loma’ a mitala to kakaenen. Manengneng no wawa ko matiniay a mama i, mangodo to nika matira nira. Nawhani, malalok ko no tao a mama i, ono mita sa a mama i, salama saan a talacowacowa saan, saka, ocoren nangra ko mama a papiliso’ to omah. O mato’asay a ina i, ira ko dadipoten a no loma’ i, i loma’ sa cingra a matayal. Mikilim cingra to tatayalen nangra a makaka’araw. ===== '''O adada no mato’asay. (老年人的疾病)''' ===== Ano o mama no loma’ ko adadaay, ano caay ka tadamaan ko adada i, itira sa i pikadafoan a maro’, nikawrira, ano pakinali saan ko adada nira i, tayra ko salikaka nira a miliso’ i cingraan. Ano cilemed koya adadaay, o ramod no adadaay ano eca o cipetonay to i, licay sa ko ina no adadaay a mitengil to katalemedan, o cilemeday no nima pasowalen koya ina to kalemedan, matengil no ina ko latiihay a lemad, pasowal ko ina no ya adadaay, “Caay to ko mamanga’ay ko adada no nia wawa ako.” saan itiya i, mangodo to koya adadaay to pikadafoan nira. Orasaka, “Panokayen kako.” saan cingra a milongoc to ina, saka o ina noya adadaay ko pasowalay i pikadafoan nira a ina, “Panokaten ako ko wawa, ano macowacowa ko lemed to na minokay cingra, ta pasikawasen ako.” han nira. saka, hai sa ko ramod no adadaay. Orasaka, mapanokay to cingra i tapang a loma’ nira. Tayra sa ko ramod nira a miliso’ i cingraan, nikawrira, ano mahapinang ko nika ngalef no adada nira i, papihololen no loma’ cingra a pa’atingid. O nian i, o sakacaaw ko poneng (daponoh) nira. So’elinay, itiya yo awaay ko ramaod noya mamapatay a tamdaw i, patay saan cingra. Tangsol caay ka saan a minokay ko ramod nira, maherek to a mitadem, itiya to cingra a minokay, ano caay ka takop no ramod ko patay no fa’inay i, caay to ka poneng cingra. Nawhani, ano o maponengay kako ano saan ko tamdaw i, mangodo cingra a milicay to cimacimaan, ano mapatay ko ramod i, paysin a milicay to kalo tamdaw, caay patedo a milicay to kalo tamdaw, co’ekoy saan cingra a romakat i lalan. Nikawrira, ano malecaday a maponengay a tamdaw i, manga’ay a malalicay. Ano ira i tapang no loma’ a mapatay ko fa’inayan i, caay piponeng to fafahi nira k patay nira. talacowa matiniay a caay ka poneng a fafahiyan i, awaay ko matinaay a tinako, o ’alomanay saheto o mapatayay ko ramod a o maponengay a fafahiyan ko iraay. Ano o fafahi ko tadamaanay ko adada i, itira sa ko fa’inay a midipot i cingraan tangasa i kapatayan nira, ikor no kapatay no fafahi i, o madaponohay a fa’inayan cingra. I ’ayaw no kapatay i, pasikawasen cingra. Itiya alaen no malininaay ko sapasifat to tatiihay a kawas i taliyok no loma’ nangra, nanoya paheceken i moco’ no cafeng ko niporongan a talod to sapatalaw to tatiihaya kawas. ==== '''O pitadem. (喪葬禮)''' ==== Ano mapatay to ko tamdaw i, itira i loma’, itiraen no paro no loma’ i nisatakaran a ca’ca ko pipakafoti’an toya mapatayay, patelien i kaysing ko hemay, paheceken i hemay ko ’alapit. Ta pakaen i cingraan. Ta misapatay ko ’alomanay a minaolay a tamdaw, masakero a paradiw tono saki mapatayay. O tadamaanay kina mapatayay tamdaw i, manayar ko romi’ad to tolo sepat a romi’ad ko lafin. Nikawrira, ano o tadamaanay adada ko sakapatay i caay ko hahalafin a mateli i loma’, o tatangsolen cingra a mitadem. O tayraay a tamdaw i, lekalen a misatata’ang ko ngiha a mitahidang ko ngangan noya mapatayay. Ano o kakitaan no niyaro’ ko mapatayay i, o a ira ko pa’olicay a tomangic, “Naw iro liyasen iso kami? A o cimaay to ko mamidipot tamiyanan, mamikerid i tamiyanan o finawlan?” saan. Ta adihay ko sa’ocil nangra a mi’olic a tomangic. Pitademan to itiya i, caay ka nga’ay ko ciramoday a mitoor tayra i tadem, i roma sato a romi’adan ko katayraan no ramod. Yo mitadem to mapatayay i, o limela ato olah noya loma’ toya mapatayay saka, patalo’anen nangra ko tadem nira, ta iikor no pitadem to pito a romi’ad, ira ko sapito sanay a demak, miliyaw miliso’ to tadem no mapatayay a mipaosa to kakaenen nira. Saka pito romi’ad a misapito hananay i, o todong pipacakat sanay. I saikoray a sapito a mipacakat i cingraan, i tira to i lima polo’ a romi’adan ko piliyaw a pacakat, o tatodong no pipacakat, o sapaliyasaw i cingraan to hekal, pakayni i pisalisin, itiya mitahidang to cikawasay a tamdaw a misongila’ to nia demak. Miliyaway milosimetay mitilid: ci Masao Nikar qfrat1gpqlpkzg8fdm16s0jstivft6o 0 2643 40635 2024-01-08T12:57:30Z Sdf 668 Sdf malinah to ko felih nani [[Japan]] tangasa i [[Ripon]]：​來源：https://e-dictionary.ilrdf.org.tw/search/terms/255999.htm 原住民族語言線上辭典 40635 wikitext text/x-wiki #重新導向 [[Ripon]] sdrc39jdjvf5oj63dly9tz81o57llyd 0 2644 40638 2024-01-08T13:20:17Z Sdf 668 建立內容為「O '''2024 miheca mamalacongtong no Cung-huwa-min-ku''' (中華民國第16任總統、副總統選舉) cecay mamalacongtong no Cung-huwa-min-ku. Mipalowad to 2024 miheca saka 1 folad saka 13 romi’ad. == Mamararid to ko(候選人) == {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;" |- ! sa’osi^(數字) | colspan="2" | '''1''' | colspan="2" | '''2''' | colspan="2" | '''3''' |- ! yofayof(政黨) | colspan="2" | [[Yofayof no finawlan no Taywan]] | colspan="2"…」的新頁面 40638 wikitext text/x-wiki O '''2024 miheca mamalacongtong no Cung-huwa-min-ku''' (中華民國第16任總統、副總統選舉) cecay mamalacongtong no Cung-huwa-min-ku. Mipalowad to 2024 miheca saka 1 folad saka 13 romi’ad. == Mamararid to ko(候選人) == {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;" |- ! sa’osi^(數字) | colspan="2" | '''1''' | colspan="2" | '''2''' | colspan="2" | '''3''' |- ! yofayof(政黨) | colspan="2" | [[Yofayof no finawlan no Taywan]] | colspan="2" | [[Yofayof no cakat midodoay tono tamdawan]] | colspan="2" | [[Yofayof no kanatal no Holam]] |- ! congtong, fucongtong(副總統) | width="15%" | congtong | width="15%" | fucongtong | width="15%" | congtong | width="15%" | fucongtong | width="17%" | congtong | width="18%" | fucongtong |- ! mamararid to ko | [[File:柯文哲_IMG_9322-1_%2814300234412%29_%28cropped%29.jpg |100px]]<br />'''[[Ko Wen-je]]''' | [[File:吳欣盈肖像.jpg|100px]]<br />'''[[Cynthia Wu]]''' | [[File:副總統賴清德官方肖像.jpg|100px]]<br />'''[[Lai Ching-te]]''' | [[File:Hsiao Bi-khim (altered).jpg |100px]]<br />'''[[Hsiao Bi-khim]]''' | [[File:侯友宜市長肖像.jpg|100px]]<br />'''[[Hou Yu-ih]]''' | [[File:Jaw Shaw-kong Cropped.png|100px]]<br />'''[[Jaw Shaw-kong]]''' |- ! pakanina’ay(經歷) | align="left" style="font-size:smaller;vertical-align:top;" | | align="left" style="font-size:smaller;vertical-align:top;" | | align="left" style="font-size:smaller;vertical-align:top;" | | align="left" style="font-size:smaller;vertical-align:top;" | | align="left" style="font-size:smaller;vertical-align:top;" | | align="left" style="font-size:smaller;vertical-align:top;" | |- ! masofoc(出生) |[[Taywan]] [[Hsinchu]] |[[Amilika]] |[[Taywan]] [[New Taipei]] |[[Ripon]] [[Hyogo]] |[[Taywan]] [[Chiayi]] |[[Taywan]] [[Kilong]] |} [[Category:Siwkulang 'Amis]] [[Category:Taywan]] toxpjql524uphf3uthd5o2fte7e376a 0 2645 42772 42771 2024-04-12T00:26:01Z Safulo 35 42772 wikitext text/x-wiki == O tamdaw(人物)<ref>小川尚義 《原語による臺灣高砂族伝説集》。臺北帝國大學 言言學研究室 編著。昭和十年度(1935年)。440-447頁。</ref> == 1.Kakomodan Sapatolok 天神(男), Falyhaw 天神(母): malikelonay nani kakarayan tayni i la'eno. 2.Kafil aci Aka(惡神): i la'enoay mirarakatay a tatiihay kawas. 3.Purarakat aci Fafanang(狩獵神): cowa ko nani kakarayanay a malikelong tayni i la'eno, o i la'enoay mi'adopay a kawas. 4. Kosong Matolo, Maliali, Malimoka:(母海鰻) o wina no riyar a toda. 5.Nakaw(女) aci Sera (男): wawa ni Kakomodan Sapatolok aci Falyhaw. === Kakomodan Sapatolok 撒巴都洛克 === Oya saan ci Kakomodan Sapatolok<ref>o fayinayan a kawas i fafa'ed</ref> aci Falayhaw<ref>o fafahiyan a kawas i fafa'ed.</ref> o fayinayan ato fafahiyan a kawas, malikelon tayni i la'eno tefad sa cangra i Taorayan<ref>Mikasa(三笠山) han no aniniay kona pala.</ref>(Mikasa han no aniniay miheca) ” ''kaitira to kamo i la’eno''” han no ina ato mama a i kakarayanay kawas koya wawa,” hayi” sato koya wawa a paca’of ”ano matefad to kamo i, pafelien ako to fafoy, malonem,o ngafol, o lidep,o cilot, oya sato ’e’e a ’ayam, oiraan ko sapatafo no mako a pafeli itamowanan, aka ka talaw, caka  mamaan kamo,caka patay kamo. inian san ci Kafil aci Aka a tatiihay kawas o mirarakatay ila’eno, ya ano misamsam i tamowanan aka ka talaw, o mirarakatay aca koninian a kawas,kamo sa a matira kamo wawa mirarakat itira i la'eno” han to nira ko sowal, oya ko saka tefad sato i Taorayan kinian a tatosaay kawas. === Pulalakat aci Fafanang:Mi'adopay a kawas(狩獵神) === Ya itira sato tahira i la’eno, itiya i sakatolotolo a mihecaan ira to a mi’adop ci Pulalakat<ref>Purarakat 惡神。Tatiihay a kawas i la'eno.</ref> aci Fafanang<ref>Fafanang 惡神。Tatiihay a kawas i la'eno.</ref> a kawas, oya saan i, oya Fafanang aci Pulalakat cowa ko nanifafa’eday a matefad a tayni ila’eno, nani cowaay a tamdaw? o ciopihay a tamdaw,o ma’eferay a tamdaw,o matiraay a tamdaw canira,oya ko saka mi’adop sato i,pakapa’enan no loma’ ni Kakomodan Sapatolok aci Falayhaw, ya ma’araw nangra romakat i fakelal.<ref>fakelal 藤、竹或蘆葦作成的床。同fakelar, takar<sup>.</sup></ref> ” o maan kiya maro’ay i cawas” han nira koya ilaloma’ay Paca’of sa koya ilaloma’ay: ”kiya ’ayam o cilot, o ’i'i hananay”Oyaan ko saka minokay sato, taha loma’ sato i, pasifana’ han to nira ci Kafil<ref>Kafil 狩獵神。Mi'adopay a kawasa i la'eno.</ref> aci Aka<ref>Aka 狩獵神。Mi'adopay kawas i la'eno</ref>: ”oyaan kiya mama koya maro’ay i cawas tatolo, oya saan i, o malonem ato ngafol ato fafoy kali’eki’ to ko nikaromakat nira” han nira ci Kafil aci Aka. ”o maan hakiya? ka matira kita a mipakaen to matiraay a ’a’dopen,sa somowal. Ano matira katayra haca kamo, o maan konian han a milicay. Sapipakaenan kami to matiraay, milada’ kami to cecay aca ko papakaenen niyam o maan to ano o ngafol aca, ano o malonem aca, ano o fafoy aca, onini saan o ’ayam cecayen aca, ano icowaay to a ’ayam ko sapafeli namo mangaay to” han namo ko sowal. === Kafil aci Aka::mirarakatay i la'eno a tatihay kawas(地上流浪惡神) === Lomowad to ci Kafil aci Aka, tahira sato i ci Kakomodan Sapatolok, samatiraen nangra to palimo'ot ni Purarakat aci Fafanang ko sowal ci Kakomodan aci Falayhaw, nikawrira, ” na’ay” han ni Kakomodan aci Falayhaw,sowal sa: " naha nima tamowanan linik saca kamo a tayni i la’eno, ora saan ko namo mirarakatay ko namo,naha nima milinik to wina ato mama ita, mamaan aca ca ka cingafor, ca ka cimalonem, ca ka cifafoy, ca ka ci’ayam,oria saan o lidep ano lomawad ko wawa ako a mi’adop, pasitira ko ka’efer militemoh to rakat no wawa ako a mi’adop, a mifoting a milingad fangcal ko lowad no wawa ako, saka fangcal han tiya citama’ ko wawa ako ano mi’adop, ano mifoting matira a cifoting ko wawa ako, matira ko demak, ora saan o cilot haw i,ki’ki’ki’ki’ki’ sanay a masoni,fangcal ko nipa’ayam ta citama’ ko wawa ako, ano mifoting cifoting ko wawa ako, ano nikalingad nira misapanay ato misaomah paloma to hafay fangcal ko patiri’ nira,hatira ko rira. Aka pisa’eli kamo malosaaro’ to sailoh niyam ma’emin konini, icowa ko sapafeli niyam, ira ko saka ’idi niyam saw? Ma’emin o halo niyam konini” han ni Kakomodan Sapatolok ko sowal ci Purarakat aci Fafanang.Nokay sato na itira cangra， tayra sato i, ci Kafil aci Aka hatini ko sowal nira: ”ci Kakomodan Sapatolok ma’idi pafeli, o maamaan ono niyam” saan. Oya sato a nikasasowal nangra: ”oya ko aka ka matira kita, ano matira aca ci Kakomodan Sapatolok i,a takosen aca kamo,ano mitakos tamowanan haw katayra i wali mitahidang to wina no toda no riyar,sa cingangan sa ci Kosong Matola aci Maliali aci Malimokos<ref>Kosong Matola aci Maliali aci Malimokos ina a toda no riyar母海鰻</ref>, ano tahira to kamo sowal han: ”oya tamdaw ci Kakomodan Sapatolok aci Falayhaw ma’idi pafeli to nipaka’enan nangra,oya fafoy, malonem, ngafor, cilot, lidep,’e’e ’ayam” ,”nagay to patay han to namo ci Kakomodan Sapatolok aci Falayhaw” === Paca'efas to nanom ko wina no taoda(母海鰻激起洪水) === ”ano saan aca canglalan no folad ira kami haw, ano kon sato kami a pangiha’ ka pilaliw to kamo tayra i fafa’ed no lotok” han niwina no toda ci Kafil aci Aka. So’elinay maraod to ko canglalan no falod, oya ko saso’elin sato ira ko wina no toda a tayni, kon kon saan a pangiha' itiya to a laliw sato ci Purarakat aci Fafanang aci Kafil aci Aka, oya saan ci Kakomodan Sapatolok aci Falayhaw a mararamod matengil nangra ko ”kon” sanay a ngiha’, cowa kafana' o wina no toda a ngiha' konini caka saan. ”o maan kinian” sato, itiya to a caloh sa ”seraaw, nakawaw” sa mitahidang to wawa nangra, awa a pacawi, misalama i pala caka pakatengil,ci Kakomodan Sapatolok aci Falayhaw sanoyanay sato a milaliw tayra i fafa’ed(kakarayan) siday han nangra ko wawa a milaliw. === Pahicera i Cilangasan Ci Nakaw aci Sera (拿告和施拉到達奇萊山) === Matiya sato manawnaw ko nanom i sera, ”o maan kinian” sato ca sera aci nakaw, maopoh a minokay taha loma’ sato awa to ko mama ato wina nangra. Oya ko saka ”sa maan sato kita, ano masamamaan i,malacecay kita a maro’ to dodang” sato cangra. Orira ko saka Alahan to no riyar. Hakowaay to ko romi’ad tomerep to ko tapelik ato fali itiya to a cafer sa i Cilangasan.<ref>ikafekang no Fakong a lotok 豐濱鄉內的山</ref> Itira sato i Cilangasan ko aro’ ni Sera aci Nakaw to pinapina a mihecaan, malakapah malakaying to ko tatirengan nangra, ” maan sa ko ’epoc ita a caka pisawawa”Nikawrira, nano to’asan cowa ka nga’ay ko malikakaay a mararamod sako sowol no, nikawrira, iro matini sato maanen ita” sa to a misaharaterateng cangra amalikaka. ”Ano matira i,ciyol han ita ko sikal no siri” sato a malikaka. === Mararamod ci Nakaw aci Sera malikaka patenak to tamdaw(拿告和施拉兄妹結婚繁衍子孫) === A mitepong to papangaan no fayinayan ato palitian no fafahiyan, oria ko salo’elin sato a ci wawa cangra. Masofoc to sa’ayaway a wawa ci Tapan Masera, do’edo sa ci Tomay Masera, ci Tahal ko fafahiyan a wawa, ci Calaw Panahay,do’edo sa a ciwawa ci Nakaw Alon. Polong han sasepat ko fayinayan a wawa cecay ko fafahiyan a wawa ni Sera aci Nakaw. Ira ko cecay a romi’ad halafin a adada ci Nakaw, ca’enget ko tangila nira ngiwngiw han nira ira a masadak ko hafay, nikawrira, ona matiniay a demak pasifana’en ko i fafa’eday a mama ato wina ci Kakomodan Sapatolok aci Falayhaw saan ko pisaharateng nangra. So’elinay mapasifana’ nona tatosay a kawas to pipaloma to hafay a demak ato makakafitay tonini a lisin. To cila pafelien ho ifafa’eday a kawas to cecay a payrang a tamdaw, mafana’ay a misanga’ to pitaw ato po’ot. Toikor to i, sa’aloman sato ko tamdaw, keriden ni Kalonahay aci Kalokol maforaw tayra i Tafalong<ref>Tafalong 現在的光復鄉 太巴塱部落</ref> misanga’ to niyaro’. Oya sa tatoloay a fayinayan a wawa ni Sera aci Nakaw pasifna’en nangra ko finawlan no niyaro’ to pipaloma to losay, ta malaklak to ko finawlan a maro’, ira to ko Olaw niyaro’<ref>Olaw 現在烏漏部落。</ref>, oya sa itiratiraay aca cowa ka linah a tamdaw malanokiwit<ref>Kiwit 覝在的奇美部落。</ref> a niyaro’ ato Mangcelan, Olalip<ref>'Olalip現在的鶴岡部落。</ref>, Karara<ref>Karara現在的加納納部落。</ref> ato Koyo<ref>Koyo 早期稱高藥部落，大概在現今瑞穗火車站到紅葉溫泉之間的位置。</ref> a niyaro’. == Pacefaday a tilid 註腳 == kwgsz2t58cvwgg433s8753eq51ynet0 0 2647 40821 40820 2024-01-14T16:40:43Z Masaonikar 570 40821 wikitext text/x-wiki == Lay cingte pakatifac to singkiw: Romakat i mo’ecelay a lalan ko Taywan, pasifana’ to i hekalay tomirengay itini i nikapolongan ko Taywan. == == (賴清德勝選：國家走在正確路上 告訴世界台灣站在民主這邊【全文】) == Laloma’ay papotalay no kitakit a mitiya widang, nga’ay ho, miahowid to pihadidi no faloco’ namo a mitala. Conghuaminko saka 16 rekad singkiw to congtong, micokeray to congtong ato saka 11 rekad singkiw to lipoiing, manga’ay ko kalaheci anini. Miahowid to finawlan no Taywan mapolong mitilid to nikapolongan fa’elohay pifelih, pasi hekal pahapinang to kalimelaen a nikapolongan a telekan, o nian o caay ko sasawaden no mita a nihinakeran. Miahowid kako to tatosaay a sakalalifet ako, pahapinangay to nikapolongan a pinangan nangra, i ’ayaw no nian pasiiked patingwa kako cangraan to sowal; mipalemed kako to nikeridan sician a kasarekad nangra, itini to i kalomaocan maalaay a tamdaw, nanay i ikor o marikecay makakomod to saki kitakit. I 2024 mihecaan o sata’akay no hekal a singkiw, o sa’ayaway ta’akay a singkiw nengnengen, orasaka itini i  Taywan milengat to nikapolongan singkiw no katifac koni. Onini a katifacan, toloay ko tadamaanay pahecian: (這場勝利，有三個重大的意義：) Saka cecay pahecian, pasifana’ to hekal ko Taywan, itini i nikapolongan ato misatekaday, pasayraay i nikapolongananay ko nipili’an a tomireng. Conghuaminko Taywan, o papado’edo ato nikapolongan a widang i kasakitakit malahakelong romalat. Saka tosa a pahecian, pakaynien no finawlan no Taywan a demak, maleko matena’ to sapicomod no papotalay a ’icel. Nawhani paso’elin kita, o niyah ko misingkiway to no niyah a congtong. Saka tolo a pahecian, tatoloay sakapot ko misingkiway, ci Lai Hsiao sakapot ko sa’adihayay micokeray, citodong mikerid to kitakit pasayra i mo’ecelay a lalan, caay ka selic, caay ko papatikol a romakat. Miahowid kako ci Cayingwen congtong, ato citodongay mikowan a kasakapot, toni faloay miheca misafaloco’ a misa’icel, mifalic patireng to Taywan, paneker to parena’an. Ci Lay cinte (Lai Qing-de) ato Hsiao Bi-khim, o papa’icel to nia parana’an, o saka cekal no kitakit a romakat, o saka fangcal no ’orip ni finawlan. Nikawrira, o singkiw no kalomaocan no kitakit, caay ka litosa ko matifacay, o nikaeca pisa’icel no niyam, o sasaimeren misapo’ener mihirateng konini. O paheci no pisingkiw pakafana’ titaanan, pafaloco ko finawlan “ci’icelay sifo” ato “pacofcoay ko pi’emet”. O fa’elohay a lomaocay, o kakafana’en no mita, masasiodo’ konini. Misi’ayaw to fa’elhay lalekoan no kalomaoc no kitakit, o papasayra i “kasasipaini, kasasowalan, mikihatiyaay, makakomoday” a sici ko Taywan, paini kako to nian: Saka 1, o mamisafaloco’ kako to kalalifetan ako a wacay ato pakayraan nangra, ano o sakalemed no finawlan i, saka cowat no kitakit a kangalayan, o mamiwada kako to saki no makoan a dademaken. Saka 2, ikoray a cacitodong a midemakay, o mipakayraay kako to nikapolongan a kasanipatekoan, caay pisateked to kasarekad, o nga’ayay tamdaw ko pitahidang, nanay o kasa lekad pa’ayaw to tadamaanay tamdaw, mapolong to sakacomahad no kitakit misa’icel. Saka 3, ikoray a sademaken no sifo, kasarekad no kalacecayan a demak, o nian ko ’ayaw midemak. Awaay ho kakomodan awaay ho kakalahan, pakitiraen ho ko kalaliyangan, kadado’edo ko kasasipaini. Saka 4, kahinatalaan ko nian misalof a tadamanay, tinako o lawpow, cienpaw a kinaira a payso a midotoc, patirengen ako ko kasasipainian a pitelekan, misadadahal kasasowalan a parena’an, mihaop to pikihatiya no finawlan, misatifac to kasarekad maaini, mikilim to ta’akay kalacecayaw no syakay. Pado’edo to saka cekal rihaday no kasatatapalan, o nian ko spatosokan no mako a mala congtong. Pakaynien ako i Conghuaminko kimpo a telek, caay ka talarikor caay ka lata’ang, midotoc to kamatini, masasiodo’ay kasaso’ayaw, o kasasipaini ko sapilikot, kasasowalan ko kasasiliyang, paifaloco’ay ko kasasirakat makakomod to Congko, sakacakat no kalemed finawlan no kasatatapal, mapatangasa ko karihaday a patosokan. Nikawrira misi’ayaw to pipatalaw to sapilood no Congko, ira ko sapisimaw no faloco’ ako to Taywan. Miliyaw haca kako miahowid to finawlan no Taywan, pili’en nano ci Lay Hsiao tatosa, kalita’angan niyam, o mamisa’icel kami to nian, caay papisomad to patorodan namo. Paherek to ko singkiw, o palong no kalalifetan a siwtoc ato kalalifet, o papahereken a tahini aca. 2300 ’ofad no finawlan, o malacecayay laloma’an, kao pado’edoay kalakayatay marikecay makakomod, micikeroh mido’edo patala’ayaw romakat to kitakit. Ahowiday kita apolong. === Mifalicay to tilid: (翻譯者) === Ci Masao Nikar 連結網址:https://www.cna.com.tw/news/aipl/202401140173.aspx 0z80adll76aae3s6h119idn8zao808w 0 2648 46795 46794 2025-06-16T02:50:58Z Safulo 35 46795 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ci Salafan <ref>小川尚義 《原語による臺灣高砂族伝説集》。臺北帝國大學 言言學研究室 編著。昭和十年度(1935年)。405-410頁。</ref>莎拉凡 == === Mafadil tayra i fafahiyan a kanatal ci 莎拉凡漂流到女人國 === Itiya sato ci Salafan hananay a tamdaw i, tarariyar a mifoting, kalahokan sato i,misanamal itira i kanatal. Malikat sato nira ko namal romakat nani kanatal tarariyar, tangasa i sifo’ no riyar nengnengen han nira o ‘iso koya kanatal, caay ka halafing tangasa i salawacan no riyar ‘epod sa ci Salafan itira, o Falisan hananay a pala. Oya Falisan hananay a pala saheto sa o fafahiyan a tamdaw ko maro’ay, paka’araw ci Salafanan hemek sa a mapolong. Caay ka komaen to kakaenen, hafhaf han ca ko lahod, oni Salafan sa a kakaenen i, ira ko hemay ato titi, iya sato tamdaw no Falisan  sowal sato: [[Faylo:Jumping Humpback whale.jpg|縮圖|O 'Iso ko mipanokayay ci Salafanan|317x317像素]] ”caay aca ko tamdaw ci Salafan,o fafoy aca kinian, ano matira malofafoy ita rofoen ita, masamatira a salimela han ita a pakaen ta maso’eso, manga’ay paso’esoen ita” saan cangra to romi’ami’ad a pakaen a pakaso'eso. Oya sato ya Falisan a tamdaw sowal sa to dafadafak: === Malofafoy han mirofo ci Salafan 當豬一樣的關起飼養 === ”maso’eso to ci Salafan o fafoy ta pacokaw ita anocila” saan ko sowal nangra to romi’ami’ad. Ci Salafan sato a pakatengil ”o papatayen aca nangra kako ” sato a matalaw ci Salafan. O roma sato a romi’ad pakaen koya Falisan ci Salafanan, narikoran noya pakaenay hinamhan ni Salafan ira ko po’ot itiya to a lamot han to ni Salafan a misimed,tahadadaya sato i, sotasot han to ni Salafan koya rofo, ya ma’epong sato nira koya rofo paci’eci sato cingra a masadak, itiya to a cikay sato a milaliw,ya halafin to matama to nira ko kilang i sifo’ no lalan, tiya kalic sato ci Salafan tayra i teloc no kilang. === Milaliw ci Salafan 莎拉凡逃跑 === To cila sato a dafak i, pakaena to fafoy saan koya Falisan a tamdaw, tahira han nira i pafafoyan awa to ci Salifan, ”awa to ko fafoy ita ita a milaliw” han to noya pakaeneay ko finawlan, rawraw sato koya Falisan: ” ano saan aca a mi’adop kita anini” sato ko nikasasowal nangra, tiya mi’adop sato cangra, oya sapi’adop nangra a waco do’edo saan to lalan,tahira i pikalican ni Salafan a kilang, itira ko tolas noya Waco a mihiphip, sataliyoliyok saan koya Waco itira i  tapang no kilang, ya saan Falisan a tamdaw ca kafana’ to nikaira ni Salafan itira I fafa’ed no kilang. Ya sato Falisan a tamdaw ” masahatini saan i,awaay aca ci Salifan a matama ita, nokay sato kita anini” sato ko sowal , itiya to nokay sato cangra. === Mikalic i kolol no 'iso 坐在鯨魚的的背上 === Naikoran sato noya Falisan a minokay, itya to a ’edpod sato ci Salifan,itiya to a cikay sato ci Salifan a tayra i lawac no riyar,yo halafin cingra itira i lawac no riyar, sadak s akoya ’iso, ci Salafan sato i, sowal han to nira ci Cadikangkangaw<ref>ngangan no ’iso.</ref> ” ano masamaan i, panokayen kako a tayra i niyaro’ niyam” han nira ko sowal ci Cadikangkanawn. Sowal han ni Cadikangkanaw ci Salafan: ” o mamaan korira ano mikalic kiso takowanan, ano mada’at kiso ketem han ko tangila ako, itiya a masadak kako itiya a pasasra’ kiso” han ni Cadikangkanaw ko sowal. Ci Cadikangkanaw sato i, ” ano tahira kita i, i pahiceraan, satoron han, cecayen a fasolan ko hakhak, o ’epah saan i, cecayen ko koreng, o titi saan i, cecayen ko fafafoyan, onini a polong patayraen i lawac no riyar”  han nira ko sowal. Ci Salafan sato i, matengil nira kora sowal paca’of sa: ” o mamaan korira” han nira ko sowal Itira to a mikalic ci Salafan i kolol ni Cadikangkanaw, so’elinay celem sato i nanom ci Cadikangkanaw, mamada’at sato ci Salafan kalat han nira ko tangila ni Cadikangkanaw,  sadak sato tarahekal no nanom, itiya to a opoh sa pasasera’ ci Salafan, maherek a pasasera’ micelem to i nanom ci Cadikangkanaw. === Minokay tayra i niyaro' ci Salafan awa ko mafana'ay 回到部落没有人認識 === Halafin to a micelem a masadak, ma’araw to ni Salafan ko kanatal, tiya tayra sato i lawac no riyar itira a faretik han to ni Cadikangkanaw ci Salafan patefo i lawac no riyar, Ci Salafan sato i, minokay to a tayra i loma’ ningra. Tahira han nira i niyaro’ o roma ko lomaloma’ ato lalalalan, licay han ningra ko tao: ” ci Salafan kako, icowa ko loma’ no salikaka ako ” ” mangah iso, mapatayay to kiyami ci Salafan ici:la” han no tao a tamdaw ko sowal. ” caay kapatay kako, ano saan aca hinamaw ako ko loma’ niyam” han nira ko sowal. Sowal han nira ko tamdaw no loma’ nira ci Salafan kako. Paca’of sa koya ilaloma’ay a tamdaw: ” caay, o misamsamay kiso, icowa ci Salafan, mapatay to kiyami i roma miheca” han noya i loma’ay ko sowal. Ci Salafan sato i, ”ano saan i, hinamaw ako ko nina’angan ako a kakiw i lalinik no tokar” han nira ko sowal, so’elinay aca ira to koya nina’angan nira a kakiw, o wina sato ato salikaka nira hemek sato a ma’emin. Itiya sowal sato ci Salafan to demak nira to nikalasawad nira, itiya to a papisatoron, papisa’epah ato papipacok to fafoy¸maherek sato cangra a matayal, colo’ han to nira a patayra i lawac no riyar. Maherek cangra a pateli toya toron, ’epah ato titi, fahal sa itiya a masoni ko riyar tata’ang to ko tapelik, itiya haop han to no tapelike koya hemay ato titi ato ’epah, tangsol sa a malasawad koya tapelike, maala koya toron, titi, ato ’epah. === O lalengatan no misacepo' no 'Amis a finacadan 阿美族海祭的開始 === Oninian ko lalaengatan no misacepo’ ko ’Amis a tamdaw O maro’ay itini i pasawalian a ’Amis a tamdaw, caay ka pisawad to mihecahecaan caay ka tawal nangra tarariyar a nipakaen to kawas no riyar, to to’as. O piarray to pidipot no to’as koninian a pisacepo’. Ci Salafan namifoting i riyar mafalid tayra iroma a kanatal, malemed cingra mapa’orip no ’iso a panokay tayra i niyaro’, orasaka, misacepo’ sa i, sahetoay o fayinayan ko tarariyaray, o mirofoay ko fafahiyan tona rotoh, orasaka, tatiihay a tarariyar saan ko sowal no malitengay. Pakayni tona rotoh, ano to’asan ho mafana’ay to ko ’Amis a tamdaw to nitahepoan no kakarayan iraay ko roma a kanatal, iraay ka roma a finacadan. Ano masamaan to ko ’orip o sera ko tatapangan no tamdaw, minokay to tayra tatapangan cowa ka tawal ko kalengawan a sera. Orasaka, tadalimelaay to sera, naw han ni o saka’orip no tamdaw ko sera,itira a malahad ko ko maamaan a losay, itira a masanga’ ko waway no to’asan tahanini. Oninian ko tadamingodo kita to pala,ato pina’oripan no pala, i hadhad to, i riyar to a maamaan limelay kita, cowa ko ’anof a miala to kina’orip no pala ato nanom ato riyar, ma’edeng ho kono niyah a kakaenen caayay to ka piala. O pipadang nona ’iso ci Salafanan o pipacofay tono i palaay to nika pisalimela ita to kinaira no palapalaan.   == Pacefaday a tilid (註解) == ru1euq07th61lv8n6f3abv6et2b9578 0 2649 40927 40922 2024-01-21T09:28:09Z Safulo 35 40927 wikitext text/x-wiki == Towic ato Aramoringit a selal 都以茲和阿拉莫年齡階級<ref>小川商義、浅井恵倫著。《原語による臺灣高砂族伝説集》。東京:臺北帝國大學語言學教室，昭和10年(1916)。</ref> == === Mipatay ko Tafalong a tamdaw to Piyuma a tamdaw太巴塱人殺害卑南人 === Itiya ho mipatay to Piyuma ko Tafalong a tamdw, ci Tangatang ko ngangan noya mipatayan no Tafalong. O Piyuma sato ”patodong kita to nipatayan no Tafalong, miala (mipatay) kita to Tafalong ” sato koya Piyuma, o Kiwit sato a tamdaw pa’ading to Tafalong, orasaka, misatalo’an i cepo’ no Alangahay<ref>o ngangan no koyo ‘alo(Koyo溪)</ref> maherek a misatalo’an toya to a romi’ad. Ocooren no kaka a selal o Towic ato Aramoringit selal,ko kakeridan no sasafaay selal na Towic ato Aramoringit, ci Odoy Kering aci Fayo Niwac<ref>ngangan no selal 年齡階級名稱</ref> a selal, ”katayra i inorong ato dimata’ a misolap” han ni Towic ato Aramoringit ca Odoy Kering ato Fayo Niwac. Ci Odoy Kering aci Fayo Niwac so’elinay satalomilom sato a ma’araw ko kaitiraan no Pyuma. Cikay sato a minokay tayra i makakaay a selal a pasifana’. ” iraay han＂han to no Towic ato Aramoringit, ”iraay to mama” han to safa a selal ko sowal.. == Pacefaday a tilid 註解 == 02njf0f68ckaqokx2g6w32skyv2aext 0 2650 41475 41474 2024-02-21T08:02:17Z Safulo 35 41475 wikitext text/x-wiki == Towic ato Aramoringit a selal都以茲和阿拉莫年齡階級 == === Patayen no Tafalong ko Piyuma a tamdaw 太巴塱人殺害卑南人 === Itiya ho mipatay to Piyuma ko Tafalong a tamdw, ci Tangatang ko ngangan noya mipatayan no Tafalong a Piyuma. O Piyuma sato ”patodong kita to nipatayan no Tafalong, miala (mipatay) kita to Tafalong ” sato koya Piyuma. O Kiwit sato a tamdaw pa’ading to Tafalong, orasaka, misatalo’an i cepo’ no Alangahay<ref>o ngangan no koyo ’alo.</ref> maherek a misatalo’an toya to a romi’ad. === Sapipatodongaw to tangal ko Piyuma 卑南人要報仇 === O kaka a selal ko Towic ato Aramoringit,o cooren nangra ko kakeridan no sasafaay selal na Towic ato Aramoringit, ci Odoy Kering aci Fayo Niwac(ngangan no selal) a selal, ”katayra i inorong ato dimata’ a pala a misolap” han ni Towic ato Aramoringit ca Odoy Kering ato Fayo Niwac. Ci Odoy Kering ato Fayo Niwac tayra to a misolap, so’elinay satalomilom sato a ma’araw ko kaitiraan no Pyuma. Toyanan cikay sato a minokay tayra i makakaay a selal a pasifana’. ” iraay han＂han to no Towic ato Aramoringit, ”iraay to mama itira koya Piyuma a tamdaw ” han to safa a selal ko sowal. Itiya to a sapater sato ko Towic aci Aramoringit a selal a mitala, ta ira to koya Pyuma tangasa i talo’an no Towic ato Aramoringit, sowal han to no nangra koya Pyuma a tamdaw: ”mimaan kamo salikaka” ? han no Towic ato Aramoringit ko sowal toya Pyuma, === Mipa'ading ko Kiwit to Tafalong 奇美人協助太巴塱人 === ”patodong kami to tangal<ref>原文是 fanoh。</ref> ni Tangatang” sa ko sowal noya Pyuma, ”aka ho katayra salikaka” han no Towic ato Aramoringit ko sowal toya Pyuma Oya sato ya Piyuma ”hayi” sato mitengil to sowal no Towic ato Aramoringit. Itiya to ko Fayo Niwac a selal mitiko to waco ato tafo tayni i niyaro’ no Kiwit, malaayay ko lalan haw i,tadahacikayay cangra patatiko tahira i talo’an nira fa’edet ho ko nisahemayan nira, oya saan nihawikidan ningra a waco, konac sato ko fanges nira to nikidkidan ningra a comikay, ca ka pakatakop koya waco to cikay na Fayo Niwac aci Osoy Kering. To yanan to i, ’adop sato toyaan to a romi’ad malacafay ato Piyuma. Itiya i, pacikayen na Towic ko safa nangra a selal i tongroh no tepad(tono’), comikay sa ci Odoy Kering aci Fayo Niwac cikacikay sa ’efer han nangra ko tepad<ref>taped 意為tono'.</ref>. O kapah sa no Piyuma tolas saca ila’eno no tepad ca ka’efer, Piyuma sato: ” oya! Kapah no Cepel(demak no kiwit) miatiya o ’aya’ayaman to ” sato ko kakepel nangra, Towic sato ato Aramoringit a selal sowal han nangra ko Piyuma a tamdaw: ” ano pasasotiri’en ko kapah no Kiwit ato Tafalong, caay ko maamaan kono kapah no Kiwit,caay ko mamatoor kono kapah no Tafalong so’elin a ma’efer, paco’ayen niyam ko fanoh(tangal) ni Tangnatang sa kamo, aka ho! Mi’adopa ho kita” === Mi’adopa ho kita han no Kiwit ko Piyuma 奇美人邀卑南族人去狩獵 === ’Adop sato toya romi’ad, so’elinay matama no pana’ ni Fayo Niwac ko malonem, toorhan to nira comikay taha sifo’ no Tarawadaw, mangata ko lawac no ’alo malepel to ni Odoy Kering koya komeceday malonem.O kapah sato no Piyuma :” ’aya’ayaman to a so’elin ko kapah no Cepel(Kiwit)” Sa citama saan toya romi’ad tolo a polo’ ko ’a’adopen,masahatira ko tama’ nangra a mi’adop, ’araw hank ono Piyuma a ni’adopan tamdaw cowa ka hakowa.Cowa ko mamatoor kono Kiwit a kapah sato ko faloco’ nangra. O pitahidang no Kiwit a tamdaw to Piyuma a tamdaw a malacafay a mi’adop o nipi’alet to sapipatayaw no Piyuma to Tafalong a tamdaw, iro matini mafana’ a mi’adop, ma’efer haca ko kapah no Kiwit cowa ko mamalowid ita sato ko Piyuma a misaharateng, kapinokay ho ita taraniyaro’ ko nga’ay sato ko Piyuma a tamdaw.itira i niyaro’ a masasowal to samaanen a mipaco’ay ko Tafalong ta malaheci ko pipatodong to pipatay no Tafalong ci Tangatangan. Cowa ka halafin,patiko haca ko Piyuma a tamdaw tayra i talo’an na Towic ato Aramoringit, ”mitiko heca kami a tayni mipatay kami to Tafalong” han no Piyuma ko sowal to Towic ato Aramoringit. Sowal sato a misalalinik ko Towic ato Aramoringit : ” kita sato mamala Tafalong kita a misa’ada’ada to piyuma” , o safa sato a selal ca Fayo Niwac ato Odoy Kering samangahen nangra ko Piyuma malahakelong a tayra i Tafalong, oya sato yo pinokayan nangra a lalan, maherek a pali’ayaw a pace’er to ’aol ci Fayo Niwac ato Odoy, masamatira tahira sato i Cikoay(aniniay a 大和a pala) i ka’amis no Pairasan,sakafong han no Towic ato Aramoringit ko papah no kowa’ tahira to i ngata’ nangra, ”iyo ’ada iraw” han ni Fayo Niwac ato Odoy Kering a patalaw ko Piyuma, iya saan a Piyuma nokay sato, ca ka pakayra toya ’ayaway a lalan a romakat, pakayra i pali’ayaw a pace’er to ’aol ni Fayo Niwac ato Odoy Kering a lalan, tahira to i cice’eray a lalan ’efe’efer han na Fayo Niwac ato Odoy Kering, o Piyuma saan ca ka matira a paka’efer, macocok no ce’er a mapatay, cowa to ka papina ko ’osaw a ma’oripay. === Mapatay i pali'ayawan no Kiwit a pace'er to 'aol 'aloman ko mapatayay 卑南族掉入郠美人的陷阱傷害多人 === pakayra i pali’ayaw a pace’er to ’aol ni Fayo Niwac ato Odoy Kering a lalan, tahira to i cice’eray a lalan ’efe’efer han na Fayo Niwac ato Odoy Kering, o Piyuma saan ca ka matira a paka’efer, macocok no ce’er a mapatay, cowa to ka papina ko ’osaw a ma’oripay. Towic ato Aramoringit: ” ira salikaka, aka paci’eci han kamo, ca ka filo ko Tafalong han kamo kiyami a somowal” han to na Towic ato Aramoringit ko sowal toya Piyuma, tiko sato koya Piyuma a minokay, masahatira kinian.   Oyaan a demak no Piyuma i, ca ka fanafana’ ko Tafalong a tamdaw, oya ci kafongay to papah no kowa’ o Towic ato Aramoringit masahatira ko nipipadang no Kiwit to Tafalong. === Ikor to nawo maa’iring ko Kiwit ato Tafalong 事後為何奇美部落和太靶塱部落對立 === Itiya ho ’alomanay ko salawinawina no sawalian no Koyo ’Alo matenak titini i Karara, Kohkoh, ’Olaw ato Koyo a niyaro’, malapaliw to liomah, tayal ato kalodemak, ano ca mikadafo tayra i roma a niyaro’. Nikawrira, micaling to kohetingay a sera no ’Olaw ato Kohkoh ko Tafalong a tamdaw, mala’afas ato i ’Olaway a tamdaw tona sera. Sowal sato ko kakita’an no ’Olaw,tahanini cowa ho ka tawal no i ’Olaway a tamdaw ko pisapades no Tafalong a mi’afas to sera niyam saan. Onini matiyaay o ka’ainter no Tafalong niyaro’ ato Fata’an niyaro’.Itini to a mahapinangan ko pisalimela no ’Amis a tamdaw to sera, mangalefay ko kako’esit no faloco’ a misimaw to nano to’asan a sera. Itini i 1878 mihecaan, ira ko Kuwaping<ref>海岸阿美稱中國人或漢人叫Kuwaping (這是官兵的諧音)，但在大港口一帶稱Kontong(這是廣東的諧音)，可以想見當時清朝開始對台灣東部的入侵多數是中國廣東這一帶的商人和軍隊。</ref>(Kontong a sofitay a mi’eco mi’afas to sera itini i taliyok no ’Olaw niyaro’,ci’icel a mitoker to Kontong ko finawlan no sawalian no Koyo ’Alo, saikoray to i, mapakarawraw ko fodfod i ’Olaw niyaro’. '''O sera ko sakaka’ay.'''   == Pacefaday a tilid 註解 == l5v5oojbtxn70c18yrhy0k3m2aha450 0 2651 41175 41174 2024-01-28T14:21:30Z Masaonikar 570 41175 wikitext text/x-wiki == Sie Sowiy-Tennis a mimaliay (謝淑薇-網球職業選手) == TNL Mediagene Ci Sie Sowiy (kowaping: 謝淑薇, Inkiris: Xie Shuwei), itini i Australia a tenneis to fafahiyan ato fa’inayan tatosa sakapot, fafahiyan tatosa sakapot pakaala to saka cecay compay (tamohong), matilid i Australia a tennis to 24 mihecaan a patilidan. Ci Sie Sowiy (Xie Shuwei) tatosa malafafahiyan to saikoray kalalifetan a kapot o nai Belgium (Pilise) ci Elise Mertens padoedo a ’icelan, kinatosaay aca mafarasiw ko sakalalifit maala ko no fafahiyan a kompay (tamohong), ci Sie Sowiy (Xie Shuwei) to no ningra mahaopay ko tosaay a kompay (tamohong) mapatireng ko no Taywan a patilidan, itini i Australia a tennis to 24 mihecaan kinacecay ho manengneng ko nian. Mahirateng i ’ayaw to tosa romi’ad a kalalifetan, o fafahiyan no Taywan no tinnis a pimali a mimaliay ci Sie Sowiy (Xie Shuwei) ato kapot a fa’inayan o nai Polan ci Jan Zielinski fangcal ko kasakapot ciniala to Australia a tenneis to fafahiyan ato fa’inayan a kompay (tamohong); anini Sie Sowiy (Xie Shuwei) ato kapot  a fafahiyan ci Elise Mertens tatosa padoedo ko tanestes nangra, kinatosa mafarasiw to ko sakalalifet a Ukraine ci Lyudmyla Kichenok ato Latvia ci Jelena Ostapenko macefis to no fafahiyan a kompay (tamohong), saka mahaop ni Sie Sowiy (Xie Shuwei) ko tosaay a kompay (tamohong) mapatireng ko patilidan no Taywan, i Australia a tennis to 24 mihecaan kinacecay ho manengneng ko nian. I ’ayaw ci Sie Sowiy (Xie Shuwei) kinapitoay to pakacomod to tadamaanay tatosaay fafahiyan a kalalifetan, kina enem pakaala to tatosaay fafahiyan a kompay (tamohong), o kapot ci Mertens caay ko kinacecayay ho, i 2021 mihecaan i Wimbledon tennis kalalifet na o malakapotay to a pakaala to cangra tatosa to kompay (tamohong). Saki ci Sie Sowiy (Xie Shuwei) ato ci Mertensan tatosa nai 2021 miheca to ikor, itiya pakaala to kalalifetan miteka, itiya pakacomod to i Australia a tenneis to fafahiyan tatosaay lalifet, o nian padoedo ci Sie Sowiy (Xie Shuwei) i Australia a tenneis to fafahiyan saka tosa kompay itiya, o sakalalifet i o nia Ukraine ci Lyudmyla Kichenok ato Latvia ci Jelena Ostapenko tatosaay a malalifet. Palahecad ci Sie Sowiy (Xie Shuwei) ato ci Mertens fafahiyan tatosa masakapot a kalalifet – enemay ko kalalikel ato toloay ko tadamanay a fafahiyan lekapot a kompay (tamohong), ni Kichenok aci Ostapenko itini i ’ayaway i Australia a tenneis caay ho pakaala to kompay (tamohong), i tadamaanay kalalifetan no fafahiyan lekapot o itiraay i sasepatay kalalifetan aca. Itini to nia fafahiyan a kalalifet o pasayraan no nengneng no tamdamdaw ko nian, ci Sie Sowiy (Xie Shuwei) ato ci Mertens fafahiyan tatosa masakapot nai pitekaan i co’eday a mali macekal ato ka’ayaw no salil a manga’ay ko paco’ay ikaka to sakalalifet, o dadahalay paco’ay a mali o saka caay pakarepet no tao, na miteka ko kalalifet padoedo sa maala ko 6 a mali, 26 ko fen a toki, 6-1 maala ko sarakatay. Pitekaan matatiwtiw ko tingso, ci Kichenok aci Ostapenko I saka tosa ranikay paco’ay to pilifet, saka tosa i ci Sie Sowiy (Xie Shuwei) aci Mertens 0-2 ko tararikor, nika sakina tolo maleko nangra ko pamali, i saka sepat maawid to ko tao pamalian saka 2-2 ko lecad, nikalalifetan tangasa i saka falo, Taywan Belgium sakapot mili’ayaw i ka’ayaw no salil matapi’ ko tao, mirepet to pili’ayawan, itiya 5-3 ko pili’ayaw, talacowa o tao misa’icel mico’ay itira saka siwa matipi’, nikawrira ci Sie Sowiy (Xie Shuwei) aci Mertens tanektek ko paripa’, paikoran malowid to ko tao , saikor 6-1, 7-5 ko tingso maala ko aniniay miheca i Australia a tenneis to fafahiyan sakapot a kompay (tamohong). To nian ci Sie Sowiy (Xie Shuwei) aci Mertens katatosaan o saka tosa to kina kompay (tamohong) pakaala, nanoya ci Sie Sowiy (Xie Shuwei) o sa’ayaway ningra pakaala to i Australia a tenneis to fafahiyan sakapot a kompay (tamohong), o saka falo to a kompay (tamohong) ko pakaalaan, katatosaan nangra a fafahiya sakapot kompay (tamohong) a pakahofi 73 ’ofad no Australia payso (NT 1530 ’ofad payso). Ci Sie Sowiy (Xie Shuwei) caay ka dengan i tatosaay fafahiyan ko kacingangan nai saka enem macakat tangasa saka tosa no hekal, o kapot ci Mertans latek o papatiko saka cecay a tadamanay no fafahiyan. ’Ayaw no tosa romi’ad ci Sie Sowiy (Xie Shuwei) aci Zielinski masakapot to no fafahiyan ato fa’inayan a kompay (tamohong), mala o sa’ayaway pakaala no Taywan to i Australia a tenneis to fafahiyan ato fa’inayan tatosa sakapot no Taywan a singsiw, anini, itini i tatosaay fafahiyan ci kapot ci Mertens a satakaraway to, o cecayay a kalalifetan mahaop ko tosaay a kompay (tamohong), o saka cecay cinialaay to matiniay a kilok, o no i Australia a tenneis nai 2000 miheca no Australia a tenneis a singsiw ikoray ni Rennae Stubbs, ira haca ko pakaalaay to tatosaay fafahiyan, tatosaay fafahiyan ato fa’inayan tosaay kompay (tamohong) tadamaanay koni. I ’ayaw miheca pahanhan ci Sie Sowiy (Xie Shuwei) to 18 folad ko romi’ad, ikor tadamaan ko pilifet ningra, saki no niyahan to Wimbledon, France, ato Australia a tennis faloay to ko kompay (tamohong) maalaay, anini miheca saka falo folad o mamilifet ho to sepatay malawaay i no USA tennis kalalifetan a kompay. Mitiliday: Onto tilifi mikawitay. Mifalicay to tilid: ci Masao Nikar. rguhwrafbbjndhto36m55ffcke56dge 0 2652 41326 2024-02-11T18:07:13Z Sifopiday 2166 建立內容為「=== O sa’ayaway a sowal 概述 === O tefos hananay i, o rengaw nira mato o tarod, sacecacecay saan ko papah nira a marengaw, ano dodoen to pikingkiw no mafana’ay ami pangangan i o Saccharum(學名) saan, o lengaw no tefos i ano itini to i so^motay ano i fa’detay o kacihelangan, manga’ayay to ama rengaw, o todongay o sasa’aeng to wangen, dodosato i o sasangaen to ^epah, lomasto i omaro sapakaen to fafoy ato ‘ayam, aca ato kalomaamaan. Itini i polo…」的新頁面 41326 wikitext text/x-wiki === O sa’ayaway a sowal 概述 === O tefos hananay i, o rengaw nira mato o tarod, sacecacecay saan ko papah nira a marengaw, ano dodoen to pikingkiw no mafana’ay ami pangangan i o Saccharum(學名) saan, o lengaw no tefos i ano itini to i so^motay ano i fa’detay o kacihelangan, manga’ayay to ama rengaw, o todongay o sasa’aeng to wangen, dodosato i o sasangaen to ^epah, lomasto i omaro sapakaen to fafoy ato ‘ayam, aca ato kalomaamaan. Itini i polongay a kalo kanatal ato hekar, pakaaraay to cecay so’ot komi palomaay to tefos, o saadihaay ami pakomaay to tefos a kanatal i, ora Pasi(巴西)、ato Into(印度)、Congkow(中國)、Kopa(古巴)、Taykow(泰國) hananay a kanatal, itini ino kaholama tola Congkow(中國) hananay a kanatal i, adihay komi palomaay tora kahengangay hananay a tefos, oranan a tefos i, maga’ayay a tangsol haan a mi ngosngos a koma^en, olanan a tefos i saheto o naitilay i loma a kanatal, o tatapangan nira i, aratek naitiraay i Tongnanya(東南亞) ato sincinya(新幾內亞) ami salingato ama ropisak. O tefos hananay i ma^eng o sadihayay komi palomaay, o cecay amihecaan i pakaaraay to 18.8 a Tongsoan(頓),itini toya Pasi(巴西) hananay a kanatal i o kaadihay no tefos i tangasaay to 40% koka adihay nira, o pipalatoh no mi kinkiway to pakayniay to tefos a tamdaw i, itini i 90 polo’ a kanatal i alatek pakaalaay to 2600 a ‘ofadan to kongjin(公頃) ko kakahad topi palomaan to tefos saan, i polong nomi palomaan tora tefos i, saheto oya tomelieay a tefos ko saadihayay ami palomaan, pakaalaay to 70% koka adihay nira to sasangaen to waneng saan, dodosato i ora kahengangay okakaenen a tefos, oranan a tomelieay sasangaen to waneng a tefos i, okaadihay nina i tangasa 79%, saheto oma olahay a malengaw i fa^detay cifelangay a niyalo’ ato sota’ , dodosato olanan to kahengangay o kakaenen a tefos, olanang a tefos i oma olahay to so^metay ama lengaw. === O pinangan o tefos. 甘蔗的特徵 === Oranan a tefos hananay i, maolahay a malengaw i fa^detay a kanatar, o rengaw nira i takalaway mitifac to takalaw no tamdow, samo^cel sanay a masapokohpokoh matiya o ‘aol, nikaorira caay ka dakongkong ko tiring nira, saci papah sacingra i matiya o talod a ka^daw, maolahay ko kolong a komaen to papah nira, o sapaloma ato rengaw nira i, naitiniay i tireng ya pokoh nira aci coong tiya masatapang, i tapangan nira haw i irahaca aci co’ong, saadihay sato ami rarad a tayra ifati’ian, o satakalaw nira pakaaraay to 3~4 a komian, o kako^edaw no papah nira i pakaaraay to cecay a komian, o katata’ak no tireng nira i, aratek ira to a 5 milimiter(厘米), ano ma^deng to ko to’as nira i, iraay ko kacifalo nira to tingting, matiay o fanoh ko hana nira, ano maiyof no fali i ma^feray kora hana nira, o rengaw nira nanosatapang tangasa i kato’as nira, alatek pakaara to pangkiw no mihehcaan, tiya cifalo cihana ci^engra, matatodongay to siwkakeng, ano matafesiw to ko to’as nira i, alatek mapiloh to ama’icang. === O tefos i Taywan 台灣甘蔗 === Naitini i ka Dipongan(日本時期) tangasa i Kaholaman(中華民國時期) o tefos hananay o tadamaanay a pinaloma no matayalay to omah, to cecay miheca i saheto sanay o tefos ko mipalomaan, edensa itini i 7-9 foladan, adihayay ko faliyos, sanaw caay ka fangcal ko lengaw no tefos, o sowal no pasowalay i tadafangcalay ami paloma to tefos i Taywan(台灣), galefen itini i Yinlin(雲林) ato Pintong(屏東), fangcalay ko sela ama sa^nalya ato matatodongay ko lomi’ad, tadamaanay ko pipaloma to tefos, o tefos i Taywan(台灣) i, tosaay ko kasasiloma nira. Saka cecay i: O tomeli’iay a tefos(白甘蔗)：ano ‘alaowen ko podae no tileng nira o tomeli’iay, o sasanga’en to waneng ko ranang, o sakatosa i: o Kahengagay a tefos(紅甘蔗) : nawhani o kahengagay ko podac noya tefos, o ninian i omalo kakaenen, ko^sanay fangcalay a nanomen ko salang nira, o sowal no Ising(醫師) i fangcalay o sapiadah to faha, o sakafangcal no isi’ ato sakakapah no laway saan. O pipalomaan to tefos i, ano itila i sakacecay tangasa i sakatolo a folad ami paloma i, ono so^metay a tefos han kolaan a tefos, ano itini i saka pito ato saka falo a folad ami paloma toya tefos i, ono kahecelangan a tefos hakoranan, maraod ko cecay mihecaan i, itala’ayaw no fa^lohay a mihecaan ma^deng to ami siwkak. Omisatefosay a tamdaw i iraay ko mikihatiyaay to tayal no seyfo, ato ono teked ami palomaay, ano misiwka sato i, I’ayaw sahetosanay ono tamdawan komi tayalay, o kolong a paliding komi colo’ay, aniniay sato i, o kikay sato komatayalay tangasa ipisawanengan, hatilaay ko misatefosay i Taywan(台灣). === Masamaanay ko tayal to tefos.有關甘蔗生產過程 === Namisalingato ami paloma tangasa kato’asan nira, nawhani takalaway ko rengaw nira, mikitakalaw to tileng no tamdaw, sanaw ano misiwka to tefos i, caayay kalahoday, ano awaay ko sakatayal i, caay kangaay a siwkaken. Sanaw ano matayal to tefos i, o Kosi(公司) ko cacitodong ami siwka tiya manga’ayay, tono aniniay sato i saheto to o kikay ko matayalay, ato mi colo’ patangasa i kofa, ano tangasa i kofa i, misalingato to ami solimet, tiya micepet toya salang no tefos, ato misa’sa’ toya salan no tefos ami palawangeng, lomasato, ora padi’ no tefos tona herekan ami hetes to Wangen i, sa’ayaway o malokasoy ami todoh topi sawangen, sakatosa manga’ay sasangaen to malo sakatayal, a kami ato poliyaw a tayhi no omah. Nikaorira orawaneng no tefos i adihayay ko kasasiloma ami sanga, ira koya mato o cilahay、ira koya mato o ‘oteng、ira koya mato o nanomay, sanaw adihay ko kasasiloma nira, aca osasangaen to masamaamaanay a kasi, lomasato o ^pah, lomasato o sapakaen to fafoy, hatilaay ko tayal to pakaylaay to tefos hananay. === O hahalatengen a sowal to tefos. 對甘蔗的省思 === So^lin to i tini i ‘orip no mita o tamdaw, caay pakalias to waneng, nikaorira ano awaay ko tefos i, naicowaay a ira kora waneng hananay, sa imatini itini i Taywan, caay to kahacowa komipalomaay to tefos, saheto sanay omicomoday nai loma a kanatal, sanaw o haharatengen to nomita konini, ano awa sato komi satefosay i, o awaay to ko waneng, ano awa ko waneng caay to kangaay ko kaeng no ‘orip no tamdaw.(O siwkolan ‘Amis/Pangcah Suman)(2024.02.06) Tahapinangan參考文獻 1. Cane Juice Nutrition Information. WH Foods. 2011. （原始內容存檔於2012-08-04）. 2. 存档副本. [2021-07-18]. （原始內容存檔於2021-12-14）. 3. 東漢楊孚《異物志》：「甘蔗，遠近皆有。交趾所產，特好，本末無厚薄，其味甘」 4. 甘蔗 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館），臺灣野生植物資料庫 l0r4pfzfkmrkpzinpuwwd1xcsomx37x 0 2653 41398 2024-02-15T15:00:29Z Jsu2848 1557 建立內容為「=== '''‘Alilay 玉米/玉蜀黍/包穀''' === ==== '''O sasowalen to ‘alilay. 論及玉米/玉蜀黍''' ==== O tatapangan no ngangan no ‘alilay i, o Zea mays, wono Einkilis(英語)a pangangan i o Corn、Maize Hananay, o masafelacay ko heci nira, ato matiyaay o kalorengos ko sa’osi, ano pakaynien i polong no Pinaloma ami nengneng i, mato o saadihayay ami palomaan no matayalay to kakaenen ko ‘alily hananay, aca manga’ayay a moro-kakaenen no misa…」的新頁面 41398 wikitext text/x-wiki === '''‘Alilay 玉米/玉蜀黍/包穀''' === ==== '''O sasowalen to ‘alilay. 論及玉米/玉蜀黍''' ==== O tatapangan no ngangan no ‘alilay i, o Zea mays, wono Einkilis(英語)a pangangan i o Corn、Maize Hananay, o masafelacay ko heci nira, ato matiyaay o kalorengos ko sa’osi, ano pakaynien i polong no Pinaloma ami nengneng i, mato o saadihayay ami palomaan no matayalay to kakaenen ko ‘alily hananay, aca manga’ayay a moro-kakaenen no misa’ayamay ato misafafoyay ato a-a/maymay, ato Itini i misa^pahay to malosapi lomlom mi^cak to ^pah, ato itini i kalo-sapisanga to kalas kami. ==== '''O pakayniay toya ‘alilay. 有關於玉米/玉蜀黍''' ==== Pakayniay toya ‘alilay hananay i, ‘adihayay ko kasasiloma ami pangangan i cingaan, mato itini i kalokoka(各國) adihayay to ko kasasiloma a pangangan tora ‘alilay hananay, alatek pakaalaay to cecay patek koka adihay nira, lomasato osowal no mafana’ay, wora ‘alilay hananay i, o tatapangan nira alatek onaitiniay i cifo’ay a Amirika(中美洲) amisatapang, ono Intian(印地安人) a tadamaanay a kakaenen, i’ayaw ho i na caayho katakalaw ko lengaw noya ‘alilay, likol sato o tamdaw to komafana’ay ami sanga’ tosaka takalaw nira, sanaw satakalaw sato ko ‘alilay i matini, a caay to katalaw tofa^det, tangasa to i 16seci(世紀) tiya itiyato ami salingato ama patayni i tono Holaman(華人) a niyalo’ ama paloma koya ‘alilay, sa’ayaway ilaay to ama tilid tini i Mingcaw(明朝) to pakaylaay toya ‘lilay hananay, dodosato ilaay to ama lengnak a tayra icowaco:wa no kaholaman, mitowol to kaadihay no pipaloma to panay, tangasa i 2012 a mihecaan i mikikaka to kalo maamaan a pinaloma koka adihay nira, o safangcalay a kalengawan no ‘alilay i, itilaay toya 30°－50° no tosil no Cikiw(地球緯度) sanaw likosato i, o ‘alilay to ko sadihayay ami palomaan itini i kakaenen no hekal. Itini tono Taywan(台灣) i, naitini i 16 Seci(世紀) misalingato to ama pacomod, sanaw ano ‘alawen kopi salingato no ‘alilay ama paloma i, matafesiway to ko sepat patek koka halafing no ‘alilay ama paloma itini i Taywan(台灣), ia’ayaw o ‘alilay ami paloma itini i Taywan i, saheto sanay itini i lotok ato hadhad amipaloma, caay kasacecay ko tayal ami paloma to ‘alilay, o likolsato tiya o kanatal safo to komi padamaay to tayal to ‘alilay, itiyaay to a tadamaan ko tayal to ‘alilay. ==== '''O tayal to ‘alilay玉米/玉蜀黍的用途''' ==== O ‘alilay hananay i, itini i polong tono hekalan ami palomaan to kakaenen, oya misangaan tono tamdawan a kakaenen, atoya misangaan to sapakaen to fafoy ato kalo’ayam, aca o sasangaen to kalomaamaan a sapakaen, aca o malosapacamol to maamaan a sasangaen to poliyaw ato tayhi, caay ka mamalasawad ko ‘alilay hananay, galefen itini i Taywan, ano ‘alilay to ano kodasing to, hatilaay to ko tayal ami sanga ato miforfor to todongay o kakaenen,nawhani hatiraay to kolarok ami papaloma to ‘alilay, o todongay to o tatangtangen a kakaenen, ato o tatodohen a kakaenen ilaay haca kola ko^sannay hananay a ‘alilay, ato tada ko^sanay hananay a ‘alilay, romasato ora matiyaay o coyka a fangcalay a tangsol hananay ami simata^ akomaen a ‘alilay, o tadafangcalay haw i , o caay ka cicamor to masamaamaanay a sapayiyo a ‘alilay, nawhani omipalomaay to ‘alilay i, ilasaca ko pifongsa ami patay to kacifaow ato misakapah to rengaw aci heci no ‘alilay, sanaw irasahca kopi kingsa no safo to ‘alilay, metalaw to kakali’angan to tileng no tamdaw a koma^en, lomasato, ira haca kora kaladatengan a tefo’ a ‘alilay, o hatilaay a ‘alilay i, manga’ayay ami saadihay ami paloma, o todongay to o malodateng to kaen no tamdaw. ==== '''O tayal to ‘alilay. 玉米的種植''' ==== Ano so^linen a somowal to pakaylaay to ‘alilay i, tangasa imatini macakat to ko fana’ no tamdaw to tayal to pakayniay i ‘alilay, mafana’ to ami palalamod to sapaloma, sanaw irato koya Ciin kaycaw(基因改造) hananay a ‘alilay, caay to kalecad to i ‘aya:way ami palomaan i lotok ato hadhaday o omah, caay to katalaw to fawo, fangcay to kohci makapahay to nenengen, ngalefen to itini i Amilika(美國),saadihay sato ami paloma, to sapacakay a patayni i loma a kanatalan, osanay haw i to sapakaen to kolong ato fafoy ato ‘ayam ato kalomaamaan, aca irangen to sasanga’en a pala-otong, todongay to kakaenen no tamdaw, orasa yamipalomaan a ‘alilay i, adihayay ko kasasiloma nira, caay ka ‘edengan sa ono tamdaw a cecay to kakaenen ko mipalomaan, halo o sapakaen to masamaama:any a ma’oripay, sanaw adihay ko kasasiloma no ngangan no mi palomaan to ‘aliliay, sanaw tangasa imatini, caay ko mamalasawad ko ‘alilay, ano o sasanga’en to wotong、ano o nananomen to、ano o sasanga’en to to simal、ano dateng to、caay ka’emin a sawalen ko sasanga’en to ‘alilay.   ==== '''O ‘alilay itini i Taywan. 有關台灣玉米/玉蜀黍''' ==== O ‘alilay i tini i Taywan(台灣), nano ‘ayaw isa tapang, saheto sanay omi cakayan naitini i padaka Amirika(美國) ato timolay Amilika a Pasi(南美巴西), mi pacomod i Takaw(高雄) nacecay a pakaala  400 emangan no Ton(萬頓), o lanan a ‘alilay i oya ma’icangay ‘atekakay to o ailangen ho, o sasanga’en to oton, ato piyang a kasi, ato sapakaen to fafoy ato ‘ayam/topi, ato sasangaen to masamaamaa:nay a kakaenen, nikaorila ano saheto ono nairomaay a kanatal ami cakayan a ‘alilay I caay to ka ngaay, sanaw misa’icel ami paloma to ‘alilay kono itniay i Taywanay(台灣的), nawhani o naitiniay Amirika i, adihay ko ciinkaycaw(基因改造) hananay a ‘liliay, caay ka fangcal to tileng no tamdaw kolilanan, o saka kaliang no tileng no tamdaw ano kaenen, toyasato misa’icel to ami paloma tono tolongay o so’elinay facalay a ‘alilay, nga’ayay a kala-datengen, rikolsato saadihay sato komipalomaay, tangasa i 1990 a mihecaan oma palomaay to ‘alilay a omah tangasa irako enemay a kongcin(公頃), cecay mihca pakaara to 25 eman tonsoan(萬頓), likor sato toya misalinato ami pacomod toya WTO hananay a sa’opo tiya, itiyaay to ama lowan komipalomaay, saadihay sato koma siwkenay(休耕) a omah, nikaorila toya mafana’ to ko sefo(政府), itiya sato ami safaloco ami saliyaw misakakahad topi palomaan to ‘alilay, nikaolira imatini omi plomaan a ‘aliliay sahetoay ono Amilikaay(美國的) kosaadihayay a ‘alilay tolanan minfong san haw(明豐三號). Nikaorila caay ka awa kono mita o Taywan(台灣), ami sangaan to sapaloma a ‘alilay, iraay koya Taynong 1 haw(台農一號) hananay a ‘alilay, todongay o so^linay ono mitanan ami sangaan a sapaloma a ‘alilay, naitini i ‘etip tangasa i wali Howlan(花蓮), solin ami sa’icel ami palowad tono mitanan o Taywan a ‘alilay. (Siwkulan Amis/Pangcah Suman 2024.02.11) === Tahapinanang參考資料: === 1. 閔宗殿. 农史名词琐谈. 中國科技術語. 2009, '''11'''(03): 55–57 [2010-08-03]. ISSN 1673-8578. CN: 11-5554/N. （原始內容存檔於2010-11-21）. 2. 許寶華; 宮田一郎 (編). 漢語方言大詞典. 北京: 中華書局. 1999. 3. 見於明朝嘉靖三十四年成書的《鞏縣誌》，是最早的記載 《平涼府志》 4.《萊陽縣誌》卷二之六：「玉蜀黍，秫之別種，以種來自蜀，其潔如玉，故名。」 5w2tkrfqwfjeoocxcrxccjki0kziomg 0 2654 42100 42099 2024-03-13T03:29:53Z Safulo 35 42100 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ci Foting aci Linamay(福定和里拿邁) == === Kinalefoh ci mama(爸爸犧牲自己) === Iya sa ca Calaw Ilikic misakilang cangra, itiya sato maso’aw sato ci Calaw Ilikic papiladom to wawa nira ci Fotongan aci Linamay i tefon no pala, yo palowad cangra hinam han ki’ayawan no mama nangra ci Calaw Ilikic ko nanom no tefon a mingota. Minokay sato koya malikakaay, ” namimaan sato kamo a miladom” han ni mama nangra. ”mangotaay mama kiya nanom, ira sa caay ka kalamkam kami a mihacol” han nangra ci mama nangra ci Calaw Ilikic. Ci mama sato nangra sowal sa:” ano masamaan to cadiwen ko ’idoc ato fonos namo a malikaka,ano ira matama namo a mihokhok koya mingotaay a tamdaw i’ aka pasasaen cocokhan (tifekhan) to to ’idoc pata’ han to fonos a mipatay koya mari’angay a mingotaay toya nanom haw”, “litangalen namo a malikaka koya tamdaw haw” “ hayi” han to noya malakakay a paca’of ko nama a palowad. Tahira sato i tefon so’elinay ira to mihorihor to nanom a mingota koya tamdaw, itira to a cocokhan to nangra to ’idoc tangsol a mapatay,tangsolen nangra a militangal kina tamdaw ci mama nagra. === Palimo’ot ni ina(媽媽的訓誡) === Minokay sato cangra amalikaka , ”ina ina citafad kami” han nangra a malikaka, hinamhan ca ni ina ci mama nangra,”ci mama kini” han nira koya malikakaay,oya han to ina nangra : ” ano saan aca kamo a malikaka kangayaw, ano maolah kamo to tafad kangayaw a tosaen a fasolan ko tafad namo a malikaka” han ni ina nangra a somowal cangra a malikaka. Sa faloco’ sato to sapisangayaw cangra a misaliway to lima a romi’ad caay ka koma’en, “ ma’edeng to kita a malikaka” saan, tanam han nangra ko ’ongcoy a mitakilid(miliyon) a mitoor comikay,hinam han masolit(maki'ayaw) ho no ’ongcoy cangra a malikaka. ”ca ho ka’edeng kita a mingayaw” saan cangra a malikaka, misaliway heca cangra a tatosa. So’elinay tanam sato a mitakilid to ’ongcoy masolit to nangra a malikaka, ”ma’edeng to kita a misaatef ” sato cangra a tatosa,misaatef(misatarakal) to a malikaka, citama’ cangra to malonem, o remes sato noya malonem palohan nangra i feso noya malonem. === Mingayaw a malikaka(兄弟出去獵首) === So’elinay lomowad to cangra a mangayaw tayra i niyaro’ no tao a mifolaw, so’elinay itira to a kowangen nangra a malikaka i tongroh no niyaro’, hinam han mafana’ to koya niyaro’ay a tamdaw, ” ci ’ada kita ” sato a malekal,so’elinay nengneng han to nangra ira to koya malikakaay a ma’araw noya i niyaro’ay a tamdaw,ira sa toorhan no niyaro’ay a tamdaw a mikowang koya malikakaay,oya han to malikakaay milaliw to cangra, oya sa nitatoyan nangra a remes nipaloan i feso patolatola(rasiras) han nangra i lalan koya remes. Cangra sato a malikakaay tayra i takaraway a sera ta makecor ko ’ada a manengneng, cacorok sa a mifafa malikaka matiya o madoka’ay panengneng to ’ada,malalifet a comikay tayra i cowa ko mama’araw no ’ada a dihif a milimek. Tangsa itira i misa’atefan nangra a malikakak i kakitiw no lalan pasataliyoliyok han nangra koya remes a mirasiras,iya sato ya mitooray a tamdaw no niyaro’ tahira sato i tatodong niya nisa’atefan niya malikakaay sataliyoliyok saan, ”itini koya tolas noya remes, hinamaw ita” sato a mikilim a mapolong. Hinam han ma’edeng to a mapolong to a micomod i laloma’ noya ’atef koya mikilimay a tamdaw no niyaro’,matatodong i sefer(tepoc) han to nangra koya calay a ’oway noya ’atef, itira to a  tepek han to no ’atef a mapatay koya tamdaw no niyaro’. Iya sato a malikakaay militangal to fongoh, hinam han ko no kaka a patadekan o fokeloh,ono safa saan a patadekan o kilang kono nira, orasaka caay ka ngicih ko fonos no safa, lakamkam heca a militangal, saheto han nira ko fangcalay a tamdaw.ya maherek sato ko safa, ono kaka saan a fonos mangicih, orasaka caay ka lakamkam a militangal, itira to a padangen no safa a militangal ta lakamkam to a maherek. === Miala to malo'onoc a kilang(兄弟去砍樹當扁擔) === Cangra sato a malikaka miala to ’onoc, oya han no kaka nialaan a ’onoc o talofilof hananay a lomaingay kilang, kahenayay a mapitek. Ono safa saan mitengil ho to soni no ’ayam,”''ta’ciw la’olaw, ta’ciw la’olaw''” saan a masoni, orira sa soni ko patatodeng han nira a tayra, so’elinay ira ko la’olaw a kilang itira, oriraan a kilang ko nialaan nira a malo’onoc nira.O kaka han to ”mapitek kono mako a ’onoc, icowaay kiso a miala tono miso a ’onoc, ora caay ka pitek” han to nira ko safa nira. O safa sato nira sowal saan:”tengil han ko soni no ta’ciw la’olaw, ta’ciw la’olaw”, do’edo han koya soni kaitira a miala to ’onoc nomiso” han to no safa nira a somowal ko kaka ningra. ”hayi” sa to ko kaka So’elinay ira to ko kaka nira namiala to ’onoc to la’olaw a kilang malo’onoc, ora sato a malikakaay milikakawa to cangra to tafad nangra a malikaka, minokay to cangra a malikaka, tahira i loma’ i ciinaan nangra. Tahira sato i loma’ nangra, ”ina ina celaken to ko fasolan, ini to kami a minokay” han nangra ci ina nangra, hinam han ko sowal no ina nangra, ”malimaan ko tafad namo,na’ay, ma’osi kako” han to no ina nangra a mapoi’, oya sato a malikakaay ”nao samatini saan mapoi’ ci ina nomita, ano hatira i, a miala kita to fafahi nomita” saan to cangra a masasowal. === Miala to fafahi kina malikakaay(兄弟要娶老婆) === So’elinay hinam sato manengneng nangra kiya mami’ i pala, oya sa kaka ”onian ko mako o malohemay” saan to safa nira,itiya to peco’ han to ni kaka ningra,tangsol han nira a mipoci’(podac), hinam han ca ira ko tamdaw o mato’asay aca i laloma’ no mami’, o ngiha’ ningra ono malitengay a malihaway a ngiha’ malofafahi no kaka kinian. Ono safa saan, o kandaway ho kono safa a nipeco’an a mami’,itira a poci’ han o salonganay a limecedan kono safa a fafahi. pggyhsvx3isdwzxwqyegyxoe3hgv2ky 0 2655 41869 41868 2024-03-07T08:51:24Z Rengosfosay 2226 41869 wikitext text/x-wiki == Midayhiw ko congtong ci Tsai Ing-wen to sifo a mili’ay to Yincuminco. (總統代表政府向原住民族道歉) == Conghoa minko 105 miheca 8 folad 1 romi’ad. (中華民國105年08月01日) Anini romi’ad, midayhiw ko congtong ci Tsai Ing-wen to sifo a mili’ay to Yincuminco. (蔡英文總統今（1）日上午代表政府向原住民族道歉。) Anini romi’ad, ’ayaw no lahok 9:30 ko toki, itira i ka’ayaw fawahan no congtongfo mi’ang’ang mipa’edaw, o todong no kasafinacadan a nga’ayay pikihatiya, itiya, mitodoh to ’asisiw no lamelo, todong pitahidang to cikawasay no yincuminco a mikihataya; nanoya itira i fawahan mihamham to kasafinacadan micomod i laloma’ no congtongfo. Itiya i kalomaocan midemak a mili’ay pipa’edaw, satapang o no Punun finacadan ko pipa’edaw a mipalemed, o samato’asay ci Ho Cin-niang fai ko mifetiray to ’epah, todong sakafana’ to congtongfo, mipasikawas a milongoc to sakalaheci no nia pidemak; padoedo o kasasiromaroma no pitooran a citodongay a malacecay a mitolon, nanay o Tapang a Kawas ato kawakawas mapolong mipawacay to nia romi’ad no likisi. Maherek a mipalemed, itiya a misitapang ko congtong papelo to sapili’ay: I ’ayaw no 22 no mihecaan anini a romi’ad, o kimpo no mita mapatongal i rikec a “Sanpaw” saan ko pifalic a pangangan to “Yincumin” sanay to i. O nia tadangangan, caay ka dengan o pipalasawad a cecay to hatiniay a lafin to palawacoay (sepenay) a pipangangan, o pipahapinang koni to “o nao tawki ” no Taywan ko yincuminco o sanay koni. O nian ko parana’an a tomirong saka, anini sa, o tatala’ayaw ho kita a mi’awas ko rakat. Midayhiw kako to sifo, pasayni i finawlan no yincuminco, oya talolongay a piliyok no faloco’. Orasaka, saki nai ’ayaw no 400 no mihecaan tahanini, mafades kamo to masawili’ay a pipadek, o nian saka midayhiw kako to sifo, mili’ay i tamowanan. Paso’elin kako, tangasa anini, toni liyok no ka’oripan no mita, ira ho ko mimaan li’ayren cangra o sanay. Pakayni to nian saka, o sakapidayhiw ako to sifo a mili’ay anini. Nai tiya:ay ho a masamaamaanay a makakinihay o hahatiratira aca sanay, ano eca, iti:yaay a safades to romaroma a finacadan i, o heci no kacomahad no tamdamdaw ko nian sanay ko nengneng, o nian ko saka tomireng no mita itini anini, o sapicowat a mafalic ato sapiliyocaw to harateng ko nian. Pakaynien ako i rahodayay a sowal, pahapinang o maan ko pili’ay to yincuminco a lalengatan. O nia sera no Taywan, i ’ayaw no 400 mihecaan o iraay to ko maro’ay itini. Nao niyah saan ko saka’orip, ono niyah a sowal ko sakasowal, niyah a ponka, niyah ko pipanangan, ato ka’oripan a sofal. Doedo sa, caay ko nihaian nangra i, fahal sa lonok sa ira ko romaay finacadan a tayni. Nengnengen ko kacowat no likisi, oya ikoray tayni a tamdaw, caira to ko milinganganay to maamaan no itiniay a tamdaw. Orasasaka malafel cangra itini i kananaman nangra a sera, mala o caayay to ko citodongay, malaplap patayra i lawaca a co’ed ko ka’oripan. O sakatadamaan no cecay a finacadan, o mipatirengay i fafaed no kapadesan no finacadan. Ano saan i o caayay ka tatodong o cimo’ecelay a kitakit kita ahan, dengan o nika eca pisinting kita o caayay ko mo’ecelay a kitakit sano saan i, o papasadaken a mihapinang ko nia likisi, pasowalen kina so’elinay nira. Nanoya i, kao so’elinay ko faloco’ no sifo to nia ’ayaway a tatiihay demak, orasaka o nianan ko sakatomireng ako itini anini. Ira ko cecay a tilid “Taywan tong-se (Nirakatan a likisi i Taywan)”. O pipa’ayaw a sowal ira ko cecay a tosir masowal itira: “Nao awaayay ho ko likisi no Taywan. O Holan ko sa’ayaway, do’edo ci Cen a demak, o Mancin ko nicafaray.” saan. Ono Payrang a pakayraan a mihirateng ko nian. O yincuminco, i ’ayaw to pina:ay to a patek i, o maro’ay to itini to nia sera, iraay to ko kadofahay a ponka ato taneng, mirayray to i kasato’asaan. Nikawrira, dengan oya micingcingay a finacadan ko matiliday a likisi ko iraay matini. Orasaka, o nian ko pidayhiw ako to sifo a mili’ay to yincuminco. O naitiay i Holan ato ni Cen cen-kong a pikowan ko mihadefekay ato misakelotay to kicay no Tangafolan a finacadan, no Mancin a to’ek ikaka ko kasasiwtoc ato piepec naira, ono Dipong a pikowan maledef micomod i nisawacoay a halaka, tangasa i ikor no kalalood o Conghoa-minko a sifo ko midemakay to pisa tokotokosay dafdafay a halaka. Tona 400 mihecaan i, oya tayniay i Taywan a micingcingay ko pikowan i, pakaynien naira i sapifolaw ko sapilowid, mi’afas to sera, mapakinali ko pikakari’ang to iraay salongoc no yincuminco. Orasaka, o nian ko pidayhiw ako to sifo a mili’ay to yincuminco. O midotocay to lecok no to’asan ko niyaro’ no yincuminco, pakayni i nilecokan a taneng ko sapiraroyaroy to kinaira no tataparan. Nikawrira, patireng ko kitakit to no aniniay a sakowan i, ono niyah a pakayraan, no niyah a salongoc i malasawaday to. Mapeleng to ko lecok no sakapotan, no finacadan a salongoc caay to ka haydaen. Orasaka, o nian ko pidayhiw ako to sifo a mili’ay to yincuminco. O iraay ho ko no ina a sowal ko yincuminco, naitiya pikowan no Dipong a pakihamon ato palahongtian a finawlan a halaka, ato ikoray no 1945 mihecaan i, milalang to ko sifo a pasowal to no niyah finacadan a sowal, o sakamatini a pakinali to malasawad ko sowal no yincuminco. Mangalef ko no Tangafolan a finacadan o lasawad awaayto. O kasa rayray no sifo, saki lecok a ponka no yincuminco caay ka sarocod to sapidamakaw. Orasaka, o nian ko pidayhiw ako to sifo a mili’ay to yincuminco. Toya a mihecaan, o kafokilan no Tao a finacadan, lonok sa patelien no sifo itira i Lanyu ko heneng a ’afadeng. O itiraay i Lanyu a Tao finacadan makari’ang to no Heneng ’afadeng. Orasaka, o nian ko pidayhiw ako to sifo a mili’ay to yincuminco. Na o papotalay tamdaw ko tayniay micomod i Taywan itiya i, o maro’ay i dafdaf a Tangafolan finacadan sa’ayaway caira pakalitemoh to nian. Kasarayray a mikowanay o pipalasawad to tekedan ato finacadan a kacingangan. Orasaka, o nian ko pidayhiw ako to sifo a mili’ay to yincuminco. Na mafalic a malakapolongan to itiya i, paca’of ko sifo to nisalongocan onto no yincuminco itiya. Mihayda ko sifo to dademaken, ira to ko misa’icelan a demak itiya. Anini sa, ira to ko macakatay saka tala’ayaw a《Tatapangan rikec no Yincuminco a finacadan》, nikawrira, o nia rikec, caay ka safaloco’ no citidongay sifo malenak ko kamga’ayan. Caay ka kalamkam ko pidemak, caay kaledef i niyaro’, caay ka songila’ ko pidemak. Orasaka, o nian ko pidayhiw ako to sifo a mili’ay to yincuminco. O Taywan kasasowal han o “Kasiramaroma ponka” ko syakay nahan. Nikawrira, tangasa anini, sakisomelet, sakikiwiko, saki’orip a kicay, sapikihatiya to sici sanay a adihayay kasairaira no patosokan i, oya: to makakinih to no caayay ko yincuminco. Nanoya, miepecay hirateng to yincuminco, mangalef ko nisawacoay a nengneng, caay ka lasawad. O nika eca ka’edeng ko nidemakan no sifo, orasaka maawid no yincuminco ko awaayay mataneng no roma a finacadan, oya kasemseman ato kapadesan. Orasaka, o nian ko pidayhiw ako to sifo a mili’ay to yincuminco. O nika caay ka’edeng niyam a misa’icel, mangalef i kasarekarekad no to’ek, caay ka takop a mali’ayaw ko nengneng a caay pisa’icel kami, saka ira ko roray i tatirengan namo a kahacecay, tangasa sa tahanini ko karoray. So’elinay to, o kakangodoan ko nika tadancaay. O sapili’ay anini i, talacowa halafin to ko nikataloc, nikawrira o pisatapang ko nian. Awaay ko pidahekat ako to nia sepatay so’ot (400) a mihecaan toya kafadesan a madoka’ no yincuminco, pakayni to nia cecayay a sasowalen, cecayay a pili’ay a sowal to pili’ay nanoya sa a malasawad. Nikawrira, midehekatay kako to faloco’, aniniay a pili’ay, o nano salaloma’an no nia kitakit a polong ko pisatapang pasayra i kalali’ayan. Pakaynien ako i nano taneng no yincuminco a sowal to nia laocan anini. O sowal no Tayal finacadan, to “sasongilaen a mihapinang”, o Balay sanay. O “lali’ay” i Sbalay sanay, o nia Balay ’a’ayaw tongalen ko S a ngiha’. O sasongilaen a mihapinang ato lali’ay, o malitasaay ko pakayraan a hiratengan. Roma to a sowal, so’elinay a kalali’ay, dengan pakayni i so’elinay faloco’ misi’ayaw to sasongilaen a mihapinang, itiya ira ko sakalaheciaw. Itini salaloma’an a ponka no yincuminco i, tona ira ko pararaway to tamdaw no niyaro’ i, ira ko sapili’ayan i, pasasi’ayawen no kalas ko miri’angay ato makari’angay a pasa’opo. I kasa’opoan, caay pipatangsol a masasili’ay, oya so’elinay faloco’, masasowal to nai faloco’ay a nirakatan ’orip. Ikor no pahecian o nirakatan a kasasongila’ a mihapinang, itiya mitahidang ko kalas to ’alomanay mi’owak to takid, oya mata’elifay to, so’elinay mata’elifay to. O nian koya Sbalay hananay. Midehekatay kako anini, malali’ay ko sifo ato yincuminco to nia Sbalay. O i ’ayaway a latiih, o ’ayaway a kasasongilaen a mihapinang, o sasa’icelen, o awaay ko sasakilifen a sowalen. Ano sawni, widang a yincuminco, o papasowal to nihiratengan. Caay pipatangic i tamowanan to sapisololaw, nikawrira, misafaloco’ kako i titaanan mapolong to sakararidaw no kasasisolol, i ’ayaway a tatiihay eca to ko laliyawen, to nia kitakit, nanay ira ko cecay romi’ad, manga’ay pasayra i kasasili’ayan. O pitekaan ko nia romi’ad, manga’ay ko kalali’ay a todong, caay ka itira i tireng no yincuminco ato i Tangafolan a finacadan, o a itini i sifo. Mafana’ kako, tano sowal sa ko kalali’ay a saan, o saki yincuminco a kalodemak, itini i kitakit ko todong saka ciso’elin no kalali’ayan. Itini kako a mihapiw, o congtongfo papatireng to “yincuminco sakamo’ecel no likisi ato misiwar pamo’ecel a wiyinhuy”. O tapang no kitakit kako, citodongay a milisaot, o kasa finacadan a dayhiw makomod mikilim to sakamo’ecel no likisi, malalenay ko kasasowal to ikoray rarakaten no kitakit a halaka. Pacecay haca kako, o wiyinhuy no congtongfo, takaraw ko pinengneng, o kitakit ato yincuminco o malalenay kacacawi. O dayhiw no kasafinacadan makakomod, halo Tangafolan a finacadan, a o finacadan ato niyaro’ ko parana’an a malakapot. O nia lalekoan, o mamalano yincuminco o kasarekad ko miketonay, manga’ay so’elin maparatoh ko nafaloco’an no finacadan. O romasato, milongoc kako to Sincenyin paromi’ad a lomaoc to “Tatapangan rikec no Yincuminco a finacadan micekerohay a laoc”. O kalacecayan halaka no wiyinhuy, ikoray to a sifo, o a itini i sakakaay citodongay no kasaselal, ko kalalicay ato misanga’ay to malalenay ko pidemak. O nia demakan halo mikilim to mahiratengay a likisi, picekeroh to niyah a pikowan no yincuminco, malalenay ko kacomahad no kicay, mirocok to kiwiko ato ponka, sadama to sakasomelet, ato sadama to salongoc no i tokayay a finacadan. Saki aniniay mihecaan a rikec ato lecok ponka no yincuminco, ira ko matatekohay a masasiwtoc, patirengen ita ko citodongay to ponka a “yincuminco rikec patadoay a ciwsing”, pakayni i nitelekan, micedeng to nilecokan a lekakawa no yincuminco ato sarikec i aniniay kitakit, oya i marariday a kasasiwtoc. Milongoc kita to kasacitodongay, karanikay ko pisolimet a dademak, nawhani o lecok a lekakawa no yincuminco, no lecok a sofalan, caay kai lali’acaan ko longoc, caay ko nipalenakan a ’a’adopen, a cimarepetay ato cimarofoay a patinakoan. Pakayni to matiniay a patinakoan, maaini kita a lomaoc to sapisawki to nian. Milongoc kako to kasacitodongay, pakayni to itiraay i Lanyu mapateliay a Heneng ’afadeng a citodongay a niketonan, pasadaken ko ratoh a nipalitaan to sasongilaen a mihapinang. I ’ayaw no nika eca ho kalaheci ko pipatelian to Heneng ’afadeng i, pafelien ko Tao a finacadan to sapatodong a payso. Nasaan, o pingodo to Tangafolan a finacadan to sakiniyah, pihai to ngangan no niyah ko sapisilisil, o a itini kita i ’ayaw no saka siwa folad tolo polo’ (9/30) romi’ad, mitiri’ to tatodong no lekakawa, o Tangafolan finacadan a ngangan ira ko saka cisalongoc ato patodongan. Anini miheca saka safaw cecay folad saka cecay romi’ad (11/1), miteka kita misahalaka, mihapiw to lecok a sofal a sera no yincuminco. Kapolongan hocing no niyaro’ a telek, mirakatan to ita i matini, o ikor no nian, no niyah a pikowan no yincuminco a nisafaloco’an, o sasahacecayen to a milaheci. Saranikayen ita ko rakat, oya nisafaloco’an no yincuminco a “Niyah pikowan no Yincuminco a rikec”, “O sera ato riyar sa’etal no Yincuminco a rikec”, “Sakacomahad no sowal no Yincuminco a rikec” a rikecan, o papatayraen i Lipoyin a mitomadaw. Anini romi’ad herek no lahok, o lalomaoc kita o polong no kitakit a yincuminco dademaken a laoc. I kalomaocan, adihay ko pihapiw no sifo to halaka. Ikor no mihecaan saka falo folad saka cecay romi’ad (8/1), o Sincenyin, o papasayra i polong no kitakit a finawlan miparatoh to nidemakan to yincuminco sakamo’ecel no likisi ato misiwar pamo’ecel a rakat no nidemakan. Pilahecian to yincuminco sakamo’ecel no likisi, patireng to Niyah pikowan no Yincuminco a rikec a parana’an, o nia toloay a halaka o patosokan no sifo to saki yincuminco. Mitahidang kako to itiniay, i tilifiay ato i calayay miki’araway a polong no yincuminco a finawlan, mapolong kita mala o miwacayay. Mitahidang kako titaanan mala o mikantokay, caayay ko mi’alayay. Nanay o finacadan a widang ko mitedecay, mi’esesay, saka pilaheciaw to nisowal no sifo, so’elin ko pifalic to tatiihay a nidemakan i ’ayaw. Miahowiday kako to polong no yincuminco a idang, o kamo ko patapalay to kahacecay no nia kitakit a tamdaw, niripa’an a sera, ato ma’olaway a lecok, o caayay ko mamacelol a ci’epocay. O nia ci’epocay, o papafelien to sakangodoaw. O ikor no nian, pakaynien niyam i halaka ko picekeroh, saki raremay a finacadan, i kasararerarem no finacadan, ato itiniay to nian a polong no kasafinacadan a tamdaw no Taywan, caay to ka lasawad ko sowal, caay to ka lasawad ko mahiratengay (nica’notan), caay to ka soksok ko no niyah a malecok ko ponka, caay to ka piliwadiw itini i sera no niyah. Milongoc kako to polong no syakay malacecay ko misa’icel, mafana’ to likisi no mita, mafana’ to sera no mita, mafana’ to kasasiromaroma no ponka no mita. Pasayra i malali’ayay, pasayra i malacecayay a maro’ ato malacecayay a malipahak, pasayra i masafa’elohay to ikor no Taywan. Milongoc kako to polong finawlan no kitakit, pakayni anini, malacecay misa’icel masanga’ ko mo’ecelay a kitakit, oya so’elinay masasiromaromaay malalenay a kitakit. Maherek ko nian, o papaca’of a dayhiw no yincuminco, nano sepatay rekad ko kaladayhiw, cecay rekad a Iying, milakecay to Dipong a pikowan ato Conghoa minko a sifo, i ’ayaw no tosa polo’ no mihecaan kakeridan miliyangay a Tao finacadan ci Capen Nganaen, ono finacadan a sowal ko sapaca’of ningra a paini to sowal, itini i pikowan no Dipong a to’ek a masofoc cingra, pinapina to a romi’ad maraod to ko 81 miheca kasofocan ningra, anini tayni i congtongfo, mikihatiya to congtong midayhiw to sifo a mili’ay to Yincuminco to nia tadamaanay toki, ta:da o kapacekilan. Masowal ko pades no Lanyu Tao a finacaday to kateli no Heneng ’afadeng, ci faloco’ cingra to congtong ato titaanan mapolong samaanen a milinah pasadak nai Lanyu koya Heneng ’afadeng saan. Anini sa o pitekaan a kalali’ayan ato kasasinga’ay, nanay o sifo malaheci ko salaloma’an no kalali’ay, masasiolaolahay, masasidamadamaay, so’elin o malacecay a laloma’an nanay kita. Saikoray to, mafafalic to sapatafa kita, sa’ayaway o congtong ko pafeliay to pili’ay a tilid i dayhiw no yincuminco, o pidayhiw no congtong to sakaka:ay a faloco’ to saki yincuminco, o todong no sifo mamisa’icel milaheci to niketonan, mapatiko palolol ko salongoc no yincuminco. O dayhiw no yincuminco pafeli to congtong nano kasafinacadan a lecok sapatafa – to pahafay, todong a makomod ko hareteng to sifo milaheci to likisi no yincuminco ato misiwar pamo’ecel a rakat, matiya o hafay a malecad, itini i sera no Taywan madeci’ a molengaw, to mihecahecaan kadofah ko pilitod. Halo nicokeray congtong ci Cen Cien-ren, Sincenyin tapang ci Lin Cien, Pisawkianyin tapang ci Lay Haw-min, Lifetanyin tapang ci Wu Cin-lin, Kantokyin tapang ci Cang Po-ya, Kantokyin damaay tapang ci Son Ta-coan, Yipoyin kakeridan tilidan ci Lin C-cia, Cingmintang kakeridan ci Song Co-yi, Setayliliang citodongay kakeridan ci Hoang Ko-cang, Mincintang kakeridan tilidan ci Hong Yaw-fo, congtongfo nicokeray kakeridan tilidan ci Liw Cien-yi, Cen Ho-ren, ato Tuvalu kitakit tarokos ato 11 ko kitakit itiniay i Taywan a tarokos ato dayhiw mapolong tayniay a pawacay. Pitefad nai <nowiki>https://www.president.gov.tw/NEWS/20603</nowiki> Mifalicay: ci Rengo Fosay, aci Masao Nikar a8hz6bdsuark2c6p9sdte0hmgbti2np 0 2656 41898 41897 2024-03-08T12:56:23Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Taywan Kristo Ciwlo Kiwkay Cingaloan kiwkay (台灣基督長老教會鳳信教會) */ 41898 wikitext text/x-wiki === Taywan Kristo Ciwlo Kiwkay Cingaloan kiwkay (台灣基督長老教會鳳信教會) === O Cingaloan kiwkay itiniay i niyaro’ no Cingaloan no ’Amis finacadan a Kristo ciwlo kiwkay. O Cingaloan niyaro’ itiniay i Fonglin cen Fongsinli a sa’etal. Cingaloan niyaro’ o nano nimatangan a fa’elohay paniyaro’an, nga’ayay kamaro’an ma’orip, nai Miacin a to’ek, ’ayaw no Ripon, nai Fata’an sa’etal mafolaw tayni to nian paniyaro’. Itini i 1936 mihecaan, o nano Cingaloan niyaro’ a 17 ko mihecaan ci Cen Cin-cien, nai Fata’anay kiwkay ci ’Afang (Si Nan-min) a foksi ko mikeriday, misatapang pasifana’ to Ratoh. I 1940 miheca, ci Si Fu-cen singsi nai tiraay i Fonglin Kristo Ciwlo kiwkay a patenak, i paherek no kalalood no saka tosa no hekal itiya, o kadado’edo no pipatenakan to Ratoh, ci Si Fu-cen foksi sada’it cingra to fiyaway niyaro’ a tincumin, misatapang patenak to Ratoh a tayal, itini i herek no lahok to pa’aliwacan, patireng to no Ripon a sowal saki mitooray lihay. Itiya ci Cen Cin-cien ato papinaay tamdaw tayra mikihatiya to nia sa’opo. Ikor, ci Cen Cin-cien, Lin A-yie, Huang Song-si, Lin Cin-lay, Kang Sin-long, Lin Ci-mi a enem ko tamdaw itira i Fonglin kiwkay, ci Si Fu-sen foksi ko pi’inoay cangraan, mala o mitooray to ci Yis Kristoan. Itiya i 1948 mihecaan i, ci Cen Cin-cien a papinapina itini i Cingaloan niyaro’ a laloma’an no mitooray, macaorecorek to loma’ a masa’opo. Nanoyaan caay katalaw to pilokes mikari’ang i cangraan, mi’imer cangra to sapi patenak to nga’ayay Ratoh ni Krisato, nanoyaan patireng to kiwkay cangra. I 1949 mihecaan, nawhani matongal to ko mitooray, micaliw ko kiwkay to loma’ no ’Oping malo kasa’opan, itiya ira ko 30 no tamdaw. o kapah no Fata’an kiwkay mararid tayni i Cingaloan kiwkay a midama to tayal, mihomong to mitooray salikaka, itiya tangasa i rafas to 40 ko tamdaw. itiya i 1950 mihecaan, ci ’Afo (Kang Sin-long) masapinang ningra ko fa’edetay faloco’ no ’a;omanay mitooray salikaka, matongal to ko tamdaw no masa’opoay, nanoya masasowal to picaliw to sera, patireng to eli’ a kiwkay. Itiya ci Papay (Ke Papay) tinkiwsi itiya i 1950 mihecaan itini i Cingaloan kiwkay mala tintosi. I 1955 mihecaan, matakop no faliyos a maloyoh ko eli’ a kiwkay, o salikaka no kiwkay nai Kotofoki a Dawlik niyaro’ micolo’ to matelangay no loma’ a kilang, mala sapi patireng to kilangay a kiwkay. Nanoyaan i, ci Looh (Wang Min-long) foksi tayni itini Cingaloan mipatenak, misahalaka ko salikaka mi’aca to sera patireng to fa’elohay kiwkay, mihayda ko salikaka i piwakayan no kiwkay, pacekil ko mama ato ina ni Talakong (Lin A-yi), ono niyah a sera litosaen ningra pacakat to malo patirengan no kiwkay a sera, nanoya salipahak sato ko ’alomanay salikaka no kiwkay, o ’alomanay salikaka ano eca o pionip, pipanay a lifon nangra pacakaten i kiwkay, ano eca ni pakaenan a fafoy, ato kayko a li’acaan pacakaten tayni kiwkay, malo sapatireng a kihi no kiwkay, oya mafana’ay mimokong a matayalay, papadapadang saan, masasipa’icell, oya fa’elohay a kiwkay itini i 1961 miheca 12 folad 23 romi’ad mipacakay to kansya a lihay itiya. Piatapangan no kiwkay, o ka’emangay ko nisafaloco’an a tayal. I 1957 miheca, pafilongan a lihay marafas ko 40 tamdaw ko mikihatiyaay, i 1959 mihecaan mangalef marafas to 50 tamdaw ko mikihatiyaay. O kiwkay itini i 1959 miheca midemak to yociyin, nikawrira o kafalic to no syakay, pasi tokay mafolaw ko yincumin, oya yociyin i 1972 mihecaan paherek. O kiwkay, “Kacomahad, pasasiyor, miwacayay” ko patosokan, nanay pakayni pilihayan madado’edo ko paini to sowal no Fangcalay Cudad, saka lima o tolonkay o pisapinangan to cudad a mikingkiw ato mitolon, ato cecay folad kina cecay kina tosa ko “Tarokos ni Kristo pinanaman to sifana’”, paromi’ad ko ciwlo sicoci ato kasakapot pinanaman, palahad to salo’afang no salikaka, saan miliso’ misasini’ada to miliyasay a salikaka. Roma i, midopoh ko kiwkay to mato’asay ato ka’emangay a tayal, midehekatay Cingaloan kiwkay mineker midotoc i niyaro’, i syako patenak, mipatado, miwacay to Ratoh ni Kristo. Pasayra to i malitengay ko kiwkay, ira ko 2/3 ko malitengay a tamdaw, macekel tariktik ko mato’asay sa’opo no kiwkay, macekel ko sa’opo no fafahiyan, o iraay ko sa’opo: mato’asay, fafahiyan, kapah, ato ka’emangay sa’opo. Palecaden ko mato’asay makikaka ko no kapah a sa’opo, mararid ko kalisaot, papolong han ko kacedeng. I 2023 mihecaan 9 folad 1 romi’ad misitapang ko “Kongyin wenciencan” mapatireng, mala o kadademakan no kiwkay. O mikihatiyaay a iying no kiwkay, polong ira ko 76 tamdaw, 29 ko fa’inayan, 50 ko fafahiyan. Kalosa’opo salongan ira ko 45 tamdaw, ka’emangay ira ko 10 tamdaw. 1.Kacefang no kiwkay: Ciwlo, ciwlo ato sicoci, kasakapot (lihaypo, tintopo, kiwikopo, dafongpo, mitiyapo, demakpo, sini’adaaypo), o lihaypo misilsil ko (sikatay, paradiway, pahanaay). Kiwikopo misilsil to (mato’asay, fafahiyan, kapah, ka’emangay, Kalingko sa’etal, kapah sa’etal). Dademakay no kiwkay a cefang: Koangyin yofayof ato patireng to koangyin wenhua cienkangcan. 2.Kasarakad a tayal (ka’emangay, minanam to cudad, paradiway, kasacefang, ato romaroma) demakan. Lihay 09:00-11:00 Ka’emangay 09:00-11:00 Saka tolo loma’ lihay 20:00-21:00 Saka lima tolon lihay 20:00-21:00 Kasa cefan sa’opo Mata’asay cefang saka sepat ’ayaw no lahok 9:00-11:30. Fafahiyan cefang saka sepat lipay no folad pilihayan harek no lahok 13:30-15:00 Kapah cefang sakapot (palakapi sa’opo) Masakapahay saikoray lipay no folad saka tolo dadaya 20:00-21:00 ==== Mifalcay to tilid no ’Amis, ==== ==== Ci Rengos Fosay. 2024/3/8 ==== gmg7jmxdd8a4jxfdlzy410psn64tafo 0 2657 41938 41937 2024-03-08T14:35:00Z Masaonikar 570 /* Matiya o nian ko pipangangan. */ 41938 wikitext text/x-wiki == O pipangangan no ’Amis. (阿美族的命名) == === Pa’ayaw. (概說) === Itini i ratoh no kawakawasan no to’as i, o kawas ci Dongi o misanga’ay to tamdaw, o kasofoc no tamdamdaw pakayni i ci Dongian a maparocek. Orasaka, tona masofoc ko cecay a tamdaw i, o ngangan, o ’orip, o fa’inayan ato fafahiyan, tadamaanay to ano eca caay ko tadamaanay, pakoyoc to ano eca kadofahay to saheto o nipatodongan a ’orip ko nian. Orasaka, masofoc ko fafahiyan to wawa itiya i, o polong no laloma’an o mamiahowiday to kawas a Dongi to pidipot ato pipafeli nira, o laloma’an a samato’asay o mamitatoy a takid, pasikawas a Dongi, pasikakarayan, pasisera mifetir, pasowal sa: “itini miahowiday to awaayay ma’araw (kawas) pafeli to someletatay a wawa, nanay madama no awaayay ma’araw (kawas) tahato’as, pa’ayawen ko laloma’an pafeli to matatodongay a ngangan no nia wawa.” saan. o saka cingangan no nisofocan a wawa i, i toloay romi’adan malaheci ko pangangan. O pipanganganan a demak rahodayay, o cecay laloma’an i, itiya toya romi’ad mipacok to ’ayam, mifoting, midongec, misahakhak sapataheka to salawinawina, o saka cihacol no ina no wawa. I kalafian, samato’asay no loma’, o ’epah ko sapipacakat to kawas, nanoya, mipaini to ngangan no nia wawa. o kadofahay a loma’ mitahidang to kakitaan no niyaro’ ato papinapina a cikawasay a fafahiyan mikihatiya a mitaheka, orira to, oya tadamaanay a kakitaan ko mami paini to ngangan no nia wawa, itiya o cikawasay ko mipalemeday tina wawa. O cikawasay mi’edaw ho cingra minengneng to liyok no loma’, mifahfah to tatiihay palafoay, pacomod to nga’ayay to nia loma’. maherek ko nian, malipahak to mapolong ko ’alomanay, itiya malaheci to ko pipangangan. === O pakayraan no pangangan. (命名的規則) === Malitosaay ko pipangangan no ’Amis, ’ayaway i niyah a ngangan no ’orip, ikoray i o ngangan no to’as. No niyah a ngangan o so’elinay a ngangan, o no to’as a ngangan todong saka fana’ to sangasawan (o adihayay o no wawa ko kacingangan), orasaka i niyaro’ ay a tamdaw ranikay mafana’ o nira a tamdam ko nia tamdaw. orasaka, saki ’Amis a tamdaw, i loma ano eca o niyah a laloma’an, saheto o panganganay, i kasa’opoan no niyaro’ ano eca talacowacowa to i, o papaini to polong a ngangan no niyah. Nai ’Amis a kacingangan a kananaman, o ci nipili’ay ko ka cingangan. Tinako, nai malininaay a ngangan, o todong pihirateng toya to’as a kalita’angan ato tadamaanay demak , saka citodong ma’orip to i malininaay o sanay. Matiniay a pipangangan i, o wawa to fa’inayan ko cacingangan ko wawa to no mato’asay (akong) ano eca o no mama a ngangan, ono fafahiyan o no mato’asay (mamo) ano eca no ina a ngangan ko adihayay. Nikawrira, roma i, oya tadamaanay a tamdaw ano ’eca’eca ko no malininaay a tato’asan i, nikawrira o nika tadamaan no demak ningra to sakiniyaro’ i ’ayaw, saka ngodoan, maala to no niyaro’ ko ngangan nira a pangangan to cima a wawa. ==== Matiya o nian ko pipangangan. ==== O kaitiraan a masofoc, tinako: Potal, mipawali ko cipoyapoyay a mipawali to panay i, itira i pawalian to panay a masofoc to wawa, itiya paka ci Potal han to ko ngangan nia wawa. Taloan, o maraayay ko omah, itira sa patireng to taloan, kamaomahan, pacarcar sa i taloan a masofoc, pangangan sa to wawa, paka ci Taloan han ko pangangan. Roma i, itira i kacedengan ko pangangan. Pipanayan/pitiposan itiya, masofoc ko ina to wawa, paka ci Panay/Tipos han ko pipangangan toya wawa. Ano itira i kailisinan a romi’ad masofoc ko wawa i, paka ci Lisin han ko panganan. Ano itira i kakedalan a romi’ad masofoc ko wawa i, paka ci Kedal han ko panganan. O pi’adopan masofoc ko wawa i, paka ci ’Adop han ko panganan. Roma i, ano i karanaman/o dafak ko kasofoc to wawa i, paka ci Ranam/Dafak han ko panganan. Kalahokan a masofoc i, paka ci Lahok han ko panganan. Kalafian a masofoc i, paka ci Lafi han ko panganan. No kawasan ko pangangan, ira ko ci Kafit, ci Dongi. Ci Silotongay, ci Lotok, ci Diway. Roma i, Malalefoh, Cilocidal, manga’ay sapipangangan. I kacidemakan ko pipangangan. Malitemoh ko caayay ka nga’ay no demak ano eca o tatirengan a malacaan i, mitahidang to cikawasay a adah to adada ano eca sapiliyaw to tatiihay a mifalic to ’orip. Itiya o wawa ira ko katalawan no ’orip i, mitahidang to mi’edaway ano eca o cikawasay mingitangit to kaas a misair to pinganganan, sapipalasawad to latiih. O saka matira no tatirengan to kaci adada, pakaynien i cikawasay ko pisair, pa’ayaw to pifalic to ngangan. Tinako, o fainayan no ’Amis, ci ngangan to Falah, fafahiyan i ci Falahan. Patodong o pifalic to katelangay mafalah ito, miliyas to ko palafoay i cingraan, caay to kakilim no palafoay cingra. Ira ko masasico’isay, caay pafesot sa ko pipangangan, o cimil to ko pipangangan (pangangan no selal). Saka ira to cimil a ngangan, itini i kacipinangan ato tirengan ko pinangan. O parafas to nika ’amlasan ko pipangangan, itira kasa’opoan ira ko tatawaen. O nia cimil a ngangan, halafin to i, nanoyaan sa mapawan to ko tada ngangan nira, oya to a cimil ko pipanganganan. ==== Tinako: ==== Saka cecay i, ci Arafis, o lidep, o fafahi ningra o nai ra’ayay a niyaro’ a nialaan a fafahiyan, matiya o lidep mirepetay to ciciw a ’ayam. Saka tosa i, ci Tako, o fanaw, o fafahi ningra o maso’soay fafahiyan, ano mala’alip sa, matiya o i fanaway a kalasalang. Saka tolo i, Cirasras a sapaloma, o nia sa fa’inayan, talacowacowa cingra i, ira ko fafahiyan mihololay, saka kinapinapina a cifafahi, so’elinay o mirasrasay to sapaloma. Saka sepat i, mataringay ’asisiw, o nia fa’inayan ato fafahiyam itira i kataring no ’asisiw a ma’odang, manengneng no tao, saka pangangan to nian. Saka lima i, ci Fangkoy, pariko’an, tayra cingra i loma’ no fafahiyan a mingohah, matakop no mato’asay minokay, tayra sa i pariko’an a milimek, o nian ko ka cingangan. Saka ’enem, Kopa, o parok, nawhani pako parok sa to katata’ak noya coco no fafahiyan, o nian ko ka cingangan. Saka pito, Teko, pawalian to riko’ a ’aliwac, tayra cingra i loma’ no fafahiyan a miosa i, oya ngiha ko sapitahidang to fafahiyan, caay paka celi’ toya mafoti’ay fafahiyan, orasaka, o nian a ’aliwac ko sapipalal toya fafahiyan, o nian ko ka cingangan. Saka siwa, Kamacal, o edox, hali hidip cingra to mingingoyay a fafahiyan, sowal sa cingra to pa’eno no poki no fafahiyan matiya o edox ko tata’ang, ko kahengang saan, o nian ko ka cingangan. Saka mo’etep, Katangal, tata’akay ko fongoh, o nia fa’inayan tata’ang ko kotid ningra, matiya o tangal no rarokoh ko tata’ak, o nian ko ka cingangan. Nikawrira, o cimil a ngangan cimacima to manga’ay mitahidang. O rarem a tamdaw caay ka nga’ay miceli’ to cimil a ngangan no mato’asay, o mato’asay to caay ka nga’ay miceli’ to caayay ho picomod i selal a ka’emangay. O caayay ka cingodo ko matiniay tamdaw, o sasowalen no cimacima. O pipangangan to cimil a ngangan i, ano mahapiw itiya to cimil a romi’ad, itira to i pataloma’an a mapasadak ko nia ngangan. Itiya ko pipawacayay to cimil no mararamoday to fafahiyan ato fa’inayan, itiya to a miloih ko ’alomanay a matatawatawa. Rama sato, nawhani itini i katayalan a ira ko kacingangan; saheto o maomahay ko ’Amis a tamdaw, o katayalan itira i lotok ano eca i riyar. ’Aloman ko paka’enay to kolong ato siri a laloma’an panganganen nira ko wawa to Kolong, ano eca Siri sanay. Oya mi’owayay a tamdaw i, pangangan to ’Oway ko wawa. Ma’adopay a tamdaw i, pangangan to ’Adop i wawa. ano o mifotingay a tamdaw i, pangangan to Foting to wawa. o maro’ay i talo’an a tamdaw i, pako ci Taloan han ko pangangna to wawa. o todong piharatengan to ’orip no itiyaay ho. O roma i, o pipa’araw no lemed ko pipangangan. Itini i locok a pitooran no ’Amis i, ano talalemed to pinafalah ano eca o sopa’ a piri’ang ano eca pisamsam i, o pa’araw no kawas ko raan saan, pa’araw o a ira ko nga’ayay saka’orip. O saki mato’asay to sakanga’ay no ikor no wawa, pangangan sa i wawa to Ta’I, Isi’, Sopa’. O saka nga’ay ikor no wawa. Roma i, o nika ira no miloyohay to ponka no ’Amis ko pipangangan. Matiniay a pipangangan, nawhani, o nai Payrangay, Dipongay, no Padakaay ko saka matira. Tinako, no Mancin a to’ek, ira ko Asing, Acu, Amu sanay, ka Dipongan a to’ek i, ira ko Icilo, Safolo, Hanako, Takiyo sanay, o nai Padakaay pakayraan mitoor i, ira ko Yohani, Yosifu, Pitilo sanay a pangangan. === Paherekan. (結論) === O no laloma’an a ngangan, o nai mama ato ina, Akong ato mamo a mato’asay a ngangan. Matiniay a pipangangan i, o saka hapinang no tao kora a tamdaw o riraanan a loma’ o sasaan. Kasamitini no ’Amis a finacadan ko pipangangan i, mafana’ kita o ’Amis a tamdaw o malipahakay a finacadan. Ano matiratira ko pipangangan o nai parapatan a maamaanan ko piala to sapi pangangan i, o pahapinang to kasasiroma no ’Amis ato no Payrang a ponka a finacadan, orasaka, caay ko nano Payrang a nengneng ko sapi hapinang to tadamaan no ’Amis a ponka, saka ngodo, saka tari’ang a tadamaanay a ci’epocay. 0xhhedf95yyruc8j5xerc3mfiyunlbc 0 2658 41966 41965 2024-03-10T08:03:35Z Masaonikar 570 41966 wikitext text/x-wiki == O pitefoc to tatiihay a kapah no niyaro’. (對部落青年不良的懲罰) == Ira ko cecay ci Osaphananay a mato’asay, o madaponohay, mapahaw aca cingra, tatosa to cangra to wawa no wawa nira a misaparod, osi sailohay to pala cangra. Itiya ho, tatodong no piilohan no mihecaan, lomaoc to ko kapah noya niyaro’ sowal sa koya kapah no niyaro’, “Ailohen no mita kiraan a sailo nora mato’asay.” So’elinay, sowal han to no kapah koya a mato’asay, “Caay a kapah, aka paci’ci a cilowad kamo, tapal han i matini, masamanay ko pitapal namo to parod no niyam? A o maan koya a ilohan ko ’a’adopen a matini ko parod?” han to niya a mato’asay. Oya sato a kapah, “Caay ina,” sa a misatiyotiyol, caay to ka demec ko sowal noya a kapah. Oya sa a mato’asay, “Ano matira aca, haen han aca ha kapah,” saan koya mato’asay. Nanoya, sowal sa koya a kapah, “Hai, ha ina, a o tala to no miso to taha loma’ niyam o kapah haw.” saan. O lowad to noya kapah a mi’iloh toya a sailoh, sa ci tama’ saan koya kapah, macacamol to kararayan (malonem) ato ngafol ato fafoy ko pinaro noya sailoh. Mapaherek sato ko piiloh, o pataloma’ ko kapah to tama’, patayra i ci sailohay koya kapah to tangal, “Taynien ina ko patelian to tangal no tama’ no niyam o kapah,” sa ko sowal. So’elinay, o patada noya mato’asay to fasolan i potal. Orasaka. Tepotepo sa a tengilen no mato’asay, matomatomesay to ko fasolan a safaloco’en noya mato’asay. O laliw to noya kapah, “Hatini a ina,” sa k sowal noya kapah. Nirikoran noya a kapah, “Hinam to koya tangal, hacowaay ko adihay hatini?” sato koya mato’asaykoya wawa. sowal sato koya wawa, “Cecayay kira ina, o tangal haca no mangcel,” hanaw saan koya mato’asay. So’elinay, o sahetoan o mipaterasan a tangal no mangcel. Mararom koya mato’asay, “O maan ko haenen misakemot to pakoyocay fafahiyan, caay pipatangic kako toya ilohen ko pala ako na cima ko sanay, pafeli sa to tama’, o maponi’ay haca a tangal no mangcel,” sato ko faloco’ noya mato’asay. Nanoya, misateked to cingra mifetik to mato’asaynira ato kawas ato kakarayan ato sera, sa:an, mararid to kokedal no niyaro’ to tolo a folad, caay ka ’orad. Makedal to ko ’alo, awaay to ko nanom no tefon, polong no pinaloma mafadi’ to ma’emin. nikawrira, o nia mato’asay a nanom, marasras i kofaw masiyasi’. O polong no niyaro, mafana’ to nian a demak i, pacekok mapolong. Sowal sa: “O polong no niyaro’ i, mamapatay to kaso’awan to nanom, nawiro dengan o no miso ko cinanomay?” nanoya o finawlan no niyaro’ lomaoc i potal no mato’asay, palalikelikel to fokeloh kamaro’an ko mato’asay ato wawa to kamaro’an no kapah. Itiya i, paini to sowal koya mato’asay: “Tengil han kapah ko sowal no mako.” Pado’edo sa a pasowal, “Kopikopi cacokos, hatiniay ha kapah, ano mangic aca kamo to nananomen,” sato ko sowal noya mato’asay. Nanoya kereng sato ko kakarayan a ma’orad itiya, sakalamkam sa ko kapah to sapikilidongan matalaw to ’orad, liyasaw nasa to ni’aroan a fokeloh, mikafit i para’ ko fokeloh, caay pakalowad ko kapah. Masalafii ko kerong no ’orad tangasa saka tosa romi’ad, oya kapah mapali’etec ko tatirengan tangasa saka tosa romi’ad. Toterep koya ’orad, ocoren no mato’asay ko wawa “Nengnengen koya papotayay kapah, masamanay to cangra,” paco’of sa ko wawa, “caay ka dademak cangra, lo’etim ko filfil, langdaw ko mata.” Han no wawa paca’of. Itiya i, masadak koya mato’asay, mipacakat to takid pasikakarayan to to’as, maherek midemak to pipacakat noya mato’asay, nanoyaayaan sato a tomerep to koya ’orad. Wangawang sa ko kamay noya mato’asay itiya, kalomowad to kamo o sanay ningra, oya sa a kapah, manga’ay to a dademak, lomowad sato koya kapah. Paini ko mato’asay i kapah to sasowalen “Kapahaw, o sapi haen ako i tamowanan i, masamaan ko harateng namo, ano caay pisamsam kamo i takowanan i, caay ka matini kamo anini.” Paini ko mato’asay i kapah to sasowalen “Kapahaw, o sapi haen ako i tamowanan i, masamaan ko harateng namo, ano caay pisamsam kamo i takowanan i, caay ka matini kamo anini, aka to paliyaw to matiniay tatiihan a demak.” Mangodo to koya kapah i ka’ayaw no mato’asay. Nanoyaan, awaay to ko misamsamay to pakoyocay ko ’orip i niyaro’ to tamdaw, na itiya a tahanini. Pakimaday ci Namoh Rata. Miliyaway mitilid to no ’Amis, ci Masao Nikar. dsior8u1n8c4kkrmlz7lcvyufprgqhv 0 2659 41991 41990 2024-03-10T12:21:04Z Rengosfosay 2226 41991 wikitext text/x-wiki == Sakalira no ilisin-Alikakay a kimad (豐年祭的由來- Alikakay傳說) == Itini i kasaniyaro’aro’ no Amis/Pangcah i, ira ko nikasasowalan no tamdaw a marayray i no to’asan a kimad. Saka cecay i, o tato’asan no ’Amis/Pangcah o nano kalenlen no hekal a malikid tayra i hekal no Taywan sanay a kimad. Saka tosa i, o pikinafalah to ’orip ko ’Amis/Pangcah a tamdaw a makinapatay a mico’a’ang miliyang to mari’angay a Alikakay a kimad no to’as. Oya ’ayaway a nisowalan o sakaira no mapatayay, mifetikay ato mipalomaay a lisin no lekakawa; o aikoray a nisowalan o sakaira no pisacepo’ ato piilisin a sakaira no nian. Pakayni i Alikakay a kimad no to’as, o kakafana’an no tamdamdaw, nawhani o mato’asay maolah paini to sapilalang ano eca sapatalaw to caay pitengil to sowal a ka’emangay a wawa. Orasaka, o ka’emangay a wawa no ’Amis/Pangcah o kafana’an a kimad ko nian. Sacisowal sa, i ’a:yaw, ira a tayni i Palik ko Takara:way ko tireng, o tano fanoh sanay, mafana’ a midemak to masamaamaanay a lisin, caay ka maomah, caay pipaloma, rakarak sa to romi’ami’ad, sacisowal sa cangra i cangraan o Alikakay saan, caay ka maomah, saromi’ad sa mirarakat. O mato’asay no ’Amis/Pangcah a tamdaw i, o fainayan i, mi’adop to romi’ami’ad, o fafahiyan sa ko i loma’ay, paloma to hafay, konga, ano maomah itira i omah, mihakelong ko wawa, o ta’angay a wawa, mifafa to safa. Itira sa i manengnengay no ina ko pidipot to safa haw han no ina ko kaka a pasowal. Nanoya, ma’edengay to kacahiwan no nifafaan no kaka a wawa na saan kira ina, ma’edengay to a cocoen kina wawa saan kiya ina. “Ha! Ina, namicoco tokiso i honi kiya, a micoco heca kiso to wawa imatini? saan ko ca’of nia mifafaay a kaka. “I? naihacowa kako a micoco? Caay ho kako picoco nano dafak, caay ho kako pidemak kiya?” araw han no ina kiya wawa, hapinang han i, ’atekak to ko tatirengan, li’etec to, o tiyad i matepong, mamaanay kina demak sa, mapatayay to. Somad sato a tomangic minokay, tahaloma’ sato i niyaro’ i, o malecaday to a demak ko ’alomanay, adihay ko mapatayay a wawa. Itira sa i ka’etipay a niyaro’ ira ko mahaenay, ira i sawalian matira to, no i katimolay ira ko mahaenay, sato ko kararawraw no niyaro’. Nanoya, masasowasowal to ko mato’asay, mikilim toya o cima kiya koma’enay to wawa ita saan. Nengneng han no cikawasay koya mapatayay i, fohat han no cikawasay ko tiyad, nengneng han, awaay to ko tina’I, awaay to ko ’atay. Ah! Kaenan ko tina’i ato ’atay ni na wawa, saan ko mato’asay a masasowasowal. Sahirateng sato ko ’alomanay i, o yaan a Alikakay matiya, nika caay ka nengneng. Tengil han koya midipotay a wawa i, masamaanay kiya tayniay a micocoay a tamdaw han i, iso iso to ina, mahaen to ko kaciriko’, mahaen to iso ko ngiha, mahaen to iso ko takaraw, malecad kisoan ko tawa. Ah! Mamaanay kina demak sa ko mato’asay, awaay ko mahapinangay a sowal a tengilen. Caay ka tolo saan ko Alikakay, o ’alomanay ciira, sa ’aloman ko mapatayay a wawa. Masasowasowal to ko mato’asay, nengnengaw ita ko na demak, pasaopoen ita ko wawa itini i talo’an, oya mato’asay ko midipotay, o mato’asay to a wawa no niyah i, tayra to i omah a madademak, ano caay haenen i, cima to ko maomahay. Saan ko kasasowal. Itira han to ko wawa, na faloay ko mihecaan tahira nanisofocan, pasaopo han itira i talo’an, o fai to ko midipotay. So’elinay, tiya romi’ad i, matengil nangra ko sanay a ngiha “Lakilaki, iraay to kako Alikakay, macahiw kako.” a romakat i liyok no niyaro’, nanoya tahira i talo’an pahater saan, milaya’ to kamay misoo’, mifohat pakayra i ngala’ no loma’ a mikilim toya wawa. Oya wawa sa i, metalaw to a milimek, dadi’edi’ec saan a matataketakec, o mato’asay sato i, ’aloman cangra, “Ta! Aka katalaw kita.” Ala miala sato cangra to misanga’an mikared a saso’ot, sapifedfed to kamay noya Alikakay, itiya tengteng han no mato’asay. Oya wawa i, masaopo to. Oya roma a romi’ad, “Tata, kita o fa’inayan, maherek to kita a mitipos ato lalood haw, malahakelokelong kita o mato’asay ato wawa a mifoting. Kamo o fafahiyan i, a i loma’ to kamo, a patala tamiyanan. Lafii i, a makomod ko niyaro’. o dafak sato i, 22vqroravl8suu34n9q544lwlhcjjgo 0 2660 42012 42011 2024-03-11T15:10:46Z Masaonikar 570 /* Foting ni Idek. (Idek 的漁獲) */ 42012 wikitext text/x-wiki == Foting ni Idek. (Idek 的漁獲) == Iti:ya ho, o malakawakawasan ho a to’ek i, ira ko cecay a niyaro’ o Dafdaf han koya niyaro’, i lotok ho ko lingad, misahafay ato tamorak ko nipalomaan. Itira i sacomodan no niyaro’, ira ko cecay a loma’, ira ko mato’asay maponengay pakoyocay a ina, midipot to limecedan a wawa to fafahiyan. Masamatira, malokatawaan no niyaro’ ko nia laloma’, rarid sa a lokesen no tamdamdaw, sowal sa: “Ci toka, a i loma’ sa caay ka tayal.” Mafana’ ko awaayay ma’araw, ira ko cecay a romi’ad, talifahal sa matefad i ‘a’ayawan no loma ko nai kakarayan a cecay a tifekan. Pacekok koya mato’asay a ina pasowal sa: “O nian koya nisafaloco’an ako.” saan. nikawrira, sapilinahaw patayra i laloma’ i, samaamaanen ningra pa’icel i,caay pakalinah cingra. Nanoya, tahidangen ningra koya limecedan a wawa malalilid a milinah. Tona, o pitefing noya limacedan a wawa toya tifakan i, “Waw” saan malatamdaw koya tifekan, o kapah koya tamdaw, saci sowal saan ci Idek, oya sini’adaay kawas a malatamdaw kako saan. Nengneng sa ci Idek toya kalatamdawan nira a loma’ o pakoyocay ko ’orip, saci loma’ sa i o malesa’ay maloyohay, o mamalefek ito. Nanoya, tayra sato ci Idek i lotok miletek to mikilang, sapipatireng mifadic to loma’, o pinaletek a kilang i, adihay ko lata’ a kilang, mangataay ko ’alo ko pikilangan ningra, fahekolen ningra pasayra i fanaw no ’alo, mahitefo i nanom koya lata’ i, talifahalan sa malafoting koyalata’ a misasiwasiway midangoy, o nian ko sasowalen no ’Amis: “O lata’ ni Idek ko foting.” sanay a kimad. Itiya tomireng to koya loma’ ni Idek. Caay ka pina mihecaan i, mararamod to ci Idek ato limecedan a fafahiyan a mikadafo. Itiya i o saka safaw cecay(11), safaw tosa(12) a folad, o pisatapangan no ’Amis a mimatang to pala o pipatala palomaan to hafay ato tamorak, saka tosa(2) folad ano eca saka tolo(3) folad i, itiya a misatapang palomaan, oya ci Idek awaay ko patodong to ni Idek pipalomaan a pala, itiya, saromi’ami’ad sa cingra a mikared to koliya’. Minengneng sa ko finawlan mana caay ka sadak ci Idek a malingad, katawaen no finawlan cingra: “Citoka, saromi’ami’ad sa a mikared, o sapi maan ko riraan? sa ko ’alomanay. Caay ka pikihakihar ci Idek to nian, safaloco’ sa mikared to kakaya’ay to koliya’. O riraan, o cisini’adaay a kawas ko niyah, mafana’ to hakowaay ko kaomahan, hakowaay ko pipaloaan a romi’ad. Ira ko cecay a romi’ad, malahakelong cangra mararamod a tala lotok, pasowal ci Idek to fafahi ningra, sowal sa: tatoyen iso ko teloc no koliya’, tiring han itini.” han to ni Idek, ci Idek sato, mitatoy cingra to roma teloc no koliya’, mitaliyok ta pala, palifet han ningra a mitaroh, o polong no semosemot ma’emin a mafangad, matiniay a kamaomah awaay to ‘osaw a malengaway, maherek ko nian i, o pifelih to sera, nanoya misanga’ ci Idek to ’acocol, malaheci ningra misanga’ i, tayra cingra i omah, palifet han ningra a miringer, polong no omah a pala, samatiya sa o mifelihay to sera, o pitala to pipalomaan a romi’ad, o polong no finawlan ala mipalomaloma sato to hafay, panay, dengan ni Idek ko mipalomaay to tamorak ato tara’ar, katawaen ho no ’alomanay ci Idek, mana o atiniay sa ko nipalomaan, awaay ko kalangiwngiwan ningra, saroced sa a misa’icel paloma to papalomaen, o nidemakan no kawas caay ko niharatengan ko pi’arawan a milalat. Mata’elif to ko pinapina folad i, o nipalomaan no finawlan a hafay ato panay i, madeci’ to a ma’ecak, o mamilitod ito. Orasaka, o kasaselal no niyaro’ midotoc to dademaken no niyaro’. Roma a kapah, mi’orong to cecay lofoc no panay, oni Idek sa pi’orong i, o cecayay dimata’ ko ningra, itira sa i dimata’ ira a mikalic ko papina a ka’emangay a wawa. so’elinay ko ’icel ni Idek. Saikoray, maraod to ko ni Idek a pilitodan to tamorak ato tara’ar. Pasowal sa ci Idek to finawlan, “Oya ni’orongan namo a tamorak, pateras han itini, itirawen ko no tara’ar.” han ningra. Itiya i, mapolong ko finawlan a mipateras toya tamorak ato tara’ar i, pacekok malipahak cangra, oya mapela’ay a tamorak i laloma’ nira saheto o hafay, noya sa a tara’ar i saheto sa o panay ma’emin, tada o kafahekaan koni. O nian a kimad, o nano kimad no mata’asay to pakayniay ci Idekan a kimad. === Pakimaday ci Kolas Ising (Makotaay). === === Miliyaway mitilid to no ’Amis, ci Masao Nikar. === 2b4vlsq8gtor2alvw7f6mx0cnmb0ens 0 2661 42051 42050 2024-03-12T16:56:10Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* O kimad no ’icep. (檳榔的故事) */ 42051 wikitext text/x-wiki == O kimad no ’icep. (檳榔的故事) == O ’icep hananay i, o saka citodong i ’orip, lisin ato lekakawan no ’Amis. o kafana’an no mato’asay, iti:ya aca ira to a masowal ko pakayniay a kimad. Ano palafang ko cima a tamdaw mikiwidawiday i, pasadak aca ko loma’ to ’icep malo sapihamham a sapatala; mita’ong to kawas o ’icep ko sapacakat, miala to kadafo i, o ’icep ko malo hinghing. Fangsisay kaenen ko ’icep, diheko ko tireng ano kamaen to ’icep, pahapinangay to sakanga’ay ato kahalilafang no loma’ ko ’icep. Iti:ya ho, ira ko maro’ay i dafdaf miingiray to ’alo a malikakaay tatosa, o kaka ci Anan ko ngangan, o safa ci Sayan ko ngangan, o pi’adop to ’a’adopen ko saka’orip nangra. Ira ko cecay romi’ad, talalotok cangra a mi’adop itiya. Ci Sayan pateli i takoyodang to ’apol a fokeloh, ano ira ko ’a’adopen i o sapipateka’ to tangal no ’a’adopen, oya ni Anan sa, mateli i takoyodan ko ’icep, ano si’enaw sa i o sakadiheko no tatirengan. Orasaka, mi’adop[ cangra i lotok, na milaop to nano nipana’an ni Anan a ngafol, talifahal sa matengil ko piceli’ ngiha no fafahiyan i ngata no pi’adopan nangra, nanoya sawad han to nangra ko pilaop toya ’a’adopen, sakalamkam sa cangra a pasayra taya ngiha, tahira cangra itiya i, caay to ka takop, ira ko cecay ta’angay a tomay, mikoramet ko macidemay a kanoos to ’amamosa, faloco’ ato ’atay noya fafahiyan, ’emod han to noya tomay, o mamicinas to kamay ato wa’ay noya fafahiyan i, tangsol han to ni Anan mi’idoc matama i mata noya tomay, nanoya adadaen koya tomay, laha’ saan, sawad han to noya tomay ko tireng noya fafahiyan, piyoc sato pasikilakilangan a milaliw. Oya sato a malikakaay tatosa, masapinang to ko ray a milaliw, patiko sato cangra minengneng toya mapatayay a fafahiyan. Cada’ah sa ci Anan a pasowal: “Ira ho ko saka’orip no nia fafahiyan haw? makaen to no tomay ko ’atay, ’amamosa i, ala pasadak sa kita to cecay a ’amamosa, pafeli kiso to ’atay, pafeli kako to faloco’, latek patiko cingra a ma’orip kiya.” saan, tengil sa ci Sayan i, hai saan cingra, nanoya sapi’owalan sa to cecay a mata ningra. Itiya i, “Aka ho.” sa ci Anan, mato caayay ka tatiodong haenem nangra ko demak, sakalamkam sa a mifo’ot ci Sayanan. “Ano away ko cecay mata noya tamdaw, o mapohaway to cingra,, kita a tatosa o masamo’ay to a tamdaw kita, ano saan i, cecay aca ko mahaenay ko nga’ay, kako o masakakaay ko ’orip i, o tala’ayaway ho kiso i, o kakoay ko paf eliay.” han ningra. “Caay ka nga’ay.” sa ko sowal ni Sayan, caay ka kahi to niketonan no kaka ci Anan, miliyang to kaka, o kaa’isid nangra itiya i, fahal sa ira ko cecay kateli’ay a ma’eferay ’ayam, pasowal i cangraan tatosa, sawal sa: “Masafa’ina’inayanay a tatosaay, ano mafana’ay ci Fila’ to kamatira namo i, wata: ko raheked nira hokiya, o nian sa a fafahiyan nano ka’emangan nira awaay to ko mato’asay, sa cecay sa cingra a tayni i lotolotokan a ma’orip, kalawidang han ningra ko i lotokay a ’a’adopen, anini sa matini to ko ’orip ningra, o mamisa’icel kako a mipa’orip i cingraan, padamaen namo tatosa kako.” “Ira ho ka saka’oripaw nia fafahiyan? Samaanen ita itiya?” “Awaay ko epoc to piowal to faloco’, ’atay namo, ano sapi pa’oripan ci Fila’an i, makilim namo to cecay romi’ad koya komaenay a tomay, caay ho ka ta’elif ko cecay romi’adan, caay ho ka fonal no fitoka noya tomay, cana’or ho mapa’orip ci Fila’, nikawrira, caay ko itiniay a pala kora a tomay, o nai takaraway lotok a tomay cira.” han noya kateli’ay a ma’eferay ’ayam. “Aya, samaan sato, ranikay ko pilaliw noya tomay i, caay ko kafana’an ita koya takaraway a lotok, pakatama kita hakiya to cecay romi’ad toya tomay?” pasowal sa ci Anan. “Aka ka rawraw kamo to nian.” sowal sa ko kateli’ay a ma’eferay ’ayam, pasadak sa to falatfatay a cincu, pafeli ici Anan aci Sayanan. “O nian i, o saparakat to lidep ko nia cincu, ngetef han i ngoyos namo, o nian ko sapitahidang to lidep.” Maherek pasowal koya kateli’ay a ma’eferay ’ayam, ira to nai kakarayan mahitefo i tatihi noya malikakaay. “Dadada, cana’oren ita, tamita, lomowat to kita i matini, mikerid ko lidep i tamowanan mikilim toya tomay, pina’on to lalan.” Pakatengil koya malikakaay to paini no kateli’ay a ma’eferay ’ayam, kalic sato cangra toya lidep ma’efer. Caay ka halafin, tahira to cangra i takaraway lotok no Yusan, mililis to kahacecay a lotok, nika madodem ko lotok, awaay ma’araw pasila’eno minengneng, saliyoliyok sa cangra to kinapinapina, ira: to manengneng nangra koya tomay madikoay itira i masadihifay a ’ongcoy, itiya i, sadak han to ni Anan ko ’idoc ningra a miterik, caay ka selic, mahikeda i fatihian a mata nira tomay, pacekok koya maleda’ay mafoti’ a tomay, adadaen misawaliwaln, matefad to i tono’ a mapatay, oya sa tatosaay a malikakaay, nai tatirengan noya tomay miala toya makaenay a tireng ni Fila’, tafo han to papah no looh, itiya, saranikay sato patiko minokay tayra i kadoka’an ni Fila’, nanoya i pipalalan ni kateli’ay a ma’eferay ’ayam ko pipatikol a tireng, caay ka halifin, talapi’elal to ci Fila’. O pisanga’ay ni Fila’ to tireng ningra, manga’ay to a somelet. Nanoya, itira sa ci Fila’ i loma’ noya malikakaay, ci Anan aci Sayan pala salikakaen nangra ci Fila. Tatosaay a malikaka, mararid talalotok a mi’adop, i loma’ sa ci Fila’, mitifok to hafay panay, misaepah, mitangtang to kakaenen, mifaca’ to riko’, misolimet to romi’ad, awaay manengneng ko ka’acekan no laloma’an. Halafin to, makapahay nengnengen na Anan aci Sayan ci Fila’an toya i, ci Fila’ sa, maolah cangraan a malikaka. Talacowa, cangra tatolo awaay pacecayay to sowal, nikawrira, o nian ko karawrawan, orasaka, cecay aca ko papili’en ningra. O nianan ko saka’eca ka lipahak ni Filas’, ikor sa, ciadada to ci Fila’, ci Anan aci Sayan caay to ka talalotok a mi’adop, masasowal cangra, macacorocorok cangra a midipot ci Fila’an i loma’. Ira ko cecay a romi’ad, tahaloma’ ci Sayan a mi’adop i, ’eca ho picomod i laloma’ matengil ko sowal ni Anan ci Fila’an, sowal sa: “Fila’aw, i ’ayaw no mato’asay pasowal i takowan dipoten ko safa saan, orasaka, matiya o mama ko pidipot ako a lipahak cingraan, nanay maadah to kiso kalo fa’inay han to ci Sayan, midipot i cingraan, o faloco’ ako ko nian.” Tengil sa ci Fila’, tada macekil tomangic i ka’ayaw ni Anan. Pakatengil ci Sayan i papotal i, ci Sayan sapipaliyasan to kaka, liyas sa a tayra i ta’angay ’ongcoy mikinapatay. Nanoya, na mafana’ ko ci Anan to nia demak, sadak sa a minengneng, mapatay to ko safa ci Sayan itira, mararom to mangic ci Anan, o sapipaliyasaw to safa o na saan i, matira aca ko demak, orasaka, sodoc sa to po’ot a mikinapatay i tatihi no safa. Tatala sa ci Fila’ i loma’, caay ho ka tahaloma’, mikilim to ci Fila’, matama ningra cangra i tono’ no lotok, mapatay to ci Anan aci Sayan itira, tada mararom ci Fila’, ano cecacecay kako ma’orip i, awaay ko saka ’oripaw saan cingra, mikinapatay ci Fila’ i tatihi nangra a malikaka. Nanoya, ikor no nia demak, mapatayay tireng no safa ci Sayan mala ’apolay a ’ongcoy, o kaka sa ci Anan mala tapangan no ’icep, oya sa ci Fila’, malengaw mifedfed milalad i tapangan no ’icep ato mal ’apolay a ’ongcoy. Pacekil ko ’Amis a tamdaw to kalaolahan nangra tatolo, orasaka, o kalas no niyaro’ mipatoror to lomaloma’ paloma to ’icep ato Fila’, pacamol han to ’apol a mipa’pa’ mi’icep, o patodong cangraan tatolo, o makakafitay a caay ka laliyas, tangasa i patay ko masasiket, latek, o no awaayay ma’araw a nafaloco’an koni a masasiket tatolo, matiya o ciremesay no tamdaw, matiya dengan cangra tatolo a malacecay ko saka ci’orip. Nanoya, o kapah ato kaying no ’Amis, itini i patapangay ano eca i kararamodan i, o ’icep ko malo hinghing, todong no tahada’ocay a kasasiolaholahan. === Pakimaday ci Li Cin-huo (李金火) === === Miliyaway to tilid no ’Amis, ci Rengos Fosay. === hdhl4ihzixka0ms6dgyol23nepzuxe1 0 2662 42085 42084 2024-03-12T17:12:56Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Pakaenay to kolong ci Aracay. (牧牛的少年Aracay.) */ 42085 wikitext text/x-wiki == Pakaenay to kolong ci Aracay. (牧牛的少年Aracay.) == Ira ko cecay malalokay pakaenay to kolong a loma’, itira i masadafdafay a lotok ko aro’. Misi’ayaw mingataay to ’alo ko paloma’, matiya o romadiway ko falokfok no nanom i ’alo, o nai ’amisay a masonol. Sarikoran no loma’ ira ko takaraway a lotok, ira ko adihayay a ’a’adopen itira. Pakaenay to kolong wawa, ci Aracay han ko ngangan ningra, o mama ningra o mipakaenay to kolong nano ka’emangan taha to’as, anini sa, mato’as to ko mama, matakonolay to. Ira ko cecay a romi’ad, tahidang han to ci Aracay, pasowal han no mama: “Wawaaw! Malatiih to kako, awaay maamaan no loma’ i, dengan to oya i pakolongananay a mo’etepay a kolong ko sapafeli i tisowanan, o raan sato ko saka’orip no miso.” han nira. Nano ’emang malawama ko ka’orip, pakatengil to sowal no mato’asay i, tano losa’ sa tomangic ci Aracay. Mata’elif ko pina a romi’ad, matiya o nano sowal ningra, malek sa to ko mata a miliyas to hekal. Midotoc ci Aracay to no ’Amis a lecok lekakawa ko losimet to mama, o padiyac ko pitademan itira i saikoran a lotok mateli, mapaloma ko kaolahan i taliyok no tadem ko ’icep ato kafohongay (kamaya) a kilng kaolahan no wawa ningra. Masakapah to ko tireng ni Aracay itiya i, nowhani o mikalalok ningra misimaw to pafelian no mama ningra a kolong, saranikay sa malenak ko kaci tofor, tangasa to i semo’otan, maso’so’so ko kolong to nipaka’enan ni Aracay. Ira ko cecay romi’ad, I piliyawan to no cidal, o mamipaherek to tayal ci Aracay itiya i, misa’osien cingra to kolong ningra, masapinang ningra cango’ot ko cecay a kolong, liyawen haca ningra a misa’osi, so’elinay cango’ot ko cecay a kolong, nikawrira caay ka kiheren ni Aracay koni, o pilaliw no kolong ko nian saan. Nikawrira, saka tosa romi’ad, saka tolo romi’ad, madado’edo malowan malowan a sa’osien ko kolong ningra, itiya to misakimokimor ci Aracay, misasikosikol to salawacan no pipaka’enen to kolong, harateng sa to cingra, mato iraay ko komaenay a fao to kolong ako sato ci Aracay itiya. Ira ko cecay romi’ad, talifahalan sa matengil ni Aracay ko celi’ a ngiha i kilakilangan, oya sa kolong ma’emin macekak ko tangila naira a misa’oca’ocay. Ci Aracay sato i, mihinefa i sera a misasikosikol to liyok itira, so’elinay, ira ko cecay a ciopihay to mo’etepay ko laya’ a ma’eferay ta’akay lidep, nai kakarayan pasila’eno misiyop, oya wa’ay noya lidep mikoramet to tofor a kolong, nanoyaan ranikay patiko tayra i kilakilangan, mahapinang manengneng ni Aracay ko ’edes nira, itiya comikay a milaop milaha’ ci Aracay. “Wao… o kolong ako, o kolong ako, o kiso aca ko mitakaway, patikoen koya kolong ako.” han ni Aracay milaha’, nikawrira oya ta’akay lidep ranikay milaliw, caay pahoda malahedaw to i nengneng ni Aracay. “Aya, caay aca, songila’en a misimaw ko kolong saan ko mama i, ano caay pisakimokimor to sakaeca kari’angen no lidep i, oya ’alomanay a kolong i o mama’emin nira a komaen, tayra kako i kilakilangan mikilim toya lidep, laplapaw ako.” saan ci Aracay itiya. Orasaka, laplapen ni Aracay patayra i pakolongan to nano nipatirengan ningra ato mama, misakalamkam to cingra misanga’ to po’ot, pana’ ato ‘idoc, cilah ato kakaenen, talalotok a mikilim to kaitiraan noya lidep a mihadfek. O katalawan to ko kilakilangan, ala cocokay han no ceka ko wa’ay, o riko’ sa macinas to no ca’ang no kilan ato cekaceka, o kaitiraan no lidep a dihif caay ko rahodayay makilim, marawraw to ko lalan ni Aracay, nikawrira caay ka sefel cingra, paso’elin ira i ngata no ka itini ako saan cingra. Kaitira ni Aracay i kilakilangan to tolo a romi’ad i, tahira cingra i kadikadisan a lotok, adadaen cingra to kadoka’ no wa’ay, saka pahanhan sa cingra itira. Talifahalan sa, manengneng ningra ko tatihiay a wa’ay ira ko dihif, ira ko cecay a wawa to fafahiyan marofo no kilang a ’adipel, faheka ci Aracay itiya, hirateng sa cingra. “O tonotono’an itini i, manaira ko matiniay a kafahekaan a demak?” saan cingra a mihirateng, nanoya do’edo han ningra pasayra i dihif i, caay ho ka pasowal ci Aracay, tano tangic sa koya wawa, licay han to ni Aracay: “Kayingaw! Cima ko ngangan iso? Nawiro taynini: sa kiso a marofo? Aka ka rawraw, patangsolen ako pasadak kiso.” han to ni Aracay. “O ngangan ako ci Tipos, o Posayang niyaro’ a tamdaw kako. Ira ko cecay a palafoay a Alikakay, makapahen ko nengneng nira takowanan, papikadafo toya Alikakay, caay ka haien ako i, lepelen nira kako a tayni, patayan nira ko mama ato ina ako, patalaw takowan, ano caay pihayda kako i kaenen nira kako” maherek ko sowal noya kaying i, tano tangic sato cingra. “O piliyawan no cidal i ira a tayni koya palafoay, maraod to ko romi’ad, aka pikihar kiso i takowanan, olili, mana’ay kako a ira ho ko tamdaw to matiniay ako a mapatay.” o maherek pasowal, pahater (paterep) sato tangic. “Tiposaw! Hirateng sa kako, o malecaday ko ’ada ita, takawen nira ko kolong no mako, orasaka tayni ako itini, o mikilimay kako to mo’ecel i matini, caay ko pasikolay kako tisowanan, pasifana’en kako o masamaanay ko pinangan noya palafoay a Alikakay? Mafana’ to sapicoay. “Aya! Caay pakalowid kiso ciraan.” macedah ko sowal ni Tipos. Pasowal sa: “Hali’epah koya palafoay, pasikaen to titi no kolong, mi’alay cira to matalemay a po’ot, o saka ci’icel nira koya po’ot, mararid cira pasowal takowan to padi’i ciraan, ano makahi kako i, palafacen nira kako. Dengan o kafoti’ nira matedal  i fatatihian nira, mateli i la’eno no tatangalan, o mimingay a kerih no manan mahapinang no tangila ato mata nira, kinapinapina to kako a nitanam, saka aka to pisafaloco’ kiso.” Patokitok sa ci Tiposa pasowal. “Anini a dadaya, sa ngatangataen iso cira, adihay ko kakoma’en to ’epah, ano manga’ay i, takawen koya po’ot nira, mana a demakan kako sa toyaan,aka ka rawraw kiso, pasadaken ako kiso.” Maherek pasowal ci Aracay i, liyas sato milimek i ’ading no semosemotan, sa celiceli’ sa ci Tipos, caay to katengil ko honi no wadihang, o nisafaloco’ay to ci Aracay to sapilefoaw ci Alikakayan. Micelem to ko cidal, sato’eman sato ko romi’ad, nengneng han ko kilakilang madodem to, talafahalan sa, sacilamok sa ko nifiyokan no ta’ang fali ko kilang, ira ko nai karayanay misiyop ko ta’angay a lidep, sahapinang han ni Aracay i, so’elinay oya mitakaway to kolong a lidep, patefo i sera koya lidep i, mala tamdaway ko tireng, takaraw ko tireng nira i ka’ayaw ni Aracay, nengneng han tano fatil sa ko so’so, o katalawan nengneng ko pamocedis no tawa, romakat pasayra i pirofoan ci Tiposan a fafahiyan, pasowal sa: “Kaolahan ako, masamaan to ko hirateng iso?” saan. Terep sa caay paca’ofen ni Tipos, hehe sa a matawa, sata’ota’ong sa ko tangal, “Haaa, o ma’eresay fafahiyan, tada fangcal nengnengen ko tawa iso, toni a cecay mihecaan, anini masedi ko pising iso i takowanan, kahemekan ako, pasadaken ako kiso, patihi takowan a mali’epah.” nanoya, masalafii ko patihi ni Tipos ci Alikakayan a mali’epah, ikor malasang to ci Alikakay, waking sa i ci Tiposan. Nanoya, takop han to ni Tipos ko i tatelecay ni Alikakay a poot a misodac, itiya, fahekol han to ningra pasayra ci Aracayan, nao lasang to ni Alikaka, awaay to ko fana’ to no tamdawan, itiya sadak sato ci Aracay nai semosemotan, mikawaw to poot, pasayra i falohang faloco’ ni Alikaka, awaay to ko fana’ nira, kina tosa comengaw ko mata, tangsolay to a mapatay, nanoya, ci Tipos aci Aracay masefad to cangra itiya. Itiya i, sata’engad sato ko romi’ad to dafak, i kilakilangay to a ’ayam misatapang to a romadiw, hawikid han to ni Aracay ci Tipos minokay tayra i pipakaenan to kolong, pacekil ko faloco’ ni Tipos to pa’orip ni Aracay cingraan, mahemek ko faloco’ ni Tipos to katadamaan ni Aracay, ci maolahay i ci Aracayan. Ikor to, o kasasiolah nangra i, raramod sato tatosa, itira i rengorengosan pakaen to kolong, tanmgasa kairaan ho no Alikakay mirawraw to niyaro’ no ’Amis, matira to ko demak ni Aracay a milifet to Alikakay, nanoyaan, o tadamaanay to tamdaw no finacadan cingra. Na o kaira no Alikaka itiya, itini i kasaniyaroaro’ i, saadahay sato ko matiyaay no Alikakay ko takaraw no tireng a wawawawa, o sasowalen i, oya a wawa o na no Alikakay a teloc o sanay. === Pakimaday, ci Taymo Eman === === Mifalicay to tilid no ’Amis, ci Masao Nikar === b27xb53epi6r7uyt51qodixj2vwxf4u 0 2663 42139 42138 2024-03-14T03:53:47Z Masaonikar 570 /* Malikakaay ato Karecrecay. (兩兄弟及食人鬼) */ 42139 wikitext text/x-wiki == Malikakaay ato Karecrecay. (兩兄弟及食人鬼) == To saan, ira ko malikakaay a fa’inayan, malingad i omah. Ira ko malonem itira i salawacan no omah. Yo miradom sato cangra, ira koya malonem itira i tefon no ’alo a mironang. Tiko saan tayra i talo’an a miala to ’idoc, tahira han to nangra i tefon i, ira ho kiya malonem, itiya kotang (safi) han to nangra, caay katama, mapacekok koya malonem, saka, laliw sato. O nia romi’ad, o mapidahay kina malikakaay. Saka tosa a romi’ad, matiya to i nacilaay ko kasadak a malingad, tahira i kalahokan, tayra haca cangra i ’alo a miladam, manengneng haca nangra koya malonem mironang i tefon, itiya sakalamkam sato cangra tayra i talo’an a miala to ’idoc, patiko cangra ira ho koya malonem, itiya i patangsol han nangra mipatama mikotang (misafi) to ’idoc koya malonem, “Aya, matamaay!” Matama kiya malonem. Piyoc sato a milaliw. Na saan kiya malikakaay, do’edo han nangra kiya mayasyasay a remes noya a malonem caay ka tama nangra, to’eman to ko romi’ad, lafin sa cangra mafoti’ i kilakilanan i lotok. Dafak sato, hinamen haca nangra, mahinam nangra i, ira i tatihi nangra a mafoti’ a madiko kiya malonem. Masamatira ko demak nangra, lomowad koya tatosaay i, lomowad koya malonem, laop han nangra i, cikay saan koya malonem a milakiw, paterep saan cangra i, paterep sa koya malonem. Orasaka pado’edo saan cangra a milaop, tahira sato cangra i ’alo, caay to ka hapinang nangra koya naripa’an no malonem. Katoledan nangra i, manengneng nangra i sa’owac a sawa’eran ko dademakay a tamdaw, mato iraay i kafafaw ko maro’ay tamdaw saan cangra. Itiya do’edo han nangra pasifafaw, so’elinay ira ko cecay mimingay a loma’. Comod saan cangra i laloma’ i, ira ko cecay a mato’asay a maro’ itira, licay han nangra koya mato’asay: “Ma’araway iso ko malonem mita’elif ina?” han ngangra a milicay, “Awaay ari.” Saan ko ca’of noya mato’asay. Sowal sato koya mato’asay, “Aka ka itini, kalamkamen a milaliw, mapatay noya kamo ano honi.” “Now saw iro mapatay kami?” han nangra. “Nengnengen, o misatoronay kako i matini to malo sapasikaen noya karecrecay i takowanan ano honi.” Saan ko sowal noya a mato’asay, “I cila, o wawa ako ko maka’enay, i nacila saan i, o fa’inay ako ko maka’enay, deng to kako ko ’osaw.” “Ano saan aca ina, dadada! Pisatoron to.” han nangra ko sowal. Maherek sato a misatoron, teli han to i pa’enan. Oya sato malikakaay, tada caay to ko cahiw nangra, orasaka, tingih tongih han to nangra koya nitelian a toron, mafecol sato, “Ano ira koya karecrecay ano honi i, pilimek itini i rarikor niyam, aka ka talaw.” Han noya malikakaay a pasowal koya mato’asay. Sa:an, sakaraskas sa ko kilang, mamirmir to koya mato’asay, sowal saan “Ira to kira koya karecrecay a tayni.” So’elinay, ’aloman koya karecrecay. Nengneng han nangra, ira ko matongihay a toron i pa’enen. Sowal sato koya karecrecay, “Cima ko mitingihay?” saan a mafirang. “Ano saan aca kaenaw ita ko titi nina mato’asay, tiya ka’enen ita ko nian a toron.” Oya sato o safa i, pasowal “Da to, ini kako ko ka’enen.” Oya sato a karecrecay, sawa’ han nangra ko patih, so’elinay, tengteng han noya safa ko kamay noya cecay a karecrecay, do’etoc saan a malitod ko kamay noya karecrecay, “Aya, caay aca ko matiniay, ci cediay aca kina mato’asay.” Saan a pasowal. Matalaw, feleng sato cangra a milaliw. Itiya i,dohedoh han to noya tatosaay a malikaka. Sa’elinay, hinam han nangra ko nirakatan noya karecrecay, paka fafa’ed sa no kilang a romakat. Tahira cangra i sa’owac, ira to koya fangcalay a fafahiyan itira, mafaca’ to riko’. “Mimaanay kiso itini?” han noya tatosaay a malikaka. “Caay ka matira kini ko demak ako, nialaan no karecrecay kako. Mifaca’ay kako i matini to riko’ nangra, name ’adopay i honi.” han noya kaying a pacoki. Nengneng han noya tatosaay koya riko’ i, matapedi’ no remes. Liclic han to noya tatosaay, “Icowaay ko loma’ noya karecrecay?” “Iraw i dihif, mafoti’ay to i matini itira,” han nira a pasowal. Oya sato o safa, “Ano saan aca, tayra kako, patayen ako,” saan cingra. Oya sato a fafahiyan, “Aka ka tayra, patayaw nangra kiso,” han nira a pasowal. Caay pitengil to sowal noya kaying koya safa. Paci’ci saan a tayra. Tahira han ningra, mafoti’ to a apolong kiya karecrecay. Comod han nira kiya dihif, adihay ko titi a matating. Nengneng han nira i, ira ko saripa’, fongoh, o fadowac no tamdaw. so’elinay, o nian ko koma’enay to tamdaw. sodoc sato cingra toya nitatoyan ningra a fonos, calcal han a mipatay koya karecrecay, sasawasawad saan ko fongoh noya karecrecay. Cofel han ningra koya fonos i, mararopit haca koya fongoh ato tireng noya karecrecay. Sodoc han ningra, masasawasawad haca. Orasaka, tatoy han to koya fonas, caay to cofelen ningra, oya sa a karecreay, ma’emin a mapatay. Nokay sato koya safa a tayra itira i pakalitemohan ningra toya fafahiyan, tahira han ningra i pifaca’an noya a fafahiyan, awaay to koya kaka ningra ato fafahiyan. Do’edo han to ningra ko narikoran nangra, tangasa i loma’ noya mato’asay, “Awaay a mita’elif koya kaka ako ato cecay a fafahiyan haw?” han ningra. “Ira to, i honi aca,” han to noya mato’asay. Sowal sato koya safa, “Iso saan mato’asay, aka ka talaw, ma’eminay to ako a mipatay koya karecrecay.” Hemek sato koya mato’asay. Minokay to koya safa a mido’edo to lalan nira yo tala’ayaw. Tahira han ningra i loma’, sowal sato ko tao, “Pafesoc sanay koya kaka iso ato ya fafahiyan tayra i loma’ no hongti, ya nihakolongan noya kaka iso a fafahiyan i, o wawa no hongti. Sowal sato koya kaka to hongti, “Ini to ko wawa iso, nialaan ako itira i:raw, na maala no karecrecay,” oya sato a hongti, olah sato. “Ano saan aca i, kararamod kamo,” han noya hongti ko sowal. Ho:ni, hadak sato koya safa itira i loma’ noya hongti. Pasaowal sato , “O demak saan ningra a wawa iso, nani alaan no karecrecay, matamaay niyam iti:raw. Oya sa a karecrecay i, ’aloman, kinafalah sa kako a micalcal mipatay, ma’emin to ako a mipatay cangra. Orira ko saka irairaay aca a minokay ko wawa iso, ano caay ha’enen ako, o mamapatay to kora wawa iso, o angah ko sowal ni kaka ako, caay ka Ingra ko mipatayay toya karecrecay, kako ko mipatayay, ano caay kiso paso’elin i, licayen ko wawa iso.” Tengil han to noya hongti koya wawa ningra, so’elinay, mafirang, sowal sato, “Kiso o kaka, o misaangahay i takowanan, o mamifalah to tai’ ko tayal no miso, tatiih mahaen k odemak,” sowal sa koya safa, “Ano saan aca, kiso to ko cifafahiay tona wawa ako,” so’elinay, oya kaka, misamangahay, mala mifalahay to tai’, oya sa a safa, itira i tatihi no hongti ko safa. Hatira ko sowal. === Pakimaday ci Namoh Rata. === === Miliyaway milosimet to tilid, ci Masao Nikar. === an0clfmpjbjteswkrr9choc7oc7sbpc 0 2664 42177 42176 2024-03-14T04:13:58Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Pa’oliday. (流星) */ 42177 wikitext text/x-wiki == Pa’oliday. (流星) == Pasikakarayan ko pica’a, talifahalan sa ira ko mikonisay to kakarayan a pa’oliday a fo’is, alatek ira a manengneng namo ko litengan a sowal to ma’iwilay a fois han ko sowal, mihawikiday to lamal, nai ka’etipay a pasaiwali ko pikonis to kakarayan, ano eca nai timolay pasi’amisay mikonis to kakarayan, matiya o mirakarakay a mikilimay, i masapatekay ’ofad ko adihayay a fois i kakarayan to dadaya mikilim to nira a kakilimen, tangasa anini, o katedi nira pacekil to faloco’ no miso ato ako, matiniay a pahapinang nira malo mida’ocay i foloco’, matiya o mingodoay a wawa a fo’is ci pa’oliday. Ira ko misiikoray to lotok ato misi’ayaway to riyar a mafohokay a sera, ira ko papinaay mikanikaway loma no ’Amis. Mato awaayay ko milaheciay nisanga’an a tenooy to mihecahecaan, i matiniay a ka’orip, minanam ko tamdaw to pihadidi a ma’orip, kedec han ko safaked no kafer, mihadidi to nai pitekaan to saka’orip. Oya cecay a loma’an, mata’elif to ko 50 mihecaan no mararamoday, saci nihofoc sa ho to cecay a wawa, pakaci Pa’oliday han ko pangangan. O mangodoay to mato’asay ci Pa’oliday a wawa, i kato’asan ningra i, itiya sa a mafana’ to liyok caayay ko padafohay to saka ’orip, o saka da’oc no kala fohokay ’orip. Maraod ko 17 mihecaan ni Pa’oliday i, mangalef ko rarawraw no faloco’ ningra, nengneng han ko liteng a mato’as no mato’asay, awaay to ko ’icel a malingad to pala, mangalef maraod ko kakedalan, i lotokay a kilang caay to paka todong to malo kasoy no loma’. Misahiraterateng ko mangodoay to mato’asay a wawa ci Pa’oliday, katayra i roma niyaro’ ko nga’ay, mikilim to sakaira a saka’orip saan cingra. Nanoya, mitongal cingra to tayal miparo to kakaenen i ’ariri, i katayraan i roma a niyaro’ matayal, awaay ko kacango’otan no mato’asay a saan. Mihayda ko mato’asay ningra, losimet sa to lalosidan miliyas to mato’asay tayra i katayalan, pasowal sa: “O tatayra kako i roma a mniyaro’ matayal a maomah, o kamay no niyah ko sapipaloma to hafay ato panay, maraod ko tosa miheca tikoen ako kamo a miala patayra.” han ningra. Itiya cidofot to ci Pa’oliday a miliyas to niyaro’, malakec to lotok a tayra i maraayay a niyaro’. Toya romi’ad i, i picaferan ningra a niyaro mipatado matayal, ta pado’edo ho cingra tayra i maraayay niyaro’, mita’elif to niyaro’, minanam to fafana’en paloma to masamaamaanay, nikawrira, caay paterep ko rakat ningra tayra i roma a niyaro’ to nananamen ningra to papalomaen a mifana’. Ira ko cecay romi’ad, ci Pa’oliday tahira cingra i tolasan no riyar a niyaro’ i, mipahanhan cingra a mikifali misi’ayaw to riyar, mahapinang ningra ko itiniay niyaro’ matiya o malicaday a masadafdafay a pala, kadafah ko tafa no nanom, cifangcalay ko sera, ira ko takaraway lotok ato kilajukangan, o itiniay a tamdaw, manga’ay ko ’orip, matamaay i nafaloco’an ningra. Nanoyaan, tepik han to ningra ko kakamayan no riko’, tayra mikilim to kakitaan no niyaro pasowal to katayni ningra, paliyas to cecay lako a pala to kaliomahan, saka ikor no cecay mihaca i alaen ningra koya mato’asay ningra a patayni mi’orip to kadofahay saka’orip. Mahapinang no kakitaan no niyaro’ ko harateng ningra, ci mangodoay to mato’asay, orasaka caay to picongacong hayda sa to ci Pa’olidayan. Ikoray to a romi’ad i, misahalaka to ci Pa’oliday to nisafalocoan a saka’orip, sarakat i, micaliw cingra i niyaro’ to sakamaomah sakatayal, mifariw, mimatang to sera, masongila’ ningra ko pisaomahan. Misaromi’ad, masafoladan a matayal, pina:ay a folad ko pipalalan to pialaan to nanom, manga’ay paloma to masamaamaanay, itira salawacan no omah paloma to adihayay a losay, tinako, ira ko ’icep, o lingking, o facidol, o kamaya, pawli ato sakenaw, pasifana’ cingra to niyaro’ay a tamdaw to saka ira no nilitodan. Nengnengen no niyaro’ay tamdaw o malalokay tamdaw saan, pasifana’ to sakamaomah a miahowid ko tamdaw i cingraan makakomod patireng to loma’ ningra, manga’ay a miala to mato’asay a patayni. Mata’elif to ko cecay miheca i, nengneng han ni Pa’oliday ko kadofah no pilitod toya nisa’icelan ningra, itini i palemed no niyaro’ay a tamdaw, raheker sa minokay tayra i niyaro’ no mato’asay ningra. Pasiloma ko nokay, i nita’elifan i lawacay no lalan a maamaan a hana’ rengos i malipahak i cingraan, toya manengneng ningra koya kahapinangan a niyaro’ ikaka ko raheker no faloco’, yahiniay to i loma’, nanoya, micomod cingra to laloma’ i, saheto o karifateng ko iraay, sademodemok sa pasilaloma’ i, awaay ma’araw ko tato’asay ningra, marawraw to ko faloco’, masamaanay to hakiya saan to cingra. Saan i, ira miraod ko fiyaw miceli’ ci Pa’olidayan, itiya sadak sa talapapotal, miraod toya miceli’ay a fiyaw, sakafana’aw to talacowaay to ko mato’asay, nikawrira terep sa koya mato’asay, itiya awaay to pafaloco’an ningra, waking sato i sera, o rarom to no faloco’ ko iraay no demak. Tengil han ko sowal no fiyaw, i ’ayaw no enem a folad, madado’edo ci adada ko mato’asay ningra a miliyas to hekal, talifalalay a demak ni Pa’oliday o rarom a cecay ko iraay, itiya i, lilid han to no fiyaw ci Pa’oliday tayra i pitademan to mato’asay, itira to pangoyngoy to tangic ka’ayaw tadem no mato’asay. Mahirateng ningra koya nisa’icelan ningra a pisaomah i, ato mamiala to mato’asay tayra i nga’ayay a kaitiraan a niyaro’, ’araw han anini i, o cecayay to a nengnengen ko niyah, o kararoman aca. Sahirateng sato ci Pa’oliday i, ano matinitini to ko demak i, alaen ako ko tadem no mato’asay patayra toya makapahay a niyaro’, itira mirarid mita’ong to dafak ato dadaya cangraan saan, madipot to ako cangra sato, nanoya karkar hihan to ningra ko tadem, pacekok sa cingra, awaay ko maamaan noya takenip. Mirakat cingra to fiyafiyaw a milicay, caay paso’elin cangra, toya a romi’ad mapolong ko malininaay a mikihatiya to pitademan a romi’ad i, toya enem a folad awaay ko tamdaw tayraay i patademan, madapong to no rengorengosan. Mitahidang to ci Pa’oliday to cikawasay a mifetir misalisin milicay to kakarayan, itiya a mafana’ o mala fo’isay to koya mato’asay ni Pa’oliday saan, o paherekan no nia demak o kakafahekaan, nika paso’elin ko cikawasay to nian a demak, saka, paso’elin han to ni Pa’oliday ko nia demak, hawikid han to ningra ko riko’ ato nisidayan a lalosidan miliyas to kaoratan ato kararoman. Mara’od to ko kaciherangan a romi’ad, oya langdaway a palapalaan ciheci to marahrahay a widawidan no panay, manengneng ni Pa’oliday ko kakadofah no kinarorayan ningra i, hirateng sa, ano iraay ho ko mato’asay i, manengneng nangra ko nilitodan ako, o raraheker malipahak cangra, anini sato, malaliyas to ko nian, o sapipadafohaw to mato’asay na saan i, mahirateng koni rokis sa ko losa’ ni Pa’oliday. Toni a pilitodan a romi’ad i, mapakacecay toya penen ko tireng ni Pa’oliday, itini i kafarawfawan a dadaya i, oya terep sanay a masamaliemiay a fo’is pahapinang to tafihaway ato ma’iwilay. O ’orip ningra, matiya o fali ko kalahedaw, kato’emanan no romi’ad i, matiya o safohacal sanay a mapatay. Paherekan no ’orip ni Pa’oliday, talacowa o paherekan no ’orip, nika o pisatapangan a mikiliman, ano caay ka tefad i sra a mapatay ko cecay a sasafakan no ^mi i, oyananto a ccay koya ^mi, o paherekan no ’orip ni Pa’oliday, masiday i niyaro’ malo pa’araway i saka tadamaan no roma a hekal. ’Ayaw no pitademan romi’ad toya dadaya, halafin ko pica’a no cikawasay to kakarayan, masatamdamdaway ko herateng nira, mato misatapangay ira ko pali’ayaw sowal ninra, malo saka rawraw no niyaro’ ay a tamdaw, talifahalan sa ira ko pa’oliday a fo’is, matiya o ’idoc ko ’efer i fadahong no loma’ ni Pa’oliday, mahapinang a nengnengen, matiya o i kakarayanan a lodi’, mahapinang no niyaro’ ay tamdaw, caay paso’elin a masasowasowal, halo mapohaway a pakahapinang to ’icel nira, caay ka ci sapaiyo a maadah to, manengneng to ko moniharay a romi’ad. Nanoyaan i, mararid manengneng nangra ko fo’is i kakarayan, nai wali pasi’etip, nai etip pasiwali, caay pahanhan a misacikacikay, matiya o awaayay ko pafaloco’an a ma’iwilay a miliwadiway tamdaw. Do’edoen ko pasowal no cikawasay no niyaro’ i, “Oya fo’is i ci Pa’oliday ko riraan, nawhani, o mangodo ningra to mato’asay mapacekil ko kawas no kakarayan, orasaka pala pa’oliday cingra o saka nga’ay mikilim toya malafo’isay a mato’asay ningra.” saan. Ano ira ko cecay romi’ad, awaay to manengneng ko pa’oliday a fo’is i, o matamaay to ningra ko mato’asay, itira i fangcalay kalipahakan masaso’araw cangra itira. Ikor, o nia kimad, kalasasowalen i kasa niyaroaro’ no ’Amis a finacadan, orasaka “Pa’oliday” pasalongay to o “ma’iwilan a kapah” ano eca “malapakoyocay a miliwadiway tamdaw” sanay a todong, madotoc no finacadan tahanini. === Pasowalay, ci Song sien-ta, Pakah Kenao. === === Mitiliday to no ’Amis, ci Rengos Fosay. === 37l39j3al5g03kto3hmecas7u5zkm8o 0 2665 42249 42248 2024-03-14T12:48:22Z Rengosfosay 2226 42249 wikitext text/x-wiki == “2024 pafilongan a sowal” o paini no congtong a sowal. (總統發表「2024新年談話」) == Conghua minko 113/1/1 (中華民國113年01月01日) Anini (1/1) romi’ad ci Cay Ing-wen congtong i congtongfo ’ayaw no lahok paini to sowal. Sowal sa anini o saikoray to kalacongtong no conghua minko no ningra, to nia faloay miheca, o pisa’icel no Taywan mi’imer to niketonan, pado’edo to aniniay demak, pado’edo midipang to nikapolongan, misimaw to sakarihaday, misa’icel patongal sakaci’icel no kitakit ko sifo, misakahemaw to saki’orip no finawlan, pado’edo pasomelet to kitakit, midipot to finawlan, misa’icel paliwasak to katalawan, palalodis i cikiw, pado’edo pa’icel to sakakoda’it, tomenek tomireng i kasakitakit. Sadayen itini i Taywan ko “No hekalan a Taywan”, aniniay a Taywan, o kafana’en no hekal ko Taywan, o misolotay to hakal a Taywan, malokafana’an no hekal ko Taywan. O salaloma’an no congtong a sowal: Itini sakacecay i 2024 mihecaan, mipalemed kako to polong no finawlan kitakit, kalipahak to fa’elohay miheca. Mahireteng itiyaay ’ayaway mihecaan, pasowal kako titaanan, malitemoh no mita ko naikoran no kalifong to kacakat no ’aca no kasakitakit ato kaserer no kicay no cikiw a salifet. Caay ko dengan ko nian aca, tikoen a minengneng ko ’ayaway miheca, caayho paherek ko Russia Ukraine a malalood, caayho paterep ko Israil (Israel) ato Hamas ko kasasiwtoc. O cecayay ho miheca konini, itini toni faloay mihecaan, ono cikiw ira ko kacalemceman no kafalican. Semo’otay miheca a salifong, sakalalifet no hekalay tamdaw a kasasipaso’elin, kalalifet no kasakitakit a dadama; o tadancaay a latiih no romi’ad, misiwtoc to kasakitakit a sifo to sapisi’ayaw a ’icel ato sakakodait. O kapolongan a pakonira tono nisatekedan sakaliyaw masasiwtoc, mapadenga ko katomenek no parana’an no sici, malaliyaw mapasitoc ko kasakitakit to patoroday a coci. Toni faloay mihecaan i, masasiromaay to ko hekal a mafalic. O kapolongan a mapakonira caay ko sakaci’epoc aca, o nai tiniay a sici ko mamidipot to pisitaraan; ato masasi’oret to kasakitakit, o nian koya masakemoday no niaso’elinan. Toni faloay mihecaan i, so’elin mafalicay to ko Taywan. Caay to kamatiya o i ’ayaway, caay to katawalen ko Taywan, 2,350 ’ofad ko finawlan no Taywan mikihatiya to kafalic no hekal, mikihatiya aca mifalic to hekal. Ano licayen kako, toni faloay mihecaan o maan ko sakamitini, pasowal kako “O hekal” ahan ako; ano licayen kako, o maan ko sakamitini no hekal, ira aca ko “Taywan” saan kako. Toni faloay mihecaan i, mi’imeran ita ko niketonan, padoedo to imatiniay demak; mapahapinang no mita ko nisafaloco’an, misa’icel mihadimelto kitakit. Caay ka dengan o “Yonginghaw” 27 ko malaheciay, o “Haykonhaw” masafacoay a lonan mapatalananom to, nai sapitena’ a halaka ko harateng, masafa’eloh to ko sapilood, no finawlan sapitena’ safaco mapatireng to, tangasa i pacakat ’icel kasasinanam no sofitay, mapalongay to maparakat mafalic ko pitena’ no sofitay no mita, matiniay a kafalic o o maparakatay ko nian. Nikawrira, caay pilengat kita, caay kakolomi, o tadamaanay tenektekay ko sapaso’elin, malosapaso’elin no syakay no kasakitakit, talolong ato kapolongan malacafay a malafolod, o sakanga’ay cipaso’elinay tanektek kita misi’ayaw to hekal, o cipaso’elinay tomenekay misi’ayaw to Congko. Anini, “Taiwan Can Help (Manga’ay no Taywan midama)” o nipihayda no kasakitakit a nidemakan. I kangalayan no syahay no kasakitakit i, ira itira ko ’icel no Taywan; I kalitemoh to patalawan no patapalay i, o kalasini’adaay no Taywan ira:ay to. Itini i katongal no kalafolod i kasakitakit i, nanay hakini o kasasitapalan no mita, o malecad ko pitamorong to tatodong. O nanay kasasitapalan ranikay ko palowad ko nga’ayay to kasasico’aliw no mita; nanay ci rihaday, malalenay, cikapolongan, masasowalay, mapolong mikilim to marariday tanetek ko kasasili’ay no kasatapal. Misi’ayaw to cikiw a kapolongan a mapakoniyah ano eca misatekeday ko kasasiwtoc a malaliyaw, ikoray i, saikoray o pipili’ no Taywan dengan pidoedo mi’imer to kapolongan, misimaw to rihadayay. Anini mihecaan a yosang no sadimel no kitakit tangasa i satakaraway i 6,007 ca’or. Mipacecay ho kako to sowal, kacidamsayay ko rihaday, ka iraen ko ’icel, pahapinang to no niyah a sapisimaw a pisafaloco’, oya syakay no kasakitakit malacecay ko pidawa to Taywan, mahadimel to sakarihaday no Taywan haysia a macekal, o satadamaanay a satoker koni. Pahapinangen ko kaki’emel no faloco’, dimawen ko kapolongan pakoniraay a ka’oripan, mahapinang no i hekalay ko nian, caay ko cacango’ot ano eca kacitodongan ko Taywan to kacitodongan no cikiw to kapolongan, a ira to away to manga’ay to caay ko hahaenen. Orasaka, o pihadimel to sakarihaday no Taywan haysia a macekal, caay ko no aniniay a kalacecayan no syakay kasakitakit, o no kasatatapal a kalalecadan a tatodong; dengan o kasasiromaan no kasasiikedan a kalalecadan a tatodong, oya 2,350 a finawlan no Tawan kapolongan a mihalhalan. Toni faloay mihecaan i, calepen no mita ko ’icel no kitakit, lowanen misakahemaw ko mipececay ’icel. Pakaynien no mita picekeroh to “Ciencan cico ciense”, lima patongal to tosa a kinairaan misafa’eloh ato “Enemay makemoday sapilood a kinaira tayal”, sapacakat to micerohan a taliyok, mapa’icel ko todong no kicay, mapalasoked ko raraay no maci niyaro’, mapacakat ko saka’orip no finawlan. O GDP no mita nai ’ayaw no falo miheca a 17.5 walwalan; no Taywan a pacefongan, nai 2016 miheca katomirengan no mako 8,131 a peno, tangasa i nacila saka lima, ’ayaw no pilosimetan no miheca, tangasaay to i 17,930 a peno, mapacakat ko ’ayaway miheca, halo no Hongkong Hengsen a matifac to. O 2,350 ’ofad ko tamdaw no Taywan, o saka 21 sata’akay kicay i cikiw, o kalalifetan ’icel no kitakit, adahi tangasa saka 6 i cikiw. Kirami, mafana’ kako, o salifong, kacakat no dafong maserer ko mi’acaay sakararima ko ’aca, no loma’ ’aca a mapecec, so’elinay to o saka’orip no finawlan ano eca o nia kicay, malo sakararaay to. Orasaka, sa’icelen no mita, o kaciheci no kacakat no kicay patayraen i malalenay mo^ecelay a “kaaisalan no syakay”, sapiserer to karetengay saka’orip no finawlan. Matiya ’aya’ayaway pina a miheca, midemak kita to pipasataan, pacakat to salowan to sato ato nikororan, ira ko 350 ’ofad no laloma’an no Taywan, salongan 47% ko finawlan no kitakit, caayto karapot a mipasata. O yosang no sadipot (cangcaw), nai kacakatan no mako to 54 ca’or, tangasa anini miheca mata’elif to ko 876 ca’or. O nai“0 tangasa 6 miheca o kitakit ko padafohay” sanay a halaka no mita, nai 2016 mihecaan a 150 ca’or ko yosang, anini mata’elif ko 1,100 ca’oran. Padoedo kita to falo miheca pacakat to kinaira no atayalay, nai 20,008 payso pacakat tangasa anini mihecaan to 27,470 payso ko lifon, anini misatapang romakat; “Sasafaay lifon a rikec” nai anini misitapang midemak. Panamor tona pakalitemoh to salifong ko cikiw marara to macakat toyaan miheca i, ikor to, pacekelen no mita ko saka’orip, o sakalalenaw, padoedo to sakicila a patosokan, padoedo alahad ko kitakit, to sapidipot to finawlan. Orasaka, nai anini misitapang, to folafoladan pacakat to sapadang midipot to wawa sadama. Ono kofaan padipot nai 5,500 payso, patongalen tangasa 7,000 payso; o nano patorodan no sifo nai 8,500 payso, matongal tangasa 13,000 payso ko sadama. O mitilid no mitiliday i ta’akay pitilidan, to mihecaan 35,000 payso ko sadama, oni nai anini miheca saka 2 folad misitapang. O kakaya’ ho ko rakat no sakamo^ecal no sakiloma’. Nikawrira, 20 ’ofad loma’ syakay kiloma’an halaka no Cayingwen, itini to nia paherekan no miheca malaheci ko nisahalakaan, “Misaraday to loma’ a sata 2.0” itini miheca misatapang midemak. Paini kako to matayalay a widang to sasikolen. ’Ayaw no pipaherekan ni Cayingwen i, polong no nisilsilan a yosang to 3,000 ca’or i, mapateliay to itini i lawpaw-kiking, caay ka piloh ko sifo, caay ka piloh ko lawpaw. Pasowal kako to sida’itay to sakidafong a widawidang, o pikowan ni Cayingwen, o tadah i, nano kacitongan ako to 32.97%, pakeroden tangasa i cilaay miheca to 11 folad to 27.17%; faloay miheca ko todong ni Cayingwen, polong no nipatikoan a tadah mata’elif ko 9,000 ca’or. O sifo ni Cayingwen, o mafana’ay patiko to tadah a sifo, caay pasiday i wawawawa to tadah, o citodongay kako, tanektek ko payso no kitakit, malo sakaci’icel no ikoray a sifo, padoedo midipot to finawlan. Toni faloay mihecaan i, pala’isal miliyas to katalawan, mapaaro’ i polong i hekal, palecad to 2016 mihecaan, pata’elif to ko pitoay kacakat no mapasadakay no Taywan. To nian, saki Eurupe macakat ko lima a mapasadakay, mata’elif ko enem ko nipasadakan to talatimolay a kitakit, i Dipong mata’elif ko pito, saki Amilika, mata’elif macakat to 120%. Pasihekalan ko rakat no Taywan, pasiTaywan ko rakat no hekal. O “Toloay ko lalan no picefong a halaka to Taywan” no mita, misolot to 2.1 walwalan ko micefongay a payso, nai papotalay mipacefongay i Taywan mata’elif to 2.4 walwalan. Misa’icelan to pinapina mihecaan i, mafelih to ita ko dufak to piti’er to cecay a icifa, malaheci to ko pifalic to ’ayaway sifo, to pipasayraaw to ECFA, sapilecadaw to Hongkong ko Taywan, pakalamkam a palecad to kicay no Congko a lalan. Anini a kasasi’aca to tatapalan (Congko), mato someletay to a masilsil, pasayni to i Taywan a micangray to tadamaanay nisanga’an a dafong ko Congko, makikaka to ko to’asan nisanga’an picangray pacomod no Congko a pinasanga’. Nawhani tadamaan tata’ak to ko ’icel kicay no Taywan, mafalic to ko kasasitado to kicay no Congko, orasaka dadahal to ko sakikasakitakit no mita. “Taywan Korea to saka’eca pilalisata matatelek” i anini misitapang. Taywan ato Amilika masasitelek mili’ayaw to polong no hekal to “Taywan Amilika 21 sici kalali’aca kasasowalan” ’ayaw ko sasitelek; padoedo o mamitelek to Inkiris to “Pacakat to kalali’acaan kalacafay malatelek”; ato Canada malatelek to “Mipaceroh pacefong ato sapa’orip a kalatelek”. O nia kalatelakan no kalali’aca, saheto o kasafa’eloh no pakayraan no polong no hekal, o pi’awas a paripa’ koni, Taywan mawanikay to ko no ’ayaway sifo a nisetekan to “Pasayraay i Congko, itiya pasayra i hekal” ya sanay a katalawan no ’orip. Aniniay a Taywan, manga’ay pafesot pasayra i hakal, o pantawti ato takaraway kakki no Taywan, o nian o caay kaciawa a kalacalay no kapolongan ko sakaromakat. Masasemo’otay no salifong ato kalacaan no romi’ad, sakaira no kasaisal ato palasawad to katalawan no salifet, pacecay titaanan, padotoc ko Taywan a kodait, tanektek i kasakitakit, itini i polong no hekal a kicay mapasadak ko katomirengan. Talacowa mawanik to ko salifong to toloay miheca, nikawrira o nia lifong padoedoay ho milifet to syakay no tamdaw. Malifet to ita ko SARS ato COVID-19, nikawrira o mamiselic kita to lalekoan no cienpaw, palalen to i kararemay a malaisingay a padafoh ato katayalan, pa’icel to sakatomenek no tireng a koda’it. Talacawa maliyas to ko nisidayan no ’ayaway sifo, o sakidinki to kinaira dengan o 1.64% ko mihecaan, talacowa o no cidalan a dinki no mihecaan a pisadingki mata’elif to ko no heneng , nikawrira, kafafalic to sakidinki o kakalamkamen midemak ko nian. Ranikay pacowat to pa’orip to dinky, o sapidama to kinairaan no Taywan to pakayraan malalifet to kasakitakit. Toyaan to, misa’imer miisal to calay no dinky, ranikay misoped to kacowatan ato mipatireng. O mamidoedo misa’icel to kodait no kinaira no Taywan, katatongod to nipatirengan a COP 28, 2030 miheca polong no cikiw macakat to tosa ko kinairaan, palalecad to no kasakitakit a patosokan marafas ko kacakat, itiya pasayra i 2050 miheca ko kafalic a ciro ko kakorac. Padoedo kita micikeroh to sakafalic no kicay, oyaan ko nifana’an mikerid to sakatadamaanaw, polong no cikiw o parana’an no kinaira a parapatan koni, mipa’icel to sakaci’icel no kicay no Taywan a eca ka cacoscosen. Polong no finawlan no kitakit, anini citodong ci Cayingwen malacongtong no Taywa (ROC), o sa’ikoray to a pafilong no falo mihecaan ko nian. Ano micokeray ci Cayingwenan kiso, ano o miliyangay ci Cayingwenan kiso, o mamiahowid kako to kahacecay finawlan no Taywan. Talacowa macakat maserer, nikawrira, malakapot kita i kacifalian ka’oradan, malacafay romakat tahanini, malakapot to kitakit romakat tangasa itini. Ano ira ko milicayay tokowan, o maan ko nisidayan i Taywan, pasowal kako, masiday ako ko “No hekalan a Taywan” han ako. Faloay miheca, aniniay Taywan, o kakafanaen no hekal ko Taywan. Tona malitemoh ko widang to romaay kitakit, pasifana’en cingra, o nai Taywanay kiso i, ’aloman ’aloman ko mafana’ay, o icowaay ko niyaro’/ loma’ no mita. Aniniay Taywan, o misolotay to i hekalay ko Taywan. O nai Ukraine kitakit ci Roysa pakalayap to ngangan no Taywan (ROC). Ci Hoang ren-sin mikerid to Hoyta, Su c-fong mihawikid to caw-wi, minokay i niyaro’, pasayni i Taywan ko nengneng, mipadefong i Taywan. Aniniay Taywan, o nihaydaan no kasahekal ko Taywan. Orasaka iraay ko nikapolongan a kasaira ita, ano o kasasiroma no tamdaw, saheta manga’ayay malacongtong, midamaay congtong; ira ho, o kaolahan iso a tamdaw malekapot misaparod. Kasafinawlan no kitakit, ato 12 to romi’ad, o mamiliyaw heca kita pakayni i pipili’ no kamay a mitopa, malosakacitodong no sakanga’ay no ’orip no kitakit ko niketonan no mita. Ano manan to ko pasayraan a sician a kasarekad, ano Conghoaminko pakayraan, ano Taywan pakayraan, saheto o kitakit ita ko nian. Minanay kako, paso’elinen ita ko niyah, paso’elinen ko kapolongan, paso’elinen ko Taywan. Kao nga’ayay ko piketong to Taywan, o pasayraay i hakal a Taywan, midemak to nga’ayay niketonan. Miliyaw heca kako palemed titaanan kalipahak to fa’elohay miheca. Ahowiday. === Mifalicay to tilid: === === Ci Rengos Fusay 2024/1/5 === 4p1lpep1n6wibzfr12wewd5fctrzuis 0 2666 42297 42296 2024-03-15T12:47:15Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* O rayray no ’orip ako.(我一生的經歷) */ 42297 wikitext text/x-wiki == Cingaloan tamdaw - ’Orip ni Fosay Rengos (人物介紹-Fosay Rengos- Cingaloan人) == O ina ci Fosay Rengos (Cie Cin-hua). Itini i 1926 (15) mihecaan pikowan no Ripon itiya, o mama ci Rangay Tofil (Cie To-nay), o ina ci Rengos Kamo (Cie A-cu), ca wawa sa cangra 4 fainayan, 3 ko fafahiyan, o saka 3 kina ina ci Fosay Rengos. Mato’as cingra i, micomod to picudadan no ka Riponan itini i Fata’an Kokakko 4 miheca itiya, o mafana’ay micudad cingra, tolo miheca ko pitilid i, mapacakat no picudadan patayra i Kalingko to koto kakko (conong kokko), misawad itiya i, 17, 18 ko mihecaan ningra itiya (32), itira cingra dademak i kofa mala operator (micadaay to tingwa) ato mikilokay ko tayal. Itiya i, caay ka fangcal tatiih ko liyok, maroray ko ka’oripan no Pangcah itiya, saka, i 1946 (32) mihecaan, mafolaw ko laloma’an tayra i pasawali Kaloloan a niyaro’. Nawhani i ’ayaw, o mama ci Rangay Tofil, na itiraay i Salinka a matayal i ’ayaw saka, mafana’ cingra i Kaloloan ira ko masadafdafay a pala manga’ay matangen a palaomah saan, orasaka itini i 1946 (35) mihecaan polong no laloma’an mafolaw tayra i Kaloloan niyaro. Mata’elif ko 5 a mihecaan, 26 ko mihecaan itiya, o kafana’an no tao ko nia fafahiyan, ira ko nai Cingaloan a tamdaw ci Kapa’ (Kang Sin-min), masasi’araw cangra tatosa, itiya i 1952 (41) miheca 6 folad mararamod aci Kapa’an a tayni i Cingaloan a mikadafo, pado’edo ci wawa to 7 a fa’inayan ato fafahiyan(halo midipotan ’ayaway a wawa 4) polong 11 a wawa. To’ek no ’orip ningra i, miimer misaparod, mi’imer to pitoor to Kawas, da’oc no ’orip maolah to Kawas ato maolah to tamdaw. I pihiratengan to 98 kasofocan ningra itiya i, papi’imer ko wawa ningra to saka tangasa 100 no mihecaan ko ’orip nasa, mihai cingra itiya, nikawrira, o sa’osi no Kawas ira ko nafaloco’an Ningra, oya sasowalen no tamdaw, caay pakatoor ko tamdaw to nisa’osian no kakarayan.Orasaka, itini i 2024 miheca 3 folad 3 romi’ad herek no lahok 1 ko toki 30 fen, paherek ko ’orip itini hekal, matahidang no Kawas, miliyas to hekal, ni ’oripan ningra ira ko 98 a mihacaan, anini, itira cingra i mida’ocay ko ’oripan, kitakit no Kawas. === Pafaloco’ to kaemangay wawa. (對子女們的期待)： === Itiya i 2021 mihecaan, palipahak ko wawa to kasofocan a romi’ad. Pasowal sa ci ina Fosay Rengos: “Mato’as to kako. Mato sowal no ka’emangay a wawa, “Ta:da o kadofahay ko ’orip iso.” saan cangra. So’elinay to, ira to ko 95 mihcaan no ’orip ako, saka, o nian ko sasowalen ako, malo patinakoan pido’edoan no wawawawa no mako. So’elinay, awaay ko tadamaanay nitanengan a demak ako, o maan ko hahiratengen no wawawawa, o faloco’ ako i cangraan i, nanay manga’ay ko tayal ato rihaday ko pisaparod, nanay o misarocoday i Kawas, hatira ko faloco’ no mako. {| class="wikitable" | colspan="2" |Fosay Rengos |- |Kasofocan |I 1926 miheca 9 folad 10 romi’ad ko sofac i Fataan niyaro’. no kaDipongan a mihecaan ko sofoc. |- |Ngasaw |1. Nano Paco’i tamdaw i Fata’an. 2. O ina ci Rengos Kamo, mama ci Rangay Tofil, o Fata’an a tamdaw. 3. 1946(35) malinah tayra pasawali, kaloloan niyaro’. |- |Ramod |1. Itiya 1951 miheca, 25 ko mihecaan a ’orip, mikadafo to Cingloan a Pangcah a tamdaw ci Kapa’ Marang. o masipolo’ay a fainayan, ci wawaay to sasepatay a wawa, mapatayay to ko fafahi. 2. No ’ayaway 4 ko wawa, 6 ko tadawawa no niya, 4 ko fainayan 2 ko fafahiyan. |- |Tayal |1. 1933, 7 ko mihcaan, mitilid to no kaDipongn, nikawrira mifafa to wawa no kaka a mitilid, maraod ko pa’aliwacan mipakaen to kolong. 2. Itiya 14 (1940) ko mihcaan, mikihatiya to fafahiyan no niyaro’ a mikuli. 3. 1943, 17 mihcaan toya kacihrangan, mafaliyos ko romi’ad, malacecay ko laloma’an a miaol, mikilang ato mieli’ malalifet to tao mikakilim to sapipatireng to loma’. 4. Micudadan no ka Riponan itini i Fata’an Kokakko 4 miheca, mapacakat tayra i Kalingko to kotokakko (conong kokko), misawad dademak i kofa mala operator (micadaay to tingwa) ato mikilokay ko tayal. 5. 1943 miheca, ira ko pinapina a folad, o sakakaay a fafahiyan a kaka ato ’ali, lonok sa mikoliniw a mipacakay to paloma’an, ta:da mararom ko ina. 1943 miheca, 17 ko mihcaan ako itiya, o mama ato ina, o kaka to fafahiyan tatosa ato safa to fainayan tatosa ato kako, 7 kami laloma’an, milakec to lotok romakat pasayra i sawali o Karoroan a niyaro’. o parana’an a ka’oripan to no laloma’an no mako konini. 6. itiya 1951 (25) mihecaan toya cecay a romi’ad to herek no kalahokan, Ira ko cecay a Cingaloan a fainayan ci Kapa’ Marang maolahay i takowanan, do’edo han ako ko nisafaloco’an no ina itiya, mikadafo tayra iCingaloan. |- |Tamohong |1. Mapatireng no Cingaloan kiwkay to tadamaanay mitooray a ina. 2. Mapatireng no Fonglincen kongso to tadamaanay mitooray a ina. |} === '''O rayray no ’orip ako.('''我一生的經歷) === O sofoc no mako i 1926 miheca 9 folad 10 romi’ad itira i Fata’an, malaemangay ko tireng ako, kaomi’en no ina kako, malaemangay ko tireng ako, mafana’ kako to kalodademaken, nikawrira caay pakatayalen kako, papidipot to safasafa ato wawa no sakakaay a kaka ako to fafahiyan, oromasato mipakaen to kolong. Tangasa 7 ko mihcaan, mitilid kako, nikawrira mifafa to wawa no kaka a mitilid, maraod ko pa’aliwacan, mipakaen to kolong. Itiya i 14 ko mihcaan ako, mikihatiya to fafahiyan no niyaro’ a mikuli, nikawrira caay ka hakowa ko lifon. Maraod ko 17 mihcaan ako toya kacihrangan, mafaliyos ko romi’ad, o lomaloma’ no niyaro’, maemin a mapiloh, nao aol ato kilang ato eli’ ko sapisaloma’, o omah i, marafanaw a maala no cedas, saka awaayto pasicowaan no tamdamdaw no niyaro’, cecay a dadaya, malasawad ko loma’ ato pinaloma. Orasaka lacecay sato kami o laloma’an a miaol, mikilang ato mieli’ malalifet to tamdaw no niyaro’ mikakilim to sapipatireng to loma’. Masamatira, mata’elif ko pinapina a fulad, o sakakaay a fafahiyan a kaka ato ’ali ako, caay ko nikasasowalan no laloma’an, lonok saan a mipacakay to paloma’an, ta:da mararom ko ina no mako, nanoya o saka 2 a kaka no mako to fafahiyan, pasowalen ningra ko ina no mako, “Milaliw kita i tini,” saan cingra a pasowal. Awaay ko pasicowaan itiya, awaay kafana’an o tatalacowa aca, tomanic ko kaka ako mikakilim to kahiceraan, o kasomadan a hiratengen. 1943 miheca, 17 ko mihcaan ako itiya, o mama ato ina, o kaka to fafahiyan tatosa ato safa to fainayan tatosa ato kako, 7 kami laloma’an, milakec to lotok romakat pasayra i sawali o Karoroan a niyaro’. Samatiya sa o rakarak sanay awaay ko pahiceraan a posi kami a nengnengen. Tangasato kami itira Karoroan, mikilim to manga’ayay pipatirengan to loma’, mifariw a misapanahal tosera, mi’aol, mikilang, mieli’, sapipatireng to loma’. Sa:an haw i, matama ko manga’ayay a matangen a pala, omah misafacal malo pi’anipan. Misiikor to lotok ato misi’ayaw to riyar ko loma’ i Karoroan, o parana’an a ka’oripan to no laloma’an no mako konini. Harateng: han talalosa’ ato kahemekan ira ko pahiceraan. Mata’elif ko pinapi:na a mihcaan, itiya 1951 mihecaan toya cecay a romi’ad to herek no kalahokan, pasowal ko ina ako i takowanan, “Fusay, kailoma’ to haw,” saan, caay ka halafin, sedak sa ko fafakian no loma’, mihamham kako i cingraan. Itiya a mafana’ kako to nano sowal no ina i takowanan to pakiloma’en kako ato nika ira a tayni no faki, o pakayniay aca to sakitakowanan. Pasowal sa ci ina ako i takowanan, “Ira ko cecay a Cingaloan a fainayan ci Kapa’ maolahay i tisowanan, orasaka masasowalay kako ato faki iso, pararamoden niyam kiso i cingraan, nikawrira i ’ayawen ko pakafana’ tisowan, o masipolo’ay a fainayan cingra, ci wawaayto cingra to sasepatay a wawa, mapatayay to ko fafahi nira, pararamoden niyam kiso i cingraan, do’edo han ko sowal niyam, i:raw i omah cingra i matini, olili, katayra kiso, tahidangen a panokay,” saan i takowanan. Masadak sato kako, satemoktemok sa ko faloco’ ako, kapacekokan ko sowal no ina, o mamirmiray o mahemekay i caayto kasapinang ako, o cikacikay to ko rakat ako a tayra i omah, so’elinay, manengneng ako koya fainayan, mipitaw cingra itiya to ’alaneng no facal, iraay ho celi’en ako ko sowal, “Mimaanay kiso a tayni? Sapimaanan kiso? Pakomafolaay a fafahiyan sa kiso i takowanan?” han ako. Tona pakatengil to piceli’ ako i, mica’engaw a minengneng a pasayni i takowanan, manengneng ako cingra i, sakahengang sa ko pising ningra, mangodoay minengneng i takowanan. Nanoya, pasowal han ako, “Sawaden karapitaw, mitahidang ko ina ako i tisowanan.” teli hanto ningra koya pitaw a mikotod i takowanan pasiloma’ a minokay. Micomod kako ato cingra a maro’ i laloma’, pasowal ko ina ako i takowanan, “O nian a fainayan, maolah i tisowanan cingra, sapialaan a malafafahi i tisowanan cingra, makahi kiso haw?” Itiya i, safaloco’ saan kako, mato’as to kako i matini, o faloco’ no ina ako konini, alatek o nano patodongan no awaayay ma’araw konini, do’edo han ako ko nisafaloco’an no ina, itiya, “Hai” hanto ako a paca’of. Maraod ko pina a romi’ad, tayni a miala ci Kapa’ Marang o fainay i takowanan, pacecay to sowal ko ina ako, “Fosayaw! Ano tayra kiso i pikadafoan, aka pipacoli kiso to fainay iso, ano macacengang kamo i, aka kasomowal to, ‘Mana karkar han kiya nga’ayay a fafahi iso, aka ka saan a mainget a mipacoli, hadidien’. Oromasato ano caay pakahadidi kiso, nokay han,” saan. Mihirateng kako, “Mikadafo kako i fainay ako, ano maroraroray i hadidi: han ako, ikor nonini o nga’ayayto saan ko paso’elin ako.” Maraod koya pikadafoan ako toya romi’ad, patihi sa tahira i papotal, sowal sa, “Rara: han ko rakat, naonen ko lalan.” pasooy sa cecay kako, awaay ko patihiay takowanan a tayra i pikadafoan ako. So’elinay. O marorayay ko pikadafo ako. O wawato ako saan ko faloco’ to wawa no ’ayaway fafahi, caayho kainget i cangraan. Nikawrira o nikaemangan nangra ira ko pacoli, safangcalen ako cangra. O ina no loma’ (ina no fainay), caay ka fangcal i takowanan, tatiih kalainget i takowanan, hadidi: han ako a caay pacoli cingraan. Nikawrira, o fainay ako caay pa’ading takowanan, teli’i kako i cingraan. Nikawrira o ’ali (kaka no fainay) ako mipa’ading cingra mipacoli to mato’asay, sowal sa “Caay: ka moraraw ko demak no ’ali i pespes han saw?” Pasayra i fainay ako a mipacoli, “Haloiso aca, caay pipa’ading kiso to fafahi saw?” Nanoya mihinom ko ’ali takowanan, “Aka lingowaen kora makataray a mato’asay.” saan. Itiya 1951 miheca, 25 ko mihecaan no ’orip ako, mikadafo kako to Cingaloan a Pangcah a tamdaw ci Kapa’ Marangan, …tona mikadafo kako to naloma’ i, caay kafangcal ko ina no fainay ako i takowanan, tatiih ko sowal ningra, kalainget i takowanan, hadidi: han ako a caay pacoli. Nika sofoc ako to wawa ci Mayaw Kapa’an to tasa a lipay, pakatayalento no mato’asay kako to kartengay a demak, ’emet han ako ko losa’, caay pipa’ading ko fainay ako a caay pikihar. O ’ali ako ko miingetay to mato’asay, “O nikaherek ho a masofoc i, roharohen iso a pakatayal. Wata: ko pakinali iso a palafadesay kiso. O nanihaenan kiso saw? === Misanga’an a radiw: (自創曲詞) === Caay ka pawan ako Kiso – No saki’orip a radiw. Yo mahirateng ako Kiso, sida’it Kiso takowanan, o rarom palalipahaken So, caay ko mamatawal ako. Yo pararaw kako Tisowan, tahalosa’ Kiso pa’orip, mihadidi Kiso to pades, caay ko mamapawan ako. Makapahay ka colah Kiso, mararid a mihemek to olah, mato ’edil no fois, mararid a lipahak. === Sakaira no tilid: (資料來源) === 1.“O ’orip ni Fosay Rengos a mato’asay no Cingaloan”. Pasowalay: ci Fosay Rengos, Milosimetay: Rengos Fusay. Romi’ad: 2021/8/28.Kaitiraan: loma’ ni Fosay Rengos. Mihongyakoay/falic: Rengos Fosay. cbko7jr4vza37q6j512xysynnv0y7oe 0 2667 42317 42316 2024-03-15T13:08:06Z Masaonikar 570 /* O kasedakan no ’Amis a tamdaw (阿美族的來源) */ 42317 wikitext text/x-wiki == O kasedakan no ’Amis a tamdaw (阿美族的來源) == Tona awaay ko tilid no ’Amis saka, awaay ko mitiliday a mina’ang to pakayniay i rayray no ’orip no ’Amis. O tata’angay a sipon no ’Amis konini. Talacowa, ’aloman ko mafana’ay a pakimad a mato’asay i kasaniyaroaro’ to pakayniay i ’orip no tato’asan no ’Amis i, masasiromaroma a ma’emin. Saka, awaay ko pinang no aniniay a tamdaw a milayap to nipakimadan nangra a sowal. Tinako sa i, 1. O naitinitiniay aca kita o ’Amis a tamdaw a masadak sanay a sowal. Ono pakakawasay a ma’emin konini a sowal no mato’asay. 2. O nanitiniay i Holam a Pangcah kita, sanay a sowal. Ono anniay to a harateng no tamdaw konini. 3. O nani’a’adopen a masadak sanay,. Ato naikilangay, ’aolay, fokelohay a masadak sanay a sowal. O pakakawasay a sowal konini. 4. O nanikatimolay a kitakit a masakanatalay a teloc no Intonisiya a tamdaw; nama’alolay a tayni i Taywan sanay a sowal ko matatodongay a hareteng. Adihay ko so’elinay a wacay nonini a sowal. (1) O sowal no citanengay a mikingkiway to pakayniay i kasasiromaroma no tiring no tamdaw, kasasiromaroma no finacadan, kasasiromaroma no ’orip no tamdaw. O tadamaanay a hakasi no Ripon, no Padaka ato romaroma a kitakit. (2) O sowal no na malasofitayay a mapatayraay i Malaysiya ato i Singkapol yo malaloodho ko Ripon ato Padaka i, tangsol saan a mafana’ ko ’Amis a tamdaw to sowal no itiraay a masaPangcahay a tamdaw tona adihay ko malecaday a sowal ato adihay ko malecaday a ngangan no lalosidan ato demak no ’orip nangra. Halo tamdaw nangra a malecad i kitanan o ’Amis saan. Itini a mahapinang ko so’elinay a wacay to nika o naitomolay kita a tamdaw. Caay ko papaso’elinen ko sowal no sakacecay, saka taso ato sakatolo. Nikawrira, ira ko cudad to misaheciay to pakayniay i ma’alolay a malikakaay naitini i Kalolin a kasakanatal. O Mikeronisiya a finacadan ko maro’ay toya kanatal. O mihecaan toya nika ’alol a tayni i Taywan i, ma’edeng i’ayaw no 3000 ano eca i 4000 a patek a miheca ko nika ’alol nonini a malikakaay saan. O demak no nika ’alol noya tatosaay i, o namifotingay cangra i riyar. Nikawrira, tata’ang ko nika kerah no riyar toya romi’ad saka, tayra i riyar a ma’emin ko finawlan a mipodpd to foting i nika kerahan. Caayto ko karihic ato romaroma ko mitatoyan nangra. Tona adihay ko foting saka, o dodang (o pitotopan/fangfang to panay) ko nialaan nangra a miparo itira to foting. Onini a tatosaay a malikakaay i, tona awaay ko mama ato ina nangra saka, caay ka fana’ tonini a demak no finawlan a miala tp foting. Paka’araw koya fafahiyan a kaka to nika pinokayto no finawlan a matomes to ko dodang to foting. Saka, tayra sato cangra a tatosa a malikaka a mifoting. Itiya i, masatato:sa to cangra a malikaka. Saka, yo irato konini a tata’angay a tapelik i, ma’alol cangra a mataroh a talasifo’ no riyar. Tona awaay ko nitatoyan nangra to sa’iwas saka, kamayen nangra ko pi’iwas. Caay ka filo nangra, nawhani tata’angto ko fali a micekeroh a mi’alol i cangraan. Saka, pawpaw sato cangra a ma’alol. Itiya i, malonen, mafaliyos ko kitakit ato riyar a ma’emin. Pasi’amis ko nika ’alol nangra. Yo tangasa to cangra i Taywan i, pakapinaay to a romi’ad itiya. Saka, tangasa to cangra i Langasan hananay a lotok. Nikawrira, manaop no nanom ko Taywan itiya. Itiya i, caayho ka tadasakaying, caayho ka tadasakapah ko tireng nangra a malikaka. Itira saho cangra i lotok a maro’. Nanoya, trep sato ko faliyos, makerah to ko riyar. Saka, malikelon cangra a tayra i masadafdafay. Itira to ko pisanga’ nangra to malokamaro’an nangra a talo’an. Cimihecaan, cimihecaan to cangra itira. Saka, sowalen no fafahiyan a kaka ko safa to sakararamodaw nangra. Do’edo sato ko safa to sowal no kaka. Saka, raramod sato cangra. Onini ko saka o ina ko cacitodong a mikowan to demak no loma’. Onini ko saka o fa’inayan ko mamikadado i fafahiyan. O ngangan nonini a malikakaay i, ci Nakaw aci Sra. O kimad no romaroma a ’Amis i, ci Doci aci Rarakan saan. Mliyaway to tilid. Ci Masao Nikar. ned2odgh0ol7eti5cc0wj1jkqvtxxn7 0 2668 42365 42364 2024-03-18T06:01:19Z Masaonikar 570 /* O tayal no mi’adopay. (狩獵人的工作) */ 42365 wikitext text/x-wiki == O tayal no ’Amis a tamdaw (阿美族人的事務) == Tona awaay ko tilid no ’Amis saka, awaay ko picudadan no ka’emangay. Nikawrira, pasifana’en no mama ato ina ko wawa nira to tatayalen no loma’. O ina i, pasifana’en nira ko fafahiyan a wawa to tatayalen no fafahiyan, o mama i, pasifana’en nira ko fa’inayan a wawa to tatayalen no fa’inayan. Saka, nano ka’emangan to a mafana’ a mataneng ko wawa no ’Amis a matayal, ano i riyar ko lingad i, ono saki riyar a lalosidan ko tatoyen a mifoting, ano i ’alo i, ono saki ’alo a lalosidan ko tatoyen a mifoting, ano mi’adop i, caay ka eca mikerid to waco to malo cafay a mi’adop ta o sapi’adop a lalosidan ko tatoyen a mi’adop, ano mitalakalay to ’adopen ko demak i, ono mitalakalay a lalosidan ko tatatoyen, caay pikerid to waco ano mitalakal. Ano matayal i loma’ i, mapolong ko paro no loma’ a maomah, o pipalomaan ato pikolasan ato pilitodan to kakaenen ato mipawali, awaay ko tatodong no pipahanhanan to tayal, yo sakato’emanan to ko romi’ad i, miala to kasoy, ci’inorong aca to kasoy a minokay, tangasa i loma’ i, ano awaay ko felac i, mitifek ho to sakalafi ato sakaranem. Adihay ko tayal no ’Amis a tamdaw. Tona kalatayal ko ’Amis saka, caay piharateng to sapihololaw a misalama a talacowacowa, caay kafana’ ko ’Amis to sakaci’etanaw, pa’edeng saan to nitayalan nangra ko saki’orip. Caay ka fana’ to ’anof hananay. Tona adihay ko makaenay no ’Amis a masamaamaanay a talod (dateng) no palapalaan saka, saraheker sa ko nika ’orip no ’Amis. === O tayal no ’Amis i omah. (阿美族在田間的工作) === O demak no ’Amis a maomah a pamatang to omah i, mifariw to talotalodan ato kilakilangan i lotok ano eca i dafdaf, o rarar ko sakamaomah, mahaenay. Ma’icang ko nifariwan i, ilohen a mitodoh, ta o caay ka todah no namal a kasoy i, saopoen nira, ta oya ‘osaw no namal a kasoy ko sapa’acer to sakacaaw kakeric no ’orad koya sra. Nanoya, folesak sato to hafay ano eca o panay, ta maherek a mifolesak i, rararen a kal sapilafong han toya nifolesakan a hafay ko pirarar nira. Onini a nitodohan to talod ato kilang a ’afo ko todong no sapadamek to omah, saka, manga’ay ko lengaw ato lahad no nifolesakan. Itiya a mipaloma to faliyasan, satorisen konini a pipaloma to faliyasan. I herek no pifolesak to hafay ato panay i, hinaliso’ saan ko mato’asay to omah a minengneng to lengaw. Ano matatodong to k romi’ad to pikolasan i, mikolasto to semot, itini i pikolas a mifinal to adihayay a masafaniyotay a hafay a nifolesakan a mipaloma i awaay ko lengaw a sra a mi’anip, saka kala nipikolas han nira ko nipifanal to malopetay a ’anip i awaayay ko lengaw a sra. Itini i kacidalan cilidong cingra to kiring (karahay) ano eca i o tofil. Kinatosa a mikolas to a sadak to ko widawidan, mipatawataw to sapifahoy to kokaenay a ’ayam. Ma’ecak sato ko hafay i, ira ko lisin no pihafayan, oya miro’it hananay, saka tala’ayaw a mihafay i, paysin a madadi’I ko mararamoday. O demak no mihafayay i, miketos to widawidan, ano matatodong to ko nitatoyan noya tamdaw i, faloden to nira, teli han nira i nangatoan nira, ano hacowa ko tatodong no nitayalan toya romi’ad i, sa’opoen to a ma’emin koya kahacecay a nifalodan, ’orongen nira a pataloma’. Yo mipanay i, manga’ay a milafin tangasa i nika herek a mipanay. O adihayay ko panay i, mitahidang to ’alomanay a paliw papicolo’ a panokay toya panay. Saka, ira itiyaho kono hafay a ’ariri, ira ko no panay a ’ariri. Ono panay i, caay ka lecad ato no hafay ko tayal, malecad ko pipamatang ato pifolesak. Nikawrira, misatadina, mikarkar a miala to sra to saposelen to nifolesakan a panay, paroen nira i caki ko sra. Onini a pisatadina hananay i, o piselen to nifolesakan a panay a miselen, saka, saofaofangen ko pialaan to sra to malo sapiselen to nifolesakan. O pipanay i, caay ka lecad ko pifalod a milo’ec, saceledanen kono panay. Onini a celled i, o ngangan no pifalod konini celedean hananay a panay. Malecad ko picolo’ a panokay, nikawrira, ono panay i, itira i no panay a ’ariri a miparo. I herek no pihafay ato pipanay i, o todong no pahanhanan to sra, saka, mipaloma to masamaamaanay a dating halo konga, o tali ato kodasing, maherek a mipaloma to kodasing i, pala’eden to cecay a laya’ a mipaloma to ’ariray, nawhani, maolah ko ’ariray a mikapot to kodasing malengaw. Caay piliyas ko ’Amis to fokelokelohan a maomah, nawhani itini i ngala’ no fokelokelohan a manga’ay molengaw ko pinaloma. O nipalomaan no ’Amis a kakaenen iti:ya ho i, o konga, o tali, o hafay (tosa ko kasasiroma), o panay, o falisayasan, o ’ariray, o tamorak, o kodasing, o okoy (toto’), o tefi’, o saytaw, ono dateng a tatafik, o fata’an, o kalitang, o kooky (komi’ot, kofi’ot), o roni, o fidaol, o naniwac, o rihom, o kakorot, o komoh (fadas) ato ’edid ato facidol (’apolo). O nipalomaan nangra a losay i, o pawli, o kowa’, o karo, o mami’, o facidol, o kamaya (kafohongay), o kiyafes, o tefos, o ’iceo (safiki), o tatafas (’afinong), o talacay, o ’alopal, o sinar (kacawas), o kowawi, o katop, o latak, o fadisoso’, o linfo, o tokiso, o lopas, kingking (lingking), ato minowad. Ira haca kono Kawas a nisanga’an to tado sanay a malo kakaenen no ’Amis. Tinako sa, o tatokem, o sama’, o fongec, o troc, ato adihayay a romaroma a dateng. Ira ko foting, o kalang, o cekiw, ato ’afar halo ’aos. O romasato, mipaloma ko ’Amis to tamako. Maherek a mikitoc to tamako i, mipaloma to dateng, itira toya pisatamakoan, ta onini a nikitocan a tamako i, alaen a pataloma’, ta solsolen i nisanga’an to ’aol a sasolsol. Ano matatodongto ko ’icang nira i, lidongen konini a patayra i ma’emin, ta o papah to ko ’osaw. Ta sa’opoen konini a misacecay a kamel, ta faloden to ’oway a mifedfed a misafingkes, ca’iten konini i lidong, tatiih a macepa’, taiih a matarang no namal, pahayhay i fali a mi’icangay itini i lidong. O raresresen konini a fingkes a tamako, tafaken i ’ongto ko cecay, lipoten i tipelok ko roma. O romasato, oya mimingay a papah no tamako i, o papawalien i cidal, ta ’eliken konini a milotalot, ta sa’opoen a mihemhem, maherek a mihemhem i, pawali hanto a mi’icang, ta paro hanto i pawti konini, ta ano mitamako ko mato’asay to kaci (rafor) i, alaen konini a misoem. Ano matatodong ko piso’em i, pasadaken konini to malo salipot, oya kaci ko lalipoten, lipoten no tamdaw ko matatodongay i cingraan a lipot. O mato’asay i, tata’ang ko milipotan, o fafahiyan to matatodongay ko miheca a tamdaw i, hatiyatiya o tarodo’ ko tata’ang no nilipotan, mahaenay ko pisatamako no ’Amis. Awaay ho ko mikowanay saka, awaay ko tatodong no tingki no omah, saka, awaay ko sata. Itiya ho i, o malalokay a loma’ i, kakahad ko nikaomahan nangra a omah, saka, adihay ko kakaenen nangra. Nikawrira, saheto o mi’adopay, o mifotingay a tamdaw i, caay ka kakahad ko nitayalan nangra a omah, saka, caay ka adihay ko kakaenen. Saka, itini i nika tata’ang no ’ariri ato nika adihay no ’ariri ato nika cecay no ’ariri ato mimingay a ’ariri a mahapnang ko nika sasiroma no cidafongay ato awaay ko dafong a loma’, matayal ko fafahiyan a mipakaen to pina’orip. O kolong, o fafoy, o ’ayam, o Waco ato posi ko papakaenen. O lapot ko sapakaen nira to fafoy, tangtangen nira, itiya yo pakaen to fafoy i, itiya a pacamol to afih, o fasaw no hemay ano eca i o felac, ano eca i o safak ko sapakaen nira to ’ayam. ’Aloman ko kolong no ’Amis. Saka, o waa ko cacitodong to papakaen tonini. === O tayal no mi’adopay. (狩獵人的工作) === Iti:ya ho i, ano mangalay ko pangcah a mi’adop i, matapal ho cingra to nga’ayay a romi’ad, saka, mi’edaw cingra, ano manga’ay ko ca’of no ’edaw i, itiya cangra a mipatala to lalosidan to sakalingad a mi’adop. O pana’, o ’idoc, o ka’red ato fonos ko nitatoyan no mi’adopay a talalotok. Ano i ra:ay a ma’araw ko ’a’adopen ano eca i o ’ayam i, o pana’ ko sapipatay. Ano i ngata i, o ’idoc ko sapisafi toya ’a’adopen. Ano maala koya tama’ i, o fonos ko sapitokad toya tama’. Na o ko Ripon to ko mikowanay, ci kowang to ko mi’adopay. Sepat ko tayal no mi’adopay. O saka cecay i, o midoedoay to naripa’an (nirakatan) no ’a’adopen a midoedo tayra i kadikoan nira, ono ciwacoay a pa’adop konini. Nikawrira, mafana’ ko Waco a misanek to naripa’an no ’a’adopen. O saka tosa a pi’adop i, o pitalakal (pitilo, piteker). O ka’red ko sapitalakal. O saka tolo a pi’adop i, o ta’eref. Ano icowa ko pitahepo tora kadikoan ano eca i, i lalan noya ’a’adopen i, ano matefing no ’a’adopen i, mata’eref cira. O saka sepat a pi’adop i, cira’itay a pana’ a talakal. Cira’itay a pana’ a talakal. Mapara’it ko ’idoc a matiya ono mipana’ay, matefing no ’a’adopen ko tilo (teker) ra’it ta mafaterik ko masapana’ay a ’idoc, matama no ’idoc i, polin sa cira a mapatay. O ni’adopan no ’Amis i, o mangcal, o malonem, o fafoy no lotok, o siri, o kararayan, o tomay, o oles, o lokedaw, o koyo, o fohet, o takolil (kodiwis) ato ma’eferay a lawal, o makaenay konini a ma’emin, o sakapi’adop no ’Amis i, o sakacitama’ o sakakomaenaw to titi. O ramasato, limlaen to fanges nira saka, lifangesen nira a micekef. Pawalien nira ko nicekefan a fanges a misafalako, onini a falako i, mala sikal, mala lidong, mala riko’, mala cokap, mala kafong ato tafolod. ==== Mitiliday to no ’Amis, ci Masao Nikar ==== nkcchecjspykm9s7njolb901hvfpvd1 0 2669 42396 42395 2024-03-18T15:50:36Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* O lenlen a kimad no Sakizata finacadan.(撒基拉亞的洪水故事) */ 42396 wikitext text/x-wiki == O lenlen a kimad no Sakizata finacadan.(撒基拉亞的洪水故事) == Iti:ya ho, pina:ay to patek ko mihecaan, pa’ayaw to ko awaayay ma’araw a kawas to tamdamdaw to tadamaanay a dademaken, tinako ira ko pi’adop, o pipaloma, o pilitodan, o pifariwan, o pararamodan, o mapatayay i, o a iraen ko pipacakat i to’asan ato awaayay ma’araw a kawas, o todong kangodo ato piahowadan ko nia demak. Nikawrira, orasaka manga’ay ko pilitod, awaay lalood, rihaday to mihecahecaan, kadofah to, malipahak to ko ’orip to romi’ami’ad, nanoyaan sato miasimaanay matoka to ko ’orip no finacadan itiya, mapawan to ko kalalokan atayal, kasasidipodipotan no niyaro’. Caay to kainaneng ko lingad a maomah paloma, awaay to kasaniyaro’ no tamdaw, caay to kasasidama, o a iraira aca ko lalitodan to pafali no paraparatan saan, mapalasawad to ko kangodo to to’as a pacakat a mito’ong, pasiikor sa to ’a’ilocan palasawad to nano painian no awaatay ma’araw a kawas. Malata’ang caay ka limela to painaan no awaatay ma’araw a kawas, saka marketer to ko kawas, nanoya pakinali sato ko pitefoc no kawas to tomdamdaw no Sakizaya a finacadan. Nanoya, miteka to mafodo’ to ko kakarayan, caay paterep ko fodo’, manaop to no nanom ko paniyaro’an, manaop to ko sera, adihay ko mapatayay a tamdaw. Ira ko dangyaay a kakitaan no niyaro’, ’ayaw no kanaop no nanom, keriden ningra ko finawlan no niyaro’ a pasitakaraway a lotok milaliw, o roma a niyaro’ a tamdaw ato itiniay i dafdaf niyaro’ micamolay to roma finacadan ma’emin to a mapatay, dengan to caayay kapapina a tamdaw ko itiraay i Kilaya a lotok ko caayay kapatay. Talacowa, caay paterep ko ’orad, nikawrira caay ho kanaop no lenlen ko Kilaya a lotok, itiya i, lasawad sato ko katalawan no alemeday a tamdaw itira i Kilaya, o nika dangya no kakitaan ko nian saka itira to i fa’elohay a sera ko pitekaan a masasidipot ato maomah paloma itiya. Nikawrira, matiniay a ka’orip i caay ka halafin, marangisay a lenlen sahacecay sato malenlen, mata’elif ko pinapina romi’ad, nengneng han to ko lotok no Kilaya o mamanaop to no nanom. Ano caay paterep ko ka’orad, o amanaop to no lenlen, o tatalacowa to ko tamdaw, o Sakizaya a finacadan o lasawad to. Katalawan a patay o mamaledef to i Kilaya lotok, rarawraw to ko finawlan itiya, o kakitaan no niyaro’ mihima to matalaway a finawlan, nikawrira, ira ko pina a tamdaw to caayay pakahadidi to mamapatay to, ato katalawan a lifong madadengadenga i niyaro’. Matosasowalen o mamitekop ko kakarayan no tamdaw, o mamarawraw maapa ko tamdaw. Sasini’ada sa to ko kakitaan no niyaro’ to kamatini no finacadan, mararom cingra, nanoya paini cingra to pisawad no tamdaw to pisaca’oca’ocay ato pipa’orip a demak. Itiya sato, keriden no kakitaan ko mato’asay ato finawlan misatapang a pacakat to ta’ong i awaayay ma’araw a kawas, nanoya sapater sato ko kararawraw no finawlan, malacecay pacakat to ta’ong mingitangit to pihepol no kawas, mangalay to cangra i tood no ’orip pacakat, mipaini i teloc malamatayalay to no kawas. Masaromi’ad to dadaya ko pipacakatan, itiya o cikawasay paini to pa’araw no awaayay ma’araw a kawas, ano o nga’ayay ko sapacakat ato fa’inayan fafahiyan a sapacakat i, paterep o ko lenlen saan. O kakitaan no niyaro’ papipatala to nga’ayay a sapacakat, mikilim to tingdahay a fa’inayan fafahiyan to tireng a sapacakat, palakapoten pateli i kimoloay safitay, paskayni i pipacakat i, o cikawasay ko micekerohay cangraan patayra i nanom. Saan oya nipacakatan a sapato’aya ato tingdahay a fa’inayan fafahiyan mapatalahekal no tapelik caira, faheka ko ’alomanay to nia demak, caay ka fana’ samaanen ko matiniay, caay kafana’ to o papaakaten ko ya tingdahay fa’inayan fafahiyan, o laliyawen micekero patayra i nanom. Itiya sa’inga’ing sato koya cakawasay, sowal sa: “mato’asen to mihecaan ko kawas cangraan matiya, caay pihayda atiya.” Nanoya, mikilim haca ko kakitaan to kaemangay ho a patingdahay, nikawrira, matiya to caay pihayda ko kawas. Maketer ko kawas to nipipacakatan, fahal sa macakat ko nanom, caay pakalaliw ko ’alomanay tamdaw a cimapatayay. Maorat ko kakitaan no niyaro’ to nian, matalaw ko cikawasay, awaay to ko sasowalen. Nasamatira, caay to ko kakilifen no cikawasay saka pasowal han to ningra ko kakitaan, mangalay ko kawas to limecedan a fafahiyan ato someletay a fa’inayan saan, nikawrira, o makapahay limecedan a fafahiyan dengan to o wawa no kakitaan, dengan to o wawa no kakitaan ko papa’orip to finawlan a tingdahay masamatira. Pakatengil ko kakitaan no niyaro’ to nian a ratoh i, o kakitaan ato finawlan terep sa misahiraterateng to nian a demak, nawhani o nia wawa no kakitaan o wawa no niyaro’ a sanay no finawlan, o kahemekan kaolahan a wawa i, o tariktikay a wawa i saan ko finawlan a limelaen. Itini i niyaro’, matiya o makapahay a adipangpang ko nia wawa i, o painiay to sakalipahak no niyaro’. Ano matira i, salimela sa malo sapatingdah to sapacakat i kawas, nengneng han o mamatekop to ko finacadan, awaay to limaela no kakitaan ato finawlan to nia wawa. pasayra sato i kakitaan no niyaro’ ko nengneng no ’alomanay, o sasamaaen to, nanoya ala tangitangic sato mapolong ko finawlan. Macakat to ko nanom, lanok sato tayra i pifitayan koya wawa a macakat, ira ko cecay mitingdahay a kapah itatihi nira. satatosa sato masasimetmet to kamay, miwangawang to kamay i ’alomanay. Pacekok ko marorayay faloco’ no finawlan, misaceliceli to sapipaoripaw toya wawa, oya safitay lonok sa masolol i nanom. Miraay to koya tingdahay tatosa, nanoyaan sa paterep ko ’orad, miteka to makerah k nanom. Tomangic to ko polong no finawlan, ala mikitorotoros sa ko finawlan, o losa’, o cohel, o ’orad, o sena’ macacamol to i kararoman a makakafit malacecay. Pasi wali no riyar a minengneng, lahedaw sato, oya kaolahan a wawa o saka fangcal no tawa, ato saka tedi’ no ta’engad, manengneng ko ’a’away ikoray ’orip no Sakizaya a finacadan. Makerah to ko lenlen, paherek to ko pades. Nai katalawan no Sakizaya finacadan madado’edo to a miliyas to Kilaya a lotok, patikol to tayra i paniyaro’an nangra, misatapang to a mimatang paloma, mirayray to teloteloc no finacadan, malacecay ko pidotoc to ’orip no Sakizaya a finacadan. ==== Pakimaday ci Li se-mi, aci Rotok Sayong (Sakizaya). ==== ==== Milosimatay to tilid: ci Rengos Fosay. ==== s4yezwvtsavj1es5qlfk17munqs4nxp 0 2670 42439 42419 2024-03-21T10:36:29Z Masaonikar 570 42439 wikitext text/x-wiki == O niyaro’ no Falaysan (女人國) == Iti:ya ho, ira ko cecay a romi’ad, tayra mikasoy i lakelal ci Sadafan hananay a tamdaw. Nanoya i, adihay to ko mipodpodan ningra a kasoy. Paka dadangoyan ningra a panokay koya kasoy, macedas ko nanom ’alo itiya, tadacaay ko kalidkid, saka caay to pakafilo cingra a talahekal to pinokayan, mapafesoc a malikid cingra tayra i riyar. Matalaw to o mamapatay kako i riyar na saan. Pinaay to romi’ad ko kalikid a mapawpaw i tenok no riyar, o no kawas a nipacahcah cingraan i niyaro’ no Falaysan, talapi’elal cingra itiya i, “Aya:, iowaay to kako i matini hakira?” saan a misahiraterateng. Saan ho ko piharateng ningra i, ira t ko Falisan a tamdaw milepel i cingraan. Itiraay sato a niyaro’, “O maan a tamdawan ko matiniay o ci polotay?” saan cangra ma’emin a mafahalen minengneng, (O polot hananay, o panga ko han), sawal sato cangra ma’emin, “Ano matira, pahafayaw no mita, ano maso’so to i, todohen ita.” saan, masa matira, misanga’ to pirofoan ci Sadafanan. Sakapah han nangra a misanga’ ko rangat, matalaw pilaliwan ni Sadafan. Na saan i, sa romi’ad han to a pahafay no Falaysan. Araw han i, o roma a folad, ci faloco’ koya pahafayay i ci Sadafanan, saka tayra cingra to lafii a mafoti’. Caay ka halafin i, cipoyapoy to kiya fafahiyan. So’elinay, masofoc to cingra o fa’inayan koya wawa. O finawlan sato no niyaro’, mafana’ to nika sofoc noya fafahiyan, tayra a ma’emin a minengneng toya wawa, “O maan ko matiniay a ci polotay a tamdaw?” saan a ma’emin a maapa. Katatengtengan han to a ma’emin koya panga niya wawa. Na saan i, adada ato sakapatayan koya wawa. Ci Sadafan sato i, maso’so’ to, “Anini, maedeng to a patayen kina fafoy no mita.” sato koya Falaysan a masasowasowal. Ci Sadafan sato i, pakatengil toya sowal “a patayen to cingra” ya sanay. O roma ko talaw ningra, a samaanen ako a milaliw saan cingra. Maraod sato ko kalafian, oya citodongay pakaen cingraan i, simeden nira i kakaenen, nengneng han ni Sadafan, o po’ot, salipahak sato Ingra. To’eman to ko dadaya to lafii, ma’emin to mafati’ ko Falaysan, rara sato mifahat mi’owal to pilaliwan a dihif ni Sadafan, nanoya masadak cingra toya pirofoan cingraan i, sakalamkam sato a milaliw. Pasayra mikecor to ka’etip, manengneng ningra ko ’ongcoy i tenok no riyar. Safaloco’ sato cingra, “Ano caay ka kalamkam miliyas itini i, o patay to.” saan cingra, saka milaliw to pasayra i takaraway ’ongcoy, kinapatay sa a macokacok, itiya mikinaca’ekod pasayra i riyar, midangoy tayra toya manengnengay ningra a ’ongcoy i tenok no riyar. Tahira cingra i, macakat tayra i tongroh noya ’ongcoy, pasiwali sa ci Sadafan minengneng to niyaro’ no Falaysan i, ma’emin ko tamdaw a mikakilim i cingraan. Harateng sa cingra, tado ko pilaliw toya katalawan i, ano miliyaw macepet kako i, o patay to, saan cingra. Misahiraterateng cingra, mararom ko faloco’ nongra, tano losa’ sa ko fa’inayan. Na awaayay ko pafaloco’an ningra itiya, manengneng ningra i ngata noya ’ongcoy ko tata’angay a ‘Iso. Milicay ci Sadafan: “Mamanay kiso tomangic itini?” han nira, paca’of han ni Sadafankoya ’Iso, “O milaliway kako to Falaysan, namapalit nangra kako. “Amaanen ako a talaloma’ hakini?” han to ni Sadafan. Sasini’ada sato koya ’Iso ci Sadafanan. “Ano matira aca, pifafa i koror ako, a panokayen ako kiso. Orasaka, ano awaay ko sasela’an no miso, kalat han ko tangila no mako haw.” han to noya ’Iso. “Hay.” han to ni Sadafan. Saka medok sato a midangoy. So’elinay, kina tolo a talahekal koya ’Iso a pahanhan ci Sadafanan, caay ho ka tenes, tangasa to i niyaro’ ni Sadafan. Tangasa sato cangra, palita han ni Sadafan koya ’Iso, “Cima kiso?” han ni Sadafan, “Hay, kako ci Maciwciw hananay, o pa’oripay kako to kapahay ko faloco’ a tamdaw.” han to nira ci Sadafan, “Ah, o kawas aca no riyar kiso, anini sato, mapatangasa no miso kako i niyaro’ no mako, a caay to ko mamapawan kako ti napa’orip no miso.” han to nira itira i ’a’ayaw no kalacinowasan nangra. Parikor sato ci Maciwciw a somowal, “Ano misalisin kamo o niyaro’ ka ci ’ayam to fohecalay, cecayen aca, o hemay han to i, limaen a tafo, ka o fala’ no fafoy ko roma haw. So’elinay, do’edo han to no niyaro’ a misalisin ko nano sowal, ci Sadafan sato, sowal sato to paro’ no loma, “Ano mapatay kako alaen ko fesi no mako patayra i riyar a paratoheni ci Maciwciwan.” So’elinay, mapatay sato ci Sadafan, do’edo han to no i loma’ay ko sowal nira. patayraen ko fesi ningra i riyar, iraan ko saka kahecid ato kangdaw no riyar. Nano fesi ni Sadafan saan k sowal no mato’asay. === Pakimaday, ci Namoh Rata. === === Miliyaway mitilid to no ’Amis, ci Masao Nikar. === 0r16ppl06i0bttfo4s92sd8h17wfnlz 0 2671 42438 42437 2024-03-21T10:27:15Z Masaonikar 570 /* O ’ayaway a micalapay mikowan to taywan (先前入侵台灣的統治者) */ 42438 wikitext text/x-wiki === O ’ayaway a micalapay mikowan to taywan (先前入侵台灣的統治者) === Talacowa i ’ayaw no tolo ano eca i sepat a patek (3000-4000) a miheca a tayni i Taywan ko tatapangan no ’Amis a malikakaay nikawrira, masamaanay itiya hakiya? Caay ka fana’ kita, o kafana’an ita i, mahaenay. Malecad ko Tayal, Tuku, Pinuyumayan, Tangafolan, Bunun ato ’Amis a militafad itiya ho, “O sakanga’ay no kakaenen ko pisalisin to tafad” saan, saka, militafad ko nia misa’Pangcahay (Yincumin) a ma’emin. I ’ayaw no pisalisin to kakaenen to mihecahecaan a militafad, samatiya han naira o pi’adop to ’a’adopen ko pilitafad. O mangta’ay a tafad i, o macodahay a fafahiyan ko mamitokad to nia mangta’ay a tafad a milifanges. Caay patedo a mipateli to nia tafad, mi’edaw ho a mitingil to no kawas a ca’of to malo pipatelian, ta itira a misanga’ to patelian, ta itira a mapaso’opo a ma’emin ko tafad. Saka, matalaw a talaraay a ciomah ko tamdaw to na ira ko militafaday, yo ira to ko Holamta ato Holam tangasa i nika iraan no Dipong i, ira ho ko militafaday a demak. O kafana’an to pakayniay i kafafalic no mikowanay to Taywan ato demak nangra i Pangcah i, mahaenay. Saka cecay i, i 1590 a miheca a tayni i Taywan ko Poetakal a finacadan no Europe a maro’, mipahaciway ko demak nangra a micomod itini. Itiya ho i, o kilakilang ho a ma’emin ko Taywan, caay ho ka pamatang ko Taywan itiya. Saka tosa i, o Holanto (Netherlan) ko tayniay itini i saka pito a folad no 1602 mihecaan, tona caay ka ’edeng ko sofitay nangra, saka ira to ko no Holam a sofitay a milaplap i cangraan. Mata’elif k tosa polo’ miheca (1622) i, keriden ni Karl ko sofitay no Holanto a micomod i Pengfu, ta songila’en nangra ko pisitalaan. I 1624 mihecaan micomod cangra to Taywan a maro’ i Taynan a mikowan to polong no Taywan. I 1630 mhecaan patireng cangra i An-ping to pisitalaan no sofiyay a loma’, ta itiya i 1650 mihecaan a mapatireng nangra ko roma a pisatalaan to iraay ho a pikacawan. Mapasifana’ no Holanto ko maro’ay itini i Taywan a masaPangcahay (Yincomin). O tata’angay a demak nangra i, toloay, sakacecay i, o papaising to ’alomanay, mipatenak cangra pakayniay i pitoor to Kawas no misaKristoay, o romasato, pasifana’ cangra to tilid. Na mikowan ko Holanta i 1626 miheca i, tayni sato ko Sipaniya (Span) a maro’ itini i ka’amisay a niyaro’ no Taywan tangasa i 1642 miheca itini i Taywan. I ’ayaw no piliyas no Holanta to Taywan i, safaw ’enem a miheca ko pidipot no Sipaniya. Nikawrira, caay ka tangasa itini i tadaPangcah ko tayal nangra. Mapalowad to no Sipaniya ko sapicomod no itiniay i Taywan to pitooran nangra o Tingsokiw. I Tangafolan cangra a patenak, safaw falo miheca ko Sipaniya a maro’ itini i ka’amisay a niyaro’ itiya ho. O romasato, itiya iraay to ko Dipong ato Holo tamdaw (o aniniay a Payrang) itini a macacamocamol a maro’. O Holanta pasayra itiraay i Singko a niyaro’ no Taynan a Tangafolan patenak to sowal no Kawas itiya, saka ira ko lima a polo’ ko tamdaw a mapaino’ay itiya. Nikawrira, oya i laloma’ay no kiwkay a mitooray facalay ko tayal i pili’en no Dipong a tamdaw patayra i kitakit nangra i Dipong papinanam to no Dipong a pakayraan a kawas, saka, yo minokay ito cangra i, caay to piraod to kiwkaycangra. Yo pikowan ho ko Holanta itini i, madadoedoay to ko Holam (Payrang) micomod i Taywan. Itiya ci Cen cen-kong ko milaplapay to Holanta nai Taywan, nanoya, safeleng sato micomod a tayni ko Holam a tamdaw. O pikowan no Holanta itini i Taywan ira ko 39 ko mihecaan itiya. O saka tolo i, o pikowan no Dipong itini i Taywan, o picingcing no Dipong itiya, nai 1895 mihecaan (Cinkowangsi 21 miheca, Dipong Minci 28 miheca) masasitelak to (Makowan telek) pakelac ko Taywan to Dipong, tangasa i 1945 miheca (Cawhe 20 miheca, Minko 34 miheca) o Conghoaminko ko micadaay, ira ko 50 mihecaan ko picingcingan itiya. O saka sepat i, o Congko a tamdaw (aniniay a Payrang) to ko micingcingay to Taywan, tangasa anini. ==== Mitiliday to no 'Amis, ci Masao Nikar. ==== p0j0ayjiww150zypfvbozmnrcemeeeq 0 2672 42463 42462 2024-03-22T13:12:34Z Masaonikar 570 /* O pisamsam no Holam (Payrang) to ’Amis. (漢人對阿美族人的壓迫) */ 42463 wikitext text/x-wiki == O picalap no roma a punka to ’orip no ’Amis -1 (外來文化影響的阿美族-1) == === O demak no sa’ayaway a Holam (Payrang) a palafadesay to ’Amis a kiwiko. (漢人對阿美族人的教化) === Mapasifana’ no Holam ko ’Amis to sakacifonon a omah ato sakacilalosidan to sakatayal to fonon ato kalo lalosidan no loma’, saka, misafonon toya nika laomahan nira itiya ho, saka, kafana’an ko kasasiromaroma no adihayay ko omah ato caay ka hokowa ko omah. O caay ka kara’adop a tamdaw i, sah to i omah ko tayal nira, o kala’adopay a tamdaw i, sah to i pi’adopan nira ko pisaromi’adan, saka awaay ko romi’ad nira a maomah. Yo ira to ko Holam i, iraay to ko kolong, itiya a mapasifana’ no Holam ko ’Amis a pakatayal to kolong a mikangkang ato pikarot to. Itiya ho i, o nitenooyan to keliw ato faloko no ’a’adopen a cecay ko ca’edong no ’Amis. Yo ira to ko Holam a ciriko’ to kiradom ko Pangcah (Yincumin). O romasato, pasifana’ ko Holam to sapisadateng ato lalosidan to sapitangtang to kaka’enen ato sakakomaen a lalosidan, o marad a lalosidan a ma’emin i, o Holam ko patayniay i Taywan. Tinako sa, o fonos, o kangkang, o pana’, o ’idoc, o nai Holamay a ma’emin. ta o Holam ko pasifana’ay i ’Amis to sapikangkang. Awaay ko pipatirengan tono Holam a picodadan to sapasifana’ i ’Amis, o Holam ko minanamay to sowal no ’Amis to sapasifana’ i ’Amis a tamdaw to demak no maomahay ato sakanga’ayaw nangra a pipakafana’ i niyaro’ no ’Amis to kafana’en, itiya maledef i kasaniyaroaro’ ko pikalali’acaan, i ’ayaw no kaDipongan ko nia demak. Nikawrira, caay pisanga’ to lalan to no cinamalay ko Holam itiya ho, awaay ho ko lalan no paliding itiya. === O pisamsam no Holam (Payrang) to ’Amis. (漢人對阿美族人的壓迫) === Na o awaayay ho ko mirawraway to ’orip no ’Amis itiya i, yo ira to a tayni ko Holam a micomod itini i Taywan, mafalic to ko demak no ’Amis. Nawhani, mipa’aca cangra to masamaamaanay a lalosidan no loma’ ato saka maomah a lalosidan ato kakimadan a tilid. Mananam to ko Yincumin i, itiya to a misatapang a misafana’ ko Holam, tona awaay ko tilid no Pangcah (yincumin) saka, caay ka fana’ to pakayniay i sa’osi ato sadadoy (satingting), ato saditek (fakeciw). Saka, mala sakanga’ay no Holam a misafana’ a mili’etan ko nian, asimaan han nangra ko piala to ’aca. Itiya i, awaay ho ko payso hananay saka, o felac, o ’ayam, o fafoy, o kolong to kalali’aca, ano safanafana’en no Holam ko Pangcah (yincomin) i, caay ka fana’ ko Pangcah (yincumin) to nika o masafana’ay kako a saan. Mipatongal haca a mipafeli, hatira ko nika nga’ay no faloco’ no ’Amis. Yo ira to ko payso i, caay ka fana’ to tatodong no payso. Ano iraira k nitatoyan a payso’ i, pinaay ko na mitatoyan ako a payso hakini? caay ka fana’ cingra, nawhani, tona awaay ko kafana’ to sa’osi a tilid saka, caay ka fana’ to hakowaay ko riraan. Saka, malecad to mapohaway a cidafongay ko Pangcah (yincomin), saka, itini a kafakilan no mi’acaay a tamdaw ko pisakomot misamangah ko pidemak no Holam (Payrang) ko pili’etan. O micomoday i niyaro’ no Pangcah (yincumin) a mipatiyamay a Payrang (Holam) i, tangsol tangsol saan a macakat ko ’orip nangra to nili’etanan nangra i Pangcah (yincumin). O kananamon no Payrang (Holam) a misafana’ to Pangcah (yincumin) i, pakaynien nangra i pipakaen to ’epah a milasang ta itiya a pafeli to kangalayan nira a maamaan, ta hatiya ko ’aca han nira. Tona o malasangay to cingra saka, patedo sato a pafeli to payso. Caay pisa’osi a minengneng saheto o mihaenan no Payrang (Holam) ko Yincumin (Pangcah) a misafangah ko sakaci’etan. Mangalef ko pisamangah to pipacaliw to payso, o satakaraway ko pipawawa nira to nipacaliw a payso. Yo maraod to ko pipatorodan i, hatiya a mapolong ko kiyam iso han nira i, cekok sato. Tona caay ka ’edeng ko nitatoyan a payso saka, itini a mali kolong, mali omah, mali loma’ ko yincumin (Pangcah). Itiya to a mafana’ to demak no Payrang (Holam) saka, o tatiihay aca a tamdaw sato. Saka, pangangan han to cangra to Payrang (tatiihay tamdaw) sanay. Tona masafana’ to ko yincumin (Pangcah) saka, o nian to ko sakafalic to no ’orip no yincumin (Pangcah) a mitodong to no Payrang (Holam) a demak a misafana’ t no niyah a tamdaw, o Payrang (Holam) ko pasifana’asy to sa’osi no payso ato sadadoy (satingting) ato saditek. Tinako, matosasowalen no mato’asay no ’Amis. Ira ko cecay a fafahiyan a Payrang, tayra i niyaro’ no ’Amis, o pa’acaay to saka dademak no malainaay no loma’. Ira i loma’ koya fafahiyan no ’Amis, dademak cingra to tayal no loma’ itiya. Ira ko nia fafahiyan a Payrang miraod pa’aca to dafong no fafahiyan a saka tayal. Nanoya, sadak han noya fafahiyan a Payrang ko cecay a rinom, “O nian i o rinom sapita’is to riko’, manga’ay sapitapid to kalo riko ko nian.” han noya pa’acaay fafahiyan a Payrang, minengneng sa koya fafahiyan no ’Amis i, caay ka samaan mimingay nasa ko harateng ningra, “Palada’ i?” han no fafahiyan no ’Amis. “Caay, pa’acaen koni.” “Mimingay i, ci’aca cinira?” itiya, sadak han noya pa’acaay fafahiyan a Payrang to cecay masatalodo’ay a marad, sowal sa “Na, cadiw han ko nian, mala rinom.” Harateng sato kina fafahiyan no ’Amis, aimaan a cadiwen saan, paca’of sa “Awaay ko sapi’aca ako.” Sowal han noya fafahiyan a Payrang, “Pa’aca han kako toya omah iso, sakafafalic no nia rinom.” Harateng sa kina fafahiyan no ’Amis, o rinom aca i, mafalic ko omah no niyah, mangahay kona Payrang sato. O tatiihay ko harateng to pikowan no Payrang (Holam) saka, o tatiihay ko pilihiw to dafong no yincomin (Pangcah), o caayay ka lalen, mo’ecelay ko demak. O sakaawa to ko omah no yincumin (Pangcah) i, saheto o milihiwan i yincumin (Pangcah). Hatira ko nika tatiih no faloco’ no Payrang (Holam) saka, tahanini caay ka olah ko yincumin (Pangcah) to Payrang (Holam). Ira ko teli’I no yincumin (Pangcah) i Payrang (Holam). ==== Mitiliday to no 'Amis, ci Masao Nikar. ==== pql00m9wbk30qird9byyici4jewwg1m 0 2673 42493 42492 2024-03-24T01:21:13Z Masaonikar 570 /* O piri’ang no Dipong to ’Amis. (日本人對阿美族的壓迫) */ 42493 wikitext text/x-wiki == O picalap no roma a punka to ’orip no ’Amis (2) == == 外來文化影響的阿美族(二) == === Ono Dipong pikowan a demak. (日本人的統治) === Yo o Dipong ko mikowanay to Taywan itiya i, pa’epodeng no Dipong ko nailotokay ko aro’ a yincumin (misaPangcahay) a ma’emin a paloma’ itini ’enar, oni ko saka mapalasawaday no Dipong ko militafaday a demak, mapalasawad to no Dipong ko lisin no yincumin (masaPangcahay) a ma’emin itiya. Tona mapalasawad to no Dipong ko pisalisin to tafad saka, falicen no Dipong ko ngangan no kalikoda, pangangan sa to lisin no kalikoda i, o pinengneng to folad a lisin han nangra, o pipangangan no Dipong to nian i, cokimisay saan, papitooren no Dipong ko ’Amis to nangra a lisin ato mita’ongan nangra a kawas. O romasato, mapatireng to no Dipong ko pitilidan, itira sa i tatya’angay a niyaro’ ko pipatireng nangra to pitilidan. Tinako sa itira i Kalingko ko cecay, i Tafalong ko cecay, i Posko ko cecay, i Falangaw ko cecay, i Singko ko cecay. O saki ’Amis a cecay ko nian a pitilidan. Tayra ko naniraayay a wawa no ’Amis toya pitilidan, itira toya niyaro’ cangra a milafin, ira to ko Payrangan a picudadan naitiya aca, nawhani, ira to ko tilid nangra. Ira ko pitilidan Dipong a tamdaw, saka, tolo ko kasasiroma no pitilidan. O no Payrang kono Payrang, o no Dipong ko no Dipong, sepat a miheca ko picudad no ’Amis itiya. itiya halo picudadan to no maomahay a mapatireng no Dipong. Itira i Kalingko ato Posong a mapatireng ko matiniay a pitilidan. ’Aloman ko mitiliday a wawa no ’Amis toya pitilidan. Nikawrira, pakoyoc ko romaroma saka, caay pakatangasa a mitilid. O patodong no Dipong to saki no ’Amis a pitilidan, o pipakafana’ to wawa a mafana’ to tilid no Dipong. Nanoya mapatireng to i kasaniyaro’ ko pitilidan no ’Amis, itiya to a ’enem a miheca ko pitilid. Ta mapolong to ko ’Amis ato Payrang. O romasato, ira ko pakatikamiay a pitilid no Dipong, i Dipong to koya pitilidan. Talacowa misakoli ko ’alomanay a ’Amis, nikawrira, ira ko papinapina a mitiliday to pakatikamiay a pitilid, o citangalay no ’Amis ko matiraay a malalokay a wawa no ’Amis. O romasato, mapasifana’ no Dipong ko ’Amis a malasayhoay a misaloma’, ta itiya ko ’Amis a mitodong to no Dipong a loma’ patireng. Itira i Kalingko i ira ko tata’angay a kilakilangan i lotok ko pialaan to sapatireng to no Dipong a laleko a loma’, saka, mitodong ko ’Amis to no Dipong a laleko a loma’ a misanga’. === O piri’ang no Dipong to ’Amis. (日本人對阿美族的壓迫) === Tona malowid no Dipong ko Mancing (Holam) a milood saka, maala no Dipong ko Taywan kitakit mala no niyah ko pikowan. Tona o hongti ko citatodongay a mikowan saka, ca’edes ko demak no Dipong a mikowan. Caay paseka a mipalo to tamdaw, kalatayal han no imeng (tayring) ko pipalo to tamdaw a matiya ko pipalo to kolong saka, matalaw a ma’emin ko tamdaw a paka’araw to tayring. Talacowa caay ka lecad ato Payrang ko Dipong a misafana’ to yincumin (Pangcah) nikawrira, ira ko no Dipong a romaay a demak a pisamsam. Pakaynien no Dipong i sata, paroceken no Dipong ko kahacecacecay a dafong a cisata saka, mapa’orong to karetengay a sata ko ’orip no yincumin (Pangcah). O roma a demakan no Dipong i, palowaden nangra ko yincumin (Pangcah) a papisakoli, parariden no Dipong to folafolad a pakakotakotay ko kasacefacefang a papisakoli a mipalalan, lalan no cilamalay, ato misanga’ to copo i ’alo, ato mikarkar to pataminaan a minato, ato maomah to tefos no pisawanengan a kaysiya, ato romaroma a tayal. Sacilifon saan i, isafa haca no kalitosa no lifon no Dipong. Tinako sa i, cecay ko pida ko no Dipong i, sepat a payso ko no yincumin (Pangcah) a lifon, hatira ko pisakakinih no Dipong to yincumin (Pangcah). Minokay sato ko masakoliay i, mapakatayal haca no tayring (imeng) a papipadang to tayal nangra a misimaway (mikacaw). Awaay ko tatodong no lifon no nian. Awaay to ko no niyah a romi’ad to sakiliomah, saka, dokdok sa ko ’Amis a miliyas a talaomah ano eca i minokay i loma’ no tireng. O romasato, yo ca’edes to ko kalalood no Dipong ato Congko itiya i, cang’ot to kakaenen ko sofitay no Dipong, saka, o sapaosa to sofitay ita saan ko Dipong i, patangic han no tayring (imeng) ko yincumin (Pangcah) a miala ko panay i ’ariri. Saka, nanoya alasimesimed sato ko finawlan to panay i sera no loma’, ’aloman ko macahiway a ’Amis itiya. Matiya sato, o nia demak no Dipong a miala to kolong no yincumin (Pangcah) to malo kakaenen no sofitay a saan. O caayay ka pa’aca no Dipong a ma’emin ko nia mialaan nangra, saka, o mikokongay to ko nia demak no Dipong a mi’afas to dafong no yincumin (Pangcah). Tada mahapinang ko pisawaco no Dipong to yincumin (Pangcah). O romasato a demak nangra, itini i pidakaw to cinamalay i, mali toloay rawang ko kasasiroma, saka cecay rawang, saka tosa rawang, saka tolo rawang a masiiked ko kadakawan. O no Dipong i, itini i saka cecay rawang, o no yincumin (Pangcah) a kadakawan i, i saka tolo a rawang. O makapahay a kadakawan ko saka cecay, o makaditay a kadakawan ko saka tolo. ’Aloman ko madakaway a yincumin (Pangcah) i saka tolo rawang, hinam han ko no Dipong a madakaway i, tatolo ko tamdaw, caay ka nga’ay a tayra i no Dipong a rawang madakaw ko yincumin (Pangcah). Ano ma’araw ko picomod iso itira i, mapalo kiso ato matefoc. O roma i, o pitilidan no wawa. Mahaen ito ko pasakakinih no Dipong to yincumin (Pangcah), samatiya han no Dipong o Waco ko piharateng nangra to yincumin (Pangcah), saka, tada maacek ko Dipong a minengneng to tamdaw no yincumin (Pangcah). Nao mahaenay ko mikowanay midipotay to ’Amis a mararid a saheto o tatiihay o mari’angay o mikokongay ato misamsam misakakinih, mipalawacoay ko demak nangra i ’ayaw to yincumin (Pangcah), saka mapeleng to a ma’emin ko nga’ayay a pinangan no ’Amis ato mapalapakoyoc ko ’orip ato macengel to nangra to tatiihay a demak ko faloco’ no ’Amis. Saka, misamatiyatiya o Payrang ato misamatiya o Dipong a mitodong to tatiihay a pinangan nangra ko ’Amis. === Mitiliday to no 'Amis, ci Masao Nikar. === ftarazjoqom1ekt6s1nuvqbsrni9fn9 0 2674 42522 42521 2024-03-24T08:45:33Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Sakaira no tilid (資料來源) */ 42522 wikitext text/x-wiki == Cien Wiy-cien (錢薇娟) == Rosa Chien (1971/3/8, ’Amis a ngangan Mataw Lamen), o ontoyin fafahiyan langciyo no Taywan, o sa’ayaway micomod no Amilika WNBA a mimaliay no fafahiyan, pacimil a ngangan “Makapahay a kaodo’an” sanay, i ’ayaw itiraay i Taywan sakapolongan no pilangciyo no fafahiyan itini i Kuotay renso mimaliay, i 2011 mihecaan misawad. O tariktikay kahkahay ko saka ka itira i pimalian, saka marecok to 20 mihecaan. Micomoday to i pahemekay a pasadak to radiw ato ’orip no niyah. === Salaloma’an. (家庭背景) === O mama ningra ci Cien Paw-cang, o Tien-cin (Congko) a tamdaw, malamifalicay to sowal i kalahitayan to Inkiris/Congko itiya, mincuo 38 miheca mikotod to Kuomin sifo tayni Taywan. O ina ningra i, o ’Amis/Pangcah a tamdaw no Kalingko Fonglin Cingaloan. Ira ko 2 fa’inayanko, 1 ko fafahiyan. O sasafaay to ci Mataw Lamen. O kaomi’an kalimelaan no mama ci , pangangan han to no Inkiris ci Rose (Rosa Chien), pangangan han no ina to na ’Amis/Pangcah ci . misawad toya mihecaan i, milicay no sinponan ci Mataw Lamen, malicay ko miliyasay to a mama, talalosa’ a maka’ilolan. Licayan ningra ko ina “Nawira ka’emang ho kako i, pakoniyah han ko pipili’ to ikoray a rakat no dademaken ako?” sedi sa matawa ko ina a pasowal: “Matalaw i kato’asaan iso, a maingtel tamiyanan?” sa. Pasowal sa ci , o pinanaman mimali i, ano ira to ko karorayan, malitemoh to kasoradan a faloco’ i, mahirateng ko nano sowal no mama “Ono miso a nihaydaan, malatadamaanay kako saan, o nipili’an ako ko nian.” Saka palieli han to. === O pitilidan a ’orip (求學生涯) === Itini i Takao ko kasofocan ningra, itira i Taypi ko kato’asan, pitilid i mimingay pitilidan to saka 2 pitilid i, papinanamen no ina to piano, saka 3 pitilid i, mikihatiya to onkak no pitilidan. O mama ko panganhganay, nawhani “Wiy” sanay, matiya o fafahiyan. Saka 4 no pitilid i, miteka mikihatiya to langciyo a pimali, talacowa caay ka takaraw ko tatirengan, nika ira ko miontoay a taneng, tangasa i polongan no kitakit ko kalalifetan, ’aloman ko misolapay to mimaliay a ontoyin, saka o pasifana’ay no kitakit to pimali nao tayraay to i loma’ miliso’, “Caayho kafana’ o cimaay cingra itiya.” Itiniay i Sinhe kosiw ko pitilidan ningra i ka’emangan ho ni Mataw Lamen, itira i Cinhua kocong a misawad, nao Sesin sangkong ta milinah tayra i Tanciang, pado’edo sa tayra i Limin kongcoan tingceke ato Congko wenhua daykako ontosi, i 2004 mihecaan i, pakaala to Taypisili onto kokyin ontokakak kingkiw souse a kompay[1], pitilidan itiya mikihatiya to kalalifatan no Tacoang langciyo 13 ko rekadan. === ’Orip no pimali (職業生涯) === Itira i 15 ko mihecaan micomod to i mimaliay no kitakit, o saka’emangay mihecaan tangasa samato’asay mihecaan a ontoyin no kitakit anini, i 1986 mihecaan mikapot i Kuotay renso fafahiyan langciyo cefangan i, ira ko 25 mihecaan i Kuotay renso fafahiyan langciyo ci Mataw Lamen. I pimalian a ’orip i, mikihatiya tayhiw no kitakit i kasakitakit a lalifet ci , kalasitoan i, mitifac to kalalifetan mimali, i pitilidan i, mikihatiya to kani mo’etepayu (10) no kitakit to no Asia kalalifetan, kina limaay (5) no Asia ontokay, kina sepat (4) East Asia ontokay ato toloay rekad hekalan kalalifetan. I 1997 mihecaan tayra ci Mataw Lamen i Amilika Orlando mikihatiya to pitaneman no pimali, o sa’ayaway milifetay no kitakit a fafahiyan kasakapot no langciyo a fafahiyan ontoyin, kalimelaan ikor caay to ka pili’en. I 2002 mihecaan Congko fafahiyan langciyo sakakaay kapolongan malalifet (WCBA) a sa’ayaway rekad a lalifet i, mikihatiya ci Mataw Lamen to no Peicing Sokang cefang, o sa’ayaway no Taywan mikapotay to no Congko (WCBA) a ontoyin, polong no kaitiraan toloay rekad i Congko (WCBA) ko kalalifetan. ’Ayaw no pimalian ni  o todong no kaitiraan no pimali o cienfong ato patingsoay a howiy, kasakapot o mialaay to tingso a ontoyin, o pidemok a micomod makikaka tono fa’inayan ko awid ningra, mato’as cingra i, mafalic ko todong ningra mala mikeriday to masakapahay a ontoyin pacemahaday to pimali, lowanan to ko pidemok o mipadangay to a howiy. Mikihatiya to no fafahiyan miawiday malalifetay a langciyo no Kuotay renso fafahiyan langciyo a rekadan, ci Mataw Lamen i 2009 mihecaan mala midamaay no Kuotay renso fafahiyan langciyo pasifana’ay, madama ko minanamay a “mimingay kuotay” hananay i Kuoli Tansoy kawci sangkong ceyi pitilidan langciyo sakapot, itiya miteka no langciyo a singsi. [2] I 2011 miheca 5 folad 24 romi’ad, ci Mataw Lamen mikihatiya to no Congkuo Kuomintang pitahidang, dayhiw i 2012 miheca Conghua minko Lifawiyin singkiw i Sinpisi saka 2 kowat no singkiw (Wuko, Lucuo ato Sacong) milifet[3]. Itiya ci Mataw Lamen caay kasalalokoan ko kaala. Kafafalican no Kuomintang matahidang ci Mataw Lamen citodong to Sincenyin onto wiyinhuy a micokeray a kakeridan tangasa pitekoan i Tiyipo no Tiyiso paherek. === O nitanengan a langciyo ni Mataw Lamen (籃球經歷) === Rakatan tayal. 1985 miheca micomod i Kuotay renso fafahiyan langciyo cefang. Yacinpei kitakit dayhiw kapot (1986, 1988, 1990). Setayun kitakit dayhiw kapot (1990, 1993). Yayin kitakit dayhiw kapot (1990, 1994, 1998, 2002, 2006). Tongyayin kitakit dayhiw kapot (1992, 1997, 2001, 2005). Secyipei kitakit dayhiw kapot (1994, 2002, 2006). Malakakomodan no mo’etepay tadamaanay kapah no onto (1993). Malakakomodan no Jones (Cionspei) taykay satadamaanay a ontoyin(MVP) (1995). Malakakomodan no Asia malemeday lalimaay ontoyin (1995). Malakakomodan no Conghua langciyo Tase (1995). Malakakomodan no Jones (Cionspei) saka 14、16、17、18、20 rekad satadamaanay langciyo ontoyin patamohong, o sakakaay no laloma’ay papotalay kitakit a ontoyin. Mikihatiya to 15 rekad a William Jones (Wilien ciongs) a langciyo kapot. === Sakaira no tilid (資料來源) === 1.女子籃球選手投籃出手角度與準確性之驗證分析，錢薇娟，2005年。 2.WUBA／錢薇娟首度執教　北體吞敗收場，今日新聞網，2010年12月21日 3.媽媽點頭　錢薇娟今宣布參選立委. 蘋果日報. 2011-05-24 [2011-05-24]. （原始內容存檔於2019-07-01）. === Mifalicay to no ’Amis a tilid, ci Rengos Fosay. === ea092xsuiegr1z8twxztzlr1r9tk9rz 0 2675 42550 42549 2024-03-26T04:20:49Z Safulo 35 42550 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Chief seattle.jpg|縮圖|Siyato kakita'an 1786~1866]] == Kimad ni Siyato kakita’an no Intiyan<ref>劉泗翰翻譯《西雅圖西酉長宣言》。果力文化/漫遊者文化公司。台北:2021。</ref> == === Samaanen no tamdaw a mana nga’ay a kalali’acaen ko kakarayan ato sra saw?(你怎能買賣天空和土地？) === Kafahkaan ko hatiniaay a harateng. Ano caay ko nga’ay a tkeden no nima ko saka sasra’ ita a fali, ato nikatingalaw no nanom ’i, o papakacowaen nira ko pi’aca tonini saw? O pinengnegn niyam tonini i, o polong no ka’oripan niyam a sera, awaay ko caay ko misalimla:an niyam a ma^min. Onini kahaccaccay no papah no kilang, kahaccaccay no tafuk i lawac no riyal, kahaccaccay a tra’ no ’o’ol i lotok, ato kahaccaccay no ma^felay a fau ’i, o tada misalimla:an i ’orip no finacadan niyam a caay ko mamatawal. Oya i kmodaya a ’adteng no kalo ki:lang ’i, mapaloay itira ko liteng niyam o kahngangay a tamdaw. === O piwinaan niyam konini asera. O noninian a sera kami.(我們是大地的一部分，大地也是我們的一部分) === Yo mapatay ko kohcalay a tamdaw ’i, tayra i fo’ifo’isan ko salo’afang nangra, matawalto nangra icowaayto ko kahofoca nira a sra. Nikawria, yo mapatayto kami o kahngangay a tamdaw ’i, caay ko papakatawal ko salo’afang niyam tona makapahay a sra. Nawhani, o piwinaan niyam konini a sra. O noninian a sra kami, o ccay no ’orip niyam konini a sra. Onini a fangsisay a falo, o salikaka niyam to fafahiyan saan kami. Ano o malonemto, o ^efa, o ’alilisto（lidepto）, o salikaka niyam to fa’inayan koriraan. Oya tamonongto no tokos, o ’adtengto no rengorengos, o fa’edetto no tireng no ciciw a ^efa, ato tamdamdaw i, o ccayay a palo no laloma’an konini. === Oninian a safalatfat sanay a matediay a nanom no ’alo o remes no to’as niyam(河川裡閃亮的流水並不只是水，而是我們祖先的血) === Saka, yo tahini ko piparatoh noya itiraay i Wasonton a sakakaay a kakridan no kohcalay a tamdaw, to ’acaen ako ko sra namo sanay a sowal i, tada pakinali:ayto ko pisa’eli nira. Sowal saan, O a’osawento ko hano namo a sra, o nganga’ayto ko ’orip namo itira, sano malawamaay han niyam ko pidipot tamowanan saan. Ta mala finawlanto nira kami. Orasaka, misaharateratengto kami to licay namo to sapi’acaaw tonini a sra. Kawrira, caay ko lalahoday a tangsol a steken niyam ko harateng. Nawhani, o tada misalimla:an niyam konini a sera. Oninian a safalatfat sanay a matdiay a nanom no ’alo i, caay aca ko lakat no nanom koriraan, o remes no to’as niyam korira . === Aka tawalen namo a miharateng o tada fangcalay a sera niyam konini.(你們必須記得這塊地是神聖的) === Ano haien niyam kamo a pacakay tonini a sera i, aka tawalen namo a miharateng, o tada misalimla:an niyam konini a sera. Caay ka hatira aca, o papakafana’en aca namo ko wawawawa namo a misalimla tonini makoracay a sera. Lomasato, o kahaccaccay a manengnengay namo a adingo no lotok tonini a tingalaway a fanaw i, o mitosilay a mikitoh to kahaccaccay a demak no finacadan niyam koriraan. O rakat no nanom a misakloklo’ i, o ngiha no to’as niyam a caciyaw koriraan. O salikaka han niyam konini a ’alo, o mifasaway to so’aw niyam, Karomakatan no tamina niyan a taracowacowa, a mapalili’ to ko wawawawa niyam a mafcol. Ano pacakayen niyam konini a sra i tamowanan i, aka ^ca ka pakafana’en ko wawawawa namo to o salikaka niyam konini a ’alo, o sasalikakaento namo konini. Ta, sano pisainaneng namo to salikaka namo a misainaneng konini a ’alo. Mafana’ kami to nika, caay ko papakatinako a mafana’ ko kohcalay a tamdaw to pinangan niyam. Matiya oya tayniay a palafang to dadaya a kafahalan a tamdaw cangra, ano icowaayto a sera i, malcadayto a ma^min i mata nangra. saka, o sapiha^minaw aca to aalaen cangra a tayni. Caay pakosalikaka cangra to niaro’an nangra a sera a mingodo. Pako’adaen nangra ko sera a mifolaw, maharekto itinini i, sangatohan nangra a sapi’afasaw aca to loma a sera. Sawaden nira a milaliw ko tadem no to’as nira i kalikol. O nirorayan no to’as ato ka’oripan no wawwawawa niyam koninian a sera caay ka saan cangra a masemel ko faloco’. Malcad to siri ato makapahay a odo’ ko pinengneng nangra to sera ato salikaka nira, nga’ayay a kalasapaliwal a pa’aca, nga’ayay a ’afasen a miara. O saka preng han to no sera a malasawad ko nika ’anof no faloco nangra, o ’osaw to nangra i saikol i, mala kohkohan to koya makapahay a sera, away to ko maamaan. === Maolah kami sanek no fali to nikafangsis no caleng a kilang(喜歡風本身的味道混雜了松樹的香味) === Adada a macekem ko mata niyam a minengneng to faco no niyaro’ namo. Latek, o miki’adopay ko ’orip niyam o kahengangay a tamdaw, caay ko mamafana’ to namo a pinangan. Kaheadangan ko niyaro’ namo, away to ko pahanhanha:nan no talinga. Yo mifiyor ko fali i kacangrahan a romi’ad i, away to a matngil icowa ko kalihekih no papah no kilang, ato soni no sapikpik no fao a ma^eferay. Latek, o miki’adopay ko ’orip niyam, ta caay ka fana’ to namo a pinangan. Sakaadada han no tangila ko nikahadang to laawaw namo. Ano caay pakatengil ko tamdaw to nikato’or no ’ekong a ’ayam a masoni to dadaya, ato kala’ide’ides no takora’ a mahoni i lawac no fanaw to dadaya i, omaan ko ’epoc no hatiniay a ’orip no tamdaw saw? O kahengangay a tamdaw kako saka, caay ka fana’ kako tonini. O Intiyan a tamdaw i, maolah kami to nai ’aloay a pifiyok no fali a saka^eped saan, malecad to mihawhaway a caciyaw, ato sanek no naikoran no ’orad a micepa’ to herek no lahok. ano ca, o sanek no fali to nikafangsis no caleng a kilang, kaolahan niyam koninian. O tada kalimelaan niyam o kahengangay a tamdaw ko fali hananay, nawhani, ano ’a’adopen to, ano kalo kilang to, ano kalo tamdamdaw to, ato polong no pina’orip i, malecaday ko nikasasera’ tonini a fali. ’Arawhan i, caay ka pikihaki:hal ko koheclay a tamdaw to nihedotan nira sakasasera’ a fali. Malecad to mananamay to a misanek to nika’antoh no mapatayay a tamdaw to pinapina a romi’ad, caay to ka fana’ to ka’antoh no sanek. Nikawrira, ano pacakayen niyam konini a sera i tamowanan i, aka ^eca ka haratengen namo, onini a saka sasera’ a fali i, o tada kalimlaan niyam, oni ma’oripay ho a maamaan a ma^emin i, o malaccayay ko nikasasera’ ita tonini a fali. Onini a fali ko painiay to satapangan a sera’ no to’as niyam, onini a fali ko nilidongay to saikolay a sera’ nangra. Ano pacakayen niyam konini a sera i tamowanan i, aka ^eca parariden namo a mingodo ko nikasiroma nira a tadamaan. Ta itira ko malo pitinacan namo o kohecalay a tamdaw to fangsisay a kaitiraan no fali a sera’. === O malakitingay a matatoor konini a dmak a ma^emin(萬物都是相關連的) === Orasaka, ano layapen niyam ko sa^eli namo tonini a sera i, iraay ko longoc niyam tamowanan o kohecalay a tamdaw, kao salikaka niyam han ko kalimela to pina’orip ’a’adopen. o miki’adopay ko ’orip ako, caay kafana’ to roma aca a harateng. O pita^elif aca no cinamalay i, na paka’araw to kako to pipatay no kohecalay a tamdaw a mikowang to masapatepatekay ka’aloman a kolong no palapalaan. Mafalah i palapalaan ko mapatayay to a kolong, pakomira han ko nika poni’ itira. o miki’adopay ko ’orip ako, samaan ko nikafana’ tonini mipowaxay to ’acefer comikayay a marad, ikaka no pi’adop niyam to saka’orip a kakaenen ko tadamaan no pipatay nira to kolong no palapalaan. Aka ^eca pakafana’en ko wawa namo, onini niripa’ay nangra a sera i, o naripa’an no to’as niyam, ta mafana’ cangra a mangodo tonini a sera. Pakafana’en aca ko wawa namo, itiniay ko lengaw no ’orip niyam tonini a sera, saka matongal ko nika kadofah nonini a sera itini. Kafana’ ko wawa namo, o piwinaan ita ko sera han niyam ko pakafana’ to wawawawa niyam. Ano o maan ko nidemakan ita tonnini a sera i, o aira ko hatiniay a demak i finawlan nonini a sera. Ano sopa’en no tamdaw konini a sera i, todongay to o misopa’ay to niyah a tireng. Kafana’an ita, caay ko tamdaw ko mikomoday to sera, o sera ko mikomoday to tamdamdaw. Mafana’ kita to kahaccaccay no maamaan i, o malakitikitingay a ma^emin, milecaday to cecayay a laloma’an malakitingay ko rmes nangra. Oya iraay anini a demak tonini a sera i, o aira i ’orip no tamdaw a malahci a ma^emin. Caay ko tamdaw ko cilocekay to ’orip, o ccay aca no polong noninian ko tamdaw. Ano omaan ko nidemakan nira tonini a sera i, caay ka ^eca, o papatikol i cingraan koya nidemakan nira a demak. Ano sawidawidangen to no kohecalay a tamdaw ko Kawas nira i, caay ko mamaliyas nira ko hatiniay, o papatikol aca i cingraan koya nidemakan nira a demak. So^elin to, o malikakaay aca kita, caay ka^eca o mama’araw to ita ano hacowaay to, pakahapinang to ko kohecalay a tamdaw to oyanan a cecay ko mito’oran ita a Kawas. === Mada’at kamo to rakaw to namo ano hacowaay(你們終將會窒息在你自己的垃圾裡) === Nikawrira, ano mapatapatay kamo i, o mamalayap to namo ko nipaflian no Kawas a ^edil. Nawhani, o mikeridan Ningra kamo a patayni tonini a sera. Caay kafana’an niyam to nawiro mapafli aca kamo to sakowan to kahengang a tamdaw ato sera niyam a ’icel.   O hahatinito ko ’orip niyam i ikol, saka ikmod to a tadtaden konini. Mangaref, yo ohara:teng saan no tamdaw a mipatay to kolong no palapalaan i, mapamanis aca a ma^emin ko ^efa no palapalaan. Yo matomes ko silet no tamdaw a tahira to i kemod no lotok. Mapalasawad to a makari’ang no mitrayan a ’eric no tingwa koya makapahay a faco no tokos. Fokil sato kami a misaharaterateng tonini. Taracowaay to hokini koya kilakilangan? Lahedaw sanay to. Taracowaayto hokini koya ’alilis? Lahedaw sanay to. Madepocay to ko ’orip, satapang to a misafirofiro. == Pacefaday a tilid(註釋) == reje0fu0wlowjxfvi37n1ygpvg9q6hg 0 2676 42568 42567 2024-03-26T09:26:28Z 嚴美鳳 41 42568 wikitext text/x-wiki Itiya ho, itini i lotolotokan, ira koya malaidangay a lotong ato ’alem, saromi’ami’ad sa a misalama. Ira ko cecay a romi’ad, malacafay to kina lotong ato ’alem a tatosa, oni sa a mamenacay a lotong pasowal toya idang ningra toya a ’alem: “misalama kita to malalimekay a lawla manga’ay to?” han nira, paca’of sa koya ’alem: “Hayda, manga’ay to.” O nga’ayay awaayay ko tatiihay harateng no ’alem, saka, o maan ko ni sowalan no lotong i, hai saan a caay pina’ay. Pasowal sato kiya lotong: “Cimaay ita ko ’ayaw a milimek hakiya?” paca’of sa koya ’alem: “Kisoay ko ’ayaw ari.” asowal koya lotong: “Matayoay ko wakawak iso i, kiso ko ’ayaw saan kako.” han nira. Paca’of sa koya ’alem: “nga’ay to.” sato. Nanoya misa’osi to koya lotong, cecay, tosa, tolo,…. Tahira i semo’ot, oya sato a ’alem to no nira i, ana a matakop no lotong kako na saan i, pasayra i semosemotan a milimek. Micomod i semosemotan koya ’alem i, harateng sa cira, ano haen asa ranikay matama kako, kao pikarkar ako to sera a dihif, itira kako i dihif a milimek, nanoya o tariktikay a cisakorihay a waay nira i, sakalamkam sato a mikarkar to sera misadihif, itiya itira a milimek. Maherek a misa’osi to sema’otay koya lotong i, pasayra to i semosemotan a mikilim toya ’alem, safaloco’ sa, oya ka’acekan masakawilihay nengnengen a ’alem i, tanamaw ako, hakowaay ko fana’ nira to kacaloway ako saan, miala to cira to lamal, todohen nira koya semosemotan, salata’ang sa pasowal: “Dadada, kasadek.” saan. Matodoh to koya semot i, awaay manengneng ko kasadak a pilaliw noya ’alem, tangasa kaleponan a matodoh i, awaay ho masadak a manengneng, mangalef ko lata’ang noya lotong. Nikawrira, ikor no nian mafana’ay koya lotong to pilimek no ’alem i dihif no sera, awaay ko maan to nadoka’an, ma’inget a ma’ingtel ko falaco’ nira. Pado’edo oya ’alem to ko misa’osiay to pilimek noya lotong i semosemotan to cecay, tosa, tolo,… tangasa i semo’ot, maherek koya ’alem misa’osi i, matira to mitatoy koya ’alem to lamal mitodoh pasayra i semosemotan, nawhani mafokil ko lotong a mikarkar to sera a misadihif, nanoyaan sa matodoh a mapatay koya lotong. Halisakemotay ko lotong to romaroma a ’a’adopen. Malahakelong tala lotok mikasoy ko lotong ato ’alem. O na caay ho pikasoy ko ’alem, pasowal sa toya lotong: “Kaka a lotong, caay ho pikasoy kako, pasifana’en kako ari.?” han ningra. Manengneng no lotong koya ci cekaay a kilang, sowal sa: “Tayra kiso fafaed no nia kilang, ira itira ko kasoy.” Paso’elin sa koya ’alem to sowal nora a lotong, tayra tora a kilang a mikasoy. Nanoya, laya’ sa ko kamay toya kilang, ’emin sa macocok no ceka ko kamay, saadadaen sa a mifikfik to kamay, tano cala’ sato. Tano tawa sato koya lotong i tatihi. Mafana’ ko ’alem to pisakemot noya lotong i cingraan. Nikawrira ’emet han ningra ko adada a misatawatawa, do’edo a malahakelong to lotong a mikasoy to palawilaw. Maherek miala to palawilaw i, pasowal sa koya ’alem: “Kaka a lotong, ’ayaw no kakomaen ita to palawilaw i, tayra ho kita i fanaw a mingingoy, malalifet kita cima ko halafinay i nanom.” han nira, mafokil to nanom koya lotong, nika samalata’angay sa, paca’of sa: “O pingingoy i, kako ko halafinay i nanom.” saan, ca’ekod sa micelem i nanom, caay pahoda ira to a masadak. Pasowal sa koya ’alem: “Kakoay to ko micelemay, hadidi han kaka ko pitala takowan.” O macelemay ko ’alem i nanom, ca’ekod sato i nanom, naitira i lalinik no nanom, ira ko dimok saka tayra ci palawilawan itira, itira to cira a komaen, nanoya, pakayra haca toya a dimok patiko, masadak nai nanom. Maherek a mingingoy i, macahiw to koya lotong, malahakelong a patiko a komaen to palawilaw. Oya sa a lotong sahalafin sa i palawilawan a mikilim to kakaenen, awaay makilim nira. Makalah to cinira a misawaliwalin, madoka’ to ko kamay a maremes, caay ho pakakilim to palawilaw a tali. Oya sato a ’alem i, tano tawa sato matiya o lotong i tatihi, itiya to mafana’ koya lotong a masamangah. Mifalicay to tilid no ’Amis, ci Masao Nikar / mipacomoday i wiki ci Iyus. == pikafitan a tilid 參考資料 == [[出自 http://www.epochtimes.com/b5/cf347_1.htm]] gxhmbe84fec5nyb6wp4nujqmi5p2pe5 0 2677 42583 42582 2024-03-28T04:45:08Z Emic5826 567 42583 wikitext text/x-wiki I ’ayaw, mifatel ko ca’ang no kilang i cahong no loma’. Orasaka manga’ay caay to ka roray talalotok a mikasoy, matiya o caleng a kilan (Iwatan sawol: hal-mut), matiniay a kilang malengaw i liyok no loma’ no Iwatan, maolah ko tamdaw, orasaka, rahodayen ko tamdaw a mikasoy, nikawrira, anini sa caay to ka lengaw i lawad no lomaloma’ a han? Matini:ay aca, itiya ho, ira ko cecay fafahiyan no Iwatan, itira i loma’ a mitenooy itiya, ira ko ma’icangay a kilang mamiliay micomod i laloma’, masamatira, makari’ang koya ni tenooyan noya fafahiyan saka, tada mainget koya fafahiyan toya kilang a Lukis, pasainget sa toya Lukis a kilang, ma’adangen to kina kilang to ka’inget noya fafahiyan to ka Buðongbuðon, ikor pasowal haca ko nia fafahiyan to: “Kamu-Kaing_Misuma” (Aka to ka tayni kiso to ikor) , “Mulana” (pinokay to) sanay. Itiya pakatengil koya kilang i mainget to, saka pafeliaw ako to karorayan no tamdaw sato, a matiya o nia hal-mut ko piliyas to Iwatan a tamdaw, haki anini, tayra to i lotolotokan ko aro’ sato, sa cisowal sato toya fafahiyan: “haki anini, ano miala ho kamo to Sang a malakasoy i, seti’en ako ko taker namo.” saan. (Midotoc, oya mi’orongay to Sang a kilang a tamdaw, pasowal sa, ano mi’orongay to Sang kareteng to, kahemaw to, oya taker (Mamuku) adada to 3-7 a romi’ad saan). Orasaka o kina cecay a mi’orong i, mapatodongay to pi’ekak (Singaskað) no Sang a kilang, maseti’ a tekar, matiya o ci salo’afangay kina kilang). Matiniay a kilang, o kalokelon no tamdaw a maro’, saka caay to ko talalotok ko ka’orip, talacowa no tamdaw ko pi’arawan to kaicowa no ’orip, ira aca ko pico’ay no niyah, o kifetolay ko podac no matiniay a kilang, caay ka talaw to nika todoh, ano misaomah a mitodoh i, matiniay a kilang matodotodoh ko podac i, o pipaco’ay (Hal-mut) no tamdaw, caay ka sapinang a nengnengan ko na no matodohay cira i ’ayaw, orasaka ano maseping no tamdaw cira i, o caci kadit ko tatirengan nira. ’atekak ko Tul-mus (caleng) a kilang, manga’ay sapipatireng to loma’, naitiya malaplap noya fafahiya i, tayra to cira i tono’ no lotok a malengaw. Naitiyaan i, maraay to ko pialaan no Iwatan to matiniay a kilang to sapisaloma’, romasato, o nika ’atekak no matiniay a kilang, tona miletek ko Iwatan to nia kilang, mangici’ aca ko fonos nangra. O matiniay a Sang-Hava ato Havu-tað kilang i, o safangcalay kalo kasoyen a kilang, nikawrira na itiyaan i, sapialaan to Iwatan to matiniay a kilang, o tatayra i maraay a tokos a lotok ko pialaan, matiniay a kilang kareteng a orongen. O ngaloay a papah no Lan-dun i, manga’ayay kaenen, itiniay ho i liyok no niyaro’ ko lengaw no Lan-dun a kilang, kainget han no fafahiyan no Iwatan laliw sato a miraay ko ka’oripan, orasaka anini sa, o tatayra to maraayay ko pialaan, maroray ko rakat a mikilim miala to papah nira. Pakayni to nia kimad, pasifana’ titaanan nawiro malengaw itira i tokotokosan no lotok, o lietecay awaayay ko fali a kaitiraan. Mitiliday, o Iwatan (Bunun) tak-banuað ngasaw, ci Sauli Tanapima (taki-kosalan). Mafalicay to sowal no ’Amis, ci Masao Nikar. 6rb6phz3p571p75nvc23xnv1kp0mw3j 0 2679 42605 42604 2024-03-29T13:14:43Z 嚴美鳳 41 42605 wikitext text/x-wiki == O kimad no Iwatan : 'alem == Saheto o ’atekakay a cikaf ko tatirengan no ’alem, matiya sapidama to tireng a riko no sapilood. Ci’icel ko saripa’, matalem ko sapikorafis a misarefong to sera. Nika miasimaanay ko demak no ’alem, nawhani o pisarefong nira sakatatiih no ma’oripay i lotokay a kilakilang. Toya romi’ad, tahidangen no ’alomanay koya ’alem, misatamdaw i cingraan. Oya lotong ko sa’ayaway pasowal, mainget to ’alem, pasowal sa: “Pakomaan sa kiso to pisadefong, misadefong sa tahira to i pahanaan no mako, makari’ang to ko makapahay a hana, misatatiihay kiso takowanan sa.” Mainget koya ngafol to ’alem, sowal sa: “Misadefong sa kiso, tahira to i potal ako, talifahal sa masadak i defong, pacekok ko faloco’ ako, o maan ko matiniay.” Pasowal sa ko eco, sanawanawang sa midefong ko ’alem a lotolotokan, alatek makari’ang ko lamit no ta’akay a kilakilang; oya sato a takolil (kodiwis) i, maketer to pisatalimaamaan no ’alem, o katalawan a mari’angay sa to demak no ’alem, maingtel ko ’alomanay, nanoya ma’emin a mihai ko ’alomanay to pilaplap to ’alem i lotolotokan itiya. Samaamaanen to noya ’alem paini to sapi’ading cingraan i, caay to pitengil ko ’alomanay. Samaanen ho sato koya ’alem i, liyas sato to lotolotok, itira sato i katalawan a ’apilipilisan ma’orip. Miliyas to ko ’alem to lotolotokan i, sanga’ay satoko aro’ no ’alomanay, matamaay to ko demak no mita saan to cangra a masasowasowal. Nikawrira, ikor to no romi’ad i, masapinang to nangra ko ka’aloan no ’a’ayad i lotolotokan, oya nga’ayay a kilakilang lesap sato a sakapatayan. Oya fangcalay ka’oripan no finawlan i, makari’ang to no ’a’ayad, rarawraw to ko ’alomanay. Sa cisowal sato ko lotong to finawlan: “Malihiway koya ’a’ayad, mimokmok cangra i tapangan no kilang a misadihif, caay ka filo a mipacoli. Kakaya’ ko sema no ’alem, cingalayay, oya i dihidihifay no kilang a ’a’ayad i manga’ay nira makaen. Kalimelaan away to cingra i lotolotokan.” Oya sato a ngafol i, sowal sa: “O mafana’ay misarefong ko ’alem, pahoda ko demak nira mipalasawad to itiraay i tapangan no kilang a ’a’ayad. O kakalimelaan malaplapay to no mita ciira nai lotolotokan.” Pasowal sa ko Iso: “Talacowa falitfit ko demak no ’alem, nikawrira o pikarkar nira a misadihif caay ko padetengan nira to saki titaanan, ’arawhani o pikakilim nira to rakat ato kaitiraan no ’a’ayad, o sapidipotaw nira to lotolotok. Rorohen aca no mita cira. Itiya mahiratang to no finawlan ko ’alem, ala sowasowal to nga’ayay mafana’ay komaen to ’a’ayad sato, o midipangay to lotolotok a kawas sato. Nanoya miketon to ko ’alomanay mili’ay to ’alem, mitahidang to pipatikoaw cingraan. Patiko to tayni i lotolotokan koya ’alem, mipatala to sapihamham i cingraan, patodong sato to “Midipangay to lotolotok a kawas” sa ko pakompay. O cima ko mafokilay to demak no ’alem o mitekopay to ’a’ayad ko tayal ningra, pakayra cingra i dihif a masadak pasowal sa: “Ma’eminay ci todong kita mapolong to pidipang to lotolotok, misa’icel to kita i manga’ay to. Mana’ay kako to kompay, nika mangalay kako to kafana’ ato pipalecad namo. Ano ira ko tatiihay a pisarefong no mako i, li’ayen to kako. Mifalicay to tilid no ’Amis, ci Masao Nikaw / mipacomoday ci Iyus. gfrd9vjpxrintyijon3xlex7j6p3l38 0 2680 42606 2024-03-29T16:56:59Z Jsu2848 1557 misinanot 42606 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''Kowa’木瓜''' == === '''O kalokowa’ i Taywan有關台灣木瓜''' === O kowa’ hananay itini i Taywan(台灣)，o kananaman to no mita ami kakaen, pangangan sako tiriday to ngangan i “Carica papaya”(學名) hananay, adihayay ko ngangan no kowa’ to masamaamaa:nay , sowal sa ko mafana’ay ami kinkiway to kowa’ i , oka lalaylay no kowa’ i, I’ayaw aitiniay i timolay fa^detay Amirika(中南熱帶美洲) saan, aitini i 17seci(17世紀) ami salingato a mapalakat ami lalad tayra i Intoay(印度) a kanatar, dodosato a tayniay to i Yacotalo(亞洲大陸) ato itini i fa^detay a kalo-niaro, ano itini to i Inni(印尼) aca i Filipin(菲律賓) ato Taywan(台灣), o sowal no mafana’ay to tilid a tamdaw i Taywan i, ‘ayaw no 1685 a mihecaan i, ilaay to ama tilid ko pakayniay i kowa’ sanay, sanaw matafesiway to ko 300 a mihecaan ko kowa’ a ma lengaw itini i Taywan. Likosato adihay to koka pifalic ami saloma to sapaloma to kowa’ , fangcalay to palomaen halakamkamay to ama rengaw , nga’ayay to a misamihecahecaan a paloma ato ciheci, sanaw itini to kosakaadihay no kowa’ ama rennak, itiya sato ama polong tayra icowacowa no pala i Taywan, ano dodoen ko tilid to 2017 a mihecaan i, o polong ama palomaay to kowa’ a sela i, pakaalaay to 2,563 Kongcin(公頃) ko mapalomaay to kowa’ , ato ira ko 125,521 Konton(公噸)  koka adihay no kaleteng no kowa’, oranag  a taynong 2(台農2號) ko saadihayay ami palomaan. === '''Masamaanay ko kowa’. 有關木瓜的本質''' === O kowa’ hananay i, matiya o kilang ko pisa’osi cilaan, sa’ayaw i naitiraay i fa^detay tono Amilika(熱帶美洲) a kanatar ami salingato a masadak, dodosato itini i ‘ayaw no mihecaan i naitini i Tayliok(大陸) ama pacomod a tayni i Taywan(台灣), nawhani lahodayay fangcalay paloma^en, kalamkamay a mato’as, halafingnay a ci heci, kalaheciay sanaw olahay saan ko tamtamdaw ami papaloma to kowa’, marao-fangcalay a kakaenen, hatilaay ko olah no tamdaw ami papaloma. Lomasato kala iyofongay adihayay ko tanpayce(蛋白質) ato cefang(脂肪) ato tang(醣) aca o kangoce(礦物質) ato vitamin(維他命) nila, mipadangay to fitoka ami ilang to kakaenen, so’linay kokafangcal no kowa’ saan. Nikaolira o kowa’ hananay i, iraay ko kasasiloma nira, iraay ko fafahian a kowa’ iraay ko fa’inayan ato matatekoay to fafahian ato fa’inayan a kowa’, o fafahian a kowa’ i mato’as cira cifaloay ci hanaay, likorsato malofic ko heci nira, yama tatekoay to fa’inayan ato fafahian a kowa’ i, hatiyaay to aci falo to hana tiya ciheci cira, ‘edeng sa o fa’inayan a kowa’ i, o kacihana nira caay ka ciheci cira, sanaw iraay ko pipararamod to kowa’ tiya malofac kalaheci ko kowa’, sanaw imatini adihayay kopi sanga’ to sapaloma to kowa’ ira ko lessen(日陞) ato sulo 1.(蘇魯1號) 、Taynong1.2.3. 5.(台農1,2,3,5號), hananay. === '''Samaeneng ami paloma to kowa’.要如何種植木瓜。''' === ==== '''1. O pisasapal to sapaloma:''' ====     Tala’ayaw nopipalomaan i, mili’ayaw ho ami sasapar, o tadafongcal apipalomaan i, itira i likor no kafaliyosan, tiya caay kakalian no faliyas ko rengaw nira, aratek itini i sakasiwa tangasa i cecey polo’ irako cecay a foladan no mihecaan, tahpoen to fayfay to sapidipotaw to rengaw nira tiya caay ko kali’ang no fao, ma^deng tangasa i sakatosa a mihecaan to saka lima a foladan, ma^deng to ko to’as nira, o pisakilacan to ami paloma. ==== '''2. Misongira ami paloma:''' ====     Mikangkang ami songira’ to pi palomaan a omah, mifolasiw ami patay to rengos, misa’apolaw to sota’ ami saloislois, irako todongay o kalomakatan no nanom, mahelek tohaw i, mihacecacecay to ami patatodong to la^ed ami paloma, o cecay no la^ed nira i, ma^eng 2-2.5 no kongciw(公尺),  ano nga’ayay i saliwangliwangeng ami paloma, tiya matatodong ko la^ed nira, fangcal koka to’as nira , fangcal kopi palangla ato mitaliyok ami ‘adiper to sakacaaw ka iyof no tatiihay fali. ==== '''3. Mipiloh ami paloma:''' ====     Nawhani takalaway ko lengaw no kowa’, ano caay ka pilohen i, caay ka lawis ko heci nira a siwkaken, sanaw ano matatodong ko to’as nira i, pilohen to mamang ato pasota’en ko tapangan nira tosaka tanektek no rengaw nira, maraod ko tosa a folad, miliyaw haca to sakatosa apipiloh tosaka po^enel nira, ato pasota’ haca to tapangan tosaka tanektek no lengaw nira, ano ga’ayay i tahepoen to falaysay to saka’ecaaw ka ci fao nira. ==== '''4. O pisolimed to laloma’ no omah:''' ====    Ano caay ka solimeden ko laloma’ no pipalomaan to kowa’ i, mili’ayaw ko semod ato lengos ami kalingan to lengaw no kowa’, sanaw saliyaliyawen ami solimed ko laloma’ no omah, ato mipatatodong to cepa’ no sota’ , tiya fangcal to ko lengaw nira, tiya malofic to koka ciheci nira. ==== '''5. Mipitpit to tatiihay a ca’ang no kowa’:''' ====    Yamato’as to ko kowa’ i, iraay ko kacica’ang nira to caay kafangcal a ca’ang, o lanang i awaay ko ^epoc to to’as no kowa’ , sanaw padpacen ami pitpit ko hatiraay a ca’ang nira. ==== '''6. O pipalalamod to hana o kowa’:''' ====    Malawod koka cihanaan no kowa’ i, iraay ami lawod ko ‘acacenal ato ‘adipangpang ami lingling to hana no kowa’, oranang i omi palalamoday to sakaciheci no kowa’, lomasato o mafana’ay oma lalokay a tamdaw i, o no tamdaway ko saka palalamod to kowa’, tiya ilaay koka ciheci nola kowa’. ==== '''7. Mipatatodong to cepa’ no sota’:''' ====     Nawhani ono kacihelangan koka cihecian no kowa’, tona tala’ayaw a ciheci ko kowa’ i, ilaay ko pi patatodong to cepa’ no sota’ toka lengawan nira, ano matafesiw to ko ‘icang no sota’ i, caay  kafangcal ko lengaw no kowa’, caayay ka fangcal koka ciheci nira, sanaw ano malalid koka pipatatodong to cepa’ no kalengawan nira i, iraay to koka fangcal no ka ciheci no kowa’. ==== '''8. O pipatayhi to tapangan no kowa’:''' ====     Ano mipaloma to kowa’ i, nanomamangan nira, irasaca ko pi poliyaw ato patayhi to rengaw ato to’as no kowa’, ilaay kono kowa’ atatodong a poliyaw, ma^deng ko to’as no kowa’ , ira sahca kopi patatodong ami hacecacecay ami patool to poliyaw to tapangan nira, iraay ko sakacipapah a poliyaw, iraay ko sakaciheci nira a poliyaw, ano mafanna’ ami sa’osi to lomi’ad apatool to poliyaw i, o fafangcal ko lengaw ato kaciheci no kowa’. ==== '''9. Malarok ami dadimaw to omah:''' ====    Nawhani takalaway ko lengaw no kowa’, sanaw ano caay ka lalid ami dadimaw i, ano tatangan ko fali ami iyof, ranikayay ama piloh ko kowa’, sanaw micopi to sacoker, ano irako mapilohay i, tangsolin ami coker, romasato ano ira ko mikali’angay to kowa’ a fao, ano o fohet to ano o ‘edo to ami kakaen to kaciheci no kowa’, tangsolen ami laplap, sanaw ira toko kalalid ami liso to omah no kowa’. === '''O likor to no tayal to kowa’. 未來推廣工作''' === Imatini o kowa’ i tini i Taywan, o saadihayay ami palomaan i ora “taynong 2”(台農二號) ano masahetoay toya inian a kowa’an i, caay ka ngaay, alatek caay kacakat o ‘aca nira, ano alapaloma sa toranan a kowa’, nawhani lahodayay facalay palomaen ko hatiraay a kowa’, romasato olanan a kowa’ i, matatekoay to fa’inayan ato fafahian, sanaw lanikayay a ciheci cingra, nikaolira imatini iraay to koya “Taynong 6 “(台農6號) hananay a spaloma, olanan a fa^lohay a sapaloma, fangcalay ko heci nira , matatodongay ko katata’ang no heci nira, tadafangcalay a misaadihay ami paloma, onianto ko nga’ayay a paloma^en.（Siwkolan Pangcah/'Amis Suman 2024/03/15) === '''Tahapinanang'''參考資料： === 1.<nowiki>https://web.tari.gov.tw/techcd//果樹/常綠果樹/木瓜/其他/木瓜-栽培管理.htm</nowiki> 番木瓜[2009-02-24] fv50xokwxbwjdb4bih4sjwmsulrumf3 0 2681 42649 42648 2024-03-31T13:42:28Z Masaonikar 570 /* O pipili’ no kaying ato kapah to kaolahan nira. (青年男女則喜歡的對象) */ 42649 wikitext text/x-wiki == O ilisin no ’Amis (阿美族的豐年祭) == I ’ayaw no lisin i, ira ko sowal no kakomodan i ’alomanay, sowal sa, “Ano ira i tamowanan ko citafaday ato na pakapatayay to tamdaw ato matayalay i katalawan, i kalingsesan a cifalihenaway ko faloco’ a tamdaw i, o papamalatamdawen kamo, saka, kasa’opo kako.” han nira. I ’ayaw no pipamalataw i, misaliway a ma’emin koya sasairen a tamdaw to tolo a romi’ad, halo cikawasay a misaliway to cecay a romi’ad. O demak no pisair itiya i, alaen no cikawasay ko cecay a kohecalay a ’ayam to talangawan, itiya i masikawas i, papisekaken a mipangiha’ ko nia ’ayam ta matapal no Malataw ko pisair. Oya romi’ad to pipamalatawan i, so’oten ko ciciw a fafoy, ta kidkiden ko nia ciciw a fafoy a mipadoka’. Ta’etaen cingra ta masoni cingra masadak ko remes, ta kidkiden cingra a patangsol a patayra i pidohdoan cingraan. O todong no sapato’aya patafang koni i Malataw a kawas. Maherek to konini a demak i, manga’ay to ko nia nipamalatawan a tamdaw a mikapot i selal nira to demak no ilisin. === O pipatala a demak (預備期) === O nia ilisin hananay i, o tadamaanay a kalipahakan a demak no niyaro’ no ’Amis. Kinacecay aca to cecay a miheca a midemak to nia ilisin, o todong no satapangan no mihecaan no ’Amis ko nia ilisin hananay ato pina’angan to kinaira no omah a militod to kakaenen. Ano maraod to ko kailisinan i, adihay ko tatayalen no finawlan a mipatala to kalipahakan no niyaro’ a ilisin. O mamiasik to lalan a ma’emin mihadimel , mi’adop ko kala’adopay a tamdaw a mipatala to malo kakaenen i ilisin. O caayay pi’adop i, mitefok (mipacok) to kolong ko malafiyaway, caay sa i, malininaay, ano eca o malaselalay, mipatala a ma’emin to titi. O roma i, mipatala ko fafahian a misa’epah, malapalipaliw ko kaying a mitifek to panay, mipatala a ma’emin ko kalo loma’ to sapalipahak to lafang no loma’, mi’odawis to ’icep ato fila’, ato milipot to tamako. === O losid a malikoda (豐年祭的服飾) === Adihay ko tatayalen no finawlan a mipatala to saki ilisin no niyaro’, mipatala a ma’emin to losid a malikoda, o sasanga’en ko no fa’inayan a losid ato fafahian a losid. Lipahak ko ina a mipatala to losid no wawa nira to kapah at okaying, nawhani, itini i kailisinan ko kapah a mihapinang to kaolahan nira a kaying, ano o kaying sato i, mahaen ito. Mihalhal ko ina ato mama to malo kadafo no loma’ ato malo pikadafoan no wawa. === O kapolongan a demak no niyaro’. (部落的活動) === Itiya i, masa’opo a ma’emin ko kasaselal, mikapot ko afedo’ay i, samamaay (samato’asay) no kalas no niyaro’ hananay, o cecay a ngangan i, sapalengaw. O cacitodong cingra citodongay to ta’ong a tayal, saka, o sapalengaw ko citodongay a mifetik a paratoh to lipahak no finawlan a militod to nano nip[akalemed no kawas no kakaenen. I taliyok no nia ma’emin ko finawlan, itiya ko sapalengaw a mitosir to rayray no tato’asan. O romasato, papelo ko kakomodan no niyaro’ to sakailisin ato sakarikecaw no finawlan a lipahak a malikoda tangasa i paherekan. Nanoya, satapang sato ko misaradaway a romadiw, taliyok sato ko kapah no nyaro’ a masakero i taliyok no kasa’opo no kalas no niyaro’ ato tapatapang no niyaro’. o cilosiday a ma’emin itiya to sakalikoda, romadiw ko kalas no niyaro’ to sapalipahak to kawas no tato’asan, ta mapolong cangra a mifetik a pakaen to kawas. Itini i safaw lim a romi’ad no ikailisinan no niyaro’ i, ira ko kasasuromaroma no demak i kahacecacecay a romi’ad. Saka cecay romi’ad i, mitelis (pikomodan). O nia pitelis hananay i, midonta o dadaya i, malikoda a makero. Nengnengen ko cicengelay a sassing no milikowatay, mahaenay ko pisariko’ nangra itiya. Makapah ko nisariko’an no fafahian, nengnengen ko a sassing – o riko’ no ka’amis ato katimol ato nica’edongan no mato’asay a saong. I saka tosa a romi’ad i, mifila’. Midongec ko kapah to malo kakaenen nangra a cecay, caay pakaen i mato’asay, toya dadaya i, malikoda. I saka tolo a romi’ad i, mirarar. O nian i, mitatoy ko mato’asay a fafahiyan to rarar a masakero, keriden nangra ko kaying a pakafana’ to kero nangra. O sapa’araw i mato’asay koni. Awaay ko demak no kapah to nia romi’ad, ta toya dadaya i, malikoda. I saka sepat a romi’ad i, mi’afat, o nia pa’afat i, pifoting to dadaya, ta o nialaan nangra a foting i, o sakaranam, ta litemohen no mato’asay ko pinokay no mi’atefay a kapah, o sapakaen no kapah koni i mato’asay, ta o titi ko sapahacocop no ato’asay to foting i kapah, masaromi’ad a malikoda a tahadadaya. I saka lima a rmi’ad i, marengreng. O pihalhalan to iraay a mipalafangay a kakitaan no kasaniyaro’, saka, mapatala to ko taheka to sapakaen to lafang. Itiya toya romi’ad o mamakero k kapah ato kaying halo mato’asay ato lafang a ma’emin. I saka enem a romi’ad i, o pipahafayan. O nian a pipahafay hananay i, o tatodong no pipadang nira to tayal to sapakaen to ina ato mama, saka, nanitiya toya romi’ad i, itira sa cingra i tapang nira a loma’ a matayal, o no itiyaay ho a demak i, pakamihecaan, ano enem a folad, ano tolo a folad saan. o sowal no ina ko pi’arawan to sakahalafin nra i loma’ no tireng. O roma i, hatnien aca ko no miso a pipahafay han no ina, ta panokay han ko wawa nira i pikadafoan. Ta caay pisahalafin a mpahafay. I saka pito a romi’ad i, masasipalafang. O nia romi’ad i, o pipaytemekan no tamdamdaw a mihalhal to lafang no loma’, toya romi’ad a mafana’ ko wawa to malininaay nira to faki ato fai. Toya dadaya i, malikoda. I saka falo a romi’ad i, o pipatorodan to kowang. Nawhani, i ’ayaw no ilisin mapatoroday to no tayring i mikomoday to niyaro’ ko kowang, o nia kowang i, o malo sapi’adop ato malo sapitala to saki ’ada, saka, to nia romi’ad a mapanokay a ma’emin ko kowang. I ikor no ilisin i, manga’ay haca a miliyaw a micaliw to kowang no tayring. I saka siwa a romi’ad i, misakaro’. O pipafa’edetan to nano nipatalaan to saki ilisin a ’osa’osaw no hemay. I saka mo^tep a romi’ad i, pakarong. O nia pipakarong i, o pisairan no cikawasay no pisatapangan no fa’elohay a mihecaan, saka o pikoracan to finawlan atoniyaro’ ko nia romi’ad. I saka safaw cecay a romi’ad i, o pihololan no kasaselal. Macacorocorok ko widang ano eca o selal i loma’ to nangra. Itini ko kapah ato kaying a minanam to nga’ayay a demak a militemoh to lafang a mihadimel. I saka safaw tosa a romi’ad i, mararokod. O kalalifet no kapah a mararakod, ta mapakaolah to nitodohan a katol no kolong. Tasa a romi’ad ko nia kalalifelifet. Saka safaw sepap a romi’ad i, o rarid to a malikoda. Matiya o hatiniay a lafin to dadayadaya ko demak a komaen to ’epah, pakinali, caay ka saan, saka tefocen nangra ko nangra a patelacay a tamdaw. === O rayray no ’olic no miki’eciway a malikoda. (領唱者歌詞順序和舞蹈) === O patosokan no kalikoda i, o pipacakat a pahemek to pidipot no Malataw to finawlan, saka, o nia pipa’olic a paradiw no miki’eciway i, ira ko kasarayray a madado’edo ko ’olic a miparadiw. Pakayni to nia pipa’olic no miki’eciway i, o papaca’of ko ’alomanay to olah a madipot no Malataw. Saka, mapolong a mapaca’of pakayni i radiw. O rayray no ’olic i, mahaenay. Saka cecay i, capa’ no wali. Saka tosa i, sidsid no sasadak. Saka tolo i, ’owang no salakec. Saka sepat i, honahon nananoman. Saka lima i, o polik no kapitan. Saka enem i, talacay ciwirokan. Saka pito i, o ’o’ol no ridarid. Saka falo i, fo’is kakedalan. Saka siwa i, lisan no sa’owac. Saka mo^tep i, kowan no ’odacan. Saka safaw cecay i, ’owang ni moyongay. Saka safaw tosa i, moyongay tiro ’owang. Saka safaw tolo i, ’owang to dekatay. Saka safaw sepat i, sangayo no ngafol. Saka safaw lima i, o eli’ to roroh. === O pipili’ no kaying ato kapah to kaolahan nira. (青年男女則喜歡的對象) === Mica’elay a ma’emin ko kapah to tafolod (dofot). O nia tafolod i, o aalaen no cifaloco’ay a maolahay a kaying i tisowanan, saka, ano malecad ko faloco’ is a maolah toya kaying i, ano mitengteng to tafolod iso koya kaying i, tangsol han a mipafeli cingra, ano caay pafelien iso to mitengteng i, latek awaay ko faloco’ ningra i takowanan o sasaan koya kaying a masaemer. Saka, pasayra to i roma a kapah ko faloco’ nira a mitengteng to tafolod. Yo ira ko mitengtengay to tafolod iso i, hapinangen ho a minengneng koya kaying, ano awa ko faloco’ iso toya kaying i, patedo aka ka saan a mipafeli i cingraan, latek mala sakatatiih namo ko pihaen iso. O nga’ayay a pipahapinangan to so’elinay a olah no faloco’ no kapah ato kaying ko pipafeli ato piala to tafolod, saka, cihalamham ko faloco’ no ina ato mama. O mamitengil ko ina to kapah a wawa nira to mialaay to tafolod nira a kaying. Mahaen k pitengil no ina to kaying a wawa ningra to mialaan ningra a tafolod no kapah. Ano mararid koya kaying a miala to tafolod oyananto a kapah i, o so’elinnay ko olah nira toya kapah. O roma a kaying i, safalifalicen nira ko piala to tafolod no kapah, saka cecay a romi’ad i, o nia kapah, saka tosa a romi’ad i, irawan to a kapah, saka tolo a romi’ad i, o romaay to a kapah, ’emin han ko tafolod no kapah a miala, saka, mafana’ to ko kapah to demak nira i, miliyas to ma’emin i cingraan. O matiniay koya marawraway ko faloco’ a ma’otitay a kaying hananay. Ira ko mahaenay a kapah. O roma a demak no kapah ato kaying i, yo malikoda ko kapah ano cima ko kacifaloco’an iso a kapah i, i tatihi nira kiso a mikiting a malikoda, ano ira heca ko roma a cifaloco’ay toya kapah a kaying i, mikiting i tatihi no sa’ayaway a kaying, ano papina ko cifaloco’ay toya kapah i satisil saan a ma’emin i aikor noya kapah. O awaayay ko maolahay a kaying a kapah i, sacecay saan cigar a malikoda, itini a mangodo ko ina ato mama noya kapah, tona awaay ko mikitingay a kaying i wawa nira, saka o loma’ to nira ko mihinomay ato pasifana’ay cingraan. Pakayni i tafolod ko lalengatan no kalaholol nangra. ==== Mitiliday to no 'Ais, ci Masao Nikar ==== br84erqw50y3up80595jkbhgwd46vr6 0 2682 42680 42679 2024-04-04T16:24:54Z Masaonikar 570 /* O pipararamod lekakawa no ’Amis. (阿美族的婚姻觀) */ 42680 wikitext text/x-wiki == O pipararamod lekakawa no ’Amis. (阿美族的婚姻觀) == Mararid to ko kalaholol no kapah ato kaying a masasiolaolah i, masasipadang cangra a mala paliw a maomah. Ano lipahak ko faloco’ no ina ato mama no kaying a mitapal to demak nangra a tastosa i, o a ocoren no mato’asay no kaying ko kayakay a patayra i loma’ noya kapah a mipangaay to sapipararamod i cangraan o wawa tatosa, o kayakay sa ko paratohay i tosaay laloma’an ko piketon to sakalaheci nangra to kararamodan a romi’ad. Itini i Posko ato itiniay i pasawali a niyaro’ ira ko pitapi’ hananay, itini i nika lapaliw a pahapinang to sasiolah noya tatosaay. Saka, manga’ay a mitapi’. O demak no mitapi’ay i, o pa’araw to lalok ato so’elinay a kasasiolah nangra i ka’ayaw no mato’asay ko nian. Ta itira i loma’ no kapah a milafin koya kaying, mikihatiya to kaying no loma’ koya kaying a mafoti’, o pikasoy nira ato piradam ko sapatiri’ to lalok nira. Mahapinang to k faloco’ no wawa, ano saan ko ina i, paratoh i salikaka (faki, fai) nira koya ina, ta mafana’ ko salikaka nira to fa’inayan ato fafahiyan, o fai kako ano saan ko salikaka i, lonok sa cingra a pasifana’ toya caciramod a kaying to sakafana’aw to demak ato sakacingodo nira i loma’ no malo fa’inay nira, pasifana’ to sakolicay (limaw) koya fai, “Aka ka matiya o itiyaay ho a faloco’ iso ato demak iso, tona o caciramod to kiso saka,nanay malosimetay to ko faloco’ iso a mafana’ to tayal ato salicay, ano micomod i loma’ no mamalo fa’inay i, ano o kalahokan i, Malahok mama aci ina,’ han a milicay, a paca’of sato koya mama ato ina, ‘Dada’ saan, kaitini a maro’ a saan cangra. Mapafeli to ’anengang kiso, saka, aka ka eca cisinofo (sapaini a ’icep) kiso.” saan. Maolah ko kaying to pipatado no fai a pasifana’ i cingraan, ano maraod tp ko pipararamodan to wawa noya fai i, o ina to noya kaying ko mamipalimo’ot i cangraan. Mahaenay ko fai ato faki a maolah to cacifafahi a wawa no salikaka nangra. Adihay ko fangcalay a pasifana’ no faki i wawa, sowal sa cingra, “Kita o fa’inayan i, caay ka nga’ay a mafokil to sakilicay i, malo sakatatiih no pikadafoan, ano lomowad to dafak i, caay ka nga’ay maki’ayaw no mato’asay ato salikaka noya malo ramod isoa lomowad, saka, pisatengitengil to sekak no ’ayam, ano masekak ko ’ayam i, fafoti’ aka ka saan, katangsol a lomowad a mikasoy, nikawrira, ano ma’orad toya dadafakan i, aka paci’eci a mikasoy, nawhani, o sakacidoka’ ko pihaen, ano paci’eci sa , o mamalikaf no tao. Ano i taheka i, caay ka nga’ay a ci’anengang kiso o kadafo, hakakan han a maro’ a mitaheka, aka pingata to taheka. Ano ira ko tadamaanay a kakaenen i, itiraen i ka’ayaw no mato’asay koya kakaenen, ano mafana’ kiso to ngodo i, miraay kiso to taheka a komaen. Aka kao saikoray kiso a maherek, nawhani, ano i saikoray a maherek i, o halikaenay ko nia kadafo wa han nangra kiso. Adihay ko pipalimo’ot no fakifaki ato faifai i tala’ayaw a ciramod a wawa, o sakitini i, o sakacaaw ka cisowal a malikaf no rao. Maraod to ko romi’ad to nika kaketonan i, mapatala ko loma’ no kaying to sakalafi a taheka. O no itiyaay ho ko nia demak saka, caay ka lecad ato no aniniay, o dadaya ko sakatayra no paro no loma’ noya kaying i loma’ no kapah a miala i cingraan. Malafi ho i loma’ noya kapah. Maherek a malafi i, aro’ saho a malaholol ko mama ato ina noya kaying ato kapah. Ma’edeng ko aro’ nangra i, lomowad to cangra a minokay. Itiya i, tatoyen noya kaying ko lalosidan no malo fa’inay nira a kapah a malahakelong a tayra i loma’ noya kaying. Itiya i, likaten nangra ko rongrong no ’acam to malo dawdaw nangra a minokay tayni i loma’ noya kaying. Tangasa i loma’ i, tangsol saan a pataheka a pakalafi, o hakhak ko hemay, o rara’ no naniwac ko dating ato siraw, hatiraay ko nian. Maherek a malafi i, aro’ saho a malalicalicay, ta ma’edeng ko aro’ miliyas to kako ano saan i, masadak kiso to loma’ no fafahi iso. Dafak sato i, maratar kiso a mikasoy, o sapakasoy to pikadafoan iso. O romi’ad i, mapolong a matayal ato fafahi iso. Nikawrira, maherek a malafi i, samatiyaen iso inacilaay a dadaya ko patatodong iso to aro’ ta asadak haca kiso to loma’ no fafahi iso. I loma’ no tireng ano eca i sefi kiso a mafoti’ a mikapot to widang iso itira a mafoti’. Dafak sato i, maratar haca kiso a mikasoy, ma’edeng tolo sepat a romi’ad ko pihaen iso i, pali’edefen no mama ko loma’ to sakacaaw to ka sadak iso toya dadaya, itira to k foti’ iso a mala tamdaw to no loma’. itini ko satapangan no kararamod. ebleoi8v7kcc9ar9ohbe6g9q2b2lz7r 0 2683 42770 42728 2024-04-09T12:01:37Z InternetArchiveBot 33 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 42770 wikitext text/x-wiki == Taywan midipotay to taliyok a lekatep (台灣環境保護聯盟) == Taywan midipotay to taliyok a lekatep (Inkiris: Taiwan Environmental Protection Union，TEPU), polong no ngangan rekadan hocing Taywan midipotay to taliyok a lekatep, rahodayay ngangan Taywan midipotay to taliyok a lekatep ano eca lekatep, o caayay pilipayso a midipotay to taliyok no Taywan a lekatep, nai 1987 miheca 11 folad a patireng i naikoran no pisedal no ka’edesan no Taywan, to hatiniay midemakay to pifelih to kapolongan a makari’angay, pidipotay to taliyok a onto, mifelih to heneng onto ato liyokan a kiwiko. O nia sakapot tangasa i 2008 mihecaan ira ko 13 a laisal no yofayof, i 1987 mihecaan tona patireng ira ko mikingkiway a wiyinhuy pilicayan ato mikingkiway a tayal. Pakayni i patateko to kasaniyaro’ a matayalay to pidipot to taliyok a kasakapot, o matanengay a hakasi no daykako, patenak to to sapidipot to taliyok a dademaken, nai kasaniyaro a pico’ay pasayra i matanengay to taliyok a rikec ko picekeroh ato pikantok. === Tatokeran a todong. (基本主張) === 1.O taliyok a salongoc o nano todongan no tamdaw a salongoc, caay ko kalaliacaan ano eca o pipalasawad; o cacitodong ko finawlan to sapidopot to taliyok a ka’oripan, manga’ay miliyang to misatatiihay to taliyok a sarikec ano eca o halaka, itiya ira ko salongoc miketon ato mikantok to salalomaan no syako a patireng micowat. 2. O tamdaw miingiray to tataparan a taliyok a ma’orip; tataparan a kinaira o mamidaoc a mihadoy, o tamdaw ato tataparan o masasinga’ayay ko masasitadiec a mido’edoo to no syakay, kicay, kaki a macowat pidotocan, nihosyo to pipahapinang to ka’orip no tamdaw. 3.O caconohen no tamdamdaw ko pidipot to taliyokan, caay ka citodong ko kitakit, finacadan, pakayraan ato kasarekarekad a la’isal. O sida’itay ho to taliyok a teked ano eca lekapot, o mamisarocod midipot to mapolongay a patosokan sakapot a midipoh. 4.O Taywan midipotay to taliyok a lekatep o cecay a “risrisay, fanaan, patangsolay” a sakapot, nai pipatireng tahanini midotoc misa’icel micekeroh to pidipot to taliyok a onto, pahalhal a pasafaloco’ madipot ko paraparatan no taliyok no Taywan, malowan ko kakadit ato kapeleng no taliyok, patireng to caayay ko heneng a laloma’an ko Taywan, saka ira no rihaday ’orip, someletay, nongkiay, macakatay ko ’orip a serareci midepoc ko ka’oripan a taliyok. [1] === Patomiker a dademak ato tayal (具體行動與工作) === ==== Taywan midipotay to taliyok a lekatep a mitangican lima’ay a sowal: (臺灣環保聯盟主要訴求主要有以下五點)： ==== 1. Mifelih to heneng a onto, - nai 1988 mihecaan micikeroh to pifelih to heneng a onto, tangasa 2001 miheca to mihecahecaan latek midemak to polong no kitakit mifelih to heneng a romakat. 2. Micikeroh to sapifelih to kari’ang ato madipot ko paraparatan no taliyok a onto, - miliyang to padadahal ato pipatireng a palafokelohay a katayalan, micoracor to “Cilan fahedil koyin no kitakit”, mikihatiya midemak to “polong no kitakit NGOs taliyok a lomaoc”, misarocod mianinil to temeran a sakadoka’, kafafalifalic no romi’ad, picowat to sera a kadademakan. 3.O picikeroh to kakingkiwen a rarekoen ato pipatireng, - pakayni to taliyokan a dadepocen ato kasarareko, rikec, paecasan midemak to pikingkiw pasaheci, ato midemak to kasasowalan, paratohan, paainian pasadak to pa’eses, micikeroh to papatirengen. 4.Mikiwiko a misinting ato nisafaloco’an patenak, - midemak to lekatep mitiliday no daykako ato taliyok no katayalan, patilid i sinponan mirina’ to tilid ato hong, misyasing, sapisinting to kafana’en sapidipot to taliyok. 5.Macacawna’ ato matatahic no midipotay to taliyok a kasakitakit, - macacorok midemak to “ awaayay ko heneng no Asiya a kasasowalan”, midemak to “Taywan Dipong finawlan syakay kasasowalan”, miocor to mikihatiya to no kasakitakit tadamanay taliyok a lomaocan. === Palowad to taliyok solongoc i kimpo (提倡環境權入憲) === Taywan midipotay to taliyok a lekatep nai 1990 mihecaan miteka misarocod to nisafaloco’an aliyok solongoc i kimpo, ira ko pinapina a patodongan: 1. Patireng to awaayay ko heneng a kimpo, mipalasawad a micowat ano eca heneng a sakalalood ato heneng. O tadamaanay no saka awa no heneng a harateng: miliyang to kalalood ato kafolawan, mikilim ro sakarihaday ato masasinga’ayay. 2. Patireng to fa’elohay kimpo i masakowatay no Taywan a pina’orip. 3. O tenatenan salongoc ko taliyok, o papadamaen pa’orip. 4. Sakacowat no kicay o sapipacakat to sakalemed no syakay ato pipa’ading to kinaira a midipoc ko patonekan. 5. O pilitado to taliyok ato kinaira, cisalongoc ko finawlan mikihatiya miketon ato mikantok, saan i, o pitopa no finawlan ko sapiketon. [2] Nikawrira o nian a mikerohan taikor i ko-min-ta-huy mahakeno. Paratatenga ci Se-Sinmin (Shi Xinmin), aniniay a kimpo patongalan a lawot i saka 10 liyad: “O kicay ato kakak a nifana’an a kacowat, o papakapoten i taliyok ato kinaira a madipot a makahirahira” ono kitakit a hapiwan a tatelak, caay ko pidipot to finawlan taliyok a salongoc a liyad, orasaka ano o taliyok a salongoc ko micomoday i kimpo, caay ko dengan o no “kitakit a pasayraan” a pihapiw a pahecian, malatenaan solongoc no finawlan, o sakasongila’ to saki finawlan a taliyok salongoc ato pipatadoan hato pidipot no sifo to finawlan taliyok salongoc a tatayalen, o pidemak no sifo o mamaparafac no kimpo, saka parana’an no “taliyok a salongoc” matelek ko nidemakan a halaka, rikec a masongila’. Itiya a palowad to pipacomod i kimpo taliyok a salongoc a lawot a mikeroh, a o midipotay to taliyok a lekatep ato 21 sici mifalicay to kimpo a lekatep ko milingosay to kimpo a tilid: Saka 41 liyad (taliyok): “o kitakit ko papa’ading to saka rihaday, somelet, nongki, serareci midepoc ko ka’oripan to taliyok. Saka 59 liyad (masa liyokay kitakit): “o ’icel no kitakit a mikowan ko saka ira madipot ko rayray ka’oripan ato masongila’ ko serareci macowat ko taliyok kasaira a todong” “o kitakit cay picowat to ano eca midemak to henen sakalalood ato heneng a pisadingki, o mami safaloco’ to halaka ato pakayraan, tangasa i palasawaday to heneng a laloma’an a patosokan.” [3] Misi’ayaw ano o sifo ano eca o finawlan to saki “taliyokan salongoc pacomod i kimpo” a pasadak to kahinapec ano eca o kaoratan, Taywan midipotay to taliyok a lekatep o mamihacecay pasadak to saca’of: pacecay ko Taywan midipotay to taliyok a lekatep, no taliyok a salongoc a dademakan o nia “o taliyok o no kapolongananay, o maanan a makaditay ano eca nikari’angan a taliyok, o todong pikari’ang to dafong no finawlan. Ci salongoc ko finawlan to miliyang ano eca mipalasawad.” Itiya, o taliyok a salongoc pacomod i kimpo toya i pahapinangay to salongoc no finawlan ato tatodong, patodong to sifo midipot to finawlan a taliyok a ’icel ato patodong; o taliyok salongoc pacomod i kimpo o pipahapinang to taliyok salongoc a tenatenaan a salongoc, orasaka o saka cipatodongan koni. taliyok salongoc ato kimpo saka 15 liyad a saka ’orip salongoc a kasafaki’, itiniay i taloyok salongoc ikaka ko no saka ’orip a salongoc a kasakowat masadadahalay, caay ko dengan o todong no sakafecol, o saka cikangodoan (tari’ang) no finawlan, mapa’orip o teloteloc a wawawawa manga’ay miraoy to marocekaykinaira saka’orip  ato nga’ayay saka’orip a taliyok[3]. === Kasarekad a kakeridan (kayciw) (歷屆會長) === Shi Xinmin (1987-1989, Patirengay a kakeridan ato saka 2 rekad/2000-2002, saka 13-14 a rekad). Lin Biyao (1989-1990, saka 3 rekad). Zheng Xianyou (1990-1991, saka 4 rekad). Liu Zhicheng (1991-1993, saka 5-6rekad). Zhang Guolong (1993-1994, saka 7rekad, ’ayaway Sincenyin taliyok a midipotaysu kakeridan). Gao Chengyan (1994-1996, saka 8-9rekad, o mikomoday no Litan). Yang Wenheng (1996-1997, saka 10 rekad). Wang Tufa (1997-2000, saka 11-12 rekad, ’ayaway Lifawiyin). Yang Zhaoyue (2002-2003, saka 15 rekad). Guo Jinquan (2003-2004, saka 16rekad). Chen Jiaohua (2004-2006, saka 17-18 rekad, Setayliliang ’ayaway kakomodan, Lifawiyin). Xu Guangrong (2006-2008, saka 19 rekad, Ina romi’adan dademakay lekapot ’ayaway kakeridan). Wang Junxiu (2008-2012, saka 20-21 rekad). Lin Wenyin (2012-2014, saka 22 rekad). Liu Junxiu (2014-2018, saka 23-24 rekad). Liu Zhijian (2018-2022, saka 25-26 rekad). Ye Guoliang (2022-2024, saka 27 rekad). === Kasa niyaro’ a midipotay to taliyok a lekatep. (各地環保聯盟) === ==== Ka’amisay- ==== Hompo, ka’amisay riyar ’isal lekatep. kawali ka’amisay ’isal lekatep. Yilansien midipotay to taliyok a lekatep. Taoyinsien midipotay to taliyok a lekatep. ==== Tenokan- ==== Canghoasien midipotay to taliyok a lekatep. Yinlin ’isal lekatep. ==== Katimolay- ==== Taynansi midipotay to taliyok a lekatep. Takao ’isal lekatep. Pintongsien midipotay to taliyok a lekatep. ==== Kawaliay- ==== Kalingko ’isal lekatep. Posong ’isal lekatep. ==== Kanatal – ==== Penho ’isal lekatep. === Pinengnengan tilid. (參考資料) === 1.環盟簡介. [2009-01-12]. （原始內容存檔於2009-03-14）. 2. 〈台灣環境保護聯盟關於環境權入憲的主張〉[C_0007_0019_0004_0001]，收錄於臺灣法實證研究資料庫，法律文件資料庫。 3.〈環境權入憲Q&A〉[C_0007_0019_0004_0012]，收錄於臺灣法實證研究資料庫，法律文件資料庫。 ==== Papotalay calay (外部連結) ==== # https://web.archive.org/web/20090314031851/http://www.tepu.org.tw/?page_id=5 # http://itdels.digital.ntu.edu.tw/Item.php?ID=C_0007_0019_0004_0001 # http://itdels.digital.ntu.edu.tw/Item.php?ID=C_0007_0019_0004_0012 jtm0nirp85h5hholhepmannbc0hqx4y 0 2684 43688 42769 2024-07-26T00:47:54Z Akamycoco 27 43688 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''Olah, tamdawan, Kolas (愛•人間‧Kolas)''' == === O ticit ’epang makas a salamaan (數位麵包馬戲團) === Itiniay i saka cecay sici Loma (Rome) a mi’olicay tamdaw ci Yowinal (Juvenal) mitilid to nian milokesay a ’olic: … itiya ho, tona pa’acaen ita i cimacimaan tamdaw ko sapiritos itiya i, misawad ito ko finawlan to patodongan a onol no mita, kairaan no hitay tahanini, ira ko tasaay a demak to kakalahan a pafaloco’an: o ^epang ato makas a salamaan… “^epang ato makas a salamaan” (ano eca ^epang ato tasalamaan) (Latin a sowal: panem et circenses) o itiyaay ho Loma (Rome) a pinangan, pi’eses to caayay pikihar to halaka a sician, o pipadamso aca to ’emi (^epang) i pakoyocay Loma (Rome) a tamdaw ato i matekesay pakalaolaan a tasalamaan, o sapipa’el to miritosay a finawlan. Pakaynien tono aniniay a sowal, pakayni i caayay ka sapinang a demak (mioratay to finawlan), saka ci sakowan to sici. O nia ’olic itiniay i ’ayaw to 2000 a Loma (Rome), o nilikafan caay ka dengan o mikowanay, halo finawlan. O kacifaloco’an no finawlan caay to koya nano kasofocan a kahinatalaan a pakoniraan a sici, o ma’osaway a sasida’iten, dengan to pitala to hasapa’orip no sifo to kakaenen, enep sa i kaliacangan (tinako: kaacekan a kalalifetan mapapatay no Loma). Mi’olicay tamdaw milikaf to Loma a tamdaw no niyah paliyasan to tatodong no finawlan, do’edo sa to kasonol, hakelong sa to caayay ka sapinang kakeridan no sici, nonor sa cangra i ’angtolay i ma’anofay. Matiniay a mihecaan, caay ko tadamaanay ko halaka, caay ko tadamaanay ko harateng, caay ka tadamaan ko sakaci’epoc; paki’araw to finawlan to ranikayay, tangsolay, pakangodoay, milihiway, mikapo’iay, kalingsesan, papatayay a kaliacangen ko sakalipahak no finawlan, o nian ko sapipaliwasak no sician to nengneng no finawlan, pa’angtolay to faloco’ no tamdaw, ano mapatatama to ko pakayraan no fali, makaalaay to. === '''makas a salamaan (sasalamaan) (馬戲團)''' === O tamdaw aca ko tamdaw, nai saka cecay sici tangasa tosa polo’ sici, o tamdaw aca kita. hapinangen ko nia 2000 a mihecaan, talacowa macakat to ko kaki, nikawrira misatikotikoay ko likisi no tamdaw. oyanan to. Aniniay a kalalifetan i, nai masa’icolayay kalingsesan kapapatayan, malinah tayra i calay sacefang ato mitiya. Ano malalikel to wikitingwa, masasinengneng ko tamdamdaw, ka’emed ko ’aca, awaay ko sapilifon. Manga’ay pahapinang to ngangan no niyah, ngalef misimed to ngangan malalood, ka’emed ko sakalalood, sa’aloman sato ko tamdaw, i ka’ayaw no wikidtingwa pararawraw to “Patayen cingra!” “Patayen cingra!” a ’alomanay masafeleng. O nianan koya malasawaday a tomenekay, sapateray, mo’ecelay, misaheciay a kaitiraan. Na o mapakoniraay tamdaw (Freemen) mapalasawaday to ko nengnengen no kacipinangan a mapakalipahak no sician, o papakoniraen i caay to kacipakoniraay, malasawad to ko ’icel no sapiharateng, ma’isang to misapinang to so’elinay ato mangahay, nanoya maleneng rahodayay milakoliay no sician (payso) ko harateng. Manga’ay iso misamalata’angan ko sowal, o Taywan i, iraira aca ko sician a mi’emetay, o nika pidemok piraraw no Congko a paherekan… sanay a kasasowalan. So’elinay to, ira ko matiniay a demak, naka caay ko nian ko nisowalan, rorohen ko tao rahoday, o niyah ko masamsamay ahan. Anini, o sapiharatengan kako i titaanan to nian: o pakilaenoay ko niyah ahan, o pihapinang to ca’of hakiya. palecadaen i pikadkad to so’elinay, o kaolah minengneng a mihapinang to cicu, paolatekay to ratoh, mi’ingtelay a nisasingan. Pakayni i pisilsilan to tilid, masakomod ko pahafayan a katalawan sician a ’a’adopen, matiniay a ’a’adopen, roma ira masasipatayay i kalalifetan, ira ko i lawacay mi’ang’angay, pakaynien nangra i ticit a kakki, caay pitolas a mipaoror to karotoday ato caay ka tadamaan, mafodih ato mafolaay ko pahemak, mifenges to masinanotay ato pahateray, mipalasawad to tamdawan ato tariang. Caay footen ita, miparoharohay, tahini mangalef ko kaciadada. Alatek caay pihayda kiso, mifelih i takowan, sacisowal sa “o so’elinay a kapolongan ko nian.” “pafesocay a kapolongan.” Mangalef ko kasawili, la’eto, masangotefohay a pakokot ato ma’isangay, palaso’elinanay to. Nikawrira anini kacekel mihapinang to wikidtingwa, mipecec to cecay micomod i calay a ratoh, misaeneeneng to patodongan no ratoh, pahapinang ’arawen, macowat to ko kapolongan a mitiya, “misatikotikoay” a mifelihay sapiri’ang mangalef a mangalef. Matiniay a “piparatoh” so’elinay ano eca mangahay haw?, o nano misaliyaliyawan a mitodong mitilid i? latek halo iso caay ka sapinangan. O adihayay a ratoh nengneng han matiya a so’elinay a demak ko parana’an i, mapatongal to masakawiliay kacomahad, mapatongal to ko mociriway a demak, o sapifenges to yaan tamdaw to paso’elinan. Orasaka itini i mitiya, kapolongan manengneng ko mitiniay a ratoh, ano caay patakarawen ko ngiha a milokes, o milengatay to sapiacek toya tamdaw, mangalef o ci paysoay mi’aca to sapiyakyak misatikotiko panengneng to mangahay a ratoh. Caay ko kafana’en ko pihayda to ki’emelay, ’akawangay a ingtel ko sapisasaw to pono’. Matiniay a sici matatekoay a mitiya a pakayraan saan, o lalan, o so’elin, o ’orip, oya aniniay satadamaanay a sici a saan to. Tinako, pakayni kita i kakeridan no kitakit mamikowan a ticik kalalifetan. Anini maledef to ko kalalifetan, pakaynien i kapolongan a mitiya ko pipasadak to ’adit no doka’, miwanik to nisimedan, miyakyak to salikaf, mitastas to patirengan, payakyak to P coka, mipenec, pakamay, ngalef tayra sa i yociyin misakemot to mangahay ngangan no tao, mi’ang’ang to … katatiihan. Tona masawsaw ko pono’ ita tangasa i kasamo’an no tireng a malotay, itiya paso’elin o no sician ko nian, itiya miteka ko kasafisafi. O maan ko kasasafi ano han? I ’ayaw no 2000 mihecaan a kasasafisafi kalalood, dengan oya malalooday ko masadakay, i pikecoran ko miki’araway. Aniniay a miki’araway caay to ka itira piki’arawan a misacalacala’, mapaoroa matefad mikihatiya: pa’ayaw ko “ritosen patoro’” koya tamdaw, misaolatek ko pakadit masakawiliay a ratoh, misetek to raraw, pa’oning to sa’ada no sici: nanoya pakayra i pisa’osi ato payso, sapi’aca to calay a hitay, misaratohay, mi’aca to mipenecay ato mifelihay, matiya o “pasayraay” ko rakat; saikoray o kalodis no fali ko “cingodoay” ko milengatay to kaforawan, oya mioraoraray to mamitoor samatiya sa o pisiyop no fali mikotod, ranikay matefad i ticik kalalifetan, pakayni i wikidtingwa ko pilengat to sakalalifet a sician to kapolongan a papatapatay, tangasa i pipatay no syakay to tao. Midotoc to nisa’osian, tangasa i polong no kitakit a pikapot to calay tahira i 93.2% ko tamdaw, pikapotan a saka tolo i o LINE, FACEBOOK ato Instagram. Ono FACEBOOK a pasadakan a ratoh, midotoc to i 2023 mihecaan polong no Taywan a FACEBOOK a kasalaloma’an mata’elif to ko 2100 ’ofad no tamdawan, ma’awid to ko 90% no tamdaw i polong no kitakit. Itiniay i kapolongan a mitiya a mihecaan i, ma’eminay to micomod i calay ko tamdamdaw, misimeday to ngangan a tamdaw citodong to cikarafasay to saka pakonira, onian ko sakadama no “cecayay sowal ko pitooran” o sanay, awaay ko patolasan to sapiri’ang, saka pifelihaw no tamdaw a sakowan, mipeleng to kaorat no kasaselal. Mangalef ko sakatatiih, no calay a sapiri’ang pahakelongay to pisawaco to finacadan, fa’inayan ato fafahiyan a pisawaco. Caay ko tao ko nisowalan, o niyah ko nisowalan. Marariday manengneng ko miri’angay takowan, itini i ngangan no mako to “Kolas” sanay a pilokes, sacisowal sa “ko-la-se (tai’ no waco)” “ko-la-se (Mapatayay a sa’owac)”, ano eca o ngangan no mama no mako to Yotaka padeteng sa to no Dipong a sowal to “dadayaay a facikcikat (o “pacopiyaway” sanay a sowal)”. Caayay ko no Payrang a kacingangan, marasrasay to i lalan ko sapiri’ang, mangalef to o “papenoen”, “sa’ilos”, “pakidoan patireng”, “tilid no pikingkiw”, “salikaf”, “milihiwan a payso”, “heneng kakaenen”, “lay-co (ractopamine)”, “kitakit a ngangan”, “malalenay rangi a kararamod”, “palasawad to pipatay”? Oya makas a salamaan ira ko kakeridan: oya no cecayay a sowal no fasis (fascism) ko pitooran, no tekedan tamdaw (Totalitarianism) ko mikowanay. Nai saka cecay (1) a sici, tangasa tosa polo’ (20) a sici, tahira aniniay to i tosa polo’ ira ko cecay (21) sici, kalecadan a pinangan, miki’alomanay ko pilitado to i caayay ka sapinang a demak (mioratay to finawlan), ko pipenec to miliyangay to sowal. Tangasa to i tosa polo’ ira ko cecay (21) sici, tona matongal to no kaki ko sici, malasawad to ko sapihirateng a ’icel no finawlan, sakapolongan han to pahafay ko katalawan a ticik fascism a saraw. Kita oya ticik no cecayay a sowal (fascism), milimekay i aikor no pipi’enecan, midemak to tekedan a pikowan, midemak to caayay ka sapilalat to sasalamaen a ’icel. Nikawrira tona padetengsa kita o mamaoror to no cecayay a sowal (fascism), manga’ayay mifelih to pikowan to kaingtelan, patireng to faelohay cipatelaway, o soelinay a pakoniraay nasa. Nikawrira ira hanima, itira sa ito’emanay a kengkeng ko kafelih no tamina (o caayay ka cipinangan a demak ko iraay), miraay a miraay aca to “so’elinay a kaolongan”? === '''^epang (麵包)''' === “Kapolongan” a “so’elinay” a han, oya “so’elinay a ratoh” ato “piharatengan no finawlan”. Miharateng kako to tatirien ita, caay koya mikowanay, caay koya patodongan a kasarekad, caay koya sician, caay koya sapicomodaw no Congko to piritos… a o kita ko nihaenan. Oyaan to kita o cifalocoay ’icel “pakoniraay” a han? Ano eca oya kitaay a tamdamdaw a mari’angay finawlan? Mato matomesay ko keter ato kacangalan, oya “nga’ayay” “keter” “ha”, “wa” sanay i fatihian ko piloloh, misamangah o dayhiw no ’alomanay ko niyah, oya “so’elinay a kapolongan” a han? O miliyasay to so’elinay kapolongan a halaka caay to ka saan, itira sa i midefongay i mata’elifay to a kalipahakan? ==== '''Saka cecay a tinako: (例一：)''' ==== Awaay ho ko mili’ayaway minenem to sakala’odot a lipoyin, o a itira i lipoyin a mala’odot, o ’alomanay masasiromotay, caay ko fangcalay nengnengen. Nikawrira nawhani calemcem to finawlan ano awaay ko niyah manengneng i tilifi micefos to kohi mirasras to ^mi mitekol to tina’I, awaay ko “nidemak” a saan, “awaay manengneng ko tamdaw” a han no miritosay; orasaka tefad han to ko i kamayay a sapirikec ato yosang a tilid, o nian koya satadamaanay a hiharatengan, masa’atekak a micala’, mitenok to kinatosa, matiya o mayoyangay a wawa ko picala’, o “pangoyosay no finawlan” a han. Mitala to pihayda no tamdaw. Ka cangalan, awaay midaydaay. ==== '''Saka tosa a tinako: (例二：)''' ==== Pacerem to dafak ka’iwilan tomireng i fafaed no sapad i fatihian no lalan, talacowa ’alomaloman ko misa tata’eli’elifay a tamdaw ato paliding makalahay matayal i, sa’ifecang sato koya papisingan no raritosen a tamdaw, o si’enaw caay ka saan a misataotaong, matiya to o pakafitan to fatili a ningkiw, pahapinang to damsay mihadidiay a harateng, pawacay o nga’ayay a padamaay ko niyah o sanay ko nian. Oya sato i nengnengay noya i palidingay ato tamdaw kotem sa ko tawa, miraoy toya mingitangitay a mamifelih to mikowanay. O misafalocoay to koya sician a tamdaw, miroho to tireng mawangawang to kamay, mitala to kaira no tamdaw to milifadesay to sapipenec. Ka cangalan, awaay midaydaay. ==== '''Saka tolo a tinako: (例三：)''' ==== Ano caacaay ko mitooray, hadidi sa a patihi i piKolisimasan to mamiritos; ano caacaay ko fukkiw a mitooray, o mamikapot to sa’opo; ano awawaay ko payso, pakafit aca to kafahalan syasin no niyah ka cipinangan to raritosen. Talacowa inanenaneng to rimi’ami’ad to sakihalaka, ano ira to caay to ko cingki ano eca kafokilan a mapatayay, matahidang aca “miala kako to kadafo awaay tayni cingra” “pina’angan to mamo ako awaay tayni cingra”… padeng han to. O roma sato a miritosay a saetal a safaloco’an “ano caay papayso i caay piparitos”. O kitaay to ko palaadaday to demak. Kalalawlaay, sa’icel han to misolot to faloco no miki’araway, ’eca to pisaloya to dademaken no niyah a han, o sapi “pahemekaw” i, halo niyah to caay ka fana to niyah. Sician to, miritosay to, sahato o madoka’ay. Manga’ay ita, pakayni i sinanotay, kapolongan a kiwiko, mala so’elinay a mapakoniraay a tamdaw, miritos to soelinay kompay? So’elinen i, manga’ay no mita, masamaanay ko pisifay ko pi’arawan, miritos to masamaanay a kompay. Masamaanay ko pinangan no miritosay, o heci no patodong to o masamaanay a sici. Tona alaen ko ’icel no harateng ita i, o mamasalof to romi’ami’ad ko pinangan no sician, mafiyor ko patodong no matayalay kasasimponan, macaliwa’ ko pinengneng no miki’araway to tilifi, maceros ko kadademak no kicay, mafiyor ko soelinay kapolongan a kiwiko, patireng to sasalamaen to romi’ami’ad. panamor to sasowalen, manga’ay palasawaden ita ko pacakayay to katalawan a kalahekelan, mitiker to pidemak no ’intel a kalali’acaan. O pafaloco’an, ira ho ko olah. Mi’olicay ci Auten (W. H. Auden), nai 1939 mihecaan pasadak mirina to cecay ’olic (matiya o kasasiolah ko rikec〈Law Like Love〉), sowal sa i satapangan: Rikec, sowal sa ko misimaway, matiya o cidal. O rikec ko mikowanay, o mamido’edo ko polong no i hekalay a misimaway, Ano cila to, i nacila to, anini to… Adihay ko nipatinakoan ni Auten (W. H. Auden), pacaenot to “rikec”, sowal sa i satapangan, “rikec” matiya o cidal, o ’orip no misimaway, mapasetek no cidal: o cidal ko mipasetekay to sakafidfid a ’orip no misimaway. Matiya o rikec ko mikowanay to polong. O nia i 1907 mihecaan masofoc i Inkiris a Amilika a mi’olicay tamdaw, mifelih to fasis (fascism), mifelih to tekedan tamdaw (Totalitarianism), mifelih ci Hitolaan (Hitler), saki nian a patodong no rikec, pahapinang to heci no “sici”. Oni Auten (W. H. Auden) to saki sician no tamdawan ko sapisiwasiw to rikec ato kacingodoan, tada kacanaaran to. Pantaay a sici, o sawarak a sapikari’ang to tamdaw. Talacowa cango’ot ko fana’ ita to rikec, pasikiwen aca, itira aca i no niyah a citolasay a fana’ ko pikolomi, midemak to mafelihay to no tamdawan wayway. Matiya ita to “olah” awa ko fanafana’an aca. O pafaloco’an, ira ho ko olah, mahaen to ko sici. Mapatilid i (rencien yuse senhoce) saka 16 rekad. ==== Mitiliday ('''文) ci KOLAS YOTAKA''' ==== ==== Mifalicay to tilid no 'Amis, ci Masao Nikar ==== ==== Kasasiket no calay (連結): ==== <nowiki>https://www.peoplefishpoetry.com/kolas-yotaka.html</nowiki> [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] h7hdobcucld6b7rp21i3da5vmtoqlfk 0 2685 42829 42828 2024-04-14T16:32:16Z Masaonikar 570 /* Papotalay calay(外部連結) */ 42829 wikitext text/x-wiki == Lay Cingte (賴清德) == Lay Cingte (Lai Qingde)- (1959 miheca 10 folad 6 romi’ad), no Conghua minko a sician tamdaw, mincu cinpo tang (DPP), mitala to kapatirengaw to congtong no Conghua minko, anini o micokeray a congtong no conghua minko ato kakeridan no mincu cinpo tang (DPP), nao Sincenyin yincang, Taynansi kakeridan, Lipowuyin, Komintahuy dayhiw ko tayal. Ci Lay Cingte (Lai Qingde) mitiliday i Taypisi cinko congsi, daykako i Taywan daykako focien isingan misawad; ikor i kuoli Cenkong daykako isingyin ko pisawad, itiya i 2003 miheca pakalifok to Hafo (Harvard) daykako kapolongan isingan master. O nano Cenkong daykako ising ato Sinlo isingan a ising, iko citodong to ni Cen Tinnan milafo to Sencang no Taywan “polong no kitakit singan micokeray” kakomodan nanoya mikihatiya to sician. Kinapinapina mala dayhiw no Komintahuy ato Lifawiyin, itiya i 2010 miheca maala mala kakeridan no Taynansi, i 2014 miheca mapararid aca. I 2017 miheca mapatireng ni Tsai Ing-wen congtong mala Sincenyin kakeridan (yincang), nika Mincintang i 2018 mihecaan a siwaay kapolongan ni mipili’an (singkiw) a malowid, roma miheca 1 folad 14 romi’ad miliyas cingra[3]. I 2019 miheca mikihatiya to no Mincintang (DPP) laloma’an misingkiw to congtong no conghua minko a tatoro’en, malowid ni Tsai Ing-wen. Itiya citodong to micokeray to congtong a papili’en, i 2020 miheca 1 folad 11 romi’ad maala, toya miheca 5 folad 20 romi’ad mito’ek patireng to micokeray congtong[4][5]. I 2022 miheca 11 folad, mincintang i siwaay kapolongan ni mipili’an (singkiw) miliyaw a malowid, ci Lay Cingte (Lai Qingde) patoor mala kakeridan no mincintang[6]. I 2023 miheca 4 folad 12 romi’ad, mapatoro’ pangangan no mincintang mipili’ to 2024 miheca 1 folad 13 romi’ad, i 40.05% maala kalacongtong, o no sarakatay malaisingay congtong no conghua minko, sarakatay o nano midamaay congtong milifet mapili’ mala congtong. Nanoya i, mincintang pado’edo 3 rekad ko pikowan nai 1996 mihecaan no pipili’ no conghua minko a kasarekad sahalafinay a kacitodongan[9]. === ’Ayaway ’orip to tood (早期生涯) === O sofoc ni Lay Cingte (Lai Qingde) itira i Wanli no Sinpeisi[10], i ’amis lilis no riyar mato’as. O mama ci Lay Cawcin o Wanli a tamdaw, o misikitangay ko tayal. I 1960 miheca 1 folad 8 romi’ad, itira i Wanlisiang Cofo sikitangan katayalan i,mawarak no lahod a mapatay, 33 mihecaan ma’orip. Ci Lay Cingte na sofocan ho to 95 romi’ad itiya, naniya malitemoh ko simangta’ay piliyas no mama i, o ina ci Lay Tonghaw ko misa’icelay pahafay to a enemay wawa pato’as[11][12]. Ci Lay Cingte misawad i Wanli pitilidan i Wanlisiang Taypisien, itira i Wanli kuocong no Taypisien ato Cienko congsi no Taypisi, o sa’ayaway mitiliday i Cienkou congsi a mitiliday no Wanlisiang a wawa[13][14][15]. Misawad to kaocong i mitilid i Taywan daykako, itira o Focien isingkako ko pisawadan[16]. Misawad i malasofitay cingra, maritos itira i Kinmong malasofitay. Itiya i Nansiungse saka 5 makatay selal mala isi kakeridan[17], misawad i mapili’ maritos to Wiyfangci ma’etepay tadamaanay a hitay[18][19]. Misawad itira i Renci isingan no Wanhoaci Taypisi mala Oli miadahay to 1 miheca, ikor milifet i kitakit Cenkong daykako to isingan, nanoya itira i Centa ising, Sinlo ising mala citodongay ising[20]. I 1994 miheca ci Lay Cingte mikihatiya to kapolongan a patado a demak, pado’edo mapatoro’ no Mincocinpotang to Taywansen sencang raritosen ci Cen tingnan a hongpo to “Polong isingan micokeray lekapot” a Kayciw, nanoyaan sato nao ising ko tayal a mala sician itira i Taynansi lomowad[21]. === Kala dayhiwan no finawlan (民意代表任內) === I 1996 mihecaan, ci Lay Cingte maala no Taynansi saka cecay sa’etal saka 3 rekadan a Komintahuy dayhiw[22]. I 1998 mihecaan, maala no Taynan sa’etal a Lifawiyin, mado’edo to 4 a rekad mapangangan no Finawlan kantokay to lomaoc a lekatep to “Lifayin laloma’an wiyinhuy saka 1” [23]. I 2004 miheca Amilika Kooyin “Tadamanay halaka” mi’oliday tamdaw[24]. I 2008 miheca Lifawuyin piritosan i, milifet cingra to tao, Congko komintang raritosen ci Kao Sepo milokes ci Lay Cingtean to kacirafas no dafong, kahinapecen mikelot to sician payso saan; mihinapec ci Lay Cingtean latek mirapot to wadis isingan lakepot pakayniay to “takolaw somelet a rikec” mililiw to Lifawuyin a sakelo[25]. Ikor ci Lay Cingte tona caay pisarood micikeroh to“takolaw somelet a rikec” to pipatiren to rikec, awaayay ko patodong to kali’aca, awaay ko so’elinay a sician payso, kacitodong no pisa’anof a demak, paini ko mitomadawan aaaay ko todong matefoc[26] === Taynansi a pidemakan (臺南市施政) === I 2009 miheca 1 folad 21 romi’ad, miketon ko mincucinpotang ci Lay Cingte ko dayhiw mihakitiya to 2009 mihecaan Taynansi siciw to singkiw (cisiyaci) [27]. Ikor, Taynan siensi mapapolong, mafalic o cisiyasi a mahayda, o mincucinpotang “Taynan siciw laloma’an no tang mitomadaw to finawlan” i, pado’edo midayhiw to mincintang mihakitiya to 2010 miheca kafalic no rikec ta’akay Taynan siciw a singkiw[28]. I kalalifetan a sakalalifet a o Congkuo Kuomintang ci Kotincay (Kwok Tim Choi) mipakokot ci Lay Cingte an(Lai Qingde) to o nano mipadangay to mi’odangay tamdaw misingsi to patilon no kitakit saan ko pisamangah a tilid[29], nanoya ci Lay Cingte mifelif a miepin, ikor ci Kotincay (Kwok Tim Choi) mili’ay to moraraway ko pasadak ningra to sasowalen, mili’ay ci Lay Cingtean, ci Lay Cingte sato miliyol to sapiepinan, malali’ay a tatosa[30]. I 2010 mihecaan 11 folad 27 romi’ad, tona mafalic ko Taynan malacisiyasi maala ci Lay Cingtean to sarakatay rekad a ciciw no Taynanci[31][32]. Toya a miheca 12 folad 30 romi’ad matahidang mikapot to sa’opo no Sincenyin[33]. Mapidah ko mincucinpotang i 2012 mihecaan to congtong a pisingkiw itiya, saka 14 rekad a kakeridan ci Cay Yinwen (Tsai Ing-wen) miliyas to kalakakeridan to kacitodong, oya ci Lay Cingte malo saka tosa a kakeridan ko masowalay. Itiya o Taynan siciw ho cingra, ato i Takao a siciw ci Cen ci (Chen Ju) o stakaraway a komoyin cangra tatosa, o sakakaay no sifo i Sincenyin lomaocan a “mamikopot a tamdaw”. ikor o i akao a siciw ci Cen ci (Chen Ju) ko mikutayay, ci Lay Cingte caay pilifet to ikoray rekad a kakeridan, oya ’ayaway Sincenyin yinciw ci Su Cencang (Su Zhenchang) mi’awiday ko maalaay. [34][35] I 2012 miheca “Tiensia simpon” malemeday maci a pipalita to saka kinsi kakeridan kaimahan, ci Lay Cingte Taynansi siciw, o saka cecay no kitakit. [36] I 2014 miheca siwaay polongan a sinkiw, mapararid ci Lay Cingte. A o “makoracay ko pikowan, mirocok a misafa’eloh” sanay ko patosokan, o niyah a kacakat, citodongay, mo’ecelay ko pilifet, macakatay a piifet halo “caay patireng to hompo”, caay pakafit to paya”, “caay pakafit to fayfay”, “awaay ko sintinsya” ato “masasifo’ay ko pikowan” sanay a halaka. Itiya, Taypisi siciw ci Ke wence (Ke Wenzhe) o malaisingay tatosa, pinengneng no finawlan ci Lay Cingtean ato aikoray o “timolan nga’ayay ising, ka’amisay o kaoratan isng”. [37][38][39][40] I 11 folad 29 romi’ad a pihapiw to paya, ni Lay Cingte pararid maala[41]; o nia singkiw nai 1987 mihecaan ikor no katedal a rekad no siciw, cisiyasi siciw no singkiw o satakaraway ko paya[42][43]. I 2015 miheca 7 folad 3 romi’ad, itira i Pasienleyin a kasa’opoan, pasadak ci Lay Cingte to cecayay folad a kinaira a lifon[44]. === Sifo ato kalomaocan (府會關係) === Ci Lay Cingte i saka cecay rekad ningra mipalasawan to “dayhiw patodong to sakadademak” a tatiihay pinangan, itiya ci Wu Jianbao aci Zeng Shunliang ’alomanay a kiyin masasiwtoc itiya, kalomaocan no Taynansi masasi’angi[45]. Nika o citodongay no kitakit a congtong ci Ma Ying-jeou a sifo micoker to nian, oya ci Li Tao mararamod micoker to demak ni Lay Cingte[46]. I 2014 miheca 12 folad 25 romi’ad, fa’elohay rekad a yiing no Taynan misingkiw to yiciw ato micokeray to yiciw, o yiing 57 ko tamdaw, mi’awid ko mincintang to 29 tamdaw, nicikerohan a tamdaw o mamala yiciw ahan i, nika oni rekad a yiciw maalaay o no congko komintang ci Li Quanjiao ko maalaay, hinapec ci Lay Cingte to pipa’alofo ni Li Quanjiao, mipespes to roma a mincintang kiing to pilaya’ to pa’alofoan[47]. Roma miheca 1 folad 15 romi’ad, siyikay lomaoc to saka cecay linsikay, o sapi “liyang to pa’alofoay singkiw”, o siciw ci Lay Cingte, komoyin, mincucinpotang a kiing caay pikihatiya, iraay o congko komintang ato wotang a kiing mipespes to sisifo milokes to sarikec, ira ko kiing piini ci Li Quanjiaoan ato ci Lay Cingte miliyas misawad saan[48]. I 2015 miheca 1 folad 27 romi’ad, 2 folad 5 romi’ad, saka 2 a linci a lomaoc, siciw ci Lay Cingte ato  komoyin awaay ko tayraay mihakitiya. Sacisowal sa ci Li Quanjiao, ano pararid sa ci Lay Cingte a caay pihakitiya i tahidangen ko Cincayin a mipalita, cahocaho ka politaen ci Lay Cingte i, ci Li Quanjiao i 2 folad 10 romi’ad marepet no Taynan niyaro’ay hoyin tona mipa’alofo to singkiw (4 folad papayso ka sadak). Nika sowal sa ci Lay Cingte, o pirepet o satapangan no pipolita koni caay ko pipaherek no nia demak, orasaka caay picomod to kalomaocan. [49][50] I 4 folad 8 romi’ad, citodongay no congko komintang a kiing ci Xie Longjie sowal sa, lekapot 16 a kiing: ci Lay Cingte caay picomod i kalomaocan o miliyangay to rikec; caay ka lomaoc ko kiing i o miliyangay to rikec. O pasa’opoay no mincintang ci Lin Zhicong sowal sa, itini i malakiingay, ci Lay Cingte o mamicomod i kalomaocan, nika o nia kalomaoc awaay ko tatomadawen, caay picomod ko siciw awaay ko kalatiihan no sifo. Wotang ci Lin Yangyi kiing sowal sa, marepetay to ci Li Quanjiao, ono holic ko no holic, no sici ko no sici, o mamicomod to ci Lay Cingte siciw. [51] I 6 folad 17 romi’ad, cisowal sa ci Lay Cingte, ano mangalay mili’ay ci Li Quanjiao, caay picara to pitomadaw no hoying i, makahi cingra micomod i kalomaocan miparatoh. [52] I 7 folad 7 romi’ad, Taynansi lomaoc milicay to si a demak, ci Lay Cingte ato komoing mitaloc, caay picomod kalomaocan. [53] I 2016 miheca, ci Li Quanjiao na sikiying ato kiciw a singkiw kalali’aca paysoan matefoc no hoying to kalasawad no kacitodong ningra. [54][55] === Pipalasawad i pitilidan sici a tongsiang (移除校園政治銅像) === I 2015 miheca Taynansi a rahaday piharatengan a romi’ad i, o kalasiciw ni Lay Cingte itiya paini to sowal salaloma’ay no Taynansisifo a kasa pitilidan a tongsiang ni Chiang Kai-shek (congcen) tadtaden, linahen patayra i Taoyuon koyin. O Taynansi kiwikoci i 3 folad 21 romi’ad itiraay kasa pitilidan 14 a tongsiang matadtad. Ikor sacisowal sa ci Lay Cingte, o tilidan ko aira piharatengan ko nga’ay, ano o sapikiwiko ci Congce, ci Helen Keller a tamdaw, caay ko no sician a tilid. [56] === Kacacawma’ i kasakitakit (國際交流) === I 2011 miheca Dipong kawali ka’amis a niyaro’ mililisay to Taypiyang a lonen (lonen 9.0, masadakay a ngernger 7.6, I 1999 mihecaan Nanto Cici 921 ta’akay lonen to 126 %) i 3 folad 11 romi’a a demak, itiraay i kala malikakaay no Taynansi a Sentaysi a riyar, Taynansisifo miocor to lalimaay mipa’oripay tamdaw mikihatiya pa’orip, nanoya palowad to “Sini’ada a lawidan a pafaloco’an-patayra i Sientay to olah” a palada’ay a dadaya. Ci Lay Cingte suciw ato kiciw ci Lai Meihui i 4 folad 22 romi’ad tayra i Dipong miliso’ 3 romi’ad, miliso’ to damaay a kakeridan no Miyagikin ci Ruosheng Zhengbo, dayhiw to 187 ’ofad no finawlan to 1 walwalan 077 ’ofad payso no Dipong a sapahinom a payso, o Sientay a siciw ci Mieko Okuyama ko midayhiway milayap. Ikor mitahidang to makari’angay no langod caayay ka nga’ay kaliomah a sera tayni i Taynan masasicawma’ to omahan. [57][58] I 2016 miheca Takao Minong a lonen makari’ang ko Taynansi itiya, o Dipong a sakakaay ato niyaro’ay citodongay ato finawlan midamso to sadema. [59][60][61] === Malamicokeray a congtong (就任副總統) === I 2019 miheca 3 folad 18 romi’ad, ci Lay Cingte mihapiw to sapikihatiya to 2020 miheca to conghuaminko congtong a singkiw ato mincucinpotang laloma’an no pisingkiw. [94] I 6 folad a laloma’an no tang a tingwa pipalita, micokeray ni Lay Cingte 27.4843% isafa to ni Tsai Ing-wen to 35.6768% micokeray, nanoya ci Tsai Ing-wen ko parariday midayhiw to mincintang milifet to congtong a singkiw. [95] 11 folad, ci Tsai Ing-wen mihapiw ci Lay Cingtean ko mamicoker to congtong a milafoay. Ci Tsai aci Lay i 2020 miheca 1 folad 11 romi’ad, malaheci ko kala micokeray a congtong, toya miheca 5 folad 20 romi’ad mito’ek to malacongtong patireng. Ci Lay Cingte mido’edoay to ni Annette Lu, saka tosa no mincintang a micokeray to congtong. === Kakeridan no Mincucinpotang (民主進步黨主席) === I 2022 miheca siwaay a pisingkiw mapidah ko mincintang, ikor misawad ci Tsai Ing-wen to kakeridan, nanoya Takaosiciw ci Chen Qimai ko mikotayay. I 2023 miheca 1 folad mipata’is to kakeridan, ci Lai Qingde i 2022 miheca 12 folad mihapiw to sapilafoan[126], itira i 14 romi’ad ci Zheng Lijun ko patadoay mitoki[127]. I 2023 miheca 1 folad 15 romi’ad misingkiw itiya, nanoya ci Lay Cingte (Lai Qingde) i 41,840 maala to no mincucinpotang saka 17 rekad a kakeridan, i 1 folad 18 romi’ad patireng[128]. === Patireng to congtong (就任總統) === === Milifet to congtong (競選總統) === I 2023 miheca 3 folad, mincintang miteka miala to sipitoki to congtong a demak, ci Lay Cingte i 15 romi’ad malaheci ko pitoki[129]. I 3 folad 17 romi’ad paherek ko pitokian, dengan ci Lay Cingte ko mitokiay, o cecayay to, toya romi’ad pasinpon ci Lay Cingte to patoro’ a congtong paini to malosapilifet a pangiha “Paso’elin to Taywan (Sinlay Taywan)” ato “Team Taiwan! Micoker to Taywan” sanay. [131] I 9 folad 6 romi’ad, sarakat ni Lay Cingte to congtong a milafoay a tireng mihapiw to “Pafaloco’an tatayalen no kitakit” a wacay, pasadak to dademaken a halaka, mitisil “kapolongan rihaday”, “fa’elohay kacemahad” ato “madepocay a mo’ecelay” tolaay pakayraan[132][133]. I 11 folad 20 romi’ad, ci Lay Cingte mihapiw mitahidang to i Amilika Taywan a dayhiw ci Hsiao Bi-khim malakapot milifet a milafoay. Tatosa i 21 romi’ad ’ayaw no lahok 9 toki, I patihi ni Chen Shizhong, aci Zhou Qingming, aci Golden Shun patihiay, miraod to sakakaay singkiw wiyinhuy mitoki to sapilifet[134][135][136]. I 2024 miheca 1 folad, ci Lay Cingte ato micokeray congtong ci Hsiao Bi-khim ato congtong ci Tsai Ing-wen misasing to sapilifet a pihapiw “I lalanay”, i calay to 24 tatokian mata’elif ko 400 ’ofad ko minengnengay[137][138]. Ira ko i calayay hinapec to nia pihapiw o nitodongan I saka 45 rekad no cinhuyciang a “satadamaanay mitiliday a ika” “lalan”. “I lalanay” a patomadaway ci Luo Jingren sowal sa, lalanay a ika a pisasingan pisanga’ o sanga’ayay pahapinangan ko nian, “ oni tatoloay a kimad ato kaaini o tadamanay”, “awaay ko sapitodongaw a hirateng, awaay ko pitodongan” [139]. Saka 1 rekad Patelocan a patireng O Patelocan a patireng ni Lay Cingte a hakaka, i 2024 miheca 5 folad 20 romi’ad ko demak itiya. === Pinengnengan tilid. (參考資料) === 1.賴清德2子皆赴美深造　成績優異避談父職業. [2023-03-09]. （原始內容存檔於2023-03-09）. 2.本部歷史 (物理治療學系的前身). 台大復健部. 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[2023-01-21]. （原始內容存檔於2023-01-10）. 195.2008年第07屆立法委員選舉臺南市選舉區選舉概況. 中央選舉委員會. [2020-06-08]. （原始內容存檔於2022-10-31）. 196.第15任總統(副總統)選舉 候選人得票數. 中央選舉委員會. [2020-06-01]. （原始內容存檔於2020-06-05）. 197.中選會委員會議審定通過並公告第16任總統副總統選舉當選人名單. 中央選舉委員會. [2024-01-24]. === Papotalay calay(外部連結) === https://www.facebook.com/chingte https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86 006j5v1xr26z36p09hfg0opw6hxskxx 0 2686 42895 42894 2024-04-14T17:21:20Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Saka sepat, sopsopen ko ’icel no syakay, sapipalasawad to maciriday */ 42895 wikitext text/x-wiki == O papelo ni Cay Ing-wen i 2021 (110 ) mihecaan (蔡英文 2021年國慶演說) == O romi’ad no cung-hwa-min-ku 110 miheca anini. To: mihecahecaan a romi’ad, malacecay kita, maacang kita to romi’ad no kitakit. Katadamaanen ko faloco’ ita mapolong, miahowid to nirorayan no ’ayaway ma’orip tonini a sra. Ano o ’ayawayto, ikorayto tayni, mikirorayan mikinafalah nangra to tiring kina fangcalay loma’. Anini, ma’oripay i Taywan a finawlan, o ccayayto a ma’oripay, saliyaliyaw sa a malifet. Miteka anini miheca saka lima folad, masatar no lifong kita a Taywan, o satadamaanay a lengatan koni. 800 ko malasawaday ko ’orip, o salaloma’an, o nga’ayay widang ita cangra, o mikapotay ma’orip titaanan cangra. itini, satapangan no sowal ako, mipaini kako to lalomaan nangra mita’ong todong sahinom i cangraan. Pakayni tonini a lifong i, mahapinang ko kasinanot ato kasatamdaw no finawlan no Taywan. Ano masamaamaan ko fa^edet ciferang no rimi’ad, caay pisawad a citamokis, talacowacowa ko rakat i, milonokay a mitilid to ngangan QR Code, caay ka aingid to tamdaw. Kalifongan i, mido’edo to pacorok no sifo, masarayray ko pipapeno. Misa’icil kita, miahowid kako to pido’edo no finawlan, caay ko mipakoniraay ko sifo. Itini, miahowiday kako to Hong-hay/Yong-ling- kikingkay, Tay-ci-tin, C-ci a yofayof to pikomod to sifo. Miahowid kako to marorayay a polong no ising ato midipotay no malaisingay, miahowid haca kako to polong no finawlan no Taywan, ka’efoan i, malacecayay, midipang to kitakit, o nianan koya masafinawlan no kadadipot a miolah to kaxeraan. Caay ko nikasasida:ma aca, halo padama no widawidang, o Dipon, Amilika, Litufan, Slofake, Cisko, Polan a kitakit, o ledef no hekal to salifong i, manikaw to sapeno, milaya’ to kamay a midama cangra. Anini, o tatayni a patireng to Ttay-piaw-cu ko Litufan, o a itira ko romaroma kitakit a Tay-piaw to nian. O nian haw i o “O kapolongan no malafinawlan, malawidangay no hekal” a han. Saka imatini, o itiniay mapolong, pi’pi’en ita ko kamay, todong o piahowid ita i cangraan o taypiaw no kitakit. Ira ko nga’ayay a litengan no Taywan a tamdaw, caay pisiwala to nikanga’ay no tao. I ’ayaw no miheca pasadak kita to tamokis “Taiwan can hlpe”, anini miheca patayni cangra to sapeno “Sakacihakelong a sapeno”, o “masakoliyolay ko kanga’ay” ahan. O a itini kako a pasi’alomay miketon, o sasatadamaanen no Taywan no kasakitakit, mapalenak ko “masakoliyol ko kanga’ay”. ==== Tonini cecay miheca, masaliyad no lifong ko laloma’an, nikawrira caay ka cimafateray ko kaci’icel a lamahad. ==== Cango’ot ko hekal to salaloma’an no pan-taw-ti, mahapinang ko palonol no Taywan to kacango’otan, i kasafalifalic no In-Tay a kuwan, o sakatadamaan a nengnengen ko Taywan. Satalolong sa ko dadotoc no Taywan ato Dipon, makanga’ay titaanan ko O-meng, Taywan Amilika patatikol kasasowal i TIFA, pasingsi ko Taywan to pikapot i CPTPP, i Hua-Fu, i Tokyo, i Kanpira, anoca i Prusel, caayto salawacen ko kasasowal to Taywan, sa’aloman sato ko masafinawlan a widang, mangalay micoker to Taywan. Paso’linen ko ’icel ita, ato malalikid to mangataay ko hirateng, tadamaan ko demak i kasakitakit. Rarangian no Taywan i kasakitakit, caayto ko malapakoyocay i Asiya ko Taywan, kita anini, maedeng ko pisi’ataw to salifet a “Kodaitay a kitakit”. ==== Saka tosa, mici’iwi’iwian ko taliyok no kuwan, mangalef ko sapilengataw. ==== Nikawrira masangaanga’ay kita, mangalef ko pipenec no cung-kuo titaanan. Orasaka, patapalen ako kita o finawlan, akaa sapisoraraw. O sici no hekal i matini, mangerngeray kasafalifalic. Micowat ko patalaway, mina’onayto ko micokeray to mapakoniraay a finawlan no kalohekal tonini, o ’a’ayawan no ’adipel ko Taywan imatini. Mahaenay saka, hakelong sa to rakat no kafafalic no hekal, matiniay ko cung-hwa-min-ku, i 72 mihecaan ko nika mici’iwi’iwian ko demak. O cecay a ’awas no mita i, mato mificficay(mikitingay) to rarakaten no hekal, o ikoray a rakat no hekal, mato sakafater ko rakat no Taywan. O sila’is no In-Tay a kuwan, masararimok a mici’iwi’iwian. Ma’emetayto no Pi-cing ko Syang-kang, rekenanto ko finawlan, macaliwa’ to ko pakayraan no sici ato kicay. Ya:an haw i, o i Nan-hay, i Tung-hay, mafidfiday ko liyok no sakuwan. I timol ato sa’etip a kakarayan no Taywan, rarid sa a misacikacikay ko hikoki no kisantu, mirawraw to sakarihaday kitakit. O kakitikiting no min-cu kitakit i, misa’icel a pahinaker to kasasofal a makakomod, ta sapina’on to kafafalic no kuwan ato hekal. O G7, Pi-yi, O-meng, ato Mi-Re-In-Au a “se-fang-an-cien-tuy-hua”, lalitemoh sa a misa’imer to sakarihaday no Tay-hay, nanoya sida’it to In-Tay sakanga’anga’ayaw, sakacaaw to pikari’ang no Cungku. Itini, pacecay kako, mangalay ko Taywan pasadak to ’icel pacowat to sakarihaday no kuwan. Pakayni tosaay a hekal i, caay kafalic ko nga’ayay ato niketonan, pararidsa ko kanganga’ay sanay ko nitokeran, misa’icel a mitena’ to sakafalicaw nonini a demak kita. Pa’icel kako to sowal, sapitolas to maciriday a tosaay a hekal, pakaynien i nikalaliwad ko picahdal. Halhalen no mita ko kacacedeng no tosaay a hekal, caayka sapiri’angaw, nikawrira caay ko ai pineker a makolomi ko finawlan no Taywan. O mamipararid a mitongal to sapi’ading to kitakit(kanatal), pahapinang to sapisimaw to tireng a faloco’, sapidipot to saka^ca ka roharoh a pasayra i no Cung-ko pakayraan. Nawhani no Cung-ko pakayraan i, awaay ko patodong to no min-cu mapakoniraay a ’orip no Taywan, awaayko no 2300 finawlan a sakacitodong itira. ==== Saka tolo, lacecayen mapapolong ko harateng, teleken ko sepatay sapida’oc ==== Nai 1949 miheca ko cung-hwa-min-ku tayni i Taywan, mata’elif to ko 72 a mihecaan. Tona 72 a mihecaan i, o kicay no mita nai masapakoyocay tangasa i kanimuci, o sici nai katalawan tangasa i min-cu, o syakay nai sacecayay tangasa i kasasiroma no ponka, kasacecacecay a naripa’an no ’awas, malaheciayto masafa^elohay a safaco no cung-hwa-min-ku i Taywan. O nasafaco kalata’angan to no i hekalay konini anini, o nanoka’oripan no rayray no tamdaw a misa’icel a heci koni. Caayko no nima a tekedan a ’icel, awaay kiso tonini caay ko han tini. 823 a kalaloodan i, ki^emelay a hitay caayko palacidekay. Salaloma’ay no Pan-taw-ti a matanengay tamdaw caayko malacidekay no cen-tang. O ramo a finacadan ci Cen-nan-long, ci Loisa o Ukelan a tamdaw, O ina ni Wen-cen-lin o nano Filipin a hua-len, o ngayngay ko mama ato Dipon ko ina a camel. Pinapina romi’ad a miliyasay a miyakiway ci Wang-kung-huy i, o ’Amis a tamdaw cingra. Caay sa manengneng ko watawat wata: ko inget ita, malefo ko Taywan wata: ko pisangotefoh. Masasihawopay a kitakit konini, ano ’ayaway ikoray to a tayni, awaayko ci ’iloay, awaayko kasasiroma no tatapangan a warayen i kapolongan. Dengan o kasasiodo’ a milecaday tonini a sera, micelakay to kamay, mihamhamay to tamdaw, malacecayay i kalotamdaw. O nano nirakatan to 72 miheca i ’ayaw, tata’ak ko kafafalifalic no safaco no kitakit. Nikawrira nikafafalifalic i, ira ko caayay kafalic to pi’imer. O nian i o “pidipot to cu-cien, pidama to kitakit”. Oni a poso’linan, o saka^ca kangiyangi a tanektek, o sakatadamaan no kaciheci no min-cu, 72 a mihecaan, o midipotan no sufitay mifolawan koni, o ni’imeran no kasarayray no teloc finawlan no Taywan. Mahaenay a nipi’imer, caay ko no cecayay a si^eked a Tang koni. Anini, kakeridang no Ko-Min-Tang ci Cu-Li-Lon, kakeridan no Min-Cun-Tang ci Ke-wen-Ce, Se-Tay-Li-Lian ci Cen-Su-Hua, ira itini i matini. O katayni no namo, o safangca:lay a pala a min-cu no Taywan. Kasacen-tang iraira aca ko kalalifetang to sici, naka ano maparapic ko sakitari’ang no kitakit, ato sakiikor no finawlan i, o mamarikec kita, o sakirayray to teloc finawlan no Taywan, midipang to cu-cien, midipang to min-cu mapakoniraay a ka’oripan. Orasaka, masasitelek kita, da’ocen ko pi’imer to cimapakoniraay a min-cu to masalaloma’ay no kinpo, ’imeren caay ko masasingasaway ko Cung-Hwa-Min-Ku ato Cung-Hwa-Ren-Min-Kung-He-Ku, mi’imer to cu-cien a caay kasasiforaw masasi’emod, mi’imer to sakanga’ay no Cung-Hwa-Min-Ku Taywan, mido’edo to hirateng no finawlan no Taywan. Oni sepatay a ’imeren, o lalinikay a nipafelian no finawlan no Taywan koni, o tadamaanay paso’linan kinian, o mapa’orong a papatingerongeroh kita to ’adihayay a sakafana’, marikecay a faloco’ a misi’ayaw to iroay a sakalengat(salifet). Ira ko malecaday ko a’orongen i tatirengan ita, pahapinangen ita ko kapah, manga’ay tahada’oc ko pidotoc i mapakoniraay tonini a sera, o han. ==== Saka sepat, sopsopen ko ’icel no syakay, sapipalasawad to maciriday ==== Miteka nai 2016 miheca a mapatireng kako, misa’icel to masamaanay a kalali’acaan, masafa’eloh ko nisangaan, kafalifalic no kinaira, patadamaan ko misa’icelay ato pipacomod, saka manengneng no tamdaw ko nikacakat a mafali’ ko kicay no Taywan. Tona pinapina no mihecaan, o katadanca no kicay no hekal, mapadama ita ko milietanay minokayay, sakaranikay masafa’eloh ko nisangaan, mifilih to ’ayaw 30 mihecaan to pakinaliay cecayay mitadi’ecan sakararima no kicay, ato milaliway a nikasasorot a payso ato mileslesay a munday. Anini sato, mahapinangay a kicay no Taywan, miliyaw o sa’ayaway no s-siw-long a pasayni to ko nengneng no i hekalay, o pahapinang to cikodaitay a ’icelay, masikeday a pakayraan no kicay a comahad. Pasayra to kita to fa’elohay a romakat to caayay ko pitadi’ec a cifa, tomirengay i hekal ko kicay no Taywan, malotadamaanay a safawah. Kita o po:long a finawlan, mafawah ko fawahan no hekal to sakitataanan, ’imeren ita ko rakat a pasayra, ikoray 30 mihecaan a kicay no Taywan, madadotos ko kalikat a fa’edet. Caay ko kafalic nokicay a cecay, waniken ita ko masamaamaanay a sapades, pacoroh to adihayay fafalicen. Misatata’ang to dadipoten no syakay, malasawadto ko katahafikod no way-ciaw, o sakisimaw to kitakit macakatay to. Misa’icelan ita nai ’ayaw, sahapinang sato i nengneng no finawlan ato i hekalay ko kaciheci. ’Aloman ko milicayay i takowanan, samaanen ho ita ko saki Taywan? Rahoday ko ca’of ako, karatayal to saka falic ato saka ci’icel no kitakit, ato sakacomahad no kitakit to ikor, malosakada’oc a rihaday, sakarocek a ’icel no Cung-Hua-Min-Ku Taywan, ira ko macekelay a syakay, sapilitemoh to ikoray a sakafalicaw ato salifet. Si’ayawen ita ko halafinay a hadang no syakay no Taywan, sakacaay kalacecay a miciriday nihiratengan, kilimaw ita ko pakayraan sakanga’ay misalof, ta malasawan to koya halafinaw a kararawrawan, haenen ta awaayto ko sasikolen tala’ayaw a romakat. Iraen ita ko pakayraan no sakacomahad no kitakit to sakirikec ato kasakapot, sakiniyaro’ pakiraan, sapitoris to pala ato sakacomahad no niyaro’ a tadamaan to sapikokmod, sapicaliwa’ a misalof, masarocod ko pikomod micaliwa’, mahapinang i nafaloco’an no finawlan. Sakitini, sakafalic no sarikec no kinpo, o sasi’aywen konian. Mapatirengay to ko Siw-Sien iingkay i Li-Fa-Yin, tonini a sien-kay, o a i Cung-Hua-Min-Ku a kinpo ko parana’an, sapihadimel to min-cu pakoniraay a pakayraan a midemak to Siw-Sien. Takaraw ko ’adwang to pakayraan a miSiw-Sien, patapal kako to kasaCen-Tang, o sakanga’ay mikomod to kitakit ko piSiw-Sien, o citodongayto ato caayayto kacitodong, palasawaden ho ko masasiromaay a ci’iwiay, kai kaainiini to sakasarocod miSiw-Sien, makilim ko sakalacecayaw. Cuan-Sing-Cen-I a tayal, masiday no likisi ko kadoka’an ato kasasikalat, samaanen mihiniom, mi’esesay, milifetay to taneng ato sakacodah no aniniay tamdaw. Roma sato, samaanen ko rarakaten no kinaira no kitakit, o nian haca ko hahiratengen. Awaay ko cecay a kitakit ko satikotiko sanay to kinaira a mipado’edo to sakacakat no kicay. Mikihatiyaayto kita to rakat no kasa kitakit, misintingan to i 2050 makorac ko kinafalah to patosokan, o mamisafaloco’ misalalan ko kasacefang to rarakaten, milecad to dado’edoen, maratar mi’eses to katalawan, patireng to koritacay, sapalolol to sakacitingki. O sakalalifet ato sakadotoc to taliyok. Demaken kina tadamaanay a lalaocen, ta malosakaci rihaday a tahada’oc, masiday ko nga’ayay kitakit to sakikapah. Orasaka, i ’ayaway nikasasowalan i, nikasasiroma no Cen-Tang, maciriday harateng no sici, i kasasiroma no pakayraan no sapilinik, sakararawraw awa ko patolasan. Mahaenay a kararawraw awaayko sadama a comahad no kitakit, o sakala’om, laliyoc sa itira:to. Orasaka, ikor no katomireng ho ako i, pacomoden ko ’icel no syakay, mapolong mikilim to lalan no sapisalof to dademaken. Malakayat to kamay mafafolod ko syakay ato sakisici, mapolong mikilim to masasiromaay a ngoyos, mahacecaycecay ko pisalof, kalopakayraan no sakacomahad no kitakit, mapatireng ko ’imeceday a parana’an. Saka lima, ma’iray paso’lin a malakayat, pasayra i hekal ko rakat no Taywan. 2021 miheca, maledef ko salengat, o kapacekilan a mihecaan. Anini kalaloodan i Tokyo no Au-Yun, mapahapinang no milifetay no Taywan ko awaayayho a nga’ayay a tingsu. Itini kasofocan no kitakit anini, liyawenho ita a miahowid ko milifetay a singsiw ato rarikoray a cefang, paepaen ita ko kamay. Miahowid i tamowanan pakanengneng ko hekalay to Taywan. Pakayni toni kalalifetan i, patirengen ita ko caayay ko maciriday a malaliliday finawlan no Taywan. Mafana’ kako ira ko miki’araway to mimaliay o mamataoi’ saan, ano masadak malalifet ko singsiw no Taywan, caayto pinengneng cangra to tilifi, kai faloco’: sa miwaho. Mafana’ kako, ira ko malalifetay mipana’, ikaka no singsiw ko pisatemitemik no faloco’. O warayan i kapolongan ko nian. O caayay ka sapinang a keliw koni, kakitingen niira ko kasacecacecay no mita, kahemekanto, kaingetanto, kaingetanto, kalipahakanto, malacecay ko kalipahak, misiked to malafoay, mahemek to kalipahakan, miteked to malafoay. No opih a kimpay to tatosaay a fainayan, tana pakafana’ ko tilifi “in” pahapinang i, paso’lin kako, ’aloman ko micaceli’ay a talalosa’. Halafinto ko pitala to nian. O nga’ayay no Taywan, o pipaso’lin no Taywan, o pisaki^emel no Taywan, mitalaay to pihiyda no i hekalay, nanengnengen no i hekalay. Anini a lalood, mafiloayto ita. Tona pinapina a romi’ad, tona mipasasa ko hikoki ma’efer i fafa’ed no Taypiy i, ’aloman ko romakatay, tomerep a mica’ngaw minengneng. Minengneng cangra to midipotay to kitakit a kung-cing. Caayko dengan a kong-cing, oni a kaacangan, i lalan no Taypiy manengneng ko minanamay a hitay. Milasalay a hitay, mikoracay a sofitay, o karanikay no pidemak no sien-ping, ato o mirarakatay i lalan a paliding, ato awa:ay i lalan misarakarakatay a paliding, i Cung-Cin-nan-lo a cipatalaay to dademaken. Alamitatoy to wikidtingwa a misasing, talacowa caayko kafana’an to manan a hitay, latek caay pakasowal o maanan caira, o sakanga’ay a rihaday ko nihaenan. O sofitay ita cangra. o hitay cangra. mamidipot kamaro’an ita caira titaanan, ano ira ko kalingsesan to sapipa’orip, tona Cu-Cien a padamaay, tona ira ko katalawang no taliyok, citodongay a midipot to sapades no sera, o mamikinafalah to tirang mipadama to kitakit. 2021 mihecaan, o kapacekilan, tona minokay koya nai Tung-Au i, masadak ko hikoki’ no hitay 2000, i kafekang mitaliyok, patodong to pihamham minokay. O hitay ato Tung-Au sahetoay o tadamaanay no kiyakiy a tamdaw. Mihamham kako to finawlan no kitakit, o nga’ayay no Taywan, paso’lin to Taywan, saki 2300 ’ofad ko pasacefang malacecay, o sakalata’ang i hekal. Hawikiden ita ko kasenengan ato paso’lin a tala’ayaw, o tatapangan ko tireng, kalipahakan no i hekalay, pakonohekalan ko Taywan. Palemedan ko Cung-Hua-Min-Ku sen-re-kuay-le, nanay malemed ko finawlan tanetek ko tireng, mararid rihaday. Ahowiday titaanan. dkgjldq707xxsoigj51f3mu2tiuko6x 0 2687 42921 42920 2024-04-16T05:38:40Z Masaonikar 570 /* Pi’arawan to tilid (參考文獻) */ 42921 wikitext text/x-wiki == Misatataday to Taywan yofayof a analal (獨立台灣會案) == Misatataday to Taywan yofayof a analal, (roma a saowal To-tay-huy-an), fangafang i 1991 miheca 5 folad 9 romi’ad, Conghuaminko Fawopo Tiyawcaci pakayni i pikapot to Misatataday to Taywan yofayof sakasaan, micomod i koli Cinhua daykako mirepet to Cinta likisi kingkiwso a mitiliday ci Liao Weicheng, toya a romi’ad mirepet to misawaday to nai Tayta syakay kingkiwso a dademakay to tilidan ci Chen Zhengran, syakay onto tamdaw ci Wang Xiuhui ato lindosi ci Masao Nikar (kowping ngangan: Lin yinfo), ikor no tosa romi’ad marepet ko cecay tamdaw mipadamaay to sinting a tilid kapah no Rokay finacadan ci Cegau Drululan[1][2]. Ano pakayraen to itiyaay ho a “Mina’is (Cence) miliyangay sakarikec” ato “Conghoaminko a sarikec” saka 100 liyad a mirawraway to laloma’an, oya lalimaay marepetay tamdaw latek o papatayen. Ikor no demak no sifo a saan o mangalefay ko piforaw to “kimpo no Conghoaminko” pa’orip to pakoniyah a sawal, pararawraw to masangotefohay a finawlan no Taywan matatongoday a piliyang to sici. Tangasa ikor o lipoyin ta’angay finawlan a pilepi saranikay sato mihaydah to nifalic “Conghoaminko a sarikec” saka 100 liyad, palasawad to “Mina’is (Cence) miliyangay sakarikec”, tahaikor o nia lalimaay marepetay paherek to kaawaay no raraw a mapalafac. === Pido’edoan (經過) === 1991 miheca 5 folad 9 romi’ad to pacerem, Fawopo Tiyawcaci dademakay micomod i koli Cinhua daykako, mirepet to Cinta likisi kingkiwso a mitiliday ci Liao Weicheng; toya romi’ad, toya a romi’ad mirepet to misawaday to nai Tayta syakay kingkiwso a dademakay to tilidan ci Chen Zhengran, syakay onto tamdaw ci Wang Xiuhui ato lindosi ci Masao Nikar, pa’eses to sasepatay milayap to itiraay i Dipong a Taywan misatataday ontoay ci Shi Ming padama to saka i Taywan micowat to pisatataday to Taywan yofayof (To-tay-huy) sakapot. Sato i 5 folad 11 romi’ad marepet mipadangay ci Masao Nikaran pacipat to To-tay-huy sapisinting ci Cegau Drululan. Nika so’elinay, marepet ko na lalimaay caayay kao miri’angay ko pakayraan a demakan, nika o pisa’osi to nitilidan ni Shi Ming a hong to “Taywan tamdaw 400 miheca likisi”, nao tayraay i Dipong miliso’ ci Shi Mingan, minokay tayni Taywan midama misanga’ to To-tay-huy sapakilac a sapisinting a tilid. I 1991 miheca 12 folad 3 romi’ad, satakaraway hoyin no Taywan midotoc to “Conghoaminko a rikec” saka 100 liyad saka 2 toris ko sapitefoc, patefoc ci Liao Weicheng awaay lafo; ci Cegau Drululan (An Cenkoang) patefoc 10 folad, pasarar to 3 miheca; ci Chen Zhengran, ci Wang Xiuhui aci Masao Nikar (Lin Yinfo) o cifaloco’ay mirawraw to laloma’an a lafo, matefoc to 3 miheca tangasa 1 miheca 6 folad a pirofo. I 1992 miheca 7 folad 27 romi’ad, misalof to “Conghoaminko a rikec” saka 100 liyad misitapang, mapalasawad ko sapisamawmaw a mirawraw a lafo a tefoc, oya To-tay-huy-an mapatiko a mitomadaw. I 1992 miheca 7 folad 27 romi’ad, nawhani ca Liao Weicheng papina caay ka ci todong to sapifelih to nisalofan to a “Conghoaminko a rikec” saka 100 liyad, polong no lafo mafalic to caayto ka tomadawen. === Pifiyor (影響) === Nawhani i 1991 miheca 5 folad 1 romi’ad mapalasawaday to ko karawrawan a romi’ad, laloma’an no Taywan saki sician ato harateng pakayni i 1990 mihecaan saka 2 folad kalalifetan no sici ato saka 3 folad no mitiliday a onto, mafohatay to ko kasahiraira; oya sa a pitedalan to a nitomadawan to caay pakafana’en ko Cinta pitilidan a talifahal sanay a micomod mirepet to mitiliday a demak no mipalitaay, o saka cadi’eci’ miliyang ko syakay no Taywan ato daykako pitilidan. I 1991 miheca 5 folad 9 romi’ad, Cinta mitiliday tayra i Taypisi a mipalitaay miliyang; i 1991 miheca 5 folad 14 romi’ad, Lawtongtang satakaraway tangpo mihapiw “Mifelih to fa’elohay faohecalay katalawan a pi’ang’ang”, mitoro’ ci Lee Tenghuy sifo “mirepet to matelangay a Lee tenghuy” To-tay sifo mirepet to To-tay a kapah, oya mangahay a demak”, pacecay to sowal kao awaayay ko raraw palafac to sasepatay tamdaw[3]; i 1991 miheca 5 folad 15 romi’ad, nai polong no kitakit a kasa daykako mitiliday ma’emin misawad mitilid tayra i Taypi siyataw mikihatiya to miliyangay a demak, mingitangit to “Feyco cence panloan tiawli, fantoy cence pohay” (palasawad to sapitefoc to mirawraway, miliyang to pakari’ang no sici), tangasa saka 5 folad 20 romi’ad a mapalasawad; i 1991 miheca 5 folad 17 romi’ad, Lifayin kina tolo misa’osi mahayda mapalasawad jo “cence panloan tiawli” (palasawad to sapitefoc to mirawraway), ca Liao Weicheng, Chen Zhengran a sasepat mapasadak itiya, dengan 9 romi’ad ko pirofoan cangraan itiya, Toya romi’ad, oya mikiharay to mi’esesay to mitiliday a micomod i Ciawtong daykako a demak, mihayda ko mipalitaay no Sincusi palitaay kakeridan ci Lin Hongcen (mama ni Lin Ceci) misawad a miliyas[4]; i 1991 miheca 5 folad 20 romi’ad, o cifana’ay, syakay onto ato mincintang mipalowad to “520 mifelih to piri’ang no sici a pirakat”, milongoc to “sofitay, imeng, misolapay” tararikor masadak i pitilidan; i 1991 miheca 5 folad 24 romi’ad, aci “cence panloan tiawli” (palasawad to sapitefoc to mirawraway) pakayraay to “pirepet to mari’angay a liyad” nanoya a mapalasawad; i 1991 miheca 9 folad, sakakaay kingkiwyin yinsi ci Lee Cenyun a pinapina tamdaw patireng to “100 dademakay kapolongan”, mingitangit ci Lee Tenghuy (Li tenghuy) a sifo palasawad to “Conghoaminko a rikec” saka 100 liyad. [5] Ikor to no To-tay-huy-an, matedal to ko saki mapakoniraay no sowal, laloma’an no pitilidan o saki Taywan likisi ponka kingkiw sanay a ngangan a kasacefang ala patiretireng sato. Itiyaay a syakay a kasasowalen, mimaan mirepet to tamdaw a mirofo a mitefoc. Oya 100 dademakay kapolongan padoedo misinting, micikeroh to harateng nangra, masasicalay to “Conghoaminko a rikec” saka 100 liyad a mafadesay a laloma’an to pipalowad mitangic, nanoya midemak to “Palasawad to mi’iloay rikec 10 ’ofad tamdaw to mipanganganay onto”. Itini i kasasiroma no sici a kasasiwtoc, o Lifayin i 1992 miheca 5 folad 15 romi’ad kinatolo misa’osi mihayda to “Conghoaminko a rikec” saka 100 liyad a pisalof, mapalasawad ko nia misamawmaway mirawraw a ’ilo sanay a tefoc, itini i sarikec milaheci to pakoniraay a harateng, pakoniraay pikingkiw ato pakoniraay a sowal. Nikawrira o kumintang i Lifayin a sarekad pipaci’eci, o “Conghoaminko a rikec saka 100 liyad” caay ka saheci ko pipalasawad. === Kasatodong no nitilidan (相關作品) === I 2015 miheca, ci Liaw Cienhua papina cangra pakayni i flyingV no finawlan pipasorot to payso a milaheci to nisyasingan a ika “Motay panloanfan (Saikoray a mifelihay a ci’iloay), i 5 folad 9 romi’ad itira i 1914 ponka misanga’ay to kinaira a ’etal kongtin huasan ikakang panengneng, ci Shi Ming mikihatiya itiya to nia pinengnengan[6][7][8]. 7 folad 24 romi’ad, polong no ika i calay mapanengneng. [2] === Pinengnengan. (參見) === Misatataday to Taywan yofayof. Taywan sician likisi. Taywan kohecalay katalawan a mihecaan. Kohecalay katalawan === Pi’arawan to tilid (參考文獻) === 1.獨台案發生滿26周年！那些年讀台灣史就會被調查局逮捕的日子. 民報. 2017-05-09. 2.末代叛亂犯 The Last Insurrection, Youtube, [2019-09-21], （原始內容存檔於2017-03-05） （中文） 3.勞動黨中央黨部. 反對新白色恐怖聲明. 《海峽評論》第6期. 1991-06 [2014-06-02]. （原始內容存檔於2014-06-02） （中文（臺灣））. 4.調查局核准查站主任林弘正的辭職案. 臺灣記憶 Taiwan Memory. 國家圖書館. [2019-09-21]. （原始內容存檔於2018-01-26）. 5.台灣大百科：懲治叛亂條例的廢止. 台灣大百科全書. 文化部. [2019-09-21]. （原始內容存檔於2021-03-01）. 6.廖建華. 從「獨台會案」到318運動的背後 那群進不了歷史的叛亂犯. 《財訊雙週刊》第472期. 2015-03-17 [2015-07-29]. （原始內容存檔於2015-12-22） （中文（臺灣））. 7.劉尹絜. 8年級生對台灣歷史不冷漠 《末代叛亂犯》回顧獨台會案. 風傳媒. 2015-05-09 [2015-07-29]. （原始內容存檔於2019-06-10） （中文（臺灣））. 8.邱彥瑜、蘇品銓. 另類佔領：台北車站大廳播映《末代叛亂犯》. 公視新聞議題中心. 2015-05-17 [2015-07-29]. （原始內容存檔於2015-07-29） （中文（臺灣））. 1q9p36atq7orm1ri0wsi4rs93z6u943 0 2688 42969 42968 2024-04-16T06:16:53Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Yincumin ciwkay a kasasilsil. (原住民中會列表) */ 42969 wikitext text/x-wiki == Taywan Kiristo Ciwlo Kiwkay (台灣基督長老教會) == Taywan Kiristo Ciwlo Kiwkay (sowal no Payrang: Tâi-oân Ki-tok Tiúⁿ-ló Kàu-hōe) o kasakomod no Kiristo Fa’elohay kiwkay ciwlokiw i Taywan. O world church council (WCC), Taywan kiwkay kakomodan yofayof. Patireng i 1951 miheca, nika do’edoen ko likisi nai tira i 1865 miheca itira i Takao cicin patireng to sa’ayaway no fa’elohay kiwkay i Taywan. O hangitan no Ciwlo a kapolongan “matodohay a kademat”, tongal han ko Taywan a sowal a makomod. === Pirayray to likisi (簡史) === 1865 miheca 6 folad 16 romi’ad: O lindosi no Inkiris ciwlo kiwkay ci Ma Yakop (James Laidlaw Maxwell) ising tayni satimolan no Taywan (Taynansi congsici) patireng to saka cecay a ciwkay (Kansici kiwkay) ato saka cecay ising (Sinlo ising). 1872 miheca 3 folad 7 romi’ad: Kanata (Canada) Ciwlo kiwkay lindosi ci Makay (George Leslie Mackay) poksi itira i ka’amis (Sinpisi Tansoyci) patireng. 1876 miheca: patireng ci Ma Yakop to Taynan sinkakoyin. 1880 miheca: ka’amisay ci Makay (George Leslie Mackay) poksi patireng to Hupoyke isingan (’ayaw Makay piharatengan ising). 1882 miheca 7 folad 26 romi’ad: Niwcin (Oxford) pitilidan (’ayaw Cenli daykako), Taywan sinkakoyin nai ci Makay poksi ko patirengay. 1884 miheca: Patireng to polong no Taywan sa’ayaway pirina’an “cicentang” (‘ ayaw Taywan kiwkay kongpowse), pasadak to sa’ayaway sinpon no Taywan. 1885 miheca: patireng to Ciwlokiw cowkako (’ayaw Canglong cowkako). 1887 miheca 2 folad 14 romi’ad: Patireng to Taynan Sinlo fafahiyan kakko (’ayaw Canglong fafahiyan ciwkako), mala sa’ayaway no etipay pitilidan no fafahiyan i katimol. 1907 miheca 10 folad 19 romi’ad: patireng to Canghua Kristokiw ising. 1912 miheca: O lindosi patireng to Taywan daykay, oya caayay ka lecad a palainaan katimol ka’amis a daykay makakomod to saka sasowal to tayal. 1914 miheca 3 folad 9 romi’ad: Patireng to Tansuy cowkako (’ayaw tancian kaocong). 1946 miheca: Patireng to Sisio kakko (’ayaw Yusan sinkakoyin). 1951 miheca 3 folad 7 romi’ad: Patireng to kapolongan “Taywan Kristo Ciwlo kiwkay sokay”; saka cecay sa’opo no sokay. 1952 miheca 9 folad 16 romi’ad: Patireng to Sisio kakko. 1970 miheca: Patireng to Makay satakaraway kangkofo tayal kakko (’ayaw Makay ising kangkofo kakko). 1971 miheca 12 folad 29 romi’ad: mihapiw to saka cecay pangiha “Taywan Kristo Ciwlo kiwkay no kitakit a ngiha ato pikeroh”. 1975 miheca 8 folad 16 romi’ad: “O pi’ang’ang niyam”. 1977 miheca 8 folad 16 romi’ad: Mihapiw to “Salongoc no tamdaw a sowal”. 1993 miheca 2 folad 16 romi’ad: Patireng to Canglong daykakko. 2008 miheca: Patireng to Sinyinkong tilifi. 2009 miheca 7 folad: Patireng to Makay ising kakko. === Pakayraan. (沿革) === Patirengay ==== Ma Yakop (James Laidlaw Maxwell) (馬雅各醫生) ==== O Taywan Kristo Ciwlo Kiwkay nano Sukelan isingan hakasi ci Ma Yakop (James Laidlaw Maxwell), maocor no Inkiris Inkiris Ciwlo kiwkay, i 1865 miheca 5 folad 28 romi’ad misatapang i katimol no Taywan Takao talahekal micomos, itiya i 1865 miheca 6 folad 16 romi’ad misitapang i Taywan focen papotal no Simen a Kansiciy (aniniay Taynansi congsici renayci8 43 haw) micalie to loma’, misitapang patireng to isingan: To Ciate (Carstairs Douglas) poksi, ci Wu Wensuy, ci Cen Celo, ci Huang Ciace tatolo a payrang tamdaw mitooray mipadamaay. ==== Makay (George Leslie Mackay) poksi (馬偕博士) ==== Ka’amisay no Taywan a lindosi o Kanata (Canada) ciwlo kiwkay poksi ci Makay hakasi (kowapin ngangan: Ci Reyli, George Leslie Mackay, 1844 miheca 3/21/－1901/6/2), itira cingra i 1872 miheca 3 folad 7 romi’ad nai Tansoy misatapan, ono ka’amisay a Taywan ciwlo kiwkay sa’ayaway pacomoday. Ci Makay milindo i Taywan ira ko 29 mihecaan, ira ko 2 ’ofad a wadis no adaday, patireng to 60 a kiwkay, patireng to Niwcin (Oxford) pitilidan (’ayaw Cenli daykako, Taywan sinkakoyin). ==== Tadamaanay lindosi (著名宣教士) ==== ==== Lisiw (Rev. Hugh Ritchie) (李庥牧師) ==== I 1867 miheca 12 folad 13 romi’ad sa’ayaway mapatireng i Taywan a poksi (Rev. Hugh Ritchie, 1840 miheca -1879 miheca) ato fafahi ningra tangasa i Takao, itira cingra i Pintong, Alikang, Tongkang ato pasawali ko pipatenakan. ==== Kan Wiylin (Rev. Dr. William Campbell) (甘為霖牧師) ==== I 1871 miheca 12 folad 10 romi’ad, Kan Wiylin hakasi (Rev. Dr. William Campbell, 1841 miheca 4folad -1921 miheca 9 folad 9 romi’ad) tangasa i Taywan, ira ko 47 mihecaan ko halafin patenak, itira i POkoto ato Ciayi ko pipatenakan. Katimolay Taywan ciwlo kiwkay a pipatenak o malosakanga’ay no itiniay tamdaw a milayap pakayni i kaciadada a paso’elin, orasaka, o no pipaising a pipatenak ko sapi comod no pipaso’elin i Taywan no ciwlo kiwkay. === Ikoray no kalalood (戰後) === I 1951 miheca, katimolay a Inkiris ciwlo kiwkay ato ka’amisay Kanata ciwlo kiwkay, nawhani o rakat no Sinkako ato inaay a pakayraan, itiya i ikor no saka tosa lalood makakomod patireng to “Taywan Kristo ciwlo kiwkay”. I 3 folad 7 romi’ad masa’opo saka 1 rekad a lekapot, misingkiw ci Hoang Wutang poksi aci Cen Sicin poksi a sa’ayaway saka 1 rekad a kiciw ato micokeray to kiciw. I 1950 mihecaan miteka ko Taywan Kristo ciwlo kiwkay Sukay madado’edo micikeroh to “Lindo semo’ot miheca piharatengan pakapiay a dademakan”, “Sukay pa’icelan” ato Sukay ato polong no hekal kalacecayan a demak, mapalasawad ko katimolay ka’amisay daykay. I 1971 miheca 12 folad 29 romi’ad, Taywan Kristo ciwlo kiwkay pasadak to “Taywan Kristo Ciwlo kiwkay no kitakit a ngiha ato pikeroh” a tilid, mikeroh to sifo mipolong miliyaw misingkiw to sakakaay a finawlan dayhiw. 1973 miheca 3 folad 20 romi’ad, i papotalay kitakit a poksi ci Huang Canghuy (Huang Zhanghui), Huang Wutong, aci Lin Congyi ising i Amilaja palowad to “Taywan misakiristoay a milawoc onto”. I 1975 miheca 1 folad, no Tayal a tilid (katelangay cudad) ato Payrang a tilid (katelangay cudad) malitod no matayalay no Komintang, i 1975 miheca 11 folad, Taywan Kristo Ciwlo Kiwkay paini to saka tosa a mihapiw to “O pi’ang’ang niyam”. I 1977 miheca 8 folad 16 romi’ad, Taywan Kristo Ciwlo Kiwkay “Salongoc no tamdaw a sowal”, mi’ang’ang to sifo “Pala o fa’elohay masatatad a kitakit ko Taywan”, pakayni itiyaay a sa’etal no Taywan sa’ayaw ono lekatep ko pasadak to misatatad ko Taywan sanay a ngiha, ikor i, malengat ko kiwiko a tamdaw no komintan sifo miliyang to pihayda pilayap to “Salongoc no tamdaw a sowal” o no Sukay a tilid, itiya a mihecaan ka’amisay a daykay malaliyaliyang i kalomaocan. Tangasa i saka 25 rekad kalomaocan no sukay, o 235 paya ko mihaydaay, 49 paya ko miliyangay ato 10 paya ko misawaday, itiya malayap mahayda ko “Salongoc no tamdaw a sowal” a tilid no sukay. I 1985 miheca 4 folad 11 romi’ad nai saka 32 rekad Taywan Kristo Ciwlo Kiwkay sukay a kalomaocan no miheca mihayda to ''Paso’elin no Taywan kiristo ciwlo kiwkay'': Paso’lin kami to Kawas. O misanga’ay to tamdaw ato kalomaamaan a dengan a Kawas Cingra . O Tapang no rayray no ’orip ato hekal. O misawkitay ato mipa’oripay. O nano Fangcalay ’Adingo ko sakacipoyapoy ni limecedan a Mariya to Wawa no Kawas, ta hofucen a malatamdaw, malasalikaka no mita ci Yis Kiristo, o Tapang no tamdamdaw. Pakayni i pisemsem Ningra, mapacek i ciwcika a mapatay, patikol a ma’orip nai patay, saka mapahapinang ko olah ato mo^cel no Kawas, mipalali’ay titaanan ato Kawas, O ’Adingo Ningra koya Fangcalay ’Adingo. Mikapot i titaanan pafeli to ’icel, to sapawacay no mita i tamdamdaw, tangasa i piliyawan haca no Tapang a tayni. Paso’lin kami, o pahapining no Kawas ko Fangcalay Cudad, matilid itira ko sapa’orip no Kawas. O malopido^doan no paso’lin ato ’orip no mita. Paso’lin kami, o sa’opo no wawa no Kawas ko kiwkay. O matahidangay a mipatenak tosapa’orip ni Yis Kiristo.  O mamalo tarokos to sakalarihaday no polong no hekal, palamit i niyaro’, mihawop milalen to tamdamdaw, pakayni i olah ato pisemsem ko sakacipinang no pafaloco’an no tamdaw. Paso’lin kami, pakayni i sini’ada no Kawas ko sakapifalic to pinangan no tamdaw ato sakahepol no raraw, ta pakayni i nika ngodo, nika olah ato nipipacakat to ’orip ko sapipa’dil to Kawas. Paso’lin kami, pakayni i sini’ada no Kawas ko sakatadamaan, sakacitaneng, sakaciniyaro’ no tamdaw to sakapikapot no tamdaw to pisanga’ no Kawas to kalo maamaan, malakapot ato Cingra a mikowan to hekal. Orasaka, ira ko siyakay, sakowan ato sakidafong a likakawa, ira haca ko fun-ki, ka-kak ato faloco’ no tamdaw a mitoor to so’linay a Kawas. Nikawrira, o ciraraway ko tamdaw, moraraw ko pitatoy no tamdaw to nipafelian no Kawas a rocek, pelengen no tamdaw ko kakafikafit no tamdaw ato kalomaamaan ato Kawas. Orasaka, o mamiti’er ko tamdaw to sini’ada ni Yis Kiristo, sololen Ningra ko raraw no tamdaw. Tedalen Ningra ko mapa^kelay a tamdaw a mipakonira, awaayto ko kakinih, malafa^lohayto a nisanga’an a tamdaw i laloma’ ni Kiristo, ta malo no Kawasto ko hekal, matomes no mo^cel ato rihaday ato lipahak.  Amin. === Kasawasil (組織) === Itini i patodongan, ciwlo kiwkay ira ko sukay (General Assembly) ato pakayni i likisi a masidayay tangasa i aniniay a daykay (synod, ka’amisay a daykay); maledefay i polong no kanatal a kakociwkay (presbyteries) o sukay ko mamikowan. Tangasa anini ira ko 23 a ciwkay, halo 11 a no payrang a ciwkay, 15 no yincuminco a ciwkay/kukay, ato 1 a Hakka finacadan a todongan ciwkay. Sukay i salaloma’an no patirengan a wiyinhuy a kasa rekad a wiyinhuy ato pinapina a kasa selal a citodongay. Midotoc 2016 mihecaan nisa’osian no kiwkay, tangasa polong no kanatal ira ko 1,277 a kiwkay (halo 950 ko tukay, 243 ko sikay), polong no mitooray mata’elif ko 25 ’ofad 8000 ko tamdaw, mikihatiyaay to sa’opo ira ko 12 ’ofad a tamdaw. Taywan Kiristo Ciwlo Kiwkay nano iraay ko “katimolay kiwkay” ato “ka’amisay kiwkay” ko kasasiiked, masasi’isal to Inkiris ciwlo kiwkay ato Kanata ciwlo kiwkay a niocoran a lindosi, saheto ono Inkiris Sukelan ciwlo kiwkay a dotoc, i 1951 mihecaan mapapolong, nika tangasa anini ira ko no ’amisay a daykay. Catang hocin Taywan Kristo Ciwlo Kiwkay: Taynansi tongminlo 1 tuan 57 haw[1]. Pihaydaan citodongay romi’ad: Taywansen sifo minkokko 45 miheca 8 folad 7 romi’ad. Polong no saysang: 93,943,922 Citodongay: Lo Longkoang ==== Ciwkay a kasasilsil. (中會列表) ==== Ciayi ciwkay (Ciayi ting) Kawali a sa’etal (Lotok no Ciayi) Kaetip sa’etal (Yinlin kaetip katimol riyar, Ciayi riyar) Katimol sa’etal (Taynan sinyin, Sicia Tincuo kiwkay) Ka’amis sa’etal (Yinlin awa ko Pikang) Takao ciwkay Suosan ciwkay Pingtong ciwkay Taynan ciwkay (awa ko Sinyin ato Tingcuo kiwkay, halo Kinmon Sami kiwkay) Tongpo ciwkay Canghua ciwkay Taycong ciwkay Sincu ciwkay Taypi ciwkay Cising ciwkay Hakka sienciw congsin ===== Yincumin ciwkay a kasasilsil. (原住民中會列表) ===== Truko ciwkay ’Amis ciwkay Tongmi ciwkay Simi ciwkay Paywan ciwkay Tayal ciwkay Bunun ciwkay Congpo ciwkay Nanpo ciwkay Tongpo Paywan ciwkay Lukay ciwkay Cuo ciwkay Tao ciwkay Puyonomayan ciwkay Seciq ciwkay ogtz012kxwzluktd6vxetrwxlxychms 0 2689 43016 43015 2024-04-18T13:16:24Z Masaonikar 570 /* Papotalay calay (外部連結) */ 43016 wikitext text/x-wiki == Taywan patodongan a rikec (臺灣關係法) == “Taywan patodongan a rikec” (Inkiris: Taiwan Relations Act, kaoto’ TRA) o i laloma’ay no Amilika ko nia rikec. I 1979 miheca kalomaocan no Amilika kitakit a nitelekan ko nia rikec ta mitilidan no congtong ko ngangan ta misatapang ko romi’ad, o Taywan patodongan a rikec o saka talolong no Amilika ato Taywan to kalawidang, micoker to Taywan ato Korea ato roma mapapolongay kitakit ko kasasikedec ko kakomod a kaciwidang a rikec[1]. O Amilika ato roma kitakit, roma kitakit a sifo ano eca o kasasicofel ano eca o nidemakan a maamaan ano eca kasasicalayan, malecad i finawlan no Taywan, saka Patodongan to Taywan a rikec o paparena’an a telek to kasasicofel no Amilika ato Taywan ko nian[2]. === Paikoran (背景) === Nai 1978 miheca miteka, o Conghua renmin kitakit sifo pakayni i “cecayay calay” a sakalalood, o saki Amilika, Kanata ato Europe mapapolong a mico’ay to Solien (Soviet Union), nai 1979 miheca ato Amilika masasipatireng to kalali’ay no kitakit. Saka palasawad ko Amilika to kasasitena’ no Congkuo ato Amilika a telek, miliyas to sofitay i Taywan itiya, o todong pipadama no sofitay no Amilika (USTDC) i Taywan i 1979 miheca 4 folad 25 romi’ad a masedef itiya. Pakadademaken no Conghuaminko sifo ko itiraay i Amilika a masasowalay kapot i kalomaocan no kitakit, saka ranikay sakapidama no Amilika to i Taywanay a sakarihaday, saka’aloman no Taywan mi’ang’ang to iing no kalomaocan to piliyang to misatekeday kyosanto, oya malacecayay milood i saka tosa kalaloodan a likisi, o picingcing no Congko kyosanto to sakisalongoc ato sapakonira no mitooray a demak[3][4]. Kararemay pikaykian a iing ci Bailey Goldward ato Amilika a kalomaocan romaroma iing hinapec to congtong ci Carter sateked sa mipalasawad to kapolongan mitena’ telek a sakowan no Congko ato  Amilika a kalacecayan, orasaka to nian a katatelekan o nano kalomaocan a kararemay pikaykian a iing no Amilika a mihaydaan a tatelek, ci Goldwater miliyang to ni Carter, mifelih kao kararemay pikaykian ko mamihai ta mapalasawad ko nia telekan, mata’elifay ko todong a demak ni Carter congtong. [5] Onini a analal mapatayra i satakaraway a hoyin ko pisapinang ono sician a laloma’an, nika o kararemay pikaykian caay pipatoor to sapifelih caay hananay to kiharen. O nia analal nai ikoran kaketonan no Amilika ato Conghuaminko, o pikaykian no Fafa'eday Kararemay pikaykian a mihaydaan, i 1979 miheca nai ci Jimmy carter congtong ko mitiliday. Pikaykian caay pilayap to Kowoyin to i ’ayaway nipasadakan a “sakapolongan a rikec” a nisilsilan tilid, caira sa ko misilsilay to “Patodongan to Taywan” a tilidan, na itiya i 1979 mihecaan pado’edo a citodong. Ni Carter sifo mitilid to nian a “Taywan patodongan a rikec”, o sapidama to kalali’acaan, ponka, ato kasacofel no caay ko no kalatapangan ko pipatireng a kasasinga’ay, midotoc to Colombia sa’etal rikecan ko pipatirengan to caayay ko kalali’acaan a hocin, oya Amilika itiniay i Taywan a yofayof (AIT)- o so’elinay no sifo a dayhiw, away ko patodong to kacacofelan a demak. [6] o nia analal nai 1979 miheca 1 folad 1 romi’ad misatapang. === Pa’ayaw (概要) === ==== Patonekan to Taywan (台灣的定義) ==== O nia rekec o saki “Taywan sakowan” sanay a mikowanay to Taywan (Conghuaminko) ato cimaay mikotayay mikowan a citodongay. “Taywan” a patonekan o nia kanatay a Taywan ato Penho kanatal, caay ka citodong ko Kinmon, Macu a kanatal. [a] ==== Sa’elinay a kacacofelan a demak (事實上的外交關係) ==== O nian a rikec mahayda patodong sakowan to cecay mikowanay Amilika ato Taywan a “Sa’elinay a kacacofelan a demak”, mi’eses, ano eca o pipaterep, o Conghuaminko ato Amilika i ’ayaw no 1979 miheca malaheci i kasakitakit a katatelekan ato mitelekan kacidepoc. Dengan o kalasawad no nia katatelek oya “o kapolongan mitena’ telek a sakowan no Congko ato Amilika”. O nian a rikec madotoc, “Kanikawan ko kacacofelan a demak ano eca pihayda caay ko fiyol ko rikec no Amilika to saki todong i Taywan, no Amilika a rikec o papadoedo to sakacitodong i Taywan, matiya ’ayaway i 1979 miheca 1 folad 1 romi’ad, rikec no Amilika sakacitodong i Taywan. [7] ==== Sofitay a nitelekan (軍事規定) ==== “Pasayra ko Amilika i Taywan padamso to todong no sapitena’ a dafongan ato kicik sadama, saka ira no Taywan a midama a ’icel no niyah.” O sapipatodong i Taywan padamso to todong no sapitena’ a dafongan ato kicik sadama a kasahirahiraan o congtong ato pikaykian no kitakit ko miketonay. O nian a rikec patongal to telek, o maanan a caayay ko rihadayay (halo pilalang ano eca pifoot a micolo’) ko piposang to ikoray no Taywan i, saheto o patalaway to sakangaay ato alaneng, mangalef ko patodong no Amilika. O nia rikec o pingitangit to Amilika to cecay halaka “Pasayra i Taywan padamso to sapitena’ a salood”, o “Marariday a ’icel, sapitena’ to masamaamaanay a sapiri’ang, ano eca midemak to milepiay a sapiri’ang, malo katalawan no finawlan no Taywan to saka cialaneng ato no syakay kicay telak a demakan.” Matiratira ko Conghua renmin kapolongan a sifo mingitangit to Amilika sifo midotoc to caayay ko salaloma’an a patedoay a Amilika Congko toloay kongpaw ato cecayay Congkuo no Conghua renmin kapolongan a pisilsil, nikawrira to kasarekad no Amilika sifo midotoc nia rikec ato enemay toris nipihayda pa’aca to sakalalood i Taywan. I 2001 miheca 4 folad, oya congtong mimingay Bush mihapiw midama ko Amilika to Taywan. Saka tosa miheca, pasowal haca cingra “Mangodo kako to nia rikec ‘Taywan patodongan a rikec’”. O pidotocan no nia telak ano makari’ang ko Taywan, padangen niyam a midipot.” Malo pidotocan ko nia rikec pakayraan a midama to Taywan[8]:34. ==== Paca’or ato paliyaw midayaday (反應和重申) ==== Pasinting ko Conghua renmin kapolongan ato saka tolo hekal a kitakit, caay kalekapot to Amilika ato Soviet Union (Solien), mikihatiya to caay kalaklak ko heneng ato masamaanay a onto, saka nga’ay a mipespes to romaroma a kitakit. [3] I 1982 miheca 8 folad 17 romi’ad a kongpaw, mihayda ko Amilika milowan pa’aca to sakalalood i Taywan. Nikawrira saki 1982 miheca pacecay to “Enemay toris nipihaydaan” salongan i Conghuaminko, caay pileko mihayda to Conghua renmin kapolongan to salongoc pikowan no Taywan, pasetek haca to salaloma’an no kongpaw a pipa’aca to sakalalood minengneng to kasasisiwtoc no lawac no Taywan ko patodongan a nihadaan. Ikoray no 1990 mihecaan, pikaykian no Amilika mihayda to cecay toris miketon to sapifo’ot, mi’eses to Taywan ato Amilika kasasitodong nai “Taywan patodongan a rikec” ko kasasingodo. [9][10] Amilika pikaykian miliyaw pacecay to “Taywan patodongan a rikec” a katadamaan. [11] Mikingkiway a padama  i pikaykian no Amilika i 2007 miheca 7 folad a cecay ratoh pahapinang, no Amilika a halaka caay pihayda to Conghua renmin kapolongan to salongoc pikowan to Taywan. [12] O Conghua renmin kapolongan to saki “Taywan patodongan a rikec” a nengneng “Awaay ko todong no Amilika mikihar to salaloma’an no Congko” sanay.[13] Tona Amilika midotoc to saki padamso to sakalalood no Taywan, caay pitolas miliyang ko Conghua renmin kapolongan. [14] I 2016 miheca 5 folad 19 romi’ad, i ’ayaw ni Tsai Ing-wen patireng to saka 14 rekad a congtong no Conghuaminko i, o fafa’eday pikaykian to kacacofelan a demak wiyinhuy a wiyin, o fafa’eday pikaykian citodongay misolap a wiyinhuy wiyin ci Marco Rubio ato fafa’eday pikaykian kacacofelan a demak wiyinhuy ’ayaway kakeridan, fafa’eday pikaykian calay no Taywan kapolongan kakeridan ci Robert Menendez mapapolong to pasadak to miketonan sowal, miliyaw pacecay to “Taywan patodongan a rikec” ato “Enemay toris nipihaydaan” o parana’an no Amilika Taywan a patodongan. [15][16][17] O Amilika a kapolongan kasarekad i 2016 miheca a polong no kitakit a dayhiw daykay pasadak to sowal: “O kacitodongan no mita midoedo pakayni i “Taywan patodongan a rikec” a telek, mihayda kita to ni Reagan congtong itini i 1982 mihecaan a panan enemay nihadaan to Taywan. Miliyang kita to maanan sapitekedan midemak mifalic to kanga’ayan no lilis no Taywan: Pakayni ikoraay no Tayan a kacalemceman a demak o papakaynien i rihadayay ko kasasowal a misalof, mihayda ko finawlan no Taywan; ano Congko sapifelihan to matiniay a telak, o Amilika pakayni i “Taywan patodongan a rikec”, mipadang to Taywan a mitena’… o tadawidang no Amilika, o ngaayay saicelen no mita micoker ko Taywan, halo pakoniyah a lali’aca katatelek a kacitodong, mitakop pa’aca halo misangaan no kasoling a micelemay a kicik a sapitena a sakalalood….” I 2021 miheca 11 folad 17 romi’ad, o congtong no Amilika kitakit alaneng demakan micokeray ci Anne Neuberger pasowal sa, midotoc to “Taywan patodongan a rikec”, Amilika sifo o mamipadamso to sapicoker sapitena’ no Taywan. Ono Congko a kacacofelan a demak paratohay ci Zhao Lijian sowal sa, o “Taywan patodongan a rikec” mifelihay to cecayay Congko a todong ato Congko Amilika toloay kapolongan kongpaw, o awaayay todong no saki rikec. [18] I 2023 miheca 2 folad 22 romi’ad, no Russia a tapang a mitiya ci Radio Sputnik itiniay i Amilika Washington mipahoso to mitiya tamdaw ci Garland Nixon sowal sa “Ci Biden i kaitiraan paini ato mitekop to Taywan a halaka”, pakayni to nian itini i Taywan a yofayof no Amilika (AIT) pasowalay tamdaw “40 no mihecaan, o Amilika to saki “cecay congko a halaka” oya to pakayni i “Taywan patodongan a rikec”, “Toloay kapolongan kongpaw” ato “Enemay nihadaan to Taywan” ko pi’esesan.” Paini sa “Ci Biden congtong na o mala fafa’eday a pikaykian a iing itiya micokeray ko paya ningra to “Taywan patodongan a rikec”, pado’edo tanektek ko pi’imer to nia todong, halo Amilika pado’edo midama to Taywan sakaedeng a ’icel mitena’, o Amilika kai masamaanay caay ko rihadayay ko sapiketon to ikor no Taywan a ’icel, o nengneng to ka’etipay Taypinyang sakarihaday ato alaneng a katalawan, o tatakaraw ko sapisida’it”, paini haca “O papado’edo ko Amilika marocekay pa’icel, miferet to masamaamaanay maedengay sapiri’ang to sakanga’ay no finawlan no Amilika, syakay, kicay katatelek a ’icel, ano eca roma a sapatalaw.”, pa’icel “O pihayda no Amilika to Taywan matiya o ’ongcoy ko tanektek no parana’an, saka cidama no lilis no riyar i Taywan ato sa’etal a saka rihaday ato katanektek. O papado’edo ko Amilika micoker to rihadayay sapisalof ko tosaaay sahetal a kacalemceman, onini i o matatodongay i nafaloco’an no fnawlan no Tayan a satadamaanay a sakaira.” [19] === Roma kitakit a “Taywan patodongan a rikec”. (其他國家的《臺灣關係法》) === Dipong, i Dipong ira ko pikaykian a iing misakapot ato ’icel no finawlan i hatiniay to a mihecaan micoker micikeroh mitelek to no Dipongay a “Taywan patodongan a rikec”. I 2021 miheca no Dipong a mikowanay a kasarekad Cemintang (Liberal Democratic Party) a kacacofelan a demak “Taywan analal sakapot”, ira ko iing misaakoay milecad to no Amilika pasetek to no Dipong a rikec. [20][21] Europe lekatep, ira ko no Taywan hakasi mikeroh to kasasowal pasadak to no Europe lekatep a tilid to “Taywan patodongan a rikec”. [22] Russia: “Russia Taywan Patodongan a rikec”: I 1992 miheca pakayni i kitakit Duma mihayda, congtong ci Yeltsin ko mitiliday. Salaloma’an micoker to cecayay ko Congko a todong, o Russia lekatep caay picoker to no mikowanay no Taywan, sifoan a todongan. === pinengnengan (參見) === === Pahecian (註釋) === ==== Pakayraan matisil: (來源列表：) ==== 1.陳鴻瑜. 台灣法律地位之演變（1973-2005） (PDF) (報告). 臺北縣: 淡江大學東南亞研究所: 9. 2008年7月20日 [2017年10月17日]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2017年10月17日）. 對於台灣的定義是規定在第十五條第二款：「台灣一詞：包括台灣島及澎湖群島，這些島上的居民，依據此等島所實施的法律而成立的公司或其他法人，以及1979年1月1日前美國所承認為中華民國的台灣統治當局與任何繼位統治當局（包括其政治與執政機構。）」從而可知，臺灣關係法所規範的台灣只包括台灣和澎湖群島，並不包括金門、馬祖等外島。 2.黃婉婷. 中共會從小島下手 測試美護台決心. 中時新聞網. 2023-04-10 [2024-02-21]. （原始內容存檔於2024-02-21）. 我國與美國於1954年簽訂《中美共同防禦條約》時，該適用範圍就僅限台灣、澎湖，沿海島嶼如大陳島、一江山及金門馬祖都不算在內，《臺灣關係法》於1979年生效後，台灣的定義也僅有台灣、澎湖。 3.施明德. 建構金門、馬祖和平特區及警軍　一個台灣人對台灣各政黨領袖的公開信. 鏡週刊. 2022-12-06 [2024-02-21]. （原始內容存檔於2024-02-21）. 金門、馬祖不在美國《臺灣關係法》承諾的範圍之內。 4.王照坤. 防台遭入侵法案含金馬 學者：游賀挺台決心更強. 中央廣播電臺. 2020-07-29 [2024-02-21]. （原始內容存檔於2024-02-21）. 中正大學戰略暨國際事務研究所教授林泰和今天(29日)受訪指出，依據「臺灣關係法」，美國所謂的「台灣」就是台灣、澎湖，不包括金門、馬祖 陳艾伶. 中國內部政經危機接連引爆！《外交政策》：習近平恐出兵金馬離島轉移焦點. 風傳媒. 2020-07-29 [2024-02-21]. （原始內容存檔於2024-02-21）. 根據《臺灣關係法》（Taiwan Relations Act）、美中三公報及對台六項保證，美方承諾向台灣本島及澎湖維繫防務關係，但金門、馬祖不在實施範圍內。 5.洪銘德、洪子傑. 美國印太戰略發展下的臺灣金馬防衛作戰 (PDF). 通識教育學報 (國立臺中科技大學). 2023-12, 10: 60–61 [2024-02-21]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2024-02-21）. 然而，不可諱言的，《臺灣關係法》所定義之「臺灣」僅包括台灣與澎湖群島，並不包括金門、馬祖等外離島。 梁路思、李淨瑤. 一步步蠶食台灣領土 習近平用「此方式」奪金門、馬祖！(視頻). 看中國. 2023-09-21 [2024-02-21]. （原始內容存檔於2024-02-21）. 更何況美國制定的《臺灣關係法》並不包括金門和馬祖，美國沒理由出兵，而且中共沒有動武，也符合了聯合國精神。 6.熊玠語中評：我要說出《台灣關係法》真相. 中國評論通訊社. 2015-01-14 [2024-02-21]. （原始內容存檔於2024-02-21）. 據瞭解，《臺灣關係法》中「台灣」一詞僅僅代表台灣本島、澎湖列島等其餘環繞台灣本島之小島，並未包含金門與馬祖。……熊玠解釋道，這一點確實在當時存在很大爭議，《臺灣關係法》沒有涉及金門和馬祖是不想挑釁大陸。「當時大家爭議是否應列入金門和馬祖，如果列進去了，可以加強台灣屬於傳統中國的概念，但後來有人認為，這太刺激北京了，因為北京認為金馬是大陸的一部份，後來經大家的投票決定不把金門和馬祖放進去。 7.沈潔. 金門酒傳達的密碼. 芋傳媒. 2023-01-31 [2024-02-21]. （原始內容存檔於2024-02-21）. 金馬與台澎法律地位不同，無可爭議，蔣介石與美國簽的共同防衛條約，適用範圍只在台澎，不包括金馬；美國國會制定的「臺灣關係法」也只包括台澎，而不及於金馬。這一方面是因為法律地位、歷史事實，另一方面也是金馬無法防守。所謂海峽中線，金馬就畫在中國那一邊。 8.連根藤. 一個台灣 四種定義. 自由時報. 2008-04-10 [2024-02-21]. （原始內容存檔於2024-02-21）. 可見美國所提的台灣人民和台灣統治當局都不包括金門和馬祖。 9.王景弘. 把台灣當國家看. 自由時報. 2011-06-07 [2024-02-21]. （原始內容存檔於2024-02-21）. 但臺灣關係法對「台灣」的定義只限「台灣與澎湖」，不含金、馬 10.周松男. 【專文】台海兩岸真的終需一戰嗎?. 民報. 2022-07-04 [2024-02-21]. （原始內容存檔於2024-02-21）. 曾先生認為，中共以武力攻佔金馬群島，美國、日本不可能出兵助台，因為臺灣關係法不包括金門、馬祖。 11.謝永生. 看東看西專欄：台灣關係法不是台獨關係法. 中時新聞網. 2015-03-17 [2024-02-21]. （原始內容存檔於2024-02-21）. 「臺灣關係法」是為了取代「中美共同防禦條約」，是為了維持台海及西太平洋的和平，安全與穩定。值得注意的是關係法涵蓋範圍，只包括當時的臺灣省行政區，並不包括金門、媽祖、東引、西引以及南沙群島。 12.馬祖通訊周刊. 專題報導／金門馬祖會被台灣放棄嗎？. 馬祖通訊. 2002, (35) [2024-02-21]. （原始內容存檔於2024-02-21）. 1979年中美斷交，在「臺灣關係法」第15條中對於「台灣」有明確的界定：「台灣一詞，按照法案全文之需要，包括台灣本島及澎湖，該等島嶼之人民‥‥」臺灣關係法不包含金馬外島，顯見不論從現實局勢與法令規章考量，美國始終反對台灣在金馬外島駐軍。 === Pinengnengan tilid. (參考文獻) === 1.台灣關係法. Washington D.C.: 美國在台協會. 1979年1月1日 [2017年6月27日]. （原始內容存檔於2021年5月9日） （中文）. 2.美國國會. 連結至維基文庫 台灣關係法. 維基文庫. 1979年. 四. B. 2. 依據美國法律授權規定，美國與外國、外國政府或類似實體所進行或實施各項方案、交往或其他關係，美國總統或美國政府機構獲准，依據本法第六條規定，遵照美國法律同樣與臺灣人民進行或實施上述各項方案、交往或其他關係（包括和臺灣的商業機構締約，為美國提供服務）。 3.Dittmer, Lowell. Reform and Chinese foreign policy. Zhao, Jianmin; Dickson, Bruce (編). Remaking the Chinese State: Strategies, Society, and Security. Routledge. 2001: 179. 4.ROBERT GREEN, Mixed Signals （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, Taiwan Today, 2009-07-01 China Mutual Defense (1954) （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, 美國在台協會 5.April 10, 1979: Taiwan Relations Act Statement on Signing H.R. 2479 Into Law （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, 聖地牙哥加利福尼亞大學 6.Taiwan Relations Act: Public Law 96-8 96th Congress （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） Sec. 4 under APPLICATION OF LAWS; INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS 7.張敏清. 《从布什政府对台军售看美台军事关系的变化》. 美國研究 (北京市: 中華美國學會；中國社會科學院美國研究所). 2004, (2004年第4期): 15—38 [2021-04-10]. ISSN 1002-8986. （原始內容存檔於2021-04-10） （簡體中文）. 8.H.Con.Res.56 - Commemorating the 20th anniversary of the Taiwan Relations Act. （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, Congress.gov, 1999-03-17 9.H.Con.Res.53 - Concerning the Taiwan Relations Act. （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, Congress.gov, 1999-03-11 10.H.Con.Res.117 - Expressing the sense of Congress that the United States Government should reaffirm its unwavering commitment to the Taiwan Relations Act as the cornerstone of United States relations with Taiwan, and for other purposes. （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, Congress.gov, 2003-03-25 11.CRS Report to Congress. [2020-01-05]. （原始內容存檔於2020-11-07）. 12.Embassy of the People's Republic of China: China opposes US congress' resolution on Taiwan （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） (2004-07-19) 13.The Editorial Board. China’s Tantrum on Taiwan Arms Deal. The New York Times. 2015-12-24 [2015-12-25]. （原始內容存檔於2021-03-08）. The new arms package, which includes two navy frigates, antitank missiles, combat systems for minesweepers, amphibious attack vehicles and communications systems.... 14.Menendez, Rubio: "Six Assurances" Continued Foundation of U.S.-Taiwan Relations （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, Senator 羅伯特·梅南德茲, May 19, 2016 15.Rubio, Menendez: 『Six Assurances』 Continued Foundation Of U.S.-Taiwan Relations （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, Senator 馬可·魯比歐, May 19, 2016 16.S.Con.Res.38 - A concurrent resolution reaffirming the Taiwan Relations Act and the Six Assurances as cornerstones of United States-Taiwan relations. （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, Congress.gov, May 19, 2016 17.外交部：美方應停止挑動兩岸對立. [2021-11-18]. （原始內容存檔於2021-11-18）. 18.白宮「毀台計畫」失言瘋傳　AIT回應了. [2023-02-23]. 原始內容存檔於2023-02-23. 19.共同抗中 日執政黨成立台灣專案小組. 自由時報. 2021-02-06 [2021-02-20]. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-21）. 20.藤井嚴喜：日民間醞釀推動日本版台灣關係法. 中央通訊社. 2019-12-14 [2021-02-20]. （原始內容存檔於2020-04-24）. 21.全力催生歐盟版台灣關係法. 自由時報. 2019-12-15 [2021-02-20]. （原始內容存檔於2020-10-01）. === Papotalay calay (外部連結) === === https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86 === pfasxs7htwilgmbbjc32dsdvvkm1haq 0 2690 44882 43071 2024-09-23T12:35:05Z Safulo 35 44882 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ci Osap( 歐撒甫)<ref>臺北帝國大學言語學研究室調查。《原語による臺灣高砂族伝説集》。台北。昭和十年(1935)。p.527-532。</ref> == === Mapohaway ato wawa no wawa(盲目老婦與孫子) === Ono Tafalong a ratoh koninian iti:ya ho. === Citama' i sailoh no mato'asay ko kapah(部落年青人在老婦女的獵場捕獲獵物) === Ono Tafalong a ratoh koninian iti:ya ho. saan ci Osap hananay no to’as i Tafalong a niyaro’ ,o madaponohay mapohaway heca, tatosaay canira a malefayi ato wawa no wawa ningra, saciparod<ref>saciparod 過日子。saci-依靠，依賴。parod 爐灶。</ref> saan i,o sailohay<ref>sailoh 領地，獵場。sa人為規劃或開闢的場所。iloh 火燒。早期阿美族人以的粗放農業以燒墾為主。</ref> nangra ko saka’orip, itiya sato tatodong to no piilohan no mihecaan, lomaoc to ko kapah no ninian a niyaro’, sowal sato koya kapah no niyaro’, ”''a ilohaen nomita kiraan a sailoh niraan a mato’asay''” sato ko kasasowal no kapah.itira to a sowal han to no kapah koya a mato’asay to nikasasowalan no kapah a sapiilohaw to sailoh niya mato'asay. Paca'of han niya mato'asay:”''caay ha kapah, aka paci’eci kamo a midemak toraan, tapal han imatini’i masa ko pitapal namo to parod niyam imatini, a omaan ko iraay kiyaan a isailohay a ’a’adopan, ano iraay ko ’a’adopen a matini ko parod niyam a awaawa ko maamaan haw'' ” han to noya a mato’asay. Nikawrira ca ka yoyang(sodod) koya a kapah sowal sato:”''caay ina''” sato a misatiyotiyol<ref>tiyol 一再的，重複，再一次。misatiyotiyol 一再重複。同misaliyaliyaw.</ref> caay to ka domoc(filo) ko sowal noya a kapah, oyaan sato a mato’asay i,”''ano matira aca i, mahaenhaen aca ha kapah''” sato koya a mato’asay. Oyanan sato a kapah i, sowal sato: ”''hayi ha ina, a o tala to nomiso to tahaloma’ no niyam o kapah haw ”''. O lowad to noya a kapah a miiloh toyaan a sailoh noya mato’asay, sa citama’ saan kian a kapah i, macacamol to kararayan<ref>kararayan 鹿。同 malonem.</ref>ato ngafol<ref>ngafol 羚羊，雜色的鹿;山鼠。https://amis.moedict.tw/#:ngafol</ref> ato fafoy ko pinaro niyaan a sailoh,mapaherek 528p.sato ko nipiiloh i, o pataloma’ to no kapah to tama’, patayra i cisailohay a mato’asay kiyaan a kapah to tangal i,”''taynien ina ko patelian to tangal niya tama’ niyam o kapah''” saca ko sowal. Hemek sa to a patada koyaan a mato’asay to fasolan i potal, so’elinay mitepotepo sa kinian a kapah pateli to tangal no tama’ ,rarid sato ko talatepotepo a tengilan niyaan a mato’asay,mato matomesay to ko fasolan, oya fasolan niya a mato’asay. === Samangahen no kapah a pafeli to 'a'adopen(年青人欺騙老人只送一個獵物頭) === Toan<ref>tafalong 這一帶回家之意.冋minokay。</ref> to niaan a kapah, “''hatini to ha ina''” sato koya kapah. Naikoran sato niya a kapah i,” ''helamen''<ref>看看，檢查看看。同hinamen。</ref> ''to fa’ang''<ref>對小女孩的暱稱。<sup>''o pitahidang to wawa no wawa.''</sup></ref> ''kinian a tangal, ano hacowaay to , haocong''<ref>adihay</ref> ''hokini''” han to niya a mato’asay kiya a wawa, sowal sa kiya a wawa i,”''cecayay heca kini ina ko tangal no mancel'' ” han to no wawa. “''hamay''”<ref>mihamahamay出示, 給…看。</ref> ha to niyaan a mato’asay. So’elinay moni’(kona’i) sato kiyaan a tangal niyaan a mancel, hinam han i,na o iyaanay to a cecay kinian a tarastasay a tepoen i fasolan niya kapah. Oya sato a mato’asay i,mangic to ko faloco’ “''o maan ko haenen a misakumot(misamsam) ko pakoyoc imatini, ’ilohen to ko sa’iloh nomako nacima ko sanay”'' sato kiya mato’asay. === Mifetik to to'asa ato kawas no kakarayan ato sera ta makedal(祭祖和天地神使之乾旱) === Yan to misatekel to cingra mafetek(mifetik) to mato’asay niira ato kawas no kakarayan ato sera, nasaan i, o rarid to no kedal a misatolo a folad ca ka cinanom koyaan a niyaro’. Tiyaan a nikakedal i, makerah to ko sa’owac ato tefong, mapatay to no kedal ko pinaloma miyaan a niyaro’ Oninian sato a mato’asay a nanom i, kalakiyo’kiyo’ to i pacikengan a masadak ko niira a nanom. Sowal sato kiyaan a niyaro’ “ ''o masaay ko nomiso ina a nanom,naw iro caay ka kerah, ami sato o niyaro’ imatini haw i, mapatay to kami no nananomen''” sato kiyaan a niyaro’. Oyanan to i, lomaoc sato kiyaan a niyaro’ itira i potal noya a mato’asay, oyaan sato a malafayiay ato wawa no wawa pafidfiden (pataliyoken) to nangra to fokeloh mala’anengan niyaan a kapah i potal, so’elinay o lalikolikol to niyaan a kapah maro’ tiyaan a fakeloh. === Pararid mafali ato ma'orad(連續暴風雨) === Papero sato kiyaan a mato’asay i,''“ tengilen ha kapah ko sowal ako, sa cisowal sato i,kopikopi cacekos kacitiih to, hatini ha kapah, ano mangic aca kamo to nananomen”'' sato kiyaan a mato’asay, nasaan i,parisifo’ to ko fali ato ’orad, itiya yaan sato a kapah milaliw hen, nasaan caay to ka mowad ko para’ nangra a micipepat i fokeloh,tahira to cila to a dafak kiyaan a faliyos, itira to cangra i potal a miki’orad a tahira to cila. Sowal sato kiyaan a mato’asay toyaan a wawa ningra, “ ''hinamen to fa’ang kiraan a kapah''” han to. sowal sato kiyaan a wawa i,”''caay to ka dademak, salangdaw salangdaw sato ko mata niyaan a kapah ina”'' sato kiyaan a wawa. === Nanoyaan caay to pisakomot to pakoyoc(從那時候不再有人欺負老弱婦孺) === So’elinay, sadak sato kiyaan a mato’asay a mifetik i, o doa to no fali ato ’orad, kawih han to kiyaan a kapah i, mowad to a ma’emin. Sowal sato kiyaan a mato’asay i,” ''masa ko faloco’ namo a haenen ko pakoyoc, ano caay kamo pisakomot i, ko nacaay to ka matini kamo''” han to noya a mato’asay. Nano tiyaan to i,caay to pisakomot to pakoyoc kiyaan a niyaro’ saan ko sowal a tahanini matini. === Pacefaday tilid(註釋) === f5bnbrfu8vmjrqo6gzgzoe3azx998um 0 2691 43053 43052 2024-04-24T05:50:39Z Masaonikar 570 /* Harvard mitiliday o Taywan a tamdaw mi’iyak to tarokos no Congko. (哈佛台裔學生嗆爆中國大使！) */ 43053 wikitext text/x-wiki == Wu Tinghua (吳亭樺) == === Harvard mitiliday o Taywan a tamdaw mi’iyak to tarokos no Congko. (哈佛台裔學生嗆爆中國大使！) === [[Faylo:O taywan Amilika mitiliday ci Wu Tinghua (kawiliay) ato Sicang (Tibet) mitiliday i daykako no Harvard a miliyangay..png|置中|縮圖|532x532像素|'''O Taywan Amilika mitiliday ci Wu Tinghua (kawiliay) ato Sicang (Tibet) mitiliday i daykako no Harvard a miliyangay''']] 2024/04/22 20:48 === Ceyo-sepaw Zhu Lanhui/mikawitay mitilid (自由時報 祝蘭蕙／核稿編輯) === [Patangsolay sinpon/kapolongan paratoh] itiniay i Amilika a tarokos no Congko ci Xie Feng i ’ayaw no pina romi’ad itira i daykako no Harvard a papelo, liyangan no tatoloay tamdaw, oya cecay a fafahiyan o nano Taywan Amilika a tamdaw mitiliday i daykako no Harvard ci Wu Tinghua, itiya pililid no tamdaw i micala’ mi’iyak marketer “masamsamay to Taywan a Congko” saan, malosakasasowalen no ’alomanay. Oya mikidkiday mililid ci Wu Tinghuaan i o nano Congko a tamdaw, kasapinangan kora tamdaw o kakeridan no mitiliday no Congko i daykako no Harvard. I 4 folad 20 romi’ad, ci Xie Feng o tarokos no Congko mikihatiya to daykako no Harvard mikingkiway to Harvard Kennedy School midemakan a “Congko a lisaot” a papelo itiya, oya mitengilay 2 fafahiyan 1 fa’inayan talifahal sa a tomireng, macacayat to nitilidan “Mangahay Congko (CHINA LIES) kahangangay tilid, laha’ sa to ngangan ni Xie Feng, ’ang’ang sa pasowal kao Sicang (Tibet), Singciang (Xinjiang) salongoc no tamdaw ato sakapakonira no Hongkong kasalekapot ko kasasowalen ari, sa pacekok sa ci Xie Feng itiya. Oya 3 tamdaw malilid to tayra i papotal, oya milafelay i Amilika miliyangay tamdaw ci Zhou Fengsuo sacisowal sa, oya tomirengay miliyang a 3 tamdaw i o nano “Mifelihay to kiwsangto kapolongay no mitiliday” ato “Pakoniraay no Sicang (Tibet) sakapot no mitiliday, o cecay a fafahiyan o nano Taywan Amilika a tamdaw mitiliday i daykako no Harvard ci Wu Tinghua. Toya pililidan pasadak ci Wu Tinghuaan itiya micala’ maketer: “Kamo ko micefisay to sapakoniraaw no Hongkong, mipelengay to nikapolongan nangra, anini sa mipakamay haca kamo to kitakit niyam o Taywan! Mangahay Congko! Mapatayay finawlan!” Saan. Ikor no nian mayakyak to itini i calay ci Wu Tinghua ato rama miliyangay a fafahiyan mitiliday (nai Sicang (Tibet)) malilid pasadak tala papotal a nisyasingan a filomo, ci Wu Tinghua pasimisyasingay a pasowal, “Nicokaran no mitiliday i daykako niyam pasadak kami i honi, anini o torokos no Congko ci Xie Feng misalata’ang i laloma’ papelo to mangahay, o papasowalen ita o Harvard tamdaw cnga, caay ko papaliyasen ita to sapisintingaw ningra.” Maketon ko pipapeloan ni Xie Feng a saying to naikoran malokasasowalen no ’alomanay i calay, oya itiraay i miliyangay a ’alomanay a mitiliday tamdaw to piliyang malaha to ngaayay sanay. Roma sato, ira ko pakahapinangay toya mikidkiday pasadak ci Wu Tinghuaan a fa’inayan tamdaw. Anini mihecaan o tayniay i Taywan a misolapay to pisingkiw to congtong a masowalay tamdaw mirakarakay i Amilika ca “Kongce Sen (Young Master Shen)” itira i X cadada a micokar, oya mikidkiday mililid to miliyangay to tarokos no Congko to fafahiyan no Taywan a tamdaw o mitiliday i Harvard a kakeridan no mitiliday no Congko ci Zou Hongji, pasadak haca to nano demakan ni Zou Hongji. Marketer milokes ci Kongce Sen (Young Master Shen): “O nia tamdaw o kasasowalan i Beijing, mitilid to kasakitakit a sici kicay a todongan, sacisowal sa mala no hekalan a finawlan, palowaday to ponka a kacacofeliw. Oya sapisamawmaw a somowal to kimad no Congko, mala mipaloay no Congko kiwsanto a tamdaw. O komaenay to kakaenen to sapakaen to wao no misatekeday mikowan a malahad mato’as, oya caayay pi’ilos a tamdaw o citanengay tamdaw ahan.” Saan. Ala keteketer to ko i alayay tamdaw, “O mitiliday aca kina tamdaw i, caay ko imeng no pitilidan, o maan ko todong a pakamay?”, “Hatira to ko kaolah to Cong kiwsanto, kalamkamen patiko tayra i kiwsanto a kitakit a!”, “Panokayen!”, “Pakonira han no daykako no Harvard ko matiniay a demak?”, “Awaay ko todong ningra midemak to miliyangay a fafahiyan no Taywan, o mikari’angay to tatirengan no tamdaw ko matiniay”, “Awaay ko todong ningra sapidemak, o maan ko todong milaplap to tamdaw?” “Manengneng ko nia pakayayo samatira sa ko piri’ang to miliyangay to mitiliday, o Amlka tn caay haw? o sasamaanen no Harvard ko nianan?”. Mifalicay to tilid, ci Masao Nikar d78r71d519fetfsjx7isebc7aopizts 0 2692 46546 43081 2025-05-02T12:29:12Z Safulo 35 46546 wikitext text/x-wiki == Cifa’inayay to ngafor(嫁鹿的女孩)<ref>臺北帝國大學言語學研究室調查。《原語による臺灣高砂族伝説集》。台北。昭和十年(1935)。P.487-491。</ref> == === Cecay a talaomah kiya fafahiyan a wawa(一個人上田工作的女孩) === Ira ko cecay a cifa’inayay to ngafor a fafahiyan wawa,caay ka kahi a mipaliw to taoanan, cecayay a malingad to romi’ami’ad, ya han to wina ningra, “''naw ca ka cipaliw kina wawa, maman ha kiya''” “''kacipaliw to taona''n” han no ina nira. “''malimaanay kiya paliw'' ” saan kiyaan a wawa, iya sato wina ningra “''mamaan kina wawa'', ''naw ca ka kahi a cipaliw''” sato kiya wina nira. === Mahecad to no tatosaay a nikaomahan(像是二人的工作) === Ira ko cecay a romi’ad,pawsa sato kiya wina nira, tengil han to i omah macaciyaw to matawatawa heca, “''cima ko tihi nina a wawa''” sato kiya mato’asay, tahira sato kiya mato’asay i omah, hinam han awaay ko tihi, “ ''cima ko sakasasowal iso ihoni”'' han to niya mato’asay a somowal kiya wawa nira, ya han to wawa nira “ ''cima ko sakasasowal iso ihoni, awaay”'' han niya wawa a pasowal jiya wina ningra,ya saan ya wina ningra nengneng to nikaomahan cahecad to no tatosaay a nikaomahan, “''cima ko tihi niya wawa a matayal naw hatini to ko nitayalan, na ihakowaay cingra a matayal, ano cecayay cingra a matayal, naw hatini to ko nikaomahan ningra, naihakowaay cingra a matayal, ano cecayay cingra a matayal, naw hatini to ko nikaomahan ningra”'' sato kiya wina niya wawa a misafaloco’. Sowal han to ningra kiya wawa nira “''naw miliflif (mikilif) kiso to tihi iso,ano cimaay''” han to niya mato’asay kiya wawa ningra, ya sato a wawa, “''cima ko tihi ako a matayal, awaay''” han to niya wawa kiya wina ningra. === ''Mafariw ko salawaca no omah ( 田地周邊雜草被砍乾淨)'' === So’elinay,matiya sato, lemongaw to ko panay, hafay, konga, “ ''miliso’a ho to omah nomita''” saan kiya wama to wawa, tahira han niya mato’asay kiya omah, panahal sa kiya salawacan niya omah, ya sato ya mato’asay “ ''cima ko mifariway to salawaca nina omah''” sato kiya wama niya wawa, nengneng han nira masa lalan to ko naripa’an i salawaca nina omah. Minokay sato kiya wama niya wawa “ ''nacima ko tayraay namo i omah a miliso''’ ” han to niya mato’asay ko malininaay, “''nacima ko tayraay miliso’ tiya omah, away ko tayraay nomita a malininaay''” han to niya malininaay kiya fa’inayan a mato’asay. Miliyaw sato miliso’ toya omah kiya mato’asay nengneng han nira ko salawacan niya omah, adihay ko naripa’an no ngaor , away aca ko nikaenan to panay ato hafay ato kongakonga, “ ''mimaan kina ngafor a tayni caay aca ka komaen to kakaenen'', ''sefengaw ako kina ngafor''” sato kiya mato’asay. So’elinay miliyaw sato a miliso’ to omah kiya mato’asay, mitatoy to kowang, tala han to nira i salawacan no omah misefeng. === ''Sefengen no wama koya ngafor(爸爸獵殺鹿)'' === Ya sato ca ho ka halafing ira masadak kiya ngafor mitangaha a misaca’enga’engaw tiya omah, “ ''katayni a mapatay kiso kira anohoni''” sato kiya mato’asay patoro’ to kowang ningra, mangatangata sato nira kiya ngafor ngawit han to ningra kiya kowang, tela’ sato ko soni niya kowang hakelongen no soni niya kowang ko nikata’enang niya ngafor a mapatay. === Mihitefo tahace’er kiya wawa i pohong no ngafor(女孩跳下插入鹿角死亡) === Acang sato kiya mato’asay a minokay ya sato a wawa,”''pasaynien ko pising nora ngafor a hinamaw no mako''” itira to a pasayra han niya mato’asay ko pising no ngafor,ya sato a wawa kalic sato i ceker, “ ''naw patayen iso, o fa’inay ako kinian''” sato kiya wawa a somowal hakelongen ningra ko sowal mihitefo tahace’er<ref>同tahacocok。</ref>(tahacocok) sato kiya wawa i pohong niya ngafor, iya sato a wawa tangsol a mapatay, iya sato a mato’asay , “ ''o fa’inay aca no wawa ako kina ngafor, hanaw panahal ko salawacan niya omah''” sato kiya mato’asay a masomad. Masamatira saan kiya cifa’inayay tiya ngafor.<ref>ci Safulo ko mifalicay</ref> === Pacefaday a Tilid(註釋) === 8s7xg5e5b10gfvzhcexg45zmwiocty0 0 2693 43109 43108 2024-05-03T06:54:52Z Safulo 35 43109 wikitext text/x-wiki == Lalengatan no Pisafaol(祭獵首的起源)<ref>臺北帝國大學言語學研究室調查。《原語による臺灣高砂族伝説集》。台北。昭和十年(1935)。 P.515-527。</ref> == == Papiladomen ni mama ko malakakaay a fa'inayan(爸爸叫兩兄弟去汲水) == Itiya ho ira ko cecay a mararamoday ca Lona Awaw aci Topalocong hananay,misafaloco’ to sakasalisin no niyaro’ to sapisamihecaan a lisin, so’elinay saciwawa sato cangra a mararamod ira ci Mayaw Kakalawan ko kaka, sacisafa saan ci Onak Kakalawan tatosa a malikaka, mahatatosa o fa’inayan. Safaloco’ sato ko mama nangra a malikaka, ”''mikilang ho kita a maramamama''” han no mama somowal koya malikakaay. So’elinay lowad sato a misakilang cangra i lotok no Falaaway. Yo misakilang ci mama, papiladomen ni mama ca Mayaw aci Onak a malikaka,yaan sato malikakaay ”''mafokil kami mama to lalan a miladom''” han nona wawa, o mama sato ”''ano matira aca, tolikawen''<ref>fariwen 砍伐草木。</ref> ''ho ako ko lalan namo''” han to no mama. Oya mifariwan no mama a lalan .sapikepiked sanay, tama han no mama ko mara’ayay a mipalalan,yo tangasa i piladoman a sa’owac, maherek sato itira a mifariw a mipalalan, sowal sato ci mama:”''oriri to ladomen to''” han to ni mama ko wawa nira a tatosa. ”''hayi''” sato koya malikakaay. Tahirahira i piladoman i, ’araw han mangota koya nanom, oya sato a malikakaay, ”''imatini sato i,mangota aca kinian a namom, a maamaanen no mita ko nipiladom''” sato. === Mafiyor a mangota ko nanom (泉水被攪濁) === O cofay(patiko) to nangra tayra ci mamaan, ”''icowa ko nanom''” han to ni mama nangra, sowal sato koya malikakaay, ”''tahira han niyam itira i, mafinor koya piladoman'', ''mangota ko nanom, orasaka caay kami pihacol mama''” han to no wawa, ci mama sato nangra saowal saan: ” ''ano matira aca katayra ho miliyaw a miladom, tingalaw to kiya''” han to no mama. Miliyaw heca a patiko koya wawa a tatosa a miladom, tahira han nangra, matiya to a mangota kaiya nanom, micofay heca kiyan a malikakaay,tahira saan i pisakilangan ” ''ira'' ” han ni mama nagra a mitala, ” ''nawi, matiya to mama a mafinor, o cayay kami kapiladom''” han to no wawa ko sowal ci mamaan. Ya sato mama ci Topalocong itira to a mayoyang<ref>mafirang.生氣，發怒。</ref> to,” ''ano matira aca a mafinor'',''o iraay ko mikari’angay i fafa’ed kiya'', ''o hada demaken aca namo a malikaka'', ''kasihawan ato ’idoc a miladom'', ''tahira han namo ano mafinor heca,'' ''kamo to i,dipdip han a pasifafaw ma’araw namo koya a mingotaay haw,'' ''ano o maan to kira a mari’angay,'' ''ano ira a ma’araw namo itira,aka pisamata ka o recafi’''<ref>malalifet.競賽，競爭，競標。</ref> ''namo a mipatay, tangsol han a militangal haw''” han to no mama.”''hayi''” sato koya tatosaay a wawa. === Patayen koya mingotaay tangsol litangalen han no mama (爸爸叫兄弟殺攪濁水的人立即拿下他的頭顱) === Tatoy sato koya malikakaay to hawan ato ’idoc a lomowad a miladom. So’elinay tahira han to itira i sa’owac, sa matiya to a mangota, dipdip<ref>dipdip 同hokhok.窺探，窺視，偷窺。</ref>(hokhok) sato koya a malikakaay pasifafaw, so’elinay tangasa i safafaw koya a malikakaay mafinor to ko nanom. Iniaan aca koya mifinoray to nanom a tamdaw,”''inian a tamdaw ko mingotaay''” sato a mayoyang koya a malikakaay,tangsol han to nangra a micocok ato milofot, maherek sato a militangal koya a malikakaay tiri’en to nangra koya a tangal, “ ''ci mama ita kini'' ” macekok, ono mita a mama a tangal, nengneng han ko pising so’elinay ci mama ita kini sato cangra. Taraana to i pisakilangan sato koya malikakakaay i, so’elinay malaheci away itira ci mama nangra, o ci mama heca nangra kinian a malofotay<ref>lofot 砍斷，砍削。在這裡同mangayaw ，malitangal被獵首。</ref> o tangic to niya malikakaay,” ''patay han nomita ci mama ita''” ,sato cangra.hinam han i,ci mama taca nangra ko mingotaay tinian a nanom, sapisafa’naaw ni mama nangra to wawa, nona o mangalayay to aca to sakapatayaw kinian a mama. Tatoy han to noya malikakaay koya tangal a minokay. Tangasa sato i loma’, ” ''citafad kami ina''” han to noya malikakaay ci ina nangra, ” ''hamay pa’arawi kako''” han to no ina, pa’araw sa o paci’eng, ”''caay, ka o pising ko pa’arawen''” han to no ina.Pa’araaraw sa o kakotong no laway, “''caay, ka o pising''” han to no ina. Pa’araaraw sa o pilofotan, mayoyang to ko ina,” ka o pising” ha kiya kiso, so’elinay pa’araw hanto to pising, iyaan sato o ina ”''ci mama namo kiraan''” sato a mayoyang ato mangic a misaheto(tada o tangic to ni ina), ” ''ano matira aca kamo, o pa’acaay ko nika saanan namo ci mamaan namo, ka o nikangayaw''” (militnagl to sapatodong to mama) han to no ina a mayoyang, so’elinay o satokol <ref>misaliway to sakakahemaw no tatirengan.</ref>(misaliway to sakakahemaw no tatirengan) to nangra a malikaka masaromi’ami’ad a mafakac(comikay) ato ma’efer. === Papilitangalen no ina to sapatodong to mama (媽媽叫兄弟獵首向父親贖罪) === Ma’edeng to kini sato cangra a malikaka, o lowad to nangra a mi’adop to ngafor, so’elinay midepdep to cangra kiaan ngafor, malepel to nangrankiyaan ngafor, alaen to nangra ko remes ato do’es a paini ci inaan nangra, sowal sato ci ina nangra, ”''caay hen kini ka o matatodongay kinian a ngafor, tiyola hen a mi’adop''” han to ni ina. === Pacefaday tilid (註解) === 1zu33f6cytzay8ddfw85c4qpm7tbe0o 0 2694 43142 43138 2024-05-05T12:41:12Z Safulo 35 43142 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ma’apaay a fa’inay(愚笨的丈夫)[https://openmuseum.tw/muse/digi_object/0e4b599937ad85ac357e8cb8b06902f4]<ref>臺北帝國大學言語學研究室調查。《原語による臺灣高砂族伝説集》。台北。昭和十年(1935)。P.484-487。</ref> == === Patoroden no fafahi ko fa’inay to tayal no loma' (太太交代丈夫做家事) === Ya mararamoday hatatosa sa o ma’apaay a tamdaw, ira ko cecay a romi’as ya fafahi nira tayra i patiyamay micakay to lalosidan, patorod han no fafahi ko fa’inay nira, “ ''ano mi’edef to ’ayam ha’eminen patatayra i talalokan''<ref>[https://amis.moedict.tw/#:pakoko'an pakoko'an] 鷄籠，鷄舎。</ref>''(pakoko’an)''” , “''hai''” han no fa’inay, “''o roma sato, ano pangingoy to wawa, fadisawen ho ko ngangingoen no wawa''” “''hai''”sa ko fa’inay a paca’of.Ya sato fafahi nira lomowad to micakay to lalosidan i patiyamay. === Pacefongen kiya ’ayam i fadisaw mapatay(把鷄放入開水鍋裡全死了) === Dadaya sato mifadisaw to nanom kiya fa’inay, “''mi’edef kako''” saan ko harateng niya fa’inayan, pacefong han nira kiya ’ayam i fadisaw, mapatay to kiya ’ayam,sosol han nira ko takolaw no ’ayam, patayra han nira i talalokan a micait, ’edef han to nira ko talalokan. === Parokrok han ko nanom ngagingongen to wawa mapatay(用滾湯的開水給小孩洗澡小孩全死了) === O roma sato i,mifadisaw heca to ngagingongen<ref>[https://amis.moedict.tw/#:ngingoy ngingoy],ino',liloc 同意為洗澡。</ref> no wawa, parokrok han nira ko nanom, ala han nira ko wawa pangingoyen to nira ko wawa nira tiya fadisaw, mapatay to kiya wawa, maherek sato a pangingoy, pakafoti’ han nira i sikal, iya saan a fa’inay maherek a mi’edef ato pangingoy to ’ayam ato wawa, misakalafi to cingra. === Halafing sato ira to ko fafahi a minokay(過不久太太回到家) === Halafing sato ira to ko fafahi a minokay, pasowal ko fafahi: “''’edefan ko ’ayam''” han nira ko fa’inay, “''hai''”, “''pangingoyan iso ko wawa haw''”, “''hai, ira i kafoti’an matawaay a mafoti’'' ”, “''icowa''” han no fafahi koya fa’inay nira, “''ira i kafoti’an,matawaay to a mafoti''’”, hinam han to no fafahi ira mangocedis ko ngoyos a mapatay to, mafirang ko fafahi nira,” ''nisamaanan iso ko nipangingoy to wawa''”  “''pangingoy han ako to fadisaw, matawa to ko wawa, a mafoti’ay to, o ’ayam a mafoti i talalokan''” han no fa’inay nira.Fafahi sato nira tayra mihinam i talalokan, macait a ma’araw nira koya ’ayam, mafirang to ko fafahi,” ''no(naw) ma’apa kiso, o wawa a mapatay, o ’ayam a mapatay, tati’ih a matira ko faloco’ nomiso''”. === Matefad i lalan o sikal aca ko nitademan(屍體掉在路上丈夫只埋草蓆) === To honi to sowal sa ko fafahi: “''tademen kiya wawa''” han nira ko fa’inay, o fa’inay sa nira tangsol lomowad a miala tiya wawa, tafo han nira to sikal,tamorong han nira tayra i fatad no lalan, masiday<ref>siday 遺失,丟掉。這裡的masiday 是掉落，同materak。</ref>(materak) kiya wawa, tahira sato i pitademan tano sikasikal sato ko nitademan nira, minokay sato i,ira ko mapatayay i lalan o wawa no tao han nira ko fafahi. === Mafirang ko fafahi laliw sato koya fa'inay (太太生氣丈夫羞愧的離家) === Tahira i loma’ pasowal han nir ko fafahi, “ ''caay ka tademen ko no tao a wawa, mita saan a wawa tademen''”, “ ''caay, mangah iso, matefaday iso kiya wawa''”, tayra heca mihinam, so’elinay liyaw han aca nira a mitadem koyaan a wawa. Taha loma’ ko fa’inay namitadem, kafirang han no fafahi nira, harateng sato ko fa’inay nira i,”''milaliw kako''” sato kiya fa’inay nira, “''aka''” saan kiya fafahi nira a milalang, paci’eci saca a milaliw kiya fa’inay nira. === Pacefaday Tilid(註解) === cmsodo7hwss093k976fhg7nylimvyuo 0 2695 43130 2024-05-04T08:03:56Z 臺灣語言繼承者 2320 O mamisanga’ to Sowal 43130 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Formosan_languages.png|thumb|Sowal no [[Taywan]]]] '''Sowal'''（[[Kuwaping a sowal]]：語言）, o nano to’as a sowal no [[tamdaw]], ato sapikilok to sowal a [[codad]] ato [[tilid]]<ref>[https://www.ilrdf.org.tw/archive/file/%E7%A0%94%E7%99%BC%E7%B5%84/%E6%96%B0%E8%A9%9E/110%E5%B9%B4%E5%BA%A6%E6%B3%95%E8%A6%8F%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF-%E5%8E%9F%E4%BD%8F%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E6%B3%95.pdf 110年度法規翻譯-原住民族語言發展法.pdf]</ref>. O sowal ko tanosok tamdaw a kakimadan palalicay. I tini i [[Pangcah]] a nipivuting, o '''[[sowal no Pangcah]]''' ko tanosok niyam a palalicay. Mido^do ko picodadan to rikec a pasadak to nananamen to sowal no kasasiroma^ no minco, malonananamen no micodaday a kasasiroma^ no minco, ato micoker to pisano kasasiroma^ no minco ko sowal a pipasifana’. Anomalahedaw ko sowal no tamdaw o incumincu hawi caay to ka calloway ko pipalowad toraray no serangawan, caay toka pakaratoh I teloc no tamdaw. ==Tahapinangan Tilid== {{reflist}} ==No papotalay a kakafit== * [http://wals.info/ World Atlas of Language Structures]，（語音，語法，詞彙）結構屬性大型資料庫 * [http://www.ethnologue.com/ Ethnologue: Languages of the World]，全球已知語言總目錄 nns9pjt3v1lw5l35njhuogk7twm57ok 0 2696 43131 2024-05-04T08:09:06Z 臺灣語言繼承者 2320 O mamisanga’ to Ngangan 43131 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ngangan（[[Kuwaping a sowal]]：名稱）''' U nipangangan nu [[Pangcah]], makakavit ku ngangan nu [[wawa]] atu ngangan nu [[wama]], patinakuway ci Kulas-Vuting a nganga, i a’ayaw ci Kulas nu wawa a nganga, i lalikulay Vuting u nuwama a ngangan, u nipangangan nu matu’asay caay pacevasaan, ira haw ku daduduwan tunu tu’as a niket, u niket ku sapangangan. *saka (1) miala tu ngangan nu tatu’asan, u vaki nu tireng. *saka (2) mimelaw tu nikasuvucan napinaay a tuki anu i kalahukan, ci Lahuk（中午，Lahok） ku nipangangan, anu mavaliyus, ci Valiyus（颱風，[[Faliyos]]） han kuni pangangan. [[Kasasiwasiw:Ngangan]] 25qt6b57bwrewxkqqui5mnekbierujz 0 2697 43160 43159 2024-05-05T13:02:10Z Masaonikar 570 /* O pisaloma’ no ’Amis (阿美族建造房屋的工法) */ 43160 wikitext text/x-wiki == O pisaloma’ no ’Amis (阿美族建造房屋的工法) == === O loma’ (房屋) === O pisanga’ no ’Amis to loma’ i, misi’ayaw to kasadakan no cidal, o pipawalian to panay ko sakapihaen, nawhani, I’ayaw no loma’ ko potal ta caay ka ’ading ko pipawali to panay. O satapangan no pisaloma’ i, misongila’ tosra to malo pipatirengan to loma’, ropayen ho nangra ko sota’.<gallery caption="[[Faylo:Loma' no 'Amis.png|縮圖|231x231像素|Loma' no 'Amis.]]"> </gallery>O sapisaloa’ to loma’ no ’Amis i, o kilang, o ’aol, o penen, o folo’, pili’en ko rakes a kilang to malo hecek no loma’. Onini a rakes a kilang i, caay ka kaen no ’a’ayad, karkaren nangra ko sra a misatalolong to sakatanektek no katomireng no heek, sepat ko satoka’ no loma’, mapateli i sepatay a toka’ ko safalat a ’alinonong (’anonong) a kilang. Ira ko sayho to mamikerid to tayal no misaloma’ay, o ’oway ko sapifakeciw to falat ato codong ta mahapinang ko kakahad no loma’, o romasato, o ’oway ko sapifalod, sapilo’ec, sapitolik, ato sapisatakar. O sapidemak tono kilang a pisaloma’ i, o cakelis, o ’apac, o sasari, o sanom (saliwliw), o paet (sato’eto), o faketaw ato sarosaros. Ta o saki ’aol, o penen, o folo’ ato ’oway i, o fonos ko sapidemak. Ano sepat ko satoko i, ala sepat ko sariri (hecek) to pipadakawan to falat, doedo sa i, o sasafaay a tartar, ala sepat konini. Ta itini i fafa’ed no falat i, o ’aol ko cokis, ta o nitolikan t a dayna, ta ira ko sapasimal a eli’ to nikadatan, onini a sapasimal a eli’ i, o sapipatada to sakaaaw ka cicanot no eli’, ta o fadahong to a eli’, ano mifadahong i, ’atepen to folo’ ano eca i, o penen koya eli’ a milo’ec i dayna. O moco’ no loma’ i, palalitemohen a mi’atem to eli’ to nitolikan to folo’ ato penen, sakifetol sato ko moco’, o sakapihaen tonini i, o sapi’ading to fa’edet ato si’enaw. Ta ma’ading ko safalat ato lifes a fali. O sakoran han nangra ko aikoray (fadal), o cafeng ko ’ayaway, mapasasingaran ko kawali ato kaetip a cafeng. Ta mipatakar to, misanga’ to fawahan, ta o taringoan to ko sanga’en, o sapisanga’ to taringoan i, sahako han, ta paroen ko sra i laloma’, caay pisarawang ko ’Amis to laloma’. Itira i loma’ i, misanga’ to pina’angan to lalosidan a faycil, marareping ato loma’ ko sefi (kofaw, demi’), o popatireng to sefi i, caay ka lecad ato no loma’ ko pisatata’ang, nikawrira, matiya o loma’ ko laleko a misanga’, i laloma’ no sefi i, ira ko cadada, o patelian to lalosidan. Ira a masanga’ i laloma’ no sefi ko ’amanaw i fafa’ed no parod. O pipatelian to ’oway konini ato romaroma sakatayal a ’oway. O romasato, o piroheman to pawli ato piparoan to katol no kolong a mina’ang, ta minokay ko kaemangay naicowacowa i, maharateng nira ko nika ira ko pawli a mana’ang i ’amanaw i, kalic sa cingra a miala a matadek a komaen. Ta mapa’acefel cingra i, maco’af, ta ma’epod to cingra. O pisanga’ to parod i, sahakoen k laleko to masasapaday a kilang ano eca i o folo’, o ’aol, ta paroen k sra i laloma’ noya masahakoay, ta mitifek a misa’atekak, pananomen to miming koya sota’ a misakoeteng, atekak to miming konini i, ofang han ko fafa’ed to pipaaro’an to dangah ato sioy ato mimingay a nafi, ta miofang to pilikatan to kasoy i fari’ingan. Maherek to i, o fafalahen koya masaspaday a kilang ano eca i o folo’, o ’aol, ano xaay ho ka tada ’atekak i, o kakiskisen a maemin ko fati’ian ato fafa’ed a mihadimel to liyok a maemin, ta makapah to. Awaay ko ca’edong no ’Amis itiya ho saka, yo misaloma’ i, caay pisatakaraw to loma a misanga’ patireng, nawhani, mapatodong ko sapi’ading to fali ato sakadihekoaw no loma’ ta caay ka si’enaw i kasi’enawan, saka, sapo’eneren ko pisang’ patireng to loma’ to sakadiheko. O tata’angay a kasoy k sapakasoy to taringoan nano kalafian tahadafak, caay ka cioray ko tamdaw, awaay ko sasingaran to picomodan no fali. Awaay ko pa’acefelan, limela ko ’Amis to ’acefel ko mi’olaway to kilang ato ’aol ato daina ta caay ka kaen no ’a’ayad ato sakacaaw picomod no likes ato sapi’ikes to i laloma’ay a maamaan, matating i fafa’ed no taringoan ko pi’id’idan to titi. Paloma k ’Amis to eli’ i narikoran no pihafay, songila’en nira a maomah, ta caay ka cicamol to talod, tolo ano eca sapat a folad ta mieri’, taring han no ’Amis konini itira i pieli’an a omah. Ma’edeng cecay a miheca kinacecay a misafa’eloh a mipatisod to fadahong ko ’Amis i ’ayaw no kasi’enawan. n0qrneimdpzl97qo2c6drdwwr592hvj 0 2698 43182 43181 2024-05-06T08:49:53Z Safulo 35 43182 wikitext text/x-wiki == Malangohahay to ’edo (老鼠情人)<ref>臺北帝國大學言語學研究室調查。《原語による臺灣高砂族伝説集》。台北。昭和十年(1935) <sub>475-476P.</sub></ref> [https://openmuseum.tw/muse/digi_object/0e4b599937ad85ac357e8cb8b06902f4] == === ''kacitawidwidan ano mipawsa han no wawa ko wina (女孩對鎷媽說送便當來時要掛鈴鐺)'' === ho ira ko cecay a fafahiyan malingad i omaoh nira, ca ka citafo nani loma’ nira, “''pawsa han to kako ina''” han nira ko sowal ci inaan nira, “ ''hayi'' ” sa ko wina nira, “''ano mipawsa kiso haw [https://amis.moedict.tw/#:tawidwidan kacitawidwidan] to''” han to no wawa nira koya wina, o wina sato nira “ ''hayi'' ” sato. Kalahokan to ko cidal, “ ''kering kering kering'' ” sato ko soni noya tawidwidan ni ina, iya sato a [https://amis.moedict.tw/#:ngohah ngohah] noya wawa o ’edo, o cafay noya wawa a maomah, [https://amis.moedict.tw/#:alalasolasot alalasolasot] sato i lalinik no ’atol, tahira to ko wina noy wawa nira, kakahad ko nifariwan nina wawa nira, ” ''cima ko tihi iso a mifariw'' ” han to nira ko sowal toya wawa nira, “ ''cecayay kako'' ” han nira a misamangah ko sowal to wina nira, olah sato to nikakahad a nifariwaw no wawa nira, hinam han ira ko ngohah no wawa nira to ’edo a mipadang mifariw. === Hokhok han no wina ma'araw ko 'alomanay 'edo mifaeiw (媽媽窺視看到很老鼠砍草) === Iya sato wina nira, ca ho kafana’ to nikacingohah no wawa nira to ’edo, harateng sato ko wina nira, cima ko tihi no wawa ako,no matira to ko nikakahad ko nifariwan a pala,caay to kapatolas a misaharaterateng kiya wina. Roma sato a romi’ad, mipawsa haca to [https://amis.moedict.tw/#:sakalahok sakalahok] no wawa nira, nikawrira, tona romi’ad caay to ka citawidwidan kiya wina nira, hokhok han to nira wina a mingata, oya sato a ngohah niya wawa nira to ’edo ’aloman, maan ko pinag a misa’osi to ka’aloman, sacaciyaw saan a mifariw, “ ''ci,ci,ci,ci,ci'' ” saan ko caciyaw nangra a mifariw. === Matengteng no wina ko wikol no ’edo a moroc (媽媽拉住老鼠尾巴脫毛這就是老鼠尾巴没有毛的原因) === ''“ o matiniay sa ca kamo”'' han to no ina nira koya wawa nira ato ya ’edo”, iya sato a ’edo [https://amis.moedict.tw/#:alalasolasot alalasolasot] sato i lalinik no ’atol, iya sa wina “ o ninian ''ko ngahah no wawa ako''” sato kiya wina noya wawa, opod han nira a mitengteng koya wikol no ’edo, [https://amis.moedict.tw/#:moroc moroc] saan. O nini ko saka awa ko fanoh no wikol no ’edo, o matengtengay a mamoroc no ina noya fafahiyan wawa. === Pacefaday Tilid (註解) === 7f6dud2ajqmg1z2botwy2k5djxix4xj 0 2699 43194 43193 2024-05-06T09:19:04Z Safulo 35 43194 wikitext text/x-wiki == Malangohahy a [https://openmuseum.tw/muse/digi_object/0e4b599937ad85ac357e8cb8b06902f4 fafoy] (變成情人的山豬)<ref>臺北帝國大學言語學研究室調查。《原語による臺灣高砂族伝説集》。台北。昭和十年(1935) . 476-477P.</ref> == === O fafoy ko ngohah no fafahiyan wawa (女孩的情人是山豬) === Oya sato “ ''pikiomah kiso'' ”(misimaw to omah kiso) han to no ina nira koya wawa nira, “''hayi''” sato koya wawa nira tayra to i omah, tahira sato i omah, “''da to, katayni to''” han to nira koya [https://amis.moedict.tw/#:ngohah ngohah] nira a fafoy. Tayra sato kiya fafoy i omah noya wawa, mararamod ato ya fafoy, kaenen no fafoy ko panay noya wawa. === Ma’emin no fafoy komaen ko losay (農作物被山豬喻吃光) === Tayra sato ko ina ato mama niya wawa i omah , nengneng han ma’emin to noya ngohah nira oya fafoy koya panay nira a komaen, oya sato a wina nira, “''papikiomah han ako kiso, pakaenen iso ko fafoy to panay''” hanto no ina nira, orira ko saka caay ka pitengil ko fafoy anini to nisanga’an<ref>nisanga'an 做好的東西，在此與nipaloma'an相同的意思。</ref> no fafahiyan a losay ha’emin han no fafoy a komaen. === O lalengatan no fafoy a komaen to mipalomaan no fafahiyan a losay(這是山豬專門吃女人種的農作物的開始) === O lalengatan no fafoy a komaen to mipalomaan no fafahiyan a losay, o pido’edo’ed nangra to nikacingohahan nira to fafoy saan to ko sowal to ikor. Orasaka o fainayan sato ko misaomahay anini.Anini sato ano mipaloma ko fafahiyan to losay, caayto kasaemah ko fafoy a mihaemin a komaen. Hatira ko sowal. === Pacefaday Tilid(註釋) === lpylhzd7bfqie3nk0q8eqhja9au8058 0 2700 43230 43229 2024-05-08T04:04:55Z Masaonikar 570 /* O sakikaen a demak no ’Amis.(阿美族的飲食習慣) */ 43230 wikitext text/x-wiki == O sakikaen a demak no ’Amis.(阿美族的飲食習慣) == Iti:ya ho i, o tapila’ ko patelian to hemay, o cikohaway a dateng i, paroen i cifar ano eca i tipid, awaay ho ko ’alapit itiya, kamayen no ’Amis ko kakomaen i taheka. Ira ko kaliling (’iros) to sapikohaw. Ano cima ko i ’ayaway a mafecol i, sowal sa, “mafecol to kako, pafecol han ko no namo.” saan, ta liyas sa toya taheka, paca’of sa ko kadafo i, “Naw maherek to kiso saw mama?” saan, ano o kapah ko sa’ayaway a maherek i, sowal sa, “Kakomaen ho ko namo a ina, mama, kaka. Pafecolen ko namo.” saan. Ano ira ko lafang to papinapina i, sowal sa ko cima noya loma’, ano o ina ano o kaka to fafahiyan, “Pafecolen ko nika komaen, macahiw a mimaan, adihay ko hemay, asimaan ho ko dateng ita, aka ka ngodo.” saan. o sasowalen no fafahiyan no loma’ koni to pa’ayaw to lafang. Pasca’of sa ko lafang, “O maan haca a datengan saw iro awaay ko dateng a han.” a saan cingra. Ano citama’ ko cima i, caay pisateked a komaen toya tama’, papitahidangen nira ko ka’emangay to mato’asay no malininaay ano eca o kananaman to a fiyafiyaw. Nikawrira, caay pitahidang to ka’emangay, o mato’asay aca, o lipahak nira citama’ ko nian. Sakohawen nira koya titi a pakaen i ’alomanay, caay eminen nira a pasadak, ’osawen nira ko cepi’ ato fangcalay a titi to sakiparo no loma’. o i laloma’ay no tiyad a ma’emin i, o raan ko tatangtangen a pakaen to ’alomanay. O adihayay ko panay a loma’ i, honihoni misa’epah cangra, saka, ano mafana’ ko cimacima to nika o cidafongay koya loma’ i, mitatoy ko tamdaw to sapafalic a milongoc to ’epah itira. O adihayay ko panay a tamdaw i, matalaw to kaporecan no panay, orasaka, sa’epahen nangra. O pisanga’ to ’epah i, tangtangen ko felac, caay ko nisakohecalan a felac, o hafolen a felac ko sapisa’epah, ano malahemay to ko nia hemay i, sadaken i fasolan a hayhayen mifasaw, maherek a mafasaw, itiya a pafolesak to tamod, ta fasfasen ko nanom a mihemhem to enem pito a romi’adan, ano caay ka hakowa i, caay kahakowa, caay ka pina romi’ad, maherek a mihemhem ta misa’epah ito. O ’Amis a tamdaw mafana’ a misasiraw, mipacok to kolong ano eca o fafoy to i, patodong aca misasiraw, misasirawan no loma’ tadafangsisay kaenen. O kaen to romi’ami’ad i caay pisadak to siraw a komaen, dengan ira ko lafang no loma’ itiya pasadak to siraw sapihamham to lafang. Orasaka, o satadamaanay no ’Amis ko nisasirawan. Roma sato, maraod to ko pilitodan a mipanay to, pi’anipan to, pasadak to siraw to sapakaen to malapaliway. Misasiraw sa ko loma’ no ’Amis, sa’esa’en ho ko salang noya titi, itiya molicen to cilah, sakaranikay masadak ko salang noya titi, patelien to i koreng koya nicilahan a titi a mitahaf mikedec, maala ko pito lomai’ad, sadaken a mipasofaw, tangtangen ko nanom mirokrok, fasawen ho, itiya i, sadaken koya nisasirawan a titi i koreng, sasawen koya titi i nifasawan a nanom, itiya hayhayen palasawad to salang noya titi, maedeng to, liyawen ho a micilah to sakinatosa, caay to ka matiya o i ’ayaway ko ka adihay no cilah a patatodongen, nanoya patelien haca i koreng koya titi miliyaw a misasiraw, ano ira ko ’epah, fasfasen to ’epah saka fangsis noya titi, songila’en a mitahaf midamek saka eca ka latiih, pateli han to pinapina a folad, ano eca cecay a mihecaan itiya, maraod to ko romi’adan noya nisasirawan a titi, ano mamisadak toya siraw, sa’ayaway a pisadak to siraw o laloma’an ato mitahidang to faki, fai no loma’ a pakaen. Ano mifoting ko cima, ano adihay ko misetikan a foting i, caay ka nga’ay misateked a komaen, ano o titi, o dongec, o foting i, o tadamaanay a kaen ko nian, saka, caay pisateked a komaen, mitahidang aca to mato’asay no malininaay a pataheka. O pipafatis i, itini i malininaay, o fiyaw to, matahidang a mitaheka. Ano eca i, o pipafatis to ko roma, todong sapipaco’ay to nipipafatis ko nian a mihaen. Saka, itini a mahapinang ko nika awa ko podoh (’idi) no ’Amis. Caayay pisakakinih to tamdaw. o1hurio0m7t0aubtm1mjow5ypfu0kfh 0 2701 43355 43354 2024-05-22T02:35:29Z Safulo 35 43355 wikitext text/x-wiki == Sawa’ (莎娃)[https://openmuseum.tw/muse/digi_object/0e4b599937ad85ac357e8cb8b06902f4] == === Maala no Piyuma ci Sawa' (卑南族人誘拐莎娃)<ref>臺北帝國大學言語學研究室調查。《原語による臺灣高砂族伝説集》。台北。昭和十年(1935) P.491-503<sup>。</sup> </ref> === Iyaiyaan ci Sawa’ o wawa ni Pongo, sa ci kaka saan irray ci Angah Alimolo. Namaomahay ci Pongo itira inapanayan hananay a pala, ci sawa’ saan i talo’an to a [https://amis.moedict.tw/#:lafin moko], so’elinay ira ko palafangay a Piyuma, taynian i Tafalong, ci Pongo sato mihilam to wawa nira i talo’an, awaway ci Sawa’, so’elinay [https://amis.moedict.tw/#:helap helap] han to ko taliyok no talo’an away ci sawa’, matiya sato, ” ''o maan konini nasaripa’an, o narakatan no tamdaw'', ''tadamaanay a naripa’an'' ” sa ko faloco’ sato ci ina nira ci Pongo, ”''caay ko maalaay no Piyuma ko wawa ako''” sato ko pisafaloco’ nira a minokay. So’elinay tangasa sato i loma’ ” ''matini mama ina ko nika away ni Sawa’ i talo’an, safaloco’ sato kako i, aw o Piyuma kira ko mialaay ci Sawa’an, matinitini sato ko nipisafaloco’ nomako kira mama''” sato ko sowal ni Pongo i ci mamaan aci inaan nira. Ci kaka ni Sawa’ ci Angah Alimolo, ” ''naw imatini yo ala han no Piyuma ko safa nomako, a kilimen to nomako ko safa nomako itira i'' ''Piyuma”'' sato ko sowal ni Angah Alimolo. So’elinay misaromi’ami’ad a [https://amis.moedict.tw/#:saliway misateked] (misaliway) ci Angah Alimolo. so’elinay a ma’edeng to koya romi’ad i, ”''a dahemaw ko tireng nomako a mafekac(comikay)''” sato ci Angah Alimolo, === I Raranges pala ci Ma'awid mipadang miala ci Sawa'an (拉拉格斯協助把莎娃搶回來) === So’elinay o lowad to ni Angah Alimolo a mikilim to safa nira ci Sawa’an. So’elinay cafer saan ci Angah Alimolo ikaitiraan no Raranges pala. Sowal sato ci Angah Alimolo i ci Ma’awidan i, ” ''matiniay kini, maala no Piyuma ko safa nomako, o mikilimay kako a taynian''” sato ko sowal ni Angah Alimolo i ci Ma’awidan, ci Ma’awid sato “ ''hai saw, a [https://amis.moedict.tw/#:folod mafolod] kita haw a mikilim to safa nomiso itira i Piyuma”'' sato ko sowal ni Ma’awid i ci Angahan Alimolo, so’elinay o lowad to nangra a tatosa a tayra i Piyuma. Tangasa to i Piyuma, sanga’sanga’an tono kawas i, tangsol a matepa nangra ko matiyaay ci Sawa’an a wawa, sowal sato ci Angah Alimolo “''cima kiso''” han to nira a mitengil, kiyaan sato ci Sawa’ cecay i loma’ sowal sato ci Sawa’ i,”''ci fayifayi kako''” sato kiyaan a sowal ni Sawa’, ci kaka sato niira ci Angah Alimolo i: ” ''ca caay ka ci fayifayi kiso, o safa ako kiso ci Sawa''’ ” han to ni kaka niira, sowal sato ci Sawa’ ” ''o sowal ni mama aci ina i,naitafalongay a tamdaw kiso saan ko sowal i takowan hakini, o so’elinay kiraan a sowal, hakira saca kako a misafaloco’”,'' ci Angah Alimolo sato i,” ''o so’elinay ko nika o Tafalong kiso, o tada safa nomako kiso ci Sawa’ ko ngangan nomiso''” han to ni kaka niira a somowal, “''anohacowa kamo a ilisin ko Piyuma''” han to ni kaka niira,sowal sato ci Sawa’ ” ''a i cangladan no folad ko sakailisin noniyam kira''” saan ko sowal ni Sawa'. kiyaan a sowal ni Sawa’, ci Angah Alimolo sato i,”''a itiya kami a taynian a mialal i tisoan haw, o demak sato nomiso haw i,aminen nomiso ko [https://amis.moedict.tw/#:fohekad safohekad] a mica’edong haw, tatodong ko likoda no kapah a patakid kiso haw''” han to ni kaka niira ci Sawa’, ci Sawa’ sato ”''hai a matira kira ko demak nomako''” sato ci Sawa’. === Midakaw i teloc no fitonay ci Ma'awid(馬阿衛騎在刺竹的頂端) === So’elinay canglal to ko folad, “''iyaan a sowal nomita to sapiala to safa nomako i Piyuma, palowad kita anini''” han to ni Angah Alimolo ci Ma’awid, so’elinay o [https://amis.moedict.tw/#:folod folod](malahakelong)[https://amis.moedict.tw/#:hakelong] to niira a tatosa, tangsa i Piyuma o piliyawan ko cidal, madakaw to ci Ma’awid i teloteloc no fitonay, ci Angah Alimolo sato milimek i tapangan no fitonay, ci Ma’awid samatiya sato o maan ko nikakahengan no fodoy(riko’) satowictowic sato, tangasangasa sato i sasera kiya mipakafitan a cacoy. So’elinay o kapah sato no Piyuma pakokawas ci Ma’awidan ” ''o kapahay ko kawas nomita a niyaro’ madakaw to ko Malataw i teloc no fitonay, o makalahay to a nitala to likoda nomita a kapah''” sato cangra a misafaloco’. So’elinay tatodong to ko likoda patakid to ci Sawa’, itiya to a cefis han to ni Ma’awid ci Sawa’ a miala, o kapah sato no Piyuma “ maala no Malataw ci Sawa’ nomita kini” sato, [https://amis.moedict.tw/#:mongaw mongaw](faheka) sato kiyaan a finawlan. Nasaan i, ma’araw to no Piyuma ko nikacifodoy ni Ma’awid, “ ''ira malataw ko mialaay ci Sawa’an saca kita, hilam han i,ci Ma’awid kini hewa, a patayen nomita ci Ma’awid'' ” sato ko Piyuma. === mingayaw to Raranges ko Piyuma(卑南族人獵殺拉拉格斯氏族) === Tayraan to i niyaro’ no Raranges ko kapah no Piyuma a [https://amis.moedict.tw/#:ngayaw mingayaw], so’elinay ala saan ko kapah no Piyuma, cecay ko [https://amis.moedict.tw/#:tafad tafad] niira to tamdaw no Raranges, so’elinay safaloco’ sato ci Ma’awid ” ''naw tayni saan a mingayaw ko kapah no Piyuma, a mico’ay kako a mingayaw i Piyuma''” sato ci Ma’awid, tosa ko nira a tafad, o Piyuma sato “ ''ano tosa ko ni Ma’awid a nipipatay to tamdaw nomita a niyaro’ a tolo ko nomita a nipipatay to tamdaw no Raranges'' ”, so’elinay lowad sato a mingayaw i,tolo ko nira a tafad. “ ''matini i, tolo ko nira a nipatayan no niyaro’ i,'' ''a’enem ko nomako a nipipatay to tamdaw no namo o Piyuma''” sato ci Ma’awid. So’elinay lowad sato a mingaw i,a’enem ko tafad ni Ma’awid to tamdaw no Piyuma, “matini i,''napakacowa ci Ma’awid a micomod i niyaro’ ta itira i tatodong no niyaro ko nipipatay ci Ma’awaidan, a helapen nomita ko pakayraan ni Ma’awid a micomod i niyaro''” sato ko Piyuma. So’elinay kilim sato to pakayraan ni Ma’awaid i,pakateloteloc no ’icep a palaracaracar, tanoremes sato ko ’ice’icepan, “ ''ira napakayni ci Ma’awid han i,a itini a pafafiketen no mita ko pana’ i tapangan no ’icep''” sato ko Piyuma, so’elinay “ ''mitiyola to kako a mingayaw''” sato ci Ma’awid tahafikod to ci Ma’awid to pana’ no Piyuma o patay to niira. “''Mapatay to ci Ma’awid o mipatayay to tamdaw no niyaro’ a cima haca ko mamiso’ayaw a milood titanan,away to, a tekopen nomita ko tamdaw no Raranges i'' ” sato ko Piyuma. Iyaan  sato o komod no Raranges milekal to kapah “ ''ano tayni ko Piyuma i,mato cowa katalaw to patay han no mita a panengneng, orasaka, pakafiten nomita ko saripa’ i saripata a talod to cowa ka ngiyangi ko tatirengan''” sato ko nikasasowasowal niyaan o Rararnges, so’elinay a ira to ko Piyuam a tayni, mingayaw sato i,pasiket to a ma’emin to wa’ay i saripata’<ref>mifedfeday to 'o'o a pasiket a talod.</ref>, so’elinay ira to ko Piyuma, iyaan sato a kapah no Raranges i, maanen haca a milaliw ko mifalodan ko wa’ay i saripata’, so’elinay ira a ha’emin han to no kapah no Piyuma kiyaan a Raranges a mipatay. Matira ko demak. === Milood to Tafalong ko Piyuma(卑南族人攻打太靶塱部落) === “ ''Mapatay to ko Raranges,a milood to kita to Tafalong''”[https://amis.moedict.tw/#:tafalong] sato ko Piyuma , so’elinay o lowad to niira a pasa’amis, tangasa i Taolayan(三笠山), malalitemoh aci Faniw Niwac aci Naodok Koring, sowal sato ca Faniw Niwac aci Naodok Koring, “ ''mimaanay kamo''” han to niira kiyaan a kapah no Piyuma, “''o matiniay kini wa mingayaw kami a tala Tafalong, sanay kira ko faloco’ noniyam ta taynian''” sowal sato ca Faniw Niwac aci Naodok Koring “ ''hai haw,'' ''o mamimingaw kamo to Tafalong haw"'' ''sato kinian a sowal'' na Faniw Niwac aci Naodok Koring. Ca Faniw Niwac sato aci Naodok Koring i,”''aka hen, [https://amis.moedict.tw/#:sa'sa' kasa’sa] hen itini, imatini milood kita to Tafalong saca kamo, tadamaanay ko kaharakat no kapah no Tafalong, malecafi’[https://amis.moedict.tw/#:malecafi'] a hen kita itini i Taolayan, ano macafi’ [https://amis.moedict.tw/#:macafi' niyam] kamo i, a [https://amis.moedict.tw/#:madawa madawa] no Tafalong kamo kira, ano pakacafi’ kamo i tamiyanan i,a ma’edeng kamo kira a milood to Tafalong”.'' So’elinay lacafi’ sato malecad ko [https://amis.moedict.tw/#:fekac fekac](cikay) nangra, sowal sato ci Faniw Niwac aci Naodok Koring i,”''matini o harakatay kamo haw i,ma’edeng kamo kira a misi’ayaw to Tafalong''” sato kiyaan a sowal na Faniw Niwac aci Naodok Koring. Matira kina demak. Naw [https://amis.moedict.tw/#:fo'ot fo’oten] itini ko Piyuma a malacafi’, helap han kiyaan a faloco’ na Faniw Niwac aci Naodok Koring i,pakilasolay ci Tioc ato Malongoc ato Lakowa’ a selal paco’or<ref>micocokan i sera a macidemay a 'aol o sapicocok to tamdaw.</ref> to ’aol, matira ko demak. So’elinay a maherek to a paco’or, ca FaniwNiwac aci Naodok Koring i,comikay to a pasi’amis tangasa i sa’amisan nona Taolayan,pasa’sa’ hen itira, sowal sato ci Faniw Niwac aci Naodok Koring to lakowa’ a selal, “ ''ka cirengot([https://amis.moedict.tw/#:pengec cipengec]) kamo to kowa’ haw, demak sato no namo i,a comikay kamo nani’amis wa wa wa sa a milekal''” han to na Faniw Niwac aci Naodok Koring. So’elinay fahal o nikatapol no lakowa’ selal nani’amis a milekal, ca Faniw Niwac aci Naodok Koring “''ini to ko Tafalong a [https://amis.moedict.tw/#:litemoh militemohay] titanan a milood'' ” han to na Faniw Niwac aci Naodok Koring kiyaan a Piyuma, ’efer’efer han to ni Faniw Niwac aci Naodok Koring kiyaan a co’or, Piyuma sato caay ka paka’efer tiyaan co'or a folo’[https://amis.moedict.tw/#:folo'] ma’emin macocok a [https://amis.moedict.tw/#:matekop matekop] a mapatay a tahaco’or, matiraay ko demak kira a lalood no piyuma. === Malatao ko Piyuma ato Tafalong(卑南族和太靶塱部落成了世仇) === O Tafalong sato to nikasaan na Faniw Niwac aci Naodok Koring, hilam han “''o sanay ko nipidipot no tamdaw no Kiwit i titaanan, ano caay hanen na Faniw Niwac aci Naodok Koring, moraraw ko nikatekop nomita o Tafalong''” sato ko faloco’ no tamdaw no Tafalong, sowal sato:“''malikakaay to kita o Tafalong ato Kiwit''” saan ko sowal no mato’asay no Tafalong . Saan i, tadamaan to ko kapah no Piyuma “ ''a milood ho kita to Tafalong''” sato i,so’elinay aro’ saan i sa’etipan no niyaro’ no Tafalong, milimek to ma’edengay a takecen no a’enemay a tamdaw a kilang, saheto sato a milimek a mikowang(misongarad)[https://amis.moedict.tw/#:sasongaradan] to kinapinapina, so’elinay o Tafalong sato i, caay ka sadasadak to tolo a romi’ad, misafaloco’ hen to sapilood a likakawa, so’elinay (ha to cimapatayay ko Tafalong away aca).awa ko cecacecay ko mapatayay a tamdaw no Tafalong. Midemak sato ko kakita’an to lalood “''pa’efer han ko kohecalay a ’ayam i ’adawang, fangcal ko nika’er no ’ayam a pasitimol, a ma’edeng a [https://amis.moedict.tw/#:madawa pakadawa] kita kira to Piyuma''” sato ko sowal no kakita’an. So’elinay o lood to a misi’ayaw to Piyuma, ci Pahafoka’ sato i,pasadak han to nira ko [https://amis.moedict.tw/#:faho faho] a lipa, so’elinay matiya o mafaliyosay ko fali ato ’orad, matira ko demak, Piyuma sato matakol to ato metalaw to Tafalong a milood, [https://amis.moedict.tw/#:feleng feleng] sato a milaliw a pasitimol, tooren tono Tafalong a tangsa Ci’okakay.[https://amis.moedict.tw/#:'okakay] Matiya sato o maan ko ka’aloman(kasorikiran) no mapatayay no Piyuma i lilis no lalan , matira kira haw awaay to ko sasowalen, toa sasotao sato to Piyuma, matiraay kira ko laloodan no Piyuma ato Tafalong, saan ko sowal no mato’asay. === Pacefaday Tilid(註解) === 0oespvzhjpk7ke9p8dilv0n0zwa9k0t 0 2702 43285 43284 2024-05-13T15:10:29Z Masaonikar 570 /* O sakikaen a demak no ’Amis. (阿美族的飲食習慣) */ 43285 wikitext text/x-wiki == O sakikaen a demak no ’Amis. (阿美族的飲食習慣) == Iti:ya ho i, o tapila’ ko patelian to hemay, o cikohaway a dateng i, paroen i cifar ano eca i tipid, awaay ho ko ’alapit itiya, kamayen no ’Amis ko kakomaen i taheka. Ira ko kaliling (’iros) to sapikohaw. Ano cima ko i ’ayaway a mafecol i, sowal sa, “mafecol to kako, pafecol han ko no namo.” saan, ta liyas sa toya taheka, paca’of sa ko kadafo i, “Naw maherek to kiso saw mama?” saan, ano o kapah ko sa’ayaway a maherek i, sowal sa, “Kakomaen ho ko namo a ina, mama, kaka. Pafecolen ko namo.” saan. Ano ira ko lafang to papinapina i, sowal sa ko cima noya loma’, ano o ina ano o kaka to fafahiyan, “Pafecolen ko nika komaen, macahiw a mimaan, adihay ko hemay, asimaan ho ko dateng ita, aka ka ngodo.” saan. o sasowalen no fafahiyan no loma’ koni to pa’ayaw to lafang. Pasca’of sa ko lafang, “O maan haca a datengan saw iro awaay ko dateng a han.” a saan cingra. Ano citama’ ko cima i, caay pisateked a komaen toya tama’, papitahidangen nira ko ka’emangay to mato’asay no malininaay ano eca o kananaman to a fiyafiyaw. Nikawrira, caay pitahidang to ka’emangay, o mato’asay aca, o lipahak nira citama’ ko nian. Sakohawen nira koya titi a pakaen i ’alomanay, caay eminen nira a pasadak, ’osawen nira ko cepi’ ato fangcalay a titi to sakiparo no loma’. o i laloma’ay no tiyad a ma’emin i, o raan ko tatangtangen a pakaen to ’alomanay. O adihayay ko panay a loma’ i, honihoni misa’epah cangra, saka, ano mafana’ ko cimacima to nika o cidafongay koya loma’ i, mitatoy ko tamdaw to sapafalic a milongoc to ’epah itira. O adihayay ko panay a tamdaw i, matalaw to kaporecan no panay, orasaka, sa’epahen nangra. O pisanga’ to ’epah i, tangtangen ko felac, caay ko nisakohecalan a felac, o hafolen a felac ko sapisa’epah, ano malahemay to ko nia hemay i, sadaken i fasolan a hayhayen mifasaw, maherek a mafasaw, itiya a pafolesak to tamod, ta fasfasen ko nanom a mihemhem to enem pito a romi’adan, ano caay ka hakowa i, caay kahakowa, caay ka pina romi’ad, maherek a mihemhem ta misa’epah ito. O ’Amis a tamdaw mafana’ a misasiraw, mipacok to kolong ano eca o fafoy to i, patodong aca misasiraw, misasirawan no loma’ tadafangsisay kaenen. O kaen to romi’ami’ad i caay pisadak to siraw a komaen, dengan ira ko lafang no loma’ itiya pasadak to siraw sapihamham to lafang. Orasaka, o satadamaanay no ’Amis ko nisasirawan. Roma sato, maraod to ko pilitodan a mipanay to, pi’anipan to, pasadak to siraw to sapakaen to malapaliway. Misasiraw sa ko loma’ no ’Amis, sa’esa’en ho ko salang noya titi, itiya molicen to cilah, sakaranikay masadak ko salang noya titi, patelien to i koreng koya nicilahan a titi a mitahaf mikedec, maala ko pito lomai’ad, sadaken a mipasofaw, tangtangen ko nanom mirokrok, fasawen ho, itiya i, sadaken koya nisasirawan a titi i koreng, sasawen koya titi i nifasawan a nanom, itiya hayhayen palasawad to salang noya titi, maedeng to, liyawen ho a micilah to sakinatosa, caay to ka matiya o i ’ayaway ko ka adihay no cilah a patatodongen, nanoya patelien haca i koreng koya titi miliyaw a misasiraw, ano ira ko ’epah, fasfasen to ’epah saka fangsis noya titi, songila’en a mitahaf midamek saka eca ka latiih, pateli han to pinapina a folad, ano eca cecay a mihecaan itiya, maraod to ko romi’adan noya nisasirawan a titi, ano mamisadak toya siraw, sa’ayaway a pisadak to siraw o laloma’an ato mitahidang to faki, fai no loma’ a pakaen. Ano mifoting ko cima, ano adihay ko misetikan a foting i, caay ka nga’ay misateked a komaen, ano o titi, o dongec, o foting i, o tadamaanay a kaen ko nian, saka, caay pisateked a komaen, mitahidang aca to mato’asay no malininaay a pataheka. O pipafatis i, itini i malininaay, o fiyaw to, matahidang a mitaheka. Ano eca i, o pipafatis to ko roma, todong sapipaco’ay to nipipafatis ko nian a mihaen. Saka, itini a mahapinang ko nika awa ko podoh (’idi) no ’Amis. Caayay pisakakinih to tamdaw. k79pts1gywxx7dayo2wcouqufaf81mt 14 2703 43328 2024-05-18T11:16:40Z 臺灣語言繼承者 2320 建立內容為「分類:水」的新頁面 43328 wikitext text/x-wiki 分類:水 fkysc0hsqj76183mxspus1dc55491p9 0 2704 43380 43379 2024-05-24T04:09:23Z Safulo 35 43380 wikitext text/x-wiki == Kawakawasan ratoh:malaoalangay a fafahiyan wawa <ref>臺北帝國大學言語學研究室調查。《原語による臺灣高砂族伝説集》。台北。昭和十年。P.472-474。 </ref>(變成烏鴉的女孩)[https://openmuseum.tw/muse/digi_object/0e4b599937ad85ac357e8cb8b06902f4] == === Misapades ko midipotay a wama ato wina(養父母的偏見) === Oya saan a wawa no malafiyaway mapapaliway a maomah, iya saan cecay a wawa a [https://amis.moedict.tw/#:padek padek], awaay to ko tada ina nira, malingad sato cingra, ca ka citafo to toron ato hemay, ci wina saan ato mama(o midipotay) nira narikoran noya wawa a malingad, misetel(mipecih) to titi ato misatoron malakakaenen no niyah aca, cowa ka palada’ toya padek a wawa,matira ko demak nangra to romi’ami’ad. O tao sato paka’araw to demak naya midipotay a mama ato ina nira, pasowal han to no tao koya padek a wawa, ya mafana’ sato kiya wawa,” ''ano saan aca na’ay to kako a minokay''” han nira ko widang nira. Sowal haca to widang nira: “''toma'i ho kako''” saan, tayra i salawacan no omah, “''kir, kir''”<ref>o soni to picelit to kiradom.</ref> saan ko soni, iya sato cafay nira a wawa, “''mamaan kiso''?” han nira a somowal, iya sato a padek a wawa “''mapiyas kako''” han nira. Oya “''kir, kir''” sanay a soni o nipicelit nira to caca’edongan. Iyaan a nicelitan nira a caca’edongan malasapikpik [https://amis.moedict.tw/#:sapikpik nira], oyaan sa o lalal(rarar)[https://amis.moedict.tw/#:lalal] malasatekek nira. === Caca'edongan malasapikpik lalal malasatekek(衣袖成了翅膀小鋤頭成了啄) === Iyaan a nicelitan nira a caca’edongan malasapikpik nira, oyaan sa o lalal(rarar) malasatekek nira. Honi sato i itira to i fafa’ed no kilang, “''ak, ak''” sato a masoni. Iyaan sato o tihi nira nengneng han nira malapalangay to, “''da to, da to ma’epod to''” han nangra, caka kakahi koya padek a wawa a mo’epod, iya sato o tihi nira cikay sato a minokay pasifana’ ca winaan nira. Iyaan sato wina nira a mapasifana’ to nikalapalang niya wawa. === Tangic sato koya midipotay a wama ato wina( 養父母後悔的哭泣) === ''“Tati’ih aca ko faloco’ ita to wawa, ira ko saka matira nira”.'' Toyanan to misatoron sato ci mama aci wina, maherek sato cangra misatoron, cikay sato tayra i omah, tahira han nangra i omah, misa’ak’ak to itira i fafa’ed no kilang koya padek a wawa. Iya sato o wina ato wama nira itiya tangic sato, “''dato dato, ini to ko toron ato titi iso, no hatiniay to halafin tati’ih ko faloco’ niyam. Da da da kaenen to kina toron''.” === Lalengatan no palang a komaen to tafo konini(這是烏鴉吃人們的便當的開始) === Oya sato ya wawa cato tengilen nira ko sowal no wina nira. Iya sato ya wina nira teli han to nira koya toron itira i tapang no kilang, itira to a laliw han nira. Honi sato i, hinam han niwina, maka’en to nira koya hemay ato titi, maherek a komaen, tayra to i fafa’ed no kilang a ma’efer. Iya sa a wina nira ato wama nira tangic sato. Nawiro, komaen to tafo ko palang han, oninian ko lengato nira a konaen. === Pacefaday Tilid(註釋) === pxz369xmi9n5n1n4sql2yrdood1r3qe 0 2705 43408 43407 2024-05-24T15:44:49Z Masaonikar 570 /* O sapatoor a sowal (補述) */ 43408 wikitext text/x-wiki == O saka’orip no ’Amis (阿美族的日常生活) == O maan ko saka’orip no ’Amis. Tona o foting ko saka’orip nangra iti:yahoo saka, mifoting cangra to malosaka’orip nangra. O romasato i, ma’araw nangra ko nika molengaw no panay ato hafay ato faliyasan i pela’ no dodang. Saka, cekiwen nangra a mipasadak a paloma konini. Ta pakayni tonini ko sapisakakahad no nipalomaan nangra. Saka, adihay sato ko kakaenen nangra. O roma a tayal nangra i, mi’adop cangra. O pi’adop nangra i, caay ko cilalosidananay to ’idoc ato pana’. Falasiw han nangra to kilang ko ’a’adopen a mipatay; ano eca i, ko’ko’en a mitekol to fokeloh. Adihay ko ’a’adopen itiya ho saka, mi’adop cangra to malo saka’orip nangra. Yo misarakarakat cangra i palapalaan i, ma’araw nangra ko nikaenan no ’a’adopen a semot. Saka, mafana’ cangra to nika o mahaenay a semot ko nikarnan nangra a saan. Saka, tanamen nangra a komaen. Ano manga’ay a kaenen i, o mamakaen no tamdaw konini saan cangra. Ano caay ko kakaenen konini, ano saan cangra i, sawaden nangra a komaen. Tinako sa, ano ma’araw nangra ko naikoran no ’a’adopen a komaen to konga i, tanamen nangra konini. Nga’ayay. Saka, palomaen nangra konini. Yo mato’asto konini a nipalomaan nangra i, kaenen nangra. Ta tanamen nangra a mitodoh to namal. Yo komaen cangra i, mafana’ to cangra to “O nga’ayay a kakaenen konini.” saan cangra. Saka, sakakaheden nangra a misaadihay a mipaloma. Onini koya konga hananay ato tali hananay. O namal nangra to sapitodoh i, o felalac ato mapoheday a ma’icangay a samoro hananay a kilang ko sakaira no namal. Patateki’en konini a felalac ta masadak ko namal a matefo i pohed. Ta malikat. Mahaenay. O namitanaman nangra a mitemtem a komaen i, ira ko mwarakay; sawaden nangra. Ira ko ka’esoay. Saka, sa’opoen nangra ko matiniay a mipaloma. Caay ka sahet cangra ao titi ato fotng ko nikaenan nangra. Yo mafana’ cangra to nika adihay ko mamakaen a talod saka, onini haca ko roma a kakaenen nangra. Onini haca ko roma a kakaenen nangra a ma’orip. Saka, marayray konini a tahanini. Saka, onini ko sakaadihay ko makaenay no ’Amis a masamaamaanay a talod. O sakacicilah nangra i, o nialaan nangra i ma’icangay a ’ongco’ongcoyan to nano kinatapesi’ no tapelok. Ma’icang no cidal konini saka, onini ko cilah nangra. O sakapitangtang nangra i, o podac no ti’aw hananay a kilang. Karkaren nangra ko sra a mipateli toya fadic no ti’aw. Paroen ko nanom ta masokedef koya podac no ti’aw. Ta todohen ko ‘adicaw a fokeloh a miparo i namal, ta marokerok koya nanom. Ta miparo to dating ano eca o titi ato foting, ta matangtang. Ano awaayto ko fa’edet noya fokeloh i, alaen a pasadak. Pakotayen to fa’elohay a fa’edetay a fokeloh. Maedeng kina tolo a mihaen i, maecak to. O romasato, itni i pisarakarakat nangra a mifoting, mi’adop i, matama nangra ko makapahay a dihif. Itira cangra a pacarcar a maro’ a mipaloma’ toya dihif. Ano matamato nangra ko matinraay a makapahay a dihif i, itira cangra a malinah a maro’. Liyasen nangra koya talo’an nangra. Yo matama to nangra ko kakahaday a palapalaan i, itira to angra a misakakahad to omah a matayal. Nanoya, mikilim cangra to nga’ayay a pipatirengan to loma’ a sra. Ta patirengen nangra ko talo’an. Nikawrira, caayho pisatata’ang cangra a misanga’; pasamo ho. Yo ’aloman to ko wawa nangra i, pararamoramoden nangra ko wawa nangra. Ta mangalay ko wawa nangra a micidek a ciloma’. Saka, padangen nangra ko wawa a misanga’ to malo loma’ nangra. I sa’ayaw i, itira saho cangra i fiyaw no mama ato ina a mipaloma’. Yo ciwawa koya wawa i, orirato ko tayraay i raayay a sra nangra a paloma’. Ta itira ko aro’ nangra. ’Aloman ’aloman sato saka, misakilikilim cangra to caayho ka tama nangra a palapalaan. Talatimol ko roma. Talaka’amis ko roma. Pakayni i rakat nangra a mi’adop ko sakapakatama cangra to kakahaday a palapalaan. Ta paitemek sato cangra a mikilim to nga’ayay a kamaro’an a patireng to loma’ itira. Cimihecaan cimihecaan i, masaniyaro’ koya kamaro’an nangra. Sa’aloman sato ko tamdaw. Onini ko satapangan no kaciniyaro’ no ’Amis. O ngangan no kasaniyaro’ no ’Amis itiya ho, o nipanganganan no mi’adopay koni. Tona malalok ko ’Amis a matayal saka, maherek ko tayal tono omah i, mifoing i ’alo ato i riyar. Maherek a mifoting i, malingad to a mi’adop. Pasacowacowa to ko rakat nangra a mi’adop. Saka, matama nangra ko makapahay masadafdafay a pala i, misatalo’an cangra tira a mi’id’id to tama’, ta pacena’ cangra a misaomah i taliyok no talo’an nangra a mipalom to kaolahan a kakaenen. Kalanipi’adop han nangra ko pikilim to nga’ayay a kalipalaan, adihay to ko tama’ nangra ato matatodongto ko romi’ad to pinokayan i, minokay to cangra i loma’. Malalitemoh cangra ato widang, saka, itira to cangra a malalicalicay. Onini ko saka masasikafana’ to cangra ato masasiholol to cangra, onini ko sakanga’ay to nangra a pararamod to wawa nangra. Malo sapaomah to i wawa koya misaomahan nira a mi’adop, itira to ko wawa a ciloma’. Mata’elif ko pinapina a miheca i, masaniyaro’ to koya kamaro’an no wawa. Mahaen saka lenak sato ko kamaro’ no ’Amis itini i pasawali no Taywan a masaniyaro’. O romasato, ira heca ko tahiraay i pasa’etip a mifoting ano eca i, mi’adop ko rakat nangra, saka, ira ko niyaro’ no ’Amis itira saan. === O sapatoor a sowal (補述) === I 1800 a mihecaan i, ira ko pakataminaay nani cecay ko Kalolin a Yapo hananay a kanatal a tayni i Taywan a tahacenger i wali. Ta paka’araw cangra to ’orip no Pangcah. “Aya: ko sakalecad niyam o ’Amis a tamdaw.” saan cangra a lipahak. Ma’edeng pakapito a polo’ a romi’ad cangra itini, saka malalicalicay cangra ato itiniay a ’Amis. Kona onini a tamdaw ko papasifana’ to iniyaro’ay nangra a tamdaw to matiniay a demak, ’arawhani, ranikay a madadoedo a mapatay cangra yo itiniho cangra, saka awaayto ko paparatoh to kakafit nangra ato itiniay. O kacipinangan tonini a demak i, o lisin no Ridaw no Kalingko. To mihecahecaan ira ko pidemak nangra to lisin no tamina to sakacaaw ka pawan to nanitiraay i katimol a ma’alolay a tayni a saan. Sakapolongan to konini a lisin no Ridaw anini, ta itini a mapaheci to kina sowal. fe8kjkmazbay2lh5lac7wsonbor7p35 0 2706 43513 43512 2024-05-27T04:25:03Z Masaonikar 570 /* Saka pito, O Taywan saka fa’eloh no hekal, o hekal saka fa’eloh no Taywan.(七、臺灣新世界，世界新臺灣) */ 43513 wikitext text/x-wiki == 520 Lay Cingte congtong papelo i patirengan (520賴清德總統發表就職演說) == === Miketon patireng to nikapolongan nga’ayay cemahaday fa’elohay a Taywan (宣示打造民主和平繁榮的新臺灣) === 2024/5/20 Conghuaminko saka 16 rekad ongtong ci Lay cingte (Lai Qingde) mararamod ato micokeray congtong ci Hsiao Bi-khim anini (20) romi’ad ’ayaw no lahok i ka’ayaw no congtongfo a potal midemak patireng a sa’opo, congtong ci Lay cingte a o “Patireng to nikapolongan nga’ayay cemahaday o fa’elohay a Taywan” ko patosokan, piini to patirengan a papelo, polong no sasowalan: O micokeray congtong ci Hsiao Bi-khim, polong no kalali’ayan kitakit a kakeridan ato tadamaanay lafang, kasakitakit a torokos, itiniay a polong lafang, ka’ayaway no tilifi, ira ho i alayay minengneng a nga’ayay widang, ato polong finawlan no kitakit, nga’ay ho: I kalakapahan ho ako i, cifaloco’ to nga’ayay pa’oripay a ising. Kala sician to ako, ci faloco’ to sapifalic to Taywan. Anini, tomireng kako itini, misafaloco’ kako to saka comahad no kitakit. Misaki’emelay ko faloco’ ako, milayap to patorodan no finawlan, mapatireng i saka 16 ekad congtong no Conghuaminko, o mamidotoc kako to masalaloma’ay a kimpo no conghuaminko, citodong mikerid to kitakit a tala’ayaw a romakat nipa’orongan. Mahirateng aniniay romiad itiya i 1949 mihecaan, nai midemak to pi’emetan, polong no finawlan itiniay i nisatekedan to’emanay mihecaan. I 1996 mihecaan anini, sa’ayaway saka cecay misingkiwan congtong no Taywan patirengan romi’ad, pasi syakay no kasakitakit parotoh, o conghuaminko Taywan oci salongocay a misatataday a kitakit, o finawlan ko ci salongocay. Anini 2024 miheca a romi’ad, malaheciay to saki natoloay kafafalifalic no kasarekad no Tsaywan, sa’ayaw oyaan to a kasarekad ko pado’edoay mikowan, so’elinay paselak to saka tolo a rekad, o fayfay no Taywan micomod i maledefay a salifet, mipalowad palahad to kacifaloco’an fa’elohay a tato’asan. Onini a nirakatan, o finawlan no nian a sera, o ’ayaway mido’edo ko aikoray, oci mikinafalahay pacakat ko saka ci haci. Talacowa o karorayan, naka malaheciay to ita ko nian. Imatini to nian romi’ad, caay ka dengan o piwacay no fa’elohay sifo a pisatapangan, o piliyawan a milayap to caayay ko rahodayan ciniala to kalowid no kapolongan. ’Aloman ko tamdaw to paskayni i takowanan ato micokeray congtong ci Hsiao Bi-khim a maala, o nano “pipeleng to 8 miheca to kacacaliwan no kasarekad kawasan”. So’elinay to, o sakaci kapolongan o nano finawlan ko citodongay, kahacecay no pisingkiw, awaay koya mangahay a kawasan, dengan o nano finawlan a nirikecan a mitomadaw to saki mikowanay a kasarekad, sa’elnay nipili’an to saki ikoray no kitakit. Miahowid kako, ’ayaw no 8 mihecaan, ci Tsai Ing-wen congtong, Chen Jianren micokeray congtong ato kapolongan no citodongay a nisa’icelan, saka comahad to Taywan, patireng to ’imeceday parana’an. Imatini, pi’epi’en ita ko kamay to katadamaan nangra. Miahowid kako to finawlan mapolong to picoker takowanan, a caay ka fiyer no papotalay a ’icel, tanektek ko pidama mihimaw to kapolongan, tala’ayaw romakat; aay ka tararikor, mifelih to fa’elohay felih no likisi. Ikor no rekad a romi’ami’adan, a o “O nika mo’ecel no demak, kalasini’adaay faloco', nipisapo’eneray faloco'”, “O niya tamdaw ko nengneng to finawlan”, caay ka pakangodo i kahacecay to paso’elin ato patorodan. O misarooday ko tayal no fa’elohay sifo, pasadak to makapahay a nidemakan, milayap to pitomadaw no finawlan. O masafa’elohay mafalicay ko sapidemak niyam to dademaken, misanga to faelohay nengnengen a sician no Taywan. ==== Saka cecay, Pidemak pirikec masasihakelongay ko kafafolod, malalilid micikeroh to dademakan no kitakit. (一、行政立法協調合作，共同推動國政) ==== Anini mihea saka tosa folad mapatireng ko fa’elohay pikaykian no kitakit, naikoran no 16 mihecaan no Taywan i, miliyaw haca “caayay ka ta’elif a toloay kasarekad” a Lifayin. Misiayaw to nian fa’elohay sician, ira ko papinapina a tamdaw ko dahekatay, ira ko papinapina a tamdaw ko calemcemay. Pasowalen ako kamo, onini i o nano nipili’an no finawlan fa’elohay pinangan, tona o fa’elohay ko hirateng minengneng to nian a “caayay ka ta’elif a toloay kasarekad”, o pahapinangay to kasarekarekad no sician manga’ay pahapinang to no niyah a harateng, saka nga’ay mafafolod mitamorong to salifet no kitakit. Nikawrira, o pinengneng no finawlan to saki dademakan piliclic no kasarekarekad sician, ira to ko ta’angay a dahekatay. Kalalifelifet no kasarekarekad haw i, ka iraen ko mafafoloday a harateng, o pi’awas a rakat no kitakit o tanektekay. O demak no pikayki no Lifayin, o mamido’edo to rayray no mo’ecel, mangodo ko ’alomanay to caayay ka’aloman, caayay ka’aloman mido’edo to ’alomanay, itiya acaay kasasiwtoc, pararidsa ko syakay a masasinga’ayay. Itini i kapolongan a syakay, o saka ci depoc no finawlan, o parana’an no kapolongan ko saaanan; o saka cidepoc no kitakit ko ’ayaw no kasarekarekad depocan, ono kasarekarekad a patodongan a tatayalan ko nian. Tona kasarekarekad miikeroh to sasarikecen, saheto o matatodongay i kimpo, o “Ikaka ko finawlan”, “Ka’ayaw ko kitakit” ko hirateng, o kitakit nidemakan dahdah sa makacalay mapacowat. Sincenyin ci Zhuo Rongtai yinciw ko mikeriday to salaloma’an midemakay kasakapot, o mamili’ayaw misalof to sakanga’ay no syakay, o kalacecayan no lalomaay papotalay kasafafolod a kaainian, masarooday ko pidemak, masafaelohay ko harateng, misalof to kaalemceman no finawlan, o saca’of no finawlan, mipatado to finawlan. Sakasaan, naikoran no 0403 kafadesan sapipalolol a tatayalan, midemakay i matini. Miliyaw haca kako misomad to makariangay a tamdaw, mihinom to mapadesay. Miahowid kako to polong no mipadangay to sapipa’orip ato mipalowaday patireng a matayalay a finawlan, ato miliyaw haca miahowid to kasakitakit a syakay to pikiharan ato piokeran. Sakakakaay sifo malaheci to ko pihalaka padefong to 285.5 walwalan payso, o sapipadama patireng ato kadademakan palowad, patado to finawlan no Kalingko manga’ay maratar mapa’orip ko saki’orip. Ono mako to saki sakakaay ato kasaniyaro’ a kasasidama a mafafolod, pidemak ato pipatireng to rikec ko kasasipadangan a midemak, pafaloco’an konian, nanay mikihatiya ko polong finawlan no kitakit malakayat misa’icel, malakapot mineker to sakapolongan no Taywan, mihadimel to Intoyang (India Ocean) Taypinyang (Pasific Ocean) a kasasinga’ay, micikeroh ko kacemahad no hekal. ==== Saka tosa, Nikapolongan Taywan, kalo’edil no hekal. (二、民主臺灣，世界之光) ==== Kasa finawlan no kitakit, nikapolongan, kasasinga’ay, kacemahadan o rarakaten lalan no kitakit no Taywan, kalocalay no Taywan ato hekal. O Taywan i “Safit no nikapolongan no hekal” a dawdaw, o tatayni to ko kasenengan to’ek a nikapolongan no Taywan. Nani pisingkiwan to congtong no Taywan i, mala o comahaday a nikapolongan kitakit itini i polong no cikiw. Mipadoedo kita to kacakat salongoc no tamdaw, pasihekal pahapinang to nikapolongan mapakoniraay a ciepocay. O Taywan sarakatay itini i Asiya malalenay ko raramod i rikec a kitakit. Mapahapinang to no Taywan, no nikapolongan a pitena’ to lifong ikaka to no tekedan pitena’ to lifong. O Taywan ano no nikapolongan sa’osi, ano eca pakoniraan to a pipalecad, o saka cecay saka tosa masilsil itini i Asiya. Nikapolongan a Taywan malo ’edil to no hekal, onini a kasenengan o no polong no finawlan no Taywan. Ikor to, fa’elohay sifo o papadoedo a malo’icel no nikapolongan i Taywan, micikeroh to kacomahad no kitakit, misa’alolong i kasakitakit a matatahic. Saki laloma’, mipili’ kako to citanengay a tamdaw, makoracay ko pidemak, milaheci to nikapolongan pikowan, patireng to mafohatay sifo, o “mafahatay ta’eselay kahapinang”, “o finawlan ko tawki” sanay a herateng, patoror to ’alomanay mikihatiya kapolongan telekan, pado’edo micikeroh to 18 miheca a finawlan salongoc, mafafolod milaheci to nafaloco’an no kitakit. Saki papotal, mipadoedo kita to nikapolongan a kitakit, matiya kafafolodan i nikapolongan, masasicofel i kasasofal a kacomahan a niketketan, malacecay miliyang to mangahay ratoh, mipa’icel to nikapolongan a sakakodait, sapisi’ayaw to masamaamaanay salifet, mala nikapolongan i hakal MVP ko Taywan. ==== Saka tolo, nikapolongan Taywan, o sa’iwas kanga’ayan no hekal. (三、民主臺灣，世界和平舵手) ==== Caay ka ci’aca ko kanga’ayan, awaay ko malowiday i kalaloodan. Ano cila miheca, paherekan saka tosa lalood no hekal, to 80 mihecaan, malecad o Taywan ato kasakitakit, nano nitanengay to roray no kalalood to palowadan lalan, saka iraay aniniay kacomahad a pahecian, awaay ko cima tamdaw mangalayay to pipeleng i kalalood. Anini, Russia Ukraine kalalood ato Israel Hamas kalalood, padoedo iho misetol to hekal, o sofitay no Congko misamawmaw i apelahay a patalaw, o nengneng no polong no cikiw to sanga’ay o sakaci milengatay to kalaloodan. O Taywan itiniay i “saka cecay kacacofelan” malalood a kaitiraan, mificfiay to hekal kaitiraan no sician a comahad. I ’ayaw 1921 miheca, ci Jiang Weishui singsi mi’eses to, Taywan o “Mikacaway no sacomod to saka nga’ay no hekal” saan, anini itini i 2024 mihecaan, matongal to ko katadamaan no Taywan. Takaraw to ko kafafolod i kasakitakit, tanektek ko kanga’ay no kasasekal no Taywan saan, caay ko mamalasawad i saka o karihadayan ato kacomahadan i polong no cikiw. O sapisi’ayawaw to mici’iwiay demak no kasakirakit, i hekalay kasakitakit mitekaay to misarocod to kafafolodan, sapi padoedo sakanga’ay tanektek no kasasofal. Itira nacila a folad, malaheci to no Amilika ko saki “Saka rihaday sapalolol to payso i Intoyang (India Ocean) Taypinyang (Pasific Ocean) a rikecan” a pilikec, sapa damso to In-Tay sa’etal rafas sakarihaday a sapadama, micoker to kasasekal no Taywan kanga’ayan a tanektek. Mi ahowid kita to i hekalay kasakitakit to saki Taywan a mipamotek ko nengneng ato picokeran, o mamiketon kita pasi hekal: nikapolongan mapakonira, saka’eca katararikoran a nipararidan no Taywan, dengan o kanga’ayan ko nipili’an, o sakacomahad ko patosokan sakatahada’oc rihaday. Nawhani ikoray a kasasekal, o saka pitelek to pakayraan no hekal a mafiyor, midotoc to nikapolongan kita o Taywan, malo sa’iwas no kanga’ayan, fa’elohay sifo mami’imer to nian “sepatay a sapararid”, caay ka tararikor caay pikico’ay, mipararid to kanga’ayan. Mipaini kako to Congko, paterepen ko sapipatalaw milood to Taywan, malakapot to Taywan mitamorong to nipatorodan no polong no cikiw a ’inorong, misa’icel mirarid to Taywan a riyar ato kasa’etal a kanga’ay a tanektek, pahapinang to katalawan kalalood i polong no cikiw. Haling’ayay ko finawlan no Taywan, malali’ay to tamdamdaw. Saan to kako, ano kakeridan no kitakit o saka lemed no finawlan ko niharatengan, saka, o kanga’ay no kasasekal no Taywan, masasing’ayay, kasasinga’ay no ka’oripan, onini i, o kalalenan no patosokan. Orasaka, misafaloco’ kako to pisapinang no Congko minengneng to so’elinay kaira no Conghuaminko, kangodoen ko nipili’an to finawlan no Taywan, pasadaken ko nga’ayay harateng, ato nipili’an no Taywan finawlan a cirikecay sifo, itini i malalenay, masasingodoay a pidotoc, kao malalicayay ko sapikotay to kasasico’ay, o kalacicay ko sapikotay to kasasitena’, midemak to mafafoloday, manga’ay haki pipatareng to kacacofecofel no pirarakatan, ato kasasinanam no mitiliday a misatapang, malakapot pasayra i nga’ayay ko kalita’anan. O finawlan no kitakit, ira ko sakacinga’ayaw a faloco’ no mita, nika aka ka o maoratay harateng. I kacaay ho pisawad no Congko to sapiloodaw to Taywan i, o kafana’an no finawlan no kitakit: talacowa milayap to nisowalan no Congko, sapifalicaw to salongoc no niyah, o Congko caay ka sapisawadan to sapisamawmaw mi’emod to Taywan. Misi’ayaw to nai Congkoay a masamaamaanay sapikari’angaw, o papasadak kita tio sapidipotaw to kitakit a faloco’, pacakat to polong no finawlan midimokos to kitakit a harateng, patanektek to sakarihaday no kitakit a rikec, misarocod milaheci to “kanga’ayan sepatay sacoker dademaken a halaka”, mipa’icel to sapitena’ no sofitay, patireng to kanga’ay no kicay, pahapinang to tanektekay pidotoc to ’icel no kakeridan to kakiharan no kasaetal, ato micikeroh to ci’epocay kacacofelan a demak, masasi’afang to nikapolongan kitakit i polong no cikiw, palakiting to kalecadan manga’ay, pahapinang to katalawan a ’icel, saka eca ka lalood, o kaci’icel ko patosokan a manga’nga’ay. ==== Saka sepat, nikapolongan Taywan, micikerohay saka comahad no hekal.(四、民主臺灣，世界繁榮推手) ==== Mangalay ko Taywan to hekal, manga’ay ko hekal to Taywan, caay ka dengan o pifohat to fawahan ko Taywan, micomoday to i salaloma’an no kakeroan no hekal ko Taywan. Misafaloco’ to ikoray a hekal, icowacowa iraay ko Pan-Taw-ti, tapelik no AI pasayniay to. Aniniay a Taywan, mamol to fana’ a misanga’ to Pan-Taw-ti, tomirengay i pifelih ciwsing no AI, o “polong no cikiw nikapolongan i malonolaya calay” a safawahan, mifiyor to kicay no hekal a comahad, ato sakalemed no tamdamdaw ma’orip ato kacomahad. Kasa finawlan no kitakit, tona paratoh kita, o ikoray no Conghuaminko Taywan, nai 2300 ’ofad a kapolongan nitelekan. Nitelekan ita a ikoray, caay ka dengan o ikoray no kitakit no mita, o ikoray to no polong no hekak ko nian. O matamaay ko rarakaten no mita, kacomahaden ko kinairaan, malo sakacomahad no hekal ko picikeroh, cecay ko ’awas no Taywan, tala’ayaw mi’awas ko hekal. I ’ayaw, o kala Sincenyincang, micokeray congtong kako i, tayra kako i kasa niyaro’aro’ no mitakit mihomong to kinairaay, itiya mafana’ kako to mico’enepay ato kacilongocan no Taywan. I ikor to, o mamatahic ko sifo mikinairaay, mirepet to toloay a pasayraan, micikeroh to sakacowat no Taywan. ===== Saka cecay pasayraan, “Mica’engaw to ikoray, midepoc to taneng”. (第一個方向是，「前瞻未來，智慧永續」。) ===== Misi’ayaw to katalawan kafafalifalic no romi’ad, o mamisaki’emel kita milaheci i 2050 mikorac to kafalic. Misi’ayaw to polong no cikiw tanengan a salifet, itini kita tomireng i pan-taw-ti a felalacay sirikon pala a parana’an, misa’icel micikeroh to Taywan mala “Tamdawan taneng a pala”, pala tamdawan taneng kinairaan, pakalah to tamdawan taneng ko pisafa’eloh, o tamdawan taneng ko pisa’osian, pacakat to ’icel no kitakit, ’icel no sofitay, ’icel no tamdaw ato ’icel no kicay. O mamicowat to sakafa’eloh a saparakat to no kicay, pakayni i ticito ko pifali, ato mikorac to kafalic a ’icel no ’erecan, mitahic to ka’emingay mipakairaay pacakat to kafalic, pasihadidiay ko kalomahad, misanga’ to citanengay midepoc to fa’elohay Taywan, misanga’ to saka tosa kakafahekaan kicay no Taywan. Dengan o pidefong to fa’elohay pisanga’, mikongling to fa’elohay to’ek masimeday katala’ayaw, ano o nilalatan tinaw, kikay tamdaw, yin-serayan, ano eca mahidefongay sapaising, kasasofal a ca’engawan kakki, salalekoen no mita a midefong, pakayraan no kapah misafaloco’, mitadimel to sakiikoray no hekal mili’ayaway paenarar to Taywan. ===== Saka tosa pasayraan, “Kalalifet i serayan. Misolap to riyal”. (第二個方向是，「競逐太空，探索海洋」。) ===== Misetek kita to patosokan, malo saka awaayay ko tamdaw a hikoki nikapolongan padamsoay calay i Taywan a Asiya ciwsing, micowat to ikoray to’ek saparatoh pakalaenoay Isi (wiysing), micomod i polong no cikiw serayan a kinaira. O mamisolap kita to riyal, palasafangcal o riyal a kitakit, pakadofah to finawlan i riyalay ’orip, sato mipacefong i riyalay kakki a mikingkiw, micikeroh to riyalay kinaira a macowat, pacakat kalalifetan no kitakit. Pala micowatay to kasahirahira no kicay ato kinaira no Taywan, awaay ko caayay ka laheci. ===== Saka tolo pasayraan, “Misilsil i polong no cikiw, palenak i polong no hekal”. (第三個方向是，「布局全球，行銷全世界」。跨太平洋夥伴全面進步協定) ===== Maherekay to ko Taywan misingsi sapikapot to CPTPP (Milacal to Taypingyang malahakelong polong macakat telek, Inkiris: Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership, CPTPP), misafaloco’ kita miai to sapikapot to sa’etalan kicay palekapot; mikapot to nikapolongan kitakit i hekal a kasasitelek to kasasidefong mapa’orip kasasetek, masasileneng ko kalali’aca a kakiharan; at/ sapisalof to langtoay sapasata a demak, masasipangala’ to sakacowat no kinaira. Pataneteken ita i polong no cikiw ko padamso calay ko parana’an, sanga’ayen mirepet ko katatodon kafalic no sici to saka ci kalali’acaan, micowat to pan-taw-ti, pamdawan taneng, sofitay a tayal, sapi’emet to sakang’ay, ato saka tosa to’ek ratoh “limaay paso’elin a kinairaan”, saka nayar pifalic to pidefong no taliyok, mihamham to misiwfayay no Taywan minokay midefong i Taywan, pa’icel to itiniay a palatayalanmisadadahal to pidefongan, mirenok ko lamit i Taywan. Paini kako to kasaromaroma patayalay a widang mihosyo: o kasacecay saheto o macodahay ko faloco’, milaop to sakatadamaanaw, cifaloco’ ko sifo pa’icel mipadama, no Taywan a kinairaan manga’ay ko katomireng i Taywan, misilsil i polong no cikiw, palenak i polong no hekal. Ci’icel ko Taywan, mala “caayay kaserer a kitakit i ni kicay a romi’ad”, ano icowacowa masadak ko cidal, mapalikat ko pakinairaay no Taywan, palemed to itiniay a macowat, pala nga’ay kadofah ko ’orip no finawlan no Taywan. ==== Saka lima, o lipahak no finawlan ko lalipahakan, o kesem no finawlan ko kakeseman. (五、樂民之樂，憂民之憂) ==== Paso’elin kako, o heci a kacowat no kicay, o mamiraoy ko finawlan. Ikor to, i picikeroh to “pafaloco’ay tayal no kitakit”, mipadadahal to picefong no syakay, mipatireng kako to ciolahay ato ci ngodoay faloco’ a syakay no Taywan. O kapah tamdaw pakanengneng to pafaloco’an, papikedan tamdaw milaheci to nisafaloco’an, malitengay tamdaw manga’ay mihadoy to sakalemed, kalasamo’ay tamdaw ci madipotay. Kahacecay tamdaw a kahacecay lekad, o papakalayap to sacoker no sifo. Ikora i, kaemangay padipot, mato’asay sadama, syakay kamaro’an, o maminayar misadadahal; dafong a ’aca, loma’ a ’aca, pakoyocay cidafongay a kalala’ed a demak, caay ka tolasen mifalic; kanga’ay no kakaenen, kanga’ay no lalan, kanga’ay no pitilidan, kanga’ay no syakay a calay saka’orip, padoedoen paki’emel; ira ho, saki kiwiko, hoyin, palamo’ecelay kasa pifalic a tayal, saheto o papadoedoen a tayal. Kafana’an ako ko finawlan no kitakit to karawraw ato hinatala a saka’orip, o maanan to kakiheren a demakan, kangalayan no syakay mifelih, o mamisarocod ko sifo misi’ayaw, misa’icel. Mangalay kita to sakatakaraw no kinaira a lifon, micikeroh kako to kacakat no kinairaaw, mipalocad to nga’ayay a lifon a taliyol. Mangalay kita to nga’ayay kanga’ayan, misarocod kako mipeleng to mikelotay to payso, kowang, sawarak ato misamangahay. Kangalayan no ’alomanay o katanektek a padamso to dingki, micikeroh kako to saka tosa a kinairaira pisiyol, micowat to kasasiromaroma a kasahirahira, tengengan dingkian calay, mipa’icel to karocok no dingki a kakodait. Mikihar ko ’alomanay to paysoan no matayalay a hoking, maliyaw haca paini kako, kaira ho no sifo, o matayalay a hoking caay ko mamatelep. Pasayra ko nengneng no ’alomanay to kanga’ayan no karomikatan a lalan, mipalalan kako to sakatatodong no tamdawan a karomakatan a liyol, miliyas to “kasemseman no romakatay” sanay a tatiihay pangangan. Mihinatala ko ’alomanay to padama no sifo to sakakahemaw to dadipoten no laloma’an, ato mapadama ko kacango’otan no matayalay a kinairaan, matiniay a demak, o mamisafaloco’ kako to sapisalof. Militemoh to ikoray, hinatala kita to kakodait no Taywan, manga’ay masongila’ to sakilifong a adada, ono serayan a kari’angan a masamaamaanay a sakalafo, ato sakaranikay mifalic malamaciay, masalof ko matelangay fadahong no loma’ a demak. Mihinatala kita to cikingtohay a Taywan, misa’icel kako takowan a cirocek to kalaising, mikomod to kasaromaroma a ’icelan, mifenges to kang, ato patireng to “palaonto aci onto cowat po”, micikeroh to finawlan a onto, mapadama ko sakakingtoh hoking a mido’edo a pidemakan, o saka nayar no ’orip a kingtoh ko finawlan no kitakit. Ikoray a Taywan, patereken ko kasahirahira a parapatanay i taliyol, kasahirahira no finacadan a ponka, milaheci to taliyol a madotoc, ponka madotoc, o sakafangcal no kitakit. Ikoray a Taywan, o aira ko kasahirahira mocowatay fa’elohay a kicay, maledef ko ticito kakki a sakadademak, nga’ayay saka lalifet ato tosaay sowal a ’icelan, a ira ko ci’icelay kapolongan sapicoker a patadoay rocok, o aira ko masasingodoay malalenay a fafahiyan fa’inayan a taliyol, mapaka’orip i kahacecacecay no finawlan ko salongoc. Ikoray a Taywan, o ai kasacecay no kingsi, midotoc to katadamaanay macowat, micikeroh to kasaniyaro’ a kinaira, milaheci to “malalenay Taywan” a patosokan, kaicowacowaan manga’ay ko kamaro’, manga’ay malipahak ko tamdamdaw. ==== Saka enem, Marikec tata’ang ko ’icel, sakadado’edo mapaki’emel ko kitakit.(六、團結力量大，繼續壯大國家) ==== Polong a finawlan no kitakit, ikoray sakacowat no kitakit, o kahacecay no ’icel. Misi’ayaw to polongan no cikiw, polongan kalalifetan a to’ak i, awaay ko pakoniyah milifet sanay a kitakit, awaay ko misiikeday a syakay a macakat. Dengan o karikec, itiya mapaneker ko karomakat no mita; masasicokeray, ta maparaaraay ko naripa’an no mita, pakaynien no mako i ’icel no nikapolongan, mirikec to polong no finawlan, mapaki’emel ko kitakit. Kafana’en no mita, ira ko niyah salongoc ta ira ko kitakit! Midotoc to kimpo no Conghuaminko, ono Conghuaminko a niyah salongoc o nano finawlan mapolong; o cikikaay to no Conghuaminko, o finawlan no Conghuaminko; orasaka manengneng to, Conghuaminko ato Conghuarenmin kapolongan caayay ko masasiniyahay. Kahacecay no tamdaw, karikec, maolah to kitakit; kahacecay a sician kasarekarekad, o mamiliyang to saka’emodaw, midama to niyah a salongoc, aka a sakoniyahay kasarekadan mikinafalah to no niyah a salongoc no kitakit. Tana ’alomanay kitakit i hekal, miwacay micoker to Taywan sapikihatiya i kasakitakit, mapahapinang itini, o Taywan o nano hekalan ko Taywan, o Taywan o polongan no cikiw sakanga’ay sakacomahad nga’ayay tati’eren paso’elin a ’icel. Polong no finawlan caay ka sasiiked, cima ko ’ayaway ikoray tayni caay ko hahaenen, dengan o pilecad mikihamon to Taywan, saheto no niyah ato kasakitakit a widang pasowalay to kitakit no niyah, malecad ko kapaloepo. Caayay ko malaliyasay a mararitiriting ko faloco’, mihawak ko ’awas pasayra i hekal! ==== Saka pito, O Taywan saka fa’eloh no hekal, o hekal saka fa’eloh no Taywan.(七、臺灣新世界，世界新臺灣) ==== Tana pasayra ko Taywan i hekal a rakat, mihalhal kita to pipasayra no hekal i Taywan. ’Aloman ko fa’elohay maro’ a widang, romaay kitakit a widang, nai kasahekal tayni i Taywan, mitiliday to nano Taywan fa’elohay a tilitilidan. Ahowidan no mita cangra, mingodo kako i tamowanan! Aniniay a kaitinian, ira tayni ko nai cowacowaay widan no kasakitakit, ira ko minokayay nai roma kitakit a widang, o milaheciay a demakan ko sapicoker to Taywan. Kao fa’edetay ko ko kamay mipi’pi mihamham, miahowid i cangraan. Anini dadaya, o pataheka no kitakit ko sapihamham cangraan o tada lafang no kitakit, i Taynan ko kaitiraan. I 1624 mihecaan, nai Taynan ko lalowadan no Taywan, miteka pasayra i polong no cikiw ko Taywan. Tomireng i “Taynan 400” likisi a to’ek, o papahapinang to ciso’elinay ko Taywan, ki’emel pasayra i fa’elohay a hekal, o saka pimiham no hekal to fa’elohay Taywan. Mitahidang kako to kahacecay finawlan no kitakit, mikapot takowanan mipalahad to ina no miso no mako a Taywan malipahak, malakapot ko demak no mita midipot, mipa’edil i cingraan, malo tatakecen no hekal cingra, malo kakangodoen no kasakitakit a tadamaanay kitakit cingra! Ahowiday kita mapolong! ffuravlipgweyxa1mmkw5yjxcyyujkd 0 2707 43539 43538 2024-06-06T12:14:03Z Masaonikar 570 /* Qiu Wanxing (邱萬興) */ 43539 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ka’ilolan mi’ayaway to nikapolongan ci Huang Zhaokai == === Ka’ilolan mi’ayaway to nikapolongan ci Uncle Kai (Huang Zhaokai, 1942〜2024) 懷念 民主先行者黃昭凱 === ==== Taywan patalaay (台灣放送) ==== ==== Qiu Wanxing (邱萬興) ==== O kakangodoan no mita ka’ayaway to nikapolongan, mida’ocay mi’ayaway to nikapolongan, ’ayaway Kuomindayhiw ci Uncle Kai (Huang Zhaokai), i 2024 miheca 6 folad 1 romi’ad i kalahokan, kaci tapeling kang adada a mapatay, ira 82 mihecaan no ’orip itini hekal. 1942 miheca 8 folad 26 romi’ad masofoc ci Huang Zhaokai itira i Hainan pala, o mama ci Huang Taishe nano ka Dipongan sofitay a mitatiliday, nano ka’emangan itini i Keristo Ciwlo kiwkay a loma’ mato’as. I 1947 miheca mihakelong to mama minokay tayni i Taynansi pimenlo 1 piked a maro’, itiya mafiyol no 228 demakan, na mato’as to itiya a mafana’ to pakayniay to nian a demakan, itiya mafohat ko faloco’ to kaoratan. Itini i kahecalay a masakakoki’an a mahecaan i, mikonanay KMT to saki Taywan nikapolongan onto a pipenec, patalaw a micoscos, tangasa anini ’alomanay tamdaw caay pakasikol to itiyaay ho a demak. 1979 miheca 12 folad 9 romi’ad, ci Huang Zhaokai, Dai Zhenyao, Ji Wansheng mikihatiya to Militaw casisya a Hamasin a demak, ona tayra i imeng mingitangit to imeng mipalafac to tamdaw. ikor no Militaw demakan, ci Huang Zhaokai pakayni i saying matoro’ to pikihatiya toya a demak, itiya to ci Cai Jiexiong a Siokiying ko mipadamaay, manga’ay aca ko kasadak, eca to ka rofoen. Ikor no Militaw a demak, i 1981 miheca, ci Huang Zhaokai miceroh to pipatireng ni Zhou Qingyu to “Mikasini’adaay a casi” ko tayal, midipot to laloma’an no Militaw a marofoay ato wawa, sida’it to marofoay to sakisician. I 1983 miheca, mikihatiya to papotalay no kasarekad mitiliday a mikawit kapolongan, cingra aci Dai Zhenyao, Qiu Yiren, Hong Qichang, Lin Zhuoshui saheto o mato’asay no Sincawliw cangra. papotalay no kasarekad a widawidang paka ci “Uncle Kai” han ko pitahidan i cingraan. I 1985 miheca ci Huang Zhaokai, Lin Zongzheng, Cai Youquan, Tong Chunfa a foksi, tayra i Toronto no Canada, mikapot to URM a pinaneman sa’opo, miai ci Dr. Lin Zhefu hakasi ninanam to miolahay ato caay ko mifolaway a syakay onto, o saka 4 rekad no URM ko pisawad. I 1986 miheca, itiya ikor no Mincintang i Yinsang pipatirengan i, mapatireng no Mincintang ci Huang Zhaokai to saka 1 rekad i tatapangan citodongay a wiyin, mapatodong saka 1 rekad Mincintang Taynansitangpo citodongay dademakay, palamit i kasaniyaro’ ko tayal. I 1987 miheca, Katimolay ci faloco’, cingra aci Zheng Nanrong, Lin Zongzheng paripa’ pahapinang to 228 a sa’awas, malacecay cangra misetol to sakowan, tatolo mala’afang macodah to sa’ayaway sa’awas, “Mihirateng 228 kanga’ayan romi’ad 40 mihecaan”. Itiya i, pasadak to no niyah payso sapi’aca to matekesay sasisyasing, sapikilok to pahapinang 228 a demakan ato piliyaw misingkiw to pikaykian no kitakit a pisyasing pikilokan, mapateli i 228 kitakit piharatengan pina’angan. O sapikadkadaw to 228 sa’elinay to pisi’ayaw nangra marepet no imeng mafolaw a matena’ cangra, saka caay ka tararikor matalaw. I 1987 miheca, ciriko’ cingra to Pisiiked to Taywan ci raraw haw? Kacodah masadak midama ci Cai Xu a Pisiiked to Taywan a onto. I 1988 miheca 12 folad 31 romi’ad, o sapipaherekaw to Wu Feng mikinapatayay mangahay sapicingcing a pikowan a kimad, mikihatiya to URM minanamay, mitaroh mipolin to mapatirengay i ka’ayaw cilamalay syataw no Ciaisi a Wu Feng marar samiyay. Ci Huang Zhaokai mala saka 2, 3 rekad a Kuomindayhiw, i 1995 miheca, patireng to katimolay radio, mala citodongay kakeridan, ano o nai papotalay no kasarekad a mihecaan piliyang, i nipipatirengan to Mincintan itiya, caay ka ci awaayay ningra mikihatiya to syakay onto, saka masowal i “Ma’oripay i nikapolongan a rayray no citing” sanay. O saka cinikapolongan no Taywan anini, o nano pilitado to pikinafalah to tireng no ’ayaway to saki nikapolongan, ato matiyaay ni Huang Zhaokai caayay ka safa tararikoray faloco’, itiya lalan no mikinafalahay to saki nikapolongan lalan saka maraay ato ci mapakoniraay ko rarakaten no finawlan no Taywan. ==== Mifalicay, ci Masao Nikar翻譯者:馬撒歐.尼卡爾卡爾) ==== qp6c14t6wbie46fas5uwm0xmh8dbkxz 0 2708 43548 43547 2024-06-06T13:08:59Z Masaonikar 570 /* Nikapolongan tadamaanay ci Huang Zhaokai mapatay i 6/15 piheratengay a lihay, congtong ci Lay Cingte citodong pipadongosan a kacingangan no kakeridan. (民主戰將黃昭凱逝世 6/15追思禮拜、總統賴清德任治喪榮譽主委) */ 43548 wikitext text/x-wiki == Nikapolongan tadamaanay ci Huang Zhaokai piheratengay a lihay (民主戰將黃昭凱追思禮拜) == === Nikapolongan tadamaanay ci Huang Zhaokai mapatay i 6/15 piheratengay a lihay, congtong ci Lay Cingte citodong pipadongosan a kacingangan no kakeridan. (民主戰將黃昭凱逝世 6/15追思禮拜、總統賴清德任治喪榮譽主委) === 2024/06/05 13:41 (Singpon paratohay ci Hong roycin/Taynan ratoh〔記者洪瑞琴／台南報導〕) Da’oc no ’orip mikinafalahay to saki nikapolongan no taywan a onto ci Huang Zhaokai o Kokomindayhiw ci Huang Zhaokai itini i 6/1 miliyas to hekal mapatay, kasa rekad no tamdaw ma’ilol to saki Taywan nikapolongan a ci mikinafalahay, mapapolong patireng to padongosay a wiyinhuy, nai congtong ci Lay Cingte citodongay malakakeridan, Taynansi siciw ci Huang Weizhe ci todong to midemakay kakeridan, mapolong midama to sakipadongos a demak. Saka pipadongios maketong i 6/9 midemak to mipatelian ato pitodohan, itiya o no Mincintang a fayfay ko sapi tahepo, roma romi’ad 6/15 midemak to pihiratengan a lihay, saka nga’ay no icowacowaay mapolong mihirateng ato padongos to nian pali’ayaway to saki Taywan nikapolongan a tamdaw. Ci Huang Zhaokai masofoc i 1942 mihecaan, o Taynansi a tamdaw, nano saka 2, 3 rekad a komindayhiw, ’ayaw mikihatiyaay to papotalay no tang ko demak, nai papotalay tang a piliyang, mincintang patireng tangasa Taywan nikapolongan syakay, mida’oc ko ’orip to saki kasa nikapolongan caay ka ci awaayay ningra mikihatiya. Ramasato, ci Huang Zhaokai nai 1980 mihecaan miteka misa’icel midipot to mafadesay i Militaw laloma’an, mipa’ayaw palowad to 228 demak a payakyak, itiya cingra i 1995 miheca patireng to katimolay radio dingtay, i katedalan  katimolay sa’etal tadamaanay nikapolongan a piparatohan. Pasowal sa ko citodongay padongos kakeridan ci Huang Weizhe, nengnengen ko ’orip ni Huang Zhaokai, ano itira to i lalan, itira to i kasa’opan no kitakit ano eca i radio a kamok, oyaan to ko faloco’ ningra to saki nikapolongan ko pisingting ko ni niyah a harateng, nai sa’ayaw tangasa anini caay ka falic, o sasowalen itini i rarakaten no Taywan ti saki nikapolongan o tadamaanay micikerohay ato palowaday a tamdaw, saki nian o tata’ongen cingra, nanay mapakahinom ko laloma’an ato citodongay padamaay, saka da’ocay to saki Taywan nikapolongan a misa’icelay ci Huang Zhaokai masawad to ningra ko karorayan a hakal minokay to i kakarayan, rihaday i ci Wamaan. Midotoc to pihalaka no citodongay a wiyinhuy, o pipatelian i takenip ci Huang Zhaokai itira i 6/9 herek no lahok 1:30 ko toki i Nanpin huayti cahong mihemak, paherek padongos i Taynansi pitodojan, ikor o mamida’oc mapateli i Taynansi Keristokiw tadem; roma i 6/15 itira i Taynansi “Hungyin wencuang ciwsing” midemak pihiratengan a lihay. 4lpse8oiw5d0mmlbf0wih3vpgvw7twv 0 2709 43646 43645 2024-07-12T03:20:03Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Imatini kasasowalan to niyah mato’asay a nga’ayay to’ek.(此刻就是討論自主老年的最佳時機) */ 43646 wikitext text/x-wiki == Cao Ailan (曹愛蘭) == == Cao Ailan - Caayayto kahakowa ko cila a romi’ad.(在沒有太多明天的日子- 曹愛蘭) == Misatapang to a masingki, samaan han to ko sarar a ’orip? 74 ko mihecaan a mitiliday ci Cao Ailan: kali’ayaw misahalaka ko no to’as a rarakaten, repeten ko no niyah salongoc ma’orip. “Caay ko kafana’an o malamitiliday to kitoh ko ’orip, mata’elif ko 10 mihecaan to kala komoyingan, mitilidan i saheto sa o halaka to rarekoen, syakay onto a todongan a tilidan, sa’ayaway ko saki kitoh a pirina’, miraoy kako to pitilid, lahecadsa o pisair to niyahan konini.” “Caayayto kahakowa ko cila a romi’ad” mitiliday a fafahiyan ci Cao Ailan, nao mikihatiyaay to sakilalen no fafahiyan, salongoc no masamo’ay, sician nikapolongan a syakay onto, mala Matayalay ci (Lawkongci), Matayalay wiyinhuy (Lawwiyhuy), syakay ci (Sehuyci) a kalakomoying, lahecadsa i Taywan daykako syakay matayalay si (Sekongsi) malasingsi, o palosiyangay to salongoc no tamdaw cingra, mikowanay, hakasi no daykako; misawad nai Taynansi syakayci kakeridan (Sehuycicang) cingra, saka palatiliden ko matanengay i kato’asan ningra, pala kitohenanay ko pasowal to sapakafana’ ningra i titaanan. === Patihi to saikoray ’orip no peton a mapacekil.(陪伴親人最後一哩路的觸動) === Lalowadan no pitilid nai niyah to nano pidipot salawinaan to ikor a macowat. I ’ayaw no piliyas no ina to cecay miheca mata’enang ko mama a adada, polong no laloma’an misa’icel midipot to mama tangasa nipiliyas to hekal, safana’sa to cecay romi’ad a eca to katomiren no ina, itiya masapinang ko ina o nano ni’emetanto pinapina a romi’ad to kaadada no tireng, tosa lipay ko kata’enang i kafoti’an miliyasto to hekal, o katadanca to no tireng a maliteng ko sapiliyas to hekal. Ikor no ina miliyas to hekal i, itiraay i Amilika ko aro’ a safa to fafahiyan ci adada to Parkinson, alaen nai Amilika a panokay tayni Taywan a midipot, cikeroh han i paliding ko safa a mirakarak to Taywan, o saka kadofah ko ’orip i kaciadadaan, tangasa i saikoray to cecay folad a romi’ad ko pidipot to katadanca no tireng i kafoti’an a miliyas to hekal. I ’ayaw to ikor piliyas no ina ato safa nai mahomikay tireng tangasa saikoray kapatayan, misahiraterateng cingra a milicay: “I mamapatay to ko tamdaw i, o papisingan ato tatirengan o tanolalingsa a masemsem, itiya satalolong sa ko kasemer, o piliyas no tamdaw to hekal ano eca sa pakayni to nia tatiihay caay ka nga’ay hakiya? O kapatay no tamdaw nawiro caay ko saysay sa a nga’ay to piliyas i? Tini pinapina mihecaan misi’ayaw ko niyah to kato’as o tatadanca to ko tireng a ciadada, ato nipidipotan to salaloma’an a nitanengan, o lalowadan to sapitilidaw, adihayay a nihiratengan ato nisafaloco’an to sakacilalan saheto itiniay i nitilidan ningra a kimad. O nirinian no tilid o ni’oripan ningra to romi’ami’ad to nano nirakatan a niyaro’, matiya i Kongkoan, Panciyaw, Tanhaysinsicen, ato Alisan, Fenciho, ira ho i Poli, Cawton a niyaro’, saheto o kananaman no mita a niyaro’ kiraan. Mahaen to, o tamdaw ato kimad o pacefaan. Masadakay tamdaw o nisilsilan to kasasiroma no mihecaan, siroma no tayal, mapahapinang i kasasiroma no syakay a masasiromaay a nengneng. Malecad to, laloma’an no nian a kimad ira ko kacekilan a kalaolah, ka’oratan a hinapec, ato kafahalan a kaoratan, i kapacekilan ko pitilid, cecay cecay a ko felih a eca ka pitolas. Hinatalaay to kiso to sapifelihan haw? === Ira ko salongac no mato’asay to sapiraoy to fangcalay kasasiolah.(老年人也有權利享有美好的戀情) === Malitoloay kina kitoh, ’ayawen ko sakatolo a sasowalen to “Canglalan folad a dadaya”, onini a tilid o haratengan, o pateko to maapaay a mato’asay ato no fo’ifo’isan a demak, o panono’ay a kimad, alatek i maapaay hekal no mato’asay i, masadak ko matitosaay a katatawatawaan a demak. Sa’ayaway liyad a nisowalan o kaaolahan. Manga’ay ho no mato’asay a masasiolah? Tatosaay mato’asay masasiolah i o katawaen haw? ira ko roma a tamdaw malemed malitemoh ningra ko nga’ayay tamdaw, nika o kakangodoen no wawa, ato calemcem a malowan ko no niyah a sarocok to todong a dafong, nanoya safaloco’ sa palaliyas. Sa’ayaway liyad pakayni kimad a misilsil, o paratoh to aira aca ko salongoc no mato’asay to kalaolah, ’arawhani manga’ay ira ko nga’ayay a kaolahan. “Kaloladan parini no tilid to kalaolah no mato’asay, saheto o mato’asay fa’inayan maolah to kaemangay fafahiyan, nikawrira paratatenga kako, o nga’ayay a kaaolah ono tatosaay a faloco’.” “Saka tayra i kakarayan piraraan a lalan” saka safaloco’an a kaloladan, pakayni i rocek ko kalalicay, sapihirateng no tamdaw: pinaay ko mihecaan no fafahiyan ta manga’ay mingohah? O kasasiolah ira ko pitelek to mihecaan haw? “To’emanay dadingo mafana’ to demak” no fafahiyan a papisingan ko sapararid no ramod, saka eca ka ’awid no sakatosa fafahiyan ko parod, tona mahapinang to ningra o caayayto kahakowa ko romi’ad a saan, itiya sa mafalic ko faloco’, masadak nai talahenotay a ramod. Pasowal sa ci Cao Ailan, “o kafalic” ano ira away ko kinaira i caay to kiharen, sakakaay ono niyah a faloco’, misapinang to tadamaanay a patodongan, misapinang to hakowaay to rafasay a ’orip, latek awaay ko tadamaan no payso, saki adihayay a demak talifahal sa a mafalic. Tangasa anini o ’orip no malafafahiyanay ira ko 84.7 miheca, ano anini miheca 74 ko mihecaan, o aira ho ko 10.7 no ’osaw miheca, nika rafasay ’orip caay ka sa’osien, tona miripa’ ko niyah to rafasay ’orip a lalan, onini a sa’osi o so’elinay to kasacalay no ’orip. === Pafaloco’an no mato’asay ’orip a sapa’araw.(理想的老年生活樣貌) === Saka tosa liyad pakoniyah a kato’as. Masowal i pafaloco’an no mato’asay ’orip a sapa’araw. “Saikoray hongti a paya ni Huang singsi” ni Huang singsi, mikiharay tamdaw o fafahi ni Huang singsi, o pidipot no fafahi ni Huang singsi to mato’asay no fa’inay, palasawad han to ko tayal misarocod a midipotay, 10 miheca ko pisaroray, maherek padongos to mato’asay i o niyah to ko ciadadaay, nanoya sa miliyas to hekal. Sanawsaway a Huang singsi, caay ka pina ko romi’ad masapinang to ko kalitawalay to demak a masingki… Milicay ci Cao Ailan: “Ano misatapang to kako a masingki i, samaanen to ako ko rafas a ’orip? Onini a salicay no mako patodongen i tiring no widawidang ako, niharatengan ako to ikor i, oya to adihayay a tatiihay a demak, caay ka fana’en samaanen no ’alomanay!” “Talakal ni Idek a syataw” mahirateng ko safa to fafahiyan no niyah, o piparatoh to nian: manga’ay no tamdaw o niyah sa ko mipili’ay to sapipadongs a demak? oni “saikoray hongti a paya ni Huang singsi” a sasi’ayawen ningra a karorayan, itini ti nian a tilid matama ko saca’of. Tadamaanay a nitoro’an i, “Talakal ni Idek a syataw” o kaoratan haratengen a kitoh ko patilid, o sakaromakat no maoratay rakat a tala’ayaw, o pikiliman to saca’of itiya i, o pafaloco’an no mato’asay ’orip a sapa’araw itiya to mahapinang. Saka tosa liyad a niparatohan i, imatini saheto o awaayay ko pakoniyahay no mato’asay harateng, o pakoniyahay no mato’asay, o niyah ko miharatengay o sasamaanen ko mato’asay, halo pisieror to dafong, pisilsil to ’orip no mato’asay, pidipot to, pipaising to ato sakipatay to a halaka. “imatini kako 74 ko mihecaan, pakahapinang ho no pono’ to maamaanan sahalakaen to misongila’, itiya mikapot ko pikosi masasowal atomakomod, saka songila’aw no halaka manga’ay midemak.” O saki to’as a demakan sidayen i kaemangay ano eca o malininaay ko midemakay, nikawrira, o ’ayaway a to’ek mato’asay ano eca o mamato’as to a to’ek i, o cacitodong to no niyah a mato’asay. O masowalay to salongoc, iraay ko no niyahan a faloco’ to saki ikor, o niyah ko misilsilay pafaloco’an a niyah mato’asay. Sa’osien tahini mahapinang to, o nian ko niharatengan matiliday ni Cao Ailan, cecay tilid cecay tilid a nisowalan patengil titaanan a saikoray pafaloco’an. === Imatini kasasowalan to niyah mato’asay a nga’ayay to’ek.(此刻就是討論自主老年的最佳時機) === Kahacecay no tamdaw masasiroma ko matanengan no ’orip, o pafaloco’an to no mato’asay masasiroma to. Itiya ho mikihatiya to syakay onto, citodong to halafinay miheca a mala kakeridan komoying, mikihamon to masamaamaanay no syakay, masasiromaay pina’orip no tamdaw, itiya masapinang to sapidipotaw to mato’asay a rocok, misapinang to saka tari’ang (kangodoan) ’orip no mato’asay, itiya masapinang ko piharateng o sasamaanen ko no mato’asay a saki niyah a pisahalaka. Oni a kitoh o pipalalan aca. O niharatengan ningra o dademaken a milaheciaw, orasaka anini miheca 3 folad patireng to aywan Araaw to miheca (Wang-nien) yofayof, patoror to ’alomanay misitapang a masasowal to niyah a kato’as, patoror to sapatireng no ’orip a halaka (AdvanceTotalPlanning, kamoto’ ATP), malo sapatireng pidipot a halaka, sapatireng ’orip a halaka. Pa’aloman to mamidama a tamdaw a dademakay, mipatala to saki niyah haka nga’ay. Kita o misa’osiay mapolong, malepon ko pisa’osi to nia kitoh, itiya to masasowal to saki niyah kato’asan nga’ayay to’ek. Onini a tilid patodong miliyol nai “Na’ayay ’orip” nai kasadakan tilid/ Mitiliday ci Cao Ailan ko pilicay/ “Caayayto kahakowa ko cila a romi’ad” o rafas a ’orip ko patosokan, patilid to mato’asay a ’orip a kimad. === Mami'an a hekalan (橘世代) === === “Imatiniay - Lipahakay mato’asay fafahiyan” malipahak to ngato a ’orip, mato’asay fafahiyan fa’elohay nanamen (【快樂老太太 現況篇】快樂餘生 高齡女性新課題) === 2024-06-01 04:18 Linhopaw/ paratohay Cang Cinwen/ Taypak paratoh [[Faylo:Lipahakay mato’asay fafahiyan.png|縮圖|Lipahakay mato’asay fafahiyan]] 2070 mihecaan a Taywan, o mamalitosa ko mata’elifay to 65 mihecaan o “rikecan a mato’asay”, o nian mato’asay, ira ko malitoloay to cecay 3/1 mata’elif to ko 85 no mihecaan. Itiya ira ko malitosaay mato’asay a ikoray Taywan, ’alomanay mato’asay o tariktikay i o fafahiyan, o mato’asay mihecaan nangra cecayay, mapatayay ko ramod, sacecayay ko ka’orip. Aniniay kita samaanen ko pipatala, pala malipahakay a mato’asay ina? “Mami'an a hekalan” o papasadak to piparatoh, nai kasasiromaan kimad manengneng to, malafafahiyanay samaanen manga’ay masadak to to’asan rocok a ka’oripan, mi’orip to pakoniyah a malipahak. Tona misawad nai katayalan ci Awei mala o midipotay to, 68 ko mihecaan midipot to 70 mihecaan adadaay fa’inay, ikor no 7 miheca, miliyas to ko fa’inay, naitya awaayto ko dadipoten ningra, nikawrira 75 ko mihecaan adada to cingra, cecayay ko ka’orip mafades aca no adada, sacecay sa ma’orip to caayay ko kingtohay ko ’orip, tangasa 83 ko mihecaan a mapatay to. Ni Awei a kimad no ’orip ono aniniay a ’orip no mato’asay fafahiyan no Taywan a patinakoan, ciramoday fafahiyan misawad i katayalan o adihayay romi’ad o pidipot to adadaay fa’inay, nisawayan dadaya’ay pidipot a mihecaan i, sacecay sa misi’ayaw to mahomikay a ’orip to mamapatay to i saikoray mihecaan. ==== O kalitengan i caay to ko karorayan a masomad (一個人的老年 不需悲苦) ==== “Kafana’en no mita pisa’osian a midotoc, no mato’asay a demak ono fafahiyan a demak.” Taywan Araaw to miheca (Wang-nien) yofayof palowaday lisiciw ci Cao Ailan to hatiniay miheca ko pikihar ningra to satodong no fafahiyan, paretatenga sa cingra, i ’orip no fafahiyan ira ko katadamaanan, tinako o pidipot, tinako sacecayay ’orip, o nian caayay ko no itiyaay ho kakiharen no fa’inayan a demak, ’alomanay fa’inayan paretatenga o mamadipot no fafahi ko niyah tangasa paherekan no ’orip saan. Midotoc to no Isi sakalemedpo a sa’osi, minko 111 miheca laletan no ka tangka’ rafas a ’orip, fa’inayan 70 miheca, fafahiya 75 miheca; laletan no rafas a ’orip, fa’inayan 77 miheca, fafahiya 83 miheca. Orasaka no Taywan kararamodan a ’orip, ikaka to 2 miheca ko fa’inayan to no fafahiya. “Palimaan pataloma’ to ano eca to kiso, ci wawa ano eca ka ci wawa, polong no fafahiyan latek o niyah a cecay ko mamisi’ayaw to kato’asan.” Pa’icel to sowal ci Cao Ailan, kanayar to no ’orip ko syakay, pakasapinang ko fafahiyan to niyah, ta sakalomawad a dademak, o ci kangodoan a ’orip, mifalic to itiyaay ho sapa’araw a ’orip, caay to ko karorayan a masomad, ano cecacecay to, manga’ay malalipahakay a mato’asay a fafahiyan. ==== Mitatiliday minanam milosid to dafong, mifelih to kato’asan.(寫小說學理財 翻轉老化) ==== Anini mihecaan ira ko 76 mihecaan ni Cao Ailan misatanatanam to i malipahakay ko rafasan ’orip, itiya 74 ko mihecaan ningra miteka mitilid to nitilidan kitoh, nitilidan mapatoror haca tayra i Toic (German) Frankfurt panengneng, pinapina romi’ad misafaloco’ aca, malainaay kakiharan kakiwalet ato kalali’ay a kimad; cingra ato tadawidang patireng to Taywan Araaw to miheca (Wang-nien) yofayof, patodong to pi’araw to pilosid to payso, sapipaikor misolimet a nanamen, palowad “Niyah a kato’as”; minanam cingra to pilosid to payso, no niyah a loma’ pa’acaen midefong to bond, misanga’ to patado a kinaira, sakaci’etan no niyah i pisawadan a payso; pina romi’ad masolot i AI pidemak, sanaw mafana’ to adihayay Span a tilidan a hong. Nikawrira patalahekal cingra, pakayni samaanen mang’ay ko pi’orip to rafasay ’orip sanay, salongan ikor no 70 miheca misatapang mikihar cingra. ’ayaw no 70 mihecaan ningra, misakimokimoray ho to tadamaan ato tayal, talifahalan ko kato’asan, i 70 mihecaan itiya, o mama, o ina, safa to fafahiyan madadoedo miliyas mapatay, halafin ko miheca to malamidipotay, o kafodfodan no salikaka itiya ceda’ah “Aya! To’as sato kako, o papasayra paherekan no ’orip, o pipatado takowan to no niyah a dengan a ’orip i.” sato. Matawa cingra a pasowal, o demak no ka’oripan o mami “si’ayaw” itiya a dademak. Patinako cingra to no niyah kala citodong kakiridan no Taynan syakaykyo (Sehuyci), pasafinawlan ko pipawacay i finanawlan patala to kalonenan no loma’ a tafolod, samaamaanen ko pipatalaw misolot i, citolas ko pahecian, ikor tala lonen to ta’akay lonen, mapiloh ko pinapina loma’ no Taynan, o lomaloma’ pakoniyah sa mikilim to ’ayaway syakayci (Sehuyci) a padamso to tilidan, ranikay ko pasadak. Paretatenga cingra, kalakapahan ho mato maraayay simaanay sa, nika aka a pilalang, layapen ko kasa todong a ratoh, kato’asan to ira to ko pa’edengan i, ranikay marepet ko kacitodongan nga’ay to. Ira to kafana’en, ratohan, tona miraod to ko paherekan no ’orip, afana’ to “caay ko mamida’oc ko ka’orip no mako” saan itiya, mafana’ to miteka to nianan to sapipatala, mafana’ samaanen ko patala. nwy76g5roskzlyt727v8e5lvjzhw0tc 0 2710 43596 43595 2024-06-19T10:36:05Z Masaonikar 570 43596 wikitext text/x-wiki == Taliyok no hekal a romi’ad (世界環境日) == Taliyok no hekal a romi’ad (JME - Journée Mondiale de l'Environnement; WED - World Environment Day) maketon i mihecaan to saka 6 folad 5 romi’ad, o pipalowad no Linhoko to polong no cikiw a finawlan mipalowad to saki padama to taliyok a harateng no fana’ ato sapidemak a sapadama to taliyok no sakaci’icel. No Linhoko to tamdawan a taliyok kasa’opoan i 1972 miheca 6 folad 5 romi’ad tangasa 16 romi’ad itira i Setekoemo (Stockholm) a masa’opo, i kasa’opoan mihayda i saka 6 folad 5 romi’ad o pipatodongan to “Taliyok no hekal a romi’ad” a mipakeroh, Itira i 1974 mihecaan miteka midemak. Anini, Taliyok no hekal a romi’ad i polong no cikiw ira to ko 100 mata’elifay a kitakit a hahor no sakacitodong misarocod pakayni pipadama to taliyok a demak malokatayalan. Taliyok no hekal a romi’ad malo “Kaacangan no tamdawan” sanay, paini to finawlan misarocod midemak to pidipot to taliyok, haki mimingay ’alo mala tata’akay ’alo a riyar ko ’icel madadipot to cikiw no mita. [1] To mihecahecaan, Linhoko ira ko patahangitan a sowal, ano eca o cecay a sasowalan, mitarowid to tamdamdaw to kakalimelaan ko taliyok. 2010 miheca: “Kasahirahira no malengaway, dengan a cikiw, kapolongan a ikor” (Many Species. One Planet. One Future.) 2011 miheca: “lotolotokan: Mipatado ko parapatan i tisowanan” (Forests: Nature at your Service.) 2012 miheca: “kangdaway kicay: mikihatiyaay to kiso haw?” (Green Economy: Does it include you?) 2013 miheca: “Hiratengen ho, ikor no kaen, milaheci to pirahid” (Think Eat Save) 2014 miheca: “Patakarawen ko piceli’, caay ko marayasay a riyar” (Raise Your Voice, Not the Sea Level) 2015 miheca: “70 walwalan a lamed no tamdaw, 1 ko cikiw, naonen paedeng ko pi’aca” (Seven Billion Dreams. One Planet. Consume with Care) 2016 miheca: “Pi’ang’ang no ’orip” (Go Wild for Life) 2017 miheca: “Kacacalay ko tamdaw ato parapatan” (Connecting People to Nature) 2018 miheca: “pidahen ko pakadit no soka” (Beat Plastic Pollution) 2019 miheca: “Padamaen ko kakarayan, o midemakay kako” (Beat Air Pollution) 2020 miheca: “Kaolahen ko parapatan, o kakalahen” (Time for Nature) 2021 miheca: Patikoen ko rocok no talihoc (Ecosystem Restoration) 2022 miheca: “Dengan cecayay ko cikiw” (Only One Earth) 2023 miheca: “Pikadit no soka salofen no halaka” (Solutions to Plastic Pollution) 2024 miheca: “ === Pinengnengan calay (參考連結) === 1.存档副本. [2015-03-28]. （原始內容存檔於2015-05-16）.UNEP：什麼是世界環境日 === Papotalay calay (外部連結) === https://www.worldenvironmentday.global/ https://www.worldenvironmentday.global/ https://web.archive.org/web/20220302094654/https://www.earthday.org.tw/newsroom/news/5637 ln1yaoimj9ze6v789n7hvlg8a1xi3qc 14 2711 43585 2024-06-17T04:47:25Z Iyumu 9 建立內容為「Niyaro’ ato sakowan」的新頁面 43585 wikitext text/x-wiki Niyaro’ ato sakowan cesixr0fq59upyy663nzhhdj5xngt4d 14 2712 43586 2024-06-17T04:47:42Z Iyumu 9 建立內容為「Ratoh」的新頁面 43586 wikitext text/x-wiki Ratoh b9ptl4vhod87ud6urhref9v67rjrguh 14 2713 43587 2024-06-17T04:47:52Z Iyumu 9 建立內容為「Ngasaw」的新頁面 43587 wikitext text/x-wiki Ngasaw jlgxz264cpgayl18logqbj5m2d7khib 14 2714 43588 2024-06-17T04:48:02Z Iyumu 9 建立內容為「Dafong」的新頁面 43588 wikitext text/x-wiki Dafong tvcrg8eu41en6rc9gkr47bukte99bss 14 2715 43589 2024-06-17T04:48:13Z Iyumu 9 建立內容為「Pinaloma」的新頁面 43589 wikitext text/x-wiki Pinaloma g4euhj5y2i02zg8oee188gmlkbndeke 14 2716 43590 2024-06-17T04:48:22Z Iyumu 9 建立內容為「Tamdaw」的新頁面 43590 wikitext text/x-wiki Tamdaw gzh52kxo512gr0883k9qswdd1xsd9fg 14 2717 43591 2024-06-17T04:48:31Z Iyumu 9 建立內容為「Ponka」的新頁面 43591 wikitext text/x-wiki Ponka fl5rch416gogyo3prfq43arcbsmodll 14 2718 43592 2024-06-17T04:48:39Z Iyumu 9 建立內容為「’orip no ’Amis」的新頁面 43592 wikitext text/x-wiki ’orip no ’Amis 5r90k7w5oxzw6v2qp2wwcx2ktli0xmx 14 2719 43593 2024-06-17T04:48:50Z Iyumu 9 建立內容為「A’adopen」的新頁面 43593 wikitext text/x-wiki A’adopen 8bthd3rjmdo0iyw7naygaw9lkvp849m 14 2720 43594 2024-06-17T04:48:58Z Iyumu 9 建立內容為「Pakariyar」的新頁面 43594 wikitext text/x-wiki Pakariyar mhd7q3wu2o16nr0atgpq4lprjd88r23 0 2721 43602 2024-06-21T17:55:22Z Sifopiday 2166 o patongal to tilid 43602 wikitext text/x-wiki == Komi’ot 佛手瓜、龍鬚菜 == === '''O masamaanay ko komi’ot.有關佛手瓜/龍鬚菜''' === O pakayniay tora komi’ot hananay no mita o pangcah i kokananaman no mita nanoto’as ami sadateng, nikaorila i tini tora pangangan nomi kinkiway a tamdaw i o Sicyos edulis(學名) han nangra, nawhani o pi‘alow no tamdaw i matiya o tana’l ko pinengneng, a‘dihayay ko pangangan no kalotamdaw to komi’ot, ano ‘alawen kola heci no komi’ot i, matiya omi metmetay a kamay no tamdaw, sanaw “fosokoa”(佛手瓜、合手瓜) hanangla a pangangan, hakeno tonomita o pangcahan a pinengeng, aratek iraay ko kasasiroma no mita ami pangangan matiya, nikaorila ono siwkolan Pangcah/’Amis a pangangan i o komi’ot hananay. lomasato a sasowalen i ano pakaynien i sowal no mafana’ay amokingkiw a tamdow i, olanan a komi’ot i sowal sa, nano sa’a:yaw i onaitiraay i Mosiko(墨西哥) ato sasifo’ay a Amirika(中美洲) ami salingato ama lengaw saan, rikol dodosato i a tayla sato i ka^tipay a Into(印度) a kanatal, tangasa i 1915 amihecaan i tiya iraay ama pacomod atayni i tono Holaman(中國) a kanatal ato katimolay no kanatal no horahoraman, itini i Yinnan(雲南)、ato i Cecang(浙江), Focin(福建)、Kangtong(廣東) ko saadihayay ama rengaw saan, itini i 1935 amihecaan i, mapacomod no Dipong(日本) a tayni i Taywan(台灣) saan. Onian a komi’ot i fangcalay kaladateng^en, ano o t’eloc to no papah nira, ano o heci to nira, saheto a nga’ayay kara datengen, a teloc no papah nira i, o longsicay(龍鬚菜) hano paylang a pangangan, o heci nira i kangdaway, matiya o mimetmetay a kamay no tamdaw, pangangan ko paylang i matiya toya mipaypayan nangla to kamay no kawas nira sanaw o fosokoa han nangra a pangangan, ono mita o Pangcah/’Amis a pangangan i saheto o komi’ot hananay a pangangan, nga’ayay a samaama:anen ami tangtang a komaen, matomesay no iyofong(營養), sanaw maolahay ko tamdaw ami papaloma to komi’ot, o malosapaloma to komi’ot i ora heci nira ko malo sapaloma. === '''Samaanen ami paloma to komi’ot. 如何種植佛手瓜/龍鬚菜.''' === Ano mipaloma to komi’ot haw i itira i sometay a romi’ad, ano fa^ed sato ato ki^etec sato i caay ka nga’ay ko rengaw no komi’ot, o rengaw nira i matiya o masay ami rarad, itini i cecay a mihecaan awaay kotodongay to pipalomaan, nikaorira ano itini i sakatolo ato saka sepat a foladan ami paloma i tadafangcal api palomaan, ano itini i kacihelangan ato kasi^enawan i caay kafangcal, ano mipaloma i oya ma’ikesay to a heci nira ko sapaloma, pateli hanaca i macepaay a sera, akato ka ‘emin han ami lafong, ano to dafak sato ano to dadaya sato i ralid haan ami cefos to nanom, tangasa kacico’ongan nira ama lengaw aci lamit, lomasato i ano ira ko co’ong no tapangan nira i, nga’ayay a sakilacen ami linah a paloma, ocecay a la’ed topi paloma i ma^deng sepat aca ‘enem a fakcewan a patatodong to la’ed nira, ano mahelek ami paloma i, ano nga’ayay i tasoleng ami pahiliw tosakafangcalaw no lengaw nila, itala’ayaw ama lengaw koya komi’ot i, mili’ayaw ami sanga’ to pikalican nira a langla, nawhani matiya o masay maolahay ami kalic ami dapdap, malawod to koka-cihecian nira i matatingay i kala^no no langla, ano capa langlaen i, itini sanay i sela ami dapdap a mato o konga ama lengaw, itiyasato ami dateng to teloc no komi’ot tola longsicay(龍鬚菜) hananay. I ‘ayaw naitini i 1935 amihecaan ami salingato nai tini Dipon(日本) ama-pacomod tani i Taywan(台灣) i, sowal sa oheci no komi’ot i, iraay ko kangdaway iraay ko temeli’ay saan, yatemeli’ay ko heci i ki^mingay ko heci nila, aca caay kaadihay ko heci nira, sanaw caay ka adihay ko mipalomaay, itini i timol no Taywan i, ma^den i 1-2 a foladan ko pipalomaan, tangasa i 9-10 a foladan i o kacihecian to no komi’ot, nawhani caayay kao heci aca komakaenay no komi’ot, haloya kongengelay a teloc nira manga’ayay to fangcalay kara datengeng, sanaw akatoka fongsaen ko rengaw nira, malawod to kopi datengan i, ano o heci to nira, ano o teloc to nira nga’ayay to a datengeng. === '''O pinangan no komi’ot.佛手瓜/龍鬚菜的特徵''' === O lengaw no komi’ot i matiya o masay ami lalad ami kalic to kilang, tangasaay to pinapina to mihecaan ko lengaw nira, iraay ko mato o ngisngis to sapikalic nira, sacipapah sa cila i mato kakahaday a masacidem, alatek pakaara to 10-30/cm ko kakahad ato ko’daw no papah nira, o kawos no papah nira i alatek pakaara to 8-15/cm ko kako^daw nira, saci-hana sa cira i irako tomel’iay ato maloloay, o cecay a tapangan to hana nira, irako fafahian ato fa’inayan, sanaw tangsol sanay a ciheci ko kaci-hana nira, o heci nira matiya omi medmeday a tosaay a kamay no tamdaw, alatek pakaara to 8-12/cm koka tatangan nira amatating, kangdaway ko tilid nira, o heci ato teloc no papah nira, saheto nga’ayay kala-datengen a koma^en, ano icowaay to no Taywan i iraay to a malengaw, sahaw i timor ato iwali no Taywan ko saadihayay a mapaloma a malengaw, o sowal no pasowalay i, o tatapangan nira i naitiraay i sasifo’an no Amirika(美洲) tora Mosiko(墨西哥) amisilingato saan ko sowal, dodosato i tangasa to i ^tipay a Into(北印度) saan, tia tangasa i 1935 a mihecaan i o Dipong(日本) komi pacomoday i Taywan(台灣) saan kosowal, dodosato a tayni i Poli ato Soyli no Nangto(南投/埔里水里), Maysan ato Alisan no Ca-i(嘉義/梅山、阿里山) Liwkoysiang no Kawsong(六龜鄉/高雄) Pingtong(屏東) ato Hoalian(花蓮), romasato, ano i ennal to ano i rotok to, saadihay sato komi-paloman to komi’ot. === '''Samaanen ami pili’ to komi’ot.如何挑選佛手瓜/龍鬚菜''' === Malaliday to kita ami kakaen to komi’ot, ano o heci to nira, ano o teloc to nira, saheto  fangcalay kala datengeng, ano ciyaneng to ano tangtangen to ami sakohaw, saheto sanay ka^soay kala datengeng, awaay kopapili’en akomaen, nikaolila iraaca ko pipilic to matatodongay to tatangtangen a malo dateng, ano o heci to nira ano o teloc to nira, o mafana’ay a tamdaw i, mafana’ to ami pili’ to malodateng ami tangtang, nawhani o heci no komi’ot i ano ko^engelay ho ano ma’ikesay to saheto sanay o kangedaway ko papotal no podac nira, nikaolira yama’ikesay to a heci nira i, caay to ka fangcal a tangtangen, sanaw itini i ko^enger ho koya heci nira tiya amiara amalo dateng. O sowal no mafana’ay ami tangtang ami lawli a tamdaw i, tada fangcalay kala datengeng ko komi’ot, nawhani adihayay ko woisengso(維生素) ato kowangwoci(礦物質) ato iyofong nira sanay, Osaka tanektek ato saka ci’icel no tileng, sanaw ano malalid ami kakaen to komi’ot i, sakafangcal no tileng. (Siwkulan Amis/Pangcah Suman 2024.06.22) ==== '''Tahapinanang'''參考文獻 ==== 1.     ''Sicyos edulis'' Jacq.. ''Plants of the World Online''. Kew Science.  [2020-12-12]. （原始內容存檔於2020-07-27） '''（英語）'''. 2.     佛手瓜 - 農業知識入口網. kmweb.moa.gov.tw.  [2023-08-10]. （原始內容存檔於2023-08-11） '''（中文（臺灣））'''. j1qt6es0nwh0zppjvq5kcdfa1lhx46l 14 2722 43611 2024-06-28T03:34:53Z Iyumu 9 建立內容為「Kawakawasan ratoh」的新頁面 43611 wikitext text/x-wiki Kawakawasan ratoh n4ixbfksifabof15qa4nr43hk6ub2a2 0 2723 47716 47715 2025-10-19T12:50:16Z Akamycoco 27 /* Omanang kora kodafes hananay 什麼是番石榴 */ 47716 wikitext text/x-wiki === Omanang kora kodafes hananay 什麼是番石榴 === Ora kodafes hananay i olalid sanay [[kandaw]] a caay katakalaw caay ka tatangan a kilang, i tiniay i fa^detay ato so^meday a lomi’ad ama rengaw a kilang, o tatapanga nira ama rengaw i, naitiniay i Cialepi(加勒比) ato isifo’ay a Amilika(中美洲) ato i timolay Amilika(南美洲) hananay a kanatal ami salingato ami satapang kola kodafes hananay a kilang, dodosato iraay ko pisaliyawliyaw ami safalicfalic ato napinapina ama falic tola sapaloma, mala tadamaanay a ‘acaeng a kakaengenen ko heci a kilang, o kodafes hananay i, pakaniay i fao ami palalamo kosakciheci nila, sanaw anomi paloma i, irasaca kopi caliw to ‘acacenal ami palalamod to hana nira tosaka ci heci nira, pangangan sako itiniay i [[Taywan]](台灣) a Paylang(閔南人) i, o Pala(芭樂) han nangra, lomasato a pangangan ngara i Linpacay(林芭仔) ato Pacay(芭仔) haan nangra, aratek mialaay tono Sipanya(西班牙) ami ara a pangangan. S’olin i tola Siemin(學名) nira i o “Psidium guajava” hananay. Ono Inkilis(英語) apangangaan i o “Guava” haan ngangra, alatek mialaay tono Guayabo(阿拉瓦克語) a sowal. === Masamaanay koka lopisak no kodafes. 番石榴是如何分布 === Nawhani o po^nelay a kilang ko kodafes hananay, ono fa^deday ko lengawan nira, nani tira i sifo’ay Amilika(中美洲) ato Mosiko(墨西哥) aca timolay Amilika(南美洲) amisalingato, pakayniay i kaolah no tamdaw ami kakaen to kodafes ko sakalopisak a malahad a talato i cowaco:wa a maropisak, tangasa i loma a kanatar, itira ami lingato mopaloma, ato misakakahad misaadihay misanga to sapaliwal ami pacakay atayni iloma a kanatal, nikaolira ano adihay ta:to komi palomaan a kodafes i, caay ko fangcalay, nowhani macoco nira ko loma a pinaloma, ato makali’ang nira ko lingiday a omah, o sowal no mafana’ay ami kingkiw to kodafes a tamdaw i, o kodafes hananay i, o tada o ci’icelay ami cacoco to romaay a pinaloma saan. === Masaanay ko pinangan no kodafes. 番石榴的特徵 === O kodafes hananay i matiyaay o kilang, nakaorila caay ka tata’ak ato takalaw, o ka takalow nira aratek 10-20 a mita(km) an, sacilami sacira caay ka talolong, o papotal a podac no kilang nira i satimadac sanay oloma sakahengan ato sakandaw saan, o katataa’ no tapangan a kilang nira i alatek pakaala to 25-60 cm(公分) nan, o papah nira i matiya o fitaol a limolo a mahatosatosa saan, yako^engelay ho a papah nira i matiya oci fanohay ko likor nira, o kako’edaw no papah nira i alatek 7-15 cm(公分), o kakahad nira i ma^deng 3 cm(公分), o ilo no papah nira saheto o kandaway, ano polalic haan ko papah nira i hato fangsisay, o heci sato nira i ano malohem to ira ko temeli’ay ira ko kahengagay, masanekay fangsisay, tada fangcalay a kaengenen, adihay ki^mi^mingay ko kakoc nira amasa’opo i sasifo’an, a caho ka’ikes kora heci nira i ‘atekakay copelakay ano kaenen, o cecay a ‘orip no kodafes i pakaalaay to 30-40 polo’ a mihecaan. === O tayal to kodafes. 番石榴的用途. === ==== 1.O heci nira. ==== Adihayay ko kasilomaloma no heci no kodafes, nikaolila ano hapinang haan ami sakilac i, ma^deng a tosaay aca, sakacicay i, o ko^sanay, sakotosa i, o ‘acicimay, yasa’ayaway toya ko^sanay i, o sasangaen to kalo kasi ato ^pang, yalikolay to ‘acicimay i, o sasangaen to ‘epah ato ta nanomen, aca o sasangaen ami’aki. ==== 2.O salang nira. ==== Itini i 1970-1980 amihecaan no Taywan i, nawhani tada adihayay tato kola kodafes sanaw adihayay ko mafalahay, mihalateng toko tamdaw a sama^en ami hetec ko salang noya kodafes saan, masanga’ nangra ko sapihetic to salang no kodafes, tora palerce(芭樂汁) hananay, tiyasato i saadihay sato komisnga’ay osa patahka to nananomen ami patawsi. ==== 3.Omi ‘akikan to heci no kodafes. ==== Matiya tola mangkokan(芒果乾) hananay ami ‘icang to heci no kodafes, itni i Taywan iraay amasanga tola mi’icangan to heci no kodafes ara pakasi, manga’ayay todongay ota tostosen a koma^en kora mi’akikan a heci no kodafes. ==== 4. O papah no kodafes. ==== Nawhani fangsisay ko papah no kodafes, sanaw ano ‘icangen ami irang pala afed to papah no kodafes, ma^dengay kala ocean ami nananom, tosaka fangcal no tileng, sanaw ira koya “paratiy”(菝仔茶) hananay. === O iyofong no kodafes. 番石榴的養分 === Oma lohemay to a heci no kodafes i, facalay to kaenen, fangsisay ka^soay a kaenen, iraay ko kandaway ho ko papotal nira, nikaolira fangcalay to a kaenen, caay pipodac to papodal nira, nikaolira ano halopodac han a komaen i, o matomesay no wisenso-c(維生素-c) o sapipadang tosaka fangcal a tanektek no tileng no tamdaw, halo papah no kodafes i, sahto o nga’ayay a malali ami kakaen, iraay haca kopi adah nira to adada no tileng, ano ci-adadaay to Tangniwbin(糖尿病) a tamdaw, iraay ko pipadang nira to Itawso(胰島素) no tileng. === Omi kali’angay to lengaw no kodafes.番石榴的病蟲害 === Itin i lengaw ama to’as no kodafes i, ira sahca komi kali’angay to ‘orip nira, nawhani itini i fa^detay a palomaan, adihayay ko masamaamaanay a mikalingay a fao, sanaw ano caay kapi na’on, caay ka^ca amakali’ang ko lengaw no kodafes, kamasa ano caay ka lalid ami dipot to lengaw nira i, alatek makali^ang aca no fao. Okafan’an no mita ami kali’angay i, ora lalangaw ato likes, lomasato tora tatiihay ‘adipangpang, sanaw malalid ami simaw ato mifonsa to sapaiyo, tia caay to ka cifao ko lengaw no kodafes. === Saikolay to a sowal. 結語 === Itini i orip no mita o pangcah pangcahan, nano to’as i’ayaw ho, adihay komipalomaay to kodafes itini i rikot ano i omah, nikaolila caay ko sapipacakay ami ^dan to pida, densa o todongay o kakaenenca no laloma’an, away ho komasamaamaanay to kasasiloma no kodafes, saheto olanan a Topala(土芭樂) hananay, pangangan sako paylang(閔南人) i, Fanseliw(番石榴) hanara, oranan tola Fan(番) sanay a sowal i, todongay o nano’ayaw iraay to i ‘orip no mita, ato ono mita iniyalo’ay osanay, nikaorila tagasa imatini, mafalic to ko ‘orip no mita sanaw, saheto sanayto o micakayay ko kakomaen no mita to kodafes, oranan ami cakayan a kodafes i, oma salomaay ato masaf^lohay to a pinaloma. (Siwkolan Pangchah/‘Amis Suman 2024,07/10 ) ==== Tahapinanang參考資料 ==== 1. Canteiro, C & Lucas, E. Psidium guajava. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019, 2019: e.T49485755A49485759. 2. HAST - 植物物種資訊. www.hast.biodiv.tw. [2021-04-04]. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-25）. 3. TaiBNET. taibnet.sinica.edu.tw. [2021-04-04]. （原始內容存檔於2020-09-21）. os2ynipxcsp8768ys13iagfikzari8t 0 2724 43674 43673 2024-07-12T04:27:36Z Masaonikar 570 /* O tongod no demak no niyaro’ no ’Amis.(部落勞務) */ 43674 wikitext text/x-wiki == Kapolongan a tayal no ’Amis(阿美族的集體勞務) == Misakapolongan ko finawlan no ’Amis a matayal, saka, ano misaloma’ i, ranikay ko loma’ a masanga’. Ano mipalalan i, mahaen to ko demak no ’Amis a misakapolongan a matayal, saka awaay ko matokaay a tamdaw. Nawhani, mangodo to finawlan saan. malosimet ko finawlan no niyaro’ no ’Amis, awaay ko pauliay t sowal no mikowanay ato cingodo k faloco’ i mato’asay, saka, awaay ko mipararaway a tamdaw ato makataray a tamdaw, awaay ko mari’angay to dafong no tao. Karapadang ato patado to saki taowan, matiya o cecayay a paro no loma’ ko harateng to saki niyaro’ no tireng. O Amis i, caay ka citodong to tilid saka, awaay k nina’angan to cudad hananay to malo pi’arawan to sakacilalan no faloco’ no mikowanay. Pakifaloco’, ta pakimad saan to finawlan, ta lowaden no finawlan. Talacowa awaay ko cudad no Pangcah i, mafana’ ko Amis to saprikec to niyaro’ ano eca i o malininaay ato paro no loma’, tona o tamdaw sa ca ko ’Amis, saka ira i kahacecacecay no ’orip nangra ko no Kawas a nipafelian to sakafana’ nangra a mala tamdaw. I ’ayaw ano o maan ko demak itini i niyaro’ i, caay ka eca ira ko palimo’otay to alo dademaken no niyaro’, ta mafana’ ko polong no finawlan to malo dademaken nangra. Talacowa ano caacaay ka citilidko Pangcah, ira i folaco’ nangra ko nika haenen ako, ta manga’ay ko niyaro’, ta lipahak ko finawlan yasanay a harateng. O taneng to ko nian, saka, mapakatayal no mikriday to finawlan , saka, ano o nipipalan to , ano eca i itin i pisanga’ to kayakay, ta manga’ay a romakat a milakec, ano caacaay ka matiya ono aniniay ko pisanga’ toya kayakay i, ano itiyaay ho a ’orip, o fonosay a cecay ko matatoyay to sapisanga’ toya kayakay. O no fonosay a cecay a midemakan ko masanga’ay. Tinako sa, ano o ’oway, ano o ’aol, ano o kilang i, itini i pisanga’ a mafana’ ko Amis. ira ko tatodong no kasaselaselal hananay, o no sasafaay a delal, o no masakapahay a selal, o no kakaay nira o masamamaay to ko ’orip a selal, o no mato’asay o makedalay to a kalas (selal), mahaenay ko kadado’edo, ta masasipalimo’ot ko kasaselal to safa a selal, pasifana’en no kaka a selal ko safa a selal to dademaken. Saka, itira a mafana’ ko safasafa to nipasifana’an saka, malecad to ko fana’ a ma’emin, mafana’ to tayal a ma’emin i, lonok saan, o hahaenen ko mako a demak, kako i, mamisanga’ toninii saan. Saka awaay ko matokaay, mafana’ kako a matayal ano saan ko tamdaw i, lonok saan, ano mafokil kako a matayal ano saan i, ano cima k kanga’ayan nira to todong no mamipasifana’ i, “Pasifana’en kako kaka, ano eca o mama,” han. Miai to taneng no kaka ato mato’asay, ta mapasifana’ cingra i, mafana’ to cingra, mafana’ cingra i, lonok sato cingra a matayal. Ano caacaay ka nengnengen no cima ko tayal nira i, lonok saan, awaay ko matokaay, caay pisalimelimek to demak, lipahak ko faloco’ a mihareteng to matiniay a lalok no Amis. O roma sato, itini i pisaloma’an, ano o pakailoh to loma’ i, caay kono niyam a malininaay caay ka saan, ano ira ko cecay no sowal no kakeridan a sa’etal i, “Misaloma’ kita to loma’ ni ira,” ano saan i, o maasadak ko fa’inayan no loma’, ano papina ko fa’inayan i, masadak a ma’emin. Licayen no kakeridan no sa’etal ko malininaay no pakailhay to loma’ a tamdaw, “Ano ira ko aalaen no finawlan a ’aol ato folo’ ano eca i o eli’ i omah namo i, nanay pasowalen. Ta a itira ko finawlan a miala to malo sapipatireng to loma’,” han nira. ta “Ira to ko mako” ano saan ta itira ko piala no finawlan to sapatireng to loma’. ta itini i kasaselaselal a malalikel to demak to aalaen to sakatayal a misanga’ to loma’. Emin, caay ka saan toya cecay a aalaen, o ’oway kno ’oway, o eli’ ko no eli’, o kilang kono kilang, mahaen ko demak, ta ira to a ma’emin ko sakatayal i, sanga’ sato. O kacarohan ko pisanga’ to matiniay a loma’, saka, caay pisatadamaamaan ko pisanga’, o pasamo aca, caay ko mamacangal ko ciloma’ay to nisanga’an no finawlan, I ikor no pinapina a folad a misanga’ cingra to tada loma’ ningra. Ira ko papalomo’ot aca, “Haenen ita, haenen ta.” saan. Do’edo sato ko rarikor, caay pacoli ko rarikor to kasakaka ato mama a tamdaw. Awaay ko mamisawkit i patelacay nangra, lonok saan ko ’Amis a mafana’ to dademaken aca, ano matoka kako i, latek tonganganen no cima kako saan ko faloco’ i, lonok saan. Caay ka ri’ang, caay pipalatatiih, caay pipacoli, ano harateng i, tada o damsayay a malalokay, marikecay, mitengilay to sowal no palimo’otay ko ’Amis hananay. Ano o pi’adop to i, ira ko pisafinawlan to a pi’adop. O pi’edaw ko pi’arawan to nga’ayay a pi’adopan no finawlan, o sakapi’adop no finawlan i, o pipatala to saki lafang no niyaro’, ano eca i, o cecay no lisin a demak ko pisafinawlan a mi’adop. Mapalalikel ko tamdaw to pi’adopan a lotok, malakapot ko romaroma, cecay, tosa ko romaroma. O maalaay nangra a tama’ i, o saki finawlan. Ano i enar ko pi’adop to takolil i, o salil ko tatoyen no papinapina a mali’ayaw a pasalil, ta do’edoen no ’alomanay cangra. Nikawrira, caay ka i salil cangra i raay cangra a milaplap, ano eca i pa’enafen nangra a milaplap ta macekok ko takolil i, cikay sa cingra a milaliw ta ahasiket i salil. Mahaenay ko pi’adop no ’alomanay. O romasato i, o pitilo to ma’eferay a ’ayam. Onini i, ano misakapolongan a mitilo i, ono paytemek ko nialaan nangra, o samafana’ay a mitilo to ’ayam i, o kalingkoay a ’Amis. O mikatangay han ko pitilo no Kalingko a ’Amis to ma’eferay a ’ayam. Makaen no ’Amis a ma’emin ko masamaamaanay a ma’eferay a ’ayam. Ano mitilo cangra i, nano dafak tangasa i kalafian i, o saadihayay a nitatoyan nangra a mitilo i, paka tolo a so’ot ko ’erid, itira i kalingko ko nga’ayay a pinanaman to pitiloan to ’ayam. O kalo tamdaw no Kalingko i, tosa a so’ot ko maalaay, i katimotimol a mitiloay a tamdaw i, tolo polo’ ano eca i lima a polo’ ko nitatoyan. O saawaay i, tolo ano eca i lima, i kalipahakan a romi’ad ko pihaen no ’Amis a mitilo to ’ayam. Saka, i ’ayaway a pikristmas no misakristoay a ’Amis i, haenen nangra ko demak. Ira ko no kapolongan a pifoting. O komoris han ko nian a demak. sakapolongan ko finawlan a mifoting i tata’angay ’alo. I ’ayaw no tafa’ to ’alo i, mapateli ko rakar i cepo’, matayal ma’emin ko kasaselal itiya. Nikawrira, o saadihayay ko tayal itiya i, o sasafaay o pakarongay, o mamiala cangra to talod to malo sapitafa’ a mikerah to tata’angay a ’alo. Orasaka, ano caay ka kalamkam cangra a mitafa’ to ’alo i, caay ka nga’ay, saka, o cacomikay ko pakarongay a ma’emin a miala to talod a mipatorod i mia kapah. Tangasa i ka’emina no nanom a matafa’, tada maroray cangra, o seto’ no tireng nangra, katalawan ko nia tayal no pakarongay, ano eca seti’en no kasakaka to sakakalamkam nangra a mipatorod to talod i mitafa’ay a tamdaw. Tona o no tata’angay a ’alo a pifoting saka, caay ka samisi ko nika adihay no foting, o pakarongay ko mi’orongay to nifotingan a foting panokay, pacideken no mitangtangay ko kasasiroma no tata’angay ato mimingay. itiya ano komaen to i, o fa’inayan a ma’emin ko komaenay, o no tata’angay a foting i, o kalas ato mato’asay ko komaenay, o no mimingay a foting ko nikaenan no kapah ato pakarongay. O kako maen no mato’asay to nira, no sakaherekan to ko nika lahok ato mato’assay i, o papananom ko pakarongay to mato’asay. Itiya i, “Nanomay mama” saan ko pakarongay a pasowal, orasaka, caay pina’ay ko mato’asay a minanom, nanomen nira ko nipipananom no pakarongay, o siwalaan ko nitatoyan no pakarongay a pananom. Maherek a minanom ko mato’asay i, caay ka eca o papahacoma koya mato’asay i pananomay i cingraan a pakarongay to nipatatodongan nira a foting to tata’angay, ano eminen noya mato’asay ko nira a kilac a caay pahacoma to to pakarongay i, o mamapangangan cingra to maco’osay a mato’asay, o hahaenen cingra. Itiya yo mipananom ko pakarongay to mato’asay i, tapalen no kasakaka ko demak noya pakarongay. Ano ira ko caay pacoma tona pananom i, tahidangen noya mitapalay, “Cima a mama ko nipananoman iso, ta caay ka pacomaen nira kiso.” Haenen noya mitapalay a milicay, saka, mangodo ko mato’asay a caay pacoma to mipananomay cingraan. === O tongod no demak no niyaro’ no ’Amis.(部落勞務) === Itini i niyaro’ no ’Amis i, ira ko kasaselal no fa’inayan a ma’emin. Masakapokapot a masaselal ko kasalima a mihecaan. O sasafaay a awid/selal i, ma’edeng safaw lima, safaw enem, safaw pito, safaw falo, safaw siwa ko mihecaan. O kaka no nian i, tasa a polo’, tosa polo’ ira ko cecay, tosa, tolo, sepat ko mihecaan. Mapangangan ko kahacecacecay a selal. Saka, mafana’ a ma’emin ko fa’inayan to nika o maan a selal kako sanay. O selal no mama nangra ko mamala mama (mama no kapah) noya sasafaay a selal. Cangra ko pasifana’ay to nga’ayay a demak to sakacingodoaw no safasafa to kasakaka a tamdaw ato sakangodoaw to mato’asay a tamdaw. Saka, matiya o mama nangra ko to’as no papasifana’ i cangraan a mama no selal. Mahaenay ko sakapinanam no wawa a matayal to tayal no niyaro’. Ano cima noya wawa ko caayay katatodong ko demak i, oya mama no kapah ko papasowal to mama noya wawa to sakafana’aw noya mama a palatamdaw to wawa nira, saka, tosa ko singsi no fa’inayan a wawa, o mama no tireng ato mama no kapah. O ina a cecay ko mala singsiay no fafahiyan a wawa. Ano ira ko cara no finawlan i, masadak a maemin ko kasaselal. Itiya i, patedo caay ka saan a micamol i roma a selal a mikapot, ano mihaen kiso i, o mamatefoc kiso no selal no miso, saka, caay ko aasimaanen iso ko demak a misatalifokil to selal iso. Lima a miheca ira a masadak ko fa’elohay a selal, saka, ano pasopwal ko mama ano eca i o faki i wawa to sapisaselal nira i, itiya to cingra a micomod. Ta mapolong cangra a mapatireng a mala sasafaay a fa’elohay a selal a mala pakarongay. O mamatayal a maocor no kasakaka ato mato’asay a selal cangra, saka adihay ko tayal nangra. Itini a minanam cangra to tatayalen a ma’emin. Ano o maan ko niocoran no kasakaka ato mato’asay a tatayalen i, lowaden nangra. Itini a minanam cangra to tatayalen i lowaden nangra a ma’emin a milaheci. Itini a mi’ikes a paki’emel to faloco’ nangra a pakacitaneng. Ano fangcal a mangaay ato malalok konini a pakarongay i, o mamapangangan cangra to fangcalay a ngangan. Nikawrira, ano caay ka tatodong ko demak nangra a tapalen no kasakaka ato mato’asay i, o mamapangangan cangra to kakangodoan a ngangan. Caay ko papacoli to kasakaka ko safasafa a tamdaw. Mangalef ko nika pisangaay to demak i saki matoasay. Ano ira ko cara no fimawlan i, mapahapinang i patakos no patakosay ko sowal, o maan a selal ko masadakay a macara asaan, ano mimingay a tatayalen i, cecay tosa a selalan ko mamacara, ano tata’angay a tatayalen i, mapolong ko kasaselal a masadak a macara. O kakomodan no niyaro’ ato kakeridan no kasaetal mo kasakowan ato mama no kapah ko masasowalay to malo tatayalen no finawlan, saka, maratar cingra to dafak a mipatakos. Onini ko sakafana no finawlan to nika o maan ko tatayalen no niyaro anini. Nikawrira, to romi’ami’ad i, caay ka eca ira ko kacacorocorok no mato’asay a selal a macara a maro’ i sefi. O tatodong no mamisimaw to niyaro’ tona malingad a maemin ko finawlan a matayal i omah, saka, caay ka nga’ay a awa ko mamisimaw to niyaro. Ira ko pikacawan no niyaro, o maminengneng to mikari’angay a ’ada, ano ira ko ’ada i, sinien no mikacaway ko takingkingan a paratoh to finawlan ta masadak ko fa’inayan a milood to ’ada. To sakacaaw picomod no ’ada I niyaro’ saka ma’adipel to cicekaay a ’aol ko taliyok no niyaro’, ta itini i ’adawang i sacomod no niyaro’ ko kasa’opoan no malitengay a misimaw to niyaro’. Ano ira ko tayraay i niyaro’ a mipalafang i, onini a misimaway ko patadoay a mikerid a patangasa i loma’ no pipalafangan nangra. h1aro52y4c0ri6dswjlmt7d9bkop5wj 8 2725 44316 43677 2024-08-28T12:24:49Z Maintenance script 1 Adding version data 44316 json application/json { "$version": "1.0.0", "GEHelpPanelAskMentor": "mentor-talk-page", "GEHelpPanelExcludedNamespaces": [], "GEHelpPanelHelpDeskPostOnTop": "bottom", "GEHelpPanelHelpDeskTitle": "", "GEHelpPanelLinks": [ { "title": "mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User guide", "text": "Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User guide", "id": "mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User_guide" }, { "title": "mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User guide#Images", "text": "Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User guide", "id": "mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User_guide" }, { "title": "mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User guide#Editing references", "text": "Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User guide", "id": "mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User_guide" } ], "GEHelpPanelReadingModeNamespaces": [ 2, 4, 12 ], "GEHelpPanelSearchNamespaces": [ 4, 12 ], "GEHelpPanelViewMoreTitle": "" } mqx3tzpknkde1b79wf7i8t9napu8ekm 8 2726 46023 46022 2025-02-24T16:21:08Z Maintenance script 1 Migrating data to new format 46023 json application/json { "$version": "2.0.1", "GEHomepageSuggestedEditsIntroLinks": { "create": "mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User_guide", "image": "mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User_guide#Images" }, "GELevelingUpGetStartedMaxTotalEdits": 10, "GELevelingUpKeepGoingNotificationThresholdsMaximum": 4 } 01d9h0h7i4mrxfhzbizepi2kycrlquz 8 2727 43679 2024-07-17T11:53:16Z Maintenance script 1 machine-generated configuration for migrating GrowthExperiments community configurable options to use CommunityConfiguration Extension ([[phab:T359038]]) 43679 json application/json { "GEMentorshipEnabled": false } a09xiu0ooqkfmvvcbrs68ahct9dme76 8 2728 46823 46822 2025-06-23T17:05:19Z Maintenance script 1 Migrating data to new format 46823 json application/json { "$version": "2.0.0", "GEInfoboxTemplates": [], "copyedit": { "disabled": false, "templates": [], "excludedTemplates": [], "excludedCategories": [], "learnmore": "" }, "expand": { "disabled": false, "templates": [], "excludedTemplates": [], "excludedCategories": [], "learnmore": "" }, "image_recommendation": { "disabled": false, "excludedTemplates": [], "excludedCategories": [], "learnmore": "", "maxTasksPerDay": 25, "templates": [] }, "link_recommendation": { "disabled": false, "excludedTemplates": [], "excludedCategories": [], "learnmore": "", "maximumLinksToShowPerTask": 3, "excludedSections": [], "maxTasksPerDay": 25, "underlinkedWeight": 0.5, "minimumLinkScore": 0.6, "maximumEditsTaskIsAvailable": "no" }, "links": { "disabled": false, "templates": [], "excludedTemplates": [], "excludedCategories": [], "learnmore": "" }, "references": { "disabled": false, "templates": [], "excludedTemplates": [], "excludedCategories": [], "learnmore": "" }, "section_image_recommendation": { "disabled": false, "excludedTemplates": [], "excludedCategories": [], "learnmore": "", "maxTasksPerDay": 25 }, "update": { "disabled": false, "templates": [], "excludedTemplates": [], "excludedCategories": [], "learnmore": "" } } 9g0i5xqzuiw94wqlx62vyxkbq97n7se 0 2729 43737 43736 2024-07-27T02:19:18Z Masaonikar 570 /* Pinengnengan tilid. (參考文獻) */ 43737 wikitext text/x-wiki == Kakiharan rikec no Taywan (臺灣關係法) == “Kakiharan rikec no Taywan” (Inkiris: Taiwan Relations Act, pakisot TRA) o i laloma’ay a rikec no Amilika. I 1979 miheca pikaykian no Amilika kitakit a mitelek to nia rikec ta mipangangan ko congtong ta miteka to romi’ad, o kakiharan rikec no Taywan o todong no Amilika ato Taywan to kalawidang kakiharan, micoker to Taywan ato Korea ato roma mapapolongay kitakit ko kasasikedec a kakomod to kaciwidang a tadamaanay rikec[1]. O Amilika ato roma kitakit, roma kitakit a sifo ano eca o kasasicofel ano eca o nidemakan a maamaan ano eca kasasicalayan, malecad i finawlan no Taywan, o kakiharan rikec no Taywan o patodong no Amilika to kasasicofel lekakawa no Amilika parana’an ko nian[2]. === Paikoran (背景) === Nai 1978 miheca miteka, o Conghuarenmin kapolongan kitakit sifo pakayni i “cecayay calay” kalaloodan, o saki Amilika, Kanata ato Europe kapolongan mico’ay to Solien (Soviet Union), nai 1979 miheca ato Amilika masasipatireng to kalali’ay no kitakit. Saka palasawad ko Amilika to kasasitena’ no Congkuo ato Amilika a telek, miliyas to sofitay i Taywan itiya, o todong pipadama no sofitay no Amilika (USTDC) i Taywan i 1979 miheca 4 folad 25 romi’ad a masedef itiya. Pakadademaken no Conghuaminko sifo ko itiraay i Amilika a masasowalay kapot i kalomaocan no kitakit, saka ranikay sakapidama no Amilika to i Taywanay a sakarihaday, saka’aloman no Taywan mi’ang’ang to iing no kalomaocan to piliyang to misatekeday kyosanto, oya malacecayay milood i saka tosa kalaloodan a likisi, o picingcing no Congko kyosanto to sakisalongoc ato sapakonira no mitooray a demak[3][4]. Kararemay pikaykian a iing ci Bailey Goldward ato Amilika a kalomaocan romaroma iing hinapec to congtong ci Carter sateked sa mipalasawad to kapolongan mitena’ telek a sakowan no Congko ato  Amilika a kalacecayan, orasaka to nian a katatelekan o nano kalomaocan a kararemay pikaykian a iing no Amilika a mihaydaan a tatelek, ci Goldwater miliyang to ni Carter, mifelih kao kararemay pikaykian ko mamihai ta mapalasawad ko nia telekan, mata’elifay ko todong a demak ni Carter congtong. [5] Onini a analal mapatayra i satakaraway a hoyin ko pisapinang ono sician a laloma’an, nika o kararemay pikaykian caay pipatoor to sapifelih caay hananay to kiharen. O nia analal nai ikoran kaketonan no Amilika ato Conghuaminko, o pikaykian no Fafa'eday Kararemay pikaykian a mihaydaan, i 1979 miheca nai ci Jimmy carter congtong ko mitiliday. Pikaykian caay pilayap to Kowoyin to i ’ayaway nipasadakan a “sakapolongan a rikec” a nisilsilan tilid, caira sa ko misilsilay to “Kakiharan rikec no Taywan” a tilidan, na itiya i 1979 mihecaan pado’edo a citodong. Ni Carter sifo mitilid to nian a “Kakiharan rikec no Taywan”, o sapidama to kalali’acaan, ponka, ato kasacofel no caay ko no kalatapangan ko pipatireng a kasasinga’ay, midotoc to Colombia sa’etal rikecan ko pipatirengan to caayay ko kalali’acaan a hocin, oya Amilika itiniay i Taywan a yofayof (AIT)- o so’elinay no sifo a dayhiw, away ko patodong to kacacofelan a demak. [6] o nia analal nai 1979 miheca 1 folad 1 romi’ad misatapang. === Pa’ayaw (概要) === ==== Patonekan to Taywan (台灣的定義) ==== O nia rekec o saki “Taywan sakowan” sanay a mikowanay to Taywan (Conghuaminko) ato cimaay mikotayay mikowan a citodongay. “Taywan” a patonekan o nia kanatay a Taywan ato Penho kanatal, caay ka citodong ko Kinmon, Macu a kanatal. [a] ==== Sa’elinay kakiharen a kacacofelan a demak (事實上的外交關係) ==== O nian a rikec mahayda patodong sakowan to cecay mikowanay Amilika ato Taywan a “Sa’elinay kakiharen a kacacofelan a demak”, mi’eses, ano eca o pipaterep, o Conghuaminko ato Amilika i ’ayaw no 1979 miheca malaheci i kasakitakit a katatelekan ato mitelekan kacidepoc. Dengan o kalasawad no nia katatelek oya “o kapolongan mitena’ telek a sakowan no Congko ato Amilika”. O nian a rikec madotoc, “Kanikawan ko kacacofelan a demak ano eca pihayda caay ko fiyol ko rikec no Amilika to saki todong i Taywan, no Amilika a rikec o papadoedo to sakacitodong i Taywan, matiya ’ayaway i 1979 miheca 1 folad 1 romi’ad, rikec no Amilika sakacitodong i Taywan. [7] ==== Sofitay a nitelekan (軍事規定) ==== “Pasayra ko Amilika i Taywan padamso to todong no sapitena’ a dafongan ato kicik sadama, saka ira no Taywan a midama a ’icel no niyah.” O sapipatodong i Taywan padamso to todong no sapitena’ a dafongan ato kicik sadama a kasahirahiraan o congtong ato pikaykian no kitakit ko miketonay. O nian a rikec patongal to telek, o maanan a caayay ko rihadayay (halo pilalang ano eca pifoot a micolo’) ko piposang to ikoray no Taywan i, saheto o patalaway to sakangaay ato alaneng, mangalef ko patodong no Amilika. O nia rikec o pingitangit to Amilika to cecay halaka “Pasayra i Taywan padamso to sapitena’ a salood”, o “Marariday a ’icel, sapitena’ to masamaamaanay a sapiri’ang, ano eca midemak to milepiay a sapiri’ang, malo katalawan no finawlan no Taywan to saka cialaneng ato no syakay kicay telak a demakan.” Matiratira ko Conghua renmin kapolongan a sifo mingitangit to Amilika sifo midotoc to caayay ko salaloma’an a patedoay a Amilika Congko toloay kongpaw ato cecayay Congkuo no Conghua renmin kapolongan a pisilsil, nikawrira to kasarekad no Amilika sifo midotoc nia rikec ato enemay toris nipihayda pa’aca to sakalalood i Taywan. I 2001 miheca 4 folad, oya congtong mimingay Bush mihapiw midama ko Amilika to Taywan. Saka tosa miheca, pasowal haca cingra “Mangodo kako to nia rikec ‘Kakiharan rikec no Taywan’”. O pidotocan no nia telak ano makari’ang ko Taywan, padangen niyam a midipot.” Malo pidotocan ko nia rikec pakayraan a midama to Taywan[8]:34. ==== Paca’or ato paliyaw midayaday (反應和重申) ==== Pasinting ko Conghua renmin kapolongan ato saka tolo hekal a kitakit, caay kalekapot to Amilika ato Soviet Union (Solien), mikihatiya to caay kalaklak ko heneng ato masamaanay a onto, saka nga’ay a mipespes to romaroma a kitakit. [3] I 1982 miheca 8 folad 17 romi’ad a kongpaw, mihayda ko Amilika milowan pa’aca to sakalalood i Taywan. Nikawrira saki 1982 miheca pacecay to “Enemay toris nipihaydaan” salongan i Conghuaminko, caay pileko mihayda to Conghua renmin kapolongan to salongoc pikowan no Taywan, pasetek haca to salaloma’an no kongpaw a pipa’aca to sakalalood minengneng to kasasisiwtoc no lawac no Taywan ko patodongan a nihadaan. Ikoray no 1990 mihecaan, pikaykian no Amilika mihayda to cecay toris miketon to sapifo’ot, mi’eses to Taywan ato Amilika kasasitodong nai “Kakiharan rikec no Taywan” ko kasasingodo. [9][10] Amilika pikaykian miliyaw pacecay to “Kakiharan rikec no Taywan” a katadamaan. [11] Mikingkiway a padama  i pikaykian no Amilika i 2007 miheca 7 folad a cecay ratoh pahapinang, no Amilika a halaka caay pihayda to Conghua renmin kapolongan to salongoc pikowan to Taywan. [12] O Conghua renmin kapolongan to saki “Kakiharan rikec no Taywan” a nengneng “Awaay ko todong no Amilika mikihar to salaloma’an no Congko” sanay.[13] Tona Amilika midotoc to saki padamso to sakalalood no Taywan, caay pitolas miliyang ko Conghua renmin kapolongan. [14] I 2016 miheca 5 folad 19 romi’ad, i ’ayaw ni Tsai Ing-wen patireng to saka 14 rekad a congtong no Conghuaminko i, o fafa’eday pikaykian to kacacofelan a demak wiyinhuy a wiyin, o fafa’eday pikaykian citodongay misolap a wiyinhuy wiyin ci Marco Rubio ato fafa’eday pikaykian kacacofelan a demak wiyinhuy ’ayaway kakeridan, fafa’eday pikaykian calay no Taywan kapolongan kakeridan ci Robert Menendez mapapolong to pasadak to miketonan sowal, miliyaw pacecay to “Kakiharan rikec no Taywan” ato “Enemay toris nipihaydaan” o parana’an no Amilika Taywan a patodongan. [15][16][17] O Amilika a kapolongan kasarekad i 2016 miheca a polong no kitakit a dayhiw daykay pasadak to sowal: “O kacitodongan no mita midoedo pakayni i “Kakiharan rikec no Taywan” a telek, mihayda kita to ni Reagan congtong itini i 1982 mihecaan a panan enemay nihadaan to Taywan. Miliyang kita to maanan sapitekedan midemak mifalic to kanga’ayan no lilis no Taywan: Pakayni ikoraay no Tayan a kacalemceman a demak o papakaynien i rihadayay ko kasasowal a misalof, mihayda ko finawlan no Taywan; ano Congko sapifelihan to matiniay a telak, o Amilika pakayni i “Kakiharan rikec no Taywan”, mipadang to Taywan a mitena’… o tadawidang no Amilika, o ngaayay saicelen no mita micoker ko Taywan, halo pakoniyah a lali’aca katatelek a kacitodong, mitakop pa’aca halo misangaan no kasoling a micelemay a kicik a sapitena a sakalalood….” I 2021 miheca 11 folad 17 romi’ad, o congtong no Amilika kitakit alaneng demakan micokeray ci Anne Neuberger pasowal sa, midotoc to “Kakiharan rikec no Taywan”, Amilika sifo o mamipadamso to sapicoker sapitena’ no Taywan. Ono Congko a kacacofelan a demak paratohay ci Zhao Lijian sowal sa, o “Kakiharan rikec no Taywan” mifelihay to cecayay Congko a todong ato Congko Amilika toloay kapolongan kongpaw, o awaayay todong no saki rikec. [18] I 2023 miheca 2 folad 22 romi’ad, no Russia a tapang a mitiya ci Radio Sputnik itiniay i Amilika Washington mipahoso to mitiya tamdaw ci Garland Nixon sowal sa “Ci Biden i kaitiraan paini ato mitekop to Taywan a halaka”, pakayni to nian itini i Taywan a yofayof no Amilika (AIT) pasowalay tamdaw “40 no mihecaan, o Amilika to saki “cecay congko a halaka” oya to pakayni i “Kakiharan rikec no Taywan”, “Toloay kapolongan kongpaw” ato “Enemay nihadaan to Taywan” ko pi’esesan.” Paini sa “Ci Biden congtong na o mala fafa’eday a pikaykian a iing itiya micokeray ko paya ningra to “Kakiharan rikec no Taywan”, pado’edo tanektek ko pi’imer to nia todong, halo Amilika pado’edo midama to Taywan sakaedeng a ’icel mitena’, o Amilika kai masamaanay caay ko rihadayay ko sapiketon to ikor no Taywan a ’icel, o nengneng to ka’etipay Taypinyang sakarihaday ato alaneng a katalawan, o tatakaraw ko sapisida’it”, paini haca “O papado’edo ko Amilika marocekay pa’icel, miferet to masamaamaanay maedengay sapiri’ang to sakanga’ay no finawlan no Amilika, syakay, kicay katatelek a ’icel, ano eca roma a sapatalaw.”, pa’icel “O pihayda no Amilika to Taywan matiya o ’ongcoy ko tanektek no parana’an, saka cidama no lilis no riyar i Taywan ato sa’etal a saka rihaday ato katanektek. O papado’edo ko Amilika micoker to rihadayay sapisalof ko tosaaay sahetal a kacalemceman, onini i o matatodongay i nafaloco’an no fnawlan no Tayan a satadamaanay a sakaira.” [19] ==== Roma kitakit a “Kakiharan rikec no Taywan”. (其他國家的《臺灣關係法》) ==== Dipong, i Dipong ira ko pikaykian a iing misakapot ato ’icel no finawlan i hatiniay to a mihecaan micoker micikeroh mitelek to no Dipongay a “Kakiharan rikec no Taywan”. I 2021 miheca no Dipong a mikowanay a kasarekad Cemintang (Liberal Democratic Party) a kacacofelan a demak “Taywan analal sakapot”, ira ko iing misaakoay milecad to no Amilika pasetek to no Dipong a rikec. [20][21] Europe lekatep, ira ko no Taywan hakasi mikeroh to kasasowal pasadak to no Europe lekatep a tilid to “Kakiharan rikec no Taywan”. [22] Russia: “Kakiharan a rikec no Russia ato Taywan”: I 1992 miheca pakayni i kitakit Duma mihayda, congtong ci Yeltsin ko mitiliday. Salaloma’an micoker to cecayay ko Congko a todong, o Russia lekatep caay picoker to no mikowanay no Taywan, sifoan a todongan. === Pinengnengan (參見) === === Pahecian (註釋) === === Pakayraan matisil: (來源列表：) === 1.陳鴻瑜. 台灣法律地位之演變（1973-2005） (PDF) (報告). 臺北縣: 淡江大學東南亞研究所: 9. 2008年7月20日 [2017年10月17日]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2017年10月17日）. 對於台灣的定義是規定在第十五條第二款：「台灣一詞：包括台灣島及澎湖群島，這些島上的居民，依據此等島所實施的法律而成立的公司或其他法人，以及1979年1月1日前美國所承認為中華民國的台灣統治當局與任何繼位統治當局（包括其政治與執政機構。）」從而可知，臺灣關係法所規範的台灣只包括台灣和澎湖群島，並不包括金門、馬祖等外島。 2.黃婉婷. 中共會從小島下手 測試美護台決心. 中時新聞網. 2023-04-10 [2024-02-21]. （原始內容存檔於2024-02-21）. 我國與美國於1954年簽訂《中美共同防禦條約》時，該適用範圍就僅限台灣、澎湖，沿海島嶼如大陳島、一江山及金門馬祖都不算在內，《臺灣關係法》於1979年生效後，台灣的定義也僅有台灣、澎湖。 3.施明德. 建構金門、馬祖和平特區及警軍　一個台灣人對台灣各政黨領袖的公開信. 鏡週刊. 2022-12-06 [2024-02-21]. （原始內容存檔於2024-02-21）. 金門、馬祖不在美國《臺灣關係法》承諾的範圍之內。 4.王照坤. 防台遭入侵法案含金馬 學者：游賀挺台決心更強. 中央廣播電臺. 2020-07-29 [2024-02-21]. （原始內容存檔於2024-02-21）. 中正大學戰略暨國際事務研究所教授林泰和今天(29日)受訪指出，依據「臺灣關係法」，美國所謂的「台灣」就是台灣、澎湖，不包括金門、馬祖 陳艾伶. 中國內部政經危機接連引爆！《外交政策》：習近平恐出兵金馬離島轉移焦點. 風傳媒. 2020-07-29 [2024-02-21]. （原始內容存檔於2024-02-21）. 根據《臺灣關係法》（Taiwan Relations Act）、美中三公報及對台六項保證，美方承諾向台灣本島及澎湖維繫防務關係，但金門、馬祖不在實施範圍內。 5.洪銘德、洪子傑. 美國印太戰略發展下的臺灣金馬防衛作戰 (PDF). 通識教育學報 (國立臺中科技大學). 2023-12, 10: 60–61 [2024-02-21]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2024-02-21）. 然而，不可諱言的，《臺灣關係法》所定義之「臺灣」僅包括台灣與澎湖群島，並不包括金門、馬祖等外離島。 梁路思、李淨瑤. 一步步蠶食台灣領土 習近平用「此方式」奪金門、馬祖！(視頻). 看中國. 2023-09-21 [2024-02-21]. （原始內容存檔於2024-02-21）. 更何況美國制定的《臺灣關係法》並不包括金門和馬祖，美國沒理由出兵，而且中共沒有動武，也符合了聯合國精神。 6.熊玠語中評：我要說出《台灣關係法》真相. 中國評論通訊社. 2015-01-14 [2024-02-21]. （原始內容存檔於2024-02-21）. 據瞭解，《臺灣關係法》中「台灣」一詞僅僅代表台灣本島、澎湖列島等其餘環繞台灣本島之小島，並未包含金門與馬祖。……熊玠解釋道，這一點確實在當時存在很大爭議，《臺灣關係法》沒有涉及金門和馬祖是不想挑釁大陸。「當時大家爭議是否應列入金門和馬祖，如果列進去了，可以加強台灣屬於傳統中國的概念，但後來有人認為，這太刺激北京了，因為北京認為金馬是大陸的一部份，後來經大家的投票決定不把金門和馬祖放進去。 7.沈潔. 金門酒傳達的密碼. 芋傳媒. 2023-01-31 [2024-02-21]. （原始內容存檔於2024-02-21）. 金馬與台澎法律地位不同，無可爭議，蔣介石與美國簽的共同防衛條約，適用範圍只在台澎，不包括金馬；美國國會制定的「臺灣關係法」也只包括台澎，而不及於金馬。這一方面是因為法律地位、歷史事實，另一方面也是金馬無法防守。所謂海峽中線，金馬就畫在中國那一邊。 8.連根藤. 一個台灣 四種定義. 自由時報. 2008-04-10 [2024-02-21]. （原始內容存檔於2024-02-21）. 可見美國所提的台灣人民和台灣統治當局都不包括金門和馬祖。 9.王景弘. 把台灣當國家看. 自由時報. 2011-06-07 [2024-02-21]. （原始內容存檔於2024-02-21）. 但臺灣關係法對「台灣」的定義只限「台灣與澎湖」，不含金、馬 10.周松男. 【專文】台海兩岸真的終需一戰嗎?. 民報. 2022-07-04 [2024-02-21]. （原始內容存檔於2024-02-21）. 曾先生認為，中共以武力攻佔金馬群島，美國、日本不可能出兵助台，因為臺灣關係法不包括金門、馬祖。 11.謝永生. 看東看西專欄：台灣關係法不是台獨關係法. 中時新聞網. 2015-03-17 [2024-02-21]. （原始內容存檔於2024-02-21）. 「臺灣關係法」是為了取代「中美共同防禦條約」，是為了維持台海及西太平洋的和平，安全與穩定。值得注意的是關係法涵蓋範圍，只包括當時的臺灣省行政區，並不包括金門、媽祖、東引、西引以及南沙群島。 12.馬祖通訊周刊. 專題報導／金門馬祖會被台灣放棄嗎？. 馬祖通訊. 2002, (35) [2024-02-21]. （原始內容存檔於2024-02-21）. 1979年中美斷交，在「臺灣關係法」第15條中對於「台灣」有明確的界定：「台灣一詞，按照法案全文之需要，包括台灣本島及澎湖，該等島嶼之人民‥‥」臺灣關係法不包含金馬外島，顯見不論從現實局勢與法令規章考量，美國始終反對台灣在金馬外島駐軍。 === Pinengnengan tilid. (參考文獻) === 1.台灣關係法. Washington D.C.: 美國在台協會. 1979年1月1日 [2017年6月27日]. （原始內容存檔於2021年5月9日） （中文）. 2.美國國會. 連結至維基文庫 台灣關係法. 維基文庫. 1979年. 四. B. 2. 依據美國法律授權規定，美國與外國、外國政府或類似實體所進行或實施各項方案、交往或其他關係，美國總統或美國政府機構獲准，依據本法第六條規定，遵照美國法律同樣與臺灣人民進行或實施上述各項方案、交往或其他關係（包括和臺灣的商業機構締約，為美國提供服務）。 3.Dittmer, Lowell. Reform and Chinese foreign policy. Zhao, Jianmin; Dickson, Bruce (編). Remaking the Chinese State: Strategies, Society, and Security. Routledge. 2001: 179. 4.ROBERT GREEN, Mixed Signals （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, Taiwan Today, 2009-07-01 China Mutual Defense (1954) （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, 美國在台協會 5.April 10, 1979: Taiwan Relations Act Statement on Signing H.R. 2479 Into Law （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, 聖地牙哥加利福尼亞大學 6.Taiwan Relations Act: Public Law 96-8 96th Congress （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） Sec. 4 under APPLICATION OF LAWS; INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS 7.張敏清. 《从布什政府对台军售看美台军事关系的变化》. 美國研究 (北京市: 中華美國學會；中國社會科學院美國研究所). 2004, (2004年第4期): 15—38 [2021-04-10]. ISSN 1002-8986. （原始內容存檔於2021-04-10） （簡體中文）. 8.H.Con.Res.56 - Commemorating the 20th anniversary of the Taiwan Relations Act. （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, Congress.gov, 1999-03-17 9.H.Con.Res.53 - Concerning the Taiwan Relations Act. （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, Congress.gov, 1999-03-11 10.H.Con.Res.117 - Expressing the sense of Congress that the United States Government should reaffirm its unwavering commitment to the Taiwan Relations Act as the cornerstone of United States relations with Taiwan, and for other purposes. （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, Congress.gov, 2003-03-25 11.CRS Report to Congress. [2020-01-05]. （原始內容存檔於2020-11-07）. 12.Embassy of the People's Republic of China: China opposes US congress' resolution on Taiwan （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） (2004-07-19) 13.The Editorial Board. China’s Tantrum on Taiwan Arms Deal. The New York Times. 2015-12-24 [2015-12-25]. （原始內容存檔於2021-03-08）. The new arms package, which includes two navy frigates, antitank missiles, combat systems for minesweepers, amphibious attack vehicles and communications systems.... 14.Menendez, Rubio: "Six Assurances" Continued Foundation of U.S.-Taiwan Relations （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, Senator 羅伯特·梅南德茲, May 19, 2016 15.Rubio, Menendez: 『Six Assurances』 Continued Foundation Of U.S.-Taiwan Relations （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, Senator 馬可·魯比歐, May 19, 2016 16.S.Con.Res.38 - A concurrent resolution reaffirming the Taiwan Relations Act and the Six Assurances as cornerstones of United States-Taiwan relations. （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, Congress.gov, May 19, 2016 17.外交部：美方應停止挑動兩岸對立. [2021-11-18]. （原始內容存檔於2021-11-18）. 18.白宮「毀台計畫」失言瘋傳　AIT回應了. [2023-02-23]. 原始內容存檔於2023-02-23. 19.共同抗中 日執政黨成立台灣專案小組. 自由時報. 2021-02-06 [2021-02-20]. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-21）. 20.藤井嚴喜：日民間醞釀推動日本版台灣關係法. 中央通訊社. 2019-12-14 [2021-02-20]. （原始內容存檔於2020-04-24）. 21.全力催生歐盟版台灣關係法. 自由時報. 2019-12-15 [2021-02-20]. （原始內容存檔於2020-10-01）. === Papotalay kasasiket calay (外部連結) === a51q0hjtcsl51grepsbpysumnfc8oxm 0 2730 43826 43825 2024-07-29T23:56:16Z Masaonikar 570 /* Kakiharan rikec no Amilika to Taywan (美國臺灣關係法) */ 43826 wikitext text/x-wiki == Kakiharan rikec no Amilika to Taywan (美國臺灣關係法) == (Inkiris: TAIWAN RELATIONS ACT) Satapangan romi’ad: 1979 miheca 1 folad 1 romi’ad. (【生效日期】1979年1月1日) Salaloma’an tilid 【內容】 O nia rikec o sapidama a mapararid ko rihaday, sakanga’ay ato sakatanetek i kaetipay no Taypintang, pafeli to kacitodong pado’edo sakararid no finawlan no Amilika ato finawlan no Taywan i kalali’acaan, ponka ato romaroma a kacitodongan, micikeroh to Amilika a kacacofelan a demak halaka, ato roma a todongan. Saka 1 liyad: Pakisot Oni a rikec o “Kakiharan rikec no Taywan” han ko pangangan. Saka 2 liyad: O pipasetekan to halaka ato pangiha. Nawhani o congtong no Amilika paterep to Amilika ato Taywan a citodongay a mikowan (I ’ayaw no 1979 miheca 1 folad 1 romi’ad na o mirerid to Conghuaminko) no sifo a kakiharen, saka o pikaykian no Amilika iraen ko pitelek to nian a rikec: Saka cidama oya to i kaetipay Taypinyan a sa’etal a rihaday, kanga’ayan ato katanektek; patodong to salongoc padoedo to finawlan no Amilika ato finawlan no Taywan a kalali’aca, ponka ato romaroma a kakiharen, micoracor to Amilika kacacofelan a demak halaka micokeroh. O halaka no Amilika matiniay: Padoedo ato micikeroh to finawlan no Amilika ato Taywan a masasinga’ay i kalaliacaan, ponka ato romaroma a kakiheran; saka padoedo ato micokeroh to finawlan no Amilika ato finawlan no Congko ato romaroma kaetipay no Taypinyang sa’etalay finawlan a malecaday ko rarengawan kakiharan; Pahapinang to kaetipay sa’etal a rihaday ato nga’ayay matatodongay saki Amilika a sici, nga’ayay ato kicay a kinaira, oya kasakitakit a niharatengan a demak; pahapinang to Amilika a miketonan ato “Conghuarenmin nikapolongan” patirengan to kacacofelan a demak kakiharan, saka saan to no Taywan a saka’orip kai rihadayay ko pipafaloco’an a miketon; O maan to caayay ko rihadayay ko pilahai to ikoray saka’orip no Taywan i, halo pitena’ to kicay ato pitena’ ato piccolo’ a demak, o saka ira no katalawan i kaetipay Taypinyang a sa’etal, o kakiharen no Amilika ko matiniay. Padamso to sapitena’ a sakalalood i finawlan no Taywan; Midoedo ko ’icel no Amilika, mitoker to masamaanay pakayniay i sakalalood, ano eca pakayni i mipenecay a demak, katalwen no finawlan no Taywan to saka rihaday ato syakay kicay lakakawa a demakan. Onini a rike a maanan a liyad aka pi’odang to Amilika to saki salongoc no tamdaw a kakiharen, mangalef saki Taywan a sa’etal to 1800 ’ofad finawlan a salongoc a kakiharen. Pakayni miliyaw paini to sapidipot ato micikeroh to polong no Taywan finawlan a salongoc o no Amilika a patonekan. Saka 3 liyad: no Amilika to saki Taywan halaka a dademaken O sapiikeroh to nian a rikec saka 2 liyad miketonan to a halaka, o Amilika mami patodong to Taywan manga’ay maedeng cirafas to sakanga’ay o niyah a ’icel midipot a defang ato kicik sapatado; Amilika a congtong ato pikaykian no kitakit mamidotoc cangra mipalita to kangalayan no Taywan a mipadama, midotoc to rayray no rikec, miketon sapadamso to nisowalan sapitena a dafong ato sapipatado a kasahirahira ato iraay. Saki Taywan a satena’ a kalongocan a pilitaaw o sofitay no Amilika itodongay a congtong ato pikaykian no kitakit ko padamsoay a mikeroh to kaainian a hokok. Mi’eses to congtong ano pakalitemoh to pipatalawan to finawlan no Taywan to sakanga’ay ano eca o syakay kicay halakaan, mapakatalaw to saka nga’ay no Amilika i, o raranikay pakafana’ to pikaykian no kitakit. O congtong ato pikaykian no kitakit o papakayni i kimpo a silsil, miketon ko Amilika midomak to nisowalan a katalawan a samaanen ko matatodongay a pidemak. Saka 4 liyad: Sakatatodong no rikec ato katatelek no kitakit Kanikaw no kacacofelan a demak ano eca pirerid caay kacimaan i rikec no Amilika to sakacitodong no Taywan, rikec no Amilika padoedo to sakacitodong no Taywan, matiya i ’ayaway no 1979 miheca 1 folad 1 romi’ad, a malecad ko rikec no Amilika to sakacitodong no Taywan. ’Ayaway a nitelekan sakacitodong a rikec no Amilika, halo laenoay a demak, nika caay ka dengan o laenoay a demak: Tona rikec no Amilika masowal ko roma kitakit, sifo no roma kitakit ano eca malecaday o so’elinay a citodongay, ano eca a ira to i, matiniay a tilid o halo Taywan koni, orasaka oni a rikec matatodongay i Taywan; Midotoc rikec no Amilika pafelian sakowan a nitelekan, o Amilika ato roma kitakit, sifo no roma kitakit ano eca malecaday o so’elinay a citodongay midemak ano eca midemakay to maamaanay a halaka, kasasicofel ano eca roma a kacitodong, mihayda ko congtong no Amilika ano eca Amilika sifo a citodongay, midotoc to nia rikec saka 6 liyad a telekan, midoedo to rikec no Amilika milecad ato i finawlan no Taywanmidemak ano eca midemak to kasa toris a halaka, kasasicofel ano eca roma a kakiharan (halo ato Taywan a citodongay kalali’aca a telek, o sakapadomso mipatado to Amilika). O Amilika saki Taywan manikaw to kacacofelan a demak ano eca kasatelek, caay ka lasawad, kacefis, kasalof, kana’ayen ano eca kasasifiyor i ’ayaway ano eca ikoray o Taywan mamidotoc to rikec no Amilika a pafelian a masamaamaanay salongoc ato patadoan (halo sakikatatelekan, tadahan ato dafongan a salongoc a cidemak to salongoc ato patadoan). O sakimasamaamaanay patodongan no rikec, halo hoyin no Amilika a nilafoan, mihayda ko Amilika to “Conghua renmin kasalekapot” demak, caay ka fiyor ko citodongay mikowanay no Taywan no ’ayaway i 1978 miheca 12 folad 31 romi’ad a iraay to ano eca patodongan a iraay tireng to a dafong ano eca awaayay tireng a dafong a tingki, ano eca romaroma a salongoc ato kinaira, caay kafiyol ko Taywan a citodongay nai anini tangasa ikoray romi’ad kanaira no dafong. Tona matatodongay rikec no Amilika o mamido’edo to pakayraan no aininiay Taywan ano eca matelangay rikec, saka matatodongay i finawlan no Taywan a rikec o pakayraan a midoedoan. Ano maanan to riyad no nia rikec, ano eca pafelian pihayda no congtong no Amilika i “Conghuaminko nikapolongan” a kacacofelan a demak, ano eca nika awaay ko kacacofelan a demak kakiharan to finawlan no Taywan ato Amilika, manikaw pihayda no Amilika to saki Taywan, ato matiniay kacitodongan a pakayraan, o caacaay ko kasacitodongay sifo no Amilika a misaheci, o pidoedo to i 1954 miheca yin-ce-neng-fa ato 1978 miheca a sapitena’ malopisak ko he-ce sapitena’ malopisak rikec, i midemakay ano eca holican a pakayraan ko sapiketon to demak ato matatodongay rikec i, itiya mina’ay to saki Taywan a patayra to he-ce a pisingsi, ano eca palasawaden ko nano nihaydaan to a sapihai a tilid. Halo saki mafolaway ato kitakit a rikec, o mamidotoc to nia rikec 202 toris(b) hecek tatelekan to saki Taywan. O Taywan mamidotoc to rikec no Amilika i hoyin no Amilika ciicel mi’ilo atn eca kacaciyaw, caay ko nika nikaw to sakacacofelan a demak kakiharan ano eca pireridan, a mapalasawad, macefis, kasalof, kana’ayen ano eca kasasifiyor. O rikec no Amilika to saki padoedoaw to kacacofelan a demak ano eca pireridan a tatelek, ano mapahapinangay ano eca caayay ka sapinang, saheto caay ko sakacitodong to Taywan. O sakimaamaanay a patosokan, halo hoying no Amilika a kasasisa’is, pihayda no pikaykian no Amilika ato (Amilika i ’ayasw no 1979 miheca 1 folad 1 romi’ad nireridan to Conghuaminko a) cuitodongay to Taywan a misatelek to kasatelek ato kasakitakit a tatelek (halo romaroma kitakit a kapolongan a telek), tangasa i 1978 miheca 12 folad 31 romi’ad o a ira a cikapoay, o papadoedo a ci’icel, tangasa paherekan no nia rikec. Oni a rikec a kasatelek caay ko hahaenen ko pisaheci to, mihai ko Amilika to piwanik to Taywan ano eca milaplap pasadak i manan no kasakitakit a paysoan ano eca romaroma a kasakitakit a kasawasil. Saka 5 liyad: I papotalay tekadan pikadoman hosyo kosi no Amilika. Tona nia rikec pitekaan laloma’ no 3 miheca, i 1961 miheca pidahofan a rikecan saka 231 tosir saka 2 la’ed saka 2 hecek a kinaira no finawlan a 1000 Amilika payso pi’emet. Padahdah sa to i papotalay tekadan pikadoman hosyo kosi demak no Amilika, manga’ay miketon to saki Amilika tekedan mikadom halaka i Taywan to padamso a sapa’orip (hoking), paliyaway hoking, picaliw ano eca pihosyo. Dengan oni a rikec(A.) a tosir to roma a telekan, i papotalay tekadan pikadoman hosyo kosi no Amilika a saki Amilika tekedan mikadom halaka i Taywan to padamso a sapa’orip (hoking), paliyaway hoking, picaliw ano eca pihosyo i, o malalenay to kasahekal romaroma sa’etal kacitodong. Saka 6 liyad: I Taywan yofayof no Amilika O congtong no Amilika ano eca kasacitodongay a sifo no Amilika ato finawlan no Taywan midemak to masamaamaanay kasahalaka, kasacofel ano eca romaroma kasaira, o a ipi’eses no congtong ano eca salaloma’anay, o papakayni ano eca i laenoay citodongay ko pakayraan midemak: I Taywan yofayof no Amilika, oni o pidotoc to sa’etal no Colombia a rikec ko pipatireng to caayay kalali’aca a hocing: O nano congtong a mi’esesan patireng, midotoc to fafa’eday a yofayof caayay ko ni sifo citodongay. (pangangan “I Taywan yofayof no Amilika” “oni a yofayof”.) O congtong no Amilika ano eca sifo no Amilika citodongay midotoc to sakowan no rikec ano eca salongoc, no Taywan a sakalaheci, midemak ano eca milaheci to nitelekan ano eca kasasicofel nisilsilan i, oni a tatelek ano eca kasasicofel midotoc to pi’eses no congtong no Amilika a pakayraan ano eca kasakowat, nano nian ano eca pakayni to nia yofayof ko pilaheci, pakayraan ano eca midemak. O pipatirengan to nian a yofayof ano eca pisatapangan to kadademak midotoc to no Kolonpiya (Colombia) sa’etal, kasa’etal ano eca niyaro’ citodongay to sici a rikec, telekan kasatoris, kacicering, midamet ano eca mikawa to yofayof midotoc to nian a rikec ko sakadademak i, o nian a rikec, telekan, kacicering a ’icel naitimiay to nian a rikec. Saka 7 liyad: O nian a yofayof saki Taywan Amilika a finawlan sapadamso a sapatado O nian a yofayof patodong to sakowan to i Taywanay dademakay: Midemak to rikec no Amilika nitelekan citodong to salongoc to pihosyo a demak, mitilid to wacay, pakayniay to pihosyo a dademaken: Citodong to mapatayay finawlan no Amilika to rarocoken panonoran a miliway: Midotoc to pi’eses no congtong no Amilika, pakayni nitelekan rikec no Amilika, pidemak no kakeridan citodongay mikowan to dademaken a roma demak, mapadama midipot to kinaira no finawlan no Amilika. Onini a yofayof dademakay mapatodong to sakowan midemak to sakalaheciaw, matiya o i salaloma’ay no kitakit ko kalalen no kalaheci, matiya roma tamdaw pakalayap to kacitodong to matiniay a sakalahecian. Saka 8 liyad: o nian a yofayof caay kacitodong to sata Onini a yofayof, no yofayof a dafong ato micomodaypayso, caay ka cisata i kapolongan no Amilika, kasa’etal ano eca niyaro’ a pasataan haki anini ano eca ikoray pilisata. Saka 9 liyad: saki toni a yofayof a padamsoan a dafong ato patado Amilika a sifo kasacitodongay manga’ay pakayni pa’esesan no congtong a todong, pa’aca, micaliw ano eca pacaliw to dofong (halo kinaira no dafong) pafeli to nia yofayof, ano eca padamso to dademakay ato kicik a picoker ato patado, o sakadademak matayal no nia yofayof. O nian citodongay padamso to sakacilifon no pipatado, pacomoden i kasacitodongay a laloma’ no yosang. Amilika a sifo no kasacitodongay midotoc to no congtong mi’esesan a pakayraan, ta ira ko pakayraan no nia yofayof mipatado. Tona paretatenga ko congtong, to sapidemak to nian rikec a patodongan a patado i, nai congtong a pihapiw sapidemak a picering, o nian ko pakayraan no kasasifo to nicadaan a sapipatado, o caayay pikihar a citodongay to fafa’eday a sapipatado i, o nian a rikec ko sakacitodong. Midotoc to nia rikec padamso a payso sapafeli to nia yofayof a kasacitodongay sifo no Amilika, o masasilsil to nia yofayof, o mamitomadaw ko citodongay to payso (Cu-ci-cang) to niditditan payso no nia yofayof, ci to’ek mitomadaw to nidemakan (cikaymasan) no yofayof a payso. Saka 10 liyad: Taywan citodongay Amilika congtong ato Amilika sifo a kasacitodongay midotoc to patorodan a rikec no Amilika sakowan ato salongoc, padamso to Taywan, ano eca o Taywan milayap to kasapatadoan, laliliwen, pihosyo, pato’ekan a demak, o ai congtong a pi’esesan ato salaloma’an, pasayni i Taywan to sapipatireng to citodongay a padamso to fafa’eday a kasademak, ano eca o nia citodongay ko milayapay to fafa’eday a dademakan. O nia citodongay o congtong o misaheciay midotoc to finawlan no Taywan tatodong no rikec a sakacisakowan, manga’ay midotoc to nia rikec midayhiw to Taywan padamso mihosyo ato sakiroma a sakadademakan. Milongoc to congtong pafeli to Taywan patireng to citodongay malalenay sa’osi a kadademakan ato nitelekan i polong no dademakay, onini a sa’eses naitira ’ayaw i 1979 miheca 1 folad 1 romi’ad pireridan to Conghamnko i Taywan citodongay itira i Amilika patireng to kadademakan ato dademakay a milalen to. Midotoc ko Taywan pafeli to Amilika itini i Taywan a yofayof ato citodongay a tamdaw a sakowan ato kacitodongan a salongoc, o congtong ko pafeliay to sakowan to Taywan citiodongay ato citodongay dademak sakapilaheci to patiodongan a sakowan ato kacitodongan a salongoc (minengneng to sakacitodong ato mipapipatadoan). Saka 11 liyad: O yofayof ko sakipiliyas pitahidang to komoying Midotoc to no congtong to piesesan a demak ato nidemakan, maanan i Amilika sifo citodongay mangaay i tadamaanay romi’adan, militemoh to pipatado i yofayof no Amilika i Taywan a kasacitodongay a matayalay ano eca nitahidangan miliyas no sifo a matayalay. O maanan midotoc to fafa’eday (1.) tosil a demak miliyas to nian citodongay a patado itini yofayof a maanan matayalay ato nitahidangan, ci salongoc i paherekan i yofayof a patadoan i, o cacitodong ko kaira to piliyaw nai citodongay (ano eca pipadoedoan a citodongay) matahidang ano eca patiko a matayal, o nia matayalay ano eca nitahidangan citodong ano caay ka no congtong a ni’esesan a romi’ad ato roma a demakan miliyas a sakaira no pakapian a salongoc, tadamanay solongoc ato sakalemed. I fafa’eday nisowalan (2.) tosil citodong misafa’eloh mitahidang ano eca patiko a pakatayal ko matayalay ano eca mitahidang, padoedo itini i yofayof patadoan romi’ad, o mamihakitiya to caayay ka tahidang itini i yofayof to ’ayaway mikihatiya to kasalemaed a halaka, halo makinapatayay i katayalan ho, madaka’ ano eca ciadada a sapatapid; isi halaka ato tamdaw sapa’orip (hoking); mihecaan hanhan, adada hanhan, ato roma pa’aliwacan hanhan halaka; i la’eno rikec no Amlika a kasatelek to pisawad pitisil. Matiniay matayalay ano eca nitahidangan ano itini i yofayof pipatadoan romi’ad, ato ikaka no ’ayaw kaitiraan citodongay ko pitahidang ano eca patiko a matayal ’ayaw a mapatay ano eca misawad, o i katayalan a mapatay ano eca misawad han ko nengneng. Kalo katayalay ano eca nitahidangan i citodongay i Amilika sifo i, itini to nian a rikec miteka ira ko piraoy to nao itiniay ko tayal a pahater ko lifon a itini i yofayof i, i patadoan romi’ad o mamilayap to nian toris a citodong to sakalemed. Amilika sifo kalo citodongay itini i Taywan mitahidang to roma kitakit matayalay, manga’ay palinahen patayra i yofayof pakatayal, cacitodong to kaira no padahof, sakalemed ato salongoc, saka’eca ka lafot ko pipatado, a mafiyor ko sapisawad ato roma a sakalemed, halo ’ayaw no kalinah tayra i yofayof, no rikec a nitelekan to sapisawad a patodongan. Oni yofayof a nitahidangan caay ko no Amilika sifo ko mitahidangan i, o citodongay dayhiw no yofayof, caay ka i rikean no Amilika saka 18 liyad 207 toris ko sapipalit. Midotoc to 1954 miheca salaloma’an kitakit no Amila sataan saka 911 ato 913 toris i, o nian yofayof pafelian to nitahidangan matayalay a lifon caay ko lifon a pinengneng. O nian a yofayof a nitahidangan matayalay a lifon caay ka cisata, matiniay a kacitodong matiya o tada matayalay no Amilika sifo ko kalecad. Dengan ’ayaway nisowalan (A.)(3.) a sofal, nitahidangan no yofayof a patadoay, caay ka i syakay ancienfa saka 2 liyad ko nipitahidang. Saka 12 liyad: Pakayni to piparatoh a tatelekan Citodongay kakeridan no kitakit (kuo-o-cin) saki yofayof a kahacecay a tilidan patayraen ni pikaykian no kitakit. Nikawrira, ano congtong tatenga ca’oran pasadak to saloma’an no nitelekan a tilid malokatalawan to sakanga’ay kitakit no Amilika, matiniay a nirelekan caay ka nga’ay patayraen i pikaykian no kitakit, o a itira i nisimedan sacering, patayraen i fafa’eday pikaykian ato kararemay pikaykian a kacacofelan a demak wiyinhuy, dengan o congtong ko citodongay pasafana’ itiya matedal ko nisimedan. Saki (A.) rowis a nisowalan a patonekan, “tatelek” a sowal halo Oni a yofayof ato Taywan a pikowan no citdongay ano eca patireng ko Taywan to citodongay to sakalaheci no kasa telekan; Oni a yofayof ato Amilika a kasacitodongay milaheci to kasa telekan. Pakayni to nian yofayof milaheci to nitelekan ato kalali’aca, milayap to malecaday pikaykian no kitakit a palowad, mitomadaw, ato pihaydaan, matiya to nian tatelek o pakayniay no Amilika kasa citodongay kalahecian, oni a yofayof midayhiw to Amilika sifo ko nipidemak. Itini to nia rikec a pitekaan to 2 mihecaan romi’ad, o citodongay kakeridan no kitakit (kuo-o-cin) o a i 6 folad pasayra i fafa’eday pikaykian a kakeridan ato la’enoay pikaykian a kacacofelan a demak wiyinhuy pasadak to sapiparatoh, misaheci ato mitomadaw to saki no Taywan a kicay kakiharen, mangalef o saki nga’ayay kicay kakiharen to maanan a mirawraway. Saka 13 liyad: Pidoedoan ato tatelek Pafeli to sakowan ko congtong to nitelekan sakatatodong midemak to nian a rikec i kasapatosokan a pidoedoan ato tatelek. Itini to nian a rikec pitekaan romi’ad tangasa 3 mihecaan, o nian a pidoedoan ato tatelek o caca’oren patayra i kakeridan no fafa’eday pikaykian a kakeridan ato la’enoay pikaykian a kacacofelan a demak wiyinhuy. Nikawrira, mitiniay a pidoedoan tatelek caay ka palasawaden ko nian rikec to nipafelian to nian yofayof a onolan. Saka 14 liyad: Pikantok no pikaykian no kitakit Fafa’eday pikaykian kacacofelan a demak wiyinhuy, la’enoay pikaykian kacacofelan a demak wiyinhuy ato pikaykian no kitakit roma matatodongay wiyinhuy ko mamikantok: O nian rikec a kasaliyad a nidemakan; O nian a yofayof a nitayalan ato kasarayray; Amilika ato Taywan padoedo to kakiheran a rikec ato kicik a dademakan; Pakayni i sawalian Asiya sakanga’ay ato matatahicay to rarekoen a nitayalan. Onini a wuyinhuy ko patodongay to saki fafa’eday pikaykian ano eca la’enoay pikaykian ko piparatoh to pahecian no pikantok. Saka 15 liyad: Lekakawa O patosokan no nian a rikec “Rikec no Amilika” a sowal, halo Amilika a maamaan a lekakawa, pidoedoan, kasacefang, cering no rikec, ceringan, Amilika ato sician kasasilsil no citodongay a pirayrayan no pisawkitan; “Taywan” a sowal minengneng to kalongocan, halo Taywan ato Penho kanatal, o nian kanatalay finawlan, kosi ato midotocay to sakatatodong no nian kanatal a rikec ko pipatireng ano eca mapapolong to roma cefang ato citodongay, i ’ayaw no 1979 miheca 1 folad 1 romi’ad ni mireridan no Amilika a mikowanay to  Conghuaminko i Taywan citodongay, ato maanan micadaay mikowanay (halo sici a kasasilsil citodongay, mikowanay). Saka 16 liyad: Pasadakay to payso a sakowan Dengan o midemakay to nian a rikec a kasa liyad roma nikairaan a paysoan, o nian a rikec ko patodongay to kakeridan no kitakit (kuo-o-cin) i 1980 kayki no mihecaan patefad to midemakay to nian rikec a todong no payso. O nian payso mapatodongay to a materek sakadademak, tangasa i kaleponan. Saka 17 liyad: ’Icel no kasaliyad Ano nian rikec a maanan liyad to kaawa no ’epoc, ano eca liyad to cimacimaan tamdaw ano eca maanan a demakan a awaay ko ’epoc, o nian a rikec a roman todong, ato nian liyad a todong to saki roma tamdaw ano eca sakaira no demak, caay ka sasifiyor. Saka 18 liyad: pitekaan romi’ad O nian rikec nai 1979 miheca 1 folad 1 romi’ad ko pitekaan. 4wuzoyxg0jjo9l50vej8p827633jrg5 0 2731 43891 43890 2024-07-31T11:45:56Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* O demak no mi’edaway (占卜) */ 43891 wikitext text/x-wiki == O pitooran no ’Amis to no tato’asan a kawas (阿美族的原始宗教) == === O demak no sapalengaw (afedo’ay) (頭目) === Yo eca ho ka fana’ ko tamdamdaw to sakatayal a maomah itiya ho i, patedo saan a matayal a maomah. Nikawrira, caay ka ciheci ko nipalomaan, nikawrira, caay ka fana’ cangra to so’elinay a pipalomaan a romi’ad, saka, awaay ko ’epoc no nipalomaan nangra a maamaan a kakaenen. O nano sini’ada no Malataw saka, mapafaloco’ nira ko cecay a tamdaw o ma’imeray ko faloco’ a tamdaw. Saka, pafaloco’en no Malataw cingra a palikakawa to finawlan a pasifana’ to polong no tayal no maomahay. O sa’ayaway a nitoro’an nira to mamatayal tonini i, o sapalengaw hananay no ’Amis. Mapasifana’ no Malataw cingra to matatodongay a romi’ad to pifolesakan to pipalomaan to kakaenen, saka, cingra to ko palimo’otay to finawlan a misatapang a mipalowad to so’elinay a pipalomaan to kakaenen. Midoedo ko finawlan to sowal nira, saka maraod to ko pilitodan to kakaenen i, saadihay sato ko kinaira no omah no finawlan, salipahak sato ko finawlan to pipasifana’ nira to tayal i finawlan, saka, o lalengawan to no finawlan ko nika matini no demak. O roma sato a ngangan nira i, o afedo’ay. Nawhani, o pasadakay to tafedo’ (cengo’) ko nano sowal ninra. Saka, yo maraod to ko kaliomahan a romi’ad i, palimo’oten to no afedo’ay ko finawlan. itiya i, tahidangen ho nira ko cikawasay a misalisin to sakanga’ayaw no tayal no finawlan a mipaloma to kakaenen. Maherek ko demak no cikawasay i, manga’ay to ko finawlan a malingad. Tahada’oc ko nika laafedo’ay nira. Yo mapatay cingra i, ceroren no wawa nira ano eca i o kalas no niyaro’ ko mipili’ay to mamicero. O kacitoper (kacikafong) to tamohong no afedo’ay i, mahaenay. === O mitooran no ’Amis a Kawas (阿美族崇拜的神明) === Caay ka matiya o roma a finacadan ko ’Amis a misanga’ to samiyay to malo tata’ongen a kawas. O roma sato, caay pisanga’ to malo pita’ongan to kawas a loma’. Ano talacowacowa to i, manga’ay a mitahidang to kawas a mipakaen ato pilongoc to sapipakalemed no kawas a mifetik. Saka, o todong to no pitolon i kaas a pifetik hananay. Malo pinangan to no ’Amis a tahanini ko nian a pifetik. Tala’ayaw a komaen to ’epah i, caay ka eca mifetik to kawas no ’Amis. O roma i, mifoting ato mi’adop i, i ’ayaw no pitaheka i, mifetik aca ko mato’asay no ’Ais i kawas. Ano caacaay ka ’araw i, paso’elin saan ko ’Amis to nika ira k kawas i tatihi ako saan. saka, ano icowacowa to i, pasayra i kakarayan a mifetik to caayay ka ’araw a kawas. Onini a kawas no ’Amis i, o nga’ayay a kawas, saka, caay ka olah to tatiihay ko demak a tamdaw. Saka, ano mapatay ko matiniay o tatiihay ko demak a tamdaw i, caay alaen nira a patayra i kaitiraan nira a fangcalay a pala. Nikawrira, o fangcalay ko demak, o karasini’adaay to tamdaw, o damsayay ko faloco’ a tamdaw ato citafaday a tamdaw i, o tatayra i Malataw, saka ci Malataw ko ngangan nonini a kawas no Amis. Ira ko kawas no kahacecacecay no kalomaamaan. Tinako sa, ira ko kawas no lotok ci Tefi’ lotok. Ono namal a kawas i, ci Matadidil. Ono fali a kawas i, ci Toi’iraw. Ono nanom a kawas i, ci Laladay. Ono kilang a kawas i, ci ’Edo Karaw. Ono ’oway a kawas i, ci Tomirmir. Ono ’aol a kawas i, ci Harawhaw. Ono ’orad a kawas i, ci Makosem. Adihay ko romaroma, ono nira sa a faloco’ ko sapidemak nira a pa’orad ato pidemak to masamaamaanay a demak, onini a kaas koya tatahidangen no cikawasay a tamdaw. Ira ko tatiihay a kawas, o mari’angay, mipaadadaay a kawas. O kaliyan ato ’Arikaya ato Tofotofo ato ’Alim’imay ato Lalomililang ato Cikiciki a kawas, ira ho ko romaroma a adihayay a tatiihay a kawas, ’aloman ko tatiihay a kawas nikawrira, caay ka papina ko nga’ayay a kawas, ci Malataw aci Dongi a tatosa k so’elinay a midipotay a kawas, saan ko paso’elin to kawas. === O cikawasay (巫師) === O cikawasay hananay i, malecad to ising no aniniay ko tatodongno piharateng no ’Amis. Nawhini, o mamiadah to adadaay ko demak no cikawasay, saka, ano ira ko adadaay a tamdaw i, tangsol tangsol saan a mi’araw (mitahidang) to cikawasay a papisadah. Nikawrira, onini a cikawasay i, caay ka o nani longocan nira ko sakacikawas nira, o kawas ko to’to sanay a miraod i tamdaw a pa’araw, papitodongen nira ko tamdaw a papisakero to kero nira a misatakotakod a romadiw, ano cima ko pakatodongay a tamdaw to kero ato radiw nira i, o raan a tamdaw ko kaolahan nira a pasifana’ to sapitahidang noya tamdaw i cingraan a masakero. Itini i pisakero nangra a pasifana’ ko kawas toya tamdaw tono kawas a sowal, tona ira a misaraoraod kona kawas toya kaolahan nira a tamdaw saka, samatiya sato o malawidangay cangra a manganga’ay. Yo ira sato k adadaay a tamdaw i paro no loma’ nira i, tahidangen nira koya kawas a milongoc to sapiadahaw nira, saka tangsol saan a ira koya kawas a miraod i cingraan ta masakero cangra a romadiw, ta todongen kako a misair to adadaay han noya kawas. saka, doedo han nira ko demak noya kawas i, maadah koya adadaay, saka, salipahak sato koya tamdaw, haloya kawas a lipahak toya tamdaw. saka, itiya a mapatorod no kawas k tamdaw to sapiadah to adadaay a ’icel, nanoya, cingra sato ko ’arawen no finawlan a papiadah to adadaay, cingra ko sa’ayaway a cikawasay no Pangcah. Mahaen k lalengawan no sakaira no cikawasay no ’Amis. Oya kawas i, o ’afang noya cikawasay, saka, ano awaay k ’afang no cikawasay i, awaay ko ’epoc no cikawasay a miadah to adadaay, nikawrira, caay ka lecad ko demak no ’afang, saka masasiroma k odemak no cikawasay a miadah to adadaay. Ira k panapina a kasasiroma no demak no cikawasay a miadah to adadaay, malecad ato demak no ising konini, nawhani, adihay ko kasasiromaroma no adada, saka, mahaen ito ko nika adihay no kasasiromaroma no demak no cikawasay. Ano ira ko adadaay no loma’ i, tayra i cikawasay a mi’araw, ta o cikawasay a tamdaw ko misifedihay, onini a pisifedih i, o pikilim to tatapangan no adada ato samaanen ta maadah sanay, ano mahapinang to ko nipisifedih noya cikawasay i, o cikawasay k pahapinangay to nika sasamaanen ko demak. Saka cecay, sadadoyan. Onini a sadadoyan hananay i, o cifa’edetay a adada, o ci’edoyay a adada konini, tatolo, sasepat ko cikawasay a midemak to ci’edoyay a adada. Saka tosa i, pasakawihan. Mapolong koya cikawasay a misaliway ta midemak tonini. Saka tolo i, mipangangan. O adada no fa’elohay a mihofocan a wawa, o sapifalicaw a pangangan toya adadaay a wawa. Saka sepat i, pakirikiri. Onini i, o saki malacaanay ko adada a tamdaw, mikapot koya adadaay i cikawasay i polong no demak nangra, sairen no cikawasay cingra. Saka lima i, mi’etayay. O todong no pipaino’ no cikawasay ko demak tonini a misair a mifahfah to latiih no ciadadaay a tamdaw. Saka enem i, talakilang. O cecay no pipakalemed to picomod to fa’elohay a loma’. Saka pito i, pasa’orongan. Saka falo i, mifodo’. O mitapalay to mapatayay. Saka siwa i, pamalataw. Adihay ko demak nonini a pipamalataw hananay. O cecay i, napakapatayay to tamdaw, ano o citafaday a tamdaw ato namilooday a tamdaw i, sairen no cikawasay cangra. O roma sato, ano patireng to fa’elohay a kakomodan no niyaro’ i, pamalataw to sakafana’aw nira a papelo ato mafana’ a mikowan to niyaro’. Saka mo’etep i, o pa’aw’aw. Onini a pipa’aw’aw hananay i, o todong no pitahidang to ’adingo no mipalafangay a wawa ato talaomahay a wawa. Saka cecay ko safaw i, pahemay. Onini a pipahemay hananay i, o pina’ang to kinaira no omah, tala’ayaw a mina’ang i, ira ko demak no cikawasay, o todong no pisair no cikawasay to takenawan a mipakalemed to sakacikakaenen no loma’. Saka tosa ko safaw i, pasimanta’. Onini i, ano tatiih ko nintiih i, papisair to cikawasay ta mapalasawad koya tatiihay a nintiih. Saka tolo ko safaw i, misaodo’. Onini i, o pipasadak to faniw. Saka sepat ko safaw i, milengaw. Ano masiday ko maan a kakalimelaan a lalosidan, ano matakaw ko ’ekim ato tda’ekim i, papikilim han ko cikawasay to masidayay a maamaan, ta ma’araw noya cikawasay ko cima ko mitakaway, ta ira icowa konini a lalosidan saan. Saka lima ko safaw i, mifaliheloh. Onini i, mifahfah to latiih no loma’. Tinako sa i, ci’ilo koya loma’, mipadoka’ to cimacimaanan i, saheto o tatiihay a demak ko iraay noya loma’, ta tahidangen ko cikawasay a papifahfah to latiih no loma’. Saka enem ko safaw i, niwatid. Ano ira ko mapatayay i, rarom sa ko faloco’ no loma’, caay ka hinom ko faloco’ tona cimapatayay ko loma’, ta tahidangen ko cikawasay a papifahfah to rarom no paro no loma’. Saka pito ko safaw i, sakap. Onini a sakap hananay i, o halafinay a doka’ ato congras, tahidangen ko cikawasay a papicepcep toya doka’ ano eca i o congras ta mapasadak noya cikawasay koya mitengeday i wa’ay. Saka falo ko safaw i, pakawas. Onini a pakawas hananay i, halafinay a adada, malawaco ko tireng to nika adada, ta papisairen ko cikawasay. Pakawas han konini a demak. Saka siwa ko safaw i, mifahfah. Mapolong ko finawlan a masadak a midemak tonini a papifahfah to tatiihay a kawas hananay. Onini i, o kaliyah o caracaraw, o tofotofo ato romaroma, saka, misoni a ma’emin ko kalo loma’ to dodang ato takingkingan, ta matalaw to soni koya tatiihay a kawas. Saka tosa polo’ i, mitapohay. Onini i, mifahfah to onih (fao) no pinaloa itini i omaomahan, sairen no cikawasay ta mapalasawad ko mikari’angay to pinaloa no omah. Saka tosa polo’ ira ko cecay i, pasa’orongan. Onini i, awaay to angil tona halain ko adada, o papatikoen cingra a aki’emel to tireng to sakatanektek no tireng. Saka tosa polo’ ira ko tosa i, pasawa’eran. O nika eca ka ’imer i pihafayan saka, malifawa ko tiyad, saka mopohpoh tonini a adada nira. O kawas no cikawasay, oya ’afang nangra i, ci Afowakay, ci Cingacingaw ato romaroma. O tatatoyen no cikawasay a misair to adadaay i, o papah no ’adiyam ato papah no looh, o siwalaan ko piparoan to ’epah to sapitoripes. === Paysin (禁忌) === O fa’elohay a maponengay a tamdaw i, tatiih a masadak nai loma’ a talaomah, paysin, nawhani, ano masadak cingra i, ma’orad, maciyong saan. o ciyong i, ira ko sakamaan no tatiih no romi’ad saan. ano namacidalay ho ko romi’ad, tona talaomah cingra saka, ma’orad to. Ano kafana’an no tamdamdaw ko nika talaomah nira i, o mmamatefoc nangra cingra. O ceay no pisatatiih nira to finawlan ko demak nira. O roma sato, i ’ayaw no nika lingad no tamdaw i, ano ira ko ma’esingay a tamdaw i, o sakacidoka’ noya malingaday, tinako sa, o nano si’enaw no ka’emangay to nika ki’etec no romi’ad ato nika caay ka ’edeng ko riko’ nira saka, ma’esing cingra, itiya i malitodong ko kalingadan no mato’asay i, sopa’en no mato’asay cingra a mikaketer. O roma i, itini i kasaopo no mato’asay i loma’ no nia, ano ira ko ma’esosay (ma’etotay), ano matengil no mato’asay i, tefocen no mato’asay cingra. “O pisamsam to mato’asay konini.” saan. saka, papi’acaen nira koya tadaw to ’epah. O roma i, yo malingad to kiso, ano ira ko soni no cirot, ano misi’ayaw tisowanan koya ’ayam a masoni i kawanan iso i, o sakanga’ay no rakat no miso saan. nikawrira, ano misiikor i tisowanan a masoni koya cirot i, ira ko maan a sakalatiih no miso saan, ano satiwatiwal saan a ma’efer a talakawanan, talakawili, ano tata’ang ko soni noya ’ayam i, o caci’ilo kiso saan. mahaenay kono kapaysinan a demak. O roma sato, ano ma’awas no mapoyapoyay a fafahiyan ko lalosidan to sapifoting ano eca o sapi’adop i, “Masiyac to.” (Maacek ko kawas no pafotingay ato patama’ay to ma’awasay no cipoyapoyay a fafahiyan a lalosidan.) O demak no niyaro’ no ’Amis, o mahaenay ko masiyacay (mahinacay) saan. === O redek ato lati’ (魔力和犯沖) === O redek hananay i, I redek no cikawasay, o redek no citafaday ato redek no karatama’ay. Ano matefing no nima ko lalosidan no cisaredekay a tamdaw i, o amaredek koya tamdaw a malahol ko kananel no wadis. Itiya i, papipohpohen ko cisaredekay a tamdaw ta maadah. Ano caay ka songila’ noya cisaredekay a tamdaw ko pina’ang to lalosidan nira i, o mamatefing no micomoday a ta,daw konini ta maredek, saka o sasongila’en no cisaredekay a tamdaw ko pina’ang to lalosidan nira i kalico’co’ no loma’ ko nga’ay. O demak a miadah to maredekay a tamdaw i, o papah no karo’ (wirok, kamoraw), tatoyen noya pakaredekay ko papah no karo’ ta sopa’en no maredekay a tamdaw koya papah a pa’ekek i maparedekay cingraan, itiya sairen no cisaredekay koya adadaay, ta maadah to cingra. Ano caay ka tangsol ko pisair nira i, o mamalifawa ko ngoyos nira, ano tefingen ho ko wadis nira i, o mamapeco’ (litod). O lati’ hananay i, o cecay no saredek noya loma’ a miri’ang to roma a tamdaw. nikawrira, kahemaw ko lati’ hananay, ano micomod i loma’ no cilati’ay ko wawa no fiyafiyaw i, ano tayra i tangolan (parikoriko’an) ko wawa a misalama i, o mamalati’ koya wawa. O mamasakookool ko fanges no tireng nira a ma’emin. O sapiadah to nia lati’ i, o makamiday a riko’ noya loma’, tatoyen ko matiraay a riko noya loma’ a midohdoh i namal ta sairen noya ciloma’ay ko malati’ay a wawa, ta tangsol sa a maadah. Caay ka fana’en ko sakaira no lati’. O atakahay ho a wawa ko mamalati’, ano mananam to konini a wawa a micomod toya loma’ i, caay to ko mamalati’ cingra. === O tima (巫術) === O tima hananay i, o tayal no karam a miri’ang to tamdaw a matima. O nitatoyan nira a karam i, o midipotay toya loa’ no cisatimaay. I cecay a niyaro’ i, ma’edeng cecay tosa a loma’ ko iraay, o cilisinay a loma’ ko iraay ko matiniay. Mapateli nira ko karam nira i loma’ nira, latek, telien nira i sefi (kofaw, demi’), i pakolongan nira, i ’ariri nira, i omah nira, i pinaloma nira to sakacaaw pitakaw no mitakaway. Ano mangalay ko ima a miala to maamaan nira i, kari’angen no karam nira a mitima kora tamdaw. saka, tireng sa cingra itira, ano caay ka kalamkam a tayra ko cikaramay a tamdaw i, nahol sa itira koya matimaay a tamdaw, matiya o fafahi ni Loto a mala cilah a hecek ko nika tommireng nira. Ano ma’araw no cisatimaay a tamdaw ko matimaay a tamdaw i, o tatangsol cingra misair toya matimaay, ono cilisinay ko ’icel nira a misair. O roma sato, ira ko sapa’enep a demak no cikaramay. Maparo nira i ’icep ko sapi’enep, ta pafelien nira ko kaolahan nira a tamdaw. tinako sa, ano maolah koya cikaramay a tamdaw to sakaolahaw no cecay a fafahiyan i cingraan i, pa’icepen to cisa’enepay a ’icep, ta ’icepen noya kaolahan nira a fafahiyan ko nipasa’enepan a ’icep i, saciolah sa koya fafahiyan i cingraan a mitoor. Ira ko matiniay a demak no cikaramay. O roma a demak no pitima i, ano ira ko ka’osian no cisatimaay a tamdaw i cimaanan i, fetir han nira toya karam ko ka’osian nira a tamdaw, tangsol sa a matima koya tamdaw. ano matima ko tamdaw i, matiya o masingkiay cingra a mapaaw. === O demak no mi’edaway (占卜) === ’Aloman ko mafana’ay a mi’edaw. O cikawasay, o mi’adopay, o cilisinay a tamdaw ato tomok no niyaro’ ko mafana’ay to nia demak, o sakafana’aw to ca’of no kawas to licay no tamdaw. tinako sa, o adadaay, samaanen ko demak hakini? Ta maadah ko adadaay, saanay ko pikilim no faloco’ to sakaadahaw i, itiya a papi’edaw a mitengil to ca’of no ’edaw. Mahaen ko demak no mi’adpay. Mi’edaw a mitengil to ca’of no ’edaw ta ano manga’ay ko ca’of i, milikakawa to sakalingad a mi’adop, ano tatiih ko ca’of i, sawaden ko pi’adop. I Ano ira ko masidayay a tamdaw, ano eca i, o kolong, mangalay a mikilim, nikawrira, caay ka fana’ to nika icowa kira kolong. tiya a pa’edaw to sakafana’aw to kaitiraan noya kakakilimen. Itiya a tangsol sa matama. O mahaenay ko tatodong no pi’edaw hananay. 9b6q2ka494kwtv5pkf4puhsf1rnhbs7 0 2732 44989 44988 2024-10-15T01:56:48Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Mama Intiw (涂恩綢) */ 44989 wikitext text/x-wiki == Mama Intiw (涂恩綢) == === O pitoor no ’Amis a tamdaw ci mama Itiw (阿美族人涂恩綢（Intiw) 的歸信) === Maraod to ko 100 mihecaan ci mama Intiw (Tu enchou) ciwlo sarakatay a mitooray no yincumin a likisi i Taywan nai 1916 miheca, ’ayaway yinciw no Yusan sinkakoyin ci Namoh Rata misilsil cingra to mitooray no ’Amis a tamdaw ci Intiw o lalowadan no likisi. Midotoc to no kaDuipongan to’ek Tokar kiwkay (Ciamisan kiwkay no Tongpo ciwkay) a tilid masowal, ikor no pipaino’ ni mama Intiw ciwlo i, nano mala sicuci mala ciwloay to, mipasifana’ to mitooray no ’Amis a mifalicay t osowal, malakapot ici Afang Titay foksian to pipatenak i no ’Amisan a todongan. Pasowal ci Namoh Rata foksi, aniniay tamdaw a mifana’an to likisi no pipatenak no ’Amis, itira i 1931 miheca tayraay i Tansuy Niwcin (Oxford) pitilidan a mitiliday tamdaw, i 1934 miheca maocor tayra i Fata’an “Sa’ayaway foksi no ’Amis” ci Afang Titay. Nikawrira, ci Afang Titay o nano Kavalan finacadan tamdaw, o fafahi ci Panay o Sakizaya a finacadan tamdaw, i ka Dipongan a to’ak oni tosaay finacadan saki sician a piseyek pala no ’Amisan, nika anini mipangangan miliyas to ’Amis finacadan. O paretatengaan ni Namoh Rata foksi i, “pahapinang to kafiyol to ’Amis to saki hamon nangra.” Midotoc to matiliday i likisi no Tokar kiwkay, sarakatay mitooray no ’Amis a tamdaw, so’elinay onini paino’ay ’Amis tamdaw ci mama Intiw. Pakayni tonini kacaciyawan, mikeroh ci Namoh Rata foksi to ’Amis ciwkay, o paino’an ni mama Intiw i saka 10 folad 22 romi’ad patodong han ko “Paso’elin ci Kristoan no ’Amis” piharatengan romi’ad, telek han i 1931 mihecaan “Pipatenakan piharatengan miheca”, o sakafana’ no finawlan to likisi, padoedo mikilim to so’elinay likisi.   Mi’eses ci Namoh Rata foksi, o kafiyol to no to’ek ci mama Intiwan, mikadafo cingra to Tangafolan finacadan, o no Payrang ko pipangangan mitilid. Nika midotoc to likisi a tilid no Tokar kiwkay, nai 1921 miheca miteka malaciwlo to 20 no mihecaan ko halafin, o mato’asay no kiwkay itiya, ’aloma ko mafana’aty cingraan o ’Amis a tamdaw saan. Ci Kolas ko mama, ci Nangi ko ina ni mama Intiw ciwlo, masofoc cingra i kaDipongan i 1877 miheca i Tikay niyaro’ (aniniay Sanmin no Posko), 18 ko mihecaan ningra itiya, malinah nai Tikay tayra i Tokar niyaro’, misa simalay to no Rakes a kilang ko tayal, nanoyaan mikadafo cingra to Tangafolan a fafahiyan, o teloc a wawa ningra o salikaka no Takoliaw kiwkay. Caay ka dengan o pipatenak likisi sarakatay no ’Amis finacadan ci mama Intiw ciwlo, o mimicowatay to kiwkay cingra. I 1948 miheca, ci mama Intiw ciwlo ato ci Afong Titay foksi malahakelong cangra tayra i ’adawang no Takoliaw niyaro’, o pihayda patireng no Tokar kiwkay ci Asing (Lin Qingji) ciwloan a lihay. Ci Asing (Lin Qingji) ciwlo i 1949 miheca mapatireng kakeridan no Takoliaw niyaro’, caay pitolas patenak, saka o saka tongal no ’Amis a tamdaw mikihatiya i Tokar kiwkay, ato tangasa 1955 miheca, itiniay tio i ’Amis ciwkay ko Takoliaw kiwkay. O toloc ni mama Intiw ciwlo saheto o salikaka no Takoliaw kiwkay, mirocok i wawawawa ko nitooran. == Mama Intiw (涂恩綢) == === Semo^otay miheca a paso’elinay pipaino’ mala sarakatay misinting i no ’Amisan. (受洗歸信百年 阿美宣教先鋒) === Maraod to ko 100 mihecaan to nano pipaso’elinan a mitoor to Kawas ni mama Intiw o ’Amis a tamdaw sarakatay mitooray no yincumin a tilid likis no Taywan. Itini kalalicayan mipaini ci Namoh Rata foksi to pipatenak to ratoh i niyaro’ no ’Amis to saki ci Intiwan parana’an no likisi. Midotoc to no ka Dipongan a matiliday i kiwkay no Tokar ( Ciamisan aniniay), ikor no pipaino’ ni Itiw, itini i Tokar kiwkay mala hicoci ato ciwlo, mala mifalicay to mipasifana’ay i mamicomod a ’Amis tamdaw, milecad to citodongay to misintingay no ’Amis ci Afang Titay itiya. Piini ci Namoh Rata foksi, aniniay tamdaw o pisatapangan patenak to ratoh a likisi no ’Amis, patodong sa itiniay i 1931 miheca tayraay i Tansui Niwcin (Oxford) pitilidan minanam to sifana no Kawasan, i 1934 mihecaan maocor tayra i Fata’an a “Sarakatay foksi no ’Amis” ci Afang Titay (Xu Nanfeng) . nika, ci Afang Titay o nano Kavalan finacadan, o fafahi ci Panay o Sakizaya finacadan, I ka Dipongan to’ek pikowan onini tosaay finacadan o no sician pitelek pacerohan palakapot no ’Amisan, nika anini mapatikoay ko kacingangan miliyasay to ’Amis. Midotoc to nitilidan likisi no Tokar kiwkay, sarakatay misintingay no ’Amis a tamdaw, ona sarakatay piino’ a ’Amis a tamdaw ci Intiw o han to. Onini kalaliyangan, pa  to ’Amis ciwkay, ka itinien i paino’an romi’ad ni Intiw 10 folad 22 romi’ad ko pisetek to “Pipaso’elinan no ’Amis ci Kristoan” piharatengan romi’ad, oya 1931 miheca teleken ko “Pipatenakan piharatengan miheca”, patodong to sakafana’aw no finacadan to likisi, padoedo mikilim to so’elinay likisi. Paini ci Namoh Rata foksi, ci mama Intiw o nano kafiyolan no to’ek, mikadafo i malapayrangay to a Tangafolan finacadan, ono kowaping to ko kacingangan. Nika midotoc to nitilidan likisi no Tokar kiwkay, ci mama Intiw nai 1921 mihecaan misatapang mala ciwlo to 20 mihecaan ko lafin, laloma’an no kiwkay a mato’asay itiya, ’aloman ko mafana’ay o nano ’Amis a tamdaw cingra. O mama ni mama Intiw ci Kolas, ina ci Nangi, ka Dipongan a pikowan to’ek 1877 masofoc i Tika (Sanmin no Posko anini), 18 ko mihecaan itiya, nai Tika malinah tayra i Tokar, mitangtangay misasimalay to rakes ko tayal itiya, saan mikadafo i laloma’an no Tangafolan finacadan a fafahiyan, o teloc ningra o mitooray salikaka no Takoliaw kiwkay imatini. Itini i pipatenakan likisi no ’Amis caay ka dengan sa’ayaway ci mama Intiw, o micikerohay i misadadahalay to kiwkay. 1948 miheca, ci mama Intiw aci Afang Titay malahakelong tayra i Takoliaw a sefi no niyaro’, mihayda ci Asingan (Lin Qingji) to pala ono Takar kiwkay a salikaka kansya lihay. Ci Asingan (Lin Qingji) macikero pala kakeridan no Takoliaw niyaro’ itiya, caay pitolas mipatenak to ratoh itiya, saka pakayni cingraan ranikay sa matongal ko tamdaw no ’Amis mikihatiya to sa’opo i Tokar a kiwkay, tangasa i 1955 miheca, mapatireng ko ’Amis ciwkay to masofoc ko Takoliaw kiwkay. O teloc ni mama Intiw sahato o salakaka no Takoliaw kiwkay, a mirocokay to nipaso’elinan.   === Pasowalay, ci Namoh Rata === === Mifalicay, ci Masao Nikar === == Mama Intiw （涂恩綢的記述） == === 20 sician sarakatay mitooray a tamdaw no ’Amis a tilid (記述20世紀初阿美族入信的先驅) === Ano sowalen ita ko “mama no pitooran’’ i, mahirateng i telangay Fangcalay Cudad a tamdaw ci Apraham, nawhani cingra ko mikriday to pakifaloco’an no ’orip no tamdaw. Anini, masowal ita ko pipatenakan no ’Amis i, caay ka nga’ay a malawa ko cecay a mitooray a tamdaw no ’Amis – ci Intiw a ciwlo, nawhani pkayni i cingraan, itiya i 2016 a mihcaan, ira ko todong no picomod to pipaso’lin to smo’otay mihca a kansya lihay no mita. Ano pakaynien to nitilidan i, nai 1916 a mihcaan, ira ko no ’Amis a tamdaw ci Intiw i Tokar (nano kuan-in-san, cya-mi-san) a kiwkay, itira a misatapang a kalokiyolan no ’orip ningra. Itini cingra a micomod, paso’lin to Tapang a pasingli, a malamitoorayto. Ira ko pinapina no mihcaan a malahicoci no kiwkay, sa:an i, mapatireng cingra a malaciwlo, do^doen ko milaocan no kiwkay a tilid i, 20 ko halafin no mihcaan ningra a malaciwlo saan. Ano sowalen, awaayho ko paso’linay to Kristokiw no Yin-cu-min itiya. Dengan i no payrangan a kiwkay ta ira a masapinang a matilid ko dmak. I Tokar (nano kuan-in-san, cya-mi-san) a kiwkay ira a matilid i rayray no kiwkay ko dmak ningra, i 1916 a mihecaan ira ko nai Ingkilisay a sin-kiw-si ci Song-cung-cyen a foksi na tayni i pasawali no Taywan mirakat to niyaro’ itini i Se-pay, Tokar, Awawan a kiwkay, i 10 folad to 22 romi’ad (pilipayan) sasepat ko pasingliay a salikaka, oni a sasepatay a tamdaw ira ci '''Intiw''' o ’Amis a finacadan a mitooray. Tona manga’ay ko ’orip no pitoor ningra, saka i 1918/12/1 a romi’ad, i pikrid ni Lien-te-lyi a foksi a mapatireng cingra a milahicoci. Itiya i 1919 a mihcaan, lomahad ko tamdaw no Tokar a kiwkay, milihayay i pilipayan i ’ayaw no lahok i, ira ko 175 ko tamdaw, hrek no lahok i, ira ko 155 ko tamdaw saan. O dadaya to pikioyiko to papaso’lin a sa’opo i, mata’lif ko 70 ko tamdaw o mikapotay, i laloma’ nonini a mikapotay haw i, ira ko 40 ko misa’Amisay, ci Intiw ciwlo ko mifalicay to sowal a pala no 'Amis/Pangcah. O hakelong sanay ci Intiw to ka’oripan ningra itiya, mikadafo i Tangafolan a loma’, sa cingangan to no kaping i kika, saka caay ka hapinang o nano ’Amis a tamdaw cingra, o matiliday i laloma’ no kiwkay haw i, ^deng o malaciwloay ato saki patenak misinting ato pasifana’ to misa’Amisay a sa’opo a o mafana’ay to no ’Amis a sowal a mihongyakoay a saan. Nikawrira o pipaso’lin ningra a mitoor i, caay ka hapinang a matilid itini i rayray no kiwkay. Orasaka, awaay ko todong i laloma’ no pisinting no ’Amis ko demak ningra, awaay ko pinang a mido^do to sakitini cingraan, dengan o pihayda o sarakatay a pasingli ato sarakatay a malaciwlo no ’Amis a mitooray cingra ahan. Itiya i, tona ikaka ko picingcing no Ripon to tayal no Kristo a pipatenak, saka paci^ci saan ko Ripon a papita’ong to Amatelas a samiyay no Ripon, madahdah to ko pipatenak to Kristokiw i Taywan, repeten aca nangra ko mita’ongay to Yihofa a Kawas. Orasaka, itiya i, midemak ko kapah no Tokar a kiwkay to dadaya no pilihayan a romi’ad, o ’angsit a simal ko dawdaw, o kamiay a sifay ko sapisinting itini i ’adawang no Takoliaw. Itiya i, awaayho ko yika, tilifi, sifay a nanengnengen. O tamdaw no niyaro’ ira aca ko matiniay, pitengil ko mimaanay saan to pipakimad. Yo misatapang tahira i paherekan ko nia demak i, awaay ko pitolon, ta pakaikor to a o kafana’an, ira ko kakarayan ato ira ko pisemseman a malatosa, caay ka nga’ay a midemak to tatiihay ko tamdamdaw a saan. Nikawrira o pakafana’ to so’linay a sowal no Kristokiw konian, oya tano ngisngis sanay a Yis Kristo i syasing, o tati’eran no tamdaw a so’linay a Kawas caay ka saan. Yo mapahrekto ko sakinatosa a kalalood no hkal, itiya i 1947 a mihecaan ko Taywan, pado^do ko Tokar a kiwkay tayni i niyaro’ no Takoliaw a misinting to ratoh no Kristokiw, o itiyaay a tamdaw minengneng to pirayray a pakafana’ i, pakokatawaan saan ko tamdaw, awaayho a matngil ko iraay ko cima a mapa’oripay a tamdaw. Ci mama '''Intiw''' ko mifalicay a mihongyakoay to sowal no Taywaan a pala no ’Amis/Pangcah. O pahrekan no miheca i 1947 i, ci mama Asing ’Afo, nao mikihatiyaay malasofitay no Ripon a mapidah, o saiko:ray a minokay cingra nai Nan-yo, 32 ko mihecaan itiya. Minokay tayni i Takoliaw i, pasowal cingra to matanengay ningra a demak i kalaloodan ato pawacay cingra i pirofoan a matanengay a pa’orip no Kawas ato sini’ada, pilayap no Tapang. Ta paso’lin cingra to Tapang a mipaino’. Mitengil ko tamdamdaw i fahka’ cangra. Orasaka, tahidangen ningra ko toloay a laloma’an a ngasaw, pakafana’en ningra to nika so’linay ira ko tada Kawas itini hkal. Nanoya, ona toloay a laloma’an awaay ko kahinapecan nangra, saka i 1948 a mihecaan mapolong cangra a paso’lin to Tapang, sa’osien ko tamdaw i ma^deng 22 cangra. Ci Asing ’Afo ko mikriday cangraan a tayra i sa’amisan a niyaro’ i Tokar a kiwkay a mikapot to lihay itira, ta itiya a mafana’ ko sawalian a Ciwkay to nika ira i Takoliaw ko ’Amis a mitooray a saan. O misawadayto a malaciwlo no Takoliaw kiwkay, ci Amoy Asing han, o misawawaan ni mama ci Intiw cingra, ira ko sowal ningra to saki’orip no mama ci Intiwan, o sarakatay a mitooray, paso’linay ci Yis Kristoan a ’Amis a tamdaw. Itini i no payrang a kiwkay ko picomodan ningra a malamotooray, o nano mikadafoay cingra i loma’ no Tangafolan a finacadan, o nikararid ningra i no payrangan a Taokar kiwkay ato laloma’an no Tangafolan, saka o pinengneng no ’Amis a tamdaw i cingraan i, o mafana’ay to no ’Amis a sowal a Tangafolan saan a fahka i cingraan. Ano so’linen i, o tada ’Amis a tamdaw cingra. Caay ko tadamaanay a tamdaw cingra i niyaro’, caa:y ko kakangodoen no finacadan, nikawrira mikihatiya cingra to malcaday ko mihecaan a tamdaw ko nikalalicalicay, i kasalalicayan ci mama Intiw a caay pilawa a pasowal, patngil to pakayniay ci Yis Kristoan a ratoh, nikawrira ira ko hinapec nangra a mina’ay, sowal sa “Ora Amilika a tamdaw(mitoro’ to syasing ni Yis) mafana’ tisowanan haw? Mipadama i tisowanan Cingra haw? Pacefa: sa kiso a paso’lin…? ” saan. Tona milongoc ci mama Intiw cangraan a papitodoh to samiyay i, paca’of saan cangra, “Todohen a mimaan? Ciira (mitoro’ to samiyay) ko milecaday i titaanan, sa ta’ongen nanay niyam.” Ano hareteng han i, o caay ko kangodoan i laloma’ no ’Amis ci mama Intiw, nawhani o nipipaso’linan ningra ci Yis Kristoan ko saka’osi no finacadan i cingraan itiya. Sowal sa ko wawa ci Amoy, “I lima, enem ho ko mihcaan ako i, dipoten nanay nangra, nawhani nai kasofoc ako i, malaemang a matiya o lotong a miming, caay ka comengaw ko mata a mapohaw, pakanengneng kina mato’asay i takowanan i, salimela sa a sini’ada saan, mingitangit to tada mama ato ina ako to ngalay nangra to sapidipotaw takowanan,nanoya madipotay nangra kako. Tona madipot kako i, to dafadafak ci mama '''Intiw''', mitatoy to kaysing, paroen ningra ko nanom, miala to sota’ i lawac no loma’, kiwakiw han ningra i kaysing, ta sacaciyaw sa ko ngoyos ningra a mitolon to Wama i kakarayan, mahalineknek koya nanom ato sota’ i, pananomen ningra kako, roparopen ningra koya sota’ i mata ako, maala ko pinapi:na a romi’ad to pidemak ningra takowanan, nano yanan sa a manga’ay to ko tireng ako a tanektek a malahad.” Tona ira to ko mitooray i niyaro’ no Takoliaw o nano nikridan ni Asing ’Afo to pilipayan tayra i Tokar a kiwkay milihay, saka itiya a mafana’ cangra ci mama '''Intiwan''' to nika o ciwlo no kiwkay, i pipakimadan no lihay i, cingra ko mihongyakoay a misano’Amis. I pilihayan i, i ka^mangay a lihay pasifana’ cingra to paradiw “Katayni paso’lin ci Yisan” sanay no payrang, “ Lay-sin-ya-su, lay-sin-ya-su, lay-sin-ya-su- hen-cay, hen-cay-lay-sin-ya-su, lay-sin-ya-su-hen-cay.” Tata’ang ko ngiha’ no radiw no ka^mangay. I no mato’asay a lihay i, i ’ayaw no lihay, mikrid cingra to ’alomanay a minanam to radiw, o payrang ko sowal ningra, “Cya-lan-lay-hon-koy-syeng-si ti 62 siw, ti 62 siw, lan-lay-ngim ‘Syong-te -cung-cu-ti-ka-te’ ci-siw, lan-lay-ciw ti 1 cat ka ti 6 cat e kua-su, ti 1 cat ka ti 6 cat e kua-su a-ni-kong: 'Syong-te -cung-cu-ti-ka-te, si-cya-man-mi-ta-hang-e, kung-law-kit-tua-yo-kit-kua, cit-se-cing-ho-yeng-po-sua. Ciw-ti 6 cat, 'Syong-te-e-on-kung-po-cin, ce-ken-ya-su-kiw-man-min, tay-ke-tiu-yin-cin-sip-sin, ka-i-kam-sya-si-lay-in.’” nihaenan ningra a mikrid ko ’alomanay a micomod i laloma’ no sini’ada ni Yis Kristo. O sowal, mata’lif to ko kalaloodan, misatapang to micomod i niyaro’ no ’Amis ko Kristokiw, o picomod no ’Amis to Kristokiw, o nano pihaklong no haykiw ko paso’lin. Itiya i matli i Tokar kiwkay ko sapahaykiw a dafong. Itiya ci mama '''Intiw''' o ciwlo no kiwkay ko mikihatiyaay a matayal a mipalilam. Yo mipalilam itiya i, malipahak ko faloco’ ningra, sowal sa, “Mikansya to Tapang, ani:ni to paso’lin ko finacadan ako ci Yis Kristoan,” saan. O sasowalen, o ciwlo no Taokar kiwkay ci '''Intiw''' a o kapah no ’Amis, itini cingra a paso’lin to Tapang a mipasingli, itini a malahicoci, malaciwlo, o sakatadamaan no kiwkay itiya, mihongyakoay to no payrang ato ’Amis a sowal, mikapot ko fana’ ato adayay no Kawas i cingraan, o fa^detay ko faloco’ ningra a matayal caay ka ngida’. Mikansya to Kawas, onini a kapah no ’Amis ci '''Intiw''' o ciwlo no Tokar kiwkay, o kafana’an i rayray konian, malopido^doan no ’Amis a tamdaw a mitoor to rakat ni Yis Kristo, marayray malnak ko ratoh ato kitakit no Tapang i niyaro’ no ’Amis. Mitiliday: Ci Masao Nikar Foksi 9urunw5drnbq2vofh7g9vg6mxvhjuag 0 2733 43933 43932 2024-08-02T02:23:17Z Masaonikar 570 /* Pinengnengan to tilid (參考資料) */ 43933 wikitext text/x-wiki == Romi’ad no yncuminco (原住民族日) == Romi’ad no yincuminco o nano Conghuaminko piharatengan to pangangan to yincuminco saki pihamonan no niyah a romi’ad, romi’ad itini i 8 folad 1 romi’ad[1]. Onini a romi’ad o nano Conghuaminko nitelekan a piharatengan a romi’ad. === Piikoran (背景) === Nai 1984 miheca Taywan yincuminco salongoc micikerohay to “yincuminco pangangan a onto”. Onini a onto milongoc dengan pingitangit mifalic to i’yaway nano Conghuaminko a nipangangan “Santisanpow” sanay a patodong i, halo pipatikol to rocokan ngangan no tamdaw ato patikol to ngangan no niyaro’ o sanay. Ikor tonini a onto itira i 1994 miheca 8 folad 1 romi’ad, pakayni i Komindaykay mifalic ta i kimpo ko patongal a mitelek o nano “Sanpaw” mifalic to “Yincumin” sato, Sincenyin piharatengan to pangangan to yincumin, itini i 2005 miheca 6 folad 15 romi’ad i kalomaoc no Sencenyin mihayda to “piharatengan ato kaacangang pidemakan a telekan” tateleken, miketon to mihecahecaan i 8 folad 1 romi’ad ko “Tincuminco romi’ad” piharatengan sato [1]. === Tadamaanay patodongan (重要意涵) === “Yincuminco” o niyah niketonan a pitahidang, caay ko tao ko pafeliay, no niyah nitelekan a ngangan, o niyah kalacecayan no finacadan ko patirengan, o pitireng to salongan to pingodo to niyah atom o^celay no syakay a patodong a harateng, ato pisawad to micingcingan pikowan a tomenekan harayeng. Orasaka pakayni “yincuminco” a pipangangan pa’icel ato kalalikidan no sa’ayaway no Taywan, pahapinang to yincuminco o nano tada tawki tamdaw no Taywan, ato katadamaan no yincuminco i Taywan[2]. ’Ayaw no katatefing no Taywan yincuminco ato tayniay a tamdaw i, dotoc sa to pakoniyahay a lekakawa ato sarikec, to ka’oripan a sofal midemak to sakirikec mikowan, roma a sowal, o yincuminco ira ko todong a iraay ko no niyah pikowan a sakirocok to sofal, onini a niyah pikowan pahapinang i ka’oripan a sofal no tamdawan, demakan, lalosidan a kapolongan, ma’osiay, caayay kacitodongan roma rikec pikowan a ’icel. Pahapinang no Taywan a patenokan, o cecay a ponka no Taywan ko Conghua ponka, patapal to polong finawlan no Taywan, saka ira miraayay likisi no Taywan, ’ayaw no 6000 mihecaan, yincuminco o iraay to itini i Taywan, macowat ko masamaamaanay tadamaanay a ponka, nanay o finawlan no kitakit o mingodoay masasiraoyay to nga’ayay ponka no yincuminco[3]. === Pili’ay a lalowadan (道歉儀式) === I 2016 miheca 8 folad 1 romi’ad, Conghuaminko sifo pasi yincuminco ko pili’ay a lalowadan itini i ka’ayaw no congtongfo cingko rawang midemak. Mili’ayay o Conghuaminko sifo, midayhiw ci Tsai Ing-wen, o dayhiw no yincumin o kakeridan mifelihay no heneng a Tao finacadan ci Capen Nganaen ko milayapay[4]. === Mikihatiyaay ira ko (主要參加人員有) === Conghuaminko sifo: Micokeray to congtong ci Chen Jianren, Sincenyin kakeridan ci Lin Quan, Hoyin kakeridan ci Lai Haomin, Pilifetanyin kakeridan ci Wu Jinlin, Kantokyin kakeridan ci Zhang Boya, Kantokyin kakeridan micokeray ci Sun Dachuan, Lifayin mitiliday ci Lin Zhijia, Cinmintang kakeridan ci James Soong, Setayliliang kakeridan ci Huang Guochang, Mincintang mitiliday ci Hong Yaofu, Congtongfo micokeray mitiliday ci Liu Jianxin, Zeng Houren Taywan yincuminco: kasafinacadan dayhiw Roma kitakit a dayhiw: kasakitakit Tuvalu nipatatekoan dayhiw 11 kitakit itiniay Taywan ato dayhiw[4] === Kasakamok (相關條目) === Taywan yincuminco pangangan a onto Congtongfo yincuminco likisi mo^cel ato paliyol pamo^cel wuyinhuy Kitakit pili’ayan romi’ad Canada polong kitakit yincumin romi’ad === Pinengnengan to tilid (參考資料) === 1.原住民委員會 你知道8月1日是原住民族日嗎？原民會說明其由來、意義，並宣布相關系列活動及門票優惠. [2018-03-07]. （原始內容存檔於2018-03-08）. 2.存档副本. [2018-03-08]. （原始內容存檔於2018-03-08）. 3.8月1日「原住民族日」之由來與意義. [2018-03-08]. 原始內容存檔於2022-06-27. 4.總統府. [2018-03-08]. （原始內容存檔於2018-03-08）. o6hlof51nfsnuqz9xrupmi911jwagzz 0 2734 43939 43938 2024-08-04T12:48:50Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Paka’orad (祈雨) */ 43939 wikitext text/x-wiki == Paka’orad (祈雨) == Tona mararid ko kedal no romi’ad, ma’icang ko sra, mafadi’ a mapatay ko pinaloma ato pina’orip. Mikilim ko tamdaw to piradoman, makedal awaay ko nanom, marawraw ko finawlan no niyaro’ to nika awa ko nanom. Itiya, palimo’ot ko kakomodan no niyaro’ to sapalengaw to sapipaka’orad. Nanoya, o finawlan no niyaro’, dengan o samamaay a awid ko masadakay (o roma, o maponengay no niyaro’ a fafahiyan), miala to koliya nai lotok patayraen i fanaw ano eca i ’alo, mitatoy cangra maemin to koliya a mingitangit, ta milekal maemin a masasilesi’ i cinanomay, matiya o misalamaay a ka’emangay to nanom a parahemed to tireng. Onini i, o sapa’araw i kawas no nanom to longoc nangra to ’orad, nanay samatiyaen o kasasilsil niyam to nanom ko pipafeli iso to ’orad i tamiyanan, o sanay ko tatodong no pihaen nangra. Tona mipaka’orad cangra, ano caay haca ko ’orad i, miliyaw haca a mipaka’orad to sakinatosa, kinatolo. Nanoya ira sato ko ca’of no kawas.. mahaen ko demak no pipaka’orad hananay. rbpt3htvqmlkg9gfmvpyo0pi2d25ve9 0 2735 43942 43941 2024-08-04T12:53:30Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Pakacidal (祈晴) */ 43942 wikitext text/x-wiki == Pakacidal (祈晴) == Caay pisakapolongan ko ’Amis a misacidal. Nawhani, o nipafelian no Kawas to kasasiroma no romi’ad to sakanga’ay no ’orip no mita o tamdaw. Saka, caay ka nga’ay a paterep to tayal no Kawas ko tamdaw. saka, caay pisakapolongan ko finawlan a mipakacidal, edeng o kasaopo no maponengay ato masipolo’ay a tamdaw ko mamidemak, mitatoy cangra to nisawadan a matelangay to a eli’, likaten a misataliyoliyok to loma’ no kasaopoan nangra. pkrkb1vbea3p21c2rtjmh567sbpwi5q 0 2736 43947 43946 2024-08-04T12:57:18Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Pihafayan a lisin (收栗祭) */ 43947 wikitext text/x-wiki == Pihafayan a lisin (收栗祭) == O sapihafay a lisin i, o raro’itan hananay. masaopo ko paro no loma’ ato malininaay a maemin i tata’angay ko loma (tatapangan a loma’) a mipacok to fafoy a pakaen to kawas no sawa’eran hananay. O nian i, o cikawasay ko citodongay, i ’ayaw no pihafay a lisin konini. I pina’angan to hafay a miparo i ’ariri i, ira haca ko demak no lisin, o sapina’ang to hafay ko nian a lisin. Onini a lisin i, o sakacaaw ka kari’ang no ’edo ato ’onih ko hafay i ’ariri. Saka, o ikawasay ko citodongay tonini, matahidang ko Malataw a kawas ato Sawa’eran. O roma sato, i ’ayaw no piparo to panay ano eca a hafay i ’ariri i, papitapalen ko cikawasay to nika cima ko cihafayay ato cima ko matakenaway a tamdaw no paro no loma’, ta oya cihafayay a tamdaw a cecay ko mamiparo i ’ariri to panay ato hafay ato pipasadak to nai ’aririay. Ano asimaanay ano saan a miparo i ’ariri ko matakenaway a tamdaw i, kalamkam a malowan ko pinaro no ’ariri. Saka, caay ka nga’ay ko matakenaway a tamdaw a misacomocomod i ’ariri a mipadang a miparo ato midafo’ to pinaro no ’ariri. mrwm7ko61p65vb4jsaf19d582mbvq7y 0 2737 43958 43957 2024-08-04T13:03:57Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Kakeridan no niyaro’ (部落領袖) */ 43958 wikitext text/x-wiki == Kakeridan no niyaro’ (部落領袖) == O kakomodan ko kakeridan i niyaro’ no ’Amis. O tayal no kakomodan i, mipalowad to finawlan a pakatayal to sakanga’ay no ’orip no finawlan i niniyaro’, o sakarikecaw no finawlan konini. Saka, saheto o saki finawlan ko tayal nira, tinako sa i, misanga’ to pilaocan (pikacawan) no finawlan a sefi ato misanga’ to lalan no niyaro’ ato romaroma a aduhayay a tatayalen. Saka, pili’en nira ko mamipadang i cingraan a matanengay, mafana’ay, malalokay to saki finawlan a tamdaw a citodongay kakeridan, ta onini a kakeridan i, citodong cangra to kasa’etal a mala mikowanay. Ira haca ko romaay mamikerid to tayal no finawlan, o lakeling (fanti). Ano ira ko maan a demak a talacowacowa i, o citodongay cingra a kakeridan to matayalay, citodong cingra a pakaen to matayalay. Ano ira ko maan a tatayalen no niyaro’ i, mikapot haca cangra to kakomodan a lomaoc a misafaloco’ to malo tatayalen i niyaro’. O kacitamohang (toper, kacikafong) no kakomodan i, mahaenay. Ano mapatay ko i ’ayaway a kakomodan i, miliyaw mipili’ to mato’asay a singkiwen to mamiceror cingraan, ano mipili’ to mamala kakomodan i, minengneng to demak no papili’en, o nga’ayay ko demak ato mapapelo ko papatirengen. Ira ko pilifet to fana’ ato taneng nira, pakayni i pipapelo nira ko pi’arawan no mato’asay to matatodongay a pili’en. O roma sato, tatiih ao namiliyasay to fafahi, cecay ko fafahi nira i, caay ka nga’ay a miliyaw a cifafahi ko kakomodan, mahaenay haca kono afedo’ay. Ano ira ko cima a ciraraway a tamdaw i, tangsol tangsol han no sa’etal a kakeridan ato kakomodan no niyaro’ a misawkit ta manga’ay to. Talacowa ira k sowal to mitefoc sanay i, awaay ko patangicay a pitefoc, nawhani awaay ko ciraraway to tata’angay a tatiihay a demak, saka, ma’edengay a tefoc ko pitefoc no mitefocay. Onini i, o pipa’ayaw no kakomodan no niyaro’ to ciraraway a tamdaw, saka, caay pa’orong to karetengay a tefoc. Nikawrira, adihay ko sapasifana’ no kakomodan ato sa’etal a kakeridan ato mama no selal nira i cingraan to sakacaaw piliyaw a ciraraw. Mahaen ko demak to pakayniay i demak no ciraraway a caay piteked ko kakomodan no niyaro’ a misawkit. Ira ko mamidama i cingraan a sa’etal a kakeridan no niyaro’ a masakapotay, onini ko mamiterong to kalo demak no ’ilo no finawlan. nnukhhzoq4idqkjoxknhpd9s9bjgwgn 0 2738 44110 43980 2024-08-09T01:05:38Z Masaonikar 570 44110 wikitext text/x-wiki == Mikihatiya ko congtong a papelo i “Saki Congko rarekoen no masasilacalay kitakit no lomaocay a nipatatekoan (IPAC) mihecaan i Taywan” (總統出席「對中政策跨國議會聯盟（IPAC）年會臺灣專題場次」) == Conghuaminko 113 miheca 7 folad 30 romi’ad. Congtong: mikapot to nikapolongan kapot makomod micelak to “sa’ading no sasimaw to nikapolongan” o “kanganga’ayan a sepatay sacoker halaka” ato masakapot ko syakay no kasakitakit, micikeroh to nikapolongan no hekal, manga’ay ato cemahad Congtong ci Lai Qingde anini (30) herek no lahok mikihatiya to “Saki Congko rarekoen no masasilacalay kitakit no lomaocay a nipatatekoan (IPAC) mihecaan i Taywan a papeloan”, o “Nisafaloco’an to saki polong no cikiw no Taywan” a kamok ko pipapelo. Miahowid ko congtong to hatiniay ka ka’aloman no tamdaw i masasilacalay kitakit no lomaocay a mihomongay, pahapinang no kasakitakit to pisafaloco’ ato micoker to Taywan, mipalifet aca, itiniay i ka’ayaw no mitena’ay no nikapolongan i hekal ko Taywan, ci misimaway to nikapolongan ko faloco’ no Taywan, sapikapotan tamowanan malacecay pararidsa to saka nga’ay no sa’etal tanetekay faloco’. Misa’icel mikapot i nikapolongan mitoka’ to “sa’ading no sasimaw to nikapolongan” (Democratic Umbrella), i mangataay harateng a kitakit saka’ecaaw ka cikatalawan, malakayat micikeroh to nikapolongan no hekal, manga’ay ato cemahad. Mipa’eses ko congtong, Taywan o mami “kanganga’ayan a sepatay sacoker halaka” ko pakayraan no demak, halo sapa’icel to pitena’ a ’icel no kitakit, patireng to kanga’ayan no kicay, pa’icel i nikapolongan kitakit makakomod ato patireng to tanektekay pidotoc saki tosaay sekal kakiharen ’icel no mikeriday, marikecay i nikapolongan Taywan ko sapatadamaan to polong no hekal. “mangalay ko Taywan to hekal, mangalef mangalay ko hekal to Taywan”, nanay padoedo kita a malakapot, malakayat makakomod midemak to fangcalay nga’ayay no ikor. === O pipapelo no congtong: (總統演說內容為：) === Sa’ayaway, raheked ko faloco’ mihamham to “Saki Congko rarekoen no masasilacalay kitakit no lomaocay a nipatatekoan” a mo’ecelay tamdaw, tayni i Taywan. IPAC nai 2020 miheca mapatireng tahira anini, oya to ko picoker namo to Taywan. Kasa kapot nai kasakitakit lomaocan ato Europa lomaocan, citodong to tadamanay a demak, micikeroh micoker to Taywan miketon ato mitelek. Tona ira ko pipatalaw no Congko to Taywan i, o IPAC mikapot to Tauwan, mipadang to Taywan, micoker to Taywan, midayhiw kako to finawlan no Taywan pasi tamowanan ko piahowid. Onini a IPAC itini i Taywan ko kasa’opo no mihecaan, tadamaan konini, ira ko 23 kitaklit ato Europa lomaocan, polong 49 kitakit lomaocan a lomaocay ato tadamanay sician, caay katalaw to piepecan, maraayay caay ka saan, o sa’alomanay tamdaw mikihatiyaay a lomaocan a lomaocay mihomong, pahapinang ko kasakitakit to pikihar ato picoker to Taywan, paratoh to polong no hekalay nikapolongan a sakapot: mangalay to sakarikec ko nikapolongan, mipadama to nikapolongan, o demak no namo pahapinang to mangalayay miliyang to misatekaday ko talanak. O saka cecay no kalaloodan a calay ko kamaro’an no Taywan, o itiraay ka’ayaway no nikapolongan no hekal a tomireng, o cifaloco’ay mihimaw to nikapolongan ko Taywan, mangalay mikapot tamowanan misa’icel, pararid i kanga’ayan no sa’etal ko harateng. Nawhani paso’elin kami, o sakanga’ay macekal ko ’efong no Taywan milecad i nikapolongan i polong no cikiw, manga’ay ato cemahad macowat a masasikihar. Itini pinapina miheca, itira i Tonghay, Nanhay misadadahal ko sofitay no Congko. Itini tonini a folad, “Ka’amisay katatelekan a kalisaotan” mapapolong niketonan a pa’eses, i kalaloodan no Rosiya Ukelan o “Safawah no micokeray” ko Congko. O misadadahal to misatekaday ko Congko, dengan saki lawacay naira a kitakit i hitay demak ko pipatalaw, pakaynien i kacacofelan a demak ko pipenec, pacoscos i kicay, marari’ang i calay, milenak to moraraway a ratoh ko pisalikaf, caay pisawad palowad to apelahay ko pirawrawan, mikari’ang to sakacakal manga’ay ko sa’etal. Roma i, o sapidadahal no salongoc pakaynien no Congko i rikec lalood ano eca miwilet to likisi. O rikec i o saka nga’ay mo^cel a satena’, likisi sa o pipalisomadan no niyah a dadingo, caacaay ko sapicingcingaw a pakayraan. Ano honi pakayniay i Linhoko daykay 2758 haw niketonan ko kasasiini namo, o nian ko kacipinangan a tonako. Saka, pakayni tonini, miahowid kako to Amilika sifo ato Europa lomaocan a ’icel no kasakitakit, masasiisal masasifahat masasowal ano eca miketon, miliyang to moraraway demak no Congko i nairaay rikec ko dotocan a sapiloodaw to Taywan. Pacecay haca kako, i cimacimaan a kitakit oci patalaway ko Congko, oya katalawan no hekal. O Taywan misa’icel milacad to nikapolongan sakapot mitoka’ to “sa’ading no sasimaw to nikapolongan” (Democratic Umbrella), o sakapot a nikaplongan kitakit caay to ka i misatekaday misadadahalay to katalawan. Malakayat micikeroh to nikapolongan no hekal, manga’ay ato cemahad, o nian ko niketonan no mita to syakay no kasakitakit, o nian ko nihaenan no Taywan a nisafaloco’an to saki polong no cikiw. Taywan o mami “kanganga’ayan a sepatay sacoker halaka” ko pakayraan no demak. Saka cecay a sacoker pisa’icel to pitena’ a ’icel no kitakit. O mamipadoedo micikeroh to niyah sofitay ko sapitena’, ato sakipapotal pacomod to ni’acaan sapilood, patireng pacomod to fa^lohay nifana’an a telekan, ato patireng to polong no finawlan mitena’ay rocok. I nacila a folad, mihapiw kako o papatireng i congtongfo to “Polong no syakay mitena’ay koda’itay wiyinhuy”, sapi pa’icel no syakay a koda’itay, sapatodong i masamaamaanay a salifet. I nacila lipay, o Taywan nikaherek ho midemak to polong no kitakit mitena’ay kalalood no sofitay pihitatanam, anini miheca o “Ciawaayay ko pidoedoan tilid, so’elinay pilood” a foco, pahapinang to talifahalay a ’icel, pahapinang to sapidipot to kitakit a faloco’ niyam. Saka tosa a sacoker patireng to nga’ayay kicay. O Taywan ira ko ki’emelay a kaki a ’icel ato misafa^lohay ’icelan, mingataay to harateng a kitakit milakapot patireng to “nikapolongan a lecik” (democracy chips) midotoc padamsoay, micikeroh to sakacomahad macowat no hekal. Halhalen no mita, Taywan ato kasakitakit misatalolong kalacalay no kalali’acaan no kicay, halo picomod to CPTPP, ato matatelek to Europa nipatatekoan “Kicay sakapot a katatelek” (EPA), padoedo micikeroh to “Taywan Amilika 21 sician kalali’aca kasasowalan”, ato Taywan Inkiris “Pacakat to kalali’aca sakapot katatelek” (ETP) a ikoray katatelek a kasasowal, mapolong misanga’ to kadofahay a kalali’acaan a haci. Saka tolo a sacoker o pipa’icel to nikapolongan kitakit masasi’afangay, malakapot ko sapisafa a ’icel, o pipatala to kalalood to milooday, pakayni ’icel ko sakanga’ay no pafaloco’an. Manengneng to no mita, G7 kakeridan i cila a folad pihapiw a ratoh, miliyaw pacecay to kanga’ayan macekal ko Taywan refong, caay ka awa to saki kasakitakit a rihaday ato sakacomahad, itiya miteka pacomod micoker to Taywan a tadamaanay sapikihatiya to kasakitakit a kasawasil. Roma, o IPAC anini miheca palowad to “MIST dademakan halaka”, saka nga’ay no kasakitakit a mafana’, itiniay i Taywan a defong sa’etal sakaira no maanan a kasasiwtoc, o saka ira no polong no hekal masanga’ ko Rusiya Ukelan kalalood ato COVID-19 salifong a misetolay to kicay. Dengan o pihapinang niyam to piahowid, saan mamipadoedo micikeroh to pikihatiya no Taywan i kasakitakit, malacalay to kanga’ayan no polong no cikiw, kapolongan isi, kafafalifalic no romi’ad a kaainiinian, midemak to tadamaan sakisyakay no kasakitakit. Saka sepat a sacoker o macekal pidotoc to tosaay sekal a kakiharan a ’icel no kakeridan. Kafana’an no mita, kasakitakit a widang o nian tosaay sekal ko makiharay no mata. O citodongay to kasakitakit a syakay i, o Taywan misa’icel mi’ading to sa’etal no sakanga’ay no sofal, caay katararikor a matalaw, pararid i nga’ayay saka’orip. Mangalay kami i malecaday kasasi’ayaw, masasingodoay a pidotoc, o kasasowalan miawid to kalaliyangan, o kasasicofel miawid to kasasitena’, masasicofay to Congko, miserer to kasasisiwtoc, milaheci to kasasinga’ay no Taywan refong a sofal. Hatiniay, o pipadamso no mako to dademakan halaka, o mamirikec to polong finawlan no kitakit to ’icel a milaheci, mamarikec kami i nikapolongan a Taywan, misa’icel pasadak to sakatadamaan itini i polong no hekal. Mangalay ko Taywan to hekal, mangalef mangalay ko hekal to Taywan. Micikeroh to nikapolongan no hekal, manga’ay ato cemahad a pafaloco’an no polong no cikiw. Miliyaw haca kako a miahowid i polong i micokeray to Taywan, nanay padoedo kita a malakapot, malakayat makakomod midemak to fangcalay nga’ayay no ikor. Ahowiday kita mapolong. Halo kacacofelan a demak po micokeray ci Chen Liguo, IPAC kacacorek a kakeridan, Inkiris Kararemay pikaykian iing ci Sarah Champion, Lifawuyin ci Wang Dingyu, Lin Chuyin, Hong Shenhan, Fan Yun, Zhang Yalin, Zhuang Ruixiong, Chen Guanting, Chen Peiyu, Wu Peiyi, Wu Chuncheng, Chen Zhaozi ato papinapina a kakeridan mikihatiyaay tonini a demak. == IPAC-Saki Congko rarekoen no masasilacalay kitakit no lomaocay a nipatatekoan (對中政策跨國議會聯盟) == Saki Congko rarekoen no masasilacalay kitakit no lomaocay a nipatatekoan (Inkiris: Inter-Parliamentary Alliance on China, kamoko’ IPAC) o cecayay nano 39 a kitakit ato Europa nipatatekoan a lomaocan, matifac to 250 ko tamdaw no malacalay kasarekad i kalomaocan a lomaocay sa’opo a cecay kasakitakit a kasawasil[1][2], o patosokan pisa’imeran to sapifalic no kasakitakit to no Conghuarenmin kasakapot to rarekoen. === Pa’ayaw (簡介) === IPAC nai 2020 miheca 6 folad 4 romi’ad no Inkiris Powsutang ’ayaway kakeridan ci Iain Duncan Smith ko palowaday, satapangan no mikapotay o Inkiris, Amilika, Canada, Australia, Germany, Japan, Norway, Sweden ato Europa lomaocan[3], kasakitakit a dayhiw nai niyah kitakit tosaay asiromaay (kawanan ano eca kawili) a kakeridan no sakapot. O IPAC pako miepecay ko Conghuarenmin kasakapot to ci pakoniraay ato sakanga’ay no nikapolongan lekakawa ato sakacilongoc no katadamaan[4], nanay pakayni pihayda no kasakitakit a kakomodan ko sapipa’ading i no kasakitakit a pidotoc a masi^erod, mihadimel to salongoc, micikeroh to kalalen no kalali’aca, palifet to sakanga’ay ato madama ko kitakit a masasiso’elin, onini ko sapidemec no Congko a nikiwatan sakalatiih no naikoran a makari’ang ko kalotiihay[5]. I 2022 miheca 9 folad 14 romi’ad, ikor no IPAC mihecaan a sa’opo pasadak mihapiw, o nipatatekoan mami demec to Conghuarenmin kasakapot to saki kasakitakit halo Conghuaminko no niyah a kacowat to saki kacacofelan a demak kakiharan a pikihar (sapicara). Saka misa’icel micikeroh patongal to Taywan ato roma kasakitakit a lomaocan lomaocay a kasasiliso’ay, micikeroh to Taywan micomod to hekal isi sacefang (WHO) a kasakitakit no kasacefang[6]. I 2023 miheca, o Philippines, Kenya ato Paraguay tolo kitakit a lomaocan lomaocay mipaini to sapikapot to IPAC[7]. O pakairaan no IPAC o saka ciceka no mata no Conghuarenmin kasakapot a sifo ko nian, kirami onini a kitakita a koanpo kinapinapinaay to (pinaay semo’ot) ko pikari’ang nira[8]; 2024 miheca IPAC lomaoc sarakat i Taywan (Taypi) malisaot, Miliense miparatoh midakdak to i Beijingay sapipatalawan, miepecay a a sapilalang to pinapina a kitakit a lomaocay to sapikihatuyaaw[9]. === Kasawasil (組織) === O IPAC no kalomaocay ko todongan no kasakitakit a kasawasil, caay ko no dademakan a todong, orasaka o cecay a kitakit ano sapikihatiyaan micomod i IPAC i, kao nano kitakit a lomaocan a tada kasarekadan a kalacecayan, mahaka tatosa a caayay kalecad ko harateng a lomaocan a lamaocay dayhie a kitakit ko mikihatiyaay, tinako Amilika dayhiw oya Konghotana ato Mincotang kahacecay a lomaocay ko cacitodong, no Inkiris nao Pawsotang ato Kongtang kahacecay lomaocay dayhiw. === Mikapotay (成員) === IPAC a palowaday sakapot nai Inkiris, Amilika, Canada, Australia, Germany, Japan, Norway, Sweden ato Europe nipatatekoan lomaocan a lomaocay, patireng i 2020 miheca 6 folad 4 romi’ad. Tangasa 6 foladan, halo Italy, Natherland, Lithuania, Czech Republic a kitakit masasilacalay kasarekad a tamdaw ko mikihatiyaay[3]. Ikor i, padoedo ko romaroma a kitakit ko mikihatiyaay, oya i 2023 mheca ira ko Philippines, Kenya ato Paraguay kitakit kalomaocan a lomaocay mihakitiyaay[7]. Nawhani cango’ot ko masasiromaay harateng a kasarekadan, tinako o Congko komintang, o catitodong to kapolongan a kakeridan, saka tayo awaay ko mikihatiyaay to IPAC a sakapot, dengan o caayay ko kapot a ngangan ko sapikihatiya[11]. I 2022 miheca, IPAC itiniay i Washington pidemak no mihecaan a lisaot, itiyaay Lifawuyin ci Lin Changzuo (wotang), Wang Wanyu (setayliliang), Fan Yun (DPP) ko mikihatiyaay[12]. 2024 miheca IPAC itini i Taywan (Taypi) midemak ko mihecaan sa’opo, ’alomanay Lifawuyin no DPP, ci Wang Dingyu, Fan Yun, Chen Peiyu, Hong Shenhan, Wu Peiyi, Zhuang Ruixiong, Chen Guanting, Zhang Yalin, Lin Chuyin mikihatiyaay, Mincongtang Lifawuyin ci Wu Chuncheng, Chen Zhaozi ira masadak, no Komintang a Lifawuyin awaay ko mikihatiyaay[13][14]. Aniniay a sa’opo misaheci mikihatiya ko Taywan micomod, o DPP ci Fan Yun ato Mincongtang ci Chen Zhaozi malakapot mikeriday[2]. === Sakadademak a payso (資金) === No IPAC ci George Soros mifohat syakay kikingkay, Amlika kitakit nikapolongan kikingkay ato Taywan nikapolongan kikingkay ko mipadangay[15]. === Kapolongan kakeridan (共同主席) === {| class="wikitable" |'''國家／實體''' |'''議會''' |'''姓名''' |'''所屬政黨''' |- | rowspan="2" |阿爾巴尼亞 | rowspan="2" |阿爾巴尼亞議會 |法特米爾·梅迪烏 |阿爾巴尼亞共和黨 |- |柯海莉 |'''阿爾巴尼亞社會黨''' |- | rowspan="2" |澳洲 | rowspan="2" |澳洲議會 |詹姆士·帕特森 |澳洲自由黨 |- |彼得·哈利爾 | '''澳洲工黨''' |- |比利時 |比利時聯邦議會 |范霍夫 |'''基督教民主和佛萊明''' |- | rowspan="2" |玻利維亞 | rowspan="2" |玻利維亞議會 |賽茜莉亞·雷克納 |公民社群 |- |森塔·瑞克 |我們相信 |- | rowspan="2" |波赫 | rowspan="2" |波士尼亞與赫塞哥維納議會 |Adi Kalem |民主行動黨 |- |Sanela Klarić |我們的黨 |- | rowspan="2" |加拿大 | rowspan="2" |加拿大國會 |歐文·科特勒 | '''加拿大自由黨''' |- |加內特·吉努斯 |加拿大保守黨 |- | rowspan="2" |哥倫比亞 | rowspan="2" |哥倫比亞國民議會 |米蓮·賈拉瓦·迪亞茲（Milene Jarava Díaz） |民族團結社會黨 |- |寶拉·奧爾金（Paola Andrea Holguín Moreno） |民主中心 |- | rowspan="2" |克羅埃西亞 | rowspan="2" |克羅埃西亞國會 |馬特科·庫茲曼尼奇（Matko Kuzmanić） |克羅埃西亞社會民主黨 |- |Ermina Lekaj Prljaskaj |獨立人士 |- | rowspan="2" |捷克 | rowspan="2" |捷克議會 |帕維爾·費舍 |獨立人士 |- |伊娃·戴克羅伊 | '''公民民主黨''' |- | rowspan="2" |丹麥 | rowspan="2" |丹麥議會 |卡斯滕·洪格 |社會主義人民黨 |- |摩頓·梅塞施密特 |保守人民黨 |- | rowspan="2" |歐洲聯盟 | rowspan="2" |歐洲議會 |伯納德·圭塔 |復興歐洲 |- |米里亞姆·萊克斯曼 | '''歐洲人民黨''' |- | rowspan="2" |法國 | rowspan="2" |法國國會 |奧利維爾·卡迪奇 |民主人士和獨立人士聯盟 |- |康斯坦斯·樂格佩 |共和黨 |- | rowspan="2" |甘比亞 | rowspan="2" |甘比亞國民議會 |阿卜杜利·塞賽 |'''國家人民黨''' |- |阿馬杜·卡馬拉 |民族和解黨 |- | rowspan="2" |德國 | rowspan="2" |德國聯邦議院 |米哈爾·布蘭特 |德國基督教民主聯盟 |- |鮑里斯·米亞托維奇 | '''聯盟90/綠黨''' |- | rowspan="2" |印度 | rowspan="2" |印度議會 |蘇吉特·庫馬爾 |必居人民黨 |- |尼諾·艾因 |印度國民大會黨 |- | rowspan="2" |伊拉克 | rowspan="2" |伊拉克國會 |Hussein Araab |獨立人士 |- |Hussein Habib Al-Azerjawi |獨立人士 |- | rowspan="2" |愛爾蘭 | rowspan="2" |愛爾蘭國會 |馬爾科姆·伯恩 |'''共和黨''' |- |巴里·沃德 |'''愛爾蘭統一黨''' |- | rowspan="2" |義大利 | rowspan="2" |義大利議會 |盧西奧·馬蘭 |'''義大利兄弟黨''' |- |恩里科·博吉 |義大利活力黨 |- | rowspan="2" |日本 | rowspan="2" |日本國會 |中谷元 | '''自由民主黨''' |- |舟山康江 |國民民主黨 |- | rowspan="2" |肯亞 | rowspan="2" |肯亞議會 |保羅·卡塔納（Paul Katana） |橙色民主運動 |- |猶大·尼亞莫科（Joash Nyamoko） |'''民主聯合陣線''' |- | rowspan="2" |科索沃 | rowspan="2" |科索沃議會 |阿夫杜拉·霍蒂 |科索沃民主聯盟 |- |Saranda Bogujevci |'''自決運動''' |- | rowspan="2" |立陶宛 | rowspan="2" |立陶宛議會 |多維勒·薩卡利埃內 |立陶宛社會民主黨 |- |帕季格 |'''祖國聯盟－立陶宛基督教民主黨''' |- | rowspan="2" |馬拉威 | rowspan="2" |馬拉威國會 |亞柏·卡耶姆比 |'''馬拉威大會黨''' |- |Ackson Kalaile Banda |人民黨 |- |蒙特內哥羅 |蒙特內哥羅國會 |亞歷山德拉·武科維奇（Aleksandra Vukovic） |蒙特內哥羅社會主義者民主黨 |- | rowspan="2" |荷蘭 | rowspan="2" |荷蘭國會 |湯姆·凡德李 |綠色左派 |- |揚·帕特諾特 |'''民主66''' |- | rowspan="2" |紐西蘭 | rowspan="2" |紐西蘭議會 |約瑟夫·穆尼 | '''紐西蘭國家黨''' |- |英格麗·李瑞 |紐西蘭工黨 |- | rowspan="2" |北馬其頓 | rowspan="2" |北馬其頓議會 |法特米爾·拜蒂基 |馬其頓社會民主聯盟 |- |安東尼奧·米羅索斯基 |馬其頓民族統一民主黨 |- |挪威 |挪威議會 |古里·梅爾比 |自由黨 |- | rowspan="2" |菲律賓 | rowspan="2" |菲律賓國會 |黎牙沓 |民族主義人民聯盟 |- |伊恩·阿馬通 |菲律賓自由黨 |- | rowspan="2" |巴拉圭 | rowspan="2" |巴拉圭國民議會 |愛德華多·納卡馬 |真正激進自由黨 |- |古斯塔沃·雷特 | '''全國共和協會—紅黨''' |- | rowspan="2" |羅馬尼亞 | rowspan="2" |羅馬尼亞議會 |克特林·泰尼塔 |復興羅馬尼亞歐洲計劃 |- |亞歷山德魯·穆拉魯 |'''國家自由黨''' |- | rowspan="2" |索羅門群島 | rowspan="2" |索羅門群島國民議會 |小彼得·凱尼洛雷亞 |索羅門群島聯合黨 |- |丹尼爾·瓦內歐羅 |UMI變革黨 |- | rowspan="2" |瑞典 | rowspan="2" |瑞典議會 |伊莉莎白·蘭恩 |'''基督教民主黨''' |- |喬爾·福塞爾 |自由黨 |- | rowspan="2" |瑞士 | rowspan="2" |聯邦議會 |法比安·莫利納 |'''瑞士社會民主黨''' |- |格哈特·普菲斯特 |'''瑞士基督教民主人民黨''' |- | rowspan="2" |中華民國（臺灣） | rowspan="2" |立法院 |范雲 | '''民主進步黨''' |- |陳昭姿 |台灣民眾黨 |- | rowspan="2" |烏干達 | rowspan="2" |烏干達議會 |露西·阿奎羅 |民主變革論壇 |- |勞倫斯·松加（Lawrence Songa） |'''全國抵抗運動''' |- | rowspan="2" |烏克蘭 | rowspan="2" |烏克蘭最高拉達 |亞歷山大·梅列日科 |'''人民公僕''' |- |梅科拉·克尼茨基 |歐洲團結黨 |- | rowspan="2" |英國 | rowspan="2" |英國國會 |伊恩·鄧肯·史密斯 |保守黨 |- |海倫娜·甘迺迪 | '''工黨''' |- | rowspan="2" |美國 | rowspan="2" |美國國會 |馬可·魯比歐 |共和黨 |- |傑夫·默克利 | '''民主黨''' |- | rowspan="2" |烏拉圭 | rowspan="2" |烏拉圭國會 |愛德華多·路斯特 |環保主義者憲法黨 |- |Pablo Viana |'''民族黨''' |- |（個人加入） |不適用 |池成浩（ 南韓議員） | '''國民力量''' |} === Pisaheci (註釋) === 1.池城浩是以個人身分加入IPAC成為共同主席，並非以大韓民國國會議員的正式身分，韓國國會也未正式成為IPAC會員。 === Pinengnengan tilid. (參考資料) === 1.斥強推港版國安法踐踏人權　9議會結盟強硬抗中共. 2020-06-05 [2020-06-06]. （原始內容存檔於2020-07-02）. 2.楊堯茹. 張若瑤 , 編. IPAC：台灣正式入會 范雲與陳昭姿任共同主席. 台北. 中央社 CNA. 2024-07-30. （原始內容存檔於2024-07-30）. 3.吳介聲. 多國政界組「對華政策跨國議會聯盟」抗中，台灣宜爭取合作. opinion.udn.com. 2020-06-16. （原始內容存檔於2022-09-14）. 4.The Inter Parliamentary Alliance on China - Launch Video. [2020-06-06]. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-16）. 5.多國議員組跨國聯盟抗中　關注香港、新疆等議題. 蘋果新聞網. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-14）. 陳韻聿. 陳正健 , 編. 多國議員簽署公報 指北京無權置喙各國與台灣關係. 倫敦. 中央社 CNA. 2022-09-15 [2022-09-16]. （原始內容存檔於2022-09-28）. 6.呂熙. 畢子默 , 編. 「對華政策跨國議會聯盟」添三國新成員　警惕對華依賴威脅國安. 倫敦: 自由亞洲電台 rfa. 2023-09-04 [2023-09-09]. （原始內容存檔於2023-09-05）. 7.陳韻聿. 陳正健 , 編. 對中跨國議會聯盟峰會30日台北登場 訪團規模創紀錄. 倫敦. 中央社 CNA. 2024-07-23. （原始內容存檔於2024-07-23）. 8.Kang, Dake. Lawmakers from 6 countries say Beijing is pressuring them not to attend conference in Taiwan. Johnson Lai. Beijing: AP. 2024-07-29. 9.Delcker, Janosch. Berlin and Beijing clash over lawmakers' visit. 德國柏林. Politico Europe. 2019-08-13 [2024-07-30] （英語）. 10.Huang, Abby. 翁世航 , 編. IPAC史上最大規模訪團抵台參與年度峰會，台灣為什麼至今仍不是成員國？. thenewslens.com. 2024-07-29. 11.王揚宇. 趙蔚蘭 , 編. 赴美參加IPAC年度峰會 王婉諭：台灣議題受重視. 台北. 中央社 CNA. 2022-09-14. （原始內容存檔於2022-09-14）. 12.吳亦軒. 國民黨未出席IPAC...王定宇嘆「台灣因此無法參加內部會議」：別因中共不愛就不來！陳冠廷指「釋放的訊息國際都能感受」. 放言. 2024-7-30. 13.謝君臨. IPAC峰會三黨獨缺國民黨 林楚茵批：一直在扯台灣後腿. 自由時報 (台北). 2024-07-30. Koordinierte Kampagne: Politprofis spielen Aktivisten. junge Welt. [2024-01-29] （德語）. === Pinengnengan (參見) === * 民主聯盟基金會 * 美國眾議院美國與中國共產黨戰略競爭特設委員會 ju044vrxmvh4u4wsm72qvs5av44oqgx 0 2739 44019 44018 2024-08-07T01:02:26Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Paikor a sowal */ 44019 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''Likisi no Takar Kristo ciwlo kiwkay (督旮薾教會史)''' == === '''Pa’ayaw a sowal''' === Miahowid to Wama, mata’elif to no Tokar kiwkay ko pitopolo’ ko mihcaan. I laloma’ no pinapi:na a mihcaan, malakec to ko kapadesan, ka tomangican, a ira ko kalipahakan ato pakalemed no Wama. Onini i, o kaka hmekan no i Tokaray a salikaka a romi'ad. Oroma i, o kalipahakan haca no i waliay a ’Amis Kiwkay a finacadan konini a romi'ad. Caay konini a ccay, O kaitiraan nosini’ada no Kawas. Tokar a kiwkay, itiniay i 193 a calay Roite a lalan, kawali no Poseko a niyaro, sawalian no Tarawadaw, miring to sawilian a lotok, pasietip to takaraway lotolotok. Itiya, morengaw ko nga’ayay rotoh no Kawas, awaayho ko kararaod to Inkilis a paocoran, ato timolan no Taywan pipatenak ato Makay hakasi Kanata paocoran, ato no ’amisan a pipatenak. O sakacomahad no nian i, o nano pikapot no Fangcalay ’Adingo ato  sikiniyaro’an a madeci’ a malengaw, mato lonok sanay mikapi i salaloma’an no Taywan Keristo Ciwlo Kiwkay. === '''Saka cecay, o Cicengo' malahad ko kiwkay(1946～1951).''' === I ’ayaw i, ira ko sasepatay laloma’an no niyaro’ to no Ihofa a mitooray ci Lin wen-sen a tamdaw, kariponan mala sofitay cingra tayra i Nan-yo ato Cungko to kalalood, caay kamaan ko ’orip ningra, yi kalasofitay ningra i, mafana’ to cingra to pakayniay i sini’ada no Kawas, nanoya minokay cingra i, matongal ko faloco’ ningra a paso’elin i ci Wamaan saka, nao Ihofa a mitooray i, mafalic a paso’lin i ci Keristoan. saka tongal sato to mamo^etep a laloma’an ko mitooray itiya. Itiya i 1921 mihecaan, ci mama Intiw, mala ciwlo no Tikar kiwkay (anini Cyamisan), mala kapot cingra ato ci Afang singsi i Tikar kiwkay saka, matongal to ko paso’elinay i ci Keristoan a mitooray. Itiya tosaay a finacadan malakapot a masaopo i Tikar kiwkay mita’ong to Wama, awaay ko kalala’ed mitengil to sowal no Kawas saka, ’aloman ’aloman sato ko mitooray, mikihatiyaay to saopo, caay to ka’edeng ko kamaro’an, ira ko to tiring sanay i laloma’ ato papotal no kiwkay mitengil to nga’ayay ratoh no Wama. 1946-1949miheca, ci Afang singsi itira i Tikar kiwkay (Cyamisan) mapaka maro’ cingra a padang mikerid to salikaka. Itiya o pilihay noPayrang ato no ’Amis a salikaka tada ’aloman to. Nengnengen ko likisi no kiwkay no Tikar kiwkay (Cyamisan) o sa’ayaway a paso’elinay a mitooray salikaka no misa’amisay a finacadan i 1916 miheca 10 folad 21 romi’ad saan. Tosaay laloma’an ko mapaino’ay ni Song cung-cien foksi, ci mama Intiw ko cecay a salikaka, mala so’elinayto no Tikar kiwkay a salikaka cingra. Deng cingra ko sa’ayaway noYincumin a paso’elinay a mitooray ci Kristoan. Itiya 1923miheca Taroko patenakay a ina ci Ciwang i Kalingko kiwkay ko pipaso’elin ningra. kirami, o no mita o ’Amis a finacadan i, i ’ayaw haca ningra kita. === '''Saka tosa, o pipatireng to kiwkay (1951～1955)''' === I 1951 miheca, o kalingko ato posong i, itiya malitemoh ko rarid sanay a lonen, nai Milon peca’ , Poseko paca’, Fanaw paca’ masa sicokeroh cangra saka, masadak ko 7.3 awiday a lonen itiya saan, toya mihcaan 10 folad 22romi’ad i Kalingko ato 10 folad 25 romi’ad i Posong, ci mapatayay no lonen i 85 tamdaw, 200 tamdaw ko tadamaanay madoka’ay, 1,000 tamdaw ko caay kamaan a doka’, 3000 rawang a loma’ ko maloyohay, halo i Posekoay a fiw(Setingkong). toyaan kalonenan a romi’ad i, malalok ci Afang singsi a mipatenak to nga’ayay sawal fokoing mirarakat to laloma’an paini to ratoh. Sak, ’aloman to ko paso’elinay ici Yis Kekristoan. (Paso’elinay tayra karayan, caay paso’elin tayra cikok.) Itiya 1951 miheca 10 folad, mapatireng ko kiwkay no Tokar. I ’ayaw, cirafas to cecay mihcaan ko kaitira i Tikar kiwkay masaopo to lihay, mapacekil no Fangcalay ’Adingo ci Asing ’Afo aci Cang cung-ci (mama ni Cang siw-yi ciwlo), masasowal cangra ato mitooray salikaka to nika licinowas a malinah nai Tikar(Cyamisan kiwkay), malaccay ko faloco’ no salikaka a mihayda saka, itira sai sefi no Tokar niyaro’ ko pilihayan ita saan cangra (nanoya tangasa anni). Itiya i mapatireng ci Asing ’Afo, Koyoc, Namoh Mayaw, Motuh sasepat ko sa’ayaway a ciwlo no Tokar kiwkay, o paso’elinay a mitooray salikaka i, maden ira ko 200 ko tamdaw, polong sako Mancelan, Makotaay, Tokar, Takoliaw malaccay a masaopo milihay. Sato i 1951 miheca maocor ci Fitar sitosi(foksi) itiya mikerid to salikaka, mapa’icel ko salikaka to pakayniay to kafana’ to rotoh no Wama i kakarayan. Itiya makerid no Fangcalcay ’Adingo ’aloman ’aloman sato ko mitooray a salikaka. Comahad ko palosiyang ni Fitar sitosi(foksi), ikor i Takoliaw ato Makotaay makerid ningra ko finawlan no niyaro’, sa’aloman sato ko pasasiyoray paso’elin to Wama a salikaka. Nanoya, ikor tonini, o Mancelan, Makotaay, Takoliaw a salikaka paitemek sato cangra a patireng to kiwkay i niyaro’. Yo malepon ko kalaciwlo i, miliyaw aca cangra mipili’ to fa^elohay ciwlo. ci Motuh, Cien cen-cin, Cien mo-yin, Lin cin-koy sa sepat ko maalaay, ci Cen c-co sakaenem ko mala sicociay, i laloma’ no sepat no mihcaan i, oya kasa’opoan i sefi(’adawang) no niyaro’ a mapatireng ko pilihayan, ano ma’orad i, molesa’ ko laloma’ no pilihayan, saka malalicay to ko ciwlo ato sicoci ato ci Fitar sitosi(foksi), masasowal miketon to sowal, patirengen ita ko fa^elohay a kiwkay saan. So’elin micaliw cangra ipitifekan to 200 pawti a panay to ’aca to 4 ’ofad 2 patek(42,000) no payso to sa'paayaw a sakatayal a pida. Itiya, ira ko malasingsiay i Yisan sin-kako-yin mirakatay foksi ci Cang yin-cin, pasowal micaliw cingra to no sin-kako-yin kikay sapisanga’ to lingka, itiya i Tarawadaw ko salikaka macolo’ to tafok, si’elac sapisanga’ to foloko, sapipatireng to kiwkay. Sa’ayaw o sra no kiwkay i 70 fakeciw, ci Cen c-cosicoci i ’ayaway to ma’aca ningra koya sra no kamaro’an no kiwkay 2 kofo, kasasowalen no kiwkay milicay cingra, makahiay a mifalic to sra ningra ato sra no kiwkay, ta mapatongal haca no kiwkay cingra to 75 pawti no panay, nikawrira mata^elif ko pina mihcaan i, caay ka edeng ko sapafeli i cingraan to 45 pawti no panay caira mararamod, mafana’ cangra to nika rarima no kiwkay, cango’ot ko kiwkay to dafong i, pakayni i pitolon nangra, mapafaloco’ no Wama a Kawas cangra saka emin hanto nangra a pacakat i Wama a Kawas koya cango’otay no kiwkay, tangsa anini kakahad ko sera no kiwkay no Tokar. Irako misawaday nai sin-kok-yin mitiliday ci Cu-oto sintoso, ocoren no ’Amis ciwkay tayni i Tokar kiwkay a matayal cingra, madeng 7 a folad ko halafin. O pipatireng to kiwkay no Tokar tangasa i kalahcian i, maedeng sepat ko mihcaan. Itiya, ci Syi wen-yin ciwlo no Makotaay ko misafacoay, ci Cen fu-koy ciwlo ko mikantokay, o matayalay ’enem a cefang, cecay a cefang 13tamdaw, macaco’aliw ko pipatireng, tangasa paherekan to patareng, nikawrira, caay ho kasiyaki ko cafeng. === Saka tolo, Tanektek lomahad ko kiwkay (1956～1978) === Minokay ci Lay sang-wen sintosi, matongal haca ko wawa no tadah no kiwkay to 200 a pawti no panay, saka mi’efaw ci Cen c-co sicoci mi’efaw pisakicon to cecay miheca, cietang to 7 ’ofad a payso, sapipatiko to tadah no kiwkay, itiya. O sapipatireng to kiwkay 27 ’ofad ko payso, padama o payso ci Son li-lien tintisi, salikaka no kiwkay micaliw to 8 kofo no omah ni Cang yin-cin 4 falad, ’aca no panay 2 pateken ko pacakat. O malacecay faloco’ no salikaka malahecaay ko katomireng no kiwkay, i 1967 miheca 10 folad 2 romi’adan patireng to pacakat kansiya lihay no kiwkay. Polong no demak no niyaro’ o mikihatiyaay ko kiwkay a mikerid, o tomok no niyaro’ nai kiwkay a mapatireng. 1974 miheca ko kiwkay, masasowal to sapipatireng to foksi, malacecay ko salikaka mihayda, mapili’ mapatiren saka cecay masakapahay a foksi ci Sinci (Cang cin-cay), ci Sinci foksi malekoay ko pisahalaka to laloma’ no kiwkay, saka ikor no 2 miheca, patireng ko sikusya no foksi, nikaorira karetengay ko ’inorong no kiwkay itiya, nikapiti’er “awa ko caay kalaheci” no Kawas a mitolonay faloco’, mi’efaw to pitefos no salikaka, 4 ko paliding to cecay romi’ad, ci Cang siw-yi aci Cen c-co tatosa ko kakeridan, o todong no lifon no salikaka sapacakaten niira, polong no pasopeday payso ira ko 12 a ’ofad, caay to ka talaw o lesa’ no orad ko matayalay no kiwkay. O nikamaro’ no foksi ci Sinci i kiwkay masongila’ ko sakidemak no kiwkay kasacefang, sakalacecay no pidoedo na laloma’an no kiwkay a salikaka, itiya 1975 hiheca 10 folad 25 romi’ad mipacakat to kansiya to katomireng no sikosiya no foksi, kakahemekan no ’alomanay a salikaka mipawacay to Kawas. Nikaorira, i 1978 mihacaan mapatireng malakanci no ’Amis ciwkay ci Sinci foksi, miliyas to kiwkay. Ikor miliyaw misingkiw to foksi, ci Cang wo-cung foksi saka tosa ko maro’ay i Tokar kiwkay, mala o midamaay a todong ko tayal nira i kiwkay, tangasa i 1980 mihecaan malaheci ko romi’ad miliyas cingra to tayal i kiwkay. === '''Saka sepat, katanektekan no kiwkay (1978-2010)''' === Nanoya, piliyas no Cang wo-cung foksi to ikor no cecay miheca, awaay ko foksi no kiwkay, safaloco’ sa ko ciwlo, adihay ka eca katatodong no demak, i 1981 miheca mitilidayho (mamisawadto) i singkakyin ci Hani (Yin yohani) tintosi tayni minanam pasdifana’, midotoc to Yisan sinkakkoyin, cecay lekad ko pidama, nikawrira, o nikangalay no kiwkay to nikaawa no singsi i, pamiheca hananay kaitini ningra, misawad i, papiocor i han to ’Amis ciwkay cingraan patayni, i 1982 miheca 9 folad 6 romi’ad mapatireng a kansiya lihay, sakatosa miheca 1983 miheca 10 folad 10 romi’ad mapadoedo mapatireng. Itini ci Hani (Yin yohani) tintosi i, lekoen ningra ko pa’ikes ko pipado’elin no salikaka, o saopo no lihay no loma’, mipasifana’ to ciwlo ato sicoci, ato kasasiroma no sapikerid parocek to tayal, madoedo no salikaka matongol ko tamdaw, kalosapacakat lomahad, foksi, ciwlo, sicoci ato salikaka masasiliay. Sakiniyaro a demak, maleko ko pihomong pasayra minekeray i niyaro’ a ratoh, mikihatiya to no niyaro’ ko tayal, saki ilisin pakomod to saki finawlan no niyaro’ ato nipitooran kalacecay, mipa’edil to Wama i kakarayan at palowad to ratoh. Tangasa i 1991 miheca 8 folad malaheci malicinowas matitolo ko ciwkay ’Amis, Tongmi, Simi ciwka, malaheci konian, miliyas to Tokar a kiwkay. 1995 miheca 8 folad tayni ci Kaw cin-fo faksi i Tokar kiwkay itiya, palowad to pinapina a tayal, 1. Pahemek a lihay, 2.masasikawih, mikerid to tamdaw mitoor, 3.pinanam to fana’an, 4.kasasiwidang (mikihatiya to saopo no kasakiwkay mitolon), 5.padamaay(padama mitolon to citodongay, kasapademaay a cefang, kiwkay ato niyaro’ masasipaini). Comahad mitiya o tokar ko kacakat to pipasifana, (1)masapinang ko nipitoor, (2)’orip to romi’ami’ad mipasasiyoray, (3)paso’elin a milayap to Fangcalay ’Adigo, (4)ci nipatalaay to piini to paso’elinan, (5)mitolon, (6)tayra, (7)patenak ci Yis Keristoan, (8)paheci, (9)ciheciay a pawacayay. Sowal sa i ’Olic 121:1-8 “Mica'a kako a pasilotok, o nanicowaay ko padamaay i takowanan hakini? Sa kako. 'Arawhani o nanitiraay i Tapang ko padamaay i takowanan, o Tapang no misanga'ay to kakarayan ato sra Cingra. Caay patahafikoden Ningra kiso, caay ka tokatok ko midipotay i tisowanan. Nengnengen, caay ka tokatok, caay ka foti' ko midipotay to Israil. O midipotay i tisowanan ko Tapang, ira i tatihi iso Cingra a pa'ading i tisowanan. O romi'ad i, caay ko mamikalat ko cidal i tisowanan, o dadaya i, caay ko mamiri'ang ko folad i tisowanan. Pa'oripen no Tapang kiso a paliyas nai masamaamaanay a latiih, dipoten Ningra ko 'orip iso. Ano masadak kiso, ano minokay kiso i, dipoten no Tapang kiso, nai anini tangasa i da'oc.” saan. I 2008 miheca 6 folad, ci Ka^ti Tafong foksi tayni i Tokar kiwkay, pafaloco’ to “polong no tamdaw a madama.” Sanay ko patosokan: to mo^etepay mihecaan, patireng mifadic to lalmaan ato papotal no kiwkay, 12006 patireng to fadahong no potal, 22008 mapakafit to To-yin-ci ato kappa ato pirina’an, 32009 miheca milodot to Tokar a rawang no kaemangay, 42010 mifadic to laloma’an no kiwkay, pakafit to sa’ading ato cicu no tilid ato rawang no tinnaw. 52011 mi’aca to ma’engiway, sapisasing, sikosiya no foksi ato mirenaf to ’anengan no kiwkay. Masongila’ to ko kaira no kiwkay, ikor o papacakaten ko parina’an no pitoor ato patosokan, misa’icel palowad to dademaken: 1.palowad to kaniharan pitolon. 2.pa’icel to sasicoci no kiwkay to saki’orip a pinanam. 3.padamaay to niyaro’(mato’asay, patomadaw to ’orip, patomadaw to katayalan) ato pawacay i niyaro’. 4.palowad to masasikawihay pawacay. I 2009 miheca 7 folad 1 romi’ad Fo-pang c-san kikingkay a padamaan, mapatireng ko mato’asay in-fa-co, saka ira no kadadamadama no mato’asay no niyaro’ to tiring, tangasa anini mapatireng i kiwkay ko wen-hua-cin-kang-can. Tokar kiwkay i 1951 miheca madipotay no Wama i kakarayan ato nipikapot no Fangcalay ’Adingo ma’awas to ko 70 no mihecaan, mataneng to no kiwkay ko salifet ato salo’afangan, nai 2019 miheca COVD-19 a salifong maledef i hekal, ci tadamaanay ko kalifong madenga tina kemi adada, i 2020 miheca ranikay malenak kasaco’ed no hekal a malifong to katalawan a kemi i tamdamdaw, 2021 miheca 11 folad 14 romi’ad polong no hekal 2.53 yok ko madengaay tamdaw, tonian 509.8 ’ofad ko tamdaw cimapatayay. Misi’ayaw tona katalawan a lifong i, nanay mapaterep to kinalifong, masafa^eloh to ko kalo’orip no tamdamdaw, mahakelong to nai Kawasay a sahinom, pa’icel, rihaday ato pafaloco’an, cimafalicay ko ’orip, mafalic ko ’orip no tireng, malosakalemed no cimacima a tamdaw. === '''Paikor a sowal''' === Mitikol minengneng to nisa’icelan a likisi no ’ayaway tamdaw, talacowa o kacango’otan to saki’orip, nika malosakacifoloco’an nangra, misa’icel patireng to piti’eran, masiday naira ko tadamaanay a pitoor malopinengnengan, pira’oyan ato pinanaman, nikacangootan no mita, pisa’icelan a mipacakat to romi’ad ato fana’ matayal saki kiwkay. Mipa’icel kako to ’Alomanay, caay ko dengan pirotoc to nisa’icelan no ’ayaway tamdaw ko nian aca, o mipaca’ofay to mihecaan ko patosokan. Mato sowal i Filipi 3:13-14 “Salikakaaw, malahciayto ako konini, caay ka saan ko harateng ako. Deng ccay ko sasarocoden ako a misa'icel. Tawalen ako ko mata'lifay a dmak. Pamotek han ako ko patosokan ako a tala'ayaw. Pasayra ko faloco' ako i patosokan a comikay to sapilayapaw to sapakaolah, oya nipitahidang no Kawas a panokay takowanan i kakarayan pakayni i ci Yis Kristoan.” dth75qsathjpf1w3xif111jxuj0ddy3 0 2741 44081 44080 2024-08-07T11:47:54Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Papotalay calay (外部連結) */ 44081 wikitext text/x-wiki == Peng Menghui (彭蒙惠) == Peng Menghui (Inkiris: Doris Marie Brougham, 1926 miheca 8 folad 5 romi’ad – 2024 miheca 8 folad 6 romi’ad[1]), masofoc i Washington safaniyot no Amilika, o kiwiko ato tintosi Amilika a tamdaw. I 1962 miheca patireng to “Kakarayan Inkiris a rawang”, 60 mihecan, pasifana’ to semo^otay ’ofad kowaping a tamdaw minanam to Inkiris a sowal. I 1963 miheca patireng to “Kakarayan ngiha sikatay”, o sa’ayaway matayalay no kowaping a paratohay sikatay, misanga’ to kowaping saparatoh radiw. === Rayray no to’as (生平) === 12 no mihecaan i, ci Peng Menghui (Doris Marie Brougham) mtelek to Kaas ikor o tataya i Congko patenak to nga’ayay ratoh. Saka i 1948 miheca misawad i Washington daykako (no saalan Asiya ko mkingkwan), naoya miliyas to mato’asay salaloma’an, nai Seattle mikalic to tamina 6 lipay tahira i Shanghaisi, talikeda sa o kalaloodan no Congko (Komintang Kongcantang) itiya, mkotod to sakapot mlaliw tayra roma a maci, i 1949 miheca milaliw tayra i no Inkiris mikowanan a Hongkong; i 1951 mihecaan tayra i Taywan, ci Peng Menghui tangsol sa tayra i sawali no Taywan i Kalinko ko kaitiraan a maro’ ato katayalan ningra, patireng to ka’emangay, ka’emangay sikatay ato Yusan sinkakoyin malasingsi, mararid cngra tayra i niyaro’ no Tayal mipadang, ira ko pipangangan to no yincumin a ngangan ci Lipaka han. Itira cingra i Kalinko misatapang to no niyah paratohay a laciw a kamok, ikor malinah tayra i Tayciwsi, i 1960 miheca malinah tayra i Taypisi malakapot ci Li Enqi mararamod ato Tang Zhuqian mararamod itira i Taypisi congsan pilo patireng to Conghua Ciwse kongpotoan (Aniniay Ciwse coanpo yofayof). 1960 mihecaan, ci Peng Menghui (Doris Marie Brougham) masapinang ningra ko sapinanamaw to Inkiris ato kasakitakitaw a kanornoran, nanoya milayap to pitahidang no laiw misitapang to kakarayan Inkiris a rawang pasifana’ay to Inkiris a kamok, tahaikor macowat to “Mapolong misano Inkiris”, “Kakarayan Inkiris a rawang”, “Peng Menghui Inkiris” toloay masasiromaay a tilid no Inkiris a casi, mikapot to tilifi, laciw, calay, ticito pitefad hatiniay a mitiya pasifana to Inkiris a sowal. Caay ka dengan o pipasifana to Inkiris aca, malaongkakoay ci Peng Menghui, mafana’ miiyof to lapa pasifana’ay. I 1963 miheca misanga’ to Taywan sa’ayaway tilifi paratohay kamok “Kakarayan ngiha a radiw”, laloma’an no kamok onini a kakarayan ngiha a radiw matayalay paratohay skatay, tangasa polong no hekal 36 a kitakit midemak to no radiw a paratoh patenak to nga’ayay ratoh itini i kasaniyaroaro’ no hekal a kowaping a tamdaw. Ci Peng Menghui o kiko a tamdaw, kinapinapina mapakaolah to nidemakan ningra, halo 2002 mhecaan nai Conghuaminko congtonfo pakaolah to maloloay fo’is a calay, palata’ang to saki Inkiris kiwiko ningra ato katadamaan ningra picikeroh to Taywan a malakasakitakit. O Seattlesi sfo i 2014 miheca paratoh 4 folad 2 romi’ad o “Romi’ad ni Peng Menghui”, todong pipakaolah da’o no ’orip ningra to saki kowaping a katadamaan no nidemakan. 2021 miheca ci Peng Menghui pakalayap to saka 25 lekad Taypi ponka kompay tadamanay kompay. 2023 miheca 6 folad, masongila’ milayap to no Conghuaminko a kika[4]. 2024 miheca 8 folad 6 romi’ad itira i Tansui Makay isingan miliyas to hekal mapatay, 98 ko mheaan ninga, anini itra to i Kakarayan cingra[3]. === Patadamaanan (榮譽) === 1. Mapatodong to Conghuamnko fafahyan komodan saka 1 lekad “Fafahiyan Tadamaanay demak kompay” (2021) 2. Mapatodong Taynansisifo mapakaolah to tadamanay finawlan kompay(2017) 3. Amilika Seattlesi, Washington foniyot mihapiw 4 folad 2 romi’ad ni Peng Menghui (Doris M. Brougham Day)(2014) 4. Mapatodong Washington foniyot Fafa'eday pikaykian mtelek to pakaolah itini i kowapingan katadamaan ato mickeroh to kakiharan no tosaay sekal a nidemakan (2014) 5.Amilika NRB “Kasakitakit tadamaanay tamdaw kompay” (International Individual Achievement Award) (International Individual Achievement Award) 6. Amilika NRB “No to’ec tadamaanay tamdaw kompay” (Prestigious Milestone Award)( 2011) 7. Asiya rina’ kompay “Da’ocan tadamaan kompay” (2010) 8. Pakalayap to ni Zhou Daguan ponka kiwiko “Polong no cikiw maolahay to ’orip tadamaanay kompay” (2010) 9. Pakalayap Kaliko kinsifo tadamanay finawlan kompay (2008) 10. Pakalayap Gold Car kiwiko kikingkay pakaolah “Schweitzer singsian kompay” (2004) 11. Conghuaminko congtonfo pakaolah to maloloay fo’is a calay (2002) 12. Pakalayap Taypisi 85 miheca Taypsi tadamanay finawlan kompay (1996) 13. Pakalayap Sincenyin Sinponci Jinding tadamanay kompay (1989) 14. Pakalayap Amilika Washington pakaolah tadamaanay pahosoay kompay (1988) 15. Misanga’ay i Conghua tilifi kosi to “Nga’ay ho anini” tilifi pasifana’ay to Inkiris kamok (1988) 16. Pakalayap Amilka NRB “Tadamanay misanga’ pahosoay tamdaw kompay” (1986) 17. Pakalayap polong no ktakt tadamanay singsi “Sece kompay” (1989) 18. Mapotodong polong no kitakit “Nga’ayay tamdaw nga’ay demak” dayhiw (1982) 19. Mikeriday Inkiris tilifi pasifana’ay kamok “Miawmiawci” (1980) 20. Mikeriday Inkiris tilifi pasifana’ay kamok “Hekal Inkiris” (1977) 21. Nipatirengan “Kakarayan Inkiris a rawang” mapatodong no Kiwikopo nga’ayay pahosoay kamok “Cinong kompay” (1969) 22. Misanga’ to “Kakarayan ngiha sikatay” tilifi kamok (1963-1975) 23. Patirengay to “Ciwse coanpo yofayof” (1960) === Nipifana’an (學歷) === 1. Amilika i Jackson, Mississippi Belhaven kakoyin kalata’angan hakasi kompay (2009) 2. Amilika Seattle Taypinyang (Pacific) daykako kalata’angan hakasi kompay (1991) 3. Amilika Taypinyang (Pacific) Azusa daykako kalata’angan hakasi kompay (1988) 4. Amilika California daykako (pacific) rkean kalata’angan hakasi kompay (1986) 5. Amilika California kaetipay daykako (pacific) pahosoay kakosi (1986) 6. Amilika Seattle Taypinyang (Pacific) daykako pasawali kingkiw wacay (1953) 7. Amilika Washington daykako pasawali kingkiw kakosi (1947-1948) 8. Amlika Seattle Simpson sisiw kakoyin Kristokiw kiwiko kakosi (1944-1947) === Nitilidan todong (相關著作) === 1. Peng Menghui papeloan, ci Li Wenru ko misolimatay: “Pararidan no ’orp ko olah: Peng Menghui” (Kristokiw to’ek a likat polong no tamdaw kakiharan itodongay, 1998) 2. Peng Menghui papeloan, ci Ye Weixin, Yang Shuqing mitiliday: “da’ocan a widang: Peng Menghui” (Ciwse coanpo yofayof, 2010) === Pinengnengan tilid (參考文獻) === 1.李芯. 空中英語教室創辦人彭蒙惠過世 享耆壽98歲. 台北: 聯合報. 2024-08-07 [2024-08-07]. （原始內容存檔於2024-08-07）. 2.空中英語教室創辦人　彭蒙惠辭世享耆壽98歲 (YouTube). 民視新聞. [2024-08-07] （中文（臺灣））. 3.林麗玉. 台灣英語教母彭蒙惠98歲生日次日辭世 蔣萬安去年還親送身分證. 台北: 聯合報. 2024-08-07 [2024-08-07]. （原始內容存檔於2024-08-07）. 4.親手將護照交給彭蒙惠　蔡英文喊：從今以後台灣就是妳家. 民視. 2023-06-20 [2023-06-20]. （原始內容存檔於2023-06-20）. === Papotalay calay (外部連結) === 1.空中英語教室網站的彭蒙惠介紹 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） 2.民視台灣演義：愛在台灣 彭蒙惠故事（2012/03/25） 3.捨棄親情與愛情　彭蒙惠一甲子的台灣情 - 風傳媒 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） The China Post 台灣近百年歷史見證人是她！空英創辦人彭蒙惠：台灣就是我的家 | Doris M. Brougham praises Taiwan's transformation for the better （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） 4.ETtoday 2021/3/12 《空中英語教室》彭蒙惠為台奉獻70載　柯文哲想起唸英文的日子 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） 5.康健雜誌 2017/04/25 彭蒙惠：從這個生命進入下一個，我們不要退、要往前 Cheers 雜誌 2008/9/1 《空中英語教室》創辦人彭蒙惠：我的人生從不為自己 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） 6.中時 2014/06/24 彭蒙惠在台奉獻超過一甲子 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） 7.ETtoday 2014/8/28 財訊／捨棄親情與愛情　彭蒙惠一甲子的台灣情 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） 5et6b3vwpxr28qdkq27nan1vdpp32ta 0 2742 44108 44107 2024-08-07T12:06:55Z Masaonikar 570 /* Pinengneng to tilid (參考資料) */ 44108 wikitext text/x-wiki == Romi’ad no mama (父親節) == Romi’ad no manma o todong sapiahowid to malamamaay a romi’ad, polong no kasaniyaroaro’ kasasiroma no likisi, ponkaan mikilim to masasiromaay a romi’ad. Malawawaay itiya toya romi’ad pafeli to sapakaolah to mama. Ira ko no saka 6 folad saka tolo pilipayan ko saadihayay niyaro’ kitakit ko midemakay to romi’ad no mama, halo Europa Asiya ato Amilika a safaniyot mata’elifay ko 80 kitakit ano eca sa’etal. O Congko awaay ko patodongan to romi’ad no mama, nika o Hongkong Macau finawlan lekakawa ato Europa Amilika malecad i saka 6 folad saka tolo pa’aliwacan/pilipayan, o Congko a nika falican to misitapang i saka 6 folad saka tolo pa’aliwacan ko paromi’adan no mama. O Taywan naikoran to no kalaloodan a miteka, ato Congko a minko romi’ad, milecad to 8 folad 8 romi’ad. Adihay ko kitakit o “se-ci-lan a hana ko kalohana no malamamaay”. === Lalengawan (起源) === ==== Conghuaminko (中華民國) ==== I 1945 (34) mihecaan 8 folad 8 romi’ad, kasapinangan to ko kalaloodan no Congko ato Dipong, i Shanghai ira ko halikitakitay a tamdaw palowad to “Romi’ad no mama” a mipakaolah mihirateng to mapatayay i kalaloodan a mama, mapolong pangangan ko palowaday 10 tamdaw, masasilsil: Yan Huiqing, Yuan Xilian, Chen Qingshi, Mei Lanfang, Shi Zhifu, Yan Duhe, Fei Mu, Lu Qianchen, Fu Wenshou, Zhang Yiqu itiya. Miliyangan to Dipong malowid to ukor, Shanghai kasarekarekad tadamaanay tamdaw ca Wu Zhihui, Li Shizeng, Pan Gongzhan, Du Yuesheng, masapinang ko katadamaan no malamamaay, saka palowad to romi’ad no mama a dademaken; nanoya, malekapot to Shanghaisisifo palokiyol tayra i sakakaay sifo, mihayda mitelek i 8 folad 8 romi’ad to mihecahecaan ko romi’ad no mama, pakafana’ to polong no kitakit midotoc to nian. Romi’ad no mama matelek i 8 folad 8 romi’ad no mihecaan, nawhani “pa-pa” ato papa malecaday ko ngiha. Orasaka, pakayni i “pa-pa” ko pidoedoan, matiya o cecay “mama” sanay a tilid. Orasaka, matelek 8 folad 8 romi’ad ko romi’ad no mama. ==== Amilika (美國) ==== I 1909 miheca, itiraay i Amilika Washington a Spokane niyaro’ ci Dude a fafahiyan, mikihatiya cingra to lihay no kiwkay to pihiratengan to ina, ikor harateng sa cingra: “Itini i hakal ano awaay ko malecaday to piharatengay to ina a miharateng to mama?” Ci Dude a fafahiyan, 13 ko ’orip no mihecaan ningra mapatay to ko ina, masiday ko 6 a wawa to fa’inayan fafahiyan; o mama ni Dude a fafahiyan ci William Smart masacecay itiya, miketon a caay to piliyaw a ci fafahi, itira cingra i sawalian no Amilika Washington no walian a maomahay, malamama ato malaina ko pipalahad ningra to 6 a wawa to fa’inayan fafahiyan (halo safoc hananay ho a wawa). I 1909 miheca, mapatay to ci Smart. Ci Dude a fafahiyan itira i piharatengan kansyasay a lihay, masasowal to cingra to foksi no kiwkay ci Remax to pidipot no mama cangraan o wawa to piolah ato pisa’icelan; mangalay cingra ira ko cecay romi’ad, pasimama no niyah ko pingodoan, todong piharatengan to katadamaan no mama, orasaka padamso cingra to sapi patirengaw to romi’ad no mama to pikeroh, nanay o i hekalay patodongen ko romi’ad no mama to piharatengan romi’ad saan. Matengil no foksi ci Remax ko pakimad ni Dude a fafahiyan, mapacekil ko faloco’ ato olah ningra to katadamaan ni Smart, nanoya micoker to faloco’ ni Dude a fafahiyan to picikeroh masa’icel a patireng to romi’ad no mama. Mipatilid cingra patayra i kakeridan no Spokanesi ato Washington safaniyot pakayay to harateng ato pikeroh. Ici Dude a fafahiyan ko pasarakarakatan misa’icel, o kakeridan no Spokanesi ato kakeridan no Washington safaniyot mihapiw mihayda tonini, nanoya o Washington safaniyot itira i 1910 miheca 6 folad 19 romi’ad ko pidemakan no polong no hekal sakina cecay malisaot to romi’ad no mama. I 1924 miheca, Amilika congtong ci Kevin Coolidge micoker to romi’ad no mama i polong no kitakit. I 1966 miheca, Amilika congtong ci Lyndon Johnson mipili’ to kasofocan ni Smart a folad, mihapiw toya mihecaan 6 folad ko romi’ad no mama a folad. I 1972 miheca, Amilika congtong ci Nickerson misongila’ mitilid to tilid, saka 6 folad saka tolo pa’aliwacan to mihecahecaan ko romi’ad no mama no Amilika sato, nanoyaan mada’ocay a piharatengan romi’ad no Amilika. === Romi’ad (日期) === Kasakitakit ato kasa’etal mitelekan to romi’ad no mama a kasasiromaroma. (各國及地區官方制定的父親節日期都不同。) {| class="wikitable" | colspan="7" |公曆 |- |日期 | colspan="6" |國家或地區 |- |3月19日聖若瑟節（耶穌義父） | colspan="2" |玻利維亞  宏都拉斯 | colspan="2" |義大利（Festa del Papà）  列支敦斯登  提契諾州 (瑞士的一個州) | colspan="2" |安道爾  葡萄牙  西班牙（Día del Padre） |- |5月5日 | colspan="6" |羅馬尼亞（Ziua Barbatului） |- |5月8日 | colspan="6" |韓國（雙親節） |- |基督升天日 | colspan="6" |德國 |- |六月的第一個星期日（介於6月1日至6月7日之間） | colspan="6" |立陶宛  瑞士 |- |6月5日（憲法紀念日） | colspan="6" |丹麥 |- |六月的第二個星期日（介於6月8日至6月14日之間） | colspan="6" |奧地利 比利時 |- |六月的第三個星期日（介於6月15日至6月21日之間） |阿根廷  安地卡島  巴哈馬  孟加拉國  保加利亞  加拿大  智利  哥倫比亞  哥斯大黎加 |古巴  賽普勒斯  捷克  厄瓜多  法國  迦納  希臘  圭亞那  香港  匈牙利 |印度  愛爾蘭  牙買加  日本  澳門  馬來西亞  馬耳他  模里西斯  墨西哥  荷蘭 |巴基斯坦  巴拿馬  巴拉圭  秘魯  菲律賓  波多黎各  聖文森及格瑞那丁 |新加坡  斯洛伐克  南非  斯里蘭卡  千里達及托巴哥  土耳其  英國 |烏克蘭  美國  委內瑞拉  辛巴威  巴貝多  中華人民共和國 |- |6月17日 | colspan="6" |薩爾瓦多  瓜地馬拉 |- |6月21日 | colspan="6" |黎巴嫩 |- |6月23日 | colspan="2" |尼加拉瓜  波蘭 | colspan="4" |烏干達 |- |六月的最後一個星期日（介於6月24日至6月30日之間） | colspan="6" |海地 |- |七月的第二個星期日（介於7月8日至7月14日之間） | colspan="6" |烏拉圭 |- |七月的最後一個星期日（介於7月25日至7月31日之間） | colspan="6" |多明尼加共和國 |- |八月的第二個星期日（介於8月8日至8月14日之間） | colspan="6" |巴西 |- |8月8日 | colspan="6" |中華民國  蒙古國 |- |十一月的第二個星期日（介於11月8日至11月15日之間） | colspan="2" |愛沙尼亞  芬蘭 | colspan="4" |挪威  瑞典 |- |11月12日 | colspan="2" |印尼 | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | |- |12月5日（前泰王生日） | colspan="2" |泰國 | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" | |- | colspan="7" |伊斯蘭曆 |- |'''日期''' | colspan="6" |'''國家或地區''' |- |賴哲卜月13日 | colspan="2" |伊朗 | colspan="4" | |} === Pilecadan (參見) === Romi’ad no ina Polong no cikiw romi’ad no mama ina === Pinengneng to tilid (參考資料) === 1.父親節的由來-愛網. [2018-08-08]. （原始內容存檔於2018-01-14）. 2.Se instituye el Día del Padre, Decreto Número 13. 1960-02-09 [2008-07-19]. （原始內容存檔於2007-08-09）. （西班牙文） 3.Principales efemérides. Mes Junio. Unión de Periodistas de Cuba. [2008-06-07]. （原始內容存檔於2008-06-05）. （西班牙文） 4.Notimex. Preparados los capitalinos para festejar el día del padre. La Crónica de Hoy. 2008-06-14 [2008-06-23]. （原始內容存檔於2011-06-13）.（西班牙文） 5.Días Festivos para el mes de Junio del 2008. Biblioteca Nacional de Panamá. [2008-06-23]. （原始內容存檔於2008-12-17） （西班牙語）. 6.Calendario Cívico Escolar. Dirección Regional de Educación de Lima Metropolitana. [2008-06-07]. （原始內容存檔於2015-09-09） （西班牙語）. 7.Jerome Aning. Daughter of missing NDF consultant believes he is still alive. Philippine Daily Inquirer. 2008-06-14 [2008-06-23]. （原始內容存檔於2008-06-17）.（當天是六月的第三個星期日） 8.17 de Junio, Día del Padre en El Salvador. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de El Salvador. 1969-05-08 [2008-06-07]. （原始內容存檔於2008-03-27）. Asamblea Legislativa de la República de El Salvador. 08 de mayo de 1969 （西班牙文） 9.6310.- Fêtes et Jours Fériés en Haiti. [2008-07-08]. （原始內容存檔於2008-04-01） （法語）. 10.Father's Day Celebration in different countries. [2008-07-19]. （原始內容存檔於2010-08-26）. In Iran it is celebrated on the Birthday of First shiite Imam (Imam Ali (as)) on 13 of Rajab islamic calendar. 11.Zahra Akbari (Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran). Linguistic and Non-Linguistic Discourse Cues in Iranian Advertisements: a Critical Discourse Study. [2008-07-19]. hr90mgwmyge8gotwri7gvzza1qlt881 0 2743 44125 44124 2024-08-14T02:40:48Z Masaonikar 570 /* Misacepo' (海祭) */ 44125 wikitext text/x-wiki == Misacepo' (海祭) == Misacepo', Mikesi’, Milaedis,（海祭、河祭） Mipacakat mita'ong ko kakitaan no niyaro' o tomok, pasawal sa... “Waw…, Malatawaw! tayniay kami anini. Itini i riyar, loma' no miso, nanay pafelien kami to iraay a allan niyam, adihayen ko paini i tamiyan. Saka, itini kami a pacakat to sapakaen i tisowanan, layapen kaenen ko paini niyam to toron, ’icep ato epah, ta malasang to kamo. Tengilen ko sowal no mama no kapah, o kakitaan no niyaro o tomok, todong pacakat no finawlan no niyaro’, saka, itini kami a mi'aray tisowanan malataw, ta fangcal ko piala niyam to kakaenen niyam tonini a riyar, dipoten ko tayniay a cekiway, mifotingay micelemay, mitafokoday, patikeday mialaay to kakaenen a tamdaw i tamowanan, sanga'ayen parihadayen ko mialaay to kakaenen, pafelien ko mialaay to malo sapakaen to laloma’an a wawa ato saka'orip niyam saka, miaray i tisowanan. Kafecol to, kalasang to kamo. Waw…” Paso’elin ko ’Amis a tamdaw to yo’as o milakecay to riyar, orasaka o piahowid to nano pidipot to to’as no riyar a kawas patalahekal nai riyar saka ira ko pisacepo’ a isin. Matiniay pisacepo’ a lisin, o pahapinangay to lekakawa no finacadan a saka’orip ato pingodo to kasahirahira no tataparan. Mitolon to sakadofah no piniala ato saka rihaday a mifoting. Ono Cikasoan a ’Amis a sowal Milaedis han ko sowal, no pasawaliay a ’Amis Misacepo’ han ko sowal, no katimolay a ’Amis Mikesi’ han ko sowal, o mililisay to Tarawadaw a ’alo a ’Amis Komoris han ko sowal, saka o kasasiroma to no niyaro’ a sowal. Sapidemak to nian a lisin to pisacepo’, i ’ayaw no kailisinan k pidemakan, nikawrira kasa niyaro’ caay kalecad ko romi’ad, salongan itira i saka 6 folad tangasa saka 8 folad. Kaitiraan ’aro no niyaro’ k kasasiroma, ira to ko i riyaray a pisacepo’ ano eca i ’aloay a pikomoris. O pisacepo’ no ’Amis a tamdaw o piahowid to kawas no riyar ato kawas no kakarayan ato sera, nawhani paso’elin ko ’Amis a tamdaw ira ko kasahirahira a kawas maparocek itini i tataparan, orasaka mingodo cangra to tataparan, nanay to mihecahecaan ci nialaay to kadofahay a foting ato ’afar. I pisacepo’an no niyaro’ caay ka nga’ay mikihatiya ko fafahiyan, o nano rocok n to’as ano mikihatiya ko fafahiyan to pisacepo’an i, malo sakacaay pakaala to foting ano masadak a mifoting saan. Sa’ayaway, o kapah no niyaro’ miala to nifotingan patili i palo’, o mama no kapah ko itiraay i riyar, o kakitaan no niyaro’ ko citodongay pacakat a mita’ong, mifetir to ’epah, mitolon to pidipot a ciniala to foting ato mamaala i riyar, manga’asy kadofah ko pinaloma ato pilitod ato rihaday ko finawlan no niyaro’. (Mingitangit to malataw, to’as no niyaro’ midipot to finawlan no niyaro’, ano tara riyar to, tala’alo to a mifoting, talalotok to maomah miala to sakairaaw rihaday minokay.) O kakitaan no niyaro’ mikerid to finawlan pacakat a mita’ong to to’as, i pisacepo’an pahapinang to mingodoay to kasato’as a tadamaanay ponka, pisacepo’an pasadak ko mama no kapah to todong sapacakat, o ’epah ko sapafetir mita’ong to malataw, sato o kasaselal a kapah ko midefongay i riyar (’alo) pisatapangan a mifoting, o nian ko tatapangan no pisacepo’ hananay. Pakayni i pisacopo’ a lisin a nengnengen i, midotoc ko kapah no ’Amis nai kasaselal a madadoedo i kasakakakaka tangasa i telocay a selal, pahapinang to masasingodoay to kasakaka, kasa selaselal masasilifet, minengneng ko mato’asay to nialaan no kasaselal, inanengay a selal i pakaolahen, o marowi’ay a selal i tefocen, mialaan a foting i, o sapakaen to mato’asay, nanoya minengneng to nga’ayay tadacaayay foting ko sapisilsil, nai mato’asay tangasa i kasararem mapakilac. Sakakaay selal ci’osaw to nikaenan pafelien ko kararem, masamatira a pasirarem ko paini, caay pilaom to kakaenan. Matiniay a lekakawa no ’Amis a finacadan caay ka sawad tangasa anini.   j2ckgwhlhl0fo5hswsy4gl9pw4axqh9 0 2744 44160 44159 2024-08-14T10:03:23Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Pinengnengan to tilid (參考資料) */ 44160 wikitext text/x-wiki == Sinkiwsi- Li siw foksi (宣教師-李庥牧師) == Li siw (Inkiris: Hugh Ritchie, 1840 miheca 9 folad 14 romi’ad—1879 miheca 9 folad 20romi’ad), o foksi no Inkelan ciwlo kiwkay, o sarakatay no kiwkay tayra i Posong malasinkiwsi a foksi[1][2][3]. == Pirayray to ’orip (生平概略) == === Kaemangan a ’orip (早年生涯) === Foksi ci Li siw (Hugh Ritchie) na misawad i Glasgow daykako i, sacifaloco’ saan to saka tayraaw i Congko a misinting, miketon a tayyra i London mitilid to sinkakoyin no ciwlo kiwkay. I 1867 miheca 6 folad 17 romi’ad, tolo miheca misawad to i sinkakoyin, maocor no kiwkay cingra patayra i Timol Congko riyar mitongod to nano “Patay a paino’”(Inkiris: baptized for the dead) mapatayay ci Masin foksi (Inkiris: Rev. David Masson, oya tamdaw maalaay no faliyos itira i Nanhay ma’alol mapatay),o nian ko sakatayra i Taywan mamipadang ci Ma Yokop foksian (Inkiris: James Laidlaw Maxwell) [4][2]. === I Taywan a pisinting (在臺傳道) === I 1867 miheca 12 folad 13 romi’ad, Foksi ci Li siw (Hugh Ritchie) keriden ningra ko cipoyapoyay a fafahi ci Ilaysa (Inkiris: Eliza C. Cooke, 1828 miheca-1902 miheca, ikor pangangan hanto no mitooray to “singsi niw”) nao 142 romi’ad ko rakat i riyar saka tangasa i Takao, hamhamen ni Ma Yokop foksian ato mitooray salikaka. Saka tosa miheca, Inkiris malali’ascaay to rakes kilang a simal a demak a ka’alangen no finawlan ko padaka tamdaw, pinangan no padaka; nikaherek ni Ma Yokop foksian i Hongkong a pataloma’ i, ira ko macepetay a tintosi a marofo, ira ko palifades hananay mipatay itira i Kosia, i Pitaw kiwkay ira ko I cefisay mitodohay to kiwkay[3]. Ikor to, ci Ma Yakop patiko tayni i Taynan (aniniay Taynansi congsilo) misinting; foksi ci Li siw (Hugh Ritchie) micada to itiraay i Takao a sa’etal pisintingan, misatapang a misahalaka to pipatenakan kaitiraan i Kiaw (Ciho) paisingan ato miliyaw patireng to malefekay a kiwkay i Pitaw. I 1869 miheca 1 folad 31 romi’d, paherek ko pipatireng no Pitaw kiwkay i, pakifa’edetay faloco’ cingra a pasitimol, itira i Alikang ko paterongan, itira i mihateray a niyaro’ no Payrangan ko pipatenak to nga’ayay ratoh. Malacecay ko faloco’ ningra aci Ilaysa (Eliza C. Cooke), i Alikang (1869 miheca), Tongkang (1870 miheca), Liwciw (1870), Akaw (1870 miheca), Tik-a-ka (itiraay i Pintong Linpien, 1871 miheca), Tocinyincuan (1872 miheca), Yampo (1872 miheca), Kanapo (1873 miheca), Nanakey (1873 miheca), Kiwataw (1873 miheca), Nanhua (itiraay i Pintong Sinpi, 1874 miheca) ato Cienkongcuan (itira i Pintong Sinpi Cienkong, no Ngayngay a saniyaro’an[5]), Liwcancuan ko nipatirengan kiwkay i kasaniyaro’ [6]. Foksi ci Li siw (Hugh Ritchie) na tayni i Taywan to 4 mihecaan i, dengan o kaitira i Takao Ki-aw isingan ko patenakan ato pinapina mamo’etepay kiwkay ko patenak i, citodong haca mililis to ni Ma Yakop to nano nipatirengan i Taynan kako kiwkay ato kawaliay lilis no lotok a “Lotok patenakan” (Hill stations) ano eca “Lotok kiwkay” (Hill churches), oya Paksa (Baksa, aniniay Cisan sa’etal ka’ami’amisan sa’etal a niyaro’, kawali no Taynan to 72 Inli ko raay), Kongana (Kongana, Cuocen Kongalinli Cayliawsi kawaliay[7][8][9]), Kamana (Kamana) ato Pawpi (Pwahbe, Cuocen Cayliawsi ka’amisay) [10] a kasakiwkay. Foksi ci Li siw (Hugh Ritchie) mararid  mikingkiw to Romacyi han a tilid, Ngangay a sowal, pasifana’ to kasaniyaro’ay yincumin to nananamen nangra a sowal[4][2][3]. === Patireng to pinanaman (辦學講課) === I 1870 miheca 2 folad, Foksi ci Li siw (Hugh Ritchie) mitahidang to nai Penghoay ci Linciencin tayni mala padamaay pasifana’ [11], misarocod patireng to pinanaman no tintosi (Inkiris: The Student's Class); o pinanaman itira i laeno no kamaro’an no foksi, itiyaay a mitiliday minanam ira ci Pen Kenyun, Huang Senhe, Ray cin, Hu ko, Wu ke, Lin hua ato ci Liw Wo; ikor, cangra to ko tadamaanay tayal to sapisintin a mipacowat[12]. I 1876 miheca, mapakomod ko pisintinan noTaywanfo ato Takao, itiraay i Takao Kiaw pasifana’an a pinanaman to tintosi a minanamay malinah to tayra i Taynan niyaro’ (Fosiya), nanoya patireng to daykako (Inkiris: Capital College) [13]; Foksi ci Li siw (Hugh Ritchie) malo pasifana’ay to katelangay tatelekan salongan a fana’ ato serayan a fana’ ko ninanaman[1][4][2][14]. === Malakapot ci Makay foksi (與偕牧師) === I 1871 mihecaan, Sarakatay ni ocoran no Canada ciwlo kiwkay sinkiwsi i Congko ci Makay (Inkiris: Rev. George Leslie Mackay foksi, nano niocoran patayra i Santo misintin) itira i Takao talahekal, ta pasi timol tayra i Alikang miliso’ ci Li siwan (Hugh Ritchie), mikapot matayal to 2 folad itira. Mipasifana’ ci Li siw (Hugh Ritchie) foksi to sapipatenak to ratoh itini i Taywan, mikeroh cingraan a tayra ka’amisay sa’etal a mipatenak. Ikor, ci Li siw (Hugh Ritchie) foksi mitahidang to itiraay i Focen a ising ci Te Matay (Inkiris: Dr．Matthew Dickson) [15] malakapot ci Makay foksian midadakaw to tamina pasi’amis; i 1872 miheca 3 folad 9 romi’ad, itira cangra i Tansui macakat, itira to ko pilahecian no ciwlo kiwkay i Taywan to pipatenakan a tayal[4][2]. === I pasawali a patenak (kaikoray lotok) (傳道後山) === I ’ayaw no saka tayra i pasawali a patenak i, o sapihapinangaw to dademakan, miliso’ cingra to tayniay paising i Kiaw isingan a adadaay Piwma a tamdaw, ato papinapina nano itiraay i sawalian Sankang kiwkay, katimolay kako kiwkay mikihatiyaay to sa’opo a Silaya finacadan mitooray. I 1875 miheca 3 folad 14 romi’ad, o ciwlo no Tongkang kiwkay ko patihiay, midakaw to tamina a tayra o nano nikowanan ho ko hiyosoa (pasawali), pakayra i Posong (Taytong), Sinkongo (singko), Piyacon (Piyacon no Kakacawan a lotok[16][17]), lilis sa a patenak to ratoh, itiya miheca 4 folad 23 romi’ad a patiko cangra, itiya milaheci to sarakatay patenak to ratoh no ciwlo kiwkay i sawalian no Taywan[1][4][2][3]. === Patireng to pitilidan no fafahiyan (興創女學) === Foksi ci Li siw (Hugh Ritchie) ato fafahi ci Ilaysa (Inkiris: Eliza C. Cooke) hani ala to sapaiyo ato dafong palada’ mipadama to pakoyocay a laloma’an, sa:an mipadama to payso. Mataneng ningra ko ’orip no itiraay a niyaro’, mafana’ to kacango’otan to kakaenen, maepecay fafahiyan, masefet no syakay kasini’adaan. O harateng ningra o malafafahiyanay o cacitodong to laloma’an, orasaka, ano caay ka tomenek i nipitoor ko kacomahad, o sasafaloco’en i no fafahiyan a kiwiko sato. Nanoya, misafaloco’ to patireng to saki “Fafahiyan a pipatenak” ano eca “Pinanaman no fafahiyan”, o “Pinanaman no fafahiyan” dengan pitedal to mafedfeday a wa’ay ta manga’ay micomod sanay a pakayraan, o todong pitedal to kasasifedfed to kasasiroma no fa’inayan fafahiyan a kakiharan, ikor to, matama ningra ko kaitiraan kawali katimol no Kansicie isingan a sara ko patirengan pitilidan (aniniay Canglong nicong) [4][2]. === Kapatayan (過世) === Nikawrira, Foksi ci Li siw (Hugh Ritchie) kinapinapina malifong no fasal, lotay lotay sako tatirengan ningra. I 1879 miheca 9 folad 20 romi’ad, foksi ci Li siw (Hugh Ritchie) malaliyaw haca ko lalisan, talacowa pakayni ici Antili Pitiroan ising (Inkiris: Peter Anderson) [18] ko pisa’icel a miadah, hato caay ka nga’ay i 9 folad 30 romi’ad herek nolahok 3 ko toki mapatay i sikosiya no Kansicie isingan. Midotoc ci Ilaysa (Inkiris: Eliza C. Cooke) to nano faloco’ ni Foksi ci Li siw (Hugh Ritchie) matadem i Takao patenakan sa’etal. Toya dadaya, o pipatirengay to kiwkay ato mimokongay foksi ci Se Tapi (Inkiris: Rev. David Smith) ko misanga’ay to takenip ni foksi ci Li siw (Hugh Ritchie). Saka tosa romi’ad, 24 a daykako mitiliday malalilid to sinkiwsi misera to takenip, nai Anpin midakaw to tamina tayra i Takao; toya romi’ad herek no lahok 7 ko toki, o ’alomanay matadem i Takao lotok laeno no Tayho no salifong pitademan to Padaka tamdaw i Takao[4][2][3][19]. === Ta’angay demak (大事年表) === 1840 miheca 9 folad 14 romi’ad, masofoc i Sokelan 1867 miheca 12 folad 13 romi’ad, 27 mihecaan, tangasa i Taywan 1869 miheca, itira i Alikang ko pahiceraan, patenak to ratoh i katimol no Taywan 1869 miheca – 1874 miheca, padoedo patenak to ratoh i katimol no Taywan sa’etal mapatireng ko 13 kiwkay 1870 miheca 2 folad, itira i Kiaw (Ciho) patireng to pinanaman no tintosi 1871 miheca, tangasa i Taywan ci Makay foksi, malakapot ci foksi ci Li siw (Hugh Ritchie) to 2 folad, ci Makay mapa’icel a tayra i ’amis no Taywan mipatenak 1872 miheca 3 folad, ci Lisiw, Makay, Te Matay tayra i ’amis Taywan ato sasifo’ay sa’etal a niyaro’, o Taciasi ko sala’ed, misetek to ka’amisay no Canada ciwlo kiwkay a niocoran a pipatenakan, katimolay o no Inkiris ciwlo kiwkay niocoran a patenakan 1875 miheca, malaheci ko sa’ayaway no ciwlo kiwkay i sawalian no ciwlo kiwkay a mipatenak 1876 miheca, daykako (toa-oh) patireng, tayra pitilidan pasifana’. 1879 miheca, micikeroh to pitilidan no fafahiyan ato fafahiyan pipatenak a tayal 1879 miheca 9 folad 30 romi’ad, mapatay i Sinlo isingan, 39 mihecaan ko ’orip 1880 miheca 2 folad 26 romi’ad, ci Ilaysa (Inkiris: Eliza C. Cooke) maocor i Taywan sa’ayaway fafahiyan sinkiwsi, midotoc to ni Li siw (Hugh Ritchie) foksi tayal to fafahiyan itini i Taywan[4][2][3][20] === Pinengnengan to tilid (參考資料) === 1.勁草. 傳教士到台灣. 五南圖書出版股份有限公司. 2013-08-01 [2017-03-13]. <nowiki>ISBN 9789571171678</nowiki>. （原始內容存檔於2020-04-17） （中文（臺灣））. 2.《新使者》雜誌第40期. 台灣基督長老教會. 1997. 3.太平境教會. www.tpkch.org.tw. [2017-03-13]. （原始內容存檔於2020-04-17）. 4.林熙皓. 李庥牧師. 教會人物誌. 台灣基督長老教會. [2017-03-13]. （原始內容存檔於2020-04-17）. 5.429 從南岸遷去建功庄. archive.is. 2017-03-13 [2017-03-13]. （原始內容存檔於2017-03-13）. 6.第二屆開拓研討會 (PDF). archive.is. 2017-03-13 [2017-03-13]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2017-03-13）. 7.崗仔林的李氏家族 - 李景行. www.pct.org.tw. 台灣基督長老教會. [2017-03-13]. （原始內容存檔於2020-04-17）. 8.崗仔林教會 （寫真帖）. www.laijohn.com. [2017-03-13]. （原始內容存檔於2020-04-17）. 9.清末到日據時代初期左鎮平埔基督徒的宗教與社會 (PDF). archive.is. 2017-03-13 [2017-03-13]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2017-03-13）. 10.226 山崗四社傳道站. www.laijohn.com. [2017-03-13]. （原始內容存檔於2020-04-17）. 11.160 自澎湖來的讀書人. www.laijohn.com. [2017-03-13]. （原始內容存檔於2020-04-17）. 12.378 談打狗傳道養成班. www.laijohn.com. [2017-03-13]. （原始內容存檔於2020-04-17）. 13.400《台南教士會議事錄》. www.laijohn.com. [2017-03-13]. （原始內容存檔於2020-04-17）. 14.380 卓道生述大學之始. www.laijohn.com. [2017-03-13]. （原始內容存檔於2020-04-17）. 15.台語信望愛 - 《教會史話》(1-010) 黎明期台灣西醫師承錄. taigi.fhl.net. [2020-08-09]. （原始內容存檔於2016-04-08）. 16.彭仔存橋. 台灣原住民族數位典藏知識入口網. 2017-03-13 [2017-03-13]. （原始內容存檔於2017-03-13）. 17.寧城宮. archive.is. 2017-03-13 [2017-03-13]. （原始內容存檔於2017-03-13）. 18.急人之難‧信仰傳家──陳老英長老 - 曾韋禎 - 教會人物誌 - 台灣基督長老教會. www.pct.org.tw. [2020-08-09]. 19.第五章 長眠高雄的洋人 (PDF). 高雄市早期國際化的發展初探. 打狗英國領事館文化園區. [2020-08-09]. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-19）. 20.新樓女子學校的幕後推手─伊萊沙‧李庥（Elizabeth Cooke Ritchie,1828－1902）-臺灣女人. 2017-10-25 [2017-10-25]. （原始內容存檔於2017-10-25）. 7sbkedohchyks75mi53kjeqlgp2b069 0 2745 44252 44251 2024-08-23T15:20:05Z Masaonikar 570 /* Niketonan salongoc no Yincuminco (原住民族權利宣言) */ 44252 wikitext text/x-wiki == Niketonan salongoc no Yincuminco (原住民族權利宣言) == I 2007 miheca 9 folad 13 romi’ad malowiday to no Linhoko daykay. (2007 年 9 月 13 日聯合國大會通過) Daykay, (大會) Mirocok to “Linhoko kompo” a patosakan ato lekakawa ato pilaheci to kasa dotoc no “kimpo” a mirocok to tomesekay sapatado, Pahapinang to yincuminco ato polong no roma finacadan o malalenay, nasaan mipatalahekal to polong finacadan to kacisalongoc a caay ka lecad to no tao, cisalongoc to caayay ka lecad to no tao, cisalongoc a caay ka lecad to no tao a kakangodoen, Mipahapinang haca polong a finacadan o citodongay to tamdamdaw malalen ko ka cinalacolan to kaciserareci ato ponka a kasasiroma ato kahirahiraay a tadamaanay, Pahapinang haca maanan a ’arawan ano eca lalowadan a ka’oripan ano eca kasafinacadan, pitooran, sangasaw ano eca kasasiroma no ponka, palowad to finacadan ano eca niyah a katadamaan a fana’, lekakawa ato nidemakan, saheto o finacadananay, kakak a moraraway hirateng, awaayay ko depoc no rikec, moralan o a ’iloen, saki syakay a nengnengen o caayay ka mo’ecel, Miliyaw i pidemak to salongoc ko yincuminco i, caay ko sakaira no masamaamaanay a maepec, Pafaloco’ i likisi no yincuminco to nano nicingcingan mikowanay ato nicefisan a niyah a sera, sofal ato kinaira, masakakinihay, mala saka awaay to niyah a pa’edengan ato hahor sapicowat a salongoc, Kafana’en o kasasingodo ato kacicoracoran no yincuminco nai sici, kicay ato syakay a lalekoan ato ponka, rocok no tato’asan, likisi ato haratengan a iraay tatodong no salongoc, mangalef saki sera, sofal ato kinaira a salongoc, Kafana’en o kasasingodo ato o cacoracoren i kalalenan kasakitakit mapatireng ko katatelekan, tatelek ato roma cimipatirengay to kasasilsil maala ko pisahapinang to no yincumin a salongocan, Manengneng ko macakatay a sici, kicay, syakay ato ponka paecaran no yincuminco, o sapipaherek to kaicowacowa cidemakay to palawacoay ato mipenecay, o niyah ko palowaday to kasawasil, Paso’elin nai yincuminco ko mamirepat saki niyah ato niyah a sera, sofal ato kinaira masasifiyor a macowat, malosaka nga’ay mirocok ato mapa’icel nangra ko citodongay, ponka ato rocok no to’as lekakawa, saka midotoc to no niyah a harateng ato niyah a pa’edengan macikeroh ko no niyah kacomahad, Kakafana’en mingodo ko fana’, ponka ato rocok no to’as lekakawa, mapadama ko sapilaheci a mapadoedo ato maroyaroyay kacomahad, mapadama masongila’ ko pikowan to taliyok, Halo pilahaci caayay ko malo no sofitay ko sera ato sofal no yincuminco, mapadama macakat ato comahad ci sakang’ay, kicay ato syakay, sakadama to ihekalay a kasakitakit ato kasafinacadan a kasasifana’ ato kasasili’ay a kakiharan, Mangalef ko kafana’ to laloma’an ato syako no yincuminco matatodong ko ka’emangay cisalongocay, mapalolol kapolongan pikahafay, pakaen, pikiwiko to ka’emangay wawa ato sakalemed no ka’emangay wawa a ’orongan, Masasi’araw i no kasakitakit ato yincuminco a katsatelekan, tatelek ato roma cimipatirengay to kasasilsil masahapinang ko salongocan, i cimanan a demak, o pafaloco’an no kasakitakit ato pikiharan a demak, saka ci’orong ato citodong no kasakitakit, Saan ko pi’araw to nia katatelekan, tatelek ato roma cimipatirengay to kasasilsil ato citodongay midayhiw to kakiharan, o sapipa’icel to yincuminco ato kasakitakit kaciherangan no kakiharan a paranaan, Kakafana’en ko “Linhoko kimpo”, “kicay, syakay, ponka salongoc i katatelekan no kasakitakit”, “finawlan ato sician salongoc i katatelekan no kasakitakit” ato “Wiyina (Vienna) niketonan ato sakadademak a patosokan” mapahapinangay to, polong no finacadan miraoy to noniyah salongoc ko tadamaan, midotoc to nia tosir a salongoc, manga’ay nangra a pakoniyah mitelek to noniyah a sician, pakoniyah mikilim to saka cikicay, syakay ato ponka a kacomahad, Matiliday a “Niketonan” a kasa laloma’an o caacaay ko sapicefis to kasafinacadan midotoc to kasakitakit a rikec midemak to sakiniyah a salongoc, O papaso’elinen ko nia “Niketonan” pihapinang no yincuminco a salongoc, o i nga’ayay, kapolongan, masasingodoay to tamdaw a salongoc, awaay ko masasiepecay ato masasinanayay a dotocan ko parana’an, masasili’ay a mafafolod a masasikihar ko kitakit ato yincuminco, Masasitoror ko kasakitakit ato pakayniay i yincuminco a kasatelek ato kafafolodan, masasidotoc ato milahecian i kasakitakit a tilid, ngalef i salongoc no tamdawan a tilidan o todong i kakoniyah a kitakit matelek ko pipatado i yincuminco, Halo Linhoko i picoracor ato pidipot to salongoc to yincuminco ko sapidoedo madademak, Paso’elin to nian a “Niketonan” kahapinangan, picokeroh ato pdipot to salongoc ato pakoniraan, ato no Linhoko a rocok itini a sofal macowat ko sakadademaken, miliyaw i tadamaanay ko kata’ayawaw, Mafana’ to sapipahapinang ko yincuminco ci salongoc to caay ko aepecen miraoy to rikec no kasakitakit a cipinang i polong no salongoc to tamdaw, o yincuminco ira ko patodongan to no finacadan saka’orip, sakalemed ato polong no kacomadadan awaay ko kacangalan i sakapolongan a salongoc, Kafana’en ko demak no yincuminco nai kasasiroma no sa’etal ato kitakit, o mamiharateng ko kitakit ato sa’etal to tadamanay ato kasasiroma no likisi ponka a faku, Tadamaanay ko pihapiw, mihapiw to laenoay “Linhoko niketonan salongoc no Yincuminco”, pakayni to kasasikafafolod a malacafay ato masasingodoay ko masasilaheci to kapolongan a patosokan: Saka 1 liyad Yincuminco, ano masafelaway ano eca tekedan, ira ko salongoc sapiraoy to “Linhoko a kimpo”, “Hekal niketonan salongoc no tamdaw” ato kasakitakit tamdaw salongoc a rikec a nihapinangan polong a salongoc no tamdaw ato sapakoniraan. Saka 2 liyad Yincuminco ato tekedan ko piraoy to sapakonira, milecad to kalofinacadan ato takedan kalalen, ira ko salongoc sapidemak to salongoc a caay ka sawacoen i masamaamaanay, caayka o yincuminco ko lalengawan ato kacingangan a pakowacoen. Saka 3 liyad Yincuminco citodong to tekaden a pisetek salongoc. Sakinian a salongoc, ira ko no niya a faloco’ to sakisici a pakayraan, niya sa ko sapikilim to kicay, syakay ato punka a comahad. Saka 4 liyad Midamak ko yincuminco to sapisetek salongoc i, mirapot to laloma’an ato niyaro’ay a kalodemakan, ato samaanen ko pisasorot to sakadademak a payso to salongoc a demakan i, miraoy to misatikeloay a nisetekan a salongoc. Saka 5 liyad O yincuminco cisalongoc to pihadimel ato pa’icel to sakisici, sarikec, kicay, syakay ato punka a citodongay, malecad ira ko pido’edoan to niyah faloco’ to sapikihatiya to no kitakit a sici, kicay, syakay ato punka saka’orip a salongoc. Saka 6 liyad Kasacecay no yincuminco ira ko kacitodong to kacingangan no kitakit. Saka 7 liyad 1. Yincuminco cirocek to saki’orip ato sakanga’ay no tatirengan, sapakonira ato sakaci’orip a salongoc. 2. Yincuminco cirocek to sakatadamaan no finacadan, mapakoniraay, halinga’ayay, sakaci’orip no kapolongan a salongoc, caay ka cisatekop ato masamaamaanay a mikafolaw a makari’ang, halo sakawa’ecik patayra i roma a finacadan ko wawa. Saka 8 liyad 1. Yincuminco ato niyah ko piraoy a caay ko nipaci’cian a milecad ato pitekop to punka a salongoc. 2. Kasakitakit o papadahof to hakanga’ay, sapitena’ ato sapisalof: (a)  O maan a angang ato nipikari’ang cangraan a demak to nga’ayay katadamaan, ano ca malingangan ko no punka a sakaci’epoc ano ca ono finacadan a katadamaanan; (b)  Maanan a patosokan ano eca i so’elinay nicefesan nangra a sera, sofal ato kinaira a demak; (c)   Nimaanan saki patosokan ano eca so’elinay ko piforawan ano eca pikari’ang nangra to salongoc a pacofcof to tamdaw a malinah; (d)  Nimaanan saki patosokan a sapiriwariwaw a midemak to finacadan ano eca sangasaw a miepecay a pisinting. Saka 9 liyad Yincuminco ato niyah salongoc a midoedo i syako ano eca finacadan rocokan no to’as ato lekakawa no yincuminco, pirenokan koya syako ato finacadan. O nian a toris a salongoc a dademaken caay ka cimaan i pisawacoan. Saka 10 liyad Aka a pipacofcof to yincuminco papiliyas toya sera ano eca toya sofal. Ano caay ka i ’ayaw ko kafana’en no yincuminco a pakoniraay kafana’an a mihayda ato mo’ecelay kasasowal ato nga’ayay ko sapipaaca a todong, roma hakowaay padamso to sapipatoko a pili’en, a caay ka nga’ay ko sapilinahaw. Saka 11 liyad 1. Yincuminco ira ko salongoc midoedo ato palowad to to’asan ponka ato lakakawa. Halo cisalongoc midoedo, midipot ato pacomahad to ponka to ’ayaway, aniniay ato koray a kasasirocok, tinako nalacolan ato likisi nalacolan, toas nisangaan, citiliday safacoan, sapipa’edap, kicic, ni’arawan ato pahapinangan nisanga’an, nitilidan. 2. Kasakitakit o mamihayda ato yincuminco mapolong ko pisetek to nga’ayay kacitodongan, saki caayay ho pakaala cangra to niyah fana’ a mihai, ano eca i ni’odangan a rikec, rocok no toasan ato lekakawa a pidemak miala to ponka, fana’, pitooran ato sakidafongan no yincuminco, o papalololen pa todong a aca, halo pipatiko toya lalosidan. Saka 12 liyad 1. Yincuminco ci salongoc pa’araw, pidemak, micowat ato pipasifana’an ato pitooran no to’as, lekakawa ato pipa’edap, cisalongoc mirayas ato midipot to pitooran ato sakiponka, mipa’es to masimeday micomod masadak to nian kaitiraan, ci salongoc to sapidemak ato sapikowan to sapipa’edap, ci salongoc panokay to horac i kaitiraan. 2. Kasakitakit o mamihayda ato to kapolongan misetek i kasatelekan a malalen, mahapinang ato kacitodong a kasatelekan, misafaloco’ to sakanga’ay midemak no yincuminco ato sakaira no kitakit a sakolicay ato horac, ta (ano eca) panokay i kaitiraan. Saka 13 liyad 1. Yincuminco ci salongoc to sapalowad, sapidemak, micowat ato pasirarem to pasifana’ to likisi, sowal, kimad no liteng, haratengan, nitilidan ato nanitilidan, ci salongoc ko niyah a syako, niyaro’ ato pako niyahay pangangan a maparayray ko nia ngangan. 2. Kasakitakit o a ira ko pipaecas, mitahimel to nian a salongoc to sakadipot, mitahimel to no yincuminco a sici, rikec ato sakadademak mafana’ to tao ato kafana’en no tao, saan to nian a sapadamso a nipacuyakan ano eca misi roma to matatodongay a paecasan. Saka 14 liyad 1. Yincuminco ci salongoc to pipatireng ato pikowan to no niyah sakiwiko telek ato pikowan, o no niyah a sowal ato matatodongay saki ponka a sapasifana’an to padamso to kiwiko. 2. Yincuminco, nileclec to sakikaemangay no yincuminco, ci salongoc to saka’eca ka sawaco a citodong to no kitakit padamsoan a sakacakat ato patodongan a kiwiko. 3. kasakitakit o mamikihatiya to no yincuminco masasiala to sakacipaecasan, paini ko yincuminco to nileclec to sakikaemangay no yincuminco, halo saka’orip no yincuminco to papotalay no syako a yincuminco, kanga’ayay i, ci to’ek miala to saki no tireng a sowal ko sapadamso to sakiniyah ponkaan a kiwiko. Saka 15 liyad 1. yincuminco ci salongoc to sapipa’es to ponka, rocok no to’as, likisi ato pafaloco’an a kangodoan ato kahirahiraan, no nangra a ponka, rocok no to’as, likisi ato nisafaloco’an saki kiwiko ato kapolongan a fana’ mapatodong sapahapinang. 2. kasakitakit ato sakacitodong kasasowasowalan ato matatahic no yincuminco, masasiala to sakacipaecasan, palasawad to kacirid ato pisawaco, micikeroh to yincuminco ato syakay polong no roma a selal a kalali’ay, mafana’ ato nga’ayay a kakiharan. Saka 16 liyad 1. Yincuminco ci salongoc patireng to niyah sakadademak a sowal a mitiya, ci salongoc to caayay kasawacoen militolas to polong no lalekoan to caayay ko yincuminco a mitiya. 2. Kasakitakit o masasiala to sakacipaecasan, midama to no kitakit a mitiya sapatodong to no yincuminco ponka a kahirahiraan. Kasakitakit itini i caayay kadoka’ ko nisowalan miledef to pakoniraan a demak, patoror to tekadan mitiya miledef i yincumibco ponka a kahirahiraan. Saka 17 liyad 1. Yincuminco ato yincuminco ci salongoc to maledef ko piraoy sakacitodong i kasakitakit ato laloma’an no kitakit a matayalay a nitelekan a salongoc. 2. kasakitakit o mamikapot to nikasasowalan ato kafafolod, masasiala to sakacipaecasan, caay ka kelot no kicay ko ka’emangay no yincuminco, caay ka nai masamaanay katalawan ano eca picara to sapikiwikoaw nangra, ano eca saka kari’angaw nangra to tangka’, harateng, sakafarihfid, moral ano eca saka lahad no syakay to tayal, mihirateng i cangraan to mafonalay a masafelengay, kao kiwiko ko sapacakat to sakaci’icel nangra ko niha’enan. 3. Yincuminco miraoy i tatelek no katayalan ato saki tayal ato lifon caayay ka sawaco a salongoc. Saka 18 liyad Yincuminco ci salongoc to pakaynien nangra i noniyah mipili’an a dayhiw, mikihatiya to sakidemak no niyah salongoc a demak ko pisetek, ci salongoc mirayas ato micowat to sakinoniyahan o yincuminco misetekan citodongay. Saka 19 liyad O kasakitakit i pilakowit ato pidemak latek masiyor i ’ayaw no yincuminco to pirikec ano eca midemak to paecasan, pakayni i nisafaloco’an, malakowit to no yincuminco a no niyah dayhiw citodongay, sakitini i yincuminco a kasasowal ato kafafolod, i ’ayaw ko piai cangraan to pakoniraay kafana’an ko pihada. Saka 20 liyad 1. Yincuminco ci salongoc cisalongoc mirayas ato micowat to sici, kicay ato syakay tatelek ano eca citodongay, ci salongoc to sakacekal miraoy to no niyah a saka’orip ato sakacomahadaw, ci salingoc pakoniraay midemak to no niyah polong no rocok no to’asan ato roma a demakan no kicay. 2. Macefis to ko saka’orip ato sakacomahadaw a yincuminco ci salongoc to saka cimo’ecel ato sakalalen a sapipaaca a todong. Saka 21 liyad 1. Yincuminco ci salongoc to saka eca ka sawacoen a masalof ko kicay ato syakay a demak, mangalef saki kiwiko, katayalan, cilingaday a pinanaman ato papinanaman, kamaro’an, taliyok a isi, sadipot to ka tangka’ ato syakay pa’oripay a sofalan. 2. kasakitakit o masasiala to sakacipaecasan, i matatodongay i demak ko masasiala to sakacipaecasan, mapadama ko yincuminco a kicay ato syakay demakan madadoedo a masalof. Tadamaanen pisafaloco’ ko saki yincuminco a mato’asay, fafahiyan, kapah, ka’emangay ato maliwihay tamdaw a salongoc ato tadamaanay a sapa’edeng. Saka 22 liyad 1. Midemak to nian a “niketonan” i, o tatadamaanen ko pisafaloco’ to no yincuminco a mato’asay, fafahiyan, kapah, ka’emangay ato maliwihay tamdaw a salongoc ato tadamaan a pa’edengan. 2. O kasakitakit o mamikihatiya to yincuminco a kakomodan masasiala to sakacipaecasan, misapinang to yincuminco fafahiyan ato ka’emangay saparocek a sadipot ato sapa’orip, a caay ka kari’ang ato kaepec. Saka 22 liyad 1. Midemak to nian a “niketonan” i, o tatadamaanen ko pisafaloco’ to no yincuminco a mato’asay, fafahiyan, kapah, ka’emangay ato maliwihay tamdaw a salongoc ato tadamaan a pa’edengan. 2. O kasakitakit o mamikihatiya to yincuminco a kakomodan masasiala to sakacipaecasan, misapinang to yincuminco fafahiyan ato ka’emangay saparocek a sadipot ato sapa’orip, a caay ka kari’ang ato kaepec. Saka 23 liyad Yincuminco ci salongoc misapinang ato mitelek to sapidemak micowat salongoc a pali’ayaw ato sakalalood. Mangalef, yincuminco ci salongoc misarocod mikihatiya misetek ato misapinang to sakafiyol cangraan to sakidama to sakatomelek, kamaro’an a telek ato roma a kicayan ato syakay telekan, patodongen mihayda to no niyah citodongay mikowan to nian telekan. Saka 24 liyad 1. Yincominco ci salongoc a midemak to no niyah to’asan a sapaiyo, ci salongoc midoedo to no niyah sakidama to sakatomelekaw, halo pidipot cangraan to no rengosan sapaiyo, ’a’adopen ato kinairairaan. Yincuminco ira ko salongoc a caay ka cimaan to piepec to piraoy to polong no syakay ato sakidama to sakatomelek a sapatado. 2. Yincuminco cirocek miraoy to sakatahira satakaraway todong sakatomelek no tatirengan malalenay a salongoc. Kasakitakit o mamidotoc to rarakaten, o nian a salongoc marara marocek ko pilaheci. Saka 25 liyad Yincuminco ira ko salongoc to sapirayas ato pa’icel nangra to no niyah a rocok no to’as a iraay ato roma a nicalapan ato nidemakan a sera, sofal, nanoman, ringiday no riyar ato roma cikinairaay a tadamaanay kadadapic, sakitini midoedo miteked cangra to sakilocok no kararerarem a caconohen. Saka 26 liyad 1. Yincuminco saki nangra a rarocoken iraay, nicalapan ano eca roma a sapidemak ano eca o parahodan a sera, sofal ato no kinairaan a salongoc. 2. Yincuminco ira ko salongoc to sakaira, sapidemak ato sapitena’ to nangra to’asan rocok a iraay ano eca roma to’asan rocok a nicalapan ano eca nano iraay to nidemakan, ato o parahodan a sera, sofal ato no kinairaan. 3. kasakitakit o a i rikec a patalahekal ato madipot konini a sera, sofal ato kinaira. O matiniay a pipatalahekal o a i nga’ayay to pingodo to pakitiniay i no yincuminco a lekakawa, to’asan rocok ato salongoc no sera a lalekoen. Saka 27 liyad kasakitakit o mamilecad to yincuminco a malekapot, itini i matatodongay patalahekal to no yincuminco a rikec, to’asan rocok, lekakawa ato polong salongoc sera a lalekoen, mitelek ato o malalenay, masaikeday, nga’ayay, papo’elacay ato mahapinangay a pakayraan, misapinang ato pasetek to yincuminco to sakacisera, sofal ato kinairaaw, halo saki nangra to’asan rocok a iraay ano eca roma pakayraan to nicalapan ano eca nidemakan a sera, sofal ato kinaira a salongoc. Yincuminco o a ira ko salongoc a mikihatiya to nian a pidotocan. Saka 28 liyad 1. Yincuminco a to’asan rocok a iraay ano eca roma pakayraan to nicalapan ano eca nidemakan a sera, sofal ato kinaira, o caayay ho kali’ayaw nangra a kafana’en a mihayda a macefis, maala, macalap, medemak ato makari’ang i, ira ko salongoc a mapatodong, palololen halo pipatiko to nano nialaan, ano eca caay ka nga’ay asa i, kao mo’ecelay, malalenay, matatodongay ko pipatodong. 2. Tada caay to saki yincuminco ira ko roma pakoniyahay pihayda, sapatodong a sapalolol kao malecaday ’aca, tata’ang ato rikecan no sera, sofal ato kinaira, ano eca payso patodong, ano eca roma matatodongay sapatodong. Saka 29 liyad 1. Yincuminco ci salongoc to pidipot ato pidama to sera ano eca o sofal ato kinaira no taliyok ato saka sademak a ’icel. Kasakitakit caay ka ci miepecay ko pitelek ato pipadama to yincuminco midemak to matiniay a pidipot ato sapidama a halaka. 2. O kasakitakit pakinga’ayay masasiala to sakacipaecasan, misaheci to caayay ka li’ayaw ko sakaciira yincuminco pakoniraay kafana’en a pihayda, caay ka nga’ay i sera ano eca sofal no niyah pateli ano eca mina’ang to katalawan a lalosidan. 3. O kasakitakit o mamipasasiala to sakacipaecasan, midotoc to papadangen, misaheci to nano matiniay katalawan lalosidan a mifiyol ko yincuminco misetek ato midemak to patodongan a midawa, mirayas ato sapalolol to no yincuminco a sakakinto’ a lekakawa to sakacitodong a midemak. Saka 30 liyad 1. Akaa ka i no yincuminco a sera ano eca i sofal midemak to saki sofitay a demak, dengan o sakacitodong a ira ko kanga’ayan ta manga’ay midemak, ano eca pakayni i saki yincuminco pakoniraay pihayda, ano eca ningitanitan to sapidemakaw. 2. O kasakitakit mamidemak i no yincuminco a sera ano eca i sofal a midemak to saki no sofitay a dademaken i, i’ayawen ko pihayda to sakacitodong no silsil, o citatodongay mihayda a dayhiw, ka iraen i yincuminco ko kasasowalan to sapidemak. Saka 31 liyad 1. O yincuminco ira ko salongoc mirayas, mikowan, midama ato pacomahad to ponka no nalacolan, rocok no fana’ ato rocok a ponka pipahapinangan, ato saki kakak, fana’an ato ponka padademak, halo yamdawan a rocok kinaira, sapaloma, sapaiyo, pakayniay i ’a’adopen molengaway a kasafeleng no nifana’an, nanolitengan a rocok, nitilidan, nifacoan, onto ato rocok a sasalamaen, no mata pinengneng ato kasakero a kakak. Ira ko salongoc nanra to pirayas, mikowan, midama ato micomahad to niyah a sakiponka no nalacolan, rocok no fana’ ato rocok a ponka pahapinang pademak to nifana’an a kinaira. 2. Kasakitakit o mamicamol to yincuminco malekapot masasiala to sakacipaecasan, mihapinang ato midipot tonini a salongoc a midemak. Saka 32 liyad 1. Yincuminco cisalongoc misaheci ato mitelek to sapipamatang ano eca militado to sera ano eca o sofal ato roma a kinaira I’ayaw to no sakatadamaan ato sakalaloodan. 2. Kasakitakit mipalowaday to kalomaamaan sakafiyolaw to sera ano eca o sofal ato roma kinaira no yincuminco a halaka, ngalef i’ayaw no sapipamatang, sapisapilitado ano eca mi’ot’ot to kinaira a dafong, nanom ato roma kinaira a kamokan, kao so’elinay ko pakayraan, mihayda to pakayniay no niyah a daykiw to cacitodong no yincuminco, masasowal ato makakomod to yincumin, sakapakoniyahay fana’ ko pihayda. 3. O kasakitakit o papadamso to nga’ayay saka cirikec, kalo matiniay a demakan padamso to malalenay ato mo’ecelay a sapatodong, kao masasialaay to sakacipaecasan, milowan to taliyokay, no kicay, no syakay, no ponka ano eca no angilan a sakalatiih a mafiyol. Saka 33 liyad 1. O yincuminco ci salongoc midotoc to lekakawa ato rocokan, misetek to niyah a kacingangan ano eca pirenokan. Caay ko sapicara no yincuminco to saka citodong sakalafinawlan no kitakit a maro’ a salongoc. 2. Yivcuminco ci salongoc midotoc to no niyah a pakayraan, mitelek to cacekeran no citodongay ato pipili’ to dademakay nonini citodongay. Saka 34 liyad Yincuminco ci salongoc a midotoc to nisafacoan salongoc no kasakitakit, micikeroh, micowat ato mirayas to cacekeran no citodongay ato tadamaanay a lakakawan, kaci’angilan, rocok no to’as, pakayraan, sapidemak, ato iraayay (ano iraay i) rikec a telak ano eca pinangan. Saka 35 liyad Yincuminco ci salongoc mitelak ko niyah to sakisyako a kacitodongan. Saka 36 liyad 1. O yincuminco, mangalef i nipipala’ed salawacan no kasakitakit a yincuminco, ci salongoc to sala’adananay a finacadan a tamdaw ato roma finacadan tamdaw ko kasasirayas ato kacowat no kasasiraod, kakiharan ato kakomodan, halo saki’angilan, ponka, sici, kicay ato syakay no patosokan micowat ko kadademak. 2. Kasakitakit o malalicay ato makakomod to yincuminco, pakinga’ayay masasiala to sakacipaecasan, sapidemak tonini a salongoc misaheci to salongoc to sakalaheciaw, padamso to sakanga’ay. Saka 37 liyad 1. O yicuminco ci salongoc mingitangit to kasakitakit ano eca oya mamirocok a kitakit mitelek to katatelekan, mipatatekoan ato roma palowadan a nisilsilan a sakaira to pipatalahekal, mido’edo ato sapidemak, ci salongoc mingitangit to kasakitakit a milaheci ato mangodo tonini a katatelekan, mipatatekoan ato roma palowadan a nisilsilan. 2. Onini a “Niketonan” a maanan no laloma’ caay ka nga’ay miserer to nipisaheci ano eca mipalasawad tonini a nikatatelakan, mipatatekoan ato roma palowadan a pisilsil to matelakay i salongoc no yincuminco. Saka 38 liyad O kasakitakit o mamikihatiya to yincuminco a malalicay ato makakomod, masasiala to sakacipaecasan, halo masasiala to nirikecan a paecasan, milaheci tonini a “Niketonan” a patosokan. Saka 39 liyad O yincuminco ci salongoc nai kasakitakit nikakmodan a cikilac to payso ato sakafana’ a sapadama, saka piraoy tonini a “Niketonan” nitelakan a salongoc. Saka 40 liyad O yincuminco ci salongoc militado to nga’ayay ato mo^celay a silsil, mihayda tonini a silsil ranikay pakaala to pipasetek, pitolas to milecaday to kasakitakit ano eca roma a demakan kasasitocan ano eca kalaliyangan, saki no tekedan ato kapolongan a salongoc to maanan maforawan mapalolol to sapatodong. Matiniay a pipasetek o patodongay to i niyaro’ay ko pitanam pakayni i yincuminco a lakakawan, rocok no to’as, pakayraan midoedo, ato rikecan a telak ato kasakitakit a salongoc. Saka 41 liyad Linhoko a rarocok i kasa citodongay ato mirocokay citodongay ato roma sifoan kasacefang, o papakayra picikeroh to paysoan makakomod ato nifana’an masasidama ato roma pakayraan, masarocod malaheci konini “Niketonan” a mitelekan a katadamaanan. O mamitelek to pakayraan ato sapidemak, malaheci i yincuminco ko pikihatiya misalof to kafiyolaw saki cangraan a demakan. Saka 42 liyad Linhoko, Linhoko a citodongay (halo yincuminco demakan patireng to kasasowalan), kasa mirocokay citodongay (halo sakakaay no kitakit) ato kasakitakit, o mamicikeroh to saki nian “Niketonan” kasatelakan a pingodo ato pilaheci a midemak, mikotod a mitiri’ tonini “Niketonan” to pahecian no pidemak. Saka 43 liyad Onini a “Niketonan” a nipatalahekalan a salongoc, o saki polong no hekal a yincuminco to salongoc a ma’orip, sadama to tari’ang ato pikilim to sakalemed a sasafaay a salongan. Saka 44 liyad Yincuminco caay pisasiroma to fa’inayan ato fafahiyan, malalen ko sakaira sapiraoy tonini a “Niketonan” mihaydaan a polong no salongoc ato sapakonira a mapa’es. Saka 45 liyad Onini “Niketonan” a maanan no laloma’ay caay ko papodacen palasafa ko pifana’ ano eca palasawad to miraoyan no yincuminco ano eca iikoray a mala saka cisalongoc. Saka 46 liyad 1. Onini a “Niketonan” a maamaan no laloma’ay aka a pisaheci to mikilif to pi’eses to maanan a kitakit, finacadan, kasakapot ano eca tekedean ci salongocay midemak to maanan miliyangay to “Linhoko a kimpo” to dademakan ato pinangan, aka a ko nifana’an a patalahekal ano eca patorod i maanan to sakipolong ano eca salongan nisakilacan ano eca pikari’angan no niyah salongoc ato masongila’ay misatataday kitakit a sofal ano eca sici kalacecayan no dademaken. 2. O pidemak tonini a “Niketonan” a nisintingan a salongoc i, o kakangodoen ko kalo tamdaw a salongoc ato patodongan a salongoc. Onini a “Niketonan” misilsilan a kalo salongoc no pidemak, dengan i patodongan i rikec a nitelekan ko pidahdah, o mamipalacad to no kasakitakit a salongoc pipatado. Maanan to saki matiniay a pidahdah caay ko saka sapisepenaw, o mamatira aca, o sapipadama to kasasiroma no tamdaw a salongoc a cipakoniraay a kacitodongan to patalahekal a mingodo, miraheked i nikapolongan syakay a nga’ayay ato kanga’ayan a kalongocan. 3. O mamidotoc to nga’ayay, nikapolongan, kangodoan salongoc, malecaday, caay ka o misawacoay, nga’ayay pikowan no sifo (good governance) ato so’elinay a sapidotoc, a misaheci to “Niketonan” a kasakamok no nitelakan. === Mifalicay to tilid: ci Masao Nikar === 1m7w6klckgp72ge3rd2s6dldue4c6ju 0 2746 44268 44267 2024-08-26T08:02:03Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Marekrek kiwkay ciwlo kiwkay (長老教會瑞北教會) */ 44268 wikitext text/x-wiki == Marekrek kiwkay ciwlo kiwkay (長老教會瑞北教會) == I 1956 (45) miheca patireng to kilang a kiwkay, pipacakatan itiya ira ci Huang Qingfeng (黃慶豐), Song Zhengqing (宋正清), Wang Mingrong (王明榮) aci Lin Jinming (林進明) foksi, ciwlo ira ci Zhang Ayuan (張阿源), Huang Jiamao (黃加茂). 7 ko laloma’an no mitooray salikaka. 1957 (46) miheca misingkiw to ciwlo ci Cai Yuqing (蔡玉清) aci Hu Qinghai (胡青海) ko matoro’ay. Sicuci matoro’ay ci Wang Maoxiong (王茂雄). 1 miheca ci Lin Jinming (林進明) sinkiwsi itini itiya. 1958 (47) miheca pakalitemoh to faliyos, maloyoh ko kiwkay. Saan miliyaw patireng aca, itiya ci Zhuo Xinde (卓信得) foksi ko matayalay i kiwkay. 1959 (48) miheca ci Song Zhengqing (宋正清) foksi ko mikeriday to pisingkiw to ciwlo to sicuci, matoro’ay a ciwlo ci Cai Yuqing (蔡玉清) aci Hu Qinghai (胡青海) tatosa, o sicuci matoro’ay ci Wang Maoxiong (王茂雄) aci Pan Cunci (潘村次) tatosa, itiya ira ko 10 laloma’an mitooray salikaka, ci Qiu Wenji sinkiwsi ko matayalay to 1 miheca ira ko 6 folad itiya. 1963 (52) miheca miliyaw misingkiw to ciwlo ato sicuci, ciwlo ci Zhang Shiliang (張詩良) aci Wang Maoxiong (王茂雄) ko matoro’ay, sicuci ci Pan Cunci (潘村次) aci Pan Zhihao (潘知好) tatosa. Ci Wu Qingyun (吳清雲) foksi ko matayalay i kiwkay, ira ko 11 laloma’an mitooray salikaka. 1967 (56) miheca, miliyaw misingkiw to ciwlo ato sicuci, ci Wu Qingyun (吳清雲) foksi ko mikeriday, o ciwlo ci Wang Maoxiong (王茂雄) aci Lin Huosheng (林火勝) tatosa matoro’ay. O sicuci ci Huang Fusheng (黃福生) aci Lin Gaotian (林高田) tatosa ko matoro’ay. Ira ko 16 laloma’an ko mitooray salikaka. 1973 (62) miheca 9 folad misingkiw to ciwlo ato sicuci, ci Xu Yidu (許伊度) foksi ko mikeriday, maalaay ciwlo ci Wang Maoxiong (王茂雄) aci Lin Huosheng (林火勝) tatosa matoro’ay, sicuci ira ci Lin Gaotian (林高田) aci Pan Zhihao (潘知好) tatosa ko matoro’ay itiya. 1975 (64) miheca 1 folad 5 romi’ad, mipatireng ci Hong Chuanxing (洪川幸) sinkisian, mikihatiyaay foksi ira ci Xu Yidu (許伊度), Wu Jianfeng (吳建豐), Wu Qingyun (吳清雲), Lin Rongfa (林榮發), Lian Zhongyi (連忠義), Lin Maosong (林茂松), Qiu Wenji (邱文基) ko mikihatiyaay itiya. 1976 (65) miheca 10 folad 5 romi’ad, ci Lin Rongfa (林榮發) foksi ko mikeriday to pipaino’ to wawa ato mikerid to pitahekaan a lihay. 1977 (66) miheca 9 folad 10 romi’ad, ci Lian Zhongyi (連忠義) foksi ko mikeriday to pipaino’ ato pitaheka a lihay. 1978 (67) miheca 9 folad 5 romi’ad, ci Wang Mingrong (王明榮) foksi ko mikeriday to pipaino’ ato pitahekaan a lihay. Miliyaw misingkiw to ciwlo ato sicuci, ciwlo maalaay ci You Wenji (游文吉) aci Gao Gibbon (高吉本) ko matoro’ay, sicuci ci Pan Zhihao (潘知好) aci Lin Qingmei (林清妹) tatosa ko matoro’ay. O mitooray salikaka no kiwkay ira ko 18 no laloma’an. Aniniay ciwlo ato sicuci (2021-2025) 4 miheca a lekad. Ciwlo: Chen Tiancai, Chen Chunmei, Lin Xiufang, Zhong Yi. Sicuci: Tian Hanmei, Li Yuhua, Gao Wenxiong, Huang Yucheng Laloma’an no mitooray: 15 loma’. Tamdaw no mitooray: 36 tamdaw. Sa’opo no tamdaw: Pilihayan: salongan 16 ko tamdaw no pilihay. Ka’emangay: 4 tamdaw. Kitokay: 8 tamdaw. Hamong to loma’: 9 tamdaw. Focinkay: pacena’. sxqpyj0wmvcvhnjg007sb1eoyhziedt 0 2747 44281 44280 2024-08-26T08:17:06Z Masaonikar 570 /* Ika a pacipatan “Misatataday to Taywan yofayof a analal” a likisi. (歷史紀錄片《末代叛亂犯》電影海報。) */ 44281 wikitext text/x-wiki == Aniniay romi’ad a likisi - 0509 Misatataday to Taywan yofayof a analal (歷史上的今天——0509獨台會事件) == === Ika a pacipatan “Misatataday to Taywan yofayof a analal” a likisi. (歷史紀錄片《末代叛亂犯》電影海報。) === Tona mapalasawad koya “Tongyin kanloan seci linci telekan” i, o nipatatekoan mato caayho ka ta’engad ko romi’ad no Taywan, I 1991 miheca 5 folad 9 romi’ad, ci Liao Weicheng, Chen Zhengran, Wang Xiuhui aci Masao Nikar sasepat, pakayni pisa’osi nangra to tilid ni Shi Ming to “400 mihecaan likisi no Taywan tamdaw”, mala o miliyangay to “Cenci (pitefoc) to mirawraway telek” marepet no mihelamay, saka o nian a demak, saka tatongotongod no finawlan no Taywan miliyang to nikapolongan onto. 1991 miheca 5 folad 1 romi’ad, mipalasawad to “Tongyin kanloan seci linci telekan”, nika o Taywan o caciso’elinay to o nikapolongan ato mapakoniraay haw? so’elinay caayay aca. Itiya, o pipalasawad to “Tongyin kanloan seci linci telekan” a saan, ira ho ko “Cenci (pitefoc) to mirawraway telek”, rikec 100 liyad saka 2 tosir o mamipatala to sapirawraw raraw, mangocedisay a tawa, mipadoedo mikantok to sapakoniraaw no finalan no Taywan. Nanoya, tona Tsinghua daykako kingkiwsi ci Liao Weicheng (Liāu Uí-thîng), matayalay to ponka tamdaw ci Chen Zhengran (Tân Tsìng-jiân), syakay onto a fafahiyan ci Wang Xiuhui (Ông Siù-huī) aci Masao Nikar sasepat, o pisa’osi nangra to nitilidan ni Shi Ming to “400 mihecaan likisi no Taywan tamdaw” i, mapamotek no Fawopo mihelamay. 1991 miheca 5 folad 9 romi’ad, mihelamay maocor ko papinapina tamdaw misetol to pitilidan no Tsinghua daykako, mirepet cangraan a tamdaw, sacisowal sa o nano nidamaan ni Shi Ming cangra, micowat to Misatataday to Taywan yofayof i Taywan, o mamifelih to “Cenci (pitefoc) to mirawraway telek” saan saka repeten cangra, nano nian a demak, citodongay pacipat to sapisinting a kapah no Lukai tamdaw ci Cegau Drululan, i 5 folad 11 romi’ad repatan mirofo itiya. Nanoyaan, o nano nisimedan a tilid to “400 mihecaan likisi no Taywan tamdaw”, ala cecay to ko tamdaw tonini a tilid, alatek ’alomanay to ko tamdaw pakanengneng tayra i Dipong ci Shi Mingan, orasaka, ira ko saanay tamdaw, malengat ko micowat to Misatataday to Taywan yofayof i Taywan, so’elin atekak ko demak no Kuomintang, saki macowatay lowad onto no mitiliday a patalaw na saan i, o halaka to piepec to sician ko matiniay. Pakayni to nian pirepat a demak ranikay sa masasicalay ko kasadaykako, i 5 folad 12 romi’ad, tayra masafeleng ko mitiliday i “Dazhongzhizheng” potal miliyang, talacowa kasafelengan toya romi’ad, ira ko semo’otay miliyangay mitiliday malaplapay no imien ato hitay, pacofcof han padakaw to tosiya mipalaliw, nika matiniay a demak mala sapifelihaw no finawlan, saka micalap to siyataw no cilamalay i Taypi, ato pipalasawad onto to rikec 100 liyad. 1991 miheca 5 folad 15 romi’ad, nai polong kasa niyaro’ mitiliday ato syakay onto dademakay micalap to siyataw no cilamalay i Taypi, o todong pidama micoker to marepetay no Misatataday to Taywan yofayof a tamdaw, onini a picalap a demakan padoedo 6 romi’adan, itini no finawlan a sapenec, i 5 folad 17 romi’ad, Lipoyin kinatolo mihayda palasawad to “Cenci (pitefoc) to mirawraway telek”. Itiya 5 folad 20 romi’ad, miliyangay finawlan palowad to mifelihay to sici a piepec ’ofadan tamdaw mirakat, miliyas to siyataw no cilamalay i Taypi. Tahamatini, “Cenci (pitefoc) to mirawraway telek” mapalasawaday to, nika o sasapinangen ho ko “rikec” 100 liyad caayho kademak, orasaka o Misatataday to Taywan yofayof a analal o nian to “rikec” 100 liyad saka 2 todir ko sapipalowad to o mamipatala to sapirawraw ko sapararaw. Nanoya, mapalasawad ko rikec 100 liyad a demak padoedo haca macowat. Tangasa saka tosa miheca 1992 miheca 5 folad 15 romi’ad, Lipoyin kana tolo mihayda “rikec” 100 liyad masalof, pakayni to nian a analal mapasetek to o caayay ko tateleken sato, o Misatataday to Taywan yofayof a demakan katatongotongodan nanoyaan sato paherek. Manengneng to, o Misatataday to Taywan yofayof a analal mapalowad ko sapipalasawad to “Cenci (pitefoc) to mirawraway telek” ato “rikec” 100 liyad pisalofaw a tadamaanay demak, saki nikapolongan no Taywan ira aca ko talolongay a mafiyol, o Misatataday to Taywan yofayof a miteka paherekan oya  midiwadiway ci Liao Jianhua ko misyasingay likisi pala filomo “Saikoray mifelihay ciraraway a analal”, o piliclican ato patodongan a salicay, malecad to toya nitilidan a cudad, o todong piharatngan minengneng toya to’ek mihecaan mahiratengay ato kimad. Oroma sato, kasapinangan a demak, o nirakatan no nikapolongan no Taywan, tangasa tonini 30 mihecaan, itiya to masapinang ko kacomahad no nikapolongan, o nian a nisidayan a tilidan, mapatapal kita, caay ko inacilaay ho a demak, nikapolongan, caay ko tangsol sanay ciheci, onini i o dadoedoen no ikoray a tamdaw, padoedo mipadama ato midoedo to nian. i9rwo25w60kmd491572ghngy0mjaqwt 14 2750 44357 2024-08-29T09:59:21Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 建立內容為「分類:音樂」 44357 wikitext text/x-wiki 分類:音樂 bl4xjvo4o6q47kp3el2tcs5q9pmgk1v 0 2752 44417 44416 2024-08-31T04:12:00Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Papotalay calay (外部連結) */ 44417 wikitext text/x-wiki == Cen Cuiyu (陳翠玉) == Cen Cuiyu (1917 miheca 2 folad 9 romi’ad – 1988 miheca 8 folad 20 romi’ad), pacimil a ngangan ci Rencing[2], aniniay Taywan kangkoho kiwiko a patirengay, masofoc i Canghua no Taywan a mala kangkohoay ato cisalongocay no finawlan sician onto tamdaw, o nai pikihatiya to pipatireng to Taywan daykako isingan kangkohopo, Taywan daykako kangkoho pitilidan, ta misafa’eloh i naikoran no kalalood Taywan kangkoho kiwiko a pifalic, nanoya, micikeroh patireng to salongoc a harateng “Polong no cikiw fafahiyan Taywan nikapolongan onto” (Women's Movement for Democracy in Taiwan) a kasawasil, ato mihapiw micoker to malatenokay Taywan kitakit sanay a sasowalan. O kacitaneng ningra katadamaan i isingan no Taywan a sarakatay minanam i daykako citamohong to kakosi no Taywan a kangkoho, ato sa’ayaway matahidang no hekalan isi kasawasil a Taywan a kangkoho tamdaw[3]. === Rayray no 'orip (生平) === ==== Ka’emangan (早年) ==== Namisawad i Canghua kaucong i, kona awaay ho ko pasayraan no harateng to ikor i, saan na miliso’ tayra ko faki i Xiamen; manengneng ko itiraay i Xiamen ko caayay ka korac ko liyok no niyaro’, ta miketon pasiisi ko nisafaloco’an a dademakan[3]. Ikor, tayra i Dipon ci Cen Cuiyu itira i Saint Luke fafahiyan kangkofo pitilidan, misawad i 1941 miheca itiya, o nika fangcal no nipitilid ni Cen Cuiyu mafana’ saka lalicay to no Dipon ato Inkiris a sowal, saka mafo’ot padoedo itira i Dipon patadoay ko tayal, saan kana’ayen ningra to sapi nokayan tayni Taywan patadoay ko tayal[4]; midotoc to pipalita no citodongay i congtongfo, ci Cen Cuiyu nai 1942 miheca 1 folad tangasa 12 folad itira i Aiyu no Tokyo mikingkiway to kakomodan isi kangkofo[2] ==== Ka’ayaw kaikor no 228 a demakan (二二八事件前後) ==== Tono pinokay ni Cen Cuiyu tayni Taywan itira cingra i Pawcienkoan no Taypi a matayal[3], 1945 miheca 11 folad itira to cingra i Taywansio Taypi isingan kangkofo nicokeray kakeridan[2], toya mihecaan 3 folad mihayda ci Chen Yi to sapiocor a analal[5]. Midotoc to sowal na Qiu Feixian aci Chen Cuiyu a sito ci Li Jinrongan i, 1947 miheca 2 folad fangafang k Taywan to 228 a demak, finawlan ato komintang a tapang masasi’ayaw itiya, saan ci Cen Cuiyu mipadang cingra to mamakari’angaw no citodongay tapang no komintang a papinapina tamdaw, nika ikor patodongen no citodongay pacomod i papatayen a ngangan ci Cen Cuiyu. Ikor ira ko caayay ka kahi a widang ato citodongay midemak a mipadangay, saka toya mihecaan saka 3 folad mipacarcar papiliyas to Taywan ci Cen Cuiyu a tayra i Canada milimek[3]:27[4]. Midotoc to pipalita no citodongay i congtongfo, 1947 miheca 4 folad ci Chen Cuiyu citodong haca cingra to Taywansio pinanaman komod a malasingsi tanfasa toya miheca 9 folad[2]. Itiya ci Chen Cuiyu i 1947 miheca 9 folad tangasa 1948 miheca 6 folad mitilid i daykako no Toronto no Canada to kangkofo citodongay kiwikoka pakaala to kompay[2][6], ikor minokay tayni Taywan cingra padoedo matayal i Taypi isingan kangkofo micokeray tangasa 1949 miheca 1 folad, toya miheca 2 folad patiko tayra i Pawcienkoan no Taypi a matayal to kangkofo kakeridan tangsa 12 folad, toya saka 7 folad mala citodongay no kitakit Taywan daykako isingkakoyin patirengan ising kangkofo kakeridan[2][7]. ==== Tawan daykako kangkofo pitilidan (臺大護校) ==== I ’ayaw no kacitodong ni Chen Cuiyu to kakeridan no kangkofo nao minanamay to kiwikono Padaka; misitapang to saki Tayta isingan ato kangkofo a kiwiko ato sapifalic to lalekoen, halo pipatireng to Tayta isingan kangkofopo, misafaeloh mitelek to patodong no matayalay a kasasiiked no isingan, paisingan taliyok isi kacakat, patongal to kafoti’an no kasofocan ato wawa a rawang masafa’eloh ko kahiraan lalekoen a demak[3]:39-45[8] Ikoran tiya a Tayta kakeridan ci Fu Sinian kociw mahemek to ’icel ni Chen Cuiyu, nanoya ci Chen Cuiyu i 1950 miheca patireng to kitakit Taywan daykako isi kakoyin pakapi to takaraway kangkofo tayal pitilidan (Tayta fosiw), patorod cingraan sa’ayaway kociw[9], 1950 miheca 7 folad miteka ci Chen Cuiyu citodong mala liciciw no Taywanko kangkofo konghuy[2]. 1951 miheca komintang miocor tayra i Tayta kangkofo pitilidan malaciawkoan ci Liu Shuzhang fafahiyan; nawhani no tekedan a demak pacomoden ko no sofitay ato teked pikowan i pitilidan, tahaikor caay to kasasinga’ay aci Chen Cuiyu ko harateng[3]:92[4]. 1952 miheca 10 folad ci Chen Cuiyu mala kapolongan wiyin no Conghua fafahiyan miliyangay to kongcantang[2], 1954 miheca tayra cingra i Boston daykako no Amilika pakaala to kangkofo dademakan sosi a todong[3]:138. Ikor i 1956 miheca ci Liu Shuzhang mitakaw mitahidang to mangahay tilid, mimangah ci Chen Cuiyuan pakokot to mikelot a raraw, nanoya ci Chen Cuiyu matefoc no hoyin mapalasawad ko tayal marofo[3]:124. Tahaikor talacowa mapalasawad to no takaraway hoyin ko kaawa no raraw a wacay ni Chen Cuiyu, nika mapasemer cingra saka miliyas to Taywan tayra i Padaka[10]. Oya Tayta kangkofo pitilidan i piliyas to ni Chen Cuiyu mapaherek ko kacitodong no pitilidan[4]. ==== Papotalay no kitakit a onto (海外運動) ==== Maliyaw haca ci Chen Cuiyu to Taywan tayra i sasifo’ay no Amilika, o pipadang no hakal isi sakapot citodong to itiraay kitakit a isi komong, halafin ko aro’ ningra itira i Puerto Rico[10][4]. Itira i hakal isi sakapot a patado ira ko 18 mihecaan, o sapatodong a tayal lekakawa ci Chen Cuiyuan talacowa caay pikihatiya to papotalay no kitakit a kasacitodongay sakapot onto[3]:160, nika itiraay i Puerto Rico a finawlan misa’icel to sapisiikedan a demak saka cifaloco’ micoker to misatataday patireng to kitakit no Taywan[4]. 1980 miheca nai hakal isi sakapot a misawad ko tayal, ci Chen Cuiyu misitapang mikihatiya no Taywan citodongay nikapolongan a demak, ato mikihatiya to Taywan saniyaro’ kakomodan yofayof[3]:160-161. Itiya i 1985 miheca ato i Hawaii ko ao’ ci Kogeorgi masasiparapic, papitilid to pakayniay to Taywan likisi a tilidan, itiya ci Kogeorgi tatiih to ko tireng ningra a ci Chen Cuiyu ko mikotayay mitilid, mihapiw to ngangan “misi’ayaw to katalawan a Taywan” (The Taiwan Confrontation Crisis) tilid.[3]:163[11] Padoedo i 1986 miheca ci Chen Cuiyu misakapot micikeroh to Taywan nikapolongan, fafahiyan todong a patosokan a sakapot “Polong no cikiw fafahiyan Taywan nikapolongan onto” (Women's Movement for Democracy in Taiwan), oni sakapot dengan i “WMDIT”, ono Taywan a sowal (tilid) "Tanektekay” sanay ko pitahidang[3]:165[11]. Padoedo i 1988 miheca ci Chen Cuiyu mihapiw to “Makapahay kanatal nikapolongan-kawaliay Switzerland” a tilidan, laloma’ no tilid mihalhal to Taywan pasayra i matiyaay o Switzerland a tenokan kitakit[3]:182-197. I 1987 miheca minokay ci Chen Cuiyu mihapiw ato WMDIT sakapot a haratengan papelo, ato miliso’ i Kasiwto a sician marofoay, matiniay demak ni Chen Cuiyu itiyaay a komintang sifo mapacomoday i ciraraway tamdaw, mapalasawad ko sapinokay i Taywan[12][4]. ==== O pinokay o piliyas to hekal (返鄉離世) ==== I 1988 miheca o hakal nika saniyaro’ no Taywan sarakat i Taywan masa’opo, ci Chen Cuiyu sapinokayan tayni Taywan a mikihatiya, nika o niyah a sapinokay a pitoki mapalasawaday a caay ka nga’ay a minokay, saan o no Amilika a paspoto ko sapisingsi, pakayra to i Singapore milokiyol ta manga’ay minokay tayni i Taywan[4]. Nika o nikato’as to no tatengan, ira ko mimecmecay faloco’ a adada ato o pirakarak i ’ayaw no katayni Taywan, ci Chen Cuiyu itiya i 7 folad 31 romi’ad mnokay tayni Taywan tatiihay to ko tatirengan tangsolsol sa mapatayra i Tayta isingan paising, kaitiraan ho i ising i mangalef ko no roma a adada, saka i saka 8 folad 20 romi’adan miliyas to hekal a mapatay. [3]:236[7] Pipadongosan ci Chen Cuiyu a lihay itira i 8 folad 26 romi’ad itira i Taypisi Congsan nanlo 3 haw Taywan Kristo ciwlo kiwkay (Cinan Kristo ciwlo kiwkay) midemak, itiya pitademan mapatayra i ka’ayaw no miliyangay i Congtongfo ko rakat[12]. ==== Laloma’an (家族) ==== Kasofocan ni Chen Cuiyu itira i Canghuasien Hemcen, nano ka’emangan mitoor to mato’asay mikihatiya to Taywan Kristio ciwlo kiwkay Hemi kiwkay, o nano paino’ay to a mala mitooray, ma’emangan ni Chen Cuiyu o mama na kamaenay to masanekay a sasimi malatiihay mapatay o sacecayay a malanaay laloma’an[3]:20-21. O fa’inay ci Eric Landauer o nano maro’ay i Shanghai, cifafahiay to Congko fafahiyan, nao matayalay to hakalan isi sakapot citodongay patadoay a Germany Yotaya a tamdaw. O kasasi’araw nangra aci Chen Cuiyu itiya i 228 a demak a mamakari’ang milayiw saka tayra i Canada i ’ayaw, tayra i Shanghai pacena’ ko aro’ masasi’araw cangra, itiya ci Eric Landauer padamso ci Chen Cuiyu mipadang[3]:136-137. Ikor nika 1949 miheca komintang sifo komintang kongcantang kalaloodan milaliw ko komintang tayni Taywan, itiyaay ci Eric Landauer saka taynian i Taywan nasa, nika o fafahi paci’eci sa itira i Shanghai a caay pihakolong, nanoya caay to ka parapic. Nanoyaan ci Eric Landauer aci Chen Cuiyu rarid sato maparapic, saka i 1955 miheca mararamod cangra3]:138. Tona saka fades tira Tayta kangkofo pitilidan plalw ni Chen Cuiyu papotal no ktakt ma’orip i, ci Eric Landauer malahakelong cangra tayra i Puerto Rico a maro’. O patay ni Eric Landauer itira i 1980 mihecaan miliyas to hekal[3]:141. === Pinengneng to tilid (參考資料) === 1.Landauer, Stella Chen. A plan for meeting the nursing needs of Taiwan. 2021-06-24 [2021-06-24]. （原始內容存檔於2021-06-24） –透過open.bu.edu. 2.〈總統府人事調查表〉：陳翠玉，國史館藏 3.李錦容. 台灣女英雄陳翠玉. 台灣: 前衛出版社. 2003年3月. <nowiki>ISBN 957-801-393-0</nowiki>. 4.邱斐顯. 為返鄉而死的台灣女英雄—陳翠玉. 公民新聞. 2010年8月19日 [2015年11月28日]. （原始內容存檔於2020年10月22日）. 5.＜省立臺北醫院護士部副主任陳翠玉派代案＞，國史館臺灣文獻館典藏號00303231542007 6.台灣女英雄陳翠玉追思紀念. Taiwanus.net. [2015年11月28日]. （原始內容存檔於2016年3月4日）. 7.翁青志. 台灣歷史人物誌 陳翠玉：台灣護理教育現代化的推手. 美國加州聖地牙哥台灣同鄉會. 2010年5月1日 [2015年11月28日]. （原始內容存檔於2016年10月29日）. 8.台灣醫界女英雄醫護天使-台灣的南丁格爾―陳翠玉. 台灣婦女團體全國聯合會. [2015年11月28日]. （原始內容存檔於2016年11月21日）. 9.臺大護校 護園共拓. 台灣大學. 2008年5月6日 [2015年11月28日]. （原始內容存檔於2008年12月14日）. 10.安息在自己的土地上. 本土信徒. [2015年11月28日]. （原始內容存檔於2020年1月17日）. 11.護理界的英雌─陳翠玉（1917－1988）. 國立臺灣歷史博物館. 年月日 [2015年11月28日]. （原始內容存檔於2015年11月1日）. 12.邱婓顯. 婦女先驅 台灣護士陳翠玉 (PDF). 真理大學: 13至14頁. [2015年11月28日]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2017年4月19日）. === Papotalay calay (外部連結) === 1.楊雅橘. 臺灣護理界的傳奇人物——為正義而戰的鬥士 永遠的改革家陳翠玉. 臺灣基督徒女性 2.靈修協會. 2019年7月4日 [2022年3月8日]. （原始內容存檔於2020年10月22日） （中文（臺灣））. iixki3ckxts4m99qcgnr2ytk789pyt5 0 2753 44458 44457 2024-08-31T06:27:56Z Masaonikar 570 /* Pinengnengan tilid. (參考資料) */ 44458 wikitext text/x-wiki == Kan Wilien (甘為霖) == Kan Wilien (Inkiris: William Campbell, 1841 miheca 4 folad 11 romi’ad—1921 miheca 9 folad 7 romi’ad) tada ngangan ci Wilien Kanpiel, masofoc i Glasgow no Scotland, o ciwlo kiwkay a foksi ato sinkiwsi, i 19 sician itiniay katimolay i Taywan a sinkiwsi, i 1841 miheca 10 folad itira i Taynan patireng to sa’ayaway mapohaway pitilidan, nanoya masowal o misitapangay to pitilidan no mapohaway a kiwiko. Kaitini ningra i Taywan nai 1871 miheca tangasa 1917 mihecaan, polong ira ko 46 mihecaan. Nawhani o nikatadamaan ningra, mapakompay sifo no Dipong a manikaray sarina[2] ato Reypawcang [3], ato o Knox sinkakoyin a patamohengan hakasi. === Rayray no ’orip (生平) === I 1841 miheca 4 folad, ci Kan Wilien (William Campbell) misawad i Inkiris a Glasgow, Scotland. I pitilidan ho ningra i Glasgow daykako i, cifaloco’ ito to pakayniay to noKawasan, orasaka misawad cingra to daykako i, itira i Scotland Pakoniraay kiwkay a sinkakoyin silsilan a Glasgow pitilidan (Free Church College, Glasgow) mitilid to 4 miheca to noKawasan pinanam. I 1871 miheca 7 folad 19 romi’ad, ci Kan Wilien (William Campbell) itira i nikeridan ni Tafisen foksi (Rev. Dr. Thain Davidson) a Islinton (Islington) kiwkay i, no London ciwkay mapatireng to sa’ayaway roma kitakit a sinkiwsi[1]. ==== Sa’ayaway kaitini Taywan a tinto (首次在台宣教) ==== I 1871 miheca 12 folad 20 romi’ad – 1878 miheca 11 folad 25 romi’ad, sa’ayaway ningra itini Taywan misintin, itiya o Mancin ko mikowanay to Taywan. ==== I Taywanfosya (台灣府城) ==== Ci Kan Wilien (William Campbell) nai ci To Katir (Carstairs Douglas) minanam to itiraay niyaro’ a sowal, i 1871 miheca 9 folad 7 romi’ad, nai Liverpool midakaw to tamina a lomowad, o tatayra i Taywanfo (Sincu) misintin. 10 folad tangasa i Hongkong, misaroma to mimingay tamina tayra i Xiamen, ta miliyaw to roma tamina tayra i Takao (itiya nai Xiamen tangasa i Takao awaayho ko kikay a tamina). 12 folad 10 romi’ad, tangasa cingra i Takao, saka tosa romi’ad, nano Inkiris a hongtian sofitay “Curuhaw” (H.M.S Dwarf) padama ni Buck Kyaputen, padakaw misera ci Kan Wilien (William Campbell) tayra i Taywanfo (Taynan) [2], itira i Anpin minato talasekal. Itiya pinapina folad miliyas ci Ma Yakop (James Laidlaw Maxwell) to Taywan, dengan to ci Te Matay (Dr. Matthew Dickson) sinkiwsi cecay ko itiraay i Taywanfo niyaro’. ==== No timolan sa’etal (南部教區) ==== I 1872 miheca 3 folad, ci Kan Wilien (William Campbell) miteka i Takao sa’etal sa’ayaway a pisintin: Taywanfo→Takao (matatala ci Li siw foksi)→Tongkang→Tikahka (Linpin)→Takao. Patiko i takao, itiraay i Syamen sinkiwsi ci Ye Hanzhang foksi no (Amilika Reformed Church) miliso’. Ci Ye Hanzhang mikihatiya to saka tosa pisintin: Takao→Pitaw→Alikang→Pakca (Nimen no Takao) →Kanana (Kopin no Takao) →Pakca→Pama (Cucen no Taynan) →Kongana (Kongcelin no Taynan) →Taywanfo. I pisintinan, ira ko so’elinay kafana’an no tamdaw, ta milayap to pipaino’, nawhani “Paino’ caay ko sakaci’orip, aca. Pipaino’ o pipawacay to pido’edo i Cingraan, pasodsod sa ko kafana’. Mipaso’elin to Tapang, o pitadi’ec to Tapang ko sakaci’orip. ==== Sasifo’an niyaro’ sa’etal (中部教區) ==== I 1872 miheca 10 folad 14 romi’ad, ci Kan Wilien (William Campbell) ici Te Matay ising (Dr. Matthew Dickson) ato Toasya, Laymen a mitooray ko patihiay, sarakatay tayra i sifo’ay niyaro’ i lotokay kiwkay ko pisintin, pakayra i Toasya (Kong Toasya)→Naysya (Liyutan no Miwli)→Poli dafdaf (Poli noNantu) a Wuniwlan (Ailan no Poli), Niwminsan (Niwmin no Poli), Tanan (Tanan no Poli). Talacowa itira i Poli a dafdaf ira ko salongan 6000 ko tamdaw no Tangafolan finacadan, nika malopisak to 33 a niyaroaro’, mililis alatek mangayaw no yincumin, katalawan to. Masakapot cangra i Niwton lotok miraod to Posya sangasaw a finacadan (Sediq finacadan). Toya miheca 3 folad ’ayaway tintosi, nai ci Li siw foksi, Te Matay (Dr. Matthew Dickson), Makay (Rev. George Leslie Mackay) malahakelong miliso’. Patiko nai Wuniwlan→Toasya→Ciayi→Paysuysi(Payho no Taynan)→Fancetin (Longtin no Taynan)→Cipi san (Tongsan no Taynan), maherek patireng ko Cipi san to kiwkay ta patiko tayra i Taynanfo niyaro’. ==== Ka’amisay pitintoan sa’etal (北部教區) ==== I 1873 miheca 3 folad itiya, ci Kan Wilien (William Campbell) midakaw to kopang a tamina Tafeni (Daphne) haw no Norway nai Anpin minato, pasayra mitaliyok i katimolay sangoso’ (Eluabi) no Taywan, mililis to sekal no kawali a macakat, tangasa i Tansuy miliso’ ci Makayan. Mililiw cingra to Wukokeng kiwkay, Mangka kiwkay, nanoya mihakelong ci Makayan romakat pasitimol, nai Tansuy→Congli→Cucan (Sincu)→Sinkang, itiya padoedo sato ci Kan Wilien (William Campbell) pasitimol ko rakat, misolap cingra to Laysya, Tuasya, Poli kasakiwkay, ta tayra cingra i Cuysyaho (Reyitan), miliso’ to Cuyfan sisya (Cuysya, Walan, Pakko, Tawsya), itiya nai nisolapan timolay kiwkay minokay tayra i Taynanfosya, toyanan a rakat mipatireng ho to Ciai kiwkay. I 1873 mihecaan no kafarawfawan, ci Kan Wilien (William Campbell) nai Takao no Inkiris kitakit a citodongay ci Polek (Mr. T.L.Bullock) ato Amilika kitakit Michigan daykako Miwsien (Museum) hakasi ci Setire (J.B. Steere) patihiay, saki natolo a tayra i Posya (Poli) misolap to kiwkay, miliyaw miliso’ to Cuysyaho (Reyitan), ta misolap to kawaliay no Posya a niyaro’ no yincumin. Itiya o kalali’acaan a demak, o Tangafolan ato yincumin malaliyang ma’a’odot, oraan ko pilalang no yibcumin ci Kan Wilien (William Campbell) a miliyaw miliso’ cangraan, liyoken no 60 tamdaw no yincumin cangra, mangatangata to cimapatayay, manga’ay aca ira ci Setire (J.B. Steere) hakasiko pakaliyasay to katalawan nangra. Pakayni to nia demak, ci Kan Wilien (William Campbell) padoedo to kinapinapina miliso’ to tanokay a kiwkay. ==== Picuyki kiwkay (白水溪教會) ==== Ci Kan Wilien (William Campbell) ’ayaw tayra cingra i satimolan no Ciai a Picuyki ( laloma’ no Payho) patireng to kiwkay, i 1875 miheca 1 folad 28 romi’ad a Picuyki lalood, tona miliso’ ci Kan Wilien (William Campbell) to Picuyki kiwkay i, no Payho patiyamay sacomod Tawlak tosi ci Wu Zhigao tamdaw, nawhani oya mitooray salikaka patireng to kiwkay i Picuyki, wata ko inget ningra, mikilim to ’alomanay tamdaw tayra a mirawraw; toya lafii, ci Wu Zhigao ato mamo’etepay tamdaw miloh to kiwkay ato sikusya, mamipatay ci Kan Wilien (William Campbell). Itiya i katalawan, ci Kan Wilien (William Campbell) mataneng ko demak ningra mipopot to kafafang pasi sasingaran mifahekol pasipapotal, miliyoc to pinengneng no mari’angay, oraan ko sapilaliw tayra i lotok milimek, mafadoc aca a caay ka kari’ang ko tireng (itira i Picuyki kiwkay mapatireng ko piharatengan). Saka tosa romi’ad patayraen ningra i Tayrin, nika o pidemak no citodongay asimaanay saan, nanoya oya kiwkay malinah sato tayra i Yincien masa’opo[3] Todohan no tamdaw ko kiwkay, ikor o Taynan hosya ko panokeran, micowat misintin patenak ko tayal. Tangasa i 1878 miheca 9 folad 3 romi’ad, ci Kan Wilien tayra cingra i Ciai miliso’ to citodongay no kowan, pakayni tiya 1875 miheca itira i Yincien midemak to Picuyki kalaloodan a demak, Wenwang mipatayay, mitodohay to Cipisua kiwkay ato romaroma nifadesan a mitooray salikaka a pisaheci, ci Kan Wilien miahowid to citodongay no sakowan. I 1878 miheca 3 folad, Amilika tamina “Kilakilang kateli’ay fafahiyan (Forest Belle) haw minikiway to hoking payso ato Mancin citodongay ta’angay sapatefoc, itira i satimolan no Hencun faniyot mateneng, sacisowal sa malipalaw macefis no Paiwan tamdaw ko dafong, pasicitodongay sakowan ko piepec. Nika tatami sa ko pita’elif ni Kan Wilien foksi itiya, o cingra to ko mihosyoay misalof tonini a mangahay demak, marepet ko sinciw no Amilika a marofo itiya. I 1878 miheca 10 foladan, ci Kan Wilien foksi masakapot to papina a tamdaw pasi’amis nai Laysya, ikor no 4 romi’ad i, tangasa i Tansui, aci Makay miliso’ to ka’amisay a kasa kiwkay. I 1878 miheca 11 folad 25 romi’ad, ci Kan Wilien foksi pahanhan to kina cecay minokay i Inkiris. ==== Saka 2 i Taywan mitinto (第二次在台宣教) ==== I 1880 miheca 12 folad 20 romi’ad – 1887 miheca 1 folad 31 romi’ad, saka 2 ningra i Taywan misintin. I 1880 miheca 12 folad 20 romi’ad, ci Kan Wilien (William Campbell) aci fa’elohay sinkiwsi ci To wilien (Rev. William THow, M.A.) fokesi tahini i Taywan, tangasa i Taywanfo. I 1881 miheca 1 folad 1 romi’ad, ci Kan Wilien (William Campbell) tayra i Tansui, ci Makay ko patihiay miliso’ to ka’amisay kasa kiwkay. I 1885 miheca 9 folad 25 romi’ad, ci Kan Wilien (William Campbell) itira i Kotawan patireng to kiwkay. I 1886 miheca 5 folad 31 romi’ad, ci Kan Wilien (William Campbell) aci Gao zhang (高長) tayra i Penghu misintin. Saka 7 folad, ci Kan Wilien (William Campbell) nai Tansui minokay tayra i Tuasya. Minokay cingra tayni i Taywan i, mipasifana’ to itiraay i Penghu a pisintin a demak, micoker makerih ko salikaka to saki kanatal a pisintin a tayal, i tenokay Pacay finacadan Toasya kiwkay mikihatiya makerih, ikor sato malowad ko kiwkay i Penghu. I 1886 miheca, ci Kan Wilien (William Campbell) itira i Toasya kiwkay salikaka a picokeran, itira i Canghua Simen patireng to kiwkay. ==== Saka 3 i Taywan a pisintin (第三次在台宣教) ==== I 1887 miheca 1 folad 31 romi’ad – 1895 miheca 3 folad 4 romi’ad, saki na 3 ningra i Taywan a pisintin. Ci Kan Wilien (William Campbell) ko pisa’osi to mapohaway tamdawitini Taywan salongan ira ko rafas no 17,000 ko tamdaw, onini a mapohaway amdaw saheto o miki’a’amay ato misa’osiay to ’orip no tamdaw ko saka’orip nangra, ira ho ko pakatayalan. Manengneng ningra ko mapohaway tamdaw i Taywan a kafades, mitelek cingra to sapadamaaw mifalic toka’oripan nangra. I 1887 miheca, ci Kan Wilien (William Campbell) i pinokay ningra tayra i Inkiris kitakit, pasi Glasgow ko paratoh ningra to pipadahof to 500 GBP a payso, nanoya mirina’ to no mapohaway mapocokay a tilid. I 1889 miheca patiko cingra tayni i Taywan, miteka cingra misahalaka patireng to no mapohaway a pitilidan a demak. I 1891 miheca 10 folad, micaliw cingra i Taynanhosya a Honhkongsi, 5 miheca ko liyad, miteka to nisahalakaan patireng to no mapohaway pitilidan a demak. 1897 miheca 3 folad, maraod to ko picaliw to Honhkongsi a romi’ad, paterep ko pitilid no kapah a mapohaway. ==== kaDipongan (日治時期) ==== Ci Kan Wilien (William Campbell) kinapinapina cingra malalicay to Dipong a sifo patireng to mikowanay a pitilidan no map[ohaway, ci Kodama Gentaro citodongay mitefad to celing i Taynan cehuyin micada to pitilidan no mapohaway, mitahidang ci Akiyama Hengzo sa’ayaway kakeridan no pitilidan. I 1897 miheca, mirina’ to tilid ci Kan Wilien (William Campbell) (Mapohaway no Congko). I 1898 miheca 2 folad 19 romi’ad, ci Kan Wilien (William Campbell) malacitodongay kakeridan no Canglong congsi. ==== Pisawadan (退休) ==== I 1917 miheca 2 folad, patiko to minokay tayra i Inkiris ci Kan Wilien (William Campbell). I 1921 miheca 9 folad 7 romi’ad mapatay i Bournemouth ci Kan Wilien (William Campbell), 80 ko mihecaan ningra i hekal. ==== Ikoray to a demak (身後) ==== O fafahi ni Kan Wilien (William Campbell) ci Janet Hervey Alston itiya i 1932 mihecaan mapatay, malatihi ci Kan Wilien (William Campbell) i ko fafahi i Wimborne Road i pitademan[4]. === Pinengnengan tilid. (參考資料) === 1.甘為霖: 素描福爾摩沙-甘為霖台灣筆記 (前衛出版,2009). 2.賴永祥: 教會史話 538 - 英艦侏儒號的訪台 3.白水溪教會簡史，台灣基督長老教會官方網站. [2016-06-04]. （原始內容存檔於2019-05-20）. 4.邱大昕 (2019年10月14日)〈我自己要見祂--甘為霖牧師生平考略〉，《臺灣教會公報》3529期21版 5.打造一座原住民族文獻館──「原住民族文獻現況」座談會 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, 行政院原住民委員會原住民族文獻會電子期刊 , 2012年2月一期 6.1864年至1945年英國長老教會駐臺宣教師名單 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） Campbell, William. Sketches from Formosa. London: Marshall Brothers. 1913. 7.Chang, Teresa. Taiwan's Medical Pioneers. Tzu Chi. [2008-08-11]. （原始內容存檔於2008-10-10）. 8.Covell, Ralph. Pentecost of the Hills in Taiwan. 1997. <nowiki>ISBN 9780932727909</nowiki>. 9.Otness, Harold M. One Thousand Westerners in Taiwan, to 1945: A Biographical and Bibliographical 10.Dictionary. Academica Sinica. 1999. <nowiki>ISBN 957-671-618-7</nowiki>. ehwyh6wy1wlsg8gvdvhkzrutee2pau3 0 2754 44598 44597 2024-09-03T12:20:54Z Masaonikar 570 /* Sakaira (來源) */ 44598 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ma Yakop (馬雅各) == Cimos Laytelo Maswil (Inkiris: James Laidlaw Maxwell, 1836 miheca 3 folad 6 romi’ad), no holam a pifalic pangangan ci Ma Yakop han, masofoc i Sokelan no Inkiris, o malaisingay, singkiwsi ato foksi niocoran no Ciwlo kiwkay no Inkiris, itiya i patelocan no 19 sici a tayni i satimolan no Taywan misinting ato malaising, o sarakatay no Ciwlo kiwkay no Inkiris tayni i Taywan malasingkiwsi, milecad ci Makay isingan ko kacingangan. Itira cingra i Taynan patireng to sa’ayaway isingan – “Kansicie isingan” [1]. === ’Orip (生平) === ==== Ka’emangan ato pitilidan romi’ad (孩提與求學時期) ==== 1836 miheca 3 folad 18 romi’ad, Ma Yakop (James Laidlaw Maxwell) masofoc i Edinburgh Canon Gate tadamaci no Sokelan a kiwkay no laloma’an, o ciwlo no kiwkay ko mama ningra. 1845 miheca, ci Ma Yakop nai Mrs Glenorchy pakoniraay kiwkay a pitilidan (Lady Glenorchy's Free Church School) a misawad. 1850 miheca, misawad i Edinburgh laloma’an no hongti kawcong (Royal High School, Edinburgh). Ikor micomod i Edinburgh daykako mitilid, makaala to daykako (B.A. 1853 miheca), sosi (M.A. 1854 miheca), isingan pitilid (1858 miheca), pakaala to no Edinburgh LRCP ato LRCS todong, itira i London Brompton Consumption Hospital malaising to 6 folad. 1860 miheca, itira i Xiamen o nano Inkiris ciwlo kiwkay a sinkiwsi ci Dugard pakeroh, o papatodongen ko Taywan a malo pisintingan to isingan pitinto, o rarisrisen ko malaisingay patayra mala singkiwsi saan. 1861 miheca, ci Ma yakop nai Inkiris a Birmingham General Hospital malaising, itiya masasi’araw to fafahi ningra, o nano Broadway ciwlo kiwkay (Broad Street Presbyterian Church) a salikaka, o foksi no kiwkay ci Rev. Mackenzie [2] Itiya i cecay kasa’opoan ni Ma Yakop, malitemoh ko nai Congko Xiamen minokayay ci Dugard foksi, nanoya nai cingraan ko pakatengil to Taywan (Formosa) sanay a ngangan, itiya ci Ma Yakop 27 ko mihecaan ningra, o nika herek ho nangra ci Mary Anne Goodall kaying a patapang, o mamiliyas ito to niyaro’, miliyas to tadamanay ko lifon i Birmingham, mangalay tayra i Formosa (Taywan). Mileceng cingra to fokes, pafeli to kaolahan a fafahiyan, todong caay ko mamaketon ko sa’ocil, malekapot ci Dugard pakatamina milakec to riyar, pasayra maraayay a Taywan[3]. Ikor tayra i Würzburg, Bavaria, Berlin, Prussia mitilid to 3 miheca, pitilidan itiya mikingkiw to saki tampiya, o nian ko nikingkiwan a tilidan, masowal ko remes a kang, itiya pakaala to M.D. a pompay. ==== Sa’ayaway tayni i Taywan (第一次來台灣) ==== 1863 miheca 8 folad, ci Ma Yakop mitoor ci Dugard foksian nai Inkiris to “Polonaise” tamina a lomowad, milakec to Cape of Good Hope (Happy Peak), Intuyang, itiya to i 12 folad 4 romi’ad tangasa i Shanghai no Inkiris a sa’etal. Ci Ma Yakop itini cingra mirarakat to kalokiwkay, isingan, manengneng ningra ko ’ayaway mala singkiwsiay. 1864 miheca 1 folad 2 romi’ad, tangasa i Xiamen, minanam to sowal. 1864 miheca 10 folad 5 romi’ad, ci Ma Yakop aci Dugard foksi, Wu Shuiwen ato tatosaay mitooray i Takao macakat, misolap i Taywan to saka songila’ a misingting, maherek misolap i, saan itira i Taynan ko ’alomanay tamdaw ikaka to no Takao ka’aloman, manga’ayay o panekeran lalowadan no pisinting sato. I 10 folad 30 romi’ad malakapot patiko tayra i Xiamen. Taynan Kuasiki kasa’opoan (1865 miheca 6 folad 16 romi’ad – 1865 miheca 7 folad 9 romi’ad). 1865 miheca 5 folad 28 romi’ad, ci Ma Yakop o nai Kristo ciwlo kiwkay a singkiwsi ato isingan ko kacingangan, mikalic to Meta haw i Takao no Taywan talahekal, mihakelongay ira ci Dugard foksi, Wu Shuiwen, Chen Zilu, Huang Jiazhi, Xiamen mitooray ci Li Xilin aci Wang Ayan. Ikor no Tosa tolo romi’ad, ci Ma Yakop micomod i Taynan, i paksiki (aniniay sinlongki) loma’ ni Mr. Neil Mcphail palafang[4]. 1865 miheca 6 folad 16 romi’ad (tongci 4 miheca), sakowanay no Takao ci William Maxwell o nicaliwan ningra a Taynan fosya Kuasiki a loma’, patororen ningra ci Ma Yakopan, malo kasa’opoan. Ci Ma Yakop misatapang to minengneng to adadaay a misinting, o sapipatenak, o pipaisingan ko todonng, parafas ko pisingting. 1865 miheca 6 folad 16 romi’ad, Inkiris ciwlo kiwkay misitapang i Taywan patireng to pisingtingan, mala piharatengan no kapolongan. 7 folad 9 romi’ad, ci Ma Yakop mala ka’osian no kampuyaku, sacisowal sa o mialaay to faloco’, mata no tamdaw saan ko pilalikaf, kalo sapodohen no finawlan, taliyoken ko isingan, patalaw tadtaden ko kiwkay, kari’angen ko mitooray salikaka, tahaikor mala karawrawan, oya “Kuasiki a demakan”, o citodongay sakowan tolo romi’adan piliyas han ci Ma Yakop. Kaitira ni Ma Yakop i Taynan hosya 23 romi’ad, malinah tayra i roma niyaro’. ==== Isingan pisingting (醫療宣教) ==== Kiaw no Takao, Pitao kiwkay (1865 miheca 7 folad 16 romi’ad – 1868 miheca 12 folad 26 romi’ad) Linah sato ci Ma Yakop tayra i kaitiraan no Inkiris mapadama itira i Kiaw no Takao (Cicin Takao), micaliw to loma’, 1865 miheca 7 folad 16 romi’ad ci Dugard foksi ko mikeriday to pisatapang a lihay, padoedo isingan a pisingting. Ikor sato, ci Dugard foksi patiko cingra tayra i Xiamen. 1865 miheca 11 folad 12 folad, nai Inkiris a malali’acaay tamdaw ci Bi Qilin keriden ningra ci Ma Yakop tayra i Cisan (Yisan? [5]) mangata to Pakca, Pama ato ngataay no Taynan a Yicin, Tuotin, Kangana a niyaro’ no Tangafolan a misingting malahamhaman no itiraay, saka patireng itira to kiwkay. 1866 miheca 6 folad, ma’aca cingra to sera i Kiaw patireng to kiwkay, o niaanan koya sa’ayaway mapatireng kiwkay no Taywan Kristo ciwlo kiwkay – “Takao kiwkay”, aniniay Kiaw kiwkay. 7 folad 23 romi’ad, Inkiris ciwlo kiwkay itira i Xiamen a foksi ci Rev. William Sutherland Swanson tayni i Takao, mipadang ci Ma Yakop isingan to 5 lipay. 8 folad 21 romi’ad, ci Rev. William Sutherland Swanson mipaino’ ci Chen Qi, Chen Qinghe, Gao Chang aci Chen Wei, onini sarakatay pipaino’ i Taywan. Saka 9 folad, ci Ma Yakop itira ka’ayaw no kiwkay, patireng to ma’edengay mateli ko 8 kafoti’an a isingan, sarakatay o citadamanay a isingan i Taywan, mapalasawadayto anini. 1866 miheca 6 folad, mapa’araw ci Ma Yakop ci Wambard isingan to malo citodongay pikowan picomodan a ising (Medical Officer) no Congko, itini i Takao (Kiaw), o tatayalen o pinengneng to padaka tamdaw to tiring (itiya ira ko 16 tamdaw) ato paratoh pasifana’ to kafafalic no romi’ad. midama cingra to isingan ni Ma Yakop itira I Kiaw, i 1869 miheca, tona tayra ci Ma Yakop i Taynan hosya i, o itiraay i Kiaw isingan patoror han ci Wambard ising a pararidsa. O faloco’ o fana’ ni Ma Yakop, mayakyak to i maraaraayay ko ngangan a kafana’an, mararid nai tenokay no Taywan ngalef itiraay i Penghu maraayay tayni a mipaising tamdaw, saka o ’alomanay tamdaw maadah ko adada nangra, nanoyaan paso’elin to mipatenakan ni Ma Yakop to nga’ayay ratoh. O tamdaw no kiwkay ranikay sato matongal, ira ko nai aayay nai Pitaw (Fongsan) tayni i Kiaw a mikihatiya to lihay, 1867 miheca 7 folad, ma’aca cingra to loma’ i ka’amisay adawang no Pitaw, patireng to kiwkay malo isingan, o Kiaw sarakatay isingan i Kiaw ato kiwkay, nanoya sarakarakat sato i Kiaw, Pitaw malitosa. Ikor 1867 miheca 12 folad 13 rom’ad ci Lisiw mararamod (Rev. Hugh Ritchie) nai Inkiris tayni i Taywan a mipadamaay. 1868 miheca 3 folad, ci Ma Yakop pakayra i Xiamen ato Shantou a tayra i Hongkong, itira i Hongkong a tadakiwkay pataloma’ ci Mary Anne Goodall a kaying, ci Rev. William Sutherland Swanson ko mikeriday mito’ekay. 1868 miheca (Tongci 7 miheca), saka 2 mihecaan ni Lisiw tayni i Taywan itiya, ira ko lalood no Taywan to pakayniay rakes kilang lalood, saka mangalef ko acek no finawlan no Taywan to Padaka a pitooran Padaka a tamdaw, mapeleng ko kiwkay, ci mapatayay ko mitooray, o Holam ato Padaka madadoedo marari’ang. O nano niyaro’ay citodongay mikowan ko miororay saan Padaka, caay pingodo to “katatelekan” a sapatodongan, kinapinapina a miliyang. O nikaeca kahalafin ni Ma Yakop pataloma’ i Hongkong, 4 folad 11 romi’ad, mapekpek no mari’angay ci Gao Chang tintosi, rofoen to 50 romi’ad, oya i Pitaw kiwkay mapeleng no mari’angay[6]. 4 folad 24 romi’ad, ci Zhuang Qingfeng tntosi mapatay no itiraay i Kosya mari’angay tamdaw[7]. 5 folad 2 romi’ad, ci Ma Yakop maaramod patko tayni Taywan. 6 folad, ci Ma Yakop aci Li Siw makomod to tilid patayra i kahiceraan no Inkiris tarokos Aliguo[8], paratoh to makari’angay kiwkay i Taywan a demak, milongoc to sapisalof to demak. O Aliguo patayra i Congli i kasademakan ato tadamanay hongti (Prince Shuokong), pakayni pipalita no Taywanfo Takao, milongoc to Macing tefocen koya mari’angay ato mipelengay to kiwkay loma’, dafong palololen to 762 a Padaka payso(sakatayal dafong 300 payso, laloma’ay a dafodafong 462 ko Padaka payso) satefoc. 1868 miheca 7 folad 31 romi’ad, o nipatirengan a kiwkay i Pitaw, maliyaw haca no hitay a milefek. Macakat citodongay no Inkiris ci John Gibson itiya i, saan tadamaan ko nademak sato, mitahidang to hitay nai Hongkong, ikor ira ko 3 tamina masiiked i Takao Anpin, todongay pidama to Padaka saan, so’elinay o sapipatalaw. 9 folad 3 romi’as, ci MaYakop mapakokot aci Gao Chang mipatay to tamdaw tademen i sasera no kiwkay a misimed. Congli kasa kitakit a malayap ko paratoh, mi’eses to Min sakowan a citodongay mipatihi to citodongay no Inkiris a lipalaw miletep, nanoya Fucien cienyong kakeridan no mitena’ay i riyar ci Zeng Xiande mapatoror citodong midemak. Ci Zeng Xiande i 11 folad 8 romi’ad tahini i Taywan. 11 folad 25 romi’ad, sofitay ni Inkiris ci Lieut Gurdon itira i Anpin milood to sarahid, saka tosa romi’ad milipalaw to Anpin matatelek, micokeray kakeridan ci Jiang Guozhen namadoka’ i kinapatay sato; ikor pasimilali’acaay misorot to sapatodong to sofitay a payso. Tangasa i 12 folad 1 romi’ad, ci Zeng Xiande aci Ji Pil-hoon patireng to 8 tosir a nikatatelakan, sapi salof to rakes a kalaliyangan. 12 folad 21 romi’ad, patihi ci Ma Yakop to hitay a tamina no Inkiris a sinciw ci Lord C.Scott, Anpin citodongay ci Mr.Gibson, Xiamen citodongay ci Mr. Robert Swinhoe tayra i Pitaw, ato Fucuo tawtay misalof to kakari’ang no kiwkay, maala ko 40 no romi’ad. Saikoray Mancin mipatodong to kiwkay 1176 a payso malaheci ko analal, patalahekal to sinkiwsi manga’ay i Taywan i kasaniyaro’ mitinto a maro’ a salongoc, ato “ikor ano ira ko fangafang, o Congko Padaka ko miliclicay” o sapadama to mitintoay, nanoya o sakanga’ay to no sinkiwsi a micowat. Nanoya mitelak ci Ma Yakop patiko tayra i Taynan hosya, o kamaro’an ningra i Takao mapakacorah aca, malasawad ko polong no dafong to pataloma’an itiya. ==== Taynan Tingakah kiwkay (1868 miheca 12 folad 26 romi’ad – 1871 miheca 11 folad) (台南亭仔腳禮拜堂 (1868年12月26日-1871年11月)) ==== 1868 miheca 11 folad 25 romi’ad, Ma Yakop pakariyar ko rakat nai Takao tayra i Anpin[9]. 1868 miheca 12 folad 26 romi’ad, keridan ni Ma Yakop ko midamaay ci Wu Wenshui, Gao Chang patiko tayra i Taynan. 1869 miheca 1 foladan, itira i katimol Syanan lilawke Futang hangapoy (aniniay Taynan Wiyminki ato Pakmenlokaw, ngataay no Taynan Cicung pitilidan Poayteng) micaliw to 1400 fakeciw a sera Kucu telangay loma’, patireng to cecay dadahalay paisingan[10]. 6 folad 26 romi’ad, sarakatay ira ko 7 tamdaw itira i Lilawkau kiwkay mipaino’, ci Lisiw foksi ko Paino’ay itiya. Saka 7 folad, ci Ma Yakop itira i ’alomanay ko tamdaw a Tingakah kiy micaliw to cecay loma’, pipatirengan to Tingakah kiwkay, Tingakah kiwkay oya aniniay Taywan Kristo cilo kiwkay Taipingjing kiwkay. 9 folad 2 romi’ad, Tingakah kiwkay ira ko 5 tamdaw paino’ay, ci Lisiw foksi ko paino’ay itiya. 1870 miheca 4 folad 1 romi’ad, patireng to Pakca kiwkay, salongan 120 ko tamdaw milihayay. 4 folad 12 romi’ad, miliso’ ci Ma Yakop mararamod to Pakca kiwkay 2 a lipay. 1871 miheca 1 folad 8 romi’ad, mikerid ci Ma Yakop to ma’edengay 200 ko tamdaw i Kamana kiwkay, toya romi’ad salongan 100 tamdaw mihakitiyaay milihay. 2 folad 10 romi’ad, ci De Matay (Dr. Matthew Dickson) tayra i Taynan husya mipadang, o nano ciwlo kiwkay i Inkiris saka tosa itiniay i Taywan malaisingay a singkiwsi[12]. Masapinang ni Ma Yakop to nika tada sinanot so’elin no yincumin, ikaka to Payrang ko pilayap to ratoh nangra, orasaka, kaitinian i Taywan, mirarakat to Yisan ato tenikay lotolotokan, milakec to lotok, taura i kasa niyaro’ no Tangafolan mipaising mipatenak. Caay ka pina miheca, nai Inkiris ciwlo kiwkay a ratoh mapaloma ningra, malopisak tangasa satimolan no Taywan nai Tacyasi ’alo a talatimol sa’etal, patireng to toloay sa’etal a kowan; saka 1 sa’etal, katimolay Silaya finacadan (Pakca, Totin); saka 2 sa’etal, tenokay ato Ya finacadan (Piho, Kayi); saka 3 sa’etal, ka’amisay sa’etal a Pacay finacadan (Poli, Hongwan, Sinkang). O kaitini ni Ma Yakop i Taywan i, kafana’en ni Ma Yakop ko lilisay no riyar a kasa niyaro’, ikaka no micolo’ay tamina to kakaene ko micolo’ay to apiyan a tamina ko kaadihay, tona manengneng ko komaenay to apiyan tamdaw to nika kudos awaay ko ’icel no papisingan, tada ka calemceman no faloco’. Ikor to pinokay ni Ma Yakop taura i Inkiris, o nika doka’ a makari’ang nga’ay to sanay saka miliyang cingra to demak no Inkiris sifo to pipa’aca to apiyan i Congko. 1871 miheca, citiyad ko fafahi ci Mary ni Ma Yakop, o katatiih no tiring saka minokay tayra i Inkiris to sapisofoc, ira aca ko demak ni Mayakop caay ka lahakelong, 3 folad 19 romi’ad, cipoyapoyay fafgahi ni Ma Yakop sacecay sato minokay tayra i Inkiris, maroray mafades ko rakat i tamina, malaina ira ko latiih madoka’. 4 folad, ci Ma yakop aci Thomson nai Xiamen tayni i Taywan, 8 folad 7 romi’ad, o pitilid ni Ma Yakop a sowal, midemak to sapifalic to no Payrang a fa’elohay cudad sahaca. 1871 miheca 11 folad, miliyas ci Ma Yakop to Taywan, nai 1871 miheca 2 folad 10 romi’ad tahiniay i Taywan ci De Matay (Dr. Matthew Dickson) micada to Elawko isingan ko tayal. 1878 miheca 1 folad 8 romi’ad ci De Matay (Dr. Matthew Dickson) ising miliyas minokay tayra i kitakit, isingan tangasa 1879 miheca 1 folad 14 romi’ad ci An pitiro (Dr. Peter Anderson) ising tona tahini ningra i Taywan a misitapang mafohat[13][14]. Ci An pitiro (Dr. Peter Anderson) ising ko malayinciway haw i, ikoray adadaay tamdaw mangalef to ka ’aloman saka misafaloco’ to mi’aca to sera patireng to fa’elohay isingan. 1900 miheca Tangmen isingan milesasiki, 4 folad 17 romi’ad nao matelangay malinah tayra fa’elohay a tingeroh, pangangan han to “Fa’elohay (Sinlao) isingan” [10]. 1871 miheca 12 folad 5 romi’ad, o sakakaay wawa ni Ma Yakop to fa’inayan ci Maseton (Taywan a pifalic: Ma Yohani, John Preston Maxwell) masofoc i Birmingham, itiya caay ho ka tangasa ci Ma Yakop i Inkiris. Tangasa ci Ma Yakop i Inkiris i, maroray to rakat i riyar masamo’ ko tireng, saka caay to kanga’ay patiko tayra i Taywan. ==== Sakina 2 tayni i Taywan a misintin (1883 miheca 12 folad 23 romi’ad – 1884 miheca 10 folad 20 romi’ad) (第二次來台灣宣教 (1883年12月23日-1884年10月20日)) ==== 1883 miheca 12 folad 23 romi’ad, ci Ma yakop hadidi sa to ka adada no tatelecan malahakelong to fafahi miliyaw tayni Taywan, Inkiris a kiwkay salikaka ci Yu Raoli mararamod mihakelong tayni Taywan. 1884 miheca 10 folad 20 romi’ad i, adada k fafahi ni Ma Yakop, Congko France malalood ito, ci Ma Yakop ato fafahi malahakelong mitakop to saikoray tamina miliyas, tayra i Xiamen. Kaitini nangra i Taywan caay paka 1 miheca ko romi’ad, nawhani ko tatirengan ko nihaenan saka o pinakay to tayra i Inkiris. 1885 miheca 4 folad, ci Ma Yakop mararamod minokay tayra i Inkiris. === Kaitiraan i Inkiris (英國期間) === ==== Sa’ayaway minokay i Inkiris (第一次回英國) ==== O pisintingan itiya, mahapinang ni Ma Yakop ko no Holan a roma tilid ranikay a nanamen, nanoya misa’icel to cingra mikingkiw micikeroh to roma a tilidan to nano sowal no Taywan a Piwiyci onto, misatapang mifalic to fangcalay cudad, misa’icel to tilidan pisintin a tayal. 1871 miheca Ma Yakop pahanhan minokay tayra i Inkiris i, itira i London Hamstead, Heath lalan 26 haw, oyaan ko nisafaloco’an micikeroh to Taywan a sowal to Piwiyci onto. 1873 miheca 6 folad 9 romi’ad, saka tosa wawa ni Ma Yakop tosa (James L. Maxwell Jr.) masofoc. 10 folad 1 romi’ad, ci Ma Yakop malaheci ningra mifalic ko no Xiamen a ngiha fa’elohay cudad[15]. Orasaka, sa’icel sa ci Ma Yakop mirina’ to Roma tilid no fa’elohay cudad a tayal, orasaka o niaanan ko saka ciadada to kemi a malalisan malotay ko tatirengan. Nawhani o hahalafin i ’anengan ko aro’, saka patoka’en to ’apol micokeray to koror ningra ira to ko 10 mihecaan no lafin, mata’enang i masananomay kafoti’an. Nanoyaan, mitilid cingra to English Presbyterian Mission “I Congko ko ratoh” ato Congko a Rama a tilid pitodongan, o nai Congkoay a miliso’ay i, kaolahan ningra a mihamham, matiya o: Mongolia a Gilmour, Chinchew a Grant, Birminham a Grabbe, Burns Thomson a sinkiwsi. Itira i London Pentherton Road 104 haw ko aro’ ni Ma Yakop, ira ko 5, 6 miheca ko aro’ itiya. 1878 miheca, 3 folad, mipatireng i London isingan sinting yafayof (Medical Mission Association), ci Ma Yakop sa’ayaway no Yofayof a mitiliday, ikor mi’acaay ko yofayof to sera Highbury Park a pala to 47-49 haw, o palong no kasasiiked no isingan a demak o ciiraay ko ci tolonay, sapipaising a pisinting a dademaken o cingraay ko cisakowanay, nawhani o karorayan ano eca singkiwsi a rarima mapolong malaheciay to[16]. Ikor, mi’aca ci Ma Yakop to sera i 51 haw a Highbury Park, malinah ko aro’. 1880 miheca, pacakat cingra to saka cecay i Taywan to no Roma piwiyci a sapirina’, sapisilsil to tilid a sapirina’ sakatayal, malaheciay aca to ikor saka cecay pirina’an kaysya “Cicentang” patilidan ato sa’ayaway sinpon i Taywan (Taywan hosya kiwkay sinpon) mapatireng. ==== Saka na 2 minokay i Inkiris (第二次回英國) ==== 1888 miheca, London midemak to ta’akay kasakitakit sinkiw kasa’opo, ci Hudson Taylor, Benming Hai, Jacob Ma (Ma Yakop) itini i sa’opo a papelo. Saan, pasowal sa ci Hudson Taylor: “30 miheca ko kaitira no mako i Congko, so’elinay to o apiyan kalali’aca i cecay lipay makari’ang ko Congko, ikaka no sinkiwsi a nga’ayay demak to cecay miheca”; ni Ma Yakop a sowal: “Palafades sa to masacicingay masa’ofaday mapades a tamdaw no Congko, mana sapater sa kita o Inkiris, a caay piliyang tonini tadamanay a ka’acekan a raraw?” maherek ci Ma Yakop papelo, kasa’opoan awaay ko miliyangay to pihayda i kalali’aca to apiyan a piketon. 1899 miheca, sakakaay a wawa ci Marston (Taywan pifalic: Ma Yohani, John Preston Maxwell) aci Edith Lilly Isaacson (1867-1954) mararamod. 2 folad 3 romi’ad, ci Marston maocor no sinkiwkay tayra i Fujian no Congko, itira i Zhangpu ko ’ayaw mala ising (1899- 1904 miheca). 1901 miheca, ira ko no ’edo salifong to i Zhangpu, dengan saka 4 folad tangasa 8 folad, mata’elif ko 2 ’ofad no tamdaw, salongan mo^etep ira ko cecay (2,000) tamdaw ko mapatayay. 1904 miheca, ci Marston tayra cingra i maraayay a Yongchun isingan a malaising, pacomod to sarakatay “X” a sakadademak tona isingan. 1908 miheca, o fafahi ni Marston masofoc to cecay fafahiyan a wawa ci Marjorie Gordon Maxwell(1908-2000). Ci Marston i Zhangpu (1899-1904 miheca), itira i Yongchun (1904-1919 miheca) midemak to isingan a sinting tangasa 20 miheca ko halafin, nanoya malalinah tayra i Beijing kakomodan isikako malasingsi, o nira a nifana’an o no fafahiyanan, orasaka mala citodongay i Beijing kakomodan isikako fafahiyanan kakeridan, o pikingkiw ningra mihapiw i adihayay isingan a casi, halo 1925 mihecaan Kapolongan Inkiris fafahiyanan casi mahapiw to cecay tilid “’Ongangilan adada no Congko”, mi’eses to ’Ongangilan adada o saka fiyol tayra i sawawaan a masasiroma, saka tokaden ko pisofoc ta manga’ay ko pisofoc. Ci Marston itira i Beijing kakomodan isikako mapatadamaan ko itiraay a malaisingay, tinako ci Lin Qiaozhi. Saka tosa wawa ni Ma Yakop ising (Dr. James Laidlaw Maxwell, Jr.), i 1873 miheca 6 folad 9 romi’ad masofoc, 1900 miheca maocor tayra i Tayan malasinkiwsi, saka tosa miheca 2 folad 14 romi’ad tahini i Taywan, itira i Sinlo isingan; 1900 miheca, patikoen ko ci loma’ay toya Taynan lilawkaw isingan “Kola wising”, onini a loma’ ikor o wawa ni Xu Tingguang ci Xu Xunrong (1861 miheca 5 folad ko sofoc) a loma’ [9][17][18]. Paisngan malinah tayra i fa’elohay nipatirengan loma’, o sarakatay a isingan itini i Taywan, saci ngangan sa Sinlo isingan. Masakapahay ho saka tosa Ma Yakop itini malaising, misa’icel papisawad to apiyan, masingkiay ato malacaanay adada. 1901 miheca 10 folad 9 romi’ad, saka tosa Ma Yakop aci Millicent Bertha Saunders kaying (1871-1961) pataloma’ i Hongkong. Tangasa 11 folad 4 romi’ad (telangay komi 9 folad 24 romi’ad) patiko tayni i Taynan citodong to isingan. 1901 miheca tangasa 1923 mihecaan, saka tosa Ma Yakop ising mapalahad to ’alomanay minanamay: ca Zhou Yushan, Gao Gaoyuan, Du Yingqing, Huang Dengke, Lin Daru, Wu Hefu, Lin Qi, Wang Qingru, Xie Dingdu, Cai Chao, Zhang Ben tamdaw, mala tadamanay to i kiwkay ato syakay, tadamaan ko nidemakan i syakay. 1911 miheca, 75 ko mihecaan ni Ma Yakop (James Laidlaw Maxwell) misawad to ko tayal, miliyas to tayal i London isingan sinting yafayof (Medical Mission Association), mala mikawitay to a mitiiday, malinah tayra i Kent a Bromley no London a maro’. 1915 miheca 21 romi’ad, piharatengan 50 miheca to katayni no Ratoh i Taywan, satimolan kiwkay no Taywan ira ko 100 a kiwkay patafo ci Ma Yakop ising mararamod tosapakaolah. Citodong ci Ma Yakop malamato’asay kafoti’an i isikakoyin, maro’ay i isikakoyin a mitiliday ira ko 50 o mamaocor tayra i kasakitakit a matayal. Mikawit ci Ma Yakp to isingan yafoyof a Medical Missions at Home and Abroad, sapicokeroh to isingan a sinkiw to ratoh itira i kasakitakit sinkiw kasa’opoan. ==== Laloma’an ato kapatay (家庭與逝世) ==== 1918 miheca 1 folad 23 romi’ad, miliyas to hekal ca Ma Yakop a mararamod, 83 ko mihecaan itini i hakal. 1921 miheca 3 folad 6 romi’ad, itira i Brunley no London a Inkiris miliyas to hekal ci Ma Yakop, 85 ko mihecaan ningra itiya, mapalakapot to fafahi matadem i Plaistow no St. Mary a pitademan. Tatosa ko wawa ningra to fa’inayan, maeminay malaisingay ko tayal. Sakakaay wawa ci Marston (pifalic no Taywan: Ma Yahani) itira i Yongchun, Quanzhou no Congko a malaisong, saka tosa a wawa ci sakatosa Ma Yakop itiniay i Taynan Sinlaw isingan ko kalaising. 1923 miheca, ci sakatosa Ma Yakop matahidang no “Citanengay hakasi isikay” (China Medical Missionary Association), citodong malakanci tayra i Shanghai. 1935 miheca to ikor, minokay ci Marston ising tayra i Inkiris, maro’ i Brinkley no Cambridgeshire. 1937 miheca, ci sakatosa Ma Yakop mala citidongay no itiraay i Congko a Hongsicikay, tangasa 1940 miheca o nika tatiih no tatirengan minokay tayra i Inkiris. 1949 miheca mafalic to ko cengel no Congko itiya, ci sakatosa Ma Yakop tayra cingra i Hangzhou no Congko mipatadoay to mano’no’ay ko fanges adadaay. 1951 miheca 8 folad 10 romi’ad, mapatay cingra i Hangzhou, ira ko 78 no mihecaan I hekal, matadem i Hangzhou. 1961 miheca 7 folad 25 romi’ad, ci Marston ising mapatay i Inkiris, ira ko90 no mihecaan i hakal. === Pinengnengan to tilid (參考文獻) === ==== Picaliwan (引用) ==== 1.新樓醫院走過138年 追念馬雅各醫生 - 大紀元. 大紀元 www.epochtimes.com. 2003年12月8日 [2023年7月5日]. （原始內容存檔於2023年7月5日）. （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） 2.潘稀祺:《台灣醫療宣教之父 : 馬雅各醫生傳》 P. 251， (2003年，台灣基督長老教會新樓醫院出版) 3.林治平: 你認識馬雅各嗎？(上)宇宙光雜誌 489期. 4.賴永祥: 史話107-天利行和必麒麟 5.李仙得略傳 (PDF). （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2016-01-09）. （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） 6.賴永祥:史話120 -埤頭教會大劫難 7.賴永祥: 史話121-莊清風殉教 8.賴永祥: 史話122 -馬雅各上書阿禮國史話134 二老口舊樓. www.laijohn.com. [2018-12-12]. （原始內容存檔於2019-12-03）. （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） 9.新樓醫院-新樓院史. www.sinlau.org.tw. [2018-12-12]. （原始內容存檔於2014-11-13） （中文（臺灣））. （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） 10醫聲論壇 • 檢視主題 - 【老仙ㄟ講古】 臺灣最早的醫學院是哪一所？120403. 11.forum.doctorvoice.org. [2018-12-12]. （原始內容存檔於2020-07-17）. （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） 12.賴永祥: 教會史話212 - 德馬太醫生 13.致德馬太醫生送別詞. www.laijohn.com. [2018-12-11]. （原始內容存檔於2020-09-29）. （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） 14.史話212 德馬太醫生. www.laijohn.com. [2018-12-11]. （原始內容存檔於2020-09-29）. 醫生娘是1874年12月22日抵臺，與夫君同時返國。 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） 15.潘稀祺:《台灣醫療宣教之父 : 馬雅各醫生傳》 P. 396， (2003年，台灣基督長老教會新樓醫院出版) 16.馬約翰: 《我的父親馬雅各的生平與工作》 17.山城歲月 (wu20130902). 台南州協議會員 許廷光. 隨意窩 Xuite日誌. [2018-12-12]. （原始內容存檔於2020-07-17）. （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） 18.「台灣府署」之探訪. 台南筆記. [2018-12-12]. （原始內容存檔於2020-10-01） （中文（臺灣））. （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） ==== Sakaira (來源) ==== 1.黃茂卿，1988，台灣基督長老教會太平境馬雅各紀念教會九十年史，太平境馬雅各紀念教會 2.陳永興，2004，台灣醫界人物誌，望春風文化 ms3bfys0ftr2ab7bls6v5ydnsu2wk05 0 2755 44657 44616 2024-09-10T03:15:45Z H. Hsing-chun 2550 ''' 44657 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ray Carles''' (雷．查爾斯; Inkiris: Ray Charles, 1930 miheca 9 folad 23 romi’ad-2004 miheca 6 folad 10 romi’ad), tadangangan ci Ray Carles Ropinsen (Inkiris: Ray Charles Robinson), no salo’afangan maradiway, piano no Amilika, patekaay no sararimokay a ongkak. O sarakatay mapacomoday i matirtiray kero a tamdaw[1], “Matirtiray casi” patodong cingraan to “100 satadamaanay romadiway” a saka 2 tamdaw[2]. Sacisowal sa ci Frank Sinatra i cingraan o “Matanengay to ongkak a dengan” saan[3]. === Ka’emangan ’orip (早年生活) === O wawa no matayalay ci Bailey Robinson aci Aretha williams ci Ray Carles Ropinsen. O mama ci Bailey Robinson o pakaomahan a maomahay, misanga’ay to lalan no kisya, kikay a sayho ato maamaan a tayalan[4]. O ina ningra ci Aretha o pakoyoc a masawawaay ho a fafahiyan, miti’eray to laloma’an ni Bailey a ma’orip; itiraay i Greenville no Florida, mikapot ci Bailey ato fafahi ningra ci Mary Jane Robinson ma’orip. Itiya o laloma’an ni Ropinsen madipot ci Aretha, saka pakafit hananay to Ropinsen a ngangan. Ikor pakayni i ka’odang ni Bailey ko saka cipoyapoy ni Aretha, itira i 1930 miheca kaciherangan miliyas to Greenville, mikapot to laloma’an i Albany no Georgia, mipatala to kasofocan to wawa. Ikor minokay cingra ato wawa tayra i Greenville, itiya pasowal to niyah pasifana’ to ni’oripan ci Mary Jane ici Thunder Charles. O ma’imeray to pitoor ci Aretha, mapolong mikihatiya to pilihay i kiwkay[5]. Maolah ci Ray Carles Ropinsen tio ina ningra, mihirateng ko kodaitay, pakoniyahay ko ka’orip a kalata’angen, o nianan ko palalanay a dawdaw to rakat no ’orip ningra. Mihekeno ko mama ci Bailey ningra to loma’, miliyas to Greenville, cifafahi to roma fafahiyan[5]. Kafahekaan ni Carles ko kikay i kaemang ho ningra, mararid manengneng ningra ko fiyaw nangra matayal to tosiya ato kangkang a kikay. 3 ho ko miheca ningra masafaloco’ to ko ongkak naitira i kakomaenan to kohi ni Wylie Pitman a mapalowad, tona ira ko piano ni Pitman midatok, halo pasifana’ han ci Carles a minanam to piano[6].   Hanatayra ko ina aci Carles i Kahengangay kohian, hamhamen to katayra nangra i Kahengangay kohian, ngalef mapadama cangra to kacango’ot itira. Madipot ho ni Pitman ko safa ningra ci George, milowan to rarima no ina nangra. Nika o safa 4 ka mihecaan ni George itira i pifaca’an to riko’ a ma’ap’ap mapatay[7]. Nanoya ko halisafa no kaka ci Carles a mararom tomangic to lasa’ itiya sa mapohaw to ko mata ningra[8], tangasa i 7 ko miheca o caay to pakanengneng a mapohaw[9]. === Onkak a tayal (音樂事業) === I 1949 miheca 4 folad, ci Carles ato ongkak sakapot ningra mirina’ to radiw “Palisomad langdaway”(Confession Blues), saka sa’ayaway o karadiwan i polong no kitakit, macakat tayra i “Pakafitan kasarayray masararimokay a ongkak” a saka 2 [10]. Talacowa matayal to, misanga’ haca cingra to roma maradiway to raradiwen nangra, halo ni Cole Porter a “Kacahcahan no salo’afang” (Ghost of a Chance) ato ni Dizzy Gillespie a “Aymanon” (Emanon) [11]. I 1959 miheca mihapiw ci Carles to Atlantic likoto a radiw to “Manan ko nisowalan ako?” (What'd I Say), o nian ko katangasa i takaraway no tayal, o kalifotan a radiw konini, palakapot to ratoh, jazz, blues ato Latin a ongkak; ikor sacisowal sa cingra o naitiraay i club a nisanga’an saan. Padoedo i 1960 miheca mihapiw to radiw “I faloco’ay ako a Georgia” (Georgia on My Mind), malanga’ayay a sowalen no kitakit ato pahofien to Grammy a kompay ci Carles itiya[12]. Padoedo to radiw “Pasilala a Jack” (Hit the Road Jack) o roma a saka ci hofi to Grammy a kompay ni Carles, onini a sararimokay blues a romadiway ci Percy Mayfield ko misanga’ay[13]. === Kapatayan (逝世) === I 2003 miheca, to nikanga’ay pakafit to no pakah a tokad ni Carles, o mamipadoedo miliyok karomadiw na saan i, madadenga to roma a lacaan no tatirengan a mapalasawad aca. 2004 miheca 6 folad 10 romi’ad itira i Beverly Hills, California loma ni Carles a mapatay, patihi ko laloma’an ato widawidang ningra[14][15], o saka patay ningra o nano ’atayan adada[8], ira ko 73 ko mihecaan. Matadem i 2004 miheca 6 folad 18 romi’ad, itira i First AME kiwkay no Los Angeles, mihakitiyaay to pitademan ira ko maradiway tamdaw ci mimingay Richard, B. B. King aci Stevie Wonder[16]. === Ni sanga’an radiw (主要作品-歌曲) === I Got a Woman (1954) What'd I Say (1959) Georgia on My Mind (1960) Hit the Road Jack (1961) One Mint Julep (1961) Unchain My Heart (1961) I Can't Stop Loving You (1962) === Ika (電影) === Swingin' Along (1961) Ballad in Blue (1964) The Big T.N.T. Show (1966) (紀錄片) The Blues Brothers (1980) Limit Up (1989) Listen Up: The Lives of Quincy Jones (1990) (紀錄片) Love Affair (1994) Spy Hard (1996) The Extreme Adventures of Super Dave (2000) Blue's Big Musical Movie (2000) 《雷之心靈傳奇》（2004） === Papotalay calay (外部連結) === 1.All Music Guide對雷·查爾斯的介紹 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） 2.（英文）Inductees. Rock and Roll Hall of Fame & Museum. [2006-11-25]. （原始內容存檔於2006-11-23）. 3.（英文）The Immortals: The First Fifty. Rolling Stone Issue 946. 《滾石雜誌》. [2007-08-09]. （原始內容存檔於2011-08-19）. 4.（英文）Alex Regnery. 'Ray Charles' scheduled to 'Hit the Road,' come to Austin. The Daily Texan. 2006年 [2006-11-25].[永久失效連結] 5.Ray Charles Biography. SwingMusic.Net. [February 14, 2008]. （原始內容存檔於2013-06-26）. 6.Lydon, Michael, Ray Charles: Man and Music, Routledge, <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-415-97043-3</nowiki>, Routledge Publishing, January 22, 2004. 7.Charles, Ray; Ritz, David. Brother Ray. Spring Street, New York: Da Capo Press. 1992. <nowiki>ISBN 0-306-80482-4</nowiki>. 8.Charles, Ray. Ritz, David (1992) , 編. Brother Ray. New York：Da Capo Press. ISBN <nowiki>ISBN 0-306-80482-4</nowiki> 請檢查|isbn=值 (幫助). 9.Ray Charles, American Legend, Dies at 73. NPR. June 11, 2004 [September 25, 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2021-04-10）. 10.Bohème Magazine （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） Obituary: Ray Charles (1930 – 2004). 11.Lydon, Michael. Ray Charles: Man and Music. New York: Riverhead Books. 1998. <nowiki>ISBN 1-57322-132-5</nowiki>. 12.Winski, Norman. Ray Chalres: Singer and Muscian. Los Angeles, California: Melrose Square Publishing. 1994: 102–107 [28 September 2014]. <nowiki>ISBN 0-87067-790-X</nowiki>. 13.The RS 500 Greatest Songs of All Time: 44) Georgia on My Mind （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Rolling Stone. Retrieved August 14, 2008. 14.Hit The Road Jack by Ray Charles （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Songfacts. Retrieved August 14, 2008. 15.D'angelo, Joe. Ray Charles Dead at 73. mtv.com. [January 1, 2012]. （原始內容存檔於2013-10-12）. 16.Evans, Mike. Ray Charles: The Birth of Soul. [January 1, 2012]. （原始內容存檔於2017-02-23）. 17.Many Pay Respects to Ray Charles. CBS News. June 10, 2004 [November 25, 2006]. （原始內容存檔於2013-08-29）. 18.MusicBrainz對雷·查爾斯的介紹 61o3g80j7lnymyz7kiopcnsmclfn5ts 0 2756 44637 44636 2024-09-06T07:18:57Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Pinengnengan to tilid (參考文獻) */ 44637 wikitext text/x-wiki == Wu feng-1231 Pitastas to fodawan ni Wu feng.(拆除吳鳳銅像事件) == Pitastas to fodawan ni Wu feng[1]. I 1988 miheca 12 folad 31 romi’ad i Ciayisi no Taywan, nawhani macangal to nika halafin no Conghuaminko a misinting to palakawas ci Wufeng, miepec to yincumin, papinapina a kapah no Co finacadan mitastas to fodawan ni Wufwng i Ciayisi. Pakayni tonini a demak, Conghuaminko kiwikopo miketon paterep i p[itilidan to pipasifana’ to pakayniay kimad ni Wufeng, saan o Wufengsiang mafalic ko pangangan Alisansian han to. Pakayni tonini mapalowad to ko piharatengan to saki 228 a ’otoc itiya. === Paikoran (背景) === Pipalakawas ci Wufengan, itini ho ci Wufeng i no Mancin a to’ec o citodongay dademak no Alisan, mipalasawad to mangayaway a lekakawa mikinafalah to tireng, saka pacekil ko nanodemak ni Wufeng, nanoyaan caay to pingayaw ko yincumin no Alisan saan. Itini sato o Dipong a to’ec i, itini pitilidan misitapang to pasifana’ to kimad ni Wufeng. 1949 mihecaan na tayni i Taywan ko kominsifo i, matira to ko pipasifana’ no pitilidan tonini a kimad, itini i Ciayinsin Alisan a sa’etal panganganen to Wufengsiang. O kakeridan no Taywansen ni Qiu Chuanghuan a to’ec, mipadadahal to samiyay ni Wufeng ato patademan, itira i ka’ayaw syataw no kisya i Ciayi patireng to fodawan ni Wu feng. Orasaka o itiraay i Alisan a Co finacadan halafin ko kahinapecan to mangahay to pakayniay kimad ni Wufeng, misanga’ to caayay ko fangcalay ko pipatodong to mingayaway a demak, o saka epec ato misawacoay i nangraan to ponka no niyaro’. 1987 miheca, ira ko demak to pakayniay ci Tang Yinsen. O kapah no Co finacadan ci Tang Yinsen, tayra i Taypi matayal, malaliyang to tawki, o kaforawan sa mipatay to tamdaw. o hakasi ci Jiang Xun aci Hu Taili mikihar patado itiya ci Tang Yinsenan, nanay o sifo mipalasawad to raraw ni Tang Yinsen. Nikawrira pakayni tonini a demak mafiyol ko hakasi masasowal to pakayniay to pisakawas ci Wufengan o saka piepec to Co a finacadan. Toya miheca 9 folad 9 romi’ad, palowad ko Co finacadan mirarakat milongoc to sapifalic to Wufeng a ngangan. === Pakayraan to demak (事件經過) === I 1988 miheca, Taywan Kristo ciwlo kiwkay foksi ci Lin Zongzheng a papinapina tamdaw itira i Taynan minanam ko Yusan singkakoyin a mitiliday to saka 9 lekad URM pinanam, paherek ko pinanam masasowal to samaanen ko pilaheci to ninanaman sato, saikoray miketon to sapi tastasaw to itiraay i ka’ayaway no kisya i Ciayin ni Wufeng a fodawan. Saka i 12 folad 31 romi’ad, ci Lin Zongzheng ato Co fuinacadan a kapah ci Zeng Junren, Pan Jian'er aci Kavas Takistaulan Iwatan a finacadan, micaliw to sintinsya no Taynan Mincintangpo to tosaay paliding, parakaten tayra i Ciayinsi, misatatas mitastas to fodawan ni Wufeng. Pakayni tonini a demak mapacekok ko imeng no Ciayinsi, tayra a milalang, laplapen cangra. Oya nilaplapan a kapah no yincumin, ma’aca to towaso ato mararay sarosaros, itiya kalahokan sakina 2 ko demak mitastas, oya paliding to ko mitarohay mitefad toya fodawan. Oya fodawan mapolin i sasera tangsolay mapela’ macikcik. Masatapasng to ko imemeng no Ciayici, saka ’aloman to ko cimadoka’ay no mikihatiyaay a miliyang, tinako mikihatiyaay miliyang a kapah no Iwatan ci Kavas Takistaulan, maketong ko tosa fadowac, o tatihiay a fotol mapela’. Marepet no imeng ko sasepatay a kapah, miliyang ko ’alomanay a tamdaw i papotal no imeng. Saikoray pakayni i dayhiw onano Mincocinpotang Siokiyin ci Huang Zhaokai tayra i imengan a kasaowalan, itiya mapasadak koya marepetay a kapah, oya miliyangay i papotal a ’alomanay a tamdaw maliwasak to itiya. I 1989 miheca 2 folad 11 romi’ad i, oya miliclicay i Ciayi piliclican ci Chen Zhongying mipalita haca ca Lin Zongzheng, Zeng Junren, Pan Jianer aci Kavas Takistaulan a sasepat, nanoya tangsolan mirepet, omi “kari’angay to lalosidan no kapolongan”, “Micaraay to sakanga’ay no finawlan”, “Miliyangay to kasa’opoan a rikec”, “Mirawraway to komiying” saan ko pipalowad to raraw. Oya Taywan Kristo ciwlo kiwkay Taynan kiwkay ci Lu Junyi ato papinapina a foksi tayra miliso’ i pirofoan cangraan. O piliclican romi’ad itiya, o sito no Yusan sinkakoyin ci Kavas Takistaulan paci’eci sa misano Iwatan finacadan a sowal ko pipaca’of to piliclican, saka mitahidang ko hoyin to mamihongyako to Iwatan a sowal, sa mapalowad i hoyin no Taywan ko sowal no Yincumin i Taywan a patilidan[1].   O piharatengan to 228 a demak, oya ca Chen Yongxing ising aci Zheng Nanrong a nisakapotan to “228 mo^cel karihaday yofayof” mitelek, I 1989 miheca 2 folad 28 romi’ad masasiiked i kilongsi ato Ciayisi midemak to pirarakat. O Caiyisi a onto kasakapot mitahidang to i niyaro’ay no Alisan a Co a finacadan, nanay cangra itiya toya romi’ad mikihatiya to pirarakat i Caiyisi, o sapicokeraw toya sasepatay a tamdaw.   O sifo sato, o saka ca’eaw ka tata’ang no demak itiya, mitelek to sapipasadak toya sasepatasy tamdaw. I 2 folad 15 romi’ad, Taywansio kakeridan ci Qiu Chuanghuan mihapiw nai 1989 miheca 3 folad 1 romi’ad miteka, oya Wufengsiang falicen o Alisansian hanto sato. O sakakaay midemakay to kiwiko a kakeridan ci Mao Gaowen mihapiw cingra, toyaan miheca 7 folad 1 romi’ad ikoray a sapasifana’ a tilid pakayniay to ni Wufeng a kimad palasawaden to saan. Oya sato miliclican no hoying a sasepatay awaay to ko raraw a mapalafac to, saka pakayniay tonini a demak, itini sato paherek.   === Rarikoray (後續) === Tona mitastas to fodawan ni Wu feng, o nisafaloco’an no Mincucinpotang manga’ay patirengen itini ko fodawang no 228 a piharatengan saan. o Congko komintang oya Laionhuy ka cingangan, oya pipatirengan to fodawan ni Wufeng patireng han to sakarihaday a sakeling sato. 1989 2 folad 28 romi’ad, oya pirarakat i Ciayisi, o mamipatala kaitiraan noya fodawan pakamaro’en ko linci to 228 piharatengan. Oya sato a imeng no Caiyisi misanga’ to tamdawan ’adipel, misi’ayaw to finawlan. Saikoray o kakeridan siciw no Caiyisi ci Zhang Boya masadak misi’ayaw to miliyangay a finawlan a masasowal, mihayda ko Caiyisi itira i Mituo lalan patireng to 228 piharatengan. Oya pinapeleng a fodawan ni Wufeng caay ko kafana’an talacowaay to. Oya kaitiraan o Laion huy ko pateliay to sakarihaday a sakeling. === Coyakoay (註釋) === 1.少年台灣史-第276頁，周婉窈，台北:玉山出版社 2.走上街頭，台灣牧者傳奇林宗正 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館），邱斐顯，第四屆北台文史與資產保存學術研討會 === Pinengnengan to tilid (參考文獻) === 1.改變歷史的一剎那 2.那個時代：戒嚴時代…座談會紀錄（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館），鄭南榕紀念館 3.林哲夫 (2018) 【民報】URM來台走非暴力的路 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） 967lc3422pjp64pyanymxt8xyitqmjc 0 2757 44640 44639 2024-09-07T06:59:48Z 臺灣語言繼承者 2320 44640 wikitext text/x-wiki O [[sowal no Pangcah]] konini “Pasiwali” sanay, o kasadakan no [[cidal]], o karengawan a ma’orip no ’alomanay a finacadan ko sawali hananay. Ona Piparadiwan a romi’ad hananay i, mikitini i 22 a romi’ad no sako 10 a folad a misatapang, pararid to tosa a romi’ad. Ira a matahidang ko papitoay nai romaay a kitakit ato no i [[Taywan]]gay to a sa’opo no maradiway. Macacadacada a masadak a romadiw cangra. I taliyok nona piki’arawan i, ira aca ko paliwalay to no Yincumin a maamaan. Saka, caay ko pitengil aca to karomadiw, mapatalahkal ko no Yincumin a laliwalen. ===Taywan Pasiwali 2022=== '''“Taywan Pasiwali” (PASIWALI音樂節)''' hananay i, o Piparadiwan a romi’ad no kukusay konini. O maradiway no Paliwan ci [[Utjung Tjakivalid]] (舞炯恩·加以法利得), yo lahci han ningra romadiw ko pinapina a radiw nira i, mafawfaw ko faloco’ no mitengilay a tamdaw, a mikihatiya toya radiw nira a misawahowaho a makero. Tona ira ko picara no lifong, saka mapahanhan to tosa a mihcaan kona “Taywang Pasiwali” hananay tono kukusay Piparadiwan a romi’ad, miliyaw aca a mitahidang to nai [[Philippines|Filiping]]ay, i [[Palau|Palaw]]ay, i [[Indonesia|Intonisiya]]ay, ato i [[Malaysia|Malaysiya]]ay a maradiway a sa’opo. Matengil itini ko makapahay a radiw no masasilomalomaay a finacadan. [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] 158u5fndqo7l9lf00dgn3h1c2on0qd6 0 2758 44645 44644 2024-09-07T07:12:23Z 臺灣語言繼承者 2320 44645 wikitext text/x-wiki ===ta masasitiyor a makakafana’ ko no Taywan ato Kanataay a tamdaw=== [[File:The_Canadian_Museum_of_Civilization_(40228035045).jpg|400px|thumb|Pipaselakan to kahirahira no dafong no Kanata]] 2022 miheca saka 1 folad, o Yinminhoy (原民會), o Yinowenhoy (原文會), o Yinyihoy (原語會) ato kofa no niyaro’ ko mipalowaday to [ O pikerid a palafangay a miliso’ to tayal no Kanata] (加拿大原住民族政策參訪團), I laloma’ no rakat nangra i, micafer a miliso’ to '''[pipaselakan to kahirahira no dafong no Kanata]''' (加拿大歷史博物館) , o citodongay a parayray a mikitoh nangra ko misaheciay a pakafana’ ato mikerid to ha rakat tonini. Itira a masasi’isal to saka fana’ to kasafinacadan a pipaselakan to kahirahira no dafong, ta minanam haca to nika pipalowad nangra to matenesay a matayal tonini. Ci Caroline Dromaguet, o tapang no pipaselakan to rayray no Kanata cingra, milayap cingra to nani[[Taywan]]ay a miliso’ay a sapakaolah a dafong i cingraan. Ta pakafana’ cingra to na pipaselakan a rayray nangra, o i 1856 a mihecaan to nano nikafafalican to dafong tono i [[Anishinaabeg]] a sera konini saan. Orasaka, patocek sa a pahapinang tonini a pipaselakan a patelian to dafong, o makakafitay to niyaro’ no Yincomin koninian. Caay ka tano sa’opo saca to kaciketon to demak to talicayan aca, mapalowad to nangra ko 200 a tamdaw to matanengay, 50 ko finacadan to pakahalakaay to to dafong a miterek a citodongay a matayal a tamdaw no finacadan. O mapahekalay tono pipaselakan a patelian to dafong anini i, sahto o na mafana’ay a mitayal a cirocekay ko misafacoay, citodong haca a mipatalahekal a mitosil to natayalan nangra, mararid a mikapot ko Yincomin tonini a tayal. Pacedi ko pipaselakan a kaitiraan, o mataterekay ato Yicomin ko kitakit no [[Kanata]], 1970 a miheca o hatiniay a pipaselakan a patelian to dafong i, misatapangay to a misafaco to sapipatikoraw to na dafong, ato misaharateng to maanen a masasinga’ay ko kalali’ay ato Yincomin saan. O mamipalowad ko Taywan to pipaselakan a patelian to dafong, minanay to saka dadama to tayal i ikor. [[Kasasiwasiw:Farangaw 'Amis]] si9fiw6m047l9szb5g3xf9hbubygkgk 0 2759 44648 44647 2024-09-07T07:31:26Z 臺灣語言繼承者 2320 44648 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Osay Hongay''' (簡燕春), samafana’ay a [[romadiw]] no [[Taywan]]. Maherek to i nacilaay a sakaenem a romi’ad koya saka33 a rekad a pipakaolah to no Cin-ci-cyang (金曲獎), i anini a mapakaolahay tonini a Cin-ci-cyang, masalaloma’ ko cecay a samato’asay no Tafalong a niyaro’ ci Osay ina, mapakaolah ciira to samafana’ay a romadiw to no Yin-cu-min a sowal a kaolah. Mapaherek ko demak no pipakaolah, fa^cal ko rakat niira a minokas a taloma’ i [[Tafalong]], kahemekan no i niyaro’ay ciira. Tomireng i ka’ayaw no panganganan a mapolong a pasasing, i 12 a folad no roma a mihcaan, mapasadakay ko ni Osay Hongay o no Tafalong no Kwang-fu no Kalingko ko no tato’asan a radiw no Pangcah, awaayho ko tatinakoan to samato’asay ko pakaalaay tonini a Cin-ci-cyang, maala niira ko samafana’ay a romadiw to no Yin-cu-min a sowal a kaolah. Salipahak saan ci Osay Hongay a mahemek, maseneng ciira a tomireng i pipakaolahan to Cin-ci-cyang, mapa^edil ko niyaro’ no Tafalong. Sowal saan ci Osay Hongay, mamaan pakayni to pisadak to no tato’asan a radiw, mapakafana’ ko ’alomanay to kahemekan a tato’asan a radiw no Pangcah, pakayni tinian a ngiha’ no fangcalay a serangawan, caay ka citolas a mapaselic i ka^mangay a haliradiw to no to’as a radiw<ref>原住民族新聞台https://news.ipcf.org.tw/41811，瀏覽日期：2022/07/04)，記者Kawa(施俊銘)，本網站依據著作權法第52、65 條合理使用。</ref>. ==Pasadakay tonini a news== {{reflist}} [[Kasasiwasiw:Siwkulang 'Amis]] qahkfwc872mduim6kczhdfiw5pxbb3i 0 2760 44789 44788 2024-09-16T06:31:24Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Ponka (文化) */ 44789 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''Pinalengaw ('''植物) == Pinalengaw (Inkiris-Plant), pinalengawan (Tilid a ngangan: Plantae) o pacecay a sowal to kahirahira, sakisofal i, sakilikisi adihay ko kasasiroma. I ’ayaw no mihecaan ni Linnay tangasa i mihecaan ni Linnay, dengan i kafana’an no kalorengosan, oya kahirahira, karapoy ato tatikenox nawhani caay ko dademakay ato nano pipatedi no likat ato pinangan no rengosan a tatodong, masaliyaliyad to pisilsil[3]. Ano dotocen ko ni Enste. Hayker, Lopote. Witayke, Lin. Makolis, Tomas.Kafolier. Smis a mikingkiway to kahirahira no rengos, oya kahirahira, karapoy ato tatikenox kadado’edo a papasadak i pinalengaw [4][5][6]. I ngataay to no mihecaan masarocod to ko kasasiiked no pikingkiw, mihakelong to nai 1981 mihecaan to ni Tomas.Kafolier (Plantae Caval.-Sm. 1981) [6]. Smis a pido’edoan to no pinalengaw a pikingkiw. Pakayni i nanolengaw a iraay misapinang ato minengneng to sakifana’en[7][8]; Orama i, minengneng to ni Hepote. Kalifuer (Herbert Copeland) a dado’edoen i 1981 mihecaan (Plantae Caval.-Sm. 1981) [6], o sakikangdaway a pinalengaw a mikingkiway (Plantae sensu Copeland, 1956) [9][10][11][12]. O pisa’osi, no pinalengaw a nikingkiwan a ma’oripay a kasahira no rengos ira ko 450000[13], ano dotocen ko ni Ciwyin sa’osi, nai 2014 mihecaan, o nipa’oripan a pinalengaw, ira ko 381910 ko kahirahira a misowalan ato nipanganganan, laloma’ nonini ira ko 369000 ko kahira no madeci’ay pinalengaw, 1110 ko kasahira no mawacayay a pinalengaw, 1300 ko kasahira no masafokelohay a pinalengaw, 10500 ko kasahira no maliwetay a pinalengaw (no pahekoay a rengos) [14]. Yasato i, dado’edo sa a ira ko matama ko fa^elohay a lengaw, tinako i 2016 miheca, ira ko 1730 ko kasahira no madeci’ay a pinalengaw matama ato mipangangan[14]. Kadadeci’ ato nikalowan no deci’ o no pinalengaw a … a sakacitongal, nika o kadadeci’ no pinalengaw a malengaw ato lomahad a tatodong[15]:63. O sakatadamaan no cisalenakay ato kacacalicaliw ko pinalengaw, nika caayay ka cisalenak ira ko sakalenak nira[15]:169. O kalalecad a tato’asan no pinalengaw pakayni ato langdaway linalin ko kalacecayan a tireng, ta pakayni i pata’engad no likat a mala’icel. Palong no pinalengaw nai to’asan ko sapidotoc a ci’icel, nika ira a pinalengawan ko malasawaday to langdaway a tireng ko saka pata’engad no likat a mala’icel, pasayra mitado to ka’oripan ato mamono’ay a ma’orip[15]:458. O pata’engad no likat ko sakaci’icel no pinalengaw, i liyok no ma’oripay a mikoliyol ato karomakat no ’icel masalaloma’an, o parana’an no ma’oripay ko cikiw. [16][15]:122 O adihayay a pinalengaw i karapoyan a saka’orip no tamdaw a kakaenen, sapaiyo, sapatireng, sapitinooy a sakadademak. [14] O pikingkiw to pinalengaw malosakahirahira a lalan. [15]:2 === '''Sapatodong ('''定義) === Ano masamaamaan ko patodong no nitilidan, adihay ko kasasowal to “pinalengaw” ko patodong, masasiromaay, [17] masilsil ko kafalifalic no rayray no pinalengaw. === '''Dadahalay i rengosan ('''極廣義植物界) === Dadahalay i pinalengaw, halo fayking, matelangay fayking, so’elinay fayking, ato lo^etimay damay ato cimadeci’ay pinalengaw no maraayay sangasaw a damay (anohakowa halo fayking, matelangay fayking, so’elinay fayking, ato damay, nika dengan o langdaway linalin caay kai romaroma a fayking), malolalan nonini patodongan: Plantae L. 1753, Plantae Engl. 1886. O ni Linnay a mihecaan, caho kasadak ko cin-hua-li-lon sanay a sowal, orasaka, saka ningra a tosaay a lalan, o dadahalay ko salalekoan no pinalengaw, pakipolong i saki’orip, ono patedi no likat ko saka’orip ko sakalengaw no pinalengaw. [3] Ni Enkele a lalan madotac ko ni Linnay a salalekoan no pinalengaw, o damay, fayking, matelangay fayking, so’elinay fayking papolongen i laloma’, “Kasasiiked no pinalengaw a tilid” i ci Enkelean mahapiw ko 10 a tilid, mapatay to ca Diers ato ci Miersiau ko miliyaway, nika mapararid ko no sa’ayaway salalekoan no pinalengaw, mapasaliyad to 17 a kasalalan no pinalengawan. [18] Adihay ko no aniniay a nananamen to pinalengawan nai fayking, so’elinay fayking, ato damay, ko sapipakayraan a paini to kafana’an, pakayni i laliyad no pinalengawan nai 1964 mihecaan saka 12 a tilid ni Enkele a lalan, saka onian a lalan ko kacitodongan. [19][20] Miwanik to nanoya kahirahira no ma’oripay to dadahalay no pinalengawan. Mihakelong to no Sien-wi-cin a nisanga’an ato sapidemak, mikingkiway to pinalengawan adihay ko no ’a’adopen ato no pinalengawan a ma’oripay, tinako to damay ato kakotong. Orasaka, o mikingkiway to pinalengawan no Toyic ci Hayke’er midakdak to ''Plantae Haeckel 1866, Metaphyta Haeckel 1894,'' tosaay a salaloma’an no natilid malecadayto, mawanik ko nanoyanan a malengaway, midita’ay ato ’isal a damay, ta mala’isal i nanoyanan a molengaway. [21] 1983 ato 2009 miheca, ci J. Gerloff , K. Walther ato ci Wolfgang Frey a pipasadak, saka 13 a tilid ni Enkela lalan a malaheci mipakotay, i 2012 mihecaan mipasadak. Ona kasalalan no satoko, paring, kamok ko patireng macefong i ’adihayay falo i molengaway a tilid, nikawrira sakirengosan a patolasan saromaan ko langdaway damay a fayking , salaloma’an i so’elinay fayking ato damay. [22] === '''Masaroma ko so’elinay fayking dadahalay no rengosan ('''排除真菌的較廣義植物界) === 1959 miheca, mikinkiway to malengaway ci Lopote. Witayke mapasadak nai awaayay so’elinay fayking a masiiked, pasadak to fa^elohay malengaway siikeday faco, i 1963 miheca miliyaw misalof, kao “Witayke limaay faco” ahan, onini faco mapasetek ko pinalengawan (Plantae Whittaker 1969) masaroma nai nanoyanan a malengaway, so’elinay fayking ato ’isal a damay, masiiked pacomod i nanoyanan a malengaway, nika halo ma’oripay i hekal a pinalengaw miraay to lo^etimay damay. [23] === '''Lalomaay-mapolongay ma’orip ato ceki’ cengel ma’oripay. ('''內共生理論與原始色素體生物) === 1966 miheca, Lin. Makoris (Lynn Margulis) mihapiw to nikingkiwan, pasapinang to lalomaay-mapolongay ma’orip a sasowalen, o sanay a sasowalen i, so’elinay a malengaway pakayni i malecaday a tato’asan lalomaay-mapolongay ma’orip i nga’ayay kamolengawan no fayking a masaposak ato sakaci’icel pasasela’, ikor no pinalengaw malecaday ko tato’asan mapalengaw ko langdaway a damay cicamol to masalengdaw i laloma’ no tiring ato nano tedian no likat a ci’icel. [5] Ci Lin. Makoris (Lynn Margulis) toyanan a nihapiwan to “Plantae a patodongan” kalo “mikowanan a pinalengaw (Plantae Margulis, 1967) o han ningra[ 1][5]. Ikor i, ci Makoris i 1971 mihecaan patodongen ningra o kalorengosan (Plantae Margulis, 1971, Plantae sensu stricto) a sakowat mifalic o cicengoay a pinalengaw ahan. lalomaay-mapolongay ma’orip a sasowalen to sakimisiikeday o sakatadamaan to saki nian a pakayraan a nikingkiwan, so’elinay a piwinaan ato nano lamit no fayking kalomahad i rayray caay kalalen, orasaka pakayni to na tosaay a kasasiroma o malecaday ko kalomahadan. I Inkilis Niwcing taykaku ci Tomas. Kafolier- Semis mikingkiwan a kasasiiked no faco a heci pahapinang, no to’as a cengel nika’orip (Archaeplastida, halo apelahay a damay, lahengangay a damay, langdaway damay, pacacorokay damay ato ci cengo’ay pinalengaw) o sa’ayaway ato lengdaway a lalomaay-mapolongay malengaw a ma’oripay, o roma a damayan a tireng o caayay nai langdaway a damay caira, o pakayniay ato nai serayan a cengel a ma’orip a masadak malatireng, o pikingkiw no nacefang pala (Plantae Caval.-Sm. 1981 (Plantae sensu lato)) patodong no serayan a cengel a malengway. [6] O napina miheca a faco to kalomahad ato masiikeday a nipikingkiw, pasayra i (Plantae Caval.-Sm. 1981) ko patodong, nai serayan a cengel a malengaw matiya o pinalengaw ko pihirateng. [7][8] === '''Fa^elohay a kalaliyangan ('''新的爭議) === 2015 mihecaan, ci ''Tomas. Kafolier. Smis, Patoriko. J. Cilin, Alastayre G. B. Simpeson ato ci Fabien Burki'' alamihakelong to sakapot mikingkiway naira to sakipinalengawan sapatodong pasadak to sapilifet. Ona toloay a kasasiiked a faco no heci pasapinang, o cecay a seray no ma’oripay to serayan a fao i serayan no molengaway a malahad, mikapot to lahengangay a damay matiya malikakaay[9][10][11]. Milimekay a damay molengaway masasiiked caay kasapinang, ci ''Patoriko. J. Cilin aci Fabien Burki'' kasacefang mikingkiw an a faco pahapinang, Milimekay a damay latek mikafit i seray a cengel a molengaw, nikawrira nikamaro’an caay ka lecad; no ’ayaway a paheci, apelahay a damay ato langdaway pinalengaw palacecayay faco, milimekay damay o sangasaw to naira[12]; oroma a tosaay a cefang a faco pahapinang, milimekay damay ma’oripay latek pakaini i serayan a cengel a ma’oripay ato malecaday ko kalomahadan seray ato no papotalay fao a miingiday[11]. Pahapinang kina mikingkiwan, no fao ato milimekay a damay latek nai serayan a cengel molengaway malecad ay ko lalengawan a rayray, nikawrira nikapaitemak to nikalomahad malasawad to ko no to’asan a tireng, ikor milimekay damay pakayni i lalomaay ka’orip malalahengangay a damay tiring, nika fao ma’orip malalomaay ko ka’orip. [9][10][11][12] === '''kasasiromaroma ('''多樣性) === Pinalengaw o kahapinangan ma’oripay itini i hekal, malenak i masasiromaromaay a ka’oripan, halo i nanomay no hekal, i kimadacay ’ongcoy, la’enoay no cisela’ay, mido’edo to kasasiroma no romi’ad masasiroma ko kalengaw ato nika’aloman. Halo tafotafokan, ira i ’akawangay pala, i cakilan a pala ko katalawan a palaay a pinalengaw. Pinalengaw ira ko lengdaway damay milecad to so’elinay fayking a molengaw masariko’ay a malahad, malalen i katalawan pala ma’orip. O sera no hekal 6% ko dadahal masariko’ay a matahepoay, kafodo’an no ’amis o no ’amisay masariko’ay malonem a kakaenen ma’orip[26], roma a masariko’ay pakatena’ to ki’emelay a ’icel a malataw a midenga’ay ato ni’ecengay, o nai fo’isan nikingkiwan to ma’oripay[27]. Nipasasa, no pinalengawan ka’orip latek 450000 ko kasasiromaroma no lengaw[13], midotoc to ni Ciwyon a nipolongan, tangasa 2017 miheca, sakirengos a nikowanan, 381910 ko kasasiromaroma masowal ato mapanganganay, i 369000 o matafoay pinalengaw, 1110 o mawacayay pinalengaw, 1300 no fodengal a pinalengawan, 10500 no kisin a pinalengaw (lokot a pinalengaw) [14]. Roma a kahirahira away i ni Ciwyon a nisa’osian, sakiroma a masa’osi ato pitiri’an matilid i la’eno. Pakayni tinini, caay pitolas molengaw ko fa^elohay a pinalengaw mahapinang, tinako i 2016 miheca, ira ko 1730 ko fa^elohay madeci’ay a pinalengaw a mapanganganay[14]. === Kafafalifalic no likisi (演化史) === Dotocen ko no dadahalay a nihaydaan nikingkiwan, pinalengaw (''serayan a cengel no ma’oripay'') satapangan i ’ayaw no 16 yoku a kinacecay laloma’an malengaw a demak[37], lalomaan no tirengan, masaposakay a kasolekan, manga’ay micongangah I’ayaway iraay to a langdaway damay ato nga’ayay sasela’an fayking[5]. Awaay ko keton a rayray no langdaway damay, sa’ayaway matilid mata’elif to ko 35 yoku no mihecaan ko langdaway damay mikafit i mataringay a fokelokelohan, nika ira ho laliyangen[38]. Ikoray to 16 yoku ’ayaw i, pinalengaw a tato’asan o langdaway damay ko nikaenan, nika nikacango’ot no kakaenen maedeng ko patedi no likat, malalikiday to lengdaway damay ko ’orip, mitado to nano patedian no likat malokakaenen ko lengdaway damay a saka’oripen, orasaka tato’asan no pinalengaw ato langdaway damay malakapotay a ma’orip, saka citireng ato no likat a kasasidama a ci’icel, matiya mica’edongay to nano tiring a pina’orip (''latek no hitay kasafeleng a fayking, halo masaromaay a pinalengaw'') padamso to molengaway palatireng a fayking. Tato’asan cicengo’ay a pinalengaw sa’ayaw i palaay pinalengaw, nika i pina miheca nikingkiwan paini, pakayni i matelangay sera a kasatayhi ato no sera a fana’ pisiiked mahapinang, ’ayaw no 10 yoku miheca iraay to ko i palaay sacecayay a no fayking a damay[39]. O lalengawan no cicengo’ay a pinalengaw nai pacacorokay damayan, sa’ayaw masadak i Otawci tenok[40][41], tato’asan a nengneng to lalengawan no riyad a damay, nika ira ko nikingkiwan o nai palaay a sacecayay a no fayking a damay[42]; nisimawan a pinalengaw masadak i Celiwci amiheca, tangasa to i Nipenci mihecaan mapaki’emel a masasiiked ko masasiromaromaay i pala kasafaco no molengaway[43][44]; ’ayaway pinalengaw—no kissing ato keta a kilang masadak nai Nipenci ikoray no Sehuyci mihecaan miteka masasiiked, ikor pakayni Etieci ato Santieci adihay a mafafalifalic[45][46][47]; malawawaay no pinalengaw masadak i laloma’an no pinalengaw, sa i Culoci mihecaan na o mawacayay pinalengaw masadak haca, i Payeci miheca ranikay masadak ko adihayay a lengaw, tangasa anini ko kalenakan, o satadamaanay to i palapalaan a pinalengaw[48]; no aniniay mawacayay a pinalengaw (''telocay mawacay a pinalengaw'') ato no wawa pinalengaw malecad kasasiiked ko kasadak, caayay ko tato’asan no wawa pinalengaw[49][50]. === ’Ongcoy nitilidan (化石記錄) === ’Ongcoy no pinalengaw halo tapangan, lamit, papah, sapaloma, heci, falo, papo ato ’adeteng. ’Ongcoy no pinalengaw ira i palaplaaan, ira i fanaw, ira i ’alo ato pantaay no riyar a la’ed no sera ira matama. Falo, papo ato damadamay a ’ongcoy kala’ela’edan no sera a silsil. Malakisay ’ongcoy no pinalengaw caay ka matiya ’ongcoy no ’a’adopen a maedef, nika ’ongcoy no pinalengaw adihay i kasapala no hekal, manga’ay misaadihay matama. Sa’ayaway maga’ay mahapinang pala’ongcoy no pinalengaw han ko panganga “Rafatazmia chitrakootensis” a lahengangay damay han, ma’orip i ’ayaw no 16 yoku mihecaan, matama i masatiyapay no ’ongoyan no Intiya[1]. Langdaway pinalengaw sa’ayaway a ’ongcoy itini i Roper(''Roper Group'') a finacadan i Awtaliya a mimingay a ’ongcoy, ma’orip i ’ayaw 15-13 yoku no miheca, malecad ko kasaleko ato aniniay a langdaway damay. Sa’ayaway ato aniniay ma’oripay a kasahirahira masapinang no kasangasaw no ’ongcoy pinalengaw ''Bangiomorpha pubescens,'' oya ma’oripay i ’ayaw no 12 yoku mihecaan a lahengangay damay[52]. Kacacorok no damay a pinalengaw a fayking malatiihay, orasaka ikaka to romaroma a damay ko ranikay mala’ongoy, manga’ay kadkaden i Celiwi ikoran (latek ’ayaw 4.1 yoku) [15]:356, tinako i Parka damay (''Parka decipiens''), ato ''Palaeonitella cranii''[53][54]. Madei’ay a pinalengaw kafana’en no litelitengan a malantoay ’ongcoy nai ''Otawci,'' nika matiniay a ’ongcoy o mapelpelay. Tangasa i ''Celiwci'' ira ko masakimooday ’ongcoy materek, halo caleng a ’ongcoy a “ceka calengan ’ongcoy” han. Ikoran no ''Nipenci'' mihea i, Layni a kissing mahapinang o naitiniay mihea matama kina ’ongcoy, oni a ’ongcoy masapinang ko pinalengaw a kasaselal a cecay fayking. Nipenci mihecaan litengan a kilangan a pinalengaw “sema wadis no siri”, matiniay pinalengaw ira ko kisin a papah, nika nia papah caay kacipapo[55]. Sikitangan a la’ed ma’orip i to’asan a pinalengaw mala’ongcoyay a kasadakan. Sikitang o nipiala to mala’ongcoyay a kaitiraan, ona langto oya singat no mala’ongcoyay pinalengaw, talacowa mala’ongcoyay pinalengaw caay pikafit ko singat. I Sokatelan no Kelaskewitoliya a koying mala’ongcoyay pinalengaw, matama ko masacikafay a kilang (''Lepidodendron'') a tapangan. O caleng a kilang ato cifaloay a pinalengaw a tapangan, lamit ato ca’ang a ’ongcoy manga’ay i fanaw ato hekal no riyar a molengaway ato fa^elohay i kasala’ed matama. I Kalifoniya kahengangay kilang, panapang kilang, kidafes kilang ato kalaha’ay a mala’ongcoy matama itira. [55] Mala’ongcoy a kilang maedef i kasaniyaro’ no hekal, itira i makalimay ato masatafokay niyaro’ matama, nawhani oya itiraay ranikay macingcing a talahekal. Mala’ongcoy a kilang ’atekakay (ma’awid mapafali ’atekak ko kasatayhi), o lalengawen lamit mapaterek i nga’ayay katelian. Mahaenay a tatiri’en manga’ay a sasaodo’en a mikelac ato mi’eloc. Mala’ongcoy a kilang a mala’ongcoyay a kilang i kasapalaan matamaay. [55] Sema wadis no siri sapaloma a kissing a ’ongcoy, malenak i no timolan no hekal a palapalaan, kacipinangan o picokeran ci Aerforet. Wikena a nipasadakan to malinahay a pala sanay a sowal[57]. Anini awaay ko kalaliyangan to i ’ayaway a ’ongcoy malaca’angay pinalengaw a to’as a heci pinalengaw[58][59][60]; sa’ayaway ato anini a ma’oripay o ngasaw a ’ongcoy malaca’ang pinalengaw a Motesayke a damay, milecad to Ciyi a damay a malikakaay[61]. Ira ko Pan a ngasaw falo caay ka songila mateli a to’as sapaloma pinalengaw, papina a hakusya paini to ca’ang a pinalengaw[62], ira ko hakusya mahinapec to caleng a mawacayay pinalengaw[60]. Pinapina pakayniay to ca’ang a pinalengaw kairaan romi’ad a nikingkiwan, midotoc to kala’isalan paherekan, ca’ang a pinalengaw latek nai Culoci mihecaan latek i Santieci[63][64][65], nika awaay ko pitieran to ’ongcoy patinakoan a micoker[60], mipacecay tonian, latek i ’ayaw no ca’ang pinalengaw caay ka tadamaan, roma ma’oripay i ’ongcoy mato caayay ko iraay itiya[66]. === Kasafaco a demak (系統發生) === ==== Papotalay cefang (外類群) ==== Midotoc to nikingkiwan anini, kalopinalengaw o tosaay wikol cifanohay pina’orip> malaadihayay pina’orip, kalocalay no malecaday a faco no kahirahira[9][10][11][12]. ==== '''Laloma’ay cefang (內類群)''' ==== Pinalengaw kasa cefang a faco kadademak caay ka hapinang, i matini mahaenay ko manengnengay. ==== Siiked (分類) ==== ==== Pinalengaw siiked fana’ a rayray (植物分類學史) ==== ==== Tatapangan: Pinalengaw siiked fana’ (主條目：植物分類學) ==== Pinalengaw siiked fana’ halafinay to rayeay koni a sika, to’as no Koris ticukakukak, kakakak Alistote o pinalengaw siikeden samoro, pangpang ato rengos a malatolo, o sito ningra o tato’asan no pinalengawkaku ci Tayaufolastos i (pinalengaw ci) ato (pinalengaw tilid) tosa a nitilidan mataelif ko 500 ka adihay no pinalengaw, itini tina tilid, pakaynien ningra i milenakay, sapaloma ta’angay mimingay, kaeneng, sapaiyo epoc to sakipinalengaw ko pisiikedan67][68][69]. Litengan no Cungkuo, no Cihan (tamolan rengosan), Lisecen (rengosan), Wuciroy (pinalengaw a tilid), midotocan serayan, ’oripan, palaan, sakadademak a miiked[70]. Nano mitilidan a kasasiiked a faco o saki tamdamdaw a pinalengaw a fana’ ato nidemakan, awaay ko caayay kalecad kasasicalay no ngasawan, orasaka saki no tamdawan a nisiikedan a faco. No tamdawan ko sasiiked a fana’ a masawalay tamdaw i ci Kaer. Fung. Linnay, i (o pinalengaw tilidan), na i ca Caesalpino, Bauhin, John Ray an ’ayaway nilahecian a paranaan, pasadak to tosaay ngangan ato kasatokar faco ko masalaloma’ay to ni Linnay pisiiked, kafana’ ningra pasadak tosaay ngangan pisilsil ko pipangangan. Linnay pasadak to “malamoay faco”, midotoc to no falo a sa^enep a sa’osi o sakipinalengaw a pisiikedan, pinalengaw palacecayay, malatosaay a pafaloan.[3][15]:234[71][72] 1858 miheca, Caers Taerwen ato Arforit Lasayer Hualais pasadak to pina’orip a yinhualon a sowal, sakinian a mala saka ira no fa^elohay a hirateng mapacomad ko misiikeday a fana’, oya, pina’orip kasasiiked a caco pasapinang to kasadakan no sasingasaw ato faco a kadademak, pakayni to kasasiiked a pakayraan no fana’ to kafalifalic a no pisiiked a fana’, milecad to ni Linnay a mihecaan to no tamdawan a faco “misanga’ ko Kawas, ci Linnay ko misolimetay” sanay a Kawas ko misanga’ay ato nisanga’an caay ka falic a nihiratengan, mato macakatay ko fana’. Patatodong to to’asan ato ni Linnay a mihecaan a tamdaw to nisiikeday fana’, kafalifalic a no pisiiked a fana’ a “serayan” a sasiiked a fana’, nikawrira pakayni tonian a tatekaan patinakoan o nai fadicay, awaay ko patinako, ki’emel ko pakitekedan, mitadi’ec to misiikeday a fana’ to taneng ato sakowan, nika caay pakasawad to milecaday to kafalifalican; saka falifalic no pisiiked a fana’ mitapi’ to nirayrayan kasakapot I mapararoyay, i rayray no kasakapot caay ko so’elinay serayan a kasakapot, saka oni a kafalifalic no sasiiked a fana’ caayay ko so’elinay serayan a siikeday fana’. [71] Toic no kasafao a kakusya ci Wili hennisi i 1965 miheca pasadak to sangasaw ca’ang siikeday fana’, o ca’ang pisiiked fana’, sowal sa cingra, dengan cecayay sakapot koya serayan a kapot, o mararoyay a kasasiiked, cimacima a kasasiiked kasakapot o ai malecaaday ko tato’asan no ikoray, o pidemak, dotoc sa i to’asan ato milenakay, do’edo han to pihapinang to sangasaw, o nian sa ko todong misiiked. [71][73] Saan no wawa a pina’orip a fana’ malenak ato macowat ato nipilalat a fana’ ma’ikes, no wawa a pina’orip a tinako makotay to ko safacoan a fana’ a tinako malopido’edoan a pakayraan, nawhani no wawa a pina’orip fana’ tinako tata’angay ko paini, o nisa’osian (kasasiingid, Piyise, ta’angay pisa’osi, ta’angay pilecad) sapisa’osi to ta’angay, no tamdawan caay ka tama ko paharekan, orasaka anini no mitiya ko sapisa’osi. [71][74][75] === Damayan (藻類) === ==== Tatapangan: damayan (主條目：藻類) ==== Damayan o pinalengaw saan ko nengneng, nikawrira no wawa a pina’orip a fana’ a pikingkiw pahapinang caay ko pinalengaw a cafang. Damayan o nano pinatedi no likat ko sakalengaw, o adihayay a damay caay ka pacomoden i laloma’ no pinalengaw, o papacomoden i laloma’ no faykingan (langdaway damay), SAR a todong (^kim damay, loetimay damay, liyalaway damay, si damay, cya damay), tingpin damay ato ’oresap damay (wacay damay) laloma’. [9][10][11][12] Ci cengo’ay a pinalengaw nai macacaliway damay ko sakaira; pako maliyonay pinalengaw, patongal to langdaway damay malahakelong sakapot lengdaway pinalengaw[76][77][78]. No to’as a lengdaway damay caay ka halo cicengo’ay pinalengaw, orasaka no cefangay to, nika ikor to nika adihay to ko nipikingkiw pahapinan o cicengo’ay pinalengaw o nai macacaliway damay ko sakaira nira, no nikingkiway sa’ayaw palakapot hananay[79][80][81][82][83]. Ona pinalengaw a fayking mitafoay ira ko canot, laloma’ ira ko mapolongay lengdaway damay, langdaway papah A ato langdaway papah B, awaay ko ’anengel damay, matiniay cefang awaay ko lalomaay a safak cimadeci’ay, ira ko safak kadecian. [15]:44,63 Kahengangay damay ira ko kangdaway papah a ato ’anengel damay (phycobiliprotein), malecad to adihayay langdaway damay cengel. Apelahay damay cilangdaway damay cengel, o nacengel mapaterek ko langdaway damay a Taycitangpi, mimingay langdaw (cyanelles). [84] Kangdaway damay, kahengangay damay ato apelahay damay o sa’ayaway ato langdaway malapolong ma’orip a pina’orip, caira (halo kangdaway damay mala o kangdaway a pinalengaw) orasaka o “tatapangan no pina’orip a cengel). Mahaenay, adihayay a kalodamay a tatirengan matahepo no sakatolo tangasa sakasepat a ta’edip no fayking, midotoc to ni a pa’eno no sapiina a cefang a nengnengen, caay ka ngangata to pinalengaw caira, latek kangdaway damay ato kahengangay damay malakapot ma’orip tangasa kasadakan no fayking i no tirengan. [5][25] Ikoray a sowal pacecay to “saki damay”, ano caay songilaen paini, no tatapangan a cengel pina’orip mapalasawad ko no i palaay a madeci’ay a pinalengaw. === Madeci’ay a pinalengaw (有胚植物) === === Tatapangan: Madeci’ay a pinalengaw (主條目：有胚植物) === Manengneng i ka’oripan ko ’adihayay fayking i palaay pinalengaw o madeci’ay a pinalengaw. Midotoc o nga’ayay ko kalakowang no kasakapot, masiiked ko todong a kalakowang sakapot a malakowang a pinalengaw (nika caleng papah a kissing cango’ot ko so’elinay lamit) ato cango’ot malakowang cefang a cidamayay pinalengaw. [15]:249 Mahaenay pinalengaw ira ko canot, malitosaay canot, no heci a salang malakapot ko padal no fayking a madapong so’elinay pa’eno fayking, polong to nai ka tedi no likat a [15]:249. Latek adihay ko pinalengaw to caayay ka patedi no likat, matadoay i roma a pina’orip, miingiray i pinalengaw, mitado pinalengaw ira ko 4100 kaadihay a lengaw[85]. Madeci’ay a pinalengaw ato damayan caay kalecad, oci awaayay ko sakalalamo ko nikadama a tadamanay a sapilamo[15]:249. Damay pinalengaw, talacowa ira ko roma a lengaw pakahadidi to kakedalan, nikawrira sakalenak caay piliyas to nanom[40][41], adihayay a damay pinalengaw mimingay ko tiring, tasaay ko pitekaan paherekan no kafafalifalic: pakakapian a tekad ato kacipapoan a malatosa. No papo a ’orip mamoke’, ma’oripay i tireng no fafahiyan.[15]:376 Sakowan a pinalengaw adihay ko sakatatodong safaco, mihayda ciiraan manga’ay mi’awid to damay pinalengaw a salifet. Cokoh a ta’edip madama ko pinalengaw sapico’ay to kedal, sakowan manga’ay masera ko nanom patayra i polong no pina’orip a tirengan. Sakowan a pinalengaw o nano papo a tiring no tekedan a pinalengaw a tiring, sapalamo a tiring dengan o saka lalamo ko dotoc i mamoko’ay romi’ad kasadakan. [44][43] Sapaloma pinalengw a sapalamo a tekaan ’emin to maserer, no papoan a tiring pakayni i falo mapawawa. Sapaloma pinalengw manga’ay i kakedalan ma’orip ato malenak, nawhani caira manga’ay malafalo a hoso, mapawawa caay pilongoc to nanom, caay pilongoc to no wawa a tireng sateked a ma’orip. [45][46][47] Sapaloma pinalengw a sapalamo a tekaan ’emin to maserer, no papoan a tiring pakayni i falo mapawawa. Sapaloma pinalengw manga’ay i kakedalan ma’orip ato malenak, nawhani caira manga’ay malafalo a hoso, mapawawa caay pilongoc to nanom, caay pilongoc to no wawa a tireng sateked a ma’orip. [45][46][47] Oya malawawaay a pinalengaw a cipapoay panamor macakat, paramodan a wawa panamor a maserer, madeci’ay mapalafafahiyan matafo, sapaloma matafo i laloma’, malaheci to, so’elinay a falo, pakayni to tosaay kasasipawawa a malatosaay a tato’asan a rocok a camel a madeci’. I anini adihayay a kina’orip a pala, malawawaay a pinalengaw o tadamaanay a kasaopoan. [48][15]:457-459 === Faco a kasolek (形態結構) === === Tatapangan: Pinalengaw a faco kasolek fana’ (主條目：植物形態學) === Pinalengaw a faco kasolek fana’ o pikingkiw to pinalengaw papotalay a faco, kasolekan, kasakapot, ato lomahad (halo notirengan kalomahad ato no faco kalomahad) a kakak[15]:9[86]:837. === Fayking (細胞) === Pinalengaw a so’elinay a pa’eno pina’orip, faking ira ko so’elinay pa’eno a fayking a malakapot: I laloma’ay a pa’eno so’elinay fayking ato renaf to fayking[15]:40. Pinalengaw a fayking o nano fayking a padal ato nano lengaw a tireng malakapot, yanan a tireng masiiked fayking renaf, faykingan ato fayking pa’eno. [15]:42 Fayking renaf o nanolengaw a tireng, nano malasimalay malitosa masasiiked ta’edip ato sakacipinang misa’osi to ciwanengay, nanolengaw a tireng ato papotalay a pala malaliyas, manga’ay palalan micomod nanolengaw a tiring. [15]:22-24,42 === Ponka (文化) === O parana’an padamso’ay to saka’orip no tamdaw ko pinalengaw. Saka dademak a dadokap i o nano pinalengaw a nisanga’an. Roma a pinalengaw fangsis saneken a manga’ay sanga’en to malo fangsisay sacipoh to tatirengan. O maanan a simpar o nano pinalengaw a nisanga’an. O roma a pinalengaw a losay o sapalafangcal to ka’oripan no tamdaw a nengnengen. hzn850jxifgh3s5i6nbe8gjzdqj6zid 0 2761 44807 44806 2024-09-16T06:46:42Z Masaonikar 570 /* Saikoray a mifelihay analal a “Misatatad to Taywan yofayof” a analal (末代叛亂案『獨台會』案) */ 44807 wikitext text/x-wiki == Saikoray a mifelihay analal a “Misatatad to Taywan yofayof” a analal (末代叛亂案『獨台會』案) == 1990 miheca saka 3 folad a onto no mitiliday, toya na mihecaan o pikomodan a kasakapot no mitiliday a onto, padoedo ira ko miliyangay to ni Hao Bocon a pikomod to “mifelihay to pikapot no sofitay” a demak, saka tala’ayaw no cifana’ay a kasakapotan, tangasa 1991 mihecaan masadak konini a “Misatatad to Taywan yofayof” a analal i, onini a malitosaay a ’icel miliyaw mapapolong ko syakay onto toya mihecaan a mifelih to piri’ang no sician a onto a demak. Mapalowad konini a tata’angay miliyangay onto a “Misatatad to Taywan yofayof” a analal, itira i 1991 miheca 5 folad 9 romi’ad, naitiya a romi’ad a analal miteka, nawhani caay ka songila’ ko pidemak no Komintang, saka manayar ko piliyang a demak tangasa i 5 folad 20 romi’ad, ira ko 12 romi’adan, masalalowadan, o sito a kasakomod micalap to syataw no cilamalay i Taypi 5 ko romi’ad ko lafin. Masamitiniay ko demak i 1991 miheca 5 folad 9 romi’ad i 5:50 ko toki to dafak, o mipolitaay (Tiyawcaci) micokeray a kakeridan ci Gao Minghui ko citodongay, misitapang a pakilinikay ko pirepet a demak. Taypisi a Tiwcaco, Taypisien Tiwcacan, Sincosi Tiwcacan, Takaosi Tiwcaco sepatay Tiwcaci la’enoay citodongay, itini ni Gao Minghui a piceling, malecad ko enemay kaitiraan ko pidemak. Itira cangra i Taypici mirepet ci Chen Zhengranan, micomod i Sincu Tsinghua daykako fa’inayan sikosya miala ci Liao Weichengan, itira i Singtien mirepet ci Wang Xiuhuian, itira i Takaosi mirepat ci Masao Nikaran. Nanoya, onini sasepatay halomisolapay mirepet a citodongay minikiw to maamaan tilidan itiya mipatayra i Taypisi Tiwcacu. O sakasaan no Tiawcaci: o mamicowat to selal i kitakit ko nipatirengan ni Shi Ming ni Dipong a “Misatatad to Taywan yofayof a yafayof” o sanay, saka i saka pitekaan no saka 5 folad, masapinangay to no Tiawcaci konini a sakapot to dademaken saan, laloma’an a “Misatatad to Taywan yofayof” o mamitelek to dademakwn, malaheciay to ko pirina to sapisinting, palilan i kasaniyaro’. O sowal ni Gao Minghui: “Caacaay aca papipasadaken tonini a sapisinting ato sapacipat.” saan. So’elinay, mafelih aca a saka tata’ang no demak. Pasowal ci Gao Minghui: “Toya ’ayaw no lahok, itira kako i Taypisi Tiawcacu a mi’eses, caay pitolas ko tingwa.” Sa’elinay, toya ’ayaw no lahok, ranikay sa makerih ko singsi mitiliday no Tsinghua daykako. Kalahokan to, mipatireng ko mitiliday to “Ni Liao Weicheng micokeray yofayof” i pitilidan a mirarakat, mi’ang’ang pakokot to picomod i pitilidan mirepet to tamdaw; herek no lahok, itiya pasayra to i Sinwenci, Lifayin, Taypi tiawcaccu to piliyang. Dadaya to, mincintang a Lifawuyin ci Lu Xiuyi, Hong Qichang aci Zheng Yuzheng, patihi to hakasi, yinciw no Tsing Hua daykako ato dayhiw no mitiliday tayra i Taypisi Tiawcacu miai to tamdaw, malaliyang aci Gao Minghuian, awaay ko padepocan, pinaay semo^otay a mitiliday ato finawlan itira i fawahan no Taypisi Tiawcacu mipacipat to tilid, miteleng to kiladom a miliyang. “Polong no kitakit a mitiliday a kasakapot” ka’amisay sa’etal a kakeridan ato Taywan daykako a todong “Mitelekay to kimpo kasakapot” a tamdaw ira tayra mikihatiya micikeroh. Saka tosa romi’ad, miteka to dadahal ko na demak. Kasa pitilidan misatapang a macowat ko midamaay tona onto, oya hakasi no Tsinghua daykako malalikid nikapolongan mipangangan a miketer to “Masedafay faloco’ micaliw to mapatayay patiko to salo’afang”, toya romi’ad salaloma’an no pitilidan, papotalay no pitilidan 80 hakasi malalikid mipangangan to sapicoker. Cense, Taywan hakasi yofayof, Skakaay kingkiwyin a kasakapot mikingkiway, misetek to “mifelihay to sofitay a pikowan” pakayraan, malakapot to ponkaan mapolong miliyang. I 12 romi’ad, “Kapolongan miliyangay pikari’ang no sician nikapolongan” a mitiliday, talifahal sa micomod i Congcenmiaw, ira ko mamo^etepay a hakasi tayra mipadama. Nika, herek no lahok to limaay ko widi, maocor ko imeng milaplap, oya ’alomanay ca Chen Shimeng mata’elifay ko tosa polo’ a hakasi mapekpek no imeng. Dadaya sato, miocor haca ko KMT to imeng matatoy to sapekpek a mipalo to hakasi mitiliday. Onini kinatosaay pipekpek no imeng a demakan, malengat a sangotefoh sato ko polong no syakay, makacifana’ay mipatireng to “makafana’ay mifelih pikari’ang no sivian nikapolongan”, miketon i saka 520 romi’ad a mirakatay a piliyang. 13 romi’ad, kasasiked rarawraw to ko pitilidan ala’ecaay to pitilid. 28 a singsi no Tsing Hua daykako i herek no lahok pasadak to “pakaniraay ko pinanam, awaay ko raraw no harateng” sanay pipaterep pitilid a ontio. I 14 romi’ad, Mincintang ato Sincawliw ko mikeriday to syakay misetek to sapikapot midama. Ci Gao Minghui itiya i 13 romi’ad pihapiwan, miliyas to micokeray Tiawcaci a todong, nika caay to ko mamafasaw konini lalengatan demak. Itiya i 15 romi’ad herek no lahok 2 ko widi, o Tsinghua daykako “micokeray ci Liao Weichengan” singsi mitiliday 300 ko tamdaw ato “polongan mitiliday sakapot” a mitiliday 800 ko tamdaw, talafahal sa cidemak micalap to syataw no kasoling no Taypisi, misatakaraw micikeroh to piliyangan, tangasa i 20 romi’ad. Itiya 16 romi’ad, Lifayin mitamoray pasadak to palasawad to “Mitefoc to miraraway telekan (Cence panloan tiyawli)” a analal, nika, itiya cidemak haca ko misolapay tayra i Jiaotong daykako mihokhokay a demak, mapataraw haca ko piliyangan a demak, makedec aca ko 520 pirakatan miliyang a pa’icel. Ikor i, tadamanay hakasi ca Yu Yingshi, Li Yuanzhe, Du Weiming mikihatiya to pipangangan. O sapipalasawadaw to kohecalay katalawan, palasawad to misatekeday a latiih rikec, caayay kaciraraw mapasadak koya 4 a kapah, miliyas ko mikedecay to pitilidan sanay a salongoc a mirarakat, itiya 20 romi’ad ira ko 4 ’ofad no tamdaw ko mikihatiyaay. O Lifayin itiya 21 romi’ad mihayda mipalasawad to “Mitefoc to miraraway telekan (Cence panloan tiyawli)” a analal, i 24 romi’ad mihayda palasawad to “Pitefoc to sepay telek”. Padoedo, oya 100 liyad a sarikec, pakayra ko hoyin midotoc tonini a rikec saki “Misatatad to Taywan yofayof” a analal sa 4 a mipakokotan o nipacorodan no kapolongan awaay to ko patodongan a mapalasawaday to. 3xotcpjh6gbsrp13fx70h6c9hreu5ie 0 2762 44841 44840 2024-09-20T07:52:49Z Masaonikar 570 /* Papotalay calay (外部連結) */ 44841 wikitext text/x-wiki == Booker Taliaferro Washington (布克•T•華盛頓) == Poke Talifero Wasington (Booker Taliaferro Washington, 1856 miheca 4 folad 5 romi’ad-1915 miheca 11 folad 14 romi’ad) no Amilika a sician, kiwikoan ato mitiliday. I 1890 miheca tangasa 1915 mihecaan satadamaanay likisi tamdaw a kohetingay tamdaw no Amilika. O sofoc ci Wasington itiniay i niyaro’ no Franklin, Virginia , o mama i o kakeridan no mafadesay no kohealay tamdaw, o ina i mifadesan. Itiraay cingra ipa’ielay kadademakan a mafana’ misa’osi ato tilid. Itiya 16 no miheaan i, tayra Ingra i Hampton a malasingsiay ato kaliomahan a kakkoyin (aniniay daykako no Hampton) no Virginia malasingsiay pinanaman a mikonling. I 1881 mihea, mapatireng Ingra i Tuskegee kakkoyin a kakeridan i Alabama . I 1896 mihea ato 1901 mihea, mapalikel Ingra to no daykako no Harvard ato Dartmouth kakkoyin a cinganganay no tilidan Master's degree ato cingangan to PhD. O satadamaanay ci Wasington i kohetingay tamdaw to sician. I 1895 miheca, ci Wasington papelo i Atelanta, onini ko saka tadamaan ningra i kitakit, sa’imeren to no sician ato finawlan, malatadamaanay no kohetingay tamdaw no Amilika a paratohay tamdaw. makakomod cingra ato kohecalay tamdaw, mipatado misorotay to payso patireng to sema^otay syako pitilidan ato takaraway kiwiko citodongay, patakaraw to timolay kohetingay tamdaw no Amilika a rayas to saki kiwiko. Caay ko sakitini i kiwikoan a sofal ko tadamaan, ci Wasington hakasi misa’icel haca micikeroh to kasafinacadan no Amilika a kasasili’ay ato katayalan kakiharan. O rayray no ’orip ningra (mitifac to kalafadesan- Up From Slavery) i 1901 mihecaan mapasadak, tangasa anini mayakyak ko nian. === Kaemangan, pakoniraay ato pikiwiko (童年、自由與教育) === I 1856 miheca 4 folad 5 romi’ad, ci Booker T. Washington masofoc i Virginia Hale's Ford a Burroughs farm. O ina ningra ci Jane o malamisafelay misafelay a fades, o mama ningra o maomahay. Itini i rikec, kalakapahan ho no ina ni Washington, o kaci ngangan ningra o pangangan no tawki to “Taliaferro” sanay. I 1865 mihecaan a kaciherangan, 9 ko mihecaan ni Washington itiya, cingra ato salikaka ci Yohani ato safa fafahiyan ci Amanda mihakelong to ina tayra i Virginia Kanawa niyaro’ Malden malalitemoh to pades a mama ci Washingtonan. Cingra ato ina ningra itira i misikitangay citodongay mitafoay to cilah. Ikor i, ci Booker T. Washington manga’ay tayra i pitilidan minanam misa’osi ato mitilid, o pikiwiko ningra ikor matifac ningra ko kasakapot to nisafaloco’an to pikiwiko[1]. I 16 mihecaan ni Washington miliyas to Malden, tayra i Virginia Hampton Normal pitilidan ato Agricultural Institute kakkoyin (Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute) a mitilid. Matiya ni Washington masapakoyacay a mitiliday manga’ay itira matayal to saka cikinaira. Onini i Hampton a malasingsiay pitilidan o sapipalahad to mamala singsi a kohetingay tamdaw a nipatirengan, mapadama no kiwkay ato tekedan tamdaw ko mipadamaay a micoker, micokeray tamdaw halo Quaker kiwkay mitooray ci William Jackson Palmer. Talacowa milecad to I’ayaway, ci Washington o niyah a nitayalan ko saka’orip, nika manga’ay ningra caay katayal i palasingsiay a mitilid, nika itini i palasingsiay a kakoyin a mitilid manga’ay ningra a caay ka tayal. Nai 1878 miheca tangasa 1879 miheca, tayra cingra i Washington si a Wilan kakoyin (Wayland Seminary), manga’ay tayra i Hampeton mipasifana’ malasingsi. Ranikayay, itiraay i Hampeton a citodongay mipa’ayaw cingraan mala saka patirengay i Alabama a pitilidan a mala kakeridan a kociw. O ni Washington to matayalay a kiwiko (industrial education) o sakatadamaan no kohetingay Amilika tamdaw[1]. === Tuskegee (塔斯基吉) === Ci Louis Adams ato roma i Alabama no New Tuskegee palasingsiay kako (Tuskegee Normal school) sakapot ko mitahidangan ci booker Washington o tala’ayaway tamdaw ko kakeridan no pitilidan nangra saan. Mapa’ayaw no patirengay no Hampton daykako ni Samuel C. Armstrong ci Booker Taliaferro Washington, nanoyaan mala citodongay to mala kakeridan no Tuskegee palasingsiay kako (Tuskegee Normal school) ato Matayalay a kiwiko (industrial education). Itira toya fa^elohay pitilidan micowat to Tuskegee palasingsiay kakko, tahamatiniay a Tuskegee daykako. No Tuskegee daykako a kalasingsi padamso to pikingkiw a kiwiko ato fana’, nikawrira padamso to kapahay kohetingay tamdaw saka songila’ to kafana’an kiwiko tinako misasayhoay ato fokeloh a kicikan. Onini a kakkoyin pafaloco’ ci Washingtonan. O harateng ningra saki kohetingay tamdaw mapadamso to matiraay saka cifana’ a kiwiko, o saka tadamaan no kohetingay tamdaw i syakay no Amilika, iikor to o papatalahekalen nangra o kohecalay tamdaw no Amilika. Paso’alin cingra ano kohetingay tamdaw no Amilika pahapinangen nangra o citodongay manga’ayay ti’eren a finawlan no Amilika, iikor to o sakacitodong nangra to saka o finawlan a salongoc. Mararid cingra malakakeridan no pitilidan, tangasa 1915 mihecaan i kapatay ningra a paherek. Tangasa itiya, Tuskegee daykako malayapay a sapadang 1,500,000 ko payso, i saka cecay miheca mapatireng, nilayapan to sadama 2,000 ko payso. === Laloma’an (家庭) === Kina toloay ci fafahi ci Tuskegee. Itini i rayray “Mitifac to kafades” tilid i, pafeli toya toloay fafahi itira i Tuskegee a talyal tadamaan ko pahemek cangraan, ano awaay cangra caay ko mamacakat kako saan. Ci Fannie N. Smith o nai west Virginia a Walden, ci Washington 9 miheca tangasa 16 miheca miro’ay i fafaw no Charlestown a Konova valley niyaro’. I 1882 mihecaan a kaciherangan, mararamod ci Washington aci Smithan. Ira ko cecay a wawa nangra, ci Portia M. Washington ko pipangangan. Mapatay ci Fannie i 1884 miheca 5 folad. Itiya padoedo haca cingra i 1885 mihecaan ci fafahi ci Olivia A. Davison. Ci Davison kasofocan ningra i Ohio, malasingsiay i Mississippi ato i Tennessee, itira i Hampton ato Massachusetts a Pennham safaiyot a daykako minanam to kiwiko. Itiya ci Hampton itira i Tuskegee malalitemoh cangra, o kalasingsian ningra itira. Ikor mala micokeray a kakeridan to cingra. Tatosa ko wawa to fa’inayan nangra, mimingay ci Booker T. Washington ato ci Ernest Davison Washington, ikor i 1889 mihecaan a mapatay. O saka tolo a ramod ningra itini i 1893 miheca, aci Margaret James Murray mararamod. O nai Mississippi, o misawaday i Fisker daykako cingra. Awaay ko wawa nangra. Ci Murray Washington kakaya’ ko ’orip ningra, mapatay i 1925 mihecaan. === Sician (政治) === Ci Washington tariktik itini i sician, Amilika a nikapolongan (Konghetang) a Kararemay pikaykian ato congtong kinapinapina a milicay cingraan to pakayniay kohetingay sician sapatorod. Cingra ato kohecalay sician ato tadamanay tamdaw malakapot a matayal. Paretatenga cingra, saikoray saka lalen salongoc no kohetingay tamdaw i, sanga’ayay a pakayraan o pipahapinang to kodaitay, malalokay, mi’imeray a nga’ayay, saci sowal sa cingra, matiniay i o sapacakat to saka’orip no kohetingay Amilika a tamdaw. Ci Booker Washington i 1895 miheca itira i Atlanta no Georgia mihapiw to “O sowal to sakalali’ay no finacadan i Atlanta (Atlanta Compromise) a papelo. Paretatenga cingra, kohetingay tamdaw o mamilayap to kalalaed telek, manga’ay pakalayap to sakiniyah misa’icel mikilim to katayalan. === “Lakecen ko palafades”, o pitahidang no kamaro’an no congtong (《超越奴役》，白宮的邀請) === O sapipalowadaw to kohetingay tamdaw no Amilika “saka cowat no kalali’aca, maomahay, kiwiko, katayalan”, ci Booker Washington i 1900 miheca patireng to polong no kitakit kohetingay kalali’aca kakomodan (National Negro Business League). 1901 miheca, ni Booker Washington a pipa’olid “Lakecen ko palafades” a marina’, sakalamkam sa ’aloman ko mi’acaay minengneng, itini i Amilikaay a kohetingay tamdaw a syakay kapacekilan. Ci Washington i 1901 miheca matahidang tayra i Congtongfo mala tadamanay lafang ni Theodore Roosevelt congtong itiya, o sa’ayaway a kohetingay tamdaw malalafang no congtongfo- saka kalongocan no katimolay a Amilika tamdaw. Ma’orip ho pakinali k tayal, 59 ko mihecaan mapatay to. Talacowa ci Washington hakasi caay pitolas a mirarakat ato mitilid to adihayay tilid, mararid cingra a mala kakeridan no Tuskegee daykako. O tatirengan ningra ranikay a malatiih; itira cingra i New Yorksi matawilek itiya, mapanokay tayra i Tuskegee loma’, I 1915 miheca 11 folad 14 romi’ad mapatay, 59 ko ’orip itini i hekal. O kapatay ningra awaay ko kafana’an, latek o kasamo’ to no tiring a malatatiih[4]. Matadem cingra i titihi no Tuskegee daykako a kiwkay. Itiya, o Piparetatenga no tamdaw o kasamo’ no faloco’ ko sakapatay ningra saan, o pakinali no tayal saka latiih no faloco’ a mapatay. 2006 miheca 3 folad, o pihayda no teloc ningra, miliyaw misapinang to nipaisingan mipalita, itiya masapinang o katakaraw no remes, malitosaay ka ikaka tono taoan, o sapihapinangaw o patepi’ ko nian. I kapatayan ningra itiya, i Tuskegee mata’elif to 150 ’ofad Amilika payso ko mipadafohay. O da’oc no ’orip ningra a tilidan, oya saki katimolay kohetingay tamdaw a kiwiko nitilidan, ikor manga’ay ko mi’acaay, ikaka to mihecahecaan. === O pipatamohong ato piharatengan (榮譽與紀念) === Ci Booker Washington hakasi padoedo i 1896 miheca ato 1901 miheca mapatamohong no Harvard daykako to tilidan Sosi ato Dartmouth kakoyin a tadamanay hakasi, pakaolah i cingraan to katadamaan ningra to finawlan no Amilika. Saka kohetingay tamdaw no Amilika ira ko ni Booker T. Washington aci George Washington Carver piharatengan i limaay limood payso (Booker T. Washington Memorial Half Dollar), nai 1951 miheca tangasa 1954 miheca ko pisanga’ no Amilika. 1940 miheca 4 folad 7 romi’ad, ci Washington hakasi sarakatay itiraay i kitti no Amilika masadak ko Africa Amilika tamdaw. === Pakayraan a minengneng (參考來源) === 1.Booker T. Washington's West Virginia Boyhood （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）布克·華盛頓的作品 - 古騰堡計劃 2.Up from Slavery （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） - 古騰堡計劃版本Up from Slavery - 電子圖書版本 3.Booker T. Washington's 1909 Tour of Virginia on the newly completed Virginian Railway Dr. Booker T. Washington papers - comments about Henry Rogers 4.National Park Service Booker T. Washington Birthplace （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） 5.Legends of Tuskegee （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） 6.Booker T. Washington's Gravesite （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） 7.1.Harlan (1972) 8.2.存档副本. [2007-01-25]. （原始內容存檔於2005-12-30）. 9.3.存档副本. [2006-03-26]. （原始內容存檔於2006-05-15）. 10.4.The question of syphillis is discussed in Harlan 2:451-55 === Nano to’as a tilid (原始史料) === 1.Washington, Booker T. The Awakening of the Negro, The Atlantic Monthly, 78 (September, 1896). 2.Up from Slavery: An Autobiography （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） (1901). 3.Washington, Booker T. The Atlanta Compromise (1895). 4.The Booker T. Washington Papers University of Illinois Press online version of complete fourteen volume set of all letters to and from Booker T. Washington. 5.Cumulative Index === Rafas a tilid (二手史料) === 1.James D. Anderson, The Education of Blacks in the South, 1860-1935 (1988) （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） 2.Mark Bauerlein. Washington, Du Bois, and the Black Future" in Wilson Quarterly (Autumn 2004)[永久失效連結]. 3.W. Fitzhugh Brundage, ed Booker T. Washington and Black Progress: Up from Slavery 100 Years Later (2003). 4.Louis R. Harlan, Booker T. Washington: The Making of a Black Leader, 1856-1900 (1972) the standard biography, vol 1. 5.Louis R. Harlan. 'Booker T. Washington: The Wizard of Tuskegee 1901-1915 (1983) （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, the standard scholarly biography vol 2. 6.Louis R. Harlan. Booker T. Washington in Perspective: Essays of Louis R. Harlan (1988) （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. 7.Louis R. Harlan. "The Secret Life of Booker T. Washington." Journal of Southern History 37:2 (1971). in JSTOR Documents Booker T. Washington's secret financing and directing of litigation against segregation and disfranchisement. 8.Linda O. Mcmurry. George Washington Carver, Scientist and Symbol (1982) （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） 9.August Meier. "Toward a Reinterpretation of Booker T. Washington." The Journal of Southern History, 23#2 (May, 1957), pp. 220–227. in JSTOR. Documents Booker T. Washington's secret financing and directing of litigation against segregation and disfranchisement. 10.Cary D. Wintz, African American Political Thought, 1890-1930: Washington, Du Bois, Garvey, and Randolph (1996) （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. === Papotalay calay (外部連結) === 1.The Booker T. Washington papers digital archive, University of Illinois Press searchable index to complete annotated text of all important letters to and from Washington and all his writings. 2.Diane Granat, Saving the Rosenwald Schools 3.A Criticism of the Atlanta Compromise by W.E.B. Dubois s1poz9uqhsmhpoizmxxqwo158xj050z 0 2763 44871 44870 2024-09-21T07:48:25Z Safulo 35 44871 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ci Osap<ref>臺北帝國大學言語學研究室調查。《原語による臺灣高砂族伝説集》。台北。昭和十年(1935) 。527頁~532頁。</ref> == === Paci'eci a miiloh ko kaph to sailoh no mapohaway fayi.年青人到盲婦的獵區強行燒燒獵 === Inian saan ci Osap hananay no to’as i Tafalong a niyaro’ ,o madaponohay mapohaway heca, tatosaay canira a malefayi ato wawa no wawa ningra, saciparod saan i,o sailohay nangra ko saka’orip, itiya sato tatodong to no piilohan no mihecaan. Lomaoc to ko kapah no ninian a niyaro’, sowal sato koya kapah no niyaro’, mitketon to sowal: ”o ''ailohen nomita kiraan a sailoh niraan a mato’asay''” sato ko kasasowal no kapah,itira to a sowal han to no kapah koya a mato’asay to nikasasowalan no kapah a sapiilohaw to sailoh niya mato'asay. Ya sa mapohaway a malitengay sowal han nira koya kapah: ”''caay ha kapah, aka paci’eci kamo a midemak toraan, tapal han imatini’i masa ko pitapal namo to parod niyam imatini, a omaan ko iraay kiyaan a isailohay a ’a’adopan, ano iraay ko ’a’adopen a matini ko parod niyam a awaawa ko maamaan'' ” han to noya a mato’asay. Nikawrira ca ka yoyang(sodod) koya a kapah sowal sato:”''caay ina''” sato a misatiyotiyol(misliyaliyaw) caay to ka domoc(filo) ko sowal noya a kapah, oyaan sato a mato’asay i,sowal sato: ”''ano matira aca i, mahaenhaen aca ha kapah''” sato koya a mato’asay. === Pafatisen no kapah to tangal no tama' koya mato'asay 年青人送獵物的頭給盲婦 === Oyanan sato a kapah i, sowal sato: ”''hayi ha ina, a o tala to nomiso to tahaloma’ no niyam o kapah haw ”''. O lowad to noya a kapah a miiloh toyaan a sailoh noya mato’asay, sa citama’ saan kian a kapah i, macacamol to kararayan(malonem) ato ngafor ato fafoy ko pinaro niyaan a sailoh,mapaherek sato ko nipiiloh i, o pataloma’ to no kapah to tama’, patayra i cisailohay a mato’asay kiyaan a kapah to tangal i, ”''taynien ina ko patelian to tangal niya tama’ niyam o kapah''” saca ko sowal. Hemek sa to a patada koyaan a mato’asay to fasolan i potal, so’elinay mitepotepo sa kinian a kapah pateli to tangal no tama’ ,rarid sato ko talatepotepo a tengilan niyaan a mato’asay,mato matomesay to ko fasolan, oya fasolan niya a mato’asay. Toan(minokay) to niaan a kapah,“''hatini to ha ina''” sato koya kapah.Naikoran sato niya a kapah i, ” helamen<ref>hinamen.</ref> ''to fa’ang''<ref>''o pitahidang to wawa no wawa.''</ref> ''kinian a tangal, ano hacowaay to , haocong(ka’adihay) hokini''” han to niya a mato’asay kiya a wawa,sowal sa kiya a wawa i, ”''cecayay heca kini ina ko tangal no mancel'' ” han to no wawa. “''hamay'' ”<ref>mihamahamay 出示，給...看。</ref> ha to niyaan a mato’asay. So’elinay moni’(kona’i) sato kiyaan a tangal niyaan a mancel, hinam han i,na o iyaanay to a cecay. kinian a tarastasay a tepoen i fasolan niya kapah. Oya sato a mato’asay i,mangic to ko faloco’ “''o maan ko haenen a misakumot(misamsam) ko pakoyoc imatini, ’ilohen to ko sa’iloh nomako nacima ko sanay” .'' sato kiya mato’asay. === Pacefaday Tilid(註釋) === sjp0kb2vc7n3kid53v9q3ywlyoljjgj 0 2764 44924 44923 2024-09-28T10:10:31Z Masaonikar 570 /* Kapi a tilid no Kowaping (附錄華語文) */ 44924 wikitext text/x-wiki == Masa’opo ko 8 ngasaw miharateng a mita’aong to I’ayaway no 147 mihecaan a kalalood i Cepo’ no ’Amis/Pangcah (阿美族Cepo’戰役八大氏族147週年追思致敬活動) == === Sa’olic no Kociw ci Kacaw Folaw (鄉長致追思文) === Kongsi (Mancin) 3 mihecaan (1877) i, sawalian no Taywan Cepo’(Fakong no Kalinko) o patodongan pakayraan no sofitay itiya, na malinah a tayni ko Mancin itini sa’etal no ’Amis/Pangcah a tamdaw kinatoloay ko kalalood saka, cimapatayay ko finawlan no finacadan to pidipot to niyaro’, kinatosaay malowid ko sofitay no Mancin, saka tolo sato o kakeridan ci Kafo’ok mapatay i kalaloodan saka milaliw itiya. Ikor to, misanga’anga’ay a mimangah ko demak no Mancin, mipatireng to fa^lohay misadefongan a loma’ i dafdaf (kaetip no pitilidan no Cepo’) saka, mipatado ko kapah no ’Amis/Pangcah a micolo’ to lalosidan itiya, oya kakeridan no sofitay ci Wu Kuangliang to i dafdafay a kakitaan no niyaro’ ci Mayaw Eping a miocor to 165 a kapah patayra i Folalacay (Xiaokang, Cenkong Taytong) micolo’ to felac ato sakalalood a dafodafong. Kongsi (Mancin) 4 mihecaan (1878 ) 1 folad 27 romi’ad, patiko a patorod ko kapah no Dafdaf tayni i Cepo’ to yaan i, o ’epah ato kakaenen ko sapatala no hitay i cangraan, mafecol to a malasang itiya, lipalawen no hitay a pali’edef ko fawahan a mikiraromot ko finawlan a mikowang mipatay. Onini a demak matilid i “Taywan Fancenci” masowal, ira ko 165 a tamdaw ko mapatayay, 5 ko mafadocay a tamdaw saan, ikor nonini a demak, rarawraw to ko finawlan a mararom, o pilaliw to katalawan, kasasiiked sato maliwasak i no pasawalian ko aro’ saka, ci telocay aca tangasa anini. Mata’elif ko semo’otay naikoran no pacifaran, ira ho ko Cepo’ to romi’ami’ad. Oya: to ko pica’efas no tapelik a pisatikotiko, matiya miliyaway patesi’ to ciremesay a losa’ no to’as, oya kodaitay a lotok, i tarawadaway a nanom caay pitolas pasicepo’ pasiriyar ko likid, o katango’oran koya tadamaanay a demak to nisa’icelan a misimawan a mikinafalahay to ’orip a to’as saka, o yincuminco wiyinhuy, Hualiensien cenfo, Fakong yakofa itini tona kalaloodan itiya ho saka, anini midemak ko finawlan to 147 mihecaan to piharatengan a mita’ong. O kacipatelaw no namo, palamitan no sapidipot to finacadan, matiya o macowatay papah no kilang ko teloteloc, miraoy to naikoran. Pakayni tonini nga’ayay romi’ad, o kakitaan no kasaniyaro’, o kapahay ato ka’emangay masa’opo itini, malacecay midefong to faloco’ no to’as; milecad to ci’icelay patelaw no to’as. Oya adayayay namo mateli i faloco’ niyam, nanay rihaday ko foti’ namo a tahada’oc. Ikor nonini, o kalata’angan ko kero a mangernger konini a sera, ciwadihangay ko paradiw a pahemak, patengil to salo’afang no to’as, o mamirocos kami to sapipahemek ato nipatorodan, malacecay ko faloco’ misa’icel, a caay ka tararikor. Nanay o polong no kasangasaw mitiko tayni i kalaloodan no demak, mitiko a palowad miharateng to saway no demak, saka fana’ no ikoray ko ’orip no finacadan a tamdaw,  haharatengen no ikoray ’orip to mikinafalahay to ’orip a mato’asay i ’ayaw, o pakafana’ a malalimo’ot ato sakangodo to serangawan no niyaro’. === Oapeloay: Kociw no Fakong yakofa ci Kacaw Folaw (邱福順鄉長) === === Mifalicay: ci Masao Nikar === ==== Kapi a tilid no Kowaping (附錄華語文) ==== 阿美族Cepo’戰役八大氏族147週年追思致敬活動-鄉長致追思文 清光緒3年（西元1877年）間，台灣東部花蓮縣豐濱鄉 Cepo'(亦稱靜浦)一帶屬軍事交通要道，清廷移駐後曾對該地區的阿美族人發動3次攻擊，族人死守家園，並2次擊退清兵，惟第3次因主將Kafoók(柯福鷗)戰死而敗退。 此後，清朝改採懷柔作法，於「那那社」西邊(現靜浦國小西邊)興建營房，並由阿美族人協助清軍所需提供勞役，當時臺灣總兵吳光亮囑咐「那那社」頭目馬耀珥炳派165名青年赴臺東成功鎮小港搬運米糧或彈藥等補給物資。 光緒4年（西元1878年）1月27日，那那社青年返回靜浦營區交差，清軍饗以酒宴，趁其酒酣耳熱之際，關閉營房命士兵將族人射殺。本紀錄在《臺灣番政志》略敘，''計一百六十五人中，逃走者僅五人而已''，事件發生後，族人驚惶悲憤之際，逃離災劫，並散居花東海岸各處，存後於今。 帆過港口百餘載，獨留靜浦燿朝暉。海濱一波一波的皚浪拍打，彷彿過往血淚一幕一幕反覆上映，山壑堅聳如昔，溪澗越發澄澈，為感念先靈祖輩們護土護鄉、犧牲生命的偉大事蹟與精神，原住民委員會、花蓮縣政府、豐濱鄉公所特別在曾經的戰役發生地點，於今日辦理147周年追思致敬活動。 承蒙您們的英勇，守護住族人的根基，子孫們今已開枝展葉、光前裕後。藉此良辰，部落耆老、壯少及孩子們會聚於此，共浴先人的志節；同承前烈之勇氣。您們的恩澤我們銘刻於心，祈願爾等永息長安。而今而後，驕傲豪邁的舞步將持續撼動這片大地，嘹亮激昂的歌聲會不斷響徹雲霄，傳達遠方先祖靈魂，我輩必傳承榮耀與使命，戮力齊心，奮鬥不怠。 Nanay o polong no kasangasaw mitiko tayni i kalaloodan no demak, mitiko a palowad miharateng to saway no demak, saka fana’ no ikoray ko ’orip no finacadan a tamdaw,  haharatengen no ikoray ’orip to mikinafalahay to ’orip a mato’asay i ’ayaw, o pakafana’ a malalimo’ot ato sakangodo to serangawan no niyaro’. (意:藉此活動邀請氏族族人重回事件發生地，讓後人共同緬懷追思英勇烈士，惕勵族人，珍惜彼此並尊重部落文化。) == Kalalood no ’Amis i Cepo’ (145 mihecaan piharatengan a mita’ong a demak) (阿美族Cepo’戰役（145週年追思致敬活動）) == === Pa’ayaw (背景) === 1871 miheca, i satimolan no Taywan ngata no Hencun, fangafang ko Motan lalood a demak, mapidah ko timolay a Paywan finacadan, hapan no Dipong a hitay ko sera no funacadan, itiya safaloco’ sato ko kowaping to kaikoray lotok (pasawali no Taywan), saka “Mitolikaw”, “mimecmec to finacadan” sanay ko sapicomod no kowaping tayni i kaikoray lotok, sapirepetaw to sakacitodong a sapisawaco, nanoya ira ko patireng to mikowanay tapang, hitay no kuwaping a miala to tamdaw mifariway. === Kaira ni Wutonglian (吳光亮的到來) === I 1877 miheca 4 folad 15 romi’ad kakeridan no kowaping itini Posong ci Wutonglian nai Taynan mihawikid to tosaay faniyot a kowaping tosaay mikacaway ato cikowangay a kowaping, micomod i pasawakian, masidsid i lilis no niyaro’ ko kowaping, nai Payawan lotok, micomod i Piyuma. masidsid i lilis no niyaro’: sa’ayaw i Fanaw (Fanaw no Pasong) misidsid itira to cikowangay kowaping, do’edo makerid ko cicediay kowaping tala’amis, polong pahicera i Posko, nanoya, o sakanga’ay patoror to kakaenen, itira i Folalacay patireng to ’ariri. ’ayaw no saka 5 folad i, milinah haca to kowaping patayra i Cepo’. === Folalacay ato Cepo’ (成廣澳與大港口Cepo') === O sakanga’ay a macacada to kakaenen no kaikoray lotok pacarcaran, nao Folalacay ko nikiliman a pacarcaran no tamina, nikawrira macakat talahekal i, romakat heca pakayra i Piyacon pasilotak milakec tayra i Ancoh, ta tahira i Poseko, wata: ko kanaraayen. Orasaka, o Cepo’ ko nga’ayay pakayraan a romakat sato ko safaloco’, nanoya itiraay i Fanaw a kowaping malalinah tayra i Cepo’, itira i sakatimolan a dafdaf pahicera patireng to kamaro’an no kowaping. === Lingatoan no kalalood i Cepo’. (Cepo’戰役衝突的起因) === 1. Tona malinah ko kowaping no Mancing, o saka fangafang no kapah no ’Amis, roma i honihoni ira ko demak to nisamsaman no kowaping a fafahiyan no niyaro’, saka eca kanga’ayan nengnengen no niyaro’ a demak. 2. I 1877 miheca 7 folad ira ko siwtoc no ’Olaw niyaro’ itiya, o nian a demak ko lalengatan, pakayni tina demak o sa’ayaway saki kaikoray lotok ko kasalalan no kowaping misadadahal a demak, halafinay to pinapina a folad ko kaecaan ka nga’ay no i Cepo’ay a ’Amis, pakayni i no ’Olaw niyaro’ a lalengatan a siwto a malengat ko kalalo’od i Cepo’. 3. O sawal ci Tangayhayan. (林東涯傳說) Pakayni i tilid《Posong kowan a nilicayan》masowal: “Tangayhay, o no Tansuy a tamdaw, i 1875 miheca, misapakayakayay ko demak i kaikoray lotok, mikotoday ci Wukonglianan misalalanay, mitatahidangay to tamdaw no finacadan; mamipadang to demak no kowaping. Ikor 2 miheca (1876) 11 folad, i Cipacay (o sowal sakatayra i Kiwit a lalan) toya lotok pakalitemoh to mire’angay, a mapatay” saan. Do’edoen ko rayray a sowal to kalalo’od i Cepo’ i 1877 miheca 8 folad 23 romi’ad a demak. I ’ayaway to 9 folad ko nikapatay ni Tangayhay. Ano saki kalalo’od i Cepo’ ko lalengatan, o hahapinangen ho. === O pakayraan no kalalood i Cepo’. (Cepo’戰役的經過) === 1. I 1877 miheca 8 folad saka cecay lalood i riyar no Tafongfong no Koladot, o nikeridan ni Wutonglian a kawananay lokedaw a kowaping (500 tamdaw) kawiliay lokedaw a kowaping (500 tamdaw), polongen to tamdaw 1,500 ko tamdaw. Ikor mipidah ko kowaping patiko tayra i Piyacon. 2. I 1877 miheca 11 folad saka 2 lalood i Sangiyaw (lalaedan no Siyapo ato Kakacawan a riyar). O citodongay mikerid no kowaping mikerid to marikecay hitay ni Lokoy (500 tamdaw), ato ni Wukoancung ato ci Linsifu nano nikeridan naira caayay kapatay kowaping mikihatiya malalo’od, ikor ma’emin mapidah ko kowaping, mapatay itiya ci Lokoy. 3. I 1877 miheca 12 folad saka tolo lalo’od, i riyar no ci Fotingay ato Cawi’. (1) Fiyfucin. (2) Suycincin. (3) Cosenci 2 cefang (1,000 tamdaw), kakeridan no hitay ci Sunkayhua. (4) Macelakay hana hitay, kakeridan tayrin no Payrang ci Comawci. (5) Cenhay cuyin cefang (500 tamdaw), kakeridan ci Senmawsen. (6) Furiysin cuyin cefang (500 tamdaw), o patodongan kakeridan ci Cenyocen. (7) Furiy cuyin cefang (500 tamdaw), padamaay kakeridan ci Centesen. (8) Tuaceng Tangafolan ato Piyoma Likafong (400 tamdaw). === Paherekan kalalood i Cepo’. (Cepo’戰役結局) === Saka 3 lalood kapah no ’Amis ci Kafo’ok mapatay cingra, nanoya malasawan to ko cicediay kapah awaay to ko ’icelay no kapah sa ko finawlan, mato sawal: “Mapitek to ko wadis no rarikah, mapatay to ci Kafo’ok.” yasanay a sowal’. paitemek sato ko finawlan milaliw pasayra i Cilangasan. Ci Sunkayhua aci Wutonglian misamawmaw to sapidefekan to finacadan, sangayawen misanga’ay to finawlan no ’Amis, padangen micolo’ to felac i Folalacay han a mimangah, patiko to panono’en to kakaenen pacomod mirofo a mitekop mipatay, do’edo《sakino Pangcah a tilid》a sowal: “O palongay micomod i laloma’, nisaopoan ni Wutonglian, mipatayan a tekop, polong 165 ko tamdaw, milaliway la 5 tamdaw aca.” saan. === Paherekan. (結語) === Mato dadingo ko likisi, nai manengnengay kapadesan kacilosa’an no to’as ato nika ci’icel tadamaan no kapah a demak, malo kafana’en no ikoray no wawawawa a micohong mihirateng midipot misimaw to niyaro’ a misi’ayaw to ’ada, patapal to wawawawa to sakacaaw kapawan ko lalengawan, pa’icel to finawlan safainainayen aka pisawad, dotocen ko rayray ato punka no ’Amis a finacadan. 2ik7y6qthc41i4a01qlz2owc3ssk4da 0 2765 44938 44937 2024-10-03T07:42:42Z Masaonikar 570 /* Tala lotok tala riyar, caay pahanhan ko rakat. (上山下海　腳步未曾停歇) */ 44938 wikitext text/x-wiki == Rao Pite siuni (饒培德修女) == Rao Pite siwni (Sr.M.Christine Lauber,CSC,1936-) Switzerland a tamdaw, misawad mitilid i Fribourg kangkofo pitilidan no Switzerland, 1963 miheca maocor no Payleng wayfang dintokay (Bethlehem Mission Society) a tayni i Taywan, itira i Tadamaanay ciwcika (Holy Cross) Sida’itay siwnihuy a patadoay. Rao Pite, Switzerland a tamdaw, masofoc i 1936 miheca, misawad mitilid i Fribourg kangkofo pitilidan no Switzerland, 28 ko mihecaan maocor no Payleng wayfang dintokay (Bethlehem Mission Society) a tayni i Posong, itira i Suli Posong isingan pitokadan padamaay tayal, nanoya minanam to sowal no Holam, ikor no 3 miheca malinah tayra i Taytong Kuansan Tadamaanay ciwcika (Holy Cross) padipotan, ta tayra cingra i padipotay padamaay tayal i kasa niyaro’ no yincumin, marakat ko Singko, Sangwu, Senyong a niyaro’, ikor no 8 miheca malinah tayra i adamaanay ciwcika (Holy Cross) padipotan midipot to makedetay ko pona’, malitosaay ko adada no tiring, caayay to kadademak adadaay tamdaw. to mihecahecaan pakayni i ciadaday to faloco’ tamdaw, saan misawad to pidipot to tayal, nika, ci Rao Pite siuni oyaan to ko pipatado ningra to dademaken, mipadang to roma a tayal no siuni. === Tala lotok tala riyar, caay pahanhan ko rakat. (上山下海　腳步未曾停歇) === ’Ayaw no 30 miheca, awaay ho ko makoracay nanom i niyaro’ no yincumin, miliso’ to adadaay, romakat to limaay enemay widi , nai tokos tangasa cinanomay, o malitosaay ’orip ningra, itiniay i sawalian no Taywan ko pisacikacikayan a romakak. Itini i kasa la’ed no Posong ato Kalingko a lotokay, enaray to niyaro’, o Tadamaanay ciwcika (Holy Cross) padipotan matiya o itiraay i Switzerland ko saniyaro’ no Kuansan. Mapateli ko caayay ka nga’ay ko kadademak a malitosaay ko tireng, talafalalay madoka’, masokedetay ko pono’ adadaay. O nika tayraan miraod, manengneng ci Rao Pite siuni to pidipot ningra to adadaay tada o pacekilan nengnengen, o demak ningra awaay a manengneng ko o nano isingan pacakat to tireng ko nilayapay to kompay a tamdaw, oya itiraay i papotal no pidipotan nanay ko nidemakan a micikeroh to adadaay, rahodayen ko pidemak to pipatado. Masamaamaanay to ko adada no adadaay, mananam to ci Rao Pite siuni. Nai 28 ko mihacaan ningra, maocor a tayni i Taywan, o tayal ni Rao Pite siuni i niyaro’ no yincumin i Posong to mata’elifay ko 30 miheca. Kaitira ningra i Kuansan pidipotan, o inakaay a saniyaro’, nika, itira o caayay ho ko nga’ayay ko lalan a rakaten itiya, o Kuansan, o kaitiraan no katayalan ni Rao Pite siuni ko riraan, halo Sinko, Sangwu, Senyong a niyaro’ no yincumin, o nano nirakatan to ningra. Kasacoecoed no Posong itiya, ira:ay ho manengneng to ko tireng ni Rao Pite siuni, tamdaw no niyaro’ pasowal to “Ira to ci Rao Pite siuni, ira to ci Rao Pite siuni.” saan, salipahak sa ko masafelengay tamdaw a mihamham cingraan. “Saheto o iloma’ananay ko pidipot a tayal itiya.” saan ci Rao Pite siuni, onini ko nihaenan, ano tata’ak ko orad to fali, talalotok aca, mipadang to caayay ka sikol no syakay a adadaay. Pipatado ni Rao Pite siuni to i lotokay ira ko 14 mihecaan i, maocor haca no kafafaw tayra i pasawali Singko Tingsokiw pamamaay. Saheto o mifotingay pakoyocay ko ’orip no itiraay tamdaw, saheto o mafasalay ko tireng, awaay ko ’icel, ’aloman ko ciadadaay to no fala’; nika awaay ko matatodongay a ising itira, ci Rao Pite siuni mararid misacikacikay, misatikotiko to pidama to adadaay. 15 ko mihecaan ni Rao Pite siuni itira i Sanwu pisimawan a tayal, o midipotay to masokedetay ko pona’ a kaemangay, o kapot ni Rao Pite siuni ci Rao peicen siuni. Malahakelong tatosa mililiw to adadaay loma’, mingitangit to loma’ mihayda patayra i pidipotan miyatyat to tatirengan. Caay ka hakowa ko kihi no kiwkay, caay ka edeng ko sapi’aca to saka dademak to sapiyatyat a kikay, no kamayan sa ko pidemak, nanoyaan sa ira ko fana’ a mipatado to adadaay. Itira i Sanwo a romi’ad, talacowa ira ko patihi no salikaka, nika awaay ko kanga’ayan, toya mihecaan ni Rao peicen siuni a miliso’ to adadaay, matolo’ cingra masetol no tosiya, mapatayra i ising no Switzerland, o tosaay tamdaw a tayal i teked han to ni Rao Pite siuni; tangasa i pipatikoan tayra i Kuansan midipot to malitosaay ko tireng a adadaay. “Kaemang ho, misetek to saka lasiunian ko tireng, pasowal ko ina ako, saka lasiunian ko niyah i, kao nga’ayay ko kala tamdaw.” saan, oninian ko nisafaloco’an ni Rao Pite siuni “icowa ko mangalayay tokowan, itira kako.” Sanay a nisafacoan, matiniay, nao mateli’ay ko fokes ato tatirengan itiya, tangasa kaawaayan to no ’icel, nika kapaseka’an i, o mama hacecay to malowan ko Padaka a siuni, oya tadancaay adadaay no yincumin, o cima sato ko mamidotoc tonini a tayal? Rao Pite siuni (Sr.M.Christine Lauber,CSC) pakalayap to saka 7 lekad to isingan pacakat a kompay a sapakaolah.饒培德修女（Sr.M.Christine Lauber,CSC） 獲第7屆醫療奉獻獎 cye9ef58404alscpmcj1jjsccyfe1kz 0 2766 44955 44954 2024-10-04T01:11:01Z Masaonikar 570 /* Ci Sucang sinpu (紀守常神父) */ 44955 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ci Sucang sinpu (紀守常神父) == O mama no Fotod ci Ci Sucang sinpu (Fr .Giger, Alfred. 1919-1970), o no Payleng wayfang dintokay (Bethlehem Mission Society) Switzerland a tadamaanay tamdaw itiya ho. Onini a takaraway ko tireng, Padaka ko pising ato mata kasenangan a sinpu, tariktikay ko wakawak, o polong no kalakapahan ’orip mapacakat itini i pasawali, ngalef itiniay i Fotod kanatal Tao finacadan.   Ci Ou tintosi (Bro. Buchel Augustin) ’ayaw no latosa no sici (1954 miheca) itira i Falangaw Tinsokiw patado ci Ci Sucang sinpu, caay ko ni haydaan no kafafaw, lonok sa paka Takao mikalic to tamina tayra i Fotod saan, itini i nengneng no Payrang, o macahiway komaenay to rengos ko finawlan, o makadalay a pala. O nisidayan a saying a nengnengen, o kalakapahan no sinpu o kakaolahan no Fotod a finawlan. Ira ko pinapina a saying to pisatamohong ato pisariko’ ningra to no Fotod finacadan a lalosidan a masasi’ayaw to mato’asay, masasisongtol to ngoso’ a matatakec pasyasing. Ikor no 80 mihecaan, o pihemak to kafana’ to fa’elohay sa’etal to 500 mihecaan, polong no cikiw madadoedo miharateng: o picingcing ato papotalay a pitooran o maan ko sakatatiih no ponka no itiraay? Oci so’elinay mapadama ko pakoyocay a finacadan? Halo Taywan a masowal. Fangcal ko harateng no pasawali a tamdaw (mangalef I’ayaway a Tao a tamdaw) saki ci Ci Sucang sinpuan, caay koya ni patenakan ningra a pipa’orip ni Kristo a ratoh, oya nga’ayay a demak nonini kapah a tamdaw. Midama cingra to sakanga’ay no Tao finacadan, mapapalo to sofitay aci Ci Sucang sinpu, o ka’edesan pi’epecan no sifo itiya i, o kaketeran no Padaka ato sofitay o masamaanay hakiya? “Maedengay to ko pipafeli, caay to ko papafelien.” O sawal ni Ou tintosi kai kalacitodongay ningra itiya i, kinapinapina masasitoc tonini a caayay pikihar, nawhani honihoni miala to dafong patayra i papotal, roma marketer to ci Ou tintosi tonini a demakan, Ci Sucang sinpu sato pa’afala saan, “O papafeli to ko Kawas titaanan.” Sahatira saca ko paca’of. 60 mihecaan itiya, ’ayaw no Tingsokiwkay i saka tosa no Vatican a sa’opo o masimed ho, awaay ho ko mafana’ay to no Lating a pakayraan, o sifana’ sa ko pido’edoan misacecay miwasil. Marikec ko sifana’ a ma’edes, oni Ci Sucang sinpu pikerid to Misa mato mafohatay, midotoc to sowal no Tao tamdaw, sa’ayaw ni Ci Sucang sinpu i Lanyu a mafohat, pilayapan to epang itiya i, ano mitooray to ano kafahekaan? Mangalay sapilayapan, patodongen ni Ci Sucang sinpu pafeli cangraan. I nengneng ningra, ci Kristo o no ’alomanay tamdaw, awaay ko laloma’ay papotalay sanay pisiiked, o nipatadoan ningra malecaday to. Roma; mikihatiya cingra to lisin no Tao finacadan (tinako pifotingan, patefadan to tamina a lisin), oya caayay falicen a to’ek lekakawa doedo sa to no itiniay niyaro’ a ponka ko pisalof. Ci Ci Sucang sinpu nai 1954 miheca itini i Lanyu patado ira ko 16 mihecaan ningra. Toya a yincumin (tano pacacoy sa ko fa’inayan no Tao finacadan) ni epecan a to’ek mihecaan itiya, palo niyah a salikaka saan ko nengneng ni Ci Sucang sinpu. Kinapinapina kanikawan to kakaenen ko Tao finawlan palada’en ni Ci Sucang sinpu, hadidi sa ko ca’of to finawlan: “Kako ko misakimokimoray.” saan mitamorong. Papacakatan to kiwkay no Hongto i 1967 mihecaan, pakaynien ningra i rocok ko pihamham to lafan a mipa’edap, caay pina’on ko kamaro’ i ’anengan a mapolin, o pinengneng no dotoc a mato’asay, o caayay ko nga’ayay saan. 1970 miheca 3 folad 10 romi’ad, saki salikaka no Tao a sowal, o kapadesan a romi’ad. Ci Ci Sucang sinpu padadaya misera to tatosaay fafahiyan tayra i saetip matayal, itira i Takao o nai Ciayiay misera to lafang a haya, to dafak, 50 ko mihecaan ningra itiya. pipaisingan makilim ko i tatirengan ningra ko calay, itiya masapinang to o sinpu ko tireng ningra, oya masalafiiay caay ka foti’ matokato parakatay masetol ko kilang i lalan, ci Ci Sucang sinpu masera patayra i ngataay ising a mapatay, 50 ko mihecaan itiya. Onini a demak mapatayra to i pasawali, ngalef o itiraay i Tao a salikaka, mararom to maemin, polong no salikaka no Tinsokiw i Hongto mitolon tonini a demak, itiraay a sifo citodongay mingodo mitefad to fayfay mita’ong. Kahemekan kaolahen no itiraay i Lanyu a salikaka ci Ci Sucang sinpu “O mama no Lanyu” saan ko pingodo. Mahirateng nangra, onini nai Switzerland a tamdaw mikapotay palipahak ato mararom mikerid to kapadesan, miliyang to misamsamay ato miepecay, o nianan ko kanga’ayan nonini a sinpu ciherang, palowad to saka ci tari’an ato safaloco’ no niyah. Kapatay ni Ci Sucang sinpu, matadem i Piwho saikoran no kiwkay, mapatireng ko ciwcika, o ngangan ato kasofocan ato kapatayan ko matiliday, away to ko maan. Milicay kako ci Wo tintosian: “O tadamaanay tamdaw cingra kiya? Mana hatini sa ko tadem ningra?” “O malawlaay ko katayni pinakay, awaayay ko maan a tamdaw cingra i.” sahatira sa ko paca’of ni Wo tintosi. 51rwhqckjnnmcb1twcu9oog4sb7xr9r 0 2767 44980 44979 2024-10-14T15:46:59Z Masaonikar 570 /* Pinengnengan to tilid. (參考資料) */ 44980 wikitext text/x-wiki == Liu Yifeng sinpu (劉一峰神父) == Liu Yifeng sinpu (France: Yves Moal, 1941 miheca 8 folad 5 romi’ad -; ’Amis: Kalas/Liliw), o sofoc itini i Saint pole de leon a Finistère no France. O papotalay tintokay i Paris no Tinsokiw, 1966 miheca misingsi to saka tayni Taywan a mipatado tangasa anini, o sinpu no Tinsokiw no Posko i Kalingko, ato citodongay no Ante Cice congsin. 2017 miheca mapatodong to pihayda ato sakamaro’, mapakilac to no Conghua minko a kacingangan[2][3]. === Sofoc (生平) === O nai Tinsokiw laloma’an ci Liu Yifeng sinpu, o saka tosa a wawa no loma’, ira ko kaka ato saka to fafahiyan, fa’inayan. Kasofocan i, o faki a malatintosiay ko mikotayal to mama mipaino’ cingraan, cingangan sa ono faki a ngangan to Yves sanay. Ikor, mitelek ko niyah to saka la sinpuaw tayra i Asiya a faki i, nika saka 2 kalaloodan no hekal mapatay, saka ci Liu Yifeng to ko midotocay to faloco’ no faki, mala tintosi tayni i Asiya a mitinto[4]. Na maherek malasofitay to pisawad ni Liu Yifeng nai Paris daykako no Frace i, micomod i pitilidan no sakala sinpu matayal. I 1966 miheca, misingsi tayra i Taywan patado, mata’elif ko cecay folad ko rakat no tamina, toya miheca 7 folad 14 romi’ad tangasa i Kilong minato[4]. Itira ho i Sincu minanam to Holam a sowal to 2 miheca, nanoya tayra i Posko no Kalingko, mararid mipatado midipot to malacaanay itini Kalingko sa’etal, midama ca Bolia, Pan Shiguang sinpuan to pisanga’ mitilid to citin “’Amis-France citin”, “’Amis-Amilika citin”, “Iwatan-France citin” a tilidan5]. === Ante cice congsin (安德啟智中心) === I 1999 miheca, midotoc ci Liu Yifeng sinpu to nai ci Gu Chaoqian sinpuan to nipatirengan ningra a syakay sakalemed citodongay-“Ante cice congsin”, onini a citodongay pakayni pidama katayalan ato milidong to kinaira, caay kasasiiked to pakayraan mararid padipot to sa’etal no Kalingko Posong a malacaanay tamdaw, maliwadiway tamdaw, ato misawadan midipot a papatadoen a finawlan, midemak to no tamdawan patado. I tinsokiw no Posko misolimetay to matelangay ohong ato misafa’eloh to pinengneng a rawang, misolimet to Ticito kinaira i Posong no Kalingko, mipalenak to syako pinengnengan to tilid[6]. Nahani i ’ayaw no nika patay ni Gu Chaoqian sinpu i, iraay to ko nisafaloco’an ningra to sapi patirengaw to masamo’ay tamdaw a pakamaro’an, nanay ira ko kanga’ayan no masamo’ay tamdaw to sakito’as saan saka. Ikor ci Liu Yifeng sinpu to ko midotocay t osapipatireng tonini a Ante cice congsin, mata’elif ko 10 mihecaan a pipasasa saka, itini to i 2019 miheca 4 folad 3 romi’ad ko pilesasikian to “Ante yifong yin”, sepatay ira ko pangkiw no tingroh kina loma’, ira ko 50 kafoti’an ato piyatayatan, lafinay pidipotan, ano nengnengen manga’ay mapakamaro’ to 100 ko tamdaw to masamo’ay. Itiya pilesasikian a romi’ad matahidang ko micokeray to congtong ci Chen Jianren ato micokeray pakingking a tamdaw to patodongan a midemak[7][8]. === O pipakaolah a tamohong (獲獎及榮譽) === 2015 miheca, mapakaolah to saka 8 lekad “Congtong ponka kompay” tamdawan kompay no Conghua ponka Sokay[9]. 2015 miheca 12 folad 21 romi’ad, mapatodong no congtongfo to taloay selal to kaliyalaway a pafo’isan a tamohang[10]. 2016 miheca, mapafeli no “Cangtanghocin Hosen (Health and Welfare) kikingkay/ Lifayin Hosen (Health and Welfare) kay pahofi i saka 26 lekad “Isingan pacakat kompay-tekedan isingan pacakat kompay” [1][6]. 2019 miheca, pakalayap to “Kang Au Taywan nga’ayay kikingkay” pafeli to saka 14 lekad “Ciolahay kompay” [11]. 2022 miheca, pakalayap to “Caytang hocing kanga’ayan pahosoay kikingkay” pafeli to saka 4 lekad “Taywan nga’ayay demak kompay” [11]. === Pinengnengan to tilid. (參考資料) === 1.劉一峰神父在臺50年 比臺灣人更愛臺灣. 財團法人厚生基金會. [2020-02-04]. （原始內容存檔於2020-02-04）. 2.奉獻台灣逾50年 劉一峰領身分證：新娘是中華民國. 自由時報. 2017-04-27 [2020-02-04]. （原始內容存檔於2020-02-04）. 3.領到台灣身分證 劉一峰神父：別再叫我「阿兜仔」. 民報. 2017-04-27 [2020-02-04]. （原始內容存檔於2020-02-04）. 4.玉里的法國爸爸劉一峰神父 把憨兒當寶. 中國時報. 2019-06-10 [2020-02-04]. （原始內容存檔於2020-02-04）. 5.捨母愛來台超過53年、精通原住民語言，法國神父劉一峰奉獻台灣創造大愛. 今週刊. 2019-07-30 [2020-02-04]. （原始內容存檔於2020-03-09）. 6.【醫療奉獻獎】劉一峰 能多幫一個人是他最大的快樂. 聯合報. 2016-09-21 [2020-02-04]. （原始內容存檔於2020-02-04）. 7.神父爸爸籌建10多年 安德怡峰園啟用顧老憨兒. 聯合報. 2019-04-04 [2020-02-04]. （原始內容存檔於2020-02-04）. 8.斥資破億全額民間資助 安德怡峰園如期啟用. 中國時報. 2019-04-04 [2020-02-04]. （原始內容存檔於2020-02-04）. 9.第八屆總統文化獎. 中華民國文化總會. [2020-02-04]. （原始內容存檔於2020-02-24）. 10.總統令-授與榮典. 中華民國總統府. [2020-02-04]. （原始內容存檔於2020-02-04）. 11.第14届‧2019“爱心奖”6位得奖人揭晓. 新浪網. 2019-08-27 [2020-02-04]. （原始內容存檔於2019-09-27 tkx5euon8k1av3gz16ze3i9s1p21k45 0 2768 45002 45001 2024-10-18T02:10:37Z Masaonikar 570 /* Lei Huamin sinpu(雷化民神父) */ 45002 wikitext text/x-wiki == Lei Huamin sinpu(雷化民神父) == Ka’ilolan ci Lei Huamin sinpu (Franz Leimer SMB,1928-1997) O nano Switzerland a tamdaw ci Lei Huamin simpu (Franz Leimer SMB), pasowal sa: “O sapiliyas to kalapakoyoc ko kiwiko.” saan. Paka ci Lei kong (Thunder God) han no kaemangay pangangan. O nano Switzerland a tamdaw ci Lei Huamin simpu, 1928 miheca masofoc i Bitraha no Switzerland kitakit, i 1957 miheca 11 folad nai Genoa minato no Italiya mikalic to tamina, saka tosa miheca saka cecay folad tangasa i minato no Kilong, itira i Sincu Holam kakkoyin minanam to sowal no Holam, nanoya tayni i Kakacawan no Posong a kowan mala simpu no kiwkay no Tinsukiw, saan mala patirengay to pinanaman to katayalan Taytung pasawali katayalan pinanaman congsin (Tungci cesin cungsin) citodongay, pasowal sa ci Lei Huamin simpu: “Dengan o pikiwiko, sakanga’ay no kaemanghay miliyas to kalapakoyoc no ’orip.” saan. I 1963 miheca, tona misi’ayaw ko Taywan to kacowat no katayalan, nawhani caay ho kanga’ay ko rarakaten no lalan itiya, awaay ko katayalan, miliyas ko tamdamdaw tala roma niyaro’, o sapifalicaw to saka nga’ay no ’orip, dengan o pafeli to pinanaman to saka fana’ to kaira no kicik, mipatomadaw to sakatayal, mitelek patireng to pinanaman, i loma’ ato kiwkay a picokeran, toya miheca fatihian sera no tinsukiw pawsang no Posong, patireng to kicik pinanaman.   Nanoya ikor mihayda ko nipatirengan no Tinsukiw a Kongtung kaukong, o pikapian a pinanaman mapatireng, mihaop to awaayay ko katayalan a kapah, padamso to pinanaman to kicik, i 1965 miheca saka 2 folad, patireng to pinanaman, ’aloman ko yincumin, ato pina a pakoyocan kapah no Payrang, ikor patireng to no mapilihay kapah pinanaman “Ceciang pan”, minanamay to kikay, Dingki, kilang, ’amoto, tosiya pinanam. Ira ko 3 miheca ko pinanam, patodong to kaen kamaro’, romi’adan tayra ko kaemangay citodongay kaysya minanam, o dadaya ko pitilid, pasifana’ ko singsi to tilid ato nicukaan sifana’, mikongling a kihi payso, sahe to o nai laloma’an ni Lei Huamin sinpu ko padamsoay, ato kiwkay no Switzerland, sa’ayaw pinanaman, matiya o no Switzerland ko pipasifana’an, minanamay tayra i katayalan a kaysya, dadaya o tuilid ko ninanaman ko pasifana’. I salawinaan ni Lei Huamin sinpu a picoker, i 1966 miheca misadadahal patireng, matongal ko misasayhoay, sakikay a kikay a patodong, awaay ko katayoan pinanam rahoday ko minanamay, I 1983 miheca 1 folad 15 romi’ad, mapakaolah no Taytung siencenfo ci Lei Huamin sinpu, pakaolah t opipatireng ningra to Taytung pasawali katayalan pinanaman congsin (Tungci cesin cungsin), mapalafangcal ko pakoyocay wawa ato mapilihay no yincumin, i 1966 miheca 6 folad ci Lei Huamin sinpu, ciadada ko tireng to fala’, minokay tayra i Switzerland mihanhan to tireng, oya a Taytung pasawali katayalan pinanaman congsin (Tungci cesin cungsin) pafeli han ko Hulien sa’etal kiwkay citodongay. I 1997 miheca 12 fiolad 24 romi’ad, ci Lei Huamin sinpu mapatay i Switzerland a isingan, ira 69 no mihecaan ningra, o roma’ kitakit a tamdaw ci Lei Huamin sinpu, patahtah pacakat to ’orip to wawa no Posong, o Taytung pasawali katayalan pinanaman congsin (Tungci cesin cungsin) o kalemedan, kahemekan ko nga’ayay, kahemakan ko nidemakan ni Lei Huamin sinpu, tangasa anini, o Tungci cesin cungsin no Posong, oya to padoedo to pinanaman to tayal ko demak, itiniay i Taytung Senmo isingan a pisahalaka, rafas a sera, manga’ay o pidamaan to mato’asay kaitiraan. I 2019 miheca 4 folad 27 romi’ad, o sona: ni Lei Huamin sinpu ci Thomas padeteng sa a malahakolong to laloma’an tayni nai Switzerland miliso’ to Taywan, halafin ko aro’ no faki i Posong, micohong tayni i Taytung pasawali katayalan pinanaman congsin (Tungci cesin cungsin), pakanengneng to syasin no faki Lei Huamin sinpu ci Thomas mapakafit i Tungci cesin cungsin, tadamapacekil ko faloco’, wata ko kalemed no Taywan a tamdaw, manga’ay aca ira ko nai Switzerland ca Lei Huamin sinpu, ato ci Xi zhiping sinpu (Rev. Jakob Hilber，1917-1985), sa’ayaway patireng to pinanaman to tayal pinanaman pitilidan no Taywan, tada o mahemekan no Taywan a tamdaw a miahowid cangra tatosa. c6fb8ornozo5ryf55oqn8bfinpvybm8 0 2769 45011 45010 2024-10-21T03:15:45Z Masaonikar 570 /* 1895.4.17 Maguan katatelekan (1895.4.17 馬關條約簽訂) */ 45011 wikitext text/x-wiki == 1895.4.17 Maguan katatelekan (1895.4.17 馬關條約簽訂) == 1894 miheca malengat ko kalalood no Dipong ato Mancin, mapidah ko Mancin, micomok ko Dipong a masasowal, kinapinapina ko kasasowalan saka itini to i 1895 miheca 4 folad 17 romi’ad itira i minato Maguan no Dipong a Chunfan hotel masasitilid to Maguan katatelek, laloma’ no katatelekan masaheci ko ’orip no Taywan Penho nai Mancin paliyasen ko Dipong. O ’alomanay finawlan no Taywan caay pihayda tonini itiya, o saka saan irama niyaro’ ko kapidahan no Mancin i, mana keriten ko Taywan. O kafana’an no Taywan a tamdaw i, wata ko raay ko kalaloodan no Dipong Mancin haw i, o karawrawan to saka fecol no tiyadan ko nihaenan, kasasowalan han no tosaay kitakit Dipong ato Mancin ko saka’orip no Taywan. Itini to masapinang o awaayay ko no niyah kitakit ko Taywan, padeteng sa o tao ko misetekay to ka’oripan likisi. Ono niyah a sapipa’oripaw ko finawlan no Taywan mipalowad to liciay “Taywan nipakoniraan kitakit” sanay a lalowadan, o saka saan i o sapiafadaw to romi’ad saka hapinangaw no kasakitakit a mikihar toni toloay kitakit a midemok (ikor misahirateng to sapatiko to Mancin kitakit nasa), ikor caay to ka laheci, kiemel ko sofitay no Dipong itiya toya mihecaan malefek ko Taywan, saka 50 mihecaan no Dipong mikowan a to’ek to Taywan.   O pikowan no Dipong to Taywan i 20-30 mihecaan ranikay ko kacomahanan itiya, nano o mapakomaanay a sera fahal sa o macomahaday nengnengen no hekal, naka o kasasiiked no finacadan i Taywan a ponka, lekakawa, selal malatiih, o pikowan no Dipong to Taywan samatiya to o sofitay ko harateng mirofirof to kalaloodan, kasaniyaro’ malefek to no matatekoay kitakit ko pilood. Paherek ko lalood no saka tosa i, o palowad no Taywan ato pinangan no finawlan matatifac to i sakalay Congko, oya to masararemay harateng pinangan a Conghuaminko sifo ko mikowanay to Taywan, honihoni ira ko kasasiwtoc mapapatapatayay a demak, mangalef nano mapidahay kalalood no laloma’an no kitakit malaliway a masaso’otay ’ofad a tamdaw tayni i Taywan, awaayay ko no niyah kitakit a fanawlan no Taywan awaay to ko sapipili’ o hayda sanay to, o iraay ho a sowal, ponka, harateng, o malasawaday to a matafo, o latiihay a demak padoedo sa a masadak. Mitiko toninmi a Maguan katatelekan itiya a finawlan no Taywan to saki niyah a ’orip awaayto ko pakayraan, o nika paherek to no kalalood mala o milaliway kahiceraan saka tangasa anini o caay to ko papakaliyas tonini kararoma’ no ’orip, misaliyaliyaw ko likisi pasifana’ titaanan, o awaayay ko kitakit dengan o tala sanay to pilili’elan. O pahecian no Taywan anini o papotalay mikowanay a Conghuaminko, o nano pikinafalah no ’alomanay tamdaw ko sapicikeroh to ikor no saka nikapolongan a mafalic malalen ko kalalikakawa, sakararid finawlan no Taywan i nikapolongan a telak ko sapilifet to sapi’emod no Congku a parana’an, matiniay a ’orip masakohkohay ato kaoratan, samaanen ko rakat to ikor? Samaanen minengneng ko pakasawayay to nikapolongan a mapoheday nai papotalay tayni a Conghuaminko? O pilifet to taneng no aniniay finawlan no Taywan koni. r3o4ioun0mx9hag9m81rzu731x5t0b0 0 2770 45023 45022 2024-10-21T03:22:32Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Pinengnengan to tilid (參考資料) */ 45023 wikitext text/x-wiki == Afang Titay foksi (許南免牧師) == O sarakatay foksi no ’Amis ci Afang Titay foksi. So’elinay o satapangan no mitooray pisinting a likisi no ’Amis o nai laloma’an ni Afang Titay, o tato’asan ningra o nano Kavalan a finacadan. O mama ci Titay, o ina ci Lomaw, i 1887 miheca 8 folad 15 romi’ad masofoc i lawac paniyaro’an no Kalingko, mato’as i cifafahi to Sakizaya a fafahiyan ci Panayan. Kamatini no ’orip a mafiyol, mafana’ to no ’Amis, Payrang, Dipong a sowal. I ’ayaw no pipaso’elin to Tapang itira sa cingra i niyaro’ no Kaliyawan (ngata no hikokiciw no Kalingko). O “Ina no pitooran” - Ciwan Iwal i 1923 miheca ona pikerid no tingtosi no Kalingko kiwkay (Hualienkangh) ni Li Shuiche paso’olin, saka i 1924 miheca 6 folad 1 romi’ad o pililiw no foksi ni Liu Junchen a mapaino’ itiya, mala o sarakatay mitooray no Truku cingra. I 1929 miheca kacanglahan o sinkiwsi ci Sun Yakop foksi (Rev. James Dickson) a pipa’icel tayra i Tansui fafahiyan a pitilidan mitilid. Kaitira ni Ciwang Iwal Tansui 8 folad kaitira ningra, nanoya maocor no ka’amisay Sintokay tayni i Kalingko, itira i Kaliyawan ko kahiceraan misitapang to itiraay i Sincen a Truku tamdaw mipatenak to ratoh. Latek o nika tayra ni Ciwang Iwal i Tansui minanam saka ranikay matongal klo mitooray, nanoya ka’amisay ciwkay mipatireng to Kaliyawan kasa’opoan. Oya ci Afang Titay foksi o naitiraay ko pinanam ningra to sowal, i 1930 miheca mipaino’ cingra itiya. I 1931 miheca 4 folad, ci Afang Titay foksi pakayni pipa’icel ni Sun Yakop foksi saka, pa’acaen ningra ko dafong (halo saka’orip a kolong ato omah) itiya, lahakelong sato mararamod tayra i Tansui Oxford pitilidan-Taypi Sinkako (Taywan Sinkakoyin), mitilid to pitengil a sito. Midotoc to ni Sun Lilian (fafahi ni Son Yokop foksi) a wacay, saka tosa miheca tayni ci Afang Titay mararamod ni hawikidan a lalosidan caay pakafatad to lofoc saan, o kasini’adaan to nengnengen. Tolo miheca ko pinanam to sinkak malaheci to, itiya i 1934 miheca 4 folad ko pisawadan, itiya maocor no ka’amisay sintokay tayra i Fata’an mipatenak, sa’ayaw itira cingra i fiyaw no Taan kiwkay pahicera. Patireng cingra i ka’ayaw no isisiw itiya. Itira to ko kahiceraan ko kasa’opo no pipatenakan, misitapang to patenak a tayal. Ka Dipongan a to’ek mi’edesay to pipatenak to ratoh itiya, caay ka talaw ci Afang Titay to ka’edes no Dipong. Milimek to kanengnengan no Dipong, patama sa i kalingadan i omah a mipatenak, i pisimawan to adadaay i loma’ itiya miliso’ patenak to ratoh ni Kristo. Tolo miheca ko pipatenak a tayal, awaay ko kacihecian, dengan o pikerid ningra to tatosaay mapohaway, ci Sayi Putal aci Unak Cenol, ato cecay pa’epiay ci Mayaw Panong paso’elin to Tapang. Nikawrira, pakaynien no Kawas tonini masamo’ay a tamdaw ko sakalemed mapa’orip ko ’alomanay finawlan no ’Amis. O safa no mapohaway a Unak Cenol ci Linga (Zeng Yulan) mapatay to, o fa’inay ningra o sarakatay a tintosi no ’Amis ci Onak (Chen Zhifeng), o salikaka ningra paso’elin to ci Kristoan. 1938 miheca mapa’ayaw ni Afang Titay foksi, Kai Ruilian hakasi (wawa ni Ma Kay) makerid patayra i Tansui Kristokiw fafahiyan pitilidan mitilid, misawad minokay tayni niyaro’ midama ci Afang Titay foksi to tayal saki Kristokiw kiwiko. Tangasa ’ayaw no saka 2 kalaloodan no hekal, sa’etal no Fata’an niyaro ira ko mataelifay to 50 ko mitooray saan a matilid. O kasa’opo no mitooray malalang ko imeng no Dipong a mahimaw saka eca kanga’ay patenak saka, kilafiian sato ko kasa’opo miliyas to kafana’aw no Dipong, itira i loma’ ni Linga ko kasa’opo minanam to sowal, nika ira ko matakopay no imeng masati’ a paloen. O sapilaliw a milimek to katakopaw no imeng ci Afang Titay foksi, i 1944 miheca milaliw to Fata’an tayra i lotok no Molating (Wanning) niyaro’ misimed. Tangasa i 1945 miheca paherekan no saka 2 lalood no hekal a masadak, nanoya maocor ci Afang Titay foksi i Tokar kiwkay a mipadang ko tayal itiya. Saan ci Afang Titay foksi to itiraay i Fata’an a mitooray, o kacelakan no hana no ’Amis finacadan wasa to Fata’an, masowal ko Fata’an “Irusalim no ’Amis” sa ko pipangangan. I 1953 miheca, o kalotay masamo’ to ko tatirengan ni Afang Titay, nai Tokar kiwkay misawad nokay sato tayra i Cupo no Kalingko, i 1969 miheca 3 folad 7 romi’ad miliyas to hekal, ira ko 82 mihecaan itini i hekal. ’orip ni Afang Titay pakayni i sowal no Kawas ko nisa’icelan tangasa piliyaw to hekal, o kakangodoan no finawlan ato sini’ada no Kawas i cingraan, ira ko papinapina no Fata’an a salikaka patireng to piharatengan ci Afang Titay (Xu Nanmien) foksian, i 1981 mihecaan pisinting 50 miheca no ’Amis itiya patireng, o wiyinhuy no ’Amis ciwkay ci Namoh Rata ko mitiliday to piharatengan ’otoc. === Pinengnengan to tilid (參考資料) === 1.臺灣基督長老教會原住民宣道委員會，1998， 《臺灣基督長老教會原住民宣教史》。臺北：永望。 2.吳明義，1982，〈阿美族的曙光─阿美族教會史略〉，《臺灣神學論刊》4：137-162。 a3aoa0c90jr1ruprrq40kr4ofmop4mw 10 2771 45029 2024-10-22T20:48:54Z 臺灣語言繼承者 2320 O mamisanga’ to Masalipa:Multiple image 45029 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:Multiple image|render}}<noinclude>{{documentation}}<!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES TO THE /doc SUBPAGE, THANKS --></noinclude> q9oxjh8m7wtojz4v77x8mc2nmpowt0r 828 2772 45030 2024-10-22T20:49:43Z 臺灣語言繼承者 2320 O mamisanga’ to 模組:Multiple image 45030 Scribunto text/plain -- implements [[template:multiple image]] local p = {} local autoscaledimages local nonautoscaledimages local function isnotempty(s) return s and s:match( '^%s*(.-)%s*$' ) ~= '' end local function removepx(s) return tostring(s or ''):match('^(.*)[Pp][Xx]%s*$') or s end local function getdimensions(s, w, h) if tonumber(w) and tonumber(h) then nonautoscaledimages = true return tonumber(w), tonumber(h) end local file = s and mw.title.new('File:' .. mw.uri.decode(mw.ustring.gsub(s,'%|.*$',''), 'WIKI')) file = file and file.file or {width = 0, height = 0} w = tonumber(file.width) or 0 h = tonumber(file.height) or 0 autoscaledimages = true return w, h end local function renderImageCell(image, width, height, link, alt, thumbtime, caption, textalign, istyle, border) local root = mw.html.create('') local altstr = '|alt=' .. (alt or '') local linkstr = link and ('|link=' .. link) or '' local widthstr = '|' .. tostring(width) .. 'px' local thumbtimestr = '' if widthstr == '|-nanpx' then widthstr = '' end if isnotempty( thumbtime ) then thumbtimestr = '|thumbtime=' .. thumbtime end local imagediv = root:tag('div') imagediv:addClass((border ~= 'infobox') and 'thumbimage' or nil) imagediv:cssText(istyle) if( height ) then imagediv:css('height', tostring(height) .. 'px') imagediv:css('overflow', 'hidden') end imagediv:wikitext('[[file:' .. image .. widthstr .. linkstr .. altstr .. thumbtimestr .. ']]') if isnotempty(caption) then local captiondiv = root:tag('div') captiondiv:addClass((border ~= 'infobox') and 'thumbcaption' or nil) if isnotempty(textalign) then captiondiv:addClass('text-align-' .. textalign) end captiondiv:wikitext(caption) end return tostring(root) end local function getWidth(w1, w2) local w if isnotempty(w1) then w = tonumber(w1) elseif isnotempty(w2) then w = tonumber(w2) end return w or 200 end local function getPerRow(pstr, ic) -- split string into array using any non-digit as a dilimiter local pr = mw.text.split(pstr or '', '[^%d][^%d]*') -- if split failed, assume a single row if (#pr < 1) then pr = {tostring(ic)} end -- convert the array of strings to an array of numbers, -- adding any implied/missing numbers at the end of the array local r = 1 local thisrow = tonumber(pr[1] or ic) or ic local prownum = {} while( ic > 0 ) do prownum[r] = thisrow ic = ic - thisrow r = r + 1 -- use the previous if the next is missing and -- make sure we don't overstep the number of images thisrow = math.min(tonumber(pr[r] or thisrow) or ic, ic) end return prownum end local function renderMultipleImages(frame) local pargs = frame:getParent().args local args = frame.args local width = removepx(pargs['width'] or '') local dir = pargs['direction'] or '' local border = pargs['border'] or args['border'] or '' local align = pargs['align'] or args['align'] or (border == 'infobox' and 'center' or '') local capalign = pargs['caption_align'] or args['caption_align'] or '' local totalwidth = removepx(pargs['total_width'] or args['total_width'] or '') local imgstyle = pargs['image_style'] or args['image_style'] local header = pargs['header'] or pargs['title'] or '' local footer = pargs['footer'] or '' local imagegap = tonumber(pargs['image_gap'] or '1') or 1 local perrow = nil local thumbclass = { ["left"] = 'tleft', ["none"] = 'tnone', ["center"] = 'tnone', ["centre"] = 'tnone', ["right"] = 'tright' } -- find all the nonempty images local imagenumbers = {} local imagecount = 0 for k, v in pairs( pargs ) do local i = tonumber(tostring(k):match( '^%s*image([%d]+)%s*$' ) or '0') if( i > 0 and isnotempty(v) ) then table.insert( imagenumbers, i) imagecount = imagecount + 1 end end -- sort the imagenumbers table.sort(imagenumbers) -- create an array with the number of images per row perrow = getPerRow(dir == 'vertical' and '1' or pargs['perrow'], imagecount) -- compute the number of rows local rowcount = #perrow -- store the image widths and compute row widths and maximum row width local heights = {} local widths = {} local widthmax = 0 local widthsum = {} local k = 0 for r=1,rowcount do widthsum[r] = 0 for c=1,perrow[r] do k = k + 1 if( k <= imagecount ) then local i = imagenumbers[k] if( isnotempty(totalwidth) ) then widths[k], heights[k] = getdimensions(pargs['image' .. i], pargs['width' .. i], pargs['height' .. i]) else widths[k] = getWidth(width, pargs['width' .. i]) end widthsum[r] = widthsum[r] + widths[k] end end widthmax = math.max(widthmax, widthsum[r]) end -- make sure the gap is non-negative if imagegap < 0 then imagegap = 0 end -- if total_width has been specified, rescale the image widths if( isnotempty(totalwidth) ) then totalwidth = tonumber(totalwidth) widthmax = 0 local k = 0 for r=1,rowcount do local koffset = k local tw = totalwidth - (3 + imagegap) * (perrow[r] - 1) - 12 local ar = {} local arsum = 0 for j=1,perrow[r] do k = k + 1 if( k<= imagecount ) then local i = imagenumbers[k] local h = heights[k] or 0 if (h > 0) then ar[j] = widths[k]/h heights[k] = h else ar[j] = widths[k]/100 end arsum = arsum + ar[j] end end local ht = tw/arsum local ws = 0 k = koffset for j=1,perrow[r] do k = k + 1 if( k<= imagecount ) then local i = imagenumbers[k] widths[k] = math.floor(ar[j]*ht + 0.5) ws = ws + widths[k] if heights[k] then heights[k] = math.floor(ht) end end end widthsum[r] = ws widthmax = math.max(widthmax, widthsum[r]) end end -- start building the array of images, if there are images if( imagecount > 0 ) then -- compute width of outer div local bodywidth = 0 for r=1,rowcount do if( widthmax == widthsum[r] ) then bodywidth = widthmax + (3 + imagegap) * (perrow[r] - 1) + 12 end end -- The body has a min-width of 100, which needs to be taken into account on specific widths bodywidth = math.max( 100, bodywidth - 8); local bg = pargs['background color'] or '' -- create the array of images local root = mw.html.create('div') root:addClass('thumb') root:addClass('tmulti') -- root:addClass('tmulti-sandbox') root:addClass(thumbclass[align] or 'tright') if( align == 'center' or align == 'centre' ) then root:addClass('center') end if( bg ~= '' ) then root:css('background-color', bg) end local div = root:tag('div') div:addClass((border ~= 'infobox') and 'thumbinner multiimageinner' or 'multiimageinner') div:css('width', tostring(bodywidth) .. 'px') :css('max-width', tostring(bodywidth) .. 'px') if( bg ~= '' ) then div:css('background-color', bg) end if( border == 'infobox' or border == 'none') then div:css('border', 'none') end -- add the header if( isnotempty(header) ) then div:tag('div') :addClass('trow') :tag('div') :addClass('theader') :css('text-align', pargs['header_align']) :css('background-color', (pargs['header_background'] ~= '') and pargs['header_background'] or nil) :wikitext(header) end -- loop through the images local k = 0 for r=1,rowcount do local rowdiv = div:tag('div'):addClass('trow'); for j=1,perrow[r] do k = k + 1 if( k <= imagecount ) then local imagediv = rowdiv:tag('div') imagediv:addClass('tsingle') if bg ~= '' then imagediv:css('background-color', bg); end if imagegap > 1 and k < imagecount then if dir == 'vertical' then imagediv:css('margin-bottom', tostring(imagegap) .. 'px') elseif j < perrow[r] then imagediv:css('margin-right', tostring(imagegap) .. 'px') end end local i = imagenumbers[k] local img = pargs['image' .. i] local w = widths[k] imagediv:css('width', tostring(2 + w) .. 'px') :css('max-width', tostring(2 + w) .. 'px') imagediv:wikitext(renderImageCell(img, w, heights[k], pargs['link' .. i], pargs['alt' .. i], pargs['thumbtime' .. i], pargs['caption' .. i], capalign, imgstyle, border)) end end end -- add the footer if( isnotempty(footer) ) then local falign = string.lower(pargs['footer_align'] or args['footer_align'] or '') falign = (falign == 'centre') and 'center' or falign div:tag('div') :addClass('trow') :css('display', (falign ~= '') and 'flow-root' or 'flex') :tag('div') :addClass((border ~= 'infobox') and 'thumbcaption' or nil) :css('text-align', (falign ~= '') and falign or nil) :css('background-color', (pargs['footer_background'] ~= '') and pargs['footer_background'] or nil) :wikitext(footer) end return tostring(root) end return '' end function p.render( frame ) autoscaledimages = false nonautoscaledimages = false return frame:extensionTag {name = 'templatestyles', args = {src = 'Multiple image/styles.css', wrapper = ".tmulti"}} .. renderMultipleImages( frame ) .. (autoscaledimages and '[[Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images]]' or '') .. (nonautoscaledimages and '[[Category:Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images]]' or '') end p[''] = function( frame ) return p.render( frame:newChild{title = frame:getTitle()} ) end return p n07b7jebcu3cte8k56w455r26vw95mm 10 2773 45031 2024-10-22T20:50:37Z 臺灣語言繼承者 2320 O mamisanga’ to Masalipa:Multiple image/styles.css 45031 sanitized-css text/css /* {{pp-template}} */ /* this is a block */ .multiimageinner { display: flex; flex-direction: column; } .trow { display: flex; flex-direction: row; clear: left; flex-wrap: wrap; width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; } /* this is a cell */ .tsingle { margin: 1px; float: left; } .theader { clear: both; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; align-self: center; background-color: transparent; width: 100%; } .thumbcaption { background-color: transparent; } .text-align-left { text-align: left; } .text-align-right { text-align: right; } .text-align-center { text-align: center; } @media all and ( max-width: 720px ) { .thumbinner { /* not !important usage can be removed when these are no longer inline styles inside Template:Multiple image and media query using min-width is introduced */ width: 100% !important; box-sizing: border-box; max-width: none !important; align-items: center; } .trow { justify-content: center; } .tsingle { /* not !important usage can be removed when these are no longer inline styles inside Template:Multiple image and media query using min-width is introduced */ float: none !important; max-width: 100% !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: center; } .tsingle .thumbcaption { text-align: left; } .trow > .thumbcaption { text-align: center; } } @media screen { html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .multiimageinner img { background-color: white; } } @media screen and (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .multiimageinner img { background-color: white; } } oftq8o1kvidinqipq4q9szrrcnpk6t1 0 2774 45032 2024-10-22T20:56:58Z 臺灣語言繼承者 2320 O mamisanga’ to 'alapit 45032 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Chopsticks on a dish.jpg|thumb|'alapit]] O tapila’ ko patelian to [[hemay]], o cikohaway a dateng i, paroen i cifar ano eca i tipid, awaay ho ko '''’alapit''' itiya, kamayen no [['Amis]] ko kakomaen i taheka. {{stub}} j2xnxqz2p0tmrsltynw9esez0i3q73s 0 2775 45035 2024-10-27T08:08:18Z Languages309 2243 Languages309 malinah to ko felih nani [[Amis.Pangach]] tangasa i [[Amis.Pangcah]]：​標題有錯別字 45035 wikitext text/x-wiki #重新導向 [[Amis.Pangcah]] 8dy37pwcuk8e611ovr09zrngi1xewi0 0 2777 45051 45050 2024-10-29T01:46:34Z Masaonikar 570 /* Xi Zhiping sinpu (錫質平神父) */ 45051 wikitext text/x-wiki == Xi Zhiping sinpu (錫質平神父) == Palalanay ci Xi Zhiping sinpu (開路先鋒錫質平神父) Xi Zhiping sinpu (Hilber Jakob 1917-1985) o patenakay i pasawalian a Payleng wayfang dintokay no Tinsukiw, 1953 miheca mingitangit ci Xi Zhiping sinpu to fafa’eday citodongay i Kalingko a kowan to piparotoh, patorod to aocoren tonini ci’icelay nai Switzerland tayni i Posong “Nengnengaw”, sa:an to pafaloco’an, manga’ay ko pisilsil to tatayni i Posong a malasingsi. Caay ko kafana’an oya masakapahay ho ci Xi Zhiping sinpu ko tayniay i Posong, caay ho ka pihayda ko itiraay a Switzerland, sacecay sa tayni itini misahalaka dademak, midemak to caayay ho ko no patenakay a halaka. Tada manga’ayan ko kalali’ay no Posong to malitosaay a sici to Payleng wayfang dintokay, nai ci Xi Zhiping sinpu ko pisatapangan. Onini a sinpu sa citofay sa to karetengay tofay, mirakarak to kasaco’ed no Posong. O sowal no cecay fafahiyan: kaemangan itira sikosya no Nang siaw i Posong i, harek no lahok to romi’ad mangengneng aca koya pakatofayay mita’elif i ka’ayaw, awa:ay manengneng ko Padaka a tamdaw, manengneng ci Xi Zhiping sinpu miceli’ aca “Nga’ay ho sinpu.” Oya sa a sinpu mahemek ko pipaca’of: “Nga’ay ho wawa.” Mi’epap to tofay a miliyas, onini nga’ayay koda’itay “Nga’ay ho wawa.” Sanay, mata’elif to ko mo^tep mihecaan, malo sakafolaw tayra i roma kitakit a caayay ka pawan a ka’ilolan. Nai ni Ou tintosi a sowal, no mako a niharatengan matalaw ci widang to matiniay marikecay a sinpu. O sowal nonini a tintosi takowan, ’ayaw no mihecaan caay ho ka fangcal ko saki’orip no pasawali, o saka’imeraw, ato saka nga’ay milecad to ’orip no itiniay, malakakeridan ci Xi Zhiping sinpu to saki kapolongan a kakaenen wata ko kickic, oya to laloma’an no kapolongan caay ka raheked to pinangan ningra.　 O nidemakan ni Xi Zhiping sinpu adahay ko nilahecian ningra, tinako, i 60, 70 to’ek no miheca, patireng cingra to kanga’ayan palahaday to cifana’ay sakadademak “Kongtong kaukong” tadamaan, o malasingsiay makikakaay ko polong no kasapitiliodan, ona singsi, saheto o nai Switzerland ato Europ a cifana’ay kapah a singsi. 　 Ira ko cecay tadamaanay a mali’acaay a tawki pasowal sa: ta pitilid ha nangra i Kongtong kawkong i, wata ko talaw ci Xi Zhiping sinpuan, ano masamaamaanay ko nidemakan mikihar cingra, marikec cingra to demak no mitiliday. Mata’elif to ko pinapina a miheca no mitiliday ho i ’ayaw, mahirateng ho ko nika koda’itay no kasafa’inayan, todadayadaya mililis cingra to kafoti’an, to saka fangcal no foti’ no kaemangay, ano caay ka nga’ay, micokar to oray matefad i sera i, paorayen ningra ta miliyas, ta mafoti’ cingta itiya. Ira ko patado sanay micolar to oray a caayay patenol a wawa, miraoy to sapadipotaw ni Xi Zhiping sinpu.    O kacahiwan ho no to’ek mihecaan itiya, caay pakalolol ko wawa to sapa’aca to pitilidan to saka’eca pitilid. Oya malamitomadaway a kakeridan a sinpu pasowal sa: paskoyoc ko ’orip i kaeman a caay pakalolol to sapitilid a payso, nokay sa mipakaen to kolong, ira ko cecay romi’ad tona pakatofay ci Xi Zhiping sinpu mita’elif, licayen ningra koya mitatoyay to kawkaw a wawa nao caay pitilid? Mafana’ to kaeca no demak itiya, pasowal han ni Xi Zhiping sinpu: “ano sapitilidananay kiso i, mana demakan, kako sa ko nisafaloco’ay.” han ningra, o kasasiroma no kicay to itiyaaay ho ato aniniay, hatira ko nidemakan no Payleng wayfang dintokay no Tinsukiw itini i pasawali a midama to mamipafatad mitilid a kaemangay wawa. Awaay ko misapinangay misa’osi tonini. I 1982 miheca, masapinang ko kaciadada to no fowa’ a kang tona itira i Switzerland a mikilim to payso to pacakat ci Xi Zhiping sinpu, dengan to 6 folad ko ’orip iso han no ising ko sowal i cingraan, o nisafaloco’an ningra dengan o pasawaliay finawlan, ngitangit han ningra ko ising to “Kapatay no mako itira i niyaro ako i Posong” saan, caay pitengil to pacecay no ising, minakay tayni i Posong. Ira ko nano misawaday to i kongtong kawkong, minokay tayni pitilidan a malasingsi saci sowal sa: milalad to tayra i do’es no ’okak ko adada ni Xi Zhiping sinpu i, dadaya no romi’adan, matengil ko pilalaling to adada, awaay ko sadama, micocok i faloco’ saan.  　　 Malawidangay tona mifalicay to sowal ni Xi Zhiping sinpu ci Si singsi pasowal takowanan, saikoray to tosa lipay ni Xi Zhiping sinpu itini i Senmo isingan i, o mitiliday kaemangay wawa no kongtong kawkong ko mahiratengay ningra, kinapinapina mitahidang to kaemangay tayni i kafoti’an ningra, milicay to sapa’icelaw a sowal. Ira ko cecay romi’ad, talifahalan pakalayap ci Si singsi to tahidang ni Xi Zhiping sinpu cingraan, mangalay sakatayraaw i loma’ komaen to Shuijiao. Oya marariday mipawsa to kakaenen ci Si singsi, patayra han to ningra i loma’ a komaen, patiko talaising i, milicay haca ira ho ko roma paromi’adan saan ho, mangalay cingra pakapaliding a mililis to liyok no isingan.   Matiya sa o micohongay ko pitiko ni Xi Zhiping sinpu, sahacecay sa pasowal to kahacecay no loma’ to ihakowaay mapatireng ko na loma’ ya saan, oya iraayay a loma’ o hakowaay mapatireng koraan saan, saikoray miahowid ci Xi Zhiping sinpu to patihi ni Si singsi to pinapina mahecaan cingraan, pafeli sa to cecay matiliday to ahowiday sanay a fati. Ikor no tosa miheca miliyas to ci Xi Zhiping sinpu to hekal mapatay, o fatadan no ’orip ningra itiniay i Posong. Tadamaan ko pitademan itiya miheca, militemoh ko Tawo, Nansin niyaro a kakitaan no Paywan finacadan mitademan no ngasaw. Itini tonini ira ko pacekilan a kimad: Saayaw katayni ni Xi Zhiping sinpu patenak i Posong i, oya kakitaan no Nansin ci Liw singsi ko micokeray, kapatay no wawa ni Liw singsi i ’ayaw, patorodan ko dengan wawa ci Xi Zhiping sinpu a madipot, cingra to ko midipotay tona wawa tangasa i pasawadan ningra to daykako. Mapatay ci Xi Zhiping sinpu i, o laloma’an ni Liw singsi safeleng sa militemoh to nai Switzerland a tamdaw, mihamham patayni i pitademan no sangasaw a sera. Itini i no laloma’an pitademan, oya satata’akay tadem ono ningra “Xi akong” no Switzerland a tamdaw saan. 　 Piriridan: <nowiki>http://blog.chinatimes.com/nicholas/archive/2009/01/14/368290.html</nowiki>　 m3xn46x87a1xv37skark7qb3zq6ukkj 0 2778 45066 45065 2024-10-29T02:03:25Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* O nipifolsak to sapaloma to saki ’orip no ’Amis ato pirocok to rayray no to’as (撒播文化種子 傳承民族精神) */ 45066 wikitext text/x-wiki == Afan singsi (方敏英宣教士) == O mipalowaday to tilid no misa’Amisay (阿美語文字化的重要推手) Ano paka’arawayto kiso tona takaraway ko tireng, hato kakerengay ko ngiha’a matawa ato ikakaay ko fana’ a misano’Amis a somowal hawi, caayto ko mamapawan iso kona tamdaw, cingra hawi, ci Afan singsi, o nai Amilikaay a tayni a malasingsi ko tatodong ningra. Ono holam a ngangan ningra i, ci Fang Min-Ing han. O tadangangan ningra tono Amilika hawi, ci Virginia Ann Fey (1933-1993). Itiya yo 1959 miheca 8 folad 18 romi’ad haw i, mapolong ato kapot ningra a tayni i Taywan, minanamho cingra tono Holam a sowal i Taypak, ta malinah cingra a tayra i Tai-tong i 1964 miheca 3 folad 1 romi’ad. Itinito ko pisatapng ningra a malasingsi i ’Amis a finacadan tahira i piliyasan ningra tonini a hkal a ma’orip. === O pinanam to sowal no ’Amis ato O pirocok to tayal a mifalic to Cudad. (學習阿美語著手聖經翻譯) === Kona o papasifana’ ci Afan to sapina’on to tireng a midipot, ta maliyas ko adada. Nikawrira, tona malakapot cingra aci Toris Foksi a matayal i Madawdaw no Singko i, sacifaloco’ saan cingra to sapifalicaw to Sowal no Kawas a patalano’Amis. Ta ira ko pinanam ningra to sowal ato pinangan no’orip no ’Amis nai papinapina no kaying—ci Apong, ci ’Oseng, ci ’Oping. Tadamalalok ci Afan a minanam, saka mahmek ko cimacima i cingraan. Yo mahrekto ko tayal ni Toris Foksi i 1965 hawi, miliyasto cingra to Taywan, ta ci Afan singsi to ko mirocokay to tatayalen a ma^min to sapifalic to Sowal no Kawas. O sakaci^pocaw no tayal, saka masacacay ci Afan a tayra i Tailand a kitakit a mikapot to sa’opo no Lin-KoKu i 1965 miheca, itira a malalicay ko tayraay aca a sayho to sapa’orip to sowal no Pangcah. Taloma’ sato i, malalicay cingra ato iing no ’Amis Ciwkay to sapisanga’ to tilid no ’Amis to saka calowayaw a mapa’orip ko sowal no ’Amis ato madama haca no Seng-Cin-Kong-Howi kona dmak, saka irato a malahci a mapalowad ko tilid no masa’Amisay pakayni i picaliw to tilid no Loma. Iti:ya ho i 1956 miheca haw i, na iraayto ko “Pihtatanaman to tilid no ’Amis” sananay a codad a maasipto no salikaka, kirami ono ㄅㄆㄇㄈ ho a tilid kiraan. Masopsop ko 500 a sowal to nipasa’opoan to sowal no Pa’ilasen, Posko, Fakong, Ciwkangan, singko. 1966 hiheca to haw i, mafalicto a palanoLoma a tilid ko ananamen, saka irato ko “Fa^lohay a Pinanaman to tilid no ’Amis” sananay a codad a marina’. Orasaka, malipahak kita to nika irato no cidek a tilid no mita o misa’Amisay, o mamasarayray to a mapa’orip ko sowal ita o ’Amis. Nikawrira, o karorayan hawi, ona pisaliyaw haca a misalingtad a miraod to kiwkay no kasaniyaroaro’ a pasifana’ tona fa^lohay a tilid no ’Amis. === O nika dado^do no nipirina’ to kalocudad no ’Amis (阿美語出版品陸續問世) === O kakahmekan ko nitayalan na Afan ato marariday a midadamay to tayal ningra a kasakapot oya papinapina a foksi, o malahciay nangra a marina’ a codad hawi, 1966 mihecaan no aasipen a mamangay a ratoh—“Likat”, 1970 miheca no “Matay”, 1974 no“Fa^lohay a Katatlekan no Fangcalay Codad” (masasotiri’ ko tilid no ’Amis ato Holam), 1975 miheca no “Kayakay no Nga’ayay a Ratoh”, 1979 miheca no “’Olic”(masasotiri’ ko tilid no ’Amis ato Holam), 1981 miheca no “O polong no Fa^lohay a Katatlek ato cidek no Katlangay a Katatlek no Fangcalay Codad” ato Fangcalay a Radiw (masasotiri’ ko tilid no ’Amis ato Holam). Nasaan hawi, Malinah ci Afan a tayraan i Sin-Cowang no Taypak i 1983 miheca, halo polong no lalosidan ningra a mahawikidto ningra. O saka saan hawi, hai mangata ako a maliso’ ko i Tokayay a malinahay a matayal ato micodaday a salikaka ato o kiwkay no misa’Amisay saan ko harateng no faloco’ ningra. Talacowa, mato matkeday ningra ko tatayalen to sapifalic to sowal no Kawas, kirami caay ka sawaden ningra ko nanga—toan ningra a tatayalen, o kdec hananay ningra ko safatel a ma’orip, o flon hananay ningra ko polong no dafong ningra to saka lahciaw a mirina’ to codad. Onini hawi, o pisarocod no niyah a mirko tono Kawasan a patatodong i cingraan. Yo itinito i Taypak cingra i, malahciay a nirina’an ningra a codad hawi, 1986 miheca no “Amis Dictionary” (masasotiri’ to tilid no ’Amis, no Holam ato no Amilika) ato 1992 miheca no “O ’orip no ’Amis” (masasotiri’ to tilid no ’Amis, no Holam ato no Amilika) ato 1993 miheca no “365 a Kakimadan no Fangcalay Cudad”. === O nipifolsak to sapaloma to saki ’orip no ’Amis ato pirocok to rayray no to’as (撒播文化種子 傳承民族精神) === Yo ccay a romi’ad no 1993 a mihcaan, masadak ci Afan a talaroma a niyaro’ a ira ko dadmaken ningra, kirami itira cingra i lalan a mafahal a mastol no haiya cingra, tadatata’ang ko doka ningra, na paising cingra to tolo a folad hawi, tadasida’it ko safa ningra to fa’inayan ci Marko, saka alaanto no safa cingra a patala Amilika a paising, caay pakaala to pinapina a folad i, mangalef ko adada ni Afan singsi, saka pelek sato cingra. Talacowa caay a tala ni Afan singsi a manina’ ningra ko ma^minayto a mafalic a marina’ a Fangcalay Cudad i 1997 a mihcaan, kirami mato Sowal ni Yohani itira i Fangcalay Cudad, sowal sa, Tona mapatay ko ccay a sasafakan no ^mi i sra, saka malengaw cira a maloficto ko hci no minaloan nira. saan. So’linay, o tadamaanay ko nitayalan no ’orip ni Afan singsi, o matatodongay a tatahada’oc a kahmeken no mita o kasarayray. Talacowa caay a tala ni Afan singsi a manina’ ningra ko ma^minayto a mafalic a marina’ a Fangcalay Cudad I 1997 a mihcaan, kirami mato Sowal ni Yohani itira i Fangcalay Cudad, sowal sa, “Tona mapatay ko ccay a sasafakan no ^mi i sra, saka malengaw cira a maloficto ko hci no minaloan nira,” saan. cmbzgu7kuljicp1ou2c3qnazu99ty8c 0 2780 47714 45082 2025-10-17T16:14:33Z InternetArchiveBot 33 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 47714 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Lewis_carroll,_alice's_adventures_in_wonderland,_macmillian_&_co._londra_1884_(gabinetto_vieusseux).JPG|thumb|O piholol ni Aylise i lemed i makapahay a pihololan]] '''O piholol ni Aylise i lemed i makapahay a pihololan'''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20241104213115/http://ebook.ilrdc.tw/book/107-2/ 阿美語(愛麗絲夢遊仙境)]，發行機關：原住民族委員會；執行單位：原住民族語言研究發展中心；監製：宋麗梅 主任；總編輯：ilong moto 執行長；族語翻譯：林茂德 族語老師</ref>（愛麗絲夢遊仙境） O haliharatengay to maamaan a demakan a [[wawa]] ci Aylise, i ’orip niira i, awaay ko caay ka fangcal ko kalodemak a ma^min. Tinako sa, mitoor to ciriko’ay a [[kodiwis]] (兔子), talakilakilangan a mitatoor, talofahalan tahakefeng i kilang, itiya litapangto ci Aylise i lemed a misalama i makapahay a pihololan. ==Kafahka’an a tata’angay a ngoso’ pifawahan to fawahan (神奇的大鼻子門把)== Na’on sa ci Aylise a makefeng i tono’ no tata’angay a masangoso’ay a pifawahan to fawahan, ma’araw niira ko matomesay to [[nanom]] a talid i, namon han niira, fahal sato a malami:ming to ko tireng, kaen sa to i hakoay a piyang i, malata’angay ko tereng, kita angan haca ko yanan a tireng, mahaenay aca kona ta’angay a matongoso’ay a pifawahan to fawahan, mafana’ a caciyaw, caay ka patot a masasiromaroma ko kafahka’an. Rarom sato a tomangic ci Aylise, sano ’alo^ sato ko tera’ no [[losa’]] (眼淚), nanom han niira ko mafawfaway i ’alo a talid, malamamangay to ko tereng niira, tepong sato a mahtik i talid, nanoy doydoy sato a malikid no [[’alo^]] (河) a ma’alol. Yo ma’alol ciira i ’alo^ i, ma’araw haca niira kora kodiwis. Tangsol sa ci Aylise a milaliw tona talid mitoor toya kodiwis, nikawrira, mafater noya mato ma’apiay a tasalamaan a wawa ciira, malecad ko wayway, caciyaw, mikilimay kako to kodiwis ano haenenen ni Aylise i, caay pitengil caira. Saka [[sowal]] sa ci Aylise, “nga’ay kako a minengneng to pisasifay namo, nika pasifana’en kako pasacowaay ko rakat noya kodiwis.” O yato i sato malasangay sa a malipahak misasifay. Yo salipahak saan caira a misasifay i, itiya dokdokan ni Aylise a milaliw. ==Macicih ko loma’ no kodiwis (撐破兔子的房子)== Ma’araw ni Aylise ko cecay a makapahay a [[loma’]]. Ngaliwngiw sa a romakat, “cima ko maro’ay itini tona loma’ hakini!? ” saan. O mamasadak koya kodiwis i [[fawahan]] (門), milicay ci Aylise toya kodiwisan, nika maki’ayaw noya kodiwis a milicay, picomod padangen kako a mitatoy tona kafang, o tatalomah kako a matayal saan, do^do^ han ni Aylise ko piocor noya kodiwis a talaloma’, awaay toko ca’oca’of ni Aylise. Yo micomod i, ma’araw niira ko piyang matomes i hako, cefes han niira ko cecay a komaen, toyaan i malatata’a:ngay to ko tireng, makeco^ no tireng ma:cicih aca ko loma’ no kodiwis. Itiya i maharateng niira, ano komaen haca to maan i, mananokas a miming ko tireng, orasaka, soo’ han niira ko kamay a mifotfot to nipalomaan no kodiwis a [[nincin]] (紅蘿蔔) i padatengan, lalangen noya kodiwis, nikawrira, halo kodiwis a matengteng a talaloma’. Pasowalen ni Aylise koya kodiwis, “maanen aca haw, o mamamaen aca kako to kakaenen ta mananokas kako” han niira. So’linay yo komaen ciira i, malamama:ngay to ko tireng, hato ofang no ’edo^ ko pisacolicolilan i semosemotan. Nanengneng sato to [[toki]] (懷錶) koya kodiwis sowal sa, “o mamaapac to kako a matayal!” tiya i pedok sato comikay talacowa to. ==Tada adihay ko kasasiromaroma i semosemotan (花叢間的千變萬化)== Itiya i, malamimi:ngay to ci Aylise, o [[’adipangpang]] (蝴蝶) ko ta’angay, caay pakatoor, mato mimingay a fa^o a misatiwatiwal i semosemotan, caay pakatama to lalan. I hanahanaan, ma’araw ni Aylise ko matatooray a ’adipangpang, mato nipela’an a manto. Matengil haca ko macaciyaway a kalohana, nitatoy ko mikuy a [[hana]] (花) to sapiparadiw a ’alapit, malapiyano ko yuli a hana, malatayko ko lingtang a hana, masatisil ko lapa^ a hana a [[romadiw]] (唱歌). Makapah ko radiw naira, mato rimorak no romadiway anini. Mikapot ci Aylise a romadiw, nika caay kalipahak ciira, nawhani, mapawan a mitoor toya kodiwis. Caay kahalafin ma’araw ni Aylise ko ningitiday to [[tamako]] (菸) a [[onih]] (毛毛蟲) i pafaniwan, onini nitamakoay a onih, mato nirenafan ko masadakay a ’acefel i ngoyos niira, safahka’ sa ci Aylise, tona pasayra i ciiraan ko [[’acefel]] (煙霧) no tamako saka sapiliyasan saan ciira. Nikawrira, sowal sa koya onih, “ira ko paparatohen ako i tisowa a tadamaanay a demak!” itiya i, sangasefal sa ci Aylise a hinatala, saka patatiko^ sato ciira. Onini a onih yo powapowar sa a mitamako i fahal mala’adipangpang, pasowal sa ci Aylisean, “itini i nga’ay malatakaraway kiso, itiraw i nga’ay a malapo^neray kiso” saan, cahocaho ka hapinang ni Aylise ko sowal i maefer to. Toyanan peco’ han ni Aylise ko [[faniw]] (香菇) i kalofari’ingan to cecay, tongihen niira ko kawiliay a mitatoyan a faniw, o yaan i, patatiko ko nika tata:’ang no tireng, sedak sa nani [[kilakilangan]] (樹林) a ma^fer, mapaceko ciira: to, itiya i tongih han niira ko kawananay a a mitatoyan a faniw, malamimi:ngay to a onih i sera. Safaloco’ sa ci Aylise, “ano rihenac han ko i kawili^ay i, matatodong ko patatiko no tireng no niyah kiya” saan ciira. So’linay, mananokas ko yanan a laleko no tireng. ==Molalek i kilakilangan (迷了路的森林裏)== Litapang sato ciira a misarakrakar awaay ko patosokan… Adihayay a mapasiket i kilang ko sakafana’ to lalan, rawraw sato ci Aylise tono moraraw to lalan, samaanen ta nga’ay hakini Fahal ira i kaya’aw ko cecay a tomay, licayen ni Aylise pasacowa ko rakat iso? Paca’of sa koya tomay pasamafolaay a [[niyaro’]] (村) saanay, ta tangsowl sa a malahadap. So’linay micomod ci Aylise toya mafolaay a niyaro’ i, o sowal ato wakawak nona niyaro’ i awaay ko pinang, caay kanga’ay ci Aylise a malalicay i cairaan. Itiya i, maltodong mita’lif koya kosiwis itini, ma’araw ni Aylise, saka tooraw ako sa ci Aylise i, caay ko mamatoor. Rakat sato i roma a kilakilangan, ilaloma’ay nonini a kilakilangan a pina’orip i kakafahka’an ko laleko no ’orip, o roma i masalapa^ ko ngoyos no [[howak]] (鴨), roma i, masatayko^ay ko laleko a [[takora’]] (青蛙). Nikawrira, matepa^ niira ko cecay mamangay a lalan, o sakataloma’ a lalan nasa ciira, nengneng han ira:ay i cecay a [[waco^]] (狗), matiya o saasik ko ngoyos, na’on sa a miraod, asiken niira konini a lalan ta malahdaw koni a lalan. Itiya i, rawraw sato ci Aylise, o moraraway to kako i kilakilangan caay to ko mamasadak saan ciira, saka hacinar sato ciira i sera a [[tomangic]]. ==I’ayaw no nikapalal to sarikoray a toki (夢醒前的最後時刻)== [[File:PlayingCards_Rosebush.jpg|thumb|]] Caay kahalafin, sedak sa koya tata’angay a posi, sowal sa, “mangalay ho kiso a mitoor toya kodiwis?” Paca’of sa ci Aylise, “na’ay to, mangalay kako a taloma’, nika caay katepa^ ako ko lalan a taloma’.” Orasaka, pasifana’en noya tata’angay a posi ci Aylise to saka taloma’ a lalan, nika onini a lalan i salopikopiko sa caay karahoday a rakaten. I laloma’ i malitemoh ko fafahi no Hongti, onini a fafahi no Hongti i, milongoc ciiraan a malalifet a misalama^ to kawarfu a mali^, malowiday a tamdaw i mamafitangal ko fongoh. I pisalama^an i moraraw ko demak ni Aylise, saka maketer koya fafahi no Hongti, ocor hanto niira ko mamipatay a mipatay ciiraan. O talaw ni Aylise saka paki’alofo^ han niira ko kamay, makapkap niira ko ’osaw a faniw i ’alofo^, ta’mod hanto niira, malotata’angay to tireng, caay to ka talaw to pisawkit noya fafahi no Hongti, mihalaka ciira to sapipaco’ayaw to fafahi no Hongti. O mamipaco’ay to fafahi no Hongti i, fahal malamama:ngay aca ciira, hilam hani, mahatosa^ niira a mimero^ koya i kawiliay kawananay a faniw, saka malata’angay malamimingay ko tireng niira. Itiya i, cikay sato ci Aylise a milaliw, mitatoor koya fafahi no Hongti ato sofitay i rarikor. Caay ka halafin, ma’araw ni Aylise koya caciyaway a tata’angay a ngoso’ a pifawahan no fawahan, pacedi^ han niira a mifawah, to sapilaliwaw itini, pasowal sa koya tafawahan, “milaliway to kiso kiya saw!” sanay. Dipdip han ni Aylise a minengneng i fohang i, manengneng niira ko nika foti’ niira i papotal, orasaka, celi’ hato niira ko ngangan no niyah, to saka palalaw niira. Talipa’la sato ci Aylise nai tapangan no kilang a mafoti’, yo mapalal ciira i mato ma’apaparay i [[lemed]]ay (夢) ho. Mapalalay to ci Aylise. ==Talihafan== {{reflist}} hut6btw7se28myzfz40rlh59kutfdwp 0 2781 45069 2024-11-01T18:33:13Z Sifopiday 2166 misangaan coda 45069 wikitext text/x-wiki == Kalitang 豆子 == === Masamaanay ko kalitang 什麼是豆子 === O kalitang hananay i, o masa tosatosaay ko papah ato saciheci sa i matafoay no podac ko heci nila, ira ko todongay o kakaenen no tamdaw, ira ko o sapakaen to ‘ayam ato fafoy, ira ko caay kangaay a ka^enen, ‘adiay ko kasasilomaloma nira, o sowal no mafana’ay ami kingkiw a tamdaw i, itini i hekkal i, pakalaay to kalo kalitang i, ma^deng pakaalaay to tasa a ‘emangan ko kasasilomaloma nila saan, onian a kalitang hananay, fangcalay a kaladatengen, mangaay a sasimalen, ato malo sapakaen to kalo ‘ayam ato fafoy, ilanaan a caay kanga’ay a kaennen a kalidang i, ilaay tola kohi(咖啡) ato keke(可可) hananay, olanan a Ingkilis(英語) to kalitang hananay i o ‘Bean’ haan nangla. === O pinangan no kalitang 豆子的品種 === Adihay kola pinangan no kalitang hananay, ano hapinangan haan kiakafana’an no mita i, aratek ^deng ola ‘tata’angay a kalitang’ ‘matia o kayko a kalitang’ ‘kandaway kalitang’ ‘kahengangay kalitang’ ‘naniwac a kalitang’ , ano o iyofong no kalitang ko pi’alawan i alatek a^deng a tosa aca Sakacecay i malecad toya tata’akay a kalitang tora takalaway a Tanpayce(蛋白質) ato takalaway a Cefang(脂肪) hananay, Sakatosa i olannan a takalaway ko Tansoyhoahewo(碳水化合物) hananay, matiya tola kandaway a kalitang ato kahenganay a kalitang. Ano mafana’ ami tangtang i, ma^deng a malafangcalay a nananomen aca malakohaw, sapadang to kaen to lanam ato laho ato lafi. === O iyofong no kalitang. 豆子的養分 === Ano dodoen komi kinkiwan no Amilikaay(在美國) to pakayniay i iyofong no kalitang i, o sowal nangla sowalsa awaay komi kikakaay toka takalaw no kalitang to pakaylaay ‘icel no iyofong ami sanga’ay salof to fitoka ato tina’i no tamdaw saan tora ‘resistant starch’(抗性澱粉) hananay, mala omi tenna’ay to ^kang hananay a adada kora ‘butyrate’(丁酸鹽), itini i tileng no tamdaw, Iraay ko takalaway a Tampayce(蛋白質) hananay no kalitang. Onian hananay a kalitang i adihayay koka fangcal nila, ngalefeng toya kohetingay hananay a kalitang, mikikaka koka adihay no iyofong nira, imatini sato i adihay ko mafana’ay ki^emel to kakaenen, sanaw irakopipili’ to kalitang a komaen, ano masaheto sato akomaen to kalitang i, o malasaka tatiih masoso ko tileng, nawhani takalaway ko otong nira tora tinfen(澱粉) hananay, o sowal no mafana’ay omi kingkiway to kalitang a tamdaw i, ma^deng sepat ko kasasiloma nira. ==== Sakacecay(1). Takalaway ko otong a kalitang.(高澱粉豆類) ==== O kalokalitang hananay i, caay to kalecad a takalaw adihay ko Tampayce(蛋白質) nira, malecad toya kandaway kalitang、kahengayay kalitang、yananiwac kalitang、hongtiay kalitang, hayito cayto kalecad koka adihay no iyofong nira, o kahengayay ato kangdaway a kalitang i, o tampayce nira ma^deng i 20%, o salang nira to Tansoywhahewo(碳水化合物) ma^deng 60%, ano malalid ami kakaen i, matiyato o pikakaen to hemay, tosaka tanetek no tileng. ==== Sakatosa(2). Takalaway ko Tampayce a kalidang.(蛋白質豆) ==== Woyana takalaway ko Tampayce a kalitang i, malecad toya kohetingay a kalitang, maloloay a kalitang, yacifanohay a kalitang, yaholindaw, omi-sangaan to nano kalitang a kakaenen i, saheto to fangcalay to kalotileng, manga’ay a misamaamaan ami sanga’ to pakaylaay i kalitang hananay, ano o nananomen to, aca ano o mi’icangan a kalokasi to, ‘adihay kopi sanga’ to kasasiroma to pakayniay i kalitang hananay. ==== Sakatolo(3). O malasinaferay a kalitang.(蔬菜類豆) ==== O hatiniay a kalitang hananay i, matiyaay tora holintaw, ira ko ko^sannay a kalitang, ka’edaway a kalitang, no holamay a kalitang, o hatiniay a kalitang matiya o kalodateng ano malanam, malahok, malafi to dateng ami pacamol a koma^en to hemay. ==== Sakasepat 4.O sasimalen a kalitang.(可製油豆) ==== Masamaanay kora sasimalen a kalitang hananay, nawhani itini i kolo kalitang, iraay ko kalasimalay, iraay ko caay kalasimal, mato o kodasing, siawiyi hananay a kalitang, oranang saheto o kalasimalay a kalitang to sasasimalen, fangsalay to sapasimal to dateng ano mi tangtang, nikaolira mafana’ to amipatatodong ami pasimal to tatangtangen a sinafer, tiya caay ka kali’ang ko tileng a komaen. Lomasato iraay koya cifanohay hananay a kalitang, olanan a kalitang i, o sowal no mafana’ay a tamdaw i, takalaw ko iyofong nira saan, sanaw manga’ay to a malalid ami kakaen, to sapatongal to caay ka^deng ko kaen to titi no ‘ayam ato fafoy, sanaw ano malalid ami kakaen tora cifanohay hananay a kalitang i, matiyato o komaenay to titi, sanaw ola cifanohay hananay a kalitang i, itini i polong no kalo kalitang i , dengan cingra ko satakalaway adihayay ko tanpayce hananay, mikikakaay to fita’ol koka adihay nira, sanaw ano atatodong kopi kakaen tora kalitang i, saka fangcal saka tanektek no tileng no tamdaw saan. Iraay haca koya mato satekek no ‘alilis a kalitang hananay, olanan a kalitang i, ano ma’ikes to i, ko^sitay ko podac nira, oloma iraay komi pacakayay i pipacakayan, ohatilaay a kalitang i, samaanen ami tangtang a komaen hakiya sako milicayay, nawhani ‘atekakay ko podac nira, sanaw mili’ayaw ami podac to podac nira, toyaheci no kalitang, tala’ayaw ami tangtang a komaen i, mili’ayaw ami sa’sa’ to cecay a dadayay, ma^deng to ko poni’ nira, tiya misatapang ami tangtang, ga’ayay ami sapacamol to hemay ami sacacak, itini i loma a finacadan adihay ko maolahay a tamdaw a koma^en to hatiniay a kalitang, lomasato no irangen kola heci nira i, mato han o otong ami tangtang, mafasaw cira tiya pacamol haan to koli, matiya tora Pincilin(冰淇淋) ato Sala(沙拉), tada fangcalay a kaenen, adihay a tamdaw maolahay a komaen, manga’ay a sapacamol to loma a sinafer a komaen, ano itini to i lanam ato i lahok ato ilafi a komaen, ato sapa tawsi a komaen, tada maolahay ko tamdaw a komaan. === Saikolay to a sowal to kalitang.對豆子的後話 === O kalitang hananay i, itini i kalo’orip nomita o ‘Amis/Pangcah hananay, o todongay o kananaman to nomita a dateng, ano o lanam to ano o lahok to ano o lafi to, caay ka^ca pacamol to kalitang a dateng, ano malawod ko pi’anipan aco o pipanayan to sapa timsim to matayalay, o hemay pacacamol aca to naniwac a kalitang, lomasato i ano misadateng i taliyok no loma’ a womah tora likot hananay i, tadafangcalay ami palomaan to kalitang, ano fangcal ko lengaw nora kalitang, kalamkamay aciheci, sanaw lahodayay a datengen, alate kora kogengelay a papah no kalitang i, nga’ayay a datengen a malo dateng i taheka, sanaw ira koya secito(四季豆) hananay no Holam(華人), o manga’ayay ami samihecaheca ami paloma to ranan a kalitang a sanay.(Siwkolan Amis/Pangcah Suman 1019/’24) === Tahapinanang參考資料： === 1. 《教育部重編國語辭典修訂本》：豆 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）：字典裡列出了四種『豆』的涵義，除了泛稱豆科的植物，亦指中國古代的器皿，亦是姓氏之一，及二一四部首之一。擷取於2012-09-10。 2. Angiosperm Phylogeny Website （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） FABACEAE: 記錄了種類數量，豆科植物有745屬，19500種。擷取於2012-09-10。 a93anqooiy6zz0tjp6nt13jk1wo9w1i 0 2783 45088 45087 2024-11-03T11:12:40Z 臺灣語言繼承者 2320 45088 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Fire_triangle.svg|thumb|Namal a Tolo ko tadimocokan]] O '''namal a tolo ko tadimocokan''' hananay i, toloay a sakalikat no [[namal]] —— '''o mamalikat''' (可燃物), '''o sapalikat''' (助燃物), ato '''o kalikatan no kasoy''' (燃點). '''O mamalikat''' (可燃物) hananay i, oya mamalikat a kasoy, mato [[ca'ang]] (樹枝) no [[kilang]], ano eca^, o [['awol]] (竹). '''O sapalikat''' (助燃物) hananay i, oya mirorohay to sakalikat no kasoy, mato yang-ci^ a fali^ (氧氣). '''O kalikatan''' (燃點) hananay i, o katangasaan to ko faedet no kasoy ta [[malikat]]. O kalikatan no kalomaamaan i, caay ka lead. Poener ko kalikatan, saka raho:day a malikat; o roma^i, takaraw ko kalikatan, saka caay ko rahoday a malikat. [[Kasasiwasiw:Siwkulang 'Amis]] rlu02k4isojk7b40qnxs2m7vjcelpnn 0 2784 45089 2024-11-03T11:18:58Z 臺灣語言繼承者 2320 頁面已重新導向至[[Coraf]] 45089 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT[[Coraf]] mxcn6ea4ncbwi0pd6mbgl49dww6296p 0 2785 45095 45094 2024-11-03T11:22:14Z 臺灣語言繼承者 2320 45095 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Fire,_Fireplace,_Rostov-on-Don,_Russia.jpg|thumb|Coraf / Malikat / Mailoh / Todoh]] '''Coraf / Malikat / Mailoh / Todoh'''（燃燒） Toloay a sakalikat no [[namal]] —— '''o mamalikat''' (可燃物), '''o sapalikat''' (助燃物), ato '''o kalikatan no kasoy''' (燃點). '''O mamalikat''' (可燃物) hananay i, oya mamalikat a kasoy, mato [[ca'ang]] (樹枝) no [[kilang]], ano eca^, o [['awol]] (竹). '''O sapalikat''' (助燃物) hananay i, oya mirorohay to sakalikat no kasoy, mato yang-ci^ a fali^ (氧氣). '''O kalikatan''' (燃點) hananay i, o katangasaan to ko faedet（熱能） no kasoy ta malikat. O kalikatan no kalomaamaan i, caay ka lead. Poener ko kalikatan, saka raho:day a malikat; o roma^i, takaraw ko kalikatan, saka caay ko rahoday a malikat. Caay ka [[likat]] ko ma^ta'ay a calang, naw han i, mahedot no [[nanum|nanom]] ko faedet no kilang, orasaka o tatongalaen ko namal ta malalahod kora nanom. O ma'icangay a ca'ang i, mara:wis ko kalikatan, saka narikay a malikat. [[Kasasiwasiw:Siwkulang 'Amis]] qnyhuvu7c3biv0l2f2or742psus5iyr 0 2786 45119 45118 2024-11-05T01:17:09Z Masaonikar 570 /* Minayar ko pisa’osi (伸延閱讀) */ 45119 wikitext text/x-wiki == Fifian Tomas (維維恩．托馬斯助理) == Fifian Dioto Tomas (Inkiris: Vivien Theodore Thomas, 1910 miheca 8 folad 29 romi’ad - 1985 miheca 11 folad 26 romi’ad) o cecay a kicik no mitokaday Amilika tamdaw. I 1944 miheca, ci Tomas ato mitokaday ising ci Afelit Polayrok, faloco’an ising Haylon Taosik miadah to cecay Folosilien adada a wawa i, sarakatay pidemak ni Polaylok Tomas Taosik misaisalan a tokad[1][2][3]. Malaheci ko pitokad mapalowid ko noisingan a manametay no faloco’an pitokad[1][2]. Nawhani ci Tomas kohetingay tamdaw, o kaitira ningra caay ka patalahekal ko katadamaan i pitokadan a camil. Ikor oya misikeday miepecay to finacadan ko laloma’an no Amilika masereray to itiya saka, o katadamaabn ni Tomas mapahapinang to no i sekalan tamdaw[4]. O katadamaan no demak ningra nai HBO i 2004 palaikaan to “Pafelian no kakarayan nga’ayay ising”. === Pafelian no kakarayan nga’ayay ising (天賜良醫) === I 1930 mihecaan tadaecaay ko ’edes to ramaay finacadan a to’ek itiya, o cecay a kapah misa’icel a macedeng ko kafana’ mapalowad no ising kakko a ising malamicokeray mitokad a kimad. -Nai <nowiki>https://vocus.cc/article/6673ad08fd8978000116e387</nowiki> === Macedengay ising macedengay micokeray (天才醫師與天才助理) === Fifian Tomas (Vivien Thomas) Matiya o nipatadoan no Kawas a mifana’ to pisasayho a kicik ni Fifian, o todong parana’an no kamay no niyah. Saka fenek to kalaising a misa’icel ato tariktikay kamay matatama macalep ni Polayrok ising cingra. Sa’eten no mi’emetay to syakay o ahowidan no ising ko kanga’ayan i, nika oya nisa’icelan o kakangodoen no tamdamdaw ko pihamon ato pingodo. Caayay kalelen a demak mala kacalemceman to no faloco’. Samaanen oya tatiihay a pinangan a miasimanayay ko demak o saka piliyasaw ni Fifian to tayal. Talacowa halafin ko miheca matayal pa’aca to sapaiyo ira to ko sapadang no loma’ i, nika mato mahoracay ko falaco’ ni Fifian. Ira ko ngiha i faloco’ ningra a malatihi ci Polayrok isingan mikingkiw to isingan to sapitikoaw.nanoya patiko haca cingra toya kaolahan katayalan, sakatadamaan toya kalacafay to ising a mikingkiw to isingan o kalipahakan no ’orip a hiratengen. === Afelit Polayrok Alfred Blalock) (阿爾弗雷德·布萊洛克Alfred Blalock) === O talifahalay ko kafana’ to nisa’icel a macedengay ko kafana’, talacowa tahiraay aca i kawcong ko nitilidan itiya, nika caay kikiharen ningra ko katadamaaqn ni Fifian. Malahakelong ko harateng no nilahacian a demak saka citadamaan a cingangan ni Fifian i isingan, misa’icel to saka cilikapo no tayal a kacilifon. Talacowa malita’angay ato kalaketeray pinangan a mapakadefit to ci Fifianan, nika o caayay ko misorikoray a tamdaw cingra, o pilepi no kohecalay tamdaw to roma tamdaw ko sapitena’ no syakay i, saka makahiay aca cingra. I ’ayaw to pinapina mihecaan ko patiko ni Fifian o kahemakan to ningra, nawhani nai ci Fifianan mahapinang nengnengen ni Polayrok ising ko ka’enep to pikingkiw to isingan. Ira ko pakoniyahay a nisafaloco’an ato malecaday a kaolahan nangra, oya caayay ka falic to sapikingkiw to isingan ato pitokad to faloco’ fenek nangra, tatiih kaciawaay nangra. === Pinengnengan. (參考) === 1.Beaty, C. A., George, T. J., & Conte, J. V. Centennial Presidential Perspective: Dr. Alfred Blalock (PDF). The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery. 2012年2月, 143 (2): 260–263 [2015-03-23]. doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2011.10.071. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2019-03-06）. 2.Field, Mike. "Hopkins pioneered 'blue baby' surgery 50 years ago; 'I Remember ... Thinking It Was Impossible'". The Gazette. 1995-05-30 [2020-02-19]. （原始內容存檔於2012-06-21）. 3.McCabe, Katie. Like Something the Lord Made (PDF). The Washingtonian. 1989-08 [2015-03-23]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2015-04-02）. 4.心脏外科手术先驱维维恩·托马斯. share.America.gov. 美國國務院國際信息局. 2018-02-13 [2020-02-19]. === Fifian Tomas (Vivien Thomas, 維維恩·托馬斯) === Kasofocan: Fifian Tomas (Vivien Thomas) 1910 miheca 8 folad 29 romi’ad Amilika: New Iberia, Louisiana, Amilika Tayal: Mitokaday ising Katadamaan: Polayrok-Tomas-Taosik kasacilas a tokad Fifian Siaoto Tomas (Inkiris: Vivien Theodore Thomas, 1910 miheca 8 folad 29 romi’ad - 1985 miheca 11 folad 26 romi’ad) o cecay tadamaanay no Amilika micokeray mitokaday. 1944 miheca, ci Tomas aci Afelit Polayrok (Alfred Blalock) mitokaday ising, ci Helen Taussig faloco’ ising mipa’orip to ciadadaay to titraloci falot (Tetralogy of Fallot) a wawa i, sarakat midemak to ni Polayrok-Tomas- Taussig (Blaylock Thomas Taussig) a misaisalan a tokad[1][2][3]. Malaheci ko todong no itiyaay ho isingan to saki faloco’ a manametay to faloco’ a tokad[1][2]. Nawhani o kohetingay tamdaw ci Tomas, orasaka o kaitira ningra i pitokadan a sofal halafin ko nika eca paso’elinan. Ikor i salaloma’an no Amilika o miepecay to finacadan lasawad sato itiya, ni Tomas a katadamaan ningra itiya to kafana’en to no ’alomanay[4]. O kimad ningra itira i 2004 miheca mapalaika ko demak i HBO “Pafelian no kakarayan nga’ayay ising”. === Pinengnengan. (參考) === 1.Beaty, C. A., George, T. J., & Conte, J. V. Centennial Presidential Perspective: Dr. Alfred Blalock (PDF). 2.The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery. 2012年2月, 143 (2): 260–263 [2015-03-23].  doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2011.10.071. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2019-03-06）. 3.Field, Mike. "Hopkins pioneered 'blue baby' surgery 50 years ago; 'I Remember ... Thinking It Was Impossible'". The Gazette. 1995-05-30 [2020-02-19]. （原始內容存檔於2012-06-21）. 4.McCabe, Katie. Like Something the Lord Made (PDF). The Washingtonian. 1989-08 [2015-03-23]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2015-04-02）. 5.心脏外科手术先驱维维恩·托马斯. share.America.gov. 美國國務院國際信息局. 2018-02-13 [2020-02-19]. === Minayar ko pisa’osi (伸延閱讀) === 1.McCabe, Katie. Like Something the Lord Made. Washingtonian. August 1989. 2.Reprinted — Like Something the Lord Made. [June 8, 2017]. （原始內容存檔於2017-12-13） –透過Longform Reprints. 3.Reprinted in Jay Friedlander; John Lee (編). Feature Writing for Newspapers and Magazines: The Pursuit of Excellence. 4.Revised as Like Something the Lord Made; The Vivien Thomas Story. Washingtonian. October 29, 2007 [2022-04-04]. （原始內容存檔於2012-02-12）. 5.Thomas, Vivien. Pioneering Research in Surgical Shock and Cardiovascular Surgery: Vivien Thomas and his Work with Alfred Blalock: an Autobiography. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 1985. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-8122-7989-4</nowiki>. 6.Thomas, Vivien. Partners of the Heart: Vivien Thomas and His Work with Alfred Blalock pbk. University of Pennsylvania Press. 1998. <nowiki>ISBN 0-8122-1634-2</nowiki>. (originally published as Pioneering Research in Surgical Shock and Cardiovascular Surgery: Vivien Thomas and His Work with Alfred Blalock) (2003) Timmermans Stefan, "A Black Technician and Blue Babies" in Social Studies of Science 33:2 (April 2003), 197–229. 7.(2006) Tsung O. Cheng, "Hamilton Naki and Christiaan Barnard Versus Vivien Thomas and Alfred Blalock: Similarities and Dissimilarities" in American Journal of Cardiology 97:3 (February 1, 2006), 435–436. 8.(2003). Partners of the Heart. （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） American Experience 9.(2004) "Something the Lord Made", HBO movie, Portrayed by Mos Def d202rc9jki2pvh8ia8af2om4gaezkbn 0 2787 45132 45131 2024-11-14T00:34:27Z Masaonikar 570 /* Misa’alingayay no ina (阿美族母系社會) */ 45132 wikitext text/x-wiki == Misa’alingayay no ina (阿美族母系社會) == Iti:ya ho, ira ko mo’etepay cidal i kakarayan, caay paka hadidi to fa’edet ko ’Amis a tamdaw, ma’icang to ko ’alo, awaay to ko nananomen, caay to kalengaw ko pinaloma, caay ka nga’ay ko ’orip no finawlan, misaharaterateng ko finawlan, ano haen sa i, awaay ko ’epoc, orasaka, pasowal sato ko fa’inayan no niyaro’: “O kamiay to ko mipana’ay to cidal, talaen ko pipana’ niyam to cidal, ta manga’ay to ko ’orip no mita to ikor.” saan, orasaka, malalemid to ko fa’inayan no ’Amis tonini a demak. Nikawrira, halafin to i, hato caay ho ka tefad ko cidal, caay ka fana’en koya fa’inayan talacowaay to, awaayto patiko a minokay, awaay ko paratohay. Oya i loma’ay a fafahiyan i, caay ka nga’ay nangra a maomah, awaay ko ’epoc. Itiya, ira ko cecay a fafahiyan ci Laya, pasowal sa: “Ano matira caay pakasalof ko fa’inayan tonini a demak i, kami to o fafahiyan ko milepelay to cidal.” sato. Masasowasowal to ci Laya ato pina a fafahiyan, mipa’ecas cangra to kafana’an nangra a tenooy, o sapilepel to cidal, oya caayay ka kari’ang no cidal a nitenooyan a salil, sapatala to sapilepel, salilen nangra koya mikari’angay i cangraan a cidal. Itira cangra i fafa’ed no kilang a mikalic, takopen nangra o maminokay ko cidal itiya, hacecayen nangra a milepel, mahaenay saka malepel nangra ko papitoay a cidal itiya. Pacekok koya ’osaw toloay a cidal, ci’icelay aca koya fafahiyan sato. Matalaw to koya toloay a cidal, matalaw ano hakowaay o mamatekop to, nanoya tayra sato i ka’ayaw no fafahiyan no ’Amis a mingitangit, harateng sato koya fafahiyan no ’Amis: “so’elinay to, ira ko sapadang no cidal.” Saka masasowasowal to cangra, pa’ecas miocor ci Layaan masasowal to cidal. Pasowal sa ci Laya: “Materek kamo manga’ay to, nika caay ka nga’ay namo malecad k kasadak i kakarayan, ano haenen namo a caayto kafa’edeten kami.” han ningra i, paca’of sa ko cidal: “Samaanen niyam ka? Ano caayto pipatay kamo i tamiyanan, samaanen asa kamo, doedo han to niyam.” sato. Pasowal ci Laya: “Malatihi kamo caay paka hadidi kami to fa’edet, orasaka, malaliyas kamo i kakarayan, milowan to fa’edet; ’osaw namo tosaay i lomi’ad ato dadaya a masadak, ano haenen namo i, caay pipatay kami i tamowanan, a caay to ka latatiih kami.” Oya toloay sato a cidal manga’ay ko nian sato, hayda sato itiya. Nanoya, o cecay a cidal “Hong” sa ko soni i kakarayan a malopisak malafo’is to; o cecay mala folad to, masadak to dadaya; o cecay a cidal oya to caay ka falic, nika, dengan i romi’ad a masadak. Nanoyaan, sanga’ay sato ko ’orip no ’Amis a finacadan to ikor. Manga’ay to cangra a maomah, matayal, ira to ko kaka’enen a ma’orip to romi’ami’ad. Tada manga’ay ko nidemakan no fafahiyan sato koya fa’inayan no finacadan, mangodo to ko fa’inayan to fafahiyan, orasaka, ano mitelek ho cangra to dademaken to ’ayaw i milicay ho to fafahiyan, oya fafahiyan to ko mitelekay to kalodemademak, matiniay saka, o fafahiyan ito ko kakeridan no ’Amis a finacadan. O nian koya nisowalan to “misa’alingayay no ina no ’Amis” a lekakawa. jejqr1wi07cex0kl97tnjtdtvxxm8sz 0 2789 45156 45155 2024-11-18T02:22:15Z Masaonikar 570 /* Papotalay calay (外部連結) */ 45156 wikitext text/x-wiki == Akeli sinpu (艾格理神父) == Akeli (Toic: Hans Egli, 1929 miheca 4 folad 19 romi’ad - 2013 miheca 12 folad 13 romi’ad), Paylen talapotalay patenak sinpu, mikingkiw to Paiwan a sowal, Kakacawan ponka. Kasofocan (生平) Akeli sinpu i 1929 miheca 4 folad 19 romi’ad masofoc i Lucerne Bürgenstock no Switzerland, i 1949 miheca mikapot to Paylenkay, 1955 miheca mapatireng to kala sinpu, 1956 miheca maocor tayra i Dipong patenak, 1963 miheca tayni Taywan minanam to kowaping a sowal, maocor itira i Posong Fongli kiwkay[1]. I pikowan ho no Dipong to Taywan o Taywan Tinsokiw to tayal, sahato o Taminhuy (Dominican) ko citodongay, mapatireng ko Conghuarenmin kapolongan kitakit i, oya itiraay i Congko a roma kitakit a Tinsokiw matayalay, ala taynini i Taywan, pasaetip no Taywan, oya nai Hilongciang a Paylen romaay kitakit patenakay malinah tayni i Taywan itiya, saka itiraay i Posong a kowan ko tayalan[2]. Tangasa i 1969 miheca, ci Akeli sinpu itira i Posong makarkar matama ko 1355 a fokeloh, ’atomo, ’okak a telangay lalosidan. Masilsil mateli i kaitiraan no pakah no Tinsokiw, hasapikingkiw, pinengnengan no mitiliday a kapah. Kanga’ayan kinaira, mitiko haca cingra tayra i Switzerland minanam to tamdawan a pikingkiw hakasi, maala ningra patiko tayni i Taywan, nika awaay ko kamaro’an a kiwkay. I’ayaw pikowan ho no Dipong a mikingkiway hakasi masafaloco’ nangra ko nalacolan i Pasientong, 1968 miheca tangasa 1969 mihecaan, no Taywan daykako ci Song Wenxun hakasi citodong mikingkiw, matama ko malangtoay tanengnengan, mikingkiw to to’ek itiyaay i 1 ’ofad 5 cicing ko miheca, roma itira toya roma a dihif maala ko sepatay a tannengnengan, to’ek no mihecaan ira ko 5 cicingan. Orasaka, itira nalacolan no Pasientong mapatodong to 5 cicing tangasa 1 ’ofad 5 cicing ko mihecaan itini to matelangay to’ek i Taywan. Itiyaay a mikingkiway miala to rengas a dateng, sapi’adop to, sapifoting saka’oriop, mimingay niyaro’ ano eca mirarakatay ko aro’ saan. Ikor to, itiniay i Congyang kingkiwyin ci Zang Zhenhua hakasi mikerid to mikingkiway, itiya mihapinang, oya itiraay i Pasientong a nalacolan tangasa anini ira to ko 3 ’ofad no mihacaan saan, pahapinang to i matelangay fokelah a to’ek a tamdaw i Taywan ira to o lamal saka ’orip. Kinapinapina a pikingkiw, kasadak no Pasientong a lalosidan dengan oya fokeloh, ’okak saka dademak, ’a’adopen ’okak, ’atang. Kaoratan no mikingkiway to caay pakatama to katato’edi’edip no ponka ato horac, orasaka onini masalalinikay a “Pasientong a tamdaw” o naicowaay a tayni? Tangasa anini caay ho piketon ko mikingkiway. Itiya ni Song Wenxun hakasi a nipasadakan nikingkiwan, no Pasientong katelangay fokeloh to’ek a tamdaw, o nai kaso’edaan a to’ek nai Talo (Congko) mafolaway tayni; ikor itira i Penho manengnengen koya kalafanohay eco a horac, o nian sa ko katatongod pakayraan a pikingkiw. Nika, i 1964 mihecaan tayniay i Posong patenakay nano Switzerland ci Akeli sinpu, o nano mikingkiway to tamdawan hakasi cingra, tadamaan ko pikihatiya to pikingkiw, itiya i 1971 miheca pasadak to “Pasientong tamdawan” caayay ko nai Talo (Congko)ay, o kakiharan no kasatimol (Tongnanya) saan. I 1971 miheca, ci Akeli sinpu pasadak kakiharan to Pasientong nalacolan ato notimolan a kalokanatal finacadan sanay, ni Song Wenxun hakasi a nikingkiwan o nai Congkoay a ponka sanay caay ka lalecad, nanoya marketer ko KMT sifo, marofo aca. ’ayaw miheca 8 folad 30 romi’ad a pasinponan, saki Pasientong a Kakacawan ponka, ni Song Wenxun hakasi o nai Huapiay ko tatapangan a tayni i Taywan sanay. I’ayaw itiraay i Cenkongcen Kiyaling masadakay o nai kasatimolay (Tongnanya) ato Tapinyang ponka a fokeloh a tipid, makari’ang aca. Ikor o pipadang to no kakeridan no Posong ci Huang Cinfong ci Akeli sinpuan, saka manga’ay padoedo maro’ itini Taywan, nika oya nikingkiwan ningra a lalosidan maalaay, ikor no 1992 mihecaan patiko ningra tayni Taywan nai Switzerland o caay to kasomowal to pikingkiwan. 2005 miheca 11 folad 10 romi’ad, nitilidan ni Akeli (Hans Egli), “Pirarakat i Fotod”, Paiwan finacadan a citing[8]. I 2013 miheca 12 folad 13 romi’ad, mapatay i Zurich ci Akeli[1][3]. === Pinengnengan (參考) === 1.通功代禱 (PDF). 《天主教周報》. 2013-12-29 [2020-12-23]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2021-04-23） （中文（臺灣））. 2.王蜀桂. 台灣南島語系的最後知音--外籍神父. 《聯合報》. 1995-09-30~10-02 （中文（臺灣））. 3.盧太城. 台編排灣族字典 艾格理神父病逝. 《中央日報》. 2013-12-23 （中文（臺灣））. 4.掘出大石盤 埋沒三千年 考古學家珍如拱璧 怕出問題就出問題. 《聯合報》. 1967-10-24 （中文（臺灣））. 5.艾格理繳出古物 將予五萬元補償. 《聯合報》. 1969-03-16 （中文（臺灣））. 6.神父愛考古 這是誰家土 艾格理掘出些古物 黃鏡峰請還我政府. 《聯合報》. 1969-02-01 （中文（臺灣））. 7.盧太城. 神秘踏浪人 八仙洞祖先來自何方. 《中央日報》. 2016-08-27 （中文（臺灣））. 8.林崑成. 見證台東變遷 老神父獻史料. 《中國時報》. 2005-11-11 （中文（臺灣））. === Papotalay calay (外部連結) === * https://memory.culture.tw/Home/Detail?Id=479478&IndexCode=Culture_People * https://blog.boxun.com/hero/201006/yanminruwenji/3_1.shtml k5w7l9mqi1pesqtit4ufmllvjt5bqv9 0 2791 45161 2024-11-22T11:11:48Z Ulmenholz 2710 建立內容為「Volodymyr Zelensky [[Faylo:Владимир Зеленский (53700301709).jpg|thumb|Portrait of Volodymyr Zelensky|alt=Portrait of Volodymyr Zelensky.jpg]] I 1978 a miheca saka 12 folad saka 25 a romi’ad masofoc ci Volodymyr Zelensky, malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit no [[Ukraine]] anini i ci Volodymyr Zelensky, patirengan a romi’ad i 2019 a miheca saka 20 folad saka 7 a romi’ad. [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]]」的新頁面 45161 wikitext text/x-wiki Volodymyr Zelensky [[Faylo:Владимир Зеленский (53700301709).jpg|thumb|Portrait of Volodymyr Zelensky|alt=Portrait of Volodymyr Zelensky.jpg]] I 1978 a miheca saka 12 folad saka 25 a romi’ad masofoc ci Volodymyr Zelensky, malamikomoday a tamdaw. O Sawara’an no kitakit no [[Ukraine]] anini i ci Volodymyr Zelensky, patirengan a romi’ad i 2019 a miheca saka 20 folad saka 7 a romi’ad. [[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]] qupnn12ptrvp8lt5v6cg2q3pvbghkoy 0 2792 45194 45193 2024-11-25T08:57:47Z Safulo 35 /* Nano tiyaan caay to pisakomot to pakoyoc kiyaan a niyaro’ (從那時候部落就不再欺負貧窮的人) */ 45194 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ci Osap<ref>臺北帝國大學言語學研究室調查。《原語による臺灣高砂族伝説集》。台北。昭和十年(1935)。527-532p. ci Safulo ko mifalicay toninian a ratoh.</ref> == === Mapohaway fayi ato wawa no wawa (盲婦與孫女兩人) === Inian saan ci Osap hananay no to’as i Tafalong a niyaro’ ,o madaponohay mapohaway heca, tatosaay canira a malefayi ato wawa no wawa ningra, saciparod saan i,o sailohay nangra ko saka’orip, itiya sato tatodong to no piilohan no mihecaan, lomaoc to ko kapah no ninian a niyaro’, sowal sato koya kapah no niyaro’, ”o ''ailohen nomita kiraan a sailoh niraan a mato’asay''” sato ko kasasowal no kapah,itira to a sowal han to no kapah koya a mato’asay to nikasasowalan no kapah a sapiilohaw to sailoh niya mato'asay. ”''caay ha kapah, aka paci’eci kamo a midemak toraan, tapal han imatini’i masa ko pitapal namo to parod niyam imatini, a omaan ko iraay kiyaan a isailohay a ’a’adopan, ano iraay ko ’a’adopen a matini ko parod niyam a awaawa ko maamaan'' ” han to noya a mato’asay. ca ka yoyang(sodod) koya a kapah sowal sato:”''caay ina''” sato a misatiyotiyol(misliyaliyaw) caay to ka domoc(filo) ko sowal noya a kapah, oyaan sato a mato’asay i,”''ano matira aca i, mahaenhaen aca ha kapah''” sato koya a mato’asay. === Paci’eci ko kapah no niyaro' a miiloh to sailohan(部落年青人強廹到她的獵場狩獵) === Nikawrira ca ka yoyang(sodod) koya a kapah sowal sato:”''caay ina''” sato a misatiyotiyol(misliyaliyaw) caay to ka domoc(filo) ko sowal noya a kapah, oyaan sato a mato’asay i,”''ano matira aca i, mahaenhaen aca ha kapah''” sato koya a mato’asay. sato a kapah i, sowal sato: ”''hayi ha ina, a o tala to nomiso to tahaloma’ no niyam o kapah haw ”''. O lowad to noya a kapah a miiloh toyaan a sailoh noya mato’asay, sa citama’ saan kian a kapah i, macacamol to kararayan(malonem) ato ngafor ato fafoy ko pinaro niyaan a sailoh,mapaherek sato ko nipiiloh i, o pataloma’ to no kapah to tama’, patayra i cisailohay a mato’asay kiyaan a kapah to tangal i,”''taynien ina ko patelian to tangal niya tama’ niyam o kapah''” saca ko sowal. === Patayra ko kapah to matoni'ay tangal no tama'(年青人只送了一頭爛掉的山羌頭給盲婦) === Hemek sa to a patada koyaan a mato’asay to fasolan i potal, so’elinay mitepotepo sa kinian a kapah pateli to tangal no tama’ ,rarid sato ko talatepotepo a tengilan niyaan a mato’asay,mato matomesay to ko fasolan, oya fasolan niya a mato’asay. Toan<ref>toan 是minokay.</ref> to niaan a kapah, “''hatini to ha ina''” sato koya kapah. Naikoran sato niya a kapah i,” helamen<ref>helamen 是hinamen之意。</ref>(''hinamaen) to fa’ang'' <ref>叫喚孫子女的稱謂。''o pitahidang to wawa no wawa.''</ref> ''kinian a tangal, ano hacowaay to , haocong''<ref>haocong 是ka'adihay</ref>''(ka’adihay) hokini''” han to niya a mato’asay kiya a wawa, sowal sa kiya a wawa i,”''cecayay heca kini ina ko tangal no mancel''” han to no wawa. “''hamay''” <ref>hamay 是光復地區的用語，是mihamahamay出示, 給…看之意。</ref> ha to niyaan a mato’asay. So’elinay moni’(kona’i) sato kiyaan a tangal niyaan a mancel, hinam han i,na o iyaanay to a cecay kinian a tarastasay a tepoen i fasolan niya kapah. Oya sato a mato’asay i,mangic to ko faloco’ “''o maan ko haenen a misakumot''<ref>misakumot是misamangah 或misamsam 的意思。</ref>''(misamsam) ko pakoyoc imatini, ’ilohen to ko sa’iloh nomako nacima ko sanay”'' sato kiya mato’asay. === Mifetik to mato’asay ato kawas pakedalen ko niyaro' noya kapah (盲女祭神和祖先降旱災給年青人的部落) === Yan to misatekel to cingra mafetek(mifetik) to mato’asay niira ato kawas no, nasaan i, o rarid to no kedal a misatolo a folad ca ka cinanom <s>sato</s> koyaan a niyaro’. Tiyaan a nikakedal i, makerah to ko sa’owac ato tefong, mapatay to no kedal ko pinaloma miyaan a niyaro’. Oninian sato a mato’asay a nanom i, kalakiyo’kiyo’ to i pacikengan a masadak ko niira a nanom. Sowal sato kiyaan a niyaro’ “ ''o masaay ko nomiso ina a nanom,naw iro caay ka kerah, ami sato o niyaro’ imatini haw i, mapatay to kami no nananomen''” sato kiyaan a niyaro’. === Lomaoc kiyaan a niyaro’ i potal noya a mato’asay (部落的人在盲婦的庭院聚會) === Oyanan to i, lomaoc sato kiyaan a niyaro’ itira i potal noya a mato’asay, oyaan sato a malafayiay ato wawa no wawa pafidfiden<ref>pafidfid 是pataliyok 之意。</ref> (pataliyoken) to nangra to fokeloh mala’anengan niyaan a kapah i potal, so’elinay o lalikolikol to niyaan a kapah maro’ tiyaan a fakeloh. === Misalisin kiyaan mato'asay parisifo' to fali ato 'orad toya kapah (盲婦祭神日夜降風雨快淹死那些年青人) === Papero sato kiyaan a mato’asay i,''“ tengilen ha kapah ko sowal ako, sa cisowal sato i,kopikopi cacekos kacitiih to, hatini ha kapah, ano mangic aca kamo to nananomen”'' sato kiyaan a mato’asay, nasaan i,parisifo’ to ko fali ato ’orad, itiya yaan sato a kapah milaliw hen, nasaan caay to ka mowad ko para’ nangra a micipepat i fokeloh,tahira to cila to a dafak kiyaan a faliyos, itira to cangra i potal a miki’orad a tahira to cila. === Nano tiyaan caay to pisakomot to pakoyoc kiyaan a niyaro’ (從那時候部落就不再欺負貧窮的人) === Sowal sato kiyaan a mato’asay toyaan a wawa ningra, “ ''hinamen to fa’ang kiraan a kapah''” han to. sowal sato kiyaan a wawa i,”''caay to ka dademak, salangdaw salangdaw sato ko mata niyaan a kapah ina”''sato kiyaan a wawa. So’elinay, sadak sato kiyaan a mato’asay a mifetik i, o doa to no fali ato ’orad, kawih han to kiyaan a kapah i, mowad to a ma’emin. Sowal sato kiyaan a mato’asay i,” ''masa ko faloco’ namo a haenen ko pakoyoc, ano caay kamo pisakomot i, ko nacaay to ka matini kamo''” han to noya a mato’asay. Nano tiyaan to i,caay to pisakomot to pakoyoc kiyaan a niyaro’ saan ko sowal a tahanini matini. === Pacefaday a tilid 註釋 === 4y1h4p35zx2e8ssnyiqvpy9iqqnhhkn 0 2793 45186 45184 2024-11-25T08:13:12Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Mama intiw (涂恩綢) */ 45186 wikitext text/x-wiki == Mama Intiw (涂恩綢) == === O sarakatay no yincumin a mitooray ci mama intiw. (涂恩綢-首位原住民首位信徒) === O nga’ayay ’orip a o nipitoor ci mama Intiw, itini i 1918 miheca 12 folad 1 romi’ad pakayni ci Lien Teli (Rev.A.B.Nielson) a pipatirengan a malasicoci, itiya i 1921 miheca 1 folad 30 romi’ad itira ci Lin Yanchen foksian makapa patireng to ciwlo no Tokar (Cyamisan) kiwkay. Nanoya i 1919 miheca macakat macowat ko mitooray tamdaw no kiwkay, o mikihatiyaay i ’ayaway no lahok to lihay ira ko 175 ko tamdaw, herek no lahok a lihaty ira ko 155 ko tamdaw. To dadaya mikihatiyaay to sa’opo minanam to kiwiko ira ko 70 no tamdaw, o ’Amis ira ko 40 no tamdaw, o ci mama Intiw ko mifalicay to sowal. Nikawrira mafalic a mafiyol to ko to’ek no taliyok itiya, o mikadafoay i Tangafolan cingra, sa cingangan sa ono kowaping to ka nipipanganganan. No Dipong a to’ekan itiya, o nano Posko no Kalingko a kowan ko Tokar saka ono Payrang ko pipangangan saka’eca kalaemong. No ’Amis a pitoki to pangangan, o nano hilakana a tilid ko ngangan, itiya mipatireng to pipalalan to minato no kalingko, Suhua-lalan, Huatong cilamalay ato Huatong lalan itiya, saheto o i enaray a ’Amis Piyoma ko miemongay. 　　 Matira saka, milimek ci mama Intiw, matalaw kafana’an no ngangan, o kamatini ningra saka caay kanga’ay no tayal a mipatenak. Talacowa matiratira aca, o kacingangan ningra a matilid i kiwkay ko kacingangan i, ka itira pisintingan to ratoh i no ’Amisan ato pinanaman no mitooray ira cingra a matayal to mifalicay misa no ’Amis to sowal. Orasaka matiniay ko parana’an no pipaso’elin a mitooray, awaay i tilid no likisi a paheci, orasaka kaitira ningra i no ’Amis patenakay a todong, caay ka patodong　to nitayalan ningra a mikerid to paso’elinay a heci ato wacay i ’ayaw, dengan to o sa’ayaway mitooray paso’elin ato sa’ayaway ciwlo no masa’Amuisay ko pihayda.　 Nika o wawa ato teloc ningra a wawawa masasiisil itira i Tokar (Cyamisan) kiwkay (Payrang) ato Takoliaw kiwkay (’Amis) ko pikihatiya a milihay, midoedo to mitooray mirocok to nipaso’elinan a ’orip. === Pinengnengan tilid. (參考文獻) === 1.黃茂卿，1991，《迪階觀音山教會早期五十年》。花蓮：觀音山教會。 2.臺灣基督長老教會原住民宣道委員會，1998，《臺灣基督長老教會原住民宣教史》。臺北：永望。 ez6elbkelmt87ijuias1wmyauaegfh0 0 2794 45231 45230 2024-11-28T05:12:11Z Masaonikar 570 /* Pinayaran minengneng (延伸閱讀) */ 45231 wikitext text/x-wiki == Notimolan kanatal finacadan a sowal i Taywan (臺灣南島語族) == Notimolan kanatal finacadan a sowal i Taywan, masowal o Formosa a sowal (Inkiris: Formosan languages), o adihayay kasasiiked a pipolong a sowal i notimolan kanatal sowal no finacadan i Taywan, polong no tamdaw salongan ira ko 20 ’ofad[2], milesap i sa’etal no yincuminco i Taywan, o kalosowal o sowal no kitakit i Taywan, o sowal no Tao ko polongan a sowal no Taywan yincuminco, manga’ay siikeden ko ka’amisay notimolan kanatal sowal no finacadan i Taywan, Cou, Ngudradrekai, Payuan, Pinuyumayan, Bunun ato pasawaliay no Taywan a notimolan kanatal sowal no finacadan a sowal, o kasasiroma no pisa’osi, salongan ira ko 20 tanfasa 30 ko sowal[3]. O notimolan kanatal sowal no finacadan saheto o awaayay ko tilid i ’ayaw, anini ira to ko nano tilid no Roma ko patodongan a tilid, o saka sasowal tono ina a sowal salongan ira ko 18 ’ofad a tamdaw[padetek 1] Roma sato, o maro’ay itini i Lanyu a Tao finacadan, talacowa milecad to i Taywanay yincumin a finacadan, citodong to sowal no itiniay Taywan finacadan a sowal no Tao a sowal, nika o nisowalan no Tao masiiked itiniay i Polynesia finacadan a badan finacadan, caayay ko no notimolan kanatal sowal no finacadan i Taywan, kona caay patodongen itini a kamok. Sacisowal sa ko no Dipong o Takasago finacadan sowal saan. Notimolan kanatal finacadan a sowal i Taywan polong no nano sowal i nitimolan ira ko nika tadamaan, itiyaay notimolan kanatal a sowal malesap i kasa’etal a pinanowan, pinalengaw, manengneng i kasasireoma no sekal ato kafafalic no romi’ad, onini pahapinang to notimolan kanatal sowal i Taywan o matelangan cira. Pakayni i sowal a pikingkiw mapasadak ko parana’an, ngalef adihayay a sowal mikingkiway paso’elin o “laloma’an no to’as” no timolan finacadan ko Taywan. Taywan yincuminco wuyinhuy a pipa’ayaw to Taywan yincuminco ato notimolan kanatal sowal finacadan a kakiharan pahapinang “Taywan yincuminco o nano notimolan kanatal sowal a finacadan… o notimolan kanatal sowal a finacadan o sadadahalay itini i hekal a finacadan; masiiked i kasa’etal i ka’etip o kawali katimol no Africa a Madagascar kanatal, milakec to Intoyang tangasa i Easter (piliyawan ma’orip) kanatal; ka’amis o Taywan, talatimol o New Zealand, o Taywan o saka’amisay a notimolan sowal finacadan a masiiked”. [4] === Lalengawan (起源) === O yincumin no Taywan ato Filipin, Intonisiya kasakanatal a yincumin saheto o nano notimolan sowal a finacadan a kakiharan. Onini nai ’ayawan to’ek likisi no Taywan mafolaway a sowal o nika lalen a malecad no kasa’etal. No ka;ayaway a nisowalan, halo sowal no Micronesia, pasatomol, tenokan no katimol kanatal, kaetipay Siciniya (West New Guinea) a kitakit[6]. Taywan satakaraway kingkiwyin (1996) paratoh: “Notimolan kanatal sowal (Austronesian) roma sowal o Malay-Polynesian sowal (Malay-Polynesian), polong no hekal itiniay i kanatal a masafelaway a sowal finacadan”. Satakaraway kingkiwyin Tangafolan ponka tilid calay pasowal to, “Ma’oripay i Taywan a yincuminco, oya Tangafolan ato Kozanzoku, o saka sasowal nangra, manga’ayay saka sasowal makakihar, matiya o itiraay i Taypinyang, Intoyang a kasakanatalay adihayay a sowal a sangasaw, matiya o nisowalan no mikingkiway a sowal ‘notimolan kanatay a sowal’ (Austronesian) ato (Austronesian)” [7]. === Kasasiiked a sangasaw (分類系譜) === ==== O niyaro’ no notimolan kanatal finacadan a sowal ko Taywan (臺灣被視為南島語系的原鄉) ==== So’elin to, sa’aloman sato ko katadamaan no hakasi patalahekal notimolan kanatal a sowal I Taaywan. Mikingkiwan no hakasi a sowal no notimolan kanatal o tato’asan kamaro’an ko Taywan, ngalef o lalengawan no to’asay notimolan kanatal a finacadan ko Taywan saan (nengneng Blust 1985；Bellwood 1991). Taer (Dahl 1976) paratatenga notimolan kanatay sowal i Taywan mana’ang ko adihayay tadamaanay notimolan kanatal a sowal, o cecay no polong notimolan kanatal finacadan a sowal. Tonini a parana’an, Payles (Blus 1982) pa’ayaw palasepat to ca’ang to notimolan kanatal finacadan a sowal: Tayal finacadan, Cou finacadan, Payuan finacadan, ato Malay – Polynesian finacadan. Ikoray to pikingkiw no Payles (Blus 1999) midotoc to ngiha, o nano Payuan finacadan a cecay ca’ang pasiikedan to, oya notimolan kanatal finacadan pala mo’etep piiked: Tayal finacadan, kaetip ka’amis finacadan, kaetip dafdaf finacadan, Cou finacadan, Ngudradrekai finacadan, Payuan finacadan, Pinuyumayan finacadan, Bunun finacadan, kawaliay no Taywan notimolan kanatal finawlan, ato Malay – Polynesian finacadan[8]. Mo’etepay notimolan kanatal finacadan a siwaay saheto itiniay i Taywan, roma itiraay i kasa kanatal no Taypinyang to awiday no 1000 a notimolan kanatal finacadan malecaday sowal a finacadan, mahapinang itiniay i notimolan kanatal a finawlan a likisi i, o Taywan iraay i notimolan kanatal a finacadan a maro’ay, sa’ayaway kahiceraan a sa’etal. ==== Sowal matisil (語言列表) ==== I 2009 miheca, midotoc to paini no Linhoko kiwiko ponka sakapot, o Basai sowal, Ketagalan sowal, Maowushu sowal a 7 finacadan o awaayay to; roma, Kavalan sowal, Thao sowal a 7 finacadan o mamalasawad to, o Saiyan finacadan sowal o tadancaay to, o Atayal sowal, Pinuyumayan sowal, Bunun sowal a 9 finacadan a sowal malotayay to[9][10]. ==== Ono kitakit nisetekan sowal no yincuminco (官方認定之原住民族語言) ==== {| class="wikitable" |'''Ngangan no finacadan''' |'''Kowaping''' |'''Finacadan iso pinang''' |'''Sowal''' |- |Saysiyat |賽夏 |xsy |Tai sowal, Tonghe sowal |- |Thau |邵 |ssf |Ka’amis hefong, Tapinlin |- |Kbalan |噶瑪蘭 |ckv | |- |Amis/Pangcah |阿美 |ami |Cikasoan, Tarawadaw, Pasawali, Falangaw, Palidaw |- |Sakizaya |撒奇萊雅 |szy | |- |Puyuma |卑南 |pyu |Puyuma, Katratripul, Pinaski, Kasavakan |- |Bunun |布農 |bnn |Takitudu, Takibakha, Takivatan, Takbanuaz, Isbukun |- |Paiwan |排灣 |pwn |Ravar(Vuculj), Paumaumaq(Pavuavua), Tjuakuvukuvulj(Sapediq, Paljiljaljiljav), Seqalu (Paqaluqalu) |- |Cou |鄒 |tsu |Tfuya, Tapangu, Luhtu, Imucu, Kanakanavu |- |Kanakanavu |卡那卡那富 |xnb | |- |Hlaʼalua |拉阿魯哇 |sxr | |- |Drekai |魯凱 |dru |Terdreka, Kongadavange, Oponoho, Vedai, Labwane, Tarumake |- |Tayal |泰雅 |tay |Sekoleq, Malepa, Tseole, Malikoan、Mapanox, Mabaala |- |Truku |太魯閣 | rowspan="2" |trv | rowspan="2" |Truku, Toda, Tgdaya |- |Seediq |賽德克 |} ==== Caayayho kapangangan a sowal no yincuminco (未正名之原住民族語言) ==== {| class="wikitable" |'''Ngangan no finacadan''' |'''Kowaping''' |'''Finacadan iso pinang''' |'''Sowal''' |- |Basay |巴賽 |byq |Trobiawan, Linaw |- |Ketagalan |凱達格蘭 |kae |Luilang |- |Papora |巴布拉 | rowspan="2" |ppu | |- |Hoanya |洪雅 |Arikun, Lloa |- |Taokas |道卡斯 | rowspan="2" |bzg | |- |Babuza |巴布薩 |Babuza, Favorlang |- |Kulon |龜崙 |uon | |- |Pazeh |巴宰 | rowspan="2" |pzh | rowspan="2" | |- |Kaxabu |噶哈巫 |- |Taivoan |大武壠 |tvx | |- |Siraya |西拉雅 | rowspan="2" |fox | rowspan="2" | |- |Makatao |馬卡道 |} === Salongan (特徵) === Notimolan kanatal a sowal no Taywan mana’ang i to’asan no notimolan kanatal finacadan a ponka ko tadamaan. Salalan no sakingiha i, saadihayay sowal limaay ko wina no ngiha, sadama ngiha masapinangay, caay ka sasifod; ira ko karatengay kahemaway, nika awaay ko no kowaping a ngiha. Masongila’ ko silsil no sowal, o cecay no sasowal ato adihayay a sowal masakapot, adihay ko kasangiha[16]. Itini i sasowalan, notimolay kanatal a sowal satadamaanay a salongan misarocoday, o nianan koya materekay a nga’ayay no notimolan kanatal a sowal, o nian koya notimolan kanatal finacadan a sowal i Taywan. Oya salongan misarocoday, o pi’eses to kasasowal ato kasalikel a mahapinang ko sapasowal no patodongan[17]. === Sasowalan (詞彙) === O kalosowal ato notimolan kanatal finacadan a sowal itini i laeno, ato mingataay to notimolan kanatal finacadan a sowal a Badan finacadan a Tao sowal ato Ibadan sowal a sasowalan kasasitiri’, oyanan a notimolan kanatal finacadan a sowal mateli sa’ayaway, o nian ko kasasotiri’an[18]. {| class="wikitable" | colspan="2" |Sasowalan |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 |tamdaw |mata |waco |Romi’ad |Fa’elohay |kita |maan |lamal |- | colspan="2" |notimolan kanatal finacadan a sowal |*əsa <nowiki>*</nowiki>isa |*duSa |*təlu |*Səpat |*lima |*Cau |*maCa |*(w)asu |*qaləjaw |*baqəRu |*i-kita |*n-anu |*Sapuy |- |’Amis |Pasawali ’Amis |cecay |tosa |tolo |sepat |lima |tamdaw/ pangcah |mata |waco |romi'ad |falohay |kita |o maan |namal |- |Tayal |Sekoleq |qutux |sazing |cyugal |payat |magal |'tayal |roziq |huzil |ryax |giqas |ita' |nanu' |puniq |- |Paiwan |Ravar(Vuculj) |ita |drusa |tjelu |sepatj |lima |cawcau/ kacalisian |maca |vatu |'adav |va'uan |ti tjen/ ti mitja |anema/ kemuda |sapuy |- |Bunun |Takitudu |tasa |dusa |tau |pat |ima |bunun |mata |asu |hanian |bahlu |kata/ mita |maz/ mikuabin tu |sapuz |- | rowspan="4" |Puyuma |Puyuma |sa |druwa |telu |pat |lima |trau |matra |suwan |wari |bekal/ bekalan |ta/ tayta |amanay |apuy |- |Kasavakan |isa |zuwa |telu |pat |lima |trau |matra |suwan |wari |vekalan |ta/ inta |eman |apuy |- |Katratripul, |isa |zuwa |tulu |pat |lima |trau |matra |suwan |wari |vekal |ta/ inta |eman |apuy |- |Pinaski |isa |zuwa |telu |pat |lima |cau |maca |suwan |wari |vekal |ta/ inta |eman |apuy |- | rowspan="6" |Drekai |Terdreka |eea |drosa |tolo |so'ate |lima |lraomase |maca |taw'ong |vaiyana |bawa |kota konai |manema tomatoma |a'oy |- |Labwane |ea |drusa |tulru |supate |lrima |umase |maca |taupungu |vai |bauwa |kuta |manema/ aituma |apui |- |Kongadavange |itha |drusa |tulru |supate |lrima |umawmase |maca |taupungu |vai |bavane |kuta |manemane |apwi |- |Oponoho |drɨga |drusa |tulru |pate |rima |cquliq |maca |atho |viene |bovva |mitia |nanu/ hmcwa |apuru |- |Vedai |nega |drosa |too |pate |yima |coaw |maca |atho |va'iyane |baowane |kita |manini |apoi |- |Tarumake |neka |nosa |tulru |pate |lrima |ocao |lringao |ta'olro |menanae |vao'ae |imite |lalu/ mhcwa |apoi |- | colspan="2" |Cou |coni |yuso |tuyu |sʉptʉ |eimo |cou |mcoo |av'u |hie |faeva |a'to |cuma. |puzu |- | colspan="2" |Saysiyat |'aehae' |roSa' |to:o' |Sopat |haseb/ <nowiki>:</nowiki>aseb |mae'iyaeh |masa' |'aehoe' |hahila: |SaSo' |'ita' |kano' |hapoy |- | colspan="2" |Gahau |adang/ida |dusa |turu/tu'u |sepat |xasep |saw |dauik/daurik |wazu |daali |xias |ita |asay/axay |hapuy |- | colspan="2" |Thau |tata |tusha |turu |shpaat |tarima |thau |matha |atu |qali |faqlhu |ita |numa |apuy |- | colspan="2" |Babusa |nata |naroa |naxup |napat |nahup |babosa/cho |magcha |mato |zysya |bao |torro |numma |chaû |- | colspan="2" |Truku |kingal/ uwin |dha |tru |spat |rima |seejiq |dowriq |huling |jiyax |bgurah |ita |manu |tahut |- | rowspan="3" |Seediq |Truku |kingal |dha |tru |spac |rima |seejiq |dowriq |huling |jiyax |bgurah |ita |manu |puniq/ tahut |- |Toda |kingal |dha |tru |spac |rima |seejiq/ seediq |dawriq/ dowriq |huling |jiyax/ diyax |burah |ita |manu |tmahu/ mtahu |- |Tgdaya |kingal |daha |teru |sepac |rima |seediq |doriq |huling |ali |bgurah |ita |maanu |puniq |- | colspan="2" |Sakizaya |cacay |tusa |tulu |sepat |lima |tademaw/ Sakizaya |mata |wacu |demiad |baluhay |kita |canan/ mihica |lamal |- | colspan="2" |Kavalan |ussiq |uzusa |utulu |usepat |ulima |lazat |mata |wasu |deddan |tasu ay |aita |niana |Ramaz |- | colspan="2" |Hlaʼalua |ucani |usua |utulu |upatʉ |ulima |cucu'u |vulaihli |tasau |aari |varu'u |ihlahlamu |misaini |apuhlu |- | colspan="2" |Kanakanavu |ucani |urucin |uturu |usʉʉpatʉ |urima |cau |vo'in |tacau |taniara |vo'oorua |iikita |neni |'apuru |- | colspan="2" |Taivoan |caha |ruha |toho |paha |hima |pinalang |mata |cau |maki |vahu |kita |mang |apui |- | rowspan="2" |Badan finacadan |Tao |asa |doa |atlo |apat |lima |tao |mata |ino |araraw |vayo |ta |ikong |apoy |- |Badan |asa |dadowa |tatdo |apat |lima |tao |mata |chito |araw |va-yo |yaten |ango |apoy |} === Paheciay ('''註釋)''' === # '''^''' 根據Ethnologue: Languages of the World (2022)的資料。精確的數目是181,200人。未列入使用不屬於臺灣南島語的達悟語的3,800人。 === Pawa’ayan ('''腳註)''' === # '''^''' Blust, R. (1999). "Subgrouping, circularity and extinction: some issues in Austronesian comparative linguistics" in E. Zeitoun & P.J.K Li (Ed.) Selected papers from the Eighth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics (pp. 31-94). Taipei: Academia Sinica. # '''^''' 109 年人口及住宅普查初步統計結果提要分析 (PDF). [2022-06-22]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2021-12-02）. # '''^''' 李壬癸. The internal relationships of Formosan languages (台灣南島語的內部關係). 2006 [2019-07-17]. （原始內容存檔於2020-05-06）. # '''^''' 中華民國原住民族委員會. 台灣原住民族與世界南島語系民族的關係 - 南島語族 - 平埔族及南島語族簡介 - 族群與文化. [2011-08-05]. （原始內容存檔於2011-07-01）. # '''^''' 原住民族語言發展法三讀通過，原住民族語言為國家語言. 中華民國原住民族委員會. [2017-08-03]. （原始內容存檔於2017-08-01）. # '''^''' 平埔文化專題. 中央研究院民族所數位典藏. （原始內容存檔於2014-08-19）. # '''^''' 史前時代南島語系民族的大遷移. [2009-01-24]. （原始內容存檔於2009-01-14）. # '''^''' Robert Blust. 1999. Subgrouping, Circularity and Extinction: Some issues in Austronesian comparative linguistics. In Elizabeth Zeitoun and Paul Jen-kuei Li (eds.), Selected papers from the Eighth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics, 1-54. Taipei, Taiwan: Academia Sinica. # '''^''' ＜聯合國組織報告＞台灣7種語言 已滅絕. 自由時報. 2009-02-21 [2024-03-02]. （原始內容存檔於2024-03-02）. # '''^''' 杜正勝. 部長序. [2019-04-09]. （原始內容存檔於2016-09-22） '''（中文（臺灣））'''. # '''^''' 因iso仍未將太魯閣語及賽德克語分別開來，故兩族共用同一語言代碼。 # '''^''' 因iso仍未將道卡斯語及巴布薩語分別開來，故兩族共用同一語言代碼。 # '''^''' 因iso仍未將道卡斯語及巴布薩語分別開來，故兩族共用同一語言代碼。 # '''^''' 因iso仍未將巴宰語及噶哈巫語分別開來，故兩族共用同一語言代碼。 # '''^''' 因iso仍未將西拉雅語及馬卡道語分別開來，故兩族共用同一語言代碼。 # '''^''' 國立自然科學博物館，2001 # '''^''' 何大安、楊秀芳，2000 # '''^''' 原住民族語言研究發展中心. 族語千詞表. [2020-08-30]. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-29）. === '''Pinengnengan tilid (參考文獻)''' === * Bellwood, Peter. 1991. The Austronesian Dispersal and the Origins of Languages. ''Scientific American'' July: 88-93. * Blust, Robert. 1982. The Linguistic Value of the Wallace Line. ''Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica'' 138: 231-50. * Blust, Robert. 1985. The Austronesian Homeland: A Linguistic Perspective. ''Asian Perspective'' 26, no. 1: 45-67. * Dahl, Otto Christian. 1976. Proto-Austronesian. Stockholm: Scandinavian Institute of Asian Studies, Monograph Series 15. * Dyen, Isidore. 1963. The Position of the Malayo-Polynesian Languages of Formosa. ''Asian Perspectives'' 7, no. 1-2: 261-71. * Ethnologue: Languages of the World. 2004. Language Family Trees: Austronesian [online]. Dallas, Tex.: Ethnologue: Languages of the World, [cited 28 October 2004]. Available from World Wide Web: [1] （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. * Ethnologue: Languages of the World. 2005a. Languages of Taiwan [online]. Dallas, Tex.: Ethnologue: Languages of the World, [cited 19 January 2005]. Available from World Wide Web: [2]. * Ethnologue: Languages of the World. 2005b. Language Family Trees: Austronesian, Formosan [online]. Dallas, Tex.: Ethnologue: Languages of the World, [cited 19 January 2005]. Available from World Wide Web: [3] （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. * 國立自然科學博物館，2001，人口與分布，見南島語族 [online]。臺中：國立自然科學博物館。[引用於2005年1月19日]。全球資訊網網址：[4]。 * Haudricourt, Andr G. 1965. Problems of Austronesian Comparative Philology. ''Lingua'' 14 : 315-29. * 何大安、楊秀芳，2000，南島語與臺灣南島語。收於：吳靜蘭，2000，阿美語參考語法。臺北：遠流。 * Tsuchida, Shigeru. 1976. Reconstruction of Proto-Tsouic Phonology. Ph.D. diss., Yale University . 中央研究院語言學研究所，nd，臺灣南島語數位典藏 [online]。臺北：中央研究院語言學研究所。[引用於2005年1月19日]。全球資訊網網址：[5]。 === Pinayaran minengneng ('''延伸閱讀)''' === * 安倍明義，1930，蕃語研究。臺北：蕃語研究會。 * Blundell, David. eds. 2000. ''Austronesian Taiwan: Linguistics, History, Ethnology, and Prehistory''. Berkeley, Calif.: Phoebe Hearst A. Museum of Anthropology. * 陳康，1992，臺灣高山族語言。北京：中央民族學院出版社。 * 漢語與南島語言談分析學術研討會，1997，漢語與南島語言談分析學術研討會會前論文集。臺北：國立臺灣大學語言學研究所。 * 李壬癸，1992a，臺灣南島語言的語音符號系統。臺北：教育部教育研究委員會。 * 李壬癸，1992b，臺灣南島語言的內部與對外關係。臺東市：國立臺灣史前文化博物館籌備處。 * 李壬癸 編審，1993，臺灣南島語言研究論文日文中譯彙編，黃秀敏 譯。臺東市：國立臺灣史前文化博物館籌備處。 * 李壬癸，2004，臺灣南島語言論文選集。臺北：中央研究院語言學研究所。 * Li, Jen-kuei, Cheng-hwa Tsang Tsang, Ying-kuei Huang, Dah-an Ho, and Chiu-yu Tseng. eds. 1995. ''Austronesian Studies Relating to Taiwan''. Taipei: Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica. * 土田滋、山田幸宏、森口恆一，1991，臺灣‧平埔族の言語資料の整理と分析，1989-1990年度科學研究成果報告書。東京：東京大學言語學系。 === Papotalay calay (外部連結) === mauupqcrmphhkypxff0tby6dsmxjfzz 0 2795 45257 45256 2024-11-29T06:06:58Z Masaonikar 570 /* Pahecian (註釋) */ 45257 wikitext text/x-wiki == Malataw (馬拉道) == Malataw (’Amis: Malatao/Malataw/Maladau/Maratoo[3]:281; Kafalan: Maladaw/Matalel; Sakizaya: Maladaw; Dipong: マラタウ), o kawas no ’Amis, o nga’ayay pitooran, tada kawas no kakarayan. === Onol (職責) === O masowalay paratatengaan o kawas no kalalood ato kawas no pi’adop ci Malataw, o kapah itini i kalalifetan, pi’adopan, ano eca pakalitemoh ko fa’inayan to katalawan nira i, miceli’ to ngangan nira to pidipot parihaday to tireng[4]. I ’ayaw no kalalifetan a malalood o masinanotay ko faloco’ mita’ong, mingitangit to kawas pa’icel sakapilowid a minokay, caay ko nian aca, ano caay ko nipatangican, tatiih a mitahidang to ngangan ni Malataw. Itini roma a niyaro’, mapacakat ci Malataw a pala-cidal a kawas (tinako Kaliyawan no Kalingko) [5][d]. === Talawadaw a ’Amis/Pangcah (秀姑巒阿美群) === O mama a tireng ci Malataw[6]:22, o mama ko todong no folad, saka manga’ay nira mikowan ko no folad a malengaway, sera, kinaira, o’ol kadit a onol[6] ato nipaloma’an to demak no ’orip, laloma’an ato tekedan[8]:163 a Malataw, tana pakoloma’ ahan ko cecay niyaro’ i,o mikacaway to “niyaro’” cingra (no ’Atolan a sowal) [9], aci Dongi a mararamod, ciwawa ci cidal aci Foladan[10]. No Kiwit a nisowalan a Malataw o cecay no ngasaw a kawas no sowal, maro’ i kakarayan[8]:25 No Kiwid a cipas no ka’etipay mi’adopay a kawas[8]:84 === Pasawali a ’Amis (海岸阿美群) === O polong no cidal, folad, fo’is ci Malataw[8]:223. === Cikasoan a ’Amis (南勢阿美群) === O kawakawas no sakalalood ci Malataw[11]:27 === Falangaw ’Amis (馬蘭阿美群) === === Palidaw ’Amis (恆春阿美群) === Malataw o satakaraway a tadamaanay kawas, o lalengawan no kawakawas, mikowanay no serayan, mikowanay to kaloiraay a kawas; aci misanga’ay to kalomaamaan a Dongi mapolong mikowan to serayan kadademak ato caayay pitolas a ’orip[12][13], orasaka o polong no ’edaw ira ko pita’ong i ciiraan, tona ira to ko Kristokiw a tayni itiya, ci Malataw aci Dongi mapalecad to Kawas i kakarayan ato Ina Miliya[14]. === Sasowalan (詞意) === “Malataw” no to’as a sowal no ’Amis, naicowaay caay to ko kafana’en, nika paratatengan o i takaraway kawas, so’elinay kawas, tadakawas sanay ko kakiharan. Roma a niyaro’, Malataw o “I kakarayanay a Kawas” saan ko pitahidang[15]. === Cengel (顏色) === O lodis no ’Amis enemay ko cengel a kohecalay, salongan maomahay kawas ci Malataw[16]. === Roma (其他) === I pasaetip ko aro’ ni Malataw, nawhani tadamaan ko paenararan, o sarakatay ni ta’ongan a kawas itira i kailisinan[15], citodongay i kakero’an a nipacakatan[17]. Itini hikoki no sofitay i Kalingko, F-16 tatirengan no hikoki o cidal a palakawasan ni Malataw a losid[5]. === Pinengnengan a tilid. (參考文獻) === 1.杜而未. 《老子的月神宗教》. 臺灣學生書局. 1978-01-01 [2022-11-02]. <nowiki>ISBN 9786661504101</nowiki>. （原始內容存檔於2022-11-02）. 2.Da lu za zhi she，《大陸雜誌語文叢書》第5卷，大陸雜誌社，1963 3.費德廉、羅效德 編譯. 《看見十九世紀臺灣-十四位西方旅行者的福爾摩沙故事》. 國立臺灣歷史博物館籌備處. 2006-12 [2021-11-25]. <nowiki>ISBN 9789868241664</nowiki>. （原始內容存檔於2022-01-04）. 4.林素珍; 黃宣衛. 阿美族的宗教信仰變遷 (PDF). 《原住民族文獻》. 2016, (26): 5. 5.花蓮縣嘉里國民小學噗通阿美團隊. [2018-06-16]. （原始內容存檔於2011-05-19）. 6.李麗君. 應用原住民圖騰於繪畫創作及文化創意產品之研究 (PDF). 國立臺東大學. 美術產業學系. [2016-06].[失效連結] 7.台灣原住民族文化知識網. [2018-06-16]. （原始內容存檔於2017-05-11）. 8.中央研究院民族學研究所. 《蕃族調查報告書第二冊：阿美族奇密社、太巴塱社、馬太鞍社、海岸蕃》. 中央研究院民族學研究所. 2009-06 [2022-04-18]. <nowiki>ISBN 9789860183054</nowiki>. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-07）. 9.台灣原住民數位博物館. 10.Malataw. wordpress.com. 11.中央研究院民族學研究所. 《蕃族調查報告書第一冊：阿美族南勢蕃、阿美族馬蘭社、南族卑南社》. 中央研究院民族學研究所. 2007-06 [2022-04-18]. <nowiki>ISBN 9789860094756</nowiki>. （原始內容存檔於2021-06-02）. 12.吳明義. 第三屆新台灣史研習營台灣原住民的祭儀文化 (PDF). [2018-06-16]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2018-06-20）. 13.古野清人. 《臺灣原住民的祭儀生活》. 常民文化出版社. 2000-05-10 [2022-04-18]. <nowiki>ISBN 9789578491601</nowiki>. （原始內容存檔於2022-04-18）. 14.陳文德,〈膽曼阿美族的宗教變遷：以接受天主教為例〉,《中央研究院民族學研究所集刊》,1999 15.鄭秋英,太巴塱部落宗教信仰變遷研究,國立聯合大學,2019-11-19 16.原住民族語高級教材─文化篇（上） 17.2017【祭戰神—Malataw】花蓮高工原住民舞蹈隊. [2018-07-04]. === Pahecian (註釋) === 1.臺灣阿美族神話,以Maladau（月）神有許多兵（星）[1]:76。 2.杜而未認為馬拉道（Maladau）就是月神普拉斯（Bolad）[2]。 3.在一些版本中，吉薩兒為馬拉道之母。 4.馬拉道在阿美族的社會中為戰神與獵神的象徵，並且隨著信仰演變或其特殊身分而衍伸出包含至高神、主宰神、守護神、太陽神或是月神等職責。 icir01v746fg9so6xihkdt50mke5ckg 0 2796 45270 45269 2024-12-02T03:41:07Z Masaonikar 570 /* Misarao’ (阿美族的第二收穫祭祀) */ 45270 wikitext text/x-wiki == Misarao’ (阿美族的第二收穫祭祀) == Itiya ho ira ko piketon no mato’asay to kakawa no romi’ad, ira ko pakakaan ato pasafaan sanay to romi’ad no cecay mihecaan. O pakakaan a romi’ad sanay i, itini i saka tosa folad tangasa falo folad (2-8), pasafaan a romi’ad i, i saka siwa folad tangasa cecay folad (9-1) ko sa’osi no to’as. Orasaka, o paherekan no pakakaan a romi’ad i, midemak ko niyaro’ to tata’akay ilisin no mihecaan, onini ilisin i, oya todong pipafilongan to no ’Amis a finacadan, saka cidemak to kailisinan no mihecaan. O paherekan no pasafaan a romi’ad i, midemad ko niyaro’ to saka tosa a pilitodan a lisin, misarao’ han no mato’asay ko ian a lisin, nika ihakowaan ko paromi’adan a midemak, o finawlan sato ko miketonay to romi’ad a misarao’, masasowal ko kalitaan no niyaro’ ato mama no kapah misetek to romi’ad ko kacipinangan. Milicay to kakitaan no niyaro’ toya nga’ayay romi’ad ko pisarao’an romi’ad no niyaro’. Nanoya, mi’ang’ang to ko mama no kapah to finawlan no niyaro’ itiya a romi’ad, misarao’ ko finawlan sato. Mara’od sato ko romi’ad, misa’opo ko mama no kapah to finawlan i sefi, misilsil ko mama no kapah to kasaselal no kapah, masetik mifoting i riyar ato i ’alo, pacakat i pisarao’an to to’as. Maraod sato ko romi’ad to pisarao’an i, ocorom no mama no kapah ko kasaselal a kapah tayra i riyar ano eca tayra i alo’ a micelem mifoting itiya, o mama no kapah miocor to lakeling micorok to lomaloma’ milisiraw militoron, solsol han i ’oway ko siraw, pateli han i fakar ko toron, malo sakalahok no finawlan itira i sefi, todong paherekan no miheca to pasafaan pilitod misarao’ a lisin no niyaro’. Nikawrira, nawhani ono aniniay to ko ’orip a mafalic to, oya masarao’ sanay a lekakawa to saki niyaro’ a pifiyol mato malasawaday to. Itini i roma a niyaro’, tinako o niyaro’ no Falangaw i Posong, itira i tongce no mihecaan ko pisarao’an a romi’ad, todong “pitiko to mata’elifay romi’ad, misahalaka to anohakowaay” a dademaken. Ono to’asan lisin no ’Amis ko pisarao’an, nikawrira mafiyol to no Payrang ko yincumin saka, o ’alomanay ’Amis a tamdaw caayay to pidemak to misarao’ a lisin, latek dengan to o Falangaw a niyaro’ ko milekoay ho to pisarao’an a lekakawa no ’Amis. O tatodiong no pidemak to misarao’ a lisin o “pitiko to mata’elifay romi’ad, misahalaka to anohakowaay” sanay. Oya pitiko to mata’elifay, nawhani awaay ko pitelek to rikec no kasaniyaro’ no ’Amis, saka itini i tongce o kaloma’ocan a romi’ad, nai kailisinan tangasa i Tongce pasafaan (litosaan) a miheca o maanan ko fangafang no niyaro’ a maainiini massowal, mipakaolah to cinga’ayay ko demak a tamdaw no finawlan. Itiyaay ho a mato’asay o rao’ ko sapakaolah to tadamaanay a tamdaw, o nianan koya misarao’ hananay a paseniyang. O pisahalaka to anohakowaay sanay i, o niyaro’ sato ko mitelekay, anohakowaay no pakakaan romi’ad a dademakan i, itini toya kaloma’ocan mitelek, ano maketon to caay to ka nga’ay fafalicen. Pakaynien no ’Amis a tamdaw i lisin ko sakarihaday no syakay no niyaro’, orasaka o pisarao’ a lisin o “sakarihaday a lisin” a han ko pitahidang. 174ds4h8muncjlzcpx80gruzyh0tkk8 0 2797 45283 45282 2024-12-04T03:12:15Z Safulo 35 45283 wikitext text/x-wiki == Malapalangay a fafahiyan (變成烏鴉的女孩)<ref>臺北帝國大學言語學研究室調查。《原語による臺灣高砂族伝説集》。台北。昭和十年(1935) <sub>，P.472-491. Ci Safulo ko mifalicay tona ratoh.</sub></ref> == === Cowa ka palada’ to tafo toya padek a wawa ko midipotay(養父母不給孤兒飯包) === Oya saan a wawa no malafiyaway mapapaliway a maomah, iya saan cecay a wawa a padek, awaay to ko tada ina nira, malingad sato cingra, ca ka citafo to toron ato hemay, ci wina saan ato mama(o midipotay) nira narikoran noya wawa a malingad, misetel(mipecih) to titi ato misatoron malakakaenen no niyah aca, cowa ka palada’ toya padek a wawa,matira ko demak nangra to romi’ami’ad. O tao sato paka’araw to demak naya midipotay a mama ato ina nira, pasowal han to no tao koya padek a wawa, ya mafana’ sato kiya wawa,” ''ano saan aca na’ay to kako a minokay''” han nira ko widang nira. === Celitan nira ko caca’edongan malasapikpik nira(孤兒撕衣服當翅膀) === Sowal haca to widang nira: “''tomai’ ho kako''” saan, tayra i salawacan no omah, “''kir, kir''” saan ko soni, iya sato cafay nira a wawa, “''mamaan kiso''?” han nira a somowal, iya sato a padek a wawa “''mapiyas kako''” han nira. Oya “''kir, kir''” sanay a soni o nipicelit nira to caca’edongan. Iyaan a nicelitan nira a caca’edongan malasapikpik nira, oyaan sa o lalal(rarar) malasatekek nira. Honi sato i itira to i fafa’ed no kilang, “''ak, ak''” sato a masoni. Iyaan sato o tihi nira nengneng han nira malapalangay to, “''da to, da to ma’epod to''” han nangra, caka kakahi koya padek a wawa a mo’epod, iya sato o tihi nira cikay sato a minokay pasifana’ ca winaan nira. Iyaan sato wina nira a mapasifana’ to nikalapalang niya wawa. === Tati’ih ko faloco’ no midipotay wina ato mam(養父母心裡難過) === ''“Tati’ih aca ko faloco’ ita to wawa, ira ko saka matira nira”.'' Toyanan to misatoron sato ci mama aci wina, maherek sato cangra misatoron, cikay sato tayra i omah, tahira han nangra i omah, misa’ak’ak to itira i fafa’ed no kilang koya padek a wawa. Iya sato o wina ato wama nira itiya tangic sato, “''dato dato, ini to ko toron ato titi iso, no hatiniay to halafin tati’ih ko faloco’ niyam. Da da da kaenen to kina toron''.” === Lalengatan no palang a komaen to tafo(這就是烏鴉會偷吃農人的便當的原因) === Oya sato ya wawa cato tengilen nira ko sowal no wina nira. Iya sato ya wina nira teli han to nira koya toron itira i tapang no kilang, itira to a laliw han nira. Honi sato i, hinam han niwina, maka’en to nira koya hemay ato titi, maherek a komaen, tayra to i fafa’ed no kilang a ma’efer. Iya sa a wina nira ato wama nira tangic sato. Nawiro, komaen to tafo ko palang han, oninian ko lengato nira a konaen. === Pacefaday a tilid (註釋) === 6lp3ex5un1fdzcaf6xwba1zerlsno4n 0 2798 45299 45298 2024-12-04T03:38:59Z Safulo 35 /* Nano to’as aka ka ci'odang sato ko sowal (自古以來就有不要有姦情的警語) */ 45299 wikitext text/x-wiki == Malasengel (互相殺戮)<ref>臺北帝國大學言語學研究室調查。《原語による臺灣高砂族伝説集》。台北。昭和十年(1935) P.432-433. </ref> <ref>Ci Safulo ko mifalicay tona ratoh.</ref> == === Ci 'odangay ko fafahi (太太有姦夫) === Masamatini ko pakayraay ci Potawan Tingas aci Parih Tingas a sowal koninan a ratoh. oya sa fafahi ci Parih Tingas cingohah to taoanan, iya sato ci Potawan Tingas sowal han to nira ko wawa nira,”''icowaay a tamdaw ko lemek''<ref>'odang 姦夫、姦婦。</ref> ''no ina iso''” han to no mama nira kiya wawa nira, ’afalang han to nira kiya wawa nira a masadak, ira ma’araw ko fa’inayan i lalan, “''inian saw a tamdaw''?” han ni Potaw Tingas kiya wawa nira. “''caayay''” han no wawa nira. === O ''salikaka nira ko'' micocokan ni Potaw Tingas (丈夫刺殺的姦夫原來是自己的親哥哥) === matama sato “''inian”'' han to nira kiya wama nira, cocok han to ni Potaw Tingas kiya lemek ni Parih Tingas. Ya ko saka “''salikaka ako''” sato koya micocokan ni Potaw Tingas, cacocococok sato ko finawlan, waw to ko ’osa’oasaw a mapatay to. === Nano to’as aka ka ci'odang sato ko sowal (自古以來就有不要有姦情的警語) === Pakayraay nipipatay ni Potaw Tingas to lemek ni Parih Tingas, ira sa “''aka to ka matira a cilemek, ano ci lemek kamo to fafahi no mato’asa ato makakaay, o malasengela kita''” saan ko sowal nano to’as. === Pacefaday Tilid(註釋) === 1ruagcmzda7t0l7voltz1aoun7tcxtf 0 2799 45330 45329 2024-12-04T08:38:46Z Safulo 35 /* Cima ko palalowiday namo han no honti (皇帝問是誰打敗了惡鬼?) */ 45330 wikitext text/x-wiki == Malikakaay (兩個兄弟) <ref>臺北帝國大學言語學研究室調查。《原語による臺灣高砂族伝説集》。台北。昭和十年(1935) <sub>，P.481-484</sub></ref> <ref>Ci Safulo ko mifalicay tonini a ratoh.</ref> == === ''Mikasoy ko safa pakakera to fafahiyan wawa(弟弟去砍柴找到一個女孩)'' === Itiya:ho ira ko tatosaay a malikakaay,iya saan a kaka i,”''aka ho ka pikadafo''” han no mama nira, iya sato a kaka i,” ''na’ay, mikadafo kako''” saan a pacoli, “''ano matira i pikadafo to'' ” han no mama nira. === O wawa no hanti kiya fafahiyan a wawa(那女孩是皇帝的小孩) === Iya saan a safa i,”''pikasoy kiso''” han no mama nira, mikasoy sato ko safa i,ira ko matengilay nira a tangic, nengneng han nira i,o fafahiyan a wawa, fafa han nira a panokay, iya saan a kasoy pali’ayawn to nira a patayra i loma’ ta mitiko aca a miala to toya makeraay nira a wawa. Iya saan a wawa i, ono hanti a wawa, “''taynien ya pakatamaay to wawa ako''” saan ko sowal sowal niya honti, tayra sato kiya safa i loma’ no honti,”''icowa kiso a pakatama''” han no honti,”''mikasoy sa kako i,matengil nomako ko tangic''” han noya safa ko honti, “''malo miso to a fafahi''” han no honti, ano dafak saan i,” ''miforaw kamo toya mialaay to wawa ako''” sa ko sowal no honti. === Miforaw kamo toya mialaay to wawa ako sa ko honti (皇帝命令兄弟去討伐拐騙他女孩的惡鬼) === Iya saan a kaka i,malahakelong ato safa nira a miforaw, iya saan a tatiihay a kawas i,masaopo to, iya saan a malikakaay i loflof a milimek, iya saan no kaka a fonos i,o kowis <ref>sapikarkar to konga a pitaw.</ref>, no safa sa i,o fonos, “''anohoni i,a mapatay kiso kiya''” han no safa ko kaka nira,iya saan a kaka i,tano talaw sato, milmil saan ko oo’ nira, iya saan a safa i,masadak nani loflof nengneng han nira i papotal i kasaopoan to no kawas, itiya to hodoc han nira koya nialaan nira a fonos,o sapitapa’ nira toya kawas,seteksetek han niya safa koya kawas, iya saan a kamay niya kawas i,satepatepa(laklak) sato, pakateloc to i, ira koya makapahay a fafahiyan, iya saan a safa i,”''a’i kira sakadat nomiso, ano caay kiso pafeli i,patayen ako''” han niya safa kiya fafahiyan, ya saan a fafahiyan i,pafeli han to nira koya sakadat. Iya saan a kaka masadak to nani tira i loflof, ma’araw sato niya kaka kiya sakadat,sa’elien nira ko safa toya sakadat, ca ka pafelien no safa koya sakadat, itira to ko saka mala’afas a malalefo itira i kapatayan niya kawas, iya saan a safa i,malowid no kaka nira, ma’afas to niya kaka koya sakadat. === Cima ko palalowiday namo han no honti (皇帝問是誰打敗了惡鬼?) === Minokay sato i, mita’ong to honti, “''cima ko pakalowiday namo''” han niya honti, iya saan a kaka ira i,”''ako ko pakalowiday''” han niya kaka ira,”''hanta''<ref>hinamaw ita</ref> ''kiya fonos namo a tatosa''” han niya honti, no safa saan a fonos i,remeremes to, iya saan no kaka tano tai’ saan,”''hali sa mangah kiso''” “''picakay to tatipelok to sapitodoh cinraan''” han niya honti, iya saan a safa nira i,micakay to tatipelok, iya tatipelok sa’aporaw han to nira,”''pacamomoken ko oo’ iso''” han no honti ko kaka, pacamomok han to niya kaka ko oo’ itira i nikas’aporaw no tatipelok, ta rikat han to no safa nira kiya tatipelok, iya saan a kaka nira itira sato a mapatay. === Pacefaday a Tilid(註釋) === fkjgx5wu23ebetejcskelsc0ynox2ch 0 2800 45337 45336 2024-12-09T00:40:55Z Masaonikar 570 /* Papotalay calay (外部連結) */ 45337 wikitext text/x-wiki == Romi’adan salongoc no kasakitakit (國際人權日) == Nai 1950 mihecaan itiya, o Linhoko daykay to mihecahecaan to 12 folad 10 romi’ad o Romi’ad no salongoc no kasakitakit, piharatengan to Linhoko i 1948 miheca 12 folad 10 romi’ad mihayda to “Niketonan salongoc no hekal”. Mapa’araw tonini a niketonan salongoc no hekal, Linhoko itini i 1966 miheca misetek to “Kicay, Syakay ato ponka salongoc no kasakitakit nitelekan” ato “Finawlan salongoc ato sici salongoc kasakitakit nitelekan”, patodong to sapahapinang i sapidemak to niketonan pahapinang to kasahirahira a salongan no salongoc. Onini tosaay niketonan patongal to “Finawlan salongoc ato sici salongoc kasakitakit nitelekan” a nitelekan tilid ato “Niketonan salongoc no hekal” a palakapot a sowal “Tatapangan a cering salongoc no kasakitakit” (International Bill of Human Rights), o todong sakatadamaan no salongoc itini kasakitakit. Niketonan salongoc no hekal ato sakamo’ecel no hekal a romi’ad o masasiromaay piharatengan romi’ad, nika sahetoay itiniay i Linhoko a mapatireng. === Papotalay calay (外部連結) === * 聯合國：世界人權宣言中文全文 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） * 國際人權日(香港區活動)籌委會 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） scizpj6c6m6vuo5lg9ifrd33txqsspd 0 2801 45393 45392 2024-12-10T01:54:54Z Masaonikar 570 /* Papotalay calay (外部連結) */ 45393 wikitext text/x-wiki == Niketonan salongoc no hekal (世界人權宣言) == 《Niketonan salongoc no hekal》(Inkiris: Universal Declaration of Human Rights, soked: UDHR) Linhoko kapolongan sa’opo i 1948 miheca 12 folad 10 romi’ad itira i Paris no France Palais cahong mihayda to cecay patosokan sapihadimel salongoc no tamdamdaw a tilid (Linhoko kapolongan sa’opo saka 217 haw nitelekan, A/RES/217), polong ira ko 30 tosir. O palowad tonini a niketonan patodong to nano saka 2 kalalood no hekal ko pitiko niharateng, saka cecay a tilid saki polong no ’oriraw a polong no tamdaw o caci solongoc tonini a nitilidan. O polong no nitilidan mapakafit i calay no Linhoko. 《Niketonan salongoc no hekal》ato《Kicay, Syakay ato ponka salongoc no kasakitakit nitelekan》, 《Finawlan salongoc ato sici salongoc kasakitakit nitelekan》(tosa nitelekan) mapakapot halo kasakitakit salongoc no rikec, tosaay nitelakan itini i 1966 miheca masaheci[1]. === Laleko ato laloma’an (結構和內容) === 《Niketonan salongoc no hekal》a lalekoan no《Napoleonic saredek》a mafiyol, halo sapa’ayaw ato sapa’olid a padotocan[2]. Paikoran no laleko malo saka tosa tilid no mirikecay no France ni Rene Carson, mikihatiya cingra to nano Canada rikac a hakasi ci John Peters Humphrey pa’ayaw nitilidan. === Salaloma’an no niketonan: (宣言包括以下內容：) === Pa’ayaw pahapinang to salowad no niketonan a likisi ato syakay a sakacitodong. Sala 1-2 toris misetek to tariang, pakonira ato malalenay a patanaan. Saka 3-5 tosir masaheci to ko roma salongoc no tekedan, tinako salongoc no ’orip ato saka ’eca pisawaco ato pisafades to tamdaw. Saka 6-11 tosir paini to patolasan no rikec a salongoc no tamdaw, ato i nika renokaw i manga’ay mapatodong i sapakalah mipalolol. Saka 12-17 tosir matelek ko teked to sakisyakay sapiraoy to nano salongoc, halo salaloma’an a kasasiiked no sician pakoniyah malinah ato pakoniyah pacarcar, no kasakitakit a sadama ato miraoy to dafong ato sakacingangan no kitakit a salongoc. Saka 18-21 tosir mihayda to “tatapangan a ceding a mapakonira” ato i salongan, kapolongan ato sici a sofal mapakonira, tinako tonini a pakonira: harateng, parerid, pasafaloco’, pitooran ato kodaitay faloco’, tilid, kasasinga’ay, ato pakayni i kasamitiya pilayap ato piparatoh ato harateng. Saka 22-27 toris mihayda to tekedan kicay, syakay ato ponka a salongoc, halo sapiising a sadama. Micoker to citodongay miraoy to saka’orip a salongoc, mapatodong i saki ina ano eca kaemangan a sadipot. Saka 28-30 tosir matelek ko sapidemak tonini a salongoc to pakayraan, tekedan salongoc caay ka citodong to sofal, tekad to saki syakay sapatadoaw, ato pilalang to miliyangay to sadotoc no Linhoko a salongoc[3]. Ni Carson pako sa’adifan i pakawasan no Greece ko niketonan, ira ko parana’an, tokar, sepatay satoka’ ato fawahan[4]. Saka 1 tosir ato saka 2 tosir o tariang, pakonira, malalenay ato kasasiolah a sapidotoc a parana’an pita’ongan. Pa’ayaw a saka pito a cefang to nitelekan, patodong to saka tayra i pita’ongan a tokar. Patosokan no niketonan o sepatay ko satoka’ mapatireng. Saka cecay toka’ i (saka 3-11 tosir) ko pilekoan to saki tamdaw a salongoc, tinako salongoc no ’orip ato saka’eca pipalawaco to tamdaw. Saka tosa toka’ (saka 12-17 tosir) kasasiiledan no niyah ato pakanira pisa’opo to sician. Saka tolo toka’ (saka 18-21tosir) mirapot to salongan, kapolongan demak ato pakoniraay a sician, tinako pakoniyah ko pitooran, ato pakoniyah ko pisakapot. Saka sepat toka’ (saka 22-27 tosir) matelek ko syakay, kicay ato ponka a salongoc. Saikoray toloay tosir patireng to kapolongan a fawahan, nawhani paini to tekedan ato saka sasionol to syakay[4]. === O pipalowad ato pitelek (起草與表決過程) === 《Niketonan salongoc no hekal》nai 1946 miheca pipatirengan to Linhoko salongao wiyinhuy ko cionolay mipalowad[5]. O kakeridan congtong no Amilika ci Franklin Roosevelt a fafahi ningra ci Eleanor Roosevelt ko kakeridan no wiyinhuy, o micokeray to kakeridan o dayhiw no ROC ci Zhang Pengchun[6]. Citidongay no Linhoko mitahidang to nano Canada mirikecay ci John Peters Humphrey ko kakeridan tilidan no niketonan. === Mikihatiyaay tamdaw (參與人士) === Oya nipatoro’an ho a citodongay no salongoc a kakeridan no Linhoko ci Humphrey ko sakapot no palowaday, milaheci to sa’ayaway tilid[8]. Roma o mikihatiyaay citodongay ira tadamaanay no Lipanon ci Shailer Habib Malik ato rikecan ato hoying ci Rene Carson[6]. Ci Carson ko i saka tosaay mitelekay to tilidan a lalekoan no niketonan[9]. Ci Zhang Pengchun sato ono Asiya ko pinengneng tonini a lalowadan tilid no niketonan, masongila’ masalof ko kasasiroma pipaini no nikapotay a wiyinhuy[6]. === Miketon (表決) === Linhoko daykay i 1948 miheca mihayda to niketonan salongoc no hekal, onini niketonan masilsil ko patodongan no salongoc, malo “kapolongan no finawlan ato kasakitakit misa’icel milaheci to kalalecadan no harateng[10]:35. Onini a tilid i 1948 miheca 12 folad 10 romi’ad palowad tayra i Linhoko daykay a mitelek. Itiya mikihatiyaay 56 ko kitakit, 48 ko mihaydaay, 0 ko mifelihay, 8 ko misawaday (Soviet Union, Ukraine, Belarus, Yugoslavia, Poland, South Africa, Czechoslovakia and Saudi Arabia), roma 2 kitakit a dayhiw mataloc[11][12]. Canada rikecan ci Humphrey ko palowaday tonini niketonan nitiliday. Oya Canada o misawaday to salongoc nonini a niketonan, nika saikor to mihayda ito[13]. Ira ko 48 a kitakit mihaydaay micoker (itiyaay a kitakit a fayfay ano eca sician caay to kalecad to no aniniay): [14] Ira ko 8 kitakit misawaday: [15] Ira ko 2 kitakit caayay pirina’: Aniniay lekapot no Linhoko saheto to o mihaydaan salongoc a kitakit ko micomoday to, orasaka dengan caayay ka papina a kitakit ko mitelekay tonini[16]. === Tosaay nitelekan a salongoc (人權兩公約) === Nikawrira,《Niketonan salongoc no hekal》dengan o pisetek i rikec no kasakitakit salongan, awaay ko pipatangic to kasakapot do’edoen konini caay ka saan[10]:35.《Niketonan salongoc no hekal》halo sa’ayaway lekad finawlan sician a salongoc, oya to halo pado’edo i saka tosa finawlan kicay, syakay ato ponka a salongoc. No cecayay telekan patodong tonini tosaay lekad finawlan salongoc i caay ka rahoday kalacecayen i kasakitakit. Tinako, roma a kitakit mikihar to no finawlan sician salongoc, roma kitakit mikihar to finawlan kicay, syakay ato ponka a salongoc. Orasaka, o Linhoko itini i 1966 miheca mihayda tonini tosaay salongoc a nitelekan, masiiked ko《Finawlan salongoc ato sici salongoc kasakitakit nitelekan》ato《Kicay, Syakay ato ponka salongoc no kasakitakit nitelekan》[10]:35. Linhoko daykay i 1966 miheca 12 folad 16 romi’ad mihayda tonini tosaay nikatelekan “Linhoko daykay saka 2200 how misetek, A/RES/2200”. I 1976 miheca 1 folad 3 romi’ad miteka. Onini tosaay nitelekan mapasadak ko salongoc no tamdaw ato sapakonira, matelek i polong no matatelekay kitakit cionol milasheci tonini sapilekoan, milaheci tonini a salongoc[10]:35.   No 《Finawlan salongoc ato sici salongoc kasakitakit nitelekan》nitelekan i tekedan no finawlan ci saraoy to salongoc ato sapakonira. Halo: saki’orip, pakonira ato sakanga’ay no tiring a salongoc, tatiih palawaco ato palasawad to saka cipakonira no nisawacoan, saka eca kafades a sapakonira, rikec tamdawan a salongoc, mirikecay sapa’orip salongoc, caay ka patedo sa a marepet, mirofo ato mipalafac to pakonira, malalenay ato mafohatay ko piliclic, sakaeca kaciraraw salongoc, no niyah ’orip, laloma’an, kamaro’an ato kasasilicay caay ka cara ko pakonira, malinah a pakonira, miraoy to kitakit a salongoc, raramod no loma salongoc, saka citodong no dafong salongoc, harateng, sadaitay faloco’ ato pakayraan mapakonira, miraoy to pakoniyah ato pakoniya papelo, kasa’opo ato kalisaot a pakoniyah, sapikapot to sician a salongoc. O《Finawlan salongoc ato sici salongoc kasakitakit nitelekan》misetek to salongan salongoc a patodong ano eca padetengan. Tinako, saka sepat toris mihayda to katatelekan kitakit saka’orip ano cikatalawan a miparatoh to katamoran no syakay i, sapisereraw to nipatekedan a dademaken, nika o nika serer kao no ’alomanay ko sapatodong, caay ka padeteng saki finacadan, fangesan, siroma no tamdaw, sowal, pitooran ano eca kasofocan no syakay ko sapiepec palawaco. No ’oripan salongoc, tamdawan salongoc i kasasiromaroma no demak tatiih midemak to sapisaet ko demak. Saka tosa polo’ ira ko falo tosir a nitelekan, patireng to salongoc no tamdaw a wuyinhuy, mionol mikantok kapolongan katatelekan no demak. Onini tosaay katatelekan ato《Niketonan salongoc no hekal》o pipanganganan o “No kasakitakit salongoc no tamdaw a rikec”. === Romi’adan salongoc no kasakitakit (國際人權日) === Nai 1950 mihecaan itiya, o Linhoko daykay to mihecahecaan to 12 folad 10 romi’ad o “Romi’ad no salongoc no kasakitakit”. === Kafiyol (影響) === 《Niketonan salongoc no hekal》 o nihaydaan no Linhoko daykay, orasaka caay ko nipatangican telekan no kasakitakit; nika ikor to ira ko pipaci’ci no Linhoko tamdaw salongoc nikatelekan i 《Finawlan salongoc ato sici salongoc kasakitakit nitelekan》ato《Kicay, Syakay ato ponka salongoc no kasakitakit nitelekan》a parana’an. O ’alomanay hakasi, fingkosi ato hoying a misetekan a tilid miala to《Niketonan salongoc no hekal》a cecay tosir sapipa’icel to niyah a reko, nika ira ko kasakitakit fingkosi a paratatenga《Niketonan salongoc no hekal》o kananaman to. Saki tonini, o hakasi caay ho kalecad ko harateng. O《Niketonan salongoc no hekal》saka lima tosir a kalaliyangan, onini tosir matelek “O cimacima no tamdaw tatiih cimifadesay, ano eca mipalafades, eca ko nio tamdawan ano eca misamsamay ko pipadek anmo eca pisemsem”, caay pipahapinang to pilalang mipatay; nika saka tolo tisir a nitelekan, o tamdamdaw ira ko sapiraoy to ’orip, pakonira ato saka nga’ay no tireng. Tangasa anini o ’alomanay kitakit, halo Dipong, Taywan (ROC), Conghuarenmin nikapolngan, Singapore, Kingdom of Tonga, Republic of Botswana, Belarus ato Amilika a sa’etal, pipatay oya pitefoc. === Micikerohay to niketonan salongoc no hekal (推動世界人權宣言組織) === ==== Nipatatekoan salongoc no tamdaw i kasakitakit (國際人權聯盟) ==== Nipatatekoan salongoc no tamdaw i kasakitakit (FIDH) o sa’ayaway salongoc no tamdaw a sakapot, awaay ko sician kasarekad, awaay ko pakaraan a misiikeday i manan sifo. Patodongan no demak o picikeroh to Niketonan salongoc no hekal, finawlan salongoc ato sician salongoc kasakitakit tatelek, kicay, syakay ato ponka salongoc kasakitakit a tatelek i polong no salongoc[22][23]. ==== Kasakitakit mihepolay sakapot (國際特赦組織) ==== Kasakitakit mihepolay sakapot, roma sowal mihepoloay kasakitakit, ono kapolongan no ’oriraw tamdaw salongoc a onto[24]. O midiwadiway ci Stephen Johnson, misa’opo to 41 a kitakit micokoaay, radiway, mifilomoay oya kasakitakit mihepolay sakapot (Amnesty International) misanga’ to cecay 20 fen a ika, sapiacang i 1988 miheca niketonan salongoc 40 mihecaan mihemek, pa’orip to niketonan salongoc no hekal[25]. I 2008 miheca, mihemek ko kasakitakit mihepolay sakapot to salongoc no tamdaw romi’ad ato niketonan salongoc no hekal to 60 no mihecaan, itini polong no kalohekal kasaniyaro’ midemak “Padawdaway” a demak[26]. ==== Mitiri’ay to salongoc no tamdaw (人權觀察) ==== Mitiri’ay to salongoc no tamdaw o cecay no kasakitakit caay ko no sifo sakapot (NGO), pasafaloco’ay mipalita mihapiw to demak no salongoc no tamdaw, kaheceraan itini i New York no Amilika[27]. ==== Miliyangay to pifades ato midamaay to yincumin yofayof (反奴隸制和保護原住民協會) ==== Miliyangay to pifades ato midamaay to yincumin yofayof (Anti-Slavery International) o misolapay midakdak to micalapay to salongoc no tamdaw a cecay no kasakitakit caay ko no sifo sakapot (NGO) [28]. === Pinengnengan to tilid (參考文獻) === ==== Pialaan (引用) ==== 1.Williams 1981;這是一個國家人權宣言的書面版，前言由吉米·卡特撰寫 2.Glendon 2002，第62–64頁 3.Glendon 2002，第10 章。 4.OHCHR | 世界人权宣言 70：30 篇文章 30 篇 - 第 28 条. www.ohchr.org. [2020-09-14]. （原始內容存檔於2020-10-30） （美國英語）. 5.Morsink 1999，第4頁 6.《世界人权宣言》问世经过. 《美國參考》（美國國務院國際信息局主辦）. [2012-11-23]. （原始內容存檔於2017-01-12）. 7.Morsink 1999，第133頁 8.Morsink 1999，第5頁 9.Glendon 2002，第62–64頁. 10.背景. 《經濟，社會，文化權利國際公約，公民權利和政治權利國際公約》. 香港政府印務局. 1995. UDHR Drafting History （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, Center for New Media Teaching and Learning （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, Columbia University 11.See "Who are the signatories of the Declaration?" in Questions and answers about the Universal Declaration of Human Rights （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, United Nations Association in Canada （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. 12.Schabas, William. Canada and the Adoption of Universal Declaration of Human Rights (fee required). 13.McGill Law Journal. 1998, 43: 403. 14.Yearbook of the United Nations 1948–1949 p 535 15.Yearbook of the United Nations 1948–1949 16.OHCHR - 世界人权. www.ohchr.org. [2022-02-22]. （原始內容存檔於2022-03-13）. 17.崔之元. 摆脱“亚洲价值”vs“西方价值”的思维方式——对人权问题的思考. 《文化縱橫》2008年12月號. 2008-12. 18.布朗（Gordon Brown）. 世界人權宣言70周年 宣言仍只是宣言. 上報. 2018-12-30 [2018-12-30]. （原始內容存檔於2020-11-03）. 19.GitHub Code Vault 指南. GitHub. [2020-07-22]. （原始內容存檔於2021-09-06） （英語）. 20.UDHR in Unicode. [2012-12-19]. （原始內容存檔於2022-04-08）. 21.The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is the Most Universal Document in the World. [2012-12-19]. （原始內容存檔於2017-07-12）. 22.Contribution to the EU Multi-stakeholder Forum on CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, 10 February 2009; accessed on 9 November 2009 23.Information Partners （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, web site of the UNHCR, last updated 25 February 2010, 16:08 GMT（web retrieval 25 February 2010, 18:11 GMT） 24.国际特赦组织 - 中文官方网站. 國際特赦組織中文. [2022-03-29]. （原始內容存檔於2022-04-01） （中文（中國大陸））. 25.UDHR film. Amnesty International. [2013-07-19]. （原始內容存檔於2013-08-01）. 26.Fire Up!. Amnesty International. [2013-07-19]. （原始內容存檔於2013-08-01）. 27.人权观察 | 捍卫世界各地人权 | Human Rights Watch. www.hrw.org. [2022-03-29]. （原始內容存檔於2022-05-17） （中文（簡體））. 28.Anti-Slavery International - Let's End Modern Slavery Together. Anti-Slavery International. [2022-03-29]. （原始內容存檔於2022-05-18） （英國英語）. === Picaliwan minengneng (參見) === 1.公民權利和政治權利國際公約 2.經濟、社會、文化權利國際公約 3.世界語言權宣言 4.無條件基本收入 5.人權宣言 6.A公約、B公約 === Papotalay calay (外部連結) === * 聯合國《世界人權宣言》簡體中文版（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） * 《世界人權宣言》原本的官方中文版本（1948年）。（見「A/RES/217 A (III)」） （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） * 聯合國主頁（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） * 聯合國人權理事會 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） gsrv2yhsvhpjtvkk8ic3ztm4gdgj7qe 0 2802 45403 45402 2024-12-24T06:08:05Z LiouShowShya 36 45403 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faylo:Kakoyol.jpg|縮圖|o dateng no Pangcah ko kakoyol.]] kakoyol Itiya ho, o sapakaen to diyong ko kakoyol, aniniay to, 'aloman to ko komaenay to kakoyol, o saka'orip to no 'Amis itiyaay ho, mafokilay to ko kaemangay anini, manga'ay a sapimatang ko papah ningra, bqzxb7n41woat0ih9tphx54n728rjb1 0 2807 45499 45498 2025-01-22T14:13:51Z Masaonikar 570 /* O rakat a malinah notimolan kanatal a sowal no finacadan (南島語族遷徙路徑) */ 45499 wikitext text/x-wiki == O rakat a malinah notimolan kanatal a sowal no finacadan (南島語族遷徙路徑) == O yincuminco no Taywan, sasowalen itini i 17 sici eca ho cimalinahay ko sa’etal lilisay no riyar i Congkuo i ’ayaw, iraay to ko tamdaw maro’ itini i Taywan ato tamdaw no ngataay kanatal. Saka o ponka ato sowal o nano notimolan kanatal sowal (Astronesian) caira, imatiniay sifo misetek to nia finacadan ira ko 16 finacadan, halo ’Amis, Atayal, Bunun, Paiwan, Puyuma, Rukai, Saisiyat, Thao, Tsou, Yami(Tao), Truku, Kacalan, Sakizaya, Seediq, Hla’alua, Kanakanavu, no Mancin a to’ek o “Hoan” han ko pitahidang, no Dipong a picalap mikowan itiya o Takasako (Takasago) sanay, tayni to ko Kominto a sifo pangangan saan to yincumin i o “Santi-sanpaw/Pinti-sanpaw” sanay pitahidang, onini saheto o piepec pisiiked a pinengneng no itiyaay a mikowan, ikor no 1994 (83) mihecaan pakayni pisa’icel no kapah to syakay onto no yincumin, itiya to mapalasawad ko pisawaco, oya sanpaw sanay mafalic to o “yincumin” a han to ko pitahidang, ta o “Yincuminco” han to ko pitahidang. O notimolan kanatal a sowal no finacadan o kasakilac itini i Taypinyang ato Intuyang ato Asiya a malitosaay kanatal (Tenok timol kanatal ato Malaty kanatal) a finacadan, oya dadahalay riyar ato kanatal paka’amis o Taywan, pakatimol o New Zealand, pakawali tangasa notimolan Amilika kaetip a Easter kanatal, pakaetip kawali no Africa a Madagascar kanatal, tatenokan o Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, New Guinea a kanatal, mika awaay ko Australia, o sadadahalay ko kasakilac a finacadan, polong no tamdaw salongan ira ko 3 walwalan no tamdaw, nika ’alomanay masa’opo itini i kawali katimol Asiya sa’etal. Notimolan kanatal sowal a finacadan kakahad ko kaledef no sa’etal, kasasiroma no palapatan ato masa patekay to ko mihecaan no likisi masasiroma, ira to ko masasitekeday, kadofahay kasairaira a ponka no notimolan kanatal a sowal no finacadan. Midotoc to mikingkiway hakasi to no tamdamdaw, notimolan kanatal a sowal no finacadan a ponka malacaday a salongan, halo patakaray to loma’ ato i seraay, miliyas to kaso’emet ato ’oner a fao, o mifalaway ko kamaomah, hali’icep, mafana’ a mitinooay, miwikwik ato mi’adop mifoting no to’asan. Notimolan kanatal sowal a finacadan i Taywan masakilac i paka’amisay, ira ko sakafana’ to pahapinang nangra to notimolay kanatal a finacadan, ngalef o sakafiyaway a ’etal, masapatekay mihecaan oya to ko kacacofeliw, caay ko mahawitiday a finacadan. Imatiniay a kanatal no Taywan (halo Lanyu) a yincuminco a tamdaw salongan ira ko 54 ’ofad no tamdaw, dengan o 0.002% a notimolan kanatal sowal a finacadan ko tamdaw, nika midotoc to adihayay mikingkiwan mahapinang, o kaliwasakan pasayra i timolan malinah ko rakat o naitiniay i Taywan ko lalowadan a lalengawan, o rakat a malinah no katelangay notimolan kanatal sowal a finacadan kaliwasakan pasayra i timolan malinah ko rakat, kacitodongan kaitiraan a maro’. Anini romaroma a notimolan kanatal sowal a finacadan sa’etal macacorok no Muslim, Kristokiw, Tingsokiw a serareci ko kafiyol, nanoyaan o yincuminco no Taywan cimirocokay ato mirayrayay to serayan lekakawa a ponka no finacadan. ik4p5muuuwhfdnzisnqeazfjtqi6ag5 0 2808 45518 45517 2025-01-23T06:07:49Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* 2. Kasateked: (二、特徵：) */ 45518 wikitext text/x-wiki == Senkonghuy (聖公會：Church of England, Anglican Church, Episcopal Church) == === 1. Lalengawan (一、緣由：) === Tana pifalican to pitoor a onto itiya, Inkiris a hongti ci Hengli saka falo (1491-tomireng 1509-1547). O tomesekay to Tingsokiw, i 1521 miheca mitilid to “Pitoay sapipaso’elin” sapi co’ay ci Lotean, ci Pope Leo X mipatireng cingra to “Mipa’esay to pitoor” sanay. Toya miheca o sapilekapotaw ci Anne Boleyn (1507- 1536) mararamod, malaliyas to ma’acisay a fafahi ci Catherine of Aragon (1485-1536), caay ka haydaen no pimamaan no Tingsokiw, mipakokot to itiyaay citodongay hoyin a Inkiris kakeridan pitoor ci Thomas Woosley (1475-1530), caay pilalan, nanoya pakokoten ci Thomas o mifelihay, mapatay i pirepet pipatayra i London. Patireng han ni Hengli saka falo ci Thomas Cranmer (1489-1556) a pala kakeridan no pitoor. I 1534 miheca pakayni i kalomaocan no kitakit mapatireng mihokok: Satakaraway sarikec (Supremacy Act): (1) O sakowan no kakeridan pitoor ko Inkelan. (2) O Inkiris kitakit pitooran misiiked to Roma Tingsokiw, o hongti ko satakaraway kakeridan no Inkiris kitakit. Nanoya malaliyas ko Pitooran no Inkiris to Roma Tingsokiw itiya. Ci Hengli saka falo nao sapidoedoan to pakayraan i, o sapiliyasaw to sakowan no Roma Tingsokiw, nika caay to ka laheci. Midotoc ci Edward saka enem (1547-1553) tangasa 16 ko miheca ko ’orip, oya fades a kaka to fafahiyan ko midotocay ci Mary hongti ko midotocay (1553-1558), ona mitiliday cingra to pitilidan no Tingsokiw, o tomesekay to Tingsokiw a mitooray. Macakat mapatireng mifades cingra to mitooray to no kitakit a pitooran, sapipalowadaw to Tingsokiw. O ’alomanay tamdaw nanoya milaliw tayra i Geneva, minanam to ni Calvin to no to’as sifana’. Mapatireng ci Elizabeth hongti (1558-1603) itiya, itiya patiko ko Inkiris kitakit a pitoor. Tangasa i 1559 miheca 4 folad 29 romi’ad, lomaoc no kitakit mihayda to cecay satakaraway rikec, midotoc tonini a rikec, o pipalasawad to no Roma Tingsokiw sakowan i Inkiris, caay to pafeli to maanan a payso to Roma, nanoya patirengen ni Elizabeth hongti ci Rev.Matthew Parker mala satakaraway citodongay kakeridan no pitooran kitakit i Canterbury kiwkay. Nanoya o Canterbury a miya (Blue Cypress Palace) mala kacitodongan to no Inkiris kitakit pitooran a Anlikan kiwkay (Anglican Church) a pafaloco’an. === 2. Kasateked: (二、特徵：) === To’as rayray no Keritokiw kiwkay palitosaan; adihayay ko nidotocan o kawanan. Tingsokiw o kawanan, o Senkonghuy kai terongan (Bishop Joseph Hall, 1574-1656—Via Media1622), ni Lote pakawili, no pifalic a pitooran masakawili, no Cinsinhuy mangalef ko kasawili. I 18 sician a Senkonghuy malakilac: Takaraway: patodong to Tingsokiw malakilac ko citodongay to ta’ong, mararid mihiseiki, nai Lancelot Andrewes (1556-1626) ato Archbishop Laud, (1573- 1645) ko patodongan. Ikor sato serer sanay to, itiya i 1830 miheca oya Oxford onto i, malaliyaw a ci’icel. Masereday: pasifa’elohay kiwkay, misafaloco’ to sakakaay ko Fangcalay Cudad, nai William Wilberforce, (1759-1833) ko patodongan. Miala to kapolongan sapitolon (The Book of Common Prayer). Dadahalay: mikiharay to kiwkay, syakay ato ponka, nai kadademakan ko pikiharan a demak ko tayalen. I 1544 miheca a Canterbury Archbishop Cranmer mihapiw to kapolongan satolon (litany). I 1549 miheca mihapiw to kapolongan satolon a tilid, caay ka ci radiw. Tangasa i 1550 miheca itiya nai ci John Merberke (c1510- 1585)Ko misanga’ay to radiw padeteng to “Ciradiway a satolon” (Book of Common Prayer Noted). Katadamaan no Senkonghuy: (1) Sakaridan citodongay. (2)Midemak to kapolongan satolon. (3)1535 miheca o Inkiris a fangcalay cudad. (4) Inkiris kitakit pitooran nai 1920 miheca i Lamped (Lambeth) kapolongan kakeridan laoc (1867) miheca saratatay lomaoc itiya, mitahidang to polong no ’oriraw a kasa kakeridan no kiwkay, i Canterbury tadamanay kakeridan ko mikeriday to kalomaoc. 10 miheca kinacecay o satakaraway no Senkonghuy, matiya o kapolongan kalomaocan matelek: (1) Sakakaay ko Fangcalay Cudad. (2) Tasaay sakolicay: Paino’ ato pitaheka. (3) Kakeridan no pitoor. O palaheci to sowal Kawasan a panokeran (Korisimas kiwkay) Vs. Tongcenciaw a Korisimas kiwkay; o Sini pitooran panoker i kasemseman romi’ad a kiwkay. Caay ko nano Roma Tinsokiw ko sakaira no Senkonghuy, o nano anof ni Hengli saka falo a hongti. Kalimelaan kina Senkonghuy awaay ko tadamaanay a kawasan tamdaw, matiya ci Lote ano eca ci Calvin ko katadamaan. Orira a masasifod ko Kawasan, nika matiniay ko nikafalic no Europ pitooray kitakit no kafalic, fa’elohay kiwha caay pitolas a masadak. butgoo2unvswpdy1f6t801mzo47nf3d 0 2809 45519 2025-01-23T17:44:27Z Sifopiday 2166 mina'ing to fa^lohay 45519 wikitext text/x-wiki == 世界自由日O lihadayay lomi’ad no hekal == O lihadalay lomi’ad no hekal a sanay a sowal i, i ‘ayaw a sowal i olanan tora 123lihadayay lomi’ad saan, nawhani itini i sakacecay a folad to 23 a lomi’adanan ami palowad, o tatapangan haw i, ora pikiningan tora Conghoamingko(中華民國) i tira i 1954 .01.23 a lomi’ad a folad ato mihecaan, to kafafolaw itini i Koliya(韓國) a Ciwkoku(中國) ato Padaka Amilika(美國) maraholiway a holam tayniay i Taywan(台灣) tora miihangay to Kiwsanto(共產黨) a tamdaw, hapapolong to kakokoka ami kining toya lomi’ad, sanaw “o lihadayay lomi’ad no hekal” haan. === O pinangan nira.背景 === Itini i 1950.6 folad a mihecaan, toya misalingato ama fafolaw kola Koliya(高麗/韓國) a kanatar, saka 10 a folad(10月) mikihatiaay ko Ciwkoko holam(中國) a patayla to 30 polo’ a sofitay ami folaw, yasato toya no kapapolongan a sofitay i, Caay pakafilo ami folaw sanaw talalikol to, 11/26 toya folad a lomi’ad i, tangasa i 12 a folad, naitini i Pinlang(平壤) a talalikol, 1951.10 a folad toya mihecaan, itini i Panmentien(板門店) hananay ama sasowasowal a patelep to kakafolaw. Yasato toya malepelay no kapapolongan a kanatal a sofitay i, milongoc ko Ciwkoku(中國) to sakapatatikol to polong sofitay a patikol ami nokay, ano caay to kakayhi ano makayhiay to, nikaolila caay paca’of ko kapapolongan a kakukoka, sanaw itini i 1952 a mihecaan to saka tosa a folad i, o kasasowasowal no polongan a kanatal a sofitay, caay pihayda to longoc no Ciwkoku(中國), oya-malepelay no sakapapolongan a kanatal a sofitay i pakaalaay to 17 a ^emangan, ilaay ko 10 a ^emangan i, caay ka kayhi ami nokay a patalalikol, itini i tosaay a ^emangan i, caay ka pacici aminokay i, pakaalaay to cecay a ^emang ira ko ‘enem a ‘esingan, opolong omaleplay a sofitay no Ciwkuko(中國) i ma^deng 173,700 tamdawan, o so’linay a tada sofitay nara i 21,300 a tamdawan, o sa’ayaway a sofitay i 600 a tamdawan, dodosato to faleday i 30 a tamdawan, midodo sato faled i 5 a tamdawan, safaleday to i 1 a tamdawan, itiniay i Ciciy(巨濟島) hananay a niyalo’ ama lofo. 1953.6 a folad to mihecan, itiniay i Fosan(釜山) hananay no Koliya(韓國) a niyalo’ tomalofoay a sofitay to 14,200 a tamdawan i, pasadak to codad ami ihang to Kiwsanto(共產黨), milogoc tosaka sadakaw mangalay a tayni i Taywan(台灣) ami comod i Conghaminko(中華民國) a sofitay, likorsato mahelek tokasasowal, calasato ko citodongay, nikaolira o Into(印度) a kanatal koci-todongay ami hapinang ami laheci to demak. Halateng sakola Ciwkokay(中國的) a tamdaw i, hai:to o Intocing(印度人) ko citodongay ami hapinang to demak, nikaolira, ora toya no kapolongan asa’opo to lomaloma a kanatal koci todongay ami hapinang ato misakilac to demak, todongay toma’osiay to Kiwsanto(共產主義) osanay a demak, itini i kala-loodlood no kiwsanto ato Conghoaminko(中華民國) haw i, so’ling adihayay koma’osiay ami nokay a tayra i Congkou(中國), sanaw magalay cangra a tayra i Taywan(台灣) o sanay, likosato o taniay i Taywan toya mihecaan i polong sofitay 14,235 a tamdawan, ominokayay sato a tayla i Congkou(中國) a tamdaw i, sowalsa iraay ko makali’angay ato mapadesay, alatek likolsato iraay ko kinapatayay saan ko tengil. O tayniay i Taywan a sofitay i, adihay komi padangay i cangraan, ano nailomaay a kanatal a sa’opo ato icowacowaay i, mahecaday to ko faloco’ ami hamham i cangraan, o tayniay i Taywan amaraholiway i, toloay ama tatoortoor a tangasa i Kilong(基隆) osa’ayaway i, itiniay i 1954.01.23 a tangasa, toyasa alomi’ad ‘alomanay a tamdaw tayla i Kilong ami hamham tokatangasa nangra, dodosato taniay haca i Tayhok(台北) ami pahapinang to olah nangra ami hamham, mafana’ toko icowacowaay a karo niyaro’ i, polong sato ami kingking tota kingkingan, iraay ko tosa polo’ ira ko tolo ami kingking to ta kingkingan, sanaw itiyaay ami salingato ami pahapingang totodongay itira i sakacecay a folad to tosa polo’ ira ko tolo a lomi’adan to pikining tora 123kahodayan hananay a lomi’ad, tosa pikiningaw tora minokayay a mara holiway nai Koliya(高麗/韓國), itiyaay ami longoc to polong no hekal ami kihatiya ami kining to lipahak no faloco’, itini sato i 1954 amihecaan i, itini sato i Pongfo(澎湖) Makong(馬公) ami palowad to lihadayay hananay a talo’an. Olanan sanay a Conghawminko(中華民國) a sayfo i, misanga’ tora “123lihadayay lomi’ad” hananay topi kining nangra toka pasadak to sofitay nai Koliya(高麗/韓國), dodosato taniay i Tayko(泰國) Mongko(曼谷) ami palowad tohatiniay a demak, olanan sato tora panokayay nai Koliya(高麗) a sofitay a tamdaw i, likor sato ora sayfo sato no Taywan(台灣) kocitodongay ami dipod to’orip nangra, irako talaay i pitilidan ami tiliday, iraay ko tayraay i sofitay ama lahitay, ato tayraay i katayalan ama tayal. Salikolay to nawhani halafin to awaay ko fodfod ato lawlaw to kanatal, caay to kamatiya i’ayaw ami kining tora lomi’ad, malasawad toko kasasi’adad to i Tayliokay(大陸) a kanatal, ora sato tora Kiwsato(共產主義) hananay i, hato o mamalasawad to, sanaw ora sa to pikining tora “123 lahodayay lomi’ad” hananay a demak i, itini i 1993 amihecaan mifalic to a pala ono “hekalan a lihadayay hananay a lomi’ad”. Satohaw i o i Taywanay a nano malaholiway taylaay to i Tayliok(大陸) ama tayal ato palowad to tayal, mahemk toko i Tayliokay ami hamham, malecad tora ci Changcenghen(張城垣) hananay a tamdaw o hatilaay to ama hamham nangra.（Suman siwkolan ‘Amis/Pancah 1/23’25） === Tahapinangang參考文獻： === 1. 陳布雷等編著. 《蔣介石先生年表》. 台北: 傳記文學出版社. 1978-06-01. 2. 抗美援朝志愿军战俘归国后 政策一夜之间翻了脸. 中華網. 2005-08-06 [2009-03-05]. （原始內容存檔於2009-02-28） （中文（簡體））. 3.張澤石. 《我的朝鲜战争——一个志愿军战俘的自述》. 北京: 時事出版社. 2000-10-01. 4. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952-1954 Volume XV, Part 2, Korea. . Document 857 [2013-10-29]. （原始內容存檔於2019-05-14）.（英文） 5.自由日的由來. [2014-07-26]. （原始內容存檔於2014-04-02）. 6. 國史館館刊第二十八期（2011年6月），頁 115-154，接運韓戰反共義士來臺之研究（1950-1954），周琇環 7.志願軍戰俘紀事續集：生命只有一次 P24 m0ff4q9zrnqcy54re020yauy3ngqo9j 0 2810 45530 45529 2025-01-30T02:16:17Z Masaonikar 570 /* Pili'alac ato Pakelag no ’Amis (阿美族在婚喪後的漁撈儀式) */ 45530 wikitext text/x-wiki == Pili'alac ato Pakelag no ’Amis (阿美族在婚喪後的漁撈儀式) == O li'alac hananay i, o todong pipaherekan no ’Amis i pararamod a demak. Itiyaay ho ’Amis a finacadan tamdaw, midemak ko loma’ to pararamod to wawa i, na ikoran no pararamodan ikor a romi’ad, ira aca ko mili’alac sanay a demak no loma’. I pidemak no ’Amis to kararamodan i, itira i kaawaayan no tastayalen no tosaay laloma’an ko piketon to pararamodan a romi’ad, orasaka i pipaherekan pararamod no tasaay laloma’an itiya, ira ko li’alac hananay paherekan a demak, ta manga’ay ko tosaay laloma’an padoedo to tatayalan no loma’. Roma to i, itini i niyaro’, ira ko fa’elohay ciloma’ay loma’ ano eca o mifadicay to loma’ a loma, mangalay ko loma’ to mipadangay, saka mitahidang to niyah a sangasaw (ano eca o tamdaw no niyaro’) a mipadang, ano maherek to ko demak, o piahowid no laloma’an to pipadang no sangasaw, mipatala ko laloma’an to sapakalafi, mipacok to fafoy sapakaen to ’alomanay. Saka toso romi’ad i, ira aca ko li’alac hananay a demak. Nanoya i, lipahak ko fiyafiyaw ato malininaay ato widawidang to nika maherek to mapatireng ko loma' i, itiya, mipadang ko matayalay a misaloma', saka, ala pasadasadak a maemin to hemay (hakhak, o toron) a cango’ot ko sapakalafi to matayalay ato lafang saan. Mipateko (tateko) han konini a mipafeliay to hemay. O datengto a cecay ko nisaadihayan a mitangtang. Saka tosa romi’ad to dafak, tosaay laloma’an mitahidang to sangasaw tayni loma’ a maranam, maherek maranam, pasowal ko faki no loma’, mali'alac anini romi’ad sanay a sowal, saka o malininaay no sangasaw tayra i ’alo ano eca tayra i riyar mifoting, micekiw ano eca mikalang, midongec, ira ko todong to sapakaen to mato’asay, mikihatiya ko sangasaw milininaay a malafi malipahak lomadiw a masakero. Orasaka, mali’alac hananay o todong kalipahakan a romi’ad. Roma sato, ano maherek to ko pilitodan a demak i, ira ko mali’alac a demak. O paherekan no lipahakay a demak no loma' ko li'alac hananay. O pakelang hananay i, malecad ato li'alac ko tatodong no pakelang hananay. Nikawrira, o saki no mapatayay a li'alac ko “pakelang” hananay. Ano mapaherek ko pitadem i, mipakelang to sapakalafi to mato'asay no malininaay ato paro no loma' a mihinom to rarom no faloco' no malininaay a maemin. Saka, o paherek no pitadem to mapatayay, caay ka eca o mamipakelang a tala 'alo ano eca i riyar a mifoting to sapakalafi to mato'asay no ngangasawan ato iraay a mihayomay a tamdaw. O mahaenay ko tatodong no pipakelang hananay. Aniniay a niyaro’ to li’alac ato pakelang sanay a pifoting a demak, matifac to i kasasiroma no pitooran to Keristokiw saka malasawad to ko no kasaniyaro’ a pikihatiya, padengan sato nio salaloma’an to a sangasaw ko pidemak. Roma, ’ayaway a pili’alac ato pakelang sanay a pifoting, palecad o pakelang sanay to ko pisowal. 7k8ds11t9lk674foo6tswjizfv7qlnj 0 2811 45549 45548 2025-01-30T02:29:51Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* 6. Malikowat Kristo kiwkay (六、聯合基督教會：) */ 45549 wikitext text/x-wiki == Konglikay (公理會: Congregational Church) == === 1. Makoracay mitooray. (一、清教徒：) === Mala hongti ci Mary, mifalicay mitooray maherek to patala to masatadasay a sera, caay ka pawan ningra ko ina ato sawaco no niyah, misa’icel mikari’ang to demak no mifalicay to pitooran, kari’angen ko mifalicay, palowad to Tingsokiw. saka enem miheca to kala hongti mapatay cingra, oya pifalic to pitooran no Inkiris a tayal mapadoedo aca. Ci Elizabeth saka cecay ko midotocay, malatosaay ko pidemak ningra to kanga’ayaw, pa’icel cingra o hongti no Inkiris o tatapangan no Inkiris kiwkay, polong no kitakit a kiwkay masacecay ko ’edaw no pita’ong, oya kapolongan a sapitolon a tilid. Sapalasawad to kalaliyang no pakayraan ato lalood, nika oya nai Reniwa (Geneva) patikoay a mifalicay pa’icel to tadamaan no Fangcalay cudad, I 1559 miheca o miliyangay ko pinangan, miliyang to kapolongan tolon a tilid ato kakeridan no pita’ong (tadamanay riko’). Roma tamdaw mangalay miliyaw misa’opo to kiwkay, patireng to Konglikay ato paceno’kay, roma a tamdaw itira sa i sakowan ko pifalic a makoracay mitooray sa o Independent han to cangra. Katadamaanan: (1) Caay ka sa kiwha, itira sa i laloma no sakowan a mifalic. O safana’ nangra talolong ko kafiyol to ni Kalfin (Calvin), misa’icel to kaira tatapangan raraw, matoleday, paso’elinay o mo’ecelay, ato pa’ayaway sowal. (2) O miliyangay to tadamaan no taheka ato miliyangay to todong, ma’imer a miliyang to sa’edaw no pitadem. (3) Dengan o pingodo to Fangcalay cudad, awaayto ko roma. (4) Ma’imer to pisarocodan ato wayway a demak. === 2. Konglikay: Makoracay mitooray a maroharohay faco (二、公理會：是清教派的激進形式。) === I 1581 miheca miliyas cangra to kitakit a kiwkay o miliyasay sa ko pangangan, nai ci Ropet Pron (Robert Browne, 1550-1633) ato ci Henry Parow (Henry Barrow, 1550-93) ko pikerid. Mitilid cangra to pakayniay to sapasifana’ a faco. 1581 miheca i Norwic (Norwich) patireng to kiwkay, mitelekan ko pikapot, kakoniyah mipili’ to patenakay tamdaw, midotoc to nitelekan ko demak, ci salongoc ko salikaka mico’a’ang ano eca malaliyang to demak. Ikor itira i kitakit kiwkay ko tayal ni Ropet Pron (Robert Browne), tangasa kapatayan. Ci Parow (Henry Barrow) to ko midotocay to tayal tangasa 1593 mihecaan a mapatay. Ci J. Ropinsen ( J. Robinson , 1575-1625) (Pilgrim Father) adihay ko nitilidan, mangalef ko ni Yohani Owen (John Owen, 1616-83) nitilid to “The Nature of a Gospel Church” ikor malapaterongan sifana’ no Konglikay. === 3. Sarikec. ( 三、教制：) === '''Kakeridan:''' Tingsokiw, Lotekay, Senkongkay, Wislikay, Tongcenkiwkay. '''Dayhiw:''' Mifalicay pakayraan=Ciwlo pakayraan. '''Slikaka:''' Konglikay, Paceno’kay. === 4. Sfana’: Pron ato Parow (Browne & Barrow) nano Kalfin (Calvin) pakayraan. (四、教義：Browne & Barrow屬於加爾文派。) === (1) Mipalasawad to no kitakit harateng, awaay ko todong no sifo mitelek ano eca mikihar to demak no kiwkay. (2) O salikaka no kiwkay pakoniyahay micomod, oya paretatenga sanay mitooray micomod i nitelekan saheto o salikaka no kiwkay. (3) Pa’icel salikaka o citodong to ta’ong, mipili’ay ko kiwkay to foksi ciwlo, mipadamso to pakosiya ato maponengay tamdaw. (4) kasakiwkay i hoyin ato midemakay o misiikeday, nika masasidama o malikakaay. === 5. Amilika. (五、美國:) === I 1620 miheca tayni fa’olohay pala a makoracay mitooray, nano o misiikeday (Independent), nika i Amilikaay a makoracay mitooray i Masacusa (Massachusetts) patireng to mirocokay kasanga’ay no syakay, niMosi a rikec, saan milaheci to so’elin no Kawas ko patosokan mikowan to sici, tangasa i 1833 miheca mapalasawad ko Masacusa. Saki ciwiko masafaco nangra, siiked i 1636 miheca ato 1701 miheca mapatireng ko Hofo (Harvard) ato Yale (Yale) daykako. I 18 sici masereray, ikor o Konglikay ci Yonatan Edward (Jonathan Edwards, 1703-1758) ato Kalfin Wili (alvinistic Methodist) pakayraan ci Cioci Waytefid (George Whitefield, 1714-1770) to ko mikeriday, misatapang to i 1740-42 mihecaan mapalowad. Ikor ci Yonatan Edward (Jonathan Edwards) patireng to Niw cisi kakoyin (New Jersey College) oya Polinston daykako (Princeton University). Kalalaedan midotoc patireng to Wilian, Amhert, Opelin (Williams, Amherst, Oberlin) pitilidan. 19 sician, salongan ira ko 100 ko kiwkay miliyasay to Konglikay, mipatireng to Malacecayay ko tireng no Kawas (Unitarian) a kiwkay. I 1781 miheca patireng to “Amilika kitakit wiyinhuy (National Council of the U.S.). tolo miheca kina cecay malisaot. 1833 miheca patireng to Kongli nipatatekoan (Congregational Union). === 6. Malikowat Kristo kiwkay (六、聯合基督教會：) === Malikowat Kristo kiwkay (United Church of Christ) I 1957 miheca masarocok, nai Kiristo Konglikay sokay ato Ratoh ato mifalicay pakayraan kiwkay a matateko. 1997 miheca ira 1,400,000 ko salikaka. 8xxgtv1z1d1i57z6ygnq9mixn305l1t 8 2812 45551 2025-01-30T23:38:58Z Maintenance script 1 Migrating server configuration to an on-wiki JSON file ([[:phab:T374348]]) 45551 json application/json { "$version": "1.0.0", "BabelAutoCreate": true, "BabelCategoryNames": { "0": "", "1": "", "2": "", "3": "", "4": "", "5": "", "N": "" }, "BabelMainCategory": "", "BabelUseUserLanguage": false } 54hmctnlaawatl26wopa0v29fbhc0mb 0 2813 45586 45585 2025-02-01T14:09:33Z Masaonikar 570 /* Pinengnengan tilid. (參考文獻) */ 45586 wikitext text/x-wiki == Makoracay pitoor (清教徒) == Makoracay pitoor (Inkiris: Puritan) oya milongocay palasawad i laloma’ no Inkiris kitakit kiwkay to pidemak no Tinsokiw sanay a mifalicay fa’elohay pitooran salikaka, onini a tilidan i 16 sici 60 miheca to’ec a miteka, o nano Latin a tilid Purus, makoracay a sowal. So’elinen ko sowal, makoracay pitoor caay ko fa’elohay a pakayraan, o nika fiyol no Kalfin (Calvin) harateng, paso’elinay to “Pa’ayaway sowal” miliyang to Tinsokiw a mitooray. O nano Inkiris kitakit kiwkay ko kacingangan nangra. Paso’elin ko makoracay mitoor to ni Kalfin (Calvin) harateng a Pa’ayaway sowal ato sifana’ “Dengan o Fangcalay cudad”, maanan kiwkay ano eca kahacecay caay ka nga’ay malo rocok a sakowan ko misaheciay ato midamaay. ’Ayaway mapatay a makoracay pitoor misafaloco’ to Inkiris tamdaw patoko i Tinsokiw ci Mary saka cecay pikowanan itiya, i pikowan ni Mary hongti to ikor malafel tayra i Europ a Inkiris fa’elohay pakayraan a sacefang, ikor salong papina tamdaw malinah tayra i Amilika. Ikor i 18 sici, “Makoracay pitoor” sanay a sowal caay to kasowal, mala likisiay to. I Europ, salong Makoracay pitoor piliyang to Tinsokiw ikor micefong to i Inkiris kitakit kiwkay a sifana’. I 17 sici tangasa 18 sici, oya Inkiris ka’amisay Amilika a Makoracay pitoor midefong to i adihayay masasiromaay fa’elohay kiwha. Roma i, mirocok to adihayay mifalicay sifana’ no Konglikay maparetatenga o mirocokay a Makoracay pitooray[1][2]. === Likisi (歷史) === ==== 1559 miheca tangasa 1625 miheca. ==== I 1603 miheca, ci James saka cecay maro’ ini Elizabeth a St Edward anengan, pakinali ko piepec to Makoracay pitoor, milongoc cangraan mita’ong to Inkiris a hongti. Nika, itiraay i Scrooby niyaro’ a Makoracay pitoor mi’isiday salikaka (Separatists) i 1608 miheca milaliw tayra i Netherlan, nawhani itira to cangra miraoy to mapakoniraay pitoor. Nikawrira, mata’elif ko romi’ad, dadahal ko pinengneng no Netherlan to mitooray, mala saka latiih no mi’isiday salikaka, nanoya miliyas cangra to Europ, malinah tayra ka’amisay Amilika misafa’eloh to ka’oripan. Oni mi’isiday salikaka, mahayda no Inkiris itira ka’amisay Amilika 13 ko sa’etal a micalapan sara Ficiniya (Virginia) a maro’. I 1620 miheca 7 folad, itiraay i Leiden no Netherlan a ma’isiday salikaka malinah patiko tayra i Inkiris, ikor i 9 folad mikalic to tamina “Lima folad hana haw” pasayra i Amilika. Oya laloma’ay no tamina a tamdaw salongan ira ko 100 ko mato’asay ato kaemangay itiya, itira cangra i tatiihay riyar romakat toya Tasiyang tosa a folad tangasa i Siyi wa’a (Cape Cod) a talasekal, wata ko to semo’ot kongli to ray i Ficiniya (Virginia). ’Ayaw no katalasekal, i 11 folad 11 romi’ad matelek to nangra ko tamina “Lima folad hana haw katatelekan”, katatelekan pahapinang o mamipatireng to fa’elohay saniyaro’, pidoedoan a rikec. I 1620 miheca 12 folad 21 romi’ad, itira cangra i ngata no Polimas (Plymouth) mahicera a paniyaro’, itiya patireng to kilang a kiwkay, i pa’aliwacan to dafak malisaot. Talacowa o polong nangra kafahekaan nga’ay ko pilakec to Tasiyang a riyar, nika i kasacekcek no rakat, masadak ko kadadenga adada, tongal to kasi’enawan romi’ad, tangasa tolo folad, makitosa ko mapatayay tamdaw. I 1621 miheca kacanglahan, miteka cangra patireng to loma’, milada’ i Yincumin (Intian) tamdaw to sapaloma. Ira ko cecay ci Somerit (Somerset) hananay yincumin a tamdaw itira, hawikiden ningra ko mafana’ay mifalic to Inkiris sowal ci Skoanto (Squanto). Caay ko dengan a mifalic to sowal ni Skoanto, keriden ningra cangra nga’ayay pifotingan a pala, pasifana’en ningra samaaen ko pipaloma to kakaenen. I kafarawfawan, ira to ko pilitodan, mipadang cangraan masasitelek to yincumin. Onini mi’isiday Makoracay mitooray, o pipangangan ni William Bradford cangraan o “Lafang i lalan no kakarayan” (Pilgrim) saan. Ikor to, sa’aloman sa’aloman sato ko malinahan tayni i Polimas (Plymouth), ikor no 15 mihecaan, o maro’ay itini a tamdaw marafas to 2,000 tamdaw, o kaitiraan no micalapay a niyaro’.. ==== I 1625 miheca tangasa 1690 miheca. ==== Matira to, salongan Inkiris kitakit a Makoracay mitooray mitiya toya ma’isiday a salikaka, paso’elin itira roma a sekal no Tasiyang matama no niyah ko “Pafaloco’an a sera” sanay. I 1630 miheca, oya Makoracay mitooray talahekal saka’amisan no Polimas (Plymouth), itira i lawac no riyar a niyaro’ no Massachusetts patirang to kiwkay. I 1640 miheca, fa’elohay Inkelan a maro’ay salongan 2 ’ofad ko malinahay tayni. I 1691 miheca, i lawac no riyar a niyaro’ no Massachusetts ato i Plymouth niyaro’ malekatep, sa’aloman sato ko tamdaw no Makoracay mitooray, awaay to ko ma’isiday sanay itiya. so’elinay, o maro’ay i Inkelan a tamdaw saheto o Makoracay mitooray, sakitiyaay a pakayraan tata’ak ko ’icel mafiyol, o Poston (Boston) ko paterongan no pakayraan nangra. ==== Pitoor (信仰) ==== Makoracay pitoor a paso’elin, midotocay to no Geneva mifalicay pakayraan ci Yohani Kalfin (John Calvin) a sifana’. Paso’elin cangra “pali’ayaway pipili’ a sowal”, paretatenga cangra i’ayaw ri ko Kawas mipili’ cimaay tamdaw ko mamapa’orip, caayay ka pili’ no kakarayan o aitira i kasemseman mada’oc matodoh saan. ikor, oya Makoracay mitooray a patenakay mitaka pasowal to sapipasasiyol a pa’ayaw, I 18 sici a foksi ci Jonathan Edwards mihapiw a papelo, tatodong no sasowalen: “Itiraay i keter no Kawas a ciraraway tamdaw”. masongila’ ko pacekokan no tamdaw to kasemseman, katalawen no mitengilay a tamdaw, cadi’ci’en ko foloco’, mangalay cangra to roma a foksi to sahinom. ==== ’Orip no laloma’an (家庭生活) ==== O nengneng no Makoracay mitooray to kararamod caay pikilim to sakarenec to kaolahen a tamdaw, o pikilim to mamenekay olahen, manga’ayay da’ocay kalawidangen, nanoya miti’er to Kawas a sadama a lalakaten. Makoracay mitooray sapipahafay to wawa a sifana’ a rarakaten lalan, mikihar cangra to tatirengan ato salo’afangan, mingodoay ato mita’ongay to Kawas a laloma’an. Nga’ayay, mi’emetay, malalen ko kasasipa’icel patireng to tamdaw ko nga’ayay no laloma’an. Ira ho, Makoracay mitooray a salikaka minanamay i laloma’an masasipatenak ato masasitayal. ==== Kiwiko (教育) ==== I 1630 miheca, tona ci John Winthrop parakat to tamina pasayra i ka’amisay Amilika a pala itiya i, pa’ayaw to madakaway a lafang, oya ka’amisay Amilika matiyaay o i tokosay a niyaro’, oya patirengay to pinayaan ato painiay i hekal to tada syakay no mitooray. O sapilaheciaw toni patosokan, kakeridan no micalapay miciwiko to Makoracay mitooray. Onini a minengnengay to syakay no kasakitakit a salongan tamdaw i, ano eca nai Oxford daykako, ano eca nai Cambridge daykako (’alomanay saheto nai Cambridge daykako), o nifana’an nangra saheto no itiraay i Europ a nikelisan. Enemay miheca ko sa’ayaway kafafolawan, kakeridan no micalapay mipatireng ito to Harvard daykako. Nai 17 sici no 70 miheca to’ek i, polong no ka’amisay Amilika fa’elohay sera ni calapan (dengan to o Rhode kanatal) malaheci to matelek, miketon o kaemangay o maminanam to sakafana’ to tilid a palowad a kiwiko. I 1647 miheca, I Massachusetts mahayda to ko rikec, milongoc i kasaniyaro’ o mamitahidang to pasifana’ay a singsi to tilid. Masasiromaay faco a kiwiko no pitilidan, nai fafahiyan pitilidan ano eca sapalowad mitiri’ay a pitilidan (oya, o laloma’an a fafahiyan ko mami’eses to kaemangay minanam palowad mitiri’ay pitilid), Latin pitilidan (oya mafana’ay to Inkiris a fa’inayan miteka patala to Latin a sowal, Hiporay sowal, Koris sowal ko kafana’an to sowal a pitilidan) nanoyaan sa miteka. Palowad misa’osi pitilidanoya patodong fafahiyan kaemangay patosokan ko sapikiwiko, o fa’inayan miliyas to loma’ nangra misa’osi to ina, tayra i niyaro’ minanam to sowal mitilid. So’elinay, i kasasiroma no fa’inayan fafahiyan a kiwiko matelek ko sapipasifana’. Fafahiyan mikeriday to kaemangay papisa’osi to tilid, fa’inayan pasifana’ to fa’inayan a wawa minanam to ikaskaay a safana’. Ikor i, o fafahiyan manga’ay i kofa tadamanay tayal, saki sowal pitilidan a patosokan, oya “Mi’esesay to kapah, tangasa pilayap nangra to daykako a kiwiko”, no Latin sowal pitikidan caay piala to fafahiyan (Harvard caay piala). Adihay ko sapinangan, ano o sasafaay no niyaro’ a pitilidan, palowaday misa’osi a larekoan oya i niyaro’ay 50 laloma’an ko pipatireng, nika fafahiyan a kaemangay caay ka nga’ay mikihatiya. Lalowadan no kiwiko o sakipakayraan. O saka korac no makaracay mitooray, o mamisa’osi cangra to Fangcalay cudad. Malo 1549 miheca faloco’ a tilid maparatoh to, “Tadamaanay (Fangcalay cudad) halo saki pa’orip.” Talacowa mihayda to pisa’osi to fangcalay cudad caay ko sapatito to maamaan aca, nika mapatireng to ko parana’an no tayal, o cecay nga’ayay Makoracay mittoray, o todong no tayal ningra o saki niyah sapikilim to so’elin no Fangcalay cudad. Paini to pisa’osi a kiwiko to saki syakay, nai “ano caay pafeli i kaemangay to sapolowad pisa’osi a kiwiko, mato’as to mala o makatalay. Saan, o “kaemangay mamisa’osi”, onini a harateng a todong, o saka “fana’ … tonini kitakit to sakidafong a rokec” (masinting nai Massachusetts no Amilika a rikec). Saki nisafaloco’ay i fa’elohay pala patireng to loma’, nai awaay misitapang patireng misanga’ to makapahay syakay no Makoracay mitooray a sakapot ani han i, kasarayray ko tadamaanay itira. Ma’imer ko Makoracay mitooray a ka’amisay Amilika to kiwiko, mahapinang i caayay kalecad Amilika micalapay kasato’ek. Misatapangay patireng to sakanga’ay ’orip no mitooray, malengat to ponka kiwiko lalowadan. Nika ka’amisay Amilika sa’etal ato nira a kitakit caay to kalecad, tinako awaay ko niketonan singsi ano eca sakikaemangay a pidoedoan. So’elinay, dengan o Scotland, roma niyaro’ no hekal awaay ko Makoracay mitooray a sakikiwiko. ==== Dayhiw no tamdaw (代表人物) ==== O Makoracay mitooray a foksi ato kawasan hakasi a dayhiw tamdaw halo ci Yohani Owen (John Owen), Richard Baxter, John Bunyan, Matthew Henry, Jonathan Edwards, Whitefield. Adihay ko nitilidan nangra to sapikerid to salikaka saki’orip no salo’afangan, a hineknek ko mo’ecelay minanam to kawasan piadoan. Ikor, oya pinanam to kawasan malomo’ecelay sinkakoyin a sifana’, pakayniay pikingkiw i sakisalo’afang no ’orip a pakayraan, halo pihirateng, pitolon, sapilowid to salifet, minanam miolah to Kawas sanay. Itini ka’amisay no Amilika pacalapan romi’ad, ka’amisay Amilika a Makoracay mitooray midotoc tono Inkiris a Makoracay mitooray ko pinanaman: matateko i adingoan ’orip ato syakay a pikakihatiya, oya ni Calvin ninanaman kawasan a sapilaheci[3]. Ci John Bunyan (1615-1691) o patenakay, mitiliday[4]. Kalakapahan ho ningra mafiyol no fafahi, mitekat masinanok ko ’orip. Ikor no 1660 miheca, masamsam no Inkiris kitakit a kinapinapina marofo cingra, itini i karofoan malalok misa’osi to Fangcalay cudad a makahinom, itiya miteka mitilid to “Mirakatay to no kakarayan lalan”. Onini a tilid painiay i masamaanay ka’oca’ocay, pades ato sakapot ’orip no mitooray. Patapal to salikaka inanengen to saki salo’afang a ’orip ma’ikes, saki tamdaw ato Kawasan a kakiharen, caay ko saka cingangan ato sakifaco no salikaka. O nipohalan no paso’elin, pakalitemoh to masamaamaanay to sakalengat ato salifet no mitooray, mataneng ko katoledan ato kacitolasan no tamdaw. pakayni tonini i, o sina’ada no Kawas ko sakapilowid no tamdaw. Ci Baxter (1615-1691) o kakeridan no Makoracay mitooray i Inkiris[5][6], I 1653 mihecaan cingra micikeroh to malafoksiay no Inkelan saki malafoksiay mitelek midemak to sakiloma’ pinanam to tilidan.  O adihayay ko painiay a kawasan tamdaw, oya “pakayraan no mitooray” (A Christian Directory ) kapolongan kawasan, sakiwayway ato salo’afangan a tilidan, masongila’ padamso sapidemak ato nitanengan pakaka ko palalan to sakisalo’afang a ’orip. Mapasetek ningra kono kawasan saki haraten ato pidemak to no kakak, pakaka to no salikaka a nitanengan palaso’elinay, o tamdaw ato Kawas a kakiharan ko sakacomahad. Miparetatenga cingra to sakatadamaan itini hekal, hinapec cingra to milinikay a micidekay, misapakoyocay, misatafihaway ko sapiliyas to hekal ko pitaneng pakayraan. Caay ka kahi cingra to milonolay pinengneng to ’orip (contemplative life) ikaka to nidemakan no ’orip (active life) ko kafolosi, pasadak to caayay ko no hekal ko sakihekal a ’orip, pakaka ko piwacay i katayalan to o salikaka ko ’orip. Oya i, paretatenga Ingra o Kawas itini i paitemek no pinanam ato kiwkay a sapidemak ko kacisini’ada no Kawas, saka safa’elof macakat ko ’orip no salikaka. === Pinengnengan tilid. (參考文獻) === 1.Miller 2008，第296頁: "Congregationalists were theologically descended directly from the Puritans of England and consequently enjoyed pride of place as one of the oldest, most numerous, and most significant religious groups in the colonies." 2.Archpriest John W. Morris (2011). "The Historic Church: An Orthodox View of Christian History". p. 438. Author House 3.廖炳堂：《靈修神學》（香港：建道神學院，2015），頁55。 4.郭鴻標：《歷代靈修傳統巡禮》信仰與生活叢書，21（香港：香港基督徒學會，2001），頁151-153。 5.廖炳堂：《靈修神學》，頁55-56。 6.郭鴻標：《歷代靈修傳統巡禮》，頁153-154。 === Papotalay calay. (外部連結) === n17pxjlrbc0kbkb9z4og7s4yehym7wc 0 2814 45604 45603 2025-02-01T14:39:30Z Masaonikar 570 /* 4. Kaitiraan no kiwkay: */ 45604 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ciwlokay (長老會, Presbyterian) == === '''1. ’Orip ni Zwingli, likisi ato pakayraan:''' '''('''一、慈運理生平，歷史與教義：) === {| class="wikitable" |1484 miheca |Masofoc, i Fiwina ato Pasaer daykako, misawad i Witenpahe minanam to satadamaanay ko Fangcalay Cudad, o kapatay ni Keristo o ’aca no raraw, awaay ko epoc no to ’aca no paya. |- |1516 miheca |I ngata no Solic, tadaci’icel ko pipakimad. |- |1522 miheca |Misitapang miliyang to RCC: O pipaso’lin caay ko kiwkay, miliyang to kanga’ay no demak, pisemsem, pinanam to ratoh, mifalah to pisaliway, manga’ay no simpo ci ramod, mico’ay (milidong to riko’ tadamanay torokos ato laloma’ no tiring, dengan o Solic a cecay. Masasilecad to Luther vs. Zwingli vs. Calvin a radiwan). |- |1525 miheca |Palasawad to adihayay sa’edaw. |- | 1529 miheca |“Marburg laocan” ato ni Lote pitaheka a nengneng masasiroma a micidek. O ci siciay a mifakicay ko tadamaan cingra. Kalimelaan i 1531 miheca mapatay i kalaloodan. O RCC rasrasen i kasapala ko ’afo todong satefoc. Mapatay cingra ci Polinke (Bullinger) ko midotocay, ikor ci Calvin ko mirikecay to kiwkay, oya mifalicay pakayraan kiwkay (Reformed Church). O Inkiris a kitakit patodong sa o Ciwlokiwkay, oya Lote kiwha mahaen to ko piceli’, itini i 17th sici a matelek. |} === '''2. Kalfin (Calvin, 加爾文)''' === {| class="wikitable" |1509 miheca |Masofoc, ikor ni Lote to 26 miheca, o pipalecad ikaka to ni Lote saan. Ci Markes Wipo a paratatenga i cingraan o tadamaanay i Europ keristokiw matifac ko ni Lote ato ’ayaway. |- |1523 miheca |I Telamaci kakoyin malitemoh ci Katiay mapatireng ko parana’an. |- |1528 miheca |Misawad, minanam to rikec malitemoh ko cecay singsi ci Wolma. |- |1531 miheca |Miteka minanam to Keris ato Hipolay. |- |1533 miheca |Mipadang mitilid to patirengan ci Cop ’aisidan to sapifalic harateng a malacafay milaliw (kalaliyangan). Mitilid i 1529 miheca i Marenpow a kalaliyang a tilid. 1534 miheca ira “Talifahal mafalic ko pipaso’elin”. |- |1535 miheca |Miteka mitilid to Kiristokiw sifana’ (Institute's of the Christian religion) i saka tosa miheca parina’ pasadak. |- |1536 miheca |Saka 7 folad tayra i Reniwa (Geneva) ato Farel mikonling, nika caay ka laheci. I 1538 miheca 4 folad miliyas to Reniwa (Geneva) tayra i Stelasepaw (Strassbourgh), itira mala milaliway a foksi. |- |1541 miheca |Itini Reniwa (Geneva) a citodongay sakowan ato pipatangic ni Farel tayni i Reniwa (Geneva). Mitilid to li’ayaw a “rikec no kiwkay” mala todong rikec no kiwkay Reniwa (Geneva) o nian koya parana’an noya mifalicay pakayraan kiwkay (Reformed Church). Tangasa o nian a “Sepatay a sifana’ rikec ko kacitodongan” tangasa anini. |- |1544-1555 miheca |Kinapinapina masasiwtoc ci Kalfin (Calvin) ato sifo. Nika i 1555 miheca 1 folad o cisifo paliyas to, saka mapatireng ni Kalfin (Calvin) ko kawasan a sakowan. |- |1547 miheca |Miteka mitilid to saka 1 Korinto a pahecian, tangasa 1564 miheca ’ayaw no ka patay mitilid to Icikir pahecian tilid, kalimelaan tangasa i 20 cefang caay pakalaheci. |- |1553 miheca |Patayen ningra ko kakakay no Spanya (Spain) ci Michael Servetus, nawhani caay pilayap to toloay no cecay sasowalen, patayen ningra, o nian ko adada ningra i ka’orip ho. |- |1559 miheca |Patireng to Reniwa (Geneva) kakoyin, pitilidan no pifalican a kaitiraan. |- |1564 miheca |5 folad 27 romi’ad ko kapatayan ningra, awaay ko pangangan i tadem. Mihaheci ko ’orip ningra: Soli Gloria Deo. Mapatay cingra i, ci (Piza) Beza ko midotocay, koda’it ko demak, nika malecad ko harateng toni Kafin (Calvin). |} === '''3.Kawasan nisafaloco’an:''' '''('''三、神學思想：) === '''Sakowan no Fangcalay cudad:''' Pakaynien no Kawas i Fangcalay cudad ko pipa’araw to tamdaw. Mipadama ko Fangcalasy cudad titaanan misapinang minengneng to so’elinay a demak. Mihawikid to ’icel no Fangcalay ’Adingo mifalic to faloco’ no tamdaw, saka fana’ no tamdaw to so’elinay, ta midoedo to sowal Ningra. O polong no rikec i Fangcalay cudad, paratoh no pa’ayaway to sowal no Kawas ato salaloma’an no ratoh saheto pa’esesay to pipa’araw to Tapang ci Yis Kristoan, pakaynien no Kawas i nafaloco’an ningra, masetek ko malatamdaway a sowal, mapakadofah ko sida’it, ciso’elinay, maro’ i ’orip no tamdamdaw, pakayni i Cingraan masongila’ ko kahapinang. Matiniay ko pitelek no Kawas, dengan o pipakayni no tamdaw i ci Yisan, awaay to pakayraan a mafana’ to Kawas. O patelocan no Fangcalay cudad ato paterongan ci Kristo, orasaka, pakayni i Fangcalay cudad, mafana’ kita ci Kristoan. '''Patonekan no sowal:''' I 16 sici itini i Holan itiyaay a Arminian adihay ko fangafang i laloma’ no kiwkay, caay pilayap cangra to ni Kafin (Calvin) a sini’ada ko kaci’orip sanay a kawasan sowal, o paratatenga nangra caay ka i kaci’orip no tamdaw a ira ko sakowan. Paini ko Arminian: a. Manengneng no kawas iraay a mimaan ko paso’elinay faloco’ no tamdaw to mapili’. b. Talacowa dengan o pipaso’elin no Tamdaw to mapaka’orip, nika mali’ayaw to ni Kristo mapatay ko tamdaw. c. O katatiih no tamdaw, ano caay ka I’ayaw ko pafeli no Kawas to sini’ada to ira ko paso’elin, o caay ka nga’ay no tamdaw ci nga’ayay ko demak. d. So’elinay miliyaw ma’orip a tamdaw caay ka i nipipaso’elinan ko sakadipot. O sapisalofaw to fangafang, laocan no kitakit no Holan i 1618 miheca malisaot masa’opo ko polong no kitakit lomaoc, mitahidang to kasakitakit no nifalican pakaraan kiwkay a dayhiw mikihatiya; itiya ira ko 35 no itiniay niyaro’ a foksi, papinaay a ciwlo, 5 kawasan hakasi, 18 komong no kitakit, ato 27 romaay kitakit a dayhiw mikihatiya, halo Scotland, England, Belgium, Switzerland, France. O Arminian mamalalen ko kaaini no ngangan mikihatiya to kalomaoc nasa, caay ka harateng o mapakokotay cangra, mipatado ko niyah to sapidama. O lomaocan o midamaay to ni Kafin (Calvin) a to’as no pitooran, mitefoc to moraraway 5 a nipasadakan no Arminian, malaheci ko ni Dort a paso’elinan (Creed of Dort), mitelek to ni Kafin (Calvin) 5 a sifana’, oni patonekan no sowal ni Kafin (Calvin) ko saka lahecian tonini: no Inkiris a limaay a tilid to “TULIP” pahapinang to limaay a kasasiroma ni Kafin (Calvin) a pakiraan. a. O ciraraway ko tamdaw (Total Inability). b. Awaay ko parafas to pipili’ (Unconditional Election). c. Patelek ko pihepol ni Kristo (Limited Atonement). d. Ciepoc ko pitahidang no Fangcalay ’Adingo (Irresistible Grace). e. makadipot ko Tarokos (mi’emetay) (Perseverance of the Saints). '''Tolo a malacecay:''' Ifiso 4:5 nai Wama ato Wawa masadak (filioque) nai Wama a masadak ko Wawa, nai Wama ato Wawa masadak ko Fangcalay ’Adingo (1 Pitilo 1:11). Ato sowal no Wawa masadak i 589 miheca i Toledo a kakeridan sa’opo. I saka 9 sici kalaliyangan no kawali kaetip kiwkay. I 1014 miheca Roma Tinsokiw pakayni i Nisiya paso’elin a rayray, nika Tongcenciaw caay pilayap. I 1960 miheca mikapot to kapolongan no hekal kiwkay yofayof ko Tongcenciaw, mala o kasasowalen. Fa’elohay kiwkay (Sinciaw) talacowa ira ko pilikaf to kawasan nengneng no Tinsokiw i, nika pakayni to nengneng i Fangcalay ’Adingo, midotocay to no to’as no kaetipay kiwkay. Laloma’ay no kiwkay a sakolicay tosaay, oya paino’ ato mihiseiki. Saki mihiseiki a todong, ira ko ni Kafin (Calvin) a katadamaan. Caay ka pihayda cingra to ni Zwingli to saki mihiseiki a o salongan. O mihiseiki a ’epan ato epah talacowa caay ka so’elin ko kafalic, nika oya ’epan ato epah o mala no Fangcalay a pahecian to, o pakaen no Kawas to salo’afang no tamdaw, orasaka, ’epan ato epah o mihakelongay ko ’icel no Fangcalay ’Adingo, milayap i, so’elinay ko pilayap to no Fangacalay no salo’afang a sakalemed. Saki Paino’, malecad caay ko salongan aca. Tona mapaino’ ko tamdaw i, pakayni ko tamdaw to nai Kawasay milayap to pa’araw no Kawas a sini’ada, mitelek i Kawas itiya, o Kawas ato tamdaw matatelekay to. Roma a sowal, o katatelek no tamdaw ato Kawas ko pipaino’, o tadamaanay a kalemedan. Nika oya nitelekan, sakitodong aca toya so’elinay nipili’an a tamdaw ko saka cirocek, oya caay ko kapili’ i, matatelek to, awaay ko depoc. '''Sakapot no kiwkay:''' o pikowan to kiwkay o papakayni i Fangcalay Cudad, caay ka pakayni i to’ek, liyok no ka’oripan ko pisetek, I laloma no Fangcalay Cudad, lekapot no kiwkay oya kasarecok no sini’ada, i laloma’ay no kiwkay a foksi, ciwlo, singsi, sicuci, kasarocek no tayal, awaay ko kasasa’eran. === 4. Kaitiraan no kiwkay: === Switzerland, Netherlands, Eastern Europe, Scotland (UK), Canada, United States, Asia, Africa, Oceania, ato roma kitakit. === 5. Pahecian: (結論) === O kacitodong no dayhiw no aniniay nikapolongan sician o kadadokadokaan. Tinako to ni Li Tenghuy congtong. 7mez6nqd3sl5ko956jneetcs3ixuo9h 0 2815 45626 45625 2025-02-03T06:58:08Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* 3. Kiwha (三、教派:) */ 45626 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''Mennokay (門諾會, Mennonite)  ''' == === 1. Pakayraan ('''一. 緣由:)''' === Itini ni Zwingli pifalican to pitooran itiya i, ira ko tatosaay a tadawidang ningra: ci Conrad Grebel, (1498-1526) aci Felix Manz (1527) tatosa. Ci Conrad Grebel mangalay to kiwkay matiya o no fa’elohay katatelekan a pinangan, nika ni Zwingli caay ka kahi a mitoor. Nanoya matahidang to malecaday harateng cangra, o dadaya itira i loma’ ni Felix Manz mikingkiw to cudad a mitolon. O kiwkay maledef to no wawa a pipaino’ itiya, acaay ho pipaino’ a mapatay to saan ko rihanaw, a caay ka pa’oip. I pikingkw nangra to cudad i, caay pakatama to sakiwawa a sifana’, o paretatenga to pipaino’ o pahapinang to pitoor to Tapang. Nanoya ci Zwingli pahapinang to pipalasawad to no wawa a pipaino’ a harateng, manga’ay haenen sa ko ni Zwingli, sa caay ka caloh ko harateng ningra.tangasa i 1524 miheca awaay ko sakapidemakaw ni Zwingli, saka nanoya miteka ca’edes ko likaf nangra ci Zwinglian. I 1525 miheca masasowal to cangra aci Zwinglian, miketon a patorod i lomaoc ko pitelek. Caay ko kafana’an to lomaoc paterep cangraan to pikingkiw nangra to cudad a sa’opo. Paterek to pipaino’ no wawa, saka micering mipaino’ay to falo romi’ad a kasofoc no wawa mipaino’ay to i, lalapen nai kiwkay san. Toya dadaya masasowasowal to cangra, i pitolon nangra i, ci Blaurock mapacekil no fangcalay ’adingo a mafolosi, milongoc ci Conrad Grebel to pipaino’, oya pacenoay nanoya sa a masadak[1]. Misa’osi cangra to sifana’ no fangcalay cudad, paretatenga o kiwkay i o milekoay to pilaheci to sowal no Tapang a sa’opo no mitooray, caay ko mamihakitiya to no sici sakowan, caay ko mapalitay no sakapot, o salikaka ato matayalay no Kawas o malalenay, dengan o sakacitaneng a tayal ko sasiiked. Matayalay no Kawas o nano nipili’an no salikaka, o matayalay no Kawas dengan o pikingkiw to Fangcalay cudad, pasofana’, mikantok to salikaka, mikerid to sa’opo, mikihar to salikaka. O sakidemak no kiwkay: dengan o pipaceno’ ato pitaheka, so’elin ko pasasiyol ta ira ko pipaino’. Milayap to taheka o piharateng to patay no Tapang, miliyang to palaheciay a sowal. Pa’icel cangra to makoracay ’orip, o mamisiiked ko salikaka to hekal, ano makari’ang to, mapades to i o mami’imer to nitooran. Tadamaan ko pinengneng nangra to pipasifana’ ni Yis i lotok, milongoc to sasiked no sici ato kiwkay, o salikaka caay ka nga’ay mikihatiya to sician. Matiniay a kasasiled no sici ato pitoor a pinangan masasiikoray to ni Zwingli a kakawa, caay lalecad to saki’orip, ono tamdawan ko niheratengan nangra a caay piharateng to no faco, lekapot, orasaka kakeridan no kiwkay ato mikowanay masasi’ada to piliyaw paceno’, paretatengaan nangra o dayhiw no sakararaw, mifelih to mirayrayay a tamdaw, nanoya pakaka ko pitestes a mikari’ang i cangraan. Sa’ayaw wata ko koda’it ato pili’ay ni Zwingli cangraan, nika saday sa ko caay kahemhem to fohkad no sowal ato demak nangra. I 1525 miheca, ni Conrad Grebel aci Felix Manz ato 20 a salikaka marepet, ci Conrad Grebel nai pirofoan milaliw, nika madenga no lifong a mapatay, ci Felix Manz i 1527 miheca macikeroh i ’alo mitolem a mapatay. Ikor milaliw ci Bullock tayra i Zurich, talacowacowa a misinting to Ratoh. I 1529 miheca marepet no Tingsokiw cingra, masetek matodoh i lamal. I 1536 miheca o nano Netherlan a simpo ci Menno Simons (1496-1561) miliyaw misa’opo to no paceno’ a salakaka. Ci Menno o nga’ayay patenakay mikeriday, talacowacowa ko pipatenak maliyas ko sapatay. Milecok cingra to pitoor no Kristokiw a sifana’, pasifana’ cingra to nano pipaso’elin a mapa’orip, o Fangcalay cudad ko pitooran ato cecayay sakowan no ’orip, mifelih to nirocokan sakowan no kiwkay a parana’an, pacecay patiyol to Fa’elohay katatelekan no kiwkay laleko, palasawad to syasin, maasimaan to lalalekoan kiwkay. Pacecay to mapakoniraay kiwkay, pacecay dengan o paso’elinay ta manga’ay paino’, midoedo to olah ni Kristo, pasifana’ to lali’ayay a caay ko mico’ayay, caay ko masasiri’angay, tatiih miloko, malali’ayay ko salikaka i kiwkay ato mangodo mihakelong ci Keristoan. O Fa’elohay cudad ko sapipasifana’ ningra to tamdaw, ikor oya mikotoday cingraan i oya Menno (Mennonites) hananay. === '''2. Mennokay.''' '''(二、門諾會特色)''' === 1. pahecian no kiwkay: o kiwkay i nanoya pasasiyoray tamdaw, miketonay paino’, mitooray ci Yisan a tamdaw koya sakapot, matiyaay ko “kiwkay no kitakit”, pakoniraay kiwkay i miliyaway paceno’ ko lalowadan, milalang cangra to paino’ no wawa, masofocay ono kiwkayto sanay a demak. 2. Masasinga’ay, awaay ko mico’ayay: miliyaway paceno’ salikaka tararikor nai kitakit a pidemak ato sakalalood a citodongay, paso’elin to sasinga’ayay, masasiolahay ato masasihepolay, mangalay to ’ada o ci mapaka’oripay. Ikaka ko nga’ay to kaciraraw no niyah to no tao, o papakayni i ’icel no sakalalood no kitakit, nika caay pikihatiya ko miliyaway paceno’, nawhani paretatenga matiniay ’icel caay ko no mitooray. Ira ko pakayniay to po’ot mipatay to tamdaw, macefis ko sakaciapa’orip no tao. (Roma 5：38-48; Loma12：14-2). 3.masasiikeday ko katadamaan a ’orip: miliyaway paceno’ paini to sapitoor ci Yasan, oya makoracay ko ’orip, nga’ayay ko wacay. Takaraw ko pinengneng nangra to pinangan, orasaka mararid ko salifet: samaanen ko pilitemoh to ciraraway no hekal, samaanen ko pidoedo to rikec ni Kristo, mikihatiya mifiyol to syakay a caay ka denga macengel. === 3. Kiwha ('''三、教派:)''' === Miliyaway paceno’ pakaka to kalaliyas to hekal. I’ayaw mikapot to miliyaway paceno’ ci Balthasar Hubmaier i 1525 miheca marepet marofo, caay pakahadidi to fades a misawad to niharatengan no niyah. Ikor mapasadak cingra, milaliw tayra i Moravia misatapang patenak to miliyaway paceno’ a pitoor. Ci Moravia talolong ko kafiyol to piliyaw paceno’, ikaka to no roma niyaro’ ko ka fohkad. Pasayra cangra i awaayay sifo a syakay, kalodafong ono kapolongan, malekatep ko saka’orip (communal life). Pa’ayaw cangra o mamiliyaw tayni ci Kristo, o papatoror ci Kristo to poot i nipili’an finawlan, mipatay to sangasaw ato tadamaanay no kiwkay. Kakeridan ci Hans Hut. Saikoray marepet, itira i safades. Ci Xu Mia to ko mikotayal mikerid, itira micowat ko tayal, saikoray marepet, i karofoan mafades, oya to ko caay pisawad to mipaso’elinan, nanoya micering ko citodongay todohan to namal mipatay. Ci Jacob Hutter ko milesapotay, patireng to Hutterian Brethren, i 1536 miheca i Innsbruck mapatay i pipatenak. I Amilika ira ko 77 a kiwkay to ni Hutterian Brethren, o salikaka ira ko 4,000 tamdaw. I 17 sici ci Jacob Amman (1644-1720) saan masahekalay ko itiraay i Switzerland a Mennokay, nanoya sa a miliyas to Mennokay patireng to Amish Church. O Amish sata’akay a Old Order Amish Mennonite salongan ira ko 18 ’ofad no salikaka, maliwasak i Amilika 22 sa’etal ato Canada. I 1927 miheca o Beachy Amish Mennonite Church nanoya masasiiked, sahet itiniay i Somerset, PA ira ko 6,500 ko salikaka, 101 ko kiwkay. Mennonite Church ira ko 10 ’ofad ko tamdaw, 1,100 ko kiwkay, satata’angay a Mennokay i Amilika. General Conference Mennonite (GCMC) Amilika Canada ira ko 6 ’ofad tamdaw, 350 ko kiwkay. I 1948 miheca Hekal Mennokay sakapot oya Mennokay madadama cikerosya (Mennonite Central Committee) ato Ciwlokiwkay mafafolod patireng to isingan patenak. Iko itira i Kalinko patireng to Menno ising, itira i Posong patireng to ising. Nanoya isingan patenak macowat ko taya, MCC mitahidang to GCMC la’enoay romaay kitakit patenakay mieses, tayni i Taywan patireng to kiwkay, misadadahal to patenak a tayal, pahecian o kangalayan to, saka miketon to no Payrang sowal pipatenak. Mennokay i 1954 miheca patiireng sa’ayaway kiwkay i Tayciw Linsenlo kiwkay, nai ci David Song foksi ko patirengay. Halafin i Taywan ko Mennokay ato Ciwlokay patireng ko kafafolod nifiyolan no Ciwlokay, ono Ciwlokay ko taladiwan, ’ayaway foksi nai Taywan sinkakoyin mafafolod makonling, o sinkiwsi maocor tayra i Ciwlokay sinkakoyin malasingsi. Adihayay salikaka nai Ciwlokay malinah ko ngangan. Nanoya caay ka lecad ko kitakit, o kapah mikihatiya to malasofitay, milayap to no sofitay a kongling. Maliwasak ko kiwkay i Taypi, Tayciw ato Kalinko (miteka itira i Taoyin patenak). [1] Williston Walker, paretatenga to miliyaw paceno’ miliyangay to pangangan no tao to panganganan. So’elinay to caay ka tatodong, nawhani miliyang cangra to paino’ no wawa kao paceno’ay ahan ko pangangan i. o naka halafin to saka terek hananay to konini a pipangangan. Kristokiw likisi, P.569. qy0pbgcb9ougwzx8t1cgsrbvof91qd4 0 2816 45639 45638 2025-02-03T07:07:21Z Masaonikar 570 /* Tanengnengan (參考) */ 45639 wikitext text/x-wiki == Wiy Cuan Simpo (魏主安神父) == Wiy Cuan (Toic sowal: Vonwyl Gottfried, 1931/6/26-2022/2/23), Paylenwayfan Sinkiwkay Simpu, mararid ko pisinting i Falangaw no Posong. === Kasofoc (生平) === Wiy Cuan Simpu, I 1931 miheca 6 folad 26 romi’ad masofoc i Switzerland, i 1925 miheca micomod i Paylenkay itiya, i 1958 miheca mapatireng malaSimpu. I 1963 miheca, ci Wiy Cuan Simpu aci Miaw Kanceng Simpu (Auf der Maur Hansjörg) nai Marseille minato mikalic to tamina tangasa i Kilong minato, ta tayra i Posong misinting. Ci Wiy Cuan Simpu tayra i Kakawasan patenak, minanam to nai Kikihar mipatenakay ci Po Pisin Simpu (Alios Burke, SMB) to no Kaping a sowal. Ikor, maocor ci Wiy Cuan Simpu tayra i niyaro’ no Falangaw. Kaitiraan ningra i, misa’icel to no niyaro’ay pipatenak, saan mipatireng to no Payrang a sowal ko pinanam to Fangcalay cudad, mirina’ to no Payrang a sowal to “sapililic ato ca’of”, “pa’aliwacan sasa’osien tilid” a tilidan[1]. I 1965 miheca, Yisokay mapili’ ci Du Hua Simpu patayra i Bangkok, Thailand minanam to no Kociwsya sapipatireng, nanoyaan madadoedo ito ko Taywan mipatireng to Kociwsya[2]. Ci Wiy Cuan Simpu misa’icel to pipatireng to Kociwsya a onto, i 1987 miheca patireng to Kisan Kociwsya[3]. Nanoyaan minanam to ko yincumin a mina’ang to payso, macakat mafalic ko kicay, a caay to patangic mipa’aca to wawa to fafahiyan[1]. I 2003 miheca 10 folad 18 romi’ad, Paylenkiwkay itira i pitilidan no Posong midemak to 50 mihecaan, ira ko Siencang ci Xu Qingyuan makilac to patamohong nga’ayay finawlan no Posong ci Wiy Cuan, Wu Ruosi, Ke De, Yu Huilin, Li Huairen, Just a enemay Simpu ato ci Ou Siding, Fu Yi, Siy Hongdao, Lin Sirou sasepatay Siwsi[4]. Toya mihecaan tangasa 2008 mihecaan, ci Wiy Cuan Simpu tono matoro’ no Sokay no Switzerland Paylenkay Fafa'eday pikaykian ato Switzerland sa’etal kakeridan, orasaka i 2008 miheca ci Wiy Cuan Simpu tayra i Switzerland, halafinay romi’ad itini i Taywan[1]. O sapilongoc minokay tayni Taywan ni Wiy Cuan Simpu, ira ko mata’elifay to 600 salakaka pangangan patayra to tilid i Switzerland, orasaka i 2008 miheca malepon ko lekadan no kala Fafa'eday pikaykian ni Wiy Cuan Simpu[5]. I 2015 miheca 5 folad 11 romi’ad, o kakeridan no Sencefo no Taywan ci Lin Zhengze tayra sa i Posong pakaolah pakompay 13 tamdaw tadamaanay tamdaw, o sakakaay to 84 ko miheca ni Wiy Cuan Simpu[6]. ’Ayaw i 1979 mihecaan itiya, ci Wiy Cuan Simpu itira i Lotong Senmo isingan makinsa ni Fan Fenglong ising ci adada to kahetingay tatiihay piras. I 2015 miheca 8 folad, ci Wiy Cuan Simpu malaliyaw haca malinah tayra tayra i fala’ ko adada, ikor oya misawaday a ’aisidan ci Zhang Jiaxiong ko marariday mipatihi patayra i He Xin isingan no Taypi a paising. Itiya i 2017 miheca 8 folad 3 romi’ad mapatodong no Sakakaay midemakay to laloma’an (Nicenpo) to kaingangan. I 2020 miheca 3 folad 16 romi’ad, ikor no pipakinsi i He Xin isingan, o paliding to ko sakaromakat ni Wiy Cuan Simpu, sanoya sato paherek ko tayal ningra i kiwkay. Itiya i 2022 miheca 2 folad 13 romi’ad herek no lahok 1 ko widi, itira i kamaro’an no Paylenwayfan Sinkiwkay siwkay a miliyas to hekal a mapatay, matadem itira i Tinsokiw no Piwho a pitademan matadem[1]. === Tanengnengan (參考) === 1.盧俊義. 【專欄】令人感念的魏主安神父安息回天家了. 民報. 2022-02-16 [2022-11-11]. （原始內容存檔於2022-11-11） （中文（臺灣））. 2.黃振國. 儲蓄互助會 台灣社員逾十八萬人. 中國時報. 2004-11-25 （中文（臺灣））. 3.陳賢義. 奉獻台東一甲子 魏主安神父辭世. 自由時報. 2022-02-15 [2022-11-11]. （原始內容存檔於2022-11-11） （中文（臺灣））. 4.施鴻基. 《都是50歲生日！》白冷教會 彌撒有原民舞開路 縣長盛讚是台東縣的好朋友. 聯合報. 2003-10-19 （中文（臺灣））. 5.羅紹平. 600人寫信到瑞士 喚回魏神父 民國52年來台東 把教友當家人 7年前被調回 1年前返台 除非政府趕他 「不會再離開」. 聯合報. 2010-12-07 （中文（臺灣））. 6.莊哲權. 13芳草人物行善獲表揚. 中國時報. 2015-05-12 [2022-11-11]. （原始內容存檔於2022-11-11） （中文（臺灣））. qpl26n6nlm38gm4om9dt2uly5el4xg2 0 2817 45650 45649 2025-02-05T00:18:03Z Masaonikar 570 /* Yu Huilin Simpu (于惠霖神父，Rev. Urich Scherer, SMB) */ 45650 wikitext text/x-wiki == Yu Huilin Simpu (于惠霖神父，Rev. Urich Scherer, SMB) == Yu Huilin Simpu (Rev. Urich Scherer, SMB), i 1934 miheca 7 folad 13 romi’ad masofoc i Zurich no Switzerland, nano kaemang i laloma’an no Tingsokiw ko to’as, nanay i kiwkay ko tayal, nanoya micomod i Paylenkay minanaman mitilid, i 1955 miheca mikapot to Paylenkay, i 1961 miheca mapatireng mala Simpo. Ci Yu Huilin Simpu i 1963 miheca tayni i Taywan, itira i Sincu minanam to sowal no kowaping, ta tayyra i Kakacawan no Posong midamaay to kiwkay a Simpu, citodong pasayra i no Payrang a pisinting. Satapangan mangilay ko sowal to no Payrang, o kakatawaan, tinako “kakarayan (tentong)” sacisowal sa “ Fadahong (Tenpong)” sato. I 1966 miheca o nano pilongoc no Sokay i Switzerland, minokay i kitakit minanam to pakayniay no harateng no syakay ato mamitoor a patosokan sapicikeroh no kiwkay a tayal, i 1971 miheca tayni haca i Taywan, sa’ayaw itira i Tayciw Maryknollkay minanam to sowal a pitilidan, tosamiheca ko pinanam to no Kowaping ato Payrang a sowal. I 1974 miheca, patiko i Posong ci Yu Huilin Simpu, sa’ayaw itira cingra i Posong sa’etal kiwkay malamicokeray a citodongay, i 1984 miheca mipacarcar ko tayal i Fotod a kiwkay. I 2008 miheca, paherek ko tayal ni Yu Huilin Simpu minokay tayra i Switzerland. I 2020 miheca 12 folad 31 romi’ad, paherek ko ’orip ni Yu Huilin Simpu i hekal i Switzerland. I 1975 miheca, katayra ni Yu Huilin Simpu i Fotod i, tayra i kiwkay mikerid to pimisa, palecadan matiyaan ko wayway ato pinangan ningra ci Ji Soucang Simpu, matahidang aca cingra mipacarcar to kacitodong to kiwkay mikerid. Kaitiraan i Fotod, ci Yu Huilin Simpu malakapot ko ka’orip to itiraay salikaka, o talid to, konga to, o kakahongay to ko kaen to cecay romi’ad. Ceda’ah ci Yu Huilin Simpu, o picikeroh to no Kowaping a sowal, o kapah nanoyaan sa miliyas to no ina a sowal, patongal sa no pisolot no kalodafong, nanoya sa masonol ko to’asan ponka no Tao finacadan. I 1980 miheca, tayra i Takao ci Yu Huilin Simpu, caay ka sasinga’anga’ay ko Payrang ato Yincumin itira, o pisa’icel ni Yu Huilin Simpu saka ira ko nikafalic. Kafana’en no tamdamdaw ci Yu Huilin Simpu o pakatawaay to tamdaw, i sa’ikoray pinokay ni Yu Huilin Simpu toya romi’ad, mato’ol ko salikaka, minanay ko salikaka no Siawkang kiwkay miliyaw ho a tayni patikol, saci sowal sa ci Yu Huilin Simpu: “miketon kako to sasowalen, o caacaayto pinokay kako a tayni ano dafak.” saan. I 2020 miheca 12 folad 31 romi’ad, mapatay ci Yu Huilin Simpu i Switzerland, sa’ikoray ka foti’ ho i isingan saheto ono Payrang a sowal ko nika sasowalan, romadiw to miraradiwan no Taywan a radiw to “Sio pacing” sanay.   8juw2orappmdkutxfuf8rs4hoyek6d7 0 2818 45669 45668 2025-02-06T00:20:24Z Masaonikar 570 /* Pinengnengan to tilid. (參考資料) */ 45669 wikitext text/x-wiki == Wurosi Simpu (吳若石神父) == Wurosi Simpu (Toic: Josef Eugster Johann, 1940), masofoc i Switzerland, o Simpu no Tinsokiw, o nano Payrenwayfang tintokay Taywan sa’etal kakeridan ato Kakacawan sa’etal mikomoday Simpu. O niano FJM Wurosi Simpu no saripa’ a patangka’ to tireng (Fr. Josef's Method of Reflexology) a palowaday, o palowaday sapiwi’awi’ to saripa’ i Taywan. I 1970 miheca 8 folad 24 romi’ad ci Wurosi Simpu maocor patayra i Posong mipadama, i 1989 miheca maocor tayra i Kakacawan kiwkay mipadama tangasa anini. Ci Wurosi Simpu malenak ko nirakatan ningra itini limaay faniyot a kitakit ato sa’etal (Australia, United States, Canada, Bolivia, Zimbabwe, Tanzania, China). === Kasofocan (生平) === I 1968 miheca mapatireng cingra i niyaro’ Berneck no Switzerland ko kalasimpu, ikor no tosa miheca tayni i Taywan misinting, sarakat itira i niyaro’ no Fanaw no Posong matayal, ikor maocor no citodongay patayra i no Kakacawan sakowan. Katayni ningra i Taywan i, caay ka nga’ay ko tatirengan ningra a la’em’em malacaan, saka o kapot ningra pa’olid to mafana’ay miwi’awi’ to saripa’ a sifana’, itiya misitapang midemak to piwi’awi’ nanoyaan sa manga’ay ko tatoresan no ’okak. Nanoya ci Wurosi Simpu misatapang maolah tonini a miwi’awi’ to saripa’, mikingkiw to cingra to sifana’ ato picowat toni a sapawacay to sapacomahad to pakayniay piwi’awi’ to saripa’ a sifana’. Nikawrira, masapakoyoc ho kasaniyaro’ finawlan no Taywan itiya, awaay ko sapipaising, o nikaitira i niyaro’ no yincumin ni Wurosi Simpu, pasifana’ to saki miwi’awi’ay to saripa’ a sifana’, mangalay cingra to sakanga’ayaw tangka’ no tatirengan no finawlan, nanay o itiniay i niyaro’ a tamdaw minanam to sifana’ no piwi’awi’ t osaripa’, mala sakadademak a tayal, mapacakat ko saka’orip no laloma’an. Ikor i, masapinang to no kasaniyaro’aro’ no Taywan to piwi’awi’ to saripa’ a sifana’ ni Wurosi Simpu, sa’aloman sato ko misintingay to nga’ayay ni Wurosi Simpu. Pasadaken ni Wurosi Simpu ko nitilidan ningra to pakayniay sapasifana’ to piwi’awi’ to saripa’ a tanengnengan tilid. I kasaniyaro’ no Taywan i, ala pakafikafit to i pa’acaay to “Miwi’awi’ay to saripa’ ni Wu Simpo” sanay. Onini a tilid, masinting to nai Taywan a Tayra i Hongkong. Ikor, i 1980 miheca a to’ek, tadamaanay ikaan tamdaw ci Zhourunfa misintingay to cecay a miwi’awi’ay saripa’, nanoyaan sato ci Wurosi Simpu ato ningra a picikeroh to miwi’awi’ay to saripa’ itira i Hongkong macowat, madenga to tayra i Congko. Mipahofin ko Conghua renmin nikapolongan kitakit to romaay kitakit tamdaw to katadamaan saki Holam a tamdaw, mapaskaolahay cingra tonini a katadamaan itiya. === Kalaliyangan no ’alomanay ko sapiwi’awi’ to saripa’ a fana’ itiya ho. (因腳底按摩法曾受之爭議) === O nika pakinali mapisinting to piwi’awi’ to saripa’ a fana’ itiya ho, mahinapec to nisafaloco’ an ni Wurosi Simpu to sakaira no sapinga’ay no adada, saka mifo’ot ko isiso no Taywan pakayniay piwi’awi’ to saripa’, saka mala o kasasowalen no tamdamdaw ci Wurosi Simpu, oya sato nano Paylenwayfan sintingkay ira ko pisa’et to demak no sinkiw a tayal. Ikor o Isiso i 1993 miheca mihokok to piwi’awi’ to saripa’ o nga’ayay sapinga’ay to adada sanay to, caay to ko aemeten, nanoya sato o piwi’awi’ to saripa’ manga’ay to ko kacingangan, manga’ayto malenak i kasaniyaro’. === Saki ci Sen John Pall Simpo saka tosa tatapangan no Tinsokiw, midemak ci Wurosi Simpu to piwi’awi’ to saripa’ sakatangka’. (為教宗聖若望保祿二世 施作足部反射健康法) === Matira awaay ko picoker no kiwkay ci Wurosi Simpu. Tangasa i 2003 miheca, mapatiro’ no dayhiw no tatapangan tarokos ci Dai Ruiming to nga’ayay demak ni Wurosi Simpu itiya i, oya caayay ka nga’ay ko karomakat, ato marihaw ko takolaw a pasowal, matakonol ko tatirengan ni Sen John Pall Simpo/hongti, midemak to piwi’awi’ to saripa’ to pinga’ayaw. Itiya misa’imer ko tatapangan tarokos maocor ko tatoloay a kakeridan misapinang to sapidemak. Misongila’ ci Wurosi Simpu misaheci to pakayniay i piwi’awi’ to saripa’ to sakanga’ay piadah, papitanamen koya tatoloay to piwi’awi’ to saripa’, misapinang i tatirengan nangra masamaanay ko nika nga’ay; saikor haydaen nangra ko pidemak ni Wurosi Simpu piwi’awi’ to saripa’ miadah to adada ni Sen John Pall Simpoan. Midotoc to sowal ni Wurosi Simpu, ikor no piliyas ningra iraay ho ko padoedoay mipatado to Tatapangan hongti no Tinsokiw hakiya; nika, nano marihaway ko ngiha a caay ka caciyaw, ikor no cecay folad manga’ay ti ningra pasowal saan, itiya mihapiw to Kolosimas a sasowalen. Naitiya, oya miliyangay a salaloma’an no kiwkay i, lasawad sato to tatiihay a sowal, nanoya mihayda to ko kasakiwkay to nidemakan ni Wurosi Simpu. === Pinengnengan to tilid. (參考資料) === 1.吳神父施摩力 教宗滿足. [2018-03-18]. （原始內容存檔於2018-03-18）. === Papotalay calay. (外部連結) === bi4rsinmcnqliax1fmdazfcz56uuh0m 0 2819 45698 45697 2025-02-07T05:59:57Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* [3] Charles Haddon Spurgeon (司布真) */ 45698 wikitext text/x-wiki == Paceno’kay (浸信會: Baptist) == === 1. Pakayraan: (一、緣由：) === Paceno’kay nai toloay kiwha ko kasafiyolan. O kawasan harateng o mifiyolay ni Calvin, o pipaceno’ a harateng nai patiyol paceno’ (Mennokay) [1], o lakakawa no kiwkay ono kapolongan salikaka a Konglikay ko kafiyol. === 2. Likasi: (二、歷史：) === Ikor no 1600 miheca oya inanengay mikingkiw to cudad, mafana’ to Fangcalay cudad ato so’elinay, paretatenga micomoday to kiwkay a tamdaw oya paso’elin paino’ay mato’asay tamdaw, itiya o marakrak ko pipaino’ to kaemangay wawa, oya misa’icelay dengan paso’elinay ci Kristoan tamdaw ko papaino’en, milongoc oya patera’an paino’ a tamdaw o laliyawen ho miceno’. I 1600 miheca i Nitherlanay misiikeday Seperationist milaliway mafiyol no Mennokay cangra, Konglikay a foksi ci John Smyth, (1554-1612) paretatenga to pipaino’ to kaemangay caay ka tatodong i sifana’ no Fangcalay cudad (awaay i Fangcalay cudad ko sowal to pipaino’ to wawa a demak, nika i ’12 tarokos a sifana’’ masowal ko pipaino’ to wawa). I 1609 miheca pakiniyah ati roma salikaka miliyaw paino’. Orasaka milayap cangra to pipain’ay lakakawa. I Leiden a kiwkay, ira ko cecay foksi ci Henry Jacob (1550-1616) i 1612 mihecaan, patiko tayra i Inkiris, i Southwark patireng to saka cecay paceno’ay kiwkay i Inkiris. I 1633 miheca, papinapina tamdaw miliyas tonini kiwkay, nawhani nano dengan milayap to mato’asay pipaino’, talolong ko kafiyol to ni Calvin a sifana’. Itira to cangra i 1641 miheca miteka milayap to no paceno’ay songila’ay sapita’ong, naitiya pipaino’ mala o rayray no paceno’kay i Inkiris. Ikor nonini kiwha o tadamanay paceno’ay (Particular Baptists) ko pangangan, pa’ayaway to pakoniraay to paso’elin. Ono Netherlan a paceno’ay mafiyol haca no Arminianism[2]. Arminianism o caayay pilayap to “Pa’ayaway mitelek a sowal”; oya milayapay to Arminianism a paceno’ay a salikaka, ikor o maloladay a paceno’ay (General Baptists). Ikoray ni Elizabeth hongti i, o kitakit a pakayraan ato kasasiikeiked pakayraan mataelif ko 10 miheca ko kalaliyangan. Onini fa’elohay pakayraan “Caayay ka kahi” saikor mapatdong to pakoniraay pipaso’elin. Midotoc i 1689 miheca a “Telek no pihadidi a paso’elin” (The To1eration Act), maanan to makahiay midemak tonini a telek i, saheto manga’ayay mita’ong: (1) milokoay ci William aci maryan. (2) mina’ayay to sakowan no Kakeridan no Tinsokiw, Palaheci’ay, Misa ato pasi Maliya ato kalo Tarokos mitilon. (3) milayap to “39 paso’elin”. O fa’elohay pakayraan kasakiwha, manga’ay i Inkiris pawacay. Oya caayay ka kahi halo: Ciwlokay, Konglikay, paceno’kay ato Quakerkay, polong han salongan ira ko mo’etepay ira ko cecay no tamdaw itiya. O Ciwlokay, Konglikay a kasa’opoan, romadiw to ’Olic; paceno’kay sa’ayaw no pita’ong romadiw to sapahemek, i 1691 miheca parina’ to 300 a Spiritual Melody radiw, niworira kacangotan ko laloma’, tangasa anini awaay ko niterekan. Naka ipita’ongan maradiw no ’alomanay. Paceno’kay pa’icel to kasaniyaro’ay siked no kiwkay ato pakoniyah pikowan, midotoc to Fa’elohay cudad a pa’arawan ko sapasifana’ patireng to kasasiiked no niyaro’ kiwkay. Kahacecay no niyaro’ay kiwkay sahato o cacitodong i Kawas, masasipakonira, nika masasingodoay. O Konglikay ato paceno’kay adihay ko kasasilecadan, dengan o kasakiwkay masasiiked, caay piharateng to paso’elinan liyad. Onini i paceno’kay ikaka ho tono Konglikay, nawhani mina’ay to kafedfed no paso’elin a liyad. Ikor no 19 sici, ci Charles Haddon Spurgeon (1834-1892) [3] katadamaanan no pipakimad ningra itiya; ono paceno’kay, dengan caay paso’elin to no wawa a paino’, o tada ni Calvin ko pakayraan ningra. === 3. Sapasifana’: Paceno’kay a sifana’ ma’edeng pitoay sasowalen no Inkiris ko pasapinang, kasacecay no tilid manga’ay palosowalen BAPTIST. (三、教義：浸信會教義可以用七個英語短句表達，而每一句開頭的字母拼起來是BAPTIST。) === ==== Mifana’ ato pahapinang to ’icel/sakowan no Fangcalay cudad (Biblical authority). (Biblical authority 認識和肯定《聖經》的權威) ==== Paceno’kay o “Fangcalay cudad” ko nipaso’elinan ato pirekoan to satadamaanay sakowan (roma a kiwha ira ko “Fangcalay cudad” pateko haca to kiwkay ano eca paso’elin liyad). O sasowalen to paceno’kay to sakipadeteng kawasan harateng a pirocok mato kafesa’ay. Latek ipipaceno’an ira ko ni Calvin pakayraan, ira ko ni Arminian pakayraan; latek ira ko to’ekan a micokeray. Pakayni i nengneng no likisian, paceno’ay a kawasan o kadofahay o kasairairaay. Ono niyaro’ a kiwkay ko citodongay (Autonomy of the local church). Citodongay ko salikaka to ta’ong (malalenay ko salikaka; Priesthood of the believer). Malitosaay kiwkay sapita’ong, paceno’ no salikaka ato piharateng to taheka no Tapang (Two ordinances - Believer's Baptism and Symbolic Communion). ira ko pafeli no Kawas to pakeniraay harateng a mipili’ to nipaso’elinan no tamdaw, nika o cacitodong ko tamdaw to nidemakan ningra (Individual soul liberty). Malaliyas k kiwkay ato sician (Separation of Church and State). O foksi ato sicuci malo matayalay no kiwkay a tarokos (Two offices of the church - Pastor and Deacon). ==== Saka tosa tilid: (另一種版本：) ==== O paceno’ no salikaka (Beliver's baptism). No niyah pikowan a masasidamaay ko kasaniyaro’ a salikaka (Autonomy of the local congregation within the associational framework). “Fangcalay cudad” o sa’ayaway ato tadamaanay (Primacy of Scripture). O so’elinay salikaka ko palikapotay to kiwkay (True belivers only in the church). Ipikerid no Fangcalay ’Adingo a tamdamdaw o caci’icel mafana’ to Kawas ato kalotamdamdaw malacitodongay to ta’ong.( Individual competency and the beliver's preisthood) Malaliyas k kiwkay ato sician (Separation of Church and State). Malitosaay kiwkay sapita’ong, paceno’ no salikaka ato piharateng to taheka no Tapang (Two ordinances - Believer's Baptism and Symbolic Communion). === 4. Sakapot: (四、組織：) === Paceno’kay ira ko semo’otay ko kasasiiked: itira Amilika ira 27 ko kasasiiked, polong ira ko 95,000 ko kiwkay. O salikaka salongan 2,800’ofad no tamdaw. satata’akay i notimolan Amilika ira ko 1,400 ’ofad no tamdaw, o satata’akay fa’elohay kiwha i Amilika. Itini i Taywan oya Conghua Kristokiw paceno’kay, o Huayentang ko satadamanay; American Baptist Association (250,000); American Baptist Church in the U.S.A. (1,549,220)；Baptist Bible Fellowship, International (100,00,000); National Baptist Convention of the U.S.A. (7 million, black); National Baptist Covention of America (2.7 million, Black); Free Will Baptist (240,000); Conservative Baptist Association of America (205,000)；Duck River of Baptists (10,416); General Association of Regular Baptist (260,000); General Baptist (72,263); Landmark Baptist (1.5 million); Primitive Baptist (72,000), etc ==== [1] Saka 4 sici maledef i ka’amisay Africa a Donatism ( 多納徒派). ==== Oya kakeridan ci Donatist Cadako sa’etal kakeridan (313-347), onini a onto pasayraay i mi’imeray to kakorac no kiwkay, caay pilayap to nai Loma hongti ci Diocletian pikari’ang to kiwkay a matolo’ay a salikaka, saka paretatenga to nano matolo’ay matayalay no Kawas a malasalikakaay nidemakan a ni’edawan saheto o mafayo’ay, paretatenga cangra to nidemakan dengan a todong itiniay patorodan sakowan no kiwkay, itiniay i nidemakay tamdaw o makoracay hakiya. Orasaka, dengan o niyah ko makoracay a kiwkay, saka o micomoday ho i Donatist kiwkay a salikaka, o nano itiniay i kapolongan kiwkay (Takongkiwkay) a mapaino’ay, saheto o laliyawen mipaino’ saan, o nian ko saka ira no miliyaway paino’ a kiwha. ==== [2] Ikor no Netherlan misiiked (亞米紐斯主義). ==== I 169 A.D ira ko Arminianism, oni Calvin ko pakayraan no kitakit, talacowa maemin pasayra to malayap, nika ira ho ko ’alomanay caayay ka kahi to ni Calvin a kawasan, oya satata’akay a ngiha miliyangay ci Jacob Arminius (1560-1609). O nano kaemangan ningra itiraay i Geneva kakoyin sa’ayaway ’aisidan ci Beza a sito, nika tona mifelih to Netherlan to pihapiw toni Calvin ko pakayraan no kitakit, masasiroma ko painian, ikor o Arminius ko nifana’an mafiyol ko ikoray kasato’ek no tamdaw, mangalef ci Wesley. Arminianism kawasan ato ni Calvin kawasan masasifelihay: (亞米紐斯主義神學和加爾文主義神學剛好相反：) {| class="wikitable" |Arminianism |Calvinism |- |1.     Haratengan alatek (Human Ability) |O emin matoled/ tefad (Total Depravity) |- |2.     Citodongay ko kapili’ (Conditional Election) |Awaayay ko patodong to pipili’ (Unconditional Election) |- |3.     Awaay ko tolas pa’orip (Conditional Election) |Citolasay ko sakaci’aca (Limited Atonement) |- |4.     Manga’ay na’ayen ko sini’ada (Resistable Grace) |Caay ko laliyangen ko sini’ada (Irresistable Grace) |- |5.     Manga’ay i sini’ada matoled (Falling from Grace) |Caayto ko mamatoled ko salikaka (Preservation of Saints) |} ==== [3] Charles Haddon Spurgeon (司布真) ==== I 1850 miheca, o katata’ak no fali to so’eda pilihayan a dafak itiya, masa’et ko lalan no foksi, niyaro’ay a mimingay kiwkay masasitorod to cecay a salikaka a pakimad, taringafoh sa mapatorod cingra, mitolon ko faloco’ pafeli to taneng, tona masowal ko “Kamo o kasafinawlan no hkal, pasayni i Takowanan ta mapa'orip Ako kamo. Deng Kako ko Kawas.” (Isaya 45:22), talifahal sa mitoro’ toya kapah: “Kapahaw! Mafana’ kako itiraay kiso i karorayan i, ka pasayra kiso ci Yisan, mica’a, maca’a, mica’a.” saan toya kapah a macekil, nanoya mapa’orip, pacakat to tireng matayalay no Tapang. Onini pakimaday oya tadamaanay ci Spurgeon no Inkiris. O tatapangan ni Spurgeon o miliyangay to pakayraan no kitakit a Nitherlad a tamdaw, o akong ningra o tekedan foksi no kiwkay i Inkiris, 17 ko mihecaan ningra malayap to no niyaro’ay kiwkay a foksi, panganganen no tamdaw cingta o “Nga’ay pakimaday pakarongay”. 20 ko mihecaan mapatayra i London paceno’kay malafoksi, talacowa caay ko mitiliday i daykako nika ci’icel ko pipakimad, milonok cingra minanam, to pakayniay kawasan, likisi, jakak, rayray kimad, tilitilidan cudad, misafaloco’ mikingkiw, milalok mitilid. Mirina’ to rafasay 3,000 a sapakimad, polong 75 falod. Mirina’ to cudad 135 cudad, satadamanay oya “’Olic cudad a pisahecian”, ato “Dafak dadaya pinanaman” tosaay tilid. Ni Spurgeon a pipakimad tadamaan ko pikilim to matatodongay i nafaloco’an no Kawas, satadamaanay “o cudad misaheci to cudad” a pakayraan. O pasiratohay to ni Calvin ko pakayraan, satapangan ningra patenak, miliyang to masiromaay ni Calvin “Pa’ayaw a sowal no Kawas”, sa mitena’ to no Aruminiusu pakayraan (o felih to ni Calvin pakayraan), milikaf cingra to no Inkiris Senkongkay a paino’ pakayraan, misarocod to pipaso’elin a mipaino’, mifelih to pakayni i pitolon a mangahay, nika caayho pisaroma patireng to pakayraan. O wawa no Spurgeon ci Thomas, ato sona: midoedo to naikoran ningra, nai kalakapahan a to’ek pacakat to tireng mala patenakay ko tayal, ci Spurgeon mapatay i 1892 miheca, mateli ko Fangcalay cudad i takenip, o kaolahan i ka’orip ho ningra a cudad, 58 ko ’orip ningra i hekal. ew7ppnxbuewdy2j8mre6p75z57gqkwt 0 2820 45707 45706 2025-02-07T06:06:03Z Masaonikar 570 /* Kede Simpu (葛德神父) */ 45707 wikitext text/x-wiki == Kede Simpu (葛德神父) == Kede Simpu (Rev. Ernst Gassner, SMB). Kede Simpu masofoc i 1936 miheca i Chiasso no Switzerland, i 1957 miheca micomod i Paylenkay, 1963 miheca mapatireng mala Simpu, o safa ci Kas Iko (Rev. Igo Gassner, SMB) ato faki ci Mahate (Rev. Ernst Manhart, SMB) o nai Paylenkay a Simpu. I 1964 miheca, ci Kede Simpu aci Li Huairen Simpu (Rev. Paul Ricklin, SMB) malahakelong tayni i Taywan, toya miheca 10 folad tayra i Sincu Kowapin kakoyin minanam to no Kowapin a sowal, itiya i 1966 miheca misawad nai kowapin kakoyin tayra i Posong patado. O pipatadoan ni Kede Simpu halo Rekat, Fafokod, Atolan, Sa’aniwan, Takofan, Sinko, ato Fotod ato Alapawan. I 1997 miheca, ci Kede Simpu mapaocor tayra i Fafokod kakeridan citodongay, milacal to Fotod, Alapawan a kiwkay, I 2003 miheca micada to kayciw sa’etal no Tasywan no Paylenkay. I patenak no tayal, ci Kede Simpu micikeroh to masaniyaro’ay tintosi, mipalahad to niyaro’ay tintosi ato Kimo tarokos. Patatenga cingra micikeroh to sakidemak no kiwkay militado to salikaka no kiwkay, a Kimo tarokos a tayal, malikapot to salikaka, caay ko mikeriday to salikaka. Ci Kede Simpu micikeroh haca cingra patireng to Mitooray paso’elin sakapot, sakafalic no Tinsokiw i Fotod kiwkay. O pipatenak i, adihay ko nidemakan i no syakay sapadang to salikaka ato yincumin. I 1967 miheca, ci Kede Simpu itira ho cingra i Rekat niyaro’ kiwkay i patireng to Pihoped kociwsya, saka falic ’orip no yincumin. I 1968 miheca miteka, ci Kede Simpu midotoc to ni Xi Zhiping sinpu (Rev. Jakob Hilber, SMB) a “Misatifo palanga’ayay facal” halaka, itira i Baohua, Ruihe tosaay niyaro’ patireng to tifo, misafacal kaliomahan. Nanoya, i 1976 miheca, matahidang no Kociw no Rekat ci Kede Simpu, pakayni “Caay ka nga’ay awa ko pitilid no i lotokay kaemangay” a harateng, patireng to yociyin no Rekat, oya Mikoy yiciyin, tangasa i 1985 miheca o nika awaayto no kaemangay caay to karocok ko patorod no sifo a paherek. Nanoya, miahowid to pikinafalah pacakat ni Kede Simpu to masaPosongay, itiya 2003 miheca mapakaolah to “Kalita’angan a finawlan no Posong”, i 2017 miheca 8 folad 3 romi’ad milayap to kacingangan no Conghuaminko, mala “So’elinay finawlan no Taywan”. I 2021 miheca 11 folad 16 romi’ad, ci Kede Simpu paherek ko tayal i masaPosongay to 55 mihecaan, mikalic to hikoki minokay tayra i Switzerland militeng. I’ayaw nonini, ci Kede Simpu i 11 folad 14 romi’ad saikoray pikerid to no Paylenkay a kiwkay to piMisa. 11 fola 15 romi’ad, miingkay ci Kede Simpuan ko Paylenkay, o nai Kalinkoay sa’etal a kakeridan ci Huang Zhaoming Simpu ko mikeriday, halo Conghua yakiyo Tongyi ci Gao Guocing ato ’alomanay salikaka ko mikihatiyaay a mipadongos. Itiya 11 folad 16 romi’ad ’ayaw no lahok 8 ko widi, kakeridan no Posong siencang Rao Qingling midemak to karomadiwan to pipadongosan, ci Rao Qingling siencang, Wei Zhuan Simpu, Wu Ruoshi Simpu, Ou Siding Siwsi, ato ’Amis, Iwatan (Bunun) ato Tao finacadan tayra i hikokiciw mikihatiya padongos ci Kede Simpuan. I 11 folad 17 romi’ad ’ayaw no lahok 8:14 widi, mikalic to hikoki ma’efer pasi Zurich hikokiciw no Switzerland, ikor no ’orip ningra itira to i Sokay no Paylenkay a militeng to ’orip. c0q8fpgo7qjyq3agdy9d9cj0aebb2wp 0 2821 45722 45721 2025-02-08T01:50:01Z Masaonikar 570 /* Pinengnengan. (參考) */ 45722 wikitext text/x-wiki == Staynan Simpu (史泰南神父) == Staynan Simpu (Toic: Dominik Stener, ’Amis: Ka’ongto, 1916-2002.3), masofoc i Switzerland, o nano Paylen Tintokiwkay a Simpu, halafin ko kaitira ningra i Singko, Kakacawan no Posong mipatenak to Ratoh, sa’ayaway patireng to pihopedan kociwsiya itini pasawali no Kalingko Posong, saka mapadama mapalowad ko i niyaro’ay mihopeday pinangan. === Rayray no ’orip. (生平) === I 1916 miheca, masofoc i Switzerland ci Staynan Simpu, 27 mihecaan mapatireng mala Simpu, ikor no 3 miheca, maocor cingra tayra i Congko paternak to 4 miheca, saan tayra i Amilika, Dipong 9 miheca, nanoya tayni i Taywan itira i Tawu i Posong kowan Tasi a Tinsokiway 3 miheca[1]. Nikatayni ni Singko ci Staynan Simpu i, citodong i Pasongan, Kinanoka, Cidatayay, Ta’eman, Sa’aniwan a niyaro’ patenak to Ratoh[2]. I 1963 miheca, katahira ningra i niyaro’ no Sa’aniwan itiya i, ciriko’ cingra to losid no ’Amis a mikerid to Misa, mafaheka ko ’alomanay ato roma Simpu ato Siwni koni a demak[3]. Saki niyaro’ay a finawlan, onini a Simpu sacingisngis sa, mingitid to ’ongto, pasowal to “Tingcupawyu” sa ko licay to ’alomanay, o kaemangay wawa maolah mitataroh to ngisngis ningra[2]. Awaay ko maamaan i kamaro’an ningra, masadak sa rakat saan, to romi’ami’ad itira cingra i tatihi no kiwkay Paloma to datadateng[3]. Pasifana’en ningra ko salikaka mipaloma to dating, saka ’eca pi’aca i Payrang mila’om to payso[2]. O kapot mifalic to “Fangcalay cudad” pala no Loma tilid ’Amis a sowal ci Lifok ’Oteng, sacisowal sa, ci Staynan Simpu mikihatiya i saki lakakawa ’orip no ’Amis, mikihatiya romadiw, makero, maliepah, mitamako, o kamatini ningra, madoedo no kasaniyaro’ midotoc to ponka, micowat a mapakadofah[3]. Mapalasawad ni Staynan Simpu ko cilisinan sanay no ’Amis, mipadang palowad to piilisin no niyaro’ [1] Itiyaay kiwkay no Sa’aniwan, mararid makari’ang no faliyos, mafiyol kopipatenak, saka kareteng ko sapifadic to kiwkay a payso, cango’ot ko kicay no ’Amis a salikaka, miti’er cingra to itiraay i Switzerland, New Zealand a tatosaay fa’inayan ato tatoloay fafahiyan a salikaka ningra to padamso sapipatireng, roma pitoay kiwkay pakayni pasadak no salawina a salikaka ningra malaheci ko pipatireng[1]. Ci Staynan Simpu o sarakatay patayni i saniyaro’ no pasawali no ’Amis to a Simpu pihopedan kociwsiya. Mikapotay cingraan micikeroh to pihopedan kociwsiya ci Folaw Kolas (Lai Chunshui), sowal sa, i 1960 mihecaan, maledef i pasaetip no Taywan ko pihopedan kociwsiya, misafaloco’ ci Staynan Simpu to sapipalowadaw itini i niyaro’ no pasawali, nika malitemoh ko karorayan awaay ko mihepeday harateng no ’Amis itiya, orasaka mipili’ cingra to papinapina tamdaw ato citodongay no kiwkay i kasaniyaro’, keriden cangra patayra i malahiciay ko tayal to pihopedan kociwsiya saki a mihapinang minengneng[3]. Itiya i 1965 miheca, Yisokay maocor ko Simpu ci Wang Deming, Du Hua ato salikaka ca Mou Wenxi ato Wu Qiulin sasepat tamdaw, mikihatiya to Asia syakay kicay i ’orip yofayof itira i Bangkok Thailand to kakeridan no syakay dademakay a sa’opo, nanoya sa’ayaw ko pidemak to pihopedan kociwsiya a onto[4]. O kietecay a nanom ko sapingingoy i kato’asan ’orip ni Staynan Simpu, caay ka tayra isingan, tangasa 2001 miheca 5 folad minokay tayra i Switzerland pito’asan ningra a mipaising, saka 9 folad minokay tayni Sa’aniwan niyaro’ [1]. I 2003 miheca 3 folad, mapatay to kaciadada ningra to ka soot no faloco’, itiya 28 romi’ad mipadongos cingraan, mararom ko finawlan no kasa niyaro’ miliyok mimetmet to kamay ningra a tomangic[6]. Matadem cingra i tatihi kiwkay no Sa’aniwan, toya mihaca malo pirarakatan a niyaro’ sakowan no Singko[7]. Sacisowal sa ko salikaka no niyaro’ ci Huang Ruiling to tango’or ci Ka’ongtoan (Staynan Simpu), matiya o marohemay kafohongay kilang lonok sa matefad/mafonor i sera, itira i nikaomahan ningra a sera mada’oc a maleda’, awaay ko kalala’edan to finawlan mida’oc a maro’[2]. === Pinengnengan. (參考) === 1.田俊雄. 寶島人物 這位外籍神父 很阿美族. 《聯合報》. 2001-01-08 （中文（臺灣））. 2.黃瑞玲. 小孩眼中的史泰南神父. 《自由時報》. 2004-11-29 [2020-04-22] （中文（臺灣））. 3.辛啟松. 史泰南儲蓄互助扎根原鄉. 《中國時報》. 2002-03-04 （中文（臺灣））. 4.黃振國. 儲蓄互助會 台灣社員逾十八萬人. 《中國時報》. 2004-11-25 （中文（臺灣））. 5.田俊雄. 跨世紀社區營造34 膽曼 東海岸最「互助」的社區. 《聯合報》. 1999-04-03 （中文（臺灣））. 6.田俊雄. 如喪考妣. 《聯合報》. 2002-03-29 （中文（臺灣））. 7.田俊雄. 成功鎮老建築巡禮 歡迎報名. 《聯合報》. 2002-10-10 （中文（臺灣））. 8.施鴻基. 原住民不儲蓄？ 看看導明互助社 成立39年 社員存款2億餘元 無呆帳、負債 居全9.台原住民儲蓄互助社第一. 《聯合報》. 2005-08-31 （中文（臺灣））. 0rr6mbultyd4ayfs0ixfh1mgddfghtj 0 2822 45730 45729 2025-02-08T02:50:58Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* 3. Pahecian: (三.結論:) */ 45730 wikitext text/x-wiki == Lutekay (路德會-Lutheran) == === Pi’olid ni Matin Lute ('''馬丁路德簡介)''' === ==== '''1. Rayray no ’orip, likisi ato pakafana’ to pitoor''' '''('''一、'''生平、歷史與教義''':) ==== {| class="wikitable" |1483 miheca |Kasofoc ni Matin Lote |- |1510 miheca |Micomod i Aokastin (Augustian) pinanaman to ratoh, nika caay pakacirihaday. Tangasa i 1513 miheca, itira i Witengpaw daykako pasifana’ to ’Olic, Kalatiya, Hiporay ato Roma a tilid (1516 miheca) itiya mapakacirihaday. Itiya a kamaro’an no citodongay to kiwkay oya Sen pitilo kiwkay, nai Raikeer (Tetzel) citodongay pa’aca to sapihepol to raraw a paya. I 1517 miheca 10 folad 31 romi’ad ci Matin Lote itira i Witengpaw kiwkay pakafit to 95 liyad. Itiya ci Lote (Luther) awaay ko pisafa’eloh to kiwha ano eca sapifalicaw to pakayraan, dengan o pilongoc to kiwkay to sapipasadak no pikingkiw ano eca lalan no sapisalof. |- |1518 miheca |Miocor ko citodongay ci Johann Maier of Eck a malaliyang ci Lotean. Maherek malaliyang, mala o sapikapot ni Posail (Bucer) to sapifalic to pitooran. 1518 miheca kaciherangan mikapot ci Melanchthon (1497-1560). |- |1519 miheca |Itiya i Laypisi (Leipzig) miliyaw aci Ek (Eck) milaliyang. Ci Eck i 1520 miheca 6 folad 15 romi’ad miparatoh ci Lotean o masiromaay ko pakayraan. Nanoya toya miheca 12 folad i Kolon (Cologne), Liege niyaro’ mitodoh to nitilidan ni Lote, o dayhiw no citodongay kiwkay ci Alante (Alander) misetekay mihapiw ci Lote (Luther) mi’ekakay to sifana’, matefoc o masiromaay ko pakayraan. |- |1520 miheca 5 folad |Psadak ci Lote to saka cinga’ay no demak: pasadak to moraraway saki nga’ay no demak a malamo’ecelay. |- |1520 miheca 8 folad |Mihapiw ci Lote to “Patayra i Germanic tadamanay ngasaw a pasadak a tilid” (To the Christian Nobility of German Nation): Paratoh 1.     Polong no finawlan o citodongay to ta’ong. 2.     Dengan o Fangcalay Cudad ci’icelay. 3.     Tasaay kitakit: pifalic no kiwkay caay ka i kakeriday no pitooran, itiniay i kitakit. |- |1520 miheca 10 folad |Hapiw 1.“Malafel tayni i Papinaon ko kiwkay” (Babylonish Captivity of the Church): pa’icel to masongila’ay pitaheka (o mamilayap to ‘epan ato takid), aci Kristo i pitahekaan so’elin ko pikapot (miliyang to palaheciay sowal). 2.Paini to pakoniraay no mitooray (On Christianity Liberty): pipaso’elin a mala mo’ecelay, o pakayraan no kawasan a lalan, nanoya todohen ko mi’ekakay a sifana’ ato sarikec. |- |1519 miheca |Midotoc ci Charles V to Tadamaanay kitakit no Roma a hongti (H.R.E), oya ci Caliman hongti (800 miheca mapatireng) o saki’emelay, dadahalay ko sofal a hongti. |- |1521 miheca 2 folad |Hongti no kiwkay pasadak to cecay sapi’ekak a sifana’. Mipa’ading ci Saxony ci Lotean, orasaka ci Alander makanir ci Calis saka lima (Charles V) micering to sapirepet. Ci Calis saka lima (Charles V) malalood to France itiya, mana’ay cingra to Toic (Germeny) masasiwtoc a caay pirepet ci Lotean. |- |1521 miheca 4 folad |Itira i Worms mitengil to piliclic i, pasowal ci Lote (Luther) to sowal: Itini kako a tomireng (Here I Stand). |- |1521 miheca 5 folad |Repeten no kitakit (1521 miheca 12 folad – 1522 miheca 9 folad), ikor alaen ni Saxony tayra i Waltepaw (Wartburg), nanoya miteka mifalic to Toic (Germany) a Fangcalay cudad. |- |1522 miheca |Mifalicay malitasa o mirofirofay ato masomaday. No macerosay: Bodenstein & Muentzer (micokeray to maomahay miliyang); Melanchthon aci Lote masomaday. |- |1523 miheca |Miteka misanga’ ci Lote to radiw. |- |1524 miheca |Lote aci Erasmus malaliyang to “Pakoniraay harateng” kasini’adaen ni Erasmus, nika ikor ci ramod ci Lote a felihen aca. |- |1525 miheca |O piliyang no maomahay i, micoker ci Lote to tadamanay ngasaw (tosa ko kapidahan ni Lote: roma ma’alang to Yotaya). |- |1526 miheca |Miteka ci Lote mitilid to Toic (Germany) a sapimisa. |- |1529 miheca |•    Itira i Speier lomaocan no kitakit, fa’elohay kiwkay mararid miliyang to ’alomanay Tinsokiw, saka cingangan to miliyangay pitoor “Protestant”. •    Mitilid to “Ta’akay salicay a sifana’” ikor mafalic o “Mimingay salicay a sifana”. •    Oya ni keridan ni Zwingli a mifalacay pakayraan ato Martin Luther a nipatirengan a Lote pakayraan, itira i Marburg masa’opo pakaraan a laoc. Kalomaocan pakayni to saka 15 liyad a sifana’ malalicay, oya 14 liyad a rafas malaheci ko kalacecayaw, dengan to aikoray toya fatad to pakayniay to pitahekaan caay kalacecay ko kaainian. Nawhani onini a fataday a sifana’ malitosa ko kasasowalan, nanoya mifalicay pakayraan ato Lote pakayraan nanoya a malitosaay ko rakat, o kalimelaan, o kalaliyangan i: ‧Malaheciay (Tinsokiw) o Tinsokiw a paratatengaan ikor mapalemed ho no simpo, oya epang ato takid mala tireng ato remes ni Yis. Milayapay i pakayni toni a epang ato takid mipalada’ ci Kristoan. ‧Palaheciay sowal (Lutheran) Martin Luther paretatenga ikor pakayni i matayalay no Kawas a mipalemed, o tireng ato remes ni Keristo tayni tina epang ato takid, o epang ato takid caay ka o maladafongay mafalic; nika ira ko so’elinay pikapot ni Keristo. Milayapay pakayni pipalada’ to epang ato takid, milayap to tireng ato remes ni Keristo a mahepol ko raraw. ‧Piharaten a sowal (Zwingli) Zwingli parepatenga pitaheka o piharateng ci Keristoan mili’acaay to raraw sapa’orip, o tireng Ningra ko sakapecih, saki titaanan ko karokis no remes Ningra. Haenen ita ko demak, o piharatengan to Tapang. Epang at oremes awaay ici Keristoan ko dafongan ato ’Adingoan kasakihar. O milayapay pakayni pipalada’ to epang ato takid mapolong miharateng o mitamorongay to raraw. ‧Salongan a sowal (Calvin) Calvin paretatengan ’Adingoan ni Keristo itiya mikapot to epang ato takid, epang ato takid awaay ko no dafongan ni Kiristo a mikapot. Miliyapay pakayni pilayap to epang ato takid milayap to pikapot ni Kiristo a ci sini’adaay. |- |1530 miheca |I Melanchthon mitilid to Augsburg Confession. Ikor no 300 miheca, 1830 miheca Mendelssohn malaheci matilid “Reformation Symphony (no.4 in D)” piharatengan. |- |1535 miheca |Mitilid to Kalatiya a pacefad kailahan ni Luther, ci Katie ako saan. |- |1546 miheca |Mapatay. |- |1580 miheca |Lutekay malaheci ko sifana’ – lali’ay tilid (Formula of Concord). |- |1618-1648 miheca |30 miheca kalalood no pakayraan, ikoray ira ko pakoniraay a pakayraan. (1572 miheca France i St. Bartholomew mifades to tamdaw, oya mifalicay pakayraan maemin mapatay i France. Oya ma’oripay milaliw tayra i Netherlan, o Tingsokiw ko kitajit no France tahanini, o mifalicay pakayraan sakaira no Netherlan kitakit, RCA o nano Netherlan malinahay patirengan a kiwkay.) Geystlich Gesangk Buchlein, (Spirtual Hymn Booklet). Misanga’ haca ci Luther to saki pikotosimon a radiw; pasowal sa cingra: “O radiw o nano pafelian no Kawas a tadamaanay saki tamdaw a saka tosa kawasan”. Hatira ko pisafaloco’ ningra, ikoray Luther pakayraan mapalowad ko onkako a matanengay. |} ==== '''2. O demak no pilihay.''' '''(二. 禮拜儀式:)''' ==== Masa Luther pifalic ko demak a milihay, pala Toic (Germany) a ponka ko pimisa. Misanga’ to raradiwen no niyah, misanga’ to 37 a radiw (ss 163. 320. 353). Luther i 1542 miheca 4 folad miteka pasadak to saka 1 fa’elohay sapahemak radiw, ilaloma ira ko 8 radiw, ira ko ni Luther a nisanga’an, pangangan sa: ==== 3. Pahecian: ('''三.結論:)''' ==== (1)Kawasan tadamanay tamdaw: Malamo’ecelay ko paso’elinay. (2) Miliyokay to ciraraway tamdaw. (3) Masafa’inayan ko pinangan. (4) Tadengalay paso’elinay faloco’ (ss 320). (5)Mikilim to so’elinay. aa329s5f2v3uuz7bjud4c6vdovmjnce 0 2823 45743 45742 2025-02-08T07:10:15Z Masaonikar 570 /* Pinengnengan tilid. (參考文獻) */ 45743 wikitext text/x-wiki == Pan Sikuang Simpu (潘世光神父) == Pan Sikuang Simpu (France: Rev. Maurice Poinsot, ’Amis: Mamet, M.E.P., 1932 miheca 9 folad 12 romi’ad-2018 miheca 3 folad 16 romi’ad), no Kawas ngangan ci Mu Liciu, o nano France Paris Wayfan Sinkiwkay a torokos, Tinsokiw i Taywan a simpu. === Rayray ato katadamaan (簡歷與貢獻) === Pan Sikuang Simpu masofoc i France. I 1949 miheca, mitilid i Paris sinkakoyin; 1957 miheca, mapatireng to no Tinsokiw a Simpu; I 1959 miheca, maocor no Tinsokiw Paris Wayfang Titokiwkay (Missions Etrangères de Paris, MEP) maocor tayni i Kalingko no Taywan mala patenakay. Katayalan ni Pan Sikuang Simpu mipatenak itira i Posko, Fuli no Kalingko, kawali no Tarawadaw ’Amis a niyaro’, ikor no pipatenak ni Pan Sikuang Simpu, tadamaan ko nidemakan ningra saka pacekilan no itiraay finawlan, sacisowal sa ko finawlan a pangangan “O coyoh no kawaliay” [1]. O sapikihamonan ni Pan Sikuang Simpu to kasaniyaro’, minanam to kowaping, Payrang sowal, ’Amis a sowal[2]. I Afih niyaro’ ko aro’ ni Pan Sikuang Simpu, saka pangangan sa ko ’Amis a tamdaw i cingraan i paka ci “Mamet” han, o patodong tata’ang ko kamay ningra, mamamamet to kamay i mimetmet ko kamay ningra, ano eca ci’icel ko pimetmet saan ko pasowal[3]. I 1967 miheca, patireng to Hualiensien Lute hopedan kociwsiya. Halafinay miheca i, o sapipa’icel to niyaro’ay a ’Amis tamdaw saka pi’imer to sowal no niyah ato pidotoc to ponka, minanam to sowal no ’Amis, aci Rev. Fr. Louis Pourrias tatosa malekapot mikawit to sowal no ’Amis “’Amis sowal – France sowal”, “’Amis Fangcalay cudad”, “Pidafo’an to sowal no ’Amis/Pangcah” a sakadademak4][5]. Sa:an i, I niyaro’ no ’Amis patireng to Yociying, paiyoan ato kadadipotan no mato’asay no niyaro’; halafin ko patado ato mikihar to dadamaen no niyaro’, saka falic no niyaro’ a ponka, kiwiko, isingan, kicay a demak, “O coyoh no kawaliay” han ko pipangangan i cingraan. I 2015 miheca, o nano France a pitelek to “Pidafo’an to sowal no ’Amis/Pangcah” (Dictionnaire Amis-Français), milaheci to sapiterek to ponka no ’Amis, orasaka mapakaolah no Conghuaminko kiwikopo patodong to “105 miheca tadamaanay sakiniyah sowal kompay” [6]. I 2017 miheca, Conghuaminko sifo mihamon mikinafalahay demak 60 miheca a roray, o Lalomaan nidemakay masadakay patodong to kacingangan no Conghuaminko[7]. I 2018 miheca 3 folad 16 romi’ad, ciadada to atay a kang a mapatay, 89 no ’orip ningra i hakal[8]. Toya miheca 3 folad 24 romi’ad, itira i pipatadaan ningra Afih Tinsokiwkay mimisa padongos itiya, o Yincuminco wuyinhuy patodong to katadamaan ningra to saki yincumin no Taywan, patodong to “saka tosa yincumin tadamanay a pakaolah” [1]. I 8 folad 11 romi’ad, Yincuminco wiyinhuy kakeridan ci Iciyang Parod midayhiw to Congtong ci Cay Inwen patodong to patadamaan no Congtong, todong no Cenfo saki ci Pan Sikuang Simpuan kaitini i Taywan to 58 miheca a patado, tadamaan ko pidipot ato pikinafalah to ’orip saki yincumin, “Pidafo’an to sowal no ’Amis/Pangcah” mikawit to ponka miterek a demak ko piahowid[9]. === Pinengnengan tilid. (參考文獻) === 1.法國神父潘世光 奉獻花蓮一甲子. 民報. 2018-03-24 [2018-09-25]. （原始內容存檔於2018-09-26）. 2.來台奉獻60載 法神父病逝. 台灣蘋果日報. 2018-03-25 [2018-09-25]. （原始內容存檔於2019-09-02）. 3.一個幫阿美族編字典的老神父. 今週報. 2015-12-24. 4.奉獻台灣近60年 法籍神父潘世光獲頒中華民國身分證. 花蓮電子報. 2017-09-10 [2018-09-25]. （原始內容存檔於2018-09-25）. 5.河東天使‧耕耘後山 一生傳承部落文化—潘世光神父. 台灣光華雜誌. 中華民國外交部新南向政策資訊平臺轉載. 2017-12-07 [2018-09-25]. （原始內容存檔於2018-09-25）. 6.法國神父潘世光編阿美語字典 獲本土語言傑出貢獻獎. 中時電子報. 2015-12-08 [2018-09-25]. （原始內容存檔於2019-02-03）. 7.法神父來台奉獻58年 85大壽獲身分證大禮. 自由時報. 2017-09-11 [2018-09-25]. （原始內容存檔於2018-09-25）. 8.來台奉獻一甲子 86歲法籍神父潘世光安息500教友哭送. 自由時報. 2018-04-24 [2018-08-25]. （原始內容存檔於2019-12-16）. 9.已故法神父潘世光奉獻花蓮一甲子 總統府贈褒揚令. 聯合新聞網. 2018-08-12 [2019-03-15]. （原始內容存檔於2018-08-13）. === Papotalay calay (外部連結) === ojet2olirp66eed5phmugza2dltncxv 0 2824 45764 45763 2025-02-10T00:25:58Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* 3. Radiwan ato kafiyol: (三、音樂＆影響：) */ 45764 wikitext text/x-wiki == Morafian malikakaay (莫拉維亞弟兄會-Moravian) == === 1. Likisi: (一、歷史：) === Morafian ato Bohemia ono aniniay a Ciyike (Czech Republic) sa’etal, i sala’edan i Saxony no Toic (Germany). Nai saka 7 sician no Kirisiya Ceniaw a sowal ko pipatenak, ikor ma’awid no Loma kiwkay. I 15 sician i, o Bohemia mifalicay kakeridan ci Yohani Huss (John Huss，1475 -1415), matodoh tona o misaromaay a matefoc. Oya misarocoday masa’opo i lotokay niyaro kawali ka’amisan a Kurlwald no Bohemia. I 1457 miheca misakapot cangra to kiwkay, o Lekapot malikakaay (Unitas Fratrum) ahan mitahidang. I 1515 miheca o hongti no Tinsokiw ato hongti mapolong miri’ang cangraan, maemin malefek. I 1548 miheca, micering ko hongti lalapan patayra i Poland, itira to cangra patireng to ta’angay kiwkay. I 1556 miheca mapatireng kofa’elohay hongti, o mafahatay kora hongti, nanoya misafa’eloh a patireng to kiwkay, pasi Bohemia, Moravia ato Poland. Tangasa to i 16 sician, ira to ko no niyah a Fangcalay cudad, patireng to pikiwikoan, nanoyaan sa kafana’an no Europ, o kapolongan mihayda sanga’ayay kaitiraan mikiwiko ko Bohemia. I 1609 miheca ira ko no nangra a rikec (kimpo), sa’ayaway patodongay to sakapakonira pipaso’elin no tamdaw. I 1616 miheca, mirina’ cangra to “Sapasifana’ a pidoedoan lakakawa-sakapot no kiwkay”. I 1620 miheca ci Fulitilike saka 1 (Frederick I) macakat malahongti, i Prague ira ko 27 a kakeridan nipatayan. Ikor no 6 miheca, o Bohemia ira ko 36,000 a laloma’an malaplapay, na o 300 ’ofad milowan to 100 ’ofad to ko tamdaw, masa mapalopisak ko tamdaw no laloma’an i kiwkay. I 17 sician kilalinikan sa mito’ong to Kawas, mala masimeday a sapaloma a sapal. Oya ci Zinzendorf (Nicoloaus Ludwig von Zinzendorf,1700-1760) masofoc i Dresden niyaro’, o mangodoay  tadamanay a laloma’an, o marariday masa’opo ko laloma’an. 6 ho lipay ningra mapatay ko mama, miliyaw mikadafo ko ina. Kaemangan ningra o mamo: ato fai ko pato’asay, o fai ci Henrietta o kawasan, mararid ko laloma’an masa’opo. Saka itini cingra a mapatireng ko parana’ no paso’elin. I 17 sician, Lutheran mapalowad ko mangodoay (Pietism) itiya, pa’icel to cimangodoay a ’orip. Kakeridan ci Philip Spener (1635-1705) o nano mafiyolay no Makoracay pitoor, pacecay to salikaka milalok to sakacowat no ’adingo, ci Spener ko pimamaan ningra. I 1710-16 miheca micomod cingra i misarocoday onto kakeridan ci August Francke a Halle pitilidan, itira cingra patireng to kolang sapaloma a sakapot (Order of the Mustard-seed), saka onini sakapot mapalowad ko adihayay kiwkay. I 1716 miheca micomod i Wittenberg daykako, minanam to rikec. I 1722 miheca minokay tayra i Bertheldsorf, padamso to itiraay a salikaka, patireng to tadamanay “Herrnhut” –Piki’adingan no Tapang, i nisa’icelan no salikaka, saka macowat mala lomowaday ko kiwkay. Ikor matongal matongal to ko tamdaw, saadihay sato ko fangafang. Kao ciolahay faloco’ midotoc to so’elinay sapasifana’, mipakaen cangraan. Ikor lacecay sa mitelek to kapolongay: “O ciwcika ni Yis ko saka’aca; matomes no Fangcalay ’Adingo; pacakaten ko tireng i Wama a Kawas.” I 1736 miheca mapacering cingra malaplap nai Dresden, sowal sa cingra: Patayraen no mita ko Ratoh i kasaniyaro’ no hekal. Ona itira cingra i kaetipay no Into (West Indies) ato Russia a mipatenak. I 1747 miheca citodongay mikowan palasawadan ko picering cingraan, ta manga’ay to ningra a minokay i niyaro’, minokay cingra i Drestown padoedo micikeroh to tayal i kiwkay. === 2.Sifana’ (二、教義：) === Katadamaan no mapolongay kiwkay, oya sifana’ ningra: “O so’oelinay ko a ’orip no mita; caay ko nisowalan.” Sowal sa ci Bucer: Polong no hekal, dengan kamo ko palekapotay to sifana’ ato makoracay paso’elinay faloco’. Pahecad han ko no mita a kiwkay ato nanoay i,dengan o kakangodoan. Nanay madipot no Kawas ko nipafeliay tamowanan. Sacisowal sa ci Calvin: Kalemed ko kiwkay namo, makorac ci so’elinay, mapatongal ko adihayay taneng, oya to ko kanga’ay no demak masieroday, cisifana’ay. I masamamaanay pakayraan i caay ko papakatahira. I kahacecay no demak, ano kalali’aca to, laola to, pacakat a tayal ato kalafinawlan a todong, kao Pipasifana’ ni Yis i lotok ko malo dawdaw no ka’ayaw no wa’ay nano. Paretatenga cangra o pacakat a tayal to Kawas ko saka’orip, o saka’edil no Kawas ko ka’orip. Saheto o kaolahan salikaka cangra, masasidamaay, masasipainiay, mi’orip to masarocoday. === 3. Radiwan ato kafiyol: (三、音樂＆影響：) === O cecay a mirarakatay itiya, sowal sa: Manengneng ko taloay dafong i pirarakatan no mako, oya riyar, Sensingdorf, oya midipotan no Tapang a finawlan. I 1727 miheca padoedo macakat matongal. Oya patenakay mato’asay ci William Carey tayra i Into patenak, mapacekil no Morafian malikakaay. Matira ko sowal ni William Carey, o matatodongay ci Zinzendorf tonini a kacingangan saan. O radiw ko sapilefet nangra mipatenak to Ratoh. Oya i Inkirisay palosiyangay ci John Wesley ko pakafiyolay, ka tata’ak no tapelik i riyar itiya I, oya i taminaay a tamdaw wata ko talaw halo ci Wesley salikaka, dengan oya romadiway a salikaka, misanga’ay caay ka tawal a radiw. Pakayni i kalacecayan romadiw no Moravia salikaka mapadama no ’Adingo ci Wesley salikaka, oya palosiyangay ci George Whitefield ato sakapot no Oxford daykako, maemin mafiyol cangra. Ono Moravian Church a radiw mala saka tadamaan i 18-19 sician ko radiw parana’an i Amilika. I 19 sici, ano matengil i Amilika ko radiw no Inkiris, i New York, Boston to, ano eca i Philadelphia, tangasa i North Carolina ano eca i kasaniyaro’ no Pennsylvania a Moravia salikaka. Itira matengil ko ni Haydn satapangan, paherekan no piradiw, ni Handel ano eca ni Mozart a radiw. Oya nipacomodan no Moravia salikaka ko ni Bach i Amilika. Caay ka tadamaan ko radiw nangra, tinako: ni Johann Friedrich Peter, Jeremiah Dencke, David Moritz Michael, John Antes, Simon Peter, Christian Gregor, Johannes Herbst, Johann Christian Geisler, o nika tadamaan awaayho matengil ko ngangan. Nika ono romi’adan to, lasawad sato ko no Moravia salikaka a radiw a mapawan. I 1998 miheca ci Martin Pearlman ko tiwatiway to Boston Baroque pipasadak a Lost Music of Early America: Music of the Moravians (CD) i, miliyaw haca mapasadak i ka’ayaw no tamdamdaw ko radiw no Moravia salikaka.   Kahemekan a radiw. nxbcgp1hr9bsjskrgtf1wznvygzz43z 0 2825 45794 45793 2025-02-10T00:39:29Z Masaonikar 570 /* Pinengnengan (參考) */ 45794 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ciyaste Simpu (賈斯德神父) == Ciyaste Simpu (Toic a soweal: Karl Stähli, 1937 miheca 2 folad 7 romi’ad-2017 miheca 3 folad 18 romi’ad), Paylenwayfan tinto kiwkay a Simpu, halafin i no Iwatanan (Bunun) sa’etal ko pisinting, saki sifana’ i kaemangay ato sowal no Iwatan (Bunun). === Kasofocan (生平) === Minanam to sapisinting, i 1937 miheca 2 folad 7 romi’ad, ci Ciyaste Simpu masofoc i Flums no Switzerland, misawad to kiwiko no kitakit i loma’ sa ko tayal, I 1958 miheca mikapot i Paylenkay, i 1964 miheca mapatireng to kala Simpu patado i niyaro’ [1]. Paylenkay nai 1954 miheca madadoedo maocor tayni i pasawali no Taywan (Posong) [2], itiya cingra i 1967 miheca 10 folad 10 romi’ad tahini i Taywan[3], i Sincusi no Holam pinanaman to no Kowaping[1]. === I Posong a misinting (臺東傳教) === I 1969 miheca, ci Ciyaste Simpu tayra i Tasi no Taymali a Tinsokiw mala kakeridan a Simpu[1]. Itiya pakayen ningra i salikaka no kiwkay ni Ke Huiyi, pakilac to no Africa langdaway fokeloh, makalatay no oner, malosapaiyo saan, masolot ci Fang hau mitilid mi’isid to pakayniay fokelo to nai Mancin  a to’ek iraay to mapatayra i Congko to nano Fangcikay ci Si Centuan[4]. Maraod ko tolo miheca patiko ci Ciyaste Simpu minokay tayra i Switzerland[5]. I 1972 miheca, minokay cingra i Switzerland mipatado i, saka tosa miheca tayra cingra i Minila no kawalian no Asia pitilidan a Sinkakoyin minanam, i 1974 miheca ta patiko tayni i Posong, itira i ’Efong, Takofan citodong to sakerid, pasi Iwatan ko pisinting ko tayal[1]. Kaitiraan ni Ciyaste Simpu i Takofan i, mananam cingra to itiraay i Takofan Taywan Kristo ciwlo kiwkay ci Lu Cinyi foksian. Itiya o salakaka no Kristo Ciwlokiw ato Paylenkay no Tinsokiw caay kalali’ay i, Paylenkay siwni ci Ma Huiren masowal no yincumin a salikaka no Ciwlokay mitahidang o “Akoma” saan. ira ko cecay ci Ciyaste Simpu nai aririay no Tinsokiw i Litao niyaro’, to nano nifalican no Ciwlokiwkay a foksi ci Hu Wenci to nano Iwatan (Bunun) sowal a Fa’elohay katatelekan Fangcalay cudad pafeli to salikaka no Litao Ciwlo kiwkay, saan o salikaka no Tinsokiw Litao kiwkay mahinapec nawiro pafelien ko Ciwlokiwkay to Fangcalay cudad saan. O sapipalasawadaw to kalalaed no tosaay kiwkay, i 1977 miheca 12 folad 24 romi’ad a Kolosimasan to dadaya, ci Lu Cinyi ato Paylenkay ci Ciyaste Simpu, ci Su Defeng Simpu aci Ke De (Ge De) Simpu, malakomod itira i Takofan midemak to Kolosimas kansya lihay, toya dadaya nipakingkingan mapolong pafeli to Takofan Tinsokiw kiwkay a isingan[3]. === Takao pisinkiw (高雄傳教) === I 1980 miheca, tayra ci Ciyaste Simpu i Manila minanam, saka tosa miheca minokay tayra i Switzerland tolo miheca, i 1985 miheca malinah itira i Liokoy no Takao sakowan[1]. Toya mihecaan, maocor i no Iwatan Tinsokiwkay matayal, o nika calipcip no Iwatan a sowal[3]. Ono Iwatan a sowal o Kanakanafo Taoyin sakowan a finacadan ato Namasya a Laalowa finacadan tosaay a sowal, tosaay finacadan to Kanakanafo sowal ato Laalowa sowal caay kalecad[6]. Itiya o sifo miledef micikeroh to no Kowping a sowal onto, ci Ciyaste Simpu sato pito miheca ko pifalic ningra to no Iwatan a sowal to Fangcalay cudad, wata ko pila’om to pitoay miheca, o niya ko misahacecacecayay mitilid to pidafohan sowal no masaIwatanay[1]. Oya Paris wayfang kiwkay ci Du Aimin Simpu ira ko no niyah nifalican to pidafohan sowal no masaIwatanay, nika ono itiraay i no Kalingkoay a sowal, ato no Posong, no Nantu ira ko kasasiromaan[7]. Pasowal sa ci Lu Cinyi ci Ciyaste Simpu o midotocay ci Hu Wenci foksian saan, ikaka ko kafangcal pasowal to sowal no Iwatan[3]. Saki tiniay i lotok no Takao pipatenak, itiya i 1958 miheca nano Taominkay Spanis tamdaw ci Dai Dekang Simpu itira i Liwkoy ko kahiceraan, marakat ko itiraay i Taoyin, Maolin, Sanmin toloay sakowan, nika caay kaedeng ko tamdaw, dengan to o Taoyin sakowan a Misan niyaro’ ko ’alomanay salikaka no Tinsokiw, romaroma a niyaro’ a salikaka caay to ka papina. O parana’an ni Ciyaste Simpu koya Senfangci kiwkay i Taoyin niyaro’, milacal ho to no Kaocong niyaro’ kiwkay, Miysan kiwkay ato no Minsen kasa’opoan nano Sanmin sakowan, to folafolad misatikotiko to lotok i Nanheng a Miysan, Paosan a niyaro’, roma o longoc no kiwkay, tayra i Sanmin sakowan, Wutay sakowan no Pintong, ngalef tahira i Sinyi sakowan no Nantu kowan, Haytowan no Posong kwan a niyaro’, o nirakatan a nipatenak saheto o no Iwatan (Bunun) finacadan a kasatirongroh[8]. O finawlan no Miysan Taoyin sakowan ci Wu Ziping a sowal: Ci Ciyaste Simpu itira i Miysan niyaro’ mata’elif ko 30 mihecaan, itini cingra i niyaro’ ciriko’ cingra to no finacadan a losid, tamohong, mafana’ aca pasowal tono Iwatan (Bunun) a sowal, mararid misalof to kararawrawan no niyaro’, ira ko lisin no niyaro’, mikihatiya cingra, no finacadan ko sakapi’orip ningra, malo tadamaanay i niyaro’ kangodoan tamdaw, o maan ko nisowalan ningra i, mitengil ko finawlan. O kakitaan no niyaro’ panganganen no kakitaan paka ci “Haysoli” han ko pangangan[9]. Ira ko sowal ni “Haysoli” (Ciyaste Simpu) o Taywan a tamdaw matiya o salaloma’an no mako saan cingra, ira ko tamdaw to malalisan ko tireng ningra romakat to 6 widian misera to sapaiyo ningra, to saka pa’oripaw cingraan[1][2]. I 2003 miheca 10 folad 18 romi’ad, Paylen kiwkay itira i Posongsi Posong pitilidan maliacang to 50 no mihecaan, o kinciw ci Xu Cingyun pakaolah to sanga’ayay finawlan no Posong kowan a kompay ci Wei Zuan Simpu, Wu Ruosi Simpu, Ke De Simpu, Yu Huilin Simpu, Li Huairen Simpu aci Ciyaste Simpu ato ci Ou Siding, Fu Yi, Siy Hongdao, Lin Sirou sasepatay Siwsi[10]. I 2009 miheca a Pa-Pa kafodo’an (8 folad 8 romi’ad), o rafasay no semo’ot finalan no Taoyin kowan itira i paniyaro’an a caay ka likelon, o pipatangic no itiraay i Cisan kocong a miki’adingay finawlan, oya mananamay ci Cu siwni makihatiya mioraor palikelon i, awaay ko epoc, saka tahidang sato to piti’eran no finawlan ci Ciyaste Simpuan[9]. Nawhani oya tamdaw caay pakaso’elin to sifo cangra, matalaw cangra paci’eci’en palokelon malasawadaw ko nano mato’asay a sera o sanay[3]. Toya herek no lahok, o maminokay tayra i Switzerland ci Ciyaste Simpuan to katahini ho i Taywan ningra nai Macao minokay, ira aca ko tingwa no finawlan pakasowal[9]. Malaheci ko pitahidang to finawlan a malokelon, patihien ningra ko Miysan, Taoyin, Paosan niyaro’ a finawlan, itira i Takaosi Tinsokiw Ciwseco kiwkay a mapakamoro’, mapolong ko ka’orip, mitolon, ono Iwatan (Bunun) sowal ko kasasowalan malalicay, mapakahinom ko matalaway faloco’ no finawlan[11]. I 2011 miheca 12 folad 4 romi’adan, Takaosi yincumin dademakay wiyinhuy itira i Yiso daykako kasa’opoan midemak karomadiw pahemak radiwan, o Namasya, Taoyin, Maolin sa’etal rafasay 600 tamdaw no yincumin ato rafas 20 kiwkay ko mikapotay, mikansya kafaliyosan mafodo’an pipadang padama ni Ciyaste Simpuan[5]. === Pasifana’ to sowal no ina. (教授母語) === O pitingto ni Ciyaste Simpu i, masasiiked ko kaemangay pakayni mihecaan pisilsil ko demak, itira i kiwkay minanam to radiw, kaikor no pitilidan ira ko pinanaman to tatiliden ato minanam to sowal no Iwatan (Bunun), ato papotalay pimalian a kadademak[8]. Malowan malasaad ko pasowalay to Iwatan (Bunun) a soal, ikor micikeroh ko sifo pipasifana’ to sowal no ina, mitahidang to nano Switzerland a tamdaw ko pasifana’ay ipitilidan to sowal no finacadan[1]. 2001 miheca miteka i, o kasapitilidan no kaemangay miteka ono finacadan ko sakasasowal a to pasifana’, nika masonol to ko ponka no yincumin i Takao kowan, nanoya rarima to ko sapasifana’ to malasingsiay ato mikilim to matatodongay a tilid to sapasifana’ [6]. Paretatenga ci Ciyaste Simpu o lamit no finacadan ko sowal no ina, mafana’ to lamit i, itya a mafana’ to niyah a tato’asan[1]. Tangasa 2014 mihecaan i, itira ho cingra i no kamangay pitilidan malasingsi pasifana’ to sowal no Iwatan[2]. Caay ka dengan o sowal no Iwatan ko nipasifana’an, paifana’ heca to kawakawasan kimad no Iwatan, nawhani paretatenga talacowa o ci miedaway ko kawakaasan kimad no niyaro’, nika o mamangodo ko malatintosiay to no to’as no niyaro’, i niyaro’ay tamdaw o mamangodo to matayalay patenak a tamdaw[8]. === Ciadada to kang a mapatay. (患癌去世) === I 2016 miheca, masapinang ko ka ciadada to fala’ kang ci Ciyaste Simpu, milalad to tayra polong no tatirengan, talacowa paina ci Lu Cinyi foksi sapatayraaw i Taypi He Xin isingan a pakinsa paising, nika pasowal sa cingra mana’ay kako miraay to Iwatan finacadan tamdaw, kaitini i ngataay isingan ko nga’ay saan[3]. 2017 miheca 3 folad 18 romi’ad pacerem 1:30 ko widi, paisingan ni Ciyaste Simpu i Senkong isingan no Tinsokiw i Takao a mapatay[1]. O ’afo no tireng mapateli i pitademan no Paylenkay Tinsokiw no Piwho[3]. === Pinengnengan (參考) === 1.張肇烜. 【仁醫心路】瑞士來的布農族守護天使..賈斯德神父結束為台灣奉獻的一生. 《民報》. 2017-03-25 [2020-04-29]. （原始內容存檔於2021-06-10） （中文（臺灣））. 2.林欣誼. 白冷會士：謝謝台灣人把我們當朋友. 《中國時報》. 2014-01-12 [2020-04-29]. （原始內容存檔於2020-05-06） （中文（臺灣））. 3.盧俊義. 盧俊義牧師：懷念布農族守護者賈斯德神父. 《蘋果日報》. 2017-03-21 [2020-04-29]. （原始內容存檔於2020-05-06） （中文（臺灣））. 4.方豪. 真相大白 記「神奇非洲小青石」初傳中國. 《聯合報》. 1980-09-30 （中文（臺灣））. 5.夏念慈. 原民詩歌詠讚 賈斯德獲表揚. 《中央日報》. 2011-12-04 [2020-04-29]. （原始內容存檔於2020-05-06） （中文（臺灣））. 6.王紀青. 原住民五「世居小族」 同族話不通 桃源和三民同屬鄒族的卡那卡富人和沙阿魯阿人各說各話. 《聯合報》. 2001-01-12 （中文（臺灣））. 7.王蜀桂. 台灣南島語系的最後知音--外籍神父. 《聯合報》. 1995-09-30~10-02 （中文（臺灣））. 8.陳宏銘. 天主教神父賈斯德 全台奔波 守護布農族身心靈30餘載. 《中國時報》. 2006-12-15 （中文（臺灣））. 9.陳金聲. 「村人都聽他的」 急call賈神父. 《聯合報》. 2009-08-19 （中文（臺灣））. 10.施鴻基. 《都是50歲生日！》白冷教會 彌撒有原民舞開路 縣長盛讚是台東縣的好朋友. 《聯合報》. 2003-10-19 （中文（臺灣））. 11.呂素麗. 老外是老鄉 瑞士神父撫慰 布農阿嬤展愁眉. 《中國時報 》. 2009-08-27 （中文（臺灣））. 7vtmsyxgxkmxt3ppp6wndeg7amlyvaf 0 2826 45812 45811 2025-02-11T00:38:52Z Masaonikar 570 /* Towana foksi (顏明福牧師) */ 45812 wikitext text/x-wiki == Towana foksi (顏明福牧師) == I 1930 miheca masofoc i Kaheciday niyaro’ no Posong a tamdaw, itiya i 2009 miheca 2 folad 27 romi’ad miliyas to hekal a mapatay, 80 ko mihecaan ningra ma’orip itini hekal. 1951 miheca misawad cingra mitilid i Yusan sinkakoyin, i 1980 miheca milaheci to sawse no Tongfan sinkakoyin, itira i Fotod, Kaheciday, Taypi a niyaro’ ko rakat no pipatenakan to Ratoh no Kawas. O sa’ayaway no Yincumin Tintisi tayraay i niyaro’ no Fotod kiwkay ci Towana foksi, nai 1951 miheca 7 folad 20 romi’ad herek no lahok itira i Tongcin ko kahiceraan, itira i Sifosya no imeng ko aro’, kaitira ningra i Fotod a mipatenak to Ratoh, tangasa i 1953 miheca 8 folad ta miliyas to Fotod. Ono Dipong sa a sowal ko sapiparatoh ningra, o niyaro’ay no Fotod tamdaw ko mifalicay to sowal no Tao, sapiini ningra i o tilid ni Yohani a Fangcalay cudad ko patodongan a mipatenakan. “Pasowal sa ci Yis i cangraan, ‘Katayra kamo i polong no hkal a patnak i tamdamdaw a ma^min to Nga'ayay Ratoh.’” (Marko 16:15) “Saka, lowad sato ko nisawawaan a tayra i cowacowa a patnak to Nga'ayay Ratoh. Mikapot ko Tapang i cangraan a matayal. Pakaynien no Tapang i nipidmak nangra to kafahka'an ko nipipahapinang to nika o so'linay ko nipatnakan nangra a sowal.” (Marko 16:20) Mahirateng ako, 21 no mihecaan ako itiya, onini a tosa a tilid no Fangcalay cudad, safaloco’ sanay to nanosowal ato piocor ni Luo Xianchun foksi ato ni James Sun foksi, mala sa’ayaway no yincumin a tayraay i Fotod niyaro’ mipatenakay a Tintosi matayalay no Kawas. I 1951 miheca, o isi taliyok no Fotod itiya i, caay ko nga’ayay ko saki’orip, awaay ko maan to pilafinan ato kiwkay itiya. 21 ko mihecaan no mako itiya koyod sato kahemaway a losid miliyas to niyaro’, mikalic to tamina a tayra i Fotod, ira ko 12 no widi ko rakat i riyar tangasa i Tongcin no Fotod niyaro’. O pacereman to dafak itiya, ’aloman ko mifotingay i riyar no Tongcin i lawac no riyar, ala pasayni sa ko nengneng no mata i takowanan, nika awaay ko miraoday milicay takuwan, saka aro’ sa kako i lilis no riyar, mitala to aira ko mangalayay mitahidan takuwan a komaen. Nika awaay aca ko cecacecay milicayay mangalayay. Sato’eman sato ko romi’ad, oya to awaay ko mikiharay takuwan, nanoya i, kitosor (to kneel) sa kako i tafotafokan a mitolon to Kawas, wata ko pihadidi to pades no salifet no faloco’, macahiw, maso’aw, malotay ko tireng, nanoya kihatiya sa to fafoy a mafoti’ i pacifaran. Masalafii ko pirawraw no likes i tangila a miparac, o todong no pilood to tatirengan ako, kaheteng masanek ko tayi’ a fafoy ato piaekor nira, caayay to ka nga’ay ko foti’ masalafii, tongal han no malotayay a tireng. Caayho ka taedad ko romi’ad, ira ko cecay a fa’inayan micomod i pacifaran a tomayi’, mapalal koya itiraay a fafoy misafades sapilaliwan, matalaw kako to sapiri’angaw niira, miceli’ kako itaya a masetol koya tamdaw, pako kawas saan takuwan a mitahidang to imeng, mafana’ koya imeng takowa o nai Taywan tayniay tamdaw, sasida’it saan takuwan, mihamham padamso pakaen paka foti’ takowanan. Toya dadaya mikansya kako to pikakawa no Kawas, milongoc mitolon kako to pisinting saki Fotod a tayal, nanay mafohat ko fawahan to sapaRatoh i Fotod, saka fana’ no Tao finacadan to Kawas, mala pa’orip a Kawas nangra. Talacowa, awaay ko cecacecay tamdaw mafanay takuwan, caayho ka fana’en nangra ko Rotoh no Kawas. Nika padadoedo han no Kawas pacekil ko kapah no niyaro’, mangalay milayap mikonling mikihatiya to paRatohay a tayal. Matiya o sowal i Fangcalay cudad: “Nanoya, tahidangen ni Yis a misa'opo ko tosa ko safaw a tarokos. Paflien Ningra cangra to 'icel ato sakacitodong nangra a mifahfah to palafoay ato sapiadah to adadaay. Ta ocoren Ningra cangra a papipatnak to pakayniay i Kitakit no Kawas a ratoh, ato miadah to adadaay. Pasowal sa ci Yis i cangraan, ‘Ano mirakat kamo to niyaro' i, aka pitatoy to maan aca. Aka pitatoy to cokor ato lofoc ato kakaenen ato payso. Aka piala to sapatisod a riko'. Ano talacowacowa to i, ano i cowaayto a loma' ko makahiay a mihamham i tamowanan a tamdaw, ta itira han a maro' tangasa i piliyasan namo toya niyaro'.’” (Loka 9:1-4) Sa’ayaw ako tayni i Fotod a patenak to Ratoh, o rakat ako a romakat to no tamdawan karotoday lalan, saka tayra roma a niyaro’, ta nai tini niyaro’ tayra toya niyaro’ a caay pitolas pasifana’ to Ratoh, maroray sa aro’ sa pahanhan, maso’aw nanom sa to i lalanay a nanom; tahira sa i niyaro’ o salikaka ko mihamhamay pakamaro’, o dadaya itira ko pipasowal to Ratoh no Kawas ato pakayniay pidemak ni Yis to kafahekaan a demak a kimad, pasifana’ cangraan a romadiw, ranikay ko fana’ no Tao tamdaw minanam, sapatek sa mitengil to pipaRatoh to sowal no Kawas. O pipatenak to Ratoh no Kawas tahanini ira to ko 58 ko mihecaan, nano awaayay ko kiwkau mapatireng to ko 7 a kiwkay, ira to ko niyah Tao tamdaw a matayalay no Kawas, tada maolahay ko Kawas to Tao finacadan a tamdaw. Maharateng, kaitiraan ho ako patenak to Ratoh i Fotod a tosaay a demak. Sakacecay a demak, mapakokot no a’sidan no pitilidan no Tongcin a Kongcantang a tamdaw, mingitangit to Cinpicongpo kao tatiihay tamdaw ko pararaw a patayen; nawhani o cecay a wawa mitiliday toya dafak pacakatan fayfay i romadiw to radiw no kiwkay pakoradiwen tono kitakit, malemed aca o kakeridan no imeng i Hongto o mitooray to Kawas a tamdaw, saka caay ka patayen ko ’orip. Saka tosa a demak, pakokot ko isisiw no Fotod takowanan, o mikadihay to finawlan pakitolon a miadah to adadaay, saka caay ka patayra i isisiw mipaising saan takowanan, nika oya so’elinay ma’oripay a Kawas maparihaday Ningra kako. Matiya o sowal i Fangcalay cudad: “Milcad kiso i takowanan a makari'ang a mapades. Mafana' kiso to dmak ako a mapades a makari'ang itira i Antiyok, i Ikonium ato i Listra. Mahadidi ako konini a ma^min. Pa'oripen no Tapang kako a paliyas tonini a pades a ma^min.” (2 Timoti 3:11). “Pilongoc i Kawas to pipalmed Ningra to mari'angay i tamowanan. Pilongoc to pipalmed no Kawas cangraan. Aka pi'kak to tamdaw.” (Loma 12:14). “Onini ko sakapitahidang no Kawas tamowanan. Nawhani mahaenayto ci Kristo a misemsem to saki tamowanan. Malopi'arawan namo ko dmak Ningra. Saka, o dado^doen namo ko dmak Ningra.” (1 Pitoro 2:21). Ira i faloco’ ako ko ngiha milicay takuwan “Ano cima namo ko cisiriay to smo'otay i, ano masiday ko ccay i, maanen namo saw? Laliwen ningra i pala koya siwa a polo' ira ko siwa a siri, ta tayra cingra a mikilim toya ccay a masidayay a siri tangasa i kakraan noya siri.”, orasaka caay sa pitolas micoracor takowanan mikilim to masidayay a suri, matiya o sowal no fanacalay cudad “Caay ko sapasneng ko nipipatnak ako to Nga'ayay Ratoh. O tatayatayalen aca ako konini. Ano caay pipatnak kako to Nga'ayay Ratoh i, o cacilafo kako.” Orasaka o nika’orip no mako o saki no Tapang a ’orip. cg973i06uu0eeeiz0lj4twqzpum12tf 0 2827 45834 45833 2025-02-11T02:13:50Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Kacomahad no kiwha. (教派發展圖) */ 45834 wikitext text/x-wiki == Mafolosiay (靈恩派-Pentecostalism) == Saka 2 sici a Montanism o tatapangan no Mafolosiay a onto. Sa ci sowal sa cingra “Nilayapan no mako a pa’araw mitaelif ko pafeli no Fangcalay ’Adingo ci Pawlo aci Pitiloan a pipa’araw.” Masakero cangra to saka folosi, paretatenga nai kakarayan masakero malikelon, mapadama no Fangcalay ’Adingo. Saan ira ko cecay fafahiyan ci Masin, nai lotok masakero talaeno a mapatay. Mafolosi ko sowal ngangra, miliyas ci Tertullian to mo’ecelay kiwkay a mikapot to Montanists. Paretatenga ci Augustine o sakaciteneng no ’adingoan a sowal ono sarakatay kiwkay, pasadak to pahateren konini a taneng. Itini i tenokan no sician no Cistertian a siwsi ci Jehoiachin pasowal cingra nai 1260 miheca miteka, ono fangcalay ’adingo a to’ek saan. O Cistertian ci Hildegard von Bingen siwni pakiradiwen ko ’adingoan a sowal, ta mirenaf to ’adingoan. Paretatenga ci Lute o patosokan no pisafaloco’ to fangcalay ’adingo o sapipalosiyang ci Kristoan, palosiyang to sowal no Kawas. Pakayni i fangcalay ’adingo, mataneng no mita ici Yis Kristoan ko Kawas a miingir titaanan, orasaka malamo’ecelay ko nipipaso’elin. Orasaka pakaynien no Kawas i fangcalay ’adingo pahapinang to kodaitay, ciolahay, cisini’adaay a Kawas, caay ko ma’edesay, mo’ecelay, misawkitay a Kawas. Oni Kalfin (Calvin) o sarakatay maledefay ko fangcalay ’adingo ko nengneng a harateng to sakikawasan a hakasi: 1.Malacecay ko tayal no ’adingo no Kawas ato sowal no Kawas: oni Kalfin (Calvin) terongan harateng no kawasan, o pitaneng no pakayraan saki pilayap to fangcalay ’adingo ato kafana’ to sowal no Kawas o malalecaday, o sapahapinang to pitanengan to pakayraan i kalecadan a macowat. Orasaka polong nai ’adingo no Kawas a nitanengan o papakayra i sowal no Kawas a pahapinang, polong no sowal no Kawas pakayni i ’adingo no Kawas a mapacekil. 2.Ici Yis Kristoan ko taterongan: o paterongan a pa’araw no Kawas ci Kristo, o paherekan no sowal no Kawas, orasaka makakiharay ko ’adingo no Kawas ato sowal no Kawas, makakihar a dademak ko fangcalay ’adingo aci Yis Kristo. 3.Kaitiraan no fangcalay ’adingo: kaitiraan o sakahapinang no katadamaan a makakihar, orasaka, kaitiraan no fangcalay ’adingo makakihar mapatireng ici Wama ato Wawa, orasaka fangcalay ’adingo caay ka dengan o fangcalay ’adingo aca, halo no Wama ’adingo ato Wawa ’adingo a malacecay (kapot). I 18, 19 sician, misarocoday pasi fangcalay ’adingo ko nengneng, pasifa’elohay to salaloma’an no ’adingo, mapadama ko sakatadamaan no salikaka. I 18 sici pasiradiway, marocokay masapinang ko fangcalay ’adingo, pasowal saka tosa to sini’ada, ikor o nian ko pidoedoan no ilisin no limaay polo’ a misaheci to piino’ no ’adingo. Paretatenga ci Wesley o ’adingoan a sowal pakadofahay to tekedan pitaneng to no ’adingoan. A. Hakasi no Fuller sinkakoyin ci Peter Wagner palitolo liyad ko rakat no Mafolosiay onto i 20 sici: 1.Saka cecay liyad Rocokan “ilisin no limaay polo’ onto” (Pentecostal Movement), nai ci Charles Parham 1901 miheca i Topeka, Kansas, o nano pacefos no fangcalay ’adingo ko Bethel a sinkakoyin, ’aloman ko pasasiyoray a maadah ko adada. Ci William Seymour i 1906 miheca makerid tayra i Azusa no CA mikihatiya to sa’opo mapolin no fangcalay ’adingo, pasowal to ’adingoan a sowal, maadah ko adada. O ’alomanay a salikaka saheto o nai laenoay ’orip no syakay. Saka cecay liyad paini to sakinatosa a ino’ o ’adingo a ino’, malitosaay no pipaino’, kalaliyangan i kawasan. Midotoc i masasiromaay pipaino’ masasiiked ko mitooray. Palecaden ko pilayap to ’adingoan a sowal ato pilayap to fangcalay ’adingo, caay ka papina ko pakalayapay to tayal no fangcalay ’adingo, saka palecad han ko ’icel no fangcalay ’adingo ato fangcalay ’adingo. 2. Saka tosa liyad I 60 miheca a “Mafolosiay onto” (Charismatic Movement) malenak i tadamanay no Kristokiw ato Tinsokiw. O samafiyolay itiniay i Africa i ilisin no limaay polo’ ci David Plessis, pakayni i WCC ko pi’isid to Mafolosiay onto, palatilid ko tayal, malacalay i kasakiwha pakatanengay to mafolosiay. Oya mikotoday nai fafa’eday no syakay, kasakiwha, daykako ato Tinsokiw. Saka tosa liyad i kawasan a macaliwa’: o ’adingoan a sowal o cecay no painian no fangcalay ’adingo, caay ko pakayraan no pipacekil no fangcalay ’adingo. Saka caay ko patosokan ko ’adingoan a sowal, sakacaay ka adihay no kasasiwtoc. Saka tomes no fangcalay ’adingo o sapicowat to teneng ato kasafa’eloh no kiwkay, caay ko saka tosa a ino’. Kasa’opo pasi pahemek a ta’ong misatalolong mitaneng to patodong no pita’ong. 3. Saka tolo liyad. Saka tolo liyad nai ci John Win itiraay i Anaheim no California fadisoso masakapotay macowat a masadak. Misatapang dengan o no Quaker papina kakeridan misakapot mitiri’ to fangcalay cudad a sa’opo, i 1976 miheca 10 folad itiya. I 1977 miheca 1 folad o pikapotan ni John Win. Toloay folad itiya, nano 12 tamdaw matongal to 125 tamdaw, nanoya sa patireng mifalic to ngangan Calvary kiwkay. Tangasa 1977 miheca 4 folad, mitaneng to ko salikaka to katomes no fangcalay ’adingo, pasowal to ’adingoan a sowal, midemak to miafahay to adada, masolot ko ’alomanay kapah ko mikihatiyaay to sa’opo; mikihatiyaay tamdaw nai 125 matongal tangasa 700 tamdaw; o salikaka a mihecaan salongan 19 mihecaan, tangasa 1983 miheca i 21 mihecaan. I 1982 miheca 5 folad mafalic ko ngangan pisafadisosoan mitooray masakapotay; 1985 miheca matongal ko tamdaw tangasa 5000 tamdaw, roma ira ko 120 a kasaisal a kasakapot; doedoen ko ni Barrett pisa’osi, salongan ira ko 2000 ’ofad ko saka tolo liyad no mitooray. Onini a misafadisoso’ay onto ira ko cecay kakeridan tamdaw ci C. Peter Wagner. Caay ka kahi mala o Mafolosiha saan, ci John White paretatenga to mafolosiha mato cango’otay pafeli to taneng ato kawasan to sapiharatengaw. Misaheci sa ci Wegener i, o mamitaneng cangra to ’icel no fangcalay ’adingo, i piadah to adada, mifahfah to palafoay, pasowal to ’adingoan a sowal, ato caay ka fiyol no tayal, mikihatiya to roma tayal no fangcalay ’adingo. Oni John Way a pisaheci o pilokes to saka tosa liyad kawasan a tilid, o pisaheci ningra caay ka nga’ay palitosaen ko katadamaan no saka cecay, saka tosa liyad saan. Ono saka tolo liyad o nika caay ka lecad ko romi’ad, awaay ko kasasiromaan no salaloma’an. Oni Wegener to nisowalan a tilid patisil to limaay ninengnengan katadamaan no saka tolo liyad, i saka tosa liyad caay ko da’eco a tilidan manga’ay makilim saan. I 90 mihecaan a to’ek masadak ko saka sepat liyad, onini a latiih, oya to nano saka tolo liyad onto ko tamdaw, mikerid to polong no kawasan harateng ato pakayraan, kasasiroma i pacomoden ko fa’elohay harateng no kawasan, fa’elohay pisaheci mala pakayraan micikeroh to fa’elohay pakayraan, mikapot to fa’elohay kasakapot. Saranikay sato matongal ko tamdaw. David Barrett mitilid, World Christian Encyclopedia, 2001 miheca mipolong: 1987 miheca mafolosiha ira ko 2 walwalan 4 patek 700 ’ofad no tamdaw, nika i 2000 miheca 7 walwalan 7 patek ’ofad k otamdaw ((David Barrett，Todd M Johnson mitilidan World Christian Trends AD30-AD2000, William Carey, 2001). B. Harvard sinkakoyin hakasi ci Harvey Cox minengneng to ilisin no limaay polo’ ato mafolosiha, no semo’otay miheca i polong no ’orirawan kadademak no fangcalay ’adingo onto, malitoloay ko kasatongroh faco: 1. Maacangay a sowal (no ’adingoan a sowal ano eca o nisowalan). 2. misimeday kopisarocod (Masiyaway ko salo’afan, mafolosi, salemed, makero, miadah ano eca mitaneng to roma pakayraan). 3. Colafad to patekan miheca (Payra i pa’araway ato paherekan sasowalan). C. Jacquet mitili to Yearbook of American and Canadian churches, palatolo to mafolosiay pakayraan: 1. 1. Holiness-Pentecostal: “Taloay kasasa’er no mitooray sakafalic, makoracay, ’adingo ino’”：Apostolic Faith, Church of God, Church of God (Cleveland, Tenn.), Church of God in Christ, Church of God in Christ, Church of God in Christ--International, Church of God of prophecy, Church of God of the Mountain Assembly, Congregational Church of God, Original Church of God, Pentecostal Fire-Baptist Church Inc., International, Pentecostal holiness Church, United Holy Church of America. 2. Baptistic-Pentecostal: “Tosaay kasasa’er no mitooray sakafalic, ’adingo ino’”：Assemblies of God, Elim, Bible Church of Christ Inc., Elim fellowship, International Full Gospel Assemblies, International Assemblies of God, International Church of the Foursquare Gospel, Open Bible Standard Churches, Pentecostal Church of God. 3. Oneness Pentecostal: “Misahakeno to toloay malacecay a sowal, o Kawas ci Yis” (Jesus Christ alone is God)：Apostolic Overcoming Holy Church of God, Apostolic Faith Mission Church of God, Bible Way Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ, World Wide Inc. International United Pentecostal Church. Cecayay ko Kawas, patalahekal dengan o Kawas a cecay. Milikafay patatenga to Mafolosiay to toloay malacecay a sowal: Fangcalay ’Adingo, Fangcalay ’Adingo, Fangcalay ’Adingo. Wu Zuguang “Miliyasay a mafolosiay onto” patinako to no Toronto a sapalemed, no Cion kiwkay pa’aca to nanom, 1995 miheca kacacoelis no folad o remes ko misasaway to Taywan sanay mangahay pali’ayaw a sowal to saki kiwkay ato salikaka, sakarawraw a madoka’. Misamangah to miadahay to adada, misamsam to hekal mitakaw to ngangan, saka ciraraw miri’ang to syakay. Milijafay patatenga to mafolosiay sa’icel sa sakowan ato milaop to no hekalan ’icel, o tatodong ato sakafiyol masasingataay, awaawaay ko todong to saki’icel no pikinafalah no ciwcika. O so’elinay a pitooran mangalay to fangcalay cudad ato kawasan a nipalalanan, o nikacaay pitolas milikaf, pilisomad ato pisalof, o nian ko saka eca ka siday. === '''Kacomahad no kiwha. (教派發展圖)''' === ※ Campbell/Stone tradition kiwha o “Kristo tarokos kiwkay” Christian Churches (Disciples of Christ) USA o nai Amilikaay masadak a kiwha, mafafolod to Taywan Kristo Ciwlo kiwkay. 9p46exdioypcie972r03n3sunqcxwyl 0 2828 45845 45844 2025-02-12T01:58:25Z Masaonikar 570 /* Caay paka rarima to Taywan. (不想留負擔給台灣) */ 45845 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ke Yusia Siwni (葛玉霞修女) == Ke Yusia Siwni (Marie-Therese Felder) i saka 6 folad 15 romi’ad minokay to tayra i Switzerland. I 1955 miheca 5 folad 5 romi’ad, ira ko sasepatay nano Switzerland Sen ciwcika remeskay a siwni, ato Switzerland Paylenkay a Simpu malahakelong tayni i Taywan, itini i Posong sa’etal miteka cangra patenak to Ratoh a tayal. Masapinang nangra sa’ayaway kadademakan i Taytongsi, roma to saka tosa o Takofan, saka tolo o Singko, ato saka sepat o Tawu sakowan, caay pakatama cangra to kanga’ayan dademak tono isingan, ano o isisiw to, away ko ising minengnengay to adadaay. Itiraay a citodongay a kowan, manga’ayay makilim no tekedan a paisingan, caay ka papina, mangalef ko i lotokay, ano eca i Sanayasay ato Fotod a pala. Orasaka, oni a nai Switzerlanday a siwni, mitelek cangra to kadademakan patireng i Takofan maedengay pakamaro to 20 ko tamdaw a isingan, itira i Singko ato Tawu patireng to salongan isingan, misitapang to vangra to isingan patadoay tayal itiya. O nano minanamay cingra itini i Taywan to tadamanay isingan i Taywan, mafana’ to no Kowaping a sowal, mikihatiya to kacalohan mipadangay isingan no Takofan tamdaw. Orasaka tadamaan ko ninanaman ningra, i’ayaw itira cingra i isingan no Tinsokiw i Takofan i, sahato cingra ko citodongay minengnengay to adadaay, ano paretatenga o papanengnengen ko ising ano saan i, itiya patayraen nai Switzerland a ising miliyaw minengneng. So’elinay, wata: ko patado nangra to yincumin, nika halo finawlan no Takofan a mapatado to. Ano o yincumin ano eca o Payrang to a tamdaw, o piala to ’aca sapaising malecaday to 5 rimood, saadihayay caay ka ta’elif ko mo’etepay rimood. Ira ko 20 kafoti’an a isingan, ano nai lotokay malikelon a yincumin to pipaising i, caay ka ci’aca to maan aca, nawhani sacisowal sa cangra oya nai lotokay a yincumin mikalic to takosi i, maala ko semo’etay payso, patongal han to sapipaising i, mangalef ko rarima nangra saan. === Caay paka rarima to Taywan. (不想留負擔給台灣) === Patado ko tayal ni Ke Yusia Siwni itini i isingan no Tinsokiw i Takofan, itira i Tawu pa’oripay fo’is pidipotan mipadang to ma’epiay a kaemangay. I 1985 miheca patireng i Posong ko Makay isingan i, mitelek ko Siwni itiya: ka’osian a demak no Taywan a tamdaw – o sapidipot to pakoyocay sapatek sanay adadaay tamdaw. Matiraay, ci Ke Yusia Siwni malinah tayra i Singko itira i mimingay ising patado, mangalef oya mato’asay adadaay no ’Amis a tamdaw, caay ko pitala ningra to adadaay, ano kafana’en a adadaay, pakatofay sa tayra miliso’ toya adadaay, tangasa cecay miheca, nawhani pakatofay itiya masetol no tamdaw mapetek ko ’okak no kahong, tokaden, saka caay to kanga’ay tayra i kasaniyaro’ mipatado to adadaay tamdaw. Nika paci’eci ko demak ningra, rakat sa a tayra miliso’ to adadaay tamdaw. Sa cisowal sa cingra: “Miahowid kako to mato’asay tamdaw, makahi ho papinengneng i tokowanan.” Anini miheca ira to ko 82 mihecaan ni Ke Yusia Siwni, i’yaw no cecay miheca ira ko pitelek ningra: “Minokay kako tayra i Switzerland to sakiliteng.” saan. ’Alomanay adadaay tamdaw ato pasawali finawlan milicay to saka itini ningra i Taywan. Pasowal sa: “Mana’ay kako palifot tamowanan. Minokay kako tayra i Switzerland, ira ko patado patala no kiwkay tamiyanan to mamidipot a kaemangay patadoay tamdaw sakito’as no Siwni. Nika miliyas tamowanan anini, tango’or ko faloco’ no mako.” Ano ira ko romi’ad no katimolay finawlan, manga’ay i 6 folad 15 romi’ad (2015) herek no lahok 4 ko widi itira i Siokang hikokiciw misera takuwan, o sasowalen: “Ke Yusia Siwniaw, ahowiday tisowanan.” Haen hanaca, o dengan o saca’of itakowanan a olah konini. 47kyso13gqpw4cmxgxxegpsfhn5v3t2 0 2829 45885 45884 2025-02-12T02:34:53Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* 4. Pisahecian: (四、結論：) */ 45885 wikitext text/x-wiki == Pakiratohay (福音派，Evangelicalism) == === 1. Lekakawa: (一、定義：) === O ratoh ci Yis, i laloma’ay ni Kristo o caci’orip, mipatenakay to ratoh a tamdaw. Pakiratohay (Evangelical) – palamitan nai Kirisiya a sowal to evangelion, “I laloma’ ni Kristo malaheci ko nga’ayay Ratoh no Kawas”. I 1846 miheca ci Tomas Kalmes (Thomas Chalmers) paso’elin to Ratohan a lekakawa: O katayni no Tapang ato pitefoc. O so’elin no Fangcalay cudad (infallibility) ato awaay ko moraraway harateng (inerrancy). Tolo a malacecay a sowal. Katoled no tamdaw. Tona pipaso’elin a malamo’ecelay. O Fangcalay ’Adingo mafalic a malatadamaanay. James D. Hunter paratatenga to pakiratohay harateng: 1. Awaay ko moraraway harateng no Fangcalay cudad. 2. O kalaKawas ni Yis ato pipa’orip, o nano misimeday a mi’imeray to to’as a paso’elin. === 2. Likisi: (二、歷史：) === Pakiratohay a sowal nai 16 sician, itiyaay a mifalicay to pitoor a tamdaw o nian ko pahapinang to Loma Tinsokiw to pakayraan, caay ko cecay no kiwha. Pakiratohay doedo sanay to no mifalicay to pitoor ko sakaira no pasi’adingo a onto, tinako: misarocoday, makoracay a pitoor, o katadamaan i sakitekedan a pitaneng to ratoh. I 1817 miheca Lote ato Toic pifalic pitoor a mapapolongay kiwkay koya Ratohan kiwkay, anini i Amilika a Lotekay oya to mipakafit to Ratohan sanay a ’alomanay a Sinyi pakayraan (Evangelical Lutheran Church of America, samamoko’ sowal ELCA). I “Biographical Dictionary of Evangelicals” a tilid ci Lote, Kalfin, Makoracay pitoor, Wisli, tapi’elalay kakeridan ci Jonathan Edwards, (1703-58) mapacod i Pakiratohay. I 19 sician, ni Ji Moody a piparatoh ma’awid mapalowad ko ikoray kiwkay, ’aloman ko mala mitooray a tamdaw, nikawrira o nipatenakan saheto o saikoray a pisemsem a satefoc, pasimisimeday ko pipaso’elin. O sasowalan to, Pakiratohay caay koya aniniay a fa’elohay a kiwha, nawhani o kawasan o nai torokosay a to’ekan (ngalef no sarakatay kiwkay), tenokan sician, mangalef o no pifalican to pakayraan a harateng. === 3. Kasasiaotal: (三、分佈：) === Oni Hunter, James D nitilidan Amilika Pakiratohay (American Evangelicalism): Pidama to pitooran a aniniay karorayan, Rutgers State Daykako, (1983) matisil palamitan no 4 Pakiratohay kiwkay: Paceno’kay: Southern Baptist Church, Disciples of Christ, Church of Christ, Plumouth Brethren Makoracay (Holiness)-Mafolosiay onto (Pentecostal) rayray: Makoracay onto: Wesleyan Church, Church of Nazarene, Church of God, Church of Christ. Mafolosiay ha: Church of God, Full Gospel Church, Association Assemblies of God. Mifalicay pakayraan: Christian Reformed Church, Reformed Church of America, Orthodox Presbyterian Church, Lutheran--Missouri Synod. Miliyaw paino’ha: Mennonite Church, Mennonite (General Conference) Church, Evangelical Friends Alliance. Webber, Robert E. nitilidan “Kalecadan palamit” (Common Roots): A Call to Evangelical Maturity, Grand Rapids：Zondervan, (1978) matisil palamitan no 14 Pakiratohay kiwkay: ==== (1) Midamaay sakapot (1. 基要派：) ==== I 1910 miheca ci R. A. Torrey mirina’ to 12 tilidan to sapidama to paso’elinen: wacay no so’elinay sowal (The Fundamentals ：A Testimony to the Truth), pa’aca 250 ’ofad tilid, sarakatay midemak “Midamaay kapot” (Fundamentalism) a sowal, mapalowad ko nian onto. Toya romi’adan, palowad ko “Fangcalay cudad kakoyin” (Bible Institute), sapico’ay to sapisafaloco’ no Sinkakoyin to sakifana’, misarocod to Fangcalay cudad ato ’Adingoan ’orip ko sapilaha, kasasico’ay to pakoniraay. Orasaka madamaay sakapot nai Ratohay sakapot masadak, “misimeday” sanay ko pitahidang (obscurantism), mifelihay to rofirof sanay to pakayraan a faco. Misa’icel ko Midamaay sakapot to limaay ka’imeren a pitoor: Awaay ko moraraway no Fangcalay cudad. Pakayni i limecedan a fafahiyan ko kasofoc ni Kristo tayni hekal. Tadamaanay ko pili’aca to raraw ciwcika ni Kristo. Miliyaw ma’orip nai patay ko tireng ni Kristo. O tatayni ho ko tireng ni Kristo. O Bob Jones University, American Council of Christian Churches, ato Sword of the Lord a dayhiw. Faloay tadamanay no Midamaay sakapot: Hinapec to misahecian no nifana’an ato kakak, saan maserer mala mifelihay harateng. Paratatenga to pa’araw no Fangcalay ’Adingo, matiya o kikay misaliyaliyaw ko tilid. Orasaka mihakeno to no Fangcalay cudad a ira ko tamdawan ato ponka a tadamaan, caay ka paretatenga o aira ho ko pifelih ato pisapinang to pisaheciaw to Fangcalay cudad. No Inkiris a mitilida to Fangcalay cudad matiya o paysinay ko harateng. Minengneng ho ono Kawas a nipa’arawan. Orasaka, caay pikihar to matatodongay to nano sowal a misaheci. Pisaheci to sowal (doedoen ko nano Fangcalay cudad ko pisaheci), orasaka caay pikihar to sakiniyaro’ a radiw, masimeday, misafocoan. Masasiliyasay ko harateng to kiwkay, caay pihamon to kalacecayan onto ato kapolongan no hekal kiwkay a yofayof. Mihadepecay pinangan to saki ponka, saka latiih a masasiepec to roma finacadan ato sakacowat no kawasan a fana’. Pihayda aca to ciolahay no tamdaw ato masakawananay a sician, miliyang to pasisyakay noRatoh. Paso’elin to ’ayaway patek mihecaan a sakatayni hekal a haratang. O itiyaay sifana’ ko pisaheci to nipali’ayawan, halo caayay kacitodong a midamaay a Sionan. ’Aloman ko Midamaay sakapot a tamdaw, halo tata’akay mo’ecelay kiwha “Katimolay Amilika paceno’ kiwkay”, misa’imer sa midoedo tonini faloay nisafaloco’an. O caayay ko mahoracay ticukako ko Kristokiw, ocecayay nitanengan a harateng. Nikawrira, tekedan ni tanengan, citolas i sowal no Kawas. Orasaka polong no nitenengan saka’adingo, o aitini i salaloma’an no Fangcalay cudad a mitaneng to pa’araw. Pitaneng caay ka nga’ay mikaway to Fangcalay cudad, caay ka nga’ay mifelih to Fangcalay cudad. Ci Scott paretatenga to Midamaay sakapot “Mihakeno to i laloma’ay no Fangcalay cudad tamdawan ato tadamaan no ponka”. Ano so’elin haw i, caay ko matamaay. O Fangcalay cudad ira ko tamdawan, sanek no tamdaw. Dengan o pipatakaraw no Midamaay sakapot to Fangcalay cudad a sowal no Kawas, pa’araw no Kawas, likat no Kawas, tilid no Kawas, onini haw i caay ko matamaay, sa’elinay koni. ==== (2) To’ekan (2. 時代主義（Dispensationalism）：) ==== O cecay harateng no Kawasan, i kasa kiwha ira ko mitooray. Tonini a kiwha pala pitoen ko to’ek no Fangcalay cudad[1], o nian ko parana’an pisaheci to Fangcalay cudad. Ono Fangcalay cudad hakasi ci Scofield (C. I. Scofield,1843-1921), i 1909 miheca nai Oxford daykako mirina’ pasadak to “Scofield Bible”, pa’icel to midoedoay to kahacecay no sowal ko pasaheci, patireng to to’ekan misaheci a faco ato ’ayaway patekan miheca (Premillennialism) ’ayaw no kalatiih a nisowalan. Ikor no saka cecay no hekal malalood, ’aloman ko paso’elinay to saka tekop no hekal, masasikihar cangra to paherekan. ’Alomanay salikaka no kiwkay paso’elinay miliyaw katayni ci Kristo, i Yirusalim mala hongti to cecay patek sanay sifana’, o nian koya ’ayaway a patekan miheca a kiwha, o niaanan koya tadamaanay no Midamaay sakapot. O Moody Bible Institute, Moody Press, ato Moody Monthly a dayhiw. Tadamanay sinkakoyin o Dallas Theological Seminary. ==== (3) Masimesay Ratohan: (3. 保守福音派：) ==== Masimesay Ratohan caay ko kiwha, Masimesay Ratohan o misiikeday to da’ecoay midamaay a mitooray. Saki awaay ko patelac no Fangcalay cudad nanay i, Mihai ko ’alomanay ci Graham foksian a pinengneng, patalahakal to kaciKawas ni Kristo, caay ko pipaso’elin to kahacecay tilid no Fangcalay cudad a pa’arawan sowal (inerrancy). O i National Alliance of Evangelical, Billy Graham, Wheaton College, Gordon- Conwell Theological Seminary, Trinity Theological Seminary, Christianity Today (Journal) ko malodaykiw. ==== (4) Mitifacay kiwha: (4. 超教派（Nondenominational）：) ==== Palolalen to nano Fa’elohay katatelekan kiwkay, misiked i niyaro’ a kiwkay. O i Saddleback Community Church, Willow Creek Church, & Milligan College ko malodayhiw. ==== (5) Miliyaw paino’: (5. 重洗派（Anabaptist）：) ==== O i Goshen College (Mennonite）, John Howard Yoder (theologian) ko malodayhiw. [1] No to’ekan pala pito to to’ek no Fangcalay cudad, “Kalipahakan to’ek”, “Koemiay faloco’ to’ek”, “Tamdaw pikowan to’ek”, “Rikec to’ek”, “Sini’ada to’ek”, saikoray o “Patekan miheca to’ek”. I’ayaw kaciraraw oya “Kalipahakan to’ek”, ikor ira ko “Koemiay faloco’ to’ek”, ta o “Tamdaw pikowan to’ek”, tangasa ni Apraham, Isak, Yakop o “Sangasaw to’ek”, ni Mosi o “Rikec to’ek”, Fa’elohay katatelek to’ek o “Sini’ada to’ek”, ikor i o “Patekan miheca to’ek”. Ono To’ekan pisiiked misaheci to Fangcalay cudad (“siiked misaheci to Fangcalay cudad” oya samaanen pahapinang misaheci ko sowal no Kawas), pakayni kadadotdot no Fangcalay cudad, a misaheci to kadadotdot a midemakan no Kawas, o nianan koya kasato’ek a misaheci o masamaanay ko piroyroy no Kawas to tamdaw. ==== 6. Reformed: O i Calvin Theological Seminary (Christian Reformed Church), Covenant Theological ==== Seminary (Presbyterian Church in America), Reformed Theological Seminary (Reformed Presbyterian Church) malo dayhiw. ==== 7. Wesleyan: O i Asbury Theological Seminary (Free Methodist), Seattle Pacific College malo dayhiw. ==== ==== 8. Holiness: O i Lee College, Nazarene Church, Nazarene Seminary malo dayhiw. ==== ==== 9. Pentecostal (Gift of Tongue): O i Church of God, Assemblies of God malo dayhiw. ==== ==== 10. Charismatic (Gifts of the Spirit): O i Oral Roberts University, Melodyland Theology malo dayhiw. ==== ==== 11. Black: O i National Association of Black Evangelicals malo dayhiw. ==== ==== 12. Progressive (openness toward critical scholarship and ecumenical relations) : O i Fuller Theological ==== Seminary malo dayhiw. I 19 sician a Midamaay sakapot kaiyofan a to’ek. I 1881 miheca ci Princeton hakasi toya B. B. Warfield & A. A. Hodge awaay ko raraw no Fangcalay cudad i likisi ato i kakak saan. Mala kahinapecan no itiyaay Amilika Cilokay Niw York Union Sinkakoyin ci Charles A. Briggs hakasi. I 1890 miheca pakayni i Sokay mihayda to ni Briggs pipatiko kasasowalen, nika caay ka layapen ni Briggs, nanoya malaplap no Sokay, nika o micokeray ko Union Sinkakoyin ci Briggs, o keter sa liyas sato Ciwlokay. I 1910, 1916, 1923 mihecaan a Amilika Ciwlokiwkay Sokay mihecaan laoc o Midamaay sakapot maawid. Nika caay ka halafin, 1925 miheca Ciwlokay miliyaw haca masadak ko Midamaay sakapot ato imatiniay a kalaliyangan. Oya Fa’elohay katatelek hakasi ci Gresham Machen miliyang to sakowan, malaplap ko kalasingsi. I 1929 miheca miliyas cingra i Princeton, itira i Philadelphia patireng to Westminster Sinkakoyin. I 1934 miheca mikomod to sa’elinay Ciwlokay (Orthodox Presbyterian Church) a sa’ayaway kakeridan. '''Likisi no Fuller Sinkakoyin (George Marsden tilid, Reforming Fundamentalism : Fuller Seminary ＆ the New Evangelicalism -1995)''' Fuller Sinkakoyin (Fuller Seminary), nai 1947 miheca mapatireng, Ratohan misitapang lomowad. Ci Charles E. Fuller (1887-1968) ato kawasan hakasi ci Harold J. Ockenga, mikotod ci Machen miliyas to Princeton tayra Westminster mitilid. Misawad ci Ockenga i 1930 miheca, tangasa i Boston Park St. Congregational Church a matayal kiwkay, nanoya i Fuller Sinkakoyin mala sarakatay a mal a’isidan. O pisafaloco’ sapi patirengaw i pasaetip to siiked no Westminster pitilidan. Ci Ockenga i 1957 miheca misiiked to Fa’elohay Ratoh, misa’icel to no ponka pala harateng pisafa’eloh. Oya kasalalan no kawasan palecadan to no Midamaay sakapot lalowadan, itira i pinangan ko sasiromaan. Mapatesel ko cango’otay no Midamaay sakapot, mi’eses to Midamaay sakapot: 1. Moraraw ko pinangan, dengan i nifana’an ko kalaliyang, cango’ot ko pidemak, adihay ko hinapec a halilood. 2. Moraraw ko halaka, misafola ko piliyas. 3.Moraraw ko pahecian, caay pisapinang to kafalic no kawasan ato rakat no syakay, caay pikihar to cango’ot no syakay. Pasafaloco’ cingra manga’ay masasowal to masamaamanay imatiniay kawasan ato harateng. Nika oyaan to a tosa kasasiroma no lalan – “misorikor to aniniay kawasan” (awaay ko raraw no kamayan tilid), ni Carl F. H. Henry ko todong dayhiw; ato “misi’ayaw to aniniay kawasan” (awaay raraw no pipasifana’ ato pakiraan), oni Bernard Ramm, Donald. G . Bloesch ko todong dayhiw. Ci Carl F. H. Henry ko kakeridan ni pasaifana’. Nahani ni Ockenga cango’ot ko tayal i kiwkay, oya 34 mihecaan ci Carl F. H. Henry ko cacitodong. Sa’ayaw ni Charles E. Fuller patireng to Fuller Singkakoyin, misi’ayaw to ni Bela Vassady caayay ka ciraraw ko sapipaso’elin a Fangcalay cudad, pasifana’ay ni Fuller a harateng, saka liyas sato ci Bela to Fuller Singkakoyin. I 1962 miheca ira ko “Kohetingay saka enem” ato “Awaay ko raraw no Fangcalay cudad” a masasiliyang masasowal. Kaoratan oya caayay pihayda paso’elin i sa’ayaw misiday i Fuller. Caay kafalic ko nipaso’elinan no Sinkakoyin (1963-64), ikor no tosa miheca (1965-66) mapalasawad masisit “awaay ko nisidayan, to mihecahecaan masasitelek ato caayay ka kahi miliyas to Singkakoyin” sanay a tilid. Masamatira oya mi’imeray to awaayay ko raraw no Fangcalay cudad sanay a malasingsiay madadoedo a miliyas, oya mato’asay miliyas ato mapatay, oya awaayay ko raraw no Fangcalay cudad sanay a patonekan nai ci Daniel Fuller (wawa ni Charles E. Fuller) a nipaso’elinan a maliyaw ko tilid. Orasaka mitiliday sito no Fuller Singkakoyin to nano Fangcalay cudad a pa’arawan sanay harateng nanoya sa a mafalic. Mangalay ci Fuller to wawa ningra micada to tayal i Fuller Singkakoyin. Tona caay ka kahi ci Ockenga miliyas to katayalan ningra a kiwkay, saka patorod hanto i kamay ni Carnell to pikerid a mala yinciw, ikor sapakonira sato i Pisalamaan a lalan no Boston a Kongli kiwkay ko tayal. Oya Fuller Singkakoyin miraay to nano Fangcalay cudad ko parana’an, micomod to i kasapakayraan no tamdawan a kiwha. Karorayan no Fuller patireng 10 miheca mihaydaan no Amilika Singkakoyin kalekapot (Association of Theology Schools-1957). Ikor no kohetingay saka enem, o pinangan to no Fuller a Midamaay sakapot, ma’awid to no Pakoniraay kiwkay ko pakayraan. Radical(Moral, social, and political consciousness) : O i Sojourners, The Other Side malo dayhiw. '''Pakoniraay kiwha (Mainline):''' Movements in Major denomination : O i Methodist, Lutheran, Episcopal, Baptist 和Presbyterian Churchmalo dayhiw. I 1967 miheca Ratohan nipolong demak (United Evangelical Action) mikawit Bruce Shelley to pisilsil. Amilika Ratohan sepatay a pakayraan ko kalakapot, i 1980 miheca ira ko 25000 ’ofad no salikaka: a. Micomoday “Polong no kitakit Ratoh yofayof” a kiwha: halo rafasay no 40 mimingay kiwha ato pina mita’elifay to kasa kiwha a citodongay. b. Micidekay Ratohan: halo Fangcalay cudad kiwkay, micidekay ceno’kay, Ciwlokay, Wesleyans, caayay ko kiwha a sakapot kiwkay. c. Caayay pikapot to NCC ato WCC: Amilika katimolay ceno’kay, ira ho Kristo kiwkay, Lute Missourikay, Nazarethkay. d. Mikapot malacecayay onto: mikihatiya malacecayay onto a kiwkay, ira ko 1/4 tangasa 1/3 ko Ratohan paso’elinay. === 4. Pisahecian: ('''四、結論：)''' === Aniniay no Ratohan poso’elin hakasi, tadamaan ko sakitilidan. Pakayni kacowatan, mangalef ko kalowad no kiwkay, saheto ono Ratohan. Mifalicay pitooran o nano Fangcalay cudad kodengan ’icelan ko patodongan no pifalic. Anini a Mifalicay pitooran masowal to oya mitiyaay li’etecay fa’edetay, o sasahiratengen no matayalay konini. Ratohan a patiko i Fanfcalay cudad, o nananamen no mita. O kiwkay no mita dengan o pinengneng to Fangcalay cudad ko pafaloco’an no kiwiko, patodongen to 15-20 fen no romi’adan i kahacecay no salikaka ko pinengneng to Fangcalay cudad, to romi’ami’ad misa’osi to Fangcalay cudad mitolonay ko ’orip, o saka kadofah no ’orip, o cecay mafana’ay mikansya, talapi’elalay a mitooray, o mi’oripay ci Kristoaan ko matiniay. drxhzgzenz1neqv3axyrjx26qfy8kii 0 2830 45896 45895 2025-02-13T07:52:27Z Masaonikar 570 /* Si Hongtao siwsi (薛弘道修士) */ 45896 wikitext text/x-wiki == Si Hongtao siwsi (薛弘道修士) == Si Hongtao siwsi (Br. Laurenz Schelbert, SMB, 1939-2022), i 1939 miheca 12 folad 7 romi’ad masofoc i Moddal no Switzerland, mipatirengay to mimingay katayalan to marar ko mama, orasaka nano kaemangan mananam to misamararay a fana’, misawad to cyukako matayal i kaysya tolo iheca, ci kompay to kicik. I 1967 miheca, matahidang ni Ou Siding siwsi, mikapot ci Ciyaste Simpu (Rev. Karl Stahli, SMB, 1937-2017) tayni i Taywan, tangsol sa tayra i Sincu minanam to kowaping a sowal. I 1967 miheca, ci Lei Huamin sinpu (Rev. Franz Leimer, SMB, 1928-1997) i 1963 miheca patireng to pinanaman, o nihaydaan no Kiwikopo, songila’ mafalic ko pakapi i Kongtong kawkong a kicik pinanaman congsin, nika caay ka edeng ko sakatayal payso ato kadademakan, dengan o misamararay ato misakilangay a tosa ko iraay, cecay miheca ko pinanam, ci Si Hongtao siwsi citodong to pakakafitay to marar pisifana’, roma a misakilangay ci Huang Cingtai singsi ko citodongay pasifana’, no kikay ci Ma Fulin singsi ko citodongay pasifana’ay. Nawhani tadanga’ay ko nipipasifana’an, itiya mihecaan malayap patoroden no Posong siencenfo, midemak to pakoyocay yincumin minanam to kicik, malakangalayan ko milali’acaay. I 1969 miheca, ci Si Hongtao siwsi citodong to no Kongtong kawkong kaysya a kakeridan ato pinanaman singsi, pacomod to nai Toic (Germany) kicik a pipasifana’ a pitodongay a tilid sapasifana’. I 1969 miheca tangasa 1976 mihecaan, ci Si Hongtao siwsi itira i Kongtong kawkong kikayka, misakilangayka ko kalasingsi, mi’eses to Kongtong kawkong mitiliday misanga’ to kafoti’an no adadaay, nanoya kacinganganan i loyok no Taywan itiya, tinako Taytong Senmo isingan, Taypi Kensin isingan, Makay isingan, Canghua isingan, Kalinko Menno isingan, Nongmin isingan citodongay, mitoro’ o Kongtong kawkong no nisanga’an a kafoti’an, masamatira, tangasa anini kasasowalen no tamdamdaw. I 1976 miheca, ci Si Hongtao siwsi tayra i Kangle Tinsokiw citodong kakeridan no masakilangay, i 1986 miheca Kangle Tinsokiw mafalic to pala Tinsokiw kiwyi congsin a kakeridan, i 1990 miheca malinah tayra i Taypisi misafaloco’ay congsin Kowangcise citodongay, misa’icel to sapipasifana’ misanga’ ato piterekan. Roma i, halidamaay cingra to sakisyakay, mikapot to Taywan Tinsokiw sepalan fafahiyan padamaay yofayof, mikihatiya to pakayraan sakapot miliyangay to pirikec to pakiyaway a demak. I 2005 miheca, ci Si Hongtao siwsi madadoedo tayra i Congko, Malaysiya, Singapore a pasadak to nifana’an a kicik, mikonling to Mitiya a tayal. I 2013 miheca, ci Si Hongtao siwsi mitahidang no Switzerland Sokay malakomong, itiya miliyas to 46 mihecaan a Taywan. O sasowalen cingra, ci Si Hongtao siwsi palalanay ci Wurosi Simpuan (Rev. Josef Eugster, SMB) to saka cipalowaday sapiwi’awi’ to saripa’ a fana’. I pisintingan i Taywan i, malatiih ko tosor ni Wurosi Simpuan a marawraw i, pafelien ni Si Hongtao siwsi to cecay tilid ci Wurosi Simpuan “sakatangka’ no ikor” (Gesund in die Zukunfi) sanay a sakisaripa’ a tatilidan, nanoya micowat to ci Wurosi Simpu to “sakatangka’ nai saripa’ay” sanay a sifana’. Oroma sato, ci Si Hongtao siwsi o micikerohay to “Caytang hocin Ci Sucang sinpu ponka kiwiko kikingkay” a pipalowad. I 2022 miheca 1 folad 6 romi’ad, ci Si Hongtao siwsi mapatay i Soyin no Paylenkay i Switzerland, tadamaan ko pipasifana’ ningra to kikayan ato misakilangay kicik i Posong, ato ma’imaray ko pipasifana’ a faloco’, tangasa anini mateli i faloco’ no mitiliday. 45yfz5b5qh7ejv8hn22xv404kqhozjc 0 2831 45911 45910 2025-02-14T07:54:26Z Masaonikar 570 /* Toya miheca misa’osi to Taywan likisi marepet no Tiawcaci a romi’ad. (那些年讀台灣史就會被調查局逮捕的日子-文／政治中心 圖／邱萬興 2017-05-09 21:30) */ 45911 wikitext text/x-wiki == Maraoday to ko 26 miheca no Misatatad to Taywan yofayof a analal (獨台案發生滿26周年！) == === Toya miheca misa’osi to Taywan likisi marepet no Tiawcaci a romi’ad. (那些年讀台灣史就會被調查局逮捕的日子-文／政治中心 圖／邱萬興 2017-05-09 21:30) === Itiya i 1991 miheca 5 folad 9 romi’ad toya dafak, Tiawcaci micokeray a kakeridan ci Gao Minghui ko citodongay miocor to dademakay micomod i Tsinghua daykako, mirepet to Tsinghua daykako mikiwkiway mityiliday ci Liao Weicheng; toya a romi’ad, Taywan daykako Syakay kinkiwsi misawaday matayalay ci Chen Zhengran, mikihatiyaay to syakay onto ci Wang Xiuhui ato Tintosi ci Masao Nikar (Lin Yinfo) marepet to; ikor no saka tosa romi’ad, marepet haca pacipatay to kami ci Druluan Cegau (An Zhengguang), saka lalimaay ko marepetay a tamdaw. Pasowal sa koya Tiawcacan, o pilepet i cangraan i, nawhani o micadaay to padafoh no itiraay i Dipong Misatatad to Taywan a tamdaw ci Shi Mingan, o aitini i Taywan mipacomahad to Misatatad to Taywan a yofayof sakapot. Nika so’elinay, oya 5 marepetay a tamdaw caay ho pidemak to katalawan a demak, oya pisa’osi aca to nitilidan ni Shi Ming a tilid to “Taywan tamdaw 400 miheca a likisi”, o natayraay to i Dipong miliso’ ci Shi Mingan, minokay tayni Taywan i opipadang mirina ato pakilac to sapisintin. Nika o Tiawcaci a matayalay tamdaw caay ka fana’ to no pitilidan a demak, micomod i Koli Tsinghua Daykako mirepet ci Liao Weichengan, oni marepatay tamdaw o nano pikihatiya mirawraway to laloma’ “Cence Panloanloan sarikec” ato “Singfa” 100 liyad a laloma’ay mirawraw a raraw, o papatayen ko ka ciraraw, caay ko mamangay konini a demak, caay ka dengan o Tsinghua Daykako a mitiliday ko miliyangay, polong no Taywan a kasaDaykako ato cifenekay tamdaw tomireng midemak miliyang to matiniay demak, paratatenga ko ko Tiawcaci a pirepet to tamdaw, tadamaan ko picalap to Kimpo saka pakonira a sowal, nanoya, o sakisician a piliyang mararid a caay pitolas, o sakapalowad marikec to ponkaan a matanengay mapatireng to sapipalasawad to Singfa 100 liyad salongao “100 demak lekapot”.   Saikoray, ma’awid no syakay ko citodongay, oya marepetay a tamdaw ikor mapalasawad to ko kacirarawan, nanoya, o Lifayin nanoya sa mipalasawad to “Conghua minko Singfa” 100 liyad ato “Cence panloan tiawli”. Sa’ayaw pirepet no Tiawcaci ci Liao Weicheng a demak, sakalamkam sa ko malasingsiay ato mitiliday no Tsinghua Daykako. Itiya 9 romi’ad kalahokan, o mitiliday no Tsinghua maro’, papelo ato pacipat to paya, patireng ko mitiliday “Liao Weicheng micokeray” itira i pitilidan mirarakat, o kasacefang no mitiliday itira i sacomod no pitilidan miteleng to “Miliyang to picomod no milinikay tayal i pitilidan” sanay a sapiliyang a calay, herek no lahok, Tsinghua daykako malalinah tayra i Simponce, Lifayin, Taypisi Tiacaci miliyang. I 5 folad 10 romi’ad, mayakyak to konini a demak. Polong no kasaDaykako macowat i pitilidan mipadangay onto, Cense, Taywan hakasi yofayof, Congyang kinkiwyin a kasa mikinkiwan sakapot, mitelak “Mifelih to hitayan picalap to sifo a sakapot” a todong, malekapot to ponkakay tamdaw mapolong miliyang. I 5 folad 12 romi’ad, “Polong finawlan mifelihay to pisamsam no sician a sakapot” a mitiliday, nanoya micomod tayra i Congcen piharatengan, ira ko mataelifay to 10 tamdaw mikihatiya. Saan, miki’ayaw milaplap ko imeng to fanawlan, pakaka ko piliyang no mitiliday. Saka tosa romi’ad, mihapiw ko mitiliday no Tsinghua Daykako to sapi “Paterep mitilid”, ira ko 28 Tsinghua Daykako mikihatiya to “Pakoniraay pinanam, awaay ko raraw no harateng” paterep a onto. Nanoya, o lalowadan to no kasaDaykako miliyang mitilid. I 5 folad 13 romi’ad, o sapipaterepaw to kararawraw no mitiliday i Daykako, micokeray to kakeridan (Cicang) ci Gao Minghui miliyas to kala micokeray to Cecang, nika caay to katakop konini a mifelihay to sifo a fanawlan no Taywan. Caay ka dengan o Taywan Daykako Holic kakoyin ko mipalowaday to sakaeca pitilid, ato kalodemakan, i 5 folad 15 romi’ad, Tsinghua Daykako “Liao Weicheng micokeray” 300 ko tamdaw no mitiliday ato hakasi ato “Polong no kitakit Daykako lekapot” a mitiliday 700, 800 ko tamdaw, syakay kasakapot, i herek no lahok micalap to siyataw no kasoling i Taypi, pasimirarakatay to kamatini no demak to “Palasawad to mirawraway tatiihay a rikec, milongoc pasadaken ko masemsemay, mifelih to pikari’ang no sifo, mingado to pakoniraay sapikingkiw” a 4 sasowalen.   Ikor i, o mitiliday, hakasi salongan 2000 ko milafinay itira siyataw no Taypi kasoling, milongoc to KMT sifo palasawaden ko Cence Panlowan rikec. O piliyan no mitiliday i siyataw ira ko 5 romi’adan, tangasa i 5 folad 20 romi’ad a paherek. I 5 folad 16 romi’ad, Lifayin makalah pasadak to sapipalasawad to Cence Panlowan rikec a pa’eses. I 5 folad 17 romi’ad, Lifayin kinatolo mihayda palasawad to dengan pipatay a Cence Panlowan rikec. Nanoya, Tiawcace pasadaken ci Chen Zhengran, Wang Xiuhui, Masao Nikar (Lin Yinfu), Liao Weicheng sasepat a masadak. I 5 folad 20 romi’ad, oya “Fenekay mifelihay to sifo misemsem a nikapolongan” mikerid to “520” piliyang a demak, pakiharateng sasowalen a mapakonira a patosokan, nai mafenekay, mitiliday onto ato syakay onto mapolong palowad t ofinawlan no Taywan “Mifelih kohecalay katalawan ato sici pisemsem” a ta’angay pirakarak, o mitiliday itira ka’ayaw no Ciencayin a milafin, Congsan nanlo, milongoc to KMT sifo “Hao Baicun katefad”, “Palasawad to Cence Panlowan rikec”, “Misimeday masakak to pitilidan”, ato “Awaay ko raraw pasadaken ko Misatatad to Taywan yofayof a marofoay” sanay. I 5 folad 22 romi’ad, Congtong ci Lee Teng-hui micering to palasawad to “Cence Panlowan rikec”. Tangasa 1992 miheca 5 folad a “Satefoc 100 liyad” mapalasawad to, itiya so’elin no KMT to sapilepataw to “Mifelihay a kaciraraw” a pakayraan. 8hxvhgu8p1vyoiyy5zcn3e1mdxvazzl 0 2832 45923 45922 2025-02-17T00:33:48Z Masaonikar 570 /* Rayray no 'orip (生平) */ 45923 wikitext text/x-wiki == Du Aimin Simpu (杜愛民神父) == Du Aimin Simpu (France: Antoine Duris, 1909 miheca-1995miheca 3 folad), o nano Paris Wayfang Tintokay a Simpu, halafin itira i Bahuan (Mayuan) niyaro’ no Iwatan i Kalingko, mikapot mikinkiw to no’Amis ato Iwatan a sowal. === Rayray no 'orip (生平) === Ci Du Aimin Simpu i Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan no Congko mipatenak[1]. Talacowa caay ko sakasasowalan ko nifana’an, nika itira cingra i Huangguoshu a mipatenak i, mitilid to no pidafohan to sowal no Buyian[2]. Mapatireng ko kitakit no Conghuarenmin kapolongan itiya, halo cingra ato roma Paris Wayfang Tintokay tayni Taywan niyaro’ no yincumin mipatenak[3]. Saka ira ko salongan 40 mihecaan ni Du Aimin Simpu i Bahuan (Mayuan) niyaro’ no Iwatan i Kalingko[4], kaitini ningra i Taywan kinatolo minokay taywa i France kitakit[1]. I 1984 mihecaan, o pikowan KMT pako “Ira ko papinapina tamdaw o sowal no Finacadan ato Loma tilid ko sapitinto, matoira ko tatiihay faloco’ no demak, orasaka o fafooten, tamadawen, kao kowaping a sowal ko sapitinto, macara ko picikeroh to kowaping a kiwiko” saan. O pifadesan no sifo itiya, mifo’ot to no Loma a ngiha pasowal ato pasifana’ itiya, onano Kalingko ato Posong sa’etal a mala foksiay mala Simpuay oya to ono finacadan ko pasifana’ to Loma tilid, halafin caay pikihar to no sifo a demak[2]. Misafaloco’ ci Du Aimin Simpu a mikinkiw to no’Amis ato Iwatan a sowal, masongila’ ko kasa niyaro’ay a sowal, ato pakafana’ to lalosidan misaheci, tinako faloay sowal no kasa’etal sasiroma sowal no ’odal[1]. Itini i pidafo’an to sowal no ’Amis, malo kanga’ayan no romaroma simpu, nawhani adihay ko pacecay no sowal, kanga’ayan no minanamay, kacango’otan ono France ko pihangiha’, caay ka ranikay ko tamdaw nilayap[2]. I 1990 miheca, mirina haca cingra to no France ’Amisan a pidafo’an sowal[1]. Ilaloma’ no kiwkay, sa’icel sa cingra to sowal no ’Amis, nika ma’osi ko kaemangay to sowal no ina a miliyas to kiwkay[2]. Mararid ci Du Aimin Simpu pasadak i Paris Wayfan tintikay tilidan, pasadak to lekakawa, ponka no Iwatan (Bunun) a tilid, roma kitakit pikingkiw to no finacadan sowal a hakasi, alatayrayra sa i kiwkay no Tinsokiw i Pailasen no Kohkoh milicay i cvingraan[4]. Oya a pidafo’an to sowal no Iwatan, malakilac to kasacecay Simpu, manga’ay sapinengneng midafo’, nawhani nai Bahuan ko pialaan, ato no Posong, Nanto a kasasitiwtiwan[2]. Matiya ono Paylenkay ci Ciyaste Simpu, o Iwatan (Bunun) a sowal o nai Taoyin no Takao sakaira[5]. I 1990 miheca, ira ko milicayay, 81 ko mihecaan ni Du Aimin Simpu oyaan to 8 widi ko pinangan no ’orip, itira i Pailasen tinsokiwkay a matelangay fadahong, itira mitisil to pidafo’an mikawit, milicay to nafaloco’an to saki ’Amis, Iwatan a pidafo’an a sowal, sa cisowal sa cingra, ci romi’ad to ko mato’asay[1]. I 1994 miheca 5 folad 20 romi’ad, Kiwikopo pakaolah cingraan to mikinkiwan to saowal no finacadan a padafoh, ci Du Aimin Simpu mapatodong to payso no Taywan 10 ’ofad payso[6]. Toya folad, malalisan cingra saka minokay tayra i France paising, saka tosa miheca 3 folad pinakay ningra tayra i France ko patay[2]. Midotocay to pikerid ni Du Aimin Simpu to Misa ano eca pakimad i, saheto sa ono kowapin ko sakasasowal, tangsol sa patiko tayra i salongan 70 a kaemangay a salikaka[2]. I 2001 miheca 11 folad 7 romi’ad, France hakasiyin o France Congko ponka mipakaolah to Kalingko Paris Wayfan tintokay, todong piahowid ci Du Aimin, Mo Deming, Yu Guangfa, Mu Dequan, Liu Yifeng, Pei De, Bo Liya, Pan Shiguang Simpuan to pikawit to sowal no ’Amis, Iwatan (Bunun) finacadan a nikatadamaan to tilid padafo’an to sowal a mikawit[3]. === Pinengnengan (參考) === 1.陳佩周. 漫漫歲月編字典 杜愛民照拂阿美、布農族. 《聯合報》. 1990-09-07 （中文（臺灣））. 2.王蜀桂. 台灣南島語系的最後知音--外籍神父. 《聯合報》. 1995-09-30~10-02 （中文（臺灣））. 3.徐誌謙. 編纂原住民語字典，巴黎外方傳教會獲中法文化獎. 《中國時報》. 2001-11-08 （中文（臺灣））. 4.邱顯明. 禁說母語 原民語陷危機. 《自由時報》. 2008-01-23 [2020-04-01] （中文（臺灣））. 5.盧俊義. 盧俊義牧師：懷念布農族守護者賈斯德神父. 《蘋果日報》. 2017-03-21 [2020-04-29]. （原始內容存檔於2020-05-06） （中文（臺灣））. 6.教育部廿日公布八十三年度獎助補助母語研究著作山胞母語. 《中國時報》. 1994-05-21 （中文（臺灣））. iso3nsod7p0cadwg3tcyltz5odorjpa 0 2833 45933 45932 2025-02-17T02:55:25Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Inoue Inosuke (井上伊之助) */ 45933 wikitext text/x-wiki == Inoue Inosuke (井上伊之助) == Lu Junyi mitiliday 《Ziyo sinpong》, 2004 miheca 6 folad 27 romi’ad, p.15; “Ciolhahay Taywan”III p.95-99 Dotoc: ci Inoue Inosuke (1882-1966), Kochi ken no Dipong a tamdaw, I 1911 miheca o “Mamico’ay to mipatayay to mama”, tayni i niyaro’ no Yincumin i Taywan a malaising, i 1947 miheca 4 folad minokay patiko tayra i Dipong. “Mikotay kako to mama a mico’ay” sanay a sowal o naitiraay ci Inoue Inosuke a nisowalan. Mahaenay ko demak i 1906 miheca 7 folad 31 romi’ad itiya, ira ko cecay no Dipong Hetian (Kazu Takashi) rakes a kaysya pakayni i satekedan fana’ to “Inoue”, tayra i Ciamin niyaro’ Siwlin sakowan i Kalinko, mamaanay ko pakayraan patayan no Truku finacadan. Tahira i Dipong konini a ratoh i, o wawa ci Inoue Inosuke o nano pisawad mitilid i sinkakoyin, mikihatiya to nidemakan a sa’opo Kristo kiwkay no Dipong, tona pakatengil cingra to pipatay no yincumin no Taywan to mama i, wata: ko rarom no faloco’, saliyaliyaw sa pasowal nawiro? nawiro? saan, cekil sa payra kako i Taywan mico’ay kako to mama sato. Matiwa’ aca, toya nitengilan toya paRatohay misa’osi to fangcalay cudad “Kaolahen ko ’ada no namo.” (Matay 5:44), tangsol sa ira i pono’ to nano sowal ni Yis: “Talacowa ccay aca a laliping ko 'aca no tosa a 'alic, nikawrira, ano caay ko nafaloco'an no i kakarayanay a Wama namo i, caay ka tfad i sra ko ccaccay aca nonini.” (Matay 10:29), nanoya talapa’elal cingra, paratatenga o patay no mama, eca ko iraay ko nafaloco’an no Kawas hahiya. Naitiya, i tangila ira ko sawal cingraan: “Aka ka lowid no tatiihay. Ka o nga'ayay ko sapilowid to tatiihay.” (Loma 12:21) nanoya masapinang to ningra ko nano sowal no fangcalay cudad: o satata’akay ’icel no ’orip i o olah, dengan o olah ko sapifalic to tamdaw, caay ko sakalalood, ano eca no sician a ’icel, oya olah. Nawhani ira ko olah, itira o tamdaw ato tamdaw mapalasawad ko sasiingtel, nanoya, mitelek cingra tayra i Taywan patengil to yincumin to olah no ratoh ni Yis. Nawhani, ira ko halaka to sakowan no Dipong a sifo itiya, misahalaka o pakayraan no yincumin pala “sintu”, orasaka milalang to patenakay micomod i niyaro’ no yincumin to Ratoh. Mafana’ ci Inoue Inosuke to pifootan, pasayra to isingan ko pitilid ningra. I 1911 miheca 8 folad, malaheci ko kalaising ningra, tangsol sa toya mihecaan 10 folad 16 romi’ad tayra i Taywan, mahayda cingra micomod i niyaro’ no yincumin matayal to malaisingay tayal. Sa’elinen ko nasowal o patosokan ningra i yincumin o papatengil to Ratoh ni Yis ko sapatado to isingan, sowal sa cingra o sanga’ayay a “Pico’ay” a pakayraan. Caay ko kasasiingtel, o pisafaloco’ to maolah to mipatayay to mama a yincumin kararoman. Masamatira, mirakarak to cingra tayra i Luodong, Hualien, Taoyuan, Hsinchu, Wushe no Nantou a niyaro’ no yincumin, ira ko 35 miheca ko halafin. Oya nirakatan ningra a niyaro’ mapatireng ko kahiceraan, piadahan to adadaay no yincumin, pakafana’en cangra to Ratoh, pasool to faloco’ nangra. Masamatira, ikor o pipangangan no yincumin ci Inoue Inosuke “O isingan a mama no yincumin i Taywan”, o sarakatay patenakay i yincumin to Ratoh cingra. I 1945 miheca, paherek ko no saka 2 lalood no hekal, misetek cingra padoedo itini Taywan paRatoh to yincumin, o saka nga’ay no yincumin to kanga’ay sapiising, nifalic cingra to ngangan paka ci “Gao Tianming”, pasi KMT sifo niocoran a citodongay misingsi, mahayda ito. O sakamatini no demak ningra, pahapinang to saka ciepoc no ’orip, sapipalolol to mipatayay a yincumin to mama a raraw, o sapipawacayaw i yincumin to nano olah ni Yis Kristo saki cingraan. Malimelaan, i 1947 miheca ira ko 228 a ddeemakan itiya, mapatangic cingra mapanokay tayra i Dipong. 15dc9kyfk9o772bakzqxge0xw56vr1o 0 2834 45970 45969 2025-02-20T00:53:11Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Sakaira pinengnengan. (參考來源) */ 45970 wikitext text/x-wiki == Huang Jenhsun (黃仁勳) == Huang Jenhsun (Inkiris: Huang Jenhsun, 1963 miheca 2 folad 17 romi’ad), o nano pakatayalananay i Amilika a Taywan a tamdaw[6][7][8][9][10], kikayan a fana’, kimoloay falalac NVIDIA (Huyta) lokapotan patireng ato citodongay tamdaw[11]. Itini Taynansi ko kasofocan ni Huang Jenhsun, 9 ko mihecaan mafolaw to tayra Amilika. Misawad nai kikayan a fana’ i Oregon Daykako, tayra haca i Stanford Daykako kikayan nifana’ a sowse. I 1993 miheca, patireng to NVIDIA ci Huang Jenhsun, misafaco sakimoloay liyad (GPU) picowat. Onini a kosi saki GeForce midoedo to GPU a kinaira sapisalama, etalan a sefed malatadamanay, o sakakaay to saki kaki pakatayalan i polong no hekal. O kaci’ocel a mikerid ato cifa’elohay kicik ko kacingangan ni Huang Jenhsun, saka kinapinapina cingra to saki kicic a kasasowalan ato laocan a papelo, o tadamaanay i Pantawti ato kaki kinaira a tamdaw. I 2024 miheca, midoedo to pakayraan no fana’ no tamdaw (AI) saki GPU matodal ko kangalayan, oni a NVIDIA mala satata’akay a kosi i polong no hekal, mala saka 10 cidafongay tamdaw itini hekal, mata’elif ko patekan walwalan Amilika payso[12]. === Kaemangan ato laloma’an (早年及家族) === I 1963 miheca masofoc i Taynan ci Huang Jenhsun[13][1]. O nano Huasyi patirengay ko mama ci Huang Xingtai, nai Cenkong Daykako a misawad[14]; o mala singsiay ko ina ci Luo Caixiu, nano tadamaanay Lo laloa’an itini Taynan[15]. I 1972 miheca mafolaw ko mato’asay tayra i Thailand, ci Huang Jenhsun ato kaka masera tayra i Amilika miti’er to malinaay i Kentucky milafinay pitilidan, masawad mikapot to mato’asay maro’ i Oregon, mitilid i Aloha kawcong[16]. Sa’ayaw itira i no kiwkay a pitilidan, caay ka salongan haratengaen koya “tadamanay” sanay pitilidan, nawhani kinatosa micakod ko pitilid caay kaedeng ko mihecaan, malinah i loma pitiliad, pakayni i tadamaan no fenak mipasifana’ haca to kapot mitiliday, onian mapatireng ko kalali’ay i sakapot[17]. I 1978 miheca mikihatiya to kalalifet to pingpong i Amlika, no kapahan malafoloday ciniala to saka tolo kompay[18]. I 1984 miheca, ciniala to kikayan a fana’ no Oregon Daykako, i 1992 miheca ciniala to sowse Stanford Daykako kikayan nifana’ [19]. Kafana’an to piparatoh mitiya no Taywan, ci Huang Jenhsun o tatapangan no AMD ato midemakay o fafakien ni Su Zifeng (nawhani o ina ni Huang Jenhsun ato akong no Su Zifeng o malakakaay) [20][21][22]. Nika ci Su Zifeng caay pipatalahekal tonini a sowal[23], nika ikor mirerid to cangra tatosa o malinaay cangra[24]. === O nitayalan (職涯) === Nao patadoay ko tayal ni Huang Jenhsun i Danny kakomaenan[25]. Misawad mitilid to Daykako, i 1983 miheca itira ci Huang Jenhsun i AMD citodong to midemakay to patekedan no laloma’an no sapisalof a kikayan, i 1985 miheca tangasa 1993 miheca, malacitodongay to LSI Logic tatodongay misanga’ay to sapisalof a mikantokay[26]. I 1993 miheca 4 folad, ca Huang Jenhsun, Chris Malakovsky aci Curtis Prim itira i California no USA malakapot patireng to Huyta CEO, ci Huang Jenhsun ko citodongay kakeridan[27][28][29]. I 1999 miheca, mapakafit ko paya no Huyta itira i Nasdaq, o kacitodong ni Huang Jenhsun ira ko 3.6% no todong a kilac, nanoyaan macakat tangasa 5 walwalan Amilika payso, masowal i cidafongay casi safaay no 40 miheca sacidafongay no tamdaw[30]. Toya mihecaan o paini no Anyong misa’osiay o mihecaan tadamanay kakkian a pakatayalay[31]. I 2002 miheca, pakalayap to nano pakompasy no Southern California Daykako Daniel J. Epstein kakeridan no patirengay tamdaw[32]. I 2004 miheca, mapatodong no Pantawti yofayof ni Dr. Zhang Zhongmou ta’arawan kakeridan kompay[33]. 2005 miheca, mala tadamaanay mitiliday no Oregon Daykako[34]. 2007 miheca, no mihecaan kinaira ni Huang Jenhsun tomihecaan ira 2460 ’ofad Amilika payso, o saka 61 satakaraway no CEO i Amilika[12]. I 2017 miheca, pakalayap to Jiaotong Daykako kacingangan tayalan hakasi[35]. I 2020 miheca, pakalayap to Taywan Daykako kacingangan no hakasi[36]. I 2023 miheca 5 folad, nawhani marekrek ko AI, oya NVIDIA no ’aca tangasa 1 ca’oran, mala saka 8 ’acaan tangasaay 1 ca’oran Amilika payso a kosi, nanoyaan o kacidafong ni Huang Jenhsun ato 2022 mihecaan kasasilecadan malitosaay to tangasa 350 walwalan Amilika payso[37][38][39][40]. I 2024 miheca 2 folad, nawhani “tadamanay kacitodong no lomoloay sapisalof lekad, matotong ko lalowadan no AI” maala i 2024 mihecaan Amilika kitakit kongcenyin (katayalan) yinsi[41]. Toya a folad nawhani macakat ko li’aca no NVIDIA mala ma’awid to ni Huang Jenhsun ci Zhong Suisui o sacidafongay no Kowaping i polong no hekal, itini i Bloomberg a pitoro’ no walwalan cidafongay macakat i saka 21 to [42][43]. I 2024 miheca 5 folad, saka cecay palapatan no dafongan pahapinang to kinaira matongalay, pakapot to no AI karekrek to saki GPU a salongoc matongal, o NVIDIA a kali’aca macakat saka 2 a kosi itini i polong no hekal, saka tosa no Wiynuan, o kacidafong ni Huang Jenhsun mata’elif to ko walwalan payso no Amilika, Forbes a kasasilsil saka 11 ngangan no polong i hekal[44][45]. === Tekedan ’orip (個人生活) === Kaitiraan ni Huang Jenhsun i Oregon Daykako i, masaso’araw to malo fafahi ningra ikor ci Lori Mills, o sakapot i katayalan ningra itiya cingra[46]. 1983 miheca, 20 ko mihecaan ni Huang Jenhsun i pinanaman no Daykako citodong to katayalan, makaketon ci Lorian itiya, itira 30 mihecaan i ira ko kosi no niyah, malangohah to 5 miheca mararamod cangra tatosa[47]. Ikor no kararamod ni Huang Jenhsun ci wawa to 1 fafahiyan 1 fa’inayan, o fa’inayan paka ci Spencer Huang, i 2015 miheca minokay tayni Taywan makakafo to widang mali’acaan to epah[48]. 2022 miheca minokay patiko tayra i Amilika micomod i NVIDIA citodong dafongan kakeridan[49]; o wawa to fafahiyan ci Madison Huang50], o hotel ko tayalan[51], ikor mikotod to ci Huang Jenhsun itira i Huyta citodong to mili’acaay a kakeridan[52]. I 1999 miheca ’ayaw no kacakat no Huita i, malakapot i San Jose ko aro’ na Huang Jenhsun. I 2003 miheca, malinah tayra i Los Altos lotok no California, i 2004 miheca miaca to saka 2 loma’ itira i Wailea no Hawaii. I 2017 miheca, no kosi a ngangan ko sapi ‘aca to hocing a ngangan 3,800 ’ofad Amilika payso ko sapi’aca i San Francisco a ta’akay loma’ [53][54]. Ilaeno no ’afala ni Huang Jenhsun ira ko kolit, oni kolit o nano NVIDIA kosi a kolis[55]. Sakaira nonini pakayniay to nia kosi a laoc, ci Huang Jenhsun ato cefang masasowal to nikafoan no kosi tahira i 100 Amilika payso i, o maan ko haenan no ’alomanay, ikor mitelek ko ’alomanay tonini a kolit. Masamatira oya NVIDIA a nikafoan saranikay sato macakat 100 Amilika payso, saka itiniay kawili a kolit o pipa’ayaw niketon to sakacakat no kasi a Logo, o sakiharateng ni Huang Jenhsun a adadaay kina pikolit[55][56]. === Katadamaan (榮譽) === ==== Kompay (獎項) ==== === Sasowalan harateng (言論觀點) === ==== O kitakit ko Taywan (台灣是個國家) ==== I 2024 miheca 5 folad 29 romi’ad, itira i dadaya kakomaenan paca’of to paratohay ci Huang Jenhsun: “O satadamaanay kitakit ko Taywan itini i hekal, o patenokan no sakiTingkian kinaira”, ikor kasasowalan han i Sinlan wipo[79][80]. Roma, itira cingra i Taypi kasakitakit tingnaw panengnengan, pasapinang to “AI cicu no hekal”, o Taywan mamala tadamaanay no AI kitakit i polong no hekal, ato kasahira no AI milecad to harateng kitakit, malecad ko kacakat ato citodong no AI kafiyol no ci’icel, nikapolongan pakoniraay mafohat malecad ko salongoc, orasaka o Congko ato Taywan masasiroma ko cengel caayay ka lecad ko sakowan no sician, malasaka pamotekan no Congko[81]. Kaitini ho ni Huang Jenhsun i Taywan, dengan o calay mitiya misolapay calay ko miparatohay, o Congko ato mitiya to saki nian a ratoh adihay ko sakatomerep ano eca malawaay[82][83][84]. Tona miliyas ci Huang Jenhsun to Taywan, kitakit citodongay (Kuoyin) Taywan kadademakan citodongay ci Chen Binhua i 6 folad 12 rmi’ad pilicay no mitiya a soal, pakayni to nia moraraway a sowal, o finawlan, calay finawlan maemin maliyang, miliyaw pasowal to no Congko niharatengan: “O cecayay a Congko ko tosaay sekal, o Taywan nao caayay ko cecay a kitakit”, nanay ci Huang Jenhsun misaliyaliyaw misapinang[85]. I 6 folad 8 romi’ad malicay no mitiya ci Huang Jenhsun, o nisowalan mala sakaeca hemekan no Congko, sakitoni a sowal, sacisowal sa cingra “Caayay ko papeloay kako to sakisician a sowal. Miahowiday kako to polong no sakapot i kicik mafoloday masasicoker ato saki kinaira i polong no nisatadamaanan” [86]. ==== Kalali’acaan ato pipakadom (市場和投資) ==== I 2024 miheca 6 folad 4 romi’ad, ika’ayaw no miratohay ci Huang Jenhsun, malicay to saki Congko a kali’acaan a harateng i, sacisowal sa cingra no Congko a kali’acaan tadamaan sakicingraan, nika ira ko pisierod to kasadak, o dadoedoen konini. itira i Congko adihay ko nga’ayay kafafolodan sakapot, kananaman to rafas no 20 mihecaan, o papadoedo mipatado i cangraan. Malicay to sapipakadom i Taywan i, ’ayaw no cecay miheca, tadamaan ko kaki no Taywan, ikor no pinapina no miheca adihay ko kacakatan, o mamipakadom to Taywan, patireng to AI tadamaanay tingnaw, tadamaan konini, i Taypi, Taynan ato Takao sahato ono NVIDIA parenekan pikingkiwan tatenokan pipakadoman kaitiraan[87]. === Sakaira pinengnengan. (參考來源) === 1.塗志豪. 輝達總裁暨執行長 黃仁勳：最感謝張忠謀. 工商時報. 2019-06-24 [2019-10-03]. （原始內容存檔於2019-10-03） （中文（臺灣））. 2.國籍法. [2023-06-06]. （原始內容存檔於2023-06-23）. 3.余承翰. 黃仁勳「身分證字號」遭肉搜公開！科技專家：輝達法務會收到資料. 聯合報. 2024-06-03 [2024-06-15]. （原始內容存檔於2024-09-04）. 4.Paul Kunert. Nvidia CEO pay falls ten percent in FY23 on missed sales targets. theregister. [2023-05-30]. （原始內容存檔於2023-07-12）. 5.Jensen Huang. 富比士. [2019-04-21]. （原始內容存檔於2020-12-08） （英語）. 6.陳怡君. 美超微梁見後躋身矽谷台裔AI巨頭 黃仁勳站台力挺. 央廣 (中央社 CNA). 2024-06-05 [2024-06-06]. （原始內容存檔於2024-06-07）. 7.黃仁勳到底是誰？大學生質疑「不需要明星化」 反被酸無知. 聯合報. 2024-06-02 [2024-06-06]. （原始內容存檔於2024-09-04） （中文（臺灣））. 8.方韋傑. 台裔AI雙巨頭好麻吉 站台「鬥嘴鼓」. 自由時報. 2024-06-06 [2024-06-06]. （原始內容存檔於2024-09-05） （中文（臺灣））. 9.Lizzy Gurdus. Nvidia CEO: My mom taught me English a ‘random 10 words at a time’ before we emigrated from Taiwan. CNBC. 2018-05-06 [2024-06-15]. （原始內容存檔於2021-06-02） （英語）. 10.張彥文. 台灣囝仔黃仁勳，帶領NVIDIA攻上第2強. 哈佛商業評論. 2018-11-06 （中文（臺灣））. 11.Nimmo, Jamie. 'It would be a tragedy if ARM did not move into the new era,' says Nvidia boss Jensen Huang需要付費訂閱. 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Nvidia創天價黃仁勳來台受矚 27日台大畢業典禮致詞. 新竹. 中央通訊社. 2023-05-26 [2023-05-26]. （原始內容存檔於2023-05-31）. 29.Tilley, Aaron. The New Intel: How Nvidia Went From Powering Video Games To Revolutionizing Artificial Intelligence. Forbes. 2016-11-30 [2023-03-14]. （原始內容存檔於2023-03-14）. This article was written by a Forbes staff member and was published in the December 19, 2016 issue of Forbes magazine. 30.Fitch, Asa. Nvidia's Stunning Ascent Has Also Made It a Giant Target需要付費訂閱. The Wall Street 31.Journal. 2024-02-26 [2024-02-27]. （原始內容存檔於2024-02-27） （美國英語）. 32.Northern California's 1999 Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year. Bloomberg. 20 May 1999 [May 28, 2023]. （原始內容存檔於August 4, 2021） （英語）. 33.Viterbi Awards. USC Viterbi | School of Engineering. [2023-11-10]. （原始內容存檔於November 10, 2023） （美國英語）. 34.Dr. Morris Chang Exemplary Leadership Award Nomination Form. Global Semiconductor Alliance. [28 May 2023]. （原始內容存檔於May 28, 2023）. 35.Alumni Fellows. fororegonstate.org. 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Moetepay ko mihecaan no Paylenkay itini i Posong itiya, mangalay to tadamanay a kayki tamdaw, nanoya mala sa’ayaway cingra no Paylenkay a siwsi tayni i Taywan, itiya i 1966 miheca mida’oc ko kaitini i Taywan. Nai 1963 miheca miteka, tangasa i 2021 miheca ira ko 58 mihecaan ningra kaitini ningra i Taywan. O cahelakay ci Augustin Siwsi, maolah midadangoy, tangasa anini hinatayra cingra i riyar no Taypinyang, maolah talalotok micakil, i 1978 miheca patireng to micakilay to Xiangyang a lotok, mirakat to lotolotok, i 2015 miheca itira i Xiangyang a mihemek to 80 mihecaan no ’orip. Ci Augustin Siwsi o tataparan kiwiko, midipotay to taliyok a palowaday, mikihatiya patireng to Taytongsien midipotay to taliyok yofayof, misahalaka to Biwa fanaw kohetingay koying, i 1996 miheca mapakaolah to “Malalokay to liyok isian tadamanay tamdaw a kompay”. Kalawidang sa to kilang hana ci Augustin Siwsi, aniniay Paylenkay taliyok saheto o nipalomaan ningra a kalohana. Saki ci Augustin Siwsian, ira ko hana kilang ato lotok mato niyaro’ay ningra. Ci Augustin Siwsi to saki Paylenkay a likisi ato kasasiromaan limelaen cingra. Talolong ko mahiratengay ningra to matelangay a kamaro’an, itira i matelangay kamaro’an matayal ira ko 3 mihecaan. Paretatenga cingra to katelangay kamaro’an miming tato, pasietip ko fawahan, saromi’ad sa fa’edet ko laloma’an, awaayho ko sapihpih to li’etecay (lengci) itiya, marorayan matayal. Itiya, ’aloman ko tayniay i Taywan a Simpu, macaco’co ko kamaro’an, itira saan ko roma Simpu i ’ariri patelian to lalosidan, kadademakan a mafoti’, orasaka micoracor saka itira i Hangcu lalan mipatireng to fa’elohay kaitiraan. O Senmo isingan Tintokay i 1975 miheca miliyas to Posong, patorod hananay ko Renay siwnikay mikowan to isingan. Midotoc to ni Augustin Siwsi a mahiratengay, oya Senmo isingan Tintokay to saki Posong sa’etal a isingan ma’edengay ko matayalay tamdaw to padamaay midipot to adadaay itiya, nika miketon to piliyas, tayra i roma niyaro’ mipatado to tamdaw. Midotoc to ni Augustin Siwsi, o ka’ayaw no fawhan mafalic ko sa’ayaway a halaka no Senmo isingan Tintokay. Saka wiliay no Senmo isingan Tintokay ira ko cecay tapangan a afinang, o nano nipalomaan ni Augustin Siwsi, o nano sera no Nokay koya ka’ayaw no Senmo isingan Tintokay, o nihaian no Nokay saka manga’ay a misadadahal (aniniay patelian to tosiya), nika ikor ka’ayaway no Senmo isingan Tintokay nipa’acaan to no Nokay, saka mafalicay oya aniniay to a kaitiraan. Roma, I’ayaw kafana’en ni Augustin Siwsi mifalic ko Tawu kiwkay, orasaka oya ka’ayawan no kiwkay nano nipalomaan a sepatay tapangan a afinang a tolo tapangan, nilinahan patayra i aayawan no Paylenkay, oya kawiliay no fawahan makorahay nicengelan toloay tapangan afinong. Ci Augustin Siwsi tayni i Taywan ira ko 58 miheca, i 2003 mihecaan mapakaolah no Taytongsien cenfo to tadamanay finawlan, i 2017 miheca maopatodong to no Conghuaminko a kacingangan, o “Tada Taywan a finawlan (tamdaw)”. 787yyzwo38sc8c5fkh74cytwx41v42c 0 2836 45986 45985 2025-02-21T01:43:49Z Masaonikar 570 /* Lin Zirou Siwsi (林志柔修士) */ 45986 wikitext text/x-wiki == Lin Zirou Siwsi (林志柔修士) == Lin Zirou Siwsi (Br. Fritz Weber, SMB; 1932-), masofoc i Switzerland, i 1957 miheca mikapot to Paylenkay itiya, i 1964 miheca 3 folad tayni i Taywan, sa’ayaw itira i pisacakcakan to kakaenen a kofaw no Paylenkay ko tayal, miparomi’ad minanam to no Payrang a sowal itiya. I 1973 mihecaan i, tayra ci Lin Zirou Siwsi i Maryknollkay minanam to no Kowaping a sowal. I 1974 miheca, patiko haca ci Lin Zirou Siwsi toya kadademakan ningra i pisacakcakan to kakaenen. I 1993 miheca 12 foladan, itira cingra i Guiyuan no Taypisi ci Pan Erwin Simpu (Rev. Win Bollen, CICM) padamso patado to mirarakatay tamdaw kamaro’an patireng to “Pinan loma’” mipatado ko tayal. Kaitiraan ningra i “Pinan loma’” ko tayal i, hanatayra ci Lin Zirou Siwsi i kaitiraan no mirarakatay tamdaw a masasowal to no Payrang a macaca’of, saka tahidangen cangra tayra i “Pinan loma’” mingingoy a kamaen, mapadamso a mitomadaw to sakacitayal ato sadipot no isian. Kaitira ho i Posong ko tayal ni Lin Zirou Siwsi o citodongay no Paylenkay to sakidafong, ira aca ko cecay lipay papisadak to kakaenen ato fadisoso a epah, misilsil to kamaro’an, saka manga’ay ko nano demak ni Lin Zirou Siwsi i kasakapot a Simpu ato Siwsi, todong sapipalasawad to kasomadan katoolan to niyaro’. I 1978 mihecaan itiya, ci Lin Zirou Siwsi misatapang minanam to pisyasin, to lipalipay coroken ningra ko kasaciwkay no Paylenkay to tayal ato ’orip no malaSimpuay, saka manengneng ko nisyasingan ningra i Kalinta/ koyomi. Roma i, ci Lin Zirou Siwsi to mihecahecaan to tosa lipay pakatofay mirakat miliyok to Taywan misyasin, mitilid to ni’oripan no finawlan i Taywan. Malecad ci Akli Simpu ko kaolah misyasyasin, saka adihay ko nisidayan no Paylenkay pipatenak to Ratoh masidayaty a likisi, o nianan ko manengnengay i naikoran a faco no Taywan. 9945b3mj2nl8tlkdofhgn6xp38hjx9d 0 2837 46018 46017 2025-02-21T05:46:57Z Masaonikar 570 /* Ira ko pidoedoan rikec sapifo’ot no Congko to Misatatad no Taywan haw? (中國有法理途徑阻止台灣獨立嗎？) */ 46018 wikitext text/x-wiki == Samaanen milekakawa “Misatatad to Taywan”? (如何定義「台灣獨立」？) == “No toic ngiha kowaping calay” paini to salongoc no Taywan, Taywan ato Congko sifo saki “misatatad” a salicylic pisapinangan, saka I’ayawen ko sakafana’ to saca’of: === I likisi no Taywan ato aniniay pangangan ('''台灣在歷史上和現今的名稱)''' === Sa’ayaway maro’ay finawlan o nisowal a “Yincumin” finacadan, o tato’asan nangra pinapinaay to ko patekan no miheca ma’orip tonini a kanatal. I 17 sician, o Netherlan tamdaw ato Spain tamdaw micalap to alongan sa’etal no Taywan. O Europe tamdaw pako “Formosa” saan ko pitahidang to Taywan itiya. Mancin i 1684 miheca pala no Fujian sakowan ko Taywan, tangasa i 1885 miheca pala o cecayay to sa’etal no Congko demakan ko Taywan. Mapidah ko Congko i saki Jiawu laloodan, o Macin i 1895 miheca mapakelac ko Dipong to Taywan, nicalapan no Dipong itiya.   I 1945 miheca paherek ko saka 2 kalaloodan no hekal, mapatodong ko Conghua minko sifo ko Taywan. Ikor malalood ko laloma’an no kitakit, o Congko kongcantang mipidahay to sofitay no KMT, nanoya i 1949 miheca laliwan no Komin sifo a tayni Taywan, ikor masiday ko Conghua minko a kacingangan. Ci Mao Zedong itira i Congko patireng to Conghua renmin sakapot sifo, mihapiw o dayhiw no Congko (halo Taywan) dengan marecokay sifo, ato midotocay to salongoc no Conghua minko. === Paenarar i kasakitakit a Taywan ('''台灣的國際地位)''' === Ikor no pinapina mo’etep mihecaan, itiniay i Taypi a Conghua minko sifo mihapiw to o tada cisalongocay to Congko a sifo saan. nika i 1971 miheca, Linhoko mihayda milayap to Conghua renmin lekapot o dengan dayhiw no Congko, oya Conghua minko sifo sa’icel sa to “ caay ko mamalatosa” ko pakayraan saan a miliyas to Linhoko. Ikor to, o kasakitakit ala patiretireng sa to Congko no sakipapotal kakiharan, makaketon to Taypi. Tahamatini ira ho ko 12 kasacofelan kitakit to Taywan, saheto katimolay Taypinyang ato Caribbean riyar a kanatal kitakit, tinako Tuvalu, Belize. Masamatira, o ’alomanay Europ a kitakit ira ko kasasikihar to caayay ko no sifo a kaainian, mihayda to passport no Taywan (ROC), saka o Taywan ato nia kitakit ira i tadamanay maci patireng to kadademakan no Tarokos a citodongay Dayhiw. O finawlan no Taywan micomod to ’alomanay kitakit caay pitoki to fica. O Amilika nai 1979 miheca makaketon ko kasakihar to Taywan, nika midotoc to sarikec padamso to todong no sapidama. Midotoc to no Washington “cecay ko Congko” a telek, o Amilika to saki salongoc no Taywan awaay ko pali’ayaw no kaitiraan. Saka caay pisawad ko Congko sapiloodaw to Taywan to sapi’emet. Ono Beijing pasi Taywan ko pasadak to matiyaay no Hongkong to “Cecay kitakit tosa ko sakowan” a todong, mitelek paini to satakaraway a niyah pikowan. Nika awaay ko cecay a kasarekad ko micokeray tonini a todong. O pisolap to finawlan no Taywan i, no Taywan tamdaw mangalay oyanan to ko kasasikihar ’alomanay finawlan. Doedoen ko no Congko a sowal, i 1971 miheca mihayda ko Linhoko saka 2758 haw a nitelakan pasowal o Conghua renmin kapolongan o cecay matatodongay sifo a Congko saan, o nian ko pikotay no Beijing to Taypi itira i Linhoko kaitiraan no Congko, o saka saan i sarikec no kasakitakit mihai t oTaywan ono Congko. O papotalay kakeridan no Congko: 2758 haw nitelakan awaay ko kaoratan, o papotalay kakeridan no Taywan: o papaterep to sapiorat to kasakitakit saan. Taypi sifo miliyang o caay ho ka patireng konini, nawhani nitelekan awaay masowal ko Taywan ato salongoc a todong. === O Masatataday to kitakit ko Taywan? ('''台灣已經是一個獨立國家了嗎？)''' === Pakoniyah sa ko finawlan no Taywan misinkiw to kakeridan tamdaw, ira ko piemet no Taywan a sifo to nitelekan a sofal, ira ko no niyah a sofitay, payso ato passport. Talacowa caay ka sangila’ ko pihayda no ’alomanay kitakit, nika so’elin ko piraoy to misatekeday a kaitiraan. Sowal sa ko sifo no Taywan, o cecay cikowanay kitakit ko Conghua minko, awaay ko todong no Beijing. O roma sato, ona caay ho pikowan ko Congko to Taywan, saka awaay ko tatodong mihidefong to pisingkiw no Taywan to kakeridan tamdaw. === Falicen ko ngangan Taywan nikapolongan kitakit han? ('''更名台灣共和國？)''' === Ano haenen caay ko rahodayay, ano caay pihayda ko Lifayin misalof to kimpo, ta midemak to polong no finawlan kapolongan pitopa, caay ko ni Lai Cingde congtong rahodayay a pihapiw manga’ayto. Pisalof to kimpo itini i Lifayin salongan sepat malitoloay ko Lifawiyin micokeray ta mahayda. Oya citodongay mikowan a Mincintang ato papotalay Komintang itini i Lifayin a ngangan a tamdaw mato malalenay. Nai 2016 mihecaan padoedo mikowan a Mincintang awaay ko sapicikerohaw to sapifalic to kimpo. Oya papotalay Komintang masamawmaw miliyang to sapifalicaw to ngangan. === Masamaan ko sowal ko congtong no Taywan? ('''台灣總統如何說？)''' === I’ayaw to piapina miheca ’ayaw no pisingkiw to congtong ni Lai Cingde i mato o mamilaheci to “Misatatad to Taywan a matayalay” kako sanay ningra, o “Micikcikay tamdaw” saan ko Beijing i cingraan. Sacisowal sa ci Lai Cingde, o niyah harateng i, o Taywan haw i o cecay misatatadan a kitakit, orasaka mimaan ho mihapiw misatatad. Na macakat i 2024 mihecaan i, kinapinapina paini ci Lai Cingde, o Conghua minko ato Conghua renmin nikapolongan “caay ka sasi niraay”, sacisowal sa ko Beijing, onini to paratatenga ningra to Congko ato Taywan o masasitataday kitakit, orasaka oninian ko sapicikeroh to Misatatad to Taywan sanay a sowalan. === Ira ko pidoedoan rikec sapifo’ot no Congko to Misatatad no Taywan haw? ('''中國有法理途徑阻止台灣獨立嗎？)''' === I 2005 miheca 3 folad, Congko laovcan mihayda to “Miliyang micikcik to kitakit a rikec”, o patodong no Congko to i Taywanay “micikcikay to kitakit” ano eca “palasawaday to saka lekapot a todong” saki Taywan o papakayni i lalood no sofitay a demak ko pidoedoan no rikec, nika onini a rikec o madodemay, awaay ko padamso to o sasamaanen. Reuters（路透社） DW kowaping ira i Instagram, manga’ay mikilim i dw. chinese, misatalolong masapinang ko cuka ato piparatoh. © 2025 miheca Germany laciw (ngiha) salongoc paini: onini laloma’ ni sowalan ira ko sadama to mitiliday salongoc, ano awaay ko nano patodong no Germany laciw (ngiha), tatiih midemak. Maanan caayay ka tatodong o mamilitadah, citodong to rikec a satefoc. 8srcdpgzomddlzvngen3t89y59j4qpt 0 2838 46037 46036 2025-02-26T01:49:15Z Masaonikar 570 /* Guo Jiaxin Simpu (郭佳信神父) */ 46037 wikitext text/x-wiki == Guo Jiaxin Simpu (郭佳信神父) == Simedan ni Guo Jiaxin Simpu i pinanaman ci Chen Ju. Guo Jiaxin Simpu（Fr. Ronald J Boccieri）o nai “Mikapotay to mapadesay tamdaw” a kaciangilan i Maryknoll kiwkay, i 1968 miheca Simpu no Puxin Luo loma’ i Pusin no Canghua, mafana’ pasowal tono Payrang a sowal, malatosaay ko sician kaitira i Luo loma’ no Canghua. I 1977 miheca 6 folad 23 romi’ad, sarakatay marepet no Komintang sifo kako, palafinen, dipotan kako to cecay lipay, pasowal ci Guo Jiaxin Simpu: “Palemedaen no Wama kiso, sa’icelen iso haw.” saan. I 1978 miheca, nawhani misoped kako to ngangan no marofoay to sician ato nikapolongan onto a ratoh patayra i roma kitakit, o milinikay imeng ato misolapay mirepet i takowanan, saka miliyaw haca kako milimok tayra i Luo loma’ Tinsokiw kiwkay i Canghua. Ikor, marepat kako, na ikoran tonini caay to kanga’ay no Simpu tayni Taywan, tangasa 1987 miheca, itira to kami i New York masaso’araw. I 2000 miheca mafafalic ko sasiiked csician, manga’ay to ni Guo Jiaxin Simpu tayni i Taywan miliso’ takuwan, caay ko kafana’an i 2014 miheca 2 folad miliyas to cingra to hekal, anini (2015) miheca 5 folad 1 romi’ad, minokay to tayra ci Wamaan, itira kakarayan maafofo no Tapang. Ka’ayaway sici a nikapolongan onto  no Taywan awaayay ko sapadang, matiya ni Guo Jiaxin Simpu to saki tamdawan ato saliongoc no tamdaw mangodo a midamaay a romaay kitakit a tamdaw, o saka ci’icel piti’eran no matayalay tono nikapolongan itiya ho. Miahowid ci Guo Jiaxin Simpuan karorayan to’ek no Taywan, o so’elinay faloco’ ato cimacodahay, i matoleday namal mikacaway to nikaolongan no Taywan. Itiya matengil ko pipalemed ni Guo Jiaxin Simpu a sapalemed itiya: “Palemedaen no Wama kiso, sa’icelen iso haw.” sanay. Mitolon kako to palemed no Kawas to Taywan, sa’icelen no Taywan. Chen Ju siciw a facebook (<nowiki>https://zh-tw.facebook.com/kikuChen</nowiki>) 2015 miheca 5 folad 2 romi’ad. Guo Jiaxin Simpu i 1962 miheca nai Amilika tayni i Taywan, itira i Luo loma’ Tinsokiw kiwkay no Posin i Canghua mala simpu no kiwkay. Sarakatay ni Guo Jiaxin Simpu a demak minanam to sowal no Payrang a sowal, pakaynien i Loma tilid no Fangcalay cudad minanam, saka mafana’ to sowal no Payrang cingra. Nika itiyaay a kaemangay wawa kalosasowalan no pitilidan o “Safaay ko sowal no Taywan a sowal, kakaay ko sowal no Congko” sanay ko piepec sasiroma, kafahekaan ningra koni. Roma i, masapinang haca ni Guo Jiaxin Simpu, miemet haca ko sifo to mitiliday a fokes, losid at oharateng, onian ko saka caay ka hemhem no faloco’, nawhani paretatenga cingra matiniay a pikiwiko o saka lasawad no kalita’angan, onikikayan a ningkiw. Orasaka, pakayni i masongila’ay kiwiko ko palowad to mitiliday, i pipasifana’ ni Guo Jiaxin Simpu t okaemangay wawa pakaynien i cuka ko pasowal cangraan: “Cayay ko kai saseti’ a matayalay kolong kiso, oya midoedoay to faloco’ no niyah a dademakay tamdaw.” Pakayni tonini i sakimiemecay a sakowan o awaayay ko ngaha.   I 1977 miheca, itiyaay a Chen Ju (27 mihecaan) o nano pidemak to piliyang a onto marepet no Komintang. I piki’adingay itiya, pakayni pisilsil ni Guo Jiaxin Simpu, mala macidahay a fafahiyan ci Chen Ju, mapatayra i Luo loma’ Tinsokiw kiwkay no Posin i Canghua misimed. Cecay romi’ad, tosa romi’ad, tolo romi’ad… saka enem romi’ad i semo’otay masafelengay imeng miliyok to pinanaman loma’ i, ’afangen ni Guo Jiaxin Simpu cingra, tomangil a mitolon: “Wamaaw! Dipoten konini fafahiyan a wawa, pafelien cingra to macodahay ’icel.” Nai 1962 miheca a tayni Taywan, tangasa 1979 miheca tona misimed ci Chen Juan a malaplap pasadak, miwacay ci Guo Jiaxin Simpu to karorayan no Taywan a tamdaw, mafaliyosay a ’orip, madipot ningra ko nikapolongan no mita, midipot t osasapalen, ahowiday, ci Guo Jiaxin Simpu, sanga’ay hato ko hanhan, oya salo’afang iso i fangcalay kanatal o mamirarid mapalafangcal…. Mitiliday o sangsi no Kaocong, Tayciw a tamdaw “Nai Formaso a tilid” Lu Cianhui/Yan Lizhen, kowaping/Dipong a nirina’an: Tusan sya 2012 miheca 7 folad. se7gh9ttcokyz3wqcaz4yagbo3sgyyq 0 2839 46084 46083 2025-02-27T01:32:08Z Masaonikar 570 /* Saka 3, padoedoen ita ko kalalen no Taywan, milaheci to mo’ecelay i kasato’ek, saka sapinang no Finawlan miraoy to kacowat no kicay. (第三，我們要持續均衡臺灣，落實世代正義，讓全民共享經濟發展的果實。) */ 46084 wikitext text/x-wiki == Lai Cingte congtong (賴清德總統) == Papelo no congtong i 2025 fa’elohay miheca “Nikapolongan ko pipa’icel to kitakit, mici’ayaw to fa’elohay pakayraan no hakal”. 2025 (114) miheca 1 folad 1 romi’ad. Congtong ci Lai Cingte anini (1) romi’ad ’ayaw no lahok itira i congtongfo lomaocan o “Nikapolongan ko pipa’icel to kitakit, mici’ayaw to fa’elohay pakayraan no hakal” sanay ko patosakan i 2025 mihecaan a sowal. Paini sa ko congtong, aniniay Taywan o nikapolong, kaki, kicay a kasasikeiked a sofal masapinangay to no kasakitakit. I fa’elohay mihecaan i, kalacecay a marikec ko Taywan, padoedo romakat i mo’ecelay a tala’ayaw. Nanay kasasiikeiked no satakaraway, kasaniyaro’, caay pisateked ko kasarekad malekapot misa’icel, o sakatanektek no pi’awas no Taywan, wakawak a tala’ayaw, misanga’ to tadamaanay a nilahecian. Pafaloco’ to 2025 miheca, pacecay ko congtong, saimeren no mita ko karomakat i nikapolongan a lalan, padoedo paneker to ’icel no kitakit, pa’icelen ko Taywan sakatoneker no kicay sakasasiket i nikapolongan no katomenek i hakel, padoedo sakaroyaroy no Taywan, milaheci ko mo’ecel i kasarayray no to’ek, mapolong miraoy ko finawlan to kacomahad no kicay pahahecian. Padoedoen no mita ko kalacecay misa’icel, macodahay a misafaloco’ misa’ayaw to fa’elohay pakayraan no hekal. Polong no sasowalen no congtong: (總統致詞全文為：) Anini o saka cecay romi’ad no 2025 miheca, miliyaway misafa’eloh, masafa’eloh ko maamaan, nanay manga’ay rihaday ko finawlan no Taywan, mapaloso’ no fali ato ’orad, kalotayal macowat, manga’ay lipahak ko finawlan, malemed ko ’orip. Mitiko to 2024 miheca, “Saci’icelay ko Taywan”, matomes no salifet no milengatay, matomes to no kalata’angan. Mataneng no mita ko lonen ato faliyos a kakari’ang, maneker ko pilifet no milengatay tekeday sakowan. Masasiraoy kita to kalita’angan; pakaala ko Taywan to “12 satangkaay yakiw no hekal” a kompay, anini, i kasaniyaro’ay no hekal Taywan a tamdaw, maemin mafana’ tonini “Team Taiwan” sanay a kamayan. O Olinpic i Paris, ci Wang Qilin aci Li Yang, miliyaw haca pakaala to tatosaay fa’inayan opihay mali tatosaay fa’inayan a kompay, ci Lin Yuting pakaala to masasekemoay a kompay. Itini i kasakitakit kocong kakak Olimpic kalalifet, o dayhiw no mita enemay mitiliday, maeminpakaala to kompay, ci Yang Shuangzi mitiliday, ci Jin Ling mifalicay to “Taywan pirarakatan tilid”, pakaala to Amilika kitakit pina’angan kompay, pahapinang to tadamaanay ’icel a tilid no Taywan i kasakitakit. O cipatelaway no mita o Taywan, caay ka siiked ko mihecaan, caay ka siiked ko sofal, itini adihayay kalalifetan no kasakitakit, miala aca to ta’akay hofi, mapatireng ko fa’elohay matilid, o tadamaan a nipahapinangan ko paheci to Taywan, masapinang nengnengen no hakal ko maangilay ato ponka no Taywan, o sakalata’ang polong no finawlan no kitakit. O finawlan no kitakit mapolong, o nika lacecay no mita mikinaroray, malacecay kita sakalata’ang, malacecay kita cilosa’ matawa, o cecayay laloma’an kita, saheto o “Team Taiwan”. Maahowid kako titaanan o kahacecay no finawlan to pikinafalahan, micikeroh t osakacakat no Taywan, misanga’ to kalita’angan no Taywan, saka tadamaan ci’icel no Taywan, mapasadak itini i hekal. Fa’elohay cecay mihecaan, padoedoen no mita ko adihayay kimad mala kimad no hekal, o sapakalowid no Taywan malo’icel macakat no polong no hekal. Pafaloco’ t o2025 miheca, o mafohatay fa’elohay ko pakayraan no polong i hekal; ira ko mata’elifay 70 a kitakit, i nacila miheca misinkiw, ira ko kasafa’eloh no finawlan, tona kasakitakit a sician micowat to fa’elohay, ranikayay kafafalifalic pakayraan no kasakitakit, o mamatira padoedo tanektek ko wakawak no Taywan, tala’ayaw a mi’awas romakat. === Saka 1, redone no mita romakat i nikapolongan a lalan. (第一，我們要堅定地走在民主的道路上。) === Pakafilo ko Taywan a romakat to to’emanay mi’emecay sakowan a to’ek, tangasa anini maladawdaw no nikapolongan i Asia a kahemekan, o nano ’alomanay mikinafalahay to tireng ’ayaway tamdaw to sakinikapolongan ato nisa’icelan no finawlan no kitakit a pahecian. O satadamaanay ’aca no Taywan ko nikapolongan, caay ka dengan o sapakonira no ’orip, kahirahira no syakay nicowatan a kadademakan, halo nikaira saki papotalay nihaydaan no kasakitakit a wacay. Ano iraira ko pipatalaw ato pilengat saki Taywan, o nikapolongan, sahato dengan a lalan no Taywan, dengan o pidoedo a romakat, caay ko mamisikol a tararikor. O kalalifelifet no kasasiiked no yofayof, o salaloma’an no nikapolongan sician ko nian, nika o kafangafang no salaloma’an no kitakit a sician, o mamidotoc to laloma’ no sakowan no kimpo, midoedo to nikapolongan pakayraan, itiya masatalolong ko nikapolongan. Nihaydaan kalaliyangan a rikec i Lifayin, ira ko solongac no Sincenyin pasadak to sapofelih, padamso to sapiliyaw no Lifayin mitomadaw, no kimpo citodongay manga’ay pasadak to sapikadkad, pakayni kimpo a hoyin ko pitelak, pahapinang to kasasiiked no kimpo, midama to kasarayray no kimpo, masadoedo midimokos to sarikec no kimpo. Ira ko pisingkiw, palasawad mitopa, misafaeloh mitelek, miliyaw mitelac a salongoc ko finawlan, manga’ay misa’opo to ta’akay ’icel no nikapolongan, pahapinang no finawlan to casakowanay a  tatodong. I fa’elohay miheca, itini polong no hekal a nikapolongan kitakit to kasasifalifalic no pakayraan no kasakitakit, maledef mangalef ko salingat. Imatini, o Russia ato Ukraine a kalalood, Israel ato Hamas kasasiwtoc malalooday ho imatini, o Congko, Russia, North Korea ato Iran mi’emecay sakowan, padoedo saan a macacofeliw, patalaway saki paranaan kadadoedo no kasakitak, mingalef mifiyol to sakanga’ay no Ituyang Taypiyang a sakatemenek. Mangalef, o sakaserser rihaday i kasasekal no Taywan o sakanga’ay ato kacomahad no hekal pakayraan. O mamisafaloco’ to sakarihaday katalawan ko Taywan, padoedo pacakat to yosang to sapidama to kitakit, sakaci’icel to sapidama to kitakit, pasapinang to sapidama midipot to kitakit a faloco’. O pi’ading midipot to Taywan ko nikapolong ato karihaday, maemin citodong ko kahacecay no finawlan, mipacakat to midipotay a kodaitay satena’ no syakay, patireng to kanga’ay to ta’akay sakakari’ang, sapitena’ t opatalaw micalap a ’icel, o papalifet t osapifelih i fenekan, mifelif i nifana’an kalalicay no syakay, polong no finawlan mina’ay to patalaw sapisolot, malekapot mitena’ sakipapotal tatiihay ’icel a misedok. Saka laloma’an, o nikapolong ko sapipatanektek to nikapolongan, sakipapotal, kao nikapolongan ko sakalawidang no mita to kalohekal, midipot to sakarihaday kanga’ayan. Nawhani mangalef ko ka rihaday, rihaday to ko kalohekal; tanektek ko Taywan, o tatanektek ko sapitena’ no hekal to sakinikapolongan. O malakayatay makakomod i polong no hekal a nikapolongan sakapot, micelak to “Nikapolongan saapid a sa’ong”, malakapot mikilim to sapisalof no Russia ato Ukraine a lalood, Israel ato Hamas kasasiwtoc pakayraan, mapolong mipa’ading to pi’ading midipot to sakaserser rihaday i kasasekal no Taywan ato kanga’ay no Ituyang Taypiyang a sakatemenek, malaheci ko patosokan sakanga’ay no hekal. === Saka 2, padoedoen ita ko sakaci’icel no kitakit, pa’icel kakodait no kitakit, mipa’icel pakodait to kicay no Taywan, misatalolong padamso to kodaitay no nikapolongan no hekal. (第二，我們要持續厚植國力，強化臺灣經濟韌性，也深化全球民主供應鏈的韌性。) === I ’ayaw no pangkiw miheca i 2024 miheca, o nikafoan no Taywan o sakacecay i hekal, o macakatay ko kicay t opolong no mihecaan, patosokan maraod to 4.2%, o sakakaay i 4 kangic no Asiya. Maforifod ko pikafo i salaloma’an no kitakit, mata’elif ko 5 a ca’oran, kacakat no dafong rara sa patikol. Saka 1 tangasa 11 folad a pasadakan li’aca tangasa 5,366 walwalan Amilika payso, ikaka to no 2023 miheca yana liyad matongal to 3.7%; saka 1 tangasa 11 folad masadakay ikaka ko katongal i 2023 miheca liyad to 9.9%, tangasa 4,315 walwalan Amilika payso. Saan ira haca ko misolapay pahapinang, i 2024 miheca, o kasasiacaay salongan macakat to no 2023 miheca, ira ko mata’elifay 9% a li’acaay to halaka itini aniniay miheca macakat ko kinaira, mata’elif i 8 miheca ko takaraw. O nianan ko manengnengay ko nika malowad ko kanga’ayan no Taywan, tanektek ko kalahad no kicay. Talacowa tadanga’ay ko polong no kicay, nika pasayra haca kita to kafafalic no sician, caayay ka menek sakikicay i polong no hekal, ato no kahengangay koemihay ’aca dafong, saki kinaira nisanga’an no Taywan masasetol aca. Saki kitakit i, tadamaan ko sakikalokatayal, ki’emel ko kasairaira i, ki’emel ko ’icel no kitakit. Ka’emi’emingay katayalan ko sakaci’orip no kicay no Taywan, kasasiikedan katayalan a sakacowat, o misanga’ay to kanga’ayan no Taywan a ’icel, matiniay a angil “misanga’an no Taywan”, padoedoen no mita misatata’ang. Orasaka, caay ka dengan o picowat to takaraway kakki kinaira, Sincenyin mipasadak ito sapidama to to’asan kinaira ato kasa mimingay tayal, mipolong pacomod i kakki pakayraan, milahaci to ticik, mikoracay patenokan mifalic, ato micowat to palalanan, pacakat to sakadademak todong no kicay. O papadoedo palowad ko kodaitay kicay no Taywan. Pina miheca, o kitakit no Taywan i Amilika, Dipong, Europ ato pasitimol a kitakit ko patongol midefong, mata’elif to ko no Congko a pidefong, itini masapinang, maliwasak ko kali’acaan no mita mikerod t ocecayay li’acaan piti’eran, ira to ko kacihecian, ikor o papadoedo midama tomireng i Taywan, maledef i polong no ’oriraw, pa’aca i polong no hekal. Orasaka, onikapolongan ko sakalalifet no hekal a kicay no Taywan. Paki’ayawen ita palowad ko Pantawti ato AI kinaira, masasiket i nikapolonganm kitakit ko pisatalolong padamsoan ka kodait, pakayni katatahic i kasakitakit, ano o saki awaayay ko tamdaw a kikay, ngataay kaitiraan no Wiysing, kikay tamdaw, sofitay matayalay, kanga’ayan piemet, ano eca sakikakki a iyo, langdaway kakki, fa’elohay liomah, taliyolay kicay a kinaira, saheto marepetay i pali’ayawan no kicik, micikeroh to kasahirahira kacowatan, manga’ay padoedo ko Taywan mikerid to ’oriraw no hekal nikapolongan padamso a calay ko sakacakat, mapadama to ’ororaw nikapolongan padamsoay to sakarihaday ato sakatanektek. === Saka 3, padoedoen ita ko kalalen no Taywan, milaheci to mo’ecelay i kasato’ek, saka sapinang no Finawlan miraoy to kacowat no kicay. (第三，我們要持續均衡臺灣，落實世代正義，讓全民共享經濟發展的果實。) === Nikapolongan o finawlan ko citodongay, 2,300 ’ofad a tamdaw, caay ka sasiiked ko finacadan, to’ek, kasasiiked sician, maci niyaro’, saheto tawki no kitakit. I fa’elohay miheca, padoedoen ho no mita micikeroh to sakalemed no kitakit finawlan a rarekoen, nika satakaraway o aira ko ma’edengay payso ko sapidemak to kasasiiked a pakayraan, orasaka, minanay kako “Cayhoafa” a pisalof to rikec, o kasasiiked cician manga’ay malalikel ko lakakawa, nika sapateren ho miharateng, o sakanga’ay no kitakit ko pakayraan a niharatengan. Hakianini miteka, o saka 9 miheca t oko pacakat to lifon no matayalay, nai 2 ’ofad 7,470 payso, macakat matongal tangasa 2 ’ofad 8,590 payso, no cecay tokian nai 183 payso patongal tangasa 190 payso. Mangalay kita, pakayni i malakomoyingay padoedo 2 miheca miliyaw ato pacakat to lifon mikerod to sata kanga’ayan, o pipalowas to kasacitodongay to tayal mihakelong pacakat to lifon, saka nga’ay no finawlan no kitakit miraoy to kacowat no kicay a kinaira. Mafana’ay kako, nanay caay kahakowa ko sata saan ko ’alomanay, caay to ka adihay ko ’aca micaliw to loma’. Anini miheca, padoedo ho kita micikeroh to pilowan to sata, patinako, sacecayay ko tiring a finawlan, polong no mihecaan a kinaira safaay no 44 ’ofad 6 patek caay to pasata; tosaay ko lifon no mararamoday miheccan kinaira safa no 89 ’ofad 2 patek, ato tosaay ko lifon no mararamoday miheccan kinaira ira ko tosaay safa 6 ko mihecaan a wawa sepat ko laloma’an, ano mihecaan kinaira safa no  146 ’ofad 1 patek, caayto pipasata. Micaliw to loma’ sapadafoh loma’an nai 50 ’ofad padadahal tangasa 75 ’ofad laloma’an, saka lowan no sasorot saka’orip. Anini miheca, “Ponka payso” a sapafeli mihecaan, nai 16 miheca sereden tangasa 13 mihecaan. 13 tangasa 22 mihecaan o kapah tamdaw, maemin manga’ay milayap to sapadafoh no sifo, micomod to nifana’an a fenek. O “Kapah semo’ot walwalan papotalay salemed kiking halaka” o raromakat to, manga’ay tayra i kasakitakit no hekal minanam ato kasacofel. O mamipatireng kita to “Ontopo”, saka ira no kapah milaop to kalemedan no onto, saan misarocod micowat to onto kinaira, micikeroh polong no onto, saka kingtoh no finawlan no kitakit. Anini miheca, micomoday to “Taelifay mihecaan syakay” ko Taywan, micikeroh kita to “Cangcaw 3.0”, padamso to mato’asay manga’ayay ko sadipot, misadadahal ko pikinsa to kang a todong ato pipatado, padoedo midemak to “Kingto’ay Taywan”. Roma sato, anini miteka, midemak ko Taywan to pilisato to afet lekakawa mitongod to kasakitakit, milaheci 2050 awaayay ko pifalah a patosokan. Mipadoedo kita to pasi “Malalenay Taywan”, icila folad, Sincenyin miteka to “Ca’or payso pakadom kitakit cowat halaka”, ato padamso to “Enemay sa’etal fayfay tamina halaka”, saheto o papadoedoen misadadahal pakadom to kapolongan patireng, micowat to kasaniyaro’ tadamaanay kinaira, pisamiming to tokay niyaro’ ato pakoyoc cidafongay a kasatiwtiw, sakarihaday lipahak ’orip no finawlan. Kasafinawlan no kitakit, aniniay Taywan, itini i nikapolongan, kakki, kicay a kasacofal masapinang, saheto kanga’ayen no kasakitakit. O pahapinang to mo’ecelay ko kacomahad no kitakit koni. Fa’elohay miheca, kalacecay kita o finawlan no kitakit, padoedo pasimo’ecelay ko rakat a tala’ayaw. Mihamhamay kita, caay kasasiiked no takaraway niyaro’, caay kasasiiked to misaikeday malacecay misa’icel, o sakalemed no finawlan ko li’ayawen, manga’ay no kitakit micikeroh, sakatanektek no ’awas no Taywan, tata’ak ko rakat tala’ayaw, misanga’ to tadamaanay nilahecian a demak. Fa’elohay miheca, ira ho ko masamaamaanay nga’ayay kimad no Taywan pasifana’en ita ko polong no hekal, papotalay laloma’ay tamdaw no Taywan, kinacecay kinacecay sa pa’edil palipahak to Taywan. “Satanektekay ko Taywan”! padoedoen ita misa’icel, macodahay ko pipaso’elin militemoh to fa’elohay pakayraan no hekal, ahowiday kita mapolong! Halo nicokeray congtong ci Xiao Meiqin, congtongfo patiliday ci Pan Meng'an, micokeray patiliday ci He Zhiwei, Zhang Dunhan patihiay. c3d11o5jfujic2ym4nzd3zn5dq9zszw 0 2840 46088 2025-02-27T17:36:05Z Sifopiday 2166 pacomod 46088 wikitext text/x-wiki == 228 a demakan i Taywan.二二八事件 == Olanan a 228 hananay a demak i Taywan(台灣) i, o naitilaay tora piihan no finawelan to demak no Sayfo(政府) ama lawlaw itini i cowacowa a niyaroan itini i 1947 a mihcaan to saka tosa a folad to 27 a lomi’adan tangasa i saka lima a folad to 16 a lomi’adan, likorsato iraay to ko pihadefek no Congwhamingko(中華民國) hananay ami ocol to sofitay ami hadefek tofinaweran, nawhani nano ‘ayaw naitila toya 1945 a mihecaan to saka mo^tep a foladan, yamahelek ko fodfod tora saka tosa a sakalafodfod no polong no hekalan, maocor nola citodongay to Taywan ami ‘ekan to Taywan ci Cen-i(陳儀) hananay a tamdaw apatay i Taywan. oyasa a demak i, masapipakakinih ko faloco’ no demak nira ami demak to dademaken, caay ko fangcalay ko pidemak nira to dademaken, sanaw o ‘alomanay to cifalocoay o mafana’ay ci halateng a tamdaw no Taywan i, ano haenen ko pidemak o saan, yasahaw i, iraayho ko kara lood no Komintang(國民黨) ato Kiosanto(共產黨) hananay itiya, itini ikalafodfod nara i, o ‘orip sa no finaoran, caay ka ^edeng ko saka ‘orip to kakaenen ato saka ‘orip to kalomaamaan, adihayay ko mapadesay, caay pakakilim to katayalen, lalawlaw sanayho ko ‘orip no finaworan ato itini i kasaniyalo’, lomasato itini i pakaylaay i kacakat no fana’ to tilid i, i’ayaw no fodfod i,onian a Taywan haw i o nano o Dipon(日本) komikowanay, sanaw tayni sato koya Holam(中國人) caay kalalen ko fana’, masalomaay ko fana’ ato faloco’, sanaw iraay ko longoc nora Holam to Taywanay a tamdaw, olanan ko saka lalawlaw nara, sanaw onian ko saka fafodfod no niyalo, ato sakalalowod no finawolan. === olarengadan nila : === Itini i 1947 no mihecaan to saka tosa a folad 27 a lomi’ad i, ola a simmong ami pacakayay to tamako itini i Tayhok Taypi tin Tinma(台北太平天馬房) hananay loma’ i, maleped nangra ato kal’ingangen nangra koya ci Lin-cang-may(林江邁) ato mapatay nangra koya Chen-wen-si(陳文溪) hananay a tamdaw, orasato oya finawelan, onian sato koya saka keter nangra, sanaw mikihatiya sato ko ‘alomanay ami ihang, itini i saka tosa a folad no 28 a lomi’adan, caay to pikihatiya ami pacakay to kalomaamaan, ato caay to kapi tirid, caayay to ka tayal, tayni sato ko ‘alomanay finaweran i pipacakayan to tamako ami ihan ato iroma’ no citapangay a kakitaan a tamdaw amilongoc to lalongocen, nikaolila kowangen no sofitay no Koaping ko kola taylaay a finaworan, sanaw ‘aloman iraay ko mapatayay ato madoka’ay olanan ko lalengatan no kalali’ang sato no finaworan, polong sato tayra i cowacowa no Taywan, orasa yacitongay to finaworan ato tapang kakitaan a tamdaw i, misanga’ to ami pasao’po to cacitodong ami demak to sapihapingan toya kalalawlaw no demak a sa’opo, nanay pakayni toya sa’opo ami hapinang toya demak, lomasato, pakayni i sakapolongan a ‘icer no finaweran ami sanga’ tosaka ci’icer no sofitay ami solimed tora sapilood a kowan, tiya ira to ko^poc no demak tosaka tala’ayaw. Oyasa ci Cen-i(陳儀) a tamdawan i, hato mihaiay ko faloco’ nira, ato mirayapay to miketona no sao’po a sowal, nikaolira, onian a demakan i, palao mirawraway to hekal hananay ko sa’osi, sanaw milongoc to ifafaleday ami ocor to sofitay to sapadang, itira toya sakatolo a folad to lima a lomi’adan i, miocor to sofitay a paytayni i Taywan kora Koming-sayfo(國民政府) a tapang ci Chang-chong-cen(蔣中正), i saka tolo folad to ^nem a lomi’adan i, itini i Takaw(高雄) o citodongay a tapang ci Pong-mong-ci(彭孟緝) hananay a tamdaw misalingato to ami reper to finawerang, itini i sakatolo a folad to faro a lomia’d o maocoray a himping naitini i Focing(福建) tangasaay to i Kilong(基隆) ci Liw-i-sing(劉雨卿) ko citodongay ami kerid tola sofitay, sa’alomang sato ko tayniay a tayla i cowacowa ami hadefek to niyalo, toyasato awaay ko militemohay ami ihang, tangasa sato i saka tolo folad to mo^tep a lomi’adan, ci Chen-i(陳儀) hananay a tamdaw i, itiya to ami keton to sapi lik’c to polong no Taywan, caay to kanga’ay ama sa’po to masamaamaanay a sa’po, sanaw tiyato ami salingato adihay to ko mapatayay ato malasawaday a tamdaw, ngalefen itira i Kilong(基隆), Kaki(嘉義), Takaw(高雄), mahadefekay ko saka niyaniyalo’, pacef sato ami reper to kalo tamdaw, tangasa toya ci Wiy-daw-ming(魏道明) koci todongay a mala-tapang no Taywan, tiya mahelek ko palareper nangra to tamadaw. Olanan a 228 hananay a demakan i, itiyaay a misalingato a saadihayay ko mareperay ato mikowang a mapatay ato o malasawaday a tamdaw no Taywan, ato halo caay ka pisangka to piiehan a ci ‘atangalay a tamdaw i, itiyaay ama kalingang, sanaw itiya a misalingato mafalic ko kalodemak no Taywanay a tamdaw, mala siyingter ko kasasilomaloma no tamdaw. Rikosato sahalafin sato ko pilikec nora sayfo to Taywanay a tamdaw to pinapina a mihecaan, olanan koya tomel’iay a mikalingangay hananay a demakan, olanan a 228 hananay a demakan i, o pakayraay to sapi likec to finaweran, sanaw matala:way ko tamdaw ama sasowasowar, itiyaay ami salingato a caayay ka pacefa ko tamdaw ami sasowasowal, ato mi kingkiway sato likisi a tamdaw i, hatiraay to caay ka oso’elinay kopi tilid, tangasa saan i 1980 a mihecaan, olanan a 228 hananay a demakan tiya ilaay to kopi songila’ to demak, itiya sato a alamipasadak saan tono teked a faloco ato halateng, tangasa i 1990 a mihecaan polong sato ko ‘alomanay a tamdaw ami kakingkiw tora 228 hananay a demak, lomasato irahaca kopi dadimaw toya nano makali’angay a parod to laloma’an, ato mipatileng to sapikining a ‘aponong, mipalowad to palo no laloma’an. Aninisato itini i Taywanan mapatileng to ko pikiningan to 228 hananay a Cicinghoy(基金會) opisopedan to pida, ato palowad to 228 hananay a pikiningan a ‘adawang(館), itini i coacoa a kasaniyalo i, iraay to koya patilengan a silosi no 228 hananay tamohong.（Suman siwkolan ‘Amis/Pancah 02/26’25） === Tahapinanang參考文獻： === 1. 陳儀深和薛化元 & 2021年，第1頁至第18頁、第657頁至第783頁. 2. 陳儀深和薛化元 & 2021年，第21頁至第54頁 sgwhr8bgiuvynzlt2h4hgk9bzmccy1s 0 2841 46112 46111 2025-02-28T15:20:59Z Masaonikar 570 /* Saka 3, akaa pisaliyaw midemak to kalatiihan no 228 a demak no likisi: (第三，避免類似二二八不幸事件歷史重演：) */ 46112 wikitext text/x-wiki == Caayto ko mamiliyaw ci demak ko 228 a likisi-Lai Cingte congtong (不容228歷史重演-賴清德總統) == 228 a demak mataelifay to ko 78 mihecaan, itiyaay mafadesay mapatayay itiniay mihecaan malodocay to. Tahatiniay, misa’icel ko Canghuasien 228 midamaay yofayof a kakeridan to palamo’ecelay to demak, ci Lin Caisou a mato’asay caay ho kahalafin ko piliyas to hekal. Anini, o sarakatay no mako i kalacongtongan mikihatiya to piharatengan to 228 a demak, midayhiw kako to kitakit miliyaw a mili’ay tonini a demak, latek itiyaay miheca macodahay misi’ayaway to mi’emecay mikowanay a makari’ang mapatayay a mita’ong, pasimafadesay ko tireng a mita’ong; oya pakaliyasay to patay, tahanini oyaan to o makari’angay ko ka’orip, ato polong no laloma’an no mapadesay ko pihinom. 228 a demak caay ko sakisasiwtoc no finacadan ko kamatini no demak, to mihecahecaan ko piharatengan, caay ko misanga’ay to sakasasiwtoc. Patoroden i kasasiwtoc no finacadan han ko 228 demak i, ano awaay ko palisomad, pili’ay, o nika awaay no citodongay a demak ko nian. O saka cidemak no 228, itiyaay miheca a Taywan syakay o mitekaay to miraoy to kacakat to’ek, nika mafades haca to nai Congkoay sofitay ni Chen Yi makari’ang, ato misatekeday ci Chiang Kai-shek to sapikowanaw to Taywan a ciraraway a nidemakan, awaay to ko pinang a sa’osien ko marepetay, marofoay, nipatayan a finawlan, mademak to ko kasasipatay no laloma’an, o ’alomanay laloma’an ala milaliw sa tayra i roma kitakit a milimek. O cimala’omay ko syakay no Taywan to kapah toya to’akan, wata: ko kasetol saki Taywan a caay ka sa’osien.   O saka ci’ilo no Taywan ko 228 demak, ira ko pinapina mihecaan, o Taywan a tamdaw ira ko tangila awaay ko ngoyos, matalaw masasowal, nawhani ira ko milipiay a sici, awaay ko makahiay tamdaw pasowal to no niyah sasowalen. Tangasa ikor no nikapolongan no Taywan, itiya misitapang ko sifo mili’ay, palolol to payso, pafa’eloh to kacingangan, patireng to hecek, piharatengan a hanhan, patireng to kikingkay, to mihecahecaan ira ko piharatengan a ‘edaw midemak. Wata to ko pidemak to pifalic to mo’ecel, nika matiya o sowal no piharatengan to 228 demak kakeridan no kikingkay ni Xue Huayuan, tahamatini ira ho ko ngiha syakay no Taywan, hinapec nao dengan oya makari’angay, awaay ko miri’angay; caay ho ka sapinang ko makari’angay, dengan o caayay ka tada hinom koya mafadesay ato laloma’an, o syakay to caay pakasapinang to so’elinay a kalali’ay. Orasaka, sifo ato citodongay kasasiiked, o mamipadama to 228 demak piharatengan kikingkay, saki makari’angay a kalotilid o sakacitodong mapatiyol koya nadeakan, saka sapinang ko syakay. Nikawrira, caay ko rahodayay misapinang toya so’elinay likisi. Mitiya i 1980 miheca 2 folad 28 romi’ad a laloma’an no Lin a kafadesan, tangasa anini caayho ka sapinang. Toni a mihecaan, pakayni to sapipahapinang to demak no Lin laloma’an a pisolap ato nikingkiway a tilid, caay pakaliyas to pidefong no kitakit, pahapinang oya nisolapay citodongay ko misa’etay to sapiliclic, mangalef makari’angay ri koya sapiwacay. Orasaka Lin laloma’an a fades, citodong ko sifo, caay ka nga’ay mihakeno. Anini midayhiw kako to sifo, pasi Lin laloma’an a mili’ay. Pakayni tonini 228 demakan, ikoray sifo o papasayra toloay pakayraan misa’icel. === Saka 1, misakalamkam mifahat to sician a nisimadan, nicoracor to sapinangaw. (第一，加速政治檔案開放，追查真相：) === I nacila miheca, milongoc kako to citodonga kanga’ay no kitakit (koanci) to saki pi’emecan a to’ak, laloma’ no koanci salongan 100 ’ofadan ko nilinikan a tilid, kao no tamdawan ko pisahacecay misolap to sician a tilid, paherekan tonini mihecaan ’ayaw no saka 5 folad malaheci, i saka 6 folad mitahidang to Kofahuy citodongay mikowan misetek, pasadak, misapinang to so’elinay. === Saka 2, o mamilaheci ko sifo to sakifalic to mo’ecelay: (第二，政府會進一步落實轉型正義：) === Saki mi’emecay pikowan a to’ek makari’angay salongoc no tamdaw a demak a kaitiraan mademak, milongoc kako to satakarawat Ponkapo miteka kadadoedo sapitomadaw, oya YIkuang kiwkay pala “oci mifalicay to mo’ecel a kaitiraan” a mana’ang, mapadipot. Nanay o kasa to’eto’ek tamdaw no Taywan, manga’ay micomod to kaitiraan no likisi, mipalisomad, maharateng to miepecay sakowan makari’ang ko salongoc no tamdaw, sapakonira, mapolong misatalolong i sakacowat no nikapolongan no Taywan. === Saka 3, akaa pisaliyaw midemak to kalatiihan no 228 a demak no likisi: (第三，避免類似二二八不幸事件歷史重演：) === To mihecahecaan miharateng to 228 a pi’edaw, caay ko dengan o piharatengan to mafadesay mapatay, mihinom to laloma’an, mipalasawad to kadoka’an, saan nanay oya likasi ko picaliwan, misapinang o a eca to piliyaw cidemak ko matiniay a likisi. Kafana’en no mita, iraay ko cisalongocay (sakowan) ta ira ko kitakit, ira ko kitakit ta ira ko nikapolongan; ira ko nikapolongan, ta manga’ay no finawlan a malatawki; mala tawki ko finawlan no kitakit, ta caay kalakikay ko kitakit a miliyaw mikari’ang to finawlan. Mafana’ay kita, caay pisawad ko Congko sapiloodaw mi’emod to Taywan, o salongoc no Taywan, o sata’akay katalawan no finawlan no Taywan, o nai Congkoay. Tona misi’ayaw to masamaamaanay a salifet, o tatamorongen ako i o sakarikec no Taywan, caay ka sasiiked no finacadan, ’ayaway ikoray tayni, ano o mihamonay to Taywan, saheto o tawki no Taywan. Mirikec kako to Taywan, mangalay i kahacecay no tamdaw midama to salongoc no kitakit a caay ka falic; midama to sakarihaday lipahak no finawlan, caay ka calap maemod, caay ko mamiliyaw ci demak ko 228 a likisi a caayay kafalic a foloco’. krxuncz8cd5g3w9oph4u8ettlqb1mut 0 2842 46125 46124 2025-03-04T01:51:19Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Pinengnengan (參考) */ 46125 wikitext text/x-wiki == Son Yakop foksi (孫雅各牧師) == Son Yakop (Inkiris: James Ira Dickson, 1900 miheca 2 folad 23 romi’ad – 1967 miheca 6 folad 15 romi’ad[1]) foksi, masofoc i Katimol Dakota no Amilika, Kristokiw Ciwlo kiwkay a Singkiwsi, o fa’inay ni Sun Lilian (Lillian R. Dickson) patirengay to Kristokiw sapaloma lekapot tamdaw, tayni Taywan mala mikotayay ’a’isidan no Tamkang Congkako, Taywan sinkakoyin ato Taywan Kristo Ciwlo kiwkay Seisho kakoyin a ’a’isidan, misarocor ko faloco’ saki yincumin no Taywan sinkiw ato kiwiko a tayal. I 1967 miheca ona ciadada a mapatay, matadem i Taywan sinkakoyin[2]. === Kasofocan (生平) === I 1927 miheca misawad nai sinkakoyin no Princeton daykako. Toya miheca, mararamod aci Sun Lilian (Lillian R. Dickson), o nikafiyol makahid to saka tayra i roma kitakit ko mitiliday, mihayda to pitahidang no Canada Ciwlokiwkay, tayra i Taywan misinting, saka 10 folad tahini i Taywan. Mala mitomaliw to ’a’isidan no Tanciang congsie, Taypi singkakoyin (aniniay Taywan sinkakoyin) a yinciw. 1940 miheca, tona saka 2 kalaloodan no hekal, mapenec no Dipong ko Taywan sotofo, ci Son Yakop aci Son lilien miliyas to Taywan, tayra i katimol Amilika nikowanan no Inkiris a Guyana mitingto. I 1945 miheca, paherek ko kalalood no Taypinyang, patiko tayni Taywan ci Son Yakop. I 1948 miheca, padoedo cingra malayinciw no Taywan sinkakoyin, tangasa 1965 miheca misawad. O pikerid ningra to demak no pitilidan, o nai Taypisi Suanglien malinah tayra aniniay lotok no Yangmingsan. Roma, itira cingra i ’amisay no Taywan padama to kapah no kiwkay mifalicay onto (fa’elohay tamdaw onto), micikeroh to pipatenak i yincumin no Taywan, patireng to 385 kiwkay ato micikeroh sapipatireng to Yusan sinkakoyin. Roma no pisinting, ci Son Yakop itira i 1947 miheca tayra i Sanghai mitahidang to takaraway wiyinhuy no MCC miocor to isingan tayni Taywan patado lotokay a yincumin, oya MCC i saka 2 miheca maocor ko papinapina ising ato kangkofo masakapot MCC santi mililisay isingan tayni Taywan, malakapot to ni Son lilien itini pasawali ato pasaetip no Taywan lotokan to isingan ato padamaay tayal[3]. Rama mararid cingra pakayni Taywan Kristo ciwlo kiwkay a kinaira, padama to fafahi ci Son lilienan to saki syakay sakalemed tayal i Taywan[4][5]. I 1967 miheca, ciadada ci Son Yakop to pona’ adada a mapatay, matadem i Taywan sinkakoyin. Midotoc ci Son lilien to naikoran ningra, saka tosa miheca patireng to matodohay ceka roma kitakit sintokay, sa’ayaway maocor ko yincumin no Taywan tayra i Sarawak no Malaysia mipatenak to ratoh[6][7]. === Pinengnengan (參考) === 1.蘇光洋. 孫雅各牧師 事略、重要年譜. 《孫雅各牧師紀念專集》. 1978 [2017-02-12]. （原始內容存檔於2017-02-13） （中文（臺灣））. 2.許雪姬，<臺灣歷史辭典>，遠流出版社，2003，頁635。 3.李貞德.從師母到女宣─孫理蓮在戰後臺灣的醫療傳道經驗[失效連結]新史學16卷2期.2005年6月.頁113. 4.蘇文魁，孫雅各和孫理蓮 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館），2020-07-10。 5.鄭維棕.楊淑清，<一百萬封情書:美國奶奶孫理蓮的深情人生>，啟示出版，2019。 6.何毓芬. 一位原民牧者的負擔 帶動布農族教會海外宣教. 《基督教論壇報》. 2015-09-08 [2015-09-28]. （原始內容存檔於2015-09-29） （中文（臺灣））. 7.Marilyn Dickson Tank，<Lillian Dickson's South Seas Story >，The Mustard Seed Inc，1986。 fszym10jvbj3capr6iwt74y5putz4ju 0 2845 46129 46128 2025-03-05T20:17:48Z Sifopiday 2166 misinanot 46129 wikitext text/x-wiki 《O todongay no tamdaw a cako》to polong ngangan nira i 『Taywan cowlo kiwkay a todongay a cako 』onian haw i o nano pakaylaay itiya toka lawlaw no polong no hekal kanatal pakaylaay i Taywan ami pasadakan tosasowaren a tipelok. O longoc to i Taywanay a sayfo『nanay omala so’linay to a kanatal ko Taywan 』o sanay, o ninian i o sa’ayaway omi pasadakay to sowal ami longoc a pala kanatal to Taywan a sa’opu itini i Taywan. Itiyasato tada tatanganay o mingiyangiay to saykay a demak, likor sato o ciwlo kiwkay pakayla i 235 a litos ko mihaiay ato 49 ko caay pihai a mapasadak ko nini a longoc a coda.  O nian a cako i itini i 1971 a mihecaan ato 1975 a mihecaan ama pasadak 〈Pakaylaay to sowal ato longoc to kanatal〉、〈Opi rekal no niyam 〉osanay a papolong haan i 『O toloay a cako 』onian a toloay a coda haw i o sapilongoc to kako kokka a siykay a mafana’ ama ngodo tono i Taywanay a tamdaw ami keton to niyah a ‘orip ato misalakamkam ami pacakat to sakafalic no siykay a mala tapangay a finawolan, likosato tadamaan kopi demak topakaylaay i likakawa no kalo sa’opo i Taywan. === '''O pinanganira:背景''' === I tini i 1951 a mihecaan, o ittiniay i timolay no Taywan a nano nai Engkilisay(英國的) a Ciwlo Kiwkay(長老教會) ato i^tipay no Taywan a nano nai Kanatay(加拿大) a Ciwlo Kiwkay(長老教會), palowad ami patileng to kalacecay nara a o 『Taywan ciwlo kiwkay no Sokay』(台灣基督長老教會總會) o hahanto ami pangangan, tona mahelek ama palowad ko kiwkay i ira to koya sayfo no Cong-wha-ming-ko(中華民國) ami sapi leperaw ami kali’ang, halo sapi kali’ang nina to a paliyas tosaha kapolongan no kiwkay to kakokoka itini i polon no hekal, ato ano palowad to picodadang i deng ono kawping a sowal kosaka pasifana’, ano masasowasowal i caay kanga’ay ami sano paylang a sowal to polong tono inah a sowal. Itini i 1971 a mihecaan, olanang a Cong-wha-ming-ko(中華民國) hananay a sayfo i, mapapiliyas nai sakapolongan kakokoka a Lin-he-ko(聯合國) hananay a sa’opo, i tini i 12 a foladan to 29 a lomi’adan i pasadak ko Ciw-lo-kiwkay to sowal tola 〈O sapi hai to sowal ato longoc to o kanatar kami〉sanay, pakayni tono ni Yis Kilisto(耶穌基督) a singko to pitoolan, mipasadak a pakonia tono tamdawan a sowal, caay kanga’ay a pakayni i palitemek a ‘icel ami pacakay to Taywan, lomasato misa’icel odengan o itiniay i Taywanay a damdaw kocacitodong ami keton tono i Taywanay ama ‘orip o sanay a sowal, milongoc to citodongay to tayal a Sifo(政府) tosapi liyaw ami singkiw to polong no citodongay to finawolan a tamdaw to singkiw a tayal. Itini i 1973 amihecaan a sakatolo a folad to 20 a lomiad, yamiliasay to Taywan a fokesi ci Hong-cang-hoi(黃彰輝) ato ci Hong-wo-tong(黃武東) ato ci Lin-cong-i(林宗義) isingan, I tiniay i Amilika(美國) ami palowad to 『^deng o i Taywanay a Kiliseto ko cacitodong ami ketong』sanay a likakawa. Itini i 1975 a mihecaan, o tapang no Amilika ci Fansi(范錫) hananay a tamdaw i, miketon to sowal tosa pihomongan to Cowkok(中國), mala fangcalay to ko Amilika(美國)ato Cowkok(中國), sanaw ni alaay to sakalawlaw ato talaw no Taywan, saka falo a folad to 16 a lomi’adan, o Taywan kilisto ciwlo kiwkay itiya ami pasadak to sowal tora 〈O todongay no tamdaw〉sanay a lekar, pakayniay tola tapang no Amilika(美國) ci Kat’e(卡特) a pasadak to 『O tamdaway』yasanay a sowal, misalialiaw a somowal toka aka apisolikol kamo o Amilika ato kakokoka tono Taywanay a todongay a tamdaw, caay kanga’ay ko Kiwsanto(中共) ami hadefek to Taywan, 『O ‘orip no Taywan i ‘deng o i taywanay tora 1700 a ^mangan(萬) kocaci todong ami keton』yasanay a sowal, lomasato apilekal i,『Longocen no mita ko citodongay to tayal no kanatar itini i katalawan nona hekar, kafana ami si’yaw, kalamkamen ami demak, tosaka laheci no Taywan a mara so’elinay to mara fa^lohay to a kanatar』. === '''O polong a tilid no lekal.宣言全文''' === Taywan Kristo ciwlo Kiwkay todongay no tamdaw a longoc a sowal(1977 a mihecaan) O kiwkay no niyam pakayni i ngangan ni Yis Kiristo o kalotapang no polong no tamtamdaw, ha-yi so^linay todongay no tamdaw ato sela i ono tada Kawas ami pafelian, pakayni i o itiniay a Taywan to 1700 a ^mangan no tamdaw, toya misi’ayaw to katalawan, itini ami pasadak to sowal. Nano misatapang ci Kator(卡特) singsi a mala o tapang no Amilika(美國) sahto sanay opi lalongoc to 『Todongay no tamdaw』yosanay a pisawidang to kanatar, so^lin matamaay to kalanang a demak tosaka lawidang to loma a kanatal, milongoc kami ci Kator(卡特) a tapangan a so’lin ami dodoen to kohatiniay ana falocoan tora todongay no tamdaw yasanay a sowar, tonia misalingato ami sawidang to Kiwsanto(中共) i, irako pilikec ami dodo to『Sapidipot to Taywan a caay ka kali’ang, to saka patileng ato kafangcal no ‘orip』. Tonian misi’ayaw to sapi hadefekan no kiwsato to Taywan i, pakayni i pidodoniyam to singko ato pipalatamdaw no kakokuka a latoh, misa’icel kami ami dodo to 『Polong no Taywanay to 1700 ^mang tamdaw komami keton to niyah a ‘orip.』pasaylaay i kaloloma a kanatar, ngalefen tono Amilikaay a kanatar to finaweran ato sayfoan, ato polong no hekaray a kako kiwkay a tata’akay tangsolay a longoc, pakiyni i so’elinay o cilaheciay a demak, kosapi coker itamiyanang. Pakayni isaka lomowad ato lihaday no tamdaw no Taywan a faloco, milongoc kami to seyfo to itini toya kalalawlaw no hekal i, kafana’ ami si’ayaw, o so^linay a faloco ami demak, tosaka lomowad no Taywan a mala falohay to a kanatar. Milongoc kami to Kawas, o Taywan ato polong no hekar mara『O sida’it ato so’linay a matatawos, o mo^cel ato damesay i masalakapot, o so’linay i naitini i sela a ma’orip, o mo^cer ani kakalayan ama sadak.』o sanay, (nai Fangcalay coda《’Olic 85 :10-11 tosil》) Taywan Ciwlo Kiwkay（台灣基督長老教會） Sokay Kicow  Caw-sin-kon(masadakay)趙信悃 Sokay dodoKicow  Ong-siw-kong(ocitodongy)翁修恭 Sokay Kaycow  Kow-coin-ming高俊明 No Tapang a koyomi 1977，08，16 === '''O likor nona demak:後續影響''' === Olaan a tapang no seyfo ci Cang-cing-kou(蔣經國) hananay a tamdaw i, halateng sa olanan a Ciw-lo-kiwkay i, mikihatiya to misakedkeday a tamdaw sanay, sanaw itila ami lingato misasimaw a sapi kalingangaw, mihokhok to kiwkay ami ‘aca to salikaka a palalatosa, itila kosaka lopisa no kiwkay, sanaw iraay koma papiliasay a sasafaay a kicow no Singkakoing(神學院) ci Miti(彌迪) a foksian. Itini i 1978 a mihecaan, tola sa’opo no sokay to mihecaan, olapasaylaay i Koumingtang(國民黨) a tamdawan no ciwlokiway i, iraay ko sapipasadak nala to sowal to sapiliyaw ami ha-i tola 〈O  todongay no tamdaw〉sanay a likec, likor sato toya sa’opo to litos i 235 komi cokeray, 49 ko caay ka picoker, to caayay katatodong kola likec sanay a longoc. Yasato kola Koumingtang(國民黨) i, itiyato aci faloco’ ami samsam ato ami kali’ang to Taywan-ciwlo-kiwkay(台灣基督長老教會). Sahaw itila i 1979 a mihecaan, masadak to koya Miy-li-taw(美麗島)hananay a demak, toyasato tora Ciw-lo-kiwkay a Sokay kayciw ci Kow-coin-min(高俊明) fok-si an topi padang nila toya pireper no siyfo ci Se-min-te(施明德) an, mala sa’ayaway tadamaanay omareperay a fok-si, itini i 1980-1984 koka lofo nira. Itini i 2007 a mihecaan to sakafalo a folad 5 a lomi’ad, mikining to toya 《O tatodong no tamdaw》sanay toka lawod to tolo polo’ a mihcaan, ilaay kopi palowad to demak 『Taywan-ciw-lo kiwkay tono tamdawan hananay a rekal to tolo’ polo a mihecaan a dadaya』, dodo sato itini i 8 folad 16 a lomi’adan, ilaay ko pipalowad to 『Ono tamdawan a lekkar to tolo polo’ mihecaan a lakat』. （Siwkolan ‘Amis/Pangcah Suman 03/01’25） === '''O tahapinangan a tilid參考資料：''' === ## 黃政男，〈人權宣言對政局的影響〉，見高俊明等，《台灣—新而獨立的國家：台灣基督長老教會人權宣言聖經與神學論述》，325頁。 ## 邱燕玲. 人權宣言30週年 扁：台灣入聯 民意所向. 台北: 自由時報. 2007-08-11. （原始內容存檔於2019-05-16）. ## 侯承旭. 人權宣言三十週年大遊行 綠要角不缺席. 高雄: 自由時報. 2007-08-11 [2022-08-16]. （原始內容存檔於2022-08-16）. cvv0pga2jku6tiqksvv29yhmxunlgqa 0 2846 46137 46136 2025-03-06T01:15:11Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Te Matay ising (德馬太醫生) */ 46137 wikitext text/x-wiki == Te Matay ising (德馬太醫生) == Te Matay ising (Dr. Matthew Dickson) saka tosa itinaay Taywan isingan sinkiwsi no Inkiris Ciwlo kiwkay. Te Matay ising nai 1871 miheca 2 folad 10 romi’ad tahini i Taywan cingra, i 1878 miheca 1 folad 8 romi’ad misawad minokay i Inkiris, kaitinian ningra i Taywan 7 miheca. I 1874 miheca 12 folad 22 romi’ad tayni Taywan, ikor malahakelong t ofa’inay minokay i kitakit. Maocor ci Te Matay ising itira i Focen isingan, mipadang ci Ma Yokop isingan, tangasa i 1871 miheca 11 folad miliyas ci Te Matay ising to Taywan, citodong to kalodemak no isingan. Tadamaan ko ising a fana’ ningra, mapatireng ko kasasinga’ay to malatapangay, ngalef i satakaraway no malatapangay ko katadamaan no kanga’ay ningra.   I 1876 miheca 7 folad 11 romi’ad, sacisowal sa i tilid no tikami: “ ’Aloman ko tayniay paisingay tamdaw, kanga’ayen no adadaay. Malitosa ko adadaay (Half a dozen of them) ko mi’acaay to ’olican tilid, nai dafak tangasa dadaya ko pisa’osi to ’olic. … pinapina romi’ad manengneng ako ko pina adadaay tamdaw. Oya fafahi no malatapangay, ira ko ta’angay masafena’ay i padahaw nangra (a large abscess), caay pakanga’ay miadah ko kangpoyak, mangatangata to mapatay ko ’orip. Tadamaan ko adada ningra, saranikay sa misatemitemik ko faloco’, mitiya o kasoy ko kakodos. Pakayni i piadah no mako, sanga’ay sato ko adada a tanektek, saromi’ami’ad sato a fangcal. Oya sa a malatapangay matira to ko kaciadada. Masamatira, longocan ako cingra to sapipaliyas to fiw malopaisingan kaitiraan. Mihayda cingra a misaharateng, ocoran ningra ko cecay a malatapangay (a mandarin of the rank of a blue button, or something) misolap to kasacecay a fiw, ta mipaca’of takowanan. Nanay onini a demak ira ko Kawas a matayal, mapadama ko salo’afang no finawlan.” Minanamay i kalaising ni Te Matay ising ira ci Su Jiayin. Minokay tayra i Inkiris kitakit ci Te Matay ising, ci Su Jiayin to ko itiraay i Focen (Taynan), ikor tayra to cingra i Ciayi patireng to pa’acaay to sapaiyo, o “Teantang” ko paya. I 1885 miheca tangasa 1887 miheca, ci Su Jiayin malaciwlo no Focen kiwkay. I “Teantang” minanam to isingan, ikor itira i Lukang Yuanlin patireng to paisingan ira ci Li Pen (Tawsen, Tingtosi Li Cui a wawa), pangangan “Huayte tang” (ikor Huayte isingan). O ma’imeray misarocod to tayal no isingan ci Te Matay ising, mararid midama to tayal no kiwkay, ato tayra i kasaniyaro’ misolap ato miadah to adadaay, o nirakatan maledef i kasaniyaro’ no timolan ’amisan kiwkay. Pasiina kiwkay ko paratoh to nidemakan i kasaniyaro’. Tinako, nitilidan ni Wan Ronghua foksi “Inkiris ciwlo kiwkay roma kanatal nisintingan moetepay miheca likisi” (Edward Band： Working His Purpose out…P.85), masowal cingra to pipaso’elin no Ganga Lintau tamdaw. Sowal sa: Ganga Lin kakeridan tapang, talacowa o Silaya finacadan kora tamdaw, nika miliyang to piparatoh i niyah finacadan tamdaw, wata ko pifo’ot, pasi Taywanfo ko pakokot, nika o kadafo sa ningra paso’elin aca saka, laplepen ningra ko kadafo toya lalo’, lalangen ko wawa to fafahiyan a mitoor… nika ikor sato o niyah mitelek mitoor paso’elin to niparatohan. Miliyas minokay tayra i Inkiris ca Te Matay ising mararamod, Taynan kiwsikay kapot ci Gan Weilin, Buckley aci Si Taypi paikor to sasowalen, minengneng i “Taynan kiwsikay tilidan” saka 22 liyad, i 1878 miheca 1 folad 16 romi’ad saka 1 felih (Handbook, P.5) caay to tiliden. To nika awa to ni Te Matay ising oya paisingan pacena’ sa to sakiising, tangasa i 1879 miheca 1 folad 14 romi’ad ira to ni An pitiro ising (Dr. Peter Anderson) tayni Taywan a mitaka itiya. fqwhal4xoasm9vawciimi1zvxy6ofky 0 2847 46162 46161 2025-03-07T00:31:36Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Pinengnengan (參考資料) */ 46162 wikitext text/x-wiki == Son lilien Tintosi (孫理蓮宣教師) == Son lilien (Inkiris: Lillian R. Dickson, 1901 miheca 1 folad 29 romi’ad – 1983 miheca 1 folad 14 romi’ad), o nai Minnesota no Amilika a sinkiwsi Kristo ciwlo kiwkay. o fafahi ni Son Yakop (James Ira Dickson) sinkiwsi cingra, itiya i 1952 miheca patireng to sa’ayaway syakay sakalemed citodongay – Caytanghocin Kristokiw sapaloma kikingkay[1]. === Kasofocan (生平) === I 1927 miheca, ci Son lilien (Lillian R. Dickson) aci Son Yakop (James Ira Dickson) mararamod ta tayra i Taywan misinting, ’ayaw kalaloodan no Taypinyang, o fafahi no sinkiwsi (a missionary's wife) ko kalita’ang, mipadama to fa’inay ci Son Yakopan mipatenakay tayal. Saka 2 kalaloodan no hekal, cingra aci Son Yakop ma’epec no nai Taywan Sotofo miliyas to Taywan tayra i katimol Amilika nikowanan no Inkiris a Guyana mitingto. I 1947 miheca, patiko haca tayni Taywan ci Son lilien (Lillian R. Dickson). Nengneng han ko naikoran no kalalood ko Taywan adihay ko makari’angay o sasalofen, nanoya pakifafahi no Sinkiwsi (a missionary wife) ko pidemak to isingan, midama patado ato mikiwiko a patado ko demak[3]. I 1948 miheca tangasa 1950 mihecaan, ci Son lilien ato MCC misakapot to Santi mirakatay isingan i Taywan, micomod i niyaro’ no yincumin a patado, mikapotay ira ci Lu Chunchang foksi, MCC a singkiwsi Gao Ganlin aci Sie Wei ising[2]. I 1949 miheca, micomod cingra i Lesen (Happy life) padipotan (Liawyangyin), i 1950 mihecaan malacalay ci Pai Sinte ((1909-1979, Signe Berg), Du Aiming, “Poli akong” Xu Binnuo, “Mama no maepiay” Picass a singkiwsi tayra i Lesen (Happy life) padipotan, padamso to sapipaising ato sakaira a kinaira[4] [5]. I 1951 miheca, o pipadama no sokay i New York to roma kitakit mapohaway kikingkay i Amilika, ci Son lilien ato ’alomanay macodahay faloco’ no icowacowaay niyaro’ a tamdaw mapolong patireng to Taywan mapohaway palowadan (Congcienyin), itiya milesap patado to mapohaway tayal[6]. I 1952 miheca, patireng cingra to Kristokiw sapoloma kapot, pakayni tonini citodongay micowat to syakay padamaan tayal; toya miheca Lesen pakamoro’an a Hansen adadaay patireng to Senwang kiwkay[7]. 1953 miheca, patireng cingra to parihadayan loma’ saki Hansen adadaay kaemangay, saka serer eca ka denga katalawan adada no mato’asay; toya mihecaan itira pipadama no patirengay tamdaw ci Pop Piers i hekal pafaloco’an, patireng t okaemangay loma’ pakamaro’an no awaayay ko pinokayan wawa[8]. I 1955 miheca, manengneng ningra ko kacango’ot no isingan i kasaniyaro’, orasaka itira i Poli no Nantu patireng to Kristokiw Santi paterongan isingan, onian koya ’ayaway no Poli Kristokiw isingan. Saan malesap ko haykikak i kasaniyaro’, orasaka sakatosa miheca padadoedo sa i Poli no Nantu, Sankowang (Ciyamin) niyaro’, Sinko no Posong, Takofan no Posong, Sinpi no Pintong patireng to pinga’ayan to haykikak adadaay, miadah to ci adadaay to haykikak a yincumin[9]. I 1957 miheca, patireng cingra i Sincuang to Aysin Yuyoyin, padipotan to kasahira mangalayay to sadama a kaemangay; toya mihecaan patireng to saki mapilihay tamdaw to Sida’itay mapilihay loma’ (Ceay cecya), ato micomod i pirofoan sapikehar to marofoay tayal. Roma miheca, patireng cingra to 25 kahiceraan i lawacay no riyar sa’etal padamsoay to miloko, palilam to miloko ato Fitamin sapatongal to ’angil (hared); patireng haca to Yikong pitilidan sapatodong to fa’inayan no yincumin ato fafahiya kangkofo pitilidan no yincumin fafahiyan, padamso to sakacifana’ kiwiko pinanaman[10]. I 1960 miheca, patireng cingra i Taypi to kaemangay loma’ pakamaro’an to mirakarakay kaemangay; patodong to saki yincumin i Hualiensi, Takofan no Posong, Taytongsi, Sinpi no Pintong, Poli no Nantu to Maliya pipasofocan, padamso to kanga’ayan masofoc yincumin a fafahiyan kaitiraan, toya miheca mahaceng ko no wa’ay a adada, milicay ci Wang Cinhe aci Sie Wei isingan, itira i Pimen no Taynan patireng to Pimen caay pa’aca isingan (Sida’itay fawahan), ci Son lilien ko pasadakay to payso sadama sakadademak nonini a isingan saka, ci Wang Cinhe aci Sie Wei isingan ko minengnengay to adadaay, ira ko 25 mihecaan na mimisitapang ko paising a patado, ci Son lilien, ci Wang Cinhe aci Sie Wei pakayni to saki ’ayaway wa’ay a adada pipaisingan masowal “Tie sanciaw” han ko pangangan cangraan[11][12]. Caay ka dengan o wa’ay a adada pipaisingan, patorodan ni Wang Cinhe ising ci Son lilienan, padama to adadaay “kadademakan tayal”, saka ira no adadaay mikared to sikal saka’orip[13]. I 1962 miheca, milaheci cingra patireng i Taywan to Caytang hocing Kristokiw sapaloma kikingkay, mala o sarakatay i Taywan to sakalemad no syakay sakapot; toya mihecaan patireng cingra to patokaran pinanaman, padama to sapipadoedoaw no yincumin a mitilid[14]. I 1965 miheca, patireng haca cingra i Wanki no Sinpisi to Wanli pala (Aniniay piharatengan Son lilien pala), o kasa’opoan no kaemangay wawa saki kaciherangan pirarakatan. I 1968 miheca, midotoc cingra to nisafaloco’an ni Son Yakop Sinkiwsi (1967 miheca mapatay), patireng to maromromay roma kitakit Sintokay, misatapang saki yincumin no Taywan tayra i Nanyo misinting ato kiwiko a tayal[15]. I 1970 miheca, itira cingra i Kalingkopatireng to paloma’an no mamasofoc a ina, kaitiraan no sakanga’ay maro’ ato misofoc i caayay ka ciramod cipoyapoyay fafahiyan. I 1983 miheca, i katayalan ho ningra a mapatay, malakapot to fa’inay ci Son Yakop foksian maleda’ itira i Taywan sinkakoyin, oya Sapaloma kikingkay o kadafo ci Tang Huanan foksi (Rev. Vernon Tank) sinkiwsi  ato wawa to fafahiya ci Malian (Marilyn Tank, 1932) ko micadaay[16]. === Laloma’an (家族) === Wawa to fafahiyan: Malian (Marilyn Ruth Tank，1932/07/13-2021/12/16[17]), masofoc i Taypi, saka tosa a wawa[18]. Nahani mala’a’isidan ko mama ci Son Yakop i Taypi sinkakko itiya, kaemangan ho maro’ i Tansui, Suanglien no Taypi a kaitiraan[18]. I 1940 miheca kalalood no saka 2 malahakelong to mato’asay minokay tayra i Amilika, itira to milaheci misawad to Kawcong ato daykako[19][18]. I 1954 miheca, misawad i Wheaton kakoyin ci Malian toya miheca minokay tayni Taypi, midama to ina ci Son Lilienan i Sapaloma kikingkay patado to tayal[20].   Kalingko, citodong to Sapaloma kikaingkay i Kalingko patado to tayal cangra mararamod, halo Sapaloma kikingkay “Maliya pasofocan”, “Haykikako pinga’ayan”, “Padamaay ina kakko”, “Kangkokfo pitilidan”, “Pinanaman kamaro’an”, micowat i Kalingko Kristo kiw kiwkay[21]. I 1983 miheca mapatay ci Son Lilien, o fa’inay ci Tang Huanan foksi (Rev. Vernon Tank) to ko mirepetay saka 2 kakeridan, hatatosa sa a citodong to Sapaloma kikingkay a tayal[22]. I 1992 miheca misawad ci Malian nai Sapaloma kikingkay, malakapot to fa’inay minokay tayra i Amilika. Nawhani mahirateng ko Taywan saka, i ’ayaw no 1997 miheca kinapinapina misatikotiko tayni Taywan midama to Sapaloma kikingkay to patado a tayal, itira i Chicago ko aro’ imatrini[21]. === Pinengnengan (參考資料) === 1.劉慧華，<孫理蓮(LillianR.Dickson)與基督教芥菜種會(TheMustardSeed,Inc.1954-)>，國立清華大學歷史研究所碩士論文，1987。 2.李貞德. 從師母到女宣─ ─ 孫理蓮在戰後 臺灣的醫療傳道經驗 (PDF). 新史學. 2006年, 十六 (二): 95-156 [2017-06-28]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2017-03-26）. 3.芥菜種會官網-我們的創辦人 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）。 4.孫理蓮(Lillian Dickson)著.芥菜種會編譯小組譯，<愛在樂生:一位母親歷經艱難,照顧一千個絕望病人的故事>，宇宙光出版社，2016。 5.張平宜撰文;林國彰.張蒼松攝影，<悲歡樂生 = Outside the world>，中華希望之翼服務協會，2004。 6.財團法人台灣省私立台灣盲人重建院簡介. [2020-07-09]. （原始內容存檔於2020-07-11）. 7.威爾森著.郭威柏.邱立菱譯，<天使在她身旁>，希伯崙出版社，2013。 8.孫理蓮(Lillian Dickson)著.芥菜種會編譯小組譯，<愛在樂生:一位母親歷經艱難,照顧一千個絕望病人的故事>，宇宙光出版社，2016。 9.孫理蓮(Lillian Dickson)著.蒲腓力譯，<這是我的同胞>，希伯崙出版社，2016。 10劉慧華，<孫理蓮(LillianR.Dickson)與基督教芥菜種會(TheMustardSeed,Inc.1954-)>，國立清華大學歷史研究所碩士論文，1987。 11.鄭維棕.楊淑清，<一百萬封情書:美國奶奶孫理蓮的深情人生>，啟示出版，2019。 12.台灣烏腳病醫療紀念館-孫理蓮女士. archive.is. 2012-12-22 [2017-03-09]. （原始內容存檔於2012-12-22）. 13.陳正美、黃宏森主編•王金河口述，烏腳病之父王金河醫師回憶錄 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）台南:財團法人王金河文化藝術基金會出版，2009，頁139-149，<nowiki>ISBN 978-986-85145-1-5</nowiki>。 14.台灣公益團體自律聯盟. [2020-07-09]. （原始內容存檔於2020-07-11）. 15.Marilyn Dickson Tank，<Lillian Dickson's South Seas Story >，The Mustard Seed Inc，1986。 16.Marilyn Dickson Tank，<A Daughter Looks Back>，2004。 17.<nowiki>https://www.hultgrenfh.com/obituary/marilyn-tank</nowiki> 18.肯尼斯.威爾森(Kenneth L. Wilson)著.郭威柏.邱立菱譯天使在她身旁 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）.台北:希伯崙出版.2018.頁46-74.<nowiki>ISBN 978-986-577-620-6</nowiki>. 19.黃信吉孫理蓮及其弱勢關顧事工 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）.中原大學宗教研究所碩士論文.2015.頁6。 20.500芥菜籽齊聚 記念孫理蓮110歲 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）台灣教會公報.2001.3.31.(原始內容存檔於2020.12.21) 21.林俊育.訪問唐瑪理安宣教師 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）.台灣教會公報3092期.2011年.頁25.(原始內容存檔於2020-12-16). 22.鄭維棕.楊淑清.一百萬封情書：美國奶奶孫理蓮的深情人生 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）台北:啟示出版.2019.頁298-300.<nowiki>ISBN 978-986-981-282-5</nowiki>. n2io6fz09xzmz3zjv8yxbv1jq82cbpa 0 2848 46183 46182 2025-03-10T02:58:07Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Pi’arawan (參考) */ 46183 wikitext text/x-wiki == Sie Wei ising (謝緯醫生) == Sie Wei ising (1916 miheca 3 folad 2 romi’ad—1970 miheca 6 folad 17 romi’ad) [1], Nantusi tamdaw, mitokaday ising, foksi no Taywan Kristo ciwlo kiwkay, saka tosa lekad patamohong i pacakatay isingan. === Kasofocan (生平) === Sie Wei ising masofoc i kaDipongan to’ek i Taywan i Nantusi, isingan laloma’an ko kasofoc. Mama no ina ci Wu Ke o tinhtosi[2]. Mama ci Sie Pin, ina ci Wu Honin[3]. Kaka to fa’inayan ci Sie Cin, safa to fa’inayan ci Sie Lon. Mitilid i Nantu kongkako. I 1928 miheca, malecad to kaka fa’inayan micomod i Tayciw saka cecay congkako. Misawad i, micomod i Taypi kotukako, ikor micomod i Taypi Tita isingan tadamanay; oya ci Sie Wei kina tosa miheca milifet to Kotokako caay pakaala, itiya i 1934 miheca mitilid i Taynan Sinkakoyin, mafiyol ni Schweitzer aci Toyohiko Kagawa tamdaw, ato i Singkakoyin ci Tomas Pakeli foksi tamdaw ko nikafiyol. Ikor no 4 miheca micomod i Tokyo ising todongan pitilidan, i 1942 miheca nai isingan misawad i, itira i Sentaisi matayal, malood no sofitay no Amilika. Ikor 1945 miheca 11 folad 17 romi’ad, oya itiraay i Dipong mitiliday to isingan a wawa no fai a safa to fafahiyan ci Yang Ciongying i Matsuzaki Town no Dipong mararamod, pakayni ci Ciang Yingsu foksian ko pisetek[4]. Saka tosa miheca malahakelong minokay tayni Taywan[1][5]. Micada ci Sie Wei ising to patorodan no mama a Tatong isingan i Nantu. I 1947 miheca, itira cingra i Cisui niyaro’ a kiwkay no Mincien siang mipadama to 3 miheca, i 1949 miheca mapatireng no Nantu Kristo ciwlo kiwkay malafoksi. Mifiyol no patirengay to Sapaloma kikingkay ci Son Lilienan, i 1950 miheca tangasa 1951 miheca mikihatiya to lotokan paising sakapot no Mennokay, mirarakat kasaniyaro’ no yincumin mipaising. Sa’ayaw to folafolad a paising sapadafoh 60 Amilika payso, ikor no pinapina folad i, pasowal han ningra ko sakapot ikoran no foksi caayto pilikapo to rafas kinaira han ningra, i pirakatan paising pasadak to alofoay payso, sapipaini to kapotan Amilika a widawidang[5][6]. I 1951 miheca 10 folad, tayra i Amilika mitongal t ofana’ ci Sie Wei ising, tolo miheca i Amilika ko pinanam to pitokad. Itira i Pennsylvania daykako patirengan ising, Buffalo isingan i New York. Saikoray miheca i Amilika, misa’opo to payso to sapipatireng to Santi haykikako piadahan, itira cingra i Amilika, oya misopedan a payso ira ko 1,000 Amilika payso. Ikor o cecay no padafohay ci Ma Joy tayni i Taywan, mala o kapot ni Sie Wei ising ato Inkiris a mitiliday, pacakat to tireng i Taywan[5] I 1955 miheca, tahidangan ni Son Lilien ci Sie Wei ising palacitodongay to Kristokiw Santi terongan isingan (’Ayaway no Poli Kristokiw isingan) a sarakatay yinciw. Nai pitekaan to moetep mihecaan, tokeled han ni Sie Wei ising ko todong no pitokadan, itira haca to saki kangkofo pasafana’ a tayal. I 1956 miheca, patireng haca cingra i Liyitan no Poli to saki haykikako piadahan, ’aloman ko adadaay no yincumin. I 1965 miheca, tayra cingra i Dipong to pina folad, minanam to saki falohang a pitokad, sapiadah to ci haykikakoay adadaay tamdaw[5][7].   I 1960 mihecaan, tahidangen haca ni Son Lilien ci Sie Wei ising, milacal ko kacitodong to itiraay i Pimen wa’ayan caay ka ci’aca a paising a ising[7], mikihatiya to kaitira ni Wang Cinhe aci Son Lilien itira i Pimen pala no Taynan a wa’ayan piadah a tayal, itira citodong to piketon to wa’ay tokad. To saka sepat no lipay, nai Nantu isingan no niyah, mikerid to citodongay isingan sakapot, niyah ko pipa’aca to takosi kamaro’an tayra i Pimen, tangasa lafii ko tayal midakaw to tosiya minokay tayra i Nantu, samatira sa ko tayal lafin to 10 miheca[5]. I 1964 miheca, itira to ci Sie Wei ising i Erlin Kristokiw isingan (Aniniay Kristokiw kilac Erlin isingan) malaising[7]. Saikoray 10 mihecaan itini hekal i, itira sa ci Sie Wei ising i Erlin no Canghua lilis no riyar sa’etal paising, mipatenak[5]. I 1968 miheca, mala micokeray no kiciw (’a’isidan) saka 15 rekad no Taywan Kristo Ciwlo kiwkay a Sokay[1], toya mihecaan niyaro’ay tamdaw ato Komintang Nantu yofayof cifaloco’ mikilim ci Sie Wei isingan milifet to Siencang no Nantusien nika, kana’ayen ningra[8]. I 1969 miheca 2 folad 3 romi’ad, citodong cingra to ’a’isidan saka 16 rekad no Taywan Kristo Ciwlo kiwkay a Sokay, saikor patangic han no Komintang papiliyas ko Ciwlo kiwkay to WCC, midama midipot cingra to kiwkay, kinapinapina misaliyolyok to sifo, saikor mapadama ko Sokay itini i WCC a kaitiraan[8]. I 1970 miheca 6 folad 17 romi’ad, mikerid ci Sie Wei ising to isingan dafakay pitolon, ta o tatayra cingra i Poli Kristokiw isingan matayal, kalahokan minokay tayra i Nantu, maherek malahok pahanhan ho, ta makalah patiko tayra i Erlin isingan matayal. Palimo’ot ko fafahi to sapipahanhanaw, paca’of sa ci Sie Wei ising: “Ano maratar ko katahira i ising i, malowan ko pilaling to pades no adadaay, ano eca mapa’orip ko cecay a tamdaw.” Maherek pasowal o lowad to ningra masadak, herek no lahok to pankiw no cecay toki parakat cingra i Mincien sakowan masetol ningra ko kilang no lalan, nanoyaan sa a mapatay[5][7][9].   === Naikoran (身後) === Ikor no patay ni Sie Wei ising, itiraay i Liyotan no Poli a haykikak piadahan padoedo o safa to fa’inayan ci Sie Lun ising, Lai Yan ising aci Huang Cusin fafahiyan ising ko citodongay salongan ira ko 10 miheca, tangasa kapatayan ni Huang Cusin ising a paherek[5]. Onini piadahan a sera o nano ni Sie Wei ising to pacakat ningra i Taywan Kristo Ciwlo kiwkay, patireng anini to Sie Wei piharatengan kapahan kalisaotan pala[5]. O iraay no itiniay a maamaan, piharatengan kiwkay, ira ko ni Sie Wei ising a sakatayal, telangay saying; papotalay a ’ongcoy ira a matilid ko wacay – “I ’orip no mako a tadamaanay ’icel o nika ira no Kawas.” [10]. I 1992 miheca, mapatangic pafeli to nikatadamaan no kalaising tamohong a kompay, o fafahi ci Yang Ciongying ko midayhiway milayap[1]. I 2001 miheca 1 folad, Taynan tamdaw mirina’ to ni Sie Tali nitilidan (Sie Wei ato ningra to’ek) [5]. === Kafahekaan a demak. (逸事) === Itira i Erlin ira ko ciadadaay to mociw salafii sa mipaising, patodong sa ci Sie Wei isingan mitokad, kalah sa ko paisingan mitahidang patingwa. Awaay ko saka tosa a sowal ni Sie Wei ising, dengan o pipatala t Osaka dademak ko ni sowalan, ira ko cecay tatokian pidakaw ningra to takosi nai Nantu. Paro’ot to tamdaw pateli to 10 lomood payso pateli to sapaiyo no adadaay, nawhani miala ko adadaay to cecayay lipay a sapaiyo, awaay ko sapinokay a payso[7]. === Pi’arawan (參考) === 1.陳金興. 〈向謝緯學習〉. 《新使者雜誌》 (台灣: 新使者雜誌社). 2015-06-10, (第148期) （中文（臺灣））. 2.〈謝吳上忍長老去世）〉. 《台灣教會公報》 (台灣: 台灣教會公報社). 1963-07, (第13期) （中文（臺灣））. 3.謝天祿. 〈聖人的過世 謝經長老 （1914-1963）〉. 《台灣教會公報》 (台灣: 台灣教會公報社). 1963-02, (第904期) （中文（臺灣））. 4.楊瓊英. 〈等待龍眼花開的婦人〉. 《台灣另類牧師．醫師─謝緯》. 台灣: 前衛出版社. 2010-06-17. <nowiki>ISBN 9789866656361</nowiki> （中文（臺灣））. 5.林信男. 〈讀《謝緯和他的時代》〉. 《當代醫學》 (台灣: 當代醫學雜誌社). 2004-04, 第31卷 (第4期) （中文（臺灣））. 6.陳金興，《台灣另類牧師．醫師：謝緯》，草根出版，2010。 7.陳信惠. 〈謝緯牧師（醫生）在二林〉. 《新使者雜誌》 (台灣: 新使者雜誌社). 1996-08-10, (第35期) （中文（臺灣））. 8.陳金興. 【專文】5年的懸案：謝緯死因之迷 　. 《民報》. 2015-02-25 [2015-12-30]. （原始內容存檔於2020-11-12） （中文（臺灣））. 9.長老會總會議長 謝緯因車禍逝世. 《基督教論壇報》. 1970-06-22 [2015-12-30] （中文（臺灣））. 10.蔡惠玲. 謝緯紀念青年營地造福後進. 《基督教論壇報》. 2010-12-04 [2015-12-30]. （原始內容存檔於2016-03-04） （中文（臺灣））. mdj63dba3647dr9x3xo7s90f37ce8tu 0 2849 46222 46221 2025-03-11T07:35:54Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Pinengfnengan (參考) */ 46222 wikitext text/x-wiki == Wang Cinhe ising (王金河醫生) == Wang Cinhe ising (Payrang a sowal: Ông Kim-hô, 1916 miheca 4 folad 23 romi’ad – 2014 miheca 3 folad 13 romi’ad), Pimen a tamdaw no Taynan i Taywan, no mitokaday a ising, masrarid itini lilis no riyar no Ciayi Taynan malaising caay ka ci’aca i saki wa’ayan adada, ira ko pangangan to “O mama no wa’ayan adada i Taywan”, saka 7 rekad pacakat sakiisingan tamohong a kompay. === Kasofocan (生平) === ==== ’Ayaway ’orip (早期生活) ==== I 1916 miheca 4 folad 23 romi’ad, masofoc i ’amisan fawahan no Taynan[1][2]. O mama ni Wang Cinhe ising o pakaenay to hayham, mifoting, ato pakataminaay ’orip, tato’asan ci Wang Siang o nai Cuanzoufo a tamdaw[1]. Pito ko mihecaan ni Wang Cinhe micomod mitilid i Pimen kongkako, misawad micomod i Taynan Ciwlokiw congkako, saka tolo liyad mitilid mipaino’ mala mitooray[1]. I 1934 miheca misawad to[2], i ’ayaw no katayra i Dipongh mitilid tayra cingra i Minci (Meiji) kakoyin no congsiepo[3], i 1936 miheca micomod i Tokyo ising patodongan[2], I 1941 miheca misawad nai Tokyo isingan daykako[1][2][4], saka tosa miheca tadanca ko adada no ina minokay tayni Taywan mararamod ci Mao Pimei kaying[2], ikor itira i Okubo no Dipong paisingan tosa miheca mitokaday ising[4]. I 1943 miheca nai Dipong milosimet to patay no ina[2].   O kalaloodan no Taypinyang itiya, maharateng ningra o sepat romi’ad tolo ko dadaya rakat no tamina, o sapiliyasaw to pilood no timera, romakat pahanhan, fades sato enem romi’ad lima dadaya ta minokay tayni Taywan[5]. I 1944 miheca 3 folad, itira i niyaro’ Pimen ci Wang Cinhe patireng to paisingan[2]. O mala Sienyiyin saka 1, 2 rekad cingra[1][5]. I 1951 miheca, i kala Sienyiyin ningra i pakokot to pikelot to payso no Pimen Siangcang to sikosya no Kominkako, Paloma to kilang sapitena’ to fali a payso[6]. ==== Misarocod no wa’ay adada (投入烏腳病) ==== I 1920 miheca, i sa’etal lilis no riyar ira to ko ciadadaay to no wa’ayan, mangalef i Pimen, Siecia no Taynan ato Potay, YIcu no Ciayi ko pakinali[7]. Midotoc to pisolap no Taywan daykako kapolongan isisiw, itiyai i 1958 miheca tangasa i 1967 mihecaan wata ko latiih no kaadada[8]. Sa’ayaw, matiniay adada no wa’ay, malono’ay i ketonen, halafin adada ko ’afetoy i, ketonen ko ’afetoay, alatek malatiih ko cepi’, o kaketonen to, tangasa kapatay no adada, sacisowal sa ko misolapay ci Cen Cinsen itiya “Matiya o micikcikay to tireng a mari’angay” [9]. I 1951 miheca, masapinang to ni Wang Cinhe dadoedo saan a ira ko ciadadaay to wa’ayan adada, koheting, mano’eno’ ko adada, mahirateng ko cecay ciadadaay fa’inayan tamdaw, o nika caay pakahadidi to adada, pakpakan ko misimaway i kafoti’an a ina, oya ina sato pakonira han ko wawa mipekpek to tireng[4].   I 1953 miheca, pakomikelotay to payso ci Wang Cinhe isingan marofo to 23 romi’ad, ikor awaay ko patodongan a raraw mapalafacay to, nanoyaan o caay to pikehar ningra to maanan a sician a demak, sarocod sato to dadipoten a adadaay saki wa’ayan ’alomanay adadaay[2]. Oya matalaway finawlan tamdaw to matiniay adada pako “Otacua (Ma’icangay ’oner)”, itira i Sicya malaisingan ci Liliw sacisowal sa to itiraay i Renteli tadamaan k ociadadaay itiya, ira ko tolo no cecay ciadadaay tamdaw ko mikinapatayay to ’orip no niyah[10]. Nanoya sa’aloman sato ko adadaay, o sakalacaan no itiraay niyaro’, tangasa 1956 miheca, citodongay isian ato itiniay i Ciayi Taynan isingan misapinang tonini pala o fararono sanay tonini adada, toya mihecaan a Sicya misingkiw to kakeridan no kalomaocan ci Cen Huacong mipalowad to lomaocan no Senyiyin t osifo misakalamkam misalof to matiniay adada, nanoyaan mitahidang to ka’amisay katimolay misolap tonini a lacaan adada[9]. Oya ciadadaay to wa’ayan adadaay tamdaw mana’ay mipaising, caay ko kinacecay paising a ketonen ko wa’ay, a saan, oya miomahay ato misafanaway ci paysoay tamdaw ko mipaisingay i, tahaikor i o mamalapakoyoc ito saan saka, pakonira hananay to ko kaciadada, oya sato adadaay a tamdaw o pilalaling to nika ciadada no tireng to nika’eca pakahadidi ano eca tangasa kapatayan[9]. Itiya o Pimensiang pako “Mato’emay adada” hananay to koya niyaro’, o nano to’as ano eca o ciadadaay o ’ilo a demak, o nano comi ko matiniay adada, orasaka o ciadadaay t omitiniay caay kafana’en no nimanima tamdaw, matalaw ko niyaro’ay to tatiihay laloma’an saan[2]. O kasapinangen ni Wang Cinhe o mirakatay to Taywan Ciwlo Kiwkay i Taynan, pakayni to itiniay i Taynan sinkakoyin a sinkiwsi, makilim ci Son Lilien to sapadang[1]. Oya nai Tokyo sinkako daykako Inkiris a kawasan hakosi ci Franklin miliso’ to ciadadaay to wa’ay i, manengneng ningra ko ciadadaay to nifalahan no loma’, caayay sikolen no salalomaan a sanawsaw, na:aw ano tayni ci Yis i Taywan, o tatayni itini ciadadaay midipot ato mihinim to ciadadaay to wa’ay tamdaw, orasaka ci Son Lilien i 1960 miheca 5 folad 30romi’ad miteka itira i Pimensiang sakiciadadaay to wa’ay a mipaising[11]. O caayay kacili’aca itira i paisingan ni Wang Cinhe itiya, pangangan han “Sida’itay fawahan” sanay, misa’icel to ci Wang Cinhe, o Sapaloma kikingkay ko pasadakay to payso, milayap to padamso to payso ato lalosidan, oya sato ci Si Wie to lipalipay nai Poli tayni mitokad to adadaay, nai pitekaan ira ko 25 no mihecaan caayay papayso ko patado itiya[1]. Ci Si Wie o safa ni Wang Cinhe a mitilid i Tokyo to isingan.   Son Lilien, Wang Cinhe aci Si Wie o sa’ayaway saki wa’ayan adada miadahay a “Tie sanciaw” [1]. I 1962 miheca 12 folad 18 romi’ad saka 5 rekad mapakaolah to nga’ayay tamdaw nga’ayay demak[12], ci Son Lilien[13], ci Wang Cinhe itiya[14]. I 1963 miheca 1 folad 14 romi’ad, pasi Hollywood Ciwlo kiwkay a salikaka ci Son Lilien to 13 ’ofad payso, roma o i niyaro’ay kiwkay padamso to 2 ’ofad to sapipatireng to caay kacili’aca paisingan loma’ i Pimen, pitokadan i laloma’ no isingan, pisitokan sakatayal, o nai Taynan kasakitakit fafahiyan kikingkay padamsoan, parawang to pakoyocay finawlan caay ka li’aca paisingan, o ci Wang Cinhe ko citodongay to wa’ayan mipaising[15].   Ci Wang Cinhe ato ciadadaay mikeroh to sifo patireng to pinanaman to sakafana’ no ciadadaay to wa’ay, nika cango’ot ko sifo to sakidafongan, minanam to 8 folad i paterepay ko pinanam, nanoya milongoc ci Son Lilienan to sapadang, toya mihecaan 3 folad mapatireng ko pinanaman no ciadadaay to wa’ay sakinairaan, oya ci Mao Pimei ko citodongay mipasifana’ ato miliwalay[1]. Onini a pinanaman itiraay i sera ni Wang Cinhe patireng, misanga’ to sikal, tamohong, cokap, saasik ato caki, oya sikal kawiten to cihanaay patayra i Dipong pa’aca, pakayni nisanga’an, mapalowad ko faloco’ no ciadadaay to wa’ay[2]. Tangasa saka 4 folad maparatoh, oya itiraay nipaisingan ciadadaay, ira ko 80 no tamdaw, ira ko 30 tamdaw ko mapakafitay to satoker a wa’ay[16]. Toya mihecaan saka 5 folad, maro’ay i Siecia Isiwli, raramod sanay ho to 3 lipay a 24 miheca fafahiyan ci Yang Leer masapinang ko kaciadada to wa’ay, o paisingan ketonan ko tosaay wa’ay, mapades sapikinapatayan, tatami sa manengneng no citodongay no KMT saka 5 liyad ci Cang Paosu, o fafahi to ningra ko paratohay to nicokeray no KMT ci Tang Cong a fafahi, micowatay to fafahiyan kapolongan yofayof mihinomay, nanoya kinapinapina mapadama ci Cang Paosu, sapilongoc to sapadafoh padama, manga’ay ko ciadadaay tono wa’ay[10]. O nitilidan a demak ni Wang Cinhe to romi’adan sa cisowal sa: “Maraod ko pilihayan i maolah mifafa to ciadadaay to wa’ay a salikaka patayra i saka tosa tongroh papilihay, maherek milihay fafaen ho patayra i laeno. To dadaya mikotay to kangkoho mifalah to ta’i i kengkeng. Oya masapakoyocay awaayay ko dama a ciadadaay tamdaw mapatay i, o kangkoho ko paino’ay, mikoracay, pariko’ay, mi’aca t otakenip, pateliay pilihay, padongos a lihay, mitademay”, “Matalaw ko midipotay to adadaay malaliyaw ko adada i kasienawan miliso’; polong no laloma’an ciadadaay milalalingay to adada a caay ka foti’, hadidi sa micangray maro’ kafoti’an, nawhani maro’iimalowan ko adada, matalaw to tatihiay a paparac, saka nengneng han pametek ko mata, mihadidi to adada, misamamang to ngiha milaling” saan[17]. Oya tayniay mikingkiway i Pimen to ciadadaay to wa’ayan a ising ci Cen Wenpin, manengneng ningra ci Wan Cinhe mina’on mikitkit miala to cicacopiay madoka’ay, samatiya sa o niyah a laloma’an ko harateng, iraay ko olah ni Keristo mitayal saan[4]. I 1968 miheca, itira i Taynan sinkakoyin mitilid ci Lin Suangpo maocor tayra i Pimen to ciadaday to wa’ay a kiwkay minanam, manengneng ningra ko adadaay tamdaw masasi ’alapit to cacopi no doka’ no tao, sarakatay pakanengneng to matiniay a demak, micala’ a pangiha[2]. Ira ko wawa to fafahiyan ni Wang Cinhe malasingsiay no Kocong, keriden ningra ko mitiliday patayra minengneng to ciadadaay to wa’ay a miadahan no mama, o cecay mitiliday fafahiyan ci Li Siuci mitelek to faloco’ to mamiadah to matiniay adadaay saan, ikor pakaala to saka 9 rekadan to isingan pacakat a pakaolah[18]. Ano ira ko awaayay ko ’icel sapina’ang to niyah mapatayay tamdaw no laloma’an, ci Wang Cinhe ko ma’acaay to takenip, pateliay, mikilim to pitademan, cingra ato kangkoho ato kiwkay a salikaka ko mililiday to takenip milosimet, kararoman ko matiniay, samatiya o niyah laloma’an ko rarom[4]. Ci Mao Pimei sato caay pali’acaen ko sapakaen to milosimetay to kakaenen no tamdaw, mikerid to ciadadaay romadiw tto radiw, mitolon[1]. O ciadadaay ci Cen Sianhua sowal sa, oya o nidipotan ciadadaay tamdaw mata’elif ko 80 no tamdaw ka’aloman, matiya sa o ta’akay laloma’an, o adadaay masasidamaay ko kalasiniada[4].   Nai 1959 miheca, itiraay i Ciayi Taynan lilisay no riyar sa’etal caadadaay to wa’ayan tayal saheto o Keristokiw Sapaloma kikingkay ko adihayay padamso to sakidafongan, tangasa i 1970 miheca sarakat no sifo mikihatiya to sapitena’ to adada no wa’ay saka cecay lima miheca halaka. I 1973 miheca, oya ci macakat to ko ka’oripan, ci Ciang Cingkuo ko miocoray to sapipatireng to wa’ayan pidamaan kahiceraan, ono sifo Taynan isingan ko citodongay, masasiiked ko caayay pa’aca a isingan[10]. Saan, mafalic to ko ka’orip no itiniay i Ciayi Taynan lilisay no riyar sa’etal, saadihay sato ko padamsoay to dafong, sa’eca sato kamatiyaay o ’ayaway ko kaciadada to wa’ay adada[10]. I 1987 miheca, nanoya paterep sato ko caayay kali’aca paisingan no Pimen itiya[10].   I 1995 miheca mapatay to ci Mao Pimei, nanoya ci Wang Cinhe ato 9 wawa ningra to fa’inaya fafahiyan, misawad to i Pimen Kusiaw, orasaka midotoc to mipatolonan materek ko 30 ofad payso to sapitadem, i 5 folad 11 romi’ad o sapakaolah to Pimen kosiaw[19]. ==== Misawad (退休) ==== I 1996 miheca 7 folad 19 romi’ad, “Cicya ciwah hawciwciw” a ikaan o nai ci Wang Cinhean ko pilada’, ci Wang Cinhe ko mitomadaway ci Ke Yiceng, samaanen ko pisongila’ to saki adadaay to wa’ay piadah, ato Keristokiw Sapaloma kikingkay paradiway toya ciadadaay to wa’ay tamdaw itiya, ato ci Son Lilien miliso’ay to adadaay to wa’ay tamdaw pisyasing[20]. Saka tosa folad, paherek ko Cinhe paisingan itiya[4]. Misawad ci Wang Cinhe ising malinah tayra i Taypi, ira ko pitoay wawa to fafahiyan tosaay wawa to fa’inayan, mararid macacorok ko wawa patihi maro’ cingraan[5]. Mikihatiya ho cingra to marariway, talacowacowa niyaro’ paini to niradiwan[1]. I 1997 miheca 3 folad 27 romi’ad, saka 7 rekad isingan pacakat pakaolah tomadaw pihapiw, ira ci Wang Cinhe, Ciang Saomei, Si Kuilan, Hong Suhui, Fang Huaiceng, Rao Peide, Lin Denglude, Fu Delan, Suang Hongta, Tan Kelly, Picasse ising ko mapakaolahay kompay a tamdaw[21]. 8 folad 20 romi’ad, Congtong ci Lee Tenghui ko militemohay ci Wang Cinhean, pakaolah to tilid a sapad[22]. I 2006 mihecaan, Taynansien Siencan ci Su Huanci pasi Wencienhuy mikilim to payso, pala Cinhe isingan patireng to Taywan wa’ayan adada piharatengan, itira i 2003 miheca 5 folad 24 romi’ad masongila’ patireng to sapipatireng, oya sato ci Wang Cinhe caay ka ’esem misacikacikay to Taypi Taynan itiya, saka i 2006 miheca 11 folad miteka dademak, i 2007 miheca 9 folad paherek, mala sa’ayaway i Taywan a ponkakang[1]. Toya miheca 9 folad 29 romi’ad mifohat i, mikihatiya ci Cen SuiPian congtong paini to sowal[23]. Ci Cen congtong toya miheca patodong to saka tolo fo’isan kompay[1]. I 2008 miheca 4 folad 18 romi’ad, Kuosekoang Taywan Wensienkang ato ci Wang Cinhe masasitelak, mikilimay to adada no wa’ay a isingan likisi[24]. I 2009 miheca 4 folad 1 romi’ad, Caoken mirina’ay ci Lin Suangpu ko mittiliday “Wang Cinhe: Taywan wa’ay adadaay mama a ni’oripan” [2]. I 2011 miheca 10 folad 16 romi’ad, ci Wang Cinhe milayap to nipakaolah no Taynansiciw ci Lai Cinte, todong pikinafalah to ’orip itini i Pimen, ano ikoray ’orip manga’ay mipili’, itini to ko nipili’an[25]. Toya mihecaan 12 folad 23 romi’ad, o Mingci kakoyin a ’a’isidan ci Haruki Onishi patodong ci Wang Cinhean to kacingangan tono hakasi[3]. I 2014 miheca 3 folad 13 romi’ad dadaya 8 ko toki, oya nipanganganan to “Mama no adada t owa’ay” ato “Pimen a Korisimas mato’asay” ci Wang Cinhe ona mafena’ ko tangal i Tayta isingan, o wawa mapolong patihiay. Itira i 3 folad 29 romi’ad itira i Taypi Congsan ciwlo kiwkay midemak, roma i 4 folad 1 romi’ad itira i Pimen pala ciwlo kiwkay midemak to padongos a lihay[7]. ==== Naikoray (身後) ==== I 2016 miheca 12 folad 15 romi’ad, Tarokos mirina’ay ca Ciang Suwen aci Liu Sankui ko mitiliday, ci Charlie Brown ko pakafitay to coka “Konglang ising Wang Cinhe”[26]. === Pinengfnengan (參考) === 1.吳佳玲. 烏腳病之父王金河逝世　享壽98歲. 《基督教今日報》. 2014-03-16 [2020-06-10] （中文（臺灣））. 2.林雙不. 側寫王金河：台灣烏腳病患之父的生命點滴. 《民報》. 2014-04-16 [2020-06-10]. （原始內容存檔於2019-01-01） （中文（臺灣））. 3.陳世昌. 醫烏腳病 王金河獲日榮譽博士. 《聯合報》. 2011-12-24 （中文（臺灣））. 4.詹建富. 《第七屆醫療奉獻獎得主素描1》台灣情義的標竿 疼惜烏腳病患半世紀的‘金河仙’. 《民生報》. 1997-03-31 （中文（臺灣））. 5.周曉婷. 遠政治成就行醫史 退休更優活. 《中國時報》. 2007-07-06 （中文（臺灣））. 6.陳楮涉嫌貪污 南地院偵訊. 《聯合報》. 1951-11-13 （中文（臺灣））. 7.吳淑敏. 王金河醫師安息主懷　台北台南告別追思. 《基督教論壇報》. [2020-06-10]. （原始內容存檔於2020-06-10） （中文（臺灣））. 8.董智森. 《怪病磨人‧一把辛酸淚》何時遠離烏腳仔?. 《聯合報》. 1994-07-15 （中文（臺灣））. 9.陳金生. 烏腳病 流行病學 調查參與記. 《聯合報》. 1991-10-27 （中文（臺灣））. 10.鄭惠仁. 無藥醫 有醫良 王金河伴烏腳病走一生. 《聯合報》. 1992-06-24 （中文（臺灣））. 11.謝玲玉. 台灣精神 將設紀念館 烏腳病診所 明天過生日. 《聯合報》. 2003-05-22 （中文（臺灣））. 12.做好人．行好事 移頹風．正末俗 昨表揚大會一堂濟濟 致褒狀榮匾講信修義. 《聯合報》. 1962-12-19 （中文（臺灣））. 13.《黑白集》好人不寂寞. 《聯合報》. 1962-12-08 （中文（臺灣））. 14.好人好人代表事蹟. 《臺灣民聲日報》. 1962-12-11 （中文（臺灣））. 15.專治烏腳病醫院 北門免費診所 定今開始施診. 《聯合報》. 1963-01-14 （中文（臺灣））. 16.南縣烏腳病患 獲各方救助 生計趨改善. 《聯合報》. 1963-04-15 （中文（臺灣））. 17.謝玲玉. 大愛 王金河 烏腳病患之父. 《聯合報》. 1997-12-31 （中文（臺灣））. 18.楊惠君. 用愛為醫療添薪 《第九屆醫療奉獻獎個人獎得主素描9》 李秀綢 烏腳仔跛行路上 1最溫暖的依靠. 《民生報》. 1999-04-28 （中文（臺灣））. 19.康日昇. 節省妻子喪葬費回饋母校 烏腳病之父仁 風義舉贏得讚賞. 《中國時報》. 1995-05-12 （中文（臺灣））. 20.康日昇. 烏腳病患故事搬上大螢幕「一隻鳥仔哮啾啾」電影赴北門「金河診所」拍攝讓昔日畫面重現. 《中國時報》. 1996-07-20 （中文（臺灣））. 21.醫療奉獻獎 11位醫護得獎 服務病患無怨無悔. 《聯合報》. 1997-03-28 （中文（臺灣））. 22.鄭惠仁. 30餘年南縣名醫無怨無悔 今天，李總統接見表揚他 王金河 烏腳病患者 永恆的拐杖. 《聯合晚報》. 1997-08-21 （中文（臺灣））. 23.鄭惠仁、謝進盛、謝玲玉. 王金河奉獻 烏腳病紀念館開館 北門行醫 免費醫療病患25載 比賺錢和蓋厝還歡喜 捐出診所 總統親訪譽為「台灣史懷哲」. 《聯合報》. 2007-09-30 （中文（臺灣））. 24.謝玲玉. 烏腳病之父王金河 留名國史館. 《聯合報》. 2008-04-19 （中文（臺灣））. 25.周曉婷. 不羨賈伯斯 下輩子還醫烏腳病. 《中國時報》. 2011-10-17 （中文（臺灣））. 26.憨人醫生 王金河—美好腳蹤系列繪本１. 《民報》. 2019-05-17 [2020-06-10] （中文（臺灣））. 27.總統頒授「三等景星勳章」給王金河醫師. 《總統府公報》. 2007-05-08 [2021-08-29]. （原始內容存檔於2021-08-29） （中文（臺灣））. 5tyvc8qmfxs345adzu11bhufbx6frno 0 2850 46248 46247 2025-03-20T06:43:53Z Masaonikar 570 /* Ci Kerito ko patodonga, o salongoc no tamdaw ko miredoan (基督的標準，人權的堅持) */ 46248 wikitext text/x-wiki == Li Sengsiong fingkosi (李勝雄律師) == Kasofocan ni Li Sengsiong (pasowal no widawidang: Katsuo) fingkosi i 1941 mihecaan, Tongwu daykako holican, Ponka (Wenhua) daykako holic sose ato Amilika Illinois Daykako katatiri’ holic sose, o cecay ci salongocay no tamdaw fingkosi, holican hakasi no Tongwu daykako, Ponka (Wenhua) daykako, Taywan salongocan no tamdaw yofayof ’a’isidan, misetekay yiing no Mincintang, Misatataday patireng to kitakit no Taywan micokeray ’a’isidan ato Patirengay to kitakit a mitiliday, polong no kitakit fingkosi konghuy sakapotan licikay. Nao mifingkoay to Meilitao demakan mafadesay tamdaw, kasacengelay ngangan ca Cang Canhong, Wang Kanglu, Kuo Peihong, Li Yingyuan, Luo Yisi ato Si Ming (Masao Nikar…) padamaan mifongko. Pitilid ho itiya i, toromi’ami’ad mipacakat to fayfay, romadiw to kitakit radiw, ira ko kahinapec itiya “Henen to ko demak to nikaolah to kitakit haw?”, sapinang han to pisolap, mahapinang ko mademakay no syakay, manengneng to ko caayay ka mo’ecel a demak ao matiniayto, misatikotiko a mipadang. Pakatowa ci Li Sengsiong fingkosi, “Nawhani caay ka salalekoan ko pilayap to harateng no itiyaay sifo a kiwiko, saka caay ka safaloco’ ko nitilidan.” “O cecay awaayay ko salongoc no tamdawan i kitakit a sakapot, o satata’akay mikari’angay to salongoc no tamdaw a kitakit.” Kacitodong palowaday no Taywan salongoc no tamdaw yofayof, palowaday tamdaw, mala citodongay mitiliday no Taywan salongoc no tamdaw yofayof ato midemakay wiyin ci Li Sengsiong fingkosi, o salongan minekeray i salongoc no tamdaw ko pi’imeran, nirakatan oya to ka’ayaway i salongoc tamdawan no Taywan. Mitikol miharateng to satapangan a palowad to Taywan salongoc no tamdaw yofayof, o pidotoc to telek no rikec, mitoki patireng malapolongay tono kitakit, “Setanghocin Taywan salongoc no tamdaw yofayof” kinapinapina na’ayen no citodongay sifo. O saca’of, itiyaay ho Komintang sifo “cecay congko” sanay a harateng, nitelekan a rikec to polong no kitakit tatiih o “Taywan” ko kacingangan, o cecay i pafafaen ho to “conghuaminko”; saka tosa, o kapolongan no kitakit a salongoc yofayof ira to ko congko salongoc no tamdaw a mapatireng itiya, o malalenay a pidemak tatiih malitosa. Orasaka Taywan salongoc no tamdaw yofayof o saka cecay a demak: o “Taywan salongoc no tamdaw yofayof” pingitangitan to sakapolongan masa’opo to pakoniraay ato salongoc.   O micokeray itiya a mikapotay to Taywan salongoc no tamdaw yofayof, o mikerida mi’esesay nonini ci Li Sengsiong fingkosi, tayra i sakakaay midemakay to laloma’an miliyang, ikor misaliyaliyaw a milongoc, oya syatanghocin yofayof matatoor mitoki todong a telek, saan mafalic to telek manga’ay mitoki. Orasaka, oya Taywan salongoc no tamdaw yofayof itini i 1984 miheca 12 folad 10 romi’ad, nika tangasa to i 1997 miheca itira to i Taypisi syakayci mipangangan, nano laenoay a yofayof mala o so’elinay to nitokian a syatanghocin yofayof. Masowal ko likisi nonini, paretatenga ci Li Sengsiong fingkosi, kapolongan masa’opo ono saki tamdawan a salongoc ato pakoniraan, talacowa mitokiay caayay pitoki i sifo i saheto o manga’ayay awaay piliyang to sarikec. O cecay kitakit a finawlan o mamiraoy to pisakapot a salongoc, itini minengneng to cecay kitakit o nikapolongan mocowat aci salongoc ko pi’arawan. “o awaayay i salongoc no tamdaw sakapot a kitakit, o mikari’angay to salongoc no tamdaw a kitakit; oya ni palahadan no sifo salongoc no tamdaw sakapot a kitakit, milongoc to finawlan to pipatireng sakapot yofayof pasi sifo a mitoki, ta manga’ay masolap no kitakit ko finawlan sakapot, o niaanan koya ni’emecan to’ek a Taywan ato aniniay a congko”; o niaanan ko pidotocan ni Li Sengsiong fingkosi: “o cecay kitakit ano adihay ko patireng to salongoc sakapot, sician sakapot i, mala o nikapolongan, ira ko salongoc no tamdaw harateng no kitakit.” === Lalowadan no salongoc no tamdaw o nipicoker no laloma’an (人權的啟蒙與家人的支持) === O saki salongoc no tamdaw harateng a palowad a cifaloco’ ni Li Sengsiong fingkosi, mitikol to nai pifiyol no ina. Mahirateng ningra i pitilidan to cocong, maraod to ko pisingkiwan matengil ko pasowal no ina misilsilan to paya a singkiw, harateng sa cingra itiya: “Ira ko mahaenay a demak haw?” paherek to ko singkiw i, tayra to cingra pitopaan minengneng to paya, pihapiwan i mapadeng ko tingki, saan i, malikat to ko tingki, o nianan ko mahiratengay ningra, itiya a mafana’ “O mahaenay aca ko nisilsilan a pisingkiw”. Naitiya, misitapang to ci Li Sengsiong fingkosi minengneng to pidemak no sifo ato kacomahad no syakay, misitapang miharateng to syakay no Taywan nawiro adihay ko caayay ka mo’ecel a demak. Patinako ci Li Sengsiong fingkosi to sowal, pitilid itiya ho i, to romi’ami’adan to dafak mipacakat aca to fayfay, romadiw to radiw no kitakit, saka ira ko kahinapecan ningra: “Maolah to kitakit i haenen to ko pidemak haw?” saan i, nanam sato misolap, minengneng to demak no syakay, manengneng ko caayay ka mo’ecel a demak ira ko milonokan to sapipadamaaw. Pakatawa ci Li Sengsiong fingkosi, “nawhani awaay ko masongila’ay pilayap to niharatengan no sifo a kiwiko, orasaka caay ka fangcal ko pitilid.”   Tona mapatireng ko Taywan salongoc no tamdaw yofayof toya mihecaan i, adihay to ko nipadamaan a ciraraway to sician, milongocay minokay a mapasisitay kohetingay ngangan salongoc, toya marakrakay to mi’emecay sato’ek itiya, oya Taywan salongoc no tamdaw yofayof o mitoro’ay to pilikaf t osician a yofayof, saka dengan cecay nai salongoc no tamdaw ko pilikaf to sician, milongoc to no finawlan ato sician salongoc a misiikeday no finawlan yofayof, orasaka ikor adihayay makari’angay no sician a demak madadoedo mikilim to Taywan salongoc no tamdaw yofayof. Li Sengsiong fingkosi awaay ko pisawad ningra to pipatado to mafadesay tamdaw to “Formosa (Meilitao) demak”, ato mapa’oningay ngangan a misatekeday onto a tamdaw ca Zhang Canlong, Wang Kanglu, Guo Beihong, Li Yingyuan, Luo Yishi and Si Ming (Masao Nikar) padamaay malafingkosi. Malicay no itiyaay ho caay kalecad tono aniniay, o salaloma’an awaay ko pilalang mikihatiya to Taywan salongoc no tamdaw yofayof, pipa’orip to ciraraway no sician? Sedi sa matawa ci Li Sengsiong fingkosi a pasowal: “Ano nengnengen awaay ko pilalang no fafahi, nika o faloco’ ningra matalaw to.”. === Mimingay kimad, ta’angay pa’araw. (小故事，大啟示) === O nipipaso’elin to Kristokiw ni Li Sengsiong fingkosi maolah i kalalicayan pakapi to mimingay kimad o hahiratengen, pa’icel to roma a tamdaw, todong o patapi’elal to niyah. Mahirateng i 1969 miheca kaitira ho pitilid ningra i Illinois no Amilika i, o nano maepecay ko tireng. Mikilim to kamaro’an a loma’ o ngataay no pitilidan, midoedo to palalan no sinpong minengneng to loma’, sa’ayaw o polong no pacaliway to loma’ o papaca’of cingraan, ikor awaay a talaen ko ca’of. Caay pakahadidi miliyaw haca milicay to tawki no loma’, malalen ko ca’of no tawki no loma’, mali’ayaway to no tao saan.   Sa’ayaw, harateng sa ci Li Sengsiong fingkosi “Mana matatama sao?” saan, ikor itiya mafana’ cingra to pinangan no kohecalay tamdaw mana’ay pacaliw to kaliyalaway tamdaw, nanoya saheto matiniay ko pisorar, miliyas i cingraan. Ikor, itira to i kohetingay sa’etal ko picaliw to loma’ kamaro’an Li Sengsiong fingkosi, nawhani miingiday to lalan no cilamalay saka, caay kahakowa ko li’aca no loma’, ano ira ko pata’elif no cilamalay i, rangernger ko loma’, talacowa matiratira, itiyaay a mitiliday no Taywan maolah masa’opo i loma’ ni Li Sengsiong fingkosi. O nipasowal i, mitiko miharateng to niyah itiyaay ho a demak, iraay ko paratatenga o pakoyocay ko fiyaw hakiya, saka caayho pilicay to kafiyaway tamdaw.     O ’alomanay tamdaw paratatenga “salongoc no tamdaw” awaay kokakiharan no niyah, miliyang ci Li Sengsiong fingkosi tonini, sowal sa “Anini, caay pikihar kiso to tao a kari’ang to saki solongoc no tamdaw, anodafak, alatek o kiso to komakari’angay t onano salongoc no tamdawan.” Patinako cingra, ira i Amilika kohecalay tamdaw talifahal sa mipalo to kohetingay tamdaw a demak, miliyang ko ’alomanay kohetingay tamdaw itiya, itiya ira ko Yotaya tamdaw mikapot to kohetingay miliyang, ira ko pilicay no tamdaw to Yotaya tamdaw “O maan iso koni? Caay ko Yataya ko mapaloay.” Oya mipadangay a Yataya tamdaw paca’of sa “Anini o kohetingay a tamdaw ko mapaloay a caay kiharen a talimaan han, anocila manga’ay manga’ay samsamen ko Yataya tamdaw sato cangra. Talaen pipalo nangra to Yataya caay to ka canaor.”   === Ci Kerito ko patodonga, o salongoc no tamdaw ko miredoan (基督的標準，人權的堅持) === Ikor no kafafalic no sician mikowan, ira ko tamdaw milicay ci Li Sengsiong fingkosian: “Naoiro kala congtong ni Chen Shuibian i caay piai to pakamaro’an iso?” ano eca: “Awaay ko licay ni Chen Shuibian to kangalay saka lakomong itisowanan?”. Miliyang ci Li Sengsiong fingkosi to matiniay a sowal, paretatenga cingra o sakaira no kamaro’an tono kitakit caayay ko matiniay a kalali’acaan no sician, o pipatodong no congtong to ciikeday a fana’, matayalay no kitakit ato finawlan a tamdaw. So’elinay, kalacongtong ni Chen Shuibian i ira ko micikerohay ci Li Sengsiong fingkosian to saka citodong no Cianca wiyin, nika caay kahien ni Li Sengsiong fingkosi ko nian. Kalapakemotay ci Li Sengsiong fingkosi sawal sa: “nga’ay aca awaay ko licay, o sasamaanen ako? Matalaw to kasolotaw.” Itiya ho ’alomanay mafadesay tono sician ano eca mikapotay to pasadak t ociraraway to sician tamdaw, o sapialian to salongoc no tamdaw a mikinafalah to katalawan no ’orip, mitiniay a ’angil ato pisa’icel o kaimahan no tamdaw, nika malecaday romakat toya to’ek ma’orip ni Li Sengsiong fingkosi sawala sa, ira ko misalaliay to salongoc no tamdawan a tamdaw i, anini mala o mifadesay to salongoc no tamdawan. Ano caay ko mirepetay to patodongan tono salongoc no tamdaw, caay piredo to noniyah, mociriw to ko nirakatan. Malita’ang, misapo’ener ci Li Sengsiong fingkosi a pasowal, ci Yis Keristo ko patodongan ningra to salongoc no tamdaw, maanan to a demakan ni Keristo a todongan ko pinengneng, ano caay i mociriw to ko nirakatan. Oni Keristo a todongan ko pinengneng to salongoc no tamdawan, miredo to pidama salongoc no tamdaw, midama to Taywan, o nianan ko hawiro caay piharateng to kacingangan, kalatapangan ni Li Sengsiong fingkosi, miredo mikapot to syakay onto a romakat, o nianan ko ni doedoan i saka ci ngangan no Taywan a onto, i piliyang to kapolongan mitopa to Hese a romakat manengneng ko tireng ni Li Sengsiong fingkosi, o tomenekay, miredoay a tala’ayaw romakat, matiya to ’ayaway koni. gf9c8m13mt6fakb25s5k0ijgsjgnxmi 0 2851 46263 46262 2025-03-21T05:26:45Z Masaonikar 570 /* Pinengnengan to tilid (參考資料) */ 46263 wikitext text/x-wiki == Song Congcian foksi (宋忠堅牧師) == Song Congcian (Inkiris: Duncan Ferguson, 1860 miheca 12 folad 30 romi’ad—1923 miheca 3 folad 15 romi’ad[1]), nai Scotland a singkiwsi no Taywan Keristo ciwlo kiwkay. Ona lecadan ni Tomas Pakeli foksi (Thomas Barclay) i Yiwiy kalaloodan mikerid to sofitay no Dipong micomod to Taynanfo niyaro’. === Kasofocan (生平) === I ’ayaw, tona awaay ko harateng ni Song Congcian to sakala tintosi a tayal, nika itira i kalitemoh to macodahay to pitoor a foksi a mafiyol, ikor i Daykako ato kawasan a pitilid a mala singkiwsi. I 1889 miheca, ci Song Congcian maocor tayra i Taynan ta misarocod minanam to sowal no Payrang, kinapinapina mililis to kako kiwkay no niyaro’. Ikor, tayra cingra i Posong misolap to kiwkay, pinakayan i makowang no yincumin finacadan, nika caay ka semer to patay a madoka’. I 1895 miheca Yiwiy laloodan i, Taynanfo niyaro’ a sofitay i pilood no Dipong itira i Ecenhang ’alo sa’icel sa milaliw; oya niyaro’ay ’alomanay tadamanay tamdaw ato malali’acaay tamdaw o saka ecaaw ka piri’ang no mitakaway tamdaw, nanoya miocor to pinapina a singkiwsi no kiwkay patorod to sakaeca ka picalap no sofitay no Dipong a milongoc sawad. Ikor, ci Song Congcian aci Tomas Pakeli a foksi mihawikid to tilid a tayra ici Nogi Maresukean, saka tosa romi’ad mikerid to sofitay no Dipong micomod to Taynan niyaro’; tatosaay foksi nanoya sa i 1897 miheca 4 foladmapatamohong to kompay cangra tatosa.    I 1896 miheca 1 folad, ci Song Congcian, Mei Cianwu, Lan Daifi misolap to sapapatireng to isingan a tayra i Canghua sa’etal. Rama i, ci Song Congcian misolap to kiwkay mipatado misolimet to sakidafong no kiwkay, malacitodongay to “Taywanfo niyaro’ sinpon no kiwkay a citodongay, mala ’a’isidan no congsie. Masarocod cingra to pipatireng t ociwkay lomaoc, ikor mapatireng to ko sakalaoc. I 1908 miheca 12 folad 30 romi’ad, Taynan kiwsikay matahidang no Dansui kiwsikay, patodongan ci Song Congcian saka 2 miheca 1 folad tayra i ’amisan mikerid to piseking ci Liu Zhongjian to saraskatay pitaneng t osowal[2].   1921 miheca, malaliyaw ko adada ni Song Congcian pahanhan to 1 miheca. I 1923 miheca 3 folad 15 romi’ad, mapatay i Inkiris ci Song Congcian[1][3][4]. === Laloma’an (家庭) === Maocor to saka 2 tayni i Taywan ci Song Congcian ato Elizabeth Song mararamod; I pihakelong ningra to fa’inay misarocod mipaising ato micikeroh fafahiyan salongoc[4]. I 1901 miheca, mapatay i singlo isingan ci Elizabeth Song. I 1910 miheca, ci fafahi ci Song Congcian ci Yu kayingan (Miss Usher). Tatolo ko wawa ni Song Congcian ato fafahi nangra[4]: o kaka fa’inayan madoka’ a mapatay, saka 2 wawa ira i Canada malali’acaay ko tayal, o wawa to fafahiyan ci Hazel Lombay Ferguson itira i Tiberias[3] kiwkayan isingan malakongkoho ko tayal[1]. === Pinengnengan to tilid (參考資料) === 1.宋忠堅牧師小傳（中會）. www.laijohn.com. [2017-10-25]. （原始內容存檔於2017-10-20）. 2.國立台灣師範大學台灣文化及語言文學研究所. 台灣白話字文獻館-關於白話字-台灣基督教長老教會簡表. pojbh.lib.ntnu.edu.tw. [2017-10-25]. （原始內容存檔於2018-04-19）. 3.宋忠堅牧師 （楊）. www.laijohn.com. [2017-10-25]. （原始內容存檔於2017-10-23）. 4.【專文】為愛燒盡—台灣第一位現代女醫宋伊莉莎白醫師. 【民報】. [2017-10-25]. （原始內容存檔於2017-10-26） （中文（臺灣））. bbskjr9dulxsav9om2reuw45o0vzvfb 0 2852 46284 46283 2025-03-21T05:37:39Z Masaonikar 570 /* Papotalay calay (外部連結) */ 46284 wikitext text/x-wiki == Song Elizabeth ising (宋伊莉莎白醫師) == Song Elizabeth ising (Inkiris: Elizabeth Blackburn Ferguson, 1868 miheca, 4 folad 3 romi’ad-1901 miheca 1 folad 17 romi’ad[1]), roma Elizabeth Blackburn Christie, Elizabeth Christie, Christie, Song moksuniw[2], Elizabeth ising, Song Congcian moksuniw[3], Elizabeth[4], Song Eli[5], o cecay nai Glasgow, Scotland a ising. Halafin cingra i timolay Taywan a malaising ato singkiwsi a tayal. === Kasofocan (生平) === ==== ’Ayaway ’orip (早年生活) ==== O kasofocan ni Song Elizabeth (Elizabeth Blackburn Christie) i Glasgow no Scotland. O mama ningra ci John Christie, o nao padamaay to ising, ikor mala nisilsilay to sapaiyo; o ina ningra ci Anne Margaret McAra Soutar; o sakakaay a wawa to fafahiyan ci Elizabeth, tatolo ko safa to fa’inayan, ikor nangra saheto o malaisingay. I kaemangan limaay ho komihecaan ni Christie misitapangay to mafana’ to tilid a misa’osi. I 19 ko miheca i, micomoday to isingan minanam to 5 miheca. 24 ko mihecaan i, misawad maala ningra ko toloay (laloma’ay, papotalay, sapaiyo) kasasiiked no isingan a fana’ (sakamoko’ han ko tilid, L.R.C.P. & S., Ed.). I 1891 miheca, tayni Taywan ci Christie i minanam to sowal no Taywan; ikor, masaso’araw cingra aci Song Congcian itira i Hongkong 1892 miheca 1 folad 9 romi’ad mararamod[1]. ==== Isingan a tayal. (醫療工作) ==== Ikor no kararamod, midefong cangra mararamod to isingan ato pisinting a tayal i Taynan saniyaro’ ko pidotocan. I 1893 miheca 6 folad 4 romi’ad, masofoc cingra i Ryukyuyu to wawa to fafahiyan, paka ci Hazel Lombay Ferguson han ko pangangan. I 1894 miheca 10 folad 11 romi’ad, masofoc cingra to saka 2 a wawa fa’inayan ci Ian Grant Ferguson, ikor mitahidang cangra to midipotay to wawa a ina, padoedo tayra i kasaniyaro’ ko isingan no pisinting a tayal. Itiyaay ho, o satadamaanay a fafahiyan isingan cingra, ’aloman ko niyaro’ay a fafahiyan mananam to pinengneng paising ningra; nika, o sapinengneng ningra saheto nai kiwkayay a sacoker a caay pali’acaen ko pipaising ano eca padafohay. I 1896 miheca, madenga cingra to mangalefay salifong adada, saka malahakelong to fa’inay minokay i niyaro’ paising, saan masofoc t Osaka 3 wawa to fa’inayan ci Graeme Douglas Ferguson. I 1898 miheca, malahakelong haca ato wawa a tayni i Taywan. Naitiya, misarocod to ko tayal ningra to isingan a demak, masaromi’ad salafii ko picada to adadaay ato pasofocay ina, nanoyaan mararid ko pisaliway to kaen; itiya i, o Inkiris fafahiyan sinkiwsi yofayof (Women's Missionary Association) to mihecaan padamso to payso sapadang to ’aca no sapaiyo cingraan, misahalaka mikilim to payso patado sapipatireng to no fafahiyan a isingan[1]. ==== Mapatay (過世) ==== I 1900 miheca 12 folad, ira ko cecay o tatayra i Muca (Neimen no Takao) malaliyaw haca ko kadengaan no adada. Minokay tayni i Taynan fosya i, caay ka nga’ay k okakomaen a maota’ay, tadacaay to ko tatirengan a malotay. Ikor, pakayni pinengneng no ising ci An ising (Dr. David Anderson) no Sinlaw isingan ato ni Tsukuyama Kuichi ising i, hato caay ka fangcal a manga’ay.   I 1901 miheca 1 folad 17 romi’ad, itira i Sinlaw isingan mapatay cingra, 33 ko mihecaan itini hekal. I 1 folad 19 romi’ad, o polong no Sinlaw isingan ato Ciwlokiw congsie pitilidan mipadongos a lihay i cingraan, ikor matadem i Taynan fosya Gongchenmen a mitadem; toya romi’ad, o ’alomanay finawlan miraod tayra mita’ong padongos tangoor cingraan[1]. ==== Ikoray demak (後事) ==== Maherek mitadem to fafahi ningra ci Song Congcian foksi i, panokayen ningra i mato’asay no fafahi ko wawa mapolong saka, manga’ay padoedo matayal to pisinting i Taywan[1]. ==== Piheratengan (紀念) ==== I 2015 miheca, paherek ko patireng to Madou Sinlaw isingan i, laloma’ no isingan a pilihayan mapangangan to “Piheratengan ci Song Elizabeth ising a pilihayan” [1]. === Pinengnengan to tilid (參考資料) === 1.【專文】為愛燒盡—台灣第一位現代女醫宋伊莉莎白醫師. [2017-10-25]. （原始內容存檔於2017-10-26） （中文（臺灣））. 2.宋牧師娘伊利莎白過往. www.laijohn.com. [2017-10-25]. （原始內容存檔於2017-10-25）. 3.宋忠堅牧師娘（楊）. www.laijohn.com. [2017-10-25]. （原始內容存檔於2017-10-23）. 4.台灣初代女醫─伊利沙伯 - 潘稀祺 - 焚而不燬 信仰資源分享. 2017-10-25 [2017-10-25]. （原始內容存檔於2017-10-25）. 5.女醫宋以利 （王貞文）. www.laijohn.com. [2017-10-25]. （原始內容存檔於2017-10-23）. === Papotalay calay (外部連結) === 1.宋忠堅牧師娘（楊）（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） 2.宋忠堅牧師娘（甘、譯）（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） 3.宋牧師娘伊利莎白過往（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） 4.台灣初代女醫 伊利沙伯- 潘稀祺- 焚而不燬信仰資源分享（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） ft0esl3snkoq7dkqr4arll4cgt2oyb0 0 2853 46297 46296 2025-03-24T06:18:10Z Masaonikar 570 /* Pinengnengan a tilid (參考資料) */ 46297 wikitext text/x-wiki == Lan Tafiti ising (蘭大衛醫師) == Lan Tafiti ising (Inkiris: David Landsborough, 1870 miheca 8 folad 2 romi’ad-1957 miheca 10 folad 14 romi’asd), mato’asay La ising, o nai Scotland ising ato Inkiris Ciwlo kawkay a lintosi, o cecay no patirengay to Canghua Kristokiw isingan. Halafin ko aro’ itini i Canghua sa’etal mipaising, ira ko sowal no itiniay tamdamdaw: “Timolan ira ko Mazukong, eatipan ira ci Lan ising”. O wawa ci Lan Taypi[3]. === Kasofocan (生平概略) === I 1870 miheca 8 folad 2 romi’ad[4], masofoc ci Lan Tafiti i Scotland no nikapolongan kitakit. I 1895 mihrca, misawad cingra i isingyin no Edinburgh daykako, ikor itini i Taywan 40 miheca ko isingan pilinto a tayal[3]. Roma i, misa’icel ci Lan Tafiti palowad to itiniaty Taywan a isingan[5].   I 1928 miheca, o cecay 13 mihecaan a kaemangay wawa ci Cou Cinyao malono’ ko cefi’, caay ka molengaw ko fanges, oya fafahi ni Lan Tafiti ci Lian Mayu (Miss Marjorie Learner) miala to sepatay a fanges no cepi’ palalinahen tayra ci Cou Cinyaoan, ikor talacowa onini a pitokad caay ka laheci, nika pakayni to no niyah a fanges ato kafana’ a midipot sanga’ay sato ko kaadah[6][7] I 1936 miheca, misawad ko kaitini ni Lan Tafiti i Taywan minokay tayra i Inkiris. I 1957 miheca 10 folad, matolo’ i tosiya a mapatay cingra[8][3][9][10]. === Piharatengan (紀念) === Patorod ci Du Chongming ci Li Siciaoan papicoka to demak ni Lan Tafiti nai fafahi mikelac to fanges no niyah padama to pakoyocay wawa ci Cou Cinyao a demakan kimad, i Takao ising daykako pakapi i hanglo no Conghe piharatengan ising a pakafit; o sowal ni Du Chongming: “o mitiliday no Takao isingan mararid pakayra romakat tonini hanglo i, talifahal a mapacekil, ikor o aira ko matiniay faloco’ no minanamay nga’ayay a malaisingay, mipatado to adadaay tamdaw.” [11]. I 2008 miheca, milesasiki ko patilidan i, o piharatengan to kaitini i Taywan ni Lan Tafiti ising a pacakat[12]. === Pinengnengan a tilid (參考資料) === 1.蘭大衛. 彰化基督教醫院院史文物館. [2020-07-25]. （原始內容存檔於2020-02-14）. 2.火車願意等待的人 蘭大衛（Dr. David Lands-borough，1870～1957）. 台灣教會公報 (2968期). 2009年1月12日 [2020-07-25]. 3.割膚之愛的醫療傳道者－蘭大衛. 台灣醫療史料數位博物館. 2004. （原始內容存檔於2009-03-02）. 4.《臺灣人士鑑》，1934年 5.蘭大衛 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） - 彰化縣醫療奉獻獎 - 彰化縣衛生局 6.高醫校史暨南臺灣醫療史料館 - 校史館. mkhs.kmu.edu.tw. [2016-12-01]. （原始內容存檔於2022-06-19）. 7.自由時報電子新聞網-自由廣場. old.ltn.com.tw. [2016-12-10]. （原始內容存檔於2016-12-10）. 8.周國屏等編纂，《彰化市志》下冊，第772頁，1997年，彰化：彰化市公所。 9.蘭大衛. www.bdcconline.net. [2016-12-10]. （原始內容存檔於2016-12-10）. 10.數念蘭醫生（李嘉嵩）. [2017-11-13]. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-18）. 11.【仁醫心路】台灣史上第一位博士：杜聰明. 【民報】. [2017-10-19]. （原始內容存檔於2020-09-20） （中文（臺灣））. 12.長榮大學圖書館、圖書館藏管理機制. 長榮大學圖書館. 2016-03-28 [2016-04-02]. （原始內容存檔於2017-10-19）. （多媒體視聽區位於蘭大衛紀念圖書館五樓）」 === Papotalay calay (外部連結) === 9osqf6vhdghvzjfv7q1pnszmggocd92 0 2854 46356 46355 2025-03-25T01:27:29Z Masaonikar 570 /* Pinengnengan to tilid (參考資料) */ 46356 wikitext text/x-wiki == Tomas Pakeli (湯瑪斯•巴克禮) == Tomas Pakeli (Inkiris: Thomas Barclay, Payrang: Pa-khek-lé, 1849 miheca 11 folad 21 romi’ad – 1935 miheca 10 folad 5 romi’ad), masofoc i Glasgow no Scotland i Inkiris, o Tingtosi, tadamanay i sowal no Ciwlokiwkay. Ci Pakeli i 1875 miheca 6 folad 5 romi’ad (25 ko mihecaan), tangasa i Takao no Taywan, o aitira i Taynan mipatenak to Ratoh, mipatireng to Taynan sinkakoyin, I 1895 mitaka, misaway to no Dipong nipikowan to Taywan. Itira cingra i 1935 miheca 10 folad 5 romi’ad mipatay i Taynan, polong ni’oripan itini i Taywan ira ko 60 no mihecaan.   === Kaemangan ’orip. (早年) === I 1849 miheca 11 folad 21 romi’ad, masofoc i Glasgow no Scotlan ci Pakeli, o sasafaay no laloma’an lalimaay malikaka cingra, ira ko cecay safa to fafahiyan. O tato’asan ni Pakeli o nai France, i 1685 miheca nawhani o fa’elohay mitooray ko kaci ngangan malinah tayni pasawali Fife no Scotlan a sa’etal, o misanga’ay to tamina ko tayal ma’orip. Ikor no 100 miheca i, o akong ni Pakeli ci Tomas Pakeli (Thomas Barclay) malinah tayra pasaetip i Glasgow a minato, o misakocoay ko tayal, talacowa masapakoyoc ko nika’orip, nika fa’edet k faloco’ mikingkiw to no kawasan, ona mipadangay to sapipatireng to Kalfin kakoyin [1]. Nai Akongan miteka, laloma’an ni Pakeli o mafiyolay no 17 sician Toic a misarocoday, mali’acaay to kiladom ko mama, mikihatiya i San Yohani kiwkay no Glasgow, orasaka, nai kaemangan ho ira to ko maledef i no Kristokiw ko kato’as ni Pakeli. I 1864 miheca, 15 ha ko mihecaan nawhani o cifana’ay halinanamay ci Pakeli, saka micomod mitilid i Glasgow daykako. Tadamaan to saki ’osian mikingkiw, saki kikayan a fana’ ira ko pipaoni to makadofahay[2] I 1865 miheca, saki 16 mihecaan ’orip ningra i, mitelek cingra to pipacakat to tireng i Kawas, patoaya ko niyah i Kawas, mida’oc matayal saki Kawas. ikor, maraod ko kasofocan ningra i, miliyaw to laloma’an no telek mitilid to ngangan. Tangasa saka tolo pitilid i Daykako, ci Pakeli malawidang ci John Campbell Gibson aci Dugald Mackichan, sacisowal sa “Tatoloay no Glasgow” (Glasgow Three), o satadamaanay tamdaw itiya.    I pihayda ni William Thomson, ci Pakeli aci John Campbell Gibson misanga’ay to sakidingki (dielectrics) tadamaanay dingkian sapilalat, o pahecian no nikingkiwan nangra mapacomod i William Thomson kingkiw a tilidan, saka micomod i hongtian kakokay cingra, mapacomod ko ngangan i Encyclopedia Britannica a tilid. I 1869 miheca, ci Pakeli, Dugald Mackichan aci John Campbell Gibson micomod i Pakoniraay kiwkay singkakoyin (Free Church College) no Scotland, aniniay kaetipay no Glasgow daykako. I 1872 miheca, tona mamisawad i singkakoyin, mitahidang ko ’a’isidan to ’alomanay mitiliday patengil to malasingkiwsiay i Xiamen no Congko ci Tokate (Carstairs Douglas) to pipapolo, o kaka ni okate (Carstairs Douglas) konini a ’a’isaidan, mirina’ ci Tokate to “Xiamen-Inkiris a pidafo’an tilid” mitilidan. Nanoya mananam ci Pakel ici Tokatean itiya. I 1873 miheca, tayra i Laypisi daykako (Leipzig University) no Toic ci Pakeli miceroh ko pitilid. O kalowadan to sapisinting i Congko itiya, oya Santu no Congko ato Formosa (Taywan) cango’ot ko tamdaw itiya, kakaya’ ko cepi’ ako sa ko paretatenga ni Pakeli, manga’ay romakat to lalan no lotok no Formosa (Taywan) saan. oya “Tatoloay no Glasgow” (Glasgow Three) a tatosaay tamdaw: ci Dugald Mackichan tayra i Mumbai no India mala ’a’isidan no Wilson College; ci John Campbell Gibson tayra i Santu no Congko malatingtosi patenak to Ratoh, ikor o safa to fafahiyan ni Pakeli mikadafo i cingraan. === Itini Taywan ko pipatenak (在台灣宣教) === ==== O pikowan no Mancin i Takao (1875 miheca 6 folad 5 romi’ad-1876 paikoran) ==== Ci Pakeli i 1874 miheca 9 folad 19 romi’ad, nai Liverpool no Inkiris lomowad, maala ko 3 folad, i 1874 miheca 12 folad 18 romi’ad tangasa i Xiamen, itira miteka minanam to sowal no Xiamen. O tamdaw no Taywan ira ko 250 ’ofad itiya, 90 % saheto nai 17 sician malinahay nai Cuanzang no Fucian ato Caozou no Kuangtong i Congko Holo tamdaw a teloc, roma o nai Fucian ato Kuangtong a Hakka tamdaw, orasaka o sowal no Formosa palecalecadan sowal no Xiamen ato Fucian a Hokkien a sowal. Oya Ciwlokiwkay no Inkiris irato ko niocoran a Singkiwsi tayni Taywan ci James Ma (1865), Li Xiu (1867), Gan Weilin (1871), Matthew De (1871) itiya. I 1875 miheca 6 folad 5 romi’ad, itrira i Takao micomod, pacena’ sa i Kiaw a maro’, pasi ci Li Siu (Hugh Ritchie) a minanam to sapitatenak, mala o saka 5 no Inkiris (England) Ciwlo kiwkay Sinkiwsi i Taywan (saka 3 foksi). Hadidi saan ci Tomas Pakeli to cango’otay sowal mitamorong to 12 etal a kiwkay. Oyanan i, o kitini no Inkiris Ciwlo kiwkay to pipatenak to Ratoh i o saka 10 to mihecaan, o kalafades ni Ma Yakop (James Laidlaw Maxwell) malalikisi to, o tayal to pipatenat micomod to i misaPayrangay a Tangafolan niyaro’ a sa’etal, masafelengay to ko niyaro’ a mipaso’elin. Toya mihecaan 12 folad 21 romi’ad, ka’amisay no Taywan a tingtosi malasaot itini i Taynan fosya, matahidang ci Tomas Pakeli misano Payrang pakimad itiya. O tatahini ho ni Tomas Pakeli madenga to lalisan a lifong, malemed aca manga’ay i pi’adah ni Wan ising i Kihao (mahaenay ci Li Siu madenga i lalisan a mapatay). O sapipalamitaw to nipatenakan macowat ko kiwkay i, oarasaka misakimokimor mipasifana to itiniay niyaro’ a tingtosi. Ci Ma Yakop (James Laidlaw Maxwell) ising i 1869 miheca 7 folad itira i Elawko (aniniay Wiynike) patireng to paisingan “pinanaman no mitooray”, mapadama ni Wu Sangkiang, mapacakat ko “ranikayay mala tingtosi pinanaman” (Communicants' Class). I 1875 miheca, mapatireng ko Sinlaw ci Kan Wilien (William Campbell) ko micadaay, mafalic “Pinanaman no Sinkiwsi (Students' Class), nai Xiamen mitomadaway singsi ci Lu Liang nano Amilika Kuiceng kiwkay (reformed church), ira ko 7 tamdaw to nano nipasifana’an i kamaro’an ni Kan Wilien (William Campbell) i laeno. ==== Mancin to’ek a Taynan (1876 miheca tangasa 1895 miheca 10 folad 20 romi’ad) ==== I 1876 miheca, tayra to i Taynan ci Tomas Pakeli (Thomas Barclay), ikor no 1 miheca (1877 miheca), ci Tomas Pakeli miteka palisaot toya tosaay a “Pinanaman no Sinkiwsi” pakakomod, mafalic ko ngangan “Daykako” (Toa-oh) “Capital College”, ci Tomas Pakeli ko ’a’isidan, o singsi ira ci Li Siu (Hugh Ritchie, 1840-1879) foksi, ci Si Tapi aci Kan Weilin 3 tamdaw, cecay rawang ko pinanaman (Elawko telangay pilihayan), cecay ko pilafinan, minanamay 13 tamdaw (nai Kihaw 6 tamdaw, itira i loma’ ni Kan Weilin a maro’ ko 7 tamdaw), o nianan ko pisatapangan ko kaira no pipatireng to Taynan sinkakoyin. Itiya a “Daykako” sakowan i, o patodong pipasifana’ no Sinkiwsi to lipalipay. Ira ko nai Xiamen a singsi pasifana’ay to no Kowaping: Tadamaanay pasifana’ay tono Kowaping ci Wang Sicie, Lu Liang (Inkang, nano Siamen Kulangyu kanatal tamdaw, 1852 miheca mapaino’ no Amilika Kuiceng kiwkay (reformed church) pasifana’ to Kowaping midipotay to kamaro’an, saan mitomadaway to saka’orip no mitiliday a todong[3]. O nananamen halo patosokan kiwiko ato nanamen to saki’adingoan, saheto nai Congko mi’aca, roma nai Inkirisay.    Ci Li Siu (Hugh Ritchie) pasifana’ to katelangay fangcalay cudad ato nosera kakarayan sakihekal, roma pakaynien ningra i foingkyo papinengneng to seraraw, kilaraw, folad a kaliyon; ci Kan Weilin mikadkaday to fa’elohay katastelekan cudad to kahacecay no laloma’ ato midemakan ni Yis a kakafahekaan demak ato ’icel; ni Si Tapi o satapangan 12 lalengawan, kasasico’a’ang, seraan, wuli (Physics); ni Tomas Pakeli pasifana’ to Kasadakan, Loma, Pawlo rayray, pisa’osi, Likisi, sa’elinay ni’oripan, kasa nirakatan no fo’is demakan, ira ko pinatilid, nikingkiwan…[4]. O mitiliday saheto o nai inakaay pakoyocay kapah, orasaka, pakilacen no pitilidan i kahacecay to foladan 3 limood payso[5], nika oya itiyaay ho a tintosi foladan 6 limood ko lifon to cecay folad. To lipalipay masakapot ko mitiliday itira papotalay mitinto, tinako: I 1887 miheca i Contien fosia pisekingan, tayra ko mitiliday pisekingan palilam to tilid no ratoh, Kristokiw a tilidan, papotalay pisinting.   I 1877 miheca 1 folad 10 romi’ad, sarakatay rekad no Inkiris Ciwlo kiwkay “Taynan kiwsikay” (Tainan Mission Council) i Fosia midemak, ci Kan Wilien (William Campbell) foksi ko tahidangay, ci Tomas Pakeli foksi ko mitiliday. Toya miheca 4 folad, maocor ci Tomas Pakeli foksi tayra i Shanghai, mikihatiya 5 folad to sarakatay no Singkiwsi tomadaw a demak. I 19 sician, maeminay mafokilay to tilid ko syakay no Taywan, awaay ko mafana’ay to tilid no kowaping. Makalim ci Tomas Pakeli foksi to polong finawlan no o mitooray to Kawas, o sapipalamitaw to Ratoh i Taywan, saka misafaloco’ cingra palowad to Paihuaci (Loma tilid). O sapicikeroh to Paihuaci onto, misafaloco’ mikilim ci Tomas Pakeli foksi to pirina’an to Paihuaci (Loma tilid) citodongay, sakanga’ay a mipasifana’ to tilid no Paihuaci. I 1880 miheca, ci Ma Yakop singkiwsi nai Inkiris paini i Taywan to sa’ayaway sapirina’ to Loma tilidan. I 1881 miheca 9 folad 2 romi’ad, sarakat ni Tomas Pakeli foksi pahanhan minokay tayra i Inkiris, i 10 folad 17 romi’ad nai Tanshui mikalic to tamina miliyas to Taywan, i 11 folad 30 romi’ad tangasa i London, itira i niyaro’ minanam to sapirina’ kicik. I 1884 miheca 1 folad 6 romi’ad, malepon ko hanhan i patikol tayni Taywan. I 1884 miheca 5 folad 24 romi’ad, micaliw to rawang no Sinlaw isingan to pirina’an, misatapang to mirina ko tayal, onini o pipatireng toya Taywan kiwkay kongpawse. O pipangangan ni Tomas Pakeli foksi to patilidan i “Cipawcen”, sowal “Sinlaw tilidan” sanay. O sarakatay i Taywan pirina’an. I 1884 miheca 7 folad, pasayra to i yincumin a kiwkay ko pisolap ni Tomas Pakeli foksi, madenga to lifong, o sapinga’ayaw to tatirengan, mikalic to tamina tayra i Santuo. Toya mihecaan matalikeda kalaloodan no Mancin ato France, milood ko sofitay no France to Taywan, oya itiraay i Taywan a singkiwsi milaliw tayra i Siamen (Xiamen), mikalic to tamina ci Tomas Pakeli foksi minokay tayni Taywan. I 1885 miheca 7 folad (Kongsi 11 miheca 6 folad), mikerid ci Tomas Pakeli foksi to Taywan fosia kiwkay sinpon (Taiwanfoo Church News) saka 1 haw (aniniay Taywan kiwkay kongposia) i Taynan Juzhentang (sinlaw) pasadak. Sarakatay 4 felih, saka 3 matongal 8 felih to. I 1885 miheca 7 folad 19 romi’ad, ci demak to “Elon demak”. Nawhani Elon (salaloma’an no Pintong) o mitooray a Ngayngay salikaka mamipatireng to kiwkay i lalangen no finawlan no niyaro’ o lali’elan no kangic ko kaitiraan, patireng itira to loma’ o saka peleng no niyaro’ saan, saka maocor a tayra ci Tomas Pakeli foksi a misalof. I 7 folad 19 romi’ad ’ayaw no lahok pilihayan, kasa’opoan ira ko rafasay 10 a kapah miliyok to kiwkay misamsam to salikaka, patopida’en to ta’I ci Tomas Pakeli foksi itiya, samsay ko sowal ningra i mari’angay sowal sa: “Idangaw, haenen namo ko demak o kalimelaan, ano itiraen namo i omah ko pitaktak i ko ikaka tonini ko kafangcal noni.” [6] I 1885 miheca 9 folad 21 romi’ad, mapatireng ko Canglong congsi pitilidan, micomoday ira ko 10 mitiliday, ta malinah tayra i Sinlo fa’elohay pitilidan. ==== Pataloma’an (結婚) ==== I 1891 miheca 4 folad, saki natosa ni Tomas Pakeli foksi na minokay patikol matayal. I 1892 miheca 11 folad 18 romi’ad mararamod to kangkoho to nai Scotland a kaying ci Elisabeth A. Turner (1858/6/23 - 1909/7/11). I 1893 miheca 2 folad 15 romi’ad, ca Tomas Pakeli foksi mararamod patikol tayni Taywan. Oya ci Elisabeth pakayni i tekedan a fana’ to isingan, palekapot to isingan ato pipatenak, padama to ’ayaway finawlan no Taywan. ==== Ka Dipongan to’ek i Taynan (日治時期在臺南) ==== I 1895 miheca 4 folad 17 romi’ad matatelek to “Maguan tiaoyue”, pakelacen no Mancin ko Taywan to Dipong, ci Tang Jingsong aci Liu Yongfu patireng to Taywan nikapolongan kitakit, palalacal to tadamaanay no Taywan, nanay mico’ay to pikowan no Dipong saka, malengat ko Yiwei lalood. I 6 folad 4 romi’ad piliyawan no cidal, Taywan nikapolongan kitakit congtong ci Tang Jingsong mipalafafahiyan milaliw tio Taypi, ci Liu Yongfu ko midotocay to Taywan nikapolongan kitakit congtong. Oci lalooday to aniniay ko Dipong, malowid ko kasaniyaro’ay miliyangay sofitay a talatimol. Paikoran no Yiwei lalood, o tadamaanay sofitay no Dipong nai Taypi milefek pasitimol, miceroh to sofitay, nai Ciayi Potay, Pintong (Akao) Fangliao talahekal, micora’ to Taywan nikapolongan kitakit saikoray kaitiraan no sofitay i Taynan. I 1895 miheca 7 folad, malahakelong ca Tomas Pakeli foksi mararamod, tayra i Xiamen. 8 folad 4 romi’ad, tayra i Dipong mihanhan to tireng. 10 folad 12 romi’ad, ci Tomas Pakeli foksi nai Xiamen patiko tayni i Taynanfo, malineknek ko Taynanfo itiya, mapa’ekel no nikeridan ni Liu Yongfu a sofitay. Masapinang no finawlan ko picomod no Dipong tamdaw i mitooray itiya, malosakafirangan no finawlan, adihay ko pirepet to mitooray a demak, 10 folad 14 romi’ad toya lafii, cidemak ko “Madou a demak” itini i likisi no Taywan kiwkay, ci mapatayay ko tamdaw no mitooray to 15 tamdaw, mapakalolay ko 4 tamdaw, polong han 19 tamdaw[7], o kalingsesan a demak.   Tona Dipong a sofitay “No timolan kakeridan sofitay” mamilood kotasaay sakapot sofitay to Taynanfo itiya, ci Liu Yongfu misawad midipot to Taynanfo milaliw tayra i Xiamen, mingitangit to ko tadamaanay tamdaw no Taynan ci Tomas Pakeli foksi aci Song Congcian foksian (Duncan Ferguson,1860 - 1923) pasi ci Nogi Maresuke kakeridan to sakalali’ay. Oya tatosaay foksi i 10 folad 20 romi’ad i pipatihi midama no 19 tamdaw, mikerid to semo’otay tadamaanay tamdaw matatelek to sapatoror a masasowal. Ca Tomas Pakeli foksi malahakolong pasi kahiceraan sofitay no Dipong, o pihawikid aca to sapitangic saka, o rakat sanay a tayra. O sakaecaaw ka lood, cingra ato mihakelongay pasidadaya a tayra, mitatoy to fayfay no Inkiris, romadiw to radiw no sapahemak, romakat to pinaay a kongli a lalan, tangasa pipaciro’ to kowang no Dipong a sofitay paterep, misolap. I 10 folad 21 romi’ad to dafak, ca Tomas Pakeli foksi malahakelong tangasa kaitiraan no sofitay no Dipong i Ecensing ’alo (ka’ayaw no aniniay Cianan daykako a Esing niyaro’), masasi’araw to kakeridan sofitay no Dipong ci Yamaguchi Motoomian[8]. Ikor maala haca ca Tomas Pakeli foksi tayra i Tayi (Honi no Takao) a Su laloma’an, misa’ayaw to kakeridan sofitay no Dipong ci Nogi Maresukean[8][9].   Kafana’en ni Nogi Maresuke ko katayni no ’alomanay tamdaw i, mihayda ko sofitay no Dipong ta caayay ka doka’ maremes ko nga’ayay micomod to niyaro’. Nanoya ci Tomas Pakeli foksi ato mikapotay a tamdaw no Taywan malakakeridan, mikerid to 1000 tamdaw sofitay ato romakatay sofitay malatisil ko picomod to niyaro’ saka, awaay ko madoka’ay no finawlan tamdaw. Ci Tomas Pakeli foksi mikerid to sofitay no Dipong micomod nai Siaonanmen no Taynan fosya, saka caay ka cimadoka’ay a manga’ay, o nianan mapadipot ko 5 ’ofad no finawlan no Taynan fosya. I 1897 miheca, ci Tomas Pakeli foksi aci Song Congcian foksian mikerid to sofitay no Dipong a mapakaolah, mapakompay no Meici hongti no Dipong, mapatodong no finawlan no Taynan to maeningay kiradom cangraan, o todong piahowidan[10][11][12].   I 1898 miheca, minokay tayra i Inkiris ca Tomas Pakeli foksi maramod, papelo to nano demak i Taywan, mikilim to sapipatireng to Taynan sinkakoyin a Inkiris payso. I 1901 miheca, 1 folad 12 romi’ad, paherek ko hanhan na Tomas Pakeli foksi patikol tayni Taywan. I 5 folad 15 romi’ad, oya Taynan kiwsikay ala 700 payso sapi’aca to sera, malo pipatirengan to kaitiraan no Sinkakoyin. I 1902 miheca 4 folad 9 romi’ad, Taynan sinkakoyin miteka sapipatireng to fa’elohay masadak micomod kamaro’an no pitilidan a tayal. I 1903 miheca 2 folad 17 romi’ad, paherek malepon ko tayal. I 1909 miheca 7 folad 17 romi’ad, tayra i Santou ca Tomas Pakeli foksi mararamod mipahanhan. I 1908 miheca 2 folad 1 romi’ad, miliyas to Taynan ca Tomas Pakeli foksi mararamod, nai Kilong lomowad minokay tayra i Inkiris. I 1909 miheca 7 folad 11 romi’ad, mapatay i Shanghai ci Elisabeth A. Turner, 51 ko mihecaan ningra i hekal, matadem i roma kitakit tamdaw patademan i Shanghai. I 1913 miheca 4 folad 11 romi’ad, tayra ci Tomas Pakeli foksi i Xiamen mifalic to fa’elohay fangcalay cudad, o sinkakoyin ci Lian Delie foksi (A.B. Nielson), Song Congcian foksi aci Mei Kanwu foksi (C.N.Moody), Liu Congcian foksi (Duncan MacLeod) madadoedo to tayal no ’a’isidan. I 1919 miheca 6 folad, tona pifalic ni Tomas Pakeli foksi to paihuazi fa’elohay fangcalay cudad, mapakaolah to tamohong no Glasgow daykako kawasan hakasi. I 1918 miheca mapatodong no Inkiris Siesyo yofayof a mida’ocay kaolahan kakeridan, i 1921 miheca mapatireng to sarakatay sokay kakeridan no Inkiris Ciwlokay a kamaro’an. I 1923 miheca, malaheci ni Tomas Pakeli foksi ko nano nitilidan ni Tu Ciate a “Inkiris Han a pidafo’an to sowal no Xiamen” a pipatongal tayal, nai Shanghai kalali’acaan mirina’ pasadak.   O pipatenak ni Tomas Pakeli foksi i Taywan maraod ko 60 mihecaan, misarocod micikeroh to paihuazi kiwiko i, sata’akay nilahecian o pipatireng to Taynan sinkakoyin. Mala sarakatay ’a’isidan no Taynan sinkakoyin cingra, pasadadahal to pitilidan, saan pacomod to aniniay tatelakan. Masawowalen i, o pasifana’ ni Tomas Pakeli foksi to kawasan, piti’eran a fana’an no mitiliday, pafeli haca cingra to fana’ to saki kakka a fana’, tinako fa’elohay koyomi ato telangay koyomi a kasasiroma, minengneng to serayan, mitanam to no kakak a fana’an. O nian ko pipadefong to “kawasan” ato “kakakan” a angilan harateng. Pacarcaray ho mala ’a’isidan no Ciwlo kiwkay congsie (Changlong kaocong) a ’a’isidan. I 1934 miheca, 84 ko mihecaan ningra, citodong mala kakeridan (kiciw no kiwkay) no Taipingjing kiwkay. Tangasa 1935 miheca 10 folad 5 romi’ad, ciremes ko fongoh ningra mapatay i Sinlo isingan, ira ko 85 mihecaan no ’orip. ==== Patireng to pitilidan (興辦教育) ==== Taynan sinkakoyin Changlong congsie Ciaohui kongpao se ==== Laloma’an (家庭) ==== I 1892 miheca 11 folad 18 romi’ad, saki natosa ni Tomas Pakeli foksi minokay tayra i Scotland i, itira i Glasgow mararamod to Scotland a kangkoho ci Ilisapil (Elisabeth A. Turner) a kaying, nai ci George H. Knight foksi ko misetekay. Oya ci Ilisapil (Elisabeth A. Turner) nai 1858 miheca 6 folad 23 romi’ad masofoc i Scotland, 2 ko salikaka to fa’inayan, 4 ko salikaka to fafahiyan, o nano nikonlingan to no kangkoho i Scotland cingra, mala citodongay a kangkoho, i ’ayaw no kararamod ningra, o malalokay ko tayal i kiwkay a singsi no kaemangay.      I 1893 miheca 2 folad 15 romi’ad, malahakelong maramod tayni Taywan misinting. O citodongay to no isingan ko ’orip ni Ilisapil, palekapot to isingan ato pisinting ko tayal, mipatado to ’ayaway finawlan no Taywan, ano talacowacowa cingra, mihawikid to sakatayal no isingan ato kangkoho sakatayal, mararid patado midipot to adadaay panokay i loma’ midipot. Matiraay ko demak ni Ilisapil saka patiliden ningra ko widawidang i niyaro’, saheto o kapah ko patodongan, mirina’ to “nai maraayay Formosa a tilid to kaemangay a wawa” (Letters from Far Formosa to Boys and Girls) a tilid. Nika mafades cingra to kaadada no tangal, patongal han to karomakat maraayay pasawali no Taywan, matiraay saka masamo’ to ko tatirengan ningra. I 1908 miheca, ca Tomas Pakeli foksi mararamod minokay tayra i Scotland, tona mipakinsa to tatirengan ci Ilisapil i, ira ko pitokad, saka 2 miheca to 2 folad, miliyaw haca matokad, saka pasowal ko ising to dengan foladan to ko ’orip ano eca mihecaan to, tona mafana’ ci Ilisapil to kamatini no tireng saka, patangsol sa miketon to patiko tayni Taywan, o dengan to a ’orip paitinien i pisinting ko tayal i Taywan sato. Patiko ko rakat nangra pakayni i sekal ko lalan, pakayra i Sipoliya tangasa ka’amisay no wali. Tangasa i Shenyangsi i, caay to kanga’ay ko rakat ni Ilisapil, tayra sato i Shanghai paising, ala han no ising ko piras no tangal ningra nika, mata’elif k ocecay lipay i 1909 miheca 7 folad 11 romi’ad miliyas to hekal a mapatay, ira ko 51 miheca ko ’orip, matadem i Shanghai roma kitakit a tademan. Ikor i, sacecay sato ci Tomas Pakeli foksi patikol tayni Taynan. ==== Piharatengan (紀念) ==== Taynan sinkakoyin Tomas Pakeli pilihayan Taywan Kristo ciwlo kiwkay Taynan Tongmen Tomas Pakeli piharatengan kiwkay. Tomas Pakeli piharatengan koyin Tanansi Tongci Tomas Pakeli lalan[14] === Pinengnengan to tilid (參考資料) === 1.潘稀祺: 為愛航向福爾摩沙-巴克禮博士傳, P13 (人光出版社) 2.井川直衞, 武田公平. バアクレイ博士の面影. 1936. 3.賴永祥: 教會史話381 - 廈門來兩位漢文仙 4.賴永祥: 教會史話380 - 卓道生述大學之始 5.賴永祥: 教會史話382 - 盧良負責管神學生 6.巴克禮（Barclay, Thomas）函 1885年7月27日 寫的 《台灣教會公報》 3118期 2011年11 月28-12月4 日 p. 22-23 7.潘稀祺: 為愛航向福爾摩沙-巴克禮博士傳, P.243 (人光出版社) 8.巴克禮牧師二層行日軍營地會談-二層行溪. 臺南市政府文化局. 2021-07-28 [2021-11-17]. （原始內容存檔於2021-11-17）. 9.巴克禮與乃木希典會談-蘇家大厝. 臺南市政府文化局. 2021-07-28 [2021-11-17]. （原始內容存檔於2021-11-17）. 10.巴克禮記〈乃木軍の台南入城〉. [2020-08-31]. （原始內容存檔於2020-01-18） （中文（臺灣））. 11.自由時報. 日軍和平進城120年 台灣教會公報社找尋巴克禮足跡. 自由時報. 2015年10月17日 [2020年8月13日]. （原始內容存檔於2018年12月5日）. 12.【臺灣史上最大戰爭】達飛聲與巴克禮 ── 為臺灣推開時代交接大門的兩位外國人 | 故事 StoryStudio. 2020-01-07 [2020-01-16]. （原始內容存檔於2020-01-14） （中文（臺灣））. 13.辛廣偉. 台灣出版史. 河北教育出版社. 2000年. <nowiki>ISBN 7543439964</nowiki>. 14.東區「臺南市南台南站副都心區段徵收工程」等24條新闢道路命名為「巴克禮路」、「崇聖路一、二段」及「崇慶街一、二段」、「崇賢一、二、三、五、六、七路」、「崇興路」、「崇正路」、「崇元一、二街」、「崇吉一、二、三、五、六街」及沿用「生產路」，臺南市民政局. [2019-10-10]. （原始內容存檔於2017-01- === Papotalay calay. (外部連結) === qouc4qv0ckqy6kewku8u6jy16bxmmi9 0 2855 46373 46372 2025-03-27T03:46:30Z Masaonikar 570 /* Pakayraan minengneng (參考來源) */ 46373 wikitext text/x-wiki == Siao Yuming siwni (蕭玉鳴修女) == Siao Yuming siwni (Inkiris: Matilde Sansolis Serneo, 1934 miheca 1 folad 26 romi’ad – 2012 miheca 2 folad 8 romi’ad), o Iloilo no Philippines a tamdaw, ono Tinsokiw Renai dinto siwnikay a siwni, o nai Posong Senmo isingan rafas no 20 mihecaan, masowal to “Tankaw siwni” hananay ko pitahidang. Tadamaana to saki inakaay niyaro’ to todong isingan a tayal, i saka 12 rekad mapakaolah to isingan a kompay. === Kasofocan (生平) === Itini i Iloilo a niyaro’ no Philippines ko kasofocan, 19 ko mihecaan mikapot to Renai dintokiw siwnikay, I 1959 mihecaan misawad nai Sen Tomas (University of Saint Thomas) daykako, itira i nipatirengan a isingan 1 miheca ko tayal itira[1]. I 1966 miheca, sa’ayaw ni Siao Yuming siwni itira i Tinmo Lote (Lourdes) no Yangmingsan nikowanan midipot to malafelay a wawa ko tayal, tayra i Shipai Censin isingan mipadang to ma’epiay wawa miyatayat to tireng. I 1967 miheca, pakamay to itiraay i Toucheng no Yilan a Sen Fangci (Saint Francisco) padipotan, midipot to mato’asay, ikor itira Taypi, Toucheng ko kacacoaliw no tayal. I974 miheca minokay tayra i Philippines minanam to Suse no kangkoho, ikor no 2 miheca patikol tayni Taywan[2]. Ikor nipatirengan no Tinsokiw a isingan i Lucao no Ciayi caay kaedeng ko tamdaw, malikelon ci Siao Yuming siwni mipadang to 2 miheca, midipot to adadaay mato’asay[2]. Itiyaay a Lucao Sencia isingan itiraay inka caay ka kilim, oya sa ci Cao Cinming a siwsi adahay ko mitayalan ningra[3].   I 1989 miheca, ci Siao Yuming siwni micada to no kankoho i Senmo isingan no Posong, caay ka edeng ko tamdaw no ising itiya, 55 ko mihecaan ningra itiya rarid sa masaromio’ad to 24 widian, maledefay to “polongan midipot” [4]. Onini a isingan o nano Ireland Senmo isingan ditokay a siwni ca Ke Shuxian, Su Yunfang i 1961 miheca nipatirengan, sarakat o aitira i laedan no Pintong Posong a niyaro’ to Ansuo niyaro’ no yincumin, miraay to Posong cecay ira ko pankiw no widi ko sarakat no paliding[5]. Oya ci Siao Yuming siwni to ko citodongay to dademaken, misongila’ to laloma’an no ising, citodong to kankoho, mipakaen to adadaay, misisit to tatirengan, sarocod sa ko demak, mitira to ko pilongoc to kapot, ano masapinang to caayay ka tatodong i, tangasa i kalahecian. O pangangan no matayalay i Senmo isingan no Posong ci Siao Yuming siwnian i o “o imeng no kafoti’an no adadaay”, “o imeng no tilid no adadaay”, “micinatay siwni”. O sowal no matayalay, itiya ho, ano ira ho mirakarak ci Siao Yuming siwni i kafoti’an no adadaay, matirtir to ko matayalay kangkoho, nawhani matiya iraay i aikor cingra, misolap to tayal no kangkoho midipotay to adadaay, o tilidan no adadaay masongila’ay matilid; o sowal no matayalay ci Su Siulian, mikihar ci Siao Yuming siwni ka nga’ay no adadaay, to dafadafak miliso’ to adadaay, cikappa ko matayalay pangingoy to adadaay, mihapinang to kasanak no adadaay, mapaoning ko kafati’an i, raheked to ci Siao Yuming siwni[2]. Mala pililiwan no Taypi Manila kadademakan no Posong ci Siao Yuming siwni, pidatado to matayalay no Philippines a mikadafoay at omatayalay. Tona pakalitemoh ko mitakaway micomod marepet no imeng, patelacay matayalay a mirepet i, marawraw ko Philippines tamdaw i, mili’ayaw aca ci Siao Yuming siwni a tayra[2]. I 2002 miheca, mapalowad no isingan ci Siao Yuming siwni pangangan mikihatiya to saka 12 rekad pacakat isingan a kompay, nika mana’ay cingra, pasowalen no kapot o sakanga’ay no isingan koni, hadidi sa mihai[4]. Maraod sato ko pilayapan to pilitemoh no congtong ci Siao Yuming siwni i, pasowal sa: “Pafelien kako to payso, mana’ay kako to kompay.” Nanay pakayni masalof ko kacango’otan no isingan to payso[4][5][6]. Pasowal han ningra ko paratohay: “Alatek halipaysoay to kiso”, “Miliyangay kako to Kawas to pidipot to pakosiya a tamdaw…”[2]. Saka 2 miheca, onini a isingan caay pakafilo to hatiniay a kalaom no cango’ot, paherek sato koya tadamaanay a pasofocan a isingan[5]. Toya mihecaan o satadacaayay to a mihecaan, ko Senmo isingan no Posong, dengan to ca Si Saowei tatosa[7]. O sapipa’oripaw to dafong no Senmo isingan no Posong, ci Siao Yuming siwni mahirateng misanga’ to Tankaw palilam to adadaay tamdaw, orasaka sapitanamaw micikeroh to “Mitolonay siwni a tankaw”, o cecay no tankaw 600 ko payso[6]. ’Ayaw no pisanga’ i, mitolon ho cingra to sakanga’ay rihaday no komaenay a tamdaw[4]. Masadak ko ratoh tonini i, oya tankaw nao mo’etepay ho i, macakat to 200 ko mi’acaay, nika caay topakafilo to sakidemak a misanga’, mitahidang cingra to mipadangay no isingan, laloma’an, patado sa ko kaemangay pasela’ ko tamdaw a mipadang misanga’, mapapadapadang maaqisal to tayal[6].    Ngengen han no kapot matayal i isingan ci Siao Yuming siwni a o “Tankaw siwni”, minengneng ko kalacaan no tosor ato miwilet to ko kamay mimoric to ’emi, pacekil ko ’alomanay a tamdamdaw, oya nihadidian to pinapina 10 miheca, pacakat to tiring to saka nga’ayaw pidoedoan no Taywan tamdaw nasa[4].        2012 miheca 2 folad 8 romi’ad, ci Siao Yuming siwni ci adada to congfong itira i Yilan a mapatay, mapanokay ko ’afo tayra i Philippines[4]. === Pakayraan minengneng (參考來源) === 1.檔案 蕭玉鳴. 《民生報》. 2002-04-20 （中文（臺灣））. 2.薛桂文. 第12屆醫療奉獻獎 個人獎得主素描 蕭玉鳴 ‘黏巴達’修女 ‘愛錢’不愛獎. 《民生報》. 2002-04-20 （中文（臺灣））. 3.薛桂文. 溫暖的依靠 第十六屆醫療奉獻獎得主素描系列之七 晁金名 貧病人家的庇護者. 《民生報》. 2006-03-21 （中文（臺灣））. 4.張嘉慧. 活著為別人！　蛋糕修女回天家. 《基督教今日報》. 2012-02-24 [2019-12-06]. （原始內容存檔於2020-08-08） （中文（臺灣））. 5.施鴻基. 醫療奉獻獎 台東聖母醫院 「信心是信仰」 修女們「傻」得可愛 只求服務 不計較回饋 在安寧病房中 為病患圓夢. 《聯合報》. 2008-06-20 （中文（臺灣））. 6.邵惠琴. 修女祈福蛋糕 貼補窮醫院. 《中國時報》. 2007-12-07 （中文（臺灣））. 7.羅紹平. 施少偉大愛 民眾要趕來送別 守護東部醫療 病逝前仍堅持看診 多人在網路留言感念 聖母醫院明辦公祭 工作人員摺紙鶴相送. 《聯合報》. 2008-12-05 （中文（臺灣））. qn01dz3jwx8qfw79x7hw3qser5anpo8 8 2856 46375 46374 2025-03-27T16:10:52Z Maintenance script 1 Migrating data to new format 46375 json application/json { "$version": "2.0.3", "GEHomepageCommunityUpdatesCallToAction": { "pageTitle": "", "buttonText": "" }, "GEHomepageCommunityUpdatesContentBody": "", "GEHomepageCommunityUpdatesContentTitle": "", "GEHomepageCommunityUpdatesEnabled": false, "GEHomepageCommunityUpdatesMinEdits": 0, "GEHomepageCommunityUpdatesThumbnailAddDarkModeBackground": false, "GEHomepageCommunityUpdatesThumbnailFile": { "title": "", "url": "" } } d1xm97f2xbtvehjzbe3po6c2mousbni 0 2857 46413 46412 2025-04-07T01:34:49Z Masaonikar 570 /* Pinengnengan (參考資料) */ 46413 wikitext text/x-wiki == Lan Tapi ising (蘭大弼醫師) == Lan Tapi (Inkiris: David Landsborough Ⅳ, 1914 miheca 12 folad 16 romi’ad – 2010 miheca 3 folad 2 romi’ad), masofoc i Canghua no Taywan, o sinkiwsi no Inkiris o wawa ni Tafiti Lan aci Mayu Lian, halafin ko kaitira i Canghua Kristokiw isingan, saka 6 rekad isingan pakaolah a kompay. === Ka’oripan a demakan (生平紀事) === ==== Mato’as i Canghua (彰化長大) ==== Lan Tafiti aci Mayu Lian a wawa ci Lan Tapi i 1914 miheca 12 folad 16 romi’ad masofoc i isingan no Canhua (aniniay Canghuasi Canghua Kristokiw isingan) [2]. O ningra harateng I’ayaw ko pinanam to no Payrang a sowal, ikor minanam to Inkiris saan[3]. Masofoc mihakelong to mama tayra Inkiris, 5 ko mihecaan minokay tayni Canghua[2]. 7 ko mihecaan i, manengneng ningra ko piadah no mama pa’orip to tanodoka’ sanay tamdaw i lalan, maharateng ningra, o nian ko sakafiyol no sakalaisingaw ningra[4]. Nai kaemangan ni Lan Tapi mikihatiya to sikatay, kitokay, papotalay pidinto no Canghua kiwkay a demak[2]. 17 miheca minokay tayra Inkiris, nawhani awaay ko sapapitilid to isingan, ’ayaw micomod to kiwkay, o kiwkay ko miocoray papinanam to isingan[4]. Itira cingra i National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery no Inkiris misarocod to pono’ tatemikan sifana’ ising[5], ==== Quanzhou iyoan (泉州懸壺) ==== Pakaala to isingan hakasi ci Lan Tapi, i 1940 miheca tayra i Quanzhou, Fujian no China Huisi isingan (saka tosa isingan no Fujian isingan daykako) patado[7]. Itiya micalap ko sofitay no Dipong, pakayra cingra laed no Xiamen milaliw, 4 ko romi’ad ko rakat tayra i Quanzhou, itira tomiteka to isingan a tayal, midemak to kadadengaan no lifong[4]. I 1942 mihecaan i Quanzhou, maledef ko lalifong. Misolap ci Lan Tapi toya dadaya i, ira ko cecay i saka tosa lipay katalawan adada malaliyaw pacekil mimetmet to kamay ni Lan Tapi malipak malalitemoh ningra. Saka tosa dadaya, masadak ci Lan Tapi toya dadaya, eca pisolap cingra itiya, toya dafak misolap to adadaay awaay manengneng koya adadaay. Ikor to no 50 no mihecaan, maliclic cingra to “Minsenpaw” masowal tonini a demak i, talalosa cingra a tomangic[8].    Paherek ko lalood i, pahanhan i Inkiris ci Lan Tapi to cecay miheca, ci fafahi to fafahiyan ising ci Gao Renai, ikor kararamod saka tosa miheca, malahakelong tayra i Quanzhou. I 1949 miheca, macalap no sofitay ko Quanzhou, padoedo ca Lan ising itira ko pipaising, i 1951 miheca 1 folad malaplap pasadak, minokay tayra Inkiris[4].      ==== Minokay tayni Taywan (返回臺灣) ==== Mafatad ko saka tosa miheca na Lan Tapi i Inkiris, ira ko tahidang no kakeridan no Canghua Kristokiw isingan panokay i Taywan, matahidang micokeray yinciw, saan mapatodong t okakeridan yinciw[4]. I 1954 miheca, tahidangen ningra ci Hua Renai tayni Taywan, citodong to hankoho pitilidan[9]. I Paci ka renrenan, manaop no nanom ko ka’ayaw a telangay isingan a lalan Cunghualo, kofaw no isingan, kamaro’an no kankoho a lalan, rahanaw ci Lan Tapi tokacahiwan no kankoho, orangen ningra ko tafo a mipawsa to kankoho. ’alomanay matayalay kankoho i isingan, mahirateng nangra konini, manengneng nai saka tosa tingroh malikid no nanom ci Lan Tapi, kinacecay micayat to padal mikafit, doedo sato talahekal, ta manga’ay tangasa ko pipawsa to kankoho ira ko kakaenen[6]. I 1967 miheca, pasadak ci Lan Tapi no Canghua Kristokiw isingan to 4 patosokan: paisingan, paratohay, padama to pakoyocay, pipasifana’an[2]. Paini to sowal ci Zhang Shuzhen ising i, o misanga’ay to pawa o kaysya i Canghua, kalamafetas, oya ci Lan Tapi ising ko mi’esesay to matayalay to sapipa’orip to madoka’ay tamdaw, kasapinangan a maharateng ningra[10]. Kaitini i Canghua isingan i, hina tayra i lotokay niyaro’ mipaising, ira ko cecay madoka’ay ko cepi’ adadaay, awaay ko payso sapaising, tala o sanay to patay i taloan, panokayen ningra tayra ising miadah[8].   I’ayaw no 1960 to’ek mihecaan, ira to ko dafakay, dadayaay kasasowal sa’opo no Canghua ising, nai ci Lan Tipian pasifana’ to Takao isingkakyin ato Taypi ising kakoyin a minanamay[5]. I 1971 miheca, itira cingra i Conghua tatemik ato tatemik ising kakokay a sa’opo, miparatoh to masapinangay no Canghua isingan a 6 kohelaay mata masadak ko ma’epiay wawa a tinako, nika katawaen no mataay isingan konini a demak, tangasa i 1977 miheca 3 folad 6 romi’ad, o hakasi no Tayta isingan tatemikan ci Hong Zupei pasadak i Conghuaminko tatemik kakokay miparatoh to kadengaan no tinai’ adada, itiya a masapinang no ’alomanay[11]. Canghua Kristo isingan “Mikelacay to fanges a olah” kikingkay midemakay ci Chen Meiling paini, ira ko kasasowalan tayni i Canghua isingan ira ko patado “mi’aca to cecay pafeli to cecay” sanay, ’ayaway patirengay to isingan ci Lan Tafiti, Lien Mayu, Lan Tapi, Kao Renai, Wei Kesi aci Wei Ailun a ising (David Lan and his wife Lian Mayu, Lan Dabi and his wife Gao Renai, Wei Kesi and his wife Wei Ailun) mararamod a ciolahay nangra, o sapipacakat to finawlan no Taywan[12]. Ca Lan Tapi ising mararamod ciriko’ ci kocuseta to nitapidan, ci kocu to ma’epongay ko saripa’, o koliciw ka saka romakat minengneng to adadaay[6]. Cifaloco’ patado ko isingan mi’aca to sakaromakat a tosiya i, kana’ayen ningra[4]. Miki’ayaw to kinaira a lifon palitosaen ko no nicokeray a yinciw ko lifon, nika caay ka edeng ko mitongalay to fana’ kaemangay ising i, paalofo mipadang[8]. Itiya makerod ko payso no Inkiris (Inpang) i, no kakeridan a kinaira a lifon keroden, nika mana’ay cingra patongalen no isingan ko lifon[6]. O fafahi sa caayay ka cilifon to fafahiyan ising a todong[4]. O nika rarid pafeli to remes kato’asan i nipalolol to remesan sapa’icel[6].      Salepon no 1960 mihecaan, matahidang ni Lan Tapi ising ci Lan Malie (Basket Mary) pa’icel to kakoho no Canghua Kristo isingan a demak[13]. I 1980 miheca, masawad to ci Lan Tapi ising i, patodongen no Canghua Kristokiw isingan to pisawad padafoh, patodong no sakapot matayal to sakito’as a payso, polong kana’ayen ningra, sacisowal sa miahowid to Tapang a Kawas patodong tamiyanan pacakat to Taywan[5]. O pafeli no Kikingkay to 200 ’ofad payso, pasadaken ningra[6]. Ono kakeridan ni isingan patoroden ningra ci Wu Zhenchun ising ko citodongay[14]. ==== No pisawad a ’orip (退休生活) ==== Misawad to ci Lan Tapi ising mapakafit i loma’ ko “Formosa” sanay a paya[3][5], midipot to tatoloay padek a wawa[3]. I 1980 miheca, Shen Yuanyao ising tayra i katimol London miliso’ Lian Mayu, Lan Dabi, Gao Renai laloma’an[15]. I 1992 miheca, patikol tayni ci Lan Tapi i Taywan, pakanengneng to mana’angay a koliciw ningra mapateli i, pasowal sa “ano cimaay a tamdaw ko mangalayay sakoliciw han” saan ko sowal ningra[8]. Saka tosa miheca 10 folad, ci Gao Renai ising, ciadada to kang a mapatay[10]. I 1994 miheca, sacecay sa cingra tayni i Taywan mikihatiya to demak no Canghua Kristo isingan, nawhani mato’asay a toros, eca to kafangcal k orakat, tado sa to no mato’asay a padafoh to 250 Inkiris payso to foladan ma’orip[16]. I 1995 miheca, oya nai Canghua Kristo isingan matayalay a 43 tamdaw ano eca padamaay ising midotoc to ni Cai Zhengdao ising, mi’aca to 55 ’ofad paysao no Taywan pakaolah ci Lan Tapian a paliding, mitahidang to midipotay kangkoho ano eca liyawen ko laloma’an nasa, kana’ayen ningra[16]. Ikor, pa’acaen ningra koya paliding, 1,200 payso no Inkiris, patikoen ningra i Canghua Kristokiw isingan[6]. I 1009 miheca 9 folad, matolo’ ci Lan Tapi a matokad, masadak manga’ay romakat to salokelon a lalan[7]. Toya mihecaan 10 folad, Canghua Kristokiw isingan a Yunsen isingan ci Chen Shoudong, micokeray Zhou Xian ising miliso’ cingraan, ci Lan Tapi halafin to ko eca ka pasowal to no Payrng, tano licayen o cima ko papatiliden han i, pasowal sa “O Taywan” saan[3]. I 2010 miheca 3 folad, masamo’ to ko tatirengan ni Lan Tapi ising, pasowal to kafokilan no kangkoho tengilen, pakayni i wawa ningra to sakakaay mafana’ay mitengil to ka’ilol to mapatayay fafahi, ato widang i Taywan, misatikotiko pasowal to pakoyocay tamdaw[3]. Inkiris a romi’ad 3 folad 2 romi’ad to dafak, mapatay ci Lan Tapi itira i London[7]. ==== Kahemekan piharatengan (榮耀紀念) ==== I 1959 miheca, ci Lan Tapi ising malanga’ayay finawlan no Canghuasi kacingangan ato safawah a finawlan[7]. I 1979 miheca 11 folad 8 romi’ad, mapakaolah to nga’ayay tamdaw nga’ayay demak onto micikerohay wiyinhuy pahapiw ci Lan Tapian, aci Shi Keyao o sanga’ayay finawlan a dayhiw itiya miheca[17]. I 1980 miheca pakalayap to tadamaanay finawlan a ngangan kompay[7]. I 1990 miheca, ci Lan Tapi pakalayap to saka 6 rekad no isingan pacakatay kompay i, kana’ayen ningra[18]. Toya mihecaan 2 folad 8 romi’ad, toya cefang mapakaolahay ci Luo Huifu ising pasowal sa i paratohay, i ’ayaw no 35 mihecaan ciadada cingra to kahengangay fangesan adada i, onini ci Lan Tapi isingan ko tayni sanay i Taypi miadah i cingraan[19]. 11 folad 18 romi’ad, midayhiw ci Lan Tapi to Inkiris kitakit Lan laloma’an milayap to pakatamohong no congtong ni Lee Tenghui[18].   I 1999 miheca, pingitangit ni Huang Zhinong to Wencienhuy to 60 ’ofad sapadafoh payso i, ni Chen Meiling a nitilidan to “Mikelacay to fanges a olah” matilid to ni Lan Tafiti, Lan Tapi isingan pisinting likisi, nai isingan nitilidan misolimatan, i 2000 miheca 11 folad 20 romi’ad mahapiw tonini nitilidan itiya[20]. I 2008 miheca, Lan Tapi mapatodong to saka 1 fo’is pakaolahan ato kompay[7] Ikor no cecay miheca ni Lan Tapi, Canghua Kristokiw isingan saka 4 tingroh patodong to ngangan “Paharatengan kimad no lamit”, adihay k omateliay saki Lan Tapian tilidan piharatengan, i 2011 miheca 3 folad 19 romi’ad midemak to kansya lihay, micokeray no Siencang ci Zhang Ruibin, Canghuasiciw ci Qiu Jianfu ato sakakaay wawa ni Lan Tapi ci Donald, saka tosa wawa ci David aci Xueyun a mikihatiya. Onini a piharatengan o todong to “Lamit” sanay a patosokan, picomodan o papah no kilang, misanga’ay ci Cai Wangda o “O niyaro’ no Lamit” ko pahapinangan. Lilis no karomakatan o mirakatan i da’oc no ’orip a cuka, pahapinang to kasarocek no mitiya a pasoni’ a filomo[21]. === Pinengnengan (參考資料) === 1.永別了 在台行醫奉獻28年 蘭大弼醫師相片懷念展. 台灣基督長老教會台中中會. [2020-07-25]. （原始內容存檔於2020-07-25）. 2.林婉婷. 宣教師來台 醫病救靈魂. 《台灣教會公報》. 2017-12-20 [2020-01-31]. （原始內容存檔於2020-02-03） （中文（臺灣））. 3.吳為恭. 英國台灣囝仔 蘭大弼過世. 《自由時報》. 2010-03-09 [2020-02-03]. （原始內容存檔於2020-02-03） （中文（臺灣））. 4.李師鄭. 視行醫為奉獻的蘭醫師. 《民生報》. 1979-09-17 （中文（臺灣））. 5.陳永興. 【好文精選】英國的蘭大弼醫師 臨終寫下最懷念的兩個字:台灣. 《民報》. 2016-02-06 （中文（臺灣））. 6.李曜丞. 院長冒大水扶柱子 為護士送飯 資深護士紅著眼回憶：激流，一次一次沖走他；院長，一次一次泅上來…伙食揹肩上。. 《聯合晚報》. 1996-11-18 （中文（臺灣））. 7.簡慧珍. 《他們的故事》 奠定彰基基石 蘭大弼病逝 英籍醫師投身彰基26年 曾獲彰縣榮譽縣民 器官衰竭享壽96歲. 《聯合報》. 2010-03-05 （中文（臺灣））. 8.李淑娟. 久違了﹐蘭院長﹗ 蘭大弼最難忘的病人. 《民生報》. 1992-11-29 （中文（臺灣））. 9.陳永興. 【人物】彰基護校校長 華仁愛（1909～2011）. 《民報》. 2021-05-22 [2021-09-04]. （原始內容存檔於2021-09-04） （中文（臺灣））. 10.張淑珍. 懷念蘭醫師：謙虛常存感恩心的蘭醫生. 《太平洋時報》. 2011-01-05 [2020-02-03] （中文（臺灣））. 11.劉復興. 紅眼症來自非洲迦妠 感染後四肢麻痺癱瘓 腸病毒七十型 尚難有效遏止 台大醫院發現 四十多件病例. 《聯合報》. 1977-03-07 （中文（臺灣））. 12.詹建富. 魏克思 慈心巧思的外科高手. 《民生報》. 1998-04-04 （中文（臺灣））. 13.林進修. 藍瑪烈 藍姑娘 不說說NO！. 民生報. 2000-04-19 （中文（臺灣））. 14.彰基醫學中心明日奠基 落成後將成為地方開業醫師後送醫院. 《民生報》. 1982-10-15 （中文（臺灣））. 15.沈淵瑤. 英倫拾杏 大不列顛最好的養老院─訪蘭大弼院長. 《民生報》. 1980-12-15 （中文（臺灣））. 16.吳玉貞. 愛在吾土吾鄉 對蘭醫師的愛 都裝進機密檔案裡. 《民生報》. 1995-10-26 （中文（臺灣））. 17.好人好事代表 廿三日受表揚. 《聯合報》. 1979-11-10 （中文（臺灣））. 18.李淑娟. 蘭大弼 獲總統贈勳 表彰他為台灣民眾所做的醫療奉獻. 《民生報》. 1996-11-19 （中文（臺灣））. 19.薛桂文. 醫師救醫師的生命情緣. 《民生報》. 1996-02-09 （中文（臺灣））. 20.陳志成. 彰化基督教醫院 切膚之愛事蹟付梓. 《中國時報》. 2000-11-21 （中文（臺灣））. 21.黃莉雯. 懷念蘭大弼　根的紀念館開幕. 《基督教今日報》. 2011-03-28 [2020-02-03] （中文（臺灣））.[永久失效連結] === Papotalay calay (外部連結) === ml00yb9dxjqve4z24pv6p75ds7po6wc 0 2858 46434 46433 2025-04-08T06:53:08Z Masaonikar 570 /* Pinengnengan (參考) */ 46434 wikitext text/x-wiki == Gao Renai ising (高仁愛醫生) == Gao Renai ising (Inkiris: Dr. Jean (Connan) Murray Landsborough, 1920 miheca 9 folad 1 romi’ad – 1993 miheca 11 folad 14 romi’ad), masofoc i inakaay niyaro’ no London i Inkiris, halafin ko mihecaan pacakat to Taywan ko kalaising. === Da’oc no ’orip (生涯) === ==== Kaemangan a ’orip (早年生涯) ==== O kapolongan isi a ising ko mama ni Gao Renai, o kakeridan nio niyaro’ cingra i kalaloodan itiya, misa’icel i ka’amisay no London sa’etal isingan ato padamaay a tayal. O fai ci Du Xueyun kaying o naitiraay a singhsi no Canglong fafahiya kawcong i Taynan. O tariktikay nai kaemangan ci Gao Renai, pasi tilidan, iso, likisi, saki radiw ato fangcalay cudad a kimad tadamaan ko pikingkiw. I 1934 miheca, na misawad nai fafahiyan isiyin i London daykako, 2 miheca ko kacitodong to maro’ay ising, ona mipatirengay to isingan. Ikor, mitelek cingra to sintingan ising, ona patilid ci Lan Tapi isingan to saki sinkiw isingan, paca’ofen ni Lan ising a tayra i Redhill miliso’ ci Lan Tapi ato mato’asay ningra. Ikor, pasi Inkiris Ciwlo kiwkay misingsi to saka tayra i roma kitakit misinkiw (Hayway sincaw), saka ira ko 3 folad to pinanam to fangcalay cudad atono fa’edetay niyaro’ isingan a pinanam. I 1947 miheca 6 folad 14 romi’ad, mararamod i London ci Gao Renai aci Lan Tapi; toya miheca 9 folad, malahakelong cangra tayra i Quanzhou no Fujian i Congko, itira i Huisi isingan ko tayal. ==== Kaitiraan i Quanzhou a to’ek (泉州時期) ==== I Quanzhou, salahoday sa ko ’orip nangra tatosa malamod; saka, o romi’ad to ano eca o sowal to maraay to niyaro’ no niyah, saka mangalef ko kasasiroma no saki’orip. Roma sato, maledef ko no kafa’edetan a adada ato roma a kadadenga no lifong, tinako kasienawan lalisan, fala’ adada, fitoka adadaan. Roma i, itira isingan ira malitemoh ko makalatay no lokedaw madoka’ay; saka, o caay ka fangcal ko kaitiraan no isingan ittiya. Ano matiratira aca i, o matanengay ni Gao Renai kaitini i Huisi isingan i Quanzhou i “O pafelian no Kawas tadamanay sapakaolah”. Kaitiraan ho, minanam to itiraay ponka, lekakawa, pinangan itira. Ikor, mafana’ to sowal no itiraay, sakanga’ay malalicay. I 1949 miheca 8 folad, micomod ko sofitay i Quanzhousi; i 1951 miheca, mapatangic papiliyas to Quanzhou minokay tayra Inkiris. ==== Minokay tayra Inkiris (返回英國) ==== Ikor nokaitira i Inkiris, midipot cangra maramod to mala’apiay fa’inayan a wawa; ikor no pina mihecaan i, midipot haca to cecay fafahiyan a wawa nai padipotan. ==== Kaitiraan i Canghua Kristokiw isingan  (任職彰基) ==== I 1952 miheca, alaen nangra maramod koya wawa tayni Taywan, nanoya miteka to misarocod cangra i Canghua Kristokiw isingan ko tayal itiya. Sa’ayaw, midipot ho ci Gao Renai to kaemangay wawa pacarcar sa ko tayal ningra i ising; ikor i, cango’ot a mitongal to tamdaw ko isingan, saka misarocod to ko pidefong to isingan a tayal, saka patireng to fafahiyan a kasofocan (Focanke). Dengan fafahiyan kasofocan isingan ko tayal, mikerid haca cingra to matayalay isingan tayra lotokay yincumin niyaro’ ano eca tayra i masapakoyocay lilis no riyar sa’etal, midemak to kapolongan isi sifana’ misinting ato mipaisingan ko tayal, mangalef saki emet to kaciwawa no fafahiyan no lalomaan halaka ano eca sapitena’ to ekangan adada pisapinang a tayal[2]. Roma i, misafaloco’ haca cingra to pa’alowacan kaemangay sifana’, itira i papotal ko pilihayan saka macowat ko Lan Tafiti haratengan kiwkay[3]. I 1980 miheca 7 folad 1 romi’ad, misawat to tayal ci Gao Renai minokay tayni Inkiris[4]. ==== Pinengnengan (參考) ==== 1.高仁愛醫師述傳. [2016-12-04]. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-18）. 2.南門媽祖宮，西門蘭醫生～認識切膚之愛基金會---醫門四傑. [2016-12-04]. （原始內容存檔於2016-12-04）. 3.彰化基督教醫院院史文物館. www2.cch.org.tw. [2016-12-04]. （原始內容存檔於2019-07-30）. 4.潘稀祺. 臺灣公共衛生的推手－－高仁愛醫生(全). 路加雜誌. 2012-03 [2016-12-04].[永久失效連結] ==== Papotalay calay. (外部連結) ==== n5xwg4g6uhe98rqlhqnpt89p7n3d3j3 0 2860 46457 46456 2025-04-11T03:36:49Z Masaonikar 570 /* Pinengnengan (參考) */ 46457 wikitext text/x-wiki == Weikes ising (魏克思醫生) == Weikes (Inkiris: Joseph Wilkerson, 1913 miheca 9 folad 15 romi’ad – 2001 miheca 6 folad 11 romi’ad), Mitokaday ising (wayke), halafin ko kaitini i Canghua Kristokiw isingan ato fafahi ko tayal i isingan, saka 8 rekad isingan pacakat a kompay. === Da’oc no ’orip. (生平) === ==== ’Ayaway miheca a ’orip (早年生活) ==== Weikes ising (Joseph Wilkerson), I 1913 miheca masofoc i Durham niyaro’ i North Carolina no Amilika. Kaemangan ho mitelek to sakalafoksian, ikor mafana’ to matemoyay ko niyah, caay ka tatodong ka’ayaw no ’alomanay papelo. Tona misawad nai Maryville kakoyin no Tennessee huasyi pinanam, mala isingan sinting, maala to Virginia daykako ising kakoyin. Misawad nai Virginia daykako ising kakoyin. Itira i Amilika minanam to pilafinan ising, saan matatama kalaloodan no Dipong to Pearl Harbor, matahidang malasofitay, itira to i kalasofitayan citodong t okakeridan a ising[2]. Paherek k okalasofitay minokay tayra i niyaro’, o sapilaheciaw to sakala midingtoay ising i Congko, itira i 1947 miheca ato kalofafahi ci Wei Ailun tayra i Yale daykako minanam to no kowaping a sowal, I 1948 miheca mararamod cangra[3].   ==== Tayni Taywan (來到臺灣) ==== Sacifaloco’ sa ci Weikes ising to sakatayniaw i pasawali a niyaro’ malaising, malepon ningra ko kai Amilika minanam to saki pitokad isingan i, i 1953 miheca tayni cingra i Taywan, kadadoedo i Pintong, Ciayi Kristokiw isingan ato Taypi Makay isingan patado ko tayal, saka tosa miheca matahidang ni Lan Tapi, citodong kakeridan no tokadan ising, pacarcar haca to micokeray to kakeridan a yinciw[2]. Mipaini ko mitomadaway to kanga’ayan a isi no Cangci ci Huang Fengmei i, o satadamaanay to sakitokadan ising ci Weikes ising itiyaay miheca, hawikiden ningra ko nai Amilikaay a pitokad sadipot kakokay kapolongan sapadama a fana’, nai cingraan ko kafana’ to masarocoday no adadaay harateng sapilaheci no dademaken[4]. Paini ko kakeridan no tokadan no Cangci ci Chen Shoudong, sa’ayaway naikoran no lalood i, sasifo’an no Taywan to ma’epiay wawa, mangasanay ato mafala’ay adadaay to kaledefan i, masarocoday fana’ ni Weikes singsi (ising) ko pisalof mitokad, saka nga’ay ko ma’epiay ato matakonolay adadaay, caay to kada’ocan ko minafoyay ko ’orip, o nano para’ ko saka saselic, misapi’ipi’iway ko kadademak a adadaay i, manga’ay mo’ecel ko tatirengan a romakat[2]. Ira ko 27 mihecaan ko kaitira i Canghua Kristokiw isingan ko patado ningra, tadamaan ko pikihar ningra to mafala’ay, pakayni i pitokad isingan pitokad, masalof ko tatirengan no ma’epiay maliwetay ko tireng a adadaay[3]. Itiraay i Canghuasi Tapolo patirengay to Leandro Maryknoll isingan ci liande (Clinic) ising, patayraen ningra ko adaday paising[5]. Citodongay to Cangci ciolahay fanges ci Chen Meiling sawal sa, i 1950 mihecaan masapakoyoc, manikaw cango’ot ko isingan no Taywan itiya, nika pahanhanan ni Weikes ising militado cingta tayra i ta’akay isingan no Amilika padoedo minanam, tosa miheca ko pinanam no falohang pitokad ato cecay miheca ira ko pankiw to cefoan tokad a pinanaman, o sapadamso’ to sasifo’an no Taywan to saki falohang a tokad, cefoan tokadan, okak tokadan ato sapisalof palolol no fanges a tokad patado[3].   O niyah sa ko midemakay, tinako padamso’an no roma kitakit a sapipa’el a kikay, ma’epiay wawa a satoka’, marar a koco’, misanga’ sapasifana’ no isingan[2]. Sacisowal sa to kalita’angan ko kakeridan no tokadan no Cangci ci Chen Shoudong, o niyah sa ci Weikes ising ko misilsilay to sapidemak to sapitokad a rayray, tada masapinang nengnengen[6]. Ci Weikes ising i Cangci matelek to kosaki matayalay isingan ’ayaw no sapipa’el, patokad to adadaay, I’ayaw ko pitolon to adadaay a rocok. Na tayni ci Lin Jieshan i Cangci minanam to sakalaising, mitoor to po’ot i saka cecay romi’ad i, mitengil cingra to pitolon ni Weikes ising, laloma’ no pitolon misapo’eneray to cango’ot no ’icel, milongoc ko sini’ada no Kawas to adadaay, mapadama ranikay ko kanga’ay. Pasowal ci Lin Jieshan, o pidemak ni Weikes ising to madoka’ay ko fitoka, ci fokelohay tira’, matakonolay kacifala’, fotolan pitolad, tangasa i malingaroyay, matefaday ko taisi’an ato awaayay ko samiyot pisalof a tokad, halo fafahiyan a tokad, awaay ko sapipaliyasaw. Kahiratengan ni Lin Jieshan, mitoor ci Weikes isingan a pitokadan, adihay ko masootay no fasal ko tina’I a kaemangay wawa, caayho pikecec to kalaw, hadidi saan misahacecay miala pasadak[2].   O fafahi sa ni Weikes ising ci Wei Ailun itira cingra i kakeridan no kangkoho no Cangci, mala citodongay no kangkoho pitilidan no Cangci cingra, mapalahad to ko semo’etay kakeridan no kangkoho no Cangci[2]. O nipafelian no kiwkay a kucukaysing i pafelien ni Weikes ising ko pakoyocay adadaay tamdaw, ano ira ko cango’otay to payso to sapafeli to sapaising, cingra ko patakangay, saan patireng cingra to saki pakoyocay adadaay a kiking, padama to pakoyocay tamdaw[2]. Patodong to cecay lipay a romi’ad padama to Poli Kristokiw isingan pitokadan, mapadang ko masereday lotokay niyaro’ sa’etal, yincumin isingan, mararid mikihar to adadaay to no wa’ayan i Pimen no Taynan, ato Pintong, Posong Kristokiw isingan adadaay[3]. I 1977 miheca, matolo’ mapatay ko saka 3 wawa ni Weikes ising, caay pakakilim to sapi nokay tala Amilika a sapikalic to hikoki, ikor masasipaini ko ’alomanay, manga’ay aca sapilaheci to pina’ang to rikor[2]. ==== Pinokay tayni Amilika (返回美國) ==== I 11980 miheca 7 folad 1 romi’ad, o pisawadan to tayal ni Weikes ising aci Lan Tapi ising itiya. Pisawadan to ni Weikes ising talacowacowa ko tayal ningra mipadang to pipaisingan a demak, itira i Pakistan isingan patado itiya masapinang ko ka ciekang to no fotolan, minokay tayni Amilika paising[3].   I 1998 miheca i mapakaolah ci Weikes ising to saka 8 rekad isingan pipacakat kompay, pakayni kakeridan no Canghua Kristokiw isingan mararamod ci Huang Zhaosheng matahidang tayni Taywan milayap tonini pakaolahan[2]. Toya miheca saka 4 folad 19 romi’ad midemak to 3 romi’ad pacakay to nicukaan a demak itiya, saki nianan a demak o pipatado saki Weikes isingan a payso, sapisalof to pisawad a cango’otay saka ’orip nangra[7]. I 2000 miheca, ocoran ni Huang Zhaosheng ci Chen Shoudong ising, aci citodongay kakeridan to likisi no Cangci ci Chen Meiling tayra i North Carolina no Amilika pito’asan loma’, mikihar to saki’orip na Weikes ising maramod[3]. I 2001 miheca 6 folad 11 romi’ad miliyas to hekal ci Weikes ising a mapatay, I saka 8 folad 19 romi’ad midemak t opiharatengan ko Canghua Kristokiw isingan cingraan. Oya mata’elifay to 20 miheca a  kamaro’an ’anengang ni Weikes ising minengneng to adadaay mapateli i ka’ayaw no pilipayan. Oya sito ningra ci Chen Shoudong ising sowal sa, onini a ’anengang i o nipodpodan ni Weikes ising, itini tonini ’anengan i, mapa’orip ko pina:ay ’orip tamdaw no Taywan, mahinom ko ’alomanay ciadadaay faloco’ no adadaay, caayay pikaloya a ’orip, nipafaloco’an ko pinga’ay ira mihirateng, anini onini a tawki nonini a ’anengang i, awaayto itini hekal[6].   === Pinengnengan (參考) === 1.Joseph L Wilkerson. MyHeritage. [2020-12-20] （英語）. 2.詹建富. 魏克思 慈心巧思的外科高手. 《民生報》. 1998-04-04 （中文（臺灣））. 3.吳玉貞. 魏克思 病逝美國 醫療傳道留身影. 《民生報》. 2001-06-24 （中文（臺灣））. 4.陳志成. 《人與事》黃峰美 青春奉獻手術室. 《中國時報》. 2005-05-17 （中文（臺灣））. 5.陳志成. 愛在寶島奉獻半世紀 阿祖修女願終老台灣. 《中國時報》. 2000-02-02 （中文（臺灣））. 6.吳玉貞. 感念、告別 魏克思醫師 無私行止 風範長存 彰基追思 無限悵惘. 《民生報》. 2001-08-20 （中文（臺灣））. 7.吳玉貞. 傳承魏克恩大愛 彰基籌募基金 義賣畫作剪綵 魏醫師好激動 昔日病友相會 笑淚中見溫馨. 《民生報》. 1998-04-20 （中文（臺灣））. pccngyj409uekbtuu4c41x4736wx7dz 0 2861 46470 46469 2025-04-14T03:27:22Z Masaonikar 570 /* Pinengnengan (參考) */ 46470 wikitext text/x-wiki == Wei Ailun kongkoho (魏愛倫護理師) == Wei Ailun (Inkiris: Estelle Wilkerson, 1918 miheca 8 folad 30 romi’ad – 2011 miheca 12 folad 23 romi’ad), kangkoho no Amilika, halafin malahakelong to fa’inay ci Weikes isingan ko tayal itini Canghua Kristokiw isingan, mikiwiko to malakangkohoay. === Ni’oripan (生平) === I 1918 miheca 8 folad 30 romi’ad, masofoc i Roane niyaro no North Carolina i Amilika, itira i Woodleaf mingataay to mimingay Salibury malingaday niyaro’ pitilidan, ikor itira to cingra i Montreat Junior College a mitilid, saan i 1942 miheca misawad i Virginia daykako.    I 1942 miheca tangasa 1946 miheca, itira i Charlotte niyaro’ i North Carolina no ciwlokiw isingan a kangkoho pitilidan a malasingsi[1]. I 1947 miheca tangasa 1948 miheca, malakapot ci Weikes ising minanam to sowal no kowaping i Yale daykako, o sakatayraaw ni Weikes ising i Congko malasinkiw a ising[2]. I 1948 miheca 1 folad, mararamod cangra tatosa[1], ta malahakelong cangra tayra itira i Jiaxing, Kristokiw malaising i Zhejiang, ci poyapoy ci Wei Ailun tayra i Shanghai pasofoc, itira sa ci Weikes ising i  Jiaxing itiya[3]. Mapatireng ko Conghuarenmin sakapot i, palasepayke han ci Weikes ising micalap to 9 a folad[2], tangasa 1951 miheca a mapasadak[3]. Ira ko tatoloay wawa to fa’inayan ato cecay wawa to fafahiyan a wawa, kasadoedo sakakaay ci Stephen, fafahiyan ci Nancy, saka tosa fa’inayan wawa ci Douglas, saka tolo fa’inayan wawa ci Joseph[1].   I 1953 miheca, ci Wei Ailun ato fa’inaymatatoor tayni Pintong no Taywan, Ciayi Kristokiw isingan ato Taypi Makay isingan mipatado kko tayal, saka tosa miheca i nipitahidang ni Lan Tapi ising tayra i Canghua Kristokiw isingan mipatado ko tayal[3]. I 1965 mihecaan i, ci Wei Ailun mala’a’isidan no Canghua Kristokiw kangkoho pitilidan a mitahidang to mitiliday, tolo mihecaan ko pinanaman to sakafana’, pacakat palowad to citekeday a nifana’an.   Saan i, mikihatiya haca ci Wei Ailun to roma a dademaken tayal, halo saki roma kitakit sinkiwsi a wawa patirengan Morrison pitilidan pasifana’ t okawcong, kocong a sifana’ [1]. I 1977 miheca, saka tolo a wawa to fa’inayan ci Joseph matolo’ a mapatay, ca Wei Ailun a mararamod mikakilim to sapinokay tayra i Amilika hikoki a payso, ikor o kapolongan to ko padafohay manga’ay minokay milosimet to pina’ang[3].    I 1980 miheca 7 folad 1 romi’ad, misawad to ci Weikes ising[2]. I 1981 miheca tangasa 1983 miheca, ca Wei Ailun mararamod itira i Beverly no Kentucky a Home Mission Hospital ko patado no tayal, I 1984 miheca tayra haca i Pakistan pisinting a tayal, i 1985 miheca misawad ci Wei Ailun, tayra to i Montreat no North Carolina ko aro’ [1]. I 1998 miheca 4 folad 19 romi’ad, matahidang cangra tatosa no Canghua Kristokiw isingan milayap to pakaolah no pipacakat isingan ca Weikes isingan ato pilada’ to saka’orip nangra tatosa[4]. I 1999 mihecam malinah haca cangra tayra i ighland Farms no Buncombe a maro’ [1]. I 2000 miheca, maocor no kakeridan ci Chen Shoudong ising aci Chen Meiling i North Carolina miliso’ cangraan to kato’asan no o’rip[2]. I 2001 miheca 6 folad 11 romi’ad, o fa’inay ni Wei Ailun ci Weikes ising mapatay[2][5]. I 2011 miheca 12 folad 23 romi’a ’ayaw to dafak, tadanca k otireng no adada ni Wei Ailun mapatay i Highland Farms a loma’. Mapatay ci Wei Ailun i, o wawa ci Stephen mikabsya t oCanghua Kristokiw isingan padeteng sa tayni Taywan miahowid, tadong talolong ko kasasikiher no ina ci Wei Ailun ato Taywan[1]. === Ikoray no 'orip (身後) === I 2013 miheca 9 folad 30 romi’ad, Canghuasien sarakatay pisa’opoan to mato’asay pidipotan to romi’aday a kaitiraan, oya Canghuasi Mincolo 209haw 5 tongroh, o nano Siencenfo Syakayco padafohan to Canghua Kristokiw isingan ko pipatireng, o ngangan ni Wei Ailun ko patodongan pangangan “ Wei Ailun pinanaman” sanay[6]. === Pinengnengan (參考) === 1.台彰化基督教醫院 追思美籍宣教士魏愛倫. 《基督日報》. 2012-03-19 [2019-12-26]. （原始內容存檔於2019-12-26） （中文（臺灣））. 2.吳玉貞. 魏克思 病逝美國 醫療傳道留身影. 《民生報》. 2001-06-24 （中文（臺灣））. 3.詹建富. 魏克思 慈心巧思的外科高手. 《民生報》. 1998-04-04 （中文（臺灣））. 4.吳玉貞. 傳承魏克恩大愛 彰基籌募基金 義賣畫作剪綵 魏醫師好激動 昔日病友相會 笑淚中見溫馨. 《民生報》. 1998-04-20 （中文（臺灣））. 5.吳玉貞. 感念、告別 魏克思醫師 無私行止 風範長存 彰基追思 無限悵惘. 《民生報》. 2001-08-20 （中文（臺灣））. 6.吳為恭. 彰縣首家專收失智 日照機構月底啟用. 《自由時報》. 2013-09-28 [2019-12-26]. （原始內容存檔於2019-12-26） （中文（臺灣））. 0gg92s4hg6pbemztdr7oi65zavl6ety 0 2862 46494 46493 2025-04-17T02:29:00Z Masaonikar 570 /* Pinengnengan (參考資料) */ 46494 wikitext text/x-wiki == Pai Paozhu kaying (白寶珠姑娘) == Pai Paozhu (Bai Baozhu) (Inkiris: Marjorie Ingeleiv Bly, 1919 miheca 5 folad 30 romi’ad – 2008 miheca 4 folad 8 romi’ad[1][2]), o pitahidang no tamdaw paka ci Pai kiying ano eca ci Pai fai han nangra, o cecay sinkiwsi ato kangkoho a Amilika tamdaw. Halafin ko tayal a patado to ciadadaay to malono’ay ato laloma’an no Taywan ato Penho a tamdaw[3][4]. === Da’oc no ’orip (生平) === I 1919 miheca, itira i Jigongsan no Henan ko sofoc ni Bai Baozhu, o mama ato ina ningra o sinkiwsi no Lutherankay no Amilika. I 1926 miheca, o salikaka ato cingra makaraod no lalood, saka mapa’orip ni Shi Kenen ising ato hongseci (Dr. Schicken and the Red Cross) miliyas; ikor, malinah cangra laloma’an tayra i Northfield no Minnesota, itira to ko pitilid ningra, kona itira cingra i isingan ni Shi Kenen ising matayal. I 1941 miheca, nai St. Eulav's kakoyin misawad to Seno ato syakay ninanaman. I 1944 miheca, itira cingra i Feierwei kangkoho kakoko (Fairview Nursing School) minanam to kangkoho[5] oci todongay to kangkoho a kompay (registered nurse, RN). Misawad i, itira cingra i St. Eulav's kakoyin matayal to cienkangsi a kangkoho; nika, caay katawal ko sakatayraaw i Congko a matayal. I 1946 miheca, itiya malaheci ko sapiocor no Lutherankay a sinkiwsi ato mitiliday nai San Francisco mikalic to tamina pasi Congko ko rakat; nika, saka tosa miheca mapatay ko mama ningra, oya sato a Congko malalood ko laloma’an no Congko. Talacowa mihakelong cingra to sofitay no Conghuaminko pasitimol, nika saikor to i 1949 miheca 7 folad minokay tayra i Amilika. Nanoya, itira cingra i isingan ni Schein ising a mipadang matayal, o na mitanamay cingra mala matayalay i hikoki no Kaetip ka’ami (Northwest) hikoki kosi. Ikor, malayap ningra ko tilid ni Son Lilien sinkiwsi, matahidang tayra i Taywan Lesen pinga’ayan (Liawyangyin) patasdo to malono’ay adadaay tamdaw[6]. I 1952 miheca, itira cingra maocor no Lutherankay tayra i Taywan Lesen pinga’ayan (Liawyangyin) pakatayal[5], citodong to kangkoho mipatadoay to malono’ay adadaay tamdaw[7]. I 1955 miheca, cingra aci Pan Jinzhang tatosa misitapang i Penho micikeroh to Hansensi (Hansen's) adada “polongan no tamdaw, saromi’aday, polong no loma’, polong no syako mikiharay” pacakat to syako kakonghoan midemak, ono Penho isingan “tadamaanay fangesan paising” ko todong, “Piliso’ to loma’” ko roma, itiya miteka i Penho sa’etal mipatado midipot to malono’ay adadaay tamdaw k otayal[8].    I 1958 miheca tangasa 1974 miheca, madadoedo k opakalayap ningra to St. Eulav's kakoyin to kasenengan a mitiliday ato kasenengan hakosi no pitilid.  I 1989 (1990) miheca, pakalayap to Penhosien cenfo pakaolahan kasenengan finawlan ato polong no kitakit nga’ayay tamdaw nga’ayan demak a dayhiw. I 1994 miheca, mapatodong cingra to saka 4 liyad a isingan sapacakat a kompay sapakaolah. I 1999 miheca, misawad cingra nai kiwkay sinkiwsi a todong, itini sa i Penfo a maro’ ko ikoray ’orip. I 2002 miheca, pakalayap cingra to mida’ocay ko aro’ a roma kitakit a tamdaw t onano Conghuaminko kika. I 2007 miheca, milayap cingra to pakaolah ni Chen Shuibian congtong to kaliyalaway fo’is. Nanoya, caayto ka nga’ay ko tosor, masamo’ pahater to ko faloco’, eca to pakanengneng ko mata[9][10].    I 2008 miheca 4 folad 8 romi’ad, itira cingra i padipotan no Penfo isingan a mapatay; o ’afo no tireng ningra mafolesak no laloma’an i riyar no Penfo. I 2008 miheca 4 folad 23 romi’ad, miliyaw haca ci Chen Shuibian congtong pafeli to sapakaolah a kompay[11][2][12][13][14]. === O nika sasowalen (語錄) ===  “aka ka talaw, paso’elinen.” [15] “Penfo, o loma’ ako” “O ’afo no tireng ako, folesak han i riyar no Penfo…” (paikor a sowal) [6]. === O nitilidan a cudad (相關著作) === ==== Kalohongan (書籍) ==== 1.《臺灣推動進階護理的典範：白寶珠女士》（3版），余玉眉，華杏出版股份有限公司，2017。[16] 2.《澎湖阿嬤白寶珠》，台灣基督長老教會總會教育委員會，2017。 3.《上帝差遣在澎湖的天使白寶珠宣教士紀念文集1919-2008》，基督教信義會。[17] 紀錄片 4.《永不停歇的腳步－紀念白寶珠逝世週年》，好消息電視台。[18] 5.《永遠的白阿姨》，好消息電視台。[17][19] === Piharateng (紀念) === 1.澎湖馬公市街頭有一尊她的立姿雕像。[20] 2.澎湖馬公市有一座描繪她與病人的坐姿雕像。[21][22] 3.財團法人道真護理教育研究基金會設有「白寶珠護理獎學金」。[23][24][25] 4.澎湖馬公市設有白寶珠紀念公園。[26] === Kacitodongan kamok (相關條目) === 1.何義士，綽號「大鬍子醫師」，一位長年奉獻於澎湖地區的天主教靈醫會修士與醫師 2.孫理蓮，財團法人基督教芥菜種會創辦人，孫雅各牧師之妻 3.石仁愛，一位在馬祖地區長年為當地醫療奉獻的修女 === Pinengnengan (參考資料) === 1.The Taiwanese 台灣人 Tâi-Oân Lâng: Marjorie Ingeleiv Bly 白寶珠 宣教師. thetaiwanese.blogspot.tw. [2017-03-25]. （原始內容存檔於2017-03-22） （英語）. 2.林信男. 臺灣推動進階護理的典範：白寶珠女士. 當代醫學. 2011, (451): 392-396. （原始內容存檔於2014-10-05）. 3.梁妃儀、陳怡霈、蔡篤堅. 漢生病照顧者人物傳. 臺北市: 行政院衛生署. 2008: 251. <nowiki>ISBN 978-986-01-2969-4</nowiki>. 4.自由時報. old.ltn.com.tw. [2017-03-25]. （原始內容存檔於2017-03-25）. 5.醫療奉獻獎 - 第四屆 - 白寶珠. archive.is. 2017-03-25 [2017-03-25]. （原始內容存檔於2017-03-25）. 6.張肇烜. 【人心人術】白姑娘：上天賜給澎湖的天使 一生守護台灣痲瘋病患 - 想想Thinking Taiwan - 想想台灣，想想未來. 想想論壇. [2017-03-25]. （原始內容存檔於2020-07-11） （中文（繁體））. 7.孫理蓮(Lillian Dickson)著.芥菜種會編譯小組譯，<愛在樂生:一位母親歷經艱難,照顧一千個絕望病人的故事>，宇宙光出版社，2016。 8.tavischannel, 永遠的白阿姨, 2012-11-29 [2017-03-25], （原始內容存檔於2017-04-07） 9.陳可文. 曾是麻瘋病患大恩人 如今獨居無助. 中國時報. 2006-01-07. （原始內容存檔於2017-02-24）. 10.前半生奉獻澎湖痲瘋者 縣府照料白阿姨後半生. 自由時報電子報. [2017-03-25]. （原始內容存檔於2017-03-25）. 11.總統 陳水扁 白寶珠* (PDF). webcache.googleusercontent.com. 國史館. [2017-03-25]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2017-03-25）. 12.奉獻終身給台灣的白寶珠 - 盧俊義 - 焚而不燬 信仰資源分享. 13.webcache.googleusercontent.com. [2017-03-25]. （原始內容存檔於2017-03-25）. 14.永遠的白阿姨. www.kmmc.tw. 國度影音事奉中心. [2017-03-25]. （原始內容存檔於2020-02-16）. 15.愛台灣人不輸在地人！美國姑娘，無私照顧「被台灣遺棄」的痲瘋病患 54年，她說：澎湖，就是我的家！. archive.is. 2017-03-25 [2017-03-25]. （原始內容存檔於2017-03-25）. 16.醫療奉獻獎 - 第四屆 - 白寶珠. archive.is. 2017-03-25 [2017-03-25]. （原始內容存檔於2017-03-25）. 17.臺灣推動進階護理的典範：白寶珠女士（3版）. archive.is. 2017-03-25 [2017-03-25]. （原始內容存檔於2017-03-25）. 18.《澎湖阿嬤白寶珠》繪本　服事痲瘋病患見證上帝的愛. www.ct.org.tw. [2017-03-25]. （原始內容存檔於2017-05-17） （中文（臺灣））. 19.澎湖縣政府. 「永不停歇的腳步－紀念白寶珠逝世週年」紀錄片特映會. www.penghu.gov.tw. 2009-04-08 [2017-03-25]. （原始內容存檔於2017-03-25）. 20.宣教士的腳蹤— (PDF). webcache.googleusercontent.com. [2017-03-25]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2017-03-25）. 21.勁梅專欄文章. www.globalesprit.com. [2017-03-25]. （原始內容存檔於2017-03-25）. 22.【民報】《澎湖阿嬤白寶珠》非常值得買回去全家人一起閱讀的繪本. 民報 Taiwan People News. [2017-03-25]. （原始內容存檔於2017-03-25） （中文（臺灣））. 23.娜路灣@flickr. 白寶珠女士紀念雕像(澎湖醫療天使)01. www.flickr.com. [2017-03-25]. （原始內容存檔於2017-03-25） （美國英語）. 24.白寶珠護理獎學金就學獎助辦法 - 護理系. nurse.ypu.edu.tw. [2017-03-25]. （原始內容存檔於2017年3月25日） （中文（臺灣））. 25.Lin. 余玉眉 (PDF). webcache.googleusercontent.com. [2017-03-25]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2017-05-05）. 26.道真護理教育研究基金會, 張貼者：. 白寶珠成績優良獎學金歷年成果 ( 99年至105年). [2017-03-25]. （原始內容存檔於2017-03-25）. 27.(penghu.dialy), 社長. 白寶珠逝世週年紀念公園擺滿追思鮮花. 隨意窩 Xuite日誌. [2017-03-25]. （原始內容存檔於2017-05-17）. 8owpf30318fj0wobc8yg44yb1f0g3n3 0 2863 46497 46496 2025-04-20T22:32:58Z 嚴美鳳 41 46497 wikitext text/x-wiki O niyaro’ no mamo ako i Ciwkangan no Posong, i kaetip no niyaro’ ira ko takaraway a lotok. I kawali, misi’ayaw a mililis to riyar ko pasawali, fg23gon4mgtud2svgo9pcq17j0gx4h0 0 2864 46520 46519 2025-04-22T05:21:03Z Masaonikar 570 /* Pinengnengan tilid (參考文獻) */ 46520 wikitext text/x-wiki == Akiyama Komi foksi (秋山珩三牧師) == Akiyama Komi[1] (Dipong: 秋山 珩三/あきやま こうみ, Akiyama Kōmi, 1876 miheca 11 folad 28 romi’ad – 1908 miheca 3 folad 3 romi’ad), i Yamanashi no Dipong a tamdaw, o mitooray[4]:43[3]:9, foksi, itira i Taynan Cihuiyin no kiwikopo (aniniay Taynan daykako pakapian Cicong kakko) sarakatay ’a’isidan. === Kasofocan (生平) === ==== ’Ayaway miheca (早年) ==== Ci Akiyama Komi i 1876 miheca 11 folad 28 romi’ad masofoc i Nanhu niyaro’ a Nanjumo no Yamanashi i Dipong (aniniay katimol Alps maci), o saka lima a wawa ni Akiyama Yoshizo aci Akiyama Yuki's[5]:28. O kadofahay laloma’an no maomahay, ikor malapakoyocay to[5]:29. I 1887 miheca 3 folad misawad nai Nanhu unusual pitilidan, ikor tayra i Masuho niyaro’ (ikoray Masuho niyaro’, aniniay Fujikawa niyaro’) ka’amisan tadamanay pitilidan, nika maraay ko sarakat eca to padoedomitilid5]:31.   O saka tosa a kaka to fa’inayan ci Akiyama Zenichi itira i timolan niyaro’ a malaimeng itiya, pangitangiten ci Akiyama Komi malekapot a maro’, itira to i timolan ko pitilid i kakaay kakko[5]:31-32. I 1892 miheca misawad mitilid[6]. Saka 4 folad micomod i Yamanashi Ordinary ciokakko (aniniay Kofu kakaay pitilidan) [6], o nika cango’ot no sapitilid a payso mapaterep ko pitilid, ikor micomod i caayay papayso i Yamanashi Ordinary singsi kakko (Yamanashi daykako), I 1894 miheca 4 folad a miteka, saka tosa miheca ciadada to “malotay ko no pono’ rarocok no tatemer” a caay ka nga’ay lomowad[5]:32. O itiraay i Yamanashi sakowan milalang to kaira no Kristokiw itiya, dengan ci Akiyama Komi ko mitooray i polong no pitilidan a singsi ato mitiliday saka, rarid sa samsamen, minokay sa tahaloma’ kaingeten no ina, saka pacena’ sa itira loma’ no saka sepat a kaka maro’ [5]:36. Nawhani caay kaedeng ko romi’ad no pitilid, o mamipaterep to sapitilid ni Akiyama. Miteka i Ryuo kaemangay pitilidan matayal, roma tayra i Tomoyoshi minanam to Inkiris a sowal[5]:36. I 1896 miheca 4 folad 1 romi’ad patiyol ko pitilid no Akiyama, nika maliyaw haca masamsam no kapot a mitilid, I 1896 miheca 6 folad eca to kakahi a mitilid. Masapinang no Kofu kiwkay a foksi ci Kobayashi Koyasu i, pacaliwen to payso, papihakitiya toya miheca 7 folad i Okitsu no Shizuoka mikihatiya to saka 8 liyad a Kristokiw kaciherangay kakko, itira i matitemoh ci Uchimura Kanzo, Hiraiwa Senho, Genryo Yujiro itiya[5]:36-37.    I 1897 miheca 1 folad 11 romi’ad, o fai ni Meiji tenno ci Hideki kotaigo mapatay itiya, o kapot ni Akiyama Komi pakokoten to nano Kristokiw a caay pita’ong. Ikor no kapot mitilid ci Inoue tetsujiro a nitilidan “Kasasiwtoc no pakayraan ato kiwiko” sanay a tilid malaliyang ti ni Akiyama Komi. Paratatenga o no Kristokiw ko sapilaheci to “Saki kiwiko a sowal” a mifaharay, caay pilayap tonini ko kapot a mitilid, kayoyangen, ikor ci Kobayashi Koyasu masasowal to pitilidan, nanoya mili’ay ko pitilidan ci Akiyama Komi, nika oya to ko kasamsam ni Akiyama Komi ipitilidan, o saka rawraw no adada. Malaimeng ci Akiyama Zen'ichi i Taywan itiya, nika caay ka tadanga’ay to tireng, kacalemceman ci Akiyama Komi, nanoya patikol minokay tayra i Dipong. Masasowal ca Akiyama Komi aci Kobayashi Koyasu, to sapiketon to kaeca a mitilid, mitilid i Toyo Eiwa kakko no kawasanpo.    I 1897 miheca 9 folad micomod ci Akiyama Komi a mitilid[6], nika paretatenga cingra to fana’ no roma mitiliday, saka tayra i tadamanay kiwkay i Tokyo, mitengil to pakimad no foksi, nika dengan ci Ebina Danjo, saki misafa to roma a foksi. Langiwngiw ci Akiyama Komi to kawasan pitilidan, malo kacangalen to ko polong no kiwkay, wata ko keter ni Kobayashi Koyasu, keton sato to sapisawadan a mitilid, i 1898 miheca 10 folad miliyas to Yinghe kakko i Tokyo. Ikor no pisawad, tayra i Yanshan pitilidan a matayal, mapa’ayaw no ’a’isidan, maro’ i ngata no pitilidan a Faliansi[5]:35-40[7]:12-13.  ==== Taywan (臺灣)   ==== I 1899 miheca, pakayni ci Akiyama Zenichi matayal i Taywan ci Akiyama Komi, ka misaharaterateng to sakatayraaw. O paretatenga no Dipong to Taywan o maledefay no lalisan saan itiya, saka 4 folad 14 romi’ad malayap ni Akiyama Komi ko tilid ni Akiyama Zenichi, sawal sa: “Caayay ka ’imer to tatirengan tatiih aca ko pinangan manaeca ka ciadada, o nga’ayay ko harateng a tamdaw i awaay ko maan.” O nian a sowal sakanga’ay no faloco’ ni Akiyama Komi, miketon to sakatayni i Taywan[5]:45. I 6 folad 3 roma’ad miliyas to tayal i pitilidan, i 18 romi’ad tangasa i Taywan. Keridan ni Akiyama Zenichi ci Akiyama Komi i loma’ no widang a pakamaro’, nanoya miteka minanam to sowal no Taywan (Payrang).     I 1899 miheca 9 folad malamitomadaway singsi i Fongsan kakko (aniniay Fongsan kosiaw), saka tosa miheca miliyas, tayra i Taynan “Inkiris Ciwlo kiwkay kapi a daykako (aniniay Taynan sinkakoyin) malasingsi to no Dipong, pakayni ci Akiyama Zenichian mafana’ t osinkiwsi no Ciwlo kiwkay, matahidang mala foksi. I 1900 miheca Taynan Cehuiyin kiwikopo mapatireng itiya, mapatoro’ ni Gan Weilin sinkiwsi ci Akiyama Komi malasarakatay citodongay itiya. I 1902 miheca 6 folad 13 romi’ad mapatay ci kiyama Yoshizo, miliyas ci Akiyama Komi t ofoksi a tayal, nanoyaan mimicidek to kiwkay. I 1903 miheca 7 folad, tayra ci Akiyama Komi i Dipong misolap to mapohaway tamdaw saki kiwiko a tayal, patiko tayni Taynan mitilid to “Mapohaway kiwiko nisolapan a tilid”, patoro’ o pitesel ato pimi’mi’ ko sanga’ayay nanamen a kiwiko saan[5]:45-57[7]:14-19. Mangalay ci Akiyama Komi tayra i Amilika mikingkiw to ticukako, kasasan, i 1905 miheca 4 folad miliyas, oya ci Nakamura Kyotaro ko midoedoay to citodongay tayal. Itiya patiko cingra tayra i Dipong, malaheci ko demak tayra nai Yokohama mikalic to tamina tayra i Amilika. Nika tangasa i Yokohama mikinsa to tatirengan i, kaitiraan ho ningra i Taywan ciadada to mata caay ho kanga’ay, footan to sakasadak. Itiyaay ho adada no mata o midengay, masafaloco’ no mitomadaway. O caayay ko samadahay ko adada no mata ni Akiyama Komi, doedoen i manga’ayay mikalic to tamina tayra i Amilika, nika o mitomadaway o nika cakat ma’osi to Dipong itiya, o papasadak ko mitomadaway to sakapifootaw to Dipong tayra i Amilika, o nianan ko saka pisawad ni Akiyama Komi to sakatayraaw i Amilika mitilid. Ikor pakayni i Tokyo ’a’isidan no mapohaway maapaay pitilidan ci Shinpachi Konishi ko pi’isid, malasingsi i Yokohama Kristokiw pinanaman no mapohaway kakoyin (aniniay Yokohama mapohaway kakoyin), nika cangoot to sakatayal a payso, tadanca ko saki’orip, masasowal to ci Akiyama Zenichi, itiya i 1906 miheca minokay tayni Taynan a mili’acaay ko tayal[5]:66-67[7]:20-23.   I 1906 miheca 12 folad, malakapot to itiniay Taywan tamdaw patireng to “Syisin kosi” [5]:70[7]:23-24, mipa’acaay to odax, felac pasadak ato pa’aca[8]:1058. I 1907 miheca 8 folad misolap tayra i Dipong, milicay to Osaka, Kobe, Tokyo, Yokohama a niyaro’, ta minokay tayra niyaro’ miliso’ to tadem no mama, i 9 folad 23 romi’ad patikol tayni Taywan[7]:24-25. ==== Mapatay (逝世) ==== I 1907 miheca 12 folad 28 romi’ad, madenga to kaciadada tono fadowac micomod isingan, saka tosa miheca 3 folad 3 romi’ad mapatay. Ikor no 2 romi’ad itira i Taipingcing kiwkay milihay, toya romi’ad mateli i Pimen roma kitakit mitooray matadam (aniniay Taynansi Kristokiw pitademan) [7]:25-35、393. Oya miheca 10 folad, malaheci ni Akiyama Zenichi mirina’ koya nitilidan ni Akiyama Komi a tilid, marina’ pasadak “Lotolotokan tilid: Akiyama Komi mitiliday” 1 tilid[5]:113. === Pisaheci (注釋) === 1.Salongan a tilid oni Akiyama Kozo, Akiyama Hiromi[1], Akiyama Komi[2]:98, ano eca Akiyama Madoka zo[3]:9. === Pinengnengan tilid (參考文獻) === 1.邱大昕. 〈臺灣盲人教會與福利之先驅—廖旺（1890－1971）〉 (PDF). 《神學與教會》 (南神出版社). 2018-01, 第43卷 (第1期). 2.許雪姬、張隆志、陳翠蓮訪談；賴永祥、鄭麗榕、吳美慧、蔡說麗紀錄. 《坐擁書城：賴永祥先生訪問紀錄》. 遠流出版公司. 2007-09-12. <nowiki>ISBN 978-957-32-6148-3</nowiki>. 3.邱大昕. 〈台灣早期視障教育之歷史社會學研究（1891－1973年）〉 (PDF). 《教育與社會研究》 (南華大學教育社會學研究所暨社會學研究所). 2012-06, (第24期) [2023-02-08]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2023-02-08）. 4.莊永明. 《台灣醫療史：以台大醫院為主軸》. 遠流出版公司. 1998-06-20. <nowiki>ISBN 9789573235170</nowiki>. 5.黑羽夏彥. 〈日治初期日本基督教徒在臺活動與人際關係之研究：秋山善一、秋山珩三兄弟為中心〉 (碩士論文). 國立成功大學歷史研究所. 2018-05 [2023-02-08]. （原始內容存檔於2023-02-08）. 6.秋山珩三雇教員ニ採用（元臺南縣）. 《明治三十二年元臺南縣公文類纂》 (臺灣總督府). 1899, 第30卷. 7.秋山善一 (編). 幽谷集 故秋山珩三遺稿. 東京: 中庸堂. 1908-10-05 [2023-02-08]. （原始內容存檔於2023-02-08）. 8.牧野元良. 日本全國諸會社役員錄 明治四十年版. 商業興信所. 1907-07-10 [2023-02-08]. （原始內容存檔於2023-02-08）. e33bo5ycov3pz4nwlahngchfjn9d199 0 2865 46544 46543 2025-04-30T03:58:54Z Masaonikar 570 /* Pinengnengan to tilid (參考資料) */ 46544 wikitext text/x-wiki == Song Ciao simpo (松喬神父) == Song Ciao (Inkiris: Georges Massin, 1916 miheca 9 folad 2 romi’ad – 2007 miheca 10 folad 2 romi’ad), pangangan sa ci “Song Ciao mama”, o nano Belgium Tinsokiwkay niocoran a tarokos, o sakapot patirengay to Joseph (Ruose) isingan i Yunlinsien no Taywan, saka tolo rekad pakalayapay to isingan pacakatay to kompay. === Salongan pasifana’ to ’orip (生平概略) === ==== ’Ayaway miheca (早年) ==== Song Ciao, i 1916 miheca 9 folad 2 romi’ad masofoc i Belgium, i 1942 miheca 7 folad 25 romi’ad i Leuven no Tingsokiw daykako, macakat malasimpo, malakapot ci Lei Mingyuan simpo tayra i Jiangsu no Congko patenakay[1]. Sa’ayaw i, maocor cingra tayra i cecay kanatal no Haimensien i Jiangsu patenakay[2]. Mapatireng ko Conghuarenmin kongheko itiya i, marofo ko kakeridan, ma’edef ko kiwkay, oya sato ci Song Ciao tayra sato i isingan no salikaka malacitodongay milintokingay (X ray) tayal, nanoyaan minanam to fa’elohay isingan a fana’, i 1953 miheca malaplap pasadak, minokay tayra i Belgium[1].   ==== Yosif (Ruose) isingan (若瑟醫院) ==== Itiya cango’ot ko Ciayi sa’etal kiwkay to sapipatirengaw to isingan i Yunlinsien, nawhani oya ci Song Ciao sakiisingan to pikinsa ato pilintoking a fana’, saka pa’ayawen ni Bi Yaoyuan cingra a mikerid tonini[2]. I 1955 miheca 6 folad, oya ci Song Ciao pakatamina nai Belgium a tayni Taywan, ikor no 3 fiolad tangasa i Kilong minato[1].   I 1955 miheca 12 folad, Yosif (Ruose) isingan misatapang, ci Song Ciao ko kakeridan itiya[3]. Nawhani i taliyok no sa’etal awaay ko nga’ayay a isingan, oya Joseph (Ruose) isingan to ko tadamaanay to isingan i Yunlinsien, ni Song Ciao a tekedan nifana’an to pilintoking (X ray) manga’ay i ma’engiday ko fala’ (haykikkak), Amipa kapiyasan a pikingsa, mapadamso ko ta’akay sadama, mahirateng ni Bi Yaoyuan ko nipilintoking (X ray) to cecay romi’ad ira ko lima, enemay so’ot ko tamdaw to Huwiy nicong a mitiliday[2].    I pisatapangan, polong no isingan tatosa ko ising, tatosa ko kangkoho, ato mamo’etepay ko simpo siwni[1]. Ikor to ira ci Cai Bexun tayni matayal, o nano Haimensien a tamdaw, o nano Tingsokiw sa’etal kakeridan nikiliman ni Niu Huicing Cociao nai Tayciw patayni[4]. I 1969 miheca, o dengan fafahiyan a ising no Yosif (Ruose) isingan miliyasay, oya ci Song Ciao mikotayay no 803 isingan ci Ma Fulong ising[5]. Tona mapatireng ko Yosif (Ruose) isingan, o loma’ ni Song Ciao itira sa i katayalan no yinciw, to dadayadaya manga’ay ningra miliso’ to adadaay a mitolon, sakalalicay no adadaay[2]. Caay papi Takaen ningra ko midipotay kangkoho, paretatenga o katayo no matayalay kangkoho ira ko kacango’otan[3]. Satapangan, o masiponay ko Yosif (Ruose) isingan, saka militado ci Song Ciao to nai Belgium a kakiharan, milada’ to pakingking no kiwkay ato widawidang a padamso, roma tayra sa i Europ mirakat pasorot, sapilakec to kararimaan cango’ot sakidafong no isingan[2]. Marahiday ko ’orip ningra, malakakeridan no isingan caay pilikapo[1][3]. Ikor no romi’ad, o pangangan no tamdaw cingraan paka ci “Song Ciao mama” a han pakalayap to saka 3 rekad isingan pacakat kompay no Taywan, sapinokayan tayra i Belgium mipalada’ to widang to katadamaan i, nika awaay ko sapi’aca to kippo no hikoki a minokay, ikor o kapot matayal i isingan ko misopsopay to payso padama, ta manga’ay aca minokay tayra i Belgium a sapikalic[1].     Tona tanektek to ko rakat no Yosif (Ruose) isingan, caay sapidadahalaw patireng to isingan, o kinairaan a payso ato misorotan payso patayraen ningra patireng to kikingkay, sapadang to pakatiihay wawa, pakosiya tamdaw, mapilihay tamdaw[2].        Dengan pakosiya a tamdaw, oya cango’otay wawa o sarakatay padipotan. ’Ayaw maledef ko mapilihay kaemangay wawa, o Yosif (Ruose) isingan pakayni yolansya micolo’ to adadaay tayra ’amis paising, patireng to sarakatay pacarcaran paising no wawa ato 24 tokian kacalohan no wawa paising i Yunlin, patireng to dengan pitomadawan to makemaay wawa pipaisingan i Yunlin, itiya patireng to li’ayawan paising no wawa ato piyatayatan. Maledef to ko Cienpaw no finawlan itiya, caay kai cienpaw ko pinengneng a todong ni Song Ciao, dotoc sa to caayay demaken no roma a isingan, caay ka nengneng no sifo, nika oya kangalayan no safaay no syakay a sakiisingan tayalan naira[1].   Awaay manengneng ko A, Rh remes ni Song Ciao, tangasa i 1993 miheca ira to ko 37 mihecaan to pasadak to remes a kafana’en cingraan[2]. O kapot no Yisiao no Huweicen cingra, tangasa karaodan no mihecaan a misawad ko tayal[1].       ==== Kalitengan miheca (晚年) ==== I 2002 miheca, Yosif (Ruose) isingan a tomadaway (Tongsihui) mitahidang to nai Takao Cangkeng wawa isingan kakeridan ci Huang Chongbin ko citodongay saka 2 rekad a yinciw, oya mata’elifay to 40 miheca a kakeridan ci Song Ciao simpo palakomongen no isingan[6]. Mato’as to mihecaan ningra, I 2006 mihecaan 8 folad misitapang to mafoti’ to adada, i 2007 miheca 10 folad 2 romi’ad dadaya 11 ko toki nao adihayay kasamo’an no tireng a mapatay to[7].    Paikor no sowal ningra a tilid: “O nipatorodan no Wama i kakarayan takowanan, nanay o Yosif (Ruose) isingan mala ciolahay ato cisini’adaay ko nidemakan, padama to adadaay ato laloma’an, ngalef oya pakoyocay tamdaw, marariday malawa nosyakay a tamdaw a kasini’adaan tamdaw cangra.” [1], 13 romi’ad mapatayra i patademan no Tingsokiw, okinacecay manengneng miraod ci Cang Huimei, paradiw to “O sini’ada no Kawas”, ato nano radiw ni Cang Yuseng to “Ikoran ko nikafana’” [8]. Matadeem i Minsiong Tingsokiw tadamaanay lotok pitademan[1][7].   === Pinengnengan to tilid (參考資料) === 1.張肇烜. 【仁醫心路】死都葬在台灣...松喬老爹：一生努力為窮人服務. 《民報》. 2016-08-20 [2020-01-07]. （原始內容存檔於2019-11-29） （中文（臺灣））. 2.張耀懋. 半路出家的醫事技術員 卻把大半生獻給了中國的病患 松喬在雲林用心經營“病患的家”. 《民生報》. 1993-03-26 （中文（臺灣））. 3.王建訓. 創辦若瑟醫院 松喬神父病逝. 《中國時報》. 2007-10-05 （中文（臺灣））. 4.林進修. 《醫療從愛出發》《第十一屆醫療奉獻獎個人獎得主素描４》 蔡伯遜 小鎮老醫師 用‘心’看病. 《民生報》. 2001-05-10 （中文（臺灣））. 6.吳嵩山. 《雲林別記》馬福龍 產婦與嬰兒的守護神. 《中國時報》. 2003-08-07 （中文（臺灣））. 7.吳淑玲. 虎尾若瑟醫院新大樓擴建完工 聘黃崇濱任新院長 松喬 畢耀遠神父 獲永久居留證. 《聯合報》. 2002-07-19 （中文（臺灣））. 8.王志弘、魯永明. 虎尾若瑟醫院創辦人 松喬神父病逝 享壽91. 《聯合報》. 2007-10-05 （中文（臺灣））. 9.蔡維斌. 松喬神父告別彌撒 阿妹獻唱. 《聯合報》. 2007-10-14 （中文（臺灣））. 5nu18c3bwroqyia6n6u3tg69apztmrw 0 2866 46556 46555 2025-05-06T09:05:54Z Safulo 35 46556 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ululu lotok(澳洲烏魯魯岩)''' O teked a lotok no Yuncumin no Ostorariya konini, i 1981 miheca matoro' no Linheko malo Palapalaan-dafong no hekal, pacaliwen no Yuncumin ko sifo patireng to Ululu-Kataceta Koyin no kitakit(烏魯魯－卡塔丘塔國家公園<sub>，</sub>英語：''Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park''）. '''Kaitiraan (地理位置)''' Ona lotok itiraay i satimolan no Saka’amisan-Etal no Ostorariya, o satata’angay a ’ongcoy no sasifo’an no Ostorariya, o kamaro’an nona ‘ongcoy i laloma’ay no Ululu-Kataceta Koyin no kitakit. O samangataay a tokay cila’eday to 335 kilo, o palakitingay a lalan nani Ululu tahira I tokay ira ko 450 kilo. O fangcaly pala no Ananko-yuncumin no Ostorariya kona niyaro’.O tadamaanay dafong no hekal konini hananay to Linhoko a mitoro’ kona pala. O kaitiraan nona ‘ongcoy I sasifo’an no Ostorariya a kitakit, o masacecayay a ‘ongcoy,midodoay to Awkosto-Lotok ko kakahad nira. O nika cimarad kona lotok, orasaka halafin mapa’orad kahengangay, oninian ko sakakahengan a manengnengen no mita. '''O mihecaan nona lotok(烏魯魯岩)的年齡''' O maro’ay itini a Ananko-yuncumin I ‘ayaw no cecay ‘ofad ko mihecaan itiniay to a maro’. O makeraay a coka I dapiyac ira ko 1000 mihecaan ko katelang nira a likisi.<ref>Layton, Robert (August 2001). Uluru: An Aboriginal History of Ayers Rock (2001 revised ed.). Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press. <nowiki>ISBN 0-85575-202-5</nowiki>.</ref> Ona Ululu-lotok ono Ananko-yuncumin a teked a dafong, ano pakaynien I rikec nipacaliwan no yuncumin I sifo tahira I 2084 mihecaan. Anini sato I, ano sapicomodaw mi nengneng tona Ululu-lotok caay kaay ka’eca ka papayso to 38 rimo’od payso no Ostorariya, manga’angay milafin to tolo a romi’ad. Ona payso o sakowan no yuncumin ko misorotay halo payso no yubcumin. '''Ci’icel ko pilalang a mikaric tona ‘ongcoy (嚴禁攀爬)''' 2020 miheca, ira cowa ka hayien no yuncumin patedo sanay a mikaric tona Ululu ‘ongcoy, tata’ang ko fangafang itiya. Itira to a miliyaw a milekal to pilalang a mikaric tona lotok.<ref>Rock rage rolls on. Northern Territory News. 30 June 2010 [28 February 2011]. （原始內容存檔於2012-08-29）.</ref><ref>Shears, Richard. Stripper sparks fury among Aboriginals after YouTube exotic dance on sacred Ayers Rock. Daily Mail. 28 June 2010 [1 March 2011]. （原始內容存檔於2011-02-09）.</ref>Itira I 2017miheca saka11folad sakacecay romi’ad,ira ko pikayki no Mikowanay tona Ululu-Kataceta Koyin no kitakit malacecay ko pisetek to sowal, I 2019miheca saka 10 folad saka 26 romi’ad ci’icel to ko pilalang a mikaric tona ‘ongcoy. '''Pacefaday Tilid(註腳)''' e55vazb6son0gt2uxmohms8f5rerxhq 10 2868 46616 46615 2025-05-10T20:32:42Z 2601:18E:D104:4AB0:B4D6:7EE0:10B0:DB5D 取消[[Special:Contributions/2601:18E:D104:4AB0:B4D6:7EE0:10B0:DB5D|2601:18E:D104:4AB0:B4D6:7EE0:10B0:DB5D]]（[[User talk:2601:18E:D104:4AB0:B4D6:7EE0:10B0:DB5D|留言]]）作出的修訂[[Special:Diff/46615|46615]] 46616 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox|child={{{child|}}} | bodyclass = biography vcard | above = <span class="fn">{{#if:{{{名|{{{name|}}}}}}|{{{名|{{{name}}}}}}|{{BASEPAGENAME}}}}{{#if:{{{原語名|}}}|<br /><span class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: small">{{{原語名|}}}</span>}}</span> | abovestyle = {{{abovestyle|}}} | image = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{圖|{{{寫眞|{{{image|}}}}}}}}}|size={{{大小|{{{圖大小|{{{image_size|{{{imagesize|}}}}}}}}}}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright={{{image_upright|1}}}|alt={{{tooltip|{{{圖alt|{{{alt|}}}}}}}}}|suppressplaceholder=yes}} | caption = {{{說明|{{{圖說明|{{{caption|{{{image_caption|}}}}}}}}}}}} | label1 = 本名 | class1 = 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{{convinfobox|{{{height_m|{{{height_cm|}}}}}}|{{#if:{{{height_m|}}}|m|cm}}|{{{height_ft|}}}|ft|{{{height_in|}}}|in}}}}{{#if:{{{height|}}} | {{infobox person/height|{{{height|}}}}}}} | label42 = 体重 | data42 = {{#if:{{{weight_kg|}}}{{{weight_st|}}}{{{weight_lb|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{{weight_kg|}}}|kg|{{{weight_st|}}}|st|{{{weight_lb|}}}|lb}}}}{{#if:{{{weight|}}} | {{infobox person/weight|{{{weight|}}}}}}} | label43 = 髮色 | data43 = {{#if:{{{haircolour|{{{hair_colour|}}}}}}|{{{haircolour|{{{hair_colour|}}}}}}|{{{haircolor|{{{hair_color|}}}}}}|}} | label44 = 瞳色 | data44 = {{#if:{{{eyecolour|{{{eye_colour|}}}}}}|{{{eyecolour|{{{eye_colour|}}}}}}|{{{eyecolor|{{{eye_color|}}}}}}|}} | label45 = 三围 | data45 = {{{measurements|}}} | label46 = 电视节目 | data46 = {{{television|}}} | label47 = 头衔 | data47 = {{{title|}}} | class47 = title | label48 = 头衔时期 | data48 = {{{term|}}} | label49 = 前任 | data49 = {{{predecessor|}}} | label50 = 继任 | data50 = {{{successor|}}} | label51 = 政党 | data51 = {{{party|}}} | class51 = org | label52 = 运动 | data52 = {{{movement|}}} | class52 = category | label53 = 竞争者 | data53 = {{{opponents|}}} | label54 = 董事会 | data54 = {{{boards|}}} | label55 = 信仰 | data55 = {{{religion|}}} | class55 = category | label56 = 宗派 | data56 = {{{denomination|}}} | class56 = category | label57 = 刑事指控 | data57 = {{{criminal charge|{{{criminal_charge|}}}}}} | label58 = 刑事处罚 | data58 = {{{criminal penalty|{{{criminal_penalty|}}}}}} | label59 = 刑事状况 | data59 = {{{criminal status|{{{criminal_status|}}}}}} | class59 = category | label60 = 配偶 | data60 = {{{spouse|}}} | label61 = 伴侣 | data61 = {{{partner|}}} | label62 = 儿女 | data62 = {{{children|}}} | label63 = 父母 | data63 = {{{parents|}}} | label64 = 亲属 | data64 = {{{relatives|}}} | label65 = 家族 | data65 = {{{family|}}} | label66 = 呼号 | data66 = {{{callsign|}}} | label67 = 奖项 | data67 = {{{awards|}}} | class67 = note | label68 = 荣誉 | data68 = {{#if:{{{honours|}}}|{{{honours}}}|{{{honors|}}}}} | class68 = note | label69 = 网站 | data69 = {{{website|{{{homepage|{{{URL|}}}}}}}}} | class69 = url <!-- 兼容 {{Infobox People}} --> | data70 = {{#if:{{{educate|}}}|{{Collapsible list | title = 学历 | title_style = background-color: var(--background-color-neutral,#eeee);text-align:center;color: inherit; | frame_style = border: none; padding: 0; | 1 = <dl style="margin: 0; padding: 0.25em 0 0 0; border; none; text-align: left;"> {{{educate|}}} </dl> }} }} | data71 = {{#if:{{{job2|}}}|{{Collapsible list | title = 目前职务 | title_style = background-color: var(--background-color-neutral,#eeee);text-align:center;color: inherit; | frame_style = border: none; padding: 0; | 1 = <dl style="margin: 0; padding: 0.25em 0 0 0; border; none; text-align: left;" class="role"> {{{job2|}}} </dl> }} }} | data72 = {{#if:{{{past|}}}|{{Collapsible list | title = 经历 | title_style = background-color: var(--background-color-neutral,#eeee);text-align:center;color: inherit; | frame_style = border: none; padding: 0; | 1 = <dl style="margin: 0; padding: 0.25em 0 0 0; border; none; text-align: left;"> {{{past|}}} </dl> }} }} | data73 = {{#if:{{{work|}}}|{{Collapsible list | title = 代表作 | title_style = background-color: var(--background-color-neutral,#eeee);text-align:center;color: inherit; | frame_style = border: none; padding: 0; | 1 = <dl style="margin: 0; padding: 0.25em 0 0 0; border; none; text-align: left;"> {{{work|}}} </dl> }} }} | data74 = {{#if:{{{award|}}}|{{Collapsible list | title = 荣誉 | title_style = background-color: var(--background-color-neutral,#eeee);text-align:center;color: inherit; | frame_style = border: none; padding: 0; | 1 = <dl style="margin: 0; padding: 0.25em 0 0 0; border; none; text-align: left;"> {{{award|}}} </dl> }} }} | data79 = {{{misc|{{{module|}}}}}} | data80 = {{{misc2|{{{module2|}}}}}} | data81 = {{{misc3|{{{module3|}}}}}} | data82 = {{{misc4|{{{module4|}}}}}} | data83 = {{{misc5|{{{module5|}}}}}} | data84 = {{{misc6|{{{module6|}}}}}} | data85 = {{#if:{{{influences|}}}| {{Collapsible list | title = 受影响于 | title_style = text-align:left; | frame_style = border: none; padding: 0; | list_style = text-align:left; | 1 = {{{influences|}}} }} }} | data86 = {{#if:{{{influenced|}}}| {{Collapsible list | title = 影响于 | title_style = text-align:left; | frame_style = border: none; padding: 0; | list_style = text-align:left; | 1 = {{{influenced|}}} }} }} | header87 = {{#if:{{{signature|}}}|{{if empty|{{{signature_type|}}}|签名}}}} | data88 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{signature|}}}|size={{{signature_size|}}}|sizedefault=150px|alt={{{signature alt|{{{signature_alt|}}}}}}}} | header89 = {{#if:{{{footnotes|}}}|备注}} | data90 = {{#if:{{{footnotes|}}}|<div style="text-align: left;"> {{{footnotes}}}</div>}} }}<!-- -->{{Main other| {{#if:{{{1|}}}{{{2|}}}{{{3|}}}{{{4|}}}{{{5|}}}|[[Category:使用编号参数的人物信息框]]}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{infobox_width|}}}{{{infobox width|}}}{{{box_width|}}}{{{box width|}}}|[[Category:使用宽度参数的人物信息框]]}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{death_date|}}}{{{death_place|}}}|{{#if:{{{salary|}}}{{{net worth|{{{net_worth|{{{networth|}}}}}}}}}|[[Category:使用可信的逝世参数的人物信息框]]}}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{influences|}}}{{{influenced|}}}|[[Category:使用受影响于参数的人物信息框]]}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{pronunciation|}}}|[[Category:使用pronunciation参数的人物信息框]]}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{signature|}}}|[[Category:含有签名的传记作品]]}}[[Category:含有hCards的条目]] }}<noinclude> {{Documentation|content=本模板为 {{tl|Infobox person}} 的核心部分。}} </noinclude> jw6g87tndae9xpnf4yd5phny94ns2ub 10 2870 46561 2025-05-08T23:09:55Z 2601:18E:D104:4AB0:BDCE:FA0E:C632:4B7D 建立內容為「{{#invoke:Infobox|infobox}}<includeonly>{{template other|{{#ifeq:{{PAGENAME}}|Infobox||{{#ifeq:{{str left|{{SUBPAGENAME}}|7}}|Infobox|[[Category:信息框模板|{{remove first word|{{SUBPAGENAME}}}}]]}}}}{{#ifeq:{{PAGENAME}}|信息框||{{#ifeq:{{str rightc|{{SUBPAGENAME}}|3}}|信息框|[[Category:信息框模板|{{str crop|{{SUBPAGENAME}}|3}}]]}}}}{{#ifeq:{{PAGENAME}}|資訊框||{{#ifeq:{{str rightc|{{SUBPAGENAME}}|3}}|資訊框|Category:信息框模板|{{…」的新頁面 46561 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:Infobox|infobox}}<includeonly>{{template other|{{#ifeq:{{PAGENAME}}|Infobox||{{#ifeq:{{str left|{{SUBPAGENAME}}|7}}|Infobox|[[Category:信息框模板|{{remove first word|{{SUBPAGENAME}}}}]]}}}}{{#ifeq:{{PAGENAME}}|信息框||{{#ifeq:{{str rightc|{{SUBPAGENAME}}|3}}|信息框|[[Category:信息框模板|{{str crop|{{SUBPAGENAME}}|3}}]]}}}}{{#ifeq:{{PAGENAME}}|資訊框||{{#ifeq:{{str rightc|{{SUBPAGENAME}}|3}}|資訊框|[[Category:信息框模板|{{str crop|{{SUBPAGENAME}}|3}}]]}}}}|}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> pfwm8290p8lep61g76b95pnps8dky4b 828 2871 46562 2025-05-08T23:11:06Z 2601:18E:D104:4AB0:BDCE:FA0E:C632:4B7D 建立內容為「-- 中文的此模块对比英文维基多解析了overimage, overcaption, -- overimagerowclass以及header/labal/data*style参数。 local p = {} local args = {} local origArgs = {} local root local empty_row_categories = {} local category_in_empty_row_pattern = '%[%[%s*[Cc][Aa][Tt][Ee][Gg][Oo][Rr][Yy]%s*:[^]]*]]' local has_rows = false local lists = { plainlist_t = { patterns = { '^plainlist$', '%splainlist$', '^plainlist%s', '%splainlist%s…」的新頁面 46562 Scribunto text/plain -- 中文的此模块对比英文维基多解析了overimage, overcaption, -- overimagerowclass以及header/labal/data*style参数。 local p = {} local args = {} local origArgs = {} local root local empty_row_categories = {} local category_in_empty_row_pattern = '%[%[%s*[Cc][Aa][Tt][Ee][Gg][Oo][Rr][Yy]%s*:[^]]*]]' local has_rows = false local lists = { plainlist_t = { patterns = { '^plainlist$', '%splainlist$', '^plainlist%s', '%splainlist%s' }, found = false, styles = 'Plainlist/styles.css' }, hlist_t = { patterns = { '^hlist$', '%shlist$', '^hlist%s', '%shlist%s' }, found = false, styles = 'Hlist/styles.css' } } local function has_list_class(args_to_check) for _, list in pairs(lists) do if not list.found then for _, arg in pairs(args_to_check) do for _, pattern in ipairs(list.patterns) do if mw.ustring.find(arg or '', pattern) then list.found = true break end end if list.found then break end end end end end local function fixChildBoxes(sval, tt) local function notempty( s ) return s and s:match( '%S' ) end if notempty(sval) then local marker = '<span class=special_infobox_marker>' local s = sval -- start moving templatestyles and categories inside of table rows local slast = '' while slast ~= s do slast = s s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, '(</[Tt][Rr]%s*>%s*)(%[%[%s*[Cc][Aa][Tt][Ee][Gg][Oo][Rr][Yy]%s*:[^]]*%]%])', '%2%1') s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, '(</[Tt][Rr]%s*>%s*)(\127[^\127]*UNIQ%-%-templatestyles%-%x+%-QINU[^\127]*\127)', '%2%1') end -- end moving templatestyles and categories inside of table rows s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, '(<%s*[Tt][Rr])', marker .. '%1') s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, '(</[Tt][Rr]%s*>)', '%1' .. marker) if s:match(marker) then s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, marker .. '%s*' .. marker, '') s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, '([\r\n]|-[^\r\n]*[\r\n])%s*' .. marker, '%1') s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, marker .. '%s*([\r\n]|-)', '%1') s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, '(</[Cc][Aa][Pp][Tt][Ii][Oo][Nn]%s*>%s*)' .. marker, '%1') s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, '(<%s*[Tt][Aa][Bb][Ll][Ee][^<>]*>%s*)' .. marker, '%1') s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, '^(%{|[^\r\n]*[\r\n]%s*)' .. marker, '%1') s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, '([\r\n]%{|[^\r\n]*[\r\n]%s*)' .. marker, '%1') s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, marker .. '(%s*</[Tt][Aa][Bb][Ll][Ee]%s*>)', '%1') s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, marker .. '(%s*\n|%})', '%1') end if s:match(marker) then local subcells = mw.text.split(s, marker) s = '' for k = 1, #subcells do if k == 1 then s = s .. subcells[k] .. '</' .. tt .. '></tr>' elseif k == #subcells then local rowstyle = ' style="display:none"' if notempty(subcells[k]) then rowstyle = '' end s = s .. '<tr' .. rowstyle ..'><' .. tt .. ' colspan=2>\n' .. subcells[k] elseif notempty(subcells[k]) then if (k % 2) == 0 then s = s .. subcells[k] else s = s .. '<tr><' .. tt .. ' colspan=2>\n' .. subcells[k] .. '</' .. tt .. '></tr>' end end end end -- the next two lines add a newline at the end of lists for the PHP parser -- [[Special:Diff/849054481]] -- remove when [[:phab:T191516]] is fixed or OBE s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, '([\r\n][%*#;:][^\r\n]*)$', '%1\n') s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, '^([%*#;:][^\r\n]*)$', '%1\n') s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, '^([%*#;:])', '\n%1') s = mw.ustring.gsub(s, '^(%{%|)', '\n%1') return s else return sval end end -- Cleans empty tables local function cleanInfobox() root = tostring(root) if has_rows == false then root = mw.ustring.gsub(root, '<table[^<>]*>%s*</table>', '') end end -- Returns the union of the values of two tables, as a sequence. local function union(t1, t2) local vals = {} for k, v in pairs(t1) do vals[v] = true end for k, v in pairs(t2) do vals[v] = true end local ret = {} for k, v in pairs(vals) do table.insert(ret, k) end return ret end -- Returns a table containing the numbers of the arguments that exist -- for the specified prefix. For example, if the prefix was 'data', and -- 'data1', 'data2', and 'data5' exist, it would return {1, 2, 5}. local function getArgNums(prefix) local nums = {} for k, v in pairs(args) do local num = tostring(k):match('^' .. prefix .. '([1-9]%d*)$') if num then table.insert(nums, tonumber(num)) end end table.sort(nums) return nums end -- Adds a row to the infobox, with either a header cell -- or a label/data cell combination. local function addRow(rowArgs) if rowArgs.header and rowArgs.header ~= '_BLANK_' then has_rows = true has_list_class({ rowArgs.rowclass, rowArgs.class, args.headerclass }) root :tag('tr') :addClass(rowArgs.rowclass) :cssText(rowArgs.rowstyle) :tag('th') :attr('colspan', '2') :addClass('infobox-header') :addClass(rowArgs.class) :addClass(args.headerclass) -- @deprecated next; target .infobox-<name> .infobox-header -- for individual headerstyle: target .infobox-<name> .infobox-<name>-row<number> > .infobox-header :cssText(rowArgs.headerstyle) :cssText(rowArgs.rowcellstyle) :wikitext(fixChildBoxes(rowArgs.header, 'th')) if rowArgs.data then root:wikitext( '[[Category:使用已忽略数据行信息框模板的条目]]' ) end elseif rowArgs.data and rowArgs.data:gsub(category_in_empty_row_pattern, ''):match('^%S') then has_rows = true has_list_class({ rowArgs.rowclass, rowArgs.class }) local row = root:tag('tr') row:addClass(rowArgs.rowclass) row:cssText(rowArgs.rowstyle) if rowArgs.label then row :tag('th') :attr('scope', 'row') :addClass('infobox-label') -- @deprecated next; target .infobox-<name> .infobox-label -- for individual labelstyle: target .infobox-<name> .infobox-<name>-row<number> > .infobox-label :cssText(rowArgs.labelstyle) :cssText(rowArgs.rowcellstyle) :wikitext(rowArgs.label) :done() end local dataCell = row:tag('td') dataCell :attr('colspan', not rowArgs.label and '2' or nil) :addClass(not rowArgs.label and 'infobox-full-data' or 'infobox-data') :addClass(rowArgs.class) -- @deprecated next; target .infobox-<name> .infobox(-full)-data -- for individual datastyle: target .infobox-<name> .infobox-<name>-row<number> > .infobox(-full)-data :cssText(rowArgs.datastyle) :cssText(rowArgs.rowcellstyle) :wikitext(fixChildBoxes(rowArgs.data, 'td')) else table.insert(empty_row_categories, rowArgs.data or '') end end local function renderTitle() if not args.title then return end has_rows = true has_list_class({args.titleclass}) root :tag('caption') :addClass('infobox-title') :addClass(args.titleclass) -- @deprecated next; target .infobox-<name> .infobox-title :cssText(args.titlestyle) :wikitext(args.title) end local function renderAboveRow() if not args.above then return end has_rows = true has_list_class({ args.aboveclass }) root :tag('tr') :tag('th') :attr('colspan', '2') :addClass('infobox-above') :addClass(args.aboveclass) -- @deprecated next; target .infobox-<name> .infobox-above :cssText(args.abovestyle) :wikitext(fixChildBoxes(args.above,'th')) end local function renderBelowRow() if not args.below then return end has_rows = true has_list_class({ args.belowclass }) root :tag('tr') :tag('td') :attr('colspan', '2') :addClass('infobox-below') :addClass(args.belowclass) -- @deprecated next; target .infobox-<name> .infobox-below :cssText(args.belowstyle) :wikitext(fixChildBoxes(args.below,'td')) end local function addSubheaderRow(subheaderArgs) if subheaderArgs.data and subheaderArgs.data:gsub(category_in_empty_row_pattern, ''):match('^%S') then has_rows = true has_list_class({ subheaderArgs.rowclass, subheaderArgs.class }) local row = root:tag('tr') row:addClass(subheaderArgs.rowclass) local dataCell = row:tag('td') dataCell :attr('colspan', '2') :addClass('infobox-subheader') :addClass(subheaderArgs.class) :cssText(subheaderArgs.datastyle) :cssText(subheaderArgs.rowcellstyle) :wikitext(fixChildBoxes(subheaderArgs.data, 'td')) else table.insert(empty_row_categories, subheaderArgs.data or '') end end local function renderSubheaders() if args.subheader then args.subheader1 = args.subheader end if args.subheaderrowclass then args.subheaderrowclass1 = args.subheaderrowclass end local subheadernums = getArgNums('subheader') for k, num in ipairs(subheadernums) do addSubheaderRow({ data = args['subheader' .. tostring(num)], -- @deprecated next; target .infobox-<name> .infobox-subheader datastyle = args.subheaderstyle, rowcellstyle = args['subheaderstyle' .. tostring(num)], class = args.subheaderclass, rowclass = args['subheaderrowclass' .. tostring(num)] }) end end local function addImageRow(imageArgs) if imageArgs.data and imageArgs.data:gsub(category_in_empty_row_pattern, ''):match('^%S') then has_rows = true has_list_class({ imageArgs.rowclass, imageArgs.class }) local row = root:tag('tr') row:addClass(imageArgs.rowclass) local dataCell = row:tag('td') dataCell :attr('colspan', '2') :addClass('infobox-image') :addClass(imageArgs.class) :cssText(imageArgs.datastyle) :wikitext(fixChildBoxes(imageArgs.data, 'td')) else table.insert(empty_row_categories, imageArgs.data or '') end end local function renderOverImage() local caption = args.overcaption local data = mw.html.create():wikitext(args.overimage) if caption then data :tag('div') :addClass('infobox-caption') -- @deprecated next; target .infobox-<name> .infobox-caption :cssText(args.captionstyle) :wikitext(caption) end addImageRow({ data = tostring(data), -- @deprecated next; target .infobox-<name> .infobox-image datastyle = args.imagestyle, class = args.imageclass, rowclass = args.overimagerowclass }) end local function renderImages() if args.image then args.image1 = args.image end if args.caption then args.caption1 = args.caption end local imagenums = getArgNums('image') for k, num in ipairs(imagenums) do local caption = args['caption' .. tostring(num)] local data = mw.html.create():wikitext(args['image' .. tostring(num)]) if caption then data :tag('div') :addClass('infobox-caption') -- @deprecated next; target .infobox-<name> .infobox-caption :cssText(args.captionstyle) :wikitext(caption) end addImageRow({ data = tostring(data), -- @deprecated next; target .infobox-<name> .infobox-image datastyle = args.imagestyle, class = args.imageclass, rowclass = args['imagerowclass' .. tostring(num)] }) end end -- When autoheaders are turned on, preprocesses the rows local function preprocessRows() if not args.autoheaders then return end local rownums = union(getArgNums('header'), getArgNums('data')) table.sort(rownums) local lastheader for k, num in ipairs(rownums) do if args['header' .. tostring(num)] then if lastheader then args['header' .. tostring(lastheader)] = nil end lastheader = num elseif args['data' .. tostring(num)] and args['data' .. tostring(num)]:gsub( category_in_empty_row_pattern, '' ):match('^%S') then local data = args['data' .. tostring(num)] if data:gsub(category_in_empty_row_pattern, ''):match('%S') then lastheader = nil end end end if lastheader then args['header' .. tostring(lastheader)] = nil end end -- Gets the union of the header and data argument numbers, -- and renders them all in order local function renderRows() local rownums = union(getArgNums('header'), getArgNums('data')) table.sort(rownums) for k, num in ipairs(rownums) do addRow({ header = args['header' .. tostring(num)], headerstyle = (args.headerstyle or '') .. (args.headerstyle and ';' or '') .. (args['header' .. tostring(num) .. 'style'] or ''), label = args['label' .. tostring(num)], labelstyle = (args.labelstyle or '') .. (args.labelstyle and ';' or '') .. (args['label' .. tostring(num) .. 'style'] or ''), data = args['data' .. tostring(num)], datastyle = (args.datastyle or '') .. (args.datastyle and ';' or '') .. (args['data' .. tostring(num) .. 'style'] or ''), class = args['class' .. tostring(num)], rowclass = args['rowclass' .. tostring(num)], -- @deprecated next; target .infobox-<name> rowclass rowstyle = args['rowstyle' .. tostring(num)], rowcellstyle = args['rowcellstyle' .. tostring(num)] }) end end local function renderNavBar() if not args.name then return end has_rows = true root :tag('tr') :tag('td') :attr('colspan', '2') :addClass('infobox-navbar') :wikitext(require('Module:Navbar')._navbar{ args.name, mini = 1, }) end local function renderItalicTitle() local italicTitle = args['italic title'] and mw.ustring.lower(args['italic title']) if italicTitle == '' or italicTitle == 'force' or italicTitle == 'yes' then root:wikitext(require('Module:Italic title')._main({})) end end -- Categories in otherwise empty rows are collected in empty_row_categories. -- This function adds them to the module output. It is not affected by -- args.decat because this module should not prevent module-external categories -- from rendering. local function renderEmptyRowCategories() for _, s in ipairs(empty_row_categories) do root:wikitext(s) end end -- Render tracking categories. args.decat == turns off tracking categories. local function renderTrackingCategories() if args.decat == 'yes' then return end if args.child == 'yes' then if args.title then root:wikitext( '[[Category:使用带有标题参数的嵌入式信息框模板的条目]]' ) end elseif #(getArgNums('data')) == 0 and mw.title.getCurrentTitle().namespace == 0 then root:wikitext('[[Category:使用无数据行信息框模板的条目]]') end end --[=[ Loads the templatestyles for the infobox. TODO: FINISH loading base templatestyles here rather than in MediaWiki:Common.css. There are 4-5000 pages with 'raw' infobox tables. See [[Mediawiki_talk:Common.css/to_do#Infobox]] and/or come help :). When we do this we should clean up the inline CSS below too. Will have to do some bizarre conversion category like with sidebar. ]=] local function loadTemplateStyles() local frame = mw.getCurrentFrame() local hlist_templatestyles = '' if lists.hlist_t.found then hlist_templatestyles = frame:extensionTag{ name = 'templatestyles', args = { src = lists.hlist_t.styles } } end local plainlist_templatestyles = '' if lists.plainlist_t.found then plainlist_templatestyles = frame:extensionTag{ name = 'templatestyles', args = { src = lists.plainlist_t.styles } } end -- See function description local base_templatestyles = frame:extensionTag{ name = 'templatestyles', args = { src = 'Module:Infobox/styles.css' } } local templatestyles = '' if args['templatestyles'] then templatestyles = frame:extensionTag{ name = 'templatestyles', args = { src = args['templatestyles'] } } end local child_templatestyles = '' if args['child templatestyles'] then child_templatestyles = frame:extensionTag{ name = 'templatestyles', args = { src = args['child templatestyles'] } } end local grandchild_templatestyles = '' if args['grandchild templatestyles'] then grandchild_templatestyles = frame:extensionTag{ name = 'templatestyles', args = { src = args['grandchild templatestyles'] } } end return table.concat({ -- hlist -> plainlist -> base is best-effort to preserve old Common.css ordering. -- this ordering is not a guarantee because the rows of interest invoking -- each class may not be on a specific page hlist_templatestyles, plainlist_templatestyles, base_templatestyles, templatestyles, child_templatestyles, grandchild_templatestyles }) end -- common functions between the child and non child cases local function structure_infobox_common() renderSubheaders() renderImages() preprocessRows() renderRows() renderBelowRow() renderNavBar() renderItalicTitle() renderEmptyRowCategories() renderTrackingCategories() cleanInfobox() end -- Specify the overall layout of the infobox, with special settings if the -- infobox is used as a 'child' inside another infobox. local function _infobox() if args.child ~= 'yes' then root = mw.html.create('table') root :addClass(args.subbox == 'yes' and 'infobox-subbox' or 'infobox') :addClass(args.bodyclass) -- @deprecated next; target .infobox-<name> :cssText(args.bodystyle) has_list_class({ args.bodyclass }) renderTitle() renderOverImage() renderAboveRow() else root = mw.html.create() root :wikitext(args.title) end structure_infobox_common() return loadTemplateStyles() .. root end -- If the argument exists and isn't blank, add it to the argument table. -- Blank arguments are treated as nil to match the behaviour of ParserFunctions. local function preprocessSingleArg(argName) if origArgs[argName] and origArgs[argName] ~= '' then args[argName] = origArgs[argName] end end -- Assign the parameters with the given prefixes to the args table, in order, in -- batches of the step size specified. This is to prevent references etc. from -- appearing in the wrong order. The prefixTable should be an array containing -- tables, each of which has two possible fields, a "prefix" string and a -- "depend" table. The function always parses parameters containing the "prefix" -- string, but only parses parameters in the "depend" table if the prefix -- parameter is present and non-blank. local function preprocessArgs(prefixTable, step) if type(prefixTable) ~= 'table' then error("Non-table value detected for the prefix table", 2) end if type(step) ~= 'number' then error("Invalid step value detected", 2) end -- Get arguments without a number suffix, and check for bad input. for i,v in ipairs(prefixTable) do if type(v) ~= 'table' or type(v.prefix) ~= "string" or (v.depend and type(v.depend) ~= 'table') then error('Invalid input detected to preprocessArgs prefix table', 2) end preprocessSingleArg(v.prefix) -- Only parse the depend parameter if the prefix parameter is present -- and not blank. if args[v.prefix] and v.depend then for j, dependValue in ipairs(v.depend) do if type(dependValue) ~= 'string' then error('Invalid "depend" parameter value detected in preprocessArgs') end preprocessSingleArg(dependValue) end end end -- Get arguments with number suffixes. local a = 1 -- Counter variable. local moreArgumentsExist = true while moreArgumentsExist == true do moreArgumentsExist = false for i = a, a + step - 1 do for j,v in ipairs(prefixTable) do local prefixArgName = v.prefix .. tostring(i) if origArgs[prefixArgName] then -- Do another loop if any arguments are found, even blank ones. moreArgumentsExist = true preprocessSingleArg(prefixArgName) end -- Process the depend table if the prefix argument is present -- and not blank, or we are processing "prefix1" and "prefix" is -- present and not blank, and if the depend table is present. if v.depend and (args[prefixArgName] or (i == 1 and args[v.prefix])) then for j,dependValue in ipairs(v.depend) do local dependArgName = dependValue .. tostring(i) preprocessSingleArg(dependArgName) end end end end a = a + step end end -- Assign the parameters *style to the args table local function preprocessSpecificStyle(styleTable, step) local a = 1 -- Counter variable. local moreArgumentsExist = true while moreArgumentsExist == true do moreArgumentsExist = false for i = a,a + step - 1 do for j,v in ipairs(styleTable) do local styleArgName = v.arg .. tostring(i) .. 'style' if origArgs[styleArgName] then -- Do another loop if any arguments are found, even blank ones. moreArgumentsExist = true preprocessSingleArg(styleArgName) end end end a = a + step end end -- Parse the data parameters in the same order that the old {{infobox}} did, so -- that references etc. will display in the expected places. Parameters that -- depend on another parameter are only processed if that parameter is present, -- to avoid phantom references appearing in article reference lists. local function parseDataParameters() preprocessSingleArg('autoheaders') preprocessSingleArg('child') preprocessSingleArg('bodyclass') preprocessSingleArg('subbox') preprocessSingleArg('bodystyle') preprocessSingleArg('overimage') preprocessSingleArg('overcaption') preprocessSingleArg('overimagerowclass') preprocessSingleArg('title') preprocessSingleArg('titleclass') preprocessSingleArg('titlestyle') preprocessSingleArg('above') preprocessSingleArg('aboveclass') preprocessSingleArg('abovestyle') preprocessArgs({ {prefix = 'subheader', depend = {'subheaderstyle', 'subheaderrowclass'}} }, 10) preprocessSingleArg('subheaderstyle') preprocessSingleArg('subheaderclass') preprocessArgs({ {prefix = 'image', depend = {'caption', 'imagerowclass'}} }, 10) preprocessSingleArg('captionstyle') preprocessSingleArg('imagestyle') preprocessSingleArg('imageclass') preprocessArgs({ {prefix = 'header'}, {prefix = 'data', depend = {'label'}}, {prefix = 'rowclass'}, {prefix = 'rowstyle'}, {prefix = 'rowcellstyle'}, {prefix = 'class'} }, 80) preprocessSpecificStyle({ {arg = 'header'}, {arg = 'label'}, {arg = 'data'} }, 80) preprocessSingleArg('headerclass') preprocessSingleArg('headerstyle') preprocessSingleArg('labelstyle') preprocessSingleArg('datastyle') preprocessSingleArg('below') preprocessSingleArg('belowclass') preprocessSingleArg('belowstyle') preprocessSingleArg('name') -- different behaviour for italics if blank or absent args['italic title'] = origArgs['italic title'] preprocessSingleArg('decat') preprocessSingleArg('templatestyles') preprocessSingleArg('child templatestyles') preprocessSingleArg('grandchild templatestyles') end -- If called via #invoke, use the args passed into the invoking template. -- Otherwise, for testing purposes, assume args are being passed directly in. function p.infobox(frame) if frame == mw.getCurrentFrame() then origArgs = frame:getParent().args else origArgs = frame end parseDataParameters() return _infobox() end -- For calling via #invoke within a template function p.infoboxTemplate(frame) origArgs = {} for k,v in pairs(frame.args) do origArgs[k] = mw.text.trim(v) end parseDataParameters() return _infobox() end return p d5slflfigsft2jn1o6zxf6iy0i467kc 828 2872 46563 2025-05-08T23:12:43Z 2601:18E:D104:4AB0:BDCE:FA0E:C632:4B7D 建立內容為「/* * This TemplateStyles sheet deliberately does NOT include the full set of * infobox styles. We are still working to migrate all of the manual * infoboxes. See [[MediaWiki talk:Common.css/to do#Infobox]] * DO NOT ADD THEM HERE */ /* * not strictly certain these styles are necessary since the modules now * exclusively output infobox-subbox or infobox, not both * just replicating the module faithfully */ .infobox-subbox { padding: 0; border: none;…」的新頁面 46563 sanitized-css text/css /* * This TemplateStyles sheet deliberately does NOT include the full set of * infobox styles. We are still working to migrate all of the manual * infoboxes. See [[MediaWiki talk:Common.css/to do#Infobox]] * DO NOT ADD THEM HERE */ /* * not strictly certain these styles are necessary since the modules now * exclusively output infobox-subbox or infobox, not both * just replicating the module faithfully */ .infobox-subbox { padding: 0; border: none; margin: -3px; width: auto; min-width: 100%; font-size: 100%; clear: none; float: none; background-color: transparent; } .infobox-3cols-child { margin: auto; } .infobox .navbar { font-size: 100%; } /* T281642 */ body.skin-minerva .infobox-header, body.skin-minerva .infobox-subheader, body.skin-minerva .infobox-above, body.skin-minerva .infobox-title, body.skin-minerva .infobox-image, body.skin-minerva .infobox-full-data, body.skin-minerva .infobox-below { text-align: center; } /* Dark theme: [[William_Wragg]], [[Coral_Castle]] */ @media screen { html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) > div:not(.notheme)[style] { background: #1f1f23 !important; /* switch with var( --color-base ) when supported. */ color: #f8f9fa; } @media screen and ( prefers-color-scheme: dark) { html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme) { background: #1f1f23 !important; /* switch with var( --color-base ) when supported. */ color: #f8f9fa; } } html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style] { background: transparent !important; color: var(--color-base,#202122); } @media screen and ( prefers-color-scheme: dark) { html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style] { background: transparent !important; color: var(--color-base,#202122); } } html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style] { background: transparent !important; } } @media screen and ( prefers-color-scheme: dark) { html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style] { background: transparent !important; } } /* Since infobox is a table, many infobox templates take advantage of this to add columns and rows to the infobox itself rather than as part of a new table inside them. This class should be discouraged and removed on the long term, but allows us to at least identify these tables going forward Currently in use on: [[Module:Infobox3cols]] Fixes issue described in https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/F55300125 on Vector 2022. */ @media (min-width: 640px) { body.skin--responsive .infobox-table { display: table !important; } body.skin--responsive .infobox-table > caption { display: table-caption !important; } body.skin--responsive .infobox-table > tbody { display: table-row-group; } body.skin--responsive .infobox-table tr { display: table-row !important; } body.skin--responsive .infobox-table th, body.skin--responsive .infobox-table td { padding-left: inherit; padding-right: inherit; } } rxbstbahziij0zpt51ftsbyztjnu9ad 828 2873 46564 2025-05-08T23:14:12Z 2601:18E:D104:4AB0:BDCE:FA0E:C632:4B7D 建立內容為「-- 输入： - 輸入： -- image - 纯文件名（带有File:/Image:前缀与否皆可）或完全格式化的图片链接 - 純檔案名（帶有File:/Image:字首與否皆可）或完全格式化的圖片連結 -- page - page to display for multipage images (DjVu) -- size - 显示图像大小 - 顯示影像大小 -- maxsize - 图像最大大小 - 影像最大大小 -- sizedefault - 如果size参数留空，默认显示图像大小 - 如果s…」的新頁面 46564 Scribunto text/plain -- 输入： - 輸入： -- image - 纯文件名（带有File:/Image:前缀与否皆可）或完全格式化的图片链接 - 純檔案名（帶有File:/Image:字首與否皆可）或完全格式化的圖片連結 -- page - page to display for multipage images (DjVu) -- size - 显示图像大小 - 顯示影像大小 -- maxsize - 图像最大大小 - 影像最大大小 -- sizedefault - 如果size参数留空，默认显示图像大小 - 如果size參數留空，預設顯示影像大小 -- alt - 图像替换文本 - 影像替換文字 -- title - 图像标题文本 - 影像標題文字 -- border - 有边框则设为yes - 有邊框則設為yes -- center - 图像需居中则设为yes - 影像需居中則設為yes -- upright - 垂直图像参数 - 垂直影像參數 -- suppressplaceholder - 设为yes则检查图像是否为占位符并停用 - 設為yes則檢查影像是否為佔位符並停用 -- link - 点击图像时访问的页面 - 點選影像時訪問的頁面 -- 输出： - 輸出： -- 格式化图像 - 格式化影像 -- 详情请参阅"Module:InfoboxImage/doc"页面 - 詳情請參閱"Module:InfoboxImage/doc"頁面 local i = {}; local placeholder_image = { "Blue - Replace this image female.svg", "Blue - Replace this image male.svg", "Female no free image yet.png", "Flag of None (square).svg", "Flag of None.svg", "Flag of.svg", "Green - Replace this image female.svg", "Green - Replace this image male.svg", "Image is needed female.svg", "Image is needed male.svg", "Location map of None.svg", "Male no free image yet.png", "Missing flag.png", "No flag.svg", "No free portrait.svg", "No portrait (female).svg", "No portrait (male).svg", "Red - Replace this image female.svg", "Red - Replace this image male.svg", "Replace this image female (blue).svg", "Replace this image female.svg", "Replace this image male (blue).svg", "Replace this image male.svg", "Silver - Replace this image female.svg", "Silver - Replace this image male.svg", "Replace this image.svg", "Cricket no pic.png", "CarersLogo.gif", "Diagram Needed.svg", "Example.jpg", "Image placeholder.png", "No male portrait.svg", "Nocover-upload.png", "NoDVDcover copy.png", "Noribbon.svg", "No portrait-BFD-test.svg", "Placeholder barnstar ribbon.png", "Project Trains no image.png", "Image-request.png", "Sin bandera.svg", "Sin escudo.svg", "Replace this image - temple.png", "Replace this image butterfly.png", "Replace this image.svg", "Replace this image1.svg", "Resolution angle.png", "Image-No portrait-text-BFD-test.svg", "Insert image here.svg", "No image available.png", "NO IMAGE YET square.png", "NO IMAGE YET.png", "No Photo Available.svg", "No Screenshot.svg", "No-image-available.jpg", "Null.png", "PictureNeeded.gif", "Place holder.jpg", "Unbenannt.JPG", "UploadACopyrightFreeImage.svg", "UploadAnImage.gif", "UploadAnImage.svg", "UploadAnImageShort.svg", "CarersLogo.gif", "Diagram Needed.svg", "No male portrait.svg", "NoDVDcover copy.png", "Placeholder barnstar ribbon.png", "Project Trains no image.png", "Image-request.png", } function i.IsPlaceholder(image) -- change underscores to spaces image = mw.ustring.gsub(image, "_", " "); assert(image ~= nil, 'mw.ustring.gsub(image, "_", " ") must not return nil') -- if image starts with [[ then remove that and anything after | if mw.ustring.sub(image,1,2) == "[[" then image = mw.ustring.sub(image,3); image = mw.ustring.gsub(image, "([^|]*)|.*", "%1"); assert(image ~= nil, 'mw.ustring.gsub(image, "([^|]*)|.*", "%1") must not return nil') end -- Trim spaces image = mw.ustring.gsub(image, '^[ ]*(.-)[ ]*$', '%1'); assert(image ~= nil, "mw.ustring.gsub(image, '^[ ]*(.-)[ ]*$', '%1') must not return nil") -- remove prefix if exists local allNames = mw.site.namespaces[6].aliases allNames[#allNames + 1] = mw.site.namespaces[6].name allNames[#allNames + 1] = mw.site.namespaces[6].canonicalName for i, name in ipairs(allNames) do if mw.ustring.lower(mw.ustring.sub(image, 1, mw.ustring.len(name) + 1)) == mw.ustring.lower(name .. ":") then image = mw.ustring.sub(image, mw.ustring.len(name) + 2); break end end -- Trim spaces image = mw.ustring.gsub(image, '^[ ]*(.-)[ ]*$', '%1'); -- capitalise first letter image = mw.ustring.upper(mw.ustring.sub(image,1,1)) .. mw.ustring.sub(image,2); for i,j in pairs(placeholder_image) do if image == j then return true end end return false end function i.InfoboxImage(frame) local image = frame.args["image"]; if image == "" or image == nil then return ""; end if image == "&nbsp;" then return image; end if frame.args["suppressplaceholder"] ~= "no" then if i.IsPlaceholder(image) == true then return ""; end end if mw.ustring.lower(mw.ustring.sub(image,1,5)) == "http:" then return ""; end if mw.ustring.lower(mw.ustring.sub(image,1,6)) == "[http:" then return ""; end if mw.ustring.lower(mw.ustring.sub(image,1,7)) == "[[http:" then return ""; end if mw.ustring.lower(mw.ustring.sub(image,1,6)) == "https:" then return ""; end if mw.ustring.lower(mw.ustring.sub(image,1,7)) == "[https:" then return ""; end if mw.ustring.lower(mw.ustring.sub(image,1,8)) == "[[https:" then return ""; end if mw.ustring.sub(image,1,2) == "[[" then -- search for thumbnail images and add to tracking cat if found if mw.title.getCurrentTitle().namespace == 0 and (mw.ustring.find(image, "|%s*thumb%s*[|%]]") or mw.ustring.find(image, "|%s*thumbnail%s*[|%]]")) then return image .. "[[Category:信息框內使用縮圖語法的頁面]]"; elseif mw.title.getCurrentTitle().namespace == 0 then return image .. "[[Category:使用过时图像语法的页面]]"; else return image; end elseif mw.ustring.sub(image,1,2) == "{{" and mw.ustring.sub(image,1,3) ~= "{{{" then return image; elseif mw.ustring.sub(image,1,1) == "<" then return image; elseif mw.ustring.sub(image,1,5) == mw.ustring.char(127).."UNIQ" then -- Found strip marker at begining, so pass don't process at all return image; elseif mw.ustring.sub(image,4,9) == "`UNIQ-" then -- Found strip marker at begining, so pass don't process at all return image; else local result = ""; local page = frame.args["page"]; local size = frame.args["size"]; local maxsize = frame.args["maxsize"]; local sizedefault = frame.args["sizedefault"]; local alt = frame.args["alt"]; local link = frame.args["link"]; local title = frame.args["title"]; local border = frame.args["border"]; local upright = frame.args["upright"] or ""; local thumbtime = frame.args["thumbtime"] or ""; local center= frame.args["center"]; local class= frame.args["class"]; -- remove prefix if exists local allNames = mw.site.namespaces[6].aliases allNames[#allNames + 1] = mw.site.namespaces[6].name allNames[#allNames + 1] = mw.site.namespaces[6].canonicalName for i, name in ipairs(allNames) do if mw.ustring.lower(mw.ustring.sub(image, 1, mw.ustring.len(name) + 1)) == mw.ustring.lower(name .. ":") then image = mw.ustring.sub(image, mw.ustring.len(name) + 2); break end end if maxsize ~= "" and maxsize ~= nil then -- if no sizedefault then set to maxsize if sizedefault == "" or sizedefault == nil then sizedefault = maxsize end -- check to see if size bigger than maxsize if size ~= "" and size ~= nil then local sizenumber = tonumber(mw.ustring.match(size,"%d*")) or 0; local maxsizenumber = tonumber(mw.ustring.match(maxsize,"%d*")) or 0; if sizenumber>maxsizenumber and maxsizenumber>0 then size = maxsize; end end end -- add px to size if just a number if (tonumber(size) or 0) > 0 then size = size .. "px"; end -- add px to sizedefault if just a number if (tonumber(sizedefault) or 0) > 0 then sizedefault = sizedefault .. "px"; end result = "[[File:" .. image; if page ~= "" and page ~= nil then result = result .. "|page=" .. page; end if size ~= "" and size ~= nil then result = result .. "|" .. size; elseif sizedefault ~= "" and sizedefault ~= nil then result = result .. "|" .. sizedefault; else result = result .. "|frameless"; end if center == "yes" then result = result .. "|center" end if alt ~= "" and alt ~= nil then result = result .. "|alt=" .. alt; end if link ~= "" and link ~= nil then result = result .. "|link=" .. link; end if border == "yes" then result = result .. "|border"; end if upright == "yes" then result = result .. "|upright"; elseif upright ~= "" then result = result .. "|upright=" .. upright; end if thumbtime ~= "" then result = result .. "|thumbtime=" .. thumbtime; end if title ~= "" and title ~= nil then result = result .. "|" .. title; elseif alt ~= "" and alt ~= nil then result = result .. "|" .. alt; end if class ~= "" and class ~= nil then result = result .. "|class=" .. class; end result = result .. "]]"; return result; end end return i; 6jqdaditg8bjdf8ut3sg1kv7qh2d3tw 10 2874 46565 2025-05-08T23:16:01Z 2601:18E:D104:4AB0:BDCE:FA0E:C632:4B7D 建立內容為「{{<includeonly>safesubst:</includeonly>#invoke:Separated entries|br}}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude>」的新頁面 46565 wikitext text/x-wiki {{<includeonly>safesubst:</includeonly>#invoke:Separated entries|br}}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 3qzqyo0vc2bkjx7dik52fp751jwcnq3 10 2875 46566 2025-05-08T23:17:30Z 2601:18E:D104:4AB0:BDCE:FA0E:C632:4B7D 建立內容為「<includeonly><span style="font-weight:normal;">{{{1}}}</span></includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!-- 请将分类添加至模板文档（模板文件）页面 --> </noinclude>」的新頁面 46566 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly><span style="font-weight:normal;">{{{1}}}</span></includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!-- 请将分类添加至模板文档（模板文件）页面 --> </noinclude> troax6aua7my0fxk9wq04hlwbj8qsm9 10 2876 46567 2025-05-08T23:18:44Z 2601:18E:D104:4AB0:BDCE:FA0E:C632:4B7D 建立內容為「{<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude>」的新頁面 46567 wikitext text/x-wiki {<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> bo68003d0rx5gzaxu8kxrb3a6qyoyjo 10 2877 46568 2025-05-08T23:19:50Z 2601:18E:D104:4AB0:BDCE:FA0E:C632:4B7D 建立內容為「}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude>」的新頁面 46568 wikitext text/x-wiki }<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> trjzkxjnoc4j3s8syx7lt7qs0fnlhua 10 2878 46569 2025-05-08T23:21:32Z 2601:18E:D104:4AB0:BDCE:FA0E:C632:4B7D 建立內容為「{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#switch: <!--If no or empty "demospace" parameter then detect namespace-->{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#if:{{{demospace|}}} | {{{{{|safesubst:}}}lc: {{{demospace}}} }} <!--Use lower case "demospace"--> | {{{{{|safesubst:}}}#ifeq:{{{{{|safesubst:}}}NAMESPACE}}|{{{{{|safesubst:}}}ns:0}} | {{{{{|safesubst:}}}ifPNS| other | main }} | other }} }} | main = {{{1|}}} | other | #default = {{{2|}}} }}<noinclude><!--End switch-->{{Docum…」的新頁面 46569 wikitext text/x-wiki {{{{{|safesubst:}}}#switch: <!--If no or empty "demospace" parameter then detect namespace-->{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#if:{{{demospace|}}} | {{{{{|safesubst:}}}lc: {{{demospace}}} }} <!--Use lower case "demospace"--> | {{{{{|safesubst:}}}#ifeq:{{{{{|safesubst:}}}NAMESPACE}}|{{{{{|safesubst:}}}ns:0}} | {{{{{|safesubst:}}}ifPNS| other | main }} | other }} }} | main = {{{1|}}} | other | #default = {{{2|}}} }}<noinclude><!--End switch-->{{Documentation}}<!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --></noinclude> q1sv7eimneekenunt2r99m8fhb9cgu8 10 2879 46570 2025-05-08T23:24:02Z 2601:18E:D104:4AB0:BDCE:FA0E:C632:4B7D 建立內容為「<includeonly><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">{{{1|{{{year}}}}}}-{{padleft:{{{2|{{{month}}}}}}|2|0}}-{{padleft:{{{3|{{{day}}}}}}|2|0}}</span>) </span>{{{1|{{{year}}}}}}年{{#if:{{{df|}}}|{{MONTHNAME|{{{2|{{{month}}}}}}}}{{#expr:{{{3|{{{day}}}}}}}}日|{{MONTHNAME|{{{2|{{{month}}}}}}}}{{#expr:{{{3|{{{day}}}}}}}}日}}<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow">（{{age | {{{1|{{{year}}}}}} | {{{2|{{{month}}}}}} | {{{3|{{{day}}}}}} }}歲）</span></inclu…」的新頁面 46570 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">{{{1|{{{year}}}}}}-{{padleft:{{{2|{{{month}}}}}}|2|0}}-{{padleft:{{{3|{{{day}}}}}}|2|0}}</span>) </span>{{{1|{{{year}}}}}}年{{#if:{{{df|}}}|{{MONTHNAME|{{{2|{{{month}}}}}}}}{{#expr:{{{3|{{{day}}}}}}}}日|{{MONTHNAME|{{{2|{{{month}}}}}}}}{{#expr:{{{3|{{{day}}}}}}}}日}}<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow">（{{age | {{{1|{{{year}}}}}} | {{{2|{{{month}}}}}} | {{{3|{{{day}}}}}} }}歲）</span></includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation|Template:Birth date and age/doc}} </noinclude> 7sv90a128ijsnipnui1ahp27hb4597w 10 2880 46571 2025-05-08T23:26:02Z 2601:18E:D104:4AB0:BDCE:FA0E:C632:4B7D 建立內容為「{{#invoke:age|age_generic|template=age_full_years}}<noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude>」的新頁面 46571 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:age|age_generic|template=age_full_years}}<noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> 1d6l9vstfas468nsu3gwtb2b0x2m62f 828 2881 46572 2025-05-08T23:27:05Z 2601:18E:D104:4AB0:BDCE:FA0E:C632:4B7D 建立內容為「-- Implement various "age of" and other date-related templates. local _Date, _currentDate local function getExports(frame) -- Return objects exported from the date module or its sandbox. if not _Date then local sandbox = frame:getTitle():find('sandbox', 1, true) and '/sandbox' or '' local datemod = require('Module:Date' .. sandbox) _Date = datemod._Date _currentDate = datemod._current end return _Date, _currentDate end local Collection -- a ta…」的新頁面 46572 Scribunto text/plain -- Implement various "age of" and other date-related templates. local _Date, _currentDate local function getExports(frame) -- Return objects exported from the date module or its sandbox. if not _Date then local sandbox = frame:getTitle():find('sandbox', 1, true) and '/sandbox' or '' local datemod = require('Module:Date' .. sandbox) _Date = datemod._Date _currentDate = datemod._current end return _Date, _currentDate end local Collection -- a table to hold items Collection = { add = function (self, item) if item ~= nil then self.n = self.n + 1 self[self.n] = item end end, join = function (self, sep) return table.concat(self, sep) end, remove = function (self, pos) if self.n > 0 and (pos == nil or (0 < pos and pos <= self.n)) then self.n = self.n - 1 return table.remove(self, pos) end end, sort = function (self, comp) table.sort(self, comp) end, new = function () return setmetatable({n = 0}, Collection) end } Collection.__index = Collection local function stripToNil(text) -- If text is a string, return its trimmed content, or nil if empty. -- Otherwise return text (which may, for example, be nil). if type(text) == 'string' then text = text:match('(%S.-)%s*$') end return text end local yes = require('Module:Yesno') local function message(msg, id) -- Return formatted message text for an error or warning. local categories = { error = '[[Category:Age模块错误]]', warning = '[[Category:Age模块错误]]', -- same as error until determine whether 'Age warning' would be worthwhile } local a, b, category if id == 'warning' then a = '^{[<i>' b = '</i>]}' else a = '<strong class="error">错误：' b = '</strong>' end if mw.title.getCurrentTitle():inNamespaces(0) then -- Category only in namespaces: 0=article. category = categories[id or 'error'] end return a .. mw.text.nowiki(msg) .. b .. (category or '') end local function formatNumber(number) -- Return the given number formatted with commas as group separators, -- given that the number is an integer. local numstr = tostring(number) local length = #numstr local places = Collection.new() local pos = 0 repeat places:add(pos) pos = pos + 3 until pos >= length places:add(length) local groups = Collection.new() for i = places.n, 2, -1 do local p1 = length - places[i] + 1 local p2 = length - places[i - 1] groups:add(numstr:sub(p1, p2)) end return groups:join(',') end local function spellNumber(number, options, i) -- Return result of spelling number, or -- return number (as a string) if cannot spell it. -- i == 1 for the first number which can optionally start with an uppercase letter. number = tostring(number) return require('Module:ConvertNumeric').spell_number( number, nil, -- fraction numerator nil, -- fraction denominator i == 1 and options.upper, -- true: 'One' instead of 'one' not options.us, -- true: use 'and' between tens/ones etc options.adj, -- true: hyphenated options.ordinal -- true: 'first' instead of 'one' ) or number end local function makeSort(value, sortable) -- Return a sort key if requested. -- Assume value is a valid number which has not overflowed. if sortable == 'sortable_table' or sortable == 'sortable_on' or sortable == 'sortable_debug' then local sortkey if value == 0 then sortkey = '5000000000000000000' else local mag = math.floor(math.log10(math.abs(value)) + 1e-14) local prefix if value > 0 then prefix = 7000 + mag else prefix = 2999 - mag value = value + 10^(mag+1) end sortkey = string.format('%d', prefix) .. string.format('%015.0f', math.floor(value * 10^(14-mag))) end local lhs, rhs if sortable == 'sortable_table' then lhs = 'data-sort-value="' rhs = '"|' else lhs = sortable == 'sortable_debug' and '<span style="border:1px solid;display:inline;" class="sortkey">' or '<span style="display:none" class="sortkey">' rhs = '♠</span>' end return lhs .. sortkey .. rhs end end local translateParameters = { abbr = { off = 'abbr_off', on = 'abbr_on', }, disp = { age = 'disp_age', raw = 'disp_raw', }, format = { raw = 'format_raw', commas = 'format_commas', }, round = { on = 'on', yes = 'on', months = 'ym', weeks = 'ymw', days = 'ymd', hours = 'ymdh', }, sep = { comma = 'sep_comma', [','] = 'sep_comma', serialcomma = 'sep_serialcomma', space = 'sep_space', }, show = { hide = { id = 'hide' }, y = { 'y', id = 'y' }, ym = { 'y', 'm', id = 'ym' }, ymd = { 'y', 'm', 'd', id = 'ymd' }, ymw = { 'y', 'm', 'w', id = 'ymw' }, ymwd = { 'y', 'm', 'w', 'd', id = 'ymwd' }, yd = { 'y', 'd', id = 'yd', keepZero = true }, m = { 'm', id = 'm' }, md = { 'm', 'd', id = 'md' }, w = { 'w', id = 'w' }, wd = { 'w', 'd', id = 'wd' }, h = { 'H', id = 'h' }, hm = { 'H', 'M', id = 'hm' }, hms = { 'H', 'M', 'S', id = 'hms' }, d = { 'd', id = 'd' }, dh = { 'd', 'H', id = 'dh' }, dhm = { 'd', 'H', 'M', id = 'dhm' }, dhms = { 'd', 'H', 'M', 'S', id = 'dhms' }, ymdh = { 'y', 'm', 'd', 'H', id = 'ymdh' }, ymdhm = { 'y', 'm', 'd', 'H', 'M', id = 'ymdhm' }, ymwdh = { 'y', 'm', 'w', 'd', 'H', id = 'ymwdh' }, ymwdhm = { 'y', 'm', 'w', 'd', 'H', 'M', id = 'ymwdhm' }, }, sortable = { off = false, on = 'sortable_on', table = 'sortable_table', debug = 'sortable_debug', }, } local spellOptions = { cardinal = {}, Cardinal = { upper = true }, cardinal_us = { us = true }, Cardinal_us = { us = true, upper = true }, ordinal = { ordinal = true }, Ordinal = { ordinal = true, upper = true }, ordinal_us = { ordinal = true, us = true }, Ordinal_us = { ordinal = true, us = true, upper = true }, } local function dateExtract(frame) -- Return part of a date after performing an optional operation. local Date = getExports(frame) local args = frame:getParent().args local parms = {} for i, v in ipairs(args) do parms[i] = v end if yes(args.fix) then table.insert(parms, 'fix') end if yes(args.partial) then table.insert(parms, 'partial') end local show = stripToNil(args.show) or 'dmy' local date = Date(unpack(parms)) if not date then if show == 'format' then return 'error' end return message('需要有效的日期') end local add = stripToNil(args.add) if add then for item in add:gmatch('%S+') do date = date + item if not date then return message('无法添加“' .. item .. '”') end end end local prefix, result local sortable = translateParameters.sortable[args.sortable] if sortable then local value = (date.partial and date.partial.first or date).jdz prefix = makeSort(value, sortable) end if show ~= 'hide' then result = date[show] if result == nil then result = date:text(show) elseif type(result) == 'boolean' then result = result and '1' or '0' else result = tostring(result) end end return (prefix or '') .. (result or '') end local function rangeJoin(range) -- Return text to be used between a range of ages. return range == 'dash' and '—' or '或' end local function makeText(values, components, names, options, noUpper) -- Return wikitext representing an age or duration. local text = Collection.new() local count = #values local sep = names.sep or '' for i, v in ipairs(values) do -- v is a number (say 4 for 4 years), or a table ({4,5} for 4 or 5 years). local islist = type(v) == 'table' if (islist or v > 0) or (text.n == 0 and i == count) or (text.n > 0 and components.keepZero) then local fmt, vstr if options.spell then fmt = function(number) return spellNumber(number, options.spell, noUpper or i) end elseif i == 1 and options.format == 'format_commas' then -- Numbers after the first should be small and not need formatting. fmt = formatNumber else fmt = tostring end if islist then vstr = fmt(v[1]) .. rangeJoin(options.range) noUpper = true vstr = vstr .. fmt(v[2]) else vstr = fmt(v) end local name = names[components[i]] if name then local plural = names.plural if not plural or (islist and v[2] or v) == 1 then plural = '' end text:add(vstr .. sep .. name .. plural) else text:add(vstr) end end end local first, last -- hh mm ss if options.join == 'sep_space' then first = ' ' last = ' ' -- hh时，mm分，ss秒 elseif options.join == 'sep_comma' then first = '，' last = '，' -- hh时，mm分又ss秒 elseif options.join == 'sep_serialcomma' then first = '，' last = text.n > 2 and (names.y == '年' and '又' or '零') or '，' -- hh时mm分ss秒 elseif options.join == 'sep_none' then first = '' last = '' -- hh时mm分又ss秒 else -- 'sep_serial' first = '' last = text.n > 2 and (names.y == '年' and '又' or '零') or '' end for i, v in ipairs(text) do if i < text.n then text[i] = v .. (i + 1 < text.n and first or last) end end local sign = '' if options.isnegative then -- Do not display negative zero. if text.n > 1 or (text.n == 1 and text[1]:sub(1, 1) ~= '0' ) then if options.format == 'format_raw' then sign = '-' -- plain hyphen so result can be used in a calculation else sign = '−' -- Unicode U+2212 MINUS SIGN end end end return (options.prefix or '') .. (options.extra or '') .. sign .. text:join() .. (options.suffix or '') end local function dateDifference(parms) -- Return a formatted date difference using the given parameters -- which have been validated. local names = { abbr_off = { plural = '', sep = '', y = '年', m = '个月', w = '周', d = '天', H = '小时', M = '分', S = '秒', }, abbr_on = { y = 'y', m = 'm', w = 'w', d = 'd', H = 'h', M = 'm', S = 's', }, abbr_age = { plural = '', sep = '', y = '岁', m = '个月', w = '周', d = '天', H = '小时', M = '分', S = '秒', }, abbr_raw = {}, } local diff = parms.diff -- must be a valid date difference local show = parms.show -- may be nil; default is set below local abbr = parms.abbr or 'abbr_off' local defaultJoin -- 中文应该全为nil if abbr ~= 'abbr_off' then defaultJoin = nil end if not show then show = 'ymd' if parms.disp == 'disp_age' then if diff.years < 3 then defaultJoin = nil if diff.years >= 1 then show = 'ym' else show = 'md' end else show = 'y' end end end if type(show) ~= 'table' then show = translateParameters.show[show] end if parms.disp == 'disp_raw' then defaultJoin = 'sep_space' abbr = 'abbr_raw' elseif parms.wantSc then defaultJoin = 'sep_serialcomma' end local diffOptions = { round = parms.round, duration = parms.wantDuration, range = parms.range and true or nil, } local prefix if parms.sortable then local value = diff.age_days + (parms.wantDuration and 1 or 0) -- days and fraction of a day if diff.isnegative then value = -value end prefix = makeSort(value, parms.sortable) end local textOptions = { prefix = prefix, suffix = parms.suffix, -- not currently used extra = parms.extra, format = parms.format, join = parms.sep or defaultJoin, isnegative = diff.isnegative, range = parms.range, spell = parms.spell, } if show.id == 'hide' then return prefix or '' end local values = { diff:age(show.id, diffOptions) } if values[1] then return makeText(values, show, names[abbr], textOptions) end if diff.partial then -- Handle a more complex range such as -- {{age_yd|20 Dec 2001|2003|range=yes}} → 1 year, 12 days or 2 years, 11 days local opt = { format = textOptions.format, join = textOptions.join, isnegative = textOptions.isnegative, spell = textOptions.spell, } return (textOptions.prefix or '') .. makeText({ diff.partial.mindiff:age(show.id, diffOptions) }, show, names[abbr], opt) .. rangeJoin(textOptions.range) .. makeText({ diff.partial.maxdiff:age(show.id, diffOptions) }, show, names[abbr], opt, true) .. (textOptions.suffix or '') end return message('此处不支持参数show=' .. show.id) end local function getDates(frame, getopt) -- Parse template parameters and return one of: -- * date (a date table, if single) -- * date1, date2 (two date tables, if not single) -- * text (a string error message) -- A missing date is optionally replaced with the current date. -- If wantMixture is true, a missing date component is replaced -- from the current date, so can get a bizarre mixture of -- specified/current y/m/d as has been done by some "age" templates. -- Some results may be placed in table getopt. local Date, currentDate = getExports(frame) getopt = getopt or {} local function flagCurrent(text) -- This allows the calling template to detect if the current date has been used, -- that is, whether both dates have been entered in a template expecting two. -- For example, an infobox may want the age when an event occurred, not the current age. -- Don't bother detecting if wantMixture is used because not needed and it is a poor option. if not text then text = 'currentdate' if getopt.flag == 'usesCurrent' then getopt.usesCurrent = true end end return text end local args = frame:getParent().args local fields = {} local isNamed = args.year or args.year1 or args.year2 or args.month or args.month1 or args.month2 or args.day or args.day1 or args.day2 if isNamed then fields[1] = args.year1 or args.year fields[2] = args.month1 or args.month fields[3] = args.day1 or args.day fields[4] = args.year2 fields[5] = args.month2 fields[6] = args.day2 else for i = 1, 6 do fields[i] = args[i] end end local imax = 0 for i = 1, 6 do fields[i] = stripToNil(fields[i]) if fields[i] then imax = i end if getopt.omitZero and i % 3 ~= 1 then -- omit zero months and days as unknown values but keep year 0 which is 1 BCE if tonumber(fields[i]) == 0 then fields[i] = nil getopt.partial = true end end end local fix = getopt.fix and 'fix' or '' local noDefault = imax == 0 and getopt.noMissing local partialText = getopt.partial and 'partial' or '' local dates = {} if isNamed or imax >= 3 then local nrDates = getopt.single and 1 or 2 if getopt.wantMixture then -- Cannot be partial since empty fields are set from current. local components = { 'year', 'month', 'day' } for i = 1, nrDates * 3 do fields[i] = fields[i] or currentDate[components[i > 3 and i - 3 or i]] end for i = 1, nrDates do local index = i == 1 and 1 or 4 dates[i] = Date(fields[index], fields[index+1], fields[index+2]) end else -- If partial dates are allowed, accept -- year only, or -- year and month only -- Do not accept year and day without a month because that makes no sense -- (and because, for example, Date('partial', 2001, nil, 12) sets day = nil, not 12). for i = 1, nrDates do local index = i == 1 and 1 or 4 local y, m, d = fields[index], fields[index+1], fields[index+2] if (getopt.partial and y and (m or not d)) or (y and m and d) then dates[i] = Date(fix, partialText, y, m, d) elseif not y and not m and not d and not noDefault then dates[i] = Date(flagCurrent()) end end end elseif not noDefault then getopt.textdates = true -- have parsed each date from a single text field dates[1] = Date(fix, partialText, flagCurrent(fields[1])) if not getopt.single then dates[2] = Date(fix, partialText, flagCurrent(fields[2])) end end if not dates[1] then return message('需要有效的年月日') end if getopt.single then return dates[1] end if not dates[2] then return message('第二个日期应该是年月日') end return dates[1], dates[2] end local function ageGeneric(frame) -- Return the result required by the specified template. -- Can use sortable=x where x = on/table/off/debug in any supported template. -- Some templates default to sortable=on but can be overridden. local name = frame.args.template if not name then return message('调用它的模板必须有“|template=x”参数，其中x是所需的操作') end local args = frame:getParent().args local specs = { -- 重点！切勿随意更改！ age_days = { -- {{age in days}} show = 'd', disp = 'disp_raw', }, age_days_nts = { -- {{age in days nts}} show = 'd', disp = 'disp_raw', format = 'format_commas', sortable = 'on', }, duration_days = { -- {{duration in days}} show = 'd', disp = 'disp_raw', duration = true, }, duration_days_nts = { -- {{duration in days nts}} show = 'd', disp = 'disp_raw', format = 'format_commas', sortable = 'on', duration = true, }, age_full_years = { -- {{age}} show = 'y', abbr = 'abbr_raw', flag = 'usesCurrent', omitZero = true, range = 'no', }, age_full_years_nts = { -- {{age nts}} show = 'y', abbr = 'abbr_raw', format = 'format_commas', sortable = 'on', }, age_in_years = { -- {{age in years}} show = 'y', abbr = 'abbr_raw', negative = 'error', range = 'dash', }, age_in_years_nts = { -- {{age in years nts}} show = 'y', abbr = 'abbr_raw', negative = 'error', range = 'dash', format = 'format_commas', sortable = 'on', }, age_infant = { -- {{age for infant}} -- Do not set show because special processing is done later. abbr = 'abbr_off', disp = 'disp_age', sortable = 'on', age = true, }, age_m = { -- {{age in months}} show = 'm', disp = 'disp_raw', }, age_w = { -- {{age in weeks}} show = 'w', disp = 'disp_raw', }, age_wd = { -- {{age in weeks and days}} show = 'wd', }, age_yd = { -- {{age in years and days}} show = 'yd', format = 'format_commas', sep = args.sep == 'and' and 'sep_serialcomma' or nil, age = true, }, age_yd_nts = { -- {{age in years and days nts}} show = 'yd', format = 'format_commas', sep = args.sep == 'and' and 'sep_serialcomma' or nil, sortable = 'on', age = true, }, age_ym = { -- {{age in years and months}} show = 'ym', sep = args.sep == 'and' and 'sep_serialcomma' or nil, }, age_ymd = { -- {{age in years, months and days}} show = 'ymd', range = 'dash', }, age_ymwd = { -- {{age in years, months, weeks and days}} show = 'ymwd', wantMixture = true, }, } local spec = specs[name] if not spec then return message('指定的模板名称无效') end if name == 'age_days' then local su = stripToNil(args['show unit']) if su then if su == 'abbr' or su == 'full' then spec.disp = nil spec.abbr = su == 'abbr' and 'abbr_on' or nil end end end local partial, autofill local range = stripToNil(args.range) or spec.range if range then -- Suppose partial dates are used and age could be 11 or 12 years. -- "|range=" (empty value) has no effect (spec is used). -- "|range=yes" or spec.range == true sets range = true (gives "11或12") -- "|range=dash" or spec.range == 'dash' sets range = 'dash' (gives "11—12"). -- "|range=no" or spec.range == 'no' sets range = nil and fills each date in the diff (gives "12"). -- ("on" is equivalent to "yes", and "off" is equivalent to "no"). -- "|range=OTHER" sets range = nil and rejects partial dates. range = ({ dash = 'dash', off = 'no', no = 'no', [true] = true })[range] or yes(range) if range then partial = true -- accept partial dates with a possible age range for the result if range == 'no' then autofill = true -- missing month/day in first or second date are filled from other date or 1 range = nil end end end local getopt = { fix = yes(args.fix), flag = stripToNil(args.flag) or spec.flag, omitZero = spec.omitZero, partial = partial, wantMixture = spec.wantMixture, } local date1, date2 = getDates(frame, getopt) if type(date1) == 'string' then return date1 end local useAge = spec.age if args.age ~= nil then useAge = yes(args.age, spec.age) end local format = stripToNil(args.format) local spell = spellOptions[format] if format then format = 'format_' .. format elseif name == 'age_days' and getopt.textdates then format = 'format_commas' end local parms = { diff = date2:subtract(date1, { fill = autofill }), wantDuration = spec.duration or yes(args.duration), range = range, wantSc = yes(args.sc), show = args.show == 'hide' and 'hide' or spec.show, abbr = useAge and 'abbr_age' or spec.abbr, disp = spec.disp, extra = (getopt.usesCurrent and format ~= 'format_raw') and '<span class="currentage"></span>' or nil, format = format or spec.format, round = yes(args.round), sep = spec.sep, sortable = translateParameters.sortable[args.sortable or spec.sortable], spell = spell, } if (spec.negative or frame.args.negative) == 'error' and parms.diff.isnegative then return message('第二个日期不应该在第一个日期之前') end return dateDifference(parms) end local function bda(frame) -- Implement [[Template:Birth date and age]]. local args = frame:getParent().args local options = { noMissing=true, single=true } local date = getDates(frame, options) if type(date) == 'string' then return date -- error text end local Date = getExports(frame) local diff = Date('currentdate') - date if diff.isnegative or diff.years > 150 then return message('计算年龄所需的出生日期无效') end local disp, show = 'disp_raw', 'y' if diff.years < 2 then disp = 'disp_age' if diff.years == 0 and diff.months == 0 then show = 'd' else show = 'm' end end local result = '%-Y年%B月%-d日' result = '（<span class="bday">%-Y-%m-%d</span>) </span>' .. result result = '<span style="display:none"> ' .. date:text(result) .. '<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> ' .. '（' .. dateDifference({ diff = diff, show = show, abbr = 'abbr_off', disp = disp, sep = 'sep_space', }) .. '）</span>' local warnings = tonumber(frame.args.warnings) if warnings and warnings > 0 then local good = { df = true, mf = true, day = true, day1 = true, month = true, month1 = true, year = true, year1 = true, } local invalid local imax = options.textdates and 1 or 3 for k, _ in pairs(args) do if type(k) == 'number' then if k > imax then invalid = tostring(k) break end else if not good[k] then invalid = k break end end end if invalid then result = result .. message(invalid .. '参数无效', 'warning') end end return result end local function dateToGsd(frame) -- Implement [[Template:Gregorian serial date]]. -- Return Gregorian serial date of the given date, or the current date. -- The returned value is negative for dates before 1 January 1 AD -- despite the fact that GSD is not defined for such dates. local date = getDates(frame, { wantMixture=true, single=true }) if type(date) == 'string' then return date end return tostring(date.gsd) end local function jdToDate(frame) -- Return formatted date from a Julian date. -- The result includes a time if the input includes a fraction. -- The word 'Julian' is accepted for the Julian calendar. local Date = getExports(frame) local args = frame:getParent().args local date = Date('juliandate', args[1], args[2]) if date then return date:text() end return message('需要有效的儒略历日期') end local function dateToJd(frame) -- Return Julian date (a number) from a date which may include a time, -- or the current date ('currentdate') or current date and time ('currentdatetime'). -- The word 'Julian' is accepted for the Julian calendar. local Date = getExports(frame) local args = frame:getParent().args local date = Date(args[1], args[2], args[3], args[4], args[5], args[6], args[7]) if date then return tostring(date.jd) end return message('需要有效的年/月/日或“currentdate”（当前）') end local function timeInterval(frame) -- Implement [[Template:Time interval]]. -- There are two positional arguments: date1, date2. -- The default for each is the current date and time. -- Result is date2 - date1 formatted. local Date = getExports(frame) local args = frame:getParent().args local parms = { wantDuration = yes(args.duration), range = yes(args.range) or (args.range == 'dash' and 'dash' or nil), wantSc = yes(args.sc), } local fix = yes(args.fix) and 'fix' or '' local date1 = Date(fix, 'partial', stripToNil(args[1]) or 'currentdatetime') if not date1 then return message('第一个参数中的开始日期无效') end local date2 = Date(fix, 'partial', stripToNil(args[2]) or 'currentdatetime') if not date2 then return message('第二个参数中的结束日期无效') end parms.diff = date2 - date1 for argname, translate in pairs(translateParameters) do local parm = stripToNil(args[argname]) if parm then parm = translate[parm] if parm == nil then -- test for nil because false is a valid setting return message('参数' .. argname .. '=' .. args[argname] .. '无效') end parms[argname] = parm end end if parms.round then local round = parms.round local show = parms.show if round ~= 'on' then if show then if show.id ~= round then return message('参数show=' .. args.show .. '与round=' .. args.round .. '冲突') end else parms.show = translateParameters.show[round] end end parms.round = true end return dateDifference(parms) end return { age_generic = ageGeneric, -- can emulate several age templates birth_date_and_age = bda, -- Template:Birth_date_and_age gsd = dateToGsd, -- Template:Gregorian_serial_date extract = dateExtract, -- Template:Extract jd_to_date = jdToDate, -- Template:? JULIANDAY = dateToJd, -- Template:JULIANDAY time_interval = timeInterval, -- Template:Time_interval } qjfboc3rlij6foukonw8ciapewxdtk8 828 2882 46573 2025-05-08T23:28:32Z 2601:18E:D104:4AB0:BDCE:FA0E:C632:4B7D 建立內容為「-- Date functions for use by other modules. -- I18N and time zones are not supported. local MINUS = '−' -- Unicode U+2212 MINUS SIGN local floor = math.floor local Date, DateDiff, diffmt -- forward declarations local uniq = { 'unique identifier' } local function is_date(t) -- The system used to make a date read-only means there is no unique -- metatable that is conveniently accessible to check. return type(t) == 'table' and t._id == uniq end local…」的新頁面 46573 Scribunto text/plain -- Date functions for use by other modules. -- I18N and time zones are not supported. local MINUS = '−' -- Unicode U+2212 MINUS SIGN local floor = math.floor local Date, DateDiff, diffmt -- forward declarations local uniq = { 'unique identifier' } local function is_date(t) -- The system used to make a date read-only means there is no unique -- metatable that is conveniently accessible to check. return type(t) == 'table' and t._id == uniq end local function is_diff(t) return type(t) == 'table' and getmetatable(t) == diffmt end local function _list_join(list, sep) return table.concat(list, sep) end local function collection() -- Return a table to hold items. return { n = 0, add = function (self, item) self.n = self.n + 1 self[self.n] = item end, join = _list_join, } end local function strip_to_nil(text) -- If text is a string, return its trimmed content, or nil if empty. -- Otherwise return text (convenient when Date fields are provided from -- another module which may pass a string, a number, or another type). if type(text) == 'string' then text = text:match('(%S.-)%s*$') end return text end local function is_leap_year(year, calname) -- Return true if year is a leap year. if calname == 'Julian' then return year % 4 == 0 end return (year % 4 == 0 and year % 100 ~= 0) or year % 400 == 0 end local function days_in_month(year, month, calname) -- Return number of days (1..31) in given month (1..12). if month == 2 and is_leap_year(year, calname) then return 29 end return ({ 31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31 })[month] end local function h_m_s(time) -- Return hour, minute, second extracted from fraction of a day. time = floor(time * 24 * 3600 + 0.5) -- number of seconds local second = time % 60 time = floor(time / 60) return floor(time / 60), time % 60, second end local function hms(date) -- Return fraction of a day from date's time, where (0 <= fraction < 1) -- if the values are valid, but could be anything if outside range. return (date.hour + (date.minute + date.second / 60) / 60) / 24 end local function julian_date(date) -- Return jd, jdz from a Julian or Gregorian calendar date where -- jd = Julian date and its fractional part is zero at noon -- jdz = same, but assume time is 00:00:00 if no time given -- http://www.tondering.dk/claus/cal/julperiod.php#formula -- Testing shows this works for all dates from year -9999 to 9999! -- JDN 0 is the 24-hour period starting at noon UTC on Monday -- 1 January 4713 BC = (-4712, 1, 1) Julian calendar -- 24 November 4714 BC = (-4713, 11, 24) Gregorian calendar local offset local a = floor((14 - date.month)/12) local y = date.year + 4800 - a if date.calendar == 'Julian' then offset = floor(y/4) - 32083 else offset = floor(y/4) - floor(y/100) + floor(y/400) - 32045 end local m = date.month + 12*a - 3 local jd = date.day + floor((153*m + 2)/5) + 365*y + offset if date.hastime then jd = jd + hms(date) - 0.5 return jd, jd end return jd, jd - 0.5 end local function set_date_from_jd(date) -- Set the fields of table date from its Julian date field. -- Return true if date is valid. -- http://www.tondering.dk/claus/cal/julperiod.php#formula -- This handles the proleptic Julian and Gregorian calendars. -- Negative Julian dates are not defined but they work. local calname = date.calendar local low, high -- min/max limits for date ranges −9999-01-01 to 9999-12-31 if calname == 'Gregorian' then low, high = -1930999.5, 5373484.49999 elseif calname == 'Julian' then low, high = -1931076.5, 5373557.49999 else return end local jd = date.jd if not (type(jd) == 'number' and low <= jd and jd <= high) then return end local jdn = floor(jd) if date.hastime then local time = jd - jdn -- 0 <= time < 1 if time >= 0.5 then -- if at or after midnight of next day jdn = jdn + 1 time = time - 0.5 else time = time + 0.5 end date.hour, date.minute, date.second = h_m_s(time) else date.second = 0 date.minute = 0 date.hour = 0 end local b, c if calname == 'Julian' then b = 0 c = jdn + 32082 else -- Gregorian local a = jdn + 32044 b = floor((4*a + 3)/146097) c = a - floor(146097*b/4) end local d = floor((4*c + 3)/1461) local e = c - floor(1461*d/4) local m = floor((5*e + 2)/153) date.day = e - floor((153*m + 2)/5) + 1 date.month = m + 3 - 12*floor(m/10) date.year = 100*b + d - 4800 + floor(m/10) return true end local function fix_numbers(numbers, y, m, d, H, M, S, partial, hastime, calendar) -- Put the result of normalizing the given values in table numbers. -- The result will have valid m, d values if y is valid; caller checks y. -- The logic of PHP mktime is followed where m or d can be zero to mean -- the previous unit, and -1 is the one before that, etc. -- Positive values carry forward. local date if not (1 <= m and m <= 12) then date = Date(y, 1, 1) if not date then return end date = date + ((m - 1) .. 'm') y, m = date.year, date.month end local days_hms if not partial then if hastime and H and M and S then if not (0 <= H and H <= 23 and 0 <= M and M <= 59 and 0 <= S and S <= 59) then days_hms = hms({ hour = H, minute = M, second = S }) end end if days_hms or not (1 <= d and d <= days_in_month(y, m, calendar)) then date = date or Date(y, m, 1) if not date then return end date = date + (d - 1 + (days_hms or 0)) y, m, d = date.year, date.month, date.day if days_hms then H, M, S = date.hour, date.minute, date.second end end end numbers.year = y numbers.month = m numbers.day = d if days_hms then -- Don't set H unless it was valid because a valid H will set hastime. numbers.hour = H numbers.minute = M numbers.second = S end end local function set_date_from_numbers(date, numbers, options) -- Set the fields of table date from numeric values. -- Return true if date is valid. if type(numbers) ~= 'table' then return end local y = numbers.year or date.year local m = numbers.month or date.month local d = numbers.day or date.day local H = numbers.hour local M = numbers.minute or date.minute or 0 local S = numbers.second or date.second or 0 local need_fix if y and m and d then date.partial = nil if not (-9999 <= y and y <= 9999 and 1 <= m and m <= 12 and 1 <= d and d <= days_in_month(y, m, date.calendar)) then if not date.want_fix then return end need_fix = true end elseif y and date.partial then if d or not (-9999 <= y and y <= 9999) then return end if m and not (1 <= m and m <= 12) then if not date.want_fix then return end need_fix = true end else return end if date.partial then H = nil -- ignore any time M = nil S = nil else if H then -- It is not possible to set M or S without also setting H. date.hastime = true else H = 0 end if not (0 <= H and H <= 23 and 0 <= M and M <= 59 and 0 <= S and S <= 59) then if date.want_fix then need_fix = true else return end end end date.want_fix = nil if need_fix then fix_numbers(numbers, y, m, d, H, M, S, date.partial, date.hastime, date.calendar) return set_date_from_numbers(date, numbers, options) end date.year = y -- -9999 to 9999 ('n BC' → year = 1 - n) date.month = m -- 1 to 12 (may be nil if partial) date.day = d -- 1 to 31 (* = nil if partial) date.hour = H -- 0 to 59 (*) date.minute = M -- 0 to 59 (*) date.second = S -- 0 to 59 (*) if type(options) == 'table' then for _, k in ipairs({ 'am', 'era', 'format' }) do if options[k] then date.options[k] = options[k] end end end return true end local function make_option_table(options1, options2) -- If options1 is a string, return a table with its settings, or -- if it is a table, use its settings. -- Missing options are set from table options2 or defaults. -- If a default is used, a flag is set so caller knows the value was not intentionally set. -- Valid option settings are: -- am: 'am', 'a.m.', 'AM', 'A.M.' -- 'pm', 'p.m.', 'PM', 'P.M.' (each has same meaning as corresponding item above) -- era: 'BCMINUS', 'BCNEGATIVE', 'BC', 'B.C.', 'BCE', 'B.C.E.', 'AD', 'A.D.', 'CE', 'C.E.' -- Option am = 'am' does not mean the hour is AM; it means 'am' or 'pm' is used, depending on the hour, -- and am = 'pm' has the same meaning. -- Similarly, era = 'BC' means 'BC' is used if year <= 0. -- BCMINUS displays a MINUS if year < 0 and the display format does not include %{era}. -- BCNEGATIVE is similar but displays a hyphen. local result = { bydefault = {} } if type(options1) == 'table' then result.am = options1.am result.era = options1.era elseif type(options1) == 'string' then -- Example: 'am:AM era:BC' or 'am=AM era=BC'. for item in options1:gmatch('%S+') do local lhs, rhs = item:match('^(%w+)[:=](.+)$') if lhs then result[lhs] = rhs end end end options2 = type(options2) == 'table' and options2 or {} local defaults = { am = 'am', era = 'BC' } for k, v in pairs(defaults) do if not result[k] then if options2[k] then result[k] = options2[k] else result[k] = v result.bydefault[k] = true end end end return result end local ampm_options = { -- lhs = input text accepted as an am/pm option -- rhs = code used internally ['am'] = 'am', ['AM'] = 'AM', ['a.m.'] = 'a.m.', ['A.M.'] = 'A.M.', ['pm'] = 'am', -- same as am ['PM'] = 'AM', ['p.m.'] = 'a.m.', ['P.M.'] = 'A.M.', } local era_text = { -- Text for displaying an era with a positive year (after adjusting -- by replacing year with 1 - year if date.year <= 0). -- options.era = { year<=0 , year>0 } ['BCMINUS'] = { 'BC' , '' , isbc = true, sign = MINUS }, ['BCNEGATIVE'] = { 'BC' , '' , isbc = true, sign = '-' }, ['BC'] = { 'BC' , '' , isbc = true }, ['B.C.'] = { 'B.C.' , '' , isbc = true }, ['BCE'] = { 'BCE' , '' , isbc = true }, ['B.C.E.'] = { 'B.C.E.', '' , isbc = true }, ['AD'] = { 'BC' , 'AD' }, ['A.D.'] = { 'B.C.' , 'A.D.' }, ['CE'] = { 'BCE' , 'CE' }, ['C.E.'] = { 'B.C.E.', 'C.E.' }, } local function get_era_for_year(era, year) return (era_text[era] or era_text['BC'])[year > 0 and 2 or 1] or '' end local function strftime(date, format, options) -- Return date formatted as a string using codes similar to those -- in the C strftime library function. local sformat = string.format local shortcuts = { ['%c'] = '%-I:%M %p %-d %B %-Y %{era}', -- date and time: 2:30 pm 1 April 2016 ['%x'] = '%-d %B %-Y %{era}', -- date: 1 April 2016 ['%X'] = '%-I:%M %p', -- time: 2:30 pm } if shortcuts[format] then format = shortcuts[format] end local codes = { a = { field = 'dayabbr' }, A = { field = 'dayname' }, b = { field = 'monthabbr' }, B = { field = 'monthname' }, u = { fmt = '%d' , field = 'dowiso' }, w = { fmt = '%d' , field = 'dow' }, d = { fmt = '%02d', fmt2 = '%d', field = 'day' }, m = { fmt = '%02d', fmt2 = '%d', field = 'month' }, Y = { fmt = '%04d', fmt2 = '%d', field = 'year' }, H = { fmt = '%02d', fmt2 = '%d', field = 'hour' }, M = { fmt = '%02d', fmt2 = '%d', field = 'minute' }, S = { fmt = '%02d', fmt2 = '%d', field = 'second' }, j = { fmt = '%03d', fmt2 = '%d', field = 'dayofyear' }, I = { fmt = '%02d', fmt2 = '%d', field = 'hour', special = 'hour12' }, p = { field = 'hour', special = 'am' }, } options = make_option_table(options, date.options) local amopt = options.am local eraopt = options.era local function replace_code(spaces, modifier, id) local code = codes[id] if code then local fmt = code.fmt if modifier == '-' and code.fmt2 then fmt = code.fmt2 end local value = date[code.field] if not value then return nil -- an undefined field in a partial date end local special = code.special if special then if special == 'hour12' then value = value % 12 value = value == 0 and 12 or value elseif special == 'am' then local ap = ({ ['a.m.'] = { 'a.m.', 'p.m.' }, ['AM'] = { 'AM', 'PM' }, ['A.M.'] = { 'A.M.', 'P.M.' }, })[ampm_options[amopt]] or { 'am', 'pm' } return (spaces == '' and '' or '&nbsp;') .. (value < 12 and ap[1] or ap[2]) end end if code.field == 'year' then local sign = (era_text[eraopt] or {}).sign if not sign or format:find('%{era}', 1, true) then sign = '' if value <= 0 then value = 1 - value end else if value >= 0 then sign = '' else value = -value end end return spaces .. sign .. sformat(fmt, value) end return spaces .. (fmt and sformat(fmt, value) or value) end end local function replace_property(spaces, id) if id == 'era' then -- Special case so can use local era option. local result = get_era_for_year(eraopt, date.year) if result == '' then return '' end return (spaces == '' and '' or '&nbsp;') .. result end local result = date[id] if type(result) == 'string' then return spaces .. result end if type(result) == 'number' then return spaces .. tostring(result) end if type(result) == 'boolean' then return spaces .. (result and '1' or '0') end -- This occurs if id is an undefined field in a partial date, or is the name of a function. return nil end local PERCENT = '\127PERCENT\127' return (format :gsub('%%%%', PERCENT) :gsub('(%s*)%%{(%w+)}', replace_property) :gsub('(%s*)%%(%-?)(%a)', replace_code) :gsub(PERCENT, '%%') ) end local function _date_text(date, fmt, options) -- Return a formatted string representing the given date. if not is_date(date) then error('date:text: need a date (use "date:text()" with a colon)', 2) end if type(fmt) == 'string' and fmt:match('%S') then if fmt:find('%', 1, true) then return strftime(date, fmt, options) end elseif date.partial then fmt = date.month and 'my' or 'y' else fmt = 'dmy' if date.hastime then fmt = (date.second > 0 and 'hms ' or 'hm ') .. fmt end end local function bad_format() -- For consistency with other format processing, return given format -- (or cleaned format if original was not a string) if invalid. return mw.text.nowiki(fmt) end if date.partial then -- Ignore days in standard formats like 'ymd'. if fmt == 'ym' or fmt == 'ymd' then fmt = date.month and '%Y-%m %{era}' or '%Y %{era}' elseif fmt == 'my' or fmt == 'dmy' or fmt == 'mdy' then fmt = date.month and '%B %-Y %{era}' or '%-Y %{era}' elseif fmt == 'y' then fmt = date.month and '%-Y %{era}' or '%-Y %{era}' else return bad_format() end return strftime(date, fmt, options) end local function hm_fmt() local plain = make_option_table(options, date.options).bydefault.am return plain and '%H:%M' or '%-I:%M %p' end local need_time = date.hastime local t = collection() for item in fmt:gmatch('%S+') do local f if item == 'hm' then f = hm_fmt() need_time = false elseif item == 'hms' then f = '%H:%M:%S' need_time = false elseif item == 'ymd' then f = '%Y-%m-%d %{era}' elseif item == 'mdy' then f = '%B %-d, %-Y %{era}' elseif item == 'dmy' then f = '%-d %B %-Y %{era}' else return bad_format() end t:add(f) end fmt = t:join(' ') if need_time then fmt = hm_fmt() .. ' ' .. fmt end return strftime(date, fmt, options) end local day_info = { -- 0=Sun to 6=Sat [0] = { 'Sun', 'Sunday' }, { 'Mon', 'Monday' }, { 'Tue', 'Tuesday' }, { 'Wed', 'Wednesday' }, { 'Thu', 'Thursday' }, { 'Fri', 'Friday' }, { 'Sat', 'Saturday' }, } local month_info = { -- 1=Jan to 12=Dec { 'Jan', 'January' }, { 'Feb', 'February' }, { 'Mar', 'March' }, { 'Apr', 'April' }, { 'May', 'May' }, { 'Jun', 'June' }, { 'Jul', 'July' }, { 'Aug', 'August' }, { 'Sep', 'September' }, { 'Oct', 'October' }, { 'Nov', 'November' }, { 'Dec', 'December' }, } local function name_to_number(text, translate) if type(text) == 'string' then return translate[text:lower()] end end local function day_number(text) return name_to_number(text, { sun = 0, sunday = 0, mon = 1, monday = 1, tue = 2, tuesday = 2, wed = 3, wednesday = 3, thu = 4, thursday = 4, fri = 5, friday = 5, sat = 6, saturday = 6, }) end local function month_number(text) return name_to_number(text, { jan = 1, january = 1, feb = 2, february = 2, mar = 3, march = 3, apr = 4, april = 4, may = 5, jun = 6, june = 6, jul = 7, july = 7, aug = 8, august = 8, sep = 9, september = 9, sept = 9, oct = 10, october = 10, nov = 11, november = 11, dec = 12, december = 12, }) end local function _list_text(list, fmt) -- Return a list of formatted strings from a list of dates. if not type(list) == 'table' then error('date:list:text: need "list:text()" with a colon', 2) end local result = { join = _list_join } for i, date in ipairs(list) do result[i] = date:text(fmt) end return result end local function _date_list(date, spec) -- Return a possibly empty numbered table of dates meeting the specification. -- Dates in the list are in ascending order (oldest date first). -- The spec should be a string of form "<count> <day> <op>" -- where each item is optional and -- count = number of items wanted in list -- day = abbreviation or name such as Mon or Monday -- op = >, >=, <, <= (default is > meaning after date) -- If no count is given, the list is for the specified days in date's month. -- The default day is date's day. -- The spec can also be a positive or negative number: -- -5 is equivalent to '5 <' -- 5 is equivalent to '5' which is '5 >' if not is_date(date) then error('date:list: need a date (use "date:list()" with a colon)', 2) end local list = { text = _list_text } if date.partial then return list end local count, offset, operation local ops = { ['>='] = { before = false, include = true }, ['>'] = { before = false, include = false }, ['<='] = { before = true , include = true }, ['<'] = { before = true , include = false }, } if spec then if type(spec) == 'number' then count = floor(spec + 0.5) if count < 0 then count = -count operation = ops['<'] end elseif type(spec) == 'string' then local num, day, op = spec:match('^%s*(%d*)%s*(%a*)%s*([<>=]*)%s*$') if not num then return list end if num ~= '' then count = tonumber(num) end if day ~= '' then local dow = day_number(day:gsub('[sS]$', '')) -- accept plural days if not dow then return list end offset = dow - date.dow end operation = ops[op] else return list end end offset = offset or 0 operation = operation or ops['>'] local datefrom, dayfirst, daylast if operation.before then if offset > 0 or (offset == 0 and not operation.include) then offset = offset - 7 end if count then if count > 1 then offset = offset - 7*(count - 1) end datefrom = date + offset else daylast = date.day + offset dayfirst = daylast % 7 if dayfirst == 0 then dayfirst = 7 end end else if offset < 0 or (offset == 0 and not operation.include) then offset = offset + 7 end if count then datefrom = date + offset else dayfirst = date.day + offset daylast = date.monthdays end end if not count then if daylast < dayfirst then return list end count = floor((daylast - dayfirst)/7) + 1 datefrom = Date(date, {day = dayfirst}) end for i = 1, count do if not datefrom then break end -- exceeds date limits list[i] = datefrom datefrom = datefrom + 7 end return list end -- A table to get the current date/time (UTC), but only if needed. local current = setmetatable({}, { __index = function (self, key) local d = os.date('!*t') self.year = d.year self.month = d.month self.day = d.day self.hour = d.hour self.minute = d.min self.second = d.sec return rawget(self, key) end }) local function extract_date(newdate, text) -- Parse the date/time in text and return n, o where -- n = table of numbers with date/time fields -- o = table of options for AM/PM or AD/BC or format, if any -- or return nothing if date is known to be invalid. -- Caller determines if the values in n are valid. -- A year must be positive ('1' to '9999'); use 'BC' for BC. -- In a y-m-d string, the year must be four digits to avoid ambiguity -- ('0001' to '9999'). The only way to enter year <= 0 is by specifying -- the date as three numeric parameters like ymd Date(-1, 1, 1). -- Dates of form d/m/y, m/d/y, y/m/d are rejected as potentially ambiguous. local date, options = {}, {} if text:sub(-1) == 'Z' then -- Extract date/time from a Wikidata timestamp. -- The year can be 1 to 16 digits but this module handles 1 to 4 digits only. -- Examples: '+2016-06-21T14:30:00Z', '-0000000180-00-00T00:00:00Z'. local sign, y, m, d, H, M, S = text:match('^([+%-])(%d+)%-(%d%d)%-(%d%d)T(%d%d):(%d%d):(%d%d)Z$') if sign then y = tonumber(y) if sign == '-' and y > 0 then y = -y end if y <= 0 then options.era = 'BCE' end date.year = y m = tonumber(m) d = tonumber(d) H = tonumber(H) M = tonumber(M) S = tonumber(S) if m == 0 then newdate.partial = true return date, options end date.month = m if d == 0 then newdate.partial = true return date, options end date.day = d if H > 0 or M > 0 or S > 0 then date.hour = H date.minute = M date.second = S end return date, options end return end local function extract_ymd(item) -- Called when no day or month has been set. local y, m, d = item:match('^(%d%d%d%d)%-(%w+)%-(%d%d?)$') if y then if date.year then return end if m:match('^%d%d?$') then m = tonumber(m) else m = month_number(m) end if m then date.year = tonumber(y) date.month = m date.day = tonumber(d) return true end end end local function extract_day_or_year(item) -- Called when a day would be valid, or -- when a year would be valid if no year has been set and partial is set. local number, suffix = item:match('^(%d%d?%d?%d?)(.*)$') if number then local n = tonumber(number) if #number <= 2 and n <= 31 then suffix = suffix:lower() if suffix == '' or suffix == 'st' or suffix == 'nd' or suffix == 'rd' or suffix == 'th' then date.day = n return true end elseif suffix == '' and newdate.partial and not date.year then date.year = n return true end end end local function extract_month(item) -- A month must be given as a name or abbreviation; a number could be ambiguous. local m = month_number(item) if m then date.month = m return true end end local function extract_time(item) local h, m, s = item:match('^(%d%d?):(%d%d)(:?%d*)$') if date.hour or not h then return end if s ~= '' then s = s:match('^:(%d%d)$') if not s then return end end date.hour = tonumber(h) date.minute = tonumber(m) date.second = tonumber(s) -- nil if empty string return true end local item_count = 0 local index_time local function set_ampm(item) local H = date.hour if H and not options.am and index_time + 1 == item_count then options.am = ampm_options[item] -- caller checked this is not nil if item:match('^[Aa]') then if not (1 <= H and H <= 12) then return end if H == 12 then date.hour = 0 end else if not (1 <= H and H <= 23) then return end if H <= 11 then date.hour = H + 12 end end return true end end for item in text:gsub(',', ' '):gsub('&nbsp;', ' '):gmatch('%S+') do item_count = item_count + 1 if era_text[item] then -- Era is accepted in peculiar places. if options.era then return end options.era = item elseif ampm_options[item] then if not set_ampm(item) then return end elseif item:find(':', 1, true) then if not extract_time(item) then return end index_time = item_count elseif date.day and date.month then if date.year then return -- should be nothing more so item is invalid end if not item:match('^(%d%d?%d?%d?)$') then return end date.year = tonumber(item) elseif date.day then if not extract_month(item) then return end elseif date.month then if not extract_day_or_year(item) then return end elseif extract_month(item) then options.format = 'mdy' elseif extract_ymd(item) then options.format = 'ymd' elseif extract_day_or_year(item) then if date.day then options.format = 'dmy' end else return end end if not date.year or date.year == 0 then return end local era = era_text[options.era] if era and era.isbc then date.year = 1 - date.year end return date, options end local function autofill(date1, date2) -- Fill any missing month or day in each date using the -- corresponding component from the other date, if present, -- or with 1 if both dates are missing the month or day. -- This gives a good result for calculating the difference -- between two partial dates when no range is wanted. -- Return filled date1, date2 (two full dates). local function filled(a, b) local fillmonth, fillday if not a.month then fillmonth = b.month or 1 end if not a.day then fillday = b.day or 1 end if fillmonth or fillday then -- need to create a new date a = Date(a, { month = fillmonth, day = fillday }) end return a end return filled(date1, date2), filled(date2, date1) end local function date_add_sub(lhs, rhs, is_sub) -- Return a new date from calculating (lhs + rhs) or (lhs - rhs), -- or return nothing if invalid. -- The result is nil if the calculated date exceeds allowable limits. -- Caller ensures that lhs is a date; its properties are copied for the new date. if lhs.partial then -- Adding to a partial is not supported. -- Can subtract a date or partial from a partial, but this is not called for that. return end local function is_prefix(text, word, minlen) local n = #text return (minlen or 1) <= n and n <= #word and text == word:sub(1, n) end local function do_days(n) local forcetime, jd if floor(n) == n then jd = lhs.jd else forcetime = not lhs.hastime jd = lhs.jdz end jd = jd + (is_sub and -n or n) if forcetime then jd = tostring(jd) if not jd:find('.', 1, true) then jd = jd .. '.0' end end return Date(lhs, 'juliandate', jd) end if type(rhs) == 'number' then -- Add/subtract days, including fractional days. return do_days(rhs) end if type(rhs) == 'string' then -- rhs is a single component like '26m' or '26 months' (with optional sign). -- Fractions like '3.25d' are accepted for the units which are handled as days. local sign, numstr, id = rhs:match('^%s*([+-]?)([%d%.]+)%s*(%a+)$') if sign then if sign == '-' then is_sub = not (is_sub and true or false) end local y, m, days local num = tonumber(numstr) if not num then return end id = id:lower() if is_prefix(id, 'years') then y = num m = 0 elseif is_prefix(id, 'months') then y = floor(num / 12) m = num % 12 elseif is_prefix(id, 'weeks') then days = num * 7 elseif is_prefix(id, 'days') then days = num elseif is_prefix(id, 'hours') then days = num / 24 elseif is_prefix(id, 'minutes', 3) then days = num / (24 * 60) elseif is_prefix(id, 'seconds') then days = num / (24 * 3600) else return end if days then return do_days(days) end if numstr:find('.', 1, true) then return end if is_sub then y = -y m = -m end assert(-11 <= m and m <= 11) y = lhs.year + y m = lhs.month + m if m > 12 then y = y + 1 m = m - 12 elseif m < 1 then y = y - 1 m = m + 12 end local d = math.min(lhs.day, days_in_month(y, m, lhs.calendar)) return Date(lhs, y, m, d) end end if is_diff(rhs) then local days = rhs.age_days if (is_sub or false) ~= (rhs.isnegative or false) then days = -days end return lhs + days end end local full_date_only = { dayabbr = true, dayname = true, dow = true, dayofweek = true, dowiso = true, dayofweekiso = true, dayofyear = true, gsd = true, juliandate = true, jd = true, jdz = true, jdnoon = true, } -- Metatable for a date's calculated fields. local datemt = { __index = function (self, key) if rawget(self, 'partial') then if full_date_only[key] then return end if key == 'monthabbr' or key == 'monthdays' or key == 'monthname' then if not self.month then return end end end local value if key == 'dayabbr' then value = day_info[self.dow][1] elseif key == 'dayname' then value = day_info[self.dow][2] elseif key == 'dow' then value = (self.jdnoon + 1) % 7 -- day-of-week 0=Sun to 6=Sat elseif key == 'dayofweek' then value = self.dow elseif key == 'dowiso' then value = (self.jdnoon % 7) + 1 -- ISO day-of-week 1=Mon to 7=Sun elseif key == 'dayofweekiso' then value = self.dowiso elseif key == 'dayofyear' then local first = Date(self.year, 1, 1, self.calendar).jdnoon value = self.jdnoon - first + 1 -- day-of-year 1 to 366 elseif key == 'era' then -- Era text (never a negative sign) from year and options. value = get_era_for_year(self.options.era, self.year) elseif key == 'format' then value = self.options.format or 'dmy' elseif key == 'gsd' then -- GSD = 1 from 00:00:00 to 23:59:59 on 1 January 1 AD Gregorian calendar, -- which is from jd 1721425.5 to 1721426.49999. value = floor(self.jd - 1721424.5) elseif key == 'juliandate' or key == 'jd' or key == 'jdz' then local jd, jdz = julian_date(self) rawset(self, 'juliandate', jd) rawset(self, 'jd', jd) rawset(self, 'jdz', jdz) return key == 'jdz' and jdz or jd elseif key == 'jdnoon' then -- Julian date at noon (an integer) on the calendar day when jd occurs. value = floor(self.jd + 0.5) elseif key == 'isleapyear' then value = is_leap_year(self.year, self.calendar) elseif key == 'monthabbr' then value = month_info[self.month][1] elseif key == 'monthdays' then value = days_in_month(self.year, self.month, self.calendar) elseif key == 'monthname' then value = month_info[self.month][2] end if value ~= nil then rawset(self, key, value) return value end end, } -- Date operators. local function mt_date_add(lhs, rhs) if not is_date(lhs) then lhs, rhs = rhs, lhs -- put date on left (it must be a date for this to have been called) end return date_add_sub(lhs, rhs) end local function mt_date_sub(lhs, rhs) if is_date(lhs) then if is_date(rhs) then return DateDiff(lhs, rhs) end return date_add_sub(lhs, rhs, true) end end local function mt_date_concat(lhs, rhs) return tostring(lhs) .. tostring(rhs) end local function mt_date_tostring(self) return self:text() end local function mt_date_eq(lhs, rhs) -- Return true if dates identify same date/time where, for example, -- Date(-4712, 1, 1, 'Julian') == Date(-4713, 11, 24, 'Gregorian') is true. -- This is called only if lhs and rhs have the same type and the same metamethod. if lhs.partial or rhs.partial then -- One date is partial; the other is a partial or a full date. -- The months may both be nil, but must be the same. return lhs.year == rhs.year and lhs.month == rhs.month and lhs.calendar == rhs.calendar end return lhs.jdz == rhs.jdz end local function mt_date_lt(lhs, rhs) -- Return true if lhs < rhs, for example, -- Date('1 Jan 2016') < Date('06:00 1 Jan 2016') is true. -- This is called only if lhs and rhs have the same type and the same metamethod. if lhs.partial or rhs.partial then -- One date is partial; the other is a partial or a full date. if lhs.calendar ~= rhs.calendar then return lhs.calendar == 'Julian' end if lhs.partial then lhs = lhs.partial.first end if rhs.partial then rhs = rhs.partial.first end end return lhs.jdz < rhs.jdz end --[[ Examples of syntax to construct a date: Date(y, m, d, 'julian') default calendar is 'gregorian' Date(y, m, d, H, M, S, 'julian') Date('juliandate', jd, 'julian') if jd contains "." text output includes H:M:S Date('currentdate') Date('currentdatetime') Date('1 April 1995', 'julian') parse date from text Date('1 April 1995 AD', 'julian') using an era sets a flag to do the same for output Date('04:30:59 1 April 1995', 'julian') Date(date) copy of an existing date Date(date, t) same, updated with y,m,d,H,M,S fields from table t Date(t) date with y,m,d,H,M,S fields from table t ]] function Date(...) -- for forward declaration above -- Return a table holding a date assuming a uniform calendar always applies -- (proleptic Gregorian calendar or proleptic Julian calendar), or -- return nothing if date is invalid. -- A partial date has a valid year, however its month may be nil, and -- its day and time fields are nil. -- Field partial is set to false (if a full date) or a table (if a partial date). local calendars = { julian = 'Julian', gregorian = 'Gregorian' } local newdate = { _id = uniq, calendar = 'Gregorian', -- default is Gregorian calendar hastime = false, -- true if input sets a time hour = 0, -- always set hour/minute/second so don't have to handle nil minute = 0, second = 0, options = {}, list = _date_list, subtract = function (self, rhs, options) return DateDiff(self, rhs, options) end, text = _date_text, } local argtype, datetext, is_copy, jd_number, tnums local numindex = 0 local numfields = { 'year', 'month', 'day', 'hour', 'minute', 'second' } local numbers = {} for _, v in ipairs({...}) do v = strip_to_nil(v) local vlower = type(v) == 'string' and v:lower() or nil if v == nil then -- Ignore empty arguments after stripping so modules can directly pass template parameters. elseif calendars[vlower] then newdate.calendar = calendars[vlower] elseif vlower == 'partial' then newdate.partial = true elseif vlower == 'fix' then newdate.want_fix = true elseif is_date(v) then -- Copy existing date (items can be overridden by other arguments). if is_copy or tnums then return end is_copy = true newdate.calendar = v.calendar newdate.partial = v.partial newdate.hastime = v.hastime newdate.options = v.options newdate.year = v.year newdate.month = v.month newdate.day = v.day newdate.hour = v.hour newdate.minute = v.minute newdate.second = v.second elseif type(v) == 'table' then if tnums then return end tnums = {} local tfields = { year=1, month=1, day=1, hour=2, minute=2, second=2 } for tk, tv in pairs(v) do if tfields[tk] then tnums[tk] = tonumber(tv) end if tfields[tk] == 2 then newdate.hastime = true end end else local num = tonumber(v) if not num and argtype == 'setdate' and numindex == 1 then num = month_number(v) end if num then if not argtype then argtype = 'setdate' end if argtype == 'setdate' and numindex < 6 then numindex = numindex + 1 numbers[numfields[numindex]] = num elseif argtype == 'juliandate' and not jd_number then jd_number = num if type(v) == 'string' then if v:find('.', 1, true) then newdate.hastime = true end elseif num ~= floor(num) then -- The given value was a number. The time will be used -- if the fractional part is nonzero. newdate.hastime = true end else return end elseif argtype then return elseif type(v) == 'string' then if v == 'currentdate' or v == 'currentdatetime' or v == 'juliandate' then argtype = v else argtype = 'datetext' datetext = v end else return end end end if argtype == 'datetext' then if tnums or not set_date_from_numbers(newdate, extract_date(newdate, datetext)) then return end elseif argtype == 'juliandate' then newdate.partial = nil newdate.jd = jd_number if not set_date_from_jd(newdate) then return end elseif argtype == 'currentdate' or argtype == 'currentdatetime' then newdate.partial = nil newdate.year = current.year newdate.month = current.month newdate.day = current.day if argtype == 'currentdatetime' then newdate.hour = current.hour newdate.minute = current.minute newdate.second = current.second newdate.hastime = true end newdate.calendar = 'Gregorian' -- ignore any given calendar name elseif argtype == 'setdate' then if tnums or not set_date_from_numbers(newdate, numbers) then return end elseif not (is_copy or tnums) then return end if tnums then newdate.jd = nil -- force recalculation in case jd was set before changes from tnums if not set_date_from_numbers(newdate, tnums) then return end end if newdate.partial then local year = newdate.year local month = newdate.month local first = Date(year, month or 1, 1, newdate.calendar) month = month or 12 local last = Date(year, month, days_in_month(year, month), newdate.calendar) newdate.partial = { first = first, last = last } else newdate.partial = false -- avoid index lookup end setmetatable(newdate, datemt) local readonly = {} local mt = { __index = newdate, __newindex = function(t, k, v) error('date.' .. tostring(k) .. ' is read-only', 2) end, __add = mt_date_add, __sub = mt_date_sub, __concat = mt_date_concat, __tostring = mt_date_tostring, __eq = mt_date_eq, __lt = mt_date_lt, } return setmetatable(readonly, mt) end local function _diff_age(diff, code, options) -- Return a tuple of integer values from diff as specified by code, except that -- each integer may be a list of two integers for a diff with a partial date, or -- return nil if the code is not supported. -- If want round, the least significant unit is rounded to nearest whole unit. -- For a duration, an extra day is added. local wantround, wantduration, wantrange if type(options) == 'table' then wantround = options.round wantduration = options.duration wantrange = options.range else wantround = options end if not is_diff(diff) then local f = wantduration and 'duration' or 'age' error(f .. ': need a date difference (use "diff:' .. f .. '()" with a colon)', 2) end if diff.partial then -- Ignore wantround, wantduration. local function choose(v) if type(v) == 'table' then if not wantrange or v[1] == v[2] then -- Example: Date('partial', 2005) - Date('partial', 2001) gives -- diff.years = { 3, 4 } to show the range of possible results. -- If do not want a range, choose the second value as more expected. return v[2] end end return v end if code == 'ym' or code == 'ymd' then if not wantrange and diff.iszero then -- This avoids an unexpected result such as -- Date('partial', 2001) - Date('partial', 2001) -- giving diff = { years = 0, months = { 0, 11 } } -- which would be reported as 0 years and 11 months. return 0, 0 end return choose(diff.partial.years), choose(diff.partial.months) end if code == 'y' then return choose(diff.partial.years) end if code == 'm' or code == 'w' or code == 'd' then return choose({ diff.partial.mindiff:age(code), diff.partial.maxdiff:age(code) }) end return nil end local extra_days = wantduration and 1 or 0 if code == 'wd' or code == 'w' or code == 'd' then local offset = wantround and 0.5 or 0 local days = diff.age_days + extra_days if code == 'wd' or code == 'd' then days = floor(days + offset) if code == 'd' then return days end return floor(days/7), days % 7 end return floor(days/7 + offset) end local H, M, S = diff.hours, diff.minutes, diff.seconds if code == 'dh' or code == 'dhm' or code == 'dhms' or code == 'h' or code == 'hm' or code == 'hms' then local days = floor(diff.age_days + extra_days) local inc_hour if wantround then if code == 'dh' or code == 'h' then if M >= 30 then inc_hour = true end elseif code == 'dhm' or code == 'hm' then if S >= 30 then M = M + 1 if M >= 60 then M = 0 inc_hour = true end end else -- Nothing needed because S is an integer. end if inc_hour then H = H + 1 if H >= 24 then H = 0 days = days + 1 end end end if code == 'dh' or code == 'dhm' or code == 'dhms' then if code == 'dh' then return days, H elseif code == 'dhm' then return days, H, M else return days, H, M, S end end local hours = days * 24 + H if code == 'h' then return hours elseif code == 'hm' then return hours, M end return hours, M, S end if wantround then local inc_hour if code == 'ymdh' or code == 'ymwdh' then if M >= 30 then inc_hour = true end elseif code == 'ymdhm' or code == 'ymwdhm' then if S >= 30 then M = M + 1 if M >= 60 then M = 0 inc_hour = true end end elseif code == 'ymd' or code == 'ymwd' or code == 'yd' or code == 'md' then if H >= 12 then extra_days = extra_days + 1 end end if inc_hour then H = H + 1 if H >= 24 then H = 0 extra_days = extra_days + 1 end end end local y, m, d = diff.years, diff.months, diff.days if extra_days > 0 then d = d + extra_days if d > 28 or code == 'yd' then -- Recalculate in case have passed a month. diff = diff.date1 + extra_days - diff.date2 y, m, d = diff.years, diff.months, diff.days end end if code == 'ymd' then return y, m, d elseif code == 'yd' then if y > 0 then -- It is known that diff.date1 > diff.date2. diff = diff.date1 - (diff.date2 + (y .. 'y')) end return y, floor(diff.age_days) elseif code == 'md' then return y * 12 + m, d elseif code == 'ym' or code == 'm' then if wantround then if d >= 16 then m = m + 1 if m >= 12 then m = 0 y = y + 1 end end end if code == 'ym' then return y, m end return y * 12 + m elseif code == 'ymw' then local weeks = floor(d/7) if wantround then local days = d % 7 if days > 3 or (days == 3 and H >= 12) then weeks = weeks + 1 end end return y, m, weeks elseif code == 'ymwd' then return y, m, floor(d/7), d % 7 elseif code == 'ymdh' then return y, m, d, H elseif code == 'ymwdh' then return y, m, floor(d/7), d % 7, H elseif code == 'ymdhm' then return y, m, d, H, M elseif code == 'ymwdhm' then return y, m, floor(d/7), d % 7, H, M end if code == 'y' then if wantround and m >= 6 then y = y + 1 end return y end return nil end local function _diff_duration(diff, code, options) if type(options) ~= 'table' then options = { round = options } end options.duration = true return _diff_age(diff, code, options) end -- Metatable for some operations on date differences. diffmt = { -- for forward declaration above __concat = function (lhs, rhs) return tostring(lhs) .. tostring(rhs) end, __tostring = function (self) return tostring(self.age_days) end, __index = function (self, key) local value if key == 'age_days' then if rawget(self, 'partial') then local function jdz(date) return (date.partial and date.partial.first or date).jdz end value = jdz(self.date1) - jdz(self.date2) else value = self.date1.jdz - self.date2.jdz end end if value ~= nil then rawset(self, key, value) return value end end, } function DateDiff(date1, date2, options) -- for forward declaration above -- Return a table with the difference between two dates (date1 - date2). -- The difference is negative if date1 is older than date2. -- Return nothing if invalid. -- If d = date1 - date2 then -- date1 = date2 + d -- If date1 >= date2 and the dates have no H:M:S time specified then -- date1 = date2 + (d.years..'y') + (d.months..'m') + d.days -- where the larger time units are added first. -- The result of Date(2015,1,x) + '1m' is Date(2015,2,28) for -- x = 28, 29, 30, 31. That means, for example, -- d = Date(2015,3,3) - Date(2015,1,31) -- gives d.years, d.months, d.days = 0, 1, 3 (excluding date1). if not (is_date(date1) and is_date(date2) and date1.calendar == date2.calendar) then return end local wantfill if type(options) == 'table' then wantfill = options.fill end local isnegative = false local iszero = false if date1 < date2 then isnegative = true date1, date2 = date2, date1 elseif date1 == date2 then iszero = true end -- It is known that date1 >= date2 (period is from date2 to date1). if date1.partial or date2.partial then -- Two partial dates might have timelines: ---------------------A=================B--- date1 is from A to B inclusive --------C=======D-------------------------- date2 is from C to D inclusive -- date1 > date2 iff A > C (date1.partial.first > date2.partial.first) -- The periods can overlap ('April 2001' - '2001'): -------------A===B------------------------- A=2001-04-01 B=2001-04-30 --------C=====================D------------ C=2001-01-01 D=2001-12-31 if wantfill then date1, date2 = autofill(date1, date2) else local function zdiff(date1, date2) local diff = date1 - date2 if diff.isnegative then return date1 - date1 -- a valid diff in case we call its methods end return diff end local function getdate(date, which) return date.partial and date.partial[which] or date end local maxdiff = zdiff(getdate(date1, 'last'), getdate(date2, 'first')) local mindiff = zdiff(getdate(date1, 'first'), getdate(date2, 'last')) local years, months if maxdiff.years == mindiff.years then years = maxdiff.years if maxdiff.months == mindiff.months then months = maxdiff.months else months = { mindiff.months, maxdiff.months } end else years = { mindiff.years, maxdiff.years } end return setmetatable({ date1 = date1, date2 = date2, partial = { years = years, months = months, maxdiff = maxdiff, mindiff = mindiff, }, isnegative = isnegative, iszero = iszero, age = _diff_age, duration = _diff_duration, }, diffmt) end end local y1, m1 = date1.year, date1.month local y2, m2 = date2.year, date2.month local years = y1 - y2 local months = m1 - m2 local d1 = date1.day + hms(date1) local d2 = date2.day + hms(date2) local days, time if d1 >= d2 then days = d1 - d2 else months = months - 1 -- Get days in previous month (before the "to" date) given December has 31 days. local dpm = m1 > 1 and days_in_month(y1, m1 - 1, date1.calendar) or 31 if d2 >= dpm then days = d1 - hms(date2) else days = dpm - d2 + d1 end end if months < 0 then years = years - 1 months = months + 12 end days, time = math.modf(days) local H, M, S = h_m_s(time) return setmetatable({ date1 = date1, date2 = date2, partial = false, -- avoid index lookup years = years, months = months, days = days, hours = H, minutes = M, seconds = S, isnegative = isnegative, iszero = iszero, age = _diff_age, duration = _diff_duration, }, diffmt) end return { _current = current, _Date = Date, _days_in_month = days_in_month, } lsmljv7sv66i38hhb2qlae039341kkt 0 2883 46607 46606 2025-05-09T02:30:58Z Masaonikar 570 /* Mapatay (辭世) */ 46607 wikitext text/x-wiki == Mei Cienwu foksi (梅監霧牧師) == Mei Cienwu (Rev. Campbell Naismith Moody,1865-1940), o Scotland a tamdaw, I 1865 miheca 11 folad 10 romi’ad masofoc i Benvue Bothwall no Scotland, o mama ci Robert Moody, o ina ci Mary Ewing Naismith, 2 ko fafahiyan a kaka, 1 ko kaka to fa’inayan, 1 ko safa to fa’inayan, o mitooray to Wama a Kawas a laloma’an. O mama mitiliday no pingkosi i Glasgow, o ina nai tadamaanay laloma’an i Hamilton ko sofoc. Misawad nai sinkakoyin i, tayra i Bren sinkakoyin no daykako to 1 miheca i Switzerland, ta itira i Mission no Gallowgate i Glasgow a matayal. Ira ko cecay dadaya matengil ningra ko nano sowal no hakasi ci Buckley to pakayniay pipatenak i Taywan, nanoya sa pacekil ko faloco’ mihayda to tahidang no Kawas, patala to saka tayra i Taywan.   === Miliyas to kitakit tayra i Taywan (離別本國到台灣) === Saka mitelek ci Mei Cienwu to saka tayni i Taywan, nika caay ka fana’en no mato’asay, nawhani mahadang to pilalang no mato’asay, mamalingad to han pasifana’ to ina, saka mararom sato a tomangic ko ina, nanoyaan miliyas to salawina tayni i Taywan. Ira ci Dr. David Landsborough (Lan Tafiti), M.D. aci Rev. A.B.Nielson (Lien Tili), tatolo cangra i 1895 miheca 12 folad 18 romi’ad talasekal i Anpin, itira ci Lin Yincen singsi minanam to pasifana’ to sowal no Payrang. === Patenakay a Mei Cienwu (佈道家梅牧師) === I 1896 miheca 11 folad ci Mei Cienwu aci Lan Tafiti ising rakat sa tayra i Canghua, miteka patenak paising, patireng ko Inkiris ciwlo kiwkay i Canghua to saka tosa patenakan (itira Taynan ko todong), ci Mei Cienwu sa patireng i Dadu, Ailan, Qieding (Xiluo) to pacena’an, o pahanhanan no sinkiwsi a maro’, manga’ay kinapinapina maro’ to cecay mihecaan, misolap to kafiyaw niyaro’ patireng to fa’elohay kiwkay, ikor matama to ko pacarcaran a kahiceraan maro’, samatiyaen ni Mei Cienwu to no Inkiris mihacecay to niyaro’ a misinting, misakamiday ko ’orip a patenak, o koheting epang no Scotland ko nikaenan, o matiyaay ’awa no siri a nisanga’an a la’pa, ano eca o sakongkong ko sapi’ang’ang to tamdaw sawal sa “masidayay no Kawas a wawa” saan ko pitahidang to finawlan a patenak, ano ira ko mitooray, itira sa micaliw to loma kamaro’an, itira padoedo mipatenak to Ratoh, maraod ko pa’aliwacan patorod han ko itiraay kiwkay macacaliw mikerid to lihay, ano eca ocoren ko tintosi pakatayal.    Matiraay ko kalasida’it ni Mei Cienwu palecad to Lan Tafiti ising to isingan patenak, masamatira i tatenokan no Taywan nai 1896 miheca tangasa 1906 miheca to 10 mihecaan, mapatireng ko 18 a kiwkay itiya, o mitooray nai 1300 ko tamdaw matongal tangasa 4200 ko tamdaw, tatenokan no Taywan sa’etal halo Taycong, Canghua ato Nantu 1100 ko niyaro’, nirakatan ni Mei Cienwu 900 ko niyaro’ nipatenakan. Mapatireng ningra ko Lukang, Ershui, Liuyuan, Xihu, Qingshui, Dali, Fangyuan, Fengyuan, Caotun, Yuanlin, Chishui, Hemei, Zhushan, Dadu, Dacheng, Tianzhong, Beitou, Erlin a kiwkayan. === Kawasan Mei Cienwu foksi (神學家梅牧師) === Ci Mei Cienwu foksi o tadamaanay Kawasan i Inkiris tadamaanay, kala mitiliday ho a mihecaan, maocor no sinkakoyin tayra i Glasgow and Edinburgh sinkakoyin makihatiya to mihecaan kasasowalan sa’opo.     I 1929 miheca matahidang mihakitiya i Bnuce Lecture, ni Blues papelo, patodongan i The Purpose of Christ (patosokan ni Kristo), ikor palatilidan koni a nisowalan. Ira ko 12 mitilidan a cudad ni Mei Cienwu foksi, 4 a tilidan no Taywan (piwiyci): Loma, sapatenak, to’ekan a kiwkay, kotosimon a tilidan.     Ira ko 8 no Inkiris a cudad, 1.The Heathen Heart. 2.The Saints of Formosa. 3.Love's Long Campaign. 4.The mind of the Early Coverts. 5.Christ for us and is us. 6.The purpose of Christ. 7.The King Guest. 8.The childhood of the Church. I 1932 miheca nitilidan a The mind of the Early Coverts (Sarakatay to’ek faloco’ no mifalicay) a tilidan mapatodong no Glasgow daykako to hakasi no Kawasan (D.D). === Maradiway ci Mei Cienwu foksi (聖樂家梅牧師) === Talolong ko saki radiwan ni Mei Cienwu foksi, matiya o fafahi ni Lan Taypi ising malatiyin no katimolay daykay misanga’ to radiw, nisanga’an ningra telangay radiw saka 25A, 45, 46, 217, 266 limaay a radiw. Tatenokan adihayay kiwkay a sikatay cingra ko pasa’opoay misakapot.    === Kararamod ni Mei Cienwu foksi (梅牧師之婚姻) === I 1908 miheca ci ramod ci Mei Cienwu foksi aci Miss Margaret Findlay, o nano Glasgow daykako a hakasi ci Dr. Larkhou a wawa to fafahiyan, nika karaadadaay ko tireng, sapidipotaw ni Mei Cienwu foksi tayra i New Zealand, Japan ko pipaising, masakalimelaan i 1915 miheca 11 folad 8 romi’ad a mapatay, pitadem toya romi’ad I lalan no Canghua i, oya nikeridan ni Mei Cienwu foksi a sikatay mitomtomay miparadiw to “Awaay ko pades i kakarayan mida’oc ko ’orip” sanay o pipatenak todong koni.   I 1922 miheca, ci Mei Cienwu foksi ciramod to kakeridan kangkoho no Canghua isingan ci Miss Margaret Arthur itiya, ikor citodongay to fafahiyan a tayal no Inkiris ciwlo kiwkay to pinapina mihecaan. Ira ko 76 mihecaan mapatay i Inkiris.    === O katadamaan ni Mei Cienwu foksi (梅牧師之風範) === ==== (1) Malalokay ko tayal (勤於工作) ==== Caay ka rorayen patenak ci Mei Cienwu foksi, mihadidi to so’aw ato cahiw, kacidalan ka’oradan caay pahanhan, ira ko pasowalay cingraan eca to haenen ko roray, masamo’aw to tatirengan, paca’of sa ikaka to koedaway no ’orip ko nga’ay, mapatay i tayal no Kawan o kalipahakan.     ==== (2) Kao niyah to no tao ko pisafangcal (克己待人) ==== Saka’emed sa ko kaciriko’ no niyah, o cecay romi’ad no sinkiwsi, samatiya sa o miki’a’amay ko kaciriko’ no Inkiris ci Mei Cienwu foksi, misa’icel pacakat to payso, pacakat to 4500 sapatireng to kiwkay no Canghua, pacakat to 1000 payso sapatireng to Nanto kiwkay, pacakat to 1000 payso sapatireng to Tayciw kiwkay, roma i, o Qingshui, Caotun, Ershui, Xihu, Pingtung, Douliu kiwkay ato sera ko pacakay, halipadangay to pakoyocay, adadaay, tintosi, patado micoker to sadama, makalic sa to cinamalay o sasereday kisya, materek ko payso, maala ko 2 miheca mapatireng ko 1 kiwkay.   ==== (3) Malalen ko nengneng (一視同仁) ==== Malalen ko nengneng to cidafongay, ci’icelay tamdaw ato caayay ka tadamaan nengnengen a tamdaw, o sedi no tawa ko sapilitemoh, pananom, o sowal no Taywan tamdaw ko pilicay, masadak talapotal o niya sa ko miwikiday, caay palifot to tao, sowal sa cingra: “Ci Yis komi’orongay to ciwcika no niyah” saan. Ira ko cecay romi’ad, i Sihu misinting cikafoti’an to toloay laya’ ko dadahal aci Lin Siekong foksi padal, itira sa i Nanto misinting koemeday a liwkang ko kamaro’an, hadidi sa to pikalat no cenget a mafoti’. ==== (4) Halitolonay (注重祈禱) ==== Ci Mei Cienwu foksi, ’ayaw no pisinting, ikor o pitolon, manengneng to no lafalafang ko pitolon ningra, i parad no kiwkay, mateli ko misac no salikaka, rariden ningra a mitolon.   === Mapatay (辭世) === Na patiko nai Taya misinting ci Mei Cienwu foksi, madenga no lifong, i 1924 miheca minokay tayra Inkiris. I 1927 miheca nai Scotland patono to ta’angay toki pafeli to Canghua kiwkay piharatengan to ’ayaway fafahi ci Miss Margaret Findlayan. I 1940 miheca 2 folad 28 romi’ad mapatay i Lennoxtown no Scotland. Toya miheca, 6 folad 13 romi’ad, Tayciw ciwkay midemak to piharatengan cingraan a lihay i Canghua kiwkay.    avecy67xd1nq4xvudhovq19w9sqkeyx 10 2885 46610 2025-05-10T20:24:53Z 2601:18E:D104:4AB0:B4D6:7EE0:10B0:DB5D 建立內容為「{{ambox | type = move | text = 擬併本文於'''[[{{{1}}}]]'''，公可[[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|議於此]]。{{#if:{{{2|}}}|由：{{{2}}}。}}''' }} <includeonly>[[Category:併候]]</includeonly><noinclude>{{documentation|content= [[Category:維護模板]] }}」的新頁面 46610 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ambox | type = move | text = 擬併本文於'''[[{{{1}}}]]'''，公可[[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|議於此]]。{{#if:{{{2|}}}|由：{{{2}}}。}}''' }} <includeonly>[[Category:併候]]</includeonly><noinclude>{{documentation|content= [[Category:維護模板]] }} qxz5b5k6jf91k5hel93ilf4ztmhvpqx 10 2886 46825 46611 2025-06-26T14:34:33Z Ziv 3016 → File replacement: jpg/png/gif to svg vector image ([[:c:GR]]) 46825 wikitext text/x-wiki {{clear}}<table id="{{{id|}}}" class="plainlinks ambox {{#switch:{{{type|}}} | speedy = ambox-speedy <!-- Can be used from 19 May 2008 --> | delete <!-- delete = serious --> | serious = ambox-delete | content = ambox-content | style = ambox-style | move <!-- move = merge --> | merge = ambox-merge <!--ambox-move can be used 20 May 2008--> | protection = ambox-protection | notice = ambox-notice | #default = ambox-notice }}" style="{{{style|}}}"> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"> {{#ifeq:{{{image|}}}|none | <!-- No image cell; empty cell necessary for text cell to have 100% width --> | <div style="width:52px;"> {{#switch:{{{image|{{{type|}}}}}} | speedy = [[Image:Ambox speedy deletion.png|40x40px]] | delete | serious = [[Image:Ambox deletion.png|40x40px]] | content = [[Image:Imbox_content.png|40x40px]] | style = [[Image:Ambox style.png|40x40px]] | move | merge = [[Image:Ambox move.png|40x40px]] | protection = [[Image:Ambox protection.png|40x40px]] | notice = [[Image:Information icon4.svg|40x40px]] | blank = &nbsp; | #default = {{{image|[[Image:Information icon4.svg|40x40px]]}}} }}</div> }}</td> <td class="mbox-text" style="{{{textstyle|}}}">{{{text}}}</td> {{#if:{{{imageright|}}} | <td class="ambox-imageright"><div style="width:52px;"> {{{imageright}}} </div></td> }} </tr> </table><noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! -->[[category:群務模板]] </noinclude> a185dtr8sr2w5pejlq2tj9fesbicpsx 10 2887 46612 2025-05-10T20:27:20Z 2601:18E:D104:4AB0:B4D6:7EE0:10B0:DB5D 建立內容為「<div style="{{#switch:{{{1|}}}|v=clear: {{{2|both}}}; width: 1em; {{{3|{{{style|}}}}}}|#default=clear: {{#ifeq:{{{1|}}}||both|{{{1|both}}}}}; {{{2|{{{style|}}}}}}}}"></div><noinclude> [[Category:模板]]」的新頁面 46612 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="{{#switch:{{{1|}}}|v=clear: {{{2|both}}}; width: 1em; {{{3|{{{style|}}}}}}|#default=clear: {{#ifeq:{{{1|}}}||both|{{{1|both}}}}}; {{{2|{{{style|}}}}}}}}"></div><noinclude> [[Category:模板]] 9qi5i0m43l98pcpnlc36zmxrsteqkkq 10 2888 46614 2025-05-10T20:29:19Z 2601:18E:D104:4AB0:B4D6:7EE0:10B0:DB5D 建立內容為「{{#switch: <!--If no or empty "demospace" parameter then detect namespace--> {{#if:{{{demospace|}}} | {{lc: {{{demospace}}} }} <!--Use lower case "demospace"--> | {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:Template}} | template | other }} }} | template = {{{1|}}} | other | #default = {{{2|}}} }}<!--End switch--><noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude>」的新頁面 46614 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#switch: <!--If no or empty "demospace" parameter then detect namespace--> {{#if:{{{demospace|}}} | {{lc: {{{demospace}}} }} <!--Use lower case "demospace"--> | {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:Template}} | template | other }} }} | template = {{{1|}}} | other | #default = {{{2|}}} }}<!--End switch--><noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> 0tcssjmltwl7y5v3f5wj2kqciaabqly 0 2889 46619 46618 2025-05-13T19:54:34Z Sifopiday 2166 miliyaw 46619 wikitext text/x-wiki == Mara ono finaweran tapang Taywan 臺灣民主化 == === Odemak no finaweran ato akat no Taywan：民主化過程 === Masamaanay kodemak ato akat to pakaylaay to kala o finaweran tapang Taywan sanay a demak , olanan a demak ato lakat nila i pakaylaay to faloco’ no polong finawloan ato sakapolongan a demak, naitini i ‘ayaw no 1990 a mihecaan a misalingato, nano ‘ayaw nila i, ya o Ciwkoku Komingtang(中國國民黨) ho kocitodongay i, caayay ho ko o nihay a kanatal ko Taywan sanay, nikaolira, odemak to hatiniay i, iraay ko todongay a lakat ato demak nira a pala o nihay to a kanatal ko Taywan sanay, pakayni tora pitool to pala o niya to koninian a kanatal sanay a demak ato tayal i, caay kao lahodayay, ano caay pakayni i no sakapolongan ato polong no finawelan a sakalacicay no faloco’ i, caay ka tangsol saan a malaheci ko hatiniay a demak, nawhani nano ‘ayaw no mihecaheca:an, itini i sakalaylay no likisi no Taywan, caay ka awaay ko hatiniay a demak to pakaylaay to saka ono niya to a kanatal sanay a demak, nano itini i 1949 a mihecaan ami salingato, tahila i paheleken no Conghamingko(中華民國) a malalid a milikec to kanatal i, dodosato ilaay to a masadak ko lomaloma a sa’opo to citodongay a milikec to finaworan a sa’opo. === I’ayaway a demak：首要歷程 === Ano ‘alawen nano ‘ayaw to 1895 a mihecaan ko demak ato fodfod to pakaylaay i Taywan i, caay ka^ca iraay to ko sapipalowadaw to saka lakanatalaw no Taywan, nanay malao niyah finaweran tapang to a kanatal ko Taywan sanay a longoc, nikaolira, caayay ka laheci, nawhani caayay ho ka songira’ ama lacicay ko nafaloco’an no polong no finaworan, ano so’linen a somowal i, o longoc to pakaylaay to sakala kanatalaw no Taywan i, alatek o sa’ayaway a misalingato i, naitilaayho i 1910 a mihecaan to ikadipongan ho ami salingato tora Taceng(大正) hananay, o longoc no finaweran itiya i, nanay mikilecad to Dipong(日本) a mikihatiya ami likec to kanatal o sanay, ato pipalowad to sapilikec to kanatal a sa’opo, nikaolira caayay ka pihai kola Dipong(日本), ano hatilatila caay ka pitolas ami longoc to saka lacecayaw amidemak to sa’opo to tayal topakaylaay i polong finaworan, tangasa sato 1935 a mihecaan, iraay to ko sa’ayaway a pisasingkiw hananay a demak. Dodosato ilato koya holam a tayni i Taywan, tola Congwhamingko(中華民國) hananay tamdaw ami likec to hekal, hato ilato ko kanga’ay ami kihatiya ama tayal to sa’opo, nikaolira caay ka matiya to ononiya to a kanatal sanay demak, sanaw likol sato ilahaca kola sakalowlow no hekal tola 228 hananay a demakan, likol sato tadacaay sato koka pilikec nangal to hekal, sanaw adihay sato koka lalawlaw no hekal, ora Racen a lawlaw(雷震事件), Congli a lawlaw(中壢事件), Cawto a lawlaw(橋頭事件), Militaw a lawlaw(美麗島事件), ato ola tangway hananay a demmak no hekal, likor sato iraay to ko pipaca’of no safo to longoc no finaworan, tangasa to i 1990 a mihecaan itiya sato a dodosanay a o niyah finaweran tapang to a kanatal sanay a longoc, itiyaay to a so’lin a caay to ka o^dengan to cecayay a tang aca komi likecay to hekkal, iraay to koloma a sa’opo ami kihatiya ami likec to hekal kanatal. O sakahatini no Taywan a o niyah finaweran tapng to ko citodongay a kanatal sanay a faloco ato demak i, o tadamaanay a tayal tosapilikec to hekal ato kanatal, o naitiniay i 1990 a mihecaan ami salingato tangasa i 2000 a mihecaan, o ninian i o tatangangay a longoc to saka laheci no demak i tini i Taywan, pakayniay toya 10 a mihecaan a misafilofilo, sanaw itiya a misalingato ami laheci to singkiw to a palowad to Lipo koing(立法委員) ato Kota taypiaw(國大代表) hananay, nga’ayay to ami palowad to teked a sa’po tora tang hananay ato pasadak to masamaamaanay a singpon, ato misalof to sapilikec to kanatal, ato pasadak tono kanatalay a singkiw, ono niyalo’ay a singkiw, ato tomok citodongay no Taywan, lomasato to sakakotaykotay ami likec to kanatal, ato pasadak to naitiniay i faloco’ to tayal tosapi dipot to siyakay, ano o masamaamaanay to a tayal tosapalowad to siyakay i, nga’ayay to ami pahadak, saheto o damesayay onano nai foloco’ay a demak, sanaw oninian a demak i, mapahapinangay to itini i polong no kanatanatal, matoya sowal no singpon topi pasadak i kalokanatal i 2021 a mihecaan, o Taywan i o sakafalo to a ono niya to a kanatal sanay a sowal, mikikaka haca to ‘ayaway a kanatal koka laheci to malo todongay a tada so’linay to a kanatal ko Taywan, miki’ayaw haca to i ‘aya’ayaway to padaka a kanatal. === O likisi no Taywan.台灣歷史 === === Ono niyah finaweran tapang to ko Taywan.民主化的台灣 === Naitiniho i kaholaman, olanan a o ninah finaweran tapang kako kanatal sanay a halateng, naitini i tono padakaan ama pacomod to tani i Taywan, toya tala’ayaw no fodfod to 1895 a mihecaan, itini i Taywan ‘aloman ko cifaloco’ay o mafana’ay a tamdaw to pakaylaay i o niyah finaweran tapang to kako kanatal Taywan sanay, I’ayaway to a mapalowad ko hatiniay a halateng ato faloco’, o sakahatila nila i, pakaylaay to nano piihan nangla to pikowan no Dipong(日本), itini i o niyah finaweran tapang to kako kanatal sanay a longoc ato faloco’, o todongay to o pipalowad to kanatal no Taywan, o matayalay no siefo a tamdaw i o hatilaay to o nano misingkiwan ama tayal, itini a mapahapinang, nano ‘ayaw ilaayto a lomengaw ko hatiniay a faloco’ ato halateng tosaka palowadaw to o niyah finaweran tapang to a kanatal yasanay a demak, mikihatiyaay toya I’ayaway a Congwhamingkow(中華民國) i 16 amihecaan a lomuwad, sanaw ilaay a mapahapinang i ci^tangay to tilid ato sapakafana’ a codad to “sa’ayaway to o niyah finaweran tapang to kako kanatal sanay itini i Yasiya(亞洲)” haiito caay ka awa ko hatiniay a faloco’ ato halateng no i Yasiyaay a kanatal to sapipalowadaw to o niyah finaweran tapang to a kanatal sanay a napinapi:na a palowad, nikaolira o itiniay i Taywanay a cifaloco’ay a tamdaw ami palowad i, ilaay to ami sa’icel, dengan sa caay ka laheci.（Siwkolan ‘Amis/Pangcah Suman 05/08’25） ==== O tahapinangan a tilid參考資料： ==== 1.Goddard, W. G.（1966）．Formosa: A Study in Chinese History．East Lansing：Michigan State University Press, p.140 2. Authority Trends, 1949-2013: Taiwan. [2022-10-28]. （原始內容存檔於2022-10-28）. 3. 自由之家2021全球報告 台灣自由度94分排亞洲第2. 中央通訊社. 2021-03-03 [2021-12-22]. （原始內容存檔於2022-01-22） （中文（臺灣）. 9gk36w8iogav20fhwxw8fzazjws4gtp 0 2890 46650 46649 2025-05-19T08:03:08Z Masaonikar 570 /* Pisapinangan (參考) */ 46650 wikitext text/x-wiki == Anni Funk Dingkiwsi (安妮‧芬克傳教士) == Anni Klemmer Funk (Annie Clemmer Funk, 1874 miheca 4 folad 12 romi’ad-1912 miheca 4 folad 15 romi’ad) Amilika Kristokiw Dingkiwsi, matenengay Titanik pirarakatan tamina oya cecay no 1500 tamdaw  mapatay[ 1 ]. Nai 1906 mihecaan miteka, itiraay i Janjgir-Champa niyaro’ no Chhattisgarh sa’etal i India a Dingkiwsi[ 2 ]. O maminokay tayra i Amilika miliso’ to adadaay a ina. === Kaemangan ’orip (早期生活) === Anni Funk (Annie Funk) i 1874 miheca 4 folad 12 romi’ad masofoc i Barre no Pennsylvania. O tato’asan ningra o malinahay Mennokay no Germeny, nai 18 sician malinah to tayni itini. Ci Anni Funk kaying mitiliday i West Chester singsian kakko. Niyaro’ kiwkay ningra o nano sukay no Mennokay i Hereford, o mama ningra malasicuci to 25 miheca itira, nanokaemangan ningra mapalahad no kiwkay ko sakalasinkiwsi a mangalay. O pitilid ningra i Northfield no Massachusetts a Northfield Seiso pinanaman kakko, oni pitilidan nai DL Moody's patirengan. Misawad i, itira cingra i Chattanooga no Tennessee ato i Paterson no New Jersey pakoyocay malafelay tamdaw ko tayal. Misafaloco’ saka lasinkiwsian[ 3 ]. === Tayra i India misinting. (到印度傳教) === Malaheci ko tayal i niyah kitakit Amilika i, milonok cingra to sakatayra i roma kitakit. Tada paso’elin to Kawas cingra. Ira ko cecay, calemcem ko faloco’ no widang cingraan sarakat milacal to Tasiyang a riyar manga;ay rihaday hakiya, pasowal han ningra cingra: “Miingir ko Kawas titaanan i riyar to i sekal to. Mitier kako Cingraan, awaay ko talaw ako.” sa[ 4 ]. Nanoya, o sakalasinkiwsi no harateng ningra i 1906 miheca 12 folad malaheciay to, mala sarakatay niocoran no Mennokay sinkiwsi patayra i India. Tangasa ci Annie i Chhattisgarh no India a Janjgir-Champa sa’etal matayal. I 1908 miheca, patireng cingra to rawang no pitilidan ato pilafinan pakoyocay fafahiyan. Sarakat ira ko 17 ko tamdaw minanamay i pitilidan. Kaitiraan ningra minanam to sowal no niyaro’ a sowal (India). Ikor mala piharatengan ci Anni Klemmer Funk pitilidan. Anini dengan to o patih ko iraay, ira mapakafit ko tilid, matilid ko kasofocan ato kapatayan ningra[ 2 ]. === Kapatayan (死亡) === O cecay a dinpo micara to tayal ni Funk, o tilid no dinpo: “kalamkamen minikay. Tadanca to ko adada no ina. Ma’aca to ko tosaay sapikalic to tamina, Shelley foksi.” Saan. Matiratira i awaay ko pasowalay to o mamapatay to ko ina ningra saka, saranikay sato ko pisetek ni Annie to sakaromakat a halaka. Wataay to ko nirakatan tangasa i Liverpool, oya kakalicen ningra a tamina tayra i Amilika pakayniay to sikitang misawad ko matayalay saka matayo to ko lowad. Pali’ayaw to cingra to roma tamina kakalicen o Titanic haw to. Mi’aca cingra to saka tosa kippu ira ko 13 Inkiris payso sapikalic minokay.   I 1912 miheca 4 folad 10 romi’ad, Titanic tamina nai Southampton lomowad. Romakat to saka sepat romi’ad, masetol no tamona ko so’eda a lotok, paliyasen nanay ni Funke ko malainaay itiya (caay ka saheci konini demaj) mapatay aca[ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]. Talacowa matama ko tatirengan ningra, caay ka sapinang ko kacinganganan. O Menokay i Hereford no Pennsylvania a pitademan ira ko matiliday kompay[ 3 ]: sarakatay pipahanhanan pinokay ningra I, itira i sekal no Newfoundland kona kateneng no Titanic tamina cimalasawaday ko ’orip. O da’oc no ’orip ningra o sakitawki (Kawas) ko nipatadoan, caay ko nipipatado to tamdaw, o tao ko nipatadoan.” O cecay “Piharatengan ci Annie Funke” a filomo ona mitelek “ano hakowaay?” itira i niyaro’ ningra i Pennsylvania, midotoc no Mennokay rocokan a calay[ 2 ].   === Pisapinangan (參考) === 1.“泰坦尼克號二等艙乘客——FUNK，安妮·克萊默小姐”。泰坦尼克號-Titanic.com。原文存檔於 2012 年 4 月 26 日。2012 年4 月 18 日檢索。 2.「恰蒂斯加爾邦城鎮與『泰坦尼克號』的連結」。印度教。2012 年4 月 16 日檢索。 3.“安妮克萊默芬克小姐”。泰坦尼克百科全書。2012 年4 月 17 日檢索。 4.“當你看到泰坦尼克號時......請記住安妮·芬克”。美國門諾教會。原著存檔於 2013-04-15。2012 年4 月 17 日檢索。 === Papotalay calay (外部連結) === 2vmkomgzwmtiet4s4kgnpduybu770pu 0 2891 46689 46688 2025-05-27T07:10:57Z Masaonikar 570 /* O paini no congtong a sowal: (總統致詞全文為：) */ 46689 wikitext text/x-wiki == Lai Qingde congtong papelo i mihecaan no pikowan (賴清德總統發表執政周年談話) == 2025 miheca 5 folad 20 romi’ad, ’ayaw no lahok papelo mihecaan no pikowan (賴清德總統今（20）日上午發表執政周年談話。) === O paini no congtong a sowal: (總統致詞全文為：) === Inacila, itira i Pita pitilidan i Sansya no Singpisi, ira ko mafadesay matolo’ i lalan a demak, ’aloman ko cimapatayay madoka’ay tamdaw. Singcenyin itira sarakatay romi’ad patireng to padetengan sakapot, i nacila dadaya tayra kako miliso’ toya madoka’ay tamdaw, ikor o sakakaay citodongay ato niyaro’ a sifo, malekapot, misarocod midama to laloma’an, ranikay misapinang to kamatini no demak, samaanen ko pisalof, ta caay to paliyaw ko matiniay a demak. Itini, pasicimapatayay ato madoka’ay a laloma’an ko pita’ong ako, nanay ranikay maadah ko madoka’ay a tamdaw. O pafaloco’an no sifo o pipatado to finawlan, maaray to patorod no finawlan no Taywan, ’ayaw no cecay miheca anini, ci hinafa kako to karetengay ’inorong sapikerid to kitakit a tala’ayaw. Miaray to finawlan no kitakit, tonini a mihecaan, malekapot to sifo, malekapot mitamorong to masamaamaanay a salifet, saka manga’ay ko katala’ayaw no kitakit a romakat. Misi’ayaw to patosokan polong no hekal, o sakafiyol finawlan no kitakit a toloay salifet: kafafalifalic no romi’ad, palowad to sakatangka’ ato kakodait no syakay, itini congtongfo mapatireng ako ko toloay wiyinhuy, saka ira ko pahecian no nidemakan no rekad. Katatongod ita a midoedo ko kasakitakit, pakayni i kasacitodongay “nai laeno tala fafaed” ko pisahalaka, ta nai Sincenyin makoracay sakapot “nai fafaed pasi laeno”, pasadak to 6 ta’akay citodongay, 20 liyad milowanay to malantoay a halaka, sakasaan tangasa i 2030 miheca, padoedo ko sifo padefong to 1 ca’or payso ko sapikorac mifalic a yosang, mapalowad ko kangdaway sapadefong a payso, salongan tangasa 5 ca’or ko payso, pasi 2035 miheca milowan to langtoay 38% a malitosaay no kitakit malowan fa’elohay patosokan. Mafalic to makorac ko fali no Taywan, salongan PM2.5 ko rari’ec no mihecaan, nai 2015 miheca a 21.82, maserer tangasa aniniay 12.8. anini miheca miteka, misongila mirecok ko Taywan to langto a telek, o tanektekay ko patosokan, sa’awas romakat, tariktik ko paecasan malaheci i 2050 miheca ko pikorac pifalic a harateng, mikapot to pasayraan no hekal a midotoc macakat, macowat. Matiya to, o sapilecadaw to polong no hekal naikoran no salifong to’ek a salifet, patireng to kitakitay sapitena’ to lifong a kaitiraan, misa’icel sapitena’ patenokan; o saka picikeroh to polongan no katangka’, maledef ko pifitay to kang, patireng to “Kang fa’elohay sapaiyo a kiking”, parakat to 5 miheca 489 walwalan payso a “tangka’ no Taywan talolongay halaka”, anini miheca, a cienpaw a polongan matongal to 712 walwalan payso, mapadoedo macowat ko cienpaw. Patireng kita to “tangka’ay Taywan”, saka tongal tangka’ no finawlan, ci’icel ko kitakit, matakec no hekal ko Taywan. Misa’icel palakodait kita to sapitena’ no syakay, dengan padoedo masolimet ko kasarekad no kitakit masongila’, mipaheci pakompay; mipolong to kasacitodongay a ’icel, padamso pakayni to parihaday to kitakit acaay kasamsam to sapiloodan mipolong a 17 rekad sapaecas, mirikec to finawlan sakaeca ka latoso a masamsam, midipot titaanan limela to pakoniraay nikapolongan a saka’orip. Imatini Sinceyin misilsil to 4,100 walwalan teked no yosang, laloma’ no 1,500 walwalan payso, o sapipalowad to sakakodait no kitakit, nanay o kasasiiked no sician malacecay ko picoker. Itini rarakaten lalan no kitakit, o salifet ato karorayan misaliyaliyaw a masadak. Inacila a folad, mihapiw ko Amilika to fa’elohay sata a sapaecas, pasadak kako to 5 sapisi’ayaw a sapaecas, palowad to mikinairaay a tatengilen a rakat, nanay malakayat to misakinairaay milakec to lalifeten. Sincenyin ranikay to mipakomod to paini no kasarocek, padamso to “misakiemel kanga’aya kodait tadamanay a telek”, patodongen i mihecaan i niparafasan a yosang, pacomod i 4,100 walwalan payso a tadmanay a yosang, padeteng i picoker i sakinaira ato kanga’ayan katayalan, misakiemel to kicay, misipot to finawlan, pacakat to kanga’ayan no kitakit a kodait, manga’ay i kafafalifakican no kinairaan no Taywan, mapadoedo tanektek ko katala’ayaw. Mangalef, kaainiinian niyam to kasakinairaan, kasatayal ala painini sa to ka’ecaan kacakat ’aca no dingki, cokeren no sifo padafoh ko Tay-Tin, palanga’ay nai COVID-19 a lifong tangasa kalalood no Russia ato Ukraine i, padafoh ko Tay-Tin i saka’orip ato sakinaira kasipunan, palafangcal to dafong no Tay-Tin, tanektek ko ’aca, minanay to kalafolod no citodongay midamaay a micoker mihayda to tadamanay yosang no Sincenyin. Kasakatayalan mangalay madotoc ko tanektekay padamso to dingki. So’elinay, cinga’ay no kinaira o saka nga’ay no kitakit, orasaka, patonek to katanektek no kacitingki i, macowat ko kasairaira no pisatingki, ano ’ayawayto ano eca ikorayto, saheto karetengay no sifo a tatayalen. Kasasowalen ko ’aca no tingki, ingid to pina romi’ad, finawlan no kitakit pasayra ko nengneng saki Taywan Amilika sataan kasasowal, pakayni sarakatay kasasowalan i, padoedoay ho imatini, o nga’ayay ko pakayraan. Midamaay ko sifo to sakadama kinaira no kitakit, midipot to kacowat no sakinaira, caay ka sapisawadaw mikihar to kahacecay no katayalan a toloay sarikec, o tanektekay ko katomireng no Taywan, nai ka’alolongay kalakihar no Taywan Amilika ko lalowadan, masadoedo i karanikay matayo to, pidemakanto misimawanto, misalikapo to nga’ayay pahecian no kalalicayan. O Taywan ato polong no hekal nipapolongan lekapot miraoy to katadamaan no nikapolongan, midoedo to pakayraan telek no kalali’aca a maci, malacad ko kacomahad, o ninianan ko satadamaanay no kinaira, ’alomanay paliwalay no Taywan pasedal to ma’oripay ’icel ato cedi a sapadama a linay, o niaanan ko sakasasiroma no mita to nisatekeday. To hatiniay, Taywan ato Amilika ato nikapolongan a sakapot, misarocod a macacawma’ matatahic, masasipa’icel malahad. Talacowa ira ko kacalemceman no kalawidang, nika ikor ira ko kalakapotan. Mato sowal no fangcalay cudad: “O marad i, o marad ko sapirnac a patalem, malcad tonini matopirenac ko malawidangay a masasipa'icel.”(Taneng 27:17). O kalawidang, masasipaini, manga’ay ma’eloc ko tatiihay, masapinang ko nga’ayay, ano iraira ko masasiromaay a sasowalen, dengan o kasasiparetatenga ko parena’an, tomesek ko kalalicay, matongal ko kasasipaini, talolong ko kasasinanam. Anini, o maci no Taywan i polong no hekal, o pisaaningan i kasakitakit. Ikor, mida’oc kita i nikapolongan a harateng, o sakapicowat to kasairaira no maci. Saka cecay, masapinang ko rarakaten kicay no Taywan, o maci ko pakayraan no mita, micikeroh o Taywan ko parana’an, pasipolong no hekal ko pafaloco’an, misa’icel i lalan no Amilika a kicay. Tona pina miheca, misafa’eloh masasitelak ko Tayawan to Philippines, India, Vietnam ato Thailand a kitakit fa’elohay mapa’es ko pipakadom, ato saka’eca malitosaay ko pilisata a katatelek. Saka tosa, masapinang ko kalali’aca a paecasan no Taywan, o mamisadadahal kita i romaay no Amilika, masasicalay tomaci i ’alomanay nikapolongan a kitakit, pa’aca i polong no hekal. Orasaka, dengan o kalaheci masasitelek i “Taywan Amilika 21 sician kalali’aca a sowal” to Amilika, o mamisatelek to Inkiris “pacakat kalali’aca sakapot kakihar no satelek”, misarocod haca to roma kitakit masasitelejk to kalali’acaan, saan padoedo mimilikapo micomod i CPTPP sa’etal kicay no palekapotan. Saka tolo, o laliyawen a micaliwa’ ko kicay no Taywan, citodong to kasadakan ato pisadadahal no niyah, citodong to sakaci’icel mikingkiw to kakki ato pacakat to lakakawa kinaira, citodong pakiemel to kowamingay (lowanti) kacomahad ato misanga’an. Papadoedoen ita ko ikakaay no Taywan, misolot to mamikadom tayni Taywan a kaysya no kasakitakit. To pinapina no mihecaan, Amilika Interg patireng i Takao to kofa, Micron saka sepat i Taycong, ato Google patireng i Taywan roma kitakit sata’akay pikingkiwan, dadoedo sa dademak. O AMD, Nvidia ato cloud computing no Amilika a kaysya, misafaloco’ i Taywan, Nvidia inacila mihapiw itini i Taywan ko patirengan roma kitakit a patenokan. Pakayni tonini milakecay kitakit a malafolod, pacomod to roma kitakit safa’elohay cicik, mikihatiya to kasakitakit mikingkiw, o patirengay kita to sakakodait kicay no Taywan.    Ikoray, o mamipatireng ko sufo palowad to Taywan kicay kacowat sakadademak a kiking. Sakipapotal, o papasayra ko nengneng i polong no hekal, mikadom i maci no kasakitakit, o papatireng ko sifo to cisakowanay a kiking, patireng to kitakitay pikadoman, masarocod ko ikakaay kinaira no Taywan, o sifo ko citodongay, palekapot to kasasiiked no matayalay a ’icel, maparocek i polong no hekal, malacalay to AI a to’ak a patodongan no icifa.   Saki laloma’, misatalolong kita to itiniay kasapainian calay, pa’icel t okinaira ci’icel kafafalic no mikowanay, o sifo papalowad to kitakit cowatay kiking a pakayraan, tangasa sapiliyaw no kinairaan no patosokan, padama to kitakitay kinaira ato kahacecay kinaira mifalic a macakat, pacakat to kinaira sakalalifet i kasakitakit, tomenek salaloma’an no kinaira a parana’an. O kasafinawlan no kitakit, o nikapolongan o icifa, tadamaanay ita ko nian, o sakahapinang no ’icel no kitakit. O nano halafinay maemec itini hekal ko kitakit no Taywan itiya, anini, o dawdaw no nikapolongan ko Taywan i Asiya imatini. I’ayaw, ’aloman ko makinafalahay ko tireng a to’as, madadoedoay to, macodahay mico’ay to miemecay sakowan, milifet to sakacinikapolongan. Aniniay a to’ek a kapah, pasakasaira no matatodongay sarikec a pakayraan, caay katararikor a matalaw, misarocod mikihatiya to sician, midipot t okitakit, misatalolong to nikapolongan, i kasairaira no Taywan a misa’icel, onini ko kalita’angan to nikapolongan no Taywan.    Paso’elin kako, awaay ko cecay a tamdaw no Taywan, sapifalahaw to mapaskoniraay nikapolongan a ka’oripan; awaay ko cecay a congtong, manga’ayay miliyas to nikapolongan pakoniraay a sakaciepoc. O nirakatan to nikapolongan no Taywan, awaay ho ko kalaingtel a mapalowad, dengan o pikapot no finawlan, maaingid. Caay ka talaw kita to romaay a sowal, nawhani o nikapolongan ko kacifaloco’an, caay pakatama i malicinowasay ko sakarikec. Oya to ko paso’elin no mako, o kararawraw no nikapolongan, pakayni i ta’angay nikapolongan ko sapisalof. ’Ayaw no cecay miheca, misi’ayaw to pakayraan salaloma’ no sician, pakaynien ita i kasasiikedan no sician, malekapot mikihatiya to patirengan t ocongtong no Amilika, pahapinang to marikecay nikapolongan no Taywan, makomod misatalolong kakiharan no Taywan Amilika; midotoc kako to kimpo kacitodong no congtong, pafawah to kasasowal no 5 yin no sician, nanay malaheci ko kalali’ay, micikeroh matatahic. Oya to mangalay micelak kako to kamay, misa’icel patireng to kasasowal kasasiiked no sician, mipa’icel to katatahic no kasasiikedan, orasaka, o cacitodong kako to sakanga’ay no kitakit to sapisahalaka, pasiroma kasiiked sician citodongay mipaini “tadamanay kanga’ay nio kitakit a sapaini”, nanay kasasiiked no sician a kakeridan, masamaan ko no niyah pakayraan, kao sakanga’ay no kinaira no kitakit ko ’ayaway, sapidipot sakanga’ay no kitakit ko pa’ayawan, itini i malalenay ko parana’an, so’elinay ko kasasipaini to kalalicay, masasowal to kitakit, malakayat misi’ayaw to kasalifet no kitakit.   Anini piliyawan, mifohat ko kasakitakit tingnaw i Taypi. Onini pinengnengan o patosokan no kasakitakit, nawhani o Silicon pala ko Taywan, micokeray to saki kicay i polong no hekal ato tamdaw tayal (AI) a fenek pado’esan, polong no hekal a kakikay tamdaw o tatayni Taywan.   Mitikol to nacilaay, onini a pinengnengan, sa’ayaw itira sa i tatihi mamangay pinengnengan i Songshan hikokiciw, nika yo 40 mihecaan, sadadahal sato, tangasa anini o hangitan no polong no hekal kaki pisanga’an pacowatan a pakayraan. Oninian haw i, o pisakamamoko’ to kimad no Taywan, o nikapatadamaan no finawlan no Taywan ko nian. Aniniay Taywan, o nano Taywan no hekal. Ano masamaamaan ko kacowat no kaki i polong no hekal, o pakilac n osapadafoh no kasakitakit, kasasicofel no kicay i hekal, sa’etalan kanga’ay no demak, o citodongay ko Taywan, caay ko kacango’oten a lalosidan. O finawlan no kitakit, misi’ayaw t osalifet, aka ka tararikor kita; mi’ayaw to ikoray, sa’icelen ita tala’ayaw. “Toloay ko pasetekan no kakarayan, pitoay ko nisa’icelan”, lacecayaw ita, kao kodaitay finawlan no Taywan, caayay ka pidah a ’icel, tanektek k okatala’ayaw, o nian koya salo’afang no Taywan. Padoedoen ita misa’icel makakomod, tomenekay ko pasaripa’ misi’ayaw to salifet, maloliket no hekal ko Taywan, o sakarot sakanga’ay no hekal, o micikerohay sakacowat no hekal. Ahowiday kita mapolong. Halo micokeray congtong ci Hsiao Bi-khim, kakeridan midemakay no congtongfo ci Pan Meng'an, kakeridan no sakanga’ay no kitakit ci Wu Zhaoxie, micokeray to kakeridan midemakay no congtongfo ci He Zhiwei, Zhang Dunhan ko patihiay. tb17eahrtwmrmc2fzkq9f1b3bnbflvd 0 2892 46724 46723 2025-06-02T00:27:09Z Masaonikar 570 /* Patireng to Nanto laciw (創辦南都廣播電台) */ 46724 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ka’ilolan ci Uncle kai (懷念Uncle 凱) == 2025/6/1 Micaliway to saka kitemel a macodahay to nikapolongan-Huang Zhaokai singsi (1942-2024) O satadamaanay kalemedan no ’orip ko nikaira ko mi’ilolay, mangalef matiyaay ci Huang Zhaokai mahaenay a nga’ayay a sakapot, masowal koya ilalanay a sakapot, oya patahtah sanay ko tawa, o misa’ocay a hahiratengan. Da’oc no ’orip ni Huang Zhaokai o haliwidangay saka, o pitahidang no widawidang i cingraan i pakaci “Uncle kai” a mitahidang. Saki pakoniraaw, nikapolongan ato sakamo’ecel, caay katalaw miliyang to misatekeday pikowan ci Huang Zhaokai, mangalef, wata ko kaolah ningra tonini sera no Taywan.   I 1942 miheca 8 folad 26 romi’ad, masofoc i Haynantaw no Congko ci Huang Zhaokai, nai kaemangan itini i laloma’an no Kristokiw ciwlo kiwkay ko to’as. I 1947 miheca malahakelong to mama minokay tayni i Pimenlo saka 1 fatac no Taynan a aro’, 5 ko mihecaan i, nao mafiyolay no 228 a demak, oya caayay pakatama to tawki a paohongan itira masimed ko kahinapecan no faloco’, ikor itiya to masapinang ko nanodemak no 228, itiya sato mafohat k kahinapecan. Misawad nai Taynan icong ci Huang Zhaokai, matapi’ ningra ko Guoli yicuan meisu yinsuuke, masawad nani Icuan haw i, patireng to Kayangtang pirina’an a kaysya, i 1972 miheca itira i Cimei kakiharan katayan Ciami maoyi kosi, 29 mihecaan malakakeridan to no kilac a kosi. === Mirenaf i laeno micefong “Meilitao” casi ko tayal (深耕基層 投入《美麗島》雜誌工作) === I 1979 miheca 8 folad 16 romi’ad, Lifawiyin ci Huang Sinci patireng to “Meilitao” casi a tilidan, o sapicowat to saselal konini a casi, patireng i kasaniyaro’ no Taywan ko kahiceraan. Itiya ci Cayciesiong Seniyin ko citodongay tono Taynansi, micokeray to citodongay ci Huang Zhaokai, ci Sie Siusiong ko taocoren, misa’icel micikeroh to “Meilitao” casi ko tayal, saka mapalamit i laenoay ko nikapolongan a saharatengan. ’Ayaw no demak i Takao, ’ayaw no romi’ad toya dadaya, 1979 miheca 12 folad 9 romi’ad, mipadangay to tayal no Meilitao marepet ci Yao Guojian and Qiu Shengxiong itiya, itira i Kosan imeng mapekpek mapalo. Oya sato ca Huang Zhaokai, Shih Mingteh, Dai Zhenyao, Tsai Youquan, Ji Wansheng, Su Chifen a tamdaw i, saci hangcofong sa tayra i Takaosi, midama to karofo no kapot, miliyok to Kosan imeng, milongoc to pipalafac to tamdaw, oya ci Huang Zhaokai masiasing no milicayay ko rarikoran, o sakahapinang no imeng mirepet. I 1979 miheca 12 folad 10 romi’ad, mapakhac to ko demak no “Meilitao” to ikor, nanoya o KMT milesap to milepel to miliyangay tamdaw, ca Huang Hsin-chieh, Yao Chia-wen, Lin Yi-hsiung, Chang Chun-hung, Shih Ming-teh, Chen Chu a tamdaw, saheto o mifelihay ko kaciraraw maliclic no sofitay a hoyin karetengay ko karofo. Oya sato ci Huang Zhaokai o namikapotay cingra to demak no Kosan i Takaosi, masiasingay aca, o mamilimek nasa, miala to 10 ’ofad a payso milaliw tayra i Takao. Tosa folad ko pilaliw ningra, itiya to mapadang ni Cayciesiong Seniyin, lonok sa tayra i imeng miwacay, patatama toya siasing i, o niyah ko tadamaanay a Dongsicang mana salafii sa mikihatiya to ci hangcohong sa tayra i Kosan imeng no Takao, moraraway ko demak namo. Nanoya manga’ay ningra a misapelaw, saka’eca ko roof itiya. === Mikilim to sapipasadak to kapot no Meilitao (救援美麗島難友當作自己的功課) === Ikor no Meilitao a demakan, ’aloman ko marofoay a sakapot itiya, mikiharay to mafadesay laloma’an ko tayal ni Huang Zhaokai. Sowal sa ci Huang Zhaokai: “tona miliyas kako to imeng itiya i, talapi’elal sa kako, o pilitas ako to mili’acaay k otayal, ka o sician ko pakayraan. Saka o pipadama to mafadesay no sician ko nisafaloco’an ako.” I 1981 miheca, midefong to ci Huang Zhaokai to Zhou Qingyu Kuomin dayhiw a patirengan “Kiharan casi” ko tayal, mikihar midama to laloma’an no mafadesay ato wawa, i 1982 mihecaan miteka, mipasa’opo to mafadesay wawa to mikeheray kalisaotan, mikerid to wawa misalama, oya kaemangay caay kao sasiroma to no tao, nanoyaan miceli’ ko kaemangay ici Huang Zhaokai pakaci “Uncle Kai” han ko pitahidang. I 1983 miheca, mikihatiya ci Huang Zhaokai to “Tangway cuocia pianci lianyihui” midama to pisiasing i lalan ato misintin to tilid a tayay, pasadak to Tangway casi miparatoh. Mikapot cingra ca Dai Zhenyao, Qiu Yiren, Wu Nairen, Hong Qichang, Lin Zhuoshui, Cai Youquan a tamdaw, saheto o no Sincaoliw patirengay sakapot. I 1985 miheca, tahidangan ni Dr. Lin Zhefu (Albert Lin) hakasi ci Huang Zhaokai, cingra aci Lin Zongzheng, Cai Youquan, Liu Fengsong, Tong Chunfa a tamdaw tayra i Toronto no Canada, mikihatiya to pinanam a sifana’ no URM, mipasinanam to pipasifana’ ni Albert Lin hakasi to miolahay ato caay ko miri’angay a syakay onto, o saka 4 rekad no URM misawaday cingra. Nai Canada minokay tayni Taywan i, cingra ato ci Cai Youquan misatatas micowat to sa’ayaway dademaken, oya i 1986 miheca “Ciayi Congyangzi ceti  sician”, midama to maomahay a demak, i pingitangitan, ’aloman ko finawlan mapekpekay a cimadoka’ay. I 1986 miheca mikihatiya to Zheng Nanrong micikeroh 519 Taypi Longsansi kandaway demak, mingitangit to pipalasawad to pi’emec pikowan. I 1986 miheca itira i Yionsang patireng ko Mincintang, mapatore’ ci Huang Zhaokai mala saka 1 rekad a takaraway midemakay wiyin, tahidangen ni Cai Jiexiong kakeridan malacitodongay midemakay no no Mincintang i Taynansitangpo, pasilaeno ko tayal. === Awaay ko talaw pifelih to 228 a lalan (無懼踏出二二八平反之路) === Ci Huang Zhaokai o citodongay no katimolay no Taywan syakay onto ato Tangway casi, o taocoran ni “Gao Li Lizhen syakay patadoay” cingra itiya, o tatapangan no NGO i Taywan. O ka’emecan a to’ak, lafoan miheca, ci Cheng Nanjung, Chen Yongxing, Li Shengxiong, pasadak to “228 kalali’ayan romi’ad”, mi’ang’ang to citodongay pasadak to nidemakan, patikol to kalafadesan. I 1987 miheca 2 folad 15 romi’ad, cingra aci Cheng Nanjung, Lin Tsungcheng foksi mi’awas to 228 sapipami’ecel, misetol cangra to mi’emecay sakowan, tatolo masasiket micorah ko pi’awas, “Piharateng to 228 lali’ay romi’ad 40 mihecaan”. Mala sarakatay no o228 lala’ay onto ko Taynan itiya, mifohat to sakasapinang no 228 kokatala’ayaw matena’ no imeng cangra, nika caay ka talarikor cangra. Milongoc misapinang to 228 demakan, pahapinang to kalafadesan, malali’ay ko finawlan.   Kinapinapina paini to sakadademak misahalakaay ci Huang Zhaokai, adihay ko masafaloco’ay ningra a demak, o tariktikay a tamdaw, I’adihayay a syakay ontoan, caay ka awa ko tireng ningra. Maolahay misiasing, miterek to nidemakan no ’alomanay saki nikapolongan onto no Taywan tamdaw. itiya, mi’aca cingra to matekesay sapisiasing, misiasing to 228 pipahapinang ato kalomaocan miliyaw misingkiw sanay a filomo, nai 228 kitakit piharatengan mina’ang. o pinengneng ningra to 228 a pahapinang o faloco’ay tatayalen saan, saka o wikidtingwa ningra to aikoray 228, o salongan no ’orip ningra, caay kalaliyas. === Palalikisi han ko palakawasan ci Wu Feng (讓吳鳳神話走入歷史) === I 1987 miheca, ciriko’ cingra to ciraraway ko pisatatad to Taywan haw? macodahay a tomireng midama to salikaka no niyah, talatimol tala’amis ko pisarakarakat midama ci Cai Youquan, Xu Caode to pisatatad to Taywan a demak, palesap cihana ko pisatatad to Taywan i kasaniyaro’aro’. I 1988 miheca 12 folad 31 romi’ad, o sapipalasawadaw to mangahay pipalakawas ci Wu Feng to kapatay nira, cingra ato ci Dai Zhenyao, Lin Zongzheng mikihatiya to kapot no URM, tarohan ko mateliay a marar ni Wu Feng ka’ayaw no syataw no kasoling i Ciayisi. Patatenga sa ci Huang Zhaokai, o ’icel no Kawas ko nian a tayal to saki “miliyonay palamo’ecel” a wacay koni, o nano URM a safangcalay a nidemakan. O nano Zhuqi no Chiayi ci Zhan Yihua, o nano minanamay to URM cingra, ona patihiay ci Dai Zhenyao to maomahay rawang pinanaman, padama to maomahay. I 1989 miheca 519 pipadongosan ci Zheng Nanrong itiya, itira i ka’ayaw no congtongfo ci Zhan Yihua, mihakelongay ci Zheng Nanrong ko faloco’ ningra a mikinafalah matodoh, kapacekokan no syakay no Taywan. I 2003 miheca, i pirarakat ni Huang Zhaokai aci Dai Zhenyao, malaheci mapatireng iira i Zhuqi no Chiayi ko “Zhan Yihua piharatengan koyin”, Huang Zhaokai aci Dai Zhenyao maomahay yofayof kapot, to mihecahecaan midemak to piharatengan ci Zhan Yihua a lihay, cingra aci Dai Zhenyao salita’ang sa milaha to kanga’ay no demak, mitahidang to kasaniyaro’ay a salikaka. I 1989 miheca, ci Hong Qichang maocor no Sincaoliw tayra i Taynan mikihatiya to singkiw no Lifawuyin, ci Huang Zhaokai mihakitiya to Seniyin misingkiw, mahatatosa milifet, maala ci Hong Qichang, masafeloc ci Huang Zhaokai, patatenga cingra o nika cango’ot ako koni saan. I 1992 miheca misa’icel haca cingra, misatalolong to sakilaenoay, mihakitiya to saka 2 rekad no Komindayhiw, padoedo aca. === Patireng to Nanto laciw (創辦南都廣播電台) === I 1995 miheca patireng to Nanto laciw, citodong to kakeridan, ci Lai Qingde itira i Cenkong daykako isingan malaising, mihayda to pitahidang ni Huang Zhaokai, ato papinapina macacaliw mikerid to kamok no laciw itiya. Nanto a “sakatangka’ a kasasowal” a kamok, o nian ko sakacacofel no Centa ato Finawlan a kalilicayan mapatireng. Kalita’angan han ni Huang Zhaokai konini a demak, masalof to ko Taynan mapalowad, mikeroh ci Lai Qingde siciwan miliyocay to 228 piharatengan, pala o nikapolongan lakakawa macowat ko Taynansi, o tadamaanay nikapolongan salongoc no tamdaw ko kaitiraan. Tana adada to ci Huang Zhaokai, awaay ko kalangiwngiwan ningra, dengan o piaray. Miaray to tadamaanay ising ci Zheng Shenghui to pidipot, miceroh cingra to nikapolongan ontoan i, ci Zheng Shenghui ising ko pa’icelay pasadak to payso to pipadama to mafadesay no sician, mapatahtah malasawad ko dafong ni Huang Zhaokai to pikihatiya to nikapolongan onto, ci Zheng Shenghui ising micokeray i aikor saka eca kalafel.   Tala’ayaway to nikapolongan tamdaw ci Huang Zhaokai, I 2024 miheca 6 folad 1 romi’ad kalahokan, ona ciadada to tampeling a mapatay, ira ko 82 no mihecaan ko ’orip. Da’oc no ’orip matiya o nikapolongan no Taywan, mapangangan to “Ma’oripay pidafo’an to sowal no nikapolongan likisi no Taywan”. Miliyas to ci Uncle Kai cecay mihecaan, mida’oc i foloco’ niyam kiso. Mitiliday ci Qiu Wanxing, Mifalicay ci Masao Nikar 0m1k7fx17ucp8hujs6y96162pnkz683 0 2893 46744 46743 2025-06-09T06:42:52Z Masaonikar 570 /* Pinengnengan to tilid (參考文獻) */ 46744 wikitext text/x-wiki == Paicu Yata'uyungana (高菊花) == Paicu Yata'uyungana (1932 miheca 4 folad 8 romi’ad – 2016 miheca 2 folad 20 romi’ad), (Dipong: 矢多喜久子／やた きくこ Yata Kikuko[1]), Cuo finacadan ngangan Paicu Yata'uyungana, kowaping ngangan Kao cihua, sifay nganga Painana, maradiway, singsi.   === Kaemangan miheca (早年) === O mama ni Paicu Yata'uyungana o Cuo finacadan ci 'Uongʉ'e Yata'uyungana (Kao Yisen), kaDipongan to’ek malaimengay ato malasingsiay, nai Cpu'u niyaro’, malinah tayra i Tapang niyaro’, pahicera i Keyupana niyaro’, nanoya itini to masofoc ci Paicu Yata'uyungana[2], o sakakaay wawa ni 'Uongʉ'e Yata'uyungana (Kao Yisen). Pakayraan no ngangan Dipong ci 矢多喜久子 a “喜久”, no Dipong ato kowaping a “菊” malecaday ko ngiha, ono kowaping onini a “菊花” ko sakaira no pipangangan[3]. Tadamaan to sakikiwiko ko mama ci 'Uongʉ'e Yata'uyungana, saka kakawaen papitilid i Taynan kawteng pitilidan, kalaloodan itiya malinah tayra i Alisan kokumin kakko. Ikor itira cingra i Tayciw focukakko, i 228 demak itiya, mikihatiya cingra to 27 sofitay i Tayciw focukakko a “midipotay to nikapolongan”, miliyas tayra i Poli. Nika o pilalang no kakeridan no 27 sofitay ci Zhong Yiren, ci Paicu Yata'uyungana ato 2 kapot mitilid a fafahiyan miliyas to Poli a minokay[3].   === Kohecalay katalawan (白色恐怖) === Misawad ci Paicu Yata'uyungana nai focukakko i, itira i Ciyai, Alisan pitilidan a malasingsi. I 1952 miheca masawad cingra to kalasingsi, o mamisafaloco’ to saka tayraaw i Colombia daykako no Amilika, nika malekapot ko mama ci 'Uongʉ'e Yata'uyungana to kohecalay katalawan a demak a marepet, patayan. Karepet ni 'Uongʉ'e Yata'uyungana palimo’ot a tilid ci Paicu Yata'uyunganaan to pidipot to laloma’an saka, sawad sato cingra to sakatayra i Amilika mitilid, tayra to cingra i karomadiwan ci Pai Nana han ko pangangan mitodong to sakilaloma’an, misafaloco’ sapa’orip to mama[4][5].     O radiw no Lating ko sakatadamaan ningra, nika honihoni makilim no imeng a misolap, malicay, saka eca to pasadak to likodo, ano eca sakatatelekaw to likodo a tiyam. Ikor no kapatay ni 'Uongʉ'e Yata'uyungana i, matira to ko pikilim no imeng a micalap, mararid malicay, sakasasowal, pakokoten cingra mikapotay to Kongcantang han i 228 demakan. Itiya sa i “sakanga’ay mihayda” t osifo ato calemcem to sakalattih a makowang mapatangic malapadamsoay to roma kitakit a tapang pa’alipay patado[3][6].   Mato’as to ko safa to fa’inayan fafahiyan miisal to sakilaloma’an, 35 ko mihecaan ni Paicu Yata'uyunganaan itiya to misawad romadiway ko tayal, itira sa i Taypi mipatiyam[5][7]. Ipipatiyam mananam to lafang ci Shi Bingyan, masasiolah cangra, ikor mararamod to[3]. I 1971 miheca, citodongay misolapay micowat to Jingshan cuanan, masolot iho ci Paicu Yata'uyungana mapatatalaw mihayda to nano nikapotay itiya to “Penglai mincu jiefang tongmenghui”, maala ko pihayda a paya o aeca to ka solapen[3][8].    === Kato’asan kalitengan miheca (中晚年) === Ikor no kapatay no fa’inay ci Shi Bingyan i, keriden ningra ko wawa nai Taypi minokay tayra i Tapang niyaro’. O mapodetay mili’epahay ci Paicu Yata'uyungana, miliyas to karomadiwan malingaday ko tayal, halafin no fala’an adada, ikor itira i niyaro’ no mama a miliyas to hekal a mapatay[7][6].   === Piharatengan (紀念) === I 2013 miheca, mitomadaway no Dipong ci Sakai Mitsuko misanga’ay to rayray “Kacingangan no Taywan” (Dipong: 台湾アイデンティティー), aenemay tamdaw pakayni i saka 2 lalood ano eca kohecalay katalawan a mafalicay Taywan a tamdaw, ci Paicu Yata'uyungana ko cecay dengan fafahiyan milicayan[1]. Mitomadaway to Yehuoleji ci Shon Rushian mananam ci Paicu Yata'uyunganaan itiya i, misatatas to 10 mihecaan no Yehuoleji to piterek, misyasing ci Paicu Yata'uyunganaan, itiya to i 2020 miheca mipasadak paika[5][9].    I 2015 miheca, maradiway no ’Amis ci ’Ilid Kawlo pakici Paicu Yata'uyunganaan misanga’ to radiw “Fangcalay fafahiyan” cecay radiw[3]; ikor to ningra to 10 miheca malekapot to maradiway no Piwma finacadan ci Chen Yonglong itira i Takang miradiw i, onini a radiw “Fangcalay fafahiyan” ato adihayay Dipong a radiw pasici Paicu Yata'uyunganaan todong a mita’ong[10]. I 2023 miheca 228 piharatengan romi’ad, Shanling yuetuan pasadak “Huguoshan” a radiw, miharateng ci 'Uongʉ'e Yata'uyungana (Kao Yisen) aci Paicu Yata'uyunganaan, o laloma’ no niradiwan saheto piceli’ mitahidang ci 'Uongʉ'e Yata'uyungana (Kao Yisen) laloma’an[11][12].    === Laloma’an (家庭) === Mamo’etep malikaka ca Paicu Yata'uyungana, o cecay kaemangan mapesi’ to. Ikor no karepet ni 'Uongʉ'e Yata'uyungana (Kao Yisen), cifocod to wawa cingra ato Amilika kakeridan sofitay, pakaci Gao Yinghan, salongan i 20 miheca i matolo’ a mapatay. Ikor ciwawa to fafahiyan nano Dipng a wawa, padoedo mararamod ci Shi Bingyan, ira ko 2 fa’inayan ato 1 fafahiyan a wawa. O cecay wawa ni Shi Bingyan matolo’ a mapatay[7].   === Pinengnengan to tilid (參考文獻) === 1.Cast. 映画『台湾アイデンティティー』公式サイト. （原始內容存檔於2016-04-03）. 2.張子午. 【跨越半世紀的家族對話2】高英傑：擁抱結痂的傷口. 報導者. 2018-12-10 [2025-04-10] （中文（臺灣））. 3.周婉窈. 優雅內面的創傷──素描高菊花女士（更新版）. 台灣放送. 2025-02-01 [2025-04-07] （中文（臺灣））. 4.林瑞珠. 白色恐怖受難者之女－風情萬種是她完成父願守護家人的武器（一）. 上報. 2019-09-22. 5.熊儒賢. 【聽台灣愛唱歌】傳奇女伶高菊花──這條艱辛歌手路，只因她父親名叫高一生. 天下雜誌. 2016-02-26 [2025-04-07]. （原始內容存檔於2019-09-28） （中文（臺灣））. 6.張蘊之. 消失在歷史中的「派娜娜」──恐怖之中，看見每一個有血有肉的人. 天下雜誌. 2020-03-09 （中文（臺灣））. 7.林瑞珠. 白色恐怖受難者之女－如果不是他的女兒　我晚景不會如此淒涼（三）. 上報. 2019-09-24 （中文（臺灣））. 8.顧恆湛. 追尋高菊花的自首證：「靖山專案」之探究. 國史館館刊. 2023, 7: 83, 85–120 [2025-04-07] （中文（臺灣））. 9.陳秉弘. 二二八故事／傳奇女伶高菊花 為救政治犯父親入歌壇成傳奇. 中央社. 2020-02-28 （中文（臺灣））. 10.第16屆大港開唱次日回顧：淺堤與洪佩瑜驚喜合體、Beyond Cure主唱支援血肉果汁機、拍謝少年以動畫喚起公民意識. Blow 吹音樂. 2025-03-31 （中文（臺灣））. 11.陳怡萱. 遠看是山，近看是人－閃靈〈護國山〉與高一生. 新使者 (台灣基督長老教會宣教基金會). 2023, 191: 52–57 [2024-12-13]. ISSN 1027-2399. （原始內容存檔於2024-12-13） （中文（臺灣））. 12.王心妤. 閃靈新歌「護國山」 創作靈感自政治受難者家屬[影]. 中央社. 2023-03-01 [2024-12-13]. （原始內容存檔於2023-05-03） （中文（臺灣））. k3j3zupvoe7urwgb1cflhmlkp6olt3a 0 2894 46766 46765 2025-06-12T02:38:44Z Masaonikar 570 /* Pi’arawan (參見) */ 46766 wikitext text/x-wiki == Loma a tilid no yincuminco (原住民族語羅馬字) == Kadadoedo no tilid a sowal no yincuminco, o Loma a tilid ko sapitilid to sowal no Taywan, o nitelekan ko sapidoedo to kalosowal no yincuminco i Taywan saka, o Latin a tilid ko sapitilid. I 1947 miheca o sakanga’ay a mipatenak no kiwkay, kalotilid no sowal nanoyaan sa marocek, maledef i kasaniyaro’ mademak. Tahiikor i 2005 miheca pakayni yincuminco wiyinhuy ko kalomaoc mitelek to kalotilid no kasafinacadan, toya miheca 12 folad 15 romi’ad hapiw sato ko Kiwikkopo no Conghuaminko. === Likisi (歷史) === Saki likisi, sarakatay masadak tilid no finacadan itiya pikowan ho no Netherland itiya, o midemakay sakitini i pasaetip a Pinpu finacadan, oya kafana’an no tamdaw, o nano iraay matilid to no Silaya finacadan tilid “Sinkang wenso” ato fangcalay cudad “Matay ratoh” a tilid. I 17-19 sician a Min, Cin a to’ek, mikowanay ono Minnanyu (Holowie) a payrangan a sowal palapayrang a tilid to saki Pinpu finacadan a sowal a radiw ato sasowalan[1]. I kaDipongan a to’ek, nawhani maledef ko no Dipong a kiwiko, pakayni no Dipong a tilid to katakana ko sapitilid to kasafinacadan a sowal. Roma sato, sakiniyaro’ a midemakay to finacadan a sowal tilid ato misolapay a hakasi, o Loma a tilid no finacadan ko sapitilid, tinako ni Ino Kaori a nidemakan.   I 1945 miheca o picomod to no Conghuaminko ko Taywan, nawhani o pilakowaping satawo’ kakihar, milalang ko kokmin sifo to pisano Loma, katakana no Dipong a tilid, o sowal no finacadan palano niyaro’ a sowal, saka o “kalo sowal no kasaniyaro’” saheto o ngiha no kowaping ko sapitilid saan, saka ira ko no kowaping a ngiha ko tilid no kasafinacadan[2]. I 1947 miheca miteka, seysiyo konghuy no Taywan misitapang pala Loma a tilid ko seysiyo, radiw ko pifalic no kalofinacadan a tilid. Ikor makilim mafo’ot pala no kowaping ko ngiha a tilid. I 1960 mihecaan miteka macakat to ko niyah harateng no Taywan itiya, o seysiyo konghuy misatatas mihalaka to ’adihayay kalotilid no kasafinacadan tangasa anini. I 1980 mihecaan, macowat to ko onto no yincuminco i Taywan, “Patikolen ko sowal no Ina” malo onto a salongoc ko nian. O kiwikopo nai 1992 miheca patorod to satakaraway kingkiwyin ci Li Rengui misolimetay to “Congko sasowalan no notimolan kanatal a sowal no finacadan a ngiha rocokan no tilid”, i 1994 mihecaan mihapiw midemak. I 2001 miheca miteka ko Taywan midemak to Yincuminco wacay no pilifet to sowal, saki sarocod malacecayay matatodongay a tilidan matongal matongal sato, Sincenyin yincuminco i kasafinacadan to nikasasowalen, mikingkiway to sowal no yincuminco a sowal, hakasi no yincumin ato kiwikopo micikerohay to kowaping a wiyinhuy, i 2005 miheca 6 folad lomaoc “misetek to yincuminco a sowal rocokan a laoc”, itiya miheca 12 folad 15 romi’ad patilid to kiwikopo to pahecian no pihapiw a midemak. === Kasafinacadan a Loma tilid a nitelekan (各族語原有的羅馬字規範化) === Laeno, kasafinacadan a Loma tilid a nitelekan (ano eca sarakatay kao tilid) ato nitelakan miheca[3] (2013 miheca 1 folad). {| class="wikitable" | |語言 |規範者（或最早使用者） |年代 |- |'''1''' |Bunun 布農語 |胡文池 |1949 |- |'''2''' |Paiwan 排灣語 |懷約翰（John Whitehorn，英國） |1951 |- |'''3''' |Truku 太魯閣語 |柯饒富（Ralph Covell，美國）、田信德 |1951、1985 |- |'''4''' |Tayal 泰雅語 |穆克禮（Clare Elliot McGill，加拿大） |1956 |- |'''5''' |’Amis 阿美語 |葉德華（Edvard Torjesen，美國）、方敏英（Virginia A. Fey，美國） |1957 |- |'''6''' |Seediq 賽德克語 |明惠鐸（Robert F. Baudhuin，美國） |1970 ± |- |'''7''' |Puyuma 卑南語 |張阿信、曾建次、吳賢明 |1970－1984 |- |'''8''' |Tao 雅美語 |羅亞琴（Ginny Larson，美國）、湯思玫（Rosemary Thomason，加拿大）、王榮基 |1987 |- |'''9''' |Rukai 魯凱語 |鍾思錦 |1988 |- |'''10''' |Saisiyat 賽夏語 |趙山河 |1990 |- |'''11''' |Kacalan 噶瑪蘭語 |李壬癸、偕萬來 |1992－1996 |- |'''12''' |Thau 邵語 |李壬癸、簡史朗 |1992－2001 |- |'''13''' |Tsou 鄒語 |汪幸時（鄒語工作室） |1993 |- |'''14''' |Kanakanavu 卡那卡那富語 |蔡恪恕（Szakos Jozsef，奧地利） |1999 |- |'''15''' |Hla’alua 拉阿魯哇語 |蔡恪恕（Szakos Jozsef，奧地利）、游仁貴 |1999 |- |'''16''' |Sakizaya 撒奇萊雅語 |帝瓦伊·撒耘 (Tiway Sayion) |2001 |} Kalotilid no sowal-16 sowal, tilid, ngiha no yincumin i Taywan[7] {| class="wikitable" |族別 | '''a''' |'''ae''' |'''b''' |'''c''' |'''d''' |'''dh''' |'''dj''' |'''dr''' |'''e''' |'''é''' |'''f''' |'''g''' |'''h''' |'''hl''' |'''i''' |'''ɨ''' |'''j''' |'''k''' |'''l''' |'''lh''' |'''lj''' |'''lr''' |'''m''' |'''n''' |'''ng''' |'''o''' |'''oe''' |'''p''' |'''q''' |'''R''' |'''r''' |'''ṟ''' |'''S''' |'''s''' |'''sh''' |'''t''' |'''th''' |'''tj''' |'''tr''' |'''u''' |'''ʉ''' |'''v''' |'''w''' |'''x''' |'''y''' |'''z''' |'''<nowiki/>'''' |'''^''' |- |'''阿美語''' |a | | |t͡s |d, ð, ɬ | | | |e | |b, f, v | |ħ | |i | | |k |ɾ | | | |m |n |ŋ |o | |p | | |r | | |s | |t | | | |u | | |w |x |j | |ʡ |ʔ |- |'''泰雅語''' |a | |β, v |t͡s | | | | |e | | |ɣ |h | |i | | |k |l | | | |m |n |ŋ |o | |p |q | |r |ɾ | |s | |t | | | |u | | |w |x |j |z |ʔ | |- |'''布農語''' |a | |b |t͡s, t͡ɕ |d | | | |e, ə | | | |x, χ | |i | | |k |l, ɬ | | | |m |n |ŋ |o | |p |q | | | | |s | |t | | | |u | |v | | | |ð |ʔ | |- |'''卡那卡那富語''' |a | | |t͡s | | | | |e | | | | | |i | | |k | | | | |m |n |ŋ |o | |p | | |ɾ | | |s | |t | | | |u |ɨ |v | | | | |ʔ | |- |'''噶瑪蘭語''' |a | |b | |ɮ | | | |ə | | | |h | |i | | |k |ɾ | | | |m |n |ŋ |o | |p |q |ʁ | | | |s | |t | | | |u | | |w | |j |z |ʔ | |- |'''排灣語''' |a | |b |t͡s |d | |ɟ |ɖ |e | | |g |h | |i | | |k |ɭ | |ʎ | |m |n |ŋ | | |p |q, ʔ | |r | | |s | |t | |c | |u | |v |w | |j |z |ʔ | |- |'''卑南語''' |a | |b |t͡s |d | | |ɖ |ə | | |g |h | |i | | |k |l |ɮ | |ɭ |m |n |ŋ | | |p | | |r | | |s | |t | | |ʈ |u | |v |w | |j |z |ʔ | |- |'''魯凱語''' |a | |b |t͡s |d |ð | |ɖ |ə |e | |g |h | |i |ɨ | |k |l | | |ɭ |m |n |ŋ |o | |p | | |r | | |s | |t |θ | |ʈ |u | |v |w | |j |z |ʔ | |- |'''拉阿魯哇語''' |a | | |t͡s | | | | | | | | | |ɬ |i | | |k |ɾ | | | |m |n |ŋ | | |p | | |r | | |s | |t | | | |u |ɨ |v | | | | |ʔ | |- |'''賽夏語''' |a |æ |β | | | | | |ə | | | |h | |i | | |k |l | | | |m |n |ŋ |o |œ |p | | |r | |ʃ |s, θ | |t | | | | | | |w | |j |z, ð |ʔ | |- |'''撒奇萊雅語''' |a | |b |t͡s |d, ð, ɬ | | | |ə | | | |ħ | |i | | |k |ɾ | | | |m |n |ŋ |o | |p | | | | | |s | |t | | | |u | | |w | |j |z |ʡ | |- |'''賽德克語''' |a | |b |t͡s |d | | | |e, ə | | |g |ħ | |i | |ɟ |k |l | | | |m |n |ŋ |o | |p |q | |r | | |s | |t | | | |u | | |w |x |j | | | |- |'''太魯閣語''' |a | |b |t͡ɕ |d | | | |ə | | |ɣ |ħ | |i | |ɟ |k |ɮ | | | |m |n |ŋ |o | |p |q | |ɾ | | |s | |t | | | |u | | |w |x |j | | | |- |'''邵語''' |a | |b | |d | | | | | |ɸ | |h | |i | | |k |l |ɬ | | |m |n |ŋ | | |p |q | |r | | |s |ʃ |t |θ | | |u | | |β, w | |j |ð |ʔ | |- |'''鄒語''' |a | |ɓ |t͡s | | | | |e | |f | |x | |i | | |k |ɗ | | | |m |n |ŋ |o | |p | | | | | |s | |t | | | |u | |v | |ɨ |j |z |ʔ | |- |'''達悟語''' |a | |b |t͡s, t͡ɕ |ɖ | | | |ə | | |g |ɰ | |i | |d͡ʒ, d͡ʝ |k |l | | | |m |n |ŋ |o, u | |p | | |ɻ | | |ʂ | |t | | | | | |f |w | |j |r |ʔ | |} Pacipingan, ira ko 26 ngiha a tilid to no Loma, roma ira ko pacipingan, halo “:” ato 6 a ciping to “ ’ ”, “ ^ ”, “ r ”, “ é ”, “ ɨ ”, “ ʉ ”. 6 tada ngiha {| class="wikitable" |fangko |Paciping ngiha |pafangkoan |- |1 |ʼ |02BC |- |2 |⌃ |2303 |- |3 |ṟ |1E5F |- |4 |é |00E9 |- |5 |ɨ |0268 |- |6 |ʉ |0289 |} === Pinengnengan a tilid (參考文獻) === 1.原住民書寫系統. 台灣文化部臺灣大百科全書. [2018-05-07]. （原始內容存檔於2018-05-02） （中文（繁體））. 2.行政院原住民族委員會. 原住民族語言書寫系統 (PDF). 2005-12-15 [2018-05-07]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2013-10-04） （中文（繁體））. 3.存档副本 (PDF). [2022-04-09]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2022-03-29）. 4.存档副本 (PDF). [2022-03-11]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2022-03-29）. 5.從語言學入手的排灣宣教師—懷約翰牧師 - 鄭仰恩 - 新使者雜誌 The New Messenger 105期 另類教育在台灣. newmsgr.pct.org.tw. [2021-01-07]. （原始內容存檔於2021-03-02）. 6.存档副本. [2021-01-07]. （原始內容存檔於2020-04-18）. 7.存档副本 (PDF). [2022-03-11]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2016-09-17）. 8.原住民姓名登記及羅馬拼音相關說明,內政部戶政司107.8.27 === Pi’arawan (參見) === 1.台灣南島語言 2.原住民族語能力認證 3.語言復興 4.國際音標 === Papotalay calay (外部連結) === 6pdk0l4cpj2qf61suqln2kyg3rtm4iv 0 2895 46769 2025-06-14T14:29:50Z Sifopiday 2166 fa^lohay tiled 46769 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''No loma’ay a fafoy 家豬''' == === '''Sa’ayaway a sowal 序言''' === O no rama’ay hananay a fafoyan i, pangangan ko mitiliday i o Sus scrofa domestica(學名) hananay, o sowal haw i, o nano i papotalay caay ko padetengan ami paka^en, densa mapanokayay no tamdaw ama pakaen sanaw i, mala o loma’ay to a fafoy, oranaan a fafoy haw i, o citiyaday o pacocoananay ato tosaay ama sacapa’ ko salipa’ hananay a mao’lipay, caay ka lecad tono lotokay a fafoy, halafinay to ano ‘ayaw ko tamdaw ami papakaen to hatiniay fafoy, o sapipakaen no tamdaw to fafoy i, dengan o malo kakaenen to titi nira, nikaolira nano tapang tahatini i, halafinay to kopi papakaen no tamdaw to fafoy, tangasa i 16 seci(世紀) ama pacomod no tamdaw i Amilika(美洲), salingato ama tilid konini pakaylaay to fafoy hananay, ano itini tono Holaman(華人) api pakaen to fafoy i, hatilaay to ama tilid, hakowaay koka halafin ami pakaen ato omanan ko sapakaen to fafoy sanay, osapakaen no tamdaw to fafoy i, alatek o konga ato ‘alilay kalitang ko saadihayay. Itini i pakaen to kalofafoy hananay i, saheto iraay ko pisafafoyan hananay, awaay komi palafac hananay, itini tono Taywanay ami pakaenay to fafoy i, alatek o sapakaen to fafoy i, o lapot ato konga ko saadihayay, lomasato i o ‘osaw to kaen no tamdaw, ano o singmongay a mipakaenay to fafoy a tamdaw i, ilaay ko nanga to todongay a sapakaen, mato o miilangan toma sapawtipawtiay a sapakaen, sanaw tangasa imatini i, ‘alomanay to ko misatata’angay ami pakaeng to fafoy, o sa’osi no mafana’ay ami sa’osi a tamdaw i, tangasa i 2010 a mihecaan, o polong no hekalay ami pakaengan a fafoy i, pakaalaay to 9.65 a ‘ikan(億), o saadi’ayaw adihayay ami pakaenay to fafoy i, owini o holam, pakaalaay to 4.76 ‘ikan koka adihay nila, dodo sato i, o Amilikaay(美國) pakaalaay to 0.649 a ‘ikan, tono Taywan(台灣) sato i, itini tono ngayngayan(客家) ko ‘alomanay ami pakaen to fafoy, nawhani ilaay ko kasasisolisolit nanga ami pakaeng. === '''O tatapangan起源：''' === Onian a mipakaenan no tamdaw to no loma’ a fafoy hananay i, ano so’linen a sowowal i, onano o lotokay a fafoy cimira, nawhani toya ‘ay’a:yaw to pinapi:na a mihecaan i, o fana’ no tamdaw ami pakaen a pala o mitengilay to pikelid no tamdaw, sanaw mikihatiya sato tamdaw a ma’orip, nano ‘ayaw palafac hananay i omahomahan ami pakaen, caayay kapi safafoy, matiya to pipakaen to sili, nikaolira iraay ko caay pitengil to pikelid no tamdaw a fafoy, toya noloto’kay hananay a fafoy, yami tengilay tosakelid no tamaw a fafoy i, pala no loma’ay hananay to a fafoy, likor sato i, tiya iraay to kopi safafoyan a pakaen. Nikaolira o sowal no mafana’ay ami kingkiw a tamdaw i, o fafoy i tini i cowaco:aw a kanatanatar i, caay ka lalen sanay, ano itini tono Amirikaay(美洲), ano itinito tono Awcoyay(歐洲), aca itini i Yiacoay(亞洲), opihapinag nagla i, caay ka lecad sanay, nikaolira oka lenak no fafoy a tayla icowacowa i, caay ko mama’emin a sowalen, pakayni palalamod no fafoy ama lenlak haca a awaay to kopinang. '''O pinangan no fofoy: 猪的特徵''' Omi pakaenan no tamdaw tola fafoy hananay i, toka sasiloma nangra i, pakaylaay toya Lanseti(染色體) hananay, oka’adihay ningra i naitini i 19 tangasa i 38 sanay, ano pakaynien tola fanoh no fafoy ami nengneng i, iraay ko k^ehtingay, iraay ko temeli’ay, iraay ko macacamolay to kohetingay ato tomeli’ay, lomasato iraay ko mato hanaay, aca o kahengangay ato no sota’ a tilid,lomasato olanan a fafoyan misakilac to fa’inayan ato fafahiyan a pakaen, patatodong a pakaen, to saka sosoaw no fafoy, olanan a papoyo’ay ko o’o a fafoy i, mitengilay to sowal, ato fangcalay a keliden a pakaen,halakamkamay a ciwawa, nanosofocin ma^den malawod ko 5~12 a foladan i, mangaayay to palalamoden, oka citiyadan nila i ma^den 114 a lomi’adan, osa’osi i tolo folad tolo lipay ira ko tolo lomi’ad, o to’as a mihecaan no fafoy i ma^den 15 a mihecaan, nikaolira o mipakaenay to fafoy i, ma^den lima a foladan i tangasaay pakaalaay to 90 a Kongkinan(公斤) a dadoy, ma^den to pacakayen ami pacok, anno tekeday to ono loma’ay ami pakaenan a fafoy i, hatilaay to ma^den masa mihecaan to i, hatilaay to ami pacakay tota tokaden, ano ki^ming^mingay to a fafoyan i, iraay to komili’ayaway ami tokad. O fafoy hananay i, totatilengan nira awaay ko todongay oka cicohelan nira, edengan sa itiyad nira hato ilaay koka hadakan no cohel, nikaolira ano metalaw to fa^ded i, milonicay ko fafoy to sela ami paki^tic to tileng nira. O sowal no Ingkilisay(英國) a singpon i, sowal sa olanan a fafoy todademaken hananay i, ma^den pakaalaay to 185 sanay, ano sasangaen to to kasi, ano sapisasow to to fokes, ano o ^pang to, ano o kalo^pah to, ano o sapikowang to a laco, ato kalomaamaan adihayay to sasangaanen. O sowal to pakaylaay i pinagan no fafoy i, matiyatiya o tamdaw aca o Waco sanay, caay ka lecad to kolong aca o sili a pinangan. Lomasato olanan a pinangan no fafoy i, matiya haca o komaenay to titi aca o tosaay ko ke^cih a o’o a ma’oripay, ano ‘alowen kora fafoy haw i, maolahay ami kilim to widawidang ami salama ato mafoti’, nikaolira caay kasa sapolongan saan ama polong ma’orip. Olanan a fafoy hananay i, matiyaay to to polong a kina’orip, maolahay ama kolac, ma’osiay to kadit, dengan sa omi pakaenay to a tamdaw kocacifaloco’ amisawsaw totileng nangra, sanaw caay kama olahay ami lonang to kadi ko fafoy hananay, lomasato o fafoy hananay, matiyasa o mafokilay ko sa’osi ami nengneng, ano dodoen to kalo ma’oripay i, o fafoy koci ‘atangalay to waca, aca to e^co, aco to lotong. === '''Samaanen ami pa lenak ko fafoy. 猪要如何繁殖''' === O sapipalahad to fafoy i, tosa aca, sakacecay o nalasa sa a kalalamo ato ciwawa, sakatosa i pakay lay tono tamdawan ami patado ami palalamod, sa ittila sato ama rengak ko fafoy hananay. === '''Hakowaay ko kasasiloma no fafoy. 猪的品種''' === Ano so’linen ami sa’osi ko kasasiloma no fafoy nano ‘ayaw to’as no mihecaan tahanini i, ato nano icowacowaay a kanatal to lahad nara a macacamol i, awaay to ko pinang ami sa’osi, o sowal no mafana’ay ami kingkiw a tamdaw i, itini I polong no hekal i, alatek matafesiway to to 400 koka sasiloma nora fafoy hananay, itini tono holaholaman i, alatek pakaalaay to to 40 polo’ koka sasiloma nangra, itini i Taywanay(台灣的) i, saheto saan o tomeli’ay ko saadihayay,alatek o polong nira i ma^den pakaala to 95% matiya. Ano no Taywan a fafoy kopi nengnengan i,ma^den tosa aca ko kasasilom nira:   Sakacecay: olaan a so’linay a ono Tawany to a fafoy, matiya toya no Tawyan(桃園) a fafoy, Tinsaon si(項雙溪) a fafoy, Maynong(美濃) a fafoy, Maysan(梅山) a fafoy, Lanyi(蘭嶼) ki^mingay a fafoy, o lanan a ki^emingay ko tangila ato ka’edaway ko ngoso’ tata’angay ko ngoso’ a fafoy, sahetoay ono Taywanay to a fafoy, o tada kalimelan to, ato o papalenaken ko hatiniay a fafoy sanay ko sowal. Sakatosa: o nano papotalay ama pacomod i Taywanay a fafoy, olanan i o misaadihayan a palenak to papacakayen to titi nira, ya temili’ay ko fanges, matiya toya Yukesa(約克夏) a fafoy, ato Lanloysi(藍瑞斯) a fafoy, ato Tolokek(杜洛克) a fafoy hananay saheto o nano papotalay ami palalamoan, tomeli’ay ko fanges nira saan. === '''O sapiadihay a paka’an 養猪生產''' === ==== '''Sa’ayaw''' i ira aca kopi nanam ami safafoy, nawhani ano caay kafana’ ami safafoy, caay ka fangcal ko to’as no fafoy, awaay ko^poc no demak, opi safafoy hananay i, mikihatiyaay to kacakat no ‘orip no tamdaw a macakat, sanaw adihayay ko nananamen, caayay kalecad to i’ayaway ho palitemek o lapot ato konga aca ko sapakaen, no aniniay sato i adihay ko singmong ami pakaen, o sapipakaen i caay to ka lecad to i’ayaway, pakaylaay to i singmongay a sapakaen, caay ka awa ko nananamen. ==== ==== '''Dodosato''' i olanan ami pakaenan a fafoyen, o sasanga’en to to masamaamaanay a kakaenan, ora mipacokan a fafoy ano o kalo titi to nira, ano o tinai’ to nira ato poda’ fanges aca o lemes to nira, awaay ma’osaw to sasanga’en to kakaenen, o sapacakay tayra i cowaco:wa, ato lomaay a kanatalan, midodoay to ‘ayam ato a-a, itini i pipacokan to fafoyan, o sowal i tini i 2013 a mihecaan, pakaalaay to 14.5 a ‘ikan komi pacokan, dengan sa itini i no Yotaya(猶太教) ato no Iselan(伊斯蘭教) nay a kanatal awaay ko mipacokay, nawhani, olanan a fafoy hananay, itila i canglanan o todongay o kaacekanan(unclean to you), sanaw ko fafoy ato mipacokay to fafoy. ==== ==== '''Lomasato''' i tini i lisin no hekal, malawod ko lisin nangra i, maolahay ami papacok to fafoy, todongay o sakalipahak nanger ama lacecay malawla, o todongay to o sakalakakitaan nangra sanay, maolahay ami papacok to fafoy toka ilisinan. ==== ==== '''Saikolay''' alatek o fafoy hananay, ma^dengay o kakiwkiwen no ising sanay, nawhani itini i tileng no fafoy adihayay ko milecaday to tileng no tamdaw, sanaw itini i pikakingkiw no tamdaw i kakaksia, o todongay fangcalay api nanaman to sakafana’ ami paising to adadaay a tileng no tamdaw. (Siwkolan Pangcah/’Amis Suman 0611’25) ==== === '''O tahapinangan a tilid參考文獻:''' === ## 考古发掘出的动物遗存里藏着哪些秘密？. 中新網. [2021-10-20]. （原始內容存檔於2021-10-22）. ## ''Live Animals （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）''.(2012, August 7). Provided October 5, 2012 from database FAOSTAT. ## 养殖业应从疫苗药物依赖转向生物安全防控. 新華網. [2021-10-20]. （原始內容存檔於2020-08-07）.三峽清水祖師廟前賽神豬　1636台斤冠軍豬相當小型車.東森新聞雲 (森信息股份有限公司). 2013-02-16 [2013-09-07]. （原始內容存檔於2013-03-22） 5uyk45hbe3tpgilxnzjeh1u3to79lum 0 2896 46793 46792 2025-06-16T00:23:55Z Masaonikar 570 /* Filomo: Saikoray mifelihay ciraraway (紀錄片：末代叛亂犯) */ 46793 wikitext text/x-wiki == Aniniay romi’ad i saway-Misatatad to Taywan yofayof a demak (歷史上的今天-獨台會事件) == I 1991 miheca 5 folad 1 romi’ad mihapiw to palasawad “Tongyin kanluan sici linsi tiaokuan”, 5 folad 22 romi’ad mihapiw to palasawad “Cengci panluan tiaoli”, 6 folad 3 romi’ad mihapiw to palasawad “Kanluan sici ciansu feitie tiaoli”, toloay tatiihay rikec mapalasawad t oitiya. ​Nika i 1991 miheca 5 folad 9 romi’ad cidemak ko “Misatatad to Tayw yofayof”, caay ka pidoedo to toloay tatiihay rikec ko kalasawad. Tangasa i roma miheca 1992 miheca 5 folad 15 romi’ad, Lifayin kinatolo mihayda “Singfa” 100 liyad pisalofan i, nawhani pipalasawad to milimekay mirawraway raraw a satefoc, “Misatatad to Tayw yofayof” patiko mitomadaw, 7 folad 27 romi’ad polong noni a demak caayto tomadawen, tangasa “Misatatad to Tayw yofayof” kalalowadan no demak a mapalasawaday to.   === Tiaocaci patahtah sa miocor micomod toCinghua daykako (調查局公然派員闖入清華大學) === ​I 1991 miheca 5 folad 9 romi’ad, micomod i Tsinghua daykako ko dademakay no tiaocaci Fawopo, mirepet to mitiliday kingkiway to likisi ci Liaowicen. Toya romi’ad, papotalay tamdaw ci Cencenlan, Wangsiuhui, Masao Nikar (Lin Yinfo) a sasepat marepet. ​​Mapa’ilo cangra mikapot to i Dipongay Misatatad to Taywan a palowaday tamdaw ci Shi Ming a padafohan “Misatatad to Taywan yofayof”, misa’osi to “Sepatay so’ot miheca likisi no Taywan” (Taiwan ren sibai nian shi) padama mirina’, palilam to pisinting a tilid, o nano nisolapan no Tiawcaci. Ikor, citodongay pacipat to tikid ci An Cenkoang i 5 folad 11 romi’ad marepet, onini lalimaay o mifelihay to “Cenci panluan tiaoli” tosa ira ko cecay a ta’akay raraw o papatayen. === Miliyang ko ’alomnay finawlan malisaot i Congcenmiaw ato syataw no Taypi (抗議群眾集結於中正廟與台北車站) === ​Sakinian a pirepet a demak to Misatatad to Taywan yofayof tangsol sa mafa’owic ko finawlan no syakay, o kasakapotkapot no mitiliday i daykako masasicofel to sapiliyang, i’ayaw no 1 miheca (1990) 3 folad cidemak to Yipaihe mitiliday onto, o syakay a finawlan takaraw ko sakadademakaw. O mitiliday miketon i 5 folad 12 romi’ad patikol tayra i Congcenmiaw a malisaot miliyang, salongan mataelif ko semo’otay tamdaw miliyang, talacowa toya romi’ad tangsol sa malaplap no tayrin ato sofitay macolo’ no paso, mapalafac, nika nanoyaan mangalef mangalef ko kalengat no finawlan micalap to Taypi syataw ko demak.   ​​Toya 5 folad 13 romi’ad, o sapicokeraw to Misatatad to Taywan yofayof a demak, Cinghua daykako a dayhiw no mitiliday “Cinghua daykako haki anini miteka polong a paterep mitilid, todong piliyangan”, sato ko pihapiw, oya 28 a hakasi no Cinghua daykako itiya to herek no lahok pasadak to “Pakoniraay ko pikingkiw, awaay ko raraw no harateng” sanay a paterep onto. Toya 5 folad 15 romi’ad, o nai polongay a kasaniyaro’ a mitiliday, hakasi ato syakay onto a yofayof micalap to siyataw no Taypi, pasimirarakatay tamdaw pasifana’ to “Palasawaden ko mifelihay tatiihay a rikec, milongoc pasadaken ko pakokotan, miliyang to mikari’angay a sici, mingodo to pakonira a pikingkiw” sanay 4 a misaakoan. Ikor, miliyangay a finawlan micalap to syataw no Taypi ira ko 6 romi’ad 5 ko dadaya. ​​​Itiya 5 folad 17 romi’ad, nawhani kareteng ko piorong to pilepi no finawlan ko Congko kmt, o Lifayin kinatolo nisa’osi mihayda palasawad to “Cengci panluan tiaoli” (Lifayin mihayda masiroma ko pihapiw), ca Liaowicen a lalima mapasadak to. I 5 folad 20 romi’ad, “Mafenekay tamdaw mifelih to kari’ang no sici a yofayof” palowad polong no finawlan “Mifelih t okohecalay katalawan ato kari’ang no sici” a pirakat, ca Liaowicen, Cencenlan, Wangsiuhui, Masao Nikar (Lin Yinfo) miawit to “Finawlan no Taywan cisalongoc mitelek to pakayraan no Taywan”, mapolong mikapot to ’alomanay ’ofadan tamdaw a mirakat, nanoya oya itiraay miliyangay i Taypi syataw a finawlan miliyas to.   === Polong no pipalowad kaciraraw nai mifelihay raraw mafalic laloma’ay miraraway raraw ko pipararaw. (全案從叛亂罪改以內亂罪起訴) === ​Talacawa oya “Cengci panluan tiaoli” mapalasawaday to, nika polong no demak mafalic to pasi “Singfa” 100 liyad a telek: “Sapipelengaw to kitakit, micalap to sera no kitakit, ano eca o moraraway ko demak mifalic to kimpo no kitakit, mifelih to sifo, misatatas midemak i mapasetek ikakaay no 7 miheca ko demak, kakeridan i o awaayay ko romi’ad marofo. Mipatalaay ano eca minikiway raraw pa’ayaw a raraw, matefoc to ikakaay 6 miheca, laenoay no 5 miheca ko katefoc.” ​​I 1991 miheca 12 folad 3 romi’ad, satakaraway hoyin no Taywan midotoc to “Singfa” 100 liyad saka 2 tosir misetak: Liaowicen awaay raraw, Ancenkong masetek 10 folad nayar to 3 miheca, Cencenlan, Wangsiuhui, Masao Nikar (Lin Yinfo) o mamipatala to sapirawraw a raraw masetek 3 miheca tangasa 1 miheca 6 folad. ​​Hakasi no likisi pacecay ci Couwanyao, o “Singfa” o nano nitelekan no Conghuaminko i 1935 miheca, o Taywan o Dipong ho ko mikowanay itiya, oya ROC o mi “parakatay ho to sician”, onini a rikec tayni i Taywan caay ho kafalicen.    === Kafiyol no Misatatad to Taywan yofayof (獨台會案的影響) === ​Ikor, mapalasawad to ko “Singfa” 100 liyad padoedo ho ko finawlan sapiliyang a demak. Tangasa roma miheca 1992 miheca 5 folad 15 romi’ad, Lifayin kinatolo mihayda to “Singfa” 100 kiyad a misalof, nawhani mapalasawad to koya misamawmaway mifelih a raraw a tefoc, oya “Misatatad to Taywan yofayof a demak” mapatiko miliyaw mitomadaw, i 7 folad 27 romi’ad, nawhani ca Liaowicen a 5 tamdaw a nidemakan awaay ko piliyang toya nifalican a saka 100 liyad, polong no kaciraraw caay to ko laliclicen, tangasa anini oya “Misatatad to Taywan yofayof a demak” a nilengatan a kasacofecofel a demak nanoya sa a paherek. ​​“Misatatad to Taywan yofayof a demak” saka kina 3 misa’osi mifalah no Lifayin, oya “Singfa” 100 liyad masalof to itiya saka 2 miheca mahayda, saka nikapolongan no Taywan o talolongay a kafiyol. === Filomo: Saikoray mifelihay ciraraway (紀錄片：末代叛亂犯) === ​“Saikoray mifelihay ciraraway” o nai sasepatay mitiliday no Cinghua daykako ko misasingay ato misanga’ay tonini a filomo, pakayni i nisowalan likisi ato matikiday a demak, mapasadak ko nano mafiyolay i 1991 mihecaan a “Misatatad to Taywan yofayof a demak” a kacowat ato naikoray. ​​Onini a filomo miliyaw kasasowalen oya tatosaay a cidemakay, mikihatiyaay to maomahay onto a fafahiyan ci Wangsiuhui, ato yincumin ontoay ci Masao Nikar, o kacingangan nangra mato masimeday i syakay onto a tosaay finawlan, fafahiyan ato yincumin, o awaayay ko sapasowal salongoc itini lekakawa no kitakit, ano itini to i ontoan malawaay to a tamdaw. ​​​Misatatad to Taywan yofayof a demak pasowal sako citodongay ci Wangsiuhui: “Letek o nika’eca ka sinanot ako, kalaliyangan a tamdaw ato maliepahay mitamakoay a fafahiyan no Taywan saka, halafinay maepecay no misa’alingayay no mama a syakay, miliyasay to ramod a fafahiyan a pinangan o mamidotoc to kasinanot, nika caay padeteng sa mi’emet kako tonini, maolah mikihatiya to widawidang a matatawatawa, awaay katatiihan, nanay palisomad mili’ay ko widawidang ako i takowanan.   === ​Mikawitay: Lincihong (Dademakay no Sin Taywan hepin kikingkay) ((編纂：林志鴻（新台灣和平基金會專員）) === p0kbfhdz5prkme9ij94w7a6tpp0xwsg 0 2898 46821 46820 2025-06-23T01:21:48Z Masaonikar 570 /* Pinengnengan to tilid (參考資料) */ 46821 wikitext text/x-wiki == Chenlie (陳列) == Chenlie[7] (1946 miheca 1 folad 17 romi’ad-), tadanganga ci Chen Ruilin, o nano Ciayi tamdaw no Taywan, micudaday to tilid, sician tamdaw. === Kasofocan (生平) === Ci Chenlie misawad mitilid i Ciayi kawcong, mitilid misawad i Tanciang wenli kakkoyin. Ikor malasingsi no Kocong, 1969 mihecaan nai Kalingko 2 miheca malasingsi mamiseking to kingkiwso. Nikawrira i 1972 miheca 1 folad i Truku Cankuangsi pitilidan ho marepet, matefoc to 4 miheca 8 folad. I 1976 miheca masadak pasi mifalicay ato mitiliday ko demak, i 1980 miheca o “Awaay ko ka’intelan” pakaala to saka 3 rekad no Sepao (timaes) tilidan tawciker kompay a sa’ayaway, saka 2 miheca o “Ni’oripan i sekal” miliyaw haca cikompay; i 1991 miheca o “Ma0da’ocay lotok” a tilid saka 14 rekad no Sepao (timaes) tilidan pa’ayawan kompay; i 2013 miheca misa’opo to niyah nai 1983 miheca tangasa 2007 miheca nitilidan a tawciker tilidan: soni no nitengilan, tomecekay ko nengneng, masafaniyotay ko aro’, pa’awasay ko rakat. Mirina’ i “Rencien. Yinsiang”; i 2014 miheca “Pasekaay a radiw” mapakompay no Taywan tilidan kompay patilidan tawcikeray kompay, toya miheca saka 1 rekad Lienhepao tilidad kompay[8]. I 2018 miheca, pakaala to “Kaheciday pala” mapili’ “Mamo’etepay matilliday no Taywan tamdaw” [9][10][11]. Ci Chenlie ona mimikihatiyaay micefong to sician tayal, malakakeridan no Mincucinpotang Kalingko tangpo[12], milifetay to kakeridan(sicang) no kalingkosi[13] ato singkiw no Seniyin no Taywan, nika caay pakaala; i 1996 miheca maala to saka 3 rekad Komindaykay dayhiw[12]. I 2009 miheca tangasa 2010 miheca[14] o maro’ay pitilidan no Tonghua daykako a matiliday. I 2019 miheca 7 fola tangasa 2020 miheca 11 foladan, Salongoc no kitakit Pookang kahecalay katalawan Cinme piharatengan koyin citodongay maro’ a matiliday tamdaw[15]. To yaan i, o tilidan no tawciker “Tamita romadiw kita” maparocek i 2023 miheca Hongkong congsie sasekingan (kowaping) seeking a papeloan nanengnengen a tilid.   2023 miheca 6 folad, malakakeridan no paso’elinay ci Lai widangan no Kalingko kowan. === Nitilidan (著作) === ==== Tawciker (散文) ==== 1.地上歲月》（台北：漢藝色研文化公司，1989；再版，台北：聯合文學，1994；再版，台北：印刻，2013） 2.《永遠的山》（南投：玉山國家公園管理處，1991；再版，台北：玉山社，1998；再版，台北：印刻，2013） 3.《人間．印象》（台北：印刻，2013） 4.《躊躇之歌》（台北：印刻，2013） 5.《殘骸書》（台北：印刻，2023） ==== Kaemangay tilidan (兒童文學) ==== 1.《玉山行》（台中：臺灣省教育廳，1992） ==== Nifalican (譯作) ==== 1.阿瑟·庫斯勒：《黑色的烈日》（台北：前衛出版社，1985） === Kasarayray no pisingkiw (選舉紀錄) === {| class="wikitable" | valign="top" |Mihecaan | valign="top" |Kasarekad no singkiw | valign="top" |Kaitiraan misingkiw | valign="top" |kasasirekad | valign="top" |Ciniala a paya | valign="top" |Alaan % | valign="top" |Kacitodong maala | valign="top" |Parafas |- | valign="top" |1994 | valign="top" |Saka 10 rekad singkiw no seniyin | rowspan="2" valign="top" |Kalingko kowan a singkiw | rowspan="3" valign="top" |Mincucinpotang | valign="top" |44,798 | valign="top" |38.55% | valign="top" | | valign="top" | |- | valign="top" |1996 | valign="top" |Saka 3 rekad komindaykay singkiw | valign="top" |28,293 | valign="top" |22.31% | valign="top" | | valign="top" | |- | valign="top" |2002 | valign="top" |Saka 14 rekad Kalingkosi siciw singkiw | valign="top" |Kalingko sakowan kalingkosi | valign="top" |13,884 | valign="top" |40.58% | valign="top" | | valign="top" | |} === Pinengnengan to tilid (參考資料) === 1.當代文學史料知識加值系統. 國家圖書館. 2012-07-26.[永久失效連結] 2.楊翠. 緩行，繞行，潛行――陳列的文學行路. 財團法人吳三連獎基金會. [2024-03-31]. （原始內容存檔於2024-03-31） （中文（臺灣））. 3.鄧鴻源. 【論壇】白色恐怖受害人陳列的故事. 民報 Taiwan People News. 2018-04-15 [2023-11-01]. （原始內容存檔於2023-11-06） （中文（臺灣））. 4.邱祖胤. 難友變岳母 作家陳列獄中奇緣. 中國時報. 2010-12-11 [2024-03-31]. （原始內容存檔於2024-03-31） （中文（臺灣））. 兩人交往不到半年便結婚 5.鄧鴻源. 景美人權展10日揭幕 「李敖放風圖」現身. Newtalk新聞. 2010-12-03 [2024-03-31]. （原始內容存檔於2024-03-31） （中文（臺灣））. 6.陳義芝. 陳列散文研究 (碩士論文). 國立臺灣師範大學. 2017 [2024-03-31]. 7.文化局圖書館. 陳列－用情人間. 在地文學作家. 202-04-27 [2023-06-15]. （原始內容存檔於2020-12-01）. 8.台灣文學作家系列/陳列. 中央廣播電台. [2008-03-18].[永久失效連結] 9.文壇盛會 當代台灣十大散文家台南頒獎 | 文化 | 重點新聞. 中央社 CNA. [2023-03-24]. 原始內容存檔於2022-01-19 （中文（臺灣））. 10.自由時報電子報. 鹽分地帶文學雜誌 選出台灣十大散文家 - 地方. 自由時報電子報. 11.2018-04-15 [2023-03-24]. （原始內容存檔於2023-03-24） （中文（臺灣））. 入選的十大散文家，陳列（陳瑞麟）、簡媜、楊牧、夏曼．藍波安、林文月、吳明益、陳芳明、劉克襄、林文義、廖鴻基。 12.當代臺灣十大散文家評選專輯. 鹽分地帶文學. 2018-03-01, (73). 13.散文研究，武陵喜獲第三名. 自由電子報. 2009-01-15 [2009-03-17]. （原始內容存檔於2009-01-25）. 14.作家的眼睛　陳列傳遞文化花蓮夢. 新台灣新聞週刊. 2002-01-14.[永久失效連結] 15.共同筆記 - 國立東華大學_華文文學系. 國立東華大學華文文學系. [2012-07-26]. （原始內容存檔於2011-09-14）. 16.又長又遠的漫步之旅 2019-2020駐館藝術家陳列創作分享會 陳列Ｘ吳明益. event.culture.tw. [2023-03-24]. （原始內容存檔於2023-03-24）. === Papotalay calay (外部連結) === nks9p3xq0spzwh2brnv9hj49wblh14u 0 2899 46826 2025-06-27T16:57:52Z LiouShowShya 36 建立內容為「== O falo no paya 蒲公英 == O falo no paya kako.  koengelay ngalo’ ho kako i, ira ko kangdaway a papah ato kaliyalaway a falo no mako. Ano ma’ikes to kako i, ira to ko kohecalay a falo no mako, malecad o opih koya falo , sa salongan sa ko falo no mako. Iyof han no fali kako, manga’ay to kako a maefer talacowacowa. Tadama’olah kako to fali, o widang ako cingra.malacafay kami to romi’admi’ad,mara’od to ko kafalawfawan(piporangan), mito’or t…」的新頁面 46826 wikitext text/x-wiki == O falo no paya 蒲公英 == O falo no paya kako.  koengelay ngalo’ ho kako i, ira ko kangdaway a papah ato kaliyalaway a falo no mako. Ano ma’ikes to kako i, ira to ko kohecalay a falo no mako, malecad o opih koya falo , sa salongan sa ko falo no mako. Iyof han no fali kako, manga’ay to kako a maefer talacowacowa. Tadama’olah kako to fali, o widang ako cingra.malacafay kami to romi’admi’ad,mara’od to ko kafalawfawan(piporangan), mito’or to rakat no fali kako a talacowacowa a miliwko ato misalama. 6bwxv8i8ugm6odq2xn7ckm5gbmor7ce 0 2900 46827 2025-06-27T17:06:46Z LiouShowShya 36 建立內容為「== Sokoy 木鱉果 == [[Faylo:Sokoy.jpg|縮圖|sokoy]] Caay to ka'aloman ko mipaloma'ay to matiniay a sokay, carekahay ko tolak ningra.」的新頁面 46827 wikitext text/x-wiki == Sokoy 木鱉果 == [[Faylo:Sokoy.jpg|縮圖|sokoy]] Caay to ka'aloman ko mipaloma'ay to matiniay a sokay, carekahay ko tolak ningra. hifl0hqnj1prdctdcgtq6dorfnyjbd9 0 2901 46847 46846 2025-06-30T00:17:16Z Masaonikar 570 /* Kadafo no Taywan (台灣的女婿) */ 46847 wikitext text/x-wiki == Makay, piharatengan to patay a romi’ad (馬偕逝世紀念日) == 6/2 aniniay saway (歷史上的今天) ​Makay (Rev. George Leslie Mackay, 1844 miheca 3 folad 21 romi’ad-1901 miheca 6 folad 2 romi’ad，kowaping ngangan: Cie Ruili), masofoc i Ontario no Canada, i 19 sician tayni Taywan midinto ato paising, nawhani kafangcal no pidinto mapatodong to kawasan hakasi, o piceli’ no tamdaw pakaci “Makay hakasi”, matiya ni Ma Yikop ko kacingangan. ​​Masa’icel ci Makay palosiyang to pasifana’ no Kristokiw, caay ka dengan o patireng to ka’amisay Taywan Kristo ciwlo kiwkay, patireng haca to isingan ato pitilidan, mala aniniay lalowadan no Taywan, sakacifana’, mafohay ko harateng ato kafalic no syakay, tadamaan ko nidemakan. O da’oc no ’orip ningra matiya “O kalikat a caay ka langto” (Rather burn out, than rust out) sanay a tadanga’ayay ngangan, o palamitan a ngangan “Saheto saki ci Kristoaan” (All for Christ). === Misolapay no Formosa (福爾摩沙的探險家) === ​O mitooray laloma’an ko kasofocan ni Makay, o ciwlo no ciwlo kiwkay ko mama ningra, kalakapahan ho minanamay to kawasan kiwiko, itiya i 1871 miheca malafoksi, ikor toya miheca o pasiroma kitakit a singkiwsi mikalic to tamina tayni Takao no Taywan. 1872 miheca 3 folad, tayra i Tansoy, itini ko kahiceraan pitekaan a mipatenak, patireng to ka’amisay no Taywan sakacecay Kristo kiwkay. ​​“Huwei” han ko katelangay ngangan no Tansoy, nai “Tianjin katatelek” kasali’acaan no Taywan, macakat no kasakitakit satata’angay kalali’acaan a minato, oya sasingaran ponka no aniniay, kanga’ayan to’ek nai 1865 miheca tangasa 1905 mihecaan. Nai 1872 miheca tangasa 1901 miheca ko kaitira i Tansoy ni Makay, o kacowatan itiya, o nian ko kanga’ay ningra a misinting, paisingan ato pikiwikoan, militado to kanga’ay kalali’acaan minato ko Tansoy.  ​​Saikoran no yopinkyok no Tansoy a hekal, mapatireng ko mitatoyay ko fangcalay cudad mikitosor mitolonay ni Makay hakasi a piharatengan a sinalit itira, tatihi ira ko pikalican to pirarakatan tamina, oya kacakatan ni Makay foksi itiya ho ko raan. === Matayalay no Kawas (上帝的臣僕) === ​Katahini ni Makay i Taywan itiya, toloay folad ko pinanam ningra to no Payrang a sowal nai pakaenay to kolong a wawa, nanoya mananam to mirarakat patenak a mikimad. Mipaising to adadaay finawlan, militod to wadis, palilam to iyo, micikeroh haca to no isian a fana’ ato kakka fana’, itira i padama no niyaro’ay no Kanata (Canada), patireng to sarakatay isingan i Tansoy: Huweikay isingan (’ayaway a Makay ising).   ​​O piadah to adadaay ko demak ni Makay, itira sa i papotal ko pilafin, o pipatenak malawa to ko kaen t osi’enaw, o kamatira nga’ayay a demak o kangodoan no finawlan, nanoya ’aloman ko mitooray  a paino’ mala mitooray, ka’amisay Taywan a kiwkay madadoedo to mapatireng. ​​​O kahiceraan ni Makay ko Tansoy, 20 miheca maledef to ko ratoh i Taypi, katimol tangasa Miaoli, kawali tangasa Yilan, Kalingko. O finacadan halo Payrang, Ngangay, Pinpu finacadan ato Yincumin, da’oc no ’orip mata’elif ko kiwkay mapatireng, paino’ay a mitooray mata’elif ko 3000 no tamdaw. Malaheci ko patorodan no Kanata (Canada) ciwlo kiwkay cingraan “Katayra kamo a palanisawawaan Ako to polong no kasakitakit ato kasafinawlan. Ta pakaynien i ngangan no Wama ato Wawa ato Fangcalay 'Adingo ko nipipaino' i cangraan.” === Mifohat to fa’elohay pikiwiko i Taywan (開台灣新式教育之先聲) === ​I 1882 miheca, itira i Tansoy ci Makay o niyah ko misafacoay to pitilidan, o patodong to cecay ka’amisay no Taywan a sinkakoyin: O Oxford kakoyin (Oxford College, ’ayaway Cenli daykako). Ikor no 2 miheca itira tatinian patireng to sakacecay pitilidan no fafahiyan “Tansoy fafahiyan pitilidan”, talacowa dengan 45 ko fafahiyan no Kavalan ko mitiliday nika, o palalan to to’ek, pakayni patenak ato kiwiko pacakat todong no fafahiyan, mapeleng to mapalitay lakakawa.    ​​Ikor no kapatay ni Makay, oya Oxford kakoyin mafalic ko ngangan to “Tatpi singkakko” mapatireng ko pa’ayaway mamitilid no sinkakko pitilid, i 1914 miheca malinah ko Taypi sinkakko tayra i Shuanglian no Taypi, oya pa’ayawan pitilidan mafalic ko ngang Tansoy congsi, macowat to ikor “Tamkang Senior High School” sato. Oya Taypi sinkakko i 1956 miheca malinah tayra i tingroh no Yangmingshan no Taypi mafalic ko ngangan to “Taywan sinkakkoyin”. Oya kaitiraan no Oxford kakoyin itiya i 1965 miheca mapatireng ko Tansoy kongsang pikowan pitilidan, micowat ikor a “Cenli daykako”. ​​​Tona mapatay ci Makay foksi paterep ko pitilid no Tansoy fafahiyan pitilidan. I 1907 miheca o nai Kanata (Canada) fafahiyan sinkiwsi ci Cin Ranli (Jane Kinney，1877〜1965), Kao Hana (Hannah Connell，1869〜1931) ko citodong mikerid, masafa’eloh saki no fafahiyan a pitilidan, ikor o pidotoc to rikec mafalic ko ngangan “Tansoy fafahiyan kakkoyin”, ikor paci’ci han no Dipong citodong mikowan i 1938 miheca mafalic ko ngangan “Tansoy takaraway fafahiyan pitilidan”. Ikor no kalaloodan mafalic ko ngangan “Chunde Kaoteng fafahiyan pitilidan”, i 1956 miheca ato Tanciang congsi palekapotan to “Takedan Tanciang takaraw fafahiyan pitilidan”. === Kadafo no Taywan (台灣的女婿) === ​Citodong ci Makay to tarokos no kakarayan, o Tansoy ko kaolahan ningra a kailoma’, mata’elif ko 20 miheca ko ’orip itini Taypi, mihamon tonini a sera, sacisowal sa o sakalaTaywan a tamdaw “Caay ka dengan patekan kako, kaitini makinafalah ako to ’orip” saan. I 1878 miheca 5 folad 27 romi’ad, ci ramod cingra to fafahiyan no Taywan ci Cang Congmin (Zhang Congming), 2 ko fafahiyan 1 fa’inayan a wawa. I 1901 miheca 6 folad 2 romi’ad tona ci adada to kang no takolaw mapatay loma’ i Tansoy, matadem i kaolahan ningra a niyaro’, ’afo mateli i pitilidan no Tanciang congsi. ​​O tatosaay a wawa to fafahiya, cifa’inay to sito ningra, sakakaay wawa to fa’inayan Ruilian Makay minokay tayra i Kanata (Canada) a mitilid, paherek ko pitilid patireng to aniniay a Tanciang congsi, mapatay ko kaka to fafahiyan ato safa to fa’inayan 3 matadem i fatiian no mama ato ina. Sa’elinay o kadafo no Taywan ci Makay, da’oc no ’orip o pakadofahay ponka nonini a niyaro’ no Tansoy, maolah ato mihamon tonini a sera, mapalowad aca ko no aniniay tamdaw no Taywan. ​​Mikawitay: Lin Zhihong (Sintaywan hepin kikingkay dademakay) Mifalicay a mikawit: ci Masao Nikar ​​ cp4l5llqq9h50r5wml7to3bozmk28rw 0 2902 46860 46851 2025-07-04T07:48:10Z 嚴美鳳 41 /* pafilong */ 46860 wikitext text/x-wiki == pafilong == Pipafilongan a mihecaan lreen5nlucr56huj52l6ih4z8xti2h3 0 2903 46932 46931 2025-07-07T01:32:29Z Masaonikar 570 /* Pinayaran misa’osi (延伸閱讀) */ 46932 wikitext text/x-wiki == Pinpu finacadan (平埔族群) == Pinpu finacadan, to hatiniay Pinpoco han ko pitahidang, o pisiiked to sapikown to yincumin no Taywan a tahidang koni[2]. O roma a tahidang o Kaosancu; ikor midoedo to mikingkiway, ponkaan, itiya a mafana’ to o ’alomanay a finacadan caay ko cecayay a finacadan sato, anini falican ko pitahidang o Pinpocu fuinacadan hanto. Oya ’alomanay Pinpuco finacadan tangsa anini caay ho haydaen no Conghuaminko sifo o yincuminco caira, dengan oya pakapian i ’Amis finacadan a Kavalan finacadan. Pinpu finacadan i’ayaw no pikowan no netherland, spain itiya o “Aporicini-アボリジニ” han ko pitahidang; pikowan to no Mancin i, saheto o mapalatamdaway, maecakay finacadan[1], ato Nama no fan, wairudona fan sanay ko pasasi’ayaw[3]:12. Orasaka o Cori sareta, Aporicini-アボリジニ itiraay i “Dafdafay pala” (Pingti caopu), samasa o sowal pangangan o Pingpuah, Pucirin, Pingpufan (Payrang: Pi-poo-hoan; Inkiris Pepohoan[4][5][6]), onini “Pinpu” a sowal todong “Dafdaf” ano eca “enaray” sanay ko todong no sowal[7]. Tangasa to pikowan no Dipong a to’ek “Taywan Fancin demak” a tilidan o yincumin malitosa Kaosancu, Pinpuco[3]:13, kasaniyaro’ a Pinpuco finacadan ona palowaday to pifalic pala “Tongninco” sanay a syakay onto[5][8]. Tangasa no Conghuaminko to’ek a mikowan miteka o rayray no Pinpuco malasawaday to ko finacadan harateng, caay to pala o yincuminco cangra; ikor makerih to ko mikingkiway t ofinacadan no Taywan, onini likisi no Pinpuco miteka a masafaloco’ no syakay, nika o Pinpuco a finacadan ona oya “Pinpuco” koni finacadan, saan to ikor miliyaw a misilsil to kasasiiked masiroma[2][3]:18. O Saisiyat ato Thao finadan ona nipacomodan i Pinpu a finacadan, nengnengen “Pinpuco”, “mapalatamdaway”, “maecakay finacadan” ato “manta’ finacadan” sanay ko pisiiked, onini o sakanga’ay no papotalay mikowan, caayay pidotoc to no yincuminco i nihamonan no niyah konini pisiiked, saka aniniay a pipangangan no Pinpu ano eca palowad to ngangan a onto. Tangasa 2022 miheca 10 folad 28 romi’ad, ono Conghuaminko kimpo a hoyin saki Silaya finacadan to kacingangan no yincumin a demak i, mihapiw to itiyaay ho “Rikec no kacingangan no yincumin” o caayay ka tatodong i kimpo, patodongen to tolo miheca ko pisalofan, mihayda to no Kaosancu a pisingsi malayincuminco o nano Notimolan kalokanatal a finacadan no Taywan, midotoc a pakayni sakacingangan nai tatapangan no rikec ko Pinpu finacadan[9].   === Likisi (歷史)   === O Pinpu a finacadan nai ’ayaw 17 sician katayni no Payrang i Taywan i, malesap nai ka’amis Yilan, Kilong tangasa katimol mililisay to saetip a riyar a dafdaf a sera, itira ira ko kasasiromaan no ponka, sowal, niyaro’ ko pihamon a saniyaro’an no sa’opo. Pinpu a fuinacadan ka’amis nai Suaw ato Tayal a kasasilaed, katimol nai Fanliaw ato Paiwanfinacadan malalaed, ikor maepec no Payrang o roma i malinah tayra roma a pala, matiya o Hengcun, Puli, Kalingko Posong. === Pakayraan no sowal (詞源) === “Pinpu” a sowal a padotocan, manga’ay so’edacen nai Cingcao Yongceng pikowan Huangsujin “Taihai sicalu” (ikor no 1742 miheca), onini a tilid masowal ko “kasa Pinpu a saniyaro’” a sowal, ikor nai ci Chen Lunjiong a “Haikuo wencienlu” (1731 miheca) ira masadak ko “Pinpu yincumin” a sowal[3]:13. Nawhani o ponka no yincumin macacofelay i no Payrang a finacadan, orasaka i ’ayaway no Payrang a rayray no likisi no Taywan masowal ko “Fan” [3]. Nai “Fan” a tilidan, pahecian a sowal a minengneng, “Fan” oya “macengelay” ato “omah” patatekoan, o maomahay a tamdaw sanay ko pitoro’, matiniay ko sa’orip. Nika, itini i romaay finacadan konengneng, “Fan” iraay ko mipelesay, miepecay a sowal[11]. I’ayaw yincumin no Taywan dengan o “niyaro’” ko iraay awaay ko “finacadan” sanay a latrkan[3]:12, orasaka o niyaro’ sato ko pitahidang. Tinako: Tacia kawaliay niyaro’ (tongsya) ato Tacia kaetipay niyaro’ “sisya” maro’ay, sacisowal sato o Tasya a tamdaw. O Pinpu finacadan ano eca Pinpu maecakay finacadan sanay a sowal i matiliday, o sapisiiked toya mangta’ay finacadan ato malafelay finacadan ato lotokay finacadan sanay ko pasasiromaan. Talacawa nai 18 sician matilid no Mancin o Maecakay a Pinpu sanay ko pitahidang, mika itira i 19 sician mangalef ko nikasowal[4]. Rahodayen ko sowal, i 18 sician matilid o “Pinpu fan”, “Pinpu maecakay fan”, o patoro’ to itiraay i dafdafay no Pintong, dafdafay no Yilan, dafdafay no Posong ato dafdafay no Hengcun a yincumin finacadan. So’elinen ko sowal, o nisowalan no mita anini oya “Pinpu finacadan” tosaay ko pisimed to sasowalen: “Pinpu” ato “Maecakay finacadan”. O cecay a sowal “Pinpu” malifong i kasaniyaro’, oya “maecakay a finacadan” o sowal no mikowanay; nika soelinay, naikoran no Mancin, “Pinpu”, “Maecakay finacadan” itiraay i kasasiroma no finacadan, o mirarakatay a sdowal koni a pitahidang. O pisetek malecaday o pisiiked to sasiroma no sa’etal, tinako itiraay i Hencun, “Maecakay finacadan” snay a pisetek to micamolay to Payrang ato Yincumin, saka “Maecakay finacadan” a niyaro’ han ko pitahidang.   === Kasasiiked (分類) === Talacowa naira ko tamdawan, kasasiromaroma no tamdaw itiya to masasikihar ko ira ko “sasiiked no rocok”. Nika, kaira no tamdaw ira ko “finacadan” ato “finawlan” ko pisiiked to tamdaw o ikoray to ko nian, mangalef piteka no i’ayaw no 100 miheca picalap no micingcingay ato misatekeday ko pikowanan ho itiya. O Taywan saheto o “masiikeday ko finacadan” saka matiniay ko kamatira no to’ekan mapalowan.   Ka Dipongan no Taywan o mitakedan a micowat ko pikowan to Taywan itiya, o patodong no pikowan, o pisapinangaw misolap ato sapinang to finacadan ato sera no Taywan, saan micowat misaiked to fanacadan no Taywan ko tayal (takarawan kingkiwyin Pinpu ponka a calay nd, b); tinako oya tayniay nai congko a Minan sa’etal a Ngayngay tamdaw palaPayrangen, ’ayaway nano Ngayngay palaNgayngayen ko pakika. Miteka, hakasi no Dipong paretatenga oya maro’ay i dafdaf a Pinpu finacadan a yincumin malaPayrang to, dengan to oya “Pinpu finacadan” ano eca “Pinpufan” a nisowalan o pihaop aca, oya nisiikedan a finacadan palao “Takayamacu” patodong. Ikor, o hakasi no Dipong to mamalasawad a ponka no Pinpu finacadan ira to ko masatalolongay a nikafana’an saka, nanoya oya nisowalan a “Pinpu finacadan”, so’elinen halo adihayay kasasiroma no sowal, kasasiroma a ponka no finacadan. Nikawrira, ’ayaw no 90 no mihecaan, o hakasi sakiPinpu finacadan masasiroma ko pisiiked, ira ko 7 finacadan 14 sangasaw, ira ko 8 finacadan, 9 finacadan, 10 finacadan, 12 finacadan sanay (takarawan kingkiwyin Pinpu ponka a calay nd, b). Midotoc to aniniay mikingkiway pahecian, saki “Pinpu finacadan”, “Takayamacu” a kasasiiked, caay ko tataparan sanay masasiiked ko finawlan, o nano nai 17 sician ko nisanga’an a likisi, nawhani kasafinacadan a ’orip a sofal ato Palapayrangan a ko saka milafotay to calay. Roma a sowal, o nian “Pinpu finacadan” a kasasiroma no ponka, latek ikaka to cecay no “Pinpucu” ato cecay no “Takasakoco” a kasasiroma, o cecay no “Pinpu finacadan” ato cecay no “Takasako finacadan” latek oya cecayay a finacadan. Tinako sasowalen, nai sowal ato ponka ko pinengneng, samangataay to no ’Amis finacadan a Slaya, Taman ato Makataw finacadan no Taywan a Pinpu finacadan; o sowal ato Saysiyak finacadan mangata to Loylon finacadan no yincuminco. === Pakayraan no finacadan (族源) === Midoedo to no aniniay nipikingkiw misaheci, pakayraan no Pinpuco a ponka saheto o nai Notimolan kalokanatal a finacadan no Taywan. Onini a finacadan malesap itini i Taypinyang ato Intoyang, samaraayay manga’ay rapoten koya maraayay to Taywan a Easter Island ato Madagascar. Dotocen ko kaitiraan, o itiraay i paka’amisay a finacadan no Notimolan kalokanatal a finacadan i Taywan ko Pinpu a finacadan. So’elinen o I’ayaway no fa’elohay fokelohan a to’ek ko kaira ano eca talahakel i Taywan ko Pinpu finacadan, o nano mikiriyaray a finacadan. O piwacay no Yincuminco wiyinhuy to yincuminco no Taywan ato Notimolan kalokanatal a finacadan no hekal a kasakihar i pahapinang to o “nao Notimolan kalokanatal a finacadan ko finacadan no Taywan, sakitamdawan ono Malay a tamdawan saka, o paka’amisay no Notimolan kalokanatal a finacadan ko Taywan” saan[12]. ==== No kaDipongan to’ek a pisilsil (日治時期的分類) ==== Saki Pinpu finacadan a pisilisil, awaay ko masongila’ay a kadadoedo no pisilsil i pikowan no Dipong to Taywan. Itira sa i Netherland a mikowan dengan sa o no kasaniyaro’ a ngangan, oraan sa ko pidoedoan kasasilsil no sa’etal, masa’isal ko pinapina sa’etal no finacadan. Ono i Mancin ni Huang Shujing to “Fansu liukao” a tilid i, malecad to pakayni kasasilsil a palaan misiiked a 13 niyaro’ ko yincumin funacadan. Tangasa no Dipongan a to’ak, ona Ino Yoshinori, awaya den'nojo a “Taiwan yicumin mondai” (1900) a tilidan itiya to madadoedo ko pisilsil misiiked, ikor to ni Ino Yoshinori a “Taiwan yincumin seici” (1900) a tilidan, itiya masalof ko kasasiiked no Pinpu finacadan, kasasiiked no Pinpu finacadan ira: Ketagalan, Kavalan, Taokas, Pazih, Papora, Babuza, Arikun, Lloa, Siraya, Makattao 10 finacadan. Oni Ino Yoshinori a nisiikedan kadadoedo o kacipinangan to pidoedoan, ona Igawa Kazo, Ogawa Tadayoshi, Mabuchi Toichi o pasadakay to kasasiiked siroma no pisilsil (takarawan kingkiwyin Pinpu ponka a calay nd, b). o kalaliyangan ira ko pinapina: Pakayni to na 2 finacadan Arikun ato Lloa o papalacecayen ko finacadan: o roma a hakasi pasilacecay han koni 2 finacadan, o Hoanya a finacadan han saan. Nika midotoc to no hakasi ca Yung Kayin and Chung Yulan a pisapinang i, paretatenga to Hoanya alatek o nano Folaohua (Fan) a moraraway ko pipasetek. Ono finacadan to inika sasiroma no pihamon, pako niyah sa ko paratatenga. ’Eca ko malecaday to no Ketagalan a finacadan, ano eca padoedoen ho ko pisiiked. Pakayni to sowalan hakasi ca Tsuchida Shigeru aci Lee Inkee paretatenga a nisowalan, oya Ketagalan finacadan salongan malitoloay kasasiroma no sowal saan: Basay, Leilang ato Kulon. Oya Siraiya, Taivoan ato Makattao o masasiromaay ano eca o cecay a finacadan. Tangasa anini o ’alomanay a hakasi a midoedoan tono mikarkaray to notamdawan, sowalan ato lodisan masapinang, patongal no finacadan pihamon to niyah, paretatenga o na toloay ngasaw o masasiromaay caayay kalecad a yincuminco[13][14][15][16][17][18].    Oni Ikawako no Zang itiniay ni Ino Kasunori saceker mapacomod ko Thao finacadan, o nano Pinpu finacadan ano eca o kaosanco finacadan. ==== Ikoray no kalalood a pisiiked (戰後的分類) ==== Pinapina mihecaan, no hakasi sakiPinpu finacadan a pisiiked, ira to ko fa’elohay a nengneng. No Dipong a hakasi ci Tsuchida Shigeru i 1985 mihecaan misiikedan (nengneng Tsuchida 1985), masiiked ko Pinpu finacadan to 12 finacadan: oya Kavalan, Basay, Ketagalan, Kulon, Taokas, Pazih, Papora, Babuza, Hoanya, Siraya, Makattao, Taivoan a finacadan. Oni Li Yiyuan misiikedan to Pinpu finacadan masiiked 10 finacadan, oya Kavalan, Kentagalan, Luilang, Taokas, Papora, Babiza, Hoanya, Pazeh, Suisalien(Thau), Siraya finacadan[19]:14.   Taywan sowalan hakasi ci Li Rengui ira ko masasiromaay a nengneng, nai 1996 miheca “Taywan Pinpu finacadan kasasiiked ato kasasikihar masiiked” a tilid, pasadak to 7 finacadan 14 ko sangasaw a nengneng: Thau, Kavalan, Ketagalan [5], Baburan [6], Pazih, Hoanya, Siraya. Ikor pakayni i sowal fa’elohay kasapinang, I 2006 miheca ato 2010 miheca mihapiw to nitilidan, oya Taivoan ato Makattao nai kaetipay Siraya amasadak[13][14].    === Kasamihecaan kasasiiked no Pinpu finacadan. (歷年平埔族群分類)[20][21][22][23] === {| class="wikitable" | colspan="19" |'''歷年平埔族群分類''' |- |'''年代''' |'''研究者''' | colspan="17" |'''族名''' |- |1904 |伊能嘉矩 |Kavarawan |<nowiki>-</nowiki> | colspan="4" |Ketagalan |Taokas |Vupuran | colspan="2" |Poavosa |Arikun |Lloa |Pazzehe |<nowiki>-</nowiki> |Makattao | colspan="2" |Sirajya |- |1930 |移川子之藏 |Kavarawan |<nowiki>-</nowiki> | colspan="4" |Ketagalan |Taokas |Vupuran | colspan="2" |Babuza | colspan="2" |Hoanya |Pazeh |Sao |Tao | colspan="2" |Sirajya |- |1935 |小川尚義 |Kavarawan |<nowiki>-</nowiki> | colspan="4" |Ketagalan |Taokas |Vupuran | colspan="2" |Babuza | colspan="2" |Hoanya |Pazzehe |Sao | colspan="3" |Sirajya |- |1944 |小川尚義 |Kavarawan |<nowiki>-</nowiki> |Luilang | colspan="3" |Ketagalan |Taokas |Papora | colspan="2" |Babuza | colspan="2" |Hoanya |Pazeh |Sao | colspan="3" |Sirajya |- |1951 |張耀錡 |卡瓦蘭 （Kavalan） |<nowiki>-</nowiki> | colspan="4" |凱達格蘭 （Ketagalan） |道卡斯 （Taokas） |拍瀑拉 （Papora） | colspan="2" |巴布薩 （Babuza） | colspan="2" |洪雅 （Hoanya） |拍宰海 （Pazeh） |<nowiki>-</nowiki> | colspan="2" |西拉雅 （Siraya） |四社熟番 （Taivoan） |- |1955 |李亦園 |噶瑪蘭 （Kavalan） |<nowiki>-</nowiki> |雷朗 （Luilang） | colspan="3" |凱達格蘭 （Ketagalan） |道卡斯 （Taokas） |巴布拉 （Papora） | colspan="2" |貓霧拺 （Babuza） | colspan="2" |和安雅 （Hoanya） |巴則海 （Pazeh） |水沙連 | colspan="3" |西拉雅（Siraya） |- | rowspan="2" |1970 | rowspan="2" |台灣省通志 | rowspan="2" |卡瓦蘭 （Kavalan） | rowspan="2" |- | colspan="4" rowspan="2" |凱達格蘭 （Ketagalan） | rowspan="2" |道卡斯 （Taokas） | rowspan="2" |拍瀑拉 （Papora） | colspan="2" rowspan="2" |巴布薩 （Babuza／Poavasa） | colspan="2" |洪雅（Hoanya） | rowspan="2" |巴則海 （Pazeh／Pazex） | rowspan="2" |- | colspan="3" |西拉雅（Siraya） |- |Arikun |Lloa |馬卡道 |西拉雅 |四社熟番 |- |1985-1991 |土田滋 |Kavalan |<nowiki>-</nowiki> | colspan="2" |Ketagalan |Basay |Kulon |Taokas |Papora | colspan="2" |Babuza | colspan="2" |Hoanya |Pazzahe |<nowiki>-</nowiki> |Makatao |Siraya |Taivoan |- | rowspan="2" |1991 | rowspan="2" |李壬癸 | rowspan="2" |噶瑪蘭 （Kavalan） | rowspan="2" |- | colspan="4" |凱達格蘭（Ketagalan） | colspan="4" |巴布薩（Babuza） | colspan="2" rowspan="2" |洪雅 （Hoanya） | rowspan="2" |巴則海 （Pazeh） | rowspan="2" |邵 （Thao） | colspan="3" |西拉雅（Siraya） |- |雷朗（Luilang） |哆囉美遠 （Trobian） | colspan="2" |巴賽（Basay） |道卡斯（Taokas） |巴布拉 （Papora） |貓霧拺（Babuza） |費佛朗 （Favorlang） |Makatao |Siraya |Taivoan |- | rowspan="2" |1996 | rowspan="2" |李壬癸 | rowspan="2" |噶瑪蘭 （Kavalan） | rowspan="2" |猴猴 （Qauqaut） | colspan="3" |凱達格蘭（Ketagalan） | rowspan="2" |龜崙 （Kulon） | colspan="4" |巴布蘭（Baburan） | colspan="2" rowspan="2" |洪雅 （Hoanya） | rowspan="2" |巴則海 （Pazeh） | rowspan="2" |邵 （Thao） | colspan="3" |西拉雅（Siraya） |- |雷朗（Luilang） |哆囉美遠 （Trobian） |馬賽（Basay） |道卡斯（Taokas） |巴布拉 （Papora） |貓霧拺（Babuza） |費佛朗 （Favorlang） |馬卡道（Makatao） |西拉雅（Siraya） |四社熟番（Taivoan） |- |2006-2010 |李壬癸 |噶瑪蘭 （Kavalan） |<nowiki>-</nowiki> | colspan="3" |巴賽（凱達格蘭） （Basay (Ketagalan)） |龜崙 （Kulon） |道卡斯 （Taokas） |巴布拉 （Papora） | colspan="2" |貓霧拺（Babuza） | colspan="2" |洪雅 （Hoanya） |巴宰 （Pazih） |邵 （Thao） |馬卡道（Makatao） |西拉雅（Siraya） |大武壠（Taivoan） |} === Padetengan no finacadan (主要族群) === Ka’amis Taywan Notimolan kalokanatal a finacadan Tayal finacadan Tayal Mie ngasaw Kaetip ka’amis sowal finacadan Saysyak finacadan (’ayaway pisiiked) Kulon finacadan Pazih finacadan Pazih finacadan (palowad to sowal) [24][25] Kahawu finacadan (palowad to sowal) [26][27][28] Kaetip dafdafay sowal finacadan Thao finacadan (’ayaway pisiiked) Taokas finacadan (palowad to sowal) [29] Papora finacadan Babuza finacadan Favorlang finacadan Hoanya finacadan Arikun finacadan Lloa finacadan Katimol Taywan Notimolan kalokanatal a finacadan Paiwan sowal finacadan Paiwan Scaro ngasaw Bunun sowal finacadan Bunun finacadan Po ngasaw Kawali Taywan Notimolan kalokanatal a finacadan Ka’amisay sowal finacadan Kavalan finacadan (ira ho ko sowal) Houhou finacadan Ketagalan finacadan Luilang finacadan Pazih finacadan (palowad to sowal)[30] Trobian finacadan Linao finacadan Kaetip katimolay sowal finacadan Siraya finacadan (palowad to sowal) Makatao finacadan Tajialiyang tamdaw Fangsuo tamdaw Langqiao tamdaw Xiaoliuqiu tamdaw Taivoan finacadan (palowad to sowal) [7] === Ponka (文化) === Pa’atayan ngangan (姓氏) Tadamaan ko pa’atayan ngangan no Pinpu finacadan, nawhani masaPayrangay to, saka palasawad hananay to ko tadapa’atayan ngangan ato pipangangan a rocok no Pinpu finacadan, mialaay to tono Payrangan a pa’atayan, midotoc to mikadadoedoedo no finacadan ato sangasaw a pihamon, adihay to ko nipicamol to no Payrang tamdaw, Ngangay tamdaw, roma naikoran to no kalalood mafolaway a Payrang ira aca ko kasasiroma no pa’atayan ngangan, onini pa’atayan ngangan ato pafelian a mikadadoedoedo no finacadan, malo no Pinpu finacadan no niyah pihamonan ko tadamaanay pidotocan[31]. Pafalian a pa’atayan ngangan: Pan Roma pa’atayan ngangan: Chen, Liu, Huang, Dai, Lai. Tadamaan pa’atayan ngangan: Bing, Yue, Bang, Yi, Ji, Yi, Li, Mao, Mao, Tong, Nian, Dong, Yan, Ai, He, Cheng, Mai, Hou, Biao, Hong, Shuang, Jiao, Feng, Shi, Zhang, Zhui, Chu, Nai, Wei, Du, Zhen, Yu, Jie, Zhao, Yong, Hu, Zhen, Xie, Mai, Zhang, Xi, Yong, Yi, Jie, Bei, Liu, Shui, Li, Gang, Kun, Zhuo, Ya, Tuo, Mi, Wu, Xin, Kang, Zhang, Chang, Shuang, Gan, Zhuang. === Lisin (祭祀) === Itini i ka’oripan to romi’ami’adan ko kaira no lisin no Pinpu finacadan, ano sowalen, patodongan no lisin oya serayan a kinaira ko nito’ongan, o pakayraan no pidemak o nikaira no to’asan a pingodo. Siikeden, malitoloay ko pita’ong no Pinpu finacadan to tato’asan: Comikayay to’asan lisin, mararid ko itiraay tenokan no Taywan a Pazeh finacadan, Papora finacadan,Taokas finacadan, pangangan no lisin itiyaay a lisin a kacomikayan ko todong, mahaenay a lisin roma matiyaay no kaemangay licekah kakomodan sakaira. Katimolay Siraya finacadan, Makatao finacadan a to’asan lisin oya koreng ko todong tireng no to’asan a mita’ong, matiniay a pita’ong a lekakawa ato ’okak no to’asan pita’ong. Nika ngataay a Taivoan finacadan caay pita’ong to koreng, caay paso’elin t okaitira no to’asan i koreng, o paso’elinan tato’asan itiraay i kapolongan pita’omngan ko pipasayraan mipacakat to kawas. Ka’amisan no Taywan a Pinpu finacadan Ketagalan finacadan, Kavalan finacadan ano eca Luilang finacadan, pita’ong to to’asan awaay ko todong kaitiraan a mita’ong. === Palowasd to serayan (文化復振) === Nawhani masaso’otay to ko kacacofel to Payrang, o lakakawa no Pinpu finacadan, sowal to ko kalaswadan. Aniniay hakasi ato teloc no Pinpu finacadan misa’icelay, mikadkad mikilim to lekakawa ato sowal no niyah. Oya Kavalan finacadan mahamon to no Conghuaminko a sifo, palao cecay no finacadan yincuminco no Taywan, oya Siraya finacadan o nano Taynansi a telekan a cecay finawlan a yincumin, itiraay Kompo no Kalingko a Taivoan finacadan, Makatao finacadan, Siraya finacadan o setekan no kofa a yincuminco, nanay masarocod ko pihayda no takarawan sifo no Conghuaminko a mihaydaan. O Pinpu yincumin a Ketagalan finacadan, Pazih finacadan, Kahawu finacadan, Makatao finacadan, Hoanya finacadan, Papora finacadan, Taokas finacadan a kasafinacadan, nai 1990 miheca miteka palowad to kacingangan onto no Pinpu, mingitangit pihamon no sifo to sakacingangan to yincuminco a Pinpu finacadan[32]. O congtong ci Tsai Ingwen nai 2016 miheca 8 folad 1 romi’ad yicuminco romi’ad pasiyincuminco a mili’ay, miketon mipangalat kacitodong no lekakawa, o kacingangan no Pinpu finacadan citodong to sakacisalongoc ato sakatadamaan. Tangasa i 2016 miheca 10 folad 7 romi’ad misetek k oSincenyin misalof to kacingangan to yincumin, pa’ayaw fa’elohay pihayda t oPinpu finacadan o “Pinpu yincumin” [33], saan i 2017 miheca 8 folad 17 romi’ad mihayda to nipifalic a lalowadan no rikec[34]. === Finawlan ato kaliposak (人口與分佈) === O todong no Pinpu finacadan no Taywan a pipolong to tamdaw, sa’ayaway manengneng to no Netherland pikowan a pipalita to kika, o pisa’osi salongan 4 tangasa 6 ’ofadan itiya. Oya Makatao finacadan itini i Fongsan faloay niyaro’ mata’elifay ko ’ofadan satata’akay finacadan, saka tosa ’alomanay o itiniay i Tansui cepo’ a Kavalan finacadan[35]. O halafinay pikowan no Mancin mapalaPayrang to, pikowan to no Dipong kinapinapinaay mipalita, salongan i 4 tangasa 6 ’ofadan ko ka’aloman[36].   I 1915 miheca a pipalitaan pahapinang, o Pinpu finacadan tamdaw o i Akao sakowan (aniniay Takaosi, Pintong sa’etal) ko sa’alomanay, makilatosaay no maecakay Fan finacadan ko tamdaw, saheto o aniniay Makatao ato Taivoan pa’atayan a finawlan. Kadadoedo o Taynan sakowan, Nanto sakowan, Kalingko sakowan, macalap ko 30% Pinpu finacadan tamdaw. Manengneng to itiniay tenokan ka’amisay sa’etal no Taywan, dengan o Yilan, Nanto i, kaitiraan no Pinpu finacadan caay toka’aloman[37]. {| class="wikitable" | valign="top" |1905 miheca | valign="top" |1915 miheca | valign="top" |1920 miheca | valign="top" |1925 miheca | valign="top" |1930 miheca | valign="top" |1935 miheca | valign="top" |1943 miheca |- | valign="top" |46,432 | valign="top" |47,676 | valign="top" |48,894 | valign="top" |51,009 | valign="top" |53,947 | valign="top" |57,812 | valign="top" |62,119 |} {| class="wikitable" | valign="top" |Kasasiiked no sakadademak | valign="top" |1915 mihecaabn tamdaw no finacadan | valign="top" |Polong no finacadan % i Taywan |- | valign="top" | |47,676 |100% |- | valign="top" |Taypi sakowan |884 |1.85% |- | valign="top" |Yilan sakowan |2,240 |4.7% |- | valign="top" |Taoyin sakowan |438 |0.92% |- | valign="top" |Sinco sakowan |1,939 |4.07% |- | valign="top" |Taycong sakowan |589 |1.24% |- | valign="top" |Nanto sakowan |5,338 |11.2% |- | valign="top" |Ciayi sakowan |1,729 |3.63% |- | valign="top" |Taynan sakowan |5,920 |12.54% |- | valign="top" |Akao sakowan |21,697 |45.51% |- | valign="top" |Posong sakowan |2,318 |4.86% |- | valign="top" |Kalingko sakowan |4,584 |9.61% |- | valign="top" |Penho sakowan |0 |0% |} Midotoc to no Taisho 14 miheca (1925) ato Showa 10 miheca (1935) a pipalita no kitakit, sakowannay to Pinpu finacadan tamdaw ato %. 1925 mihecaan pipalita no kitakit o “maecakay” sanay ho ko sowal a  pitahidang. {| class="wikitable" | valign="top" |Kasa’etal no pikowan | valign="top" |1925 mihecaan kapolongan no tamdaw | valign="top" |1925 maecakay tamdaw | valign="top" |1925 miheca micalapay tamdaw % | valign="top" |1935 polong no tamdaw | valign="top" |1935 Pinpu finacadan tamdaw | valign="top" |1935 miheca polong tamdaw % |- | valign="top" |Polong no Taywan |3,993,408 |51,009 |1.3% |5,212,426 |57,812 |1.1% |- | valign="top" |Taypi sakowan |814,778 |2,622 |0.3% |1,024,546 |2,358 |0.2% |- | valign="top" |Sinco sakowan |597,576 |2,460 |0.4% |712,309 |2,551 |0.4% |- | valign="top" |Taycong sakowan |865,829 |6,519 |0.8% |1,162,247 |7,210 |0.6% |- | valign="top" |Taynan sakowan |1,029,361 |8,177 |0.8% |1,332,187 |9,422 |0.7% |- | valign="top" |Takao sakowan |584,259 |23,319 |4.0% |732,819 |26,562 |3.6% |- | valign="top" |Posong sakowan |42,671 |2,804 |6.6% |70,710 |3,700 |5.2% |- | valign="top" |Kalingko sakowan |58,934 |5,108 |8.7% |111,497 |6,009 |5.4% |} Midotoc to Showa 10 (1935) mihecaan pipalita no kitakit, saka 1 sakowan ato saka 2 sakowan sa’etal Pinpu finacadan tamdaw ato %. Halo salongan saka 3 sakowan ato saka 4 sakowan kadademakan sa’etal (ano Pinpu finacadan tamdaw ira ko 100 tamdawan ano eca fafaeday no calap 5%): Ikoray no kalaloodan awaayto ko pitoki sa’osi to Pinpu finacadan tamdaw. Pidotocan ni Lin Xiuche to kacomahad mo tamdaw, itira sa I 2000 mihecaan tamdaw no Pinpu finacadan i 10 ’ofad tangasa 20 ’ofad ko ka’aloman no tamdaw[38]. Midotoc to no Taynansi sakowa (2009[39]), Kompo no Kalingko sakowan (2013[40]), Takaosi (2009[41]), Pintong sakowan (2016[42]) a kasaniyaro’ a sifo kadadoedo mafohat “maecakay (Fan)” ko pipasinalit, tangasa 2018 mihecaan, o kasasikowan no niyaro’ makika to Pinpu finacadan a tamdaw: {| class="wikitable" | valign="top" | | valign="top" |Siraya finacadan | valign="top" |Taivoan finacadan | valign="top" |Makatao finacadan | valign="top" |Roma/caayay ka sapinang finacadan | valign="top" |Polongan |- | valign="top" |Taynansi | valign="top" |11,830 | valign="top" |- | valign="top" |- | valign="top" |- | valign="top" |11,830 |- | valign="top" |Takaosi | valign="top" |- | valign="top" |- | valign="top" |- | valign="top" |14,099 | valign="top" |14,099 |- | valign="top" |Pintungsien | valign="top" |- | valign="top" |- | valign="top" |1,803 | valign="top" |205 | valign="top" |2,008 |- | valign="top" |Kompo kalingko | valign="top" |1,000 | valign="top" |- | valign="top" |- | valign="top" |- | valign="top" |1,000 |- | valign="top" |Polongan | valign="top" |12,937 | valign="top" |129 | valign="top" |1,803 | valign="top" |14,304 | valign="top" |28,937 |} === Pahapinangan (參見) === •Cisingkong •Daduwangkuo •Sinkang wenshu •Pinpu tunting •Tongfanci •Alizu •Taicu (Tato’asan pitooran) •Kongsie (Yincuminco) •Wangyi (Silaya finacadan) •Taivoan dadaya lisin •Cipisuasiao sacepo’ •Pitouyang patireng to tapang •Longpen fosingkong •Touse kongsie •Payrang no Taywan •Yincumin no Taywan •Notimolan kalokanatal a finacadan sowal •Yincuminco no Taywan •Notimolan kalokanatal a sowalan i Taywan •Caayay ho kasapinang finawlan no Taywan •Sakacingangan onto no Pinpu finacadan •Romi’ad no Yincuminco i Taywan •Sowal no Pinpu •Sapala Fan (Pinpu) finacadan === Pinengnengan (參考資料) === 1.東アジア・ミクロネシア古写真資料画像データベース：写真番号　7042. 東京大學総合研究博物館. 2.行政院原住民委員會. [2020-05-21]. （原始內容存檔於2020-05-25）. 3.段洪坤. 《阿立祖信仰研究》. 臺南市政府文化局. 2013年12月. <nowiki>ISBN 978-986-03-9416-0</nowiki>. 4.John Thomson. Illustrations of China and its People. 1873. 5.「平埔族」名詞淺說. 原住民族委員會. （原始內容存檔於2016-06-11）. 6.年長的平埔族婦女 Old Pepohoan Women, La-lung, Formosa. 高雄市立美術館. （原始內容存檔於2016-06-04）. 7.臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典. 中華民國教育部. （原始內容存檔於2013-06-21）. 8.詹素娟. 熟番身份論─以日本時期的身份登錄為中心 (PDF). 中央研究院台灣史研究所. 2008. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2016-10-12）. 9.西拉雅族正名案 憲法法庭判原住民身分法違憲3年內應修法 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館），中央社，2022-10-28 10.鄭景雯. 循著湯姆生腳步 走訪近150年前早期台灣. 中央通訊社. 2020-12-19 [2022-10-11]. 中央研究院平埔文化資訊網 11.臺灣原住民族與世界南島語系民族的關係 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, 中華民國行政院原住民族委員會 12.李壬癸. 珍惜台灣南島語言. 台灣本鋪：前衛出版. 2010: 159–182. <nowiki>ISBN 978-957-801-635-4</nowiki>. 13.李壬癸. 新港文書研究. 中央研究院語言學研究所. 2010: 1–10. <nowiki>ISBN 978-986-02-3342-1</nowiki>. 14.胡家瑜. 大武壠平埔的衣飾收藏與刺繡工藝. 高雄市立歷史博物館. 2014: 2–10. <nowiki>ISBN 978-986-04-1415-8</nowiki>. 15.Tsuchida Shigeru, Yamada Yukihiro, Moriguchi Tsunekazu. Linguistic Materials of the Formosan Sinicized Populations I: Siraya and Basai. Department of Linguistics, The University of Tokyo: University of Tokyo. 1991: 8, 29. 16.劉益昌、顏廷伃. 臺灣史前史專論. 中央研究院、聯經出版公司. 2015: 258. <nowiki>ISBN 978-986-04-6324-8</nowiki>. 17.日光小林. 陳菊，我們也是原住民！小林村大武壠歌舞文化節籲早日正名. Mata Taiwan. 2016-04-12 [2016-06-16]. （原始內容存檔於2016-07-30）. 18凃順從. 《南瀛公廨誌》. 臺南縣文化局. 2002年1月. <nowiki>ISBN 957-01-0250-0</nowiki>. 19.Tsuchida Shigeru, Yamada Yukihiro, Moriguchi Tsunekazu. Linguistic Materials of the Formosan Sinicized Populations I: Siraya and Basai. Department of Linguistics, The University of Tokyo: University of Tokyo. 1991: 8, 29. 20.Paul Jen-kuei, Li. 珍惜台灣南島語言. Taipei: Avanguard Publishing House. 2010: 139–208. <nowiki>ISBN 978-957-801-635-4</nowiki>. 21.臺灣原住民平埔族群百年分類史系列地圖. hqq~青刊社地圖工作室. 2009-08-06 [2018-01-10]. （原始內容存檔於2018-02-11）. 22.林江義. 台東海岸加走灣馬卡道族的研究. Taipei: 國立政治大學民族研究所. 2004. 23.佟振國. 巴宰語不死 83歲嬤自編辭典. 自由時報. 2016年11月6日 [2019年1月17日]. （原始內容存檔於2019年1月17日）. 24.吳象元. 聯合國列為「語言已失傳」？台灣巴宰族回應：致力於復興傳統但有繁衍危機. 關鍵評論網. 2015年9月18日 [2019年1月17日]. （原始內容存檔於2019年1月17日）. 25.噶哈巫語復振. 噶哈巫語全球資訊網. [2019年1月17日].[永久失效連結] 26.原住民族青年陣線. 【認同我們的語言】#齊莉莎老師發言逐字稿 -原住民族青年陣線. 原住民族委員會. 2017年6月22日 [2019年1月17日]. （原始內容存檔於2021年8月16日）. 27.林家鴻. 耆老全力搶救 經費需要支持. 台灣教會公報. 28.劉秋雲. 道卡斯族語復振的困難與展望. 原住民族文獻. 2013年12月, (12期) [2019-02-18]. （原始內容存檔於2019-02-19）. 29.[1] （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）凱達格蘭族文化會議 今年著重巴賽語復振 中部平埔族群青年聯盟. 是不是平埔原住民該看DNA還是手臂那條線？3分鐘懶人包出爐，讓我們立刻尋根去！. Mata Taiwan. 2016年7月29日 [2017年10月1日]. （原始內容存檔於2017年10月1日）. 30.〈數千平埔原住民上街頭 要求正名〉，2009年5月2日 31.〈政院：修正原住民身分法，正名平埔原住民身分 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）〉，2016年10月7日 32.行政院會通過「原住民身分法」修正草案. [2019-12-25]. （原始內容存檔於2019-12-25）. 33.存档副本. [2020-06-28]. （原始內容存檔於2020-06-29）. 34.原住民族委員會全球資訊網. [2020-05-15]. （原始內容存檔於2020-05-25）. 35.存档副本 (PDF). [2016-05-11]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2016-10-12）. 36.林修澈，〈平埔族的分佈與人口〉，收於：潘朝成、劉益昌、施正鋒合編，《臺灣平埔族》。臺北：前衛，2003，頁25-41。 37.臺南市各區族群人口統計-西拉雅人口最新登記數據(2009年1月至4月資料). 台南市政府原住民族事務委員會. 2021-04-19 [2021-04-19]. 原始內容存檔於2021-04-19. 38.呼應蔡英文平埔政策！花蓮富里首開「鄉定原民」先例，2年過去卻不滿百人登記是發生啥事呢？. Mata Taiwan. 2016-08-25 [2018-05-29]. （原始內容存檔於2018-11-06）. 39.西拉雅平埔族註記、高市熟男266人.熟女207人. Kaohsiung City Government. 2016-09-13 [2018-05-29]. （原始內容存檔於2018-05-29）. 40.部落大小聲節目 加蚋埔部落錄製平埔議題. TITV. 2017-11-10 [2018-05-29]. （原始內容存檔於2017-12-05）. === Pacefadan (註釋) === 1.化番指的是受清國政府掌控，但不用輸賦納徭的原住民，熟番則是完全受清國政府掌控差遣的原住民[3]:13。 2.除了過去學者的分類外，也有平埔族群原住民自己主張另成一族。例如原本歸類於巴宰族的牛眠山、守城、大湳、蜈蚣崙四莊居民主張他們是「噶哈巫族」[3]:15。 3.日治時期改作「蕃」。 4.例如，《噶瑪蘭廳志》（1851）就有「平埔番」一詞。 5.下分：巴賽（Basay）、雷朗（Luilang）、多囉美遠（Trobian）等3支 6.下分：道卡斯（Taokas）、巴布拉（Papora）、巴布薩（Babuza）、虎尾壟（Favorlan）等4支 按土田滋、李壬癸等語言學家的研究結果，現復振中的「西拉雅語」若以荷蘭人所留的《馬太福音》及《The Formulary of Christianity in Formosan Siraya Dialect》為基礎，則該語言應為「大滿語」。 === Pinayaran misa’osi (延伸閱讀) === 1.陳炎正編，1979，岸裡社史料集成。臺中：豐原一週雜誌社。 2.村上直次郎編，1995，新港文書。臺北：捷幼。 3.杜正勝，1998，景印解說番社采風圖。臺北：中央研究院歷史語言研究所。 4.洪麗完，2002，臺灣中部平埔族群古文書研究與導讀：道卡斯族崩山八社與拍瀑拉族4社（3冊）。臺中縣豐原市：臺中縣立文化中心。 5.胡家瑜主編，1999，道卡斯新港社古文書。臺北：國立臺灣大學人類學系。 6.岸裡大社文書出版編輯委員會編輯，1988，國立臺灣大學藏岸裡大社文書（5冊）。臺北：國立臺灣大學。 7.劉澤民編著，2000，大肚社古文書。南投市：臺灣省文獻委員會。 8.劉澤民編著，2002，平埔百社古文書專輯。南投市：國史館臺灣文獻館。 9.劉澤民編著，2003，大甲東西社古文書（2冊）。南投市：臺灣文獻館。 10.劉澤民、陳文添、顏義芳編譯，2001，臺灣總督府檔案平埔族關係文獻選輯。南投市：臺灣省文獻委員會。 11.三田裕次藏，1988，臺灣古文書集，張炎憲編。臺北：南天。 12.謝繼昌主編，1999，凱達格蘭古文書。臺北：國立臺灣大學人類學系。 13.宜蘭縣立文化中心編，1994，宜蘭古文書·第壹輯。宜蘭：宜蘭縣立文化中心。 14.伊能嘉矩，1996，平埔族調查旅行：伊能嘉矩<臺灣通信>選集，楊南郡譯註。臺北：遠流。 15.曾振名、童元昭主編，1999，噶瑪蘭西拉雅古文書。臺北：國立臺灣大學人類學系。 16.張炎憲、王世慶、李季樺主編，1993，臺灣平埔族文獻資料選集：竹塹社（上、下）。臺北：中央研究院臺灣史田野研究室。 17.莊英章主編，1988，臺灣平埔族群研究書目彙編，潘英海、翁佳音、詹素娟編輯。臺北：中研院民族學研究所。 18.李壬癸，1996，臺灣平埔族群的種類及其相互關係，見張炎憲、李筱峰、戴寶村編，臺灣史論文精選（上），頁43-68。臺北：玉山社。 19.Tsuchida, Shigeru. 1985. Kulon: Yet Another Austronesian Language in Taiwan? Bulletin of the Institute of Ethnology 60: 1-59. 20.伊能嘉矩，1904，臺灣蕃政志。臺北：臺灣總督府民政部殖產局。 21.伊能嘉矩、粟野傳之丞，1900，臺灣蕃人事情。臺北：臺灣總督府民政局文書課。 22.中央研究院平埔文化資訊網，nd, a，平埔族？平埔族群？，見平埔族群的基本認識[online]。臺北：中央研究院平埔文化資訊網。[引用於2004年11月3日]。全球資訊網網址：[2] （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）。 === Papotalay calay (外部連結) === 5rn8labu8q6oj4vymejux26r6650txy 0 2922 46979 46978 2025-07-08T01:16:34Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* O pingodo t omato’asay no wawa ci Dongi (女兒Dongi對其父母的感念) */ 46979 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''Onak Foksi aci Linga ’Oping ina (陳志豐牧師與曾玉蘭師母)''' == === '''Onak Foksi (陳志豐牧師)''' === Onak Foksi (Kowaping: Cen Cefong, 1910 miheca 1 folad 4 romi’ad – 1997 miheca 10 folad 11 romi’ad), 87 ko mihecaan itini hekal. I saka 2 kalaloodan no hekal i, ’aloman ko kapah no ’Amis nipaci’cian no Dipong mitahidang mikihatiya i kalalood. Ira ko caay ka fadoc mipatay i kalaloodan, ira ko mafadocay i katalawan no patay, i masasiromaay ko nikafana’ ci Yisan. Tinako to ni Wu cien-fong foksi, Cen cing-i ciwlo ato ni Yi te-sen foksi saheto o itiniay nikeridan ni Onak foksi i pirofoan i Hongkong a mipaso’elin ci Yisan a Tapang. O kakangodoen, tana mapanokay cangra i kitakit i, mala o sa’ayaway macodahay patenak to Ratoh, i 1945 mihecaan o parana’an to no pipalahadan to kiwkay no ’Amis/Pangcah to’ek. I 1933 miheca o mifolesakay to sapaloma no Ratoh ci Onak (Cen Cefong) foksi aci Linga (Cen Yulan) ina itira i Fahol kiwkay. === '''Linga ’Oping ina (曾玉蘭媽媽)''' === Linga ina (Kowaping: Ceng Yulan), 1917 miheca 8 folad 8 romi’ad – 2005 miheca 6 folad 2 romi’ad), ira ko 87 mihecaan itini hekal. I 1934 miheca, o pisawad ni Afang Singkiwsi nai Tansoy (Taypak) Oxford (niw-cin) pitilidan i, maocor no Pipo daykay tayni i Fonglin Cunsang Tahe (Aniniay Fata’an) sa’etal misitapang patenak to Ratoh. Sa’ayaw, nipatenakan ningra o Payrang; nika ikor no 3 miheca, makerid ningra ko tatosaay mapohaway tamdaw ci Say-Potal aci Onak-Cenol, ato 1 mawilihay tamdaw ci Mayaw-Panog ko paso’elinay to Kawas a ’Amis a tamdaw, o nianan ko lalengatan no Fata’an a niyaro’ to mitooray. Ikor, oya 1 mapohaway a safa ningra to fafahiyan ci Linga ’oping (Cen Yulan) mitoor paso’elin to Kawas, saka i 1936 miheca mapaocor tayra i Tansoy (Taypak) fafahiyan mitilid; oya 18 miheca oci fa’inayay to cingra, paherek to 2 miheca minokay tayni niyaro’, mala tadamaanay dama ni Afang (Si nanmin) itiya. I 1938 miheca ci Linga ’Oping misawad i minokay i niyaro’ midama to pipatenak ni Afang (Si nanmin) foksi to ratoh. I ’ayaw no saka 2 kalaloodan no hekal, itini i Fata’an sa’etal o paso’elinay mitooray tamdfaw mata’elif ko 50 no tamdaw. Itiya pakinali ko pihimaw no imeng no Dipong, masa’et caay to karahoday ko pipatenak, nanoya misalafiian to ko kasaopo i loma’ ni Linga minanam to sifana’ no cudad, nikawrira oya mitooray ’aloman ko marepetay no imeng a marofo. === '''Patireng to Santi Seysiyo kakko i Kalingko.''' '''(花蓮山地聖經學園的設立)''' === Itiya i 1946 miheca 5 folad, tayni i Kalingko ci Jacob Sun foksi (Rev. James I.Dickson), pakanengneng to pitoor a paso’elin to Kawas ko yincumin a mapacekil, nanoya itira i Fuse niyaro’ micaliw to cecay loma’ a maro’ “Liwu kang” kalo pitilidan mitahidang to mamitilid, pangangan han “Seysiyo kakko”.   Onini a kakeridan no pitilidan ci Wen Longcun foksi, oya nitahidangan a mitiliday saheto o kapah no Truku finacadan. Ira Truku 17 tamdaw, Tayal 8 tamdaw, ’Amis 2 tamdaw (Onak foksi,   ), Saysyak 1 tamdaw, mapolong 28 ko tamdaw a mitiliday, 2 mihecaan misawaday ira ko 24 tamdaw. I 1948 (37) miheca misawad to ci Onak foksi i, malahakelong aci Linga ’Oping inaan tayra i Kalingko Posong ’Amis kasaniyaro’ mirakat patenak to Ratoh ato patireng to kiwkay. saka i 1948 (37) miheca ci Onak foksi aci Linga ’Oping ina tayra i niyaro no Singko i Posong Madawdaw kiwkay ko tayal, tangasa i 1958 (47) miheca, ira ko 10 mihecaan itira. Saadihay sa a matongalto ko kiwkay no ’Amis/Pangcah, i 1951 miheca 5 folad 6 romi’ad itira i ’Atolan kiwkay midemak no Kalingko Posong saka 1 lekad ’Amis kapolongan sa’etal sa’opo, o ’a’isidan (yicang) ci Onak (Cen Cefong) foksi itiya. Ikor i 1959 miheca 10 folad minokay ci Onak Foksi tayra i Fata’an kiwkay matayal. Nanoya i 1963 miheca 4 folad 29 romi’ad, patireng i Fata’an kiwkay to saka 1 lekad a ciwkay. I 1968 (57) miheca Onak foksi maala haca no Madawdaw kiwkay, tangasa 1978 (67) miheca, 10 miheca ko kaitira tangasa pisawadan, kaitiraan ni Onak foksi aci Linga ’Oping ina i Madawdaw kiwkay ira ko 21 no mihecaan ko tayal. So’elinay to, kaitiraan matayal patenak to Ratohno Kawas mata’elif to ko 30 mihecaan i kiwkay i, ’aloman ko kapah no niyaro’ makadihay nangra kangodoan a tatosa, miketonay to ’orip pacakat mala matayalay no Kawas a tamdaw. === '''O pingodo t omato’asay no wawa ci Dongi''' '''(女兒Dongi對其父母的感念)''' === Piano: Ona radiw i, o kaolahan ako, o pipahapinang i ’orip no mako, matiya o ni Tafiti ko faloco’ miti’er to Kawas. Mitiya o mama ci Onakan ato ci ina Lingaan ko pikinafalah to tireng mitoor patenak to Ratoh no Kawas tahatolas no ’orip. Onini todong piharatengan ni Dongi to olah madipot ko ’orip ningra. Yo kaemang ho kako i, itiniay i Singko ko ’orip ako. Itiraay i Singko ko ’orip no mako, nawhani madipot no cecay a matayalay no Kawas, ci Onak han ko ngangan. Nawhani nao midipot saan i, awaay ko wawa nangra, mikilim to wawa saan, mikilim cangra to mikilim to malawawa nangra, nawhani cima to ko mamirocok. Mamirocok to ’orip niyam, o cima to ko midipot o sanay nangra tatosa sa, dipot han nira kako itini i Fata’an. Madipot kako itiya, sowal sa ko kaka no mako, ci Sawmah, licayan ako hacowa hacowaay ho ko mihecaan ako ta alaen nira malitengay han ako i, lililis saho i cafeng kiya saan. Nafoy sanay ho. Kaemang ho kira, kaemang ho nililis sa ho kiso i ’ayaw, mahaenay ta madipot nira malitengay, nawhani, ’aloman malikaka kami sa kira, padipot han nira kiso sakira. Nawhani kaemang ho kako sofoc han i, kalaadadaay, kalaadada saan, maanen aca samaanen i, caay kaadah, patayraen mi’edaw, Mipangangan pa’edaw i caay katatodong, oya to ko nika adada saan i, so’elin tano doka’ saan i, maanen ko matiniay saan i, o fafalahen to alatek no mato’asay na tireng saan. Ini aca kina mangalayay, alaen aca kina wawa saan, caka ci Dongi ko ngangan ako, o pangangan to no fa’elihay to sa ci Dongi han, awaay to ko adada saan. Pangangan han to no Pangcah i, maadah kina adada saan. I ’ayaw no Dipong ko sapangangan kira. O panganganay to Dongi o na mama, mahaenay mapangangan kako to Dongi sanay, saka, ato matayalay no Kawas i, alatek ira ko patodong saka, sakafangcal no ’orip, sa malemed kako, sa mahaenay ko ’orip ako itiya ho kaemangan. Na madipot nina mama, no mato’asay a foksi haw i, fangcal ko ’orip ako tahanini, o nika fangcal no ’orip no mako, nawhani i ’ayaw haw, o pakoyocay ko ’orip no mako, masamaan ko ’orip no mama no mako haw i, doedo sa kako, tomangic ko mama no mako to saka’orip, caay pafelien no salikaka to saka’orip haw i, tomangic, mararom ko faloco’, mikihatiya ko faloco’ a mararom, hatiniay a tangic no faloco’ no mama no mako haw i, kiso ho caay kakomaen awaay ko kakaenen, caay ko rahodayay ko ’orip no mitooray to Kawas, caay ko rahodayay ko ’orip no matayalay no Kawas, talalosa’ay a patenak, talalosa’ay polosiyang to sowal no Kawas sanay ko nini, ano caay haenen ko ’orip no mita o tamdaw, o nihadidiay i, alatek caay ka lemed kami saan ko faloco’ no mako. I ’ayaw, mipatenak ko mama no mako, talacowacowaay, minokay, sopa’en no tao, tekolen no tao to fokeloh, kari’angen no tao, to mangic tangasa taloma ci mama no mako, paratoh to ina, mamaan tomangic kina mama tahaloma’ saan ko faloco’, hiram han makari’ang no papotalay, manaay mitengil to sowal no Kawas, mahaen ko no ’ayaway a demak. Halo, kinapinapina ko mama pakimad i pilihayan, o misolapay (cincetanwiy) talifahalan sa micomod i pilihayan, taroh han palikelon ko pakimaday itiya a mama, sa cisowal sa “O nisowalen iso ‘ ’Amis a sowal’ kafokilan tengilen, aka ka pasowal to i ‘Fangcalay cudad” a demak.” saan, manengneng no ’alomanay a ala tereterep sa faheka to matiniay demak ko ’alomanay salikaka. Kadoka’an no faloco’ nengnengen ko kamatira no demak ici mamaan ako. So’elinay, tayni Taywan ko romaay kitakit a dingtosi no Kristokiw, Tingsikiw a mipatenak i, minanam iho to sowal no Taywan a tamdaw (Yincumin, Hokkien, Hakka) a finacadan. Nika oya nai Congkoay a Hesang (KMT mikowanay) tayni Taywan a midingto i, patangic to Taywan a tamdaw papinanam to sowal nangra. Paherek ko tayal (1978 miheca) ni Onak foksi i kiwkay i, niocoran hace no Ciwkay midama to Sa’aniwan kiwkay ko tayal, tangasa i kasamo’an no tireng tatiih to ko rakat a paherek sato ko tayal i kiwkay. Sa’elinay to, o da’oc no ’orip ni Onak foksi aci Linga ’Oping ina misa’icelay ko faloco’ matayal patenak to Ratoh no Tapang a Kawas, o pidoedoan no kararerarem no ’orip ko nga’ayay nangra. Kahemekan, o pipadang ni Onak foksi i Sa’aniwan kiwkay itiya maocor ko cecay kapah no kiwkay ci Masao Nikar mitilid i Yusan sinkakoyin, misawad mitilid itira i laloma’ no Ciwlo kiwkay a citodongay, kiwkay ko tayal to pinapina mihecaan, ikor misawaday to ko tayal anini. Pasowalay ci Dongi mitiliday ci Masao Nikar qb7ujwe4ef69n3uo5mbay5agnn6yq8v 0 2925 47011 47010 2025-07-14T12:35:48Z Masaonikar 570 /* O mama no dingkian i Taywan (台灣電力之父) */ 47011 wikitext text/x-wiki == Matsuki Ken'ichiro (松木幹一郎) == === O mama no dingkian i Taywan-Kapatayan ni Matsuki Ken'ichirō romi’ad (台灣電力之父-松木幹一郎逝世日) === Matsuki Ken'ichirō, o satadamaanay no aniniay no Taywan, ikor no kapatay ningra mapatodong to mama no dingki i Taywan. Masofoc ci Matsuki Ken'ichirō itini i 1872 miheca i Matsuyama no Dipong, o kakeridan no dingkikyoku i Dipong, 1923 miheca ikor no Kantō a lonen, citodong to nicokeray to citodongay to Teito fukkō kenkyūjo. ​1919 miheca no finawlan lekapotan mikadom Taywan dingki Kabushikigaisha palowadan Riyutan (Nichigetta) dingki a tayalan, nawhani saka 1 kalaloodan no hekal caay kanga’ay ko kicay, Kanto a lonen mapatararikor ko tayal, tangasa i 1929 miheca miliyaw palowad, saka liyaw no miheca nai ci Matsuki Ken'ichirōromi’ad citodong cingra malaShachō to Taywan dingki Kabushikigaisha, I 1934 miheca malepon ko Riyutan (Nichigetta) dingki a tayalan. === O karorayan Matsuki (松木的困境) === ​Naikoran no Kanto a lonen i, awaayto ko maamaan i taliyok no Tokyo, halafin ko romi’ad to sapisalofaw a tayal; o pisalofaw mifalic safa’eloh to dingkian no Tokyo, mata’elif ko 5 mihecaan. Oya tadamaanay to pisafa’eloh a matayalay ci Matsuki Ken'ichirōromi’ad, makakahemekan no laocan no kitakit, oya cefang ningra palowad to Teito, oya a ’ayaway no tapang no Taiwan minsei (sakowan), aniniay kakeridan no Tokyo ci Gotō shinpei.   ​​Nika i’ayaw pilahecian palowad to Teito Tōkyō i, mapatay ci Gotō shinpei; oya ci Matsuki Ken'ichirōromi’ad to ko milaheciay to naikoran nafaloco’an, oya Teikoku a micalapay katayalan padoedo micowat. I’ayaw no kapatay ni Gotō shinpei sawal sa: “Tengilaw haw, ikor no patay dengan o payso materekay i o raremay tamdaw, oya misidayay to nitayalan i o tatenokay a tamdaw, oya mipaterekay to aikoray a citodongay, o fafaeday no tamdaw a tamdaw. Mafana’ to?” onianay koya nihawikidan to nano sowal ni Gotō shinpei, micada ci Matsuki Ken'ichirō romi’ad itiya i 1929 miheca to nipipatorodan to kakeridan no Taywan dingki lekapotan mikadom Taywan kacitodong.   ​​Itiyaay a Taywan, caay ho kafangcal ko parana’an pipatireng to kofa, saheto o tefos ato panay a facal ko Ciayi Taynan a dafdaf, sakaitiraan i satimolan patireng parana’an to katayalan ko kaloco’ ni Matsuki Ken'ichirō mato caay ko mamafilo lahecien. Saka o sa’ayaway dademaken ni Matsuki Ken'ichirō a tayni Taywan, oya to halafinay caayay ka laheci a Riyutan (Nichigetta) nanoman dingki a tayal.   ​​​O Riyutan (Nichigetta) nanoman dingki a tayal, itini 20 sician polong no sawalian no Asiya o satata’angay nanoman pisadingki a kaysya; o polong no sakatayal a 3000 ’ofadan payso no Dipong, itiraay i mata’elifay to 1000 km ko takaraw patireng tonini a ’acer, misaci’ci’ miala to kafafaway nanom miparo i Riyutan, laeno mipatireng haca to pinapina 3000 km ko kakaya’ a hoso pakayraan no nanom, pacalay i pisadingkian kofa a karomakat no nanom a sakarot maliyon sakacidingki. Caay ko rahodayay konini a tayal o satakaraway sakacowat a tayal konini. ​​​​O nga’ayay to haratengen, o sakatayal a kihi payso matongalay, caay karakodayay kina tayal, saki payso ato kicik a karorayan, oya Sotoku no kyoden no Taywan paterep han sato ko pitelek. Malitosaay to ko nitayalan tatiih sawaden, saka milongoc to fa’elohay to payso no Sotoku no kyoden padafoh, dengan to onini ko nihaenan, orasaka patorod hananay to i tadamaanay to sakipacowatay to naikoran no lonen ci Matsuki Ken'ichirō.   === Mapadawdaw ko Taywan (點亮台灣) === ​I 1930 miheca, songila’ sato micada to caayay ko mamalaheci a demak ci Matsuki Ken'ichirō, tayra sato misolap i Riyutan, saka ira to ko pahecian; ano malaheci konini a tayal, ko mata’elif ko 4000 ’ofdan no payso. Itiya, 4000 ’ofad payso no Dipong macalap ko 3% no mihecaan Dipong a kitakit, o caacaay ko mamihayda ko laocan no kitakit, nika nihawikidan Matsuki Ken'ichirō a nipatorodan masamaamaan ko pisa’et karorayan i, o lalahecien konini a tayal sapilaheciaw to pafaloco’an kitakit no Dipong.      ​​Miketon to ci Matsuki Ken'ichirō mikilim to payso, patorod to Sotoku pasadak to roma kitakit a tadahan sakadep, I 1931 miheca roma kitakit a tadahan sakadep paherek pipatala, misatapang matayal itiya. Misatapang misafa’eloh to sapikadih to malali’acaay ci Matsuki Ken'ichirō, ato mafafolod to Kashima pitirengay, malekapot patireng to satata’angay sawalian no Asiya a nanoman sadingkiay.   ​​​Maroray ko tayal i pipatirengan itiya, matayalay nikoyakoyan to matono’ay sacokacok, pakafit mitongod to hoso, mipalalan i kasafatad sakanga’ay lalan, katayalan sa cango’ot ko nananomen, saka cimadengaay to lifong makalat no likes. Sasini’adaen ci Matsuki Ken'ichirō to matayalay, patireng to kamaro’an no matayalay i katayalan, pacomod to kakomaenan, pisalamaan; ira ho ko piadahan to masamaanay adada a isingan; o sakaranikay to tayal, patireng to sincya i Riyutan.   ​​​​I 1934 miheca, mapaherek ko pisadingkian. O tayal nai satapangan, sifo’an paterep ko tayal, ikor mipadoedo ko tayal polong ko romi’ad 15 miheca. “Riyutan saka 1 sadingkian” han ko pangangan tonini sadingkian ni Matsuki Ken'ichirō, satata’akay nisadingkian tangasa 10 ’ofad W ko ’icel, onini a dingki mapatayra i katimol ka’amis no Taywan, katimol tangasa i Takoa, ka’amis tangasa i Taypi, Kilong. Nika caayto kaedeng ko dingki i, patongal to saka 2 lekad no tayal, ikor no 2.5 miheca 1937 miheca “Riyutan saka 2 sadingkian” (aniniay “Mintan sadingkian saka 2 kofo”) malaheci.   ​​​​​Sawalian no Asiya nanoman sadingki itiniay pikantok ni Matsuki Ken'ichirō, misitapang midemak, padafoh no dingki, nai “lamalan ko tapang palolol kono nanom” mafelih o “nanom ko tapang lamal ko palolol” tangasa i 1960 mihecaan. Padafoh ko maedengay ka’emeday dingji, o nian ko todong saawas no sakikatayalan no Taywan. === ​O mama no dingkian i Taywan (台灣電力之父) === ​Kaherekan no tayay a patireng to 2 miheca, 1939 miheca, o nika ciadada ni Matsuki Ken'ichirō a mapatay, 67 no mihecaan ningra. Tadamaanay tamdaw, awaayto ko tamdaw, materek k onipatirengan, o niterekan tayalan ni Matsuki Ken'ichirō, mapafaloco’ ko ikoray sakatala’ayaw ikoray no Taywan. Orasaka itiniay i nisanga’an niyaro’ a finawlan ma’ilol cingraan, mapatireng ko sinalit ni Matsuki Ken'ichirō i Riyutan, pangangan sa i cingraan “O mama no dingkian i Taywan”.   ​​Tangasa anini, materek ni Matsuki Ken'ichirō ko Riyutan sadingkian a kofa, oyaan to tadamaanay misadingay no Taywan; miraoy to dingkian toya i, sikolen ko nengneng nisa’icelan no ’ayaway, saka ira no ka’ilol a sakaira nga’ayay saka’orip no mita. ​​ g2txr7c1z5k6fx1wu0ii6if6xc9ngyr 0 2927 47028 47027 2025-07-21T00:26:59Z Masaonikar 570 /* Pinengneng to tinako (參見) */ 47028 wikitext text/x-wiki == Latekan no lalood i Cepo’ (大港口事件概述) == O lalood i Cepo’ (Tarawadaw a sowal: Karawrawan a demak no Cepo'), demak i Kiwit (Tarawadaw a sowal: Karawrawan a demak no Kiwit), ano eca Lalood i Cepo’, o cecay kasasiwtoc no sofitay ato sician a demak no Kalingko, kasasiwtoc o itiniay i Cepo’ ato Kiwit ’Amis a tamdaw ato Mancin, itini i 1877 miheca piliyang to “Pipacomod to sakowan i yincumin a demak (Kaisanfufan)” a picingcing no sofitay, tahaikor masamangah no sofitay ira ko kapapatay no demak. === Latekan a sowal (概要) === Pakayni tonini a demak o nai ci Sen Paocen a “Pacomod to sakowan i yincumin a demak (Kaisanfufan)” a satawo’, pacomoden ni Wu Guangliang ko sofitay tayni pasawali, pacofilo sa mipalalan nai Kohkoh tangasa i Cepo’ to lalan, o niaanan ko sakapiliyang no Kiwit niyaro’, Dafdaf niyaro’, ’Amisay niyaro, itira to i Cepo’ ko kasasiwtocan. Caay pakalowid ko sofitay no Mancin itiya. Orasaka o panono’ay mangahay ko demak ni Wu Guangliang, patirengen ko kali’epahan, misamangah to kapah no Cepo’ niyaro’; tangasa i kafecolan a malasang, awaayto ko ’icel milifet, itiya o kowang ko sapipatay to finawlan, saka maemin to malefek ko kapah no ’Amis finacadan itini i Cepo’. Mayakyak kina ratoh i niyaro’ i, misatapang to ko finawlan milaliw pakayni i lotolotokan ano eca miti’er to roma a niyaro’ itiya[1]. Ikor katengilan a sowal, o naitiniay i sa’owc no Kalingko Posong a “Tacoang (Tangafolan) tamdaw” (Taivoan finacadan tamdaw) ko mipadangay to Mancin sofitay milood to ’Amis finacadan, dotocen ko nano sowal no Tacoang Taivoan tamdaw, pakayni tonini a demak o katatiihan: sa’ayaw ira ko kasasipaloko miselenay to fokoloh ko Taivoan ato ’Amis a tamdaw, akaa pipadang to sofitay no Mancin milood to Cepo’ ya sanay, nika paseka a pisa’ada no sofitay no Mancin, mipadang aca micolo’ to felac kakaenen, sakalalood, kaforawen no ’Amis mapapatapatay, saka ikor o kasasiwtocan to no konini a katatiihan a demak: Ikor no kapatay no sofitay a maliwasak, tayra ko ’Amis a tamdaw i ka’ayaw no Tacoang (Tangafolan) tamdaw picolo’an to dafong, sakalalood, wata to ko nipatayan nangra a kahengang to ko mata, manengneng ko Tacoang (Tangafolan) tamdaw o pitapa’, ira ko Tacoang (Tangafolan) tamdaw misodoc to po’ot a mico’ay, pakanengneng ko tatihiay a Tacoang (Tangafolan) tamdaw to kapatay no cefang i, ana mapatay kako nasa, misodoc to po’ot mipadang to kapot mipatay to ’Amis a tamdaw, romaroma a ’Amiis a tamdaw pakanengneng tonini i wata ko kalim, paretatenga o Tacoang (Tangafolan) tamdaw caay pidoedo to telek nanoya milaop to mipatay to Tacoang (Tangafolan) tamdaw, oya sato a Tacoang (Tangafolan) tamdaw sawad hanto ko kolong ato paliding, comikay to milaliw minokay tayra i Tacoang, o cikay niyam matiya to o malonem ko kahacikay, so’elinay to ranikay milaliw to kalaloodan, katengilan pangkiway to romi’ad milakec to lotok tahira to i niyaro’ Tacoang saan ko katengil, nika kalimelaan toya kolong ato i palidingay a dafong, nika manga’ay aca awaay ko cimadoka’ay a mapatay ko tamdaw sato, oya sato ’osaw ko kakaenen to saka’orip[2].    I 2022 miheca 8 folad, Fakong yakofa midemak to 145 mihecaan piharatengan demak, pangangan to lalood i Cepo’ sanay[3]. === Pinengnengan to tilid (參考資料) === 1.奇美部落 | 歷史沿革. kiwit.apc.atipd.tw. [2019-05-05]. （原始內容存檔於2019-05-05）. 2.潘資洲. 阿爸曾對我說的平埔族故事. Mata Taiwan. 2013-12-12 [2016-06-17]. （原始內容存檔於2017-07-11）. 3.花蓮阿美族人抵抗清軍 大港口事件正名Cepo'戰役. 中央社. 2022-08-27 [2022-08-27]. （原始內容存檔於2022-08-29）. === Pinengneng to tinako (參見) === 1.七腳川事件 === Papotalay calay (外部連結) === 7juww4izukyppmt805kmot2ug5jata4 0 2928 47052 47051 2025-07-29T00:51:37Z Masaonikar 570 /* Picaliwan minengneng (參見) */ 47052 wikitext text/x-wiki == Kalalood i Cepo’ (大港口戰役) == O demak i Cepo’ (Tarawadaw ’Amis: Karawrawan a demak no Cepo', demak i Kiwit: Karawrawan a demak no Kiwit), ano eca Lalood i Cepo’, kasasitoc no sofitay ato demak no sician i no Kalingko a kowan, kasasiwtocan itini i Cepo’ ato Kiwit niyaro’ no ’Amis ato Mancin a sifo, itiniay i 1877 miheca piliyang to Mancin sifo “O pipacomod to sakowan i yincumin a demak (Kaisanfufan)” a picingcing no sofitay, tahaikor masamangah no sofitay ira ko kapapatay no demak. Lalengatan no demak i Cepo’, pakayniay i “Pacomod to sakowan i yincumin a demak (Kaisanfufan)” satawo’ no Macin i pasawalian, saka ira ko sasiwtoc to itiniay niyaro’ no ’Amis. Patangic ko sofitay no Mancin to i niyaro’ay finawlan mipalalan, misafelaw ato misamsam to yincumin, o niaanan ko sapiliyang no ’Amis a finawlan. Sakitini a demak, mapanono’en no sofitay pakaen to ’epah ko kapah no ’Amis, mapawaray konini a demak, tahaikor o tatiihay ko pahecian. Pakayni tonini a demak o nai ci Sen Paocen a “Pacomod to sakowan i yincumin a demak (Kaisanfufan)” a satawo’, pacomoden ni Wu Guangliang ko sofitay tayni pasawali, pacofilo sa mipalalan nai Kohkoh tangasa i Cepo’ to lalan, o niaanan ko sakapiliyang no Kiwit niyaro’, Dafdaf niyaro’, ’Amisay niyaro, itira to i Cepo’ ko kasasiwtocan. Caay pakalowid ko sofitay no Mancin itiya. Orasaka o panono’ay mangahay ko demak ni Wu Guangliang, patirengen ko kali’epahan, misamangah to kapah no Cepo’ niyaro’; tangasa i kafecolan a malasang, awaayto ko ’icel milifet, itiya o kowang ko sapipatay to finawlan, saka maemin to malefek ko kapah no ’Amis finacadan itini i Cepo’. Mayakyak kina ratoh i niyaro’ i, misatapang to ko finawlan milaliw pakayni i lotolotokan ano eca miti’er to roma a niyaro’ itiya[1]. Ikor katengilan a sowal, o naitiniay i sa’owc no Kalingko Posong a “Tacoang (Tangafolan) tamdaw” (Taivoan finacadan tamdaw) ko mipadangay to Mancin sofitay milood to ’Amis finacadan, dotocen ko nano sowal no Tacoang Taivoan tamdaw, pakayni tonini a demak o katatiihan: sa’ayaw ira ko kasasipaloko miselenay to fokoloh ko Taivoan ato ’Amis a tamdaw, akaa pipadang to sofitay no Mancin milood to Cepo’ ya sanay, nika paseka a pisa’ada no sofitay no Mancin, mipadang aca micolo’ to felac kakaenen, sakalalood, kaforawen no ’Amis mapapatapatay, saka ikor o kasasiwtocan to no konini a katatiihan a demak: ikor no kapatay no sofitay a maliwasak, tayra ko ’Amis a tamdaw i ka’ayaw no Tacoang (Tangafolan) tamdaw picolo’an to dafong, sakalalood, wata to ko nipatayan nangra a kahengang to ko mata, manengneng ko Tacoang (Tangafolan) tamdaw o pitapa’, ira ko Tacoang (Tangafolan) tamdaw misodoc to po’ot a mico’ay, pakanengneng ko tatihiay a Tacoang (Tangafolan) tamdaw to kapatay no cefang i, ana mapatay kako nasa, misodoc to po’ot mipadang to kapot mipatay to ’Amis a tamdaw, romaroma a ’Amiis a tamdaw pakanengneng tonini i wata ko kalim, paretatenga o Tacoang (Tangafolan) tamdaw caay pidoedo to telek nanoya milaop to mipatay to Tacoang (Tangafolan) tamdaw, oya sato a Tacoang (Tangafolan) tamdaw sawad hanto ko kolong ato paliding, comikay to milaliw minokay tayra i Tacoang, o cikay niyam matiya to o malonem ko kahacikay, so’elinay to ranikay milaliw to kalaloodan, katengilan pangkiway to romi’ad milakec to lotok tahira to i niyaro’ Tacoang saan ko katengil, nika kalimelaan toya kolong ato i palidingay a dafong, nika manga’ay aca awaay ko cimadoka’ay a mapatay ko tamdaw sato, oya sato ’osaw ko kakaenen to saka’orip[2].   O pisaheci pakafana’: === 1. O pipacomod to sakowan i yincumin a demak (Kaisanfufan) satawo’: (1. 清朝的「開山撫番」政策：) === O sapipakakaaw no Mancin mi’emet to sawaliay no Taywan a tamdaw, saka o “Pipacomod to sakowan i yincumin a demak (Kaisanfufan)” ko pisatowo’, ocoran ko sofitay tayni lotolotokan no pasawali, mipalalan, o cecay nai Kohkoh pasiCepo’ lalan. Onini a pipalalan, tangsolay micalap to sofal no ’Amis finacadan ato liyok no ka’oripan, mangiwal ko sapiliyangaw no Kiwit, Dafdaf, ’Amisay niyaro’ masamatira. === 2. Malengat ko sakasasiwtoc: (2. 衝突的爆發：) === O pisalalanan itiya, kinapinapina ko sofitay no Mancin ato niyaro’ay no ’Amis a masasiwtoc, hato caay ho pakalowid ko sofitay no Mancin. O pisaranikayaw misalof to picalap mikowan no Mancin ni Wu Guangliang saka, o pipataheka misamangah misolot to kapah no Cepo’ a niyaro’, itira to i kakomaenan palipalaw mikowang a mipatay, ’aloman ko mapatayay kapah no ’Amis finacadan. Onini kasasipatay pacekok ko finawlan no niyaro’, nanoya miteka milaliw ko finacadan a tamdaw, salongan tamdaw pasilotok, salongan tamdaw pasiroma niyaro’ milaliw miliyas. === 3. Katemik no niyaro’: (3. 部落的反應：) === Ikor no demak i Cepo’, o awaayto ko pakayraan no kapah no niyaro’ itiya, lopisak sato milaliw koya mafadocay a finawlan, salongan tamdaw pasayra i lotok milaliw, salongan tamdaw miti’er i roma niyaro’ milaliw. Roma katengilan a sowal, itiniay i sa’owacan no Kalingko Posong a “Tacoang tamdaw (Tangafolan) (Taivoan finacadan tamdaw) o namipadangay to sofitay no Mancin milood to ’Amis finacadan, nika oya Taivoan finacadan tamdaw o katatiihan i, nano matatelekay na’ayaw, nika o paseka a pisa’ada no sofitay no Mancin, mipadangay saheca micolo’ to dafong, ’araw han i mapodoh aca ko ’Amis finacadan a tamdaw a masasitapa’ mipatay, sakangalef ko kasasitiihan. === 4. Kafiyol nonini a demak: (4. 事件的影響：) === Pakayni kalalood i Cepo’ o nano picalap no Mancin itini i sawalian no Taywan a pisamoto, pahapinang to kacalemceman no Mancin ato yincumin finacadan konini itiya ho. Pahapinang tonini a demak sakasamo’ no niyaro’ay ’Amis finacadan saka, salongan a finacadan tamdaw malafel awaay ko pasicowaan itiya.   O Fakong yakofa i 2022 miheca midemak to piharatengan i 145 mihecaan a demak, pakayni tonini a demak mapatiyol o “Lalood i Cepo’” han to ko sowal, piharatengan tonini a likisi no demak. Itini i Cawi’ pitilidan mapatireng ko piharatengan a sinalit lalood i Cepo’, piharatengan tonini a likisi no demak. I 2022 miheca 8 folad, Fakong yakofa midemak to 145 mihecaan piharatengan demak, pangangan to lalood i Cepo’ sanay[3]. === Pinengnengan to tilid (參考資料) === 1.奇美部落 | 歷史沿革. kiwit.apc.atipd.tw. [2019-05-05]. （原始內容存檔於2019-05-05）. 2.潘資洲. 阿爸曾對我說的平埔族故事. Mata Taiwan. 2013-12-12 [2016-06-17]. （原始內容存檔於2017-07-11）. 3.花蓮阿美族人抵抗清軍 大港口事件正名Cepo'戰役. 中央社. 2022-08-27 [2022-08-27]. （原始內容存檔於2022-08-29）. === Picaliwan minengneng (參見) === === Papotalay calay (外部連結) === scbzaj62u505s4n7wfmj8bxemcbnx39 0 2929 47069 47068 2025-07-29T01:40:09Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* O foraw no finawlan to demak no Dipong (族人對日人的憤怒) */ 47069 wikitext text/x-wiki == Lalood i Madawdaw (麻荖漏事件) == Lalood no Madawdaw (’Amis: Lalood no Madawdaw), nai 1911 miheca malengatay i Posong no Taywan a kowan a miliyangay to tayring no Dipong ko ’Amis finacadan a demak, o satata’akay demak piliyang to Dipong a demak. Sacisowal sa ko Dipong o “Folalacay” a demak saan, nika no ’Amis finacadan a sowal “Lalood no Madawdaw” (Madawdaw a demak) han. === Likisi (歷史) === Nano picowat no Dipong to sawali no Taywan i, paretatenga sa ko Dipong o so’emetay, lahodayay pa’ekelen ko ’Amis a tamdaw nasa, tinako o pisalalan, patireng to lalan no kisya, nao matahidangay ko Folalacay (Madawdaw) a ’Amis tamdaw tayra a matayal, saka mapakaroray ko ’Amis tamdaw to matayal a ira ko piliyang a demak. Meici 44 (1911) miheca 3 folad, mihapiw ko Dipong pakapayso ko pi’aca to nipakaenan a fafofafoy…, papipasadak to sakalalood no ’Amis a tamdaw, sapifalicaw to no to’asan pi’adop no ’Amis a pinangan, patongal to pilatado no omahan a kinaira. Toya mihecaan 4 folad, o Congtofo papipasadaken nai kasaniyaro’ to sakalalood a todong, mitelek nai 6 folad miteka paterep to nai ’ayaway padamso t okasaniyaro’ to kakitaan a lifon sato. Toya 5 folad, itiraay Folalacay kasaniyaro’ a kakitaan miala to yaa foladan a padamso, pinokayan to nangra langiwngiw to nipatangican pasadak to sakalalood, karorayan a matayal, masa’opo masasowal to sapilaplap to Dipong a tamdaw; 7 folad 25 romi’ad miliyaw haca ko Dipong pakoniyah miocor to kasaniyaro’ a kakitaan misalalan, maliyang ko nicokeray kakitaan no Tolik, saka pakemo han to ningra ko fongoh no Tayling, malengat ko sapipatayan no kasaniyaro’ a kakitaan to tailing no Dipong.   Mafana’ ko niyaro’ay no Madawdaw tonini a ratoh i, o pikerid no kakitaan a macowat, halo Tolik, Paongong a niyaro’ makomod to tayra i Folalacay, pasilaloma’an no kaitiraan no Dipong a miri’ang, maala ko pinapina a toki, o pilefek no ’Amis, alaen ko dafong no Dipong a miliyas, itira to i Kinapoka ’alo mitena’.   Sakalamkam sato ko Dipong mitahidang to nai Taypi, Yilan, Tayciw ato Taynan a tailing ira ko pangkiw no foladan hato caay kasafa misorar ko ’Amis a tamdaw, ikor sato pakayni toya Falangaw niyaro’ a kakitaan ci Kolas Mahengheng ko milalangay papipasadak to sakalalood itiya to pahater ko demak, pakayni tonini a demakan 3 ko romi’adan, o sakacaaw ka padoedo no demak, caay sato pikadkad tonini demak, nika ira aca ko pico’ay, tinako corahen ko niyaro’ no Madawdaw ato loma’ no Tolik niyaro’, maala ko kofafofafoy pinapakaenan. === O foraw no finawlan to demak no Dipong (族人對日人的憤怒) === I 1911 miheca 5 folad, Cenkuangao (aniniay Folalacay niyaro’) kakitaan no kasaniyaro’ mililam to lifon no foladan itiya, nika maliyang a macangal no saka 2 folad caay ka citodong to lifon ko kakitaan. Katimolay a kasakakitaan pinokayan mahicera i Pisirian niyaro’ loma’ no kakitaan a masasowal to kacangalan a malaplap, mailil a maainiini to sasowalen i kaherekan no pipanay i masa’opo milaplap to Dipong midipot to finawlan, talacowa iraira ko kalacecayan no salowadan nika awaay ko masarocoday no lalowadan a demak. Saka 6 foladan itiya, kasanniyaro’ ala micolocolo’ sa to panay patayra i lotok misimed todong lalowadan no piliyang to Dipong. Toya miheca 7 folad 25 romi’ad, o nai Tolikay a tayring o Dipong a tamdaw misolapay ci Fukuma Hikoshirō misa’opo to kakitaan no kasaniyaro’ maketer to pakayniay misararaay ko tayal misalalan. Oya sato, micokeray kakitaan no Tolik niyaro’ ci Laolod i, marketer miliyang to sowal no tayring ci Fukuma Hikoshirō saka pakemo han ko fongoh. Nanoya o kakitaan no Tolik ci Asan ato romaroma a kakitaan kidkid han to nangra pasadak nai laloma’ no Tayring a mipatay, pakayni tonini a demakan macowat to ko sapiliyang no ’Amis to Dipong “Lalood i Madawdaw” han ko nademak. === Pinengnengan tilid (參考文獻) === 1.成功鎮頭目群紀念麻荖漏（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） 2.臺灣好報-成功麻荖漏事件紀念會 3.麻荖漏事件阿美族英勇抗日紀念碑 === Papotalay calay (外部連結) === mt6y9tmpm54wldwsbgxmxaln7s1z7l0 0 2930 47086 47085 2025-08-04T05:01:57Z Masaonikar 570 /* Sakaira no yincuminco a romi’ad 8.1 (8.1原住民族日的由來) */ 47086 wikitext text/x-wiki == Sakaira no yincuminco a romi’ad 8.1 (8.1原住民族日的由來) == Anini 8.1 o romi’ad no yincuminco. I rafasan no 400 mihecaan mapangangan no micalapay mikowan pipangangan “Fan”, “Takasago” ano eca “Sanpaw”, sahato ono micalapay mikowanan a pangangan mitahidang, o cipa’oningay a pinangan. Paci’eci saan ko komitang mipangangan to no kowaping, sakaira no tata’akay katalawan i sapirocok to ponka nangra. Masowal ko yincuminco a onto, o pitekaan no yincuminco onto nai 1983 mihecaan, oya mitiliday a yincumin i Taywan daykako nai 1983 miheca 5 folad 1 romi’ad kapolongan nidemak pasadak to “Kaosacing” a casi. O satekaan no “Kaosancing” casi a patosokan: “O papasowal aca kami, o Takasago finacadan no Taywan o papakalitemoh to sakalasawad no finacadan.” Sanay, pasadak cangra to “Patiyoren ko to’asan ngangan no mako”, “Palasawaden koya kawasan Wufong” sanay a nisafacoan, “Kaosancing” casi palowaday aca to salongoc no yincuminco a onto.   I 1984 miheca 4 folad, o mi’olicay mapohaway tamdaw a yincumin ci Monaneg “Papotalay no kasarekad a mitiliday yofayof” i nisahalakaan no kakeridan ci Zhang Fuzhong, kapotan no maradiway kapah no Piyoma a yincumin ci Hu Defu aci Tong Chunqing, ato mikiharay to yincumin a widang, patireng to “Salongan finacadan wiyinhuy”, ci Hu Defu ko citodongay kakeridan, ci Su Qingli ko micokeray kakeridan. Pisatatasan to sapipatireng to yincuminco salongoc yofayof itiya, i 1984 miheca 11 folad 20 romi’ad masasowal sakapot a tosir a likakawaw, oya palowaday tamdaw oya citodongay midemak no Papotalay no kasarekad a mitiliday yofayof ci Fan Xunlu, paeyof kao “Yincumin” han ko nano “Sanpaw” ano eca “Takasago” sanay a pangangan, oya paini ningra malacecay ko pihai, “Yincumin” sato ko pasadakani i Syakay no Taywan. I 1984 miheca 12 folad 29 romi’ad, ci Monaneg aci maradiway no yincumin ci Ale Lusolamen papinapina a tamdaw itira i pilaocan no Makay isingan no Taypisi patireng to “Taywan yincuminco salongoc yofayof” (pasafa: yincienhuy), malao sarakatay i Taywan yofayof sakapotan i Taywan, itiya sateka no niyah to’asan ngangan ko pitahidang. I 1985 miheca 2 folad 15 romi’ad, “Yincumin” a casi misatapang pasadak, pasifana’ to syakay no Taywan, o sarakatay saka 1 no yincuminco finacadan niyah nitelekan (ketonan) “Cima kako”, “Samaanen ko pitahidang”, o makoracay a ngangan ko yincumin pitahidang, onini fa’elohay patirengan a yofayof so’elinay pitahidang o “Taywan yincuminco salongoc yofayof”, patiyolay pangangan a onto o no yinminhuy a patosokan koni. Paiwan finacadan mapohaway mi’olicay tamdaw ci Malieyafusi Monaneng mitilid to cecay ’olic “Palowaden ko ta’asan ngangan niyam”, misa’icel milaha: “Ano ira ko cecay romi’ad/ o paherekan niyam i niyah a sera malafel/ ’Ayawen ko palowad to ngangan niyam ato sakacitari’ang niyam”. Onini a ’olic, oya saki Taywan yincuminco salongoc yofayof nisanga’an. “O tatapangan nonini a sera kami, o yincumin han ko pitahidang tamiyanan, caayay ko santiren (lotokay a tamdaw). Mapatireng ko yincienhuy i, 1985 miheca 7 folad 15 romi’ad, pirina’ to tilid “San way san” casi. Nanoyaan miteka to ko Yincienhuy palowad to miliyangay a onto, nai padamaay pa’orip to tasalamaan fafahiyan, miliyang to pikarkar to tadem no Tongpo, padama pa’orip to kapah no Cuo finacadan ci Tang Yingshenan, mitoreso’ to palakawas ci Wufengan tangasa micikeroh to patikolen ko sera niyam sanay a onto, onini i, o katapi’elalan no yincumin onto a mihecaan.   Paretatenga ko yincumin to pipalakawas ci Wufengan, o mikelotay tamdaw ci Wufeng caay ko kinapatay a malatadamanay. Nika onini piliyang a demak, paa’ilocan sa ko KMT citodongay mikowan itiya. I 1988 miheca 12 folad 31 romi’ad, o mitiliday no Yusan sinkakoyin ato URM saka 9 rekad minanamay mapolong itira i Ciayisi ka’ayaw no syataw no kasolin a marar sinalit no Wufeng polinan. I 1989 miheca 3 folad 1 romi’ad, Sakakaay midemakay to laloma’an (Necenpo) songila’ sato Wufengsiang falican to pala Alisansian; 9 folad 12 romi’ad, Kulipienikoan nao Wufeng kimad mapalasawad to nai cudad (hong) no pitilidan. I 1991 miheca 4 folad 15 romi’ad, Yincienhuy sarakat palowad miliyang, tayra i Yangmingshan a lomaocan no daykay (Komintahuy) mipatorod a minanay, misa’icel micikeroh nai “Sanpaw” pangangan to “Yincumin” sanay a ngiha a sowal, saka tosa miheca miliyaw haca minanay, hato o “Santitongpaw” ko pangangan no sifo. I 1992 miheca, KMT hato mina’ay mifo’ot, ngalef paini to “Marataray finawlan”, “O ’ayaway finawlan”, oya to ko pangangan to yincumin “Salongan a finacadan”, caay ka kahi mihamon to “Yincumin”. I 1994 miheca 4 folad 11 romi’ad, mikihatiya ci Lee Tenghui to pidemak no Wenhua ciense wiyinhuy i Pintong Santi wenhuayinci to “yincumin pon a laoc”, o tatapangan no kitakit a kacingangan pai “Yincumin” saan ko pitahidang. I 1994 miheca 6 folad 23 romi’ad, yincienhuy ato sakapokapot no syakay yofayof, palowad to sakina 3 itira i congtongfo “salongoc no kacingangan, sera salongoc, sakowan no niyah salongoc” pacomoden i kimpo sanay a pirarakat. Mataloc to ko 10 miheca piliyang, o “sanpaw” pacinganganen to “yincumin”. 1994 miheca 7 folad 28 romi’ad, lomaocan no daykay (Komintahuy) kinatolo misa’osi mihayda i kimpo patongal to liyad, oya niselayan to 40 mihecaan a“sanpaw” pacinganganen to “yincumin”. pisalofan to kimpo nai 1994 miheca 8 folad 1 romi’ad pakayni congtong masetek mihapiw. I 1997 miheca 6 folad 16 romi’ad, yincumin onto sakapot palowad to saka 4 piliyang, tayra i Yangmingshan, milongoc to finacadan, sera, sakowan no niyah pacomod i kimpo sanay. Lomaocan no daykay (Komintahuy) sakina 4 misalof to kimpo, masarocod kapolongan salongoc pacomod to “yincumin” i kimpo. I 2005 miheca 6 folad 15 romi’ad milaoc to saka 2944 ko Siencenyin itiya, mihayda to “piharatengan romi’ad ato lisinan romi’ad a telekan” pa’ayawan rikec, pasetek to mihecahecaan 8 folad 1 romi’ad o “yincuminco romi’ad”, piharateng nai 1994 (83) miheca 8 folad 1 romi’ad pisalofan to kimpo tosir o “sanpaw” pangangan to “yincumin”; toya miheca 7 folad 31 romi’ad, itira i Sincuang ontofa midemak to romi’ad no yincumin, ci Chen Shuibian congtong mikihatiya, mihapiw saka 8 folad 1 romi’ad o yincuminco romi’ad. Pasowalay ci Chen Shuibian i ’ayaw: “oya sanpaw falicen pangangan to yincumin, o saka cipinang no finawlan nonini sera misongila’ ko nengneng to marocekay kaitiraan no yincumin i likisi no Taywan, patiyolen ko nano sakatari’ang no yincuminco”. 8 folad 1 romi’ad nai nidemakan no yincumin onto matilid ko likisi a romi’ad koni, 1994 miheca santisanpaw sanay a sowal masonol to i likisi, macelol to iraay ko kakangodoan a recok “yincumin”. Liyaw tangasa 1997 miheca pangangan to “yincuminco”, kinacecay a pifalic pangangan, saheto o saka citari’ang ato patapangan no nidemakan no yicuminco. Mitiliday ci Qiu Wanxing (作者：邱萬興) Mifalicay ci Masao Nikar (翻譯者：馬撒歐•尼卡爾) j1bet3kfzqie1lxjmnp8bpmietvw8ix 0 2931 47120 47119 2025-08-08T02:27:58Z Masaonikar 570 /* Nanay manga’ay ko hekal (願世界和平) */ 47120 wikitext text/x-wiki == Kafakuhacan no atom a piharatengan romi’ad (原爆紀念日) == I 1945 miheca 8 folad 6 romi’ad, i 8 folad 9 romi’ad mafakuhac no atom no sofitay no Amilika ko Hiroshima no Dipong, miliyaw haca i 8 folad 15 romi’ad ko pifakuhac no atom no sofitay no Amilika ko i Nagasaki no Dipong, nanoyaan mihapiw ko Dipong to awaayay ko salongoc a katapi’an, lalood no saka 2 no hekal nanoyaan sato paherek. ​Paretatenga ko ’alomanay a tamdaw pakayni i atom sakatapi’ no Dipong. Nikawrira, onini tosaay a atom, cimadoka’ay mapatayay to pinaay ’ofadan a tamdaw, awaayho i ’ayaw ko matiniay. Ikor to no kalalood o kasakitakit ala misanga’ sato micowat to hece sakalalood, “Hewise” (katalawan hece) misanga’ to sapilengat to kata;awan, tangasa anini ira to ko patalaw to kanga’anga’ay no hekal. === ​Micakoday to kanatal sapilood malengat ko lalood (跳島戰術迎來最終戰役) === Paherek ko saka 2 lalood, itini i Taypinyang kalaloodan i, o Amilika ko sakakaay i kakomodan no sofitay saka ranikay micomod i sekal no Dipong, malowan ko malaomay mapaherek ko lalood, o nianan koya “micakoday to kanatal sapilood”, paecasan micakod to Asiya Taypinyang sa’etal nano nicalapan no Dipong a kanatal. ​I 1945 miheca 3 folad, nipatatekoan sofitay ato sofitay maala to ko Saipan, Iwo kanatal papotalay no Dipong a kanatal, polong no micakodan to kanatal a halaka sakaira no paherekan – Okinawa. ​​Toya mihecaan 4 folad 1 romi’ad, o hitay no Amilika (nipatatekoan) ato hitay no Dipong micefong to pinaay mo’etepay ’ofad a sofitay, nawhani mitefad ko sofitay no Dipong to “Yusui (Kowareta hisui)” a cering, milongoc to sofitay mikinafalahay to ’orip, saka tadamakari’ang mala’om ko sofitay no tatosaay. ​​​Midotoc to paherekan lalood a nisa’osian itini i Okinawa lalood, no Amilika mata’elif ko 8 ’ofad ko madoka’ay mapatayay sofitay, ono Dipong mata’elif ko 10 ’ofad ko madoka’ay mapatayay a sofitay, roma sato mata’elif ko 14 ’ofad mapatayay a finawlan. === Naikoran no picalap to Dipong a pahecian (進攻日本背後的代價) === ​Mafades ko madoka’ay mapatayay a sofitay no nipatatekoan. Pakayni Iocima ato Okinawa kanatal a lalood, mipasadak ko Dipong to sapidama to kanatal no niyah halaka “Sapitena’ a sakalalood”, mikinafalah ko finawlan sofitay no Dipong mikapot to misa’ayaw to nipatatekoan sofitay. ​​Itiya i, sician a hakasi ci Quincy Wright ato physics hakasi ci William Shockley pasalongan ko sowal, ano nipatatekoan sofitay mitelek micalay to sekal no Dipong, o aira ko 170 ’ofad tangasa 400 ’ofad ko madoka’ay mapatayay no nipatatekoan sofitay, mapatayay tamdaw nai 40 ’ofad tangasa 80 ’ofadan saan, o madoka’ay mapatayay no Dipong salongan i 500 ’ofad tangasa 1,000 ’ofadan saan. ​​​Caay ko mamaharateng no Amilika, ano so’elin micalay to sekal no Dipong, o mapasadakay o tatadamaan ko paherekan no ’aca. === Caay to ko tatikoen misa’osi ko Dipong (面對日本的已讀不回) === I 1945 miheca 7 folad 26 romi’ad, Amilika, Congko, Inkiris toloay kitakit masasihapiw to “Potsdam sasowalen”, mi’ang’ang to sifo no Dipong ranikayen mihapiw ko polong sofitay no Dipong i awaayay ko salongac a pitapi’, ano caay aca o Dipong ko mipili’ay, to o “tahenayay matekop” (prompt and utter destruction). ​O “tahenayay matekop” o pipatalaw to sapidemak to Atom hakiya? Itini i “Potsdam sasowalen” awaay masowal, nika 7 folad 16 romi’ad itini i New Maxeco no Amilika mifakuhac to saka 1 Atom, tatami sa i ’ayaw no “kalomaoc i Potsdam” (1945.07.17-08.02) a romi’ad. ​​Talacowa “Potsdam sasowalen” mapali’ayaw to ano caay kakahi ko Dipong a mitapi’, o sofitay no nipatatekoan mamicalap to sekal no Dipong, o “mamalaheci ko sakatekop no sofitay no Dipong, makari’ang ko sekal no Dipong to katalawan a tekop”. ​​​Itiya, pakayni to “Potsdam sasowalen” caay pikihakihar “satalimaan” (Mokusatsu) sanay, o pinengneng sato no Amilika o “pakonira sanay mina’ay” (rejection by ignoring), misetek pakitekop ko pipatalaw, pakayni Manhattan halaka malaheci ko pisanga’ to hece sakalalood. ​​​​Tosaay ko Atom itiya, masiiked o “mimingay wawa to fa’inayan” a yotan ato “maso’soay tamdaw” a potan. O aitira i Kyoto, Hiroshima, Yokohama ato Kokura a niyaro’ ko nipili’an sofitay no Amilika pitefadan to Atom, ikor sato miketon palasawad ko Kyoto, itira to i Hiroshima ato Kokura ko pitekolan a mitefad. === Sarakatay pitefad to Atom (原子彈首次投入實戰) === I 1945 miheca 8 folad 6 romi’ad, ocoran no sofitay no Amilika ko B-29 sapipakuhac hikoki miwikid to “mimingay wawa to fa’inayan” tayra i fafaed no Hiroshima, ’ayaw no lahok 8:15 mitefad to Atom, oya “mimingay wawa to fa’inayan” (Little Boy) mapakuhac itiya, o 12,000 tangasa 15,000 ton no TNT afet, i fafaed no Hiroshima to 600 kongce mapakuhac. ​Kapakuhacan salongan 9 tangasa 16.6 ’ofad ko tamdaw mapatayay itiya, mataelif ko 10 ’ofad no finawlan madadoedoay to pinapina foladan no fala’an adada rarasa a mapatay. O sarakatay i kalaloodan midemakay to heneng sapilood i ’oripan no tamdaw. === O pafeli to saikoray pa’ayaw (給你最後的警告) === ​Mipakuhac ko sofitay no Amilika i Hiroshima i, pini to sowal ko congtong no Amilika ci Truman, mihapiw midemak to fa’e;ohay sakalalood a ratoh. ​​Pa’ayaw to sowal cingra to Dipong: “Akaa ka hinapec, o mamipeleng kami to sapipa;owad no Dipong to lalood a ’icel, ano caay pilayap to nitelekan niyam, o sapitekop a ’icel mamatiya o makerengay ’orad ko pitaktak, matiniay malodi’ malawacay i hekal to ikor.” ​​​Kaorira, o sifo no Dipong caay ka menimeniw a mikihar to Potsdam sasowalen. ​​​​Ikor no 3 romi’ad, 8 folad 9 romi’ad, oya nisahalakaan no sofitay no Amilika B29 sapipakuhac hikoki miwikid to “maso’soay wawa” pasi Kokura niyaro’ mitefad to Atom, nika tatiih ko romi’ad no kakarayan no niyaro’, kinatolo sapitanam mitefad caay ka laheci, nawhani kakaya’ ko romi’ad i fafaed malaom ko simal, orasaka palalefed sa tayra ngataay niyaro a Nagasaki mitefad to Atom. ​​​​​Taya ’ayaw no lahok 11 ko toki, mapakohac salongan i 21,000 ton TNT a afed “maso’soay wawa” i fafaed no Nagasaki to 503 kongce mapakuhac. Mapakohac sa;ongan 6 tangasa 8 ’ofad ko tamdaw mapatayay, masarar ko 10 ’ofad a finawlad madadoedoay mifiyolay no Atom mapataay. === Nanay manga’ay ko hekal (願世界和平) === ​Matefad no Amilika ko Atom ato Russia mihapiw to pilood to Dipong, masapinang o caacaay to ka patiyol ko lalood sato ko Showadenko, layap sato to ka tapi’an a demak, milayap to sofitay nipatatekoan i “Potsdam pihapiw” misetek to pipaherek to lalood a telekan. ​I 1945 miheca 8 folad 15 romi’ad 8 folad 15 romi’ad kalahokan 12 ko toki, pasifinawlan mihoso ko Showadenko, pasifinawlan no Dipong mihapiw to “katapi’ no Dipong”, sanoyaan o sa’alomanay cimapatayay i safades i saka tosa lalood no hekal ko paherekan. ​​Ikor, to mihecahecaan 8 folad 6 romi’ad kafakuhacan no atom a piharatengan romi’ad no Dipong, itira i “Kanga’ayan piharatengan koying i Hiroshima” midemak to piharatengan lisin, sapihinom to nai mapakuhacay no atom a mapatayay salo’afang, itiya mitolon to pida’oc manganga’ay no hekal. === Mikawitay: Wu Shengxian (Sin Taywan heping kikingkay dademakay) === === Mifalicay: ci Masao Nikar === l96c5rpp5p2w9oey1myz934a90afxcv 0 2932 47139 47138 2025-08-08T04:05:17Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Patirengen ko patokoan sici a demak ko pi’ang’ang (重建政治主體性的行動呼籲) */ 47139 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''Pangiha a tilid-Yincienhuy (聲明稿-原權會)''' == Pakowad to patokoan a siciaan no yincumin - mipa’es to nikapolongan a ngiha sapiliyang to Congko midawa to Taywan. I pisi’ayaw to caayayho a kafokafok sakowan no Taywan i, caay kanga’ay no Yincuminco a misatalimaan. Tona fedfedan no ka’aloman no sician, mapatalaw ko nikapolongan kakawa, malasakatayal no sician kasarekad ko Lipoiing no Yincumin itiya, o mamiliyaw mi’afas patireng kami to sakifinacadan  a sician sapangiha salongoc. === Malapowin ko kasafinacadan dayhiw no sician a kasarekad ('''從族群代表淪為政黨棋子)''' === Ira ko aenemay patodongan a Lipoiing i laocan no kitakit o a itini kasasiroma masasifeday Taywn a finacadan no yincumin to “paecasan” a sacecayay patokoan a siciaan, o sakalacecayaw pngiha itini no Payrangan sician to sapangiha a salongoc. Nika “o dayhiw no finacadan ko kacitodong a iing no yincuminco i laocan” han i caay aca pilaheci tonini, matiniay a paecasan a sician ahan malapowin aca. O mamiliyang to sakaeca ka palangarifan no mita’o’ay, matini sato o mita’o’ay a kasarekad ko mikadotay to kinaira, mapalit to ko sakacowat no finacadan. Itini miheca saka 4 foladan masapinang ko tinako, malitosaay a lipoiing no yincumin mikotod ci Fu Kunqian tayra i Congko miliso’ ci Wang Huningan. O siikoray to nikapolongan no Taywan a pinangan koni, mangalef o pakangodoay to patoko a siciaan no yincuminco. O cipatokoay no finacadan ko fayfay, palosida’ to misatekeday sakowan, mihakenoay to nikapolongan telek, masasilecad to kalalood, matiniay o caayay pilaheci to niyah a pikowan, mangalef ko pisiikor to sakalekapotaw no yincuminc. === Miasimaanay to katatelek, masakasak aca ko nikapolongan ('''制度被濫用，民主遭踐踏)''' === Nanoya misarocod i mafolaay sapico’ayaw palowad to lipoiing, pahapinangay to misatekeday sakowan a pinangan. Tona mimangahan ngangan no tao to pilingangan mipalowad to mifolaay demak, misi’ayaw aca to kaciraraw ko yincuminco a tamdaw i, manengneng ko kasakasak salongoc no tamdawan no finacadan ita, ato pakayniay sician a demak ko pisamsam to finacadan. Caay ko talingafoh sanay a demak ko nian, oya tadamanay sician sinalit a mato: tona o cecay a kasarekad “masasipainiay” to nisatekeday a congkong a pakinali, misatapang i laloma’an no Taywan  midemak to “misatekeday pikowan” a kasasipaini minanam i, manengneng no mita ko nikapolongan a malahorac to. === '''Micoker to pipalasawad, midama to nikapolongan a sakowan''' '''(支持大罷免，捍衛民主憲政)''' === Misa’ayaw to mirawraway to sakowan i laocan, micoker kami to palowad no finawlan a mipalsawaday a demak. caay ko pilala’is no kasarekad, o sapidamaaw to nikapolongan a lakakawa. Tona langdaway kahecalay a tosaay kasarekad pakayni i nisingkiwan lekakawa, o “mangahay ka’aloman” mi’epiay to laocan, mikari’ang to pakayraan no kimpo i, o pipalasawad ko saikoray sapipatolas a sakadademak no finawlan. Mi’ang’ang kami o finawlan, akaa ka “no finacadan ko harateng” mifalod a micoker to misiikoray to nikapolongan, milecad to milefoay o “finacadan a dayhiw” ya sanay. So’elinay  patokoan no yincuminco, caay ko miringiay to sowal ato ’icel no tao, oya itiniay i nikapolongan a rikec ko sapilongoc to sakacisapakonara ato sakacitari’ang. === Patirengen ko patokoan sici a demak ko pi’ang’ang ('''重建政治主體性的行動呼籲)''' === O pi’ang’ang niyam: (我們鄭重呼籲：) Ono finacadan a patokoan caay ko pifelih milayap to roma a nisa’icelan harateng ko sapasadak, caay ko sapidapong to saki nikapolongan a ciepocay a mifelih. O yincuminco caay ko i nimaay sician kasarekad a mikapiay, caay ko nanosician a sakadademak. Tona pipalasawad a lakakawa mala sapico’ay no kasarekad a sakatayal, ono yincuminco a mala sapico’ay a sician ko pikihatiya, o tatomireng kami a pasowal to caayay. O sakatadamaan no pipatireng to paecasan no sakatayal i sician to sapi’emet a sakowan, caayay i midoedoay milayap i masakaminaway ko harateng. O kangalayan oya so’elinay to sakifinacadan a pangiha, midama to kinaira no finawlan, mi’imer to nikapolongan sakaciepoc a dayhiw, caay ko maloyakyakay ano eca nilooday no kasarekad a sakatayal. Misi’ayaw to tatayni nisatekeday ’adingo, kami ato polong no sakipakoniraay ato tamdawan salongoc misa’icel to kalaceay i finawlan no Taywan. O nikapolongan caay ko nano nipasingkiw a paya ko pipolongan, o sakadamaaw no salongan a tamdaw; caay ko sowal aca ko sapakonira a pihapiw, o so’elinay a nisimawan.    O ikor no Taywan yincuminco, o mamipatireng i nikapolongan kimpo a mapalamit, caay ko i nisatekedan a mapelengay. Taywan yincuminco salongoc yofayof. Taywan yincuminco niyaro’ lekatep. Taywan yincuminco matayalay lekatep. Taywan yincumin sacefang. 2025/724 gbzcvz4n0ktox015lgxpvtugdqvbr9y 0 2933 47154 47153 2025-08-14T21:37:30Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Pinengneng a tilid (參考書目) */ 47154 wikitext text/x-wiki == Yohani Hafod (約翰·哈佛) == Yohani Hafod (Inkiris: John Harvard, 1607 miheca 11 folad 26 romi’ad - 1638 miheca 9 folad 14 romi’ad), o nano Charles niyaro’ i Massachusetts a foksi. Pa'ayaway patireng to Hafod daykako a tamdaw. === Kaemangan miheca (早年) === I 1607 miheca 11 folad 26 rmi’ad masofoc itini i Southwark no England niyaro’ Ci Yohani Hafod, itira a mato’as, o saka sasepat a wawa to sasiwaay nangra a malekaka. O mipacokay to ’a’adopen ato tawki no kaliepahan ko mama ni Hafod, o mama no ina a akong ningra o malaiingay no niyaro’, o nano malekapotay to mama ni mikikiay Sasepiya (Shakespeare) a matayal i cisifo. I 1625 miheca, ona tahalifong a mapatay ko mama ato sasepatay a salekaka to fa’inayan fafahiyan ningra itiya, ikor miliyaw ci fa’inay ko ina. Itiya i 1627 miheca mapatayra no mama ato ina cingra i Emmanuel kakkoyin (aniniay Cambridge daykako) minanam, i 1631 miheca misawad padoedo haca minanam, i 1635 miheca ciniala to sose, nanoya mapatireng cingra to kala foksi. I 1638 miheca 9 folad 14 romi’ad, mararamod to safa to cefang i daykako ni Hafod mitilid a fafahiyan, saka 2 miheca to 11 folad malahakelong tayra i New England sa’etal a Charleston niyaro’, oya aniniay Boston i Massachusetts sa’etal, itini toya niyaro’ a kiwkay malafoksi ato malaciwlo pasifana’ay. === Rocok a paror (遺產) === I 1638 miheca 9 folad 14 romi’ad, ciadada to fala’an mapatay ci Hafo, i’ayaw no patay ningra o kalotilid a hong ato malitosaay sera a paloma’an (salongan 780 Inpang a payso, o tatodong no picalap to Massachusetts cecayay miheca a mialaan a sata) pafelien ko fa’elohay kakkoyin (New College, caayay koya Oxford daykako fa’elohay kakoyin). O pipatodong to nga’ayay a demak, itiyaay nicalapay citodongay mitelek no Massachusetts i 1639 miheca micering tonini a kakoying falicen ko ngangan “Hafod kakoyin” han to, oya ikoray Hafod (Harvard) daykako. I 1884 miheca, oya mito’to’ay ci Daniel French mipatala misanga’ to sinalit no Yohani Hafod (John Harvard) nasa, o nikahalafin to no mihecaan, awaay ko nicokaan a siyasin, saka ci French sato, mitama ningra ko tatoloay a Model, masanga’ ko sinalit ni Yohani Hafod (John Harvard). Sacitilid sa i laeno a toloay rowis: Yohani Hafod (John Harvard), mipatirengay tamdaw, 1638. I 1924 miheca 4 folad 15 romi’ad, o sinalit ni Yohani Hafod (John Harvard) malinah patayra i laloma’an no pitilidan, o misawaday naitini mitiliday saraheked sa ko sowal: onini a sinalit nai papotal micomod to i niyaro’, nai palapalaan micomod to tayni laloma’an. === Kahemakan a katengilan (趣聞) === Saki mitiliday no Hafod (Harvard) daykako i, o ’alomanay mitiliday sito, ’ayaw no piseking tayra i sinalit ni Hafod (Harvard) mipohpoh to kocu saka cilemed miseking, kamatini no romi’adan, onini a kawiliay wa’ay satomeli’ sato. === Pi’arawan (參見) === === Pinengneng a tilid (參考書目) === 1.徐飛，《細看哈佛》，北京：花生文庫 ibfjmtwwsp4ntfiey85ym81085ahi70 0 2934 47187 47186 2025-08-19T01:15:50Z Masaonikar 570 /* Pasiikoray ko pasafaloco’an (展望未來) */ 47187 wikitext text/x-wiki == O romi’ad no yincuminco (原住民族日) == === O romi’ad no yincuminco, o sapiwanik to pisawao to “Fan”, “Hoan”, “Sanpao”. (原住民族日，擺脫侮辱人的「番」、「蕃」、「山胞」) === ​Nano’ayaw tangasa anini, itiniay ma’orip i Taywan a yincuminco, tona talasekal ko Netherland (Holan) tamdaw i, caayto pitolas makakotay ko mikowanay ato misamsam, tangasa anini caay ka safaloco’ no mita, ano saan halo “yincumin” sanay a salongan pipangangan, itiraay I’ayaw to 30 mihecaan, itiya sa mapatireng. ​​Caay ka dengan 400 mihecaan ko likisi no Taywan, “’ayaw” no 400 mihecaan iraay to ko tamdaw maro’ itini. O nano nga’ayay ko ’orip nangra o tamdaw, ira ko niyah a sowal, ponka, lekakawa, sofal no ka’oripan. ​​​Itini sera no Taywan, dadotoc sa ira ko roma a tamdaw tayni; fa’elohay finawlan tamdaw, o nano caayay kahien no itiniay ko sakatayni i, micalap micefis to nano niyah finawlan a maamaan, ano o kanga’ayan ho ko nihaenan, makataray ko pinangan mi’eco to nano ka’oripan no nanomaro’ay tonini a sera a tamdaw. ​​​​Oya nano niyah kananaman a sera sapinang sa malasawad maladel to tamdaw, matiya to ko mirakarakay a tamdaw, oya nai papotalay a micalapay ko maro’ay to, mipatayni aca to nangraan pinangan a ponka, patangic paci’eci sa palasawad to nano maro’ay a talifokilen ato malasawad to ko palamitan.    ​​​​​Onini nai papotalay o “mikelotay ato mikoliay” ko kakawaw nangra, patahtah sa “palapinangan”, “kananaman”, “simangta’ay” no niyah pasenengan ko sapi “kadih”, masamsamay no tao ko niyah sa ko pakokot. ​​​​​​O micalapay mikowan a Dipong ato micalapay a KMT awaay ko kakinih, saheto o misiikeday, mi’epecay, mipalawacoay to nano maro’ay itini tonini a sera tamdaw, palolalomaan no kitakit no niyah sa ko micalapay, papotalay palaniyah sanay o pimangah ko lalowadan. ​​​​​​Itiniay tekedan yofayof miliyang to sakowan no KMT a masimeday, tangasa to i 1994 miheca, nikapolongan to ko pakayraan, makemaay to semo’otay miheca ko mo’ecel, ta nano o “Fan”, “Hoan”, “Sanpao”, salongan to kacingangan tatapangan nonini sera a tamdaw a “yincuminco”, oninian koya pipatireng to romi’ad no yincuminco hananay. === Kacingangan to yincuminco a onto (原住民族正名運動) === ​Felihen ko likisi no Taywan a maanan tilidan, masapinang i kasasiroma no mikowanay ira ko pafeli pangangan to yincumin, sarakatay tayni a Netherland (Helan) TongInto kongsi pangangan sa cangraan o “makataray tamdaw” (savages) saan. tangasa to i Mancin a picalap mikowan a to’ek, pangangan sa cangraan o “Fan”. Ono micalapay a Dipong pipangangan cangraan i o “Hoan”, “Takashazoku”, tangasa ikor no kalalood, micalapay KMT mikowan pangangan sa o Santìtongpao (yama no doho) saan. ​​Onini a pangangan saheto o ci maolatekay ko piepec; saki micalapay pikowan i, o “matalahekalay tamdaw” saan, o tadancaay no niyah a laenoay a finawlan. O pakoniyah sanay no micalapay mikowanay panganganan, awaayho ko no niyah yincumin pangangan ko pitahidang. ​​​Fohaten laloma’ no hong a tilid, mahefalatay nitilidan rayray likisi no taywan i, pa’ayawan a sowal saka 1 tosil masawal itira: “Sa’ayaw awaayho ko rayeay likisi no Taywan. O Netherland (Holan) ko sarakatay, o Cen ko midemakay, Mancin ko pakinairaay.” Nano midemak ko siwaay miheca a kiwiko itiya i, lata’ang sa o Conghua ponka ko so’elinay , o tilidan likisi no Taywan o kowaping a lekakawa, matiliday saheto o rocia harateng, awaay manengneng ko nitilidan to no yincumin. ​​​​I nicalapay pikowan a yincumin, nano yaan sa malasawaday to ko sera ato pi’adopan a pala, mangalef ko pakinali no Conghuaminko a sifo, pakayni i kiwiko matiya o pingicngic no kayko toya dengan paratatengaan a ponka. ​​​​​I 1984 mihecaan, malohak to ko misatekeday pikowan, macowat to ko syakay onto, nisafaan a finawlan ira to ko pipangiha romakat i lalan. ​​​​​​Toya mihecaan 12 folad, sakaniyaro’ a cifana’ay tamdaw marikec masa’opo patireng to “Yincuminco salongoc yofayof”, masacefang cangra, talacowacowa misingting, pasifana’ to citodongay a sifo a “Payrang”: “O kamiay ko tatapangan nonini a sera, o yincumin han ko pitahidang tamiyanan, caay ko santiren.” === Patireng to romi’ad no yincuminco (原住民族日建立) === ​O piliyang mafohat ko kasasolsol no kasaniyaro’aro’, saka masapinangay to no mikowanan to nikahalafin caayay kiheren a “Tatapangan (taoki) no kitakit a tamdaw”. I 1994 miheca misetek no Mincintang pacomoden i kimpo ko “kacingangan to yincumin ato niyah pikowan” sanay, toya miheca 4 folad, kala congtong ni Litenghui mikihatiya to Wencienhuy i Pintong mikihatiya to “yincumin ponka sa’opo”, sarakat nao tatapangan no kitakit a kacingangan pala “yincumin” sa ko pitahidang. Mifalic to ngangan ato niyah ko pikowan kala mikawatay to kasasiked no sician a kapolongan harateng, sakacinganganaw no yincumin a onto nanoyaan sa malaheci to lekadan.    ​​I 1994 miheca 7 folad 28 romi’ad, kinatolo mi’osi mihayda ko Kokmintaykai patongal to tosir kimpo no Conghuaminko, saka 9 liyad saka 7 hecek matelek: “I mapakoniraay sa’etal pikihatiya to sician ato kaitiraan a kacitodong no yincumin, o papadamaen; saki kiwiko ponka, syakay sakalemed ato sakacikinaira no kicay, o papadamaen pacowat.” ​​​I 1994 miheca 8 folad 1 romi’ad, Santìtongpao (yama no doho) malasawad to i likisi, makotay oya ci mingodoay pidoedoan kacingangan to “yincumin”. Ikor to, masalof to ko kimpo mapadama ko yincuminco, ato materek to ko caayay ko rahodayay to’asan ponka, mapatireng i rikec masimaw; ikor no 2000 mihecaan, misitapang to i pitilidan no kaemangay, masadak i pakoniyah a sowal ko pinanaman, masadak ko sarakatay malasibngsiay no finacadan, ’ayaw no mo’etep no mihecaan caay ho kasafaloco’an. ​​​​I 2005 miheca, midotoc ko Siencenyin piharatengan romi’ad ato lisinan sapidotoc a liyadan, mitelek to mihecahecaan saka 8 folad 1 romi’ad o “romi’ad no yincuminco”, naitini to mihecaan saka 8 folad 1 romi’ad, mala o romi’ad pahanhanan no kitakit. pasowal ko congtong itiyaay ci Chin suihen: “Pala yincumin han ko kacingangan to sanpao, o sapamo’ecel to kaitiraan no ma’oripay tonini i sera no Taywan a yincumin to so’elinay likisi no Taywan, todong sakapafeli a ira sakatari’ang no yincuminco tonini a sera.” === So’elinay ato sakalali’ay (真相與和解) === ​2016 miheca 8 folad 1 romi’ad, o sifo no Conghuaminko pasi yincuminco a mili’ay a lisin i laloma’ no congtongfo, itiyaay congtong ci Caiyingwen komidayhiway to sifo no conghuaminko pasi yincumin a mili’ay, toya pipatirengan to 22 mihecaan a romi’ad no yincuminco itiya i, midayhiw to sifo ci Caiyingwen congtong, sarakat i 400 mihecaan to sakafades ato caayay ko malalenay padafoh no yincumincono Taywan, pasadak to so’elinay pili’ay. ​​Paini to sowal ci Caiyingwen congtong: “O cecay macakatay finacadan, latek itiniay mapatireng i kafadesan no roma a finacadan. Dengan caay ko cimo’ecelay kitakit mami ya sanay ko sowal, ano saan onini a likisi o sasaimeren miharateng, pasadaken no sa’elimnay. Nanoya, satadamaanay, o saso’elinen no sifo mitiyol ko nacilaay a nidemakan, oninian koya saka itini ako a tomireng.” ​​​Itini tonini a sera no Taywan ko yincumin, mafades to adihayay karorayan, o nikapolongan citodongay mikowan i hekal miteka mitiyol, misapinang ko niyah to pikowan no ’ayaway kakeridan, a miliyaw miharateng ko niyah to tatapangan nonini a sera sakaira no kadoka’an. ​​​​Pasi Hawai a yincumin mili’ay ko congtong no Amilika, pasi New Zealand a yincumin mili’ay ko hongti no Inkiris ci Ilisapil, micering patiyol to to’asan sofal a kacingangan. ​​​​​So’elin ko pili’ay no citodongay sifo, patodong aca o micalapay mikowanay pasimadoka’ay mili’ay a sa’awas, sapisalofaw to hatiniay lafin a iraay a ca’enget, o mamipaso’elin misi’ayaw to palamitan no doka’, misatiri’tiri’ to mafadesay ato caayay ka lalen i rayray no likisian, misa’icel i telekan a mifalic. ​​​​​​Oninian ko nisowalan nawiro paini ci Caiyingwen congtong: “Aniniay a pili’ay, talacowa halafin ko nikataloc, nika o pisatekaan koni. caay ka cifaloco’ kako to kafades Kadoka; no yincuminco to 400 miheca, pakayni i papelo a tilid, cecay a pili’ay a malasawad to. Nikawrira, paifaloco’ay akokonini, mili’ay anini, o mitekaay ko polong no salaloma’an no kitakit a finawlan ko sapili’ay.” === Pasiikoray ko pasafaloco’an (展望未來) === ​I’ayaw to 30 no mihecaan, pakayni i pisalof to kimpo a misaliyaliyaw, o onto sakinacecaycecay saan, mirara i sowal no yincuminco, to’asan sofalan, mirara to mikinaira i salongoc. ​​Wataay ho ko ray to sakasongila’aw no satelek, mangalay ko polong no syakay malacecay misa’icel, mafana’ to niyah a likisi, mafana’ to niyah a sera, mafana’ ko niyah to kasasiromaroma no ponka. Pasimili’ayay, pasikomoday ato pasicowatay, pasayra i fa’elohay ko ikor a Taywan. Sin Taywan heping kikingkay nipasadakan 2025/8/1 herek no lahok 7 ko toki. Mifalicay ci Masao Nikaw 94cqh18jhmfroflsomrc8m8glft1o93 0 2935 47188 2025-08-19T20:53:29Z 2401:E180:8DD0:975F:8CE5:2FD7:7BCF:377D mipasadak 47188 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''Militos ato mipalasawad 選舉與罷免''' == === '''O sa’ayaway a sowal. 前言''' === O pilitos hananay i matiya to o piketon to dademakan, pakayni to pipili’ to lalitosen a tamdaw ato demak, samaw pakayni i pilitos a mafana’ to papili’en, ano o tamdaw to ano o kalomaanmaan a demakan, matiya to ano mikihatiya a comikay i, ilasaca kopi litos to cacomikay, ano mipacakay to sapacakay i, ilaay to kopi litos to papacakayen, olanan a militosay a demak i, o todongay topi pasadak tona faloco’an a halateng ami pili’ to fangcalay matatodongay a demak, ilako no tekedan a pilitos ato no sakapolongan a pilitos, ono sakapolongan a pilitos i, matiya o sapilikec to niyalo’ a demak, mipili’ to matatodongay a tamdaw ami demak to tayal no niyalo’, ano caay katatodong i o mama palasawad a mafalah, oka kotayen no loma a tamdaw. Opipili’ ami litos to mami likec to demak no niyalo’ i, o tadamaanay ato o macakatay a tayal no hekal itini sakapolongan no niyalo’, nikaolira, alatek iraay ko kacango’otan nira, nawhani olanan api pilic ami litos a demak I, ano dodoen ko kasasiloma no faloco’ ato haladen no tamtamdaw i caay koka fana’an, sanaw pakayni i pasadak to sowal to nafaloco’an a halateng, ato itini a malalicalicay, dodosato tiya pakayni to pipili’ ami litos, likol sato ami hapinang icowaay ko so’linay o matatodongay itini to a masapinang, olanan a pipili’ ami litos i, caay ko nano mippacician, no niya a faloco’ ato halateng palitemek, cecay a tamdaw cecay a litos, sanaw olanan apipili’ ami litos hananay i, oma latapangay ko kalo kahacecey a tamtamdawan, nikaolira ano caay ka ‘edeng ko to’as ama ‘ikes ko faloco’ ato halateng a tamdawan i, caay ka nga’ay aci todong tora pipili’ ami litos, lomasato, ano o misamangahan ato omi sa’fitan ko pilitos ami pili’ i, caayay ka tatodong ko mahaenay a demak, sanaw ola pipili’ ami litos haw i, caay ka ngaay a pacefaay ko demak, ngalefen to oya papili’en a tamdaw ato demak, caay ka nga’ay a pacefaay ko papili’en, Ano dodoen kola pipili’ ami litos hananay a demak i, matiyaay to itiniay i todongay o citodongay a makakotakotayay to tayal a niyaro’ ato kanatal, pakayni to pipili’ ami litos to matatodongay o makapahay kosa cakacakat no tayal ato dademaken, pakayni i kasa’opoan a malalicalicay ami kilim to fangcalay ato matatodongay a demak to sakacakat no finaworan o sanay, matiyato malatapangay no niyalo’ aca o kanatal a tamdaw, ano caay ko matatongay o tadafangcalay a tamdaw koma pili’ay i, alatek osaka tatiih osaka rawraw no niyalo ato demak, sanaw o nana’oen ami halateng no kahacicacicay no citodongay ami pili’ ami litos kohatiniay, ano no teked to a demak, ano no sakapolongan to a demak, o hatiniay hananay apipili’ ami litos i, saheto tadamaanay, caay kangaay ami pacefa to demak. === '''O ketong a sowal to pipili’ ami litos. 民主選舉的定義''' === Ano dodoen tora tayal to niyalo’ ato kanatal hananay i, ano caay kapi dodo to so’linay a faloco’ ami liki’ tosapi dipot to finaolan i, alatek caay ka tatodong to sapidipotaw to finaweran, sanaw pakaynien tola pipili’ ami litos ko sa’yaway a tayal, tiya matatodong i faloco’ no finaworan, nikaolira olanan a pipili’ ami litos hananay a demak i, caay ka‘eca kaawa kopi likec to dadodoen a tayal, nawhani itini i tatiihay a finaweran a kanatal i, mafana’ay ami sa’^fit ato misamangahay to faloco’ a tamdaw, ano hatila i caay to ka tatodong kola pipili’ ami litos to so’linay fangcalay ato matatodongay a demak.   Masamaanay ko so’linay a pipili’ ami lotos to matatodongay a demak aca ato tamdaw, dodo sanay tononiya a fana’ ato halateng ato faloco’, tiya oninian so’linay ato matatodongay osanay, ano pakanien i sowal no mikingkiway a tamdaw to pakaylaay toya pipili’ ami litos hananay a demak i, paakylaay toya awaay ko mangah, awaay ko pisa^fit, awaay tatiihay, awaay ko kalali’ang, awaay ko pacefaay a masasisolit, olanan a pipili’ ami litos, omi dodoay to palitemek ami sa’icel ato ami satikotiko a pahapinang tona niketonan no demak, pakayni to pipili’ no ‘alomanay a tamdaw kosaka ila no matayalay to finawaran i niyalo’, midodoay to likec to sakacakat a tala’ayaw no ‘orip no tamdaw ato no finaweran itini i niyalo’ ato kanatal sanay, ano ‘alawen kono macakatay a loma a kanatal i, ma^deng pakaalaay to to pinapina a mihecaan koka pisaliyaliyaw ami demak to hatiniay a pipili’ ami litos, onian ko sakacakat no ‘orip nangla, a caay haca kacitolas ami saliyaliaw ami pili’ ami litos to lalitosen. Romasato itini tola pipili’ ami litos tola litosen hananay a demak aca o tamdaw hananay i, caay ka^ca iraay to ko kacango’ot nila, ano samaama^enen to ami songila’, ato midodo ko likec i, ilaay to ko lawa nila, sanaw o tamdaw hananay i, caay ka^ca ka awa ko rawraw, ano icowaay to a niyaro’ ato ano icowaay to a kanatal, tangasa imatini sahetoay to iraay ko rawraw no tamdaw, kamansa misaliyaliyaw ami salof to dadodoen a likic, tosaka nga’ayaw no demak tola pipili’ ami litos hananay a tayal, nikaolira ano caay ka ha^enen ko demak a pakayni tola pilitos ami mipili’ tomatatodongay amama tayal ami demak to dademaken a tamdaw i, caay ko mamacakat ko ‘orip no tamdaw, onian ko sasa’icelen no kalo tamtamdaw, tiya caay ka tomelep aca talalikol ko ‘orip no tamdaw to pakaylaay to tayal i tini i niyalo ato kanatar. === '''Masamaanay ko pipili’ hananay. 選舉的特色''' === Ano ‘alawen ko nahelekan ami pili’ i, ano oniyalo’ay to ano onokanatalay to, ‘alawen ko helek no demak, itilaay a mahapinang koka caka ato katalalikol no demak, sanaw ola a finaworan kopi ‘alawan, o fangcalay a finaworan i o fangcalay koma pili’ay, o tatiihay a finaworan i o tatiihay koma pili’ay. === '''Masamaanay ko lalitosen. 投票的資格''' === Mikihatiyaay ami litos ato lalitosen i, ilaay kopi hapinang tola militosay ato lalitosen a tamdaw, oloma a niyalo’ ato kanatal i, caay papi litos to masingkiay ato maapaay a tamdaw, lomasato o caay ho ka^deng ko to’as ama ‘ikes a wawaay ho a tamdaw, ato olalitosen to i hatilaay to a caay papi litosen. Lomasato, ano caay kono niya a niyalo’ ato kanatalay a tamdaw i, caay ka papihatiyaen ami litos ato lalitosen. === '''O pipili’ ami litos hananay ato lomi’ad. 選舉的方式與時間''' === O pipili’ ami litos i, ilaay ko tata’a:kay a pipili’ ami litos, matiya to no kanatalay to tapangtapang , ilaay ko ki^mi:ngay a pipili’ ami litos, matiya to no niyalo’ay a kakelidang, ato o tala’ayaway a pipili’ ami litos, matia to citodongay hakiya sanay a tamdaw ami hapinang, ato o patikoray ami saliyaw a pipili’ ami litos, matiya to caay ka^deng a patongal to pipili’ ami litos. Ora a pipili’an a lomi’ad i, o ‘alow to patatodongan a lomi’ad, lilaay ko cecay miheca nacecay, ato tosa ano tolo ano sepat nacecay ami pili’ ami litos, o likec to sa’osi kopi ‘alowan, nawhani awaay ko pinang to todongay o dademaken. === '''O pipalasawad a pilitos. 罷免''' === O pipalasawad a militos sanay a sowal i, matiyaay to omalitosay to a tamdaw ato demak, likor sato hato caay yaca katatodong o sanay, sanaw o papalasawaden aca, nikaolira ano nipalasawad to omapili’ay to a tamdaw ato demak i, mi’law to halateng ato faloco’ no sakapolongan, caay ka pacefa saan ami palasawad to omapili’ay to a tamdaw ato demak, nawhani olanan a pipili’ ami litos hananay a demak, caay ko misalamaay, nasakapolongan a demak i, o sakapolongan ami demak, ano caay ka o polong komi pasadakay to sapi palasawad caay ka nga’ay ami litos ami palasawad, sanaw o piketon to hatiniay a demakan i, iraay kopi sa’osi ami pasadak todongay to pipalasawad a sowal to tamdawan, ano caay ka tafesiw ko sa’osi omi pasadakay to sowal to caay katatodong sanay a sawal i, caay ka ngaay ami palasawad to nahelekan to ami pili’ ami litos, lomasato ano caay pakaala to pihapinagan a lomi’ad ato mihecaan i, caay ka ngaay a tasol sa ami palasawad to nahelekan to ami pili’ ami litosan to a tamdaw ato demak, sanaw ilaay ko pipatatodong to dademaken ami palasawad to mapili’ay to a tamdaw.( Siwkolan Pangcah/’Amis Suman 0820’25) ==== '''O tahapinangan a tilid參考文獻:''' ==== ## The Recall Elections Blog: The Year in Recalls - 151 Recalls in 2011 (edited to add another recall). Recallelections.blogspot.tw. 2011-12-27 [2014-05-03]. （原始內容存檔於2016-12-20）. ## 陳朝建. 20140507有話好說：割闌尾？斬綠草？立委太爛怎麼辦？. 台灣: 公共電視: 22:00. 2014-05-07 [2014-05-09]. （原始內容存檔於2015-06-21）. ## 公職人員選舉罷免法-全國法規資料庫入口網站. Law.moj.gov.tw. 2011-06-20 [2014-05-03]. （原始內容存檔於2018-01-21）. 2jdhau964k9o4pexy6m976ufu2kknot 0 2937 47216 47215 2025-08-25T05:01:55Z Masaonikar 570 /* Pinengnengan to tilid (參考資料) */ 47216 wikitext text/x-wiki == Hose Mocika congtong (荷西·穆希卡總統) == Hose Alperto “Pipi” Mocika Kordano (Spain: José Alberto "Pepe" Mujica Cordano [a]; I 1935 miheca 5 folad 20 romi’ad tangasa 2025 miheca 5 folad 13 romi’ad), o mamohay, sician, mifelihay no Uruguay kitakit, nai 2010 miheca tangasa 2015 miheca malasaka 40 rekad congtong no kitakit[1]. Misawad i, o fafahi to ningra ci Lucia Topolanski ko mala micokeray to congtong nai 2017 miheca tangasa 2020 miheca, orasaka mala saka tosa fa’inayan kitakit no Uruguay. I’ayaw ni Mocika o masakawiliay no maci a selal “Mincu sedalay onto – Tupamaros” sakapot, i 1970 mihecaan tangasa 1980 mihecaan marepet no mitekeday sakowan a marofo, mafades ato ira ko 14 mihecaan marofo. Ikor noni mikapot to cingra to masakawiliay kasarekad nipatatekoan “Dadahalay cefang”, i 2005 miheca tangasa 2008 miheca nao misakolongay, maomahay ato mifotingay a kakeridan, saan citodong to fa’eday pikaykian a iing. I 2009 miheca, citodong nikacingangan no dadahalay cefang milifet to congtong malifet maala, i 2010 miheca 3 folad 1 romi’ad micada mala congtong. Masapakoyocay ko ’orip ni Mocika, sacisowal sa ko mitiya cingraan i o “Sapakoyocay congtong no hekalan” saan, to folafoladan ira ko 12000 US ko lifon ningra, mali 9% palada’en i mangalayay, sakidama to pakoyocay tamdaw ato mimingay pakatayalan tamdaw[2][3]. O sapaca’of ni Mocika to milikafay o sakidafongan aca ko pakayraan no milidafongay, paretatenga sa matiniay awaay ko sakaira kalemedan. No harana’an a nisowalan dadahal ko palalan no saki’orip makaimahen no mitiya a palita’ang pahemek. Inkiris “Thames takaraway kiwiko” nai 2015 miheca o “harana’an congtong” saan ko patinako ci Mocikaan, pakayni mipaletateko to ni Plato nipasadakan “hongti no harana’an” a niharateng[4][5]. === Ni’oripan (簡歷) === I 1935 miheca 5 folad 20 romi’ad, masofoc ci Mocika itira i inakaay niyaro’ no Montevideo i Uruguay. I 1960 miheca tangasa 1970 mihecaan i, mikapot to masakawiliay no maci a selal “Mincu sedalay onto – Tupamaros” ato miliyang to misatekeday sofitay pikowan a sifo itiya, ona marepetay marofo to 12 miheca. I 1985 miheca, malowad to o nikapolongan to ko Uruguay kitakit i, mapasadak to ci Mocika. I 1995 miheca, milifet ci Mocika to Kararemay pikaykian a iing no Uruguay kitakit. === Congtong (總統) === I 2009 miheca 11 folad 29 romi’ad, ira ko 74 no mihecaan citodong to mikowanay nipatatekoan dadahalay cefang mikihatiya milifet to sakinatosa liyad to congtong, ira ko 52.6% ko tapi’ fa’elohay congtong no Uruguay kitakit. Nano o maomahay laloma’an ci Mocika i 2009 miheca mala dadahalay cefang mapatorod to congtong i, ona mina’ayay “Palacongtongen kako matiya sa o mi’es’esay to fafoy ko caay ka rahoday” saan, nika malifet aca maala. I 2010 miheca 3 folad 1 romi’ad, mapatireng ci Mocika to congtong i, mina’ay maro’ patodongan no sifo padamso to kamaro’an loma’, itira sa i omahomahan a loma’ ato fafahi ningra a maro’, nawhani sowal sa: “makidadahal to karofoan ako to 14 miheca ko nga’ay”. Talacowa halafin to ko kararamod, nika awaay ko wawa nangra tatosa mararamod, to romi’ami’ad ira ko tatosaay tayrin ato Waco ko misamaway to loma’, mina’ay cingra to mikotoday ato ciriko’ay a tosiya miseraay, o niyah sa ko parakatay to iraay to ko 25 mihecaan a tosiya tayra katayalan i congtongfo. Matiniay masasifelihay congtong maraod ko pa’aliwacan tayra i sadatengan maomah, mikayat to Waco minengneng to mimaliay, o malaiingay fafahi pakoniyah han ko nengneng. Orasaka mihapiw to kalacongtong ningra, o 9% no lifon to congtong paladaen i sadama, liwadiway tamdaw a kiking. O niyah ato fafahi itira sa i omah a talo’an ko aro’. Caay pakacinikotayen ko mikacaway, tatirengan awaay ko ci tadamaanay ko losid. O dafong no loma’ dengan 21.5 US aca, I 2012 miheca misingsi to sata kafahekaen: inaka no tadamaanay maci ira ko 1 marelangay loma’ i omahan ato tosaay omah, tosaay nai 1987 mihecaan a tosiya, tosa ko kangkang, ato caayay ka 20 ’ofed US a nina’angan payso. Onini a demak, itini to i calay ato mitiya a masowal, o pilaha to pihemak ko adihayay. Spain mitiya i cingraan “O sapakoyocay congtong i hekal” [7], nika o “kalihamhaman no Lating kitakit a congtong”. Sowal sa: “’osaw to maedeng kako, ano hatira to ko kaadihay caay ka hatire ko no finawlan nietanan, mana caay kaedengen kako saw?” ikor to no pisawadan ako a payso palada’en ho ako. Saki niyah a kacingangan to “O sapakoyocay congtong i hekal”, paca’of sa ci Mocika “caay ka pakoyoc kako, sowalen to kapakoyocay a tamdaw o so’elinay o pakoyocay. O sowal awaayay ko maamaan dafongan han so’elinay to, nika masapakoyoc ko saka cidafongay kako.”   Marahiday cingra, o kangadoan no sician i Lating. Masapakoyoc ko ’orip sakaira no kanga’ay i kasakitakit, nikawrira paini ci Mocika, o somowalay to “pakoyocay tamdaw” sanay takowan to pisakacidafongaw, “caay ko ako ko “sapakoyocay” a congtong, “sapakoyocay” ahan oya adihayay ko payso ko saka’orip a tamdaw ko sapakoyocay”, “pato’as ko likisi ako takowan” ano cecay to ko takar sawfan ko kafoti’an lipahak to kako”. I 2013 miheca, o kicay hakasi tamdaw mipili’ to mihecaan dayhiw kitakit no Uruguay, oya ci Mocika congtong ko midotocay tonini, kicay hakasi tamdaw pangangan sa “patahtahan misangodoay, halopakoniraay a kahemekan” [8]. I 2015 miheca 3 folad 1 romi’ad, 79 ko mihecaan misawad to kalacongtong no Uruguay, saka 27 romi’ad tana papelo cingra i, masafelaway sapatekay tamdaw ko mikihatiyaay, talalosa’ ko finawlan[9]. Midotocay ci abaré Vasquez i kacitodongan. I 2020 miheca 10 folad 20 romi’ad, ci Mocika i 2019 miheca COVID 19 no salifong ato awaay to ko ’icel sapitena’ to adada, misawad to kala Fafa'eday pikaykian iing, sawad sato sician itiya. kapisawad ningra to Fafa'eday pikaykian iing a papelo: “kacakat no ’orip i caay ko sakilifet, oya katolo’an to romi’ami’adan miliyaw a tomireng ko nga’ay.” Toya romi’ad, ’ayaway congtong ci Julio Maria Sanguinetti pasi Fafa'eday pikaykian to pisawad malaiing[10]. === Kapatayan (逝世) === I 2024 miheca 4 folad, pipakinsa ni Mocika to tatirengan masapinang ko kacikang no sa’enocan adada[11], mapaadak to ko latiihay no tireng a malacaan to[12]. Talacowa tadaeca to ko tatirengan, mikihatiya ci Mocika to 2024 miheca conngtong no Uruguay, mipadang to dadahalay cefang a milifetay ci Armando Orsi milifat; o sowal ningra ci Orsian maala “o saikoray a sapakaolah koni.” [13][14] 2025 miheca 1 folad, milayap ci Mocika to “Búsqueda” week post milicay, malinah to ko kang tayra i ’atay, paretatenga caayto ka hakowa ko romi’ad, mitelek o caacaay to padoedo ko paising[15].   I 2025 miheca 5 folad 21 romi’ad, pasowal ko fafahi ci Lucia Topolanski to adada no Mocika, itira sato i panga’ayay ko padama[16]. Saka rosa romi’ad (5 folad 13 romi’ad) mapatay to ci Mocika, ira ko 89 no ’orip i hekal, to 1 to lipay 90 to ko mihecaan. Pipadongosan itira i Montevideo a Rincon del Cerro niyaro’. painiay to ’orip o congtong ci Armando Orsi mihapiway[17][18][19]. O ’alomanay tapang no kasakitakit ato kakeridan no kitakit mararom to patay ni Mocika, halo congtong no Chile ci Gabriel Polic, Colombian congtong ci Gustavo Petro, Mexican congtong ci Claudia Schernbaum, Spanish kakeridan ci Pedro Sánchez. ’Ayaway congtong no Argentine congtong ci Cristina Fernández de Quicina ato ’ayaway congtong no Bolivian ci Evo Morales mapolong pasowal. Uruguay sifo tolo romi’ad ko pitefad to fayfay a mita’ong, itira i 5 folad 14 romi’ad ko pitademan no kitakit, halo pasiki a padongos[20]. === Pisaheci (注釋) === 1.西班牙語發音：[xoˈse alˈbeɾto muˈxika koɾˈðano]；暱稱「Pepe」發音為[ˈpepe]。 === Pinengnengan to tilid (參考資料) === 1.José Pepe Mujica: Biography of the Former President. 2021-04-09 [2025-05-14] （美國英語）. 2.Jose Mujica: The world's 'poorest' president. BBC News. 2012-11-07 [2025-05-14] （英國英語）. 3.Watts, Jonathan. Uruguay's president José Mujica: no palace, no motorcade, no frills. The Guardian. 2013-12-13 [2025-05-14]. ISSN 0261-3077 （英國英語）. 4.Interview: the “philosopher president” of Uruguay. Times Higher Education (THE). 2015-04-09 [2025-05-14] （英語）. 5.Bourcier, Nicolas; Legrand, Christine. Uruguay's José Mujica: the 'humble' leader with grand ideas. The Guardian. 2014-05-27 [2025-05-14]. ISSN 0261-3077 （英國英語）. 6.新聞人物：烏拉圭當選總統穆希卡. 新華網. 2009-12-01 [2009-12-01]. （原始內容存檔於2014-06-20） （中文（簡體））. 7.世界最窮總統 月捐九成人工. 明報. 2012-11-17 [2013-03-11]. （原始內容存檔於2013-04-28） （中文（繁體））. 8.經濟學人選出2013年度代表國：烏拉圭. 蘋果日報. 2013-12-22 [2014-01-16]. （原始內容存檔於2014-01-16） （中文（繁體））. 9.世界最窮總統卸任 上千烏拉圭人歡送. [2016-04-22]. （原始內容存檔於2016-05-05）. 10.Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. Expresidente uruguayo José Mujica renuncia al Senado y se retira de la política activa | DW | 20.10.2020. DW.COM. [2020-10-22]. （原始內容存檔於2020-11-01） （歐洲西班牙語）. 11.El ex presidente uruguayo José Mujica anunció que tiene un tumor en el esófago. www.infobae.com. 2024-04-29 [2024-04-29]. 12.Iconic former Uruguayan President José Mujica is diagnosed with esophageal cancer. Associated Press. 2024-04-29 [2024-04-30]. 13.Díaz Campanella, Gabriel. Uruguay's José Mujica steps in to help Broad Front mobilize voters ahead of runoff vote. El País. 2024-10-29 [2024-10-29] （英語）. 14.Iconic Uruguayan ex-leader hails country's swing left as 'farewell gift'. France 24. 2024-11-30 [2024-11-30] （英語）. 15.Uruguay's iconic ex-President Jose Mujica says his cancer has spread and that he's dying. AP News. 2025-01-10 [2025-01-10] （英語）. 16.El presidente de Uruguay revela que José 'Pepe' Mujica está grave'. El País. 2025-05-12 [2025-05-12] （西班牙語）. 17.Montevideo, Pedro Tristant Desde. Murió José "Pepe" Mujica, el ex guerrillero que llegó a presidente y se convirtió en símbolo mundial. infobae. 2025-05-13 [2025-05-13] （西班牙語）. 18.Rios, Michael. José Mujica, Uruguay's modest leader who transformed the country, dies at 89. CNN. 2025-05-13 [2025-05-13] （英語）. 19.Centenera, Mar. La izquierda hispanoamericana despide a Pepe Mujica: "¡Te vamos a extrañar mucho, viejo querido!". El País. 2025-05-13 [2025-05-13] （西班牙語）. 20.Uruguay se prepara para despedir a José 'Pepe' Mujica: cómo serán el cortejo fúnebre y el velatorio. Infobae. 2025-05-13 [2025-05-13] （西班牙語）. === Papotalay calay (外部連結) === fn42kgackjj8h8l0p3abofurh1fsgr3 0 2938 47230 47229 2025-08-25T05:11:02Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Pinengnengan tilid (參考資料) */ 47230 wikitext text/x-wiki == Frank Caprio miliclicay (法蘭克•卡普里奧法官) == Frank Caprio (1936 miheca 11 folad 23 romi’ad – 2025 miheca 8 folad 20 romi’ad), I’ayaw o nano miliclicay no hoing i Providence niyaro’ i Rhode kanatal no Amilika, no Rhode kanatal takaraway kiwiko licikay kakeridan (Rhode Island Board of Governors for Higher Education). O piliclic no tayal ningra masyasin (Caught in Providence) palakamok, sarakat i WLNE-TV mapasadak, ikor itira to i Fox pahosoay kosi no niyaro’ay tilifi mapasadak. === Ka’oripan (生平) === Ci Caprio malakakeridan no Rhode kanatal takaraway kiwiko licikay kakeridan (Rhode Island Board of Governors for Higher Education) [1], mikantok to salaloma’an no sakowan a patirengan kakkoyin ato daykako to mihecaan 600 ’ofad US payso a yosang ato ta’akay nitelekan a demak. ira ko kinatoloay mapatoro’ to saka citodong kakeridan no Rhode kanatal. O nano sa’ayaway ato tenokay pitilidan kiwiko kikingkay no Rhode kanatal (Rhode Island Board of Regents for Elementary and Secondary Education) todong a tayal. Ci Caprio kinapinapina maala dayhiw no Mincutang polong no kitakit, mapatoro’ citodong i 1970 miheca kakeridan no hoing no Rhode kanatal, ato 1978 miheca Providence siciw Mincutang milifetay[2] I 2023 miheca 1 folad misawad ko tayal, citodong to Providencesi laocan patirengan cinganganay miliclicay tayal. I 2023 miheca 12 folad 6 romi’ad, ci Caprio itira i youtube pasadak to filomo to kaciadada to tapling a kang adada[3][4]. 2025 miheca 8 folad 19 romi’ad, ni Caprio a mitiya pasadak to ratoh, o nika ciadada ni Caprio milafin i isingan. Saka 2 romi’ad, sanga’ay sa ko piliyas to hekal a mapatay, 88 mihecaan ko ’orip[5][6]. === Tekedan ’orip (個人生活) === Kasofocan ni Caprio o mafolaway no Itali laloma’an[7], o fafahi ningra ci Joyce Caprio[8]. Lalima ko wawa nangra, halo ’ayaway cucicang no Rhode kanatal ci Frank T. Caprio, ato Kararemay pikaykian iing ato kakeridan no Mincutang i Rhode kanatal ci David Caprio. === Kafafalican demak (軼事) === Ci Caprio itini i niyaro’ay a kamok Caught in Providence malatadamaanay, tonini a kamok awaayay ko calay a tilifi WLNE-TV ato i Providence kanatal ci calayay tilifi maparatoh, ini Caprio i niyaro’ay hoing (Providence Municipal Court) caay ka saiten ko piliclic a demak mapasadak[9]. === Pinengnengan tilid (參考資料) === 1.Kirby, Jim. RIBGHE - Board Members. www.ribghe.org. [2018-07-25]. （原始內容存檔於2011-04-05）. 2.March 2, 2006 Boston Phoenix article on the Caprio family. [2018-07-25]. （原始內容存檔於2012-10-16）. 3.Fitzpatrick, Edward. Judge Caprio announces he has pancreatic cancer. Providence: The Boston Globe. 2023-12-06 [2024-03-31]. （原始內容存檔於2023-12-06） （美國英語）. 4.YouTube上的Judge Frank Caprio Needs Your Prayers! Emotional Message Ever! 5.Stoddard, Catherine. Frank Caprio, judge who went viral for compassion in courtroom, dies at 88. FOX Local. 2025-08-20 [2025-08-20] （美國英語）. 6.Sundel, Jenna; Whisnant, Gabe. Viral judge Frank Caprio dies at 88. Newsweek. 2025-08-20 [2025-08-20] （美國英語）. 7.Coelho, Jamie. Judge Frank Caprio Wants Justice for All. Rhode Island Monthly. 2019-02-20 [2025-08-22]. 8.University of Rhode Island announcement about Caprio being a commencement speaker. （原始內容存檔於2012-10-04）. 9.Imdb listing for Caught in Providence. [2018-07-25]. （原始內容存檔於2021-03-08）. fbs1e37h4jzryhwqqkrjjare23vxjc5 0 2939 47259 47258 2025-09-01T04:23:54Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Hua Yakop foksi (華雅各牧師) */ 47259 wikitext text/x-wiki == Hua Yakop foksi (華雅各牧師) == Saka cecay padamaay ni Makay hakasi, kaitiraan ho i Tansui ni Hua Yakop foksi. I 1872 miheca kataynian ni Makay hakasi (George Leslie MacKay) a mipatenak i sa’amisan no Taywan i, o sa’ayaway sinkiwsi no ciwlo kiwkay i sa’amisan no Taywan. Oya sakacecay padamaay a foksi a malaisingay ci Hua Yakop foksi (Rev. Dr. J. B. Fraser) hananay, i 1875 mihecaan tayni i Tansui, padama to itiniay i Tansui isingan a tayal. Ci Hua Yakop foksi (Rev. Dr. J. B. Fraser) nai 1875 miheca 2 folad 15 rmi’ad miteka itira i Tansui isingan matayal, ira ko tosaay nisidayan a tilid to pakayniay masamaamaanay adada i sa’amisan no Taywan, tinako o adada no mata, kafaha, adada no tosor, wadis, fasal adada; pasowal haca cingra to ciadadaay a tayal saheto o maomahay ko ’alomanay, mifotingay to, ira ko malatapangay no Mancin a imeng, ano eca o funsang. Onini nai Mancin miheca adadaay a mitiliday a likisi. Saka mipadamaay ci Hua Yakop foksi, kaitini ni Makay hakasi i sa’amisan no Taywan isingan ko tayal, masolimet malitoloay siiked: 1. Pirakarak militod to wadis a pipaiyo: O mitekaay ci Makay hakasi i Tansui ni isingan ko pisinting, mararid mirarakatay ko pisinting, milaliso’ to kasaniyaro’ay a kiwkay, adihay ko adadaay nipaisingan paiyo (i 1875 miheca masamihecaan, ira ko 3000 Payrang adadaay mapakilacto iyo, malitoday ko wadis ira ko 680; I 1876 miheca ira ko 2430 tamdaw no iyo, 876 ko militodan a wadis). 2. Papinanam to niyaro’ay a dingtosi: pakayni kawasan pinanam, papinanamen ho ni Makay hakasi to isingan a fana’, sakafana’ to samaanen ko pitokad, haratengan, sapaiyoan, maparocek i kasaniyaro’ ko dingtosi pisintingan mipadama to adadayay tamdaw ira ko 800 ko tamdaw paiyoan. 3. Isingan a piadah: mikinsa to adada paiyo, ano malitemoh ko mangalayay, pakamaro’en itini isingan ko piadah. Ci Hua Yakop foksi masapinang ningra ko malafafahiyanay no Formosa awaay ko katadamaan, orasaka o paisingay a tamdaw to fa’inayan fafahiyan masasitatihiay, cifaloco’ cingra nanay citodong ko fafahiyan to sapipaising ato masongila’ay ko paising. Ci Makay hakasi i 1877 miheca 1 folad tayra i Talongtong ato Sintien a kiwkay, 1 folad 8 romi’ad miteka adada, 1 folad 9 romi’ad miteka ci kolepet. 1 folad 10 romi’ad piliyawan no cidal, miliso’ ci Hua Yakop i cingraan, ciwsyaen to papeno’ misalof to adada, miadah to peno’ adada. Nika nawhani laloma’an no tatirengan ni Makay hakasi halafinay to ko lalisan, honi manga’ay honi tatiih, saka ira ko halafinay kaseka’an to pinapina tokian. Sacisowal sa ko sito ci Kewisi, paini to sowal i pipaisingan ni Hua Yakop, onini adada o katalawan to caay ka nga’ay ingiren, nika nikay sa ci Hua Yakop tayra i Tansui, ka’ayaw no loma’ todohen ningra ko riko’, mipalasawad to tatiihay no tiring, ta miliso’ to fafahi, matiya to aniniay ko demak, miliyas to salifong adada, mili’ayaw minanaw to kamay, akaa pikapa to ngoso’ sanay isian harateng. I piparatoh, pasadak ci Hua Yakop to sakadademak no isingan, o payso, ngangan masaheci matilid ningra. Itiyaay ho isingan no Taywan a sakadademak ato sapaiyo, saheto nai papotalay pacomodan ko sakaira, hatiniay sapi’aca to sapaiyo a payso, aikoray a mali’acaay, citodongay mikowan, Mancin a mikowanay, ato padamaay tamdaw no Taywan, manga’ay aca mararid ko demak no pipaising. Nawhani mapatay ko fafahi ningra itiya, paretatenga sa ci Hua Yakop foksi ano itini sa kako i Formosa o tayal to sakiloma ato pidipot to wawa, awaay to ko sapadang to tayal i kiwkay saan saka, harateng sato dengan o pihewikid to 4 wawa minokay tayra niyaro’ no niya, kinapinapina misahiraterateng to sakaecaaw piliyas. Orasaka, i 1877 miheca 10 folad 10 romi’ad ’ayaw no lahok to 11 ko toki, keriden ni Hua Yakop ko sasepatay wawa ato midipotay a ina, malahakelong mikalic to Taywanhaw tamina miliyas. Matiratira aca i, o faloco’ ningra o tayal no kiwkay itiniay i Taywan, halafin ko pilafin ningra i Hongkong, kaitira ningra i Hongkong manengneng ko roma’ay kitakit Inkiris Fangcalay cudad i Hongkong (British and Foreign Bible Society) mirina’ay to kowaping a fangcalay cudad, mangalay cingra kasacecay no kiwkay marocek to cecay a cudad, i pipakimadan midemak saan. Nanoya, cingra ato “Tecensipao” (The China Mail) mikawitay ato citodongay ci Mr. J. Murray Bain masasitlek to sapa’aca a payso, kohetingay ko katol, patayraen i Tansui Makay hakasi i Formosa. Sin Taywan onto likisi a tilid Mifalicay ci Masao Nikar c7m0wnl8l0okckawg7a1cap84fbj3g5 0 2940 47278 47277 2025-09-01T07:01:22Z Masaonikar 570 /* Nao sanpaw pala yincumin (從山胞到原住民) */ 47278 wikitext text/x-wiki == Patikoen ko sera no yincuminco (原住民族還我土地) == I 1988 miheca 8 folad 25 romi’ad, “Taywan yincuminco patikoen ko sera no mako onto no katatekoan” matakos ko rafasay 2000 kasafinacadan no yincumin, milongoc to sakacisera a salongoc, itira i lalan no  Taypi mirakat, oya a demak o ikoray to nika tedal to no pi’emec, o sata’akay syakay onto no yincumin u Taywan. === Taywan Yincuminco salongoc yofayof (臺灣原住民族權利促進會) === ​Kahecalay katalawan a to’ek mihecaan, i 1950 miheca wata ko pipenec no mikowanay a KMT to onto no yincumin, ci Uong'e Yatauyungana (Kao Yiseng), Yapasuyongʉ Yulunana (Tang Shouren), Losing Watan (Lin Ruichang) a kakeridan no yincumin, mapakokot no misolapay imeng to tatiihay tamdaw saan a patayen. ​​Tangasa i 1980 mihecaan, itiya to nano nipilongoc finawlan no Taywan ci pakoniraay nikalongan salongoc, malengat to ko onto no syakay, saka i mapalihaw ko onto i finawlan no yincuminco. ​​​1984 miheca, cinganganay a maradiway no yincumin ato ontoay ci Parangalan (Hu Defu), Icyang Parod, Tulbus Tamapima a tamdaw, palowad patireng to “Taywan Yincuminco salongoc yofayof”, oya ci Parangalan (Hu Defu) ko sarakatay a kakeridan itiya. ​​​​Ikor patireng ko Yincienhuy to casi, kinapinapina a palowad to syakay onto, salongoc piteleng to “mangahay kawasan Wu fong”, miliyang to paoning notilifi mikiki palatiih to yincumin. I 1987 miheca, Yincienhuy mihapiw to “Niketonan salongoc no Yincuminco i Taywan”, pasadak to halo sapikapot mikihatiya to sician salongoc, sera salongoc, pihamon no niyah, patikoen to kacingangan no finacadan, patodong to sowal no ina ato sapirocok to ponka a nilongocan ira ko 17 ko tosir. === Patikoen ko sera a onto (還我土地運動) === ​I 1988 miheca, to hatiay o yincienhuy matatahic to marariday saki niyaro’ no yincumin a Taywan Kristo ciwlo kiwkay, kasasolsol to kasacefang ato kiwkay no yincumin, misakapot to “Taywan yincuminco patikoen ko sera no mako onto no katatekoan”, saka toya mihecaan 8 folad 25 romi’ad palowad to “Patikoen ko sera a pirarakat”, marafas to 2000 ko tamdaw mapalalay ko pikihatiya, pasi sifo ko pilongoc patikolen ko noto’asan safal no yincuminco. ​​Sakatosa miheca (1989) 9 folad 27 romi’ad, oya sa a katatekoan o “sakaci’orip ko sera”, “O ina ko sera” sanay a laha, palowad to “mifariing haca patikoen ko sera” a pirarakat. I 1993 miheca 12 folad 10 romi’ad, o “yincuminco patikoen ko sera no mako onto no katatekoan” palowad to saka tolo pirarakat, kao “miliyang to picalap, milongoc to saka’orip, patikoen ko sera ako” sanay salongoc, o citodongay to sakowan to tataparan ko yincuminco, pasadak to 4 salongoc: ​​​1. Kacingangan to yincumin ko sanpaw. 2. Patodongen to sakacisera salongoc. 3. Patirengen i kacitodong a patekedan demak. 4. Oniyah a yincumin ko mikowanay.   ​Kinatoloay to “patikoen ko sera ako” ko pirarakat, malisaot ko ’aloanay kapah no yincumin mirarakat i lalan. I satakaraway midemakay to laloma’an matingkiay a tamdaw no yincumin i Taywan rafas 30 ’ofad, salongan ko tamdaw a misa’osi i, “Patikoen ko sera no mako a onto” sanay o naikoran no lalood o samakerihay syakay onto no yincumin. === Nao sanpaw pala yincumin (從山胞到原住民) === ​“Patikoen ko sera no mako a onto” masapinang no mikowanay siikedan, palasapifalic to sician kalomaocan ko salongoc no syakay onto. I 1994 miheca, Mincintang pacomoden sakifalic to sician laocan ko “kacingangan ato niyah pikowan no yincumin”. Toya miheca 7 folad 28 romi’ad, saka 3 rekad pifalic to kimpo mahayda, mapatongal ko liyad to cimiepecay a “sanpaw” salofen pala “yincumin” han. I 2005 miheca, matelek no sifo ko “Tatapangan Rikec no Yincuminco a Finacadan”, o pahecian no yincumin syakay onto i Taywan a pirekec. ​​I 2016 miheca 8 folad 1 romi’ad o congtong ci Cai Yinwen misetek o romi’ad no yincuminco, midayhiw to sifo mili’ay to yincuminco, mihayda “kacowat rayray i, ikoray tayni a finawlan, micefisay to iraay no itiniay to a finawlan.” Miketon ci Cai Yinwen congtong, o raranikayen micikeroh ko sakisalongoc sakadama no rikec ko yincuminco a tayal.    ​​​I 2017 miheca yinminhuy mihapiw “yincuminco a sera ato liyokan no niyaro’ a sera fakeciwen pakayraan”, pakayni i yincuminco to’asan sofal sapifakeciw, matayoay to pinapina mihecaan i, maliyaw haca kalaliyangen. Maradiway ci Panai Kusui, Mayaw Biho a ontoay no yincumin masisaot itira i Katakelan halafin ko piliyang. ​​​​Nai 1987 miheca yincienhuy mihapiw to “Taywan niketonan salongoc no Yincuminco” hatiniay i, oya nihapiwen matisil ko 17 toris ko salongoc mala patenokan no harateng to saki syakay onto no yincuminco. Misa’icel to pinapina mihecaan, oya nisalongocan rara sato a malaheci, ira ho ko sasa’icelen. Tangasa anini, padoedo macowat ko syakay onto no yincumin, masararemrarem ko pidotoc ko pihajitiya, mala caayay to ko ka cicango’ot itini i kasasiromaroma a ponka i syakay no Taywan. ​​​​I rayray no romi’ad (8 folad 25 romi’ad) Patikoen ko sera no yincuminco Nipacipatay o Sin Taywan hepin kikingkay Mifalicay ci Masao Nikar rggx0e63djbqqmvs34dl2axcqkcc2ip 0 2942 47293 47292 2025-09-08T11:55:17Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Pisacepo’ a kimad no ’Amis - Fafahiyan kanatal (阿美族海祭的神話故事之一-女人國) */ 47293 wikitext text/x-wiki == Pisacepo’ a kimad no ’Amis - Fafahiyan kanatal (阿美族海祭的神話故事之一-女人國) == Itiya: ho, ira ko cecay a kapah to fa’inayan ci Maciwciw ko ngangan nira, malalokay matayal to romi’ami’ad. Ira ko cecay romi’ad, matiya to romi’ad tayra i omah matayal, talifahalan sa makereng ko ’orad. O katata’ang no ’orad, tata’ak ko nanom no ’alo, saranikay milikid ko nanom malenlen ko sekal, oya sato ci Maciwciw maala to no cedas ma’alol tayra i riyar. Manga’ay aca matatoy cingra ko cecay a kilang a datong, caay aca ka ’alol cingra. Halafin ko romi’ad, malikid no riyar ci Maciwciw patayra toya kafokilan a kanatal, ano nengnengen pamatiyaan o niyaro’ ningra, nanoya miteka cingra misolap o aira ko niyaro’ hakiya sato. Halafin ko rakat ni Maciwciw, awaay manengneng ko tamdaw. maroray to ko rakat ningra, saka itira cingra toya cecay a kilang pahanhan, nanoya sa a maleda’. Kaoratang ningra i, mato iraay matengil ko soni no romakatay a ’alomanay tamdaw, pasayra i cingraan a miraod. Talafahal sa talipa’elal ci Maciwciw, nengneng han ningra ’aloman ko tamdaw mitaliyokay cingraan tamdaw mitatoy to po’ot ato ’idoc, katiwa’an ningra: onini a tamdaw saheto sa o fafahiyan. O cecay sanengsengay fafahiyan nangra pasowal sa: “O maanan a ci polotay, mana awaay manengneng I’ayaw? Nika nengneng han mato manga’ayay kaenen kina saw.” Pakatengil ci Maciwciw i, talaw sato. Sapilaliwan ci Maciwciw itiya, masapinang to noya fafahiyan, sakalamkam sato miala to sapifedfed cingraan, ta panokay hanto noya fafahiyan a panokay tayra i niyaro’. masapinang no Maciwciw awaay ko fa’inanay no niyaro’, saheto o fafahiyan ko citodongay to tayal. Saka citelocaw nangra to wawa i tadamaan ko pidemak nangra, sakaciwawaaw to wawa a tamdaw manga’ay tayra toya takaraway lotok no niyaro’, micelak to kamay a pasifali, mapafali ko kamay, pakayra sa i padahaw masadak ko cecay a wawa. masamatira, malimaan cangra to fa’inayan, nanoya caay ho pakanengneng cangra to masamaanay ko fa’inayan.    Rofoen nangra ci Maciwciw i ray no niyaro’, halafin, ira ko cecay sanengsengay a fafahiyan, kangodoen no ’alomanay fafahiyan cingra. Harateng sa ci Maciwciw: “Alatek o kakeridan nonini niyaro’ ko nafafahiyan.” saan, nengneng han nonini a kakeridan ci Maciwciw, sowal sa: “Matokaeso’ay kaenen konini polotay a tamdaw, nika makodos tato. Pasoesoen ho pakaen, itiya to kaeso’ kaenen.” saan, pasowal han to ningra koya tatihiay tamdaw patorod tonini a demak, ta liyas sato. Caay ho pitengil to pilongoc ni Maciwciw, miliyas to i cingraan. Saka tosa romi’ad, maraod to ko kakomaenan, ira mipawsa ko cecay fafahiyan, mato kaeso’ay koya kakaenen. caay ka adihay ko nikaenan ni Maciwciw, nawhani matalaw cingra to kasoesoan a makaenaw. Sapilaliwan ci Maciwciw, nika tanektek ko pirofoan. Ikor, masapinang to ni Maciwciw oya a fafahiyan koya mipawsaay, mato koda’itay nengnengen kora fafahiyan, saka cisalongoc to cingra tora fafahiyan.   Ira ko cecay romi’ad, oya to ko pipawsa to kakaenen konini a fafahiyan, pasowal han ni Maciwciw, to sapipadang noni fafahiyan. Pakatengil to pasowal ni Maciwciw, safaheka saan, masapinang o tamdaw aca ci Maciwciw sato itiya, nanoya hai hanto ko longoc ni Maciwciw, tangasa toya lafii, o po’ot ko sapipeleng a mikari’ang toya pirofoan, pasayra to i riyar a milaliw.   Tangasa i lawac no riyar i, manengneng ni Maciwciw ko adihayay a dawdaw pasayra i cingraan milaop, kalah sato ko faloco’ ningra, samaaanen ako ko nga’ay hakiya saho. Fahal sa ira masadak nai riyar ko cecay a ’iso, pasowal sa ci Maciwciwan: “O widang noya fafahiyan kako, cingra ko paocoray takowan pa’orip i tisowan.” han nira. Safol sato ci Maciwciw micakod tayra i korod no ’iso, opoh sato koya ’iso pasiriyar midangoy. Talacowan samaamaanen to noya fafahiyan a miferet to sakotang, ’idoc, ato mi’iwas to tamina mingata i, nga’ay aca madopoh ko pidangoy no ’iso, milaopay a hitay caay to pakalaop; sanga’ay sato ko pilaliw ni Maciwciw, ta caay to kala o kakaenen no kakeridan no fafahiyan. Maala to no ’iso ci Maciwciw patayra i niyaro’, macakat talasekal ci Maciwciw caay ka takop ko piahowidaw, pasiriyar to koya ’iso. Tahira ci Maciwciw i niyaro’ i, itiya a mafana’ pina:ay to mo’etep ko mihecaan piliyas ningra; o mafana’ay cingraan a tamdaw caay to ka papina. O sapiahowidaw ningra to pa’orip noya fafahiyan ato ’iso, to mihecahecaan tayra ci Maciwciw itira i kacakatan talasekal a riyar, o ’icep, toron ato epah ko sapiharateng a pacakat i cangraan. nsfnwvayi9uefccebs0sr6qe63b3nu4 0 2943 47306 47305 2025-09-08T12:07:40Z Masaonikar 570 /* Saka tosa a kimad i, pakayniay to “Alikakay a kimad”. (第二個傳奇故事，就是「阿里卡該的故事」。) */ 47306 wikitext text/x-wiki == O nengneng to ilisin - 1 (對豐年祭的一些看法之一) == === Patodong to no “mihecaan a lisin” a ilisin, o piahowid to kawas a sapahapinang. (豐年祭是「歲時祭儀」，表達對神明的感恩。) === O hafay ko nikaenan no ’Amis finacadan iti:ya ho, orasaka paloma to hafay ira ko kasaira no lisin ato paysin hananay. saka to mihecahacaan a kasalisin ato demak maledefay i pipalomaan to hafay. O ilisin saheto itiniay i saka 7, 8 foladan ko pidemak, halo pipalomaan to hafay, pikolasan, pipatooran paloma, pitapahan lisin, paka’oradan ato pakacidalan, pilitodan, pawalian, pacomodan i ’ariri a rayray to salepon itiya a midemak to ilisin. Pakayni i pipacomodan i ’ariri, ato pala’edan to saka tosa rekad pipalomaan a midemak to ilisin, todong paherekan no mihecaan ato satapang no fa’elohay pitekaan o sanay. Anini sato caay to pipaloma to hafay ko ’Amis a finacadan, nika ira ho ko pidemak to ilisin. Onini ko nihaenan to kasasiromaan no ponka, nika o todong no demak caay ka sasiroma. Ira ko tosaay a kimad no ’Amis a finacadan, o pahapinang to pakayraan no ilisin, saka cecay a kimad i masowal ko itiyaay ho a demak, ira ko kakedalan, samihecahecaan sa malowan ko nilitodan to hafay, pakalitemoh to ko finawlan to kacango’ot to saka’orip, nanoya pasikakarayan i kawas ko finawlan milongoc to pipaka’orad a lisin. So’elinay matengilay no kawas ko pilongoc no finawlan, matefad to ’orad, macepa’ to ko sera. nanoya miahowid ko finawlan to palemed no kawas saka, tefad sa to polong no tayal, mifoting ko fa’inayan, mirahekad ko fafahiyan to kakaenen, ta midemak to ilisin, o ninianan ko todong piahowid to pafeli no kawas ato kadofah no pilitod.   === Saka tosa a kimad i, pakayniay to “Alikakay a kimad”. (第二個傳奇故事，就是「阿里卡該的故事」。) === Onini a kimad masowal aca itini i Cikasoan, sacisowal sa kina kimad: iti:ya ho i, talifahal sa ira ko masafelaway takaeraway ko tireng a tamdaw, sacisowal sa o “Alikakay” han a takaraway tamdaw, pahicera sa i lotok no Parik(Milon). O nga’ayay ko pi’orip to romi’ami’ad, nika o na tayni cangra o Alikakay itiya, ona caayay ka citatiihay demak ko ’Amis finacadan itiya i, tokitok sa cidemak to tatiihay. Tinako malahedaw ko wawa, matamatama to i awaay to malitina’i. misamsam to fafahiyan ko fa’inay, masasiwatid ko pinangan no fa’inayan, talifahal sa makilasangan a mafola ko demak. Ikor sato masapinang to no finawlan o “Alikakay” a nidemakan koni sato, orasaka o kakitaan no niyaro’ ci Marang, mikomod to kakitaan no kasaniyaro’ ato mato’asay a masasowasowal to pakayniay tatiihay demak no niyaro’, mico’ay to Alikakay, masasiiked nai katimol ka’amis milafa’ to lotok no Parik(Milon). Nika samaamaanen ko pilood, hato caay ka lowed koya takaraway tamdaw.   Ira ko cecay romi’ad tayra ci Marang i lilis no riyar a mapades ko harateng, maroray to ko rakat saka foti’ sato i riyar. I kafoti’an talalemed to kawas no riyar, pasowal sa i cingraan: “Wawaaw ako, caay ko tamdaw ko Alikakay, samaamaanen nomo ko demak caay ko mamalowid, dengan o piporong namo to talod ta pakaco’ay kamo, nanay malaheci namo koni.” maherek pasowal malasawad to. So’elinay doedo sato cangra to pipa’ayaw no kawas no riyar, milaha ko kakitaan to “Porong”, ala mikitosotosor koya Alikakay milongoc to pipalafac cangraan, manengneng no kakitaan konini a demak i, tefad hanto koya “Porong”, pasiAlikakay a pasowal: “Olili kamo, aka to piliyaw a tayni.” Nanoyaan sato, awaay to manengneng ko Alikakay miliyaw a tayni, o caay to kaciliyaw ko tatiihay demak i niyaro’ no ’Amis a finacadan. === O pahecian ato kacitodongan no “Ilisin” (「豐年祭」的本質和意義) === Pakayni to nisowalan kimad no Alikakay i, masapinang ko tatodong no ilisin o piahowid to palemed ato kasini’ada no kawas, nawhani cira ko sakapiliyas to kafadesan, mangalef o mamatekop ko finawlan nasa i, ira aca ko pakayraan a miliyas. Masapinangay ko “Pipa’orip”. O tato’asan no ’Amis masamsam maepec no “palafoay”, talacowa misa’icel to, pakayni to masamaanay to sapico’ay, makinafalah to ko ’orip, ha:to caay pakalowid to masatatiihay. Dengan o piti’er to adayay no kawas, pafeli to pa’arawan, sakaira no pakayraan a sapilifet, ta malowid to ko tatiihay, itiya to pakaliyas ko tamdaw to kafadesan, sakaira no pakoniraay. O ninianan ko pahecian ato kacitodongan no “Ilisin” hananay. Caayto pipaloma kita to hafay, nika padoedo midemak to ilisin. Tayni to kita i maci, caayto kamaomah, awaayto ko pilitod, caay katongal ko kinaira, nika mileko aca kita to ilisin, nawhani ano itinitini kita i tatiihay a ka’oripan padoedo midipot titaanan ko kawas, o pipahapinang no mita to piahowid to kawas koni. Painiay ci Cilo singsi (2018/8/1) Mifalicay ci Masao Nikar 4weat6lnkm5yzdz3l05a0yxcx0l3vye 0 2944 47317 47316 2025-09-15T00:53:03Z Masaonikar 570 /* I’ayaw no ilisin ira ko pisacepo’ a lisin. (舉行豐年祭以前先行「海祭」) */ 47317 wikitext text/x-wiki == O pinengneng to ilisin (2) (對豐年祭的一些看法(二)) == === I’ayaw no ilisin ira ko pisacepo’ a lisin. (舉行豐年祭以前先行「海祭」) === Pakayniay kimad no Alikakay, pahapinang no ilisin i nai “sacepo’an” ko pitekaan. O niyaro’ no ’Amis i ’ayaw no ilisin a romi’ad, ira ko pidemak to “pisacepo’” a lisin. Midemak ko kasaniyaro’ to pisacepo’an to kaitiraan ato romi’ad caay ka lecad; pidemak to caay ka lecad. Roma a niyaro’ itira i riyar ano eca i ’alo mipatireng to ngayangay, pidemakan to pipacakatan, ira ko tolo romi’ad tosa ko dadaya, itira mifoting, mi’afar. Pahapinang to pipacakat to kawas no riyar, roma o todong pinanam no kapah ma’orip i papotal. Roma a niyaro’, cecay k romi’ad to pidemak, misetikan no kapah to foting ’afar malo sakalahoen, maherek minokay tayra i kalikowatan i kailisinan.   Ano masamaan ko lisin no pisacepo’, o todong no sacepo’ a lisin. O pilongoc to kawas no riyar masadak ko kapah a mifoting to kakaira to adihayan pinaala, todong no kalacecayan no saka’orip a pahecian no pitoor. Midemak t pisacepo’ i, pateli i pipacakatan to toron, ’icep, fila’ ato epah, patelien ko niporongan ko talad. Miso’em to epah ko kakitaan no niyaro’, ta pasikakarayan micelipes, ano eca o kamay ko mifetiray ato talodo’ no kamay i epah, ta mifetir pasipapotal. Sacisowal sa: “Maciwciw (sawarangaw), nanay madipot (madama) iso ko mifotingay a kapah, sakaira no piniala, maciwciwaw, nanay pafelien to paoraden kami, sakaecaaw kakedal no liomahan, palasawaden iso ko lifong ato masamaamaanay adada, caay ka pawan niyam kiso, to mihecahecaan pacakat kami to lisin tisowan.” Maherek mipacakat, talariyar to ko kapah ano eca talaalo mifoting. Ikor to i, o pisacepo’ malosaki’orip to romi’ami’ad to “mipakelan” pinangan, caay ka dengan o lisin. Kailisinan to a “pifoting” a demak kalopitekaan ato paherekan, ano saki pataloma’ay cipamadesay ano eca no sangasaw a kaliso’otan i, ira ko “pifoting” a demak, todong pipaherek no kalisa’ot no demak. Ono Alikakay a kimad i, malawa no tamdaw ko tatodong nira, oya pa’arawan no kawas. o kakitaan no niyaro’ ato kalas a kasasowalan to samaanen ko pico’ay to takaraway Alikaka, nika awaay ko nga’ayay paecasan itiya. o pirayray no to’as a taneng caay kaedeng sapico’ay to tatiih no Alikakay, pina’ay to ko mihecaan no taneng hato caay pakafilo to tatiih naira. Misi’ayaw to Alikakay, awaay ko pakayraan, citolasto ko fana’ ato ’icel no tamdaw, caayto pakalakowit. Saka milongoc to ko finawlan to to’as no sadama to sakapiliyasaw to fades, nika polong no demak awaay ko palalan no to’as: caay pa’araw, caay pangiha, awaay pipa’ayaw. Orasaka o kimad to saki Alikaka caay ko pipakonira no to’as, caay ko kacitodong no pipacakat to to’asan a demak. Orasaka o cikawasay ko palawinaan to no finawlan, nanay mademak nangra ko sa’edaw sapico’ay to Alikakay, ipiedaw a miekak, miri’ang, mitekop i cangraan, itini pidemak a misair, pisifat mapadama ko finawlan sakaecaaw ka kari’ang. nika pakayni i kimad, awaay epoc to demak no cikawasay. O nai Alikakay a kimad ko sakafana’ no cikawasay, pakayni i ng’ayay no “porong” ko sapisair, pisifat. O kimad no Alikakay padamso to cikawasay midemak to “Porong” a ci’icel ko piedaw. O kimad no Alikakay, mafenek ko to’as to kacitolas no tamdaw, o taneng no finawlan, ono kapilongan a fenek, o to’as ano eca cikawasay to, caay pakaliyas mapa’orip cangra. O to’as no ’Amis o kawas saan ko pitahidang, no pokiw a pitahidang o foto saan, ono Kristokiw o dengan a kawas sa ko pitahidang. Mitiliday ci Cilo singsi (2018/8/1) Mifalicay ci Masao Nikar j5l1w7ffi9ygkxg4e89jtrl9got3tgx 0 2945 47324 47323 2025-09-15T00:58:08Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Piharatengan ci Kan Wilin foksi to patay i semo’ot mihecaan (甘為霖牧師逝世一百週年紀念) */ 47324 wikitext text/x-wiki == Piharatengan ci Kan Wilin foksi to patay i semo’ot mihecaan (甘為霖牧師逝世一百週年紀念) == Anini oni Kan Wilin foksi (Rev. William Campbell, 1841 miheca 4 folad 11 romi’ad – 1921 miheca 9 folad 7 romi’ad) piharatengan to patay i semo’ot mihecaan romi’ad, I 1921 miheca 9 folad 7 romi’ad itira i Inkiris mapatay, 80 mihecaan ko ’orip i hekal. Itini i Glasgow, Scotland no Inkiris ko sofoc ni Kan Wilin, o foksi no ciwlo kiwkay, patelocan no 19 sici i satimolan no Taywan mipatenak. I 1871 miheca 12 folad 20 romi’ad – 1878 miheca 11 folad 25 romi’ad, o kinacecay ningra i Taywan mipatenak, o Mancin ko micalapay to saetip no Taywan itiya. 1873 miheca 3 folad, pakatamina no Norway kopang tamina Tafeni (Daphne) nai Anpin minato masdak, milakowit to katimol no Taywan (Eluanbi), mililis to sekal tala’amis tayra i Tansui miliso’ ci Makay hakasian. Miliso’ cingra to Wokokeng kiway ato Manka kiwkay, ta keriden ni Makay romakat pasitimol, nai Tansui, Congli, Cuocian (Sincu), Sinkang. Nai Sinkang, malaliyas ci Kan Wilian foksi aci Makay hakasi, patiko ci Makay tala’amis i Tansui, padoedo ci Kan Wilian pasitimol, miliso’ to Neise, Tase, ato Puli kakokiwkay, tayra cingra i Suise fanaw (Rìyutan), miliso’ to Suipo 4 sangasaw (Suise, Huolan, Peiku, aao Touse), o piliso’ to katimolay kiwkay pahicera minokay i Taynan niyaro’. O pikomod ni Kan Wilian foksi to mapohaway no Taywan salongan 17,000 ko tamdaw saan, oni mapohaway tamdaw saheto o miki’a’amay ano eca mi’edaway ko saka’orip, ira ko papina o maomahay. Manengneng ningra ko kafades to sakaci’oripaw no mapohaway tamdaw, orasaka miketon cingra to sapadang mifalic kacakat no ka’orip no mapohaway tamdaw. I 1887 miheca, o pacena’ ni Kan Wilian foksi minokay tayra Inkiris i, pasi Glasgow kiwkay a miayi ta 500 Inkiris a payso, nanoya mirina’ to tilid sakimapohaway a pinanaman tilid. 1889 miheca patikol tayni Taywan, itiya misitapang to nihalakaan patireng to pitilidan no mapohaway. I 1891 miheca 10 folad, micaliw to Hongkongcí i Taynan, 5 miheca ko romi’ad, patireng sakacecay pitilidan no mapohaway, orasaka masowal cingra o patirengay to pikiwikoan to mapohaway tamdaw saan. Kaitini ningra i Taywan nai 1871 miheca tangasa 1917 miheca, ira ko 46 mihecaan. Nano nga’ay no nidemakan ningra, mapatamohong no Dipong sifo to Suricang ato Ruipaocang, mapatireng no Knox sinkakoyin no Inkiris to hakasi kacingangan. 8b4h8n64du3yyfs8ub3m49c5byw05dv 0 2946 47339 47338 2025-09-22T00:44:21Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Pitilo Kelafer – koli no malakoliay (聖伯多祿格肋凡：奴隸中的奴隸) */ 47339 wikitext text/x-wiki == Pitilo Kelafer – koli no malakoliay (聖伯多祿格肋凡：奴隸中的奴隸) == I 1581 mihecaan itiya, itira i Verdú niyaro’ i Catalonia no Spain, masofoc ko cecay a wawa. ci Pitilo Kelafer (Peter Claver / Pedro Claver) han ko ngangan. Cima ko pakaharatengay, mato’as konini a wawa caay ho ka talaroma kitakit ciniala to kalalifetan a kompay, panganganen aca to koli no malakoliay (slave of the slaves) sanay. I kalakapahan ningra mikihatiya to Yisokay. Sarakat malecad to kapot, midotoc to ninanaman to sifana’: mitilid, mitolon, misarocod to faloco’. Ikor to, maocor cingra tayra i Mallorca kanatal mitongal minanam to harana’ ato kawasan. Itiya, malitemoh ningra ko cecay a pakacyaya a tamdaw: o misimaway ko adawang no sacomod i inanaman no salikaka misakoliay (Porter) ci Alphonsus Rodriguez (San Alonso Rodríguez) a tamdaw. o pinengneng no papotalay tamdaw dengan o “pifohat/pi’edef” to ’adawang ko tayal i, nika o pilaheci to olah no Kawas konini a demak saan. o misapoeneray ato mihadidiay ko pihamham ningra to miliso’ay tamdaw, pakayni i kalalicalicay ato pitolon, mala o palalanay singsi (spiritual mentor) saan ko ’alomanay a minengneng. Mararid a mikilim ci Pitiro cingraan a masasowal, nai tonini “Tadamaanay tamdaw no fawahan” masapinang ningra ko so’elinay tayal no demak. nanoya mahapinang ni Rodriguez konini a kapah o tadamaanay no Yisokay tamdaw, ira ko cecay romi’ad pasowalen ningra, samatiya satoo milikatay lamal ko sakaci faloco’an: “Olili, katayra i fa’elohay hakal (New World), patayraen ci Yiso i mangalayay tamdaw.” han ningra. Caay ko asimanay sa ko pikeroh, matiya o pitahidang no Kawas. saki ci Pitiloan i, onini a sowal o palalan no saki’orip. Caay pisanimanima ko faloco’ ningra, so’elin sato mihayda, nipatala to sakalomowadaw miliyas to niyaro’.   I 1610 miheca, pakatamina cingra, pasiraayay kahiceraan niyaro’ i Cartagena no Colombia (Cartagena de Indias). Caay kafana’en ningra o kacicohelan, ’angtohay, ciadadaay ato cimapatayay kora, nika misafaloco’ cingra: “O katayraan ako ko riraan.” ora Cartagena niyaro’ o faloco’ no kalali’acaan to malakoliay tamdaw ko raan, to mihecaan salongan ira ko 1 ’ofad no malakoliay Africa tamdaw macolo’ tayni, malitoloay ko tamdaw mapatay i karomakat ho no tamina. Ma’oripay i, mitefad nai tamina, patangsolen patayra i kalali’acaan. Matalaw ko ’alomanay sapiliyasaw, nika pasilaloma’ ko ningra. Caay ko ’kim ato payso ko ikamayay, o sapaiyo, kakaenen, roma mihawikid to Brandy epah, o sapipafecol, sahinom, sapisasaw to tano doka’ sanay ko tatirengan tamdaw. toya 40 mihecaan, o nai kamayay nipasinglian ningra mata’elif to ko 30 ’ofad no tamdaw. o tadasowal ningra: “Tahada’oc kako malakoli no malakoliay kohetingay tamdaw (Ego Petrus Claver, Aethiopum semper servus) saan. Caay ka dengan o laloma’ay no tamina, pasayra cingra micomod i omaomagan ato palomaay ko rakat, pananokas to mikoliay tawki kaadayayen no malakoliay. Pakamaro’en no tawki a mitaheka, kai pikihatiya to malakoliay ko pitaheka saan. saki ci Pitiloan haw i, caay ko “nikanga’ay ko patado”, o pihawikid to olah ni Kristo patayra i caayay ka sikol a co’ed. I 1654 miheca 9 folad, itira cingra i Cartagena niyaro’ paherek ko ’orip a mapatay. O polong no finawlan no niyaro’ mikihatiya to pitademan, itiya masapinang no ’alomanay, oya mirariday mikihatiya to malakoliay mikapot a “mimingay tamdaw”, so’elinay o satadamaanay ta’angay salo’afang. I 1888 miheca, o tapang no Tingsokiw ci Lio 13th patodong, mihapiw cingraan o tadamaanay no Colombia a kaolahan no Kawas, nanoya o malakoliay, finacadan kakiharan, Africa midipotay, ato nipalonanay a tadamanay kaolahan no Kawas. Nawiro haratengen ita anini cingra? Nawhani mapalasawad to komikoliay telak i, nika “masimeday mikoliay (modern slavery)” iraayho: malali’acaay to tamdaw, mafadesay tamdaw, malakoliay matayalay, ngalef maepecay caay ka nga’ay ko pasasela’ to saki’orip a tamdaw. Patapi’elal ci San Pitilo Kelafer patapi’elal titaanan: “Raoden koya “canaisay ko kaitiyaan nanay”, lowanen ko piacek, adihayen ko piraod; mimingen ko pilikaf, adihayen ko pipatihi. === Pinengneng to tilid (參考資料：) ===   <nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Claver</nowiki> <nowiki> </nowiki><nowiki>https://www.franciscanmedia.org/sai....../saint-peter-claver</nowiki> <nowiki> </nowiki><nowiki>https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Peter-Claver</nowiki> <nowiki> </nowiki><nowiki>https://www.jesuits.org/....../society-of-jesus....../</nowiki> <nowiki> </nowiki><nowiki>https://www.aciprensa.com/....../cada-9-de-septiembre</nowiki>...... 5jeqv0d37uh5kymnt3eqf4ki60wh79t 0 2947 47370 47369 2025-09-22T00:56:18Z Masaonikar 570 /* Kailisinan ira ko “pakomodan”. (豐年祭中的「迎靈祭」) */ 47370 wikitext text/x-wiki == O nengneng to ilisin (3) (對豐年祭的一些看法-3) == === Kailisinan ira ko “pakomodan”. (豐年祭中的「迎靈祭」) === To’as ilisin no niyaro’ no ’Amis i, ira ko masiikeday to pakomodan, pililafangan ato pipihayan. Sakacecay romi’ad to dadaya midemak to “pakomodan” a ilisin, ikor to pina romi’ad midemak to pililafang ato pipihayan. O tatenokan no ilisin ko “pililafangan”, caay ka dengan o finawlan, halo o komodan a kawas ato lafang, malakapot a romadiw, makero, miepah, mi’icep, maainiini a matatawatawa, malipahak toya romi’ad. O “pipihayan” o kakomodan no niyaro’ mifetir/mifetik, o fafahiyan no niyaro’ ko romadiway a masakero (caay pikihatiya ko fa’inayan), misera to komodan a kawas ato lafalafang. O katadamaan no “pikomodan” matiya pidemak to “pisacepo’” a lisin, mateli i sapad ko toron, ’icep, fila’ ato epah. Mi’inip ko kakomodan no niyaro’ to epah, itiya pasifafaed micolipes, padoedo o kakomodan ato kakitaan no niyaro’ romadiw to sapikomod a radiw, mihamham to piraod no kakomodan a kawas i kailisinan a demak. toya pikomodan dengan o fa’inayan ko malikowatay masakero, fafahiyan ato kaemangay miki’araw i lawac, nika caay ka nga’ay micomod i laloma’, matefocaw no kawas. Caayay ka tadamaan a pikomodan, nika midemak ko kakomodan no niyaro’ mifetir/mifetik itiya i, miceno’ ko talodo’ to epah, pasifafaed mifetir/mifetik manga’ay to. Nanoya kakomodan ato kakitaan no niyaro romadiw to sapikomod a radiw, mitahidang mihamham to komodan a kawas a mikihatiya to ilisin. “Pikomodan”, so’elinen i o “palatadamaan a lisin”, orasaka o sasowalen no ’Amis to ilisin, “itiniay i cilisinay”, patodongan noni o pahanhanan no niyaro’, micomod i “salaloma’an no tadamaanay no ilisin”, o midoedo to nitelekan i lisin a ma’orip, midemak, sakaeca ka demak ko sakalatiih a cilafo. Paherek to ko ilisin, midemak ko kakomodan no niyaro’ to “piihayan” a mifetir/mifetik, todong “piselong to tadamanay no lisin”, o finawlan itini i “piselong to tadamaanay lisin”, mapatiko tayra i ka’oripan to romi’ami’ad. Orasaka katimolay ’Amis (Posong) kiloma’an han ko ilisin, “Ilaloma’ay” sanay. Roma pahapinang to “laloma’anay a kadademak, caay ko kalingadan; nika ira ko talolongay harateng sakiilisin, micomod ko tamdaw i laloma’ no “tadamaanay lisin a romi’ad”. O maanan koya “tadamaanay lisin a romi’ad”? nawhani oya tadamaanay kawas mikihatiyaay to i salaloma’an no ilisin a demak, o tamdamdaw midoedo to lisin a demak. cimaay koya nitahidangan a kawas i kailisinan? Onini a kawakawas o sowal no ’Amis o kawas saan.   I 1986 miheca Taywan sisyo yofayof pasadak to “O pidafohan to sowal no ’Amis” misaheci ti kawas: (1) Wama a kawas, (2)kawakawa, ’adingo/salo’afang, mitifacay to tataparan a iraay, (3)kawas/palafoay. So’elinen ko sowal masasifed ko harateng no ’Amis to saki kawas, nika manga’ay sasiikeden o “i saseraay kawas” ato “kakarayan a kawas” a tosa. O i saseraay a kawas, halo tekedan ’adingo, ’a’adopen ’adingo, malengaway ’adingo, milafoay ’adingo (tatiihay salo’afang, mirarakatay salo’afang), tofotofo, tekateka, lalooc kawas, maciwciw, ’orad, sara, lonen/’atoray. “kakarayan a kawas” halo malataw, cilocidal, folad, to’as a kawas (nga’ayay salo’afang, talakakarayan), kawas no cikawasay. Orasaka, “pakomodan” no ilisin, caay ko pitahidang to kawas no to’as a lisin, mitahidangay to ikakarayanay isaseraay a kawakawasan. Kahacecay laloma’an no ’Amis awaay ko “pakawasan”, orasaka awaay ko pita’ong to to’asan a kaas a lisin. Ira ko papinapina kapah no ’Amis misalongoc to “pita’ongan to to’as” i kailisinan, kahinapecen ako ko matiniay, matiniay a “pikomodan” masaromotay ko kafana’anto “to’as a lisin”? ano eca mafiyolay to no Payrang to pipatireng to “pakawasan” hakiya? Itini “pipakomodan” ano eca i “pipihayan” to, mikomoday no niyaro’ citodong to pifetir/pifetik, o todong no “salong no kacipinangan”. Matiya o pihamham no miso to picomod no tao i loma’ iso, paciro’ to kamay (kawanan/kawili) a mikawih, todong no faloco’ iso. Kacitodongan ko pikawih, pahapinang to pihamham no faloco’. O patodongan aca ko pikawih, nika awaay ko kaci’icel nira. Tatiih matira ko sowal iso: nawhani ira ko pikawih nira, saka mato ci’iecelay kako, comod comod sa toya a loma’. Ira ko matiniay a demak haw? Awaayto. Itini i kasasiromaroma no pitooran i, o todong no lisin o “salong no kacipinangan”, pakayni toni a salong no kacipinangan, pahapinang no faloco’ mangodo to saki kawas. Orasaka, o foksi ko mitolonay to pitekaan no ilisin i, oya caayay ko mitooray a tamdaw aka a kasomowal: Aya, macalap/ma’awid to no Kristokiw a Kawas konini, saka caayto ka pikihatiya tonini a ilisin. Malecad to, ano o mikomoday no niyaro’ ko mifetiray/mifetikay to pitekaan no ilisin i, oya mitooray a tamdaw caayka pasowal: Aya, macalap/ma’awid to no cikawas palafoay konini, mapaoning to, saka caayto ka pikihatiya kako tonini a ilisin. Ano o ci’icelay ko pifetir/pifetik i, ciepocay koya mitahidangan a kawas i picomod i kailisinan hakiya? Pakayni i pipihayan misera a pifetir/pifetik ira ko “epoc”? o pikawih no tamdaw a micomod, oya pifahfah no tamdaw i sooy sa koya kawas, ano matira o tamdaw ko mi’emetay ari? O ningkiw no tamdaw matiya! O pifetir/pifetik no tamdamdaw, ikaka ko no kakomodan no niyaro’ ano eca no cikawasay ko kaci’icel haw? Caayto! O cecay no paso’elinay dengan cecay ko Kawas ya sanay a mitooray, matalaw aca to “picering no tamdaw” a kawasan, caay piingir to kalikowatan no ilisin, tona pakatengil to kawas no ilisin caay sato paterep ko kamirmir, maaro’ay no palafoay hakiya? Na talacowaay to ko nano nipaso’elinan saw? O pitolon no foksi o sapifalic aca to papotal no ilisin, nika caay kafalic ko tatodong i salaloma’an no ilisin. Masowalay to ako: pitekaan no lisin/pa’edaw nai pipalomaan to hapay/lamelo, caay to pipaloma kita to hafay/lamelo i, nika midotoc haca kita midemak to ilisin; tayra to kita i tokay, caay to kaliomah, awaay to pilitodan, nika midotoc ho kita midemak to ilisin; malingad kita i tokay, caay ka cakat ko kinaira, nika midemak haca to ilisin, nawhani o ilisin caay to ko pihemak to pilitodan, o pahapinang to piahowid/aray to kawas. O nano masamsamay, mapa’ekelay no “palafoay tatiihay” ko tato’asan no ’Amis finacadan, talacowa misa’icel i masamaamaanay to sapiliyang a mico’ay, cimalasawadayto ko ’orip, hato caay ka lifet ko mipa’ekelay. Nanoya dengan to piti’er to sini’ada no kawas, pa’araw to pakayraan a miliyang, itiya a malowid ko tatiihay, pakaliyas to ko finawlan to katalawan a cipakoniraay. Mahaen to kita anini, itini i tatiihay a ka’oripan, o midotocay to pidipot no kawas titaanan, saka ira kita i matini, orasaka pakayni tonini ko sapidemak ita to ilisin, o nian ko pahecian ato kacitodongan no “Ilisin” hananay. Talacowa mafalic to ko papotal no ponka, nika salaloma’an no ponka caayto kafalic, o nian koya miredoan no mita a tatodong ato laloma’an no ponka. Itini i kasaniyaro’aro’ a finawlan saheto to o mitooray to Kristokiw, Tingsokiw, Sinyaso ano eca roma pakayraan, anini o tolon ko pitekaan no ilisin o nga’ayay, awaay ko kafalic no tatodong no ilisin. Nika dengan o pidemak no sifo ano eca sician tamdaw a nicikerohan a ilisin ko so’elinay mafalic, mawiletay ko tatodong salaloma’an a ilisin, nawhani matiniay a ilisin o saki’arawan, pikiki aca, pilietanan no makeroay, caayay ko sakipiahowid/piaray to kawas ko nikeroan.   Orasaka o kapah no ’Amis o mamiliyang to mikikiay ko pahecian a ilisin ko matatodongay. ==== Mitiliday ci Cilo singsi (2018/8/1) ==== ==== Mifalicay ci Masao Nikar ==== itkwn8e71r73trnqx20495v1uxkzufi 0 3144 47632 47631 2025-09-28T23:50:45Z Masaonikar 570 /* Misarao’ a lisin – Sakarihaday no niyaro’ (阿美族的第二收穫祭祀 – 平安祭) */ 47632 wikitext text/x-wiki == Misarao’ a lisin – Sakarihaday no niyaro’ (阿美族的第二收穫祭祀 – 平安祭) == Pakaynien no ’Amis a tamdaw i lisin ko sakarihaday no syakay no niyaro’, orasaka o pisarao’ a lisin o “sakarihaday a lisin” a han ko pitahidang. Itiya ho ira ko piketon no mato’asay to kakawa no romi’ad, ira ko pakakaan ato pasafaan sanay to romi’ad no cecay mihecaan. O pakakaan a romi’ad sanay i, itini i saka tosa folad tangasa pito a folad (2-8), pasafaan a romi’ad i, i saka falo folad tangasa cecay a folad (9-1) ko sa’osi no to’as. Orasaka, o paherekan no pakakaan a romi’ad i, midemak ko niyaro’ to tata’akay ilisin no mihecaan, onini ilisin i, oya todong pipafilongan to no ’Amis a finacadan, saka cidemak to kailisinan no mihecaan. O paherekan no pasafaan a romi’ad i, midemad ko niyaro’ to saka tosa a pilitodan a lisin, misarao’ han no mato’asay ko ian a lisin, nika ihakowaan ko paromi’adan a midemak, o finawlan sato ko miketonay to romi’ad a misarao’, masasowal ko kalitaan no niyaro’ ato mama no kapah misetek to romi’ad ko kacipinangan. Ta pasafana’en ko finawlan no niyaro’ to pisarao’an a romi’ad, ira ko pipatala no finawlan. Milicay to kakitaan no niyaro’ toya nga’ayay romi’ad ko misarao’an romi’ad no niyaro’. Nanoya, mi’ang’ang to ko mama no kapah to finawlan no niyaro’ itiya a romi’ad, misarao’ ko finawlan sato. Mara’od sato ko romi’ad, misa’opo ko mama no kapah to finawlan i sefi, misilsil ko mama no kapah to kasaselal no kapah, masetik mifoting i riyar ato i ’alo, pacakat i pisarao’an to to’as. Maraod sato ko romi’ad to pisarao’an i, ocorom no mama no kapah ko kasaselal a kapah tayra i riyar ano eca tayra i alo’ a micelem mifoting itiya, o mama no kapah miocor to lakeling micorok to lomaloma’ milisiraw militoron, solsol han i ’oway ko siraw, pateli han i fakar ko toron, malo sakalahok no finawlan itira i sefi, o todong paherekan no miheca to pasafaan a militod ira ko misarao’ sanay a lisin no niyaro’. Nikawrira, nawhani ono aniniay to ko ’orip a mafalic to, oya masarao’ sanay a lekakawa to saki niyaro’ a pifiyol mato malasawaday to. Itini i roma a niyaro’, tinako o niyaro’ no Falangaw i Posong, itira i tongce no mihecaan ko misarao’ a romi’ad, todong “pitiko to mata’elifay romi’ad, misahalaka to anohakowaay” a dademaken. Ono to’asan lisin no ’Amis ko pisarao’an, nikawrira mafiyol to no Payrang ko yincumin saka, o ’alomanay ’Amis a tamdaw caayay to pidemak to misarao’ a lisin, latek dengan to o Falangaw a niyaro’ ko milekoay ho to pisarao’an a lekakawa no ’Amis. Nika no Ta’eman a niyaro’ sepat miheca kinacecay a midemak to pisarao’, o pisasawan no niyaro’ to tefon (Cienicelaysoy) itiya sa a midemak. O tatodiong no pidemak to misarao’ a lisin o “pitiko to mata’elifay romi’ad, misahalaka to anohakowaay” sanay. Oya pitiko to mata’elifay, nawhani awaay ko pitelek to rikec no kasaniyaro’ no ’Amis, saka itini i tongce o kaloma’ocan a romi’ad, nai kailisinan tangasa i Tongce pasafaan (litosaan) a miheca o maanan ko fangafang no niyaro’ a maainiini massowal, mipakaolah to cinga’ayay ko demak a tamdaw no finawlan. Itiyaay ho a mato’asay o rao’ ko sapakaolah to tadamaanay a tamdaw, o nianan koya misarao’ hananay a paseniyang. O pisahalaka to anohakowaay sanay i, o niyaro’ sato ko mitelekay, anohakowaay no pakakaan romi’ad a dademakan i, itini toya kaloma’ocan mitelek, ano maketon to caay to ka nga’ay fafalicen. Pakaynien no ’Amis a tamdaw i lisin ko sakarihaday no syakay no niyaro’, orasaka o pisarao’ a lisin o “sakarihaday a lisin” a han ko pitahidang. ruejgu5xskszdkzm99s5ksqkyxzenxx 0 3145 47654 47653 2025-10-03T00:53:13Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Saka lima, i loma’ no mapadesay milikat to sangiroan. (5.在喪家起狼煙) */ 47654 wikitext text/x-wiki == Mapadesay kimad no ’Amis (阿美族的喪事禮俗) == O misa’alingayay no ina ko ’Amis finacadan, mikadafoay ko fa’inayan i loma’ no fafahiyan. Tana adada o mamapatay to ko fa’inayan, minokay tayra i pito’asan kasofocan ningra a loma’, icowa ko kasofocan i, itira ko kapatay o sanay konini. Roma sato i, o pinangan no ’Amis a finacadan, o mamapatay to nikaadada i, o papanokayen tayra i loma’, i loma’ ko kamelekan a mapatay, ta awaay ko ka cedaahan a miliyas to hekal. === Saka cecay, o kapatayan.(1.死亡) === O mamapatay to ko adadaay i, patihi ko laloma’an ato salawinaan, mitengil to paikoray a sowal no adadaay, miceli’ to ngangan no mapatayay, o katango’or to mapatayay. Maketon to ko sasela’an i, laloma’an ato salawina ko mipangingoyay ato pariko’ay. Ano o fa’inayan ko mapatayay i, patelien ko kaolahan no mapatayay a lalosidan patelien i tatihi, mapariko to no to’as a riko’. Ano o fafahiyan ko mapatayay o salikaka to fafahiyan ko pateliay to kaolahan a dafong patelien i kamay nira, mapariko to nitinooyan niteselan ningra i ka’orip ho a kiladom. === Sakatosa, Mitadem (2.埋葬) === O pinangan no ’Amis to sakimapatayay, manga’ay ranikay ko pitadem saan, ano toya romi’ad ano eca sakatosa a romi’ad a mitadem, no to’as a pitademan itira i aikoran no loma’, pasitimol ko pipateli, o sapad ko sapitahepo, ta dapongen to rengos ato sera. Nika i kaDipongan a pikowan itiya, patangic sa patayra i kapolongan ko mitadem. === Sakatolo, Mi’ocilay/Padongos (3.送靈祭) === Maherek ko pitadem i, mitahidang ko loma’ to cikawasay midemak, to sakanga’ay salo’afang no mapatayay mikapot to tato’asan. Itini i cikawasay ko pidemak to mi’ocilay, o ’icep, epah, toron ko sapacakat, pasiwali ko pi’ang’ang to ngangan no mapatayay, o todong pikerid a pacomod to salo’afang no mapatayay milecad to mapatayay a to’as a malakawas. === Sakasepat, Paherek no pitadem (4.喪禮結束) === Maherek ko pipadongosan, saka tosa romi’ad midemak ko loma’ to pipakelang, todong pipaherek no kapadesan a romi’ad, tayra ko salawina i riyar ano eca i ’alo a mifoting mikalang; saan oya laloma’an mitahidang to mato’asay no laloma’an “mirakat” a demak, tayra i nirakatan no mapatayay i ka’orip ho ningra a pala, tinako kamaomahan (pimatangan) ano eca i talo’an a mirakat, o pihirateng to nikarorayan ato sahinom i nika’orip ho. O pipaherek sanay ko pipakelang, toya dadaya mapolong ko salawinawina malafi komaen to foting todong pipaherek a demak, ikor nonini, manga’ay to padoedo malingad. Roma a romi’ad, o picohongan, mikilim to romi’ad. === Saka lima, i loma’ no mapadesay milikat to sangiroan. (5.在喪家起狼煙) === Pilikat to lamal (sangiroan), o todong sapi hinom to cimapadesay laloma’an. Ano ira ko mapatayay no loma’, o sangasaw no loma’, ano eca o finawlan to no niyaro’, ala tayrayra saan ko tamdaw a miraor, mihinom to cimapadesay a laloma’an. Nanoya, patayra ko lomaloma’ to felac, o dateng ato kasoy, ano eca tayra mipadang to demak no loma’. Itiya, o mato’asay a sangasaw no loma’, miala to datong a kasoy, itira i fatihian no potal a milikat to lamal a misangiro, o patodong to sapafa’edet to mararomay faloco’ no loma’. Maraod ko dadaya, o mato’asay i, ala aro’aro’ sa a miliyok i masalangtoay a lamal mingiro. Itiya o mato’asay misatapang to a mikimad, mikimad to ’orip no nia mapatayay. Roma sato papelo ko mato’asay, to pakayraay kafolaw no to’as, kalalood i Cepo’ a demak no ’Amis ano eca kawakawasan a kimad. Matiniay ko pisi’ayaw to ngiro a lamal. Ira haca ko roma a sowal, katengilan a kimad no mato’asay to pakayniay a o maan ko tatodong no pilikat to lanal ici mapatayay a saan i, mahaenay ko sowal sa, itiya ho, awaay ho ko dawdaw, maraod ko dadaya to’eman ko romi’ad, awaay ma’araw saka caay kasadak ko tamdaw to dadaya, mato kapkap o sanay mikilim to aalaen. Orasaka, ira ko ciwidangay a ’Amis a tamdaw to roma a finacadan a tamdaw, o Taruko finacadan ciira. Toya dadaya na mihakelong to widang miraod to cimapatayay a loma’, to’eman awaay manengneng, masasowasowal ko laloma’an a ngasaw i, koliniwen noya Taruko a tamdaw militangal ko tangal noya mapatayay, caay ka fanafa:na’ koya misimaway tonini a demak, maraod sato sakatosa romi’ad to dafak, nengneng han no loma’ koya mapatayay, awaay to ko tangal, aya! Cimaay ko militangalay sato ko ’alomanay. Araw han i, oya tayniay a Taruko a tamdaw ko militangalay sato. Nanoyaan, ira ho ko mapatayay no laloma’an no ’Amis, milikat aca to lamal, kahapinangan to dadaya, pafa’edetay to mapadesay a laloma’an. Orasaka, o maan ko todong no pilikat to lamal ano han ko sasowalen, o matiniay ko todong no ’Amis a finacadan to pilikat to lamal o saka fana’ to kacingangan no ’Amis. sryqadpu4tvmq2t2g1n07m0dnf46spa 0 3146 47662 47661 2025-10-06T08:28:14Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* O pipana’ to cidal a kawakawasan kimad (射日神話故事) */ 47662 wikitext text/x-wiki == O pipana’ to cidal a kawakawasan kimad (射日神話故事) == Iti:ya ho i, tosaay ko cidal i kakarayan, cacorok sa patedi to hekal. Orasaka, awaay ko todong to romi’ad adadya i sekal, mafadi’ to ko kilakilang rengorengos, ma’icang to ko nanom no ’alo, caay to ka molengaw ko pinaloma, saka mapades ko tamdaw to saka’orip, malowan to pinaloma cango’ot to kakaenen ko tamdaw.   Nanoya masasowasowal to ko tamdamdaw to sapipalasawadaw to cecay a cidal. Itiya ira ko tatoloay macodahay a kapah tayra milood toya cidal. Saka mihawikid cangra to kakaenen, ala mifafa saan cangra to kaemangay a wawa. nanoya lomowad to pasayra cangra toya piloodan a lalan. I karomakatan nangra a tala’ayaw, halo pipaloma han to mamo’ ato mifolesak to panay, kalo lalitoden a minokay. Nanoya mata’elif to ko romi’ad, mihecaan ko nirakatan i, caay ka rahoday rakaten nangra koya sacokacok tonotono’an a lalan. Nikawrira, ha:to caay ho katahira toya kasadakan no cidal, wata ko nikaraay rakaten. Oya sato tatoloay a kapah i, to’as sato i fatad karomakatan ho no lalan, dadoedo sato a mapatay itiya. Katala’ayawan ho a nifafaan a kaemangay wawa i, masakapah to ko to’as nangra. Padoedo cangra a midotoc to caayay ho kalaheci noya mato’asay, padoedo sa tala’ayaw ko rakat. Orasaka tahira to cangra toya kasadakan no cidal, misetek to cangra i sakatosa romi’ad ko pipana’ toya cidal. Mara’od sato ko sakatosa romi’ad to kanikaran to dafak, ala mitatoy cangra to pana’, misitara i la’ed no lotok, mitala to kasadak no cidal, nanoya i kasadakan no cidal toya i patama han nangra tatolo ko cecay a cidal mipana’, oya fa’edetay remes no cidal pasilawac a ma’efer mitesi’. O cecay a tamdaw mapara’oteng noya fa’edetay remes, nanoya sa a mapatay, oya tatosaay mapacedet a madoka’ ko tatirengan. Malaheci to ko demak i, pasiloma’ to cangra ko rakat a minokay, oya katala’ayawan nipalomaan a mami’ i mato’as to, malofic ko kaciheci. Tahira cangra i niyaro’ i, o ma’ofad to ko fokes a mato’asay to. Nanoya pipana’ nangra toya cecay a cidal i, malowan to ko tedi ato fa’edet noya cidal, dadaya i masadak to ko cidal. Oya matapesi’ay remas i, malafo’is to falatfat i kakarayan. Nanoya masapinang to ko romi’ad ato dadaya, sanga’ay sato ko ’orip no tamdamdaw itiya. du7kogz5hr7demonz609diihsleh2n8 0 3147 47682 47681 2025-10-06T08:44:44Z Masaonikar 570 /* O kimad no to’asan a pisacepo’. Ira ko 4 tinako (海祭的傳說故事。有三個例子)： */ 47682 wikitext text/x-wiki == Pisacepo’ lisin no Ta’eman a niyaro’ (膽曼部落海祭文化) == === Misacepo', Mikesi’, Milaedis, Komoris（海祭、河祭） === To mihecahecaan, kalalaedan no saka lima folad saka enem folad, mili’ayaw to ko kakitaan no niyaro’ ato mama no kapah masasowal to romi’ad ato mitelek, ikor o mama no kapah mipasifana’ to finawlan no niyaro’ to pisacepo’an lisin a romi’ad. Paso’elin ko ’Amis finacadan a tamdaw to to’as o milakecay to riyar a tayni sanay, orasaka o piahowid to nano pidipot to to’as a kawas no riyar patalahekal nai riyar saka ira ko pisacepo’ a lisin. Matiniay pisacepo’ a lisin, o pahapinangay to lekakawa no finacadan a saka’orip ato pingodo to kasairaira no tataparan. Mitolon to sakadofoh no piniala ato saka rihaday a mifoting. Pisacepo’, Milaedis han no Cikasoan a ’Amis ko sowal, ono pasawaliay a ’Amis Misacepo’ han ko sowal, ono katimolay a ’Amis Mikesi’ han ko sowal, ono mililisay to tarawadaw to ’alo a ’Amis o Komoris han ko sowal, saka o kasasiroma to no niyaro’ a sowal. Sapidemak to lisin to pisacepo’, i’ayaw no kailisinan ko pidemak, nikawrira kasaniyaro’ caay kalecad ko romi’ad, salongan itira i saka 6 folad tangasa saka 8 folad. Kaitiraan no niyaro’ a masasiroma, saka ira ko pisacepo’ ano eca mikomoris sanay a sowal. Pisacepo’, ono ’Amis a tamdaw pahapinang to piahowid to kawas no riyar ato kawas no kakarayan ato sera, nawhani paso’elin ko ’Amis a tamdaw ira ko kasahirahira a kawas maparocek itini i tataparan, orasaka mingodo cangra to tataparan, nanay to mihecahecaan ci nialaay to kadofahay a foting ato ’afar. I pisacepo’an no niyaro’ caay ka nga’ay mikihatiya ko fafahiyan, o nano rocok no to’as ano mikihatiya ko fafahiyan to pisacepo’an i, malo sakacaay pakaala to foting a mifoting saan. Patinako to no Ta’eman a niyaro’, i ’ayaw pisacepo’ no niyaro’ i, o mama no kapah, pali’ayaw to kapah no niyaro’ i ’ayaw pisacepo’an a dadaya tala riyar a micelem mifoting saka, toya niceleman kinaira sa’opoen i pisacepo’an a romi’ad, oya lakeling ato pakarongay ko midemakay (mikiskis to cikaf no foting, misiiked ato mitangtang). O roma kasasiiked selal a kapah citodong to roma a tayal (miala to dangah, hemay, kasoy, pakamaro’an to mato’asay, mitisil kasaselal).   Itiya i, o mama no kapah malahakelong to kakitaan no niyaro’ a tomok tayra pi’edawan kaitiraan.      === Sacepo’ a lisin (海祭儀式) === Sarakat, o kapah no niyaro’ patelien i palo’ ato i papah no pawli pateli koya nialaan a foting, masatisil ko mama no kapah i aikor no sapipacakat a losid, tahidangen ko kakitaan no niyaro’ a tomok citodongay mipacakat a mita’ong, mifetir to epah, pakaen to toron a mitolon, miahowid to pidipot, ciniala to foting ato mamaala i riyar, mapakadofah ko pinaloma, pilitod ato sakarihaday no finawlan i niyaro’. (Mingitangit to malataw, to’as no niyaro’ midipot to finawlan, ano tala riyar to, tala’alo to a mifoting, talalotok to maomah a kadofah, rihaday a minokay.) ==== Pacakat ko kakitaan no niyaro’ (頭目的祭祀)： ==== '''''“Waw…, Malatawaw! tayni kami anini. Itini i riyar, loma' no miso, nanay pafelien kami to iraay a alaen niyam, adihayen ko paini i tamiyan saka, itini kami a pacakat to sapakaen i tisowanan, layapen kaenen ko paini niyam to toron, o ’icep ato epah, ta malasang to kamo. Tengilen ko sowal no mama no kapah, o kakitaan no niyaro’ o tomok, todong pacakat no finawlan no niyaro’, saka, itini kami a mi'aray tisowanan malataw, ta fangcal ko piala niyam to kakaenen niyam tonini a riyar, dipoten ko tayniay a micekiway, micelemay mifoting, mitafokoday, patikeday mialaay to kakaenen a tamdaw i tamowanan, sanga'ayen parihadayen ko mialaay to kakaenen, pafelien ko mialaay to malo sapakaen to laloma’an a wawa ato saka'orip niyam saka, miaray i tisowanan. Kafecol to, kalasang to kamo. Waw…”''''' Maherek ko kakitaan no niyaro’mitolon to pipacakat, ala mitatoy ko mama no kapah to takid, pasiriyar mita’ong to kawas mitakid, pasowal sa: ''“Ini ko epah, miso to koni, miaray to pipakalemed.”'' Maherek ko pita’ong i, masasitakid (palemed) ko mama no kapah. Paherek ko pipacakat, o mama no kappa ato kakitaan no niyaro’ patiko tayra i kasa’opoan pahanhan. I pahanhanan i, o kakitaan no niyaro’ ato kalas no niyaro’ masasowasowal, pa’eses ko kakitaan to kalas no niyaro’ pasowal to todong lekakawa no pisaxepo’ a pahecian, o pitodong no kasararerarem a midotoc tonini a tadamaanay a ponka no ’Amis. ==== O kimad no to’asan a pisacepo’. Ira ko 4 tinako (海祭的傳說故事。有三個例子)： ==== Saka cecay, tato’asan no ’Amis to fa’inayan fafahiyan a malikakaay tatosa, ira ko tata’akay lenlen i niyaro’ malikid tayra i riyar, malemed to pipadang kawas no riyar patalasekal (Taywan) mapa’orip, mirayray to teloc. O sapiahowidaw to pipa’orip no kawas saka, itira i katasekalan toya romi’ad no mihecaan, midemak ko teloc no ’Amis a misacepo’ a lisin.    Saka tosa, ira ko cecay takaraway mafana’ay mi’edaw Alikakay a tamdaw, mirawraw to nga’ayay ’orip no finacadan, awaay ko pasicowaan no finawlan itiya. Oya pipadamso no kawas no riyar to sapisafa to Alikakay, ikor masasitelek to, pita’ongan to kawas no riyar a misacepo’ i, o ’icep, epah ato toron ko sapacakat i Alikakay, pakadofahen no Alikakay ko ma’oripay a foting, ’afar i riyar i ’alo, sakaira piniala no ’Amis a tamdaw.   Saka tolo, o ’Amis a tamdaw ci Maciwciw, tona mipodpod cingra to kasoy i lilis no riyar i, talifahal sa ma’emod no ’iso, mata’elif ko pinapina romi’ad i, pakayra i nifalahan masadak tayra i riyar, ta malikid tayra toya Falaysan, rofoen a malakakaenen nasa, saan mapalafac milaliw tayra i riyar, kasini’adaen no ’iso cingra saka, manga’ay ko pinokay tayra i niyaro’. O piahowid no teloc to pa’orip no ’iso, midemak ko teloc no ’Amis a misacepo’ a lisin.     Saka sepat, O kimad no mato’asay mafolaw tayni Ta’eman a niyaro’. O finawlan no niyaro’ no Ta’eman nai saka’amis no Tingalaw Pacidal a ngasaw midoedo mililis to riyar pasitimol ato itiraay i Makerahay Ciwidian, Sadipongan a ngasaw, o pikilim to kaliomahan a malokelon tayni i niyaro’ no Ta’eman (1886/1901), itiya toloay a ngasaw, o Pacidal, o Ciwidian, o Sadipongan a ngasawan, ira to ko romaroma a ngasaw miceroh tayni saka, ikor mata’elif to ko semo’otay a mihecaan, mala o cikimaday to ko masa’Amisay niyaro’ i sawalian. Nano sowal no mato’asay nawiro o maan ko sakalinah a tayni, takaraw ko pala kanikawan to nanom, nawhani o karakaratan itini i. Sacisowal sa ko mato’asay, mingata to picekiwan ato pifotingan to saka’orip; ira ko masa’apilisay, manga’ayay pipalomaan to hafay ato roma pinaloma saka, o nian ko sakalinah a tayni saan. Orasaka o piahowid no teloc to mato’asay, midemak ko teloc a tamdaw no niyaro’ to sapisacepo’ a lisin. Pakayni i pisacepo’ a lisin manengneng to, o midotocay ko kapah no ’Amis nai kasaselal a madadoedo i kasakakakaka tangasa i telocay a selal, o pahapinang to masasingodoay to kasakaka, kasa selaselal masasilifet, minengneng ko mato’asay to nialaan no kasaselal, inanengay a selal i kahemekan, o marowi’ay a selal i tefocen, o nialaan a foting, o sapakaen to mato’asay, nanoya minengneng to nga’ayay tadacaayay foting ko sapisilsil, nai mato’asay tangasa i kasararem mapakilac. Sakakaay selal ci’osaw to nikaenan pafelien ko kararemay, matira ko pasirarem ko paini, caay pilaom to kakaenan. Matiniay a lekakawa no ’Amis caay ka sawad tangasa anini.     a68ppzplima3rdulc869ec89dbspz9l 0 3148 47713 47712 2025-10-13T15:04:20Z Masaonikar 570 /* Pinengnengan (參考) */ 47713 wikitext text/x-wiki == Suniuo, sofitay no Dipong ’Amis a tamdaw. (李光輝 -台籍日本兵) == Suniuo (roma pangangan ci Attun Palalin, i 1919 miheca 10 folad 8 roma’ad-1979 miheca 6 folad 15 romi’ad), o ngangan to no Dipong ci Nakamura Teruo, o nano Torik no Posong a ’Amis tamdaw, Takasago borantiachimu no Dipong a Taywan tamdaw, i 1944 miheca kalaloodan no Taypinyang tayra i Morotai kanatal no Intonisiya mikapot malalood, sakas tosa miheca miteka tora kanatal i kilakilangan milimek to 30 mihecaan itiya, mala masidayay sofitay no Dipong, tangasa 1974 miheca manengneng itiya. === Kasofocan (生平) === ==== Kaemangan ’orip (早年生活) ==== Ci Suniuo masofoc i 1919 miheca 10 folad 8 romi’ad[1], ina ci Kalo, mama ci Rawa, o ’Amis a tamdaw[2], kasofocan i Torik no Singko a kowan[3], midotoc to sowal no kaka a fafahiyan to pipangangan ci Suniuoan ko “Macodahay” sanay[4], o kakitaan no niyaro ci Kacuo pakaci Suriyon han ningra[5]. Sacisowal sa ko kaka ni Suniuo ci Kaliting nai to’asan itiniay to i Torik ko ’orip, o sasafaay ci Suniuo a malikaka, sasepat ko kaka to fa’inayan, tatosa ko kaka to fafahiyan[4]. I 1927 miheca, mitilid ci Suniuo itini no Suingko a kowan Torik pitilidan itiya i, o ci’icelay misomo ato miseti’ to mali (yakyu), malamicepetay to mali itiya, tayra i Taypi malalifet. O singsi ci Hayashi Ko michi (Lin Haotao) palata’ang to kafana’ ningra a mitilid, maontoay, kahemekan no singsi mitiliday wawa. Mapakaolah pahofi no Posong sitinciw itiya[2]. Misawad ci Suniuo i, tayra cingra i Sekiyama (Takofan) mala yopinya[2]. Ira ko cecay romi’ad pi’adop ningra itiya, masaso’araw to fafahiyan no Sena’ no Alapawan a tamdaw, o safa to cecay miheca ci Araayan (Li lanyin) [6]. I 1940 miheca 6 folad 28 romi’ad, mikadafo ci Suniuo tayra ci Araayan[7]. Itira i Sena’ niyaro’ no Alapawan ko aro’ itiya[6]. ==== Matahidang malasofitay (徵招入伍) ==== Saka tosa kalaloodan no hekal itiya, mitahidang ko sofitay no Dipong to Takasago borantiachimu a yincumin no Taywan, itira i Kocuang no Sincu minanam to toloay folad a kiwiko to saka tayra i Nanyo malalood[8]. 1943 miheca 10 folad, micomod ci Suniuo, ci Kuo Cangmin ko kakeridan a tayra i Takofan mipangangan, ta tayra i Takao minato itiya[2]. Mikapot ci Suniuo to saka sepat folad i, ci ngangan cingra to no Dipong, paka ci “Nakamura Teruo” han[8]. I 1943 miheca 12 folad 11 romi’ad, ci sofoc to fa’inayan a wawa ci Li Hongan[10]. I 1944 miheca 7 folad 12 romi’ad, Suniuo ko kacingangan to “o saka 2 milooday” a tadamanay sofitay i Morotai kanatal[1]. Ci Suniuo aci Huang Kuanshou mapatodongay toya kakeridan ci Kawashima Takeshi saka 2 milooday[2], mamikoliniw to hikoki no Amilika sofitay[8]. Sacisowal sa ci Huang Kuanshou talasekal koya sofitay no nikapolongan i, misitapang to cangra malalood, nika toya kalahokan mahikeda no kapolongan sofitay ko ’aolay fadahong no sofitay, nanoyaan sato malaliyas ci Suniuoan saan[2]. I 1945 miheca 3 folad 5 romi’ad, itira ci Suniuo i Culay sa’etal malafel[1]. Nano fafaloay ho cangra aci Wakamatsu Isao itiya, nika ira ko kalaliyaliyangan saka siiked sato ci Suniuo saan[1]. O nano saka 1 sakapot ci Yi wenfa sowal sa, tona nika awaayto no kakaenen no Takasago yiyutai itiya, tayra cingra i riyar miladem to kaheciday nanom, manengneng ci Suniuo i tefotefosan, tahidang han mikapot to saka 1 sakapot, nika kana’ayen ningra saan[2]. Katapi’an no Dipong i, I 1945 miheca 9 folad 7 romi’ad, malopisakay i Morotai kanatal a sofitay to kasa’opoan i, awaay masadak ci Suniuo pako mapatayay i kalaloodan sato ko nengneng[8]. Dengan ci Suniuo ira ko 5 a Takasago yiyutai masidayay i Morotai kanatal[12]. ==== Pilimekan romi’ad (躲藏期間) ==== ==== Kafana’en a demak (發現過程) ==== I 1974 miheca 11 folad 18 romi’ad, o hikoki no Indonesia misolap to Morotai kanatal itiya, masapinang ko lamal i kilakilangan, miketon latek o nilikatan no masidayay sofitay no Dipong[2]. Itiya 28 romi’ad, ona pakalayap to ratoh kakeridan no karayanay sofitay Congwiy ci Subadi i, misakapot to mamikilim[13]. I 12 folad 16 romi’ad 5 ko widi to kanikaran, micomod ko sakapot toya lotolotokan to 50 kingli[20]. Pakayni 36 ko widi, i 18 romi’ad ’ayaw no lahok matama ko cecay no aol misanga’an loma’, ipapotal ira ko pinaloma kalitang, tali, pawli, ’ayam, o cecay makakawangay a fa’inayan mitatoy to fonas mipela’ to aol[13]. O sakapot ni Subadi pakaikor ni Suniuo talipalaw han mitakec, mapacekok ci Suniuo miceli’ a misa’oca’ocay[13]. O saka eca pirarimok, pasadak han to koya fayfay no Dipong, romadiw to sofitay no Dipong[21]. oya mifalicay to sowal no Dipong misaheci pasowal paherekay to ko lalood, pisanga’ay no sakapot, pasadak to tamako, satomenek sato ci Suniuo itiya[13]. Ca Subadi sato micomod laloma’ ira ko cecay a kowang ato 19 a timera[20]. Makorac ko kowang ni Suniuo[8], oya riko’ no sofitay matelang masaciped ito[22]. Manengneng ni Suniuo ko nipataynian na Subadi a kakaenen maemin makaen, pasadak han to ningra koya nisimedan a malo kakaenen nangra[13]. Ci Suniuo mapasadak to nai lotolotokan, itira saho i kahiceraan no sofitay i Morotai kanatal to 10 romi’ad[20]. O nano makalah matalaway ho ci Suniuo, tangasa makerid ni Subadi tayra i loma’ ningra, miliso’ to cecayay ho miheca a wawa ningra to fafahiyan, sanga’ay sato ko faloco’ ningra itiya[13]. I 12 folad 26 romi’ad herek no lahok, “Cancin sinpon” paratohan ci Furuya Keiji pasitenokan pasowal, ira koya nano Taywan yincumin ci Nakamura Teruo, itiniay i Indonesia tarokos no Dipong o tatayra i Morotai kanatal miala patayra i Jakarta[23]. Masadak konini a ratoh tayni i Posong i, o kakeridan no Posang ci Huang Jingfeng ano mangalay minokay ci Suniuo, o sasasongila’en ko paloma’an no ’orip ningra[18]. I 27 romi’ad, o satakaraway papotalay todemak tatingwa to itiraay Jakarta kalali’acaan kayciw ci Jiang Yizeng, sarocoden konini a tamdaw panokay tayni Taywan[10]. Oya itiraay i Indonesia a Conghua li’acaay yofayof mafana’ to itiraay a Soar kosi matayalay Kalinko tamdaw mafana’ to no ’Amis a sowal, milicay ci Xu Chengyao to sapipatado[24]. Tona tahira konini ratoh i Fafokod i, tano pakatengil koya 57 mihecaan ci Li Lanying tonini a demak, pacekil ko faloco’ ningra[6]. I 28 romi’ad, oya kokkosimosiw no Fafokod pawacay oya ci Nakamura Teruo hananay ci Li Guanghui korira[10]. Saka tosa romi’ad maratar, ci Huan gjinmu talifahalan sa milaliw, miliyas ci Li Lanyingan a maro’ [25]. ==== Kahiceraan no kika a kitakit (國籍問題) ==== O paretatenga no Dipong a sifo ci Suniuoan talacowa o sofitay no Dipong ko kacingangan ningra, nuika o katatelek i San Francisco (Treaty of San Francisco) ato kacacofel no Dipong ato Conghua renmin kapolongan, o awaayay to ko ngangan no kitakit a tamdaw[22]. O tarokos no Dipong ona panokayen tayra i niyaro’ no niyah ci Suniuo, ano eca pateli han pilitengan i Tokyo[35]. I 1974 miheca 12 folad 30 romi’ad herek no lahok 1 ko widi, i papeloan, tona paini ko paratohay ci Suniuoan mihamham ko kapot milood i Dipongay, milicay o tatayra nasa, pa’ayaw ci Su Cenyao pasowal to no ’Amis a sowal, saka pacaa’of sato ci Suniuo to sapi nokayaw tayni niyaro’ [24]. I 31 romi’ad, pasowal sa ko itiraay i Indonesia tarokos no Dipong ci Cisana mura, o kacacofelan papotal pali’ayaw to sowal to sapipanokayaw i niyaro’ Taywan saan to[36]. Pasowal sa ko sakikika no Conghua minko sifo, midotoc t ono Sincenyin 1945, 1946 miheca a nihapiwan tatelekan, lonok sa patiyol ko kacingangan ni Suniuo to ngangan no Conghua minko[22]. I 1975 miheca 1 folad 1 romi’ad herek no lahok, nai ci Jiang Yi milayap ci Suniuo to ngangan no Conghua minko a Passport, todong pahapinang to kacingangan to Conghua minko[37]. ==== Kaciadada to kang a mapatay (罹癌去世) ==== Maolah mitamako ci Suniuo to Sinleyin, salongan tosa romi’ad 1 tafo ko nitamakoan[80]. O sowal no wawa to mama kaira no lafang a nipafelian a tamoko, roma tahira 6 tafo ko nitamakoan saan[69]. I 1978 miheca 2 folad 24 romi’ad, ci adada to no fala’ ci Suniuo, patihien no fafahi patayra i Tay-ta isingan paising[80]. Ikor no cecay folad i, miliyaw haca i 8 folad 31 romi’ad a maro’ i isingan[81][82]. Kaitiraan i pipaising ira ko mirarakatay a Dipong miliso’ [80]. Kaciadada ni Suniuo i, o Kararemay pikaykian iing ci Ma Motoshi ira miliso’ cingraan, mipalowad to padafoh ci Suniuoan, ira ko 889,198 payso no Dipong[82]. Saka tosa miheca 6 folad 1 romi’ad, sacisowal sa ci Lihong to mama malesap to tayra i ’atay ko kang no adada, caayto ka nga’ay dademak[83]. I 1979 miheca 6 folad 15 romi’ad ’ayaw no lahok 10 ko toki 88 fen, i nipatihi no fafahi ci Suniuoan, itira i Fafokod a loma’ miliyas a mapatay[84]. O kasasowasowal no malaisingay ano itiraay ho ci Suniuo i lotolotokan i, latek caay ka ciadada kakaya’ hook ’orip ningra saan[85]. O fafahi ci Li Lanying itiya to i 2003 miheca 2 folad 25 romi’ad ko ’orip, ira ko 86 ko mihecaan ko ’orip[69]. === Pinengnengan (參考) === 1.杜文靖、林森鴻. 叢林生涯三十年 山胞李光輝的故事(一)~(四). 自立晚報. 1975-01-04~07 （中文（臺灣））. 2.劉桂林、何繼雄. 隻身求生卅年. 中央日報. 1975-01-07~13 （中文（臺灣））. 3.王國慶. 卅載羈人返故鄉 欣然歌舞話家常 途中起波折 請李蘭英下車 兩姊迎歸客 三人抱頭痛哭. 聯合報. 1975-01-10 （中文（臺灣））. 4.王國慶. 兩位老姐談老弟 光輝是個好勇士 小學畢業名列前茅智冠同儕 上山打獵下海捕魚十分能幹. 聯合報. 1975-01-01 （中文（臺灣））. 5.劉桂林. 當年司里勇 如今頭灰白. 中央日報. 1975-01-10 （中文（臺灣））. 6.王國慶、程育群. 欣悉故夫仍在人間世 山胞李蘭英喜極而泣 史尼育唔有子李弘．已經娶妻生子 希望老父能夠回來．得以克盡孝道. 聯合報. 1974-12-28 （中文（臺灣））. 7.程育群. 台東地方法院昨表示 李光輝和李蘭英 婚姻關係仍有效. 聯合報. 1975-01-03 （中文（臺灣））. 8.周敏煌. 《高砂義勇軍》李光輝 印尼小島獨居31年 赴海外出征落難奇蹟生還 展現生命韌度與時代悲劇. 中國時報. 2003-06-15 （中文（臺灣））. 9.劉復興. 盛裝接迎李光輝 不堪回首話當年. 聯合報. 1975-01-09 （中文（臺灣））. 10.外交部昨致電印尼中華商會 促協助史尼育晤回國. 聯合報. 1974-12-29 （中文（臺灣））. 11.鍾榮吉. 李光輝昨抵雅加達 很希望回家晤妻兒 進院檢查身體健康狀況良好 本報記者越洋電話探訪天涯未歸人. 聯合報. 1974-12-30 （中文（臺灣））. 12.日本軍閥脅迫下 山胞被驅作炮灰 前田等四人前車可鑑 居留在日本生活艱難. 聯合報. 1975-01-03 （中文（臺灣））. 13.徐台英. 李光輝超越魯濱遜 求生的能力極驚人 原始叢林深處 闢成世外桃源 種豆養雞獵豬 煉存一罈葷油. 聯合報. 1975-01-04 （中文（臺灣））. 14.徐台英. 李光輝表示看不慣披頭 批評留長髮的男子 就像山雞那麼難看. 聯合報. 1975-01-07 （中文（臺灣））. 15.鍾榮吉. 三十年孤孤單單 一個人自言自語 李光輝前塵若夢 回台東準備務農. 聯合報. 1974-12-31 （中文（臺灣））. 16.史尼育唔離家後 曾被改名李光輝. 聯合報. 1974-12-30 （中文（臺灣））. 17.王國慶. 李光輝亟需溫暖 黃金木願意讓賢 感謝婦女會作媒盛情 離開李家後無意再婚. 聯合報. 1975-01-05 （中文（臺灣））. 18.在印尼發現的山胞 如願遙回台東 縣府決予協助. 聯合報. 1974-12-27 （中文（臺灣））. 19.徐台英. 從黑暗期盼到天明 李光輝近鄉情更怯 惜別印尼眼眶充滿淚水 途經星港各方歡迎贈金. 聯合報. 1975-01-09 （中文（臺灣））. 20.鍾榮吉. 深入叢林五十里 茅舍有人未穿衣 印尼軍官談尋獲李光輝經過 藏有軍刀步槍和十九發子彈. 聯合報. 1974-12-30 （中文（臺灣））. 21.李光輝憶述三十年叢林生活 自造木屋釣魚打練 種植瓜薯香蕉為食. 中央日報. 1974-12-31 （中文（臺灣））. 22.台東各界盼史尼育唔回國 當年被日軍強迫征召為死隊員 如今出現印尼背井離鄉三十一載 日本印尼人員今往摩羅泰島接運中村輝夫. 聯合報. 1974-12-28 （中文（臺灣））. 23.當年被迫參加日軍 台東籍一山胞 在印被發現 匿居叢林中已達廿九年. 聯合報. 1974-12-27 （中文（臺灣））. 24.徐成耀. 榮譽「發言人」談 李光輝還鄉記. 聯合報. 1975-01-14 （中文（臺灣））. 25.王國慶. 李蘭英的現任丈夫 李黃金木昨突失蹤 七十二歲老翁．凌晨悄然離去 二十一年伴侶．哽咽不知所措. 聯合報. 1974-12-31 （中文（臺灣））. 26.徐台英. 李光輝獲嚴密監護 未受外界干擾 醫院附近改裝電話線路 外間電話根本無法接通. 聯合報. 1975-01-01 （中文（臺灣））. 27.徐台英. 學習文明社會生活 李光輝已大有進境 外長夫婦來訪握手為禮 小倉醫官對他特別關切. 聯合報. 1975-01-02 （中文（臺灣））. 28.徐台英. 李光輝今天回國 臨行前心情激動 日方昨贈五百卅萬圓 三木慰問信深感歉疚. 聯合報. 1975-01-08 （中文（臺灣））. 29.徐台英. 卅載天涯未歸人 引起激烈採訪戰 日本每日新聞調集各路人馬 本報特約記者獲准進入病房. 聯合報. 1975-01-01 （中文（臺灣））. 30.徐台英. 第一次看到電視 李光輝深感驚奇. 聯合報. 1975-01-02 （中文（臺灣））. 31.徐台英. 李光輝已漸康復 預定於八日回國 歸心似箭‧勤習國語 我回來了‧我很高興. 聯合報. 1975-01-04 （中文（臺灣））. 32.徐台英. 人情溫暖心情舒暢 穿上西裝風度頗佳 李光輝昨度過愉快一天 感謝各方對他親切愛護. 徐台英. 1975-01-03 （中文（臺灣））. 33.徐台英. 三十年來未用錢 初睹百元新台幣 徐成耀慷慨奉贈 李光輝神情驚異. 聯合報. 1975-01-03 （中文（臺灣））. 34.徐台英. 印尼外長探視李光輝 祝賀他即將重返故里 希望忘掉不快往事‧重享和諧生活. 聯合報. 1975-01-02 （中文（臺灣））. 35.野生卅年赤身露體 中村輝夫情況可憫 日本大使館發言人表示 赴日或返台可自行選擇. 聯合報. 1974-12-29 （中文（臺灣））. 36.徐台英. 中日雙方達成協議 李光輝近期回祖國 蔣貽曾獲授權今將發給護照 日公使昨告知李光輝可以逕行返台. 聯合報. 1975-01-01 （中文（臺灣））. 37.徐台英. 李光輝昨領到護照 恢復中華民國國籍 瘧疾已經治好體力逐漸恢復 如無特殊變化將於明日返國. 聯合報. 1975-01-02 （中文（臺灣））. 38.日外務省人士表示 李光輝如決定回台 日政府將把他遣返. 聯合報. 1974-12-31 （中文（臺灣））. 39.立委黃順興促請政府 支持民間向日本索債. 聯合報. 1975-01-09 （中文（臺灣））. 習賢德. 此債何時了？. 聯合報. 1981-10-24 （中文（臺灣））. 40.鍾榮吉. 私人債務無涉戰爭賠償 台澎同胞有權向日索債. 聯合報. 1975-03-02 （中文（臺灣））. 41.徐台英. 日厚生省官員昨抵印尼 向李光輝表示歉意 將贈以四百廿五萬日圓慰問金. 聯合報. 1975-01-07 （中文（臺灣））. 42.三十多年一文不名 甫履塵寰身價百萬. 聯合報. 1975-01-09 （中文（臺灣））. 43.王國慶. 李光輝所獲贈款 已存入台銀分行. 合報. 1975-01-10 （中文（臺灣））. 44.李光輝因捐贈所得 要否納稅？不必. 經濟日報. 1975-01-10 （中文（臺灣））. 45.李蘭英回北源村 台東之行很緊張 李光輝回到故居之後 縣政府將提供保留地. 聯合報. 1975-01-02 （中文（臺灣））. 46.阿眉長老昨決定 盛大歡迎李光輝 三十年飄零歸來 黃縣長儲款以待. 聯合報. 1975-01-03 （中文（臺灣））. 47.徐台英. 瘧疾未全癒不宜搭飛機 李光輝決延期回國 中華商會已代為辦妥出境手續. 聯合報. 1975-01-03 （中文（臺灣））. 48.徐台英. 記者群緊迫釘人 要與李光輝同機. 聯合報. 1975-01-02 （中文（臺灣））. 49.日自民黨決定 邀李光輝往訪 有馬元治昨飛香港歡迎 觀光協會贈送一千美金. 聯合報. 1975-01-08 （中文（臺灣））. 50.三十年遺世獨立 李光輝昨返故里 異域飄零孤苦伶仃 欣見妻兒重享溫馨 機場團圓場面熱烈感人 夫婦父子相逢恍如隔世. 聯合報. 1975-01-09 （中文（臺灣））. 51.李光輝罹良性瘧疾 回國不須隔離. 聯合報. 1975-01-04 （中文（臺灣））. 52.唐經瀾. 魂牽夢縈盼夫歸 千言萬語淚漣漣. 聯合報. 1975-01-09 （中文（臺灣））. 53.謝東閔接見李光輝 贈款五萬親切致慰 希望他回家後好好休養 勉勵李弘善盡人子之責. 聯合報. 1975-01-09 （中文（臺灣））. 54.旅邸擁人潮 主角不見了 李光輝清靜度一宵 今晨返回台東故里. 聯合報. 1975-01-09 （中文（臺灣））. 55.「脫線」﹗ 李光輝悄悄離去 記者群癡癡的等. 聯合報. 1975-01-09 （中文（臺灣））. 56.李光輝的家務事 台東縣長作調人 將邀地方人士勸導夫婦和好. 聯合報. 1975-01-10 （中文（臺灣））. 57.何凡. 玻璃墊上 光輝的採訪. 聯合報. 1975-01-15 （中文（臺灣））. 58.新聞評議會評議對李光輝報導 籲勿妨礙採訪自由 不可杜撰誇大渲染. 聯合報. 1975-01-23 （中文（臺灣））. 59.李黃金木昨回北源村 要和縣長談談婚姻事. 聯合報. 1975-01-01 （中文（臺灣））. 60.黃金木有意讓賢 李蘭英準備送禮 二十多年同居情 一房一牛作紀念. 聯合報. 1975-01-08 （中文（臺灣））. 61.黃金木現在李家 等待李光輝見面. 聯合報. 1975-01-09 （中文（臺灣））. 62.日本新聞界報導 李光輝返台消息. 聯合報. 1975-01-10 （中文（臺灣））. 63.程育群. 太太改嫁先生火大 李光輝向兒子提解決婚姻方案 願意成全李蘭英與黃金木結合 昨在外甥家中和親友唱歌跳舞. 聯合報. 1975-01-11 （中文（臺灣））. 64.李光輝昨購新屋 擬接李蘭英同住 對她改嫁事已不介意 將送黃金木十萬塊錢. 聯合報. 1975-01-19 （中文（臺灣））. 65.李光輝. 各說各話 我的心聲. 聯合報. 1975-03-28 （中文（臺灣））. 66.李光輝與李蘭英 重新過夫婦生活 嚴牧師福證昨行婚禮 新屋中茶點招待親友. 聯合報. 1975-03-07 （中文（臺灣））. 67.程育群. 李弘寫信去印尼 希望老父快回家 房屋改建掃榻待尊親 千言萬語見面再稟告. 聯合報. 1974-12-31 （中文（臺灣））. 68.周敏煌. 遺孀辭世 李光輝傳奇 再受緬懷. 中國時報. 2003-03-28 （中文（臺灣））. 69.邀約舉行終戰會 李光輝拒絕參加 日本人敗興而歸. 聯合報. 1975-08-16 （中文（臺灣））. 70.逯耀東. 二十世紀的森林之外 望月小樓手記之四. 聯合報. 1975-01-23 （中文（臺灣））. 71.劉延湘. 偉大的契機. 聯合報. 1993-11-17 （中文（臺灣））. 72.中印電影界將合拍 李光輝的荒島傳奇. 聯合報. 1975-02-28 （中文（臺灣））. 73.李光輝願意上銀幕 只要雙方條件談攏. 聯合報. 1975-03-08 （中文（臺灣））. 74.關懷山胞漁民生活 總統昨赴花東巡視 對有關部門照顧山胞生活成果表嘉許 將派專家研究75.伽藍漁港為商港建議. 聯合報. 1978-10-09 （中文（臺灣））. 76.接受廿餘登山好手挑戰 李光輝‧一路領先 從北溪村到富里臉不紅氣不喘 東縣登山協會決聘為榮譽會員. 聯合報. 1975-07-18 （中文（臺灣））. 77.獎助山胞子弟升學 李光輝捐款十萬元. 聯合報. 1976-07-26 （中文（臺灣））. 78.李光輝 當選好人好事代表. 聯合報. 1977-08-29 （中文（臺灣））. 79.叢林奮鬥卅年生活展. 經濟日報. 1977-03-13 （中文（臺灣））. 80.馮鳴台. 李光輝因肺疾住院 煙抽得少嘴特別饞 病榻不忘整容 暇時梳髮消遣. 聯合報. 1978-03-11 （中文（臺灣））. 81.李光輝 又進醫院. 民生報. 1978-09-01 （中文（臺灣））. 82.李光輝昨收到 日眾議員贈款. 民生報. 1978-09-07 （中文（臺灣））. 83.李光輝病況垂危. 聯合報. 1979-06-02 （中文（臺灣））. 84.戰勝蠻荒 輸給肺癌 與病魔搏鬥年餘 李光輝昨天長逝. 聯合報. 1979-06-16 （中文（臺灣））. 85.如果仍在叢林裏 是否活得長久些 李光輝死於肺癌 引發醫學界話題. 聯合報. 1979-06-17 （中文（臺灣））. 86.楊富閔. 《三少四壯集》童蒙好物：我家也有漢聲小百科. 中國時報. 2012-10-04 [2023-01-21]. （原始內容存檔於2023-01-20） （中文（臺灣））. 87.劉嫈楓. 遺世島嶼摩洛泰，蟄伏新生. 臺灣光華電子報. 2014-01-29 [2023-01-20]. （原始內容存檔於2023-01-19） （中文（臺灣））. czi2evfp7v8y1eary3zibuaus3v66hq 0 3149 47730 47729 2025-10-20T01:20:03Z Masaonikar 570 /* Pipaka’orad a lisin no ’Amis (祈雨祭的儀式及由來) */ 47730 wikitext text/x-wiki == Pipaka’orad a lisin no ’Amis (祈雨祭的儀式及由來) == I’ayaway a finawlan tamdaw, caay ka rahoday to saki’orip, awaay ko pisopedan to nanom ano eca picayatan to nanom, saka palingata sa i cinemnemay ko pipaloma’, manga’ay a miradom. O pinaloma i, litado sa to ka’oradan micefos to pinaloma, ano malitemoh to ko kakedalan a romi’ad, caay ka nga’ay to saki’orip no finacadan. Paka’orad to ko niyaro’ no ’Amis. Radiw. '''“O yiyo o hoay, hahihay. Hayo ngongay, hahihay.''' '''O yiyana ngangay, ha-hi-hay. O yiyana ngangay, ha-hi-hay. O yiyana ngangay, ha-hi-hay.''' '''O yiyana ngangay, ha-hi-hay. O yiyana ngangay, ha-hi-hay. O yiyana ngangay, ha-hi-hay.''' '''O yiya ho hoay, hahiyahay. Hayyi hiay, hahiyahay. Hay yo hoay, hahiyahay. Hiya hiay, hahiyahay.''' '''Pataynien ko a’oraden, hahi hay. Pataynien ko a’oraden, hahi hay. Pataynien ko a’oraden, hahi hay.''' '''Nanitimolay ko a’oraren, hahi hay. Nanietipay ko a’oraren, hahi hay.''' '''Nani’amisay ko a’oraren, hahi hay. Naniwaliay ko a’oraren, hahi hay.”''' Tona mararid ko kacidal no romi’ad saka, ma'icang ko sera, mafadi’ mapatayto ko pinaloma ato pina'orip, mikilim ko tamdaw to piradoman. Marawraw ko finawlan to nika awa no nanom. Itiya i, masasowal to ko kakitaan ato kalas no niyaro’, mikomod to finawlan no niyaro’ palimo’ot to pipaka’oradan lisin a romi’ad, o midemakay to pipaka’oradan a lisin i, oya mato’asay no niyaro’ maponengay fafahiyan ko citodongay midemak toni a lisin. Itiya i, ocoren no mama no kapah ko pakarongay no niyaro’ tayra i lotok a miala to koliya’ a kilang, ’akaway fila’, papah no aloloay, ato lengac, lolod han malo sapi’acaw midemak, nanoya o kakitaan no niyaro’ ko pafeliay to fafahiyan no niyaro’ ato maponengay fafahiyan tayra i ’alo ano eca cinanomay a nemnem, mitatoy to koliya’ ato lengac ko sapiwatawat. Dengan o fafahiyan aca, tatiih mikihatiya kofa’inayan ato ka’emangay a miki’araw. Pidemakan itiya, caay ka ciriko’ ko maponengay fafahiyan a mawacay, sacipa’araw saheca, patelien ko koliya i sasifo’ a mitaliyok, o roma cifa’inayay a fafahiyan itira i lawac no maponengay fafahiyan, miwatawat to lengac misapeti’ to nanom, pasilaloma’ micefos i tatirengan no maponengay fafahiyan, itiya milaha’ a romadiw to sapaka’orad a radiw ko maponengay fafahiyan, papotalay fafahiyan milecad a romadiw, mipacpac to nanom, micefos pasimaponengay ko demak. matiniay paka’orad a demak sapanengneng to kawas no nanom, pakanengneng to i hekalay a tamdaw a tomangic o pingitangit to kawas no kakarayan pafeli to o’ol, o ’orad ko sapilesi’ a micepa’ to sera. Nengnengen han cangra i, matiya o misalamaay to nanom a kaemangay ko nidemakan nangra. Matiniay a pipaka’ord a lisin, kina tolo, kina lima a mitiko midemak, tangasa ira ko pipaca’of no kawas i kakarayan. Pakatengil ko kawas no kakarayan to pingitangit no tamdaw, nengneng han pasi’etip ko lotok, mato sato’eman sa ko lotok a madodem, saka ’oradan, nika awaay matengil ko kakereng no kakarayan, awaay ko katefad no ’orad. Nanoya, saka tosa lomi’ad, miliyaw haca midemak a paka’orad, tangasa matengil ko kakeleng, makereng ko ’orad. Mahaen ko dmak no pisa'orad hananay. 99zox7it9ovroy4z225agcxn3zlxecl 0 3150 47754 47753 2025-10-20T04:56:31Z Rengosfosay 2226 /* Paromaay nisafaloco’an a demak (別有用心的義舉) */ 47754 wikitext text/x-wiki == Lalood i Motan (牡丹社事件) == 10/18 Romi’adan no likisi: Lalood i Motan. (10/18歷史上的今天：牡丹社事件) ​I 1871 miheca 10 folad 18 romi’ad, matiya to ko rakat no tamina no Ryukyu, malaheci ko demak mamipatiko to ko rakat no tamina minokay, nika caay ko kafana’an pakalitemoh to faliyos, o cecay tamina Miyakojima moraraw to ko rakat a mapawpaw saka itira to i Bayaowan (Mancu no Pintong). Tahacarcar to koya tamina a eca to kanga’ay romakat, talasekal to ko 69 ko tamdaw mikidama, katalasekalan ira ko 3 tamdaw ko ma’alolay a mapatay, dengan to 66 ko tamdaw ko talasekalan mapa’orip. ​​O sarakatay demak i Bayaowan koni, o lalengatan no lalood i Motan koni. (這是八瑤灣事件的開端，也同是牡丹社事件的遠因。) === ​Kafadesan no Miyakojima a tamdaw (宮古島島民遭難事件) === ​​Oya katacarcaran no tamina a sekal tala’ayaw i, malitemoh ko Payrang a tamdaw, o kanga’ayan a romakat nasa koya mapa’oripay tamdaw, nika i karomakatan i lalan, milengat ko faloco’ no Payrang to tatiihay, cefisen naira ko dafong no tamdaw no Miyakojima, matalaw to koya tamdaw no tamina to kakari’angaw, saka nitelek to caira to piiked to Payrang a romakat. ​​​Pacarcar ko tamdaw no tamina i lalan a komaen patireng to ngayangay milafin, i ray a lalan militemoh haca ko Paiwan a finacadan (Kawse ngasaw), padamaen no finacadan caira, pafeli to kakaenen, patadoen haca paini to pilafinan. Saka tosa romi’ad, talalotok ko finawlan no sangasaw a mi’adop, mingitangit to tamdaw no tamina akaa kasadak nahan, tengil han to noya tamdaw no tamina malo sakaci’angi a katalawen. O nika eca ka songila’ ko kalalicay (o nikafokil to sowal) ato rofoen no ngasaw a finacadan o sanay ko katalaw, matimiay saka, telak sato koya tamdaw no tamina a milaliw. ​​​​Oya sato, mafana’ to ko finawlan no finacadan to nika eca pasifana’ no tamdaw no tamina to piliyas, paretatenga o tatiihay koni demak sato, misatapang to misolap mihapinang toya tamdaw no tamina. O pilaliw noya tamdaw no tamina midoedo to ’alo malitemoh ko cecay laloma’an, o milali’acaay to Yincumin koni laloma’an, mihayda midama to tamdaw no tamina. Nika oya sato finawlan no finacadan matama to naira koya tamdaw no tamina, milaop a tayra toya kaitiraan no malali’acaay loma’, caayto pakasongila’ ko kalalicay no tawki, saka ira to ko cimapatayay tamdaw no tamina. Ikor to o kakitaan no Paoli ngasaw ci Yan yuwan ko misalofay to demak, mapa’oripay aca ko 12 tamdaw no tamina, mapadama to no citodongay, saka tosa miheca 6 folad sanga’ay sato ko piliyas a minokay naira. === Awaay ko todong salongoc no Mancin to papotalay finawlan (清廷主權不及化外之民) === ​Katengilan koya mafadesay tamdaw no tamina itiya, maleca toya demak i Bayaowan, mipadama ko Mancin toni, saka patilidan no Ryukyu to piaray, saka awaay ko sapitiyolaw to ikor noni a demak. ​​O Dipong sato itiya, o Meijiishin, mipalasawad to mi’erecay pikowan, pasitenokay ko pirikec, palasawad to kasasiiked no pikowan, o nano Satsuma-han pala o Kagoshima ken. Nikawrira oya nano Satsuma-han ko pidoedoan no Ryukyu i, saan pasi Congko ko padahof, orasaka “Tosaay ko pasayraan” pakayraan caay ho kafalic, nika o Dipong halafin to ko pisamawmaw to saki Congko Dipong a kalali’acaan sakinaira no kicay, o sakanga’ayaw no Dipong ya sanay, saka pakayni toya demak i Bayaowan ko sakatadamaan no pidemak. ​​​I 1873 miheca, pakayni demak i Bayaowan, miocor ko Dipong to misolapay mitengil to Mancin masamaan to demak i Bayaowan, katengilan o nika laheci pakayniay sapipadafoh ato pipanokay a demak, awaay ko kihar saki no Dipong a todong, oya sato Dipong to mafadesay mifotingay i, nawiro caay pipakinali to miri’angay yincumin no Taywan sato, paini sato koya citodongay Mincin “o yincumin o papotalay no nikowanan a finawlan ciira, o tatefocen mimaan, tengil sa ko no namo pidemak” sato. Midotoc to “papotalay nikowanan finawlan” sanay a sowal, o pidoedoan to no Dipong a pakayraan milood. === Kalalood i Motan (牡丹社事件) === ​Pakalayap to sakacitodong i, misamawmaw to ko Dipong tonini a demak, oya kakeridan no sofitay ci Saigo Tsumoru michi ko mamikerid to sofitay, pasiInkiris, Amilika micaliw to tamina no sofitay ato komong kalalood ci Ri sentoku, ikor sarakatay sotoku no Taywan ci Kabayama Sukenori o nisolapay to Taywan itiya. ​​I 1874 mihecaan, masapinang to no Inkiris, Amilika ko pisamawmaw no Dipong itiya, ona painiay to ko Mancin to ratoh, miselicay ko pinangan no Mancin itiya, oya nano “papotalay nikowanan finawlan” patiyol to “talacowa koya finawlan caay ka i rikec no Congko, nika i salaloma’ay sakwan no Congko caira” sato, o Inkiris, Amilika patikol miala toya tamina. ​​​O nipipaekel no saki kacacofelan a demak no Dipong itiya, telak sato pipalasawad demak no sofitay, nikawrira pakalayap ci Saigo Tsumoru michi to pi’eses to nika koesit ko paca’of nira, sacisowal sa o sakalasawad no kacitodong no kakeridan ako ko pilood to yincumin ko nga’ay saan, saka pakonira han to no Dipong, nika ikor no demak nicorcoran ko tatiihay nidemakan nira. ​​​​I 1874 miheca 5 folad 12 romi’ad, sofitay no Dipong ira ko 3,600 tamdaw nai Seliao (Cecen no Pintong) macakat, ira ko kalaloot itiya. 5 folad 22 romi’ad, malalood to i Simen (Simen no Motan i Pintong), talacowa kiemel ko Paiwan finacadan, nika cango’ot ko sapilood ato caay ka ’aloman ko tamdaw, masafa to a tararikor. I 6 folad 1 romi’ad, milefek to no Dipong ko kasangasaw finawlan, ma’emin matodoh ko loma’ itiya. 7 folad 1 romi’ad, kasangasaw finawlan matapi’ to, nanoya sa paherek kina lalood. === Paromaay nisafaloco’an a demak (別有用心的義舉) === ​Patireng to kahiceraan i paherek to lalood no Dipong, nika caay ka tatami ko ka’orip a tadancaay, dotocen ko pisa’osi i, malifongay malitosaay ko tamdaw, roma a sowal, kaitini i Taywan, salongan ala kina tosa ciadada to salifong, madengaay mapatay mata’elif ko 500 tamdaw, patinakoen i kalaloodan mapatayay caay ka raod ko 20 tamdaw, o caay ka nanam to romi’ad a cimafadesay to tamdaw ko Dipong. ​​Ikor no piocor no Dipong to sofitay ni ocoran no Mancin nisolap to Taywan ci Shen Baozhen itiya, ipisolapan to kalodemak miraod to sofitay no Dipong to sapifootaw. Ikor no kalaloodan a masasowal, miliyaw ko Mancin to todong salongoc sakowan, milongoc to piliyas sofitay no Dipong, orasaka cango’ot to tamdaw ato dafong ko Dipong saka tararikor o sanay to i kalalicayan, kilim o sanay to tarokos no Inkiris a ci Vetoma a masasili’ay. Onirihanaw ni Vetoma to kalali’aca no demak, saka sa’icel o sanay to masasowal. I 10 folad 31 romi’ad, masasitelek ko tatosaay to “Beijing patodongan telek”, patodongan no telek o “padama to finawlan a lowad” ko pihamon piocor no Dipong to sofitay. ​​​O lalowadan no Dipong kai “padama to finawlan a lowad” a “finawlan” todong pihamon to finawlan no Ryukyu, matiya o sapihayda no Mancin ono Dipong a todong ko Ryukyu o sanay, o sapilaheciaw no Dipong mihaop to Ryukyu “Ryukyu a setek”, saka patireng sato to Okinawa-ken, milaheci to pasitenokay ko pirikec ato no niyaro’ a sakowan. Ikor miliyang ko Mancin tonini, todong “finawlan” sanay o pilecad pidama to mafadesay a mifotingay I’ayaw, nika awaay ko paherekan no kasasowal, tangasa to i Nisshinsenso (Jiawu zhanzheng) a matapi’, awaay to ko faloco’ no Mancin to saki salongoc to Ryukyu a malaliyang, nanoya sa mihaida ko kasakitakit tonini.   ​​​​Ikor a kalalood i Motan, mafalic to ko pidemak no Mancin toya asimaanay sanay pinangan, halo patireng to citodongay mikowan kasaniyaro’ sakowan ato pasisawali ko pimatang, itiya to masapinang ko sakilalood no pala a fana’. Nika mapaini to ko Dipong to kacifades no salifong, o nianay ko pisahalaka no Dipong to sakiisi isingan ko pakayraan no demak. === Mikawitay: Chen Baiyan (Sin Taywan hepíng kikingkay) === === Mifalicay: Masao Nikar === modra0o87fpncq8hmk7zf16nkvwyghh